,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,of ,,general ,,literature ,,and ,,science4 ,,vol4 ,,xv4 ,,april1 #ahgb1 ,,to ,,september1 #ahgb4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,house1 #i ,warren ,street4 #ahgb4 ,,contents4 ,acoustics and ,ventilation1 #aah4 ,affirmations1 #gg1 #bbe4 ,aix-la-,chapelle1 #gie4 ,ambrosia1 #hjc4 ,art and ,religion1 #cef4 ,art1 ,faith the ,life of1 #eah4 ,bad ,beginning for a ,saint1 ,a1 #fge4 ,belgium1 ,religious ,processions in1 #edf4 ,bolanden's ,the ,progressionists1 #dcc1 #fah1 #gff4 ,bryant's ,translation of the ,iliad1 #cha4 ,caresses of ,providence1 #bgj4 ,catholic ,congress in ,mayence1 ,the ,twenty-first1 #de4 ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 #egg1 #gdi4 ,chaumonot1 ,f4 7,a ,bad ,beginning for a ,saint71 #fge4 ,charity1 ,official1 #djg4 ,church1 ,the1 #had4 8 and the ,press1 ,the1 #dac4 8 ,the ,symbolism of the1 #fje4 8,chips10 ,max ,mller's1 #ecj4 ,cicero1 ,a ,speech of1 #ahb4 ,craven's 7,mrs47 ,fleurange1 #fj1 #bbf1 #cdb1 #dgc1 #eia1 #gcd4 ,donkey1 ,jans von ,steufle's1 #ib4 ,duties of the ,rich in ,christian ,society1 ,the1 #cg1 #ade1 #bhi1 #eaj4 ,easter ,eve1 #db4 ,education1 ,the ,necessity of ,philosophy as a ,basis of ,higher1 #fcb1 #hae4 ,english ,literature1 ,taine's1 #a4 ,essay on ,epigrams1 ,an1 #dfg4 ,etheridge1 ,miss1 #eja4 ,faith the ,life of ,art1 #eah4 ,fte-,day at ,lyons1 ,a1 #cfb4 ,gothic ,revival in ,england1 ,history of the1 #ddc4 ,greatness1 ,true1 #eci4 ,handkerchief1 ,the1 #hdi4 ,history of the ,gothic ,revival in ,england1 #ddc4 ,house of ,yorke1 ,the1 #ah1 #aej1 #bie4 ,how ,i ,learned ,latin1 #hdd4 ,iliad1 ,bryant's ,translation of the1 #cha4 ,india1 ,protestant ,missions in1 #fij4 ,intellectual ,centres1 #gba4 ,jans von ,steufle's ,donkey1 #ib4 ,jewish ,convert1 ,a ,reminiscence of ,vienna1 #baa4 ,lamartine1 ,the ,mother of1 #afg4 ,last ,days before the ,siege1 ,the1 #deg1 #fff4 ,letters of ,his ,holiness ,pius ,,ix4 on the 8,union of ,christian ,women10 #efc4 ,little ,love1 #eed4 ,lyons1 ,a ,fte-,day at1 #cfb4 ,max ,mller's 8,chips10 #ecj4 ,miracles1 ,newman on1 #acc4 ,miss ,etheridge1 #eja4 ,mission of the ,barbarians1 ,the ,roman ,empire and the1 #ajb1 #fed4 ,misty ,mountain1 ,on the1 #gje1 #hbc4 ,mother of ,lamartine1 ,the1 #afg4 ,music1 ,on1 #gcc4 ,newman on ,miracles1 #acc4 ,odd ,stories1 #abd4 ,official ,charity1 #djg4 ,on ,music1 #gcc4 ,on the ,misty ,mountain1 #gje1 #hbc4 ,orlans and its ,clergy1 #hcc4 ,paris before the ,war1 ,a ,salon in1 #ahg1 #cbc4 ,philosophy as a ,basis of ,higher ,education1 ,the ,necessity of1 #fcb1 #hae4 ,philosophy1 ,review of ,dr4 ,stckl's1 #cbi4 ,press1 ,the ,church and the1 #dac4 ,progressionists1 ,the1 #dcc1 #fah1 #gff4 ,protestant ,missions in ,india1 #fij4 ,providence1 ,caresses of1 #bgj4 ,quarter of an ,hour in the ,old ,roman ,forum during a ,speech of ,cicero's1 #ahb4 ,religion1 ,art and1 #cef4 ,religious ,processions in ,belgium1 #edf4 ,reminiscence of ,vienna1 ,a1 #baa4 ,review of ,mr4 ,bryant's ,iliad1 #egf4 ,rich1 ,duties of the1 in ,christian ,society1 #cg1 #ade1 #bhi1 #eaj4 ,rights of ,women1 ,how the ,church ,understands and ,upholds the1 #gh1 #bee1 #cff1 #dhg4 ,roman ,empire1 ,the1 and the ,mission of the ,barbarians1 #ajb1 #fed4 ,st4 ,james's ,mission at ,vancouver1 ,decision against the1 #gae4 ,salon in ,paris before the ,war1 ,a1 #ahg1 #cbc4 ,siege1 ,last ,days before the1 #deg1 #fff4 ,spain3 ,what it was1 and what it is1 #cig4 ,spaniards at ,home1 ,the1 #ghc4 ,stckl's ,philosophy1 ,review of1 #cbi4 ,stories1 ,odd1 #abd4 ,summer in the ,tyrol1 ,a1 #fdf4 ,symbolism of the ,church1 ,the1 #fje4 ,taine's ,english ,literature1 #a4 ,tennyson3 ,artist and ,moralist1 #bda4 ,true ,greatness1 #eci4 ,twenty-first ,catholic ,congress in ,mayence1 ,the1 #de4 ,tyrol1 ,a ,summer in the1 #fdf4 8,union of ,christian ,women10 ,letters of ,his ,holiness ,pius ,,ix4 on the1 #efc4 ,united ,states1 ,the ,catholic ,church in the1 #egg1 #gdi4 ,use and ,abuse of the ,stage1 #hcf4 ,vancouver1 ,decision against the ,st4 ,james' ,mission at1 #gae4 ,ventilation1 ,acoustics and1 #aah4 ,women1 ,how the ,church ,understands and ,upholds the ,rights of1 #gh1 #bee1 #cff1 #dhg4 ,yorke1 ,the ,house of1 #ah1 #aej1 #bie4 ,,poetry4 ,after ,reading ,mr4 ,tupper's ,proverbial ,philosophy1 #dff4 ,anniversary of ,baptism1 #adi4 ,blessed ,virgin1 ,fragments of ,early ,english ,poems on the1 #cai4 ,books1 ,old1 #gbi4 ,clerke at ,oxenforde1 #fgd4 ,dante's ,purgatorio1 ,canto ,,iii41 #gcj4 ,de ,vere's ,the ,last ,days of ,oisin the ,bard1 #gf4 8 ,legends of ,oisin the ,bard1 #bjh1 #cbj4 ,devota1 #bfi4 ,faber's ,the ,papacy1 #gdh4 ,fragments of ,early ,english ,poetry1 #eij4 8 8 on the ,blessed ,virgin1 #cai4 ,oxenforde1 ,the ,clerke of1 #fgd4 ,papacy1 ,the1 #gdh4 ,passion1 ,the1 #ia4 ,passion1 ,fragments of ,early ,english ,poems on the1 #ag4 ,pledges1 ,the ,three1 #abg4 ,proverbial ,philosophy1 ,after ,reading ,mr4 ,tupper's1 #dff4 ,purgatorio1 ,dante's1 ,canto ,,iii41 #gcj4 ,super ,omnes ,speciosa1 #aff4 ,to ,wordsworth1 #ech4 ,troubadours of ,provence1 ,on the1 #bid4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,allibone's ,a ,critical ,dictionary of ,english ,literature1 #efd4 ,anderdon's ,christian sop1 #gai4 ,announcements1 #add1 #bhh1 #dcb1 #egf4 ,arias' ,virtues of ,mary1 ,mother of ,god1 #efh4 ,augustine1 ,st4 ,aurelius1 ,works of1 #dbc4 ,aunt ,fanny's ,present1 #dcb4 ,baker's ,dozen1 ,a1 #hei4 ,betrothed1 ,the1 #dbe4 ,bolanden's ,old ,god1 #hef4 ,book of ,psalms1 #acg4 ,books and ,pamphlets ,received1 #add4 ,burke's ,the ,men and ,women of the ,reformation1 #bhe4 ,burke's ,lectures and ,sermons1 #heb4 ,by the ,seaside1 #hei4 ,catholic ,review1 ,the1 #hfj4 ,christian ,counsels1 #hei4 8 ,free ,schools1 #dcb4 ,clare's 7,sister ,mary ,frances7 ,hornehurst ,rectory1 #heg4 ,coleridge's ,life and ,letters of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier1 #dbc4 ,conscience's ,the ,merchant of ,antwerp1 #gbj4 ,craven's 7,mrs47 ,a ,sister's ,story1 #bhg4 ,curtius' ,the ,history of ,greece1 #aci4 ,de ,croyft's 7,mrs47 ,little ,jakey1 #dcb4 ,dorward's ,wild ,flowers of ,wisconsin1 #bhg4 ,dubois' ,zeal in the ,work of the ,ministry1 #acg4 ,erckmann-,chatrian's ,the ,plebiscite1 #heh4 ,excerpta ex ,rituali ,romano1 etc41 #egd4 ,extracts from the ,fathers1 etc41 #efi4 ,fashion1 #adj4 ,fiske's ,the ,offertorium1 #egd4 ,fitton's ,memoirs of the ,establishment of the ,church in ,n4 ,e41 #heg4 ,formby's ,parables of ,our ,lord1 #bhf4 8 ,school ,songs1 #bhf4 8 ,the ,devotion of the ,seven ,dolors1 #bhf4 8 8 ,school ,keepsake1 #bhf4 8 8 ,seven ,sacraments1 #bhf4 ,fox's ,fashion1 #adj4 ,french ,eggs in an ,english ,basket1 #dbe4 ,fullerton's 7,lady7 ,constance ,sherwood1 #dbb4 ,gardner's ,latin ,school ,series1 #ege4 ,gagarin's ,the ,russian ,clergy1 #gai4 ,gleeson's ,history of the ,church in ,california1 #dbh4 ,gould's ,legends of the ,patriarchs and ,prophets1 #dcb4 ,gould's ,lives of the ,saints1 #egf4 ,green's ,indulgences1 ,absolutions1 ,tax ,tables1 etc41 #gbj4 ,half-hour ,recreations in ,popular ,science1 #dca4 ,half-hours with ,modern ,scientists1 #dca4 ,hare's ,walks in ,rome1 #dcb4 ,harpain1 ,marie ,eustelle1 ,life of1 #bhe4 ,hart's ,a ,manual of ,english ,literature1 #dbg4 ,haskins' ,six ,weeks ,abroad1 #ega4 ,hengstenberg's ,kingdom of ,god under the ,old ,testament1 #dbi4 ,house of ,yorke1 ,the1 #dbj4 ,humphrey's ,divine ,teacher1 #hee4 ,lamon's ,life of ,abraham ,lincoln1 #gah4 ,little ,pierre1 the ,pedlar of ,alsace1 #bhd4 ,liquefaction of the ,blood of ,st4 ,januarius1 #acf4 ,longfellow's ,the ,divine ,tragedy1 #dbg4 ,mc,quaid's 7,bp47 ,christian ,free ,schools1 #dcb4 ,maggie's ,rosary1 #dbe4 ,maguire's ,pontificate of ,pius ,,ix41 #hef4 ,maistre's ,a ,journey ,around ,my ,room1 #ach4 ,manning's ,sermons on ,ecclesiastical ,subjects1 #adb4 ,manzoni's ,the ,betrothed1 #dbe4 ,martin's ,going ,home1 #heh4 ,may's 7,sophie7 ,little ,prudy's ,flyaway ,series1 #add4 ,memoir of ,roger ,b4 ,taney1 #hec4 ,merrick's ,lectures on the ,church1 #dcj4 ,monnin's ,life of the ,cur d',ars1 #gai4 ,mulloy's ,passion ,play1 #dbg4 ,mumford's ,a ,remembrance for the ,living to ,pray for the ,dead1 #add4 ,mystical ,city of ,god 7,abridged71 #gbj4 ,newman's ,discussions and ,arguments on ,various ,subjects1 #dba4 ,newman's ,historical ,sketches1 #hee4 ,oakeley's ,the ,order and ,ceremonial of the ,mass1 #hef4 ,paine's ,physiology of the ,soul1 etc41 #dcj4 ,pellico's ,duties of ,young ,men1 #ege4 ,phdrus1 ,justin1 and ,nepos1 #ege4 ,proctor's ,half-,hour ,recreations in ,popular ,science1 #dca4 ,proctor's ,strange ,discoveries ,respecting the ,aurora1 #dca4 ,public ,school ,education1 #hfj4 ,rawes' ,great ,truths in ,little ,words1 #hef4 ,reports on ,observations of the ,total ,solar ,eclipse1 #dca4 ,roscoe1 ,huggins1 and ,lockyer's ,spectrum ,analysis1 #dca4 ,st4 ,teresa1 ,the ,book of the ,foundations of1 #adb4 ,st4 ,thomas of ,aquin3 ,his ,life and ,labors1 #efh4 ,saunders' ,salad for the ,solitary and the ,social1 #adc4 ,sedgwick's ,relation and ,duty of the ,lawyer to the ,state1 #dcj4 ,sermons by ,fathers of the ,society of ,jesus1 #dbe4 ,sir ,humphrey's ,trial1 #hfj4 ,smiddy's ,an ,address on the ,druids1 ,churches1 and ,round ,towers of ,ireland1 #adc4 ,spectrum ,analysis1 #dca4 ,souvestre's ,french ,eggs1 #dbe4 ,taine's ,notes on ,england1 #gai4 ,tondini's ,the ,pope of ,rome1 #dbg4 ,travels in ,arabia1 #dcb4 ,tyler's ,life of ,roger ,b4 ,taney1 #hec4 ,una and ,her ,paupers2 or1 ,memorials of ,agnes ,e4 ,jones1 #efi4 ,vaughan's ,st4 ,thomas of ,aquin3 ,his ,life and ,labors1 #efh4 ,veith's ,via ,crucis2 or1 ,the ,way of the ,cross1 #dbf4 ,vetromile's ,travels in ,europe and the ,east1 #heg4 ,virtues and ,defects of a ,young ,girl1 #ega4 ,warner's ,saunterings1 #gai4 ,welsh's ,women ,helpers in the ,church1 #egb4 ,wiseman's ,witch of ,rosenburg1 #gbj4 ,women ,helpers in the ,church1 #egb4 ,woodland ,cottage1 etc41 #dcb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xv41 ,no4 #he4--;,,april1 #ahgb4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgb1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,taines ,,english ,,literature4#a ,in so far as we may judge from the notices in periodicals and newspapers1 this work appears to have been received1 both in ,england and the ,united ,states1 not only with general favor1 but with enthusiastic admiration4 ,a history of ,english literature based on a system new to the great body of ,english readers1 and written with freshness1 verve1 and certain attractive peculiarities of style1 could not fail to fix their attention and engage their interest from the beginning to the end of its two bulky octavo volumes4 ,the author of the work in question is so well known in the world of letters by his essays on the philosophy of art that he needs no introduction to our readers4 ,m4 ,taine starts out with the assumption that the literature of any given country is the exponent of its mental life1 or1 as he states it 7p4 #bj71 8,i am about to write the history of a literature1 and to seek in it for the psychology of a people40 ,in ,france and ,germany1 we are told1 history has been revolutionized by the study of their literatures4 8,it was perceived10 says ,m4 ,taine1 8that a work of literature is not a mere play of imagination1 a solitary caprice of a heated brain1 but a transcript of contemporary manners1 a type of a certain kind of mind4 ,it was concluded that one might retrace1 from the monuments of literature1 the style of man's feelings and thoughts for centuries back4 ,the attempt was made1 and it succeeded40 ,unquestionably the style of man's feelings may be traced in literature for centuries back4 ,that is ,m4 ,taine's first approach4 ,but between the successful insight into this or that writer's opinions and modes of thought and the opinions and modes of thought of a nation1 the void is so enormous--unless1 indeed1 we dangerously reason from particulars to generals--as to require to fill it more subjective literary productions than any country has ever yet produced4 ,from this system it would follow that if a nation has no literature it can have no history4 ,if it have--as is too often the case--no literature but that of a despotism or of a dominant minority1 it follows that you cannot discern a single idea nor hear a single pulsation of the heart of a great people4 ,but granting the literature to exist1 although we are told that a work 8is not a mere play of the imagination10 we nevertheless know full well that some of the most brilliant portions of every literature are precisely what that phrase describes4 ,beyond that1 we also know that all writers are not only not sincere1 but too often unfaithful because too often venal1 and cannot therefore be relied upon4 ,in certain writings enumerated by him1 ,m4 ,taine says3 8,the reader will see all the wealth that may be drawn from a literary work3 when the work is rich1 and one knows how to interpret it1 we find there the psychology of a soul1 frequently of an age1 now and then of a race40 ,partially true4 ,and ,m4 ,taine might have instanced the ,confessions of ,st4 ,augustine1 but he does not4 ,we may indeed find what he indicates under certain conditions1 for1 as he very correctly adds1 8their utility grows with their perfection40 ,unfortunately1 such works occur in literature at the rarest intervals4 ,it cannot be questioned that ,m4 ,taine's theory contains a germ of truth4 ,but1 in fact1 so far as it is true it is a very old story4 ,what is true in his theory is not new1 and what is new is questionable4 ,since history has risen to be something more and something better than a mere roll of warriors and a correct list of kings and queens--which latter class of good people are fast disappearing1 never again1 we trust1 to return--since the historian has been elevated from the rank of a mere annalist to be the interpreter to his own age of not only the acts and sufferings1 but the mind and the heart of dead generations1 he has become avid of the most trifling details concerning their transitory passage here on earth4 ,he desires to discover and relate how they lived1 slept1 and ate--how they talked1 toiled1 and travelled--what they said1 what they thought--what1 in a word1 was their social and psychological life4 ,to obtain the knowledge he seeks1 all sources are equally valuable--written manuscripts that speak as well as stone ruins that are dumb4 ,such knowledge as this the new school of ,german historians1 having first exhausted all literary material1 have sought to gather from the most remote and even repulsive sources2 and from philological analysis1 from works of art1 from monuments1 old roads1 half-corroded coins1 almost obliterated inscriptions1 broken pottery1 partially effaced frescoes1 and from the very fragments of mere kitchen utensils1 they have created afresh and revealed to us1 in all its details1 the daily and familiar life of ancient ,rome1 and poured a flood of light upon the living man of the that day4 ,and yet1 before the results of their archological and ethnological labors were given to the world1 we thought we knew our ,roman well and familiarly4 ,for what literature1 unless it be that of ,greece1 presents so rich and so complete a portrait gallery of all the types of its people as the literature of ,rome8 ,from ,virgil1 who gives us the ploughman and vinedresser1 and ,csar1 through whose pages marches the ,roman soldier1 to ,livy1 ,sallust1 ,tacitus1 ,juvenal1 and ,horace1 we have a score of writers in whose pages all the virtues and vices1 the grandeur and the shame1 the nobility and the grovelling sensuality1 of ,rome are spread before us in language so attractive and so grand as to promise to outlast many modern masterpieces4 ,m4 ,taine sneers at 8,latin literature as worth nothing at the outset10 being 8borrowed and imitative40 ,to this we reply1 ,adhuc sub judice1 etc41 and1 bad or not1 it tells the story of the ,roman people1 and very nearly reveals to us the ancient ,roman as he walked on earth4 ,we have no such faithful picture of the ,english people in ,english literature4 ,we fear that ,m4 ,taine mistakes a part for the whole4 ,unquestionably1 literature has its uses1 and high ones1 for the elucidation of many a problem and the illumination of many a page of history2 but1 if we set out to find the history of a nation in its literature1 outside of history proper and the new aids to historical research we have referred to1 we merely adopt a deceptive guide that can lead us only to disappointment4 ,for these grand theories1 so symmetrical and so plausible1 when presented by their generally eloquent framers1 stand1 when put into actual service1 very little wear and tear4 ,accordingly1 we find that there happens to ,m4 ,taine precisely what happens to every man who starts out to construct a work strictly according to a given system4 ,and what thus happens is a serious matter4 ,this it is4 ,facts are treated as of secondary importance4 ,they are put upon their best behavior4 ,they must show themselves up to a certain standard1 or they are counted as worthless4 ,if they are so wrong-headed as to come in conflict with the author's theory--the old story--why1 so much the worse for the facts1 and our theorist ruthlessly tramples upon and walks over them straight to his objective point1 which is1 necessarily1 his foregone conclusion4 ,it would detain us too long to present an analysis of ,m4 ,taine's introduction1 from which alone it would not be difficult to demonstrate the insufficiency of his theory4 ,it contains passages which1 in the stately march of his eloquent phrase1 seem to sound as though they announced newly discovered truths of startling import1 but which1 translated into familiar language1 turn out to be but little more than the text-book enunciation of some familiar principle4 ,thus3 8,when you have observed and noted in man one1 two1 three1 then a multitude of sensations1 does this suffice1 or does your knowledge appear complete8 ,is a book of observation a psychology8 ,it is no psychology1 and here as elsewhere the search for causes must come after the collection of facts4 ,no matter if the facts be physical or moral1 they all have their causes2 there is a cause for ambition1 for courage1 for truth1 as there is for digestion1 for muscular movement1 for animal heat4 ,vice and virtue are products1 like vitriol and sugar1 and every complex phenomenon has its springs from other more simple phenomena on which it hangs40 ,m4 ,taine1 it is evident1 cannot be charged with sparing his readers either the enunciation or the elucidation of first principles4 ,the author commences by disposing of the ,anglo-,saxons1 their literature1 and six centuries of their annals1 in a short chapter of twenty-three pages1 which1 so far as our observation has extended1 has been passed over both by ,english and ,american criticism almost without remark4 ,some reviewers account for its conciseness by saying that ,anglo-,saxon literature has but little interest for the general reader1 except as a question of philology4 ,as of general application1 the remark is not widely incorrect1 but it is signally out of place with reference to ,m4 ,taine's work1 for he announces as part of his task that of 8developing the recondite mechanism whereby the ,saxon barbarian has been transformed into the ,englishman of to-day40 ,now1 fairly to understand the ,englishman of to-day1 we must1 by ,m4 ,taine's own announcement1 have the ,saxon original placed before us2 for1 he says1 8the modern ,englishman existed entire in this ,saxon0 7p4 #ca74 ,the ,saxon must be produced to our sight1 and we must have him evolved strictly on ,m4 ,taine's principles1 viz41 as the psychological product of his literature4 ,if this is done1 he will fulfil his engagement of 8developing the recondite mechanism10 etc41 or1 in other words1 of presenting us a full exposition of ,anglo-,saxon literature4 ,we feel bound to say that none of these promises are kept1 and none of these results are reached1 by ,m4 ,taine2 nay1 more1 that he not only totally fails in presenting a fair or even intelligible abstract of ,anglo-,saxon literature1 but that he appears to be wanting in the necessary information which might enable him to do it4 ,we think it less derogatory to him to say that his knowledge of the subject is defective than to make the necessarily alternative charge4 ,we find1 however1 some excuse for ,m4 ,taine's limited acquirements in ,anglo-,saxon literature in the fact that he appears to have relied to a great extent on ,warton and on ,sharon ,turner4 ,dr4 ,warton's well-known history of ,english poetry is unquestionably a work of great merit and utility1 in so far as it treats of ,english poetry from the period of ,chaucer down1 but as authority on any matter connected with ,anglo-,saxon literature1 it is next to worthless4 ,warton knew very little about it4 ,sharon ,turner as authority on ,anglo-,saxon history1 and ,sharon ,turner as authority on ,anglo-,saxon literature1 are two very different persons4 ,the knowledge of ,anglo-,saxon literature has made great strides since his day4 ,for his history he was not dependent on ,anglo-,saxon documents4 ,latin material was abundant4 ,it must be borne in mind that1 although the ,english tongue is so directly derived from it1 ,anglo-,saxon is1 nevertheless1 a dead language1 and when1 in the sixteenth century1 its study was to some extent revived1 it had not only been dead four hundred years1 but buried and forgotten4 ,that revival occurred at a time when religious controversy ran high in ,england1 the motive prompting it being to discover testimony among ,anglo-,saxon ecclesiastical ,,mss4 as to the existence of an ,english ,catholic ,church separate from and independent of ,papal authority4 ,thus far the search has not been attended with any marked success4 ,in the seventeenth century1 ,anglo-,saxon was studied for the light it threw on the early history and legislation of ,england4 ,since the commencement of the present century1 the study has been pursued with greater success than ever for objects purely literary and philological4 ,indeed1 it may be said that1 until within some forty years1 the cultivation of ,anglo-,saxon was confined to a very small circle of scholars4 ,the most remarkable monuments of its literature are of comparatively recent publication1 and there happened at the outset to the study of ,anglo-,saxon precisely what happened to the study of ,sanskrit4 ,it was that many scholars1 aware of its literary wealth1 and1 possibly1 in possession of copies of some of its productions1 were without adequate means of pursuing or even of commencing their studies on account of the want of dictionaries and grammars4 ,it was for this reason that ,frederick ,schlegel1 before writing his great work on ,the ,language and ,wisdom of the ,indians1 was obliged to leave ,germany and go to ,england1 in order to avail himself of the resources of the ,british ,museum2 and when we consider the difficulties under which ,dr4 ,lingard made his ,anglo-,saxon studies1 and wrote his ,antiquities of the ,anglo-,saxon ,church1 of which work ,m4 ,taine does not appear to have heard1 we are more than ever surprised at the ability displayed by the great ,english historian4 ,when we undertake to trace the gradual development of the ,anglo-,saxon of ,anno #ejj into the ,englishman of #ahjj1 the first phase is immeasurably the most interesting and the most important1 for in that phase he was at once civilized and christianized4 ,take away the introduction and development of ,christianity from ,anglo-,saxon history1 and you have left nothing but a list of kings and two or three battles4 ,now1 ,m4 ,taine's exposition of how1 when1 and through what agencies civilization and ,christianity were brought into ,england may be descriptively characterized as 8how not to do it40 ,his great effort in his introductory chapter is to eliminate ,christianity from ,anglo-,saxon history1 and to give us1 as it were1 the play of ,hamlet with the part of ,hamlet omitted--an effort so systematic and persistent as to make us almost regret our volunteered plea for his excuse on the ground of want of familiarity with his subject4 ,here is his device to escape the necessity of relating the all essential story of the conversion to ,christianity3 8,a race so constituted was predisposed to ,christianity by its gloom1 its aversion to sensual and reckless living1 its inclination for the serious and sublime40 ,m4 ,taine has just described 7pp4 #da-dc7 the leading characteristics of the pagan ,anglo-,saxon mind as manifested in its poetry--8a race so constituted0--and cites in support of his exposition two passages translated from what he asserts to be pagan ,anglo-,saxon poetry4 ,the first1 ,battle of ,finsborough1 we know was found on the cover of a ,,ms4 book of homilies1 written by some monk1 although it may1 perhaps1 be of pagan origin4 ,the second1 and more important one1 ,the ,battle of ,brunanburh1 containing the line1 8,the sun on high1 the great star1 ,god's brilliant candle1 the noble creature0#b 7p4 #dc71 is ,christian and monkish beyond all peradventure1 for it forms a portion of the ,saxon ,chronicle1 begun as late as the days of ,alfred4 ,the battle was fought in the year #ici6 ,we continue3 8,its aversion to sensual and reckless living40 ,this is simply astounding when we remember that ,m4 ,taine has just been telling us1 through twenty pages1 of their 8ravenous stomachs filled with meat and cheese1 heated by strong drinks10 8prone to brutal drunkenness10 becoming 8more gluttonous1 carving their hogs1 filling themselves with flesh2 swallowing all the strong1 coarse drinks which they could procure10 etc4 ,and then follows the far more surprising psychological result3 8,these utter barbarians embrace ,christianity straightway1 through sheer force of mood and clime0 7p4 #dd74 ,now1 ,m4 ,taine knows--as we all know--that these pagan ,anglo-,saxons were brutal and sensual to the last degree4 ,in personal indulgence1 they were what he describes and more4 ,they were pirates1 robbers1 and murderers4 ,the rewards promised them by their gods after death were that they should have nothing to do but eat and drink4 ,even the paganism of their ,scandinavian and ,teutonic forefathers1 a mixture of massacre and sensuality1 was corrupted by them1 and the emblems of their bloody and obscene gods were naked swords and hammers1 with which they broke the heads of their victims4 ,the immortality promised them in their ,walhalla was a long continuance of new days of slaughter1 and nights of debauch spent in drinking from their enemies' skulls4 ,such was the race found by ,m4 ,taine so constituted as to be 8predisposed to ,christianity by its gloom1 its aversion to sensual and reckless living02 such the people who 8through sheer force of mood and clime0 laid aside their cruelty1 brutality1 carnage1 and sensuality1 gave up feasting for fasting1 proud independence for obedience1 indulgence for self-denial6 ,truly remarkable effects of atmosphere4 ,the climate of ,england must have greatly changed since the year #eig4 ,in the course of a debate which once arose in the ,british ,house of ,commons on the subject of negro emancipation1 it was urged against the measure that you could not civilize the negro2 he belonged to an inferior race which offered human sacrifices and sold their own children into slavery4 ,whereupon1 a member promptly replied that was just what our ancestors in ,england did--they offered human sacrifices and sold their children into slavery4 ,this will naturally recall to the reader's mind the touching incident which led to the conversion of the ,anglo-,saxons1 the fair-haired and blue-eyed children offered for sale1 and their redemption by the great ,gregory1 who said they were not only ,angles1 but angels4 ,from that moment the mission to ,england was resolved upon4 ,we all know the story4 ,gregory's departure1 his capture by the citizens of ,rome and forcible return1 his elevation to the pontifical throne1 the departure of ,st4 ,augustine and his forty companions1 their trials1 sufferings1 and danger of death on the route1 their arrival in ,england1 their labors1 the gradual and peaceful conversion of the people1 their successful efforts in bringing the ,saviour1 his ,gospel1 and his church to benighted heathens1 and their civilization and social amelioration of the ,anglo-,saxons4 ,to the immortal glory of these men be it said that neither violence nor persecution was resorted to by them1 their disciples1 or their protectors for the triumph of civilization and religion4 ,it is one of the grandest ,christian victories on record4 ,of all this1 here is ,m4 ,taine's record3 8,roman missionaries bearing a silver cross with a picture of ,christ came in procession1 chanting a litany4 ,presently the high priest of the ,northumbrians declared1 in presence of the nobles1 that the old gods were powerless1 and confessed that formerly #8he knew nothing of that which he adored2' and he among the first1 lance in hand1 assisted to demolish their temple4 ,at his side a chief rose in the assembly1 and said3 8,you remember1 ,o king1 what sometimes happens in winter when you are at supper with your earls and thanes1 while the good fire burns within1 and it rains and the wind howls without4 ,a sparrow enters at one door1 and flies out quickly at the other4 ,during that rapid passage and pleasant moment it disappears1 and from winter returns to winter again4 ,such seems to me to be the life of man1 and his career but a brief moment between that which goes before and that which follows after1 and of which we know nothing4 ,if1 then1 the new doctrine can teach us something certain1 it deserves to be followed40#c ,the ,protestant historian1 ,sharon ,turner1 says of the conversion of the ,anglo-,saxons3 8,it was accomplished in a manner worthy of the benevolence and purity of the ,christian religion4 ,genuine piety seems to have led the first missionaries to our shores4 ,their zeal1 their perseverance1 and the excellence of the system they diffused made their labors successful40 ,he gives a detailed narrative of the action of ,gregory the ,great1 of the devotion and self-sacrifice of ,st4 ,augustine and his companions1 of their long and perilous journey1 their landing in ,england1 and1 in describing their procession on the ,isle of ,thanet1 writes3 8,with a silver cross and a picture of ,christ1 they advanced singing the litany40 ,m4 ,taine1 with a stroke of the pen1 copies this line almost word for word1 and makes it do duty for a full and detailed account of the labors of ,st4 ,augustine and his forty companions for two score years6 ,what period of time the word presently represents to ,m4 ,taine we do not know4 ,it may be an hour1 or a day1 or a month1 but the incident which he refers to as occurring 8presently0 took place about forty years after the 8procession40 ,and now it is sought to belittle or decry the victory of the ,christian missionaries in two ways3 #ast4 ,it was the most natural thing in the world for the brutal1 bloody1 slave-dealing1 drunken barbarian to embrace the new religion1 because his paganism so strongly resembled ,christianity4 #b;d4 ,but after conversion they remained1 after all1 substantially1 barbarous pagans as before1 and their songs remind ,m4 ,taine of 8the songs of the servants of ,odin1 tonsured and clad in the garments of monks40 8,the ,christian hymns embody the pagan0 7p4 #df74 ,to demonstrate this1 and to show that the songs of these converted ,saxons are 8but a concrete of exclamations10 have 8no development10 and are nothing but paganism after all1 ,m4 ,taine gives five prose lines of imperfect translation from a poem by ,cdmon4 ,here is a correct rendering of the opening of the poem in the original metre4 ,let the reader judge of the amount of pagan inspiration it contains3 8,now must we glorify ,the guardian of heaven's kingdom1 ,the ,maker's might1 ,and his mind's thought1 ,the work of the worshipped father1 ,when of his wonders1 each one1 ,the ever-living ,lord ,ordered the origin1 ,he erst created ,for earth's children ,heaven as a high roof1 ,the holy ,creator3 ,then on this mid-world ,did man's great guardian1 ,the ever-living ,lord1 ,afterward prepare ,for men a mansion1 ,the ,master ,almighty40#d ,m4 ,taine continues3 8,one of them0 those servants of ,odin1 take notice1 8,adhelm1 stood on a bridge leading to the town where he lived1 and repeated warlike and profane odes alternately with religious poetry1 in order to attract and instruct the men of his time4 ,he could do it without changing his key4 ,in one of them1 a funeral song1 ,death speaks4 ,it was one of the last ,saxon compositions1 containing a terrible ,christianity1 which seems at the same time to have sprung from the blackest depths of the ,edda40 ,m4 ,taine has here given rein to his imagination1 and made terrible work with ,saxon chronology and other matters4 ,for ,adhelm read ,aldhelm1 in ,saxon ,ealdhelm1 so ,king ,alfred spelt it4 ,the name signifies ,old ,helmet2 ,aldhelm was of princely extraction4 8,warlike and profane odes0 does not correctly translate 8carmen triviale40 ,aldhelm was a learned priest1 a ,greek1 ,latin1 and ,hebrew scholar1 with a profound knowledge of the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,his present reputation rests on his ,latin works4 ,his contemporary reputation was founded on his ,anglo-,saxon productions4 ,he composed canticles and ballads in his native tongue1 and1 remarking the haste of many of the ,anglo-,saxon peasants to leave church as soon as the ,sunday ,mass was over1 in order to avoid the sermon1 he would lie in wait for them at the bridge or wayside1 and1 singing to them as a bard1 attract their attention1 and in the fascination of a musical verse teach them the truths of religion they would not wait to hear from the pulpit4 ,it was not for the pleasure of singing that ,aldhelm thus labored3 it was to save souls4 ,without the slightest authority1 ,m4 ,taine puts in his mouth this beautiful ,anglo-,saxon fragment3 8,death speaks to man3 ',for thee was a house built ere thou wast born2 for thee was a mould shapen ere thou camest of thy mother4 ,its height is not determined1 nor its depth measured1 nor is it closed up 7however long it may be7 until ,i bring thee where thou shalt remain1 until ,i shall measure thee and the sod of earth4 ,thy house is not highly built1 it is unhigh and low2 when thou art in it the heelways are low1 the sideways low4 ,the roof is built full nigh thy breast2 so thou shalt dwell in earth full cold1 dim1 and dark4 ,doorless is that house1 and dark it is within2 there thou art fast prisoner1 and ,death holds the key4 ,loathly is that earth-house1 and grim to dwell in2 there thou shalt dwell1 and worms shall share thee4 ,thus thou art laid1 and leavest thy friends2 thou hast no friend that will come to thee1 who will ever inquire how that house liketh thee1 who shall ever open the door for thee1 and seek thee1 for soon thou becomest loathly and hateful to look upon4'0 ,the composition is not by ,aldhelm1 who1 probably1 never heard of it4 ,all of ,aldhelm's ,anglo-,saxon ,,mss4 perished when the magnificent monastery at ,malmesbury was sacked under ,henry ,,viii4 ,the ,protestant historian1 ,maitland1 thus tells the story3 8,the precious ,,mss4 of his ,aldhelm's library were long employed to fill up broken windows in the neighboring houses1 or to light the bakers' fires40 ,all that we know of ,the ,grave is that it was found written in the margin of a volume of ,anglo-,saxon homilies1 preserved in the ,bodleian ,library4 ,it is of a period following ,aldhelm's era1 and is in the dialect of ,east ,anglia1 while ,aldhelm was of ,wessex4 ,but ,m4 ,taine himself demonstrates that it could not be ,aldhelm's4 ,at page #ej1 he tells us ,aldhelm died in #gji1 having previously stated 7p4 #df7 that the fragment 8was one of the last ,anglo-,saxon compositions40 ,but among the finest ,anglo-,saxon poetical compositions are the celebrated ,ormulum1 and various poems by ,layamon1 which were written about the year #abbe4 ,the ,grave1 moreover1 so far from containing 8a terrible ,christianity10 has so essentially the tone and spirit of many well-known ,catholic meditations on death1 that it might have been written in a ,spanish monastery or taken from a book of ,christian devotions4 ,of course1 8the poor monks0 can do nothing creditable in ,m4 ,taine's eyes1 and he comes to sad grief in undertaking to go1 by specification1 beyond the common counts of the ordinary declaration dictated by bigotry4 ,at page #ec1 vol4 i41 he thus refers in contemptuous terms to the monks who compiled the ,saxon ,chronicle3 8,they spun out awkwardly and heavily dry chronicles1 a sort of historical almanacs4 ,you might think them peasants1 who1 returning from their toil1 came and scribbled with chalk on a smoky table the date of a year of scarcity1 the price of corn1 the changes in the weather1 a death40 ,and here a word as to this ,chronicle1 which is a national history generally conceded to have been established by ,king ,alfred1 under the advice of his counsellor ,pflegmund1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 about #hgj ,a4,d4 ,it begins with a brief account of ,britain from ,csar's invasion1 and becomes very full in its narrative after the year #hec4 ,the ,chronicle shares with ,bede's history the highest place among authorities for early ,english history4 ,seven original copies of it are still in existence1 and1 making due allowance for the ravages of time and the elements1 and the destruction by war1 demolition of the monasteries1 theft1 spoliation1 and the wilful mischief of religious bigotry1 the survival of these seven copies would go far to prove the former existence of several hundreds4 ,the copies yet extant are all evidently based upon a single original text1 and it is presumed that the ,chronicle was continued at all the monasteries in ,england1 each one forwarding its local annals to some one special monastery1 where a brief summary was compiled of the whole1 copies of which were supplied to all the religious houses1 to be incorporated with the general ,chronicle1 thus keeping up from year to year the general history of the nation4 ,m4 ,taine gives some half-dozen dry-as-dust extracts from the ,chronicle of this nature3 8#ijb4 ,this year there was the great fight at the ,holme1 between the men of ,kent and the ,danes40 ,he adds3 8,it is thus the poor monks speak1 with monotonous dryness1 who after ,alfred's time gather up and take notes of great visible events2 sparsely scattered we find a few moral reflections1 a passionate emotion1 nothing more0 7vol4 i4 p4 #ec74 ,but at page #db1 ,m4 ,taine has given us as belonging to a period preceding ,christianity in ,england1 as a part of 8the pagan current10 an extract from the song on ,athelstan's victory1 of which he speaks in terms of enthusiastic admiration4 8,if there has ever been anywhere a deep and serious poetic sentiment1 it is here10 etc4 ,now1 this song1 under the date of ,a4,d4 #icg1 is a part of the ,saxon ,chronicle1 written by some poor monk 8after ,alfred's time40 8,this year ,king ,athelstane1 the ,lord of ,earls1 ,ring-giver to the warriors1 ,edmund too ,his brother1 won in fight with edge of swords ,lifelong renown at ,brunanburh4 ,the sons ,of ,edward clave with the forged steel the wall ,of linden shields4 ,the spirit of their sires ,made them defenders of the land1 its wealth1 ,its homes1 in many a fight with many a foe40#e 8,it is thus the monks speak with monotonous dryness06 ,and so speak they often in their ,chronicle4 ,the death of ,byrhtnoth referred to by ,m4 ,taine in note #b1 p4 #cf1 is also from the ,saxon ,chronicle1 and ,mr4 ,morley specifies numerous other poetical passages in it4 ,nevertheless1 we find that ,m4 ,taine is not at all embarrassed by his somewhat uncertain and limited command of ,anglo-,saxon literature4 ,on the contrary1 he qualifies as amusing 7p4 #cj7 a discussion on a point of ,anglo-,saxon history by two such distinguished scholars as ,dr4 ,lingard and ,sharon ,turner6 ,these historians 8amuse0 ,m4 ,taine6 8,what is your first remark10 asks ,mr4 ,taine1 8in turning over the great1 stiff leaves of a folio1 the yellow sheets of a manuscript8 ,this1 you say1 was not created alone4 ,it is but a mould1 like a fossil shell1 an imprint1 like one of those shapes embossed in stone by an animal which lived and perished4 ,under the stone there was an animal1 and behind the document there was a man4 ,why do you study the shell1 except to represent to yourself the animal8 ,so do you study the document only in order to know the man0 7,introduction1 p4 #a74 ,in this we almost agree with our author4 ,it is well to study shells1 and well to study men in the shells of leaves1 sheets1 manuscripts1 or other literary exuvi they may have left4 ,our objection to ,m4 ,taine is that he has piles and heaps of such shells1 which he resolutely refuses to study1 behind which he persistently refuses to look4 ,the trouble with him lies here4 ,behind every shell is a monk1 a priest1 or a bishop1 whose piety and whose virtues are not subjects of agreeable contemplation to a writer who announces his belief that religion is a mere human invention2 that man makes a religion as he paints a portrait or constructs a steam-engine4 ,thus ,m4 ,taine states it3 8,let us take first the three chief works of human intelligence--religion1 art1 philosophy0 7p4 #ae74 ,accordingly1 of the great minds of ,anglo-,saxon ,england during whole centuries we see nothing in ,m4 ,taine's pages4 ,they are carefully kept out of sight4 ,one of the most majestic figures in all literary history1 that of the ,venerable ,bede1 is absent from his chapters1 being referred to only twice by name1 once as 8,bede1 their old poet06 ,the learned ,aldhelm is made a mere gleeman on the highway4 ,roger ,bacon's name is not mentioned--the name of the man who was a prodigy of learning1 and who announced the principles of the inductive system nearly four hundred years before ,lord ,verulam appropriated the glory of its discovery4#f ,augustine1 ,paulinus1 ,wilfred1 ,cuthbert1 and scores of others are not referred to4 ,these men and their companions were at once monks1 preachers1 schoolmasters1 book-makers1 scribes1 authors1 physicians1 architects1 builders1 surveyors1 and farmers4 ,laborare est orare1 ,labor is prayer1 was their device4 ,barren moors1 repulsive marshes1 fever-bearing fens1 and wasted tracts they cultivated1 and made glad fields of gloomy swamps4 ,the sandy plains and barren heaths of ,northumbria1 and the marshes of ,east ,anglia and ,mercia1 the monks transformed by intelligent labor and enduring toil from uninhabited deserts into rich fields yielding abundant harvests4 ,around these isolated monasteries soon sprang up1 as around so many centres of life1 schools1 workshops1 and settlements4 ,the wilderness blossomed4 ,and the monks wrote ,christianity and civilization on the hearts of the people and on the soil of ,england4 ,not to mention the grand literary monuments dedicated to the record of their pious labors by ,count ,montalembert in his ,monks of the ,west1 all these victories for humanity are clearly discernible to scores of modern ,protestant writers1 who have borne eloquent testimony to the noble devotion and glorious services of these holy men1 whose real merits have been too long obscured by the historical conspiracy against truth4 ,they have looked behind shells and manuscripts1 and found something to reward their search4 ,thus ,carlyle finds a man behind the old ,,ms4 of ,jocelin of ,brakelond3 8,a personable man of seven-and-forty1 stout made1 stands erect as a pillar2 with bushy eyebrows1 the face of him beaming into you in a really strange way3 the name of him ,samson3 a man worth looking at4444 ,he was wont to preach to the people in the ,english tongue1 though according to the dialect of ,norfolk1 where he had been brought up4 ,there preached he3 a man worth going to hear4444 ,abbot ,samson built many useful1 many pious edifices2 human dwellings1 churches1 steeples1 barns2--all fallen now and vanished1 but useful while they stood4 ,he built and endowed #8the ,hospital of ,babwell'2 built #8fit houses for the ,st4 ,edmunsbury schools4' 444 ,and yet these grim old walls are not a dilettantism and dubiety2 they are an earnest fact4 ,it was a most real and serious purpose they were built for8 ,yes1 another world it was1 when these black ruins1 white in their new mortar and fresh chiselling1 first saw the sun as walls1 long ago4 ,gauge not1 with thy dilettante compasses1 with that placid dilettante simper1 the ,heaven's-,watchtower of our ,fathers1 the fallen ,god's ,houses1 the ,golgotha of true ,souls departed06 ,with the advantage of eleven hundred years of accumulated knowledge in his favor1 the cultivated ,m4 ,taine can well afford to sneer at 8a kind of literature0 with which he credits these monks4 ,the 8kind of literature0 they most affected1 and in which they unceasingly labored1 was the kind known as 8the ,scriptures40 ,of a verity1 strange occupation for 8sons of ,odin10 for the most meagre summary of ,anglo-,saxon1 monastic labor in this field is a magnificent memorial of their imperishable glory4 ,in default of types and power-presses1 volumes of the ,scriptures were multiplied by copying1 and every talent and gift of man was enlisted to preserve1 beautify1 and bring them within the reach and comprehension of the great body of the people4 ,its light was not hidden in the obscurity of an unfamiliar tongue4 ,in the fourth century1 on the banks of the ,danube1 ,ulphilas had translated the entire ,scriptures into the then barbarous ,mso-,gothic4 ,in ,england1 ,cdmon had sung the ,scripture story of ,god's power and mercy1 and put into verse all of ,genesis and ,exodus1 with other portions of the ,old ,testament1 besides the life and passion of our ,lord and the ,acts of the ,apostles4 ,the ,venerable ,bede had translated ,st4 ,john's ,gospel1 and written numerous expositions of the ,old and ,new ,testaments4 ,aldhelm had translated the ,psalms4 ,the entire four ,gospels have come down to us in the ,anglo-,saxon of ,king ,alfred's day4 lfric translated the whole of the ,pentateuch and the ,book of ,job4 ,the ,normans in ,england had various translations besides their metrical romance1 and a verse translation of the ,bible4 ,in #acbg1 ,william of ,shoreham translated the ,psalter into ,english4 ,a few years later1 ,richard ,rolle translated the ,psalms and part of the ,book of ,job into the dialect of ,northumberland4 ,the four ,gospels issued in #aega by ,parker1 with a dedication to ,queen ,elizabeth by ,foxe1 the martyrologist1 are copied from two ,anglo-,saxon versions of the tenth and eleventh centuries4 ,from the original copy1 ,tha ,halgan ,godspel on ,englisc1 they appear to have been divided and arranged for reading aloud to the people4 ,many of these1 it will be noticed1 are versions adorned and heightened by literary labor and poetic inspiration4 ,plain prose ,bible translations existed in large numbers1 which1 as being more exposed1 were the first to perish from the effects of time1 the elements1 and the wilful destruction of bigotry4 ,the metrical versions were generally better bound and better cared for in special libraries1 and in the hands of the wealthy4 ,and yet of these how few copies survive6 ,and who shall tell us of scores of hundreds more of which we have never heard8 ,an immense body of ,anglo-,saxon ,scriptural literature has perished and left no trace4 ,but ,m4 ,taine1 it may be objected1 was surely under no obligation to write the history of your ,anglo-,saxon monks6 ,certainly not4 ,but he was under some sort of obligation not to represent the product of ,christianity1 viz41 the ,anglo-,saxon man1 as the product of pure paganism4 ,that he has done so1 we have shown from the remarkable manner in which he has spoken of the products of ,anglo-,saxon literature1 and we have not taken into account the full and rich material at command1 written in the ,latin language by the ,anglo-,saxons4 ,when we get further on in ,m4 ,taine's work1 we find in his fifth chapter1 book the second1 a yet more flagrant violation of his promise to show us the ,englishman as the psychological product of his literature1 and to 8develop the recondite mechanism whereby the ,saxon barbarian has been transformed into the ,englishman of to-day40 ,does he present to us the nature of the ,english ,reformation as evolved from the writings of ,englishmen of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries8 ,not at all4 ,it would not be pleasant to show that1 as politics was the leverage of the ,reformation in ,germany1 plunder was the leverage in ,england1 and he candidly admits1 in phrase of studied delicacy 7p4 #cfb71 that 8the ,reformation entered ,england by a side door40 ,and so he travels all the way to ,germany1 and gives us1 instead of ,english opinion and ,english mind1 the echoes of ,martin ,luther's 8bellowing in bad ,latin10#g and passages from his beery1 boozy ,table-,talk1 bolstered up with extracts from a modern history of ,england by the late ,mr4 ,froude4 ,no study of shells and animals and manuscripts here4 ,no elaborate development of recondite mechanism6 ,but we have scarcely space left for a few remarks we desire to make concerning ,,the ,,shakespeare ,,of ,m4 ,,taine4 ,and1 at the outset1 we do not agree with those critics who ascribe ,m4 ,taine's utterly fantastic and distorted appreciation of ,shakespeare to the general incapacity of the ,gallic mind to grasp the great dramatist4 ,we find something more than this4 ,we discover a labored effort at depreciation1 negatively1 positively1 and by comparison4 ,of ,shakespeare the man1 the careful student must admit that we know very little--almost nothing1 indeed4 ,hence the sharpened avidity of his biographers to seize upon every floating piece of gossip1 every stray tradition concerning him1 whereof to make history4 ,with aid of such loose and unreliable material1 ,m4 ,taine makes of ,shakespeare a man of licentious morals and loose habits4 ,our author's sthetic starting-point renders simply impossible for him any fair appreciation of the great ,english poet4 ,corneille and ,racine are his models in tragedy--,molire in comedy4 ,to them and to their productions he subordinates ,shakespeare at every step4 ,listen6 8,if a poet is a logician1 a moralist1 an orator1 as1 for instance1 one of the ,french great tragic poets 7,racine71 he will only represent noble manners2 he will avoid low characters2 he will have a horror of valets and the plebs2 he will observe the greatest decorum in respect of the strongest outbreaks of passion2 he will reject as scandalous every low or indecent word2 he will give us reason1 loftiness1 good taste throughout2 he will suppress the familiarity1 childishness10 etc4444 8,shakespeare does just the contrary1 because his genius is the exact opposite0 7vol4 i4 p4 #caa74 ,at page #cbf1 we are told3 8,if1 in fact1 ,shakespeare comes across a heroic character worthy of ,corneille1 a ,roman1 such as the mother of ,coriolanus1 he will explain by passion#h what ,corneille would have explained by heroism40 8,reason10 ,m4 ,taine further informs us1 8tells us that our manners should be measured2 this is why the manners which ,shakespeare paints are not so40 ,again1 8,shakespeare paints us as we are2 his heroes bow1 ask people for news1 speak of rain and fine weather10 etc4 7p4 #cab74 ,as ,m4 ,taine finds that ,shakespeare's heroes bow1 we should like to know his opinion of the exordium of the grand rhetorical effort which ,corneille puts in the mouth of the master of the world1 ,csar ,augustus3 8,prends un sige1 ,cinna40#i ,it cannot in reason be expected that the man who admires the stiff and frigid artificiality of ,french tragedy should reach any clear perception of ,shakespeare4 ,nor can we expect the appreciator of ,shakespeare to find any superiority in ,corneille and ,racine4 ,a distinguished ,german scholar 7,grimm7 admirably expresses the general ,german and ,english estimate of these ,french poets in a letter he addressed to ,michelet3 8,must ,i tell you the opinion commonly expressed among us here in ,germany8 ,with the greatest possible amount of good-will1 ,i have again and again opened ,racine1 ,corneille1 and ,boileau1 and ,i fully appreciate their superior talents2 but ,i cannot read them for any length of time mais je ne puis en soutenir la lecture1 so strong upon me is the impression that a portion of the most profound sentiments awakened by poetry are a sealed book for these authors40 ,a ,french writer so able and so thoroughly skilled as ,m4 ,taine1 is at home in persiflage1 and throughout his work he freely indulges in it at the expense of 8those excellent ,english40 ,from the moment the ,norman sets his foot in ,england1 he is the ,englishman's superior4 ,with the ,norman came in education and intelligence4 ,these poor ,anglo-,saxons appear to have been their inferiors4 ,wherever opportunity occurs1 ,english models suffer in comparison with ,french throughout the work1 which closes with an extravagant rhapsody on ,alfred de ,musset1 and this line3 8,i prefer ,alfred de ,musset to ,tennyson40 ,many scholars of high acquirements1 admirers of ,shakespeare1 having exhausted with praise the catalogue of ,shakespeare's serious and solid qualities1 find that his pre-eminent superiority lies in wit and humor--the wit bright and sparkling1 the humor kindly and genial1 more akin to wisdom than to wit1 and1 indeed1 in itself a particular form of wisdom1 so that it might almost be said that his fools give us more wisdom than the philosophers of ordinary dramatists4 ,m4 ,taine is of a diametrically opposite opinion4 ,here it is3 8,the mechanical imagination produces ,shakespeare's fool-characters3 a quick1 venturesome1 dazzling1 unquiet imagination produces his men of wit40 ,would you know what is true wit8 ,you may learn from page #cbj1 vol4 i43 8,of wit1 there are many kinds4 ,one1 altogether ,french1 which is but reason1 a foe to paradox1 scorner of folly1 a sort of incisive common sense1 having no occupation but to render truth amusing and evident1 the most effective weapon with an intelligent and vain people3 such was the wit of ,voltaire and the drawing-rooms40 ,the conclusion is thus forced upon us that this is by no means the wit of ,shakespeare4 ,m4 ,taine falls into a mistake common to many persons who understand ,shakespeare but imperfectly4 ,it is that of attributing to him a certain style3 8,let us1 then1 look for the man1 and in his style4 ,the style explains the work40 ,ordinary writers have a style easily recognizable after slight study1 but ,shakespeare has fifty styles1 certainly at least one for every character of marked individualism4 ,this is not ,m4 ,taine's view1 for he says3 8,shakespeare's style is a compound of furious expressions4 ,no man has submitted words to such a contortion4 ,mingled contrasts1 raving exaggerations1 apostrophes1 exclamations1 the whole fury of the ode1 inversion of ideas1 accumulation of images1 the horrible and the divine jumbled into the same line2 it seems1 to my fancy1 as though he never writes a word without shouting it0 7p4 #cjh74 ,if there is one peculiarity or merit of ,shakespeare which1 more than another1 has received the general assent of critics and scholars1 it is his eminently objective power4 ,it is looked upon as a striking proof of the great dramatist's deep1 clear insight into the depths of the human heart1 that he never thrusts his individuality into his conception of characters4 ,he never mistakes the operations of his own mind for those of others1 and never confounds his personality with that of any of his dramatic personages4 ,every page of ,milton's writings1 it is said1 exhibits a full-length portrait of the author4 ,byron's heroes1 ,lara1 ,conrad1 ,manfred1 and the rest1 might interchange reflections and speeches1 and not seriously interfere with each other's identity1 and the sentimental rubbish and trashy sophistry poured out from the mouths of any of ,bulwer's men and women might answer for all of them4 ,but nothing that ,romeo says could by possibility enter the mind of ,hamlet1 and ,king ,lear has not a line which would be fitting in the mouth of ,othello4 ,but ,m4 ,taine is not of this way of thinking4 ,his theory is diametrically opposed to this1 and he finds ,shakespeare eminently subjective4 ,he is always ,shakespeare4 8,these characters are all of the same family4 ,good or bad1 gross or delicate1 refined or awkward1 ,shakespeare gives them all the same kind of spirit which is his own0 7p4 #cag74 ,hamlet is ,shakespeare1 the melancholy ,jaques#aj is ,shakespeare1 ,othello is ,shakespeare1 and--,falstaff is ,shakespeare6 ,no1 we do not exaggerate4 ,here are ,m4 ,taine's words3 8,hamlet1 it will be said1 is half-mad2 this explains his vehemence of expression4 ,the truth is that ,hamlet here is ,shakespeare0 7p4 #cjh74 8,hamlet is ,shakespeare1 and1 at the close of this gallery of portraits1 which have all some features of his own1 ,shakespeare has painted himself in the most striking of all0 7p4 #cdj74 ,things equal to the same are equal to each other4 ,lara being ,george ,gordon ,noel ,byron1 and ,conrad also being the same ,george1 we see at once why there exists a striking resemblance between them2 but when we are told that ,hamlet and ,falstaff1 morally as far apart as the poles1 are yet painted from the same model1 we find that too much is asked of our credulity4 ,of ,falstaff ,m4 ,taine says3 8,this big1 pot-bellied fellow1 a coward1 a jester1 a brawler1 a drunkard1 a lewd rascal1 a pot-house poet1 is one of ,shakespeare's favorites4 ,the reason is that his manners are those of pure nature1 and ,shakespeare's mind is congenial with his own0 7p4 #cbc74 ,wherein this 8drunkard and lewd rascal0 resembles ,prince ,hamlet1 and wherein ,shakespeare resembles either or both of them1 is beyond the range of any ,anglo-,saxon or ,teutonic mind to comprehend4 ,perhaps ,m4 ,taine may be able to explain it4 ,his book totally fails to do so4 ,no one can read this long chapter of fifty-five octavo pages on ,shakespeare without being struck by the skill with which the author avoids mention of or reference to the dramatist's most admirable passages1 and also by his elaborate and painstaking exposition of the defects of ,shakespeare's inferior characters4 ,of the beauties of ,romeo and ,juliet--the ,queen ,mab description alone excepted--we hear nothing1 but are regaled with two pages concerning 8the most complete of all these characters--the nurse10 and a long and severe commentary on her 8never-ending gossip's babble40#aa ,the same remark may be made of ,hamlet1 a play of which ,m4 ,taine evidently has no comprehension1 if ,coleridge1 ,hazlitt1 ,lamb1 ,ulrici1 ,tieck1 ,goethe1 and ,schlegel at all understand it4 ,concerning ,othello1 many paragraphs are frittered away in small criticism on the characters of ,iago and ,cassio4 ,of the grand features of ,othello the reader obtains no glimpse1 while a scandalous industry is exercised in bringing out from under the cover of obscure texts shocking pruriencies that are not perceived by the average reader of ,shakespeare4 ,we may be told that tastes differ1 that what through tradition or habit1 perhaps1 to us appear beauties1 do not so strike a foreigner4 ,let us test this by the criticism of another foreigner--not a ,german1 but a ,frenchman--and we will find him selecting1 as prominent beauties on the first hearing of the play1 the very passages which also strike us on long and familiar acquaintance4 ,in the winter of #ahbi-cj1 a ,french version of ,othello was represented in a ,parisian theatre1 and that theatre--shades of ,corneille and ,racine--the ,thtre ,franais6 ,mademoiselle ,mars was the ,desdemona4 ,the piece was a decided success1 and in the ,revue ,franaise for ,january1 #ahcj1 there appeared an admirably written article which was at once a compte-rendu of the representation and a criticism of the tragedy4 ,it was from the pen of the ,duc de ,broglie1 and commanded universal attention4 ,his description of the desperate struggles of the two cliques--the ,classical and the ,romantic--who were1 of course1 present in force1 his account of the effect of the piece upon the general audience1 his analysis of the motives of ,french admiration or blame of ,shakespeare1 are all most interesting4 ,but what we specially have to do with is his criticism on the play and the dramatist4 ,here it is3 8,the effect of ,othello's narration was irresistible4 ,this portion of the play is translated into all languages--its beauty is perfectly entrancing1 its originality is unequalled4 ,even ,la ,harpe could not refuse it the tribute of his admiration4 ,but perhaps the scene which precedes and that which follows are even still more adapted to exhibit ,shakespeare in all his greatness4 ,how wonderful a painter of human nature was this man6 ,how true is it that he has received from on high something of that creative power which1 by breathing on a little dust1 can transform it into a creature of life and immortality60 ,even as the ,christian ,anglo-,saxon was doomed to suffer at ,m4 ,taine's hands the outrage of attributed paganism1 so also was ,shakespeare ignominiously foreordained 7from the thirty-sixth page of his first volume7 to be a maniac ,berserkir4 ,and all because the author has his little theory to carry out4 ,do you find it wonderful that under such treatment the facts should suffer8 ,alas6 other and more important things must also suffer if such a work as this is to receive the sanction of recognized critical authority1 and be placed in the hands of the rising generation4 ,to do ,m4 ,taine justice1 he does not for a moment lose sight of his ,berserkir1 and keeps him1 in the soul of ,shakespeare1 well up to his work4 ,and so1 ,shakespeare's ,coriolanus is 8an athlete of war1 with a voice like a trumpet2 whose eyes by contradiction are filled with a rush of blood and anger1 proud and terrible in mood1 a lion's soul in the body of a steer0 7vol4 i4 p4 #cbi74 ,for ,m4 ,taine1 the grand trial act in the ,merchant of ,venice is 8the horrible scene in which ,shylock brandished his butcher's knife before ,antonio's bare breast10 and ,king ,lear is 8the supreme effort of pure imagination1 a disease of reason which reason could never have conceived40 ,but reason has so decidedly done the contrary that an experienced physician of long practice in an insane asylum 7in the ,united ,states7 has written an essay#ab to show that ,shakespeare's physiological and psychological knowledge and acquirements1 as displayed in his tragedies1 were in advance of those of his age by fully two centuries1 and1 he adds1 that the wonderful skill and sagacity manifested by the great dramatist in seizing upon the premonitory signs of insanity 7as in ,king ,lear71 which are usually overlooked by all1 even the patient's most intimate friends and the members of his family1 and weaving them into the character of his hero as a necessary element1 without which it would be incomplete1 like those of inferior artists1 is a matter of wonder to all modern psychologists4 ,to the ,voltairian school of literature in the last century1 the plays of ,shakespeare were 8ces monstrueuses farces que l'on appelle des tragedies10 and ,hamlet1 in particular1 in ,voltaire's judgment1 8seems the work of a drunken savage40 ,when you have read ,m4 ,taine on ,shakespeare1 first let the coruscations of his verbal pyrotechnics subside1 await the end of his epileptic contortions of style1 then scratch off a thin varnish of polite concession1 and you will find under it a ,voltairian3 although not1 we hope1 brutal and cynical as was the great original in his denunciation of those ,frenchmen who were willing to claim some talent for ,shakespeare4 ,voltaire called them faquins1 impudents1 imbciles1 monstres1 etc4 ,such people were1 he said1 a source of calamity and horror1 and ,france did not contain a sufficient number of pillories to punish such a crime4 78,letter of ,voltaire to ,count d',argental10 ,july #ai1 #aggf47 ,one of the most interesting books to be found in the ,english language is ,carlyle's ,french ,revolution4 ,but it is interesting only on condition that the reader is already familiar with the history of that period4 ,and we pay ,m4 ,taine's work a high compliment in saying that1 in like manner1 his ,history of ,english ,literature will be found an interesting work to those whose opinions on art and literature are formed1 whose religious principles are fixed1 and whose judgments are sufficiently mature to be in no danger of being affected by the artificial1 erroneous1 and false views of man and his responsibilities1 with which the book abounds4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,history of ,english ,literature4 ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,taine4 ,translated by ,h4 ,van ,laun4 ,with a ,preface prepared expressly for this ,translation by the author4 ,new ,york3 ,holt ,williams4 #ahga4 #b ,literal translation of the original falls thus into ,english rhythm3 8,the field streamed with warriors' blood1 ,when rose at morning tide the glorious star1 ,the sun1 ,god's shining candle1 until sank ,the noble creature to its setting40 #c ,we have here substituted for ,m4 ,taine's translation one that we consider better1 and we add the following poetical paraphrase of the passage by ,wordsworth3 8,man's life is like a sparrow1 mighty king4 ,that1 while at banquet with your chiefs you sit1 ,housed near a blazing fire1 is seen to flit1 ,safe from the wintry tempest4 ,fluttering1 ,here did it enter1 there1 on hasty wing1 ,flies out1 and passes on from cold to cold3 ,but whence it came we know not1 nor behold ,whither it goes4 ,even such1 that transient thing1 ,the human soul1 not utterly unknown1 ,while in the body lodged1 the warm abode2 ,but from what world she came1 what woe or weal ,on her departure waits1 no tongue hath shown40 #d ,m4 ,taine mildly states ,milton's obligations to ,cdmon in saying1 8,one would think he must have had some knowledge of ,cdmon from the translation of ,junius40 ,it would be easy to show that some of ,milton's finest descriptions of the fallen angels are taken from ,cdmon4 ,sir ,f4 ,palgrave says that there are in ,cdmon passages so like the ,paradise ,lost that some of ,milton's lines read like an almost literal translation4 #e ,version by ,mr4 ,henry ,morley4 #f 8,within ,roger ,bacon's mind10 says ,dr4 ,whewell1 8was at the same time the ,encyclopdia and the ,novum ,organum of the thirteenth century40 #g ,expression of the historian ,hallam4 #h ,in his introductory chapter 7vol4 i4 p4 #cf71 ,m4 ,taine describes the ,berserkirs as fighting pagan maniacs4 ,he coolly makes up his mind that ,shakespeare is a lineal descendant of a ,berserkir6 8,with what sadness1 madness1 waste1 such a disposition breaks its bonds1 we shall see in ,shakespeare and ,byron06 ,and yet stupid ,english biographers and historians are puzzling their brains and burning midnight oil over the question of ,shakespeare's grandfather6 #i 8,take a seat1 ,cinna40 #aj 8,a transparent mask1 behind which we perceive the face of the poet0 7p4 #cdf74 ,then follows a comparison between ,molire and ,shakespeare1 altogether to the disadvantage of the latter4 #aa ,we know of but one ,english author 7of a ,diary7 with whose appreciation of this tragedy ,m4 ,taine would be likely to be pleased4 ,it is that of the distinguished ,mr4 ,samuel ,pepys1 who1 having seen ,romeo and ,juliet acted in ,march1 #afgb1 pronounces the play 8to be the worst he had ever heard40 8,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream0 is also1 in the opinion of ,pepys aforesaid1 8the most insipid1 ridiculous play that ever ,i saw in my life40 #ab ,published in a small volume4 ,we regret we cannot recall the title of the work and the author's name4 ,,fragments ,,of ,,early ,,english ,,poems ,,on ,,the ,,passion4 ,warton1 in his ,history of ,english ,poetry1 has published a few fragments of poems on the ,passion1 which he ascribes to the reigns of ,henry ,,iii4 and ,edward ,i4 ,there is a harmony in the versification of the following that one scarcely looks for at so early a date3 8,jhesu for thi muckle might ,thou gif us of thi grace1 ,that we may day and night ,thinken of thi face3 ,in myn herte it doth me gode ,whan y thinke on ,jhesu blod1 ,that ran down bi ys side2 ,fro ys herte dou to ys fot1 ,for us he spradde ys hertis blod1 ,his wondes wer so wyde40 99 99 99 99 99 8,ever and aye he haveth us in thought1 ,he will not lose that he so dearly bought40 ,one fragment more1 which is taken from a sort of dialogue between our ,lord on the ,cross and the devout soul3 8,behold mi side1 ,mi woundes spred so wide1 ,restless ,i ride1 ,lok on me1 and put fro ye pride3 ,dear man1 mi love1 ,for mi love sinne no more40 8,jhesu ,christe1 mi lemman swete1 ,that for me deyedis on rood tree ,with al myn herte ,i the biseke ,for thi woundes two and thre3 ,that so fast in mi herte ,thi love rooted might be1 ,as was the spere in thi side ,when thou suffredst deth for me40 --,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,,boadicea',s ,,watch4 ,it was rather late when ,mr4 ,yorke came down ,sunday morning4 ,the storm was yet violent1 and he did not mean to go out2 and besides1 he had been tormented all night with disagreeable dreams4 ,when he appeared in the breakfast-room1 ,patrick had been to the village1 and had seen ,father ,rasle4 ,the priest was resolutely keeping his fast1 and even hearing confessions4 ,the occurrence of the night before had stirred up the sluggish faith and piety of those few ,catholics who had not meant to attend to their religious duties1 and they crowded about their pastor at the last moment4 ,it would1 perhaps1 be just as well not to describe the manner in which ,mr4 ,yorke received the news they had to tell him1 for his anger was scarcely greater toward the mob than toward his own family4 ,he would eat no breakfast1 would scarcely stop to change his slippers for boots1 but started off to see ,father ,rasle4 8,i shall bring the priest home with me2 or1 if he will not come1 shall stay with him1 and defend him with my life from any further outrage10 he said as he went out the door1 addressing no one in particular4 8,we expect him to return with you1 ,charles10 his wife said2 but he paid no attention to her4 8,coddled like a great booby60 he muttered to himself as he strode down the avenue4 8,amy should have more respect for me1 or1 at least1 more regard for my reputation4 ,it is a wonder she does not dress me in petticoats1 and set me spinning40 8,never mind1 mamma60 ,clara said1 kissing her mother1 and leading her into the house4 8,this storm will cool papa off nicely4 ,he will come home penitent1 you may be sure4 ,i only hope that you will hold off a little1 and not forgive him too readily40 ,mrs4 ,yorke wiped away the tears which had started at her husband's unusual severity4 8,never think to comfort your mother1 my dear1 by speaking disrespectfully of your father10 she said1 but1 while chiding1 returned her daughter's caress4 8,and do not think that ,i could remember one moment any hasty word or act of his when ,i knew that he was sorry for it4 ,i do not at all wonder that your father is annoyed at not having been called3 ,i quite expected it40 8,mother1 ,i give you up10 ,clara exclaimed4 8,where ,mr4 ,charles ,yorke is concerned1 you have not a sign of--may ,i say spunk8 ,that is what ,i mean40 8,no1 you may not10 replied ,mrs4 ,yorke with decision4 ,and so the conversation dropped4 ,patrick drove ,edith to the church4 ,when they entered1 they found the people all gathered2 and in a few minutes ,mass began4 ,the scene was touching4 ,the congregation1 prostrate before the altar1 wept silently2 the choir1 attempting to sing1 faltered1 and stopped in the first hymn2 and the priest1 in turning toward his people1 could not trust himself to look at them1 but closed his eyes or glanced over their heads4 ,tears rolled down the faces of the communicants when they knelt at the altar2 and at the benediction many wept aloud4 ,it was a ,low ,mass1 and when it was over the priest addressed them4 ,he talked only a little while1 but in those few words they found both comfort and courage4 ,they were not to mourn1 but rather to rejoice that he had been found worthy to suffer ignominy for ,christ's sake4 ,he translated and gave them for their motto these words of ,st4 ,bernard3 8,pudeat sub spinato capite membrum fieri delicatum40 ,they should not seek persecution1 indeed1 but when ,god sent it upon them they should accept it joyfully4 ,for pain was the only real treasure of earth1 and real happiness was unknown1 save in anticipation1 outside heaven4 ,they belonged to the church militant2 and as their great ,captain had marched in the van1 with shoulders bleeding from the lash1 and forehead bleeding from the thorn1 they should blush to walk delicately and at ease in his ensanguined footsteps4 ,he implored them to pray constantly1 and keep themselves from sin1 and1 since they might for some time be deprived of the sacraments1 to take more than ordinary pains to preserve the sacramental grace which they had just received4 ,there were a few words of farewell1 uttered with difficulty1 then he ceased speaking4 ,when ,father ,rasle went out with ,mr4 ,yorke1 the weeping congregation gathered about him1 falling on their knees1 some of them catching at his robe as he passed by4 ,he was obliged to tear himself away4 ,the storm was now over1 and the sun burst forth brilliantly as they stepped into the air4 ,a carriage was in waiting1 and1 when he had seated himself in it1 with ,mr4 ,yorke and ,edith1 ,father ,rasle leaned out1 looked once more with suffused eyes at his mourning people1 and raised his hand in benediction4 ,then the door closed upon him1 and they were alone4 ,a second carriage followed this containing four men1 well armed1 and several other men1 armed also1 took the shorter road1 through ,east ,street and the woods1 to ,mr4 ,yorke's house4 ,whatever they might suffer1 these men did not mean that any further violence should be offered to their priest or to the man who protected him4 ,as the carriage drove up the avenue1 ,mrs4 ,yorke and her two daughters came down the steps to receive their guest4 ,both ,mrs4 ,yorke and ,clara1 who were speechless with emotion1 gave a silent welcome2 but ,melicent1 much to her own satisfaction1 was able to pronounce an eloquent little oration4 ,in the entry ,betsey stood stiffly1 the two young ,pattens in perspective4 ,thinking1 probably1 that one of her abrupt courtesies was not enough for the occasion1 this good creature made a succession of them as long as the priest was visible1 young ,sally bobbing in unison4 ,paul1 duly instructed by his mother1 waited till the proper moment1 then bowed from the waist1 till he made a pretty accurate right-angle of himself4 ,all that day1 besides the regular guard1 the ,irish were coming and going about the house1 and when toward night they retired to their homes1 the guard was doubled4 ,sally ,patten came over in the evening and offered her services4 ,joe could take care of the young ones1 and her desire was to stay all night and keep watch at the ,yorkes'4 ,it was in vain for them to say that she was not needed4 ,with every sort of compliment1 and every demonstration of respect1 she persisted in staying4 ,betsey1 she said1 had slept none the night before1 and would be needed about the house the next day1 and they might all rest better if there were a vigilant watcher in-doors as well as out4 ,men were slow and stupid sometimes1 but there was no danger of her letting slumber steal over her eyelids4 8,well1 it is true1 my head does feel like a soggy batter-pudding10 ,betsey owned1 beginning to waver4 8,i had a jumping toothache all ,friday night1 and last night ,i never slept one wink40 8,besides10 continued ,boadicea1 growing heroic1 8when the two eldest of my offspring are in the jaws of destruction1 my place is beside them40 ,it was impossible to resist such an argument1 and she was permitted to have her way4 8,i was going to leave the door unlocked1 so that the men could come in and get their luncheon10 ,betsey said4 8,but as you are here1 perhaps you will carry it out to them40 ,a dignified bow was the only reply4 ,mrs4 ,patten considered so trivial a subject as luncheon irrelevant to these thrilling circumstances4 ,the question in her mind at this moment was what weapon she should use in the event of an attack4 ,her taste was for the medival1 and she would have welcomed with enthusiasm the sight of a battle-axe or a halberd2 but since these were not to be had1 she inclined toward a long iron shovel that stood in the chimney-corner1 reaching nearly to the mantelpiece4 ,this would give a telling blow1 and would1 moreover1 allow of a fine swing of the arms in its wielding4 8,now1 here are two coffee-pots full10 ,betsey said4 8,this is done1 ,i think1 and will do to begin with4 ,you might put water to the other so as to have it ready about twelve o'clock4 ,i believe in having something to eat and drink1 no matter what happens4 ,about all that keeps me from joining the ,catholic ,church is their fasting4 ,i couldn't praise ,god on an empty stomach2 ,i should be all the time thinking how hungry ,i was4 ,if it warn't for that1 ,i do believe1 the folks here act so like the old boy1 ,i'd turn ,catholic just for spite1 if nothing else4 ,give 'em as many of them pumpkin-pies as they want to eat4 ,give 'em all there is in the closet1 if they want it40 ,sally listened1 superior1 and merely bowed in reply4 ,betsey set out a private lunch1 and poured a cup of coffee4 8,now1 you take this1 ,mrs4 ,patten10 she said1 8and make yourself as comfortable as you can4 ,it will help you to keep awake40 ,boadicea hesitated1 then1 with a smile of lofty disdain1 swallowed the coffee4 ,why should she attempt the vain task of making that unheroic soul comprehend the emotions which agitated her own spirit8 ,pumpkin pies and coffee help to keep her awake6 ,well1 she swallowed them1 but merely to escape the multiplying of trivial and inconsequent words4 ,at length the happy moment came when all in the house had gone to bed1 and she was left alone4 ,and now indeed her soul swelled within her1 and visions of possible heroic adventure rose before her mind's eye4 ,she put out the lamp1 and pushed the logs of the fire so closely together that only a dull-red glow escaped4 ,she set the doors all open1 and walked stealthily from room to room1 gazing from window after window1 stopping now and then to listen1 with her head aside and her arms extended4 ,there was a smoldering knot of wood in both the parlor and sitting-room fireplaces1 and the faint light from them and from the kitchen threw gigantic fantastic shadows of her on the walls and ceiling as she moved about4 ,clara1 feeling restless1 came softly down once1 and1 seeing this strange figure1 stole quickly back to bed again1 and lay there trembling with fear all night4 ,but ,boadicea kept her watch in glorious unconsciousness of realities4 ,the place had undergone a change to her mind during those lonely hours4 ,it was no longer a common1 wooden country house1 but a castle1 with walls of stone1 and battlements1 barbacan1 and drawbridge4 ,mrs4 ,yorke was a fair ladie sleeping in her bower 7not even in thought would ,sally have spelt lady with a y71 ,mr4 ,yorke was a battle-worn warrior1 ,father ,rasle the family chaplain and my lady's confessor4 ,without1 the retainers watched1 and an insidious foe lurked in the darkness1 ready for bold attack or treacherous entry through a chink in the wall4 ,even now some vile caitiff might have obtained entrance1 and be lurking behind yonder arras4 ,at that thought1 ,sally seized the kitchen shovel1 and crept stealthily toward the parlor window1 a grotesque shadow accompanying her1 leaping across the ceiling in one breathless bound4 ,she paused1 and stared at the heavy drapery that seemed to outline a human form1 and the shadow paused4 ,she crept a step or two nearer1 and the shadow dropped down and confronted her4 ,she grasped the weapon firmly in her right hand1 and1 stretching the left1 with one vigorous twitch pulled down ,mrs4 ,yorke's damask curtain4 ,for a moment ,sally felt rather foolish4 ,she put the curtain up as best she could1 and then went to give the garrison their midnight lunch4 8,and what is it ails the old lady80 asked one of the men of a companion4 8,is it dumb that she is80 ,for this great1 gaunt creature had given them their refreshments in utter silence and with many a tragical gesture4 ,she bent suddenly toward the speaker1 raised her hand in warning1 and whispered sharply1 8,be vigilant60 8,what does she mean at all80 exclaimed the man in alarm1 as ,sally stalked away1 very much bent forward1 and looking to right and left at every step1 as one sees people do on the stage sometimes4 ,his impression was that something awful had taken place in the house4 ,in short1 it was a glorious night for this poor addled soul--a night which would grow more and more in her imagination1 till1 after the passage of years1 her most sincere description of it would never be recognized by one of the real actors4 ,daylight came at length without there having been the slightest disturbance4 ,betsey came down to relieve guard1 and ,sally1 weary but enthusiastic still1 went home to electrify ,joe with the recital of her adventures4 ,clara1 coming down before the rest of the family1 was astonished to find the kitchen shovel reclining on one of the parlor chairs1 and a crimson curtain put up with the yellow lining inside the room4 ,father ,rasle appeared in a few minutes1 and took an affectionate leave of the men who had spent the night in guarding his rest2 and1 as soon as breakfast was over1 he and ,mr4 ,yorke started for ,bragon4 ,edith saw him go without any poignant regret for her own part1 for she was to remain in ,seaton but a few weeks longer4 ,but her heart ached for the poor people who were so soon to be left utterly friendless4 ,the burden of the pain had fallen1 where it always falls1 on the poor4 ,a group of them stood at the gate when the travellers went through1 and others met them in ,north ,street1 and all gazed after the carriage1 with breaking hearts1 as long as it was in sight4 ,when might they hope to see a priest again8 ,when again would the ,mass-bell summon them to bow before the uplifted ,host1 and the communion cloth be spread for their heavenly banquet8 ,they cared little for the mocking smile and word1 but covered their faces and wept when their pastor disappeared from their gaze4 ,patrick went down to the post-office1 and came back bringing a letter for ,edith1 which had lain in the office since ,sunday morning4 ,the letter was from ,mrs4 ,rowan-,williams1 and contained but a line3 8,my son is at home1 dangerously sick with a fever40 8,the sentiment which attends the sudden revelation that all is lost10 says ,de ,quincey1 8silently is gathered up into the heart2 it is too deep for gestures or for words1 and no part of it passes to the outside40 ,nor is the silence more profound when a slight possibility1 over which we have no control1 still interposes between the heart and utter loss4 ,edith put the letter into her aunt's hand4 8,i must go immediately to ,bragon1 to take the cars10 she said quietly4 8,will you tell ,patrick to get a carriage8 ,i will be ready in a little while40 ,she went up-stairs to put on a travelling-dress1 and pack what she wished to take with her4 ,the selection was calmly and carefully made4 ,there was no need of haste4 ,in less than an hour everything was ready1 and the carriage at the door4 8,i have sent a telegram to your uncle1 and he will meet you1 and go on to ,boston with you to-night10 her aunt said4 ,melicent offered her a cup of coffee1 and she put it to her lips1 and tried to drink it2 but all the muscles of her mouth and throat seemed to be fixed1 and she could not swallow a drop4 ,she gave back the cup1 without uttering a word4 8,i have put some fruit and a small bottle of sherry into this luncheon-bag for you10 ,mrs4 ,yorke said hastily4 8,you must try to take a little on the way4 ,you do not want to lose your strength1 and these will be refreshing40 ,no one mentioned ,dick ,rowan's name to ,edith1 or offered a word of comfort4 ,they even refrained from expressing too much solicitude and affection1 and only kissed her silently when she went out4 8,do nothing but what is necessary10 ,mrs4 ,yorke had said to her daughters4 8,there is no greater torture1 at such a time1 than to be fretted about trifles4 ,think of her feelings1 not of expressing your own40 ,neither ,betsey nor her assistants were allowed to appear1 and ,patrick had orders to speak only when he was spoken to1 and not on any account to mention ,mr4 ,rowan's name4 8,if he dies1 it will kill ,edith10 ,mrs4 ,yorke said1 letting her tears flow when her niece was out of sight4 ,some such thought was in ,edith's own mind during that long drive4 ,if ,dick ,rowan should die1 her peace and joy would die with him2 not that he was everything to her1 but because she could never accept a happiness which was only to be reached over his grave4 ,edith loved ,carl ,yorke with all her heart1 he attracted her irresistibly1 and seemed rather a part of herself than a separate being2 yet at that moment the thought of his death would have been to her more tolerable than the thought of ,dick ,rowan's4 ,mrs4 ,yorke's telegram was at the priest's house awaiting her husband when he arrived1 and he went at once to the hotel where his niece was to meet him4 ,soon they were on the way4 8,the ,catholics here are in a state of the wildest excitement10 he said4 8,the news arrived before we did1 and the ,irish want to go down and burn ,seaton to the ground4 ,father ,rasle will have difficulty in quieting them4 ,the better class of ,protestants1 even1 cry out against the outrage4 ,they have called an indignation meeting for to-night1 and the ,protestant gentlemen are contributing to buy the priest a watch4 ,his watch and pocket-book were stolen ,saturday night1 you know40 ,though ,edith said but little in reply1 it was not because she had more important matter in her mind4 ,the number of seats in the car she counted over with weary persistence1 the number of narrow boards in the side of the car she learned by heart4 ,she knew just how the lamp swung1 and could have described accurately afterward the face and costume of the boy who sold papers and lemonade and pop-corn4 ,not till the weary night was over1 and her uncle said1 8,here we are in ,boston60 did she awaken from that nightmare entanglement of littlenesses4 ,then first she showed some agitation4 8,drive directly to ,mrs4 ,williams's10 she said1 8and1 while ,i sit in the carriage1 go to the door1 and ask how he is4 ,if they tell you that he is better1 say it out loud1 quickly1 but if--if the news is not good1 don't say one word to me1 only take me into the house40 ,a telegram had been sent to ,mrs4 ,williams1 and ,edith was expected4 ,as ,mr4 ,yorke went up the step1 the door opened1 and ,dick's mother stood there4 ,edith leaned back in the carriage1 and covered her face with her hands4 ,she had not dared to look at the house1 lest some sign of mourning should meet her glance4 8,o ,mother of ,perpetual ,succor60 she exclaimed4 8,he is no worse1 my dear10 her uncle said at the carriage-door4 8,i think you need not fear4 ,come6 ,mrs4 ,williams is waiting for you40 ,edith lifted her hands and eyes1 and repeated her aspiration1 8,o ,mother of ,perpetual ,succor60 but with what a difference6--not with anguish and imploring1 but with passionate gratitude4 ,dick would live1 she saw that at once4 ,if the blow had not fallen1 then it was not to fall now4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi4 ,,dick',s ,,vision4 ,when ,dick ,rowan came home the first time after his mother's marriage1 both she and her husband had desired him to select a chamber in their house which should always be his4 ,he chose an unfurnished one nearly at the top of the house1 and1 after several playful skirmishes with his mother1 who would fain have adorned it with velvet and lace1 fitted it up to suit himself4 ,it was large1 sunny1 and quiet2 and there was but little in it besides an ,indian matting1 an iron bed1 a writing-table1 wicker chairs1 and white muslin curtains1 that did not even pretend to shut out the light4 ,there was nothing on the walls but a book-case and a crucifix1 nothing on the mantelpiece but a clock4 ,the young man's tastes were simple1 almost ascetical1 and he protested that he could not draw free breath in a room smothered in thick upholstery4 ,sunshine1 fresh air1 pure water1 and cleanliness--those he must have4 ,other things might be dispensed with4 ,in this chamber ,dick lay now1 his body a prey to fever1 his mind wandering in wild and tumultuous scenes4 ,he was at sea1 in a storm1 and the ship was going down2 he was wrecked1 and parched with thirst in a wilderness of waters2 he was sailing into a strange port1 and suddenly the shore swarmed with enemies1 and he saw huge cannon-mouths just breaking into flame1 and flights of poisoned arrows just twanging from their bows2 he was at ,seaton again1 a poor1 friendless boy1 and his father was reeling home drunk1 with a rabble shouting at his heels4 ,and always1 whatever scene his fancy might conjure up1 his ears were deafened by the strong rush of waves1 adding confusion to terror and pain4 ,one day1 when he had been crying out against this torment1 a pair of cool1 small hands were clasped tightly about his forehead1 and a voice asked1 low and clear1 8,doesn't that make the waves seem less1 ,dick80 ,he left off speaking1 and lay listening intently4 8,there are no waves nor storm10 the voice said calmly4 8,you are not at sea4 ,you are safe at home4 ,but your head aches so that it makes you fancy things4 ,what you hear is blood rushing through the arteries4 ,i am going to put a bandage round your head4 ,that will do you good40 ,dick turned his head as ,edith took her hands away1 and followed her with his eyes while she took a few steps to get what she wanted4 ,she smiled at him as she stood measuring off the strip of linen1 and making up little rolls of linen to press on the arteries of the temples2 and though her face was thin and white1 and her eyes filled1 in spite of her1 when she smiled1 the image was a cheerful one in that darkened room4 ,she wore a dress of green cloth1 soft and lustrous1 and had a rosebud in her hair4 ,the effect was cool and sweet4 ,as she moved quietly about1 the patient gazed at her1 and his gaze seemed to be wondering and confused1 rather than insane4 ,she drew the bandage tightly about his head1 pressed hard on the throbbing arteries1 and sprinkled cold water on the linen and his hair4 ,she had observed that he started whenever ice was put to his head1 and therefore kept it cool1 and avoided giving a shock4 8,you are sick1 and ,i am going to make you well10 she said4 8,you are not to think1 but to obey4 ,i will do the thinking4 ,will you trust me80 8,yes1 ,edith10 he answered1 after a pause1 looking steadfastly at her1 seeming in doubt whether it were a real form he saw1 a real voice he heard4 8,this is your room1 you see10 she said1 laying one hand on his1 and pointing with the other4 8,that is your book-shelf1 there is your table and your crucifix4 ,you know it all2 but sickness and darkness are so confusing4 ,now1 ,i'm going to give you one little glimpse of out-doors1 only for a minute1 though1 because it would hurt your head to have too much light40 ,she went to the window1 and drew aside the thick green curtain1 and a golden ray from the setting sun flew in like a bird1 and alighted on the clock4 ,those sick eyes shrank a little1 but brightened4 ,she returned1 and leaned over the pillow1 so as to have the same view through the window with him4 8,that green hill is ,longwood10 she said2 8and there is the flagstaff on the top of ,mr4 ,b----'s house1 looking like the mast of a ship4 ,now ,i shall drop the curtain1 and you are to go to sleep40 ,so1 as his feverish fancies rose like mists1 her calm denial or explanation swept them away2 or1 if the delirium fit was too strong for that1 she held his hand1 to assure him of companionship1 and went with him wherever his tyrannical imagination dragged him1 and found help there4 ,when he sank in deeps of ocean1 he heard a voice1 as if from heaven1 saying1 8,he who made the waves is stronger than they4 ,hold on to ,god1 and he will not let you go40 ,if foes threatened him1 he heard the reassuring text3 8,the ,lord is my light and my salvation2 whom shall ,i fear8 ,the ,lord is the protector of my life2 of whom shall ,i be afraid80 ,if he groped in desolation1 and cried out that every one had deserted him1 she repeated3 8,for my father and my mother have left me1 but the ,lord hath taken me up40 8,expect the ,lord1 do manfully1 and let thy heart take courage1 and wait thou for the ,lord40 ,she followed him thus from terror to terror1 imagining all the bitterness of them1 trying to take that bitterness to herself1 till they began to grow real to her1 and she was glad to escape into the wholesome outer world1 and see with her own eyes that the universe was not a sick-room4 ,hester had come up1 and she called and took ,edith out for a drive every day2 and sometimes she went home to ,hester's house1 and played with the children a while4 ,she found their childish gayety and carelessness very soothing4 8,carl and ,i are fitting up the house for the family10 ,hester said one day4 8,they are all to come up the last of the month4 ,i shall be so glad6 ,it is delightful to go through the dear old familiar rooms1 and look from the windows1 just as ,i used to4 ,we new-furnish the parlors only4 ,mamma wishes to use all the old things she can40 8,i cannot stop to-day10 ,edith said2 8but ,i would like to see the house soon4 ,you know ,i saw only the outside of it when ,i was here before40 8,carl is going to ,england before they come up10 ,hester said hesitatingly4 8,i don't know why he does not wait for them1 but he has engaged passage for next week4 ,i believe he means to be gone only a month or two40 ,edith leaned back in the carriage1 and made no reply4 ,when she spoke1 after a while1 it was to ask to be taken back to ,mrs4 ,williams'4 ,from ,dick ,rowan's wandering talk1 she had learned the history of his last few weeks4 ,she perceived that ,father ,john and his household must have known perfectly well what their visitor's trouble was1 and that they had watched over and sympathized with him most tenderly4 ,dick's pride was not of a kind that would lead him to dissemble his feelings or conceal them from those of whose friendship and sympathy he was assured4 ,why should he conceal what he was not ashamed of8 he would have asked4 ,she learned that he had spent hours before the altar1 that he had fasted and prayed1 that he had gone out in the storm at night1 and walked the yard of the priest's house1 going in only when ,father ,john had peremptorily commanded him to4 ,these reckless exposures1 combined with mental distress1 had caused his illness4 ,dick had never before been ill a day1 and could not believe that a physical inconvenience and discomfort1 which he despised1 would at last overpower him4 ,one ,sunday afternoon1 a week after ,edith's arrival1 the patient opened his eyes1 and looked about with a languid but conscious gaze1 all the fever and delirium gone1 and1 also1 all the human dross burned out of him4 ,no person was in sight1 and his heavy lids were dropping again1 when his glance was arrested by a pictured face so perfect1 that1 to his misty sense1 it seemed alive4 ,it was an exquisite engraving of ,rubens' portrait of ,st4 ,ignatius1 not the weak and sentimental copy we most frequently see1 but one full of expression4 ,large1 slow tears1 unnoted by him1 rolled down his face4 ,the lips1 slightly parted1 and tremulous with a divine sorrow1 were more eloquent than any words could be4 ,his finger pointed to the legend1 8,ad majorem ,dei gloriam10 and one could see plainly that in his fervent soul there was room for no other thought4 ,with such a face might ,st4 ,john have looked1 bearing for ever in his heart the image of the ,crucified4 ,the first glance of ,dick ,rowan's eyes was startled1 as though he saw a vision1 then his gaze became so intense that1 from very weakness1 his lids dropped1 and he slept again4 ,in that slumber1 long1 deep1 and strengthening1 the slackened thread of vitality in him began to knit itself together again4 8,all we have to do now is to prevent his getting up too soon10 the doctor said4 8,it would be like him to insist on going out to-morrow40 ,the danger over1 a breath of spring seemed to blow through the house4 ,the servants told each other1 with smiling faces1 that ,mr4 ,rowan was better4 ,mrs4 ,williams waked up to the fact that her personal appearance had been notably neglected of late1 and1 after kissing ,edith with joyful effusion1 went to put on her hair and a clean collar4 ,miss ,williams opened her piano1 put her foot on the soft pedal1 and played a composition which made her father look at her wonderingly over his spectacles4 ,had it not been ,sunday1 he would have thought that ,ellen was playing a polka4 ,in fact1 it was a polka1 and sounded so very much like what it was that ,mr4 ,williams presently ventured a faint remonstrance4 8,oh6 nonsense1 papa60 laughed the musician over her shoulder4 8,it is a hymn of praise1 by ,strauss40 8,strauss80 repeated her father doubtfully4 ,he thought the name sounded familiar4 8,mendelssohn1 ,i mean10 corrected she1 with the greatest hardihood1 and shook a shower of sparkling notes from her finger-ends4 ,miss ,ellen was one of the progressive damsels of the time4 ,mr4 ,williams looked toward the door1 and smiled pleasantly1 seeing ,miss ,yorke come in1 and she returned his greeting with one as friendly4 ,there was a feeling of kindness between the two4 ,this gentleman was not very gallant1 but1 being in his wife's confidence1 and aware therefore that ,edith had been looked on by her as a culprit1 he had taken pains to make her feel at ease with him4 ,moreover1 in common with a good many other middle-aged1 matter-of-fact men1 he had a carefully-concealed vein of sentimentality in his composition1 and was capable of being deeply interested in a genuine love affair4 ,with a great affectation of contempt1 ,mr4 ,williams would yet devour every word of a romantic story at which his daughter would most sincerely turn up her nose4 ,it is indeed on record1 in the diary of the first ,mrs4 ,williams1 that her husband sat up late one night1 on pretence of posting his books1 and that1 after twelve o'clock1 she went down-stairs and found him1 as she expressed it1 8snivelling over0 ,the ,hungarian ,brothers4 8,which astonished me in so sensible a man as ,john10 the lady added4 ,edith took a chair by a window and looked out into the street1 and ,mr4 ,williams turned over the book on his knee4 ,it was a volume of sermons which he was in the habit of pretending to read every ,sunday afternoon4 ,intellectually1 ,mr4 ,williams was sceptical2 and had one propounded to him1 one by one1 the doctrines he heard preached every ,sunday1 and asked him if he believed them1 he would probably have answered1 8,well1 no1 ,i don't know as ,i do exactly02 but early education by a mother whose religion was earnest if mistaken1 and that necessity for some supernatural element in the life which is the mark of our divine origin1 impelled him to an observance of what he did not believe1 for the want of something better which he could believe4 ,when ,dick waked again1 the first object he saw was his mother's face1 full of tearful joy4 ,she smiled1 quivered1 tried to speak1 and could not4 8,poor mother6 what a trouble ,i am to you60 he said1 and would have held his hand out to her1 but found himself unable to raise it4 ,he looked1 and saw it thin and transparent1 glanced with an expression of astonished inquiry into his mother's face1 and understood it all4 8,i must have been sick a long time1 mother10 he said4 ,she kissed him tenderly4 8,yes1 my dear boy4 ,but it is all over now1 thank ,god60 8,poor mother60 he said again4 8,i must have worn you out4 ,have you taken all the care of me80 8,no6 ,edith was here10 she answered timidly4 8,she is a good nurse1 ,dick40 8,edith80 he echoed with surprise2 and1 after a moment's thought1 added quietly1 8,yes1 ,i recollect seeing her4 ,she helped me a great deal1 ,i think1 dear child60 8,would you like to see her80 his mother asked4 8,she has only just left the room40 8,not now1 mother10 he answered4 8,she will come presently4 ,i cannot talk much now40 ,he closed his eyes again1 and lay in that delicious trance of convalescence1 when simply to breathe is enough for contentment--the lips slightly parted1 the form absolutely at rest1 the eyes not so closed but a faint twilight enters through the lashes--a sweet1 happy mood4 ,when his mother moved softly about1 ,dick lifted his lids now and then1 but was not disturbed4 ,sometimes1 before closing them again1 his half-seeing eyes dwelt a moment on some object in the room4 ,after one of these dreamy glances1 there entered through his lashes the vision of a face that seemed to cry aloud to him a piercing summons4 ,he started up as if electrified1 and stretched his arms out4 8,stay6 stay60 he cried1 and saw that it was no vision1 but a pictured1 saintly face1 with tears on the cheeks1 and lips from which a message seemed to have just escaped4 8,dick1 what is the matter80 his mother exclaimed in terror4 ,he sank back on the pillows4 8,i saw it before1 and thought it was a dream10 he whispered4 8,i was thinking of it as ,i lay here40 8,the picture80 his mother asked4 8,edith hung it there4 ,i will take it away if you don't like it40 8,i do like it10 he answered faintly4 8,it is a blessed1 blessed vision40 ,he lay looking at it a while1 then slipped his hand under the pillow and found a little crucifix that he had always kept there4 ,at the beginning of his illness his mother had taken it away1 but ,edith had returned and kept it there1 seeing that he sometimes sought for it4 ,he drew it forth now1 pressed it passionately to his lips1 then1 holding it in the open palm of his hand1 on the pillow1 turned his cheek to it with a gesture of childlike fondness4 8,o my ,love60 he whispered4 8,shall ,i tell ,edith to come in80 his mother asked1 catching the whisper4 8,not now1 not to-night1 mother10 he answered softly4 ,but the next morning he asked to see the whole family1 with the servants1 and1 when they came1 thanked them affectionately for what they had done for him1 taking each one by the hand4 ,when ,edith approached1 a slight color flickered in his cheeks1 and he looked at her earnestly4 ,her changed face seemed to distress him4 8,dear child1 ,i have been killing you60 he said4 ,at his perfectly unembarrassed and friendly address1 ,edith's worst fear took flight4 ,if ,dick had reproached or been cold to her1 she would have defended herself without difficulty2 but if he had shrunk from her1 she could scarcely have borne it4 ,the doctor was quite right in saying that their only difficulty would be in keeping their patient quiet1 for ,dick insisted on sitting up that very day4 8,the doctor wishes you to lie still10 his mother said4 8,and ,i wish to get up10 he retorted1 smiling1 but wilful4 8,the ,lord wishes you to lie still1 ,dick10 ,edith said4 ,he became quiet at once4 8,do you think so80 he asked4 8,father ,john will tell you10 she answered1 as the door opened to give admittance to the priest4 ,of course ,father ,john confirmed her assertion4 8,everything in its time1 young man10 he said cheerfully4 8,this enforced physical illness may be to you a time of richest spiritual benefit4 ,you have now leisure for reading and contemplation which you will not have when you go out into active life again4 ,you must let ,miss ,edith read to you40 ,before leaving his penitent1 the priest proposed to give him ,holy ,communion the next morning2 but ,dick hesitatingly objected4 8,not that ,i do not long for it1 father10 he made haste to add2 8but ,i wish to recollect myself4 ,like ,st4 ,paul1 ,i desire to be dissolved and be with ,christ1 but ,i wish to endure that desire a little longer1 till ,i shall be better prepared to be with him40 ,seeing the priest look at him attentively1 he blushed1 and added3 8,of course ,i do not mean to compare myself with ,st4 ,paul1 sir10 and was for a moment mortified and disconcerted at what he supposed ,father ,john would think his presumption4 8,there is no reason why you and ,i may not have precisely the same feelings that ,st4 ,paul had10 the priest said quietly4 ,edith found letters in her room from ,seaton4 ,her aunt wrote that they were busily making the last arrangements for their moving1 and gave her many kind messages from her friends4 ,the house in ,seaton had been leased advantageously1 and they hoped that the lessee might be able to buy it after a while1 as he wished to4 ,they were to bring all their household with them1 ,betsey1 ,patrick1 and the young ,pattens4 ,the prospect of being left behind had so afflicted these faithful creatures that she had not the heart to desert them4 ,clara wrote a long1 gossiping letter4 8,i must tell you what an absurd little stale romance is being acted here10 she wrote1 8for mamma is sure to tell you nothing about it4 ,prepare to be astonished by the most surprising1 the most bewildering1 etc4 7see ,mme4 de ,svign74 ,mr4 ,griffeth has proposed for ,melicent1 and ,melicent is willing1 so she says6 ,papa and mamma are frantic1 and ,mel goes about with a persecuted1 inscrutable look which distracts me4 ,i sometimes think that she is only pretending in order to have a fuss made over her1 but one cannot be sure4 ,you know she always prided herself on her good sense and judgment1 and my experience is that when such persons do a foolish thing1 #8,they are ,so 7ultra7 cinian1 they shock the ,socinians4' 8,we highfliers commit follies with a certain grace1 and we know when we reach the step between the sublime and the ridiculous2 but these clumsy sensible people are like dancing elephants1 and have no conception how absurd they are4 7,did you ever observe that people who have no uncommon sense always claim to have a monopoly of the common sense87 8,it seems that ,mel has had no intercourse with the man lately1 except what we have known1 but he has been giving her some of those expressive glances which are so effective when one has practised them long enough4 #8,oh6 those looks which have so little force in law1 but so much in equity6' ,mamma said that she would rather see a daughter of hers married to ,mr4 ,conway than to ,mr4 ,griffeth1 for ,mr4 ,conway had principle if he was not clever1 and ,mel made a pretty good answer4 #8,there is always hope1' she said1 #8that an irreligious person may be converted1 but there is no conversion for the commonplace4' ,mel thinks ,mr4 ,griffeth remarkably intellectual1 and papa ridiculed the idea4 ,the little man1 he said1 resembled ,csar in one respect1 for whereas ,csar wore the laurel wreath to cover his bald pate1 the minister took refuge in verbiage to hide his baldness of thought4 ,this having no effect1 ,i gave the #8most unkindest cut of all4' ,i reminded her that he had tried both you and me first1 and we didn't know how many more4 ,her reply was to hand me a copy of ,browning's ,men and ,women1 open at 8,misconceptions40 ,she had marked the words3 8,this is the spray the ,bird clung to1 ,making it blossom with pleasure1 ,ere the high tree-top she sprang to1 ,fit for her nest and her treasure40 8,but ,i thought that her smile was something like that of one who is taking medicine heroically1 a sort of quinine-smile4 8,there is but one way if we do not wish to have this howling dervish in the family3 we must exhibit1 as the doctors say1 a counter-irritant--that is1 find ,mel another lover4 ,i am convinced that she will never voluntarily relinquish one romance except in favor of one more40 ,,chapter ,,xxvii4 ,,carl ,,yorke',s ,,orbit4 ,as ,dick ,rowan gained strength in those first days of convalescence1 ,edith perceived that he had changed toward her4 ,the manifestations of this change were slight1 she was not sure that he was himself conscious of them1 but they were decided4 ,it was not that he showed any unkindness1 or even indifference1 but his being seemed to be--scarcely yet revolving round1 but--brooding round a new centre4 ,he frequently became absorbed in contemplation1 from which he recalled himself with difficulty1 though always cheerfully4 ,not a tinge of pain marred the peaceful silence of his mood4 ,it was like that exquisite pause we sometimes see in the weather1 when1 after a violent storm1 the winds and blackness withdraw1 and there comes an hour of tender1 misty silence before the sunshine breaks forth4 ,his eyes would turn upon her kindly1 and1 still looking1 forget her1 and she saw that something of more importance had usurped her image4 ,he was decided and self-reliant1 too1 in some things1 and seemed rather displeased than grateful for too much solicitude on the part of others4 ,he put aside entirely the usual sick-room inquiries4 8,i am getting well10 he said1 8and need not count how often ,i stumble in learning to walk again4 ,my miserable body has received attention enough4 ,let us forget it1 now that we may40 ,edith began to read1 in obedience to ,father ,john1 but the books she chose at first did not quite suit the listener4 ,even the ,st4 ,theresa and ,the ,following of ,christ1 which she found on his shelves1 did not seem to be what he wanted then4 ,she brought some of her books1 but could see that his own meditations were more agreeable to him4 8,i do not like to find fault with a pious writer10 ,dick said uneasily4 8,they are all good1 but ,i have thought that some of them sometimes--0 ,he broke off abruptly4 8,edith1 is there such a word as platitudinize80 8,i do not think that it is in the dictionary10 she replied1 smiling4 8,it is1 then1 an omission10 said ,dick4 8,try the ,gospels10 ,father ,john said1 when ,edith told him her difficulty4 8,different states of mind require different reading1 just as different states of the body require different food and medicine4 ,i frequently advise people1 whom ,i find having a distaste for spiritual reading1 to read the ,gospels1 and refresh their memory of all the events recorded there by the simply-told story4 ,i always find that they return with delight and profit to the meditations of those holy souls whose lives have been spent in the study of these mysteries4 ,these writers assume that the reader has freshly in his mind that of which they treat4 ,you cannot meditate on a subject1 nor follow clearly the meditations of another1 when the facts are not familiar to your own mind40 ,edith read the ,gospels1 therefore1 and was astonished at their effect on ,dick4 ,either his perceptions had been sharpened during his illness1 or some obstructions had been cleared away from the passage to his heart4 ,this was not to him an old story1 worn and deadened with much telling1 and slipping past his hearing without leaving a trace1 but a tragedy newly enacted1 none of its edge gone1 every circumstance as sharp as a thorn1 tearing in the telling4 ,while ,edith read the story of the ,lord as told by the four great witnesses1 and added the outpourings of those fiery ,epistles1 the listener's agitation was so great that she was often compelled to stop4 ,at the chapters which related to the passion1 ,dick's hands trembled and grew cold1 and his head dropped back against the cushions of his chair4 ,the ,epistles of ,st4 ,paul stirred him especially4 8,now1 ,dick1 if you don't behave ,i won't read you another word60 ,edith exclaimed1 one day1 when he had started out of his chair1 and begun to walk about4 ,he came back with a stumbling step1 and seated himself1 wiping the perspiration from his forehead4 8,i believe ,i shall have to postpone ,st4 ,paul till ,i am able to go out-doors10 he said breathlessly4 ,observing his eyes frequently wander to the ,st4 ,ignatius1 she remarked3 8,he looks as though he were present when our ,lord was crucified1 and could not forget the sight40 8,we were all present60 he exclaimed4 8,how can we forget it80 ,long and intimate as their acquaintance had been1 ,edith thought now that she had not known ,dick ,rowan well4 ,she had praised1 defended1 and loved him with sisterly fondness1 but always1 involuntarily1 almost unconsciously1 from a higher plane than his4 ,now she looked up to him as her superior4 ,but1 in truth1 she had know him well1 and done him full justice4 ,the difference now was that the full current of his nature was turned into a higher channel4 ,one day ,hester sent the carriage to take ,edith to see the family house1 which was as complete as it could be before the arrival of the family4 ,hester herself was detained at home by company1 but she sent a line3 8,carl will be there1 and the man who is putting up the curtains1 and the woman who is cleaning the closet in your room4 ,so you will not be lost1 nor want for information40 ,edith had just begun her reading when the note was given to her4 ,she handed it to ,dick to read4 8,that settles the question10 he said1 holding out his hand for the book4 8,while you read to me yesterday1 the thought occurred to me that ,i could do it for myself1 and ,i meant that this should be your last reading4 ,go and take the air1 ,edith4 ,you have been too much shut up4 ,this is your last day but one with me as an invalid40 ,she looked at him with a startled expression4 8,because10 he answered smilingly to her look1 8to-morrow ,i drive out1 the day after ,i shall sit down-stairs1 and the next day ,i shall forget that ,i have ever been sick40 ,he looked thoroughly contented and cheerful4 ,there was no lurking sadness1 nor reluctance to have her go4 ,dick was too transparent to hide it if there were4 ,as well might the lake show a smooth surface while waves were rolling below4 ,his soul had1 indeed1 always been more placid than his manner4 ,before ,edith had left the room1 he was turning over the leaves of the book1 a new one to him2 and when she stepped into the carriage at the curbstone1 he was so absorbed in reading as not to know that she was looking up at the window where he sat4 ,the book rested on the wide arm of his chair1 his elbow near it1 the hand supporting his forehead4 ,his hair had been cut off1 and thus his full brow and finely shaped head were clearly displayed4 ,his hands were beginning to look alive1 his cheeks to get back their color4 ,so he leaned and read1 and she drove away4 ,she was going to meet ,carl1 and she was glad of it1 though at ,seaton she had thought that she must not see him again4 ,the second thought had shown her how unnecessary and ,quixotic this resolution had been1 made in the first shock and confusion caused by ,dick ,rowan's distress1 and her own discovery of the depth of her own affection for ,carl4 ,she had since then put aside her own imagination and that of others1 and examined her heart as it was1 not as it might become under circumstances which she no longer expected to find herself in4 ,she and ,carl were nearly related by marriage1 and he had been her teacher1 and kind and delicate friend4 ,she had lived in the same house with him seven years1 a longer time than she had been associated intimately with ,dick ,rowan1 and her intercourse with him had been such as to call out all that was most amiable in his character1 and that at a time when her own mind was maturing1 and capable of receiving its most profound impressions4 ,she asked herself what the charm had been in her intercourse with him1 and the answer was immediate3 a quick and thorough sympathy in everything natural4 ,for the supernatural1 so careful had he been not to offend her conscience1 and so highly had he appreciated religion in her1 she had felt no sense of discordance1 but only that he lacked a faith which she hoped and expected he would one day possess4 ,carl had never intruded his scepticism on her4 ,what1 she asked herself then1 had she wished regarding him8 and the answer was no more doubtful2 she had wished to be his most confidential and sympathizing friend1 and had shrunk with pain from the thought of any one coming nearer to his heart than herself1 or as near4 ,even of these wishes she had been almost unconscious till others had forced them on her attention4 ,of ,dick ,rowan's friendships she could never have been jealous1 and she could never have suffered from them4 ,here she stopped1 and set her ,christian will and her maiden reserve as a firm barrier against her own imagination or the intrusive imaginations of others taking one step further4 ,she was ready to fling her ,honni soit qui mal y pense in the face of any evil speaker4 8,dick ,rowan was a good friend to my childhood10 she said1 8and protected me from all physical danger and insult1 and petted me with childlike fondness2 and ,i have been grateful to him beyond the point of duty1 and to my own hurt4 ,carl ,yorke helped to form my opening mind1 and patiently and carefully strove to endow me with his own knowledge1 and my debt to him is a still higher one4 ,i have a right1 when he is going away1 to bid him a friendly good-by1 and ,i should be ashamed of myself if ,i were afraid to60 ,carl stood in the door of his old home1 and came down the steps1 hat in hand1 to assist her4 ,she saw in his face that he felt doubtful whether his presence might not displease her4 8,i am glad to see you1 ,carl10 she said cordially4 8,i could not believe that you meant to go away without bidding me farewell40 8,i would not have gone away without seeing you10 ,carl replied quietly2 and they went into the house together4 ,his face had lighted at her greeting4 ,evidently he liked its frank kindliness1 and the entire setting aside of all embarrassing recollections4 ,he had been in the cruel position of a man who1 with a high natural sense of honor1 has suffered himself to be betrayed into an act which he cannot justify1 and is ashamed to excuse4 ,silence was best4 ,edith was delighted with the home-like look of everything in the house1 and the good taste displayed in its arrangement4 8,i can easily understand10 ,carl said1 8why you and my mother wished to have as little new furniture as possible4 ,i think we all prefer that which has friendly or beautiful associations40 ,he lead her to a portrait1 conspicuously placed in the sitting-room4 8,i hung dear ,alice's picture here10 he said1 8because ,i thought that her place was in the family-circle40 ,he sighed4 8,it is astonishing how cruelly selfish men can sometimes be1 without knowing it4 ,poor1 dear ,alice thought of me1 and ,i thought of myself4 ,well1 she is safe dead1 with no more need of me1 and ,i am left with an unfailing regret40 ,edith was grieved and touched by his self-reproach1 and was about to say some comforting word1 when he turned to her with a smile4 8,and ,i am committing again the same fault which ,i confess10 he said4 8,edith comes out of a sick-room1 weary and depressed1 and ,i sadden instead of cheering her4 ,shall we look about the house80 ,they went up-stairs1 and he showed her the different chambers4 8,but we all concluded that you would prefer the one ,i used to have for my painting-room10 he said4 8,it is up another flight of stairs1 but well repays you for the climbing4 ,you are an early bird1 and there you will have the morning sunshine4 ,it is the largest chamber in the house1 and has the best view4 ,how do you like it80 ,edith exclaimed with delight4 ,nothing could have suited her better4 ,through the windows were visible a wide sweep of sky and a pretty city view4 ,inside1 the room was large1 charmingly irregular1 with alcoves and niches1 and the partial furnishing was fresh and of her own colors4 ,sea-green and white lace made it a home fit for a mermaid4 ,it was evident that a good deal of care had been used in preparing the place for her4 8,you are so kind60 she said rather tremulously4 ,he affected not to notice her emotion4 8,all ,i have done in this house has been a labor of love and delight10 he said1 and led her to a picture which bore the mark of his own exquisite brush1 the only picture on the walls4 8,this is to remember ,carl by10 he said4 8,it is painted partly from nature1 partly from a description of the scene4 ,it is a glimpse into what was called the ,kentucky ,barrens40 ,an opening in a forest of luxuriant beech1 ash1 and oak trees showed a level of rich green1 profusely flower-sprinkled4 ,the morning sky was of a pure blue1 with thin flecks of white cloud1 and everything was thickly laden with dew4 ,the fringe of the picture glittered with light1 but all the centre was overshadowed by a vast slanting canopy of messenger-pigeons1 settling toward the earth4 ,the sunlight on their glossy backs glanced off in brilliant azure reflections1 looking as though a cataract of sapphires was flowing down the sky4 ,here and there1 a ray of sunshine broke through the screen of their countless wings1 and lit up a flower or bit of green4 ,an oriole was perched on a twig in the foreground1 and from the hanging nest close by1 his mate pushed a pretty head and throat4 ,startled by the soft thunder of that winged host1 they gazed out at it from the safe covert of their leafy home4 ,the two went down-stairs into the sitting-room again4 8,now1 ,i want to tell you all my plans10 ,carl said4 ,they seated themselves1 and he began3 8,i have thought best to make now the tour which ,i contemplated years ago4 ,it must be now1 or never1 and ,i am not willing to relinquish it entirely4 ,but ,i am not sorry that ,i was disappointed in going when ,i first thought of it1 for ,i was not then prepared to derive the benefit from the journey which ,i now hope for4 ,i should have gone then for pleasure and adventure2 now ,i make a pilgrimage to gather knowledge4 ,i tell you of this1 ,edith1 but ,i have concluded not to tell my mother4 ,it seems cruel1 and there has been a struggle in my mind1 but ,i cannot do otherwise4 ,i well remember how hard it was to win her consent before1 and ,i believe she was truly glad of our loss of wealth1 since it kept me at home4 ,if ,i should tell her now1 the struggle would be renewed1 and she would be ill4 ,i am afraid1 too1 that ,i might be impatient with her1 for ,i have no more time to throw away4 ,so ,i shall let her suppose that ,i am going to make a short visit in ,england1 which is true4 ,once there1 she will not be disturbed at my going over to ,france for a few weeks4 ,after ,france1 ,switzerland follows of course1 ,italy is next door1 and the ,east is not far from ,italy4 ,i have always observed that1 when a thing is done1 my mother makes up her mind to it with fortitude2 but1 if it is left to her to decide on anything painful1 she is unable to decide1 and the suspense is terrible to her4 ,my father knows that4 ,when he really means to do a thing1 he is prompt1 and makes no talk about it4 ,and1 ,edith1 ,i shall not tell my sisters nor father1 because it will seem more unkind if she is the only one who does not know1 and it might compel them to practise evasion4 ,i tell you alone1 and ,i want you to promise me that1 if my mother should begin to suspect1 you will at once tell her all1 and do what you can to quiet her40 8,i promise you1 ,carl10 ,edith answered4 8,you can also tell ,mr4 ,rowan1 if you have occasion to1 if you wish to10 he said1 looking at her attentively4 ,she merely bowed4 8,i think that you will approve of my plans10 he went on with earnestness4 8,i have found what ,i believe to be my place and work in this vortex of the nineteenth century1 and ,i wish to fill that place and do that work in the best manner ,i can4 ,i have been offered a position as attach at one of our embassies1 but ,i am not ready for that yet4 ,i am not fit for anything that ,i wish to do40 ,warming with his subject1 ,carl stood up1 and leaned on a high chair-back opposite ,edith while he talked4 ,his face became animated1 his manner had a charming cordiality and frankness4 ,when his time should come for speaking or writing1 or taking any part in the affairs of his country1 he wished to be considered an authority1 and to deserve that consideration4 ,to that end1 he must have more knowledge1 not of courts1 or camps1 or books1 though these were worth knowing1 but of people as they live in their own homes1 in their own lands1 under laws strange to us4 ,he wanted to know the world's poor1 and the world's criminals1 and the world's saints1 wherever he could find them4 8,you have observed1 in drawing faces10 he said1 8how one little line will alter the whole expression4 ,it is the same with arguments4 ,a great1 loose1 sophistical generalization may be as completely upset by one sharp little fact1 as ,goliath was by ,david4 ,i want to have a sling full of those facts4 ,a plain hard truth may be made attractive by a single beautiful illustration2 and ,i wish to gather illustrations from the whole world4 ,i hate a sour patriotism1 and ,i would not think1 nor speak1 nor write narrowly on any subject4 8,i can perceive1 ,edith1 that we have much to learn in this country1 and ,i wish to be first taught myself1 then to do my part in helping to teach others4 ,we need to learn that the order of society1 as well as of the heavenly bodies1 depends on a centripetal1 no less than a centrifugal force4 ,at present we are all flying off on tangents4 ,we need to learn that there is beauty and dignity in obedience1 as well as in independence4 ,we should see that it is better for a people to be nobler than their laws1 than for laws to be nobler than the people2 and that the living constitution of a living nation is not found on any parchment1 but is the national conscience brought to a focus4 ,why1 ,edith1 those very persons who boast themselves the most on the glorious fathers of our country are1 perhaps1 the persons of whom those same fathers1 could they behold them1 would be most unutterably ashamed4 ,i do not mean to be presumptuous1 dear2 but ,i see which way my influence should go1 and ,i mean to do my best to make that influence great1 first by leading an honest life1 and next by polishing my weapons to the utmost4 ,i am talking confusedly4 ,i give you but a rough sketch of my design4 ,two years1 ,i think1 will be the limit of my stay4 ,i am so well prepared by my studies that ,i shall lose no time1 and ,i have every facility of access to all places ,i wish to visit4 ,what do you say to it1 ,edith80 8,i say ,god-speed1 with all my heart1 ,carl6 ,your aims are noble4 ,i like to see you in earnest40 8,i am in earnest1 dear10 he said4 8,i feel as a new planet might1 that has been turning on its own centre without progress1 and is all at once set spinning off on its orbit40 ,in the momentary silence that followed1 ,edith went to a book-shelf filled with pamphlets1 and looked them over4 8,o ,carl60 she said brightly1 8do you read these80 ,they were the numbers of ,brownson's ,review4 8,i have read them more attentively than anything else10 he answered1 8and learned more from them4 ,an ,american best understands the ,american mind4 ,pure reason is1 of course1 cosmopolitan2 but reason is seldom so pure but a colored ray of individual or national character intrudes2 and ,i like to choose my color4 ,i think10 he said1 smiling1 8that ,i have been quoting that ,review to you4 ,i leave them for my father to read40 ,edith's eyes sparkled4 8,i thank ,god that you are on this track1 ,carl60 she said4 8,the first ,i ever read in this ,review was an article on ,de ,maistre1 and it solved for me a great difficulty4 ,the fragments of truth that ,i had seen in the mythologies of different nations1 and the beautiful ,christian sentiments ,i had found among the pagans1 had been a stumbling-block to me2 but1 when ,i read that1 all became plain4 ,you make me very happy1 dear ,carl60 8,i do not think that ,i am pious10 he said1 after a moment4 8,my mind is clear on the subject1 but my heart is unmoved4 ,i do not wonder at that1 and ,i am not sure but ,i prefer it so2 to have light pour over my mind till my heart melts underneath1 rather than have a mind imperfectly illuminated1 and a heart starting up at intervals in little evanescent flames1 which die out again1 and leave ashes4 ,the former is light from heaven1 the latter suggests the lucifer-match to me4 ,as soon as the time shall come1 which ,i calmly await1 when ,i have a clearer realization of the necessity of baptism1 ,i shall ask to be baptized4 ,till then1 ,i wish my intellectual convictions to be getting acclimated4 ,my sacrifice must be ready before ,i invoke upon it fire from heaven40 8,oh6 you remind me of ,st4 ,john of the ,cross10 ,edith said4 8,he says1 #8,reason is but the candlestick to hold the light of faith4'0 8,precisely60 ,carl replied4 8,behold me1 then1 illuminated by a candlestick1 instead of a candle1 but--aware of that lack4 ,a friend of mine1 a convert1 told me lately that he had always regretted having hurried into the church1 and to the sacraments1 as he did4 ,he did not realize anything1 but received supernatural favors like one in a dream4 ,he said that1 though he was sincere1 and would have given his life for the faith that was in him1 he was1 for a long time1 tormented by the habit of doubt4 ,when1 at length1 that habit was broken1 he used sometimes to long to receive baptism over again1 or wished1 at least1 that his first communion had been postponed to the time of peace4 ,a strong movement of the heart might1 perhaps1 have saved this trouble2 but neither he nor ,i have been so favored40 8,and yet10 ,edith said thoughtfully1 8,i should have supposed that the first conviction of truth would have moved your feelings4 ,when my mind pointed that way1 my heart followed quickly1 and pretty soon took wings1 and flew along by itself1 and left my thoughts behind4 ,i am not sure that ,i have any intellect in religion4 ,i can think of reasons for everything1 if ,i try1 but it does not seem to me worth while1 unless some one outside of the church wishes to know40 8,that is a woman's way10 ,carl said1 pleased with her pretty earnestness4 8,a woman goes heart first1 or her head and heart go hand in hand1 and her finest mental power is the intellect of noble passions4 ,a man goes head first1 and his highest power is reason40 ,the silvery bell of a clock warned them how long their interview had been4 ,edith rose4 8,i must say good-by to you for two years1 then1 ,carl2 but you have taken away the sting of parting4 ,while you are on the road to truth1 ,i am not afraid of any road for you on sea or land40 ,she gave him her hand4 ,large1 bright tears stood in her eyes4 8,dear ,edith1 good-by60 he said1 and could not utter another word4 ,they went down the steps together4 ,the carriage-door opened and closed1 there was one last glance1 and they lost sight of each other4 ,they parted with pain1 yet not unwillingly2 for duty and honor yet stood with hands clasped between to separate them4 ,dick ,rowan's pale face1 as they had seen it that night sinking backward into the river1 could be forgotten by neither4 ,when we have wronged a person1 though it were unconsciously1 we can no longer take the same delight in that pleasure which has given him pain4 ,the pleasure may be no less dear to us1 but the thought that it is to be reached only through the sufferings of one who has even a fancied claim on us makes renunciation seem almost preferable to possession4 ,,the ,,duties ,,of ,,the ,,rich ,,in ,,christian ,,society4 ,,no4 ,,iii4 ,,social ,,duties4 ,under this head we include duties toward certain classes or individuals who are dependent on the rich for their well-being and happiness4 ,the rich furnish employment to those who live by labor4 ,by their wealth1 their knowledge1 their power of various kinds1 they set agoing and direct those great branches of human enterprise and industry in which the majority of persons in civilized society are the workmen4 ,the welfare and happiness of the majority depend1 therefore1 in a great measure upon the right discharge of their duties by the minority1 in whose hands the direction is placed4 ,in order that these duties may be rightly discharged according to ,christian principles1 the small number who possess the largest portion of wealth and power must be stimulated and governed by the motive of true philanthropy1 the love of their fellow-men1 ,christian charity4 ,those who are dependent need1 on their part1 the spirit of resignation to the will of ,god1 contentment with their lot1 respect and affection toward those who are in a superior position4 ,where this mutual charity1 springing from ,christian principles1 does not exist in great strength1 binding all classes together1 sooner or later the rich will despise and oppress the poor2 and the poor will hate the rich1 biding their time to revolt against and destroy them4 ,the rich ought1 therefore1 to devote all their thoughts and energies to such an administration of the trust committed to them as may produce the greatest possible amount of well-being and happiness among the dependent classes in society1 and earn for themselves the respect1 love1 and gratitude of all4 ,we will now leave off generalizing1 and descend to some particulars4 ,merchants and others in similar positions ought to take more interest than they do in the welfare and happiness of their clerks4 ,those who know something of the hardships1 privations1 and moral danger to which this class of young men are exposed in ,new ,york will not dispute the assertion we have made4#ac ,it may be extended to the corresponding class of young women4 ,and we have here the opportunity of citing the example of a work undertaken by one of our merchants1 which illustrates our thesis much better than pages of explanation4 ,we refer to the great institution contrived1 and now almost completed1 by ,mr4 ,stewart1 which may be seen1 and is worth being seen by every one1 on the corner of ,fourth ,avenue and ,thirty-third ,street4 ,this princely undertaking is a sample of that benevolent and magnanimous effort in behalf of a numerous and interesting class of the employees of the rich which we are aiming to recommend4 ,the need of looking after the interests of those who are engaged in the harder and rougher kinds of labor is much more stringent4 ,the tenements and daily surroundings of the laboring class of people in great cities1 the many squalid discomforts and miseries which invest their lot in life1 have been the frequent theme of those who1 either from real or pretended philanthropy1 concern themselves with social questions4 ,here again1 we may cite the example of another princely merchant1 ,mr4 ,peabody1 as an illustration of what might be undertaken and accomplished1 if the whole body of wealthy men had the same spirit and would make similar efforts4 ,the condition of the laboring class is too hard4 ,they are too much neglected4 ,it is not safe to leave them in this condition1 and1 more than this1 it is not right to do so4 ,let us specify some particular instances of the ill-treatment or neglect of certain classes of workingmen4 ,there are not a few who are most unreasonably and cruelly overworked both by day and by night1 especially such as fill the most arduous kinds of employments about railroads4 ,the life of the ,southern negro slave was paradisaic1 compared to that of the miserable drudges who work in the stables of our horse railways4 ,the conductors and drivers of our city cars and omnibuses are worked to death on a pay so meagre that stealing has become a kind of recognized necessity of their situation4 ,how can these men go to church on ,sundays1 approach the sacraments1 or enjoy an innocent holiday8 ,there is a wonderful amount of breath and ink expended in our enlightened city upon our religious rights and liberties4 ,yet the men who are employed to take care of the ,central ,park cannot find even a single half-hour on a ,sunday morning to go to ,mass4 ,let any one who wishes to appreciate the blessing of living in this nineteenth century1 in this land of light and liberty1 and enjoying the fruits of that advanced civilization which communicates the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number1 take a tour of the ,new ,england factories4 ,he will there see spectacles to rejoice his heart1 if he is both a wealthy and a righteous man1 and cause him to exclaim3 8,god1 ,i thank thee that ,i am not as other men1 especially as these ,irishmen1 and that my wife and children are not like theirs60 ,the writer of these articles has had a long and extensive experience as a missionary among the ,catholic population of the factory towns of ,new ,england4 ,in almost every instance1 the persons who have had charge of the factories have been extremely polite and obliging during the continuance of the missions4 ,often they have manifested an interest in their success1 and have granted facilities to the operatives to attend the exercises4 ,so1 undoubtedly1 has it been with the masters of slaves on the ,southern plantations4 ,these things cannot1 however1 make slavery to be freedom1 or the condition of operatives in factories one that is fit to exist in a society which pretends to be ,christian or civilized4 ,there are plenty of kind-hearted1 philanthropic men among ,new ,england capitalists4 ,we do not suppose that all those who give so largely to foreign missions and ,bible societies have either made their fortunes by selling opium and rum to the heathen1 or are seeking merely to salve over a remorseful conscience and gain applause from men by their liberality4 ,yet even those who are conscientious and benevolent are carried along by a system which is bad and cruel4 ,we do not mean that it is bad and cruel by accident merely4 ,many of its crimes and cruelties are purely accidental1 and prove only the wickedness of particular persons4 ,if a building is put up in such a slight manner that it falls and crushes hundreds1 this is the crime of those particular persons who caused it to be built in such a manner4 ,if the superintendent of a factory abuses his power to corrupt those who are under him1 that is his own sin4 ,but if the principles and laws of the system produce moral and physical misery independently of the individuals who carry it on1 the system is essentially vicious4 ,it is even the cause of the accidental and exceptional villanies which occur under it1 because it tends to produce a cruel and tyrannical spirit4 ,the essential vice of the system lies in this4 ,capitalists seek to make exorbitant profits1 without regard to anything but their own selfish interests4 ,they care not for their operatives4 ,these are1 consequently1 overworked1 and employed at too tender an age1 and to a great extent are underpaid4 ,they are regarded and treated as working machines1 and not as moral and religious beings4 ,there is something repulsive1 gloomy1 and uncivilized about the aspect and surroundings of a factory or a factory town4 ,the life which is led there has the most stern and sombre elements of the monastic institute1 without the compensating charms and attractions4 ,it has something also of the state-prison discipline1 something of the poor-house1 and a great deal of the ,commune4 ,there is a dismal and frightful regularity1 like that of a treadmill1 in the existence of the population of our factory towns of ,new ,england4 ,everything is arranged both in the mills and the boarding-houses with such clock-work regularity1 and with such scanty allowance for any other functions of life except those which are physical1 that the place would suit much better for a variety of apes with sufficient intelligence to work machines than for human beings4 ,sunday is free1 it is true1 thanks to the small amount of ,christian law which still survives in our country4 ,catholics can therefore go to ,mass and sermon1 as they do in thousands1 crowding the vast churches which they have built for themselves1 in spite of the weariness of their week's labor4 ,but as for confession1 it is made almost impossible1 and without that they cannot enjoy the greatest of their ,sunday privileges1 holy communion4 ,we will not enlarge on the obvious fact that the regular amount of work exacted is excessive4 ,but what is to be said of those who take even more than the regular and excessive number of hours in the day from their overworked rational animals8 ,at ,manchester1 ,n4 ,h41 during a mission in which the writer was engaged1 the operatives of one factory were employed until half-past nine in the evening4 ,some of them1 who made a desperate effort to snatch what they could of the advantages of the mission1 complained to us that they were half-dead with fatigue1 and too jaded to care whether they had souls or not4 ,we asked if the extra hours of work were not voluntary4 ,the answer was1 that they were so in appearance and in pretence1 but that they did not dare to refuse volunteering for extra work1 for fear of being punished by the ill-will of their overseers1 and even discharged at the first convenient opportunity4 ,at another ,new ,england town1 ,west ,rutland1 ,vermont1 we found that for a considerable time the workmen in the marble quarries had been forced to take store-pay for their wages4 ,all the land1 the houses1 the different branches of business1 were in the hands or under the control of a few capitalists1 who would not permit any of the ,irish laborers to acquire property or gain a permanent and independent footing on the soil4 ,these are scattered instances1 but they tell a great deal1 and well-informed readers will know how to fill up the picture for themselves4 ,many persons engaged in the system of which we are speaking will admit its evils and hardships4 ,they excuse themselves1 however1 by the plea that they can personally do nothing toward changing it for a better one4 ,private efforts1 they say1 would only injure those who made them1 by enabling the merciless and unscrupulous to fill up the market and sweep up all the profits4 ,legislation1 they say1 is hopeless1 because controlled by these very unscrupulous capitalists4 ,senator ,wilson has made this assertion in regard to ,new ,york4 ,he says it is controlled by what he calls a feudal moneyed aristocracy4 ,others would probably extend the observation to a much wider sphere than ,new ,york4 ,we do not generally agree in opinion with ,senator ,wilson4 ,but we agree with him most heartily in condemning and denouncing such a regime as this4 ,only1 we would suggest that a more appropriate name for it would be1 instead of feudal1 ,,foodle ,,aristocracy4 ,it is not only cruel1 but despicable4 ,mammon was the 8meanest spirit that fell10 and the worship of the golden calf is the most degrading of all idolatries4 ,the miserably poor1 the helpless1 the suffering1 and even the morally degraded and vicious classes of the community have also their claims on the charity of the rich4 ,we have no wish to deny that these claims are very generally acknowledged in modern society1 and a great deal done to acquit them1 both by organized and by individual liberality and effort4 ,we occasionally see extraordinary instances of generous philanthropy towards one or another suffering class of men4 ,very lately1 we have seen the ,roosevelt ,hospital opened1 an extensive institution founded by one of the old ,knickerbocker gentlemen of ,new ,york1 who left #ijj1jjj1 the bulk of his fortune1 for this purpose4 ,the miseries of our social system are nevertheless so vast and fearful that the remedies furnished by either public or private care are wholly inadequate4 ,perhaps many persons will say that they are remediless4 ,there are those who look on the world and life with cold and merciless eyes4 ,it is a struggle of animals for their selfish enjoyment4 ,let each one look out for himself1 and the unlucky take their chance4 ,when such persons are prosperous and powerful1 they scorn and oppress the weaker individuals who are dependent on them4 ,knowing their own depravity1 they believe in that of all other men4 ,they are therefore perfectly pitiless toward their fellow-men4 8,the tender mercies of the wicked are cruel40 ,others who are not cruel are sad and disheartened4 ,although they mourn over the appalling miseries of life1 they look on them as the inevitable destiny of the human race1 and do not believe it is possible to help them4 ,the philosophy of the first class is diabolical1 that of the second is unworthy of ,christians4 ,we do not mean that they err in respect to the point of fact that these miseries have always existed and will exist4 ,but we do say that they err in ascribing them to the essential order of the world1 to the constitution of society1 to human destiny1 and not to the wilful sins and negligences of men2 they err in not believing that ,god has provided a remedy which on his part is sufficient and adequate for these miseries2 and1 therefore1 they err practically1 if they do not endeavor to apply that remedy as far as they can to those miseries with which they come in contact4 ,does one of these ask what hope there is of a fundamental reformation in society which will remedy the crying evils all benevolent persons see and deplore8 ,we answer1 that1 with all its faults1 the nineteenth century is really remarkable on account of the general interest which is felt in the improvement of the condition of the working and suffering classes4 ,what is wanted is the knowledge and application of the right principles and means for accomplishing the result4 ,communism1 secularism1 and every kind of system which denies or ignores ,christianity1 is a remedy worse than the disease1 which can only produce death4 ,imperfect or sectarian ,christianity1 although capable of producing partial and limited improvement1 is too weak for the task which its more generous and enterprising professors exact from it1 and endeavor to stimulate it to undertake4 ,it is only the ,catholic ,church which is competent to such great and universal works4 ,she alone has the wellspring of divine charity1 and the supernatural agencies for distributing its health-giving1 fructifying streams4 ,therefore1 the hope of a thorough application of the divine remedy to the dreadful diseases of humanity is precisely commensurate with the hope of a return of the whole people of nominal ,christendom to true ,catholic ,christianity4 ,meanwhile1 the duty of each individual is to do what he can for the benefit of those who are within the sphere of his own efforts or influence4 ,let him pay attention to his own dependents1 and to the poor and suffering who are immediately around him4 ,no one who has wealth1 power1 or influence of any kind will have any reason to complain that he lacks the opportunity of doing good to his fellow-men1 if he is really desirous of doing it4 ,even if his position is altogether that of a private person1 he can do his part1 and that a good and noble one1 in the general work of human redemption4 ,if he has the power and the opportunity to act upon society1 as a public man in a greater or lesser sphere1 let him remember that he is a ,christian1 and act accordingly1 and he will be doing precisely what those great and good men did in former times who were the creators and improvers of our ,christian civilization4 ,,footnote3 #ac ,an incident has been related to the writer of this article1 within a few days1 which may serve as a sample of some of the grievances1 and these not the worst1 of this class of young men4 ,complaint was made to the head of a large house that the clerks were obliged to stand up during the whole day1 and the reply was made that they must keep on standing if they died for it4 ,one more fact which we have heard reported is worth recording3 that in certain places1 deduction is made from the wages of clerks for ,christmas and ,new-,year's ,day4 ,we cannot help wishing that a ,new ,york ,douglas ,jerrold may start up from behind some counter1 or out of some comfortless sleeping-bunk1 to do justice to this fruitful theme4 ,,easter ,,eve4 ,the midnight chimes had just done ringing1 and the old church was very still4 ,all day long there had been comers and goers1 and the altar had been wreathed1 the stone church carpeted1 the clustered pillars entwined with flowers and with evergreens4 ,round the altar1 that stood among the carven stalls like a ,may-shrine in a dark forest-glade1 was an amphitheatre of blossoming verdure2 boys' hands had piled up the lilies1 the violets1 the roses1 the fuchsias2 and monks' hands had reared up the pyramid of palm1 and ivory magnolia1 and many-colored rhododendron beyond4 ,the palms were golden1 not green it is true1 but they were very precious1 and could not be spared to-day from the festive decoration1 for they had come from ,palestine1 and only last ,sunday had been offered to the church4 ,an ,eastern guest had walked in the procession on ,palm ,sunday1 and had dedicated these lovely foreign boughs to the ,god of ,east and ,west alike4 ,everything was ready for the early celebration of the ,paschal ,mass--even the golden chalice lay under its pall of satin upon the altar of sculptured cedar-wood4 ,perhaps the transverse timbers of the rare wood had not forgotten the time when the sea-breezes blew on them on ,lebanon's heights1 and when the voice of the young crusader1 ,hugh of ,devereux1 had bidden them fall in the service of ,god and help to build him another sepulchre in a ,christian land4 8,the voice of the ,lord breaketh the cedars60 ,and now there was no one in the old church but the youngest chorister1 ,benignus1 the nephew of the monk ,cuthbert4 ,the child was never happy save by the altar1 and had no friend but ,cuthbert1 because he was of the blood of the lords of ,devereux1 and his poor betrayed mother was no more4 ,midnight chimes are sweet1 and the child had a weird passion for their sound1 and would sit entranced while they slowly rang out an old well-known church-chant4 ,but when they had done1 and he thought there was silence1 he heard a sound he knew not growing out of the chimes1 but different from them1 something graver than his childish companions' prattle1 something sweeter than the monks' low tones1 something that seemed like his own soul speaking to itself4 ,it came from the belfry1 straight like an arrow of sound1 and muffled itself in a faint echo among the flower-forest round the altar4 ,and presently he could make out the words3 8,i have spoken to ,god1 and offered him the last vows of dying ,lent1 and woven into song the speechless prayers breathed over and yet trembling on thy jewelled brim40 ,and the child knew it was the angel of the bell who spoke4 ,and presently there rose a sound from the dim-robed altar1 and the voice of the angel of the chalice made answer3 8,my cup is as a bell uplifted1 with its song of joy hushed in the very words of ,god1 and drowned in the flood of ruby light that quivers1 living and sensitive1 within my golden walls40 8,and my cup10 returned the voice of the bell1 8is as a chalice inverted1 with its saving wealth outpoured in strains that reach the human ken2 endowed with a speaking1 living tongue that can touch the human heart40 8,i speak of men to ,god1 while my fragile stem bears the wondrous purple flower of the precious blood1 and while ,i am reared aloft with the divine burden weighing on me1 even as the cross was reared up high over ,jerusalem's walls40 8,and ,i speak of ,god to men while my brazen clangor is heard afar like the trumpets of ,israel before the crumbling walls of ,jericho40 ,and here the soft breeze from the open lancet-windows rustled among the sweet-smelling shrubs around the altar's base1 and1 as the night-wind passed over them1 their voices seemed to be blended into its sighs1 and to have found an interpreter in its fitful sound4 8,we are children of many climes1 and some of us are exiles in this land1 but under this roof we are at home again1 and at this festival none of us are strangers4 ,we too1 in all our variety1 have scarce one blossom among us that is not a chalice or a bell2 that holds not high its crimson cup towards heaven to receive the crystal dew1 or hangs not its white or purple bell with golden tongue towards the unheeding earth4 ,on the altar of green turf1 on the swaying columns of interwoven boughs1 on the storm-tossed belfries of vine-surrounded trees1 in southern swamp or northern forest1 in tropical wilderness or rosy-tinted orchard1 everywhere is stamped the semblance of the church1 with chalices upreared1 with bells anxiously bent human-ward4 ,o brothers of the altar and the tower1 let us sing together the same hymn40 ,and the child ,benignus said softly to himself3 8,o ,god6 make my heart a chalice1 and my lips a ,christian bell40 ,the voices of the flower-chorus spoke again1 and the lilies of the valley sang a silver peal behind their grass-green curtains3 8,every day we die by thousands1 but our seed is borne afar1 and drops in some fair nook at last1 beside a running brook or beneath a spreading beech1 even as the last echo of the unwearied bell that knocks at some heart's door1 far away in the mountains of worldly care1 and strikes a well-known1 long-silent chord1 and draws the exile back to the fruitful plains of ,god's own church40 ,the voice from the wind-rocked steeple came in swift and loving answer3 8,even so1 my blossom-sisters1 for to us the word was given to increase and multiply and fill the earth1 and at every step bring forth fresh glory and conquer fresh realms for the ,god of our creation40 ,then the living gems stirred again under the breath of the still midnight breeze1 and the voice came forth anew as the royal cactus and the purple morning-glories flashed like sun-touched clouds in the dusky foliage3 8,every day our lives are drained and our treasures rifled to adorn with living beauty the banquets of great men1 and to strew the halls of marble palaces1 and yet every day1 as the sun comes forth again1 our parent stem is laden once more with exhaustless riches and a more abundant harvest of loveliness1 even as the lavished treasures and the scattered wealth of the daily chalice are ever being shed without intermission from the altar into the hearts of thankless men40 ,and the sweet low voice came back from the shrouded altar3 8,yes1 dear emblems of ,god's loving prodigality1 for hath he not said3 #8,cast your bread upon the waters1 and after many days it shall return to thee#8'80 ,the scarlet fuchsia shook its clusters of purple bells1 planted on a blood-red cross1 as if it would say to men that none could proclaim ,god save they proclaimed him from ,calvary4 ,the tall ,nile lily1 whose cup is as a spotless shroud wrapped round a golden nail1 swayed in the night air as if whispering that the way to the resurrection lay across the instruments of the passion3 the ivory-tinted roses1 the first-born among their kind1 whose clustering1 half-blown buds made a sculptured reredos of living alabaster behind the altar-cross1 wept tears of dew when the midnight breeze shook their curled petals1 as if weeping like sinless virgins over the wrongs they knew only by name4 ,a carpet of violets was spread below1 the last offering of ,lent1 the fringes of the sweet pall of penance under whose folds the church spends her yearly vigil of reparation4 ,the heart of the child ,benignus was breaking with joy and love1 and he longed to be a flower himself1 that he might sing the hymn the living grove had sung4 ,the voice of the angel of the bell answered his unspoken wish3 8,wish not that thou wert other than that thou art1 for ,jesus said1 #8,unless ye become even as little children1 ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven4'0 ,and the flowers sighed1 and gave forth a sweeter fragrance1 because they longed to be little children1 and could not4 ,then ,benignus wished he might be an angel1 if he could not be a flower1 and the voice from the altar sounded very softly1 so low he thought no one could hear it but himself3 8,this wish will ,i put into my cup1 and when to-morrow dawns1 and ,jesus finds the first-fruits of this new ,easter laid at his feet1 thou shalt have thy answer40 ,then came a soft chorus of welcome and congratulation1 breaking forth among the flowery worshippers1 but the angel of the bell held his peace4 ,and in the morning1 when the sun flung his golden curtains across the east window and crowned the saints and virgins thereon with richer gems than living monarchs wear1 the ,paschal procession came winding through ,all ,hallow's church1 and no one missed the little chorister ,benignus4 ,but when his turn in the anthem came1 a voice seemed to float from some unseen corner1 and a shower of bell-like crystal tones rang in triumphant cadence to the very roof1 and no one could tell if it were ,benignus or an angel singing4 ,the organ ceased1 and the monk ,cuthbert looked anxiously along the lines of white-robed choristers1 but the child was not there4 ,still the voice sang on1 and it seemed as if it floated now from the chalice on the altar to the distant belfry-tower1 and then back again to the fragrant forest of exotics in the choir4 ,and ,cuthbert1 looking up among the half-opened buds of the early roses that were piled up directly over the tabernacle1 thought he saw one more lovely than the others just break gently from the frail green stem1 and fall in showering petals around the pall-covered chalice1 at the very minute the wondrous voice ceased in one long reverberating 8,alleluia40 ,then ,cuthbert knew who had been singing and where ,benignus was1 and he sang the 8,gloria in ,excelsis0 as he had never done before4 ,but the angel of the bell was sad1 because the child would have helped him to bear abroad the message of ,god's truth to men4 ,,the ,,twenty-,,first ,,catholic ,,congress ,,in ,,mayence4 ,,from ,,der ,,katholik4 ,it is evident that we have reached a turning-point in the history of the world2 that a crisis of terrible interest for the church1 for ,christian ,europe1 for peoples1 and for nations1 is at hand4 ,it must1 indeed1 soon be decided whether ,christianity shall continue to be1 in the life of the nations1 what from its very nature and design it is intended to be2 whether it shall remain what it has been acknowledged to be since it overcame the heathenism of old1 the light of the world1 the supernatural leaven permeating all the relations of life1 purifying and ennobling them2 or whether it shall be cast out of public life as an illusion1 and at most--and who knows how long even that8--be tolerated as a species of superstition4 ,the nations--and especially the recently founded ,german ,empire--must soon decide whether they shall accept as their basis the laws of eternal justice1 whose root is in the holy and personal ,god1 and in him alone2 whether they will hold to that ,christian civilization which reposes on the public recognition of ,christianity1 of the church as a divine institution not subject to the arbitrament of man2 in fine1 whether they will respect as sacred those prescriptive rights of mankind which every one must respect who believes in the divine government of the world--rights of which history is the evidence2 or whether they will yield to the pressure of the revolution and of false science1 throw ,christianity and ,christian civilization overboard1 proclaim the present will of the dominant political powers or party the only and highest law of the state1 and1 having done this1 to use their immense power to infuse this 8modern0 spirit and these 8modern0 principles into the life of the people1 and force it on them by every means at their disposal1 through legislation1 government patronage1 their system of public instruction1 and the whole organization of society2 in short1 whether they will place naturalism and rationalism instead of ,christianity1 the vital principle of national and popular life1 and thereby--no intelligent person can doubt it1 for reason and experience conspire to teach it--hasten for the nations the inevitable catastrophe of which the burning of ,paris was only a premonitory symptom4 ,and precisely at this fatal moment in the history of the world it is that1 in ,germany1 a number of men1 among them a few who have deserved well of the church1 blinded to a degree which it seems hard to account for1 have raised the standard of rebellion against their mother1 the church1 because the cumenical ,council did not think fit to decide as they thought best1 because it decided as it pleased the pastors of the church and the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the foundation-stone of the church1 laid by ,christ himself1 to preserve unity and love within it for ever1 has become a stumbling-block to them4 ,they have made shipwreck of the faith1 and burst the bonds of love that held them in union with their brethren in the faith4 ,following the example of those who before them rebelled against the church1 they call themselves defenders of the faith1 while denying the very principle on which all faith reposes4 ,proclaiming human science the supreme authority in matters of religion1 placing it above the highest authority in the church1 above the ,pope and the council1 above the assent of the whole ,catholic world1 they have ceased to be servants of ,god and of his church2 they have gone over to the rationalism and naturalism which are striving so hard to do away with ,christianity entirely1 and to constitute themselves in its place a new cosmopolitan religion4 ,the turpitude of their rebellion against the church is equalled only by that of the means which they have adopted to defend it and to spread its principles4 ,repeating the worst and most perfidious slanders of the past against the church1 and giving them out as the result of science1 they proclaim to the world that the ,apostolic ,see has for a thousand years been the seat of well-concocted fraud and deceit1 and that in the most sacred of matters2 that the ,catholic ,church is dangerous both to the state and to morals2 and that the decree solemnly proclaimed by the cumenical ,council1 that ,christ will for ever preserve his visible representative on earth from all error in faith and morals--a belief which has always been the key-stone of ,catholic faith1 ,catholic life1 and ,catholic practice--is a doctrine inimical to the rights of the state4 ,under these pretexts1 they require the state to deprive the ,catholic ,church of its rights1 and of the liberty which has been guaranteed to it by the state1 and not to recognize the church represented by the bishops and the ,pope1 but themselves1 who have renounced all allegiance to it1 as the legal ,catholic ,church1 the only one recognized and promised protection by the state4 ,moreover1 they desire that those ,catholics who have remained faithful to the church shall be looked upon as recreant to the state1 accusing them of want of patriotism4 ,designating all those peoples embraced in the ,catholic ,church by the name of the ,romanists1 they1 in the name of what they designate ,germanism1 demand their oppression and extirpation4 ,and1 we are sorry to say1 these attempts have not been without some success4 ,individual governments have been induced to take steps against the church which1 a short time ago1 it was supposed it would be impossible to take1 and which the ,catholics living under those governments did nothing to warrant4 ,during this condition of affairs1 the one hundred and twentieth ,catholic ,congress met in the second week of ,september in ,mayence1 to give expression in no weak or ambiguous terms to their faith1 and to their views on the condition of things2 and they did it with that unanimity and certainty which ,catholic faith alone can give--a faith neither anxious nor troubled with doubt1 or weakened by the spirit of the age4 ,this they did by their resolutions on the ,roman question1 on the ,vatican ,council1 and on the more recent opposition that has been made to its decrees--and rightly2 for1 in the ,roman question1 the question of all external ,christian law and order reaches its culminating point1 as do theirs the constitution of the church itself1 and the whole of ,catholic faith1 in the decrees of the ,vatican ,council4 ,the occupation of ,rome is simply robbery--a crime against the church1 against every individual ,catholic which nothing can justify1 which no principle of international law can excuse or cover1 which no prescription can make valid4 ,the so-called guarantees made to the church by the ,italian government can never be accepted1 because they are based upon the false principle that the state alone has the right to declare under what conditions the church and its pastors shall exercise their functions as teachers1 priests1 and shepherds of the flock--functions which they exercise in virtue of the power conferred upon them by ,jesus ,christ himself2 because these laws do not by any means guarantee to the ,pope the free discharge of his supreme authority as chief pastor1 and1 moreover1 because there is not the least security that these guarantees will be respected4 ,the occupation of ,rome and of the ,quirinal is the culmination of the policy of the ,italian revolution1 and the success of that policy the disgrace of this age4 ,that the governments of ,european nations have done nothing to defend the ,pope is an injustice to their ,catholic subjects1 a violation of the law of nations1 and paves the way1 necessarily1 to the violation of all law and the overthrow of all order4 ,and this is why it is that ,catholics must for ever discountenance all these acts1 and oppose them by all legitimate means4 ,and their opposition cannot be rightfully construed as insubordination to the powers that be1 or as a want of patriotism on their part4 ,on the contrary1 ,catholics may be sure that in so acting they will be doing their government and their country the greatest possible service4 ,such service has been rendered by the resolutions of the ,catholic ,congress in ,mayence4 ,it was well that1 at the first general meeting of the society after the occupation of ,rome1 its members should give expression to their thought on the wicked act by which1 for the third time in this century1 it was attempted to destroy the work founded by divine ,providence since the christianizing of the world1 in order to secure to the head of the church his liberty and the efficient discharge of the duties of his high office4 ,nor could the members of the society express themselves concerning this crime otherwise than in bold words of truth and justice--in words becoming an occasion when the interests of ,god and man are alike at stake--in words such as nature itself puts into the mouth of those who have been the victims of great injustice or great misfortune4 ,worldly policy may wait1 and consider itself justified in waiting1 to take account of circumstances2 but for us ,catholics there is but one thing to do when the question is simply this--whether ,christ or ,antichrist shall reign1 namely1 what the martyrs did under circumstances still more aggravating1 what ,god himself has commanded us to do1 what we see his representative on earth doing--to proclaim the truth to those in power before kings and peoples4 ,it was1 if possible1 yet more necessary that the ,catholic ,congress should make a public profession of its faith in the decrees of the cumenical ,council of the ,vatican1 that it should raise its voice against those proceedings of the government which have no object but to hinder the ,catholic ,church in the declaration of its doctrines1 and to lead or force ,catholics into heresy4 ,and on these points again the association1 in its resolutions1 speaks the truth1 and expresses the ,catholic view on them1 in the plainest and most direct manner1 without any show of diplomacy or of pedantry4 ,we joyfully profess1 say they1 our faith in everything which the church requires1 particularly in the infallibility of the ,pope teaching the universal church1 and in the very sense in which the ,vatican ,council has defined it1 do we believe it4 ,and we are convinced that the definition of this truth in our time is no evil1 but the work of a kind and good ,providence1 intended to strengthen the church1 to preserve unity1 to reclaim the erring4 ,we reject with horror the caricature of the doctrine of ,papal infallibility which the opponents of the ,vatican ,council have drawn1 and we repudiate the slander that this doctrine or any other article of our faith is in conflict with our duties as subjects of our government1 or with the allegiance which we owe our fatherland4 ,we protest against the course of those governments which have endeavored to hinder the propagation of ,catholic doctrine within their territories1 and to favor the opposition to the church by their protecting the rebellion against it4 ,in this manner1 they have overstepped the bounds of their rightful authority1 infringed the rights of conscience of their ,catholic subjects1 and made themselves responsible before ,god for a host of evils4 ,the political principles which have led to these things are in conflict with the law of ,god1 in fact with all law and order1 and can never be recognized by ,catholics as right or just4 ,yet are we not without the hope that the governments which have been guilty of these things will at no distant future forsake the unholy path upon which they have entered4 ,but the members of the ,catholic ,congress did not confine themselves to professing the ,catholic faith1 to raising a protesting voice against the encroachments on their liberties and on their rights--rights which should be ever inviolate2 they pointed out the fertile source from which have flown as well the most recent evils as the more ancient ones which have done so much injury to the ,catholic life of ,germany4 ,the source of all these evils1 past as well as present1 is in a science grounded on false principles1 and which appropriates to itself exclusively1 but not with any show of reason1 the name of ,german science4 ,these evils can be healed only by the cultivation of real ,catholic science in ,germany1 and the most recent events demand absolutely that the reign of such a science should be inaugurated at once4 ,but so long as the ancient institutions founded for ,catholic purposes ignore1 for the most part1 the object of their being2 when they have gone over1 to a great extent1 to infidelity or to secular management1 it is extremely important1 both to pastors and people1 that new seats of science1 of education1 of real science and ,christian education1 should be established4 ,such are the principal resolutions of the ,catholic ,congress held during the present year4 ,what these resolutions contain is only the echo and essence of the thought of the assembly expressed in the orations and sayings of the members--the deep1 unanimous1 and undoubted convictions of all4 ,these same thoughts found expression also in their addresses to the ,holy ,father1 to the ,bishop of ,ermeland1 to the ,bavarian ,episcopate1 to the ,bishops of ,switzerland1 as well as to the defenders of the ,catholic faith in ,italy and ,austria4 ,but is it right to assume that the voice of all ,catholic ,germany has been heard1 and is heard1 in the voice of this general meeting of ,catholics8 ,true it is that they would entirely misunderstand the essence and the spirit of the principles of the members of those meetings who would invest their doings or their sayings as a society with any authority2 but they would err no less grossly who would consider these meetings as mere party meetings1 or as meaning nothing as merely the coming together of a few private individuals4 ,from the very significance of this year's meeting's resolutions1 it may not be amiss to examine the question somewhat more closely--how much importance is to be attached1 what significance and authority such ,catholic meetings may have4 ,these general meetings are nothing more than the coming together of believing ,catholics4 ,they do not assume to have any power or authority ecclesiastical or political4 ,they have nothing in their own right that entitles them to be considered as possessed of such power or authority1 nor have they a power of attorney of any kind to represent any one else in these meetings4 ,in the church no one has any power whatever except those to whom ,christ has granted it1 and only such power as he conferred upon them4 ,but he has granted no power to any one in the church but to ,peter and the apostles4 ,on this account the ,catholic ,church recognizes no representatives1 save only the pope and the bishops4 ,there is no such thing among ,catholics as lay-participation in the government of the church4 ,laymen have no power in church government that is theirs of right1 and they in no manner take the place of or represent even the inferior clergy4 ,every tendency in that direction is heretical and schismatical4 ,the society in question1 and all other societies of the same nature1 have recognized1 acted upon1 this principle from the beginning4 ,being ,catholics and wishing to remain ,catholics1 they have never interfered in the government of the church4 ,on the contrary1 they consider it their duty to show to others the example of the most religious submission to the ,pope and the bishops in matters relating to faith and ecclesiastical discipline4 ,they1 therefore1 represent no party in the church4 ,the church wants no parties and recognizes no parties within its bosom4 ,following the church1 the general meeting of ,catholics negatives every division in the body of the church4 ,its only desire is to find itself always one with the church in all things1 to be simply ,catholic and nothing else4 ,there is no use in wasting words to show that the ,catholic ,congress and other ,catholic societies claim no power of any kind whatever in the state4 ,they neither represent a political party1 nor do they belong to any1 nor will they ever constitute themselves a political party in the state4 ,true1 the members of the societies are very far removed1 as they ought to be1 from an unreasonable1 unmanly1 unchristian1 and un-,catholic indifference in matters pertaining to the nation4 ,they are by no means of opinion that it matters nothing to a ,catholic to which party in the country he belongs4 ,they believe firmly that it is the duty of ,catholics1 as well as their right1 to watch over the rights of the church and of its members1 and to defend them by the exercise of their political franchises4 ,they do not1 however1 doubt that it is perfectly legitimate for ,catholics1 wherever they are1 to organize themselves into a party for the exercise of their political rights4 ,but as the political life of every individual ,catholic is different from his religious life1 and that1 although he may be guided in his politics by the principles of ,christianity1 in like manner these associations of ,catholics1 inasmuch as they are ,catholic1 are something higher and broader than mere political associations4 ,their objects are not the political1 but the religious and ecclesiastical rights of ,catholics4 ,this has been the universal understanding of the members of these associations from the very beginning of their organizations4 ,these have been the principles which have always guided them1 and which they have found it well to be guided by4 ,these associations have never allowed themselves to forget these principles4 ,they have never forgotten them1 not even in times of the greatest political excitement4 ,and in the last general meeting1 the members of the association did not swerve from these principles by as much as a hair's breadth4 ,and precisely because these associations have held to their principles as ,catholics1 to the very principles we have been mentioning above1 are they entitled to attention4 ,they manifest1 in a manner that can be relied upon1 the mind and conviction1 the determination and feeling1 of those who are true to the church and to the faith4 ,it thus happens that this general meeting of ,catholics has given expression to the thought and feeling of the ,catholic clergy and ,catholic people4 ,and hence it is that those who would learn what ,catholics think and feel on the stirring questions of the present must turn their attention to the resolutions of this ,catholic ,congress4 ,there is unmistakable evidence that these general meetings express the feeling and ideas common to all ,catholics4 ,for twenty-three years they have enjoyed the complete confidence of the bishops of the church4 ,the ,holy ,father and the bishops of ,germany have never hesitated to bless and to approve the efforts of the ,catholic association4 ,this were impossible if these meetings did not give expression to the ,catholic mind on the questions of the day1 if there were any danger in them of a departure from the principles of the faith or of the church4 ,moreover1 we may ask1 ,who are they that take part in these meetings8 ,they are precisely those persons who with living faith partake of the sacraments1 and are in habitual attendance at the services of the church1 and in the life of the church generally4 ,during the twenty-three years of their existence1 these ,catholic associations have in every ,german diocese and everywhere been one with the clergy on all subjects4 ,zealous and true ,catholics of every social position have been largely represented in them4 ,hither have come the ,catholic nobleman1 the ,catholic of the middle class1 the ,catholic peasant1 the physician of souls--the priest himself sprung from the people--the ,catholic savant1 the teacher1 author1 and publicist4 ,here1 too1 have been represented those ,catholic societies made up of those who really love the church4 ,in short1 in those societies are represented those even who are most despised and seldom represented anywhere else4 ,the members of the ,catholic ,congress are not representatives of their individual opinions2 they seek no worldly interest4 ,it were more than folly for any one to come to those meetings with any such intention4 ,neither do these meetings represent any party on which they are dependent4 ,they represent no majority or minority to whom they are responsible4 ,their faith and ,catholic feeling it is that bring them to these meetings1 and those they have in common with the hundreds and thousands from whose midst they come4 ,there is a yet stronger argument to show that these general assemblies really represent the mind of all true ,catholics4 ,it is their unanimity on all questions bearing on religion and on the church--a mark which belongs to ,catholics exclusively4 ,after all this1 we feel ourselves warranted to say that these meetings express decidedly the feelings and convictions of those ,catholics who are worthy of the name4 ,but these general assemblies not only give expression to the principles and sentiments of ,catholics on the questions of the day1 they also tend to keep ,catholic life awake and active4 ,and just here is the great use of ,catholic societies4 ,there never was a more senseless saying than this3 8,we need no special societies2 our society is the ,catholic ,church40 ,precisely because the ,catholic ,church is a divine and all-embracing society1 the society of societies1 does it from its inexhaustible fertility call forth from its own bosom1 in all times1 other smaller societies--societies calculated to meet the peculiar wants of the time4 ,the life of ,christian societies1 of church societies1 is1 indeed1 a standard by which ,catholic life at any particular time or place may be measured4 ,and in our own day1 when the spirit of evil more than ever seeks the destruction of the church1 mimicking it as he does after his own fashion--to leave the power which societies are calculated to wield entirely to the enemies of ,christianity1 to those governed exclusively by the spirit of the world1 would be to be more than blind4 ,at the general meeting held at ,dsseldorf1 ,dr4 ,marx agreed to take upon himself the difficult task of collecting the statistics of the ,catholic societies of ,germany4 ,at the assembly held this year1 he presented the results of his labors4 ,his work is imperfect1 it is true1 but it is a foundation on which others may build4 ,it embraces the statistics of most of the ,german dioceses1 and of a number of those of ,austria4 ,the amount of vitality in anything or anywhere cannot be made to appear in a table of statistics1 and the best things often thrive in secret4 ,hence it is that the ,catholic life of ,germany is much greater than even these tables or any others would give one reason to believe4 ,on the other hand1 much that appears on paper in statistics of this kind is of no importance whatever1 or of almost no importance4 ,yet the statistical tables before us demonstrate that numerous live ,catholic associations1 and of the most varied character1 have arisen during the last twenty-three years1 and that each general assembly has made itself felt--now in one place1 now in another--furthering the creation of such local associations4 ,societies purely religious1 such as brotherhoods1 sodalities1 congregations1 are not at all or scarcely at all referred to in these tables4 ,it was part of the plan of the work that they should be excluded from its tables4 ,yet they are of the very first importance to the life of the church4 ,well-conducted societies and sodalities for young people and of adults like those which1 thanks be to ,god1 are springing up on every side1 and particularly in the ,rhine lands1 are the best nurseries of real ,catholics4 ,rightly1 therefore1 do these general assemblies continue to commend such societies1 as the general assembly did this year the 8,society of ,young ,merchants10 which was so worthily represented at the meeting4 ,neither have our ,christian social societies and associations been noticed in these tables4 ,and for this reason1 again1 are we much richer in associations than we should suppose from these tables4 ,on the other hand1 these statistics combine with daily experience to show that we are yet only in the beginning of the development of this society-life2 that1 much as we have to be thankful for1 the time has not yet come when we can repose upon our laurels4 ,rather must we work with all our strength1 with inexhaustible patience and devotion at the establishment of ,catholic societies4 ,in many parts of ,catholic ,germany there are no1 or scarcely any1 ,catholic societies1 that is1 live societies1 while in others those which have been begun are now neglected4 ,it is so convenient to allow things to go on in the old way1 and so hard--for the most modest association demands some sacrifice on the part of individuals--to establish anything new4 ,yet a thing which in the great struggle between the church and ,antichrist is one of the most powerful means of victory is really worth the highest sacrifice4 ,is it not time to see that all ,christian men should organize themselves into societies1 when infidels and free-thinkers so-called are organizing on every side to draw everything to themselves8 ,our indolence would be all the worse1 all the more inexcusable1 were we to yield the field to our adversaries1 since we1 whenever there is a question of real live associations1 possess so great an advantage over every other body1 not on account of our own merits1 but because of the spirit and strength of ,catholic ,christendom4 ,let the world surpass us in material means1 let it be far above us in its appeal to worldly interests2 it is wasting the vital power of faith and ,catholic love1 which alone are able to establish and to develop associations possessed of real life--associations which can be productive of real good4 ,how true this is1 is shown by the history of the ,catholic association founded by the departed but never-to-be-forgotten ,kolping4 ,based only on ,catholic faith and relying for support on the very simplest of human means1 it has during the past twenty-five years had a steady growth and accomplished untold good4 ,and it will ever be so1 so long as it holds to the simple ,catholic principles of ,kolping4 ,to these associations of young people founded by ,kolping others have been joined recently--associations in which the masters of these young people meet4 ,to complete the good work1 there is nothing now needed but similar societies for apprentices4 ,what ,kolping did for young mechanics must1 with suitable modifications1 be now done for those of both sexes occupied in factories and other such establishments4 ,this is the most important step that can be taken by ,catholics1 to solve certain social questions1 and which can be solved only on ,catholic principles4 ,indeed1 the greatest social danger of the age is the dechristianization and demoralization of the laboring classes of mechanics and the employees in manufacturing establishments4 ,this dechristianization and demoralization are1 to a great extent1 the cause of the wretchedness of these classes1 and make that wretchedness1 even under the most favorable circumstances1 incurable4 ,what enormous dimensions has this evil assumed under the1 in part at least1 so unnatural1 social1 and economic relations which modern liberal political economy has brought about6 ,but even the evils resulting from this condition of affairs might be healed1 if the laboring classes could be restored to ,christianity4 ,the ,society of ,young ,mechanics1 founded by ,kolping1 demonstrates that1 even under the most unfavorable circumstances1 the laboring classes can be redeemed from evil and reclaimed to right1 provided they can be made to enter the atmosphere of ,christianity in which the members of these societies live4 ,let us work unanimously and for the same object1 and we shall see the number of ,christian laborers increase4 ,we shall see them living more and more in one another1 associating with one another1 and being strengthened by that association4 ,when we have such men1 and not before1 it will be possible to make those associations really useful in the improvement of the material condition of the laboring classes4 ,so long1 indeed1 as the laboring classes themselves remain unchristian and immoral1 it will be impossible to do anything for their material improvement2 for they will never be satisfied4 ,only by strengthening the spirit of ,christianity in all classes of society can legislation itself be made ,christian1 and it will become ,christian just in proportion as the several classes of society become ,christian4 ,let us now examine in brief the most important movements which the general assembly of this year has initiated toward the establishing of ,catholic societies4 ,for a number of years1 the principal subject that has engaged one section of the ,catholic ,congress is the ,christian solution of the so-called social question4 ,through the efforts of the assembly1 the question has been fairly brought before the clergy and the laity4 ,the session of this year has1 under this head1 recommended the establishment of ,christian social associations1 the raising of helping funds1 the encouragement of appropriate literature1 the circulation of the ,christian ,social ,journal1 and the erection of dwellings for the laboring classes4 ,they have pointed out how important it is to study on every hand the condition of the laboring classes1 in order to discover the principles on which we must proceed1 in order to legislate concerning labor and the laboring classes in a just and ,christian manner4 ,the general assembly has1 moreover1 recommended the ,catholic missionary associations in the most emphatic manner4 ,among these1 the first place belongs to the ,society of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier for ,foreign ,missions1 and the ,society of ,st4 ,boniface4 ,considering the terrible blows that have fallen upon ,france and upon ,rome1 it has become our duty to redouble our efforts in behalf of the missions to foreign parts1 and in behalf of the ,society of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier2 for on those efforts must depend1 in a great measure1 the permanency and spread of ,catholic missions the world over4 ,unfortunately1 the ,society of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier has gone backward rather than forward1 in ,germany1 during the last ten years4 ,in many places it has ceded to other societies4 ,and yet it should not be so4 ,the ,society of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier is and must remain the first and most important of all missionary associations4 ,it embraces the missions to all parts of the world1 and they all look to it for support4 ,even ,germany has been helped by it more than by any other association2 and now1 although the ,society of ,st4 ,boniface has extended so widely1 it cannot be dispensed with4 ,therefore it is that all ,catholics1 and1 above all1 the clergy1 who are always in all matters pertaining to ,christianity the divinely appointed leaders of the people1 should take the deepest interest in the ,society of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier4 ,the ,society of ,st4 ,boniface will suffer nothing from this4 ,on the contrary1 the more the ,catholic spirit is strengthened1 the more will this and every other ,catholic society thrive4 ,as truly as the church embraces the whole world1 so truly can we not be real ,catholics if we feel an interest only in the missions of our own country1 but none in the missions to other parts of the world4 ,true it is that charity demands us to look first to the wants of those who are our nearest neighbors4 ,and on this account the ,society of ,st4 ,boniface cannot be too strongly recommended to our benevolence4 ,the general meeting has done its duty in this matter4 ,it has recommended the society in very earnest terms4 ,besides these great societies1 there are other smaller ones with special objects of charity in view--smaller1 but by no means unimportant4 ,the ,society of the ,holy ,sepulchre is1 independently of its religious object1 the most powerful auxiliary of the missions in the ,east4 ,the ,society of ,st4 ,joseph is doing the work of the ,society of ,st4 ,boniface among the large and exposed ,catholic ,german population in large and foreign cities1 and especially such cosmopolitan cities as ,paris and ,london4 ,a work of the highest importance is to care for the emigrants to ,america4 ,here it is possible to do a great deal with little means4 ,the ,committee on ,emigration1 presided over by ,prince von ,isenburg1 has placed its cards of recommendation at the disposal of all parish priests1 in order that emigrants presenting those cards to the agents of the ,catholic ,emigration ,society in ,america may receive proper advice and direction in their new homes1 and--who would have imagined it8--those cards of recommendation have been used much less than one might rightfully expect4 ,how great is sometimes our ignorance or indifference concerning the interests of religion6 ,it was1 certainly1 only right that the general assembly of this year should have approved the founding of an association1 that of the ,archangel ,raphael1 whose sole object it is1 besides the saying of a few prayers for the success of this movement in behalf of the emigrants1 to defray the heavy expenses of the same1 and thus to relieve the president of the committee of that charge4 ,we hear many exclaim just here1 ,we have too many associations1 too many meetings6 ,we know very well that1 when societies increase beyond measure1 even when those societies are benevolent ones1 there may be danger4 ,but that there may be danger is no reason why we should not encourage the organization of such societies when they may be necessary or useful4 ,we do not1 however1 wish to blame the taking of steps to prevent too great a competition of societies having charitable or other objects in view4 ,the ,catholic ,congress this year could not well help--as1 indeed1 all those which preceded it did--considering the school question4 ,there can be no question that the anti-,christian party in the state is straining every nerve to do away1 by means of legislation1 with the right of ,catholic parents to a ,catholic education of their children in ,catholic schools--with the right of the church to instruct her people in a ,catholic manner1 and to found institutions for that purpose4 ,the members of the assembly spoke on these matters in no ambiguous terms1 and took1 besides1 into consideration what they should do in case the state1 siding with the liberalism of the day1 should banish the ,catholic religion1 the ,catholic ,church1 from the schools of the nation4 ,should this happen1 there was nothing left but to appeal to the consciences of parents4 ,it then became the duty of bishops to tell their people that it was not allowed them to send their children to unchristian schools4 ,liberty of education must be defended to the utmost1 and every sacrifice made in order to give ,catholic children opportunities for a ,catholic education from the primary schools to the university4 ,but the impression is not hereby intended to be conveyed that in this ,catholics see the salvation of the church1 of her children1 and of the nation4 ,no2 they will always remind princes and states that it is their solemn duty to govern a ,christian people in a ,christian manner1 and1 leaving out of consideration the sacredness of the foundations and the right of the church to teach1 to give their ,catholic subjects ,catholic schools--schools standing in proper relations with the church4 ,yet1 on account of the more universal questions1 and the great contests which the church is waging for her most important possessions1 for the independence and for the integrity of its faith1 the school question1 even at this meeting1 was held somewhat in the background4 ,the general assembly was content with adopting a few resolutions1 embodying the simple principles which must guide ,catholics1 should the state break with the church on the school question1 and1 violating the natural and prescriptive rights of ,catholics1 introduce a system of non-,catholic schools--principles not sufficiently recognized by even well-meaning ,catholics4 ,these resolutions are worded thus3 8,the monopoly of the school system by the state is an unwarranted restriction of liberty of conscience1 and therefore to be opposed by all ,catholics4 ,very many of the schools have notoriously been founded by ,catholics1 and it is only just that they should continue to accomplish those ends for which they are established4 ,in these schools1 and in all ,catholic schools yet to be established1 the ,catholic ,church must possess perfect and unrestricted liberty in its capacity as a teacher40 ,thus1 while the school question was not the most prominent before the general assembly1 the words spoken at that meeting will not1 we hope1 be without beneficial results in the province of ,catholic education4 ,all rights and liberties avail nothing in the end if ,catholic education itself is not what it ought to be4 ,and the great battle that is waging1 that education may not be deprived of its ,christian character1 can be won by us only on condition that teachers and educators themselves1 as well as parents and the clergy1 understand precisely the full bearing of the question4 ,it was1 therefore1 a happy thought to unite teachers1 clergy1 and parents into one grand society1 in order to further the great matter of ,christian education--a matter on which our whole future for weal or woe depends4 ,the association of teachers founded in ,bavaria1 approved by the bishops1 embracing among its members many distinguished men1 and directed by one evidently called by ,god to fill that very position1 ,ludwig ,aner1 has sought and is seeking to carry this thought into practice4 ,the ,catholic ,congress held at ,dsseldorf had already called attention to the importance of establishing similar societies elsewhere1 only modified in their character by the different nature of place or other circumstances4 ,the realization of this thought was a matter for the meeting at ,mayence to consider more closely yet4 ,there was here assembled a goodly number of educators and friends of youth from every part of ,germany1 among them a number of the most widely known teachers in the country2 and they took occasion to most earnestly confer on this matter each day of the meeting4 ,they gave a general plan1 and threw out some very practical hints for the organization of ,catholic educational associations4 ,we give them here with the hope that they may prove as fertile in blessings as did those thrown out on a former occasion1 and which resulted in the ,society of ,st4 ,boniface1 and in the ,catholic ,association for ,young ,men1 so often recommended by those meetings since4 ,the matter is one of at least as much importance1 and the general plan of the organization of these societies at least as simple and practical4 ,here are the broad outlines of the plan3 8,the task of education1 rendered more than ever before difficult on account of the times in which we live1 and the school question1 now everywhere looming into such immense proportions1 render the foundation of ,catholic educational institutions imperative40 ,the ,mayence ,association of ,teachers--pointing to the association already existing in ,bavaria--suggests the following as the ground principles of the new associations3 ,i4 ,the ,catholic educational associations recognize as their foundation1 first and last1 the faith of the ,catholic ,church4 ,,ii4 ,excluding all party issues1 their only object is the furtherance of the temporal and eternal welfare of youth4 ,,iii4 ,the ,catholic educational associations desire that the youth of the age should profit by all that the world has of good1 and that in their education all that it has of evil should be avoided4 ,therefore1 they are ready to accept and to use all that there is of real worth in the educational systems of the age1 all that can promote real progress4 ,,iv4 ,these associations consider the proper education of youth in the family1 the schools1 and later in life1 that is1 after the youth have left the schools1 as their exclusive object4 ,therefore is it that they accept as members1 parents1 teachers1 the clergy1 and all who1 in any manner1 are interested in the education of youth4 ,v4 ,they recommend to these associations1 #a4 ,the defence and propagation of ,catholic principles in education by word1 writing1 and action4 #b4 ,the defence of the rights of parents to the ,christian education and ,christian instruction of their children4 #c4 ,the improvement of the family education of children1 of schools1 and the providing of means for the continuance of education after children leave schools4 #d4 ,the furtherance of the interests of teachers1 to support them in their efforts in the direction of education1 and particularly to help to elevate their material and social position2 the collecting of funds to aid in the education of teachers1 and in the support of their widows4 #e4 ,the encouragement of literature bearing on the interests of education4 #f4 ,founding and caring for educational institutions of all kinds--schools for children1 boys1 girls1 apprentices1 etc4 ,,vi4 ,the means for attaining the objects of these associations are1 besides the means suggested by the very nature of our holy religion1 #a4 ,periodicals2 #b4 ,appropriate publications for teachers and for families2 #c4 ,the establishment of libraries and literary associations2 #d4 ,co-operating with other associations--the pecuniary assistance needed in any case to be obtained by regular fees from the members1 presents1 etc4 ,,vii4 ,the getting up of particular by-laws to be left to the associations from each separate province1 but the by-laws to be got up in such a manner that the above principles be not ignored4 ,the elevation of the tone and the support of the ,catholic press must ever be one of the principal objects of all ,catholic associations1 and of the general meetings4 ,this year a great number of ,catholic publishers and editors came together at this meeting4 ,all the principal organs of the ,catholic daily press were represented4 ,the principal object gained was that they became acquainted with one another1 which is the first step towards their understanding and appreciating one another4 ,as far as the press is concerned1 we ,catholics have nothing to do but to look at things just as they stand4 ,it is certain that the unrestricted freedom of the press1 which every one is ready to abuse1 and which allows every one to constitute himself a teacher of the public1 can be defended neither on principles of reason nor of faith4 ,it is certain1 too1 that the rank growth of periodicals which has followed with all its attendant evils1 and the heterogeneous character of the reading of a great many people1 is a deplorable evil4 ,but as1 unfortunately1 an unchristian press is guaranteed the fullest liberty and the evils that flow from that liberty1 are widely spread1 it becomes not only our privilege1 but our solemn duty to combat the unchristian by a really ,christian press--a matter on which the church and the head of the church have spoken in an unmistakable manner4 ,yes1 it is absolutely necessary to call a ,catholic journal into existence on every hand1 and to spare no sacrifice to do so4 ,the beginnings of the ,catholic press have been everywhere small1 and those who have interested themselves in it have everywhere had to contend with untold difficulties4 ,this is true particularly of the larger journals1 which1 to enable them to compete with other journals1 need support from other sources besides that derived from subscriptions and advertisements4 ,it is certainly the duty of ,catholics1 out of pure love for ,god and for the church1 to establish ,catholic press associations1 in order to provide means for the support of ,catholic papers1 just as the government and political parties find funds to support their own organs4 ,the financial difficulties which the larger journals have to fear consist sometimes only in the apprehension of too great a competition on the part of smaller or other journals4 ,there may be such a thing as a reprehensible competition1 when1 for example1 as in the same locality attempts are made to found or establish new journals of the same nature as those already existing1 when those already existing are sufficient to supply the demand4 ,but1 on the whole1 we have by no means thus far enough ,catholic papers4 ,there was a time1 and it is not yet entirely over1 when ,catholic ,germany had very few papers among the daily press of the country4 ,and almost every one of these few papers had an equal prospect1 and it naturally enough seemed to be the ambition of the editor or proprietor of each to make his paper the central organ of the whole of ,catholic ,germany4 ,naturally enough1 too1 those pecuniarily or otherwise interested in these journals looked with a rather jealous eye upon all attempts to found other ,catholic journals4 ,whenever a new paper was established1 the old ones lost a number of subscribers1 and sometimes fears were entertained for the existence of the older papers themselves4 ,but experience has shown that these fears were unfounded4 ,wherever and whenever a paper was properly managed and ably edited1 it has contrived to live and to do well4 ,thus competition has1 on the whole1 worked advantageously rather than otherwise4 ,if we look at the matter closely1 we will see that it is quite an abnormal state of affairs that ,catholic ,germany should possess so few of the larger political papers4 ,compared with the time when ,catholics had no press at all1 the existence of even one good paper through which they can give expression to their thoughts is a great blessing and a great gain2 but that certainly does not enable them to give their voice that weight in the questions of the day to which it is entitled4 ,besides1 it must be remembered that1 if ,catholics have not this class of papers1 they will take periodicals which are not ,catholic4 ,experience teaches1 and it might be expected from the very nature of things that a paper can rarely obtain a very large circulation outside of the locality in which it is published4 ,outside of these bounds it will find only a few isolated subscribers4 ,hence it follows that every large city ought to have its own ,catholic paper1 one that will worthily represent it4 ,these papers outside of the place of their publication will thus find a number of subscribers--a number which will always depend upon the ability with which they are edited1 the reliability of the views they advocate1 and the interest which on other grounds they may awaken4 ,we cannot1 however1 be satisfied with a so-called central organ1 or with a small number of large papers4 ,no1 every large city should have its ,catholic paper1 and support it1 cost what it may4 ,we thank ,god that such papers have1 during the past year1 been established in many parts4 ,that such a journal should be established in the capital of the new ,german ,empire1 at the seat of government1 was an evident necessity2 and it is one of the most pleasant events in the history of our time that a paper like the ,germania should have in a short time taken its position as a first-class and widely circulated ,catholic journal4 ,all our already existing ,catholic journals1 and all those to be hereafter established1 instead of hindering1 will help one another1 and that from the very fact that they exist2 for1 the stronger the ,catholic press becomes1 the more the attention of the nation is called to it1 the more secure must become the existence of each individual journal4 ,therefore1 we hope that there will be no jealousy between those interested in different ,catholic journals2 that1 on the contrary1 they will help support one another at all times4 ,still more important is it to take a proper view of the smaller local press4 ,it would be a great absurdity were ,catholics to neglect the establishment of smaller ,catholic journals lest they should interfere or compete with the larger ones4 ,this competition is not dangerous2 but it is dangerous to put no antagonist in the field to meet and to oppose the unchristian press in smaller places4 ,the large journals can neither be paid for nor read by the vast majority of the inhabitants of such places--and does it not seem wrong to leave them1 or the ,catholics among them1 to the evil influence of a press totally antagonistic to the faith8 ,the establishment and support of such papers is not hard1 and the financial difficulties which stand in the way of the larger papers for the larger cities are not to be here encountered4 ,wherever the matter of the establishment of such papers has been rightly taken in hand1 it has proved successful4 ,if the clergy only take the matter under advisement1 they will find those willing and able to carry the matter through4 ,it is not a very hard matter to purchase a press and find subscribers in such places4 ,a feature which will contribute not a little to aid in the matter is the finding of the proper person to carry the papers around and to canvass for subscribers and advertisements4 ,by being thus practical1 ,catholic men have established ,catholic papers in localities where one might have despaired of ever establishing them2 and not only have they been established1 but they have succeeded4 ,no matter what the condition of our press1 it is far from being in a state to despair of4 ,oh6 if the children of light were only as wise as the children of the world1 we should witness wonders4 ,it is true that evil makes its way in this world better than goodness does2 but it is also true that goodness does not prosper1 because those who represent it take the matter too lightly1 or do not go about it as they should4 ,more is often done for the worst cause than men are willing to do or to sacrifice for the best4 ,a great deal has of late years been done for the local press1 and we sincerely hope that a great deal more will be done and more universally1 and need requires us not only to pray1 but to act and make sacrifices4 ,other proposals were made at the general meeting to carry out projects1 which of course the general meeting itself could neither undertake nor perfect1 as1 for instance1 the furtherance of this or that literary undertaking2 yet these proposals are not without their use4 ,they suggest something or call attention to something already existing4 ,thus1 at the present general meeting the establishment of a journal as the organ for the various associations of young ,catholics was recommended4 ,the proposer of the resolution was informed that there already existed a journal of that character1 and a very good one2 that it was published by the associations of young ,catholics in ,austria1 and edited in a very able manner1 under the name of the ,bund in ,vienna2 and the general meeting1 therefore1 recommended it for the purpose named4 ,many other things relating to the press were touched upon4 ,we feel assured that the general meeting has done much for the ,catholic press of the whole country4 ,we pass over many things bearing on ,catholic charity1 which ever engages anew the attention of the general meeting4 ,we can only mention that the members of ,st4 ,vincent's ,association held a special meeting4 ,may the blessing of ,god1 which has never failed the ,catholic ,congress1 bless their efforts of this year6 ,,fleurange4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,craven1 ,,author ,,of 8,a ,,sister',s ,,story40 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,french1 ,,with ,,permission4 ,,part ,,first4 ,,the ,,old ,,mansion4 ,,vii4 ,fleurange's education did not allow her to yield to her feelings without bringing herself to an account for them1 and it was surprising she had thus unresistingly allowed herself to be swayed so long by a vague and unreasonable preoccupation4 ,and could there be one more so than this about an unknown person--a stranger she had only had a glimpse of1 with whom she had not exchanged a single word1 and whom she would probably never behold again8 ,this was the third time she had heard him spoken of since the day she saw him in her father's studio1 and each time she felt agitated and disturbed4 ,when questioned by ,dr4 ,leblanc1 her first emotion was overpowered by surprise1 and especially by the sad remembrances awakened4 ,afterwards1 when ,julian ,steinberg mentioned ,count ,george at the ,christmas dinner1 his name gave her a thrill1 but she attributed this keen sensation to a natural interest in the hitherto unknown individual who purchased the picture which had played so important a rle in her life4 ,but this time the quickened pulsations of her heart and the ardent curiosity with which she listened to every word that was uttered were succeeded by a prolonged reverie which almost merited the name of madness4 8,yes1 ,julian was right6 ,that is really what he looks like60 she exclaimed aloud4 ,and every hero with whom history1 poetry1 or old legends had peopled her imagination1 passed one by one before her1 but always under the same form4 ,then1 as there is no hero without heroic feats1 and no heroism without combats and perils1 a series of terrible events succeeded each other in her waking dream--battles1 shipwrecks1 desperate enterprises1 and dangers of all kinds1 in which the same person was the chief actor1 and in all these phantasmagoric adventures she saw herself enacting an inexplicable and indistinct part4 ,a whole hour passed thus1 but the declining day recalled a habit contracted in childhood which changed the current of her thoughts and brought her to herself4 ,it was sunset--in ,italy1 the hour of the ,ave ,maria4 ,fleurange never forgot it4 ,every evening at that hour1 a short prayer rose from her heart to her lips4 ,every one is aware of the power of association4 ,we have all felt the influence of a tone1 a flower1 a perfume1 and even things more trifling1 in recalling a host of remembrances of which no one else could see the connection4 ,what a natural and touching thought1 then1 to associate a holy memory with the hour that links day with night6--the hour of twilight1 when the dazzling sunlight is fading away1 work is suspended1 and propitious leisure brings on long1 sweet1 and sometimes dangerous reveries6 ,in such a case1 it is not surprising the evening star becomes a safeguard4 ,has not the effect it had on ,fleurange been experienced a thousand times by others8 ,a sudden clearness of perception1 strength to prevail over all earthly phantoms1 an aspiration towards heaven1 an instantaneous revival of early impressions1 an influx of salutary thoughts dispelling the confused1 illusory ideas floating in her mind--such was the effect now produced by the remembrance indissolubly associated with that evening hour4 ,she resolutely got up4 ,her attitude1 that had been languishing1 her look lost in space1 were now transformed4 ,she awoke to a sense of duty1 and the feeling was not a transient one4 ,what was this madness that had overpowered her8 ,putting this question to herself brought a blush of confusion to her face1 and made her resolve to resist and overcome reveries so vain and absurd4 ,and to this end she would cut them short4 ,she reopened her note-book1 and began by tearing out the page on which was the name but just written2 then1 with no further examination of her thoughts1 even for the purpose of self-reproach1 which would have been another way of prolonging them1 she seated herself at her table1 and took up a volume of ,dante which lay there4 ,she had promised ,clement to mark some passages of the canto they read together the evening before1 and to add some notes from her own memory4 ,she at once set herself to work1 and endeavored to give her whole mind to the occupation4 ,it is often easier1 we all know1 to abstain from an act than to repress a thought4 ,perhaps the volition is at fault in the latter case2 but ,fleurange was so firmly resolved to obtain a victory of this kind that1 at the end of half an hour's effort to keep her mind on her work1 she thought herself successful4 ,she would have been more sure of herself had she foreseen all that was so soon to come to her aid1 and banish from her mind for a long time all vain illusions1 vague reveries1 and especially all exclusive self-preoccupation4 ,it was quite dark when she rose from the table4 ,she heard the clock strike1 and felt ashamed of remaining so long in her room by herself1 at a time she should have been unusually attentive to others4 ,this was the last evening ,clara would spend at home previous to her marriage1 and it ended a period of unalloyed happiness in the ,old ,mansion4 ,one place in the family was about to be vacated1 a beloved form disappear1 a cherished one cease to make part of their daily life4 ,they would probably see each other again1 but it would not be as before4 ,the happiness of her who was to leave them would change its nature1 but even her mother hoped she would be so happy as never to regret the paternal roof4 ,clara's smiling face was grave and tearful to-day1 as her tender glances wandered from her parents to her brothers and sisters1 and lingered lovingly on the old walls she was about to leave4 ,julian was terrified by her melancholy appearance1 but felt reassured when ,clara1 smiling and weeping at the same time1 said to him navely3 8,julian1 it is you that ,i love6 ,to-morrow ,i shall leave them all for you1 and ,i truly feel ,i never could give you up for them4 ,is not this enough80 8,no4 ,if ,i do not see you calm and full of trust1 ,i shall not enjoy my happiness40 8,my trust in you is boundless40 8,and yet you tremble1 and your eyes are turned away40 8,because the unknown happiness of a new life makes me anxious1 and terrifies me in spite of myself4--,i tremble1 ,i acknowledge1 but ,i do not hesitate4 ,i am afraid1 but ,i wish to be yours1 and no fear would induce me to resume the past or repulse the future--for the future is you60 ,it may surprise some to learn that this young girl1 in speaking to her betrothed of their approaching union1 expressed unawares the sentiments death inspires in those souls whose love extends beyond the grave1 and who1 triumphing over their weakness and limited knowledge1 ardently long1 in spite of their fears1 for the eternal union that awaits them4 ,one of these beings1 holy and gifted1 being asked1 as her life was ebbing away1 what impression the prospect of death made on her1 hesitated1 and then replied3 8,the impression that the thought of marriage produces on a young girl who loves1 and yet trembles--who fears union1 but desires it40 ,fleurange1 when she left her chamber1 went down to the gallery1 where she expected to find her cousins1 but it was empty4 ,the preparations for the morrow caused an unusual disorder throughout the house1 generally so quiet and well-ordered4 ,clara was doubtless with her mother1 but where was ,hilda8 ,the latter1 she knew1 would have another sad farewell to utter the following day1 and she reproached herself for having so long lost sight of this fact4 ,she passed through the gallery and opened the door of the library1 where she found her whom she was seeking4 ,ludwig ,dornthal and ,hansfelt were talking together1 and near them ,hilda1 mute1 pale1 and motionless1 was listening1 without taking any part in the conversation that was going on before her4 ,hansfelt was talking to this friend of his departure1 and spoke as one who was never to return4 ,he was apparently thinking of nothing but their long friendship1 their youth passed together1 and the end of their companionship1 but his accents were profoundly melancholy1 and all the harmony of his soul seemed disturbed4 ,ludwig1 however1 was extremely agitated1 and1 while replying to his friend1 looked attentively and anxiously1 from time to time1 at his daughter4 ,fleurange softly approached her2 ,hilda's cold hand returned her pressure4 8,i am glad you have come10 she said in a low tone1 8very glad40 ,fleurange did not venture to make any reply1 and scarcely looked at her1 for fear of increasing her emotion by appearing to observe it4 ,seeing an open jewel-case lying on the table1 she exclaimed--glad to find something to say3 8,what a beautiful bracelet60 8,it is a wedding present ,hansfelt has just brought ,clara10 said the professor4 8,yes1 a wedding present1 and a parting gift which ,ludwig has allowed me to offer one of his daughters10 said ,hansfelt4 8,as for the other10 continued he in a troubled tone1 8the time for her wedding presents will doubtless soon come also1 but the time for a parting gift has already arrived4 ,ludwig1 in memory of the pleasant years during which ,i have seen her grow up1 and as a souvenir of this last day1 will you allow me to give ,hilda this ring80 ,the professor made no reply4 ,hansfelt continued3 8,in truth1 a departure like mine is so much like death1 that it gives me a similar liberty to say anything4 ,hilda1 why should ,i not acknowledge it to you now in his presence8 ,it will do no harm4 ,well1 you shall know1 then1 that the old poet1 whose forehead is more wrinkled than your father's1 would perhaps be foolish enough to forget his age were he to remain near you4 ,it is therefore well for him to go40 ,he took the young girl's icy hand in his4 8,if he were younger10 he continued1 forcing himself to smile1 8he might perhaps obtain the right to give you a different ring than this40--,he stopped alarmed4 ,hilda's face had become frightfully pale1 and she leaned her head against ,fleurange's shoulder4 ,she seemed ready to faint4 8,hilda1 good heavens60 8,zounds1 ,karl10 cried the professor1 rising abruptly4 8,you try my patience at last4 ,where are your wits80 8,ludwig60 8,yes1 where1 if you cannot see that you are yet young enough to force me to give you my daughter1 if ,i would not behold her die with grief80 8,ludwig60 repeated ,hansfelt1 quite beside himself4 8,of course ,i am displeased with her for her folly1 and ,i am angry with you too1 but ,i suppose ,i must forgive you both because--because she loves you40 8,beware1 beware6 ,ludwig10 said ,hansfelt1 growing pale4 8,there are hopes that prove fatal when blasted60 8,come1 now1 you must not die yet1 nor she either60 ,then he tenderly folded his daughter in his arms1 and1 as she opened her eyes and looked around in confusion1 he said in a low tone3 8,hilda1 my child1 ,i give my consent4 ,may you be as happy as you desire4 ,you have your father's blessing4--,come1 now10 said he to ,fleurange1 8let us go to your aunt1 and leave them to make their own disclosures40 ,,viii4 ,madame ,dornthal was affected but not surprised at hearing what had just taken place4 ,she had never been deceived as to her daughter's sentiments1 and for a long time had endeavored to open her husband's eyes4 ,but he was incredulous1 and persisted in declaring it was impossible for his friend1 his contemporary1 his 8old ,karl10 even to win the heart of a girl of twenty4 8,it is a mere fancy1 which will pass away as soon as she meets a man of her own age who is worthy of her10 he obstinately repeated4 8,perhaps so1 but that is the difficulty10 replied the sagacious1 clear-sighted mother4 8,between you and ,hansfelt1 ,hilda has become accustomed to live in a rarer atmosphere than generally surrounds youth4 ,whether this is fortunate or unfortunate1 ,i know not2 but as long as ,i perceive only pure and noble sentiments in her heart1 which ,i read like an open page1 ,i do not feel ,i have a right to oppose them4 ,believe me1 we must not think too much of our children's happiness1 and1 above all1 we must not plan for them to be happy according to our notions4 ,the important thing1 after all1 is not for them to be as happy as possible1 but to fully develop their worth4 ,let their souls1 confided to us1 bear all the fruit of which they are capable4 ,is not this the chief thing1 ,ludwig80 ,the more worthy one is to hear such language1 the less easy it is to reply1 and this conversation1 which took place the evening before1 made ,ludwig waver at the interview in the library1 and drew from him unawares his consent4 8,we shall now lose them both10 said the professor sadly4 8,i should rather see them happy1 as we are1 than happy for our benefit10 courageously replied his wife1 with a greater effort than she wished to appear4 ,all misunderstanding being now cleared away1 and the consent of every one obtained1 it was at once decided that ,hansfelt's departure should be delayed a fortnight1 and at the end of that time he should go1 but not alone6 ,the last evening the two sisters spent together under the paternal roof became therefore1 doubly memorable2 but they were all calmer than might have been expected4 ,the professor1 in spite of the suggestions of his reason1 in spite of the evident wisdom of his opinion and opposition1 could not look at his daughter without feeling that the profound and tranquil joy which beamed from her eyes was permanent and satisfying1 and the reflection of that joy on ,hansfelt's inspired brow and softened look involuntarily showed the secret of her affection for him4 8,well1 my venerable ,karl1 it must be acknowledged you look quite youthful to-night60 8,how could it be otherwise8 ,i was withering away1 and now my freshness has returned2 my life seemed hopeless1 and now it is lit up4 ,this resurrection1 this new existence1 is like the restoration of youth1 and1 more than that1 it elevates and ennobles4 ,if noblesse oblige1 so does happiness1 and what would ,i not do now to merit mine80 ,the following day1 the bright sun cast a brilliancy around the form of the young bride1 which was declared a lucky omen1 in addition to many others carefully noted by the superstitious affection of those who surrounded her4 ,the ,mansion1 as we have said1 was very near the church1 and the wedding procession was made on foot1 to the great satisfaction of those who composed it1 as well as of the curious spectators4 ,clara1 crowned with myrtle and clad in white1 was as lovely a bride as one could wish to see1 but there was no less admiration for the two young girls who1 followed by several others1 two by two1 walked immediately behind4 ,it will be guessed they were ,hilda1 whose beauty was now radiant1 and ,fleurange1 whose black hair and general appearance distinguished her from the rest4 ,the latter1 as she passed along1 might have noticed more than one look1 and heard more than one word1 calculated to satisfy her vanity1 but she was wholly occupied in observing all the details of the wedding array which surrounded her for the first time in her life4 ,they found a great crowd in church1 and as the cortge slowly approached the altar1 ,fleurange1 casting her eyes around1 suddenly met a friendly look1 accompanied by a respectful salutation4 ,she bowed slightly in return1 but without recognizing the person who saluted her1 though his face was familiar4 ,nor did she know the fresh young woman leaning on his arm4 ,a few steps further on1 and she recalled her travelling companion1 and ,wilhelm1 her husband1 who was her uncle's clerk4 ,it was he1 she felt sure1 and she eagerly turned to look at him4 ,she even stopped4 ,at that moment she heard ,felix ,dornthal's name mentioned1 followed by these words3 8,they say that is his intended who has just passed by40 ,fleurange felt they were speaking of her1 and she blushed with displeasure4 ,then she heard ,wilhelm's reply3 8,would it might be so6 ,she might1 perhaps1 yet save him from--0 ,the rest escaped her as she was borne along by the throng4 ,she did not see ,wilhelm or his wife again1 and for the present thought no more of this incident4 ,the ceremony1 the return1 and the wedding dinner1 all passed off with joyful simplicity4 ,at the end of the repast1 ,clara took off her myrtle wreath1 and divided it among her young companions1 wishing that they too1 in their turn1 might find good husbands1 and a happiness equal to her own4 ,it was ,hilda who was first honored in this distribution4 ,this signified she would be married before the rest4 ,she took the myrtle from her sister's hand without any embarrassment1 as if she were not ashamed to let others see she joyfully accepted the offering1 and regarded it as more than a mere omen4 ,after ,hilda1 came ,fleurange1 and then all the others down to little ,frida1 who had joined them with several other companions of her age4 8,in your turn1 ,gabrielle60 said ,hilda1 as ,fleurange fastened the sprig of myrtle in her belt4 8,your turn will soon come also to wear this crown40 ,fleurange shook her head1 and replied with a seriousness she herself could not have accounted for3 8,that day will never come for me--no1 never60 8,why do you say so80 said ,hilda1 astonished4 8,i do not know40 ,and then she laughed4 ,an hour after1 she perceived the myrtle had fallen from her belt4 ,she searched for it1 having been charged by her cousin to wear it the remainder of the day1 but she could not find it4 ,at nightfall the newly married couple left the ,old ,mansion1 escorted over the threshold and down the steps by all the family1 who1 with kind wishes and congratulations1 there bade them adieu with more affection than sadness1 for they were not to be widely separated1 or for any great length of time4 ,clara's father and mother accompanied her to her new home4 ,it was a modest1 pleasant house in one of the faubourgs of the city1 which ,julian1 with loving interest1 had been preparing more than a year for her who was now to take possession of it4 ,her parents took leave of her at the threshold4 ,madame ,dornthal embraced her daughter1 and1 while clasping her in her arms1 said3 8,remember you are now beginning a new life4 ,continue to give us our share of your affection2 but let nothing henceforth prevail over the love which is now your duty40 8,i shall merit a severe penalty10 said ,julian1 8if this duty ever becomes a burden--if she ever regrets the day she joined her lot to mine40 ,the father and mother stood looking at them a moment as they paused at the entrance of the house4 ,they observed the moved and respectful look of the bridegroom4 ,they saw1 too1 the confiding glance of the bride amid her tears1 and they left them without fear under the protection of ,god6 ,on their way homeward1 the poor father1 breaking the long silence1 said3 8,years hence1 when she in her turn is separated from a child1 she will understand all we have suffered to-day60 8,yes1 my ,ludwig10 said ,madame ,dornthal1 wiping away her tears2 8and ,heaven grant she may then have1 like us1 a stronger feeling in her heart than that of grief1 which will enable her to bear it60 ,they pressed each other's hands4 ,never1 even in the brightest days of their youth1 had this old couple felt so tenderly1 so closely united6 ,they found the ,old ,mansion brilliantly lighted up4 ,the gallery and library1 illuminated and ornamented with flowers and wreaths1 were filled not only by the customary friends and relatives1 but the two brothers' whole circle of acquaintance in the city4 ,it was the custom at that time to end the wedding day with a soire1 but a delicate sentiment forbade the newly-married pair taking a part in the festivities1 their happiness being considered too profound1 too concentrated1 to enjoy the noisy gaiety4 ,but here1 the unrestrained gaiety was natural1 infectious1 and wholly exempt from an ingredient too often found in the corrupting influences of society--a sad and fatal ingredient1 which inspires ill-toned pleasantries whose effect is to excite smiles and blushes1 and a gaiety as different from the other as the laughter of fiends from the smiles of angels6 ,the gaiety here did not profane by a word1 a glance1 or even a smile1 the end of the day which had witnessed a ,christian espousal4 ,felix ,dornthal himself seemed less disposed to jest than usual4 ,he was even grave1 absent-minded1 and gloomy to such a degree as to excite attention in the morning at church1 where he arrived late1 and at the wedding dinner1 where1 appointed to propose the health of the newly married pair1 he acquitted himself of the duty with ease1 but only to resume afterwards a complete silence4 ,family festivals were doubtless little to his taste1 and perhaps it was ennui that produced so gloomy an aspect4 ,such1 at least1 was the supposition of his cousins1 who1 after declaring him disagreeable1 left him to himself4 ,he disappeared at the end of the repast1 and now in these crowded rooms he alone was wanting4 ,his absence1 noticed by several persons1 greatly excited his father's impatience1 who1 to-day more than ever1 ardently desired to witness before he died the marriage of his son4 ,illness had brought on the irritability of old age1 and ,heinrich ,dornthal could no longer bear contradiction4 8,where can he be80 repeated he for the tenth time to his neighbor1 who1 with his look fastened on the door1 seemed to share the uneasy expectation of the banker4 ,at that instant ,fleurange passed by4 ,she stopped as she saw ,wilhelm ,mller again1 at her uncle's side4 ,this time she recognized him at once1 and1 with the natural grace that gave a charm to her every movement1 she approached and renewed her acquaintance with him4 ,she learned in a few words that he had been absent1 that his wife was restored to health1 and had not forgotten her4 ,fleurange1 in return1 sent her many affectionate messages4 ,then she passed on1 while her uncle1 gazing at her1 felt an increased regret1 which she was as far from imagining as sympathizing with4 ,the piano was open4 ,several pieces had already been played with great success1 and now all the younger members of the party were seized with the unanimous desire of dancing1 which is so contagious1 and in youth often a kind of necessary manifestation of joyousness4 ,the ,germans are all musicians1 and ,clement excelled4 ,he at once divined the general feeling1 and seized his violin4 ,hilda seated herself at the piano4 ,hansfelt took his place at her side1 and the gaiety she fully participated in did not inspire her1 like the rest1 to leave her place4 ,she was1 therefore1 in the best mood possible to acquit herself of the rle which ,clement with a glance assigned her in this improvised orchestra4 ,the brother and sister struck up a waltz1 and played with that skill1 perfect time1 and particular animation which1 like the waltz itself1 is peculiar to the ,german nation4 ,in an instant there was universal animation4 ,fleurange had occasionally danced with her cousins in the winter evenings1 but she had never experienced1 as on this occasion1 the inspiriting effect of so much liveliness and so general an impulse4 ,she involuntarily rose up with a desire to take a part in it1 and at that very moment she heard these words addressed her3 8,will you favor me with this waltz80--an invitation so in accordance with the wish of the moment that she replied in the affirmative1 and left the place before realizing it was her cousin ,felix who was her partner4 ,they danced around twice4 ,poor ,heinrich ,dornthal saw them sweep by1 and uttered a joyful exclamation--the last that a feeling of hope or of paternal joy would ever draw from him again in this world6 ,felix conducted ,fleurange back to her seat4 ,she was breathless1 pale1 and annoyed4 ,while waltzing1 he had uttered words she wished had never been said4 ,scarcely seated1 her first impulse was to leave the spot where he stood1 and even the room1 but she could not4 ,felix's hand1 placed on hers1 forced her to sit down again4 ,then ,fleurange rose above her embarrassment4 ,she comprehended that the time had come to be firm1 calm1 and decided--not a difficult thing when the heart and the will are perfectly in accord4 ,that was the case in this instance1 and ,fleurange almost coolly awaited what her cousin had to say4 8,i only beseech you for one word1 ,gabrielle10 said ,felix1 with more emotion and respect than usual--8one word1 and1 if you understood me1 an answer40 8,i heard you10 said ,fleurange4 8,and understood80 8,yes2 and with regret1 ,felix40 8,tell me plainly1 ,gabrielle1 do you understand that ,i love you80 ,fleurange blushed and made no reply4 8,that ,i love you to such a degree1 my happiness1 my future prospects1 and my life are in your hands80 continued he vehemently4 8,and this is true1 literally true40 ,fleurange frowned4 8,do you wish to frighten me80 she said coldly1 turning her large eyes toward him4 8,no2 ,i have told you the truth without thinking ,i could frighten you2 but1 since you ask the question1 here is my sincere reply3 ,only promise to accept my hand1 promise it through fear or love1 terror or joy1 ,i will be satisfied1 and ask for no more40 8,then10 said ,fleurange slowly1 8it is all the same to you whether ,i esteem or despise you1 love or detest80 8,no woman can for ever detest a man who endeavors to win her love--when that man is her husband1 and could be her master1 but only wishes to be her slave40 8,there is great fatuity in your humility1 ,felix2 but you are frank1 and ,i wish to be so too4 ,i shall never--mark my words--never be your wife60 ,felix turned pale1 and his face assumed a frightful expression4 8,take more time1 ,gabrielle10 said he--8take more time to think of it4 ,but1 first1 listen to me4 ,i am going to say something that may touch you more than a threat or a declaration--0 ,he stopped an instant and then continued3 8,if you saw a man on the edge of a precipice1 would you stretch forth a hand to save him80 8,what do you mean80 said ,fleurange1 affected in spite of herself1 and suddenly recalling the words she heard that morning in the church4 8,i ask if you would put out your hand to aid a man in such peril80 ,he had1 in truth1 found the means of making her hesitate1 but it was only for a moment4 8,you are speaking figuratively1 ,i suppose10 said she at length2 8and it is a question of a soul in peril1 is it not80 8,a soul in peril8 ,yes10 replied ,felix1 with a bitter smile4 8,well1 ,i tell you1 in a danger of this kind1 ,i would offer no assistance that would inevitably lead to my own destruction40 ,felix rose3 8,and is this your final decision80 8,yes1 ,felix1 a decision unhesitatingly made1 but not without sorrow1 if it afflicts you40 ,his only reply was a loud laugh which made ,fleurange shudder4 ,she turned towards him1 but there was no longer in his look the respect1 or the sadness1 or the emotion he had so recently shown4 ,his face had resumed its habitual expression of irony and proud assurance4 8,i thank you for your frankness1 cousin4 ,that is a trait ,i trust you will retain4 ,it somewhat detracts from the charm you are endowed with1 but it will preserve you from some of the dangers to which your eloquent glances expose you4 ,adieu60 8,felix1 give me your hand as a token you bear me no ill-will10 said ,fleurange softly4 8,ill-will80 replied ,felix4 8,oh6 be assured ,i am too good a player not to bear bad luck cheerfully4 ,besides1 one is not always1 and in everything1 unfortunate4 ,certain defeats1 they say1 are pledges of victory4 ,come1 ,gabrielle1 forget it all4 ,give me your hand1 and wish me good luck40 ,before ,fleurange could make any reply1 he was gone4 ,this conversation had been so rapid that the waltz was not yet ended4 ,the noise1 motion1 and music1 added to ,fleurange's agitation1 made her dizzy4 ,she went to an open window near the piano4 ,at that moment the music ceased1 and all resumed their places4 ,fleurange found herself nearly alone4 ,clement was still near1 and1 observing her1 quickly laid down the violin he held in his hand4 8,you are very pale4 ,are you ill80 8,no1 no1 let me go out4 ,i only wish to take the air a moment40 ,clement cast a rapid glance around the room1 and then followed her into the garden3 8,you were dancing just now80 8,yes1 and ,i did wrong40 8,your partner left you before the waltz was over80 8,yes40 ,clement remained thoughtful a few moments1 and then said3 8,gabrielle1 pardon me if ,i am indiscreet1 but ,i wish ,i dared ask you one question40 8,what a preamble6 ,did we not agree to speak freely to each other80 8,well1 will you tell me why ,felix went away80 8,yes1 ,clement1 and ,i think you will be surprised4 ,he asked me to marry him4 ,what do you think of that80 8,and you gave him his answer80 8,assuredly4 ,i said no1 without hesitating40 ,clement started so abruptly that ,fleurange looked at him with surprise4 ,she saw an expression of joy on his countenance which he could not conceal4 8,i see you are no fonder than ,i of our cousin10 she said1 8and are delighted with his ill-success40 8,delighted8 ,no4 ,were he my worst enemy1 ,i should pity him at such a moment2 but ,i am very glad of--glad of--0 ,clement hesitated1 contrary to his usual practice1 which was to go straight to the point4 8,i am very glad of a decision10 said he at length1 8which will dispense me from ever speaking of him again to you40 8,what would you have done if ,i had accepted him80 8,what ,i am glad not to be obliged to do40 8,now you are talking enigmatically in your turn40 8,no2 enigmas are intended to be guessed1 and ,i beg you to forget what ,i have just said40 ,it is uncertain what answer ,fleurange was about to make ,clement1 who was less candid than usual1 and therefore provoking1 but at that instant she noticed a sprig of myrtle in the button-hole of his coat4 8,what6 you with myrtle80 she said4 8,i thought it was only worn by young maidens on such a day40 ,clement blushed1 and snatched the myrtle from his coat3 8,it is yours1 ,gabrielle4 ,pardon me4 ,i saw it fall from your girdle1 and picked it up40 8,mine8 ,indeed60 8,yes2 here1 take it1 unless10 said he1 hesitating a little--8unless you will consent to give it back to me40 8,very willingly1 ,clement2 keep it as a gift from me4 ,it is a good omen1 they say1 predicting a fair bride when your turn comes40 ,clement replaced the myrtle in his coat1 and gravely said3 8,that day will never come for me2 no1 never60 8,never2 no1 never6 ,oh6 how strange60 cried ,fleurange1 in a tone that surprised ,clement4 8,what is it80 8,nothing40 ,what struck her as strange was that ,clement1 propos of this piece of myrtle1 had1 without being aware of it1 uttered precisely the same words she herself had said some hours before4 ,on the whole1 this soire she found so pleasant at its commencement1 ended in a painful manner4 ,she returned to her chamber less cheerful than she left it1 but with the satisfaction of feeling she had had no difficulty throughout the day in banishing from her mind the fantastic image she had formed the evening before of ,count ,george4 ,,ix4 ,more than a fortnight had elapsed4 ,hilda was married and gone from the paternal roof4 ,clara and her husband were on their way to ,italy1 where they intended to remain till spring4 ,those who remained in the ,old ,mansion were suffering from the reaction that always follows the confusion and agitation of any event however pleasant--a reaction always depressing even when there is no real sadness in the heart4 ,but this was not exactly the case with ,fleurange4 ,her cousins were both married and happy4 ,she loved them too sincerely not to rejoice at this1 but it was not the less true that the house seemed to have grown more spacious1 the table around which they gathered enlarged1 the library immense1 and the garden deserted4 ,the least to be pitied was ,fritz1 who still had his brother1 and was not so much affected by the change2 but little ,frida mourned for her sisters1 and clung more than ever to ,fleurange1 whose talent for amusing and diverting children was again brought into exercise4 ,fleurange1 on her part1 greatly appreciated this distraction as a benefit4 ,the child seldom left her cousin's room1 and they became almost inseparable4 ,one day1 while there as usual1 ,fleurange singing a long ballad in a low tone1 and ,frida listening with her head against her cousin's shoulder1 a knock at the door made them both start4 ,and yet it was but a slight rap1 that gave no cause for the alarm with which she put the child down and hastily ran to the door4 ,she found her kind of presentiment justified4 ,it was ,wilhelm ,mller1 ,heinrich ,dornthal's clerk1 who knocked4 ,it was quite evident from the expression of his countenance and his agitated manner1 as well as his unexpected appearance at such an hour1 that something unusually sad had occurred4 8,excuse me1 mademoiselle10 he said hurriedly4 8,i was not looking for you2 but ,m4 ,clement has gone out1 and the professor also1 they tell me4 ,do you know where they are to be found80 8,i do not know where ,clement is1 but my uncle and aunt are gone to ,m4 ,steinberg's4 ,they have charge of the garden during his absence40 8,steinberg's6 ,it would take more than an hour to go there4 ,what is to be done6 ,what is to be done60 8,what has happened1 ,monsieur ,wilhelm8 ,for pity's sake1 tell me what misfortune has occurred40 8,misfortune60 he replied1 after a moment's hesitation4 8,ah6 yes1 mademoiselle1 a great misfortune has befallen us--but ,i cannot stop an instant4 ,pray send for ,m4 ,ludwig with all possible speed1 and tell him his brother--his brother is dying60 8,dying60 cried ,fleurange4 8,uncle ,heinrich6 ,oh6 take me to see him while they are gone for his brother40 8,no1 no1 mademoiselle1 you must not go4 ,i cannot consent to it40 ,fleurange insisted1 and had already left her room when she met ,clement1 who had just returned1 and heard his uncle's clerk was in search of him4 8,uncle ,heinrich is dying60 exclaimed ,fleurange1 before he could ask a question4 8,let us go to him instantly1 ,clement1 while they are gone for your parents40 ,and she drew him toward the stairs4 ,meanwhile1 ,wilhelm approached and whispered a few words in ,clement's ear4 ,the latter turned pale1 but1 instantly surmounting his violent emotion1 he took ,fleurange by the hand4 8,remain here10 he said4 8,you must not go4 ,believe me1 you must not4 ,when it is suitable1 ,i will come for you40 ,and he led her back kindly1 but firmly1 into her chamber1 and then went out1 closing the door behind him4 ,in less than two minutes the street door was heard to shut in its turn4 ,fleurange was left alone1 or1 at least1 with only little ,frida1 who1 frightened1 was crying4 ,she tried to soothe her1 endeavoring at the same time to be calm herself1 and patiently bear the torture of waiting anxiously1 without the power of action4 ,it was about five o'clock when ,wilhelm came to her door1 and of course still light1 as it was summer4 ,but day declined1 and night came on1 finding ,fleurange still waiting4 ,frida1 after crying a long time1 had gone to sleep in her arms4 ,fleurange1 in spite of her usual activity1 wished to remain where she was1 that ,clement might find her at once when he returned4 ,she heard him order the carriage as he went out1 and knew he had sent for his father and mother4 ,she looked at the clock1 and counted the hours4 ,not a third of the time was required to go to the faubourg1 and yet they had not returned4 ,they had evidently gone directly to the dying man's house4 ,and what was now taking place there8 ,why had ,clement dissuaded her from going8 ,she joined her hands in silent prayer3 then began to listen again with a feverish and ever-increasing anxiety4 ,at last she heard the rumbling of a carriage4 ,she softly placed the sleeping child on the bed1 and was about to go down-stairs to meet her uncle and aunt1 whom she supposed to have arrived4 ,but before she had time1 she heard ,clement ascending the stairs in great haste4 ,an instant more and he opened the door4 ,before she could ask the question on her lips1 he said3 8,gabrielle1 poor ,uncle ,heinrich is no more60 ,then he added after a moment's silence3 8,a dreadful shock caused his instantaneous death40 8,ah6 my heart told me ,i should hear sad news40 8,yes1 sad indeed10 said ,clement4 ,and in spite of himself he seemed for a moment suffocated by an emotion too violent to be surmounted4 ,fleurange looked at him4 ,there was something besides the shock and grief caused by this sudden death4 8,clement1 what else has happened8 ,tell me everything4 ,tell me at once1 ,i implore you60 8,yes1 ,gabrielle10 he said1 making an effort to command his voice1 usually so firm and mild4 8,yes1 ,i am going to tell you everything4 ,i came on purpose to spare my poor father and mother this additional pain4 ,listen1 or1 rather1 read this yourself60 ,fleurange with a trembling hand took the letter he offered her1 and read as follows3 8,,father3 ,i have abused your confidence4 ,your name1 which you allowed me to make use of1 has hitherto enabled me to conceal my losses4 ,with the hope of repairing them1 ,i rashly aimed at an immense prize which chance seemed to offer me4 ,had ,i obtained it1 all would have been saved4 ,i have been unsuccessful4 ,ruin has fallen not only on us1 but on all whose property is in our hands4 ,farewell1 father1 you will never see me again4 ,do not be afraid of my taking my own life4 ,that would only be another base act4 ,but there are lands where they who seek death can find it4 ,i hope to have that good luck4 ,may ,i speedily expiate what ,i can never repair6 8,,felix40 ,fleurange silently clasped her hands4 ,pity mingled with the repugnance1 now so well justified1 with which ,felix had always inspired her1 and she could not utter a word4 ,clement continued3 8,this letter1 imprudently given to my unhappy uncle this morning1 immediately brought on one of the attacks to which he was liable1 and which 7perhaps happily for him7 has proved fatal4 ,he had not time to realize the blow that had befallen him40 ,fleurange herself hardly comprehended its extent4 8,but where is ,felix1 then80 she said at length4 8,he has been gone a fortnight40 8,a fortnight60 she exclaimed1 with a painful remembrance of their last interview4 8,he left the day after the soire at the time of ,clara's marriage40 8,that evening10 she said with emotion1 8he spoke of an abyss into which my hand would prevent him from falling4 ,o ,god60 she continued with the greatest agitation1 8could ,i really have saved him by consenting8 ,would the sacrifice of my life have prevented this terrible disaster80 8,no2 the great stake he made that night was his sole resource against ruin4 ,why did he talk to you in such a manner8 ,was it through madness or perversity8 ,it must have been madness1 the unfortunate fellow loved you without doubt4 ,i pity him1 but--0 ,clement hesitated and then rapidly continued3 8,listen to me1 ,gabrielle4 ,i am going to tell you something it might be better to keep to myself1 but ,i must justify myself and reassure you1 and it cannot injure him now4 ,i regarded ,felix with contempt because10 and for a moment there was a flash in ,clement's eye--8because he wished to make me as despicable as himself1 and once played the vile rle of a tempter to me who was then but a boy--because he would1 if he could1 have drawn me after him into the path which to-day has ended so fatally4 ,therefore1 cousin10 he continued with still more emotion1 8had he succeeded in winning your hand1 ,i should have felt it my duty to have warned you of his unworthiness1 of which ,i was too well aware1 for ,i have never forgotten you called me your brother4 ,but ,i was reluctant to denounce him1 and glad1 oh6 so glad1 that evening1 not to be obliged to do so--glad you were saved by your own self6 ,and if ,i tell you all this now1 it is to put an end to the fears you have just expressed40 8,and ,i am grateful to you for banishing them4 ,but1 ,clement1 tell me once more--here1 in the presence of ,god1 have ,i nothing to reproach myself with80 8,nothing1 on my honor1 ,gabrielle1 believe me60 ,clement1 as we have remarked1 possessed great firmness of character1 and a kind of premature wisdom which gave him great ascendency over others4 ,when this trait is natural1 it is manifest at an early age1 and a day often suffices for its complete development4 ,that day had arrived for ,clement1 and henceforth no one would ever dream of calling him a boy4 ,x4 ,ruin6--a word at once positive and yet extremely vague--very plain in itself1 and yet conveying the idea of a multitude of undefined consequences1 often more alarming than actual misfortune1 and sometimes suggesting chimerical hopes4 ,and it has a deeper signification when it happens to a person unaccustomed to the calculations of material life1 given up to thought and study1 and moreover delivered from the necessity of exertion through long years of prosperous ease4 ,such was the nature1 and hitherto such the position1 of ,professor ,ludwig ,dornthal4 ,of all the misfortunes in the world1 that which had now befallen him was the last he would have dreamed of1 and he was less capable of comprehending it than of supporting it courageously4 ,besides1 the word ruin may also be taken in a relative sense which mitigates its severity1 and this was the way the professor regarded it4 ,with only a faint idea of the extent of the catastrophe1 he remained inactively expectant of something to partially remedy what merely related to his finances1 being more preoccupied about his nephew's shameful flight and its fatal consequence--the death of his brother4 ,meanwhile1 ,clement1 with the aid of ,wilhelm ,mller1 examined the state of affairs with a promptitude and sagacity that greatly edified the honest and intelligent clerk who initiated him into this new business4 ,seeing him so quick of comprehension1 so firm in decision and prompt in action1 he exclaimed with despair in the midst of their frightful discoveries3 8,alas6 alas6 if your unfortunate cousin had only had your head on his shoulders60 8,my head6 ,it is not equal to his10 responded ,clement to one of his companions4 8,no1 no1 it is not that1 but something else1 he lacks4 ,why have not ,i1 on the contrary1 his capacity and wit6 ,then ,i might be capable of retrieving our fortunes1 whereas my only talent is that of knowing how to endure poverty4 ,oh6 if it threatened me alone1 how little ,i should dread it60 8,poverty60 interrupted ,wilhelm4 8,but do you not understand all ,i have explained to you80 8,with respect to my uncle's creditors80 8,yes4 ,do you not see that the principal creditor1 the first of all on the list1 is ,m4 ,ludwig ,dornthal1 whose whole fortune nearly can be saved from shipwreck80 8,yes1 on condition of the ruin of the remainder40 8,but their claims are not equal to his3 he was not his brother's partner4 ,he had only entrusted his property to him1 like so many others40 ,clement made no reply4 ,after a short silence he observed3 8,the entire renunciation of my father's property would enable us to repay all the creditors without exception1 would it not80 8,yes1 all40 8,would there not be a single debt in this case80 8,no10 replied ,wilhelm1 smiling2 8not a debt--not a penny40 ,clement again took up one of the papers on the table1 and silently read it over once more with the most profound attention4 8,yes1 it is really so10 said he rising4 8,everything is plain now4 ,i must leave you1 ,wilhelm4 ,it is after four o'clock1 and ,i am expected at home4 ,i shall see you again this evening1 and we will decide on some definite course of action40 ,this conversation took place in a lower room of the banker's house1 which had been ,wilhelm ,mller's office for many years4 ,he pressed the young man's hand1 and ,clement proceeded rapidly towards home4 ,it was their dinner hour1 and his parents were waiting for him4 ,the habits of the family had resumed their ordinary course4 ,the sad routine of life is seldom interrupted more than a day even by the most overwhelming disaster1 and this exterior regularity1 however painful a contrast to the grief that has changed everything interiorly1 helped restore calmness to the soul1 and with calmness the courage and strength to act4 ,clement was a quarter of an hour late4 ,he went directly to the dining-room1 knowing his father's punctuality4 ,as he supposed1 the family were at dinner1 and he took his place after some hasty words of apology at his entrance1 and then fell into a profound silence4 ,the fine1 spacious room in which they were was one of the pleasantest in the house4 ,rare old china lined the tagres1 and the dark panels were relieved by old portraits1 all original and of great value1 and the most celebrated part of the professor's collection4 ,the open windows commanded a view of the garden4 ,verdure refreshed the eye1 and the perfume of the flowers pervaded the room4 ,the glass and silver reflected the rays of the sun1 though there was a large awning before one of the windows4 ,an air of quiet1 opulent comfort everywhere reigned4 ,clement look around4 ,all these things1 to which he was daily accustomed1 now made a new impression on him4 ,he noticed to-day the objects he often forgot to observe1 but this examination did not have the effect of weaning him from his sad thoughts4 ,on the contrary1 it only increased them1 and ,clement was deeply plunged in gloomy reverie when he was aroused by his little sister's voice3 8,papa10 said ,frida1 8we shall start for the sea-shore in a week1 shall we not80 8,yes1 my child10 replied the professor4 8,and then we shall go to see ,hilda80 8,yes1 she expects us in a month40 8,and after that80 8,we shall return home4 ,it will be time1 ,i think1 after two months#8' absence40 ,in fact1 that was the longest time the professor had ever been absent from his cherished home4 ,these few words produced an expression of suffering on ,clement's face which he could not conceal4 ,his mother observed it and questioned him with a look4 ,but ,clement turned his eyes away1 and did not raise them again till the end of the silent meal1 though he keenly felt another look besides his mother's fastened on him4 8,clement1 ,i have something to say to you10 said his mother as soon as dinner was over4 ,he rose instantly1 and followed her into the garden1 but before leaving the room he said3 8,father1 will you allow me a few minutes#8' conversation with you afterwards8 ,i have several things to tell you40 8,yes1 my dear son1 ,i will wait for you40 ,and the professor turned towards the library1 where he always spent an hour after dinner4 8,come1 tell me everything now10 said ,madame ,dornthal1 leading the way to a bench where they could not be seen from the house4 8,yes1 mother1 dear mother1 it is to you ,i will refer a decision which my honor and my conscience tell me is required4 ,you shall decide whether we ought to evade or submit to it40 ,he began his account1 and1 while she was attentively listening without interrupting him once1 laid before her the details1 in all their reality1 of the situation in which his uncle's death and his cousin's flight had left them4 ,madame ,dornthal1 more accustomed to the practical details of life than her husband1 had not shared his illusions4 ,she was much better prepared than he for the sad consequences of a reverse of fortune1 but had been far from anticipating its extent4 ,they would be much less wealthy than before1 have some privations to endure1 and for a time be obliged to practise considerable economy2 such had been the extent of her fears4 ,but all this did not appear to so excellent a manager a trial beyond her strength4 ,during the past week she had declared1 as often as her husband1 that the loss of money was the smallest part of the misfortune that had befallen them4 ,now she realized that this loss was something real1 something almost as appalling as death1 for it involved the end of the life she had been accustomed to for twenty years--an end she must face and at once accept4 ,and she was courageous enough not to hesitate4 ,she embraced her son1 and said3 8,god be blessed for giving me a son like you6 ,yes1 dear ,clement1 yes1 you are right--a thousand times right40 8,then you agree with me1 mother1 that the ruin of the ,dornthals should not cause the ruin of any one else80 8,yes1 my child40 8,our name must remain without reproach1 and nobody in the world have a right to curse it80 8,certainly1 ,clement1 whatever be the consequence40 8,whatever be the consequence60 repeated ,clement firmly4 8,thanks1 dear mother4 ,i must leave you4 ,it is not my place1 but yours1 to inform my father40 8,yes1 ,clement1 it is my place40 ,she put back her son's thick hair1 and gazed silently at him for a moment with profound attention and emotion4 ,never had ,clement's eyes expressed more clearly than now the firmness1 integrity1 and energy of his nature4 8,no60 thought she1 8there is not among those who effect great things in the world1 and leave behind them a glorious and illustrious name1 a nobler or more courageous heart than yours1 my son6 ,god be praised6 ,your life will be blessed1 even though your worth and all the faculties you possess remain hidden and for ever unknown but to him alone60 ,such were ,madame ,dornthal's thoughts1 as she gazed with maternal fondness into her son's eyes1 but she did not give them utterance4 ,she pressed her lips once more to his brow1 and placed her hand on his head as if in benediction4 ,clement in return kissed her hand with grave and tender respect4 ,then he rose and left the garden at once1 and1 soon after1 the house4 ,he remained absent several hours4 ,it was nearly nine o'clock when he returned4 ,his mother was waiting in the entry for him1 and opened the door when he rang4 ,he was very pale1 and held a pile of papers in his hand4 8,well10 said ,madame ,dornthal1 8is everything arranged80 8,yes1 mother1 everything6 ,these papers only lack my father's signature4 ,he is willing to give it1 is he not80 8,you cannot doubt it1 ,i think40 8,no1 but my poor father was so far from supposing--0 8,yes1 that was it1 ,i did not fear any hesitation on his part1 but only the complete illusion he was under4 ,i only dreaded the effect of surprise and the shock4 ,o ,clement6 ,i know not what terror came over me from the frightful remembrance of the other day6 ,my poor ,ludwig60 ,madame ,dornthal stopped a moment to brush away her tears1 then smiled as she continued3 8,but be easy1 he knows everything now4 ,he comprehends the state of affairs1 and feels as we do4 ,it is better1 however1 that ,i alone should see him this evening4 ,give me those papers4 ,and you1 my boy1 see after your brother and sister4 ,i have not had time to think of them4 ,ah6 and ,gabrielle1 poor child1 perhaps it would be well to look for her also and tell her all4 ,we have nothing to conceal from any one1 above all from her40 ,without awaiting a reply1 ,madame ,dornthal abruptly left her son to rejoin her husband in the library1 where she remained the rest of the evening4 ,,the ,,last ,,days ,,of ,,oisin1 ,,the ,,bard4 ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,iv4 ,,oisin',s ,,question4 8,o ,patrick6 taught by him1 the ,unknown1 ,these questions answer ere ,i die3-- ,why1 when the trees at evening moan1 ,why must an old man sigh8 8,no kinsmen of my stock are they1 ,though reared was ,i in sylvan cell3 ,love-whispers once they breathed3 this day ,they mutter but #8farewell4' 8,what mean the floods8 ,of old they said1 #8,thus1 thus1 ye chiefs1 ye clans1 sweep on6' ,they whiten still their rocky bed3 ,those chiefs and clans are gone4 8,what ,power is that which daily heaves ,o'er earth's dark verge the rising sun1 ,as large1 the ,druid1 ,alph1 believes1 ,as ,tork or ,maugerton8 8,a woman once1 in youthful flower1 ,an infant laid upon my knee3 ,what was it shook my heart that hour8 ,i live--,where now is he8 8,what thing is youth1 which speeds so fast8 ,what thing is life1 which lags so long8 ,trapped1 trapped we are by age at last1 ,in a net of fraud and wrong6 8,i cheated am by ,eld--or cheat-- ,heart-young as leaves in sun that bask3 ,is that fresh heart a counterfeit1 ,or this gray shape a mask8 8,some say #8tis folly to be moved4 #8,the dog1 he dieth--why not thou8' ,they lie6 ,we loved6 ,the ill reproved6-- ,is ,oscar nothing now8 8,o ,patrick of the crosier staff1 ,the wondrous ,book1 the anthems slow6 ,if thou the riddle know'st but half1 ,help those who nothing know6 8,who made the worlds8 the ,soul8 ,man's race8 ,the man that knoweth1 he is ,man6 ,i1 once a prince1 will serve in place ,clansman of that man's clan60 ,,affirmations4 8,instead of considering the physical condition of a nation determining its moral character1 we must always regard the moral as determining1 as well as moulding and modifying1 the physical40 8,as the divine modifies the moral1 so the moral modifies the physical1 or external40 8,in education all sight has been lost of the reality which is regeneration1 and only when this is brought into the soul1 will it be fit to receive the spirit40 8,as the body grows older1 the mind grows younger1 when the will conceives with the divine will in the permanent ground40 8,christ is desirous to divorce the soul from ,satan1 and to do this he begins by making the soul uneasy40 8,there are thousands who have been taught to think from learning have yet to be taught to think from the living basis within the will that sustains the thinker40 8,know thyself is a false maxim4 ,be whole--or one--and one with thy ,lord40 8,only does the ,jesus spirit in the soul make the soul exhibit the divine essence40 ,,how ,,the ,,church ,,understands ,,and ,,upholds ,,the ,,rights ,,of ,,women4 ,,first ,,article4 ,,ages ,,of ,,martyrdom4 ,women are receiving just now1 at the hands of a certain class of agitators1 a degree of attention which may be flattering to some1 but which certainly is not only intrusive1 but unnecessary with regard to many4 ,they are told that their rights are trampled upon1 that they must assert and defend themselves1 and take their place in the great battle of life4 ,now1 these exhortations have generally been met by copious references to all the undoubted precepts of old1 which made the domestic life woman's own sphere1 and consecrated her the minister of all man's comforts4 ,this sphere of home duties is incontestably theirs2 and what is more1 while they can help man in his avocations1 man1 on the other hand1 can scarcely help them in their own4 ,but in addition to this1 their inviolable territory which they intend never to abandon1 let them boldly claim a share of man's kingdom1 and let them make good their claim4 ,people have listened to many women and to a few men on the subject of the so-called 8,women's ,rights30 let them listen with indulgence to one woman more1 who comes claiming far greater things than they dream of1 and yet showing that her claims are but long-established and real rights1 recognized1 defined1 limited1 and protected by an older code of jurisprudence1 and a longer tradition of immemorial custom1 than they have as yet been told of by the press or in the lecture-room4 ,the existence of woman is a fact3 it is equally a fact that everything that exists has some work to do in the order of the universe4 ,god himself1 in a few simple words1 stated what her work was3 8,let us make him a help like unto himself0 7,gen4 ii4 #ah74 ,the words indeed are so simple that they hardly arrest attention1 yet in them lies the whole relation of woman to man4 ,she is to be a help2 but no restrictive detail is added1 so that it is clearly open to her to help man intellectually1 religiously1 morally1 as well as domestically4 ,she is to be like unto him2 that is1 emphatically not masculine1 not a creature that is a mere copy or reproduction of himself1 but like unto him1 that is1 sufficiently like to understand him1 sufficiently unlike to love him4 ,again1 no precise relation in which she is to stand to man is defined3 she may therefore be a help as a wife1 mother1 sister1 in the domestic circle2 she may be a help as a consecrated virgin1 as an adviser1 as an intercessor1 in the religious order2 she may be a help as a governor1 a regent1 a queen1 in the political order3 lastly1 she may be a help as a friend and confidant in the social order4 ,now1 having seen that ,god distinctly gave woman a mission1 as he has to every animate and inanimate creature1 we must suppose that he has also provided her with the means of fulfilling it4 ,we look around us to see how he has done so1 and whether1 when the means were at hand1 woman used them to her own distinction and advantage4 ,in one place and under one set of circumstances alone do we find that it was so1 and this not by exception1 but by rule4 ,this place is the ,catholic ,church2 these circumstances are her laws and her history4 ,the reason why it remained for our times to form 8women's rights0 associations1 is simply that women's wrongs have1 under the influence of the ,reformation1 been so shamefully multiplied4 ,the present movement is a reaction against the ,protestant atmosphere of repression which has suffocated woman's highest aspirations for three hundred years4 ,the tribute unconsciously paid to the ,catholic ,church by the ,anglican communities of monks and sisters is a proof of the wisdom of the old church in regard to its treatment of women4 ,sensitive1 enthusiastic1 earnest souls found themselves without the outward means of satisfying their craving after a more perfect life2 others with superabundance of energy and devotion1 with the gift of tending the sick or instructing the young1 found themselves confined to the circle of their own unaided efforts and unorganized activity4 ,they hailed 8sisterhoods0 as the newly opened gates of heaven1 not knowing that sisterhoods were no new invention1 but had their source in the very beginnings of the days of which the then unwritten ,gospels became the after-history4 ,in a sermon recently delivered by one of the most popular preachers of ,new ,york1 and reported in the columns of a widely-read journal1 occur the following words1 which are a singular corroboration of what we have just said3 8,there is nothing more dangerous than an educated community with nothing to do4 ,there are thousands of educated women who do not work4444 ,i do not wonder the bold1 eagle-like natures fret in their limits and detest life1 or that the great hearts dash themselves out in waste4 ,there must be outlet for these immense forces1 or society will go on getting worse and worse to the end40 ,a few days after these words were spoken1 the following appeared in a letter referring to the attempt made by a woman to drop her vote in the ballot-box1 at the ,new ,york ,city election of the #gth of ,november1 #ahga4 ,she gives a lamentable account of woman's world1 as it has grown to be under the shade of ,protestantism4 8,the condition of involuntary servitude is favorable to the cultivation of all the vices of secrecy and deceit4 ,as women1 we have been schooled in hypocrisy and duplicity1 until our deep souls revolt against the oppression that so compels us to belie our sincere and earnest natures4 ,the most docile wife has that latent fire in her heart which only needs the air of freedom to fan into a flame4 ,many seemingly contented wives would almost risk the salvation of their souls to make their masters feel for one day the humiliation they have endured uncomplainingly for years4 ,if this is true of the favorites of fortune1 what may not be said of the great crowd of women who rush into every folly1 or are doomed to severest trial by stringent laws and the oppressive customs growing out of them--laws and customs that disfranchise them1 prescribe their pleasures1 limit their fields of labor1 and curtail their wages1 all on the plea of sex8 ,we have1 gentlemen1 very generally arrived at the knowledge that sex is a crime punishable by law40 ,the writer of this subscribes herself 8,mary ,leland10 and is1 no doubt1 a fair representative of the indignant champions of indiscriminate equality between men and women4 ,if the slumbering volcano she describes is really hidden beneath the frivolous life of ordinary women1 what a fearful responsibility lies at the door of the system whose effect it is6 ,this spirit of rebellion can only exist as a reaction against the forced inactivity of woman's mind and will1 and against the torpor induced by the delicate flattery of those who would make her a sultana1 or the brutality of those who would fain turn her into a beast of burden4 ,both alike are forms of slavery2 both alike are anti-,christian2 both are contradictions against nature1 and will inevitably bear their evil fruit4 ,since their true rights have been denied them by the spirit of the ,reformation2 since the education of their children is taken out of their hands by the state2 since nothing but a savory meal and a pleasant face are expected from them--what wonder that the displaced pendulum of their mind should sway violently aside1 and thus come in rude contact with the more arduous sphere of man8 ,but it is not our purpose to give a lecture on the abstract principles concerned in the question of the rights of women2 facts speak more loudly and more convincingly than the most eloquent arguments1 the most fascinating pleas3 we aim only at giving a few of these facts to our sisters of the present day1 and showing them how the church has ever regarded1 and has long ago settled1 the question now agitating them so painfully4 ,our only difficulty is in the mass of evidence from which to make selections1 the matter that is to serve us as a witness being simply the history of the church1 and its abundance so rich that we hesitate which of the countless examples to draw forth for the admiration of woman-kind1 and which to leave in undeserved oblivion4 ,if we take a cursory glance at the infant church on the shores of the ,lake of ,galilee1 we shall find woman already in a conspicuous and honorable position4 ,it is a remarkable fact that no nation of antiquity1 save the ,jews1 had any respect for the female sex1 beyond that which included women in the possessions of their husbands and fathers1 and consequently could make no difference between an insult to a virgin or a wife and a theft of any other precious chattel4 ,the ,jews--that is1 the people whom ,god himself guided and taught1 and whose laws were his immediate decrees--hedged in the chastity of women with the most stringent safeguards1 and defended it by the severest penalties4 ,they allowed women to inherit from their parents and perpetuate their own name1 and to be preferred before the male relations1 that is1 the brothers or nephews of their father 7,numb4 xxvii4 #h74 ,not only were the wives and daughters of the ,israelites inviolable2 their hired servants1 whether ,jew or ,gentile1 and their captives1 were equally protected from the licentiousness of man4 ,the ,old ,testament has numberless chapters consecrated to the praises of women1 and to the precepts necessary for the education of their sex4 ,in ,genesis1 chap4 xxxiv41 we find the sons of ,jacob making war upon the ,sichemites1 to revenge the insult done to their sister ,dina by the prince ,sichem2 in the ,book of ,judges1 chap4 xx41 we read of a bloody and protracted war waged by the ,israelites against one of their own tribes1 the ,benjaminites1 to revenge the ,levite's wife1 outraged by strange men in the town of ,gabaa2 in the ,second ,book of ,kings1 chap4 xiii41 we see how promptly and fearfully ,absalom resented the wrong done to his sister ,thamar by their brother ,amnon4 ,in the ,book of ,judith1 we are astounded at seeing the high and solemn eulogium pronounced upon this valiant woman4 ,she speaks to the elders of ,bethulia as one having authority1 yet1 with such humility as befits even the most highly favored servant of ,god1 she comforts them and bids them hope1 so that they acknowledge that her words are true1 and ask her to pray for them 7chap4 viii4 #bi74 ,her own prayer for guidance and success is full of wisdom1 of poetry1 of confidence in ,god and the right3 her speech to ,holofernes is conspicuous for tact1 and the heathen general himself exclaims1 8,there is not such another woman upon earth 444 in sense of words40 ,when the great deed is done and ,judith returns to the besieged city1 she sings a noble canticle1 a true poem1 full of grave beauty and deep meaning1 and we are then told how highly she was honored by the high-priest ,joachim1 who came from ,jerusalem1 with all his elders1 to see her and bless her4 ,he calls her the 8glory of ,jerusalem1 the joy of ,israel1 and the honor of the people0 7chap4 xv4 #aj71 and bestows upon her precious vessels from the spoils of the ,assyrians4 ,he does not forget to extol her chastity as intimately connected with her success2 indeed1 this praise seems to supersede the blessings with which she is hailed as a deliverer4 ,when she died1 the people publicly mourned for her seven days1 and to the time of her death it is recorded that 8she came forth with great glory on festival days40 ,this is not the only instance where we find woman in a responsible and elevated position1 surrounded by friends of high degree1 vying with each other in bestowing upon her marks of esteem and respect4 ,later on we find ,christian prelates acting the part of ,joachim to some new ,judith1 some woman distinguished for piety and virtue1 and whose influence or example is a powerful auxiliary of their own efforts4 ,reverting for a few moments to the history of the ,jews1 we see how in numberless instances women were the instruments of grace and deliverance1 how they were gifted1 and how they were esteemed4 ,instead of a marriage that was nothing but a bargain such as was in use among heathen nations1 the betrothal of ,rebecca was a most grave and solemn ceremony1 and the consent of the maiden was formally asked4 ,jacob had such a high idea of ,rachel's worth that he served her for fourteen years4 ,when the walls of ,jericho fell and the inhabitants were put to the sword1 the woman ,rahab was spared1 together with all those who chose to take refuge in her house4 ,the child ,moses was rescued and educated by a woman1 and his sister1 ,mary1 was a great prophetess whose canticle has come down to us almost as a national hymn4 ,anna1 the mother of ,samuel1 sang praises to ,god in language which the inspired writers thought worthy of transmitting to the perpetual remembrance of all generations2 the ,queen of ,sheba was so enamored of wisdom and learning that she came a long and tedious journey to pay homage to the superior gifts of ,solomon2 ,anna1 the wife of ,tobias1 after her husband had lost his sight1 earned the wherewithal for their humble home at 8weaving-work0 7,tob4 ii4 #ai74 ,sara1 the wife of the younger ,tobias1 prayed ,god in words that have always been incorporated in the sacred text4 ,mardochai said pointedly to ,queen ,esther1 8,who knoweth whether thou art therefore come to the kingdom that thou mightest be ready at such a time as this80 and she answered by effectually interceding for her people1 though1 notwithstanding her regal position1 it was only at the risk of her life that she could approach the king unbidden4 ,her prayer1 like all the rest recorded in the ,scriptures1 is a poem in itself1 and points to the true source whence all real courage springs1 while it also hallows with religious feeling the deep patriotism peculiar to the ,hebrew race4 ,later on1 the mother of the ,machabees showed such heroic fortitude under persecution that the ,scriptures say of her that she 8was to be admired above measure1 and was worthy to be remembered by good men40 ,turning to the ,new ,testament1 we find woman in equally prominent positions1 honored by the special notice of the ,man-,god himself1 and materially aiding in the establishment of his church4 ,not to speak of the ,mother of ,god1 whose influence on the fate of woman has been simply paramount1 and leaving aside the fact of his undoubted voluntary subjection to her1 as well as that of her intercession1 being the immediate occasion of his first public miracle and manifestation at ,cana of ,galilee--the place of woman in the ,gospel history is one that may justly be the pride of her sex4 ,the greater part of our ,lord's miracles were worked in favor of women1 most often on their own persons1 at other times on persons whom they held dearer than life4 ,of the first1 witness the cure of the mother-in-law of ,peter1 of the woman healed of an issue of blood1 of the daughter of the ,chanaanitish woman1 to whom ,jesus said1 8,o woman1 great is thy faith2 be it done to thee as thou wilt0 7,st4 ,matt4 xv4 #bh72 of the woman bowed down with an infirmity that had afflicted her for eighteen years2 also the raising of the daughter of ,jairus4 ,of the second1 witness the restoring to the widow of ,naim of her only son1 whom ,jesus raised to life 8being moved with mercy towards her0 7,st4 ,luke vii4 #ac71 and whom1 when he had raised him1 he 8gave to his mother40 ,lazarus1 too1 dear as he was personally to the ,master1 was yet raised to a new life chiefly through the prayers and the faith of his sisters1 whose sorrow had touched the heart of the divine ,saviour4 ,not only in temporal things1 but much more in spiritual1 did our ,lord seek out women for their cure and salvation4 ,he did not disdain to speak long and patiently with the woman of ,samaria1 and1 instead of heralding his saving presence to her countrymen through his own disciples1 he preferred to let her be his messenger4 ,he proposed the modest almsgiving of the poor widow as a model of all true charity4 ,he protected the woman taken in adultery against her pharisaical judges2 he commended the woman ,magdalen1 and prophesied that1 wherever the ,gospel should be preached1 there should her name be also remembered4 ,when he was teaching the multitudes1 it was a woman who cried out in touching boldness and pathetic directness of speech3 8,blessed is the womb that bore thee1 and the breasts that gave thee suck40 ,again it was to women that he spoke when1 on the path to ,calvary1 he turned1 and said1 8,weep not for me1 but weep for yourselves and for your children40 ,women followed him bravely when men deserted1 betrayed1 and denied him2 women stood beneath his cross while his apostles were hiding in fear1 and the solitary friend who never left him was the most woman-like of all his disciples4 ,his last legacy on earth1 the last precious thing on which he turned his thoughts1 was a woman1 and the first person to whom he appeared after his resurrection was also a woman4 ,when the disciples were gathered together awaiting the coming of the ,paraclete1 a woman was among them3 8,the mother of ,jesus10 as the ,gospel says1 was there4 ,later on1 in the ,acts of the ,apostles1 we find women mentioned as most efficacious helpers in the work of the infant church4 ,tabitha1 for instance1 a 8woman full of good works1 and almsdeeds0 7,acts ix4 #cf71 and ,priscilla1 the wife of ,aquila1 a woman who accompanied ,st4 ,paul from ,corinth to ,ephesus1 and there took ,apollo1 an eloquent and fervent man1 and 8expounded to him the way of the ,lord more diligently0 7,acts xviii4 #bf74 ,again1 ,lydia1 a seller of purple1 8one that worshipped ,god10 offered hospitality to ,st4 ,paul1 and 8constrained0 him to dwell in her house 7,acts xvi4 #ad1 #ae74 ,st4 ,paul has been quoted and misquoted so often that one almost shrinks from appealing to his arguments and precepts2 yet perhaps even here we may find something new to say1 something to point out in a new light1 something that the controversialists on the subject of ,women's ,rights1 on both sides1 have1 apparently at least1 overlooked4 ,we will not dwell on such portions of his ,epistles as are always in the mouth of those who aim at relegating woman to an exclusively domestic sphere1 but1 on the contrary1 we will point out words of his1 honoring woman so highly that no law of modern times has been able to rival such deference1 and no claim of strong-minded female associations would dare to lift itself to such importance4 ,in his ,first ,epistle to the ,romans1 chapter xvi41 he says3 8,and ,i commend to you ,phebe1 our sister1 who is in the ministry of the church 444 that you receive her in the ,lord as becometh saints1 and that you assist her in whatsoever business she shall have need of you3 for she also hath assisted many1 and myself also40 ,ministry1 of course1 stands for help1 and is used here in its strict and original sense1 as when the ,gospel says of our ,lord1 8,and angels came and ministered unto him10 and as when we say the ministrations of charity4 ,some persons1 indeed1 have affected to see in this text an implied permission for women to act as priests2 common sense and the general tone of the ,epistles are sufficiently explicit1 however1 to undeceive all such as do not on this head voluntarily deceive themselves4 ,the same ,epistle we have quoted goes on to say3 8,salute ,prisca ,priscilla and ,aquila her husband1 my helpers in ,christ ,jesus2 who have for my life laid down their own necks2 to whom not only ,i give thanks1 but also all the churches of the ,gentiles2 and the church which is in their house40 ,observe how ,st4 ,paul speaks of them without distinction of sex as equally helpers1 and how he even mentions the woman's name first4 ,again he continues3 8,salute ,mary1 who hath labored much among you 444 salute ,julia1 ,nereus1 and his sister1 and ,olympias1 and all the saints that are with them40 ,we have no space for recalling the well-known precepts ,st4 ,paul gives concerning both the state of marriage and that of virginity2 we would only indicate by a passing notice how truly liberal is his teaching1 including both states as honorable1 commanding neither marriage nor continence1 and providing with minute foresight for each circumstance that human mutability can create4 ,and in one of these1 the case being the desertion by an unbelieving consort of the ,christian yoke-fellow1 he distinctly says3 8,if the unbeliever depart1 let him depart2 for a brother or sister is not under servitude in such cases2 but ,god hath called us in peace0 7#a ,cor4 vii4 #ae74 ,the very custom of calling women 8sisters10 universal in the early church1 is a token of the respect that was paid them1 and of the ,christian equality which denied them no legitimate share in the spiritual and social life of man4 ,st4 ,paul has traced out in one word the whole duty of man to woman when he said1 8,the elder women entreat as mothers1 the younger as sisters1 in all chastity0 7#a ,tim4 v4 #b74 ,in the ,first ,epistle to the ,philippians1 he says3 8,help those women who have labored with me in the ,gospel1 444 and whose names are in the book of life40 ,st4 ,john dedicated a whole ,epistle1 or letter1 to the 8,lady ,elect and her children1 whom ,i love in the truth1 and not ,i only1 but also all they that have known the truth4444 ,and now ,i beseech thee1 lady1 not as writing a new commandment1 but that which we have had from the beginning1 that we love one another4444 ,having more things to write to you1 ,i would not by paper and ink1 for ,i hope that ,i shall be with you1 and speak face to face1 that your joy may be full40 ,st4 ,peter1 in his ,first ,epistle1 does not disdain to give counsel as to the outward dress of women1 thus dignifying the subject through the symbolism he wishes it to express4 ,and let not any one of our own times call these counsels either frivolous or interfering1 for has not every sect that arose as a self-appointed reformer begun by the restraint on female apparel1 typical of moral restraint over our passions and inclinations8 ,even now1 in a mistaken and distorted interpretation of the significance of dress1 have not the ultra-advocates of ,woman's ,rights laid their 8reforming0 hands upon the current fashions8 ,when ,st4 ,peter came to ,rome1 the first house that received him was that of ,pudens1 a ,roman senator1 whose wife ,priscilla1 and whose daughters ,pudentiana and ,praxedes1 became his first converts and his most powerful co-laborers4 ,the two virgins1 having become the heiresses of their parents and brothers1 sold their vast estates1 and gave the price to the suffering and persecuted among their brethren2 and1 though we read of hundreds of such cases among the women of the early church1 we seldom find it so with the men1 except in such families where the influence of some female relative resulted in this heroic renunciation4 ,the palace of ,pudentiana and ,praxedes was converted into a church which for centuries has borne their name1 and in which is shown as well the temporary receptacle and hiding-place1 says time-honored tradition1 of the bodies of the martyrs1 carefully collected by these brave women4 ,this church is the oldest in ,rome1 says a reliable authority1 the ,rev4 ,joachim ,ventura1 whom we shall often have reason to quote in these pages1 and it is also the first among those giving titular rank to the order of cardinals4 ,among the apostolic women whose names stand beside those of the great saints to whom the church owes her wide sway1 ,st4 ,thecla has ever been foremost2 ,st4 ,ambrose1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,st4 ,chrysostom1 ,st4 ,gregory of ,nyssa1 ,st4 ,gregory ,nazianzen1 ,st4 ,isidore of ,pelusium1 ,st4 ,epiphanius1 and ,st4 ,methodius1 bishops and fathers of the church1 have vied with one another in extolling her constancy and her greatness4 ,the last mentioned of these tells us1 in his book the ,banquet of ,virgins1 that she was well versed in secular philosophy1 and in the various branches of polite literature2 he also exceedingly commends her eloquence1 and the ease1 strength1 sweetness1 and modesty of her discourse 7,butler's ,lives of the ,saints74 ,of the persecution she suffered at the hands of the young pagan to whom she had1 before her conversion1 been betrothed1 we will not speak1 neither will we touch upon her miraculous deliverance from the wild beasts to whom she had been thrown1 further than to point out1 however1 that woman has shown more than masculine courage long before modern agitators began to accuse her of degeneracy and tameness4 ,but the secret lay then1 as it does now1 in the teaching of a church that sees in her children only hierarchies of souls1 and that looks upon the body as a mere form1 determining respective duties1 it is true1 but certainly not conferring de jure on the possessors of such forms any superiority or difference of intellectual or moral capacity4 ,a proof of this lies open to all in the fact that women's names as well as men's are incorporated in the text of the ,mass1 and are repeated every day with as much honor1 before the altar of ,god4 ,after the 8,commemoration of the ,dead10 and in the prayer beginning1 8,nobis quoque peccatoribus10 the names of ,felicitas1 ,perpetua1 ,agatha1 ,lucy1 ,agnes1 ,cecilia1 ,anastasia1 are coupled with those of the apostles and martyrs ,john1 ,stephen1 ,matthias1 ,barnabas1 ,ignatius1 ,alexander1 ,marcellinus1 and ,peter1 that is1 with some of the greatest saints whom even ,protestants consent to admire4 ,the church1 too1 shows her appreciation of the sex and its capabilities by the express words1 often used in her liturgy1 8devoto femineo sexu10 which1 whether translated as usual1 the 8devout female sex10 or the 8devoted10 seems equally honorable to woman and her special characteristics4 ,virgins and widows are mentioned by name in the prayers used in public on ,good ,friday1 and immediately before them are named the seven orders of the priesthood4 ,the mere fact of so many churches being dedicated to ,god under the special invocation of some female saint1 often one whose history has become obscure and traditional from very remoteness1 serves to illustrate the high respect of the ,catholic ,church for womanhood1 and the perfect equality with which she looks upon both her sons and her daughters4 ,the cathedral of ,milan1 one of the most renowned shrines in the world1 is under the patronage of the virgin of whom we have just spoken1 the proto-martyr1 ,st4 ,thecla4 ,the fathers of the church1 following the example of ,st4 ,paul1 call the help of faithful ,christian women a ministry1 and ,ventura tells us that ,origen1 ,st4 ,chrysostom1 and ,haymon speak of 8women having through their good offices deserved to attain to the glorious title of apostles1 and having supplemented the work of the evangelists and apostles by their preaching in private houses1 especially to persons of their own sex0 7,ventura1 ,la ,donna ,cattolica1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgi74 ,it is related in the ,breviarium ,romanum1 at the part appointed to be read on the #aith of ,may1 that ,st4 ,pudentiana once presented ninety persons to ,st4 ,pius1 ,pope1 to be baptized1 all of them being perfectly instructed in the faith through her teaching alone4 ,st4 ,martina1 who was a deaconess 7which answers to religious in the later church71 converted and instructed many persons1 principally women4 ,the ,breviarium honors her as the protectress of ,rome4 ,she has also a hymn specially set apart for her office in the ,breviarium1 and the church dedicated to her in ,rome is the richest and most magnificent of those under the patronage of the martyrs4 ,the house of ,lucina1 a noble ,roman matron1 was converted into a church1 afterwards dedicated to the holy ,pope ,marcellus4 ,another church1 now called ,san ,lorenzo in ,lucina1 stands over the tomb which ,lucina prepared for that saint4 ,priscilla1 also a ,roman lady of high lineage1 the wife of the before-mentioned senator ,pudens1 gave her fortune and her land for a cemetery1 to which her name was justly appended4 ,natalia1 the wife of the martyr ,adrian1 after publicly exhorting her husband to be steadfast in the faith1 boldly put on man's attire to elude the order recently given that no ,christian woman should be allowed to visit the prisoners4 ,the ,breviarium tells us that ,st4 ,justina1 upon whom a famous magician named ,cyprian had tried all manner of unhallowed arts1 so far prevailed over him that she brought him to know the true ,god1 and to abandon his idols and sorceries4 ,but examples such as these of the intellectual influence of women upon their friends1 and even upon strangers and enemies1 would multiply under our hands into a volume1 if we could stop to collect them all4 ,martyrdom was1 in the early ages1 the almost inevitable end of zealous faith and active evangelization4 ,st4 ,cecilia ranks among the most prominent of those who1 strong with a supernatural strength1 gladly gave up life1 youth1 health1 and beauty1 for the sake of principle4 ,let us put it in that form1 for even now there are many who respect in the abstract a single-minded devotion to principle4 ,this devotion would be essentially called manliness in our day2 yet the women of the early church--some mere children in years1 some threatened with what would make a woman waver in her determination far more than mere physical torture could1 the loss of her honor1 some again with natural diseases or weakness upon them--showed a superabundant amount of this very manliness4 ,cecilia has long been the patroness of music1 and we read in her ,acts that she employed both vocal and instrumental music in the service of the ,most ,high1 fitly using the most beautiful of arts to glorify ,supreme ,beauty4 ,her love for the ,holy ,scriptures was such that she often wore them on her bosom in the folds of her robe1 and that long before the ,canon of ,scripture had been fixed1 and before the ,holy ,book could have the world-wide reputation which the church has now bestowed upon it4 ,cecilia's will1 made in presence of ,pope ,urban1 consisted in the giving of her palace for a church1 and the distributing of her remaining wealth to the poor4 ,her death was heroic1 and1 as her life-blood was ebbing slowly from her1 she only thought of converting her executioners4 ,oblivious of bodily pain1 she exhorted them to throw off the yoke of idolatry1 and succeeded so far as to cause them to exclaim1 8,it is only a ,god who could have created such a prodigy as his servant ,cecilia60 ,the body of the martyr was interred in the ,catacomb of ,st4 ,callixtus1 in a chapel hollowed out of the earth1 and somewhat larger than the other chambers of the same catacomb3 it was the sepulchre of the popes1 and the placing of her body in this sepulchre was a mark of the extraordinary respect due to her generous munificence and her heroic courage4 ,thus has the old church1 so truly called the 8mother church10 always recognized and rewarded merit1 whether in man or woman4 ,susannah1 a relation both of ,pope ,caius and of the ,emperor ,diocletian1 and daughter to ,gabinius1 a man as learned as he was noble1 was another instance of how religion can reconcile profound instruction with deep piety1 and unite both to beauty of person and grace of manner4 ,she was learned1 say her ,acts1 in philosophy1 in literature1 and in religion4 ,the emperor sent one of his nobles1 ,claudius1 ,susannah's own uncle1 to entreat her to marry ,maximinus ,csar1 ,diocletian's son4 ,the noble and learned virgin not only refused the alliance1 but1 strengthened by the approbation of her ,christian father and her other uncle1 ,pope ,caius1 who were present1 spoke so eloquently that ,claudius was converted to ,christianity4 ,the ,acts of the ,martyrs record his words in announcing this conversion to his wife3 8,it is chiefly my niece ,susannah who has conquered me4 ,i owe to the prayers of this young girl the happiness of having received ,god's grace40 ,his wife1 ,prepedigna1 and ,maximus1 his brother1 were also won over by her influence1 and the latter bears tribute equally to her wisdom1 holiness1 and her beauty4 ,there could be but one end to such proceedings1 a glorious end for all3 her friends all suffered martyrdom before her1 and she who had braved an emperor's displeasure without a sign of so-called womanly weakness1 met her death in secret with equal courage and joy4 ,agnes1 the maiden of twelve or thirteen years1 is praised by ,ambrose1 a ,christian priest1 for her contempt of the jewels with which the son of ,symphronius attempted to bribe her3 she is also pictured as the very incarnation of youthful bravery1 when with holy defiance she scorns the threat of her impure and cruel judge to send her to a place of ill-fame4 ,this threat1 often executed1 was more than any other the touch-stone of their faith to the ,christian virgins of antiquity1 while their invariable deliverance from this danger was the reward of their unflinching denial of the power of the false gods1 even in the face of this shameful threat4 ,death would seem a bridal1 to judge by the loving alacrity with which these child-virgins ran to meet it4 ,who can say that the church does not admire and inculcate courage and self-respect in women1 since half the martyrs defended their honor as well as their faith with the last drop of their blood8 ,st4 ,ambrose1 speaking to his sister ,marcellina of the martyr ,sothera1 in whose praises he is enthusiastic1 says3 8,what need for me to seek for examples for thee1 who hast been formed to holiness by thy martyred relative8 ,sothera was their great-aunt4 444 ,brought up thyself in the country1 having no companion to set thee examples1 no master to teach thee precepts1 there were at hand no human means to teach thee what thou has learnt4 ,thou art no disciple1 therefore--for there can be no disciple where there is no master--but the heiress of the virtues of thy ancestress4 ,let us speak of the example of our holy relative1 for we priests have a nobility of our own1 preferable to that which counts it an honor to have prefects and consuls among our forefathers3 we have the nobility of faith1 which cannot die40 ,these words of grave import are addressed to a woman1 and the boast of holy ancestry they contain also refers to a woman4 ,agatha1 the heroine of ,catana1 and ,lucy1 the martyr of ,syracuse1 both noble ,sicilian maidens1 speak the boldest language to their barbarous judges1 and meet death as bravely as any man could face it for his country and his home4 ,victoria1 a lady of ,abyssinia1 in ,africa1 accused of being a ,christian1 and defended by her pagan brother1 who swore she had been deluded into connivance with the ,christians1 vehemently contradicted him in open court4 8,i came here of my own accord10 she averred1 8and neither ,dativus nor any one else beguiled me2 ,i can bring witnesses among my fellow-townspeople to the fact that ,i came simply because ,i knew there would be a gathering of our brethren here1 under our priest ,saturninus1 and that the holy mysteries would be celebrated40 ,she persists when her brother excuses her again as being insane1 and eagerly criminates herself in the eyes of the judge1 till she succeeds in winning her crown4 ,forty-eight other martyrs1 men and women1 heroically suffer the same penalty1 greatly comforted and encouraged by her dauntless attitude4 ,at ,thessalonica1 a woman named ,irene was apprehended1 together with her five sisters1 and was herself chiefly accused of having kept and concealed the books of ,scripture1 and other papers relating to the ,christian religion4 ,dulcetius1 the judge before whom she was brought1 and who was president of ,macedonia1 could elicit from her nothing that could endanger any one but herself1 her sisters having been tried and martyred upon the charge of refusing to eat meats consecrated to idols4 ,her firmness both in screening others and in avowing her eager care for the holy writings1 not only gives us a high idea of her moral courage1 but also of her intellectual interest in those scarce and valuable works4 ,she suffered death for her dauntless custody of these treasures1 and it is related that she sang psalms of praise while ascending the funeral pile4 ,st4 ,catherine of ,alexandria is a most noted example of the erudition often attained and displayed by ,christian women4 ,at the age of eighteen1 says the ,breviarium ,romanum1 she outstripped in knowledge the most learned men of her day3 ,maximinus1 who was both a libertine and a tyrant1 was cruelly persecuting the ,christians of ,alexandria1 and dishonoring the noble matrons of that city4 ,catherine boldly and publicly upbraided him1 and forced him to listen to her arguments4 ,her ,acts and the ,greek ,menology of the ,emperor ,basil affirm that she supported her thesis of ,christianity against the arguments of forty of the ablest heathen philosophers1 and so effectually confuted them that they preceded her in her martyrdom by declaring themselves ,christians1 and being forthwith condemned to be burned alive4 ,catherine1 during her imprisonment1 converted the wife of ,maximinus1 and the commander of his army1 and further made such an impression upon the crowd assembled to witness her death that many became ,christians on the spot4 ,the interesting ,church of ,san ,clemente1 in ,rome1 contains one chapel1 the walls of which are covered with frescoes illustrative of each of these occurrences2 this chapel is supposed to date from the fourth or fifth century1 and is a mute witness to the honor with which the memory of the illustrious and learned maiden of ,alexandria was1 even at that early age1 surrounded4 ,butler1 in his ,lives of the ,saints1 says of her3 8,from this martyr's uncommon erudition1 444 and the use she made of it1 she is chosen in the schools the patroness and model of ,christian philosophers40 ,this is by no means the only instance of a woman being honored as patroness in the roads of learning or of art4 ,later on1 we shall have occasion to speak of other saints equally distinguished for their talents and zeal for true philosophy4 ,butler says in a foot-note to the ,life of ,st4 ,catherine3 8,the female sex is not less capable of the sublime sciences1 nor less remarkable for liveliness of genius4 ,witness1 among numberless instances in polite literature and in theology1 the celebrated ,venetian lady1 ,helen ,lucretia ,cornaro1 doctress in theology at ,padua in #afgh1 the wonder of her age for her skill in every branch of literature1 and1 still more1 for the austerity of her life and her extraordinary piety40 ,most of the martyrs we have hitherto mentioned were virgins3 among widows and widowed mothers1 we find other heroines whom no bodily torture nor that more bitter anguish of witnessing their children's sufferings could daunt or even cause to waver4 ,symphorosa1 a noble ,roman matron1 denounced by the astrologers of ,rome to the ,emperor ,adrian1 bravely confessed her faith in the presence of her seven sons1 whom she thus encouraged to do the same4 ,she spoke of herself as honored in being the widow and sister of martyrs1 and utterly scorned the proposal to forsake the truth for which they had bled4 ,here is a foreshadowing of the times of medival chivalry1 which were but the legitimate offshoot from such a moral atmosphere of pure chivalric heroism as enveloped the lives of the early ,christians4 ,invincible strength and a courage that smiled in the face of death was with the children of the primitive church a point of honor1 a family tradition1 a hereditary legacy4 ,another widow and mother1 ,felicitas1 suffered more cruelly yet than ,symphorosa2 for1 under the reign of ,marcus ,aurelius1 she beheld her seven children butchered before her eyes1 and never ceased exhorting them to constancy1 while her mother's heart and more natural feeling were suffering a sevenfold martyrdom4 ,she followed her sons to death with fervent joy4 ,st4 ,augustine was eloquent in her praise1 and on one anniversary of her triumph called her death a 8great spectacle offered to the eyes of faith10 and herself 8more fruitful by reason of her many virtues than of her many children40 ,st4 ,gregory1 the great father1 exalted her by likening her example to a new and spiritual birth of the ,saviour in each soul that she thus secured to ,god1 according to the interpretation of the words of the ,gospel3 8,he who does the will of my ,father in heaven is my brother1 and my sister1 and my mother40 ,another ,st4 ,felicitas1 a ,christian slave and widow1 with her mistress ,perpetua1 who had also lately lost her husband1 suffered death in the amphitheatre of ,tharbacium1 near ,carthage1 in ,africa1 rather than give up what they knew to be divine truth4 ,felicitas was martyred a day or two after the premature birth in prison of her child1 and1 when brutally jeered by the guards at her inability to suffer the pains of childbirth in silence1 answered in words that to this day furnish the key to all woman's superiority as proved by the facts of church history3 8,it is ,i that suffer to-day1 and nature is weak3 to-morrow ,jesus himself will suffer in me1 and his grace will give my nature the strength it needs0 7,acts of the ,martyrs74 ,perpetua1 her mistress1 but also her sister in ,christ 7for in the church alone resides true equality71 resisted the pleadings of her aged father and the mute appeals of her infant's unprotected condition1 and bore her sufferings as it is said the ,spartan women knew how to bear theirs4 ,but while the enduringness both of men and women was in ,sparta only the artificial result of compulsory laws1 and soon disappeared before the shameful voluptuousness that was natural to all heathen beliefs1 that of ,christians of both sexes made its mark through successive generations1 and lives yet in our less hardy times1 because it is intrinsic to the nature of a faith whose ,god had no more hospitable birthplace than a cold stable1 and no better death-bed than a cross4 ,blandina1 the martyr of ,lyons1 is justly celebrated for her extraordinary constancy1 and the ,christians of ,lyons who wrote a letter preserved to history by ,eusebius1 and addressed to their brethren of ,asia and ,phrygia1 extol her as the soul of the heroic stand made by many of their number against idolatry4 ,she was a slave1 very young and very weak in health1 says this letter1 and yet even her executioners marvelled at her powers of endurance1 exclaiming3 ,one of the tortures she has suffered ought to have killed her1 and she is alive yet after them all6 ,further on1 she is likened to a bold athlete4 ,some of her companions having wavered1 her example and exhortations recalled them to their duty1 and ,ponticus1 a young boy1 was the last to die under her eyes1 encouraged and upheld by ,blandina4 ,potamiana1 another slave1 who died in defence of her honor as well as her faith1 chose a more lingering death than that to which she was condemned1 rather than uncover herself in public1 the judge consenting to this change not in pity1 but in cruelty4 ,her executioner became her first convert2 many other men likewise came to the faith through visions of this young and steadfast virgin4 ,we have mentioned women in every sphere and state of life1 social and domestic1 as endowed with confessedly heroic powers1 and capable of attaining high and noble ends in the field of religion1 of art1 and of philosophy4 ,one class of women1 however1 remains still to be noticed1 and it is perhaps the greatest proof of the church's universal and instinctive tenderness toward the sex1 that among that unhappy class she alone has been able to make fruitful the call of ,god4 ,the ,catholic ,church has set upon her altars and in her calendar the names of many illustrious penitents and anchorites1 side by side with stainless virgins and matrons of unblemished fame4 ,the ,catholic ,church alone can restore to fallen woman her rightful inheritance1 and so efface the brand of sin that its shame shall be merged into a glory as pure as that of baptismal innocence4 ,to take among the martyrs but one instance of this rehabilitation1 let us see what history relates of ,afra1 the courtesan of ,augsburg1 in the ,roman province of ,rhetia1 and the present kingdom of ,bavaria4 ,afra was of noble birth1 and had many slaves and possessions4 ,she was converted by ,st4 ,narcissus1 a ,christian bishop who was fleeing from the persecution then raging in ,gaul4 ,her household as well as her mother followed her example4 ,she succeeded in concealing ,narcissus and his deacon ,felix for some time in her own house1 and meanwhile diligently applied herself to making converts of her friends and former associates4 ,denounced in her turn a little later1 and sneered at for the contradiction between her past and present life1 she answers the judge boldly1 admitting humbly that she is unworthy to be called a ,christian1 yet affirming that the threatened torments will cleanse and purify her body1 while the proposed sacrifice to the gods would only further stain and disfigure her soul4 ,bound to a stake and burned with slow fire1 her intrepidity only redoubles1 and1 having sinned through the weakness of undisciplined nature1 she shows a more than manly courage through the new-born strength of grace4 ,with her1 we close the few practical examples of the greatness of woman during the ages of martyrdom1 but the spirit that made the martyrs did not die with the last of the canonized victims of the pagan persecutions4 ,st4 ,jerome speaks of a 8daily martyrdom1 which consists not in the shedding of blood as a testimony1 but in the devout and undefiled service of the mind0 7,de ,laud4 ,s4 ,paul74 ,this we propose to illustrate in a subsequent article1 giving historical instances of the actual honor paid in the church to learned1 holy1 and influential women1 rather than entering into abstract controversy on the subject of what is and is not due to her sex4 ,what we have already said in these pages will tend1 please ,god1 to remove prejudices1 and at least clear the way for evidence still more appreciable by our ambitious non-,catholic sisters1 namely1 that which goes to show that not only in social and home life1 but also in the wide sphere of statecraft and public influence1 the church has marked out a noble margin for women's genius4 ,,the ,,passion4 ,was ever tale of love like this8 ,the wooing of the ,spouse of blood3 ,who came to wed us to his bliss ,in those eternal years with ,god8 ,those griefless years1 those wantless years1 ,he left them--counting loss for gain-- ,to taste the luxury of tears1 ,and revel in the wine of pain6 ',twas sin had mixed the cup of woe ,from ,adam passed to every lip3 ,and none could shirk its brimming flow-- ,for some a draught1 for all a sip3 ,till ,jesus came1 athirst to save3 ,nor sucked content a sinless breast2 ,but grasped the fatal cup1 and gave ,that ,mother half1 then drained the rest4 ,enough the milk without the wine4 ,when first the new-born ,infant smiled1 ',twas merit infinite1 divine1 ,to cleanse a thousand worlds defiled4 ,but we must take of both4 ,and how ,could love look on1 nor rush to share8 ,or hear us moan3 8,death's darkness now3 ,and ,thou1 at least1 wast never there08 ,and so he drank our ,marah dry3 ,then filled the cup with wine of heaven4 ,who would not live--with him to die8 ,or not have sinned--when so forgiven8 ,lent1 #ahgb4 ,,jans ,,von ,,steufle',s ,,donkey4 ,i4 ,jans von ,steufle was a happy man until he got that donkey4 ,now1 you might think the donkey was left him as a legacy by some dear friend or rich relation1 or that ,jans found him in the highway some cold wintry night and took him home in pity1 or the donkey might have strayed into ,jans' enclosure and refused to go out1 but no such thing2 ,jans bought and paid for all his trouble in good silver coin4 ,jans had some comforts1 however to compensate3 he had a good wife4 ,some say1 8,a good wife is a rare thing10 but you never hear that sneer in ,german-land1 for ,german wives and ,german children are taught betimes to be good4 ,jans' wife kept the house clean and the kettles bright2 and made ,sauerkraut1#ad and ,wurst1#ae and delicious ,rahmkse#af--;ah6 it would melt in your mouth--and had always such nicely browned ,rinderbraten1#ag and delicate gedmpftes ,fleisch1#ah and put vinegar in everything4 ,then such beautiful patchwork ,bettdecke#ai she stitched together1 and such snowy ,bettwsche1#bj you would be floated off to dream of ,arabian ,nights just to sleep under them4 ,and when her fingers had nothing particular to do1 that is1 when she walked about the house and garden a little just before supper-time1 to see that every corner was clean1 and everything in good order1 and the pot-herbs coming up properly1 or when she went down the lane to drive home the truant chickens and little ducks who were out on some juvenile frolic1 did her ten fingers rest8 ,oh6 no1 then a thread of yarn came creeping out of her pocket1 and click1 click1 went the needles1 and such stockings6 ,you might wear them to the ,north ,pole1 only they'd be too warm4 ,but her great genius and tact lay in garden-making4 ,we do wrong to apply these words to her1 for she understood neither1 and ,jans despised both2 rather be it said that her industry was made most manifest when she betook herself 7under ,jans' direction1 of course7 to digging and planting4 ,jans had a pleasant way of imparting knowledge1 and at the same time making himself comfortable4 ,seated on a wooden bench in some shaded gravel-walk near the scene of her rural operations1 with a pipe in his mouth1 he would sit patiently the long hot summer afternoon1 directing the putting down of pea-sticks1 the tying up of hop-vines1 and apportioning off the territory to be allowed to the marauding pumpkins4 ,some people profess to discover a striking resemblance between the human family and the great family of animals each to each1 and they even run a parallel between them in physiognomy2 but in a garden the similitude is perfect4 ,no one who cultivates a garden for very love of it but what unconsciously invests his community there with a sort of intelligent existence4 ,they are well-behaved or troublesome2 in good health or pining under little ailments4 ,here a hardy native pushes his way to upper air1 heedless alike of deluge or drought1 while that other one from some far-away country1 like any discontented foreigner1 finds nothing to its taste1 but must be sheltered1 and watered1 and gives a deal of trouble4 ,some are orderly and upright2 others are inclined to crooked ways1 and seldom amend until tied to a stake4 ,the roots generally stay underground until they are wanted1 while some1 like the bold1 conceited turnips1 climb to the surface when not more than half-grown1 and bask in the sunlight as if they were roses4 ,the vine tribe care as little as human climbers whom they crush down in their aspiring efforts2 onward they trail and take possession1 reckless of those who have a better right4 ,many a pretty little plant have those green vines tyrannized over6 ,as for flowers1 we call them modest1 bold1 gaudy1 retiring1 even in common speech2 and many a habit and inclination do they exhibit to a humble admirer which has never been entered in scientific books4 ,yes1 a garden is a community of wonderful creations1 where each one has its peculiarities1 and yet each one conforms in a certain degree to the type of its family4 ,with such loving eyes did ,jans and his gute ,frau look on their flower-beds and their edibles2 and such like matters did they often discourse about1 when the spading and raking for the day were done1 and she sat on the bench by his side knitting1 knitting4 ,it is doubtful1 however1 whether they would have noticed matters quite so particularly1 not having been educated to abstractions1 comparisons1 generalizations1 and such like metaphysical flights1 had not their attention been directed to them occasionally by a third member of their family1 the very learned ,herr von ,heine4 ,now1 ,jans in his efforts at amassing riches had neglected no honest means of success4 ,consequently1 when their two children had both married well and gone to live in distant cities1 and he found himself with a spare room in his house1 he looked about for a tenant4 ,then mein herr 7as he was called for brevity's sake7 presented himself1 and1 as his testimonials for respectability and prompt pay were satisfactory1 he was soon established in the pretty little chamber with its white curtains1 its patchwork bedspread1 and a floor so well scrubbed you might have eaten off of it4 ,he somewhat marred the beauty of the spot by an importation of certain odd things which he professed to consider indispensable4 ,there was a regiment of ragged-looking old leather books1 and some well-worn coats and dingy dressing-gowns1 not to mention an assortment of pipes and tobacco jars and old boots1 and a few warlike weapons which stuck out in a protecting way from the top of his book-shelves4 ,mein herr was just now direct from the ,collegienhaus#ba of the famous ,university at ,knigsberg1 where he had been giving short lectures and receiving long pay1 and being1 therefore1 on good terms with himself and the world in general1 he resolved to rusticate in some secluded spot for the summer1 and renovate his faculties for the next winter's campaign4 ,no place could be more quiet or better suited for his purpose than his present abode4 ,here he could spin all kinds of cobweb theories hour after hour1 with not a sound to ripple the air and demolish them1 for neither ,jans nor his wife ever intruded into his apartment4 ,it was only in the soft summer evening twilight that he made his descent to the garden1 and indulged in a brief social intercourse with his host and hostess4 ,indeed1 he came almost as regularly as the sun set4 ,his tall1 straight figure enveloped in a long black sort of ecclesiastical gown1 a jaunty cap on his head1 with its tassel hanging down behind1 a meerschaum in hand which he was bound to finish before he should retire1 behold ,mein ,herr von ,heine6--the embodiment of profound and extended erudition out for a little recreation4 ,mein herr was always welcome4 ,pleasant enough was the discourse they all held as he slowly walked up and down the gravel-walk1 or took a seat beside them1 especially when the subject was farm-matters2 and mutually profitable was the exchange between theory and practice2 many a pleasant laugh they had1 too2 and as to the gute ,frau1 she listened and smiled1 and occasionally put in a modest little word1 this being1 according to her best belief1 the extent of 8woman's rights40 ,they were sitting thus one ,june evening1 when ,jans laid aside his pipe1 and said1 in his usual deliberate way3 8,i think ,i'll buy a horse1 or a donkey1 or a dog-cart1 or something1 to take all these cabbages to market40 8,buy a donkey by all means10 said mein herr1 8for a donkey1 that is an ass1 is classical4 ,they are famous in sacred as well as in profane literature4 ,no animal has always been so much the companion of man as the donkey1 no one more valuable4 ,an ox and an ass are what we are warned in the commandments not to covet1 showing their universality in the days of ,moses1 besides being what any man in his senses would be most likely to covet4 ,asses are repeatedly mentioned in the ,old ,testament4 ,every one has heard of ,balaam's ass1 who was so much wiser than his master4 ,i have often noted the great injustice done to that ass4 ,balaam bestowed on him three very decided beatings2 and although he was fully convinced afterwards that they were entirely undeserved1 we have no record that he made the least apology or expressed the least regret4 ,now1 even a donkey deserves justice4 ,asses have pervaded all ranks in life4 ,there was ,debbora the prophetess1 the wife of ,lapidoth2 in the ,canticle1 where she addresses the brave princes of ,israel1 she adjures them as #8you that ride upon fair asses1 and sit in judgment1 and walk in the way'2 on the other hand1 ,job predicts woe to him #8who hath driven away the ass of the fatherless4' ,certainly1 asses were everywhere4 ,when the wealth of ,abraham was counted1 he-asses and she-asses made a part of it2 and when he was about to ascend the mountain to sacrifice his son ,isaac1 we are told that #8he arose and saddled his ass4' ,then there was ,abdon1 eight years a judge of ,israel1 who had forty sons and thirty grandsons1 #8all mounted on seventy asses1' are the words of history4 ,then there was the ,levite of ,mount ,ephraim--ah6 ,i forget his name--his wife left him and went to stay four months with her father in ,bethlehem ,juda1 and when he went to bring her back1 he took with him #8a servant and two asses1' one doubtless for her use4 ,then the jaw-bone of the ass made famous by ,samson is well known1 ,i mean the jaw-bone he wielded at ,ramathlechi1 when he put his thousand enemies to flight4 ,some of these animals possess virtues worthy of our own imitation2 they have displayed oftentimes very great intelligence1 and affection for those they serve2 as in the case of a certain old prophet who went forth from ,juda to ,bethel to denounce ,jeroboam1 and1 being misled and turned from his duty by a pretended friend1 was killed by the way on his return home2 his ass was found standing patient and watchful by the side of his dead master40 ,thus discoursed mein herr2 his colloquial efforts were apt to be rather prolix and oratorical1 but this was to be ascribed to his profession as lecturer2 he was so much accustomed1 when he had unearthed an idea1 to follow it up and make the most of it--a sort of intellectual fox-chase4 ,failing to keep pace with him over such extended and erudite ground1 ,jans had1 nevertheless1 a dim notion that it was something to own even one donkey1 so he said3 8,to-morrow ,i will buy a donkey40 8,ah6 yes10 said the ,frau von ,steufle1 8and next market-day we will go with a donkey40 8,you will be wise to buy a donkey10 repeated mein herr1 8for now ,i call to mind that ,sancho ,panza had one whose labors1 as he tells us1 half-supported his family4 ,i am reminded1 also1 that the great ,cervantes himself rode an ass1 as he relates1 on a pleasant journey from ,equivias with two of his friends4 ,they heard some one clattering up from behind and calling to them to stop1 and when he at length overtook them it proved to be a student1 who was mounted on an animal of the same sort2 he no sooner learned their names than he flung himself off of his ass1 says ,cervantes1 whilst his cloak-bag tumbled on one side1 and his portmanteau on the other1 and he hastened to express his admiration of the great author of ,don ,quixote40#bb ,just at this point both meerschaum and pipe had given forth their last whiff1 and the knitting-work had arrived at the middle of a needle2 and as the great matter under discussion1 the purchase1 was considered as wisely decided in the affirmative1 they mutually exchanged a kind 8,gute ,nacht0 with the inevitable 8,schlafen ,sie wohl60#bc ,,ii4 ,the day after the above conversation1 ,jans left his home for a little business in a distant city1 and several more elapsed before he returned with his purchase4 ,oh6 vain boast when ,jans von ,steufle declared1 8,to-morrow ,i will buy a donkey40 ,what is a donkey8 ,in one phase of his character1 he is the very personification of the stoical philosophy of the ancients2 the type of that perfect indifference to all sublunary mutations to which ,zeno vainly strives to elevate humankind2 patient and enduring under any amount of rain1 hail1 snow1 and sleet that can pour down on him1 and any amount of luggage that can be piled upon him2 totally1 indifferent1 in the road he travels1 as to its length1 direction1 hostelries1 or hardships1 and satisfied1 as far as food and sleep are concerned1 with the smallest quantity and the poorest quality4 ,this was ,jans' idea of a donkey1 but it was not what he got for his money2 he got a little gray beast1 with a shaggy hide1 a large head1 long ears1 and a temper4 ,it was quite dark when ,jackey with a boy astride him arrived from the place of his last abode2 so he was quietly taken to the comfortable quarters prepared for him not far from brindle-cow1 and particular introductions to him were deferred until the next morning4 ,the next morning ushered in market-day4 ,the edibles had all been gathered in and nicely washed the night before2 the flowers also had been culled and tastefully arranged in beautiful bouquets--some small for sweet little love tokens2 some larger to decorate the tables and mantel-shelves of those people who are unhappily forced to dwell always among the bricks and mortar of the town1 who paid large prices for them1 and took them thankfully1 as their very minute share of all the glorious and beautiful works of the ,creator which are spread around life in the country4 ,others1 again1 were tied together in tall pyramid-like forms1 the apex a pure white lily or perhaps a white rose1 and spreading down from that to the base in blossoms that mingled all the colors of the rainbow4 ,these were destined for the grand altar of the great church2 for there were always pious souls in the town ready to expend their good groschen and thalers in adornments for the sanctuary4 ,very skilful are the fingers of ,german wives1 and great their taste in making up all these tempting little articles of merchandise2 and as they lay waiting in the ,wohnzimmer#bd of the ,von ,steufle dwelling-house1 you might have thought the whole garden had moved for a departure4 ,breakfast was disposed of early1 and immediately after it ,jackey was brought out for his first load4 8,he has good points10 said the learned herr1 after taking a leisurely survey4 ,jans knew not much about points1 but he knew how to put a good load on his back1 and this he now proceeded to do4 8,much discretion is necessary in purchasing a donkey10 observed the ,herr von ,heine--8much discrimination2 wisdom and foolishness are so much alike on a cursory view4 ,a demure aspect may represent either2 and1 then1 a staid1 dignified manner may proceed from lack of ideas1 nay1 even absolute stupidity1 as well as from profound thought4 ,in dealing with an animal which exhibits these traits1 great penetration is called for1 or you will be deceived4 ,then1 there is a brightness of the eye1 nothing vicious4 ,ah6 ,i think your animal has it1 a sort of exuberance of spirit1 a repressed strength which can accomplish deeds almost incredible when opportunity offers4 ,you seldom see this in pictures of the donkey race2 painters seem to think it necessary to represent them dull and imbecile1 which is far from being correct40 ,mein herr paused1 but his friends were both too busy to reply1 so he was only met by a 8,freilich1 mein ,herr0#be from ,jans1 and a smiling 8,ja ,wohl0#bf from his helpmate4 ,in ,german-land1 social life has no sharp points and corners to prick and scratch4 ,all is polished and polite1 and such a little acknowledgment of attention to a speaker could never be neglected4 ,it was sufficient encouragement for the herr1 and he proceeded4 ,he was so accustomed to vibrate between his study and his lecture-room1 that to be quite silent or to have all the talking to himself had become most natural to him1 so1 as we have said1 he proceeded4 8,painting recalls to me ,polygnotus1 mentioned1 ,i think1 by ,pausanias1 yet ,i'm not quite certain4 ,he was an ,athenian painter of great celebrity1 and one of his works was an allegorical picture1 in which unavailing labor was symbolized by a man twisting a rope which an ass nibbles in pieces as fast as he advanced4 ,these allegorical pictures are pleasant studies1 and it is truly surprising to compare all the different interpretations of them by all the different people1 who call the same object by totally different names1 and of course draw from the entire composition very different conclusions4 ,things are generally contradictory to themselves as well as to other things1 especially when viewed in that dim light which ,i would call1 if ,i may be allowed an original expression1 the mist of ages4 ,we may cite for this ,silenus4 ,he is the only heathen god depicted on an ass4 ,now1 the morals and manners of ,silenus are very well known1 and his association with this quadruped is complimentary to it or not1 according to the view taken4 ,it may be a panegyric on a patient1 sure-footed1 philosophical animal1 who could put aside personal feeling in choosing his company1 and bear his bibulous rider in safety when he was totally unable to walk4 ,or was ,silenus an immortal in disgrace--degraded from horse1 tiger1 lion1 panther1 not to mention chariots and wings1 all that gods and men delight in1 and doomed to the indignity of donkey-back8 ,if the latter1 certainly the creature rose superior to his situation in the end2 his voice must have been tremendous6 ,in battle between the gods and giants1 when ,silenus rode in among them1 it was his sonorous bray that threw the giant ranks in confusion and actually put them to flight4 ,he was well rewarded for this service1 for justice is in the sky if not on earth4 ,he was exalted to the constellations4 ,search the star-lighted sky for ,cancer1 and you will find in it the once humble ,asellus of ,silenus4 8,mid aures1 the asinine appendages which the king was forced to accept so unwillingly on ,mount ,tmolus 7a proper reproof to captious criticism71 #8,induiturque aures lente gradientis aselli1'#bg were evidently a compliment to the quadruped2 for certainly ,apollo meant them for an improvement on his own1 which had so signally failed him40 ,here mein herr came to a decided stop necessarily1 for the donkey was at last loaded1 and such a load6 ,nothing but a donkey could have stood under it1 much less walk6 ,it was cabbages this side1 potatoes that side1 cauliflowers in the middle4 ,then salad laid on loose2 then celery stuck in endwise2 then great bunches of sage and savory and thyme1 and herbs for the soup1 ,petersilie and der ,rettig4 ,all these1 hung on everywhere1 made ,jack so fragrant that his coming could be known long before he was in sight4 ,lastly1 was a delicate little basket of eggs1 engaged long ago by a dainty customer1 swinging easily1 so as not to break1 under all4 ,as ,jack was pretty nearly buried out of sight under the substantials of trade1 the ,frau von ,steufle took the flowers for her share1 and she was equally well laden4 ,she could only be said to resemble an immense walking bouquet1 with a pleasant1 happy face peering out from its midst4 ,truly1 the two were worth seeing4 ,as for ,jans1 his great responsibility was load enough for him1 and so1 with good wishes and great expectations1 they departed4 ,the ,herr von ,heine was alone all that long summer day4 ,it was rather a pleasant variety at first4 ,solitude has charms about it4 ,he wandered through the house1 and explored every nook in the garden1 and went a long way over the grass to look at the pigs2 he fed the chickens and even patted the cow4 ,the old cat seemed to think it incumbent on her to show him the premises4 ,at all events1 she escorted him hither and thither1 now turning somersaults in front of him1 now flying up a tree to take a bird's-eye view of him1 or perhaps to show him there were some feats not to be learned in books2 then down again1 in a sentimental sort of humor rubbing her head and ears against him1 under his very steps2 she quite disturbed his equilibrium4 ,the large house-dog1 or1 rather1 yard-dog1 for there he lived1 looked on with a more suspicious air1 as if he should like to be informed what this new state of things meant2 and after returning the learned ,herr von ,heine's proferred intimacy with the slightest possible wag of his tail1 he walked off to attend to his own business4 ,perhaps mein herr added a trifle that holiday to his stock of knowledge4 ,he had evidently descended from his pedestal of dignity1 and he enjoyed it vastly2 besides1 he had often introduced such things in an illustrative or figurative manner to his classes1 and it was as well to make himself familiar with their surroundings4 ,but it was getting late now1 the sun had set1 twilight deepened into darkness1 or rather moonlight4 ,where could the three be staying8 ,jans and his good wife were always home from market long before this hour1 even when each carried a load with a barrow to wheel by turns6 ,he walked down to the road-way1 and gazed long and anxiously into the distance4 ,no signs of them yet6 ,where could they be8 ,he returned to the house1 and1 ascending to his chamber1 selected from among his books a volume in ,latin by the renowned ,cornelius ,agrippa4 ,he turned to the last chapter1 8,ad ,encomium ,asini ,digressio40#bh ,he felt an intense interest at this moment in asses4 ,it was possible some of their peculiarities had escaped his knowledge2 he desired to ascertain4 ,but he failed1 under the peculiar circumstances1 to fix his attention1 so he laid the book aside1 and returned to the regions below2 to his solitary stroll up and down the gravel-walk1 with an occasional pause for a long and anxious survey of the road4 ,even his meerschaum was forgotten or uncared for4 8,but ,time is faithful to his trust3 ,only await1 thou pining dust40 ,time1 which does so much1 at length brought them home4 ,to his great relief1 the trio reappeared1 and1 creeping slowly along1 turned from the road into the gravel-walk and reached the house1 all three evidently depressed in spirits4 ,,iii4 ,jackey had been turned loose in the paddock on his return1 not for good behavior2 and he alternated there between nibbling the grass as assiduously as if he had engaged to mow the whole before next daylight1 and standing still with his head thrust down and fixed1 as motionless as if he had been carved out of stone4 8,a singular animal truly10 said mein herr to himself as he looked down from his chamber window4 8,he reminds me--0 ,here a summons to supper interrupted the reminiscence2 and1 when they were all revived with the delicious hot coffee and cream which the ,frau von ,steufle knew so well how to mix1 ,jans entered on his adventures as follows3 8,i thought a donkey was a great traveller1 and very careful and mindful1 and to be trusted1 and good on bad roads1 and could eat what a donkey ought to eat1 and not steal what was not meant for him40 8,of course10 said the ,herr von ,heine2 8you are right1 he is a great traveller4 ,i tried one myself on the ,alps1 that is1 ,i began the ,alps on a donkey2 most people begin the ,alps on a donkey1 next a mule1 then on foot1 if they try ,mont ,blanc4 ,i well remember the last view ,i took of the ,jungfrau and its avalanches from the ,wengern ,alps4 ,at the ,hospice of ,st4 ,bernard ,i took a comfortable meal from the good monks1 and then on foot and mule-back ,i mounted by way of ,martigny and ,tte ,noire to ,chamouni4 ,in ,egypt there is nothing like a donkey for the desert2 when ,i was at ,cairo 7that was in my student life71 many a pleasant morning ,i started out on a donkey1 and spent the day among the ruins about there4 ,great climbers they are1 so obedient and sure-footed4 ,the little white donkeys of ,egypt are beauties1 long silky hair2 the pashas value them highly4 ,certainly the ass is a traveller2 the wild asses of ,syria are fleet as the wind4 ,then1 what would ,rome be without donkeys8 or any part of ,italy1 for that matter8 ,along the coasts1 the bay of ,naples1 ,mount ,vesuvius1 now over sand and stones and lava1 and volcanic ashes fetlock-deep1 now to explore pleasant fields1 and woody paths1 and old highways1 always picking his way so carefully up and down steep places1 by some path of his own you fail to see--why1 you may ride on one to the very verge of a precipice1 and take your view from his back1 as safely as if you crept there on hands and knees6 ,oh6 yes1 they are great travellers1 though sometimes slow40 8,very slow is ,jackey10 responded his owner1 8so slow that a good part of the time he stood still40 8,possible80 queried mein herr4 8,perhaps his load was rather--but yet1 you can hardly overload a donkey4 ,why1 in ,rome they are perfect moving heaps of fagots1 hay1 fruit1 old clothes1 mats1 brooms1 and brushes1 and everything1 in fact1 that is salable and movable1 with a dirty1 swarthy peasant striding beside him as driver1 or1 it may be1 a boy2 but1 no1 ,i should say they are always driven by a mob of boys4 ,i hold that the most gregarious of all animals is the human biped in its youth2 and if ,i were called upon for a centre-piece1 with most power to collect around it these juvenile swarms of the genus homo1 ,i should name a ,roman donkey4 ,before him1 behind him1 a body-guard on each side1 all sizes1 in all sorts of garments1 or1 rather1 in all degrees of nudity1 shouting1 yelling1 laughing1 talking1 and each one using all his powers to increase the speed of the poor little beast--there you have a ,roman donkey6 ,i have been told of a scene in ,rome4 ,a little ass whose panniers were two good-sized baskets of eggs2 it was about ,easter time1 when eggs are valuable4 ,to hasten him1 his driver1 a tall1 ragged peasant1 struck him smartly1 which offended him4 ,he stood still a moment1 then deliberately laid himself down1 and rolled over4 ,the peals of laughter which greeted the donkey as he arose1 daubed and dripping with the yellow semi-liquid1 the bewailings of his owner1 all together were worth seeing4 ,in no place in ,europe are they as poorly fed and as much abused as by the lower classes in ,paris2 truly they are miserable-looking wretches there1 bony1 sulky1 dirty4 ,i have often wished to apply to the back of the ragged1 screaming boy-driver the stick with which he was cudgelling his poor donkey4 ,monsieur ,chateaubriand says he would gladly be the advocate of certain creatures1 works of ,god1 despised by men1 and #8en premire ligne1' says he1 #8figuereraient l'ne et le chat4' 8,the heavy-laden ass is a verity in ancient lore2 even its name is used to express hardship and endurance2 as from the ,greek word 1 an ass1 is supposed to be derived the ,latin onus1 signifying a burden40 ,mein herr made a pause1 he was evidently lapsing into the delusion that he was in his ,collegienhaus1 lecturing on donkeys4 ,the gentle frau recalled his wandering wits by observing1 in a low1 sad voice3 8,oh6 he shook so many things off2 all lost2 he shook half his load off in the creek60 8,indeed60 exclaimed the herr1 8is it possible6 that was not to be expected of him4 ,many classical writers mention loading the ass1 but ,i cannot recall a single instance where he unloaded himself in a creek6 8,horace1 it is true1 refers to what might be a little sulkiness under a heavy load1 when he represents himself as a sort of discontented donkey under the infliction of some of his troublesome friends3 #8,demitto auriculas ut iniqu mentis asellus ,quum gravius dorso1 subiit onus4'#bi 8,then1 the poor creature has been at times imposed on in a manner which might excuse resentment4 ,in ancient ,rome1 for instance1 on sacred days all labor was forbidden1 with the exception of some certain kinds considered necessary4 #8,quippe etiam festis qudam exercere diebus ,fas et jura sinunt4'#cj 8,the works allowed were setting traps for birds which were hurtful1 ordering the trenches which irrigated the fields1 and some few others of like kind4 ,to the rustics1 permission was granted to carry their farm produce to market on sacred days1 and they also might bring a load back4 ,this was allowed them in order that this business might not interrupt them on working-days4 ,now1 a load with them necessarily demanded an ass2 consequently the ass knew no sacred day1 no day of rest from his burdens1 and such loads1 ,mynheer von ,steufle6 #8,spe oleo tardi costas agitator aselli ,vilibus aut oneras pomis2 lapidemque revertans ,incusum1' etc4#ca 8,oil1 cheap fruits1 millstones1 black pitch6 ,ah6 mein lieber ,freund what a load6 ,i hardly believe they prefer thistles to grass1 as some say1 but they will subsist on one-third of what is required by a horse under all this labor40 ,jans looked at him ruefully and incredulous3 8,some may--some of them may--but ,i count ,jack two horses at the least4 ,he must have been eating all night1 for he had enough put before him2 and to-day1 why1 you'd think he hadn't seen a corn-husk in a month4 ,he ate apples and cauliflowers1 and a peck of peas1 and--and--0 ,the ,frau von ,steufle supplemented the catalogue of enormities4 8,all my roses1 thorns and all1 and ,katrina von ,dyke's beautiful tulips that she had just sold1 and my tallest bouquet1 the one that was engaged for the grand altar4 ,o dear6 what will they do8 ,then he chewed up a nice bonnet1 and he overset the things6 ,dear me1 so much mischief6 ,ah me60 8,yes1 yes10 said ,jans1 8it is well to say1 ah me6 ,look at the bills that will come in to-morrow60 8,truly10 said the herr in a tone of commiseration1 8it is surprising4 ,it was not to be expected6 ,yet we must look at the best of it4 ,horace says3 #8,nemo adeo ferus est1 ut nom mitiscere possit ,si modo cultur patientem commodet aurem4'0#cb 8,i know not what that may mean1 ,mein ,herr von ,heine10 said ,jans1 8nor do ,i know the ,herr ,horace2 but ,i wish1 if he wants a donkey1 he would take mine4 ,i wish he had him40 ,the herr was silenced4 ,morning came1 and with it a heavy bill to ,jans von ,steufle for damages done by a certain donkey1 who did kick1 bite1 tear1 trample on1 and devour a long list of things belonging to a long list of persons4 ,evening came1 and with it came a lad1 halter in hand1 which he quietly knotted round ,jackey's neck1 and led him away1 looking as solemn and as amiable as when he first arrived4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,sourkrout4 #ae ,sausage4 #af ,cream-cheese4 #ag ,roast-beef4 #ah ,stewed meat4 #ai ,bed-quilts4 #bj ,bed-linen4 #ba ,the hall where lectures are mostly delivered4 #bb ,see preface to ,labors of ,persiles and ,sigismunda3 ,a ,romance1 the last work of ,cervantes1 and left unfinished at his death4 #bc 8,may you sleep well60 #bd ,common sitting-room4 #be 8,assuredly1 sir40 #bf 8,ah6 yes40 #bg 8,and he puts on the ears of an ass quietly moving along40 #bh 8,a ,digression in ,praise of an ,ass40 #bi 8,i let down my ears as a young ass of stubborn mind when he has taken a burden too heavy for his back40 #cj 8,since even on festive days1 right and the laws allow us to do certain things40 #ca 8,often the driver loads the sides of the slow ass with oil or cheap fruit1 and bringing back the wrought stone10 etc4 #cb 8,no one is so savage that he cannot be tamed if he will lend an ear to instruction40 ,,the ,,roman ,,empire ,,and ,,the ,,mission ,,of ,,the ,,barbarians4 8,our clock strikes when there is a change from hour to hour2 but no hammer in the horologe of time peals through the universe when there is a change from era to era40#cc ,so writes ,mr4 ,carlyle in one of his powerful essays2 and he is correct4 ,as gradually and as silently as childhood passes into youth1 and youth into manhood1 and manhood again into old age1 so does a nation and the world itself pass from one era into another4 ,but if the signal of such a change is not heard sounding through the world1 the moment of the transition is foreknown and has been preordained by ,god1 under whose eye all agents throughout the universe are ever acting out their parts4 ,men are sometimes taken by surprise1 but ,god never4 ,men are often mistaken in their calculations of the action of natural forces1 but it cannot be so with ,god4 ,a revolution brews like an angry storm1 all in silence2 and bursts2 and a nation is shivered into fragments4 ,men are amazed2 they have made a false reckoning2 but the storm has brewed under the eye of ,god1 and gathered its hidden forces1 and burst at the very moment that ,god allowed it1 and the havoc has been done up to the time which he has marked out4 ,this is the expression of a great ,catholic principle of history which it is well1 especially in this age of godless theories1 to keep constantly before our minds4 ,we are about to endeavor to show how powerfully the truth of this great historical principle is brought out in that part of history to which our subject refers1 for it is well said by ,cesare ,cantu in his ,storia ,universale1#cd 8,if ever history was manifested as a visible order of ,providence1 it was in these times40 ,as we pass from the fourth into the fifth century1 we come into a new era of the history of the church4 ,the fourth age was one of mental strife2 it was an age of great minds4 ,the enemy of the church in the time of the persecutions had been brute force2 now it was power of intellect4 ,but ,god always has his champions ready4 ,in the persecutions1 they were the martyrs2 in the fourth age1 they were the ,athanasiuses and the ,ambroses4 ,but in the fifth age the men of ,god's choice are of another type4 ,they are men out of the darkness1 savages of the forest1 wild dwellers amid the ice-mountains and the swamps4 ,they have known no civilizing influences2 they are nature's children1 and hardy as the rock and granite4 ,they have reason1 it is true2 but it does not guide them on their strange1 savage mission4 ,they are all driven on by an instinct that is irresistible4 ,the words of ,alaric are the expression of the feelings of all those wild warriors4 ,as the ,gothic leader is marching towards ,rome at the head of his army1 a solitary goes out from his grotto to arrest him in his course4 8,no10 replies ,alaric1 8a mysterious voice within me says3 ,march on1 go and sack ,rome40 ,so we are told by ,socrates#ce and ,sozomen#cf in their histories4 ,thus1 then1 they go to their stupendous work of destruction4 ,that work is characterized by blood1 and smoke1 and the crash of falling cities4 ,the age is one of chaos4 ,never before since the world began were there such wild ruin and devastation2 never such terrible levelling to the ground of human grandeur2 never such savage smashing up of the monuments of luxury and worldly greatness4 ,it would1 indeed1 be difficult to describe adequately what is so confused and so chaotic4 ,when the storm-clouds have gathered and overshadowed us with darkness1 when the lightning-fires flame through the sky and scathe the forest-trees1 and the blinding raindrops drive in fury through the air1 can we see any order in it all8 ,can we draw lines and mark out clearly the different elements of the storm8 ,no4 ,it is only when the storm is spent and the air becomes clear again that the eye can discern what havoc has been done4 ,the giant oak has been cleft by the storm-spirit's fiery sword2 the lofty tower has been hurled down from its stately height2 the rocks have been split1 and the earth's surface torn up1 as by the bursting of some mighty engine of war4 ,so it would be difficult to describe1 with anything like clearness of method1 the mighty storm which burst upon the ,roman ,empire in the fifth century4 ,however long we pore over the pages of ,paul ,orosius or ,salvian1 we still rise from our study with bewildered brain4 ,god lets loose his wild messengers of wrath1 and they do their savage work in their own savage way4 ,we can see no order in it--to our eye there is none4 ,we hear the wailing cries of despair1 and the frenzied howls of the conquering barbarians1 and the loud re-echoing crashes of the falling empire4 ,but it is only when the smoke has cleared off and the dust has subsided that we can form any idea of the ruin and devastation which have been accomplished4 ,if our task1 then1 were mainly to draw an accurate and true picture1 we should fail4 ,but it is rather to give a view of a period of history from a ,catholic philosophical standpoint3 it is to show1 as far as we can1 the action of ,god on human affairs4 ,it will be necessary1 then1 first to point out what the mission of the ,roman ,empire was--a mission to build up3 and then the causes which prepared the way for the mission of the barbarians--a mission of sweeping destruction4 ,at the time when the ,son of ,god came down upon earth1 the ,roman ,empire was at the height of its splendor and power4 ,never in the history of the world had there been an empire in every way so wonderful4 ,never before had there been a power so mighty and all-embracing in its dominion4 ,all that had been great and brilliant in the civilization of the empires of old had come down to ,rome1 and had undergone a boundless development there4 ,this truth is powerfully put forth in the words of the first professor of the philosophy of history at the ,catholic ,university of ,ireland4 ,we will quote his words3 8,the ,empire of ,augustus10 he says1 8inherited the whole civilization of the ancient world4 ,whatever political and social knowledge1 whatever moral or intellectual truth1 whatever useful or elegant arts the enterprising race of ,japheth had acquired1 preserved1 and accumulated in the long course of centuries since the beginning of history1 had descended without a break to ,rome1 with the dominion of all the countries washed by the ,mediterranean4 ,for her the wisdom of ,egypt and all the ,east had been stored up2 for her ,pythagoras and ,thales1 ,socrates1 ,plato and ,aristotle1 and all the schools besides of ,grecian philosophy suggested by these names1 had thought2 for her ,zoroaster1 as well as ,solon and ,lycurgus1 legislated2 for her ,alexander conquered1 the races which he subdued forming but a portion of her empire4 ,every city in the ears of whose youth the ,poems of ,homer were familiar as household words1 owned her sway4 ,her magistrates1 from the ,northern ,sea to the confines of ,arabia1 issued their decrees in the language of empire--the ,latin tongue2 while1 as men of letters1 they spoke and wrote in ,greek4 ,for her ,carthage had risen1 founded colonies1 discovered distant coasts1 set up a world-wide trade1 and then fallen1 leaving her the empire of ,africa and the ,west1 with the lessons of a long experience4 ,not only so1 but likewise ,spain1 ,gaul1 and all the frontier provinces from the ,alps to the mouth of the ,danube1 spent in her service their strength and skill2 supplied her armies with their bravest youths2 gave to her senate and her knights their choicest minds4 ,the vigor of new1 and the culture of long-polished1 races were alike employed in the vast fabric of her power4 ,in fact1 every science and art1 all human thought1 experience1 and discovery had poured their treasure in one stream into the bosom of that society which1 after forty-four years of undisputed rule1 ,augustus had consolidated into a new system of government1 and bequeathed to the charge of ,tiberius40#cg ,this passage from ,mr4 ,allies is like a brilliant flash of light thrown on ,rome's greatness2 but yet it only gives us a glimpse4 ,it would take us long to form to ourselves an adequate idea of this greatest of empires4 ,we should have to make long journeys through her extensive provinces1 measure her vast cities1 march along her grand roads1 and1 after we had journeyed over all the civilized world of those days1 we should still be within the circuit of the mighty empire4 ,her sway extended over the three then known continents3 8,gaul and ,spain1 ,britain and ,north ,africa1 ,switzerland and the greater part of ,austria1 ,turkey in ,europe1 ,asia ,minor1 ,syria and ,egypt1 formed but single limbs of her mighty body40#ch ,it is wonderful1 again1 to think of what ,pliny calls the 8immensa ,roman pacis majestas40 ,the inconceivable majesty of ,rome in the time of peace was1 perhaps1 more overpowering than anything else about her4 ,having a boundlessness of empire such as we have described1 containing within her circuit a population1 according to ,gibbon1 of #abj1jjj1jjj1 looking round from her throne of supreme authority1 and claiming all as her own that was visible to the eye of civilization1 she could stretch forth her sceptre over all this immeasurable area and over these countless peoples1 and hold all in submission and peace4 ,we cannot1 then1 be surprised that ,rome ruled over the nations as a goddess2 that divine power and majesty were believed to belong to her4 ,her sway was felt from the ,rhine and the ,danube to the deserts of ,africa1 from utmost ,spain to the ,euphrates1 like an ubiquitous presence4 ,her eye of authority reached from one extremity of the world to the other1 and she had her #cdj1jjj men stationed on the frontiers1 looking with watchful ken into the vast unknown solitudes beyond1 and ever ready to hurl back the savage hordes of external foes1 if perchance they stepped forward for a moment from their native darkness4 ,very few forces were needed to preserve internal order4 ,that same ,gaul which in #ahfj required #fbf1jjj armed men to preserve internal order and for external security in time of peace1 had a garrison of only #a1bjj men in the days of old ,rome4#ci ,well then may ,pliny and the old ,roman authors speak with such admiration of the 8immensa ,roman pacis majestas40 ,nothing had ever been seen on the earth so imposing and so grand4 ,no empire had ever existed with such a boundless sway1 such wonderful internal organization1 such a union of strength1 such compactness of power1 and such an awe-inspiring name4 ,and at the time of ,augustus there was no sign of decay or deterioration4 ,rome was1 on the contrary1 rising higher and higher in cultivation and refinement4 ,we may here quote the words of ,tertullian in his treatise ,de ,anima2 they give us a vivid and beautiful picture of the ,roman ,empire of his day4 8,the world itself10 he says1 8is opened up1 and becomes from day to day more civilized1 and increases the sum of human enjoyment4 ,every place is reached1 is become known1 is full of business4 ,solitudes1 famous of old1 have changed their aspects under the richest cultivation4 ,the plough has levelled forests1 and the beasts that prey on man have given place to those that serve him4 ,corn waves on the sea-shore1 rocks are opened out into roads2 marshes are drained1 cities are more numerous now than villages in former times4 ,the island has lost its savageness1 and the cliff its desolation4 ,houses spring up everywhere1 and men to dwell in them4 ,on all sides are government and life40 ,and so we might go on indefinitely1 describing ,rome's power1 and riches1 and civilization1 and never succeed in giving an idea equal to the great reality4 ,then1 as we think of all this1 we are led to ask ourselves1 ,how is this mighty empire ever to fall8 ,other empires1 we know1 rose and fell1 but at their highest point of greatness they could not be compared to the ,empire of ,rome4 ,all that they had of might and majesty and durability ,rome has1 and immeasurably more4 ,men have not known how to qualify her power1 nor how to designate her except by calling her 8,eternal ,rome40 ,where1 then1 can another power come from that shall be able to cope with her8 ,she looked as durable as the very firmament which ,god had set on immovable pillars1 more lasting than the rock-built earth on which she had grown and developed for nearly a thousand years4 ,her existence was inconceivable before she began to be2 her ceasing to exist was as inconceivable afterwards4 ,it seemed as if to destroy her would be to split the earth itself on which she was based1 or to shiver the universe1 which she seemed to embrace in her mighty arms4 ,of her capital itself a great living writer says3 8,look at the ,palatine ,hill1 penetrated1 traversed1 cased with brick-work1 till it appears a work of man1 not of nature2 run your eye along the cliffs from ,ostia to ,terracina1 covered with the dbris of masonry2 gaze around the bay of ,bai1 whose rocks have been made to serve as the foundations and the walls of palaces2 and in those mere remains1 lasting to this day1 you will have a type of the moral and political strength of the establishments of ,rome4 ,think of the aqueducts making for the imperial city for miles across the plain2 think of the straight roads stretching off again from that one centre to the ends of the earth2 consider that vast territory round about it1 strewn to this day with countless ruins2 follow in your mind its suburbs1 extending along its roads for as much1 at least in some directions1 as forty miles2 and number up its continuous mass of population1 amounting1 as grave authors say1 to almost six million2 and answer the question1 ,how was ,rome ever to be got rid of8 ,why was it not to progress8 ,why was it not to progress for ever8 ,where was that ancient civilization to end80#dj ,after looking at ,rome with a human eye1 this is the way we should speak2 these are questions we should ask4 ,to the human eye1 ,rome was based on everlasting foundations1 and was to be immortal4 ,there was no power--there could be no power sufficiently mighty to move her from her seat4 ,but looking at her from the standpoint of the great ,catholic principles of history1 we shall use language very different4 ,we shall say that ,rome1 however mighty and well based1 will last no longer than serves the wise designs of ,god's providence4 ,he raised her up1 as he has raised other empires1 for a mission2 when that mission is fulfilled1 he will say to her1 8,perish10 and she will wither away and gradually die1 or1 if so be his pleasure1 she will be swept1 as by the fury of a storm1 from the face of the earth4 ,it was the latter judgment that actually fell upon her1 and we have to see in the course of this essay with what terrible reality it was carried out4 ,mighty as ,rome was1 so was she intended for a mighty mission4 ,she had subdued the world1 and the world was at her feet4 ,her great highways cut through her immense empire in every direction4 ,by these broad roads the riches of the provinces were carried to her bosom1 and by these roads went forth her legions to guard the distant frontier4 ,she had given her own language to the various races which she had bent under her sway1 so that her word of command was understood and obeyed in every part of her wide empire4 ,at this point1 then1 in the course of her history1 ,god had determined to appear1 in visible form1 on the scene of human events4 ,when the world was thus at peace1 and under the sway of this mightiest of empires1 the ,prince of ,peace came on earth4 ,circumstances never could have been more favorable for the establishment of his kingdom4 ,it strikes us1 then1 here at once1 that the evident mission of the ,roman ,empire was to prepare the way for ,christianity4 ,in spite of the opposition of pagan gods2 in spite of sensual passions and human pride1 the ,crucified will have ,rome1 as has been long ago preordained1 for the seat of his own wonderful empire4 ,thence his missionaries will go forth1 like ,rome's own conquering legions1 but unto still more glorious conquests than they4 ,the broad ,roman roads will rejoice more under the footsteps of these new conquerors than ever they did in days before under the tramp of warlike battalions returning booty-laden to the great capital4 ,everything is ready for the prosecution of these new conquests4 ,the provinces are at peace and ready to receive these ,heaven-sent messengers4 ,men seem to be waiting for some voice that shall be heard sounding through the world telling them to lay down their swords for ever1 to forget their strifes1 and that they are all brothers4 ,such a voice is now to be heard4 ,the language of ,rome has made itself universal in order that it may be the organ of a universal religion4 ,when the first revelation was made1 the language of the human race was one2 so was it necessary that1 when a new revelation was about to be given to men1 they should be brought back again to unity of language1 in order that revelation might be universally received1 and be transmitted to future ages4 ,the great ,roman conquerors had no thought1 whilst they went forth to conquest with their countless warriors1 full of ideas of human glory and lust of booty1 that they were the simple instruments of him who was ruling in the heavens1 and whom they knew not4 ,but so it was4 ,and we see how ,god's designs were carried out4 ,we see1 in course of time1 the aged fisherman1 from the ,galilean ,lake1 wending his way toward the great ,roman capital4 ,as he walks along the ,via ,appia with his scrip and staff1 he is the symbol of simplicity and human weakness4 ,but mark you well that old way-worn form4 ,there walks the first of the great race of ,popes4 ,he represents no contemptible power1 that weak-looking wayfarer4 ,he bears with him a secret source of strength which will give him courage against all obstacles4 ,though he looks so mean in his ,jewish garb1 yet he is a conqueror such as the world has not yet seen4 ,he has no legends at his back1 no surroundings of earthly might to make the world tremble before him4 ,but he bears with him something mightier than ,roman armies1 and far more irresistible3 it is the ,cross of ,jesus ,christ4 ,march on1 old man1 to the great city that is called the mistress of nations and omnipotent4 ,fear not2 thou shalt subdue her with thy poor wooden cross1 and plant in her midst thy everlasting throne4 ,yea1 of a truth1 the throne which that old man shall establish there shall be the first immovable throne which the world has ever seen4 ,the throne of ,cambyses has passed away2 the throne of ,alexander has crumbled to dust2 and the throne of the ,roman ,csars will soon be buried in the wreck of barbarian invasion4 ,but the throne of the fisherman will stand firm where he planted it1 whilst everything around perishes and crumbles away4 ,nations and kings will mistake it for a human thing1 and they will1 in their blind rage1 rush against it to overturn it2 but they will dash themselves to pieces in the collision1 and they will be seen lying around in scattered fragments1 whilst that throne itself still remains immovable4 ,so1 then1 the fisherman1 conscious of his great mission1 enters into the mighty city which ,god had been preparing for him those long ages4 ,that was a solemn moment for the world1 though the world knew it not4 ,other conquerors enter into the capitals of kingdoms with great pomp and a mighty array of armed men2 and perhaps their hold upon the subdued cities is of short duration4 ,the tide of human affairs quickly changes1 and perhaps the conquerors themselves are in their turn the conquered and the captive4 ,but this meek old man has no armed force to awe men into submission4 ,he is the centre of no pageant4 ,he walks on his way in silence4 ,he has nothing but his staff and his scrip and his little wooden cross1 which in reality is his sceptre4 ,but he enters ,rome to take a lasting possession of it4 ,not all the world in arms will ever again be able to make a permanent conquest of that city4 ,a mystery will henceforth hang about it for ever4 ,it will always look like a city of the past1 and yet it will hold within it the life of all peoples and nations to come4 ,by degrees1 other kings shall leave it altogether to ,peter and his successors1 as if scared away by the mysterious presence of ,christ's vicar4 ,and if1 in the course of ages1 men dream like ,rienzi of the great days of ancient ,rome1 and long to see the old pagan prestige of the city brought back1 and then come with their mailed hands and strike the mysterious power that ,god has established there1 their mailed hands shall wither1 and they will fall back stricken by ,heaven in their turn1 as ,oza was in past days for his irreverence4 ,when1 then1 ,peter had taken possession of his city1 the rapid spread of ,christianity began4 ,here was the throne of the head of the church established in the very centre of civilization and of the ,western ,world4 ,we cannot think that ,romulus and his wild robber-followers had any profound design in fixing the site of their city on those seven hills4 ,no2 but ,god had4 ,it is remarkable that ,rome seems built to be even naturally and physically the centre of the world4 8,nothing10 says ,father ,lacordaire1 8is isolated in things2 the body1 the soul1 divine grace1 everything is united2 all is harmonious4 ,the body of man is not that of the irrational animal2 the configuration of a country intended for one destiny is not the same as that of a country appointed to another destiny1 and the general form of our globe is as full of reason as of mystery40#da ,the ancients seem to have had a traditional knowledge of this2 hence it was that1 when they built their cities1 they made a deep and religious study of the spot which was chosen as the site4 ,looking1 then1 first at ,italy1 we see that ,god formed it for a great purpose4 ,it is curious to remark how ,asia1 ,africa1 and ,europe are united1 as it were1 together by the basin of the ,mediterranean ,sea1 which also opens toward the ,west to allow the vessels of all nations to sail to the ,american continent4 ,into this central ,mediterranean ,sea1 ,italy shoots out its long length4 ,on its northern side it is strongly guarded by ridges of mountains1 and seems thus designed to be defended from ,europe1 whilst it is its heart4 ,almost in the centre of this ,italian peninsula1 more to the south than the north1 and more westward than eastward1 ,rome is seated4 ,she is built on seven hills1 and by the borders of the ,tiber1 whose yellow waters roll sluggishly along between banks bare and uninteresting1 and destitute of that green verdure which gives such a charm to the rivers of our own country4 ,at a distance of six leagues eastward rises the dark line of the ,apennines2 looking westward1 you may catch a view from some elevated spot of the bright-glancing waters of the ,mediterranean2 northward rises the isolated ,soracte1 towering up like a mighty giant1 and seeming to stand as guardian of the plain4 ,directing your gaze southward1 your eye falls on the pleasant hamlets of ,castel-,gandolfo1 ,marino1 ,frascati1 and ,colonna4#db ,in this centre of the world1 then1 made such by ,god when he formed the globe2 in this centre1 so wonderfully adapted for easy communication with the rest of the world1 ,god has his central city built1 and when the hour comes which he preordained in his wise ,providence1 he conducts the ,fisherman-,pope there1 and bids him there abide till the end of time4 ,it is not likely1 then1 that any other city of the world1 either ,jerusalem or ,constantinople1 or any great capital yet to be built1 can supplant ,rome in the honor of being the city of the ,popes1 or that any other country will be in as true a sense the chosen country of ,god as ,italy is4 ,italy was chosen1 as we have seen1 to be the heart of the world4 ,then ,god chose to have this great central capital from which the light of ,christianity was to radiate to the four quarters of the globe4 ,it would be easy to show what a glorious and conspicuous part she has acted in all ages through the church's history4 ,it is ,italy which has given to the church almost the whole long line of ,pontiffs who have filled the chair of ,st4 ,peter4 ,from ,italy have gone forth almost all the greatest missionaries of the world4 ,st4 ,innocent says1 in his ,epistle to ,decentius1 that all the great founders of ,christian churches in ,gaul1 ,sicily1 ,spain1 and ,africa came from this favored county4 ,to her also is ,germany indebted for her first apostles2 and1 unless we credit the legend of ,joseph of ,arimathea1 we must own that ,christianity was first brought over into ,britain by missionaries from ,rome4 ,and we are not surprised that ,italy is so prolific in apostles and preachers4 ,nearest to the heart does the life-blood flow most quickly4 ,under the eye of ,christ's ,vicar1 and under the shadow of his presence1 has the ,christian life always been best realized4 ,we cannot1 then1 wonder that the history of ,christian ,italy should furnish the highest and the most glorious pages of the history of the church4 ,she is glorious in her countless martyrs1 in her learned doctors1 in her great founders of religious orders4 ,with all this before us1 we can understand the soul-stirring words of ,luigi ,tosti to the ,italian clergy4 8,state sa10 he cries out1 8,leviti dell' ,italiano chericato1 abitatori della terra in cui la chiesa impresse sempre la prima orma dei suoi passi1 quando procede all' assunzione di una forma novella4 ,scalza1 perseguitata1 cruenta di martirio in ,pietro3 ricca1 guistiziera1 fulminatrice in ,ildebrando2 bella1 copulatrice di due civilt nel decimo ,leone2 e sempre in ,italia40 ,we lose much of the fire and vigor of the original by translating these words into our own language1 but yet we may1 perhaps1 venture to render them thus3 8,arise1 ,levites of the ,italian clergy1 dwellers in that land on which the church always imprints her first foot-mark whenever she is about to take up a new form4 ,barefooted1 persecuted1 red with the blood of martyrdom in ,peter2 rich1 rigid1 hurling anathemas in ,hildebrand2 beautiful1 uniting the two civilizations in the tenth ,leo2 and always in ,italy40#dc ,returning1 then1 to what we have already said regarding the ,roman ,empire1 and seeing how wonderfully ,god has arranged all things for the establishment of his holy religion1 we may form to ourselves an idea how rapidly the truths of ,christianity would spread throughout the world4 ,now we see a nobler and higher use for those grand ,roman roads than ever entered into the minds of those who designed and constructed them2 now we perceive the advantage of that one noble ,latin language being the established language of the empire2 now we take in more perfectly the great design of ,god in laying so many nations at the feet of ,rome1 and inspiring them with such veneration for her very name4 ,thus favored on all sides1 ,christianity soon made its way into the cities and towns of the wide-spreading empire4 ,we have been amazed as we have observed ,god working out in detail this grand scheme for the propagation of his religion4 ,we have seen and wondered at the mighty power of that ,word which was confided by ,jesus ,christ to the apostles and their successors4 ,we have seen it captivating the rich and the poor alike1 and baffling and finally humbling at its feet the proud philosophers themselves4 ,we know how in a few years the ,christians could be counted by thousands in ,rome itself1 and how they were found wherever the ,roman legions had penetrated4 ,from ,rome1 as from a great central sun1 the light of truth shone far out in all directions1 and ,christian churches seemed to rise as by an invisible power1 in all cities and towns near and far distant1 and then shoot forth their beautiful brightness into the surrounding darkness4 ,in ,africa1 as ,alzog and ,dllinger relate1 the ,christians soon outnumbered the pagans4 ,and we know well1 for there is no one who has not read them1 the famous words of ,tertullian1 in his ,apologetica3 8,we are but of yesterday1 and already we fill your towns1 your villages1 your fortresses1 your islands1 your assemblies and your camps1 the senate and the imperial court2 we leave you nothing but the temples40 ,in studying the first ages of the church's history1 what glorious things do we witness1 and how strongly is the conviction forced upon us that ,god is there ruling events and using men for his own great purposes6 ,we see the ,roman legions transforming themselves1 as did the ,thundering ,legion1 into so many phalanxes of conquering ,christians1 who rushed to victory under the impulse of the grand idea that they were thus subduing new countries to the rule of ,christ4#dd ,we see those victorious legions carrying with them their laws1 their customs1 and their schools to the banks of the ,rhine and the ,danube1 and there planting civilization and the faith of ,christ4 ,we wonder less at this when we think what noble ,christian hearts were burning in the breasts of those brave men1 and how oftentimes they laid down their lives as martyrs for ,christ's name4 ,we can never forget the noble ,theban legions dying at the foot of the ,alps1 thus giving by their heroic martyrdom the first lessons of ,christian teaching to the people of ,switzerland4 ,in the camps of ,rhtia1 ,noricum1 and ,vindelicia1 again1 we see ,christian soldiers sowing the seeds of their holy religion on every side of them4 ,how beautiful a thing did it appear to the devoted ,ozanam to follow the footsteps of these early missionaries1 to represent to himself the hymns of redemption rising heavenwards amidst the silence of the pagan forests1 and to see in imagination the barbarians receiving the waters of baptism at the same fountains which their fathers adored6#de ,the more closely1 then1 we study the manner in which ,christianity was propagated in the first ages1 the more clearly does the mission of the ,roman ,empire stand out before our eyes4 ,it becomes more and more evident1 the longer we look at facts1 that ,rome's conquering legions1 her great far-reaching roads1 her laws1 and her one universal language were all made use of by ,god in a wonderful way1 not only to prepare the way for1 but also for the establishment of his great spiritual kingdom upon earth4 ,thus far we have considered the ,roman ,empire as working for ,god1 as aiding in a remarkable manner the propagation of ,christianity4 ,thus viewed1 the ,roman ,empire was on ,god's side4 ,but from another point of view we know how bitterly she opposed ,god's work4 ,never was there such dire war made against ,god as during the three hundred years of the persecutions4 ,we have now to glance at these years of blood and hatred1 since they are a part of the explanation why in later times there came1 by ,god's sending1 such a whirlwind of wrath on the mighty empire that it was shaken to its very foundations1 and fell with a crash which made the whole universe tremble4 ,we do not intend to dwell on the more minute details of these strange1 sad years1 but only to refer in a general way to the cruelty of the persecutors and the heroic conduct of the children of the cross in the presence of death4 ,towards the end of the first seventy years of the ,christian church1 we see the imperial garden at ,rome the scene of a strange festivity4 ,the ,roman people are there assembled on a dark night for an entertainment4 ,the ,emperor ,nero is seen passing to and fro in his imperial carriage1 followed by the senators in their costly equipages amidst the shouts and plaudits of the people4 ,it is the opening of the first persecution4 ,the long1 shady avenues are lighted up by living torches--human beings covered over with burning pitch are serving as festal lamps4 ,in the open squares of this garden we see women and children1 belonging to some of the noblest families of ,rome1 clothed with the skins of wild beasts1 and cast to hungry dogs1 which devour them alive4 ,meanwhile ,nero laughs with savage glee at the success of his new invention1 and his myrmidons congratulate him on the ingenuity he has displayed in it4 ,this is only a glimpse--but we need no more4 ,later on we see that other monster ,domitian1 shut up in a dark chamber of his palace1 holding with fiendish satisfaction the end of the chain which binds the limbs of those who are brought before him for trial4 ,we see him oftentimes presiding in person and gloating with a wild beast's gusto over the tortures inflicted on innocent ,christians4 ,in his reign1 virtue became a crime1 and the followers of ,christ were put to death throughout the whole extent of the empire as being the declared enemies of the state4 ,we do not wonder that ,domitian acquired for himself the odious name of 8the tyrant whom the universe detested10 as ,suetonius tells us in his ,life of this emperor4 ,neither can we wonder that the ,roman people endeavored to blot out even his very name from their memory4 ,lactantius tells us1 in his ,de ,morte ,persecutorum1 that his statues were broken to pieces1 and his inscriptions effaced from the proud monuments which his hands had raised4 ,as we pass on to ,trajan and ,adrian1 we find no reason to be partial to their memories4 ,though no new edicts of persecution were published during their reign1 yet ,christians were put to death in great numbers throughout the empire4 ,when we think of ,trajan's persecution1 a grand1 saintly figure always rises before our minds--it is ,st4 ,ignatius of ,antioch1 as he himself has sketched in striking outlines1 in his famous ,epistle to the ,romans1 the sublime ideal of the ,christian martyr1 and he realized with wonderful exactitude that ideal in his own person4 ,the student of church history well remembers the bold independence of the holy man as he stood before the emperor at ,antioch2 and the courageous joy with which he went to the amphitheatre to be the victim of wild beasts and a spectacle to the bloodthirsty ,romans1 is one of those glorious things which the church points to as characteristic of her great martyr-bishops4 ,again1 when we think of ,adrian1 we recall that symbol of his cruelty1 the brazen bull1 into which1 when heated to red-heat1 the faithful veteran ,eustachius with his wife and family was cast4 ,his name1 too1 brings back to our memory the brave widow ,symphorosa and her seven sons4 ,the cruel scene of torment is again enacted before our minds4 ,we think how the poor mother was suspended aloft by the hair1 all bruised and mangled as she was by hard lashes1 whilst the bodies of her children were opened before her eyes with knives and iron hooks4 ,such facts as these are certainly not calculated to persuade us that ,adrian's character was one of mildness and clemency1 as profane historians would have us believe4 ,to this emperor belongs1 as ,tillemont tells us1 the odious distinction of having profaned in the vilest manner those holy places which are so dear to ,christian hearts4 ,he defiled the holy ,mount of ,calvary by erecting thereon the sensual figure of ,venus2 he desecrated the sacred ,cave at ,bethlehem by setting up the statue of ,adonis2 and he placed1 as though in jeering triumph1 the image of ,jupiter over the tomb of our blessed ,saviour4 ,under the influence of ,adrian's zeal1 paganism experienced a temporary revival2 idolatry seemed to regain new life and vigor1 and made a great effort to substitute the trophies of the devil for those of ,jesus ,christ4 ,adrian went so far as to erect temples in his own honor1 which1 as ,dllinger says1 have been falsely supposed by some to have been places of ,christian worship4 ,adrian died at last a wretched prey to his crimes4 ,as he writhed in agony and rotted away under the violence of a loathsome disease1 he called a thousand times upon death to come to his deliverance4 ,but death came slowly to the cruel torturer of ,symphorosa and her sons4 ,as we pass rapidly on down these years of blood1 our eye is again arrested1 in the time of ,marcus ,aurelius1 by the grand figure of glorious ,polycarp1 who rises then distinct and clear to our view1 as he stands up bravely on his funeral pile above the heads of the ,roman rabble1 overspanned by his triumphal arch of fire4 ,as the venerable martyr went to his trial1 a voice from heaven spoke to him these words3 8,courage1 ,polycarp1 quit thyself like a brave man40 ,and so he did4 ,no one can read without emotion the beautiful1 calm answer which the old man gave to the proconsul who ordered him to 8blaspheme against ,christ40 8,it is now eighty-six years10 the aged martyr replied1 8that ,i have served him4 ,how then can ,i blaspheme against my ,lord and ,saviour80 ,his noble words and his heroic death inspired courage in thousands of ,christians who afterwards gave their lives for ,christ4 ,we learn1 also1 that during this persecution ,christians who had been for some time detained in the prisons were massacred en masse1 and that the ,rhone flowed all red and ghastly with the blood which countless martyrs had shed on its banks4 ,but the emperor-philosopher felt his impotence to destroy the ever-dying yet ever-multiplying race of ,christians4 8,vary their torments10 he writes1 in his despair1 to the governors of the provinces2 and then we see the victims of his hatred crucified1 burned1 or cast to the wild beasts4 ,modern men of science may rank ,marcus ,aurelius with philosophers1 but we are inclined to believe1 with ,m4 ,leroy1 that it was his infamous cruelty towards the ,christians rather than true wisdom which has made them pass over in silence his shameless turpitudes and grant him this proud distinction4 ,during the raging persecution which ,septimius ,severus had enkindled against the ,christians1 we see ,st4 ,perpetua going boldly to death1 bearing in her arms her new-born child4 ,her aged pagan father1 kneeling in tears at her feet and begging her to sacrifice to the gods1 could not deter her from advancing1 with firm step and calm look1 to meet the wild beasts of the circus4 ,we see ,felicitas1 ,saturninus1 ,revocatus1 and others accompanying her through the savage crowd to the same fate4 ,what a grand procession of heroes--something to look at till our tears flow and our hearts are set on fire6 ,as they advance proudly along1 the voice of ,satur1 one of their number1 is heard giving forth those scathing words to the wild crowd that surrounded them3 8,look well at us1 that you may know us again at the judgment-day40 ,turning our eyes to ,alexandria1 we find that city a great centre of persecution at this time4 ,there it was that the most intrepid defenders of religion1 and the stern1 penitential men of the ,thebaid1 were summoned to crown their noble lives by the heroism of martyrdom4 ,and again is the blood of martyrs flowing like water in the streets of ,lyons4 ,st4 ,irenus and twenty thousand ,christians are immolated in honor of ,christ's name4 ,the work of extermination is continued with unrelenting vigor under the gigantic son of the ,thracian peasant4 ,maximin deals out his blows of death with the power and fury of a ,cyclops4 ,but the brave ,christian hearts1 braced up to noble deeds by the secret indwelling presence of their ,lord1 do not quail before his terrors4 ,and in the midst of the bloody fray1 we hear the soul-inspiring voice of great ,origen1 calling aloud to his brethren in these words3 8,behold1 generous athletes1 your portion--a tribulation above all tribulations1 but yet a hope above all hopes2 for the ,lord knows how to glorify1 by his rewards1 those who have thought little of this poor earthen vessel1 which death so easily breaks to pieces4 ,i should like to see you1 when the combat is at hand1 bounding with joy as did the apostles in their day1 who rejoiced that they were found worthy to suffer outrages for the name of ,jesus4 ,remember ye the words of ,isaiah1 #8,fear not the reproach which comes from men1 and let not yourselves be cast down by their contempt4' ,men laugh to-day1 and to-morrow they are no more2 already the eternal pit swallows them up for ever4 ,when you shall be on the arena of combat1 think with ,paul that you are a spectacle to the world1 to angels1 and to men4 ,if you triumph1 ,christians will applaud your courage2 the heavenly spirits will rejoice at your victory4 ,but if you yield1 the powers of hell will shout for joy1 and will come forth in myriads from their fiery abyss to meet you4 ,fight1 then1 valiantly1 and1 in imitation of ,eleazar1 leave behind you1 as a remembrance of your death1 a noble example of constancy and virtue40#df ,these noble words are worthy of the generous soul and the marvellously gifted mind of the great doctor of ,alexandria4 ,they sound forth with a soul-stirring1 awakening power1 like a trumpet-blast from heaven4 ,and1 no doubt1 many a trembling heart was nerved into courageous daring by them2 many a glorious victory was won under their influence which would otherwise have been lost4 ,and it was in the next persecution under ,decius that such powerful1 encouraging words were needed4 ,never yet since the empire began to make bloody war against ,christ's followers had the ,christians more need of strength and help2 never had they more need than now to picture to themselves the depths of the fiery abyss1 and the bright glories of ,god's kingdom4 ,decius came to his bloody work with a resolution to succeed at any cost4 ,his orders went abroad over the empire to all governors and public functionaries1 that every conceivable torture was to be used in order to force the ,christians to renounce their faith4 ,it was not1 then1 prompt1 quick death that was now the order of the day1 but slow1 cruel torture4 ,we have a picture of the horrors of this persecution in the words of ,st4 ,gregory of ,nyssa4 8,the magistrates10 he says1 8suspended all cases1 private or public1 to apply themselves to the great1 the important affair--the arrest and punishment of the faithful4 ,the heated iron chains1 the steel claws1 the pyre1 the sword1 the beasts1 all the instruments invented by the cruelty of man1 lacerated1 by night and by day1 the bodies of martyrs2 and each tormentor seemed to fear that he might not be as barbarous as his fellows4 ,neighbors1 relatives1 friends1 heartlessly betrayed each other1 and denounced ,christians before the magistrates4 ,the provinces were in consternation2 families were decimated2 cities became deserts2 and the deserts were peopled4 ,soon the prisons were insufficient for the multitudes arrested for their faith1 and most of the public edifices were converted into prisons40#dg ,we find1 also1 ,st4 ,denis of ,alexandria speaking in moving language of the persecution which he witnessed in his own city4 ,he tells us that the numbers of the martyrs were past counting4 ,no regard was paid to sex1 age1 or rank2 men1 women1 children1 and old men were tormented with equal cruelty4 ,every species of torture was employed1 and every imaginable cruelty used to increase the horrors of death4#dh ,again1 at ,smyrna1 ,antioch1 ,lampsacus1 ,toulouse1 ,nmes1 and ,marseilles1 martyrs died in thousands4 ,in fact1 wherever we turn our gaze1 we see throughout the length and breadth of the empire the blood of ,christians flowing4 ,during the reign of ,valerian the monotonous work of death goes on1 but1 perhaps1 as we advance1 the destruction of ,christians becomes more wholesale4 ,at ,utica the heads of one hundred and fifty followers of ,christ fell at once1 and at ,cirta in ,numidia we see an atrocious butchery taking place which lasts the greater part of a day4 ,the martyrs are led into a valley with ranges of hills rising to a great height on both sides1 as if to favor the spectacle4 ,they are ranged in line1 their eyes bandaged1 along the river-side2 and the executioner passes on from one to another1 striking off their heads4#di ,it was1 perhaps1 a glad sight for the savage idolaters who thronged the high hill-sides to witness the bloody slaughter1 but it was a sublime spectacle1 too1 for the angels of heaven1 as they looked down upon those brave soldiers of ,christ1 and saw them standing in calm1 joyful silence by that ,african river-bank and receiving their bright martyrs' crowns4 ,the ages of blood came to an end with the ,diocletian persecution4 ,it would be difficult to imagine that anything new in the way of torture could be invented at this date4 ,ingenuity and malice had already done their worst in the matter of inventions2 but ,diocletian and his associates brought with them a qualification in which they were surpassed by none of their predecessors1 and that was an intense hatred for the ,christian religion4 ,never had the rage and fury of persecutors been greater than was displayed by these 8three ferocious wild beasts10 as ,lactantius calls them2 and never1 consequently1 did the blood of ,christians flow more copiously4 ,hell was making its last great effort4 ,though we are accustomed1 in traversing these centuries of terrible bloodshed1 to read of cruelties which are almost beyond belief1 yet we are startled into new horror when we find in this tenth persecution an entire town with its twelve or fifteen thousand inhabitants consumed by fire because it is a town of ,christians4 ,each province has its peculiar species of torture4 ,in ,mesopotamia1 it is fire2 in ,pontus1 the wheel2 in ,syria1 the gridiron2 in ,arabia1 the hatchet2 in ,cappadocia1 iron bars for breaking limbs2 in ,africa1 hanging2 the wooden horse in ,gaul1 and wild beasts at ,rome4#ej ,where1 we ask1 as we gaze over the wide-stretching empire1 is not the blood of ,christians flowing8 ,its voice rises heavenwards from the cliffs of ,tangiers2 it saturates the plains of ,mauritania2 it springs from wounded combatants on the shores of ,tyr2 but nowhere over the wide earth is it poured out for ,god's glory without his taking count of it4 ,the blood of martyrs will not cry to heaven in vain2 ,god's day of reckoning with the empire will surely come4 ,but we can dwell no longer on these ages of heroic sacrifice4 ,pascal has truly said that 8the history of the rest of the ,romans pales beside the history of the martyrs40 ,whoever wishes to see the full force of this remark1 let him read the ,acts of the ,martyrs1 in the history of ,eusebius1 or the charming pages of ,ruinart1 or in the ponderous tomes of the ,bollandists4 ,nowhere in ,christian literature is there anything so simply and touchingly eloquent4 ,the ,acts of the ,martyrs constitute a drama whose character is most sublime1 and the interest of which is more than ravishing4 ,in order to express our idea more perfectly1 we will borrow the words of ,mgr4 ,freppel4 8,if there be a drama10 he says1 8each of whose acts bears a special character1 whilst at the same time perfect unity is preserved1 it is the ,acts of the ,martyrs4 ,here we have a bishop who puts to confusion a proconsul by the calm constancy of his faith2 there we have a virgin who mingles with her answers that enthusiasm of love with which her heart is on fire4 ,in another place1 we have the ,christian mother surrounded by her sons1 who confess one after another the simple faith of their infancy1 and pass from mouth to mouth the testimony of truth4 ,again1 we have the ,christian soldier1 who reveres in ,csar the majesty of power1 but who places above all imperial honors the worship of the ,king of kings4 ,in this magnificent epopee of martyrdom1 to which each persecution adds a new song1 the scene varies according to time and place2 it is the fidelity of love and the grandeur of sacrifice which constitute its unity40#ea ,it is there that we have put before us the most beautiful and the most noble characters that have ever done honor to the human race4 ,we find nothing sordid1 nothing selfish1 nothing haughty in these heroes4 ,they are meek and humble1 yet brave and high-souled1 and strikingly grand in the face of death4 ,profane history may ransack its annals1 but it will never be able to show us characters so noble and so admirable4 ,their equals are not to be found in the ,lives of ,plutarch1 nor in the pages of ,eutropius4 ,how true is it that the ,catholic ,church alone is the ,mother of ,heroes6 ,the heroism of the martyrs was of that kind for which all ordinary theories fail to account4 ,it gave strength to the tottering frames of venerable old men2 it made timid virgins courageous in the presence of hideous racks2 it spoke by the lisping tongues of frail infants4 ,let the profane historian point to any scene that can equal in simple grandeur the trial and death of the gentle1 sweet ,st4 ,agnes1 or in heroic endurance the painful1 slow martyrdom of the beautiful ,agatha1 the glory of ,sicilian virgins4 ,let him tell us of anything1 either in profane fact or fable1 which can equal in purity and strange boldness the beautiful history of ,eulalia1 the child-saint of twelve summers1 whose name is celebrated in touching harmonies by ,prudentius as the glory of ,merida1 the sweet ,lusitanian city which stands on the flowery banks of the rapid ,guadiana4 ,let him tell us of anything1 even in the fancied facts of strangest romance1 that is half as marvellous as the history of ,st4 ,cyr1 the child-confessor and martyr of three years old1 who1 when he was taken up into the governor's embrace to be coaxed into apostasy1 lisped out his brave confession1 8,christianus sum10 and was dashed to pieces on the steps of the tribunal4 ,will the profane historian speak of wonderful endurance8 ,we invite him to look at the child ,barallah1 in his seventh year1 who was suspended in the air and scourged before his mother's eyes1 and who1 as his blood sprang out on all sides1 and his little bones were stripped of their flesh1 could be brave and unflinching whilst the rough executioners themselves shed tears of pity4 ,as the blood flowed from his body1 the little martyr cried out in the burning heat of his torments1 8,i am thirsty2 give me a little water40 ,his brave mother reproved him1 saying1 8,soon1 my son1 thou wilt be at the source of living waters02 and she carried her child in her arms to the spot where he was to be beheaded1 and as his head was severed from his body she received it into her veil4 ,tell us1 profane historian1 of great mothers like this4 ,tell us if your greatest heroes could be so invincible in the midst of suffering as the child-martyrs of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the three ages of martyrdom in the church's history are emphatically the ages of great heroes4 ,no brave man that ever went to death for any other cause went so boldly or was so calm and dignified as the ,christian martyr in the presence of the executioner4 ,never before in the annals of the human race were men known to go to death rejoicing2 never before were they seen to smile and be glad when brought in sight of the rack and the gibbet4 ,this perfection of courage and sublime self-possession were seen every day among the martyrs of the church4 ,this it was that amazed the frantic rabble which witnessed their sufferings2 it was this that oftentimes enraged the ,roman governors so far as to drive them to order the death-blow to be inflicted before the torturers had done their appointed work4 ,the joy with which the martyrs gave their blood for ,christ's holy name is one of the problems which unchristian philosophers have never been able to solve4 ,these so-called thinkers have never been able to comprehend the long1 mysterious blood-shedding of those three hundred years4 ,the ,christian philosopher alone1 with his great ,catholic principles of history1 can understand that blood-shedding is the mysterious law which characterizes in such a striking manner the great work of the ,incarnation4 ,as he gazes into the past1 he sees the sacrificial blood flowing in every nation's worship4 ,far back in the ages of the patriarchs1 he can discern the red stream glistening2 and as his eye still gazes1 he sees it flowing ever onward1 with typical significance1 through the centuries1 until it meets the ,god-man's sacred blood pouring down from the ,cross of ,calvary4 ,there the typical was merged in the real4 ,he can see1 again1 how congruous it seems that1 after the great sacrifice of the cross had been typified through the proceding ages by an ever-flowing stream of blood1 and after ,christ had poured out all his own blood on the hill of ,calvary1 and it had flowed down so copiously on the sinful world1 his first followers and disciples should in their turn shed their blood for him4 ,this abundant blood-shedding1 this wondrous heroic self-sacrifice1 was a testimony which honest men could not withstand1 for1 as ,pascal says1 8men believe witnesses who shed their blood40 ,to die willingly and joyfully for another was something of which the world had not yet heard4 ,jesus ,christ1 then1 wished to show the mighty power of his doctrine4 ,he would let the world see what wonders his cross could work in the souls of men4 ,he wished to make it manifest to all men's eyes what courage it could give in the presence of the most terrible racks2 how it could so influence the weak and timid as to make them joyful when they were taken to die2 how it could be a consolation and an ineffable sweetness in the midst of torments the most painful4 ,all this he did manifest to the world in the most striking light4 ,his martyrs were such characters as the world had not seen before2 what was terrible to others was not so to them2 when others would shriek with agony1 they would smile with joy2 when others would languish and faint under the lash and the knife1 they could calmly remark with ,st4 ,eulalia as she looked at her wounds3 8,they write your name all over my body1 sweet ,jesus40 ,truly1 the cross planted amidst a very sea of blood1 generously shed for the love of the ,crucified1 is the grand central point of all history1 which men may look back at1 and gaze upon with admiration and ravishment to the end of time4 ,but1 returning to our former point of view1 and looking upon these centuries of terrible blood-shedding as the fierce1 furious war which the ,roman ,empire waged against ,god and his religion1 we naturally ask ourselves a question1 ,where is the great ,god of the ,christians whilst his children are being immolated to pagan savagery throughout the whole earth8 ,does he from his high heaven take note of what is done8 ,oh6 he who sees the sparrow fall does not lose sight of his children1 nor does his eye fail to see the sufferings which they endure for him4 ,the voice of his martyrs rose heavenwards with a mighty cry during those three hundred years4 ,it rose from the saturated floor of the ,roman amphitheatre2 it spoke with pleading eloquence from the depths of the mines of ,numidia2 it echoed incessantly in the ear of ,god from amid the solitudes of ,pannonia4 ,god was not at any time deaf to that cry4 ,he was slow in his anger1 but1 then1 on that account he was the more terrible4 ,whilst ,nero was shedding the first ,christian blood at ,rome1 ,god was silently gathering together his avenging armies in the forests of the north4 ,it took him more than three hundred years to marshal his overwhelming warrior-hosts2 but1 ,o heavens6 what a direful shaking of the universe when they did come6 ,,footnotes3 #cc ,carlyle's ,miscellanies1 vol4 ii41 8,on ,history10 p4 #aea4 #cd ,vol4 i4 p4 #dd1 ,french ed4 #ce ,eccl4 ,hist41 vii4 #aj4 #cf ,hist4 ix4 #f4 #cg ,allies1 ,formation of ,christendom1 vol4 i4 p4 #db4 #ch ,allies1 ,formation of ,christendom4 #ci ,see ,formation of ,christendom1 by ,mr4 ,allies4 #dj ,dr4 ,newman1 ,office and ,work of ,universities1 pp4 #afa1 #afb4 #da uvres du ,r4 ,p4 ,lacordaire1 tome vi4 p4 #agb4 #db ,see ,pre ,lacordaire's ,lettre sur le ,saint-,lige4 #dc ,tosti1 ,al ,clero ,italiano2 ,prolegom4-alla ,storia ,universale1 vol4 i4 #dd ,see ,leroy1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bie4 #de ,see ,ozanam1 ,la ,civilisation chrt4 chez les ,francs1 p4 #d4 #df ,origen1 ,exhortatio ad ,mart41 passim1 quoted by ,leroy4 #dg ,st4 ,greg4 of ,nyssa1 ,vita ,thaumat41 p4 #egh4 #dh ,see the sixth book of ,eusebius' ,hist4 of the ,church4 #di ,see ,darras' ,history of the ,church1 ,amer-edit41 p4 #bfb4 #ej ,see ,eusebius' ,history1 book viii4 ch4 #ab1 and following4 #ea ,les ,pres ,apostoliques1 #bjme leon1 p4 #dcc4 ,,acoustics ,,and ,,ventilation4#eb ,every effort to elucidate what is obscure1 or to provide a remedy for acknowledged evils1 is a just title to that friendly acknowledgment which the writer of this little book bespeaks4 ,it is a step in the direction of progress4 ,but it is of the highest importance in the attempt to impart clear ideas upon any subject1 that they should be so distinctly expressed as to leave no doubt concerning the identity of their subject4 ,thus1 in treating of sound1 it seems to us that the question first presented is this3 ,what is sound8 ,our author says that it 8receives its vitality or its life through the air1 and without air sound loses it and becomes extinct40 ,we object to this statement of the origin of sound1 as both unsatisfactory and indistinct4 ,it implies that sound is something born and floating in the air1 and external to the mind perceiving4 ,we fancy that1 without an ear to hear1 sound would not become extinct1 but have no existence2 and that the vitality of which our writer treats is not in or on the air1 but in the mind itself4 ,this exception to the supposed origin of the life of sound may not seem to affect the discussion of acoustics as far as the practical purpose of the architect is concerned2 but we insist that neither the drumsticks nor the drum1 nor the air within it or without1 nor even all these at work1 are sound1 more than the telegraph wire and the electric current are the message sent from one operator to another4 ,that inaccuracy which we discover in our author's use of terms1 we find also in his quotations from others4 ,for example3 8,the intensity of sound depends on the density of the air in which the sound is generated1 and not on that of the air in which it is heard4 ,a feeble sound becomes instantly louder as soon as the air becomes more dense4 ,so you will always find1 on great elevations in the atmosphere1 the sound sensibly diminished in loudness4 ,if two cannon are equally charged1 and one fired at from the top of a high mountain1 and the other in a valley1 the one fired below1 in the heavy air1 may be heard above1 while the one fired in the higher air will not be heard below2 owing to its origin1 the sound generated in the denser air is louder than that generated in the rarer4 ,peals of thunder are unable to penetrate the air to a distance commensurate with their intensity on account of the non-homogeneous character of the atmosphere which accompanies them2 from the same cause1 battles have raged and have been lost within a short distance of the reserves of the defeated army1 while they were waiting for the sound of artillery to call them to the scene of action40 ,it seems to us that the truth here expressed is not unmixed with error4 ,in the very first sentence1 we think that accuracy would require the suppression of the word not4 ,the intensity of sound depends not only upon the density and elasticity of the air whose pulsation is an antecedent condition1 but also upon the density and elasticity of the air through which the pulse is transmitted4 ,while it is true that a pulse given to the denser column or stratum of air may be transmitted through a rarer medium with greater resultant force than if its origin and direction were reversed1 it by no means follows that the intensity of sound is unaffected by the density of the air in which it is heard4 ,we apprehend the truth to be that the pulse given to highly rarefied air is very feeble2 and its secondary effect upon a denser and more elastic fluid1 correspondingly slight2 while the pulse from the denser air would be transmitted with greater--but still diminished--force1 through the rarer atmosphere in which it reaches the ear4 ,an absolute vacuum could not transmit the pulse given through a column or stratum of elastic fluid4 ,a rarefied atmosphere could but transmit it with a force always varying with its own elasticity4 ,and were it possible to preserve one's consciousness within the exhausted receiver of an air-pump1 we doubt if the most sensitive ear could be made to hear the roar of a cataract without4 8,a feeble sound becomes instantly louder as soon as the air becomes more dense20 but not as loud as if the same initial pulse were immediately given to the denser air4 ,in the case of two cannon equally charged1 one of which is fired on the top of a mountain1 and the other in a valley below it1 to say that 8owing to its origin1 the sound generated in the denser air is louder than that generated in the rarer10 sounds much like saying it is because it is4 ,if it be more than this1 it is wrong4 ,it is a clear case of non causa pro causa4 ,the origin of the pulse of sound is in either case the same3 the explosion of equal charges of gunpowder1 in guns supposed to be of like material and equal size4 ,the effects are not the same1 because the effect of a force depends upon its transmission as well as upon its origin4 ,does the atmosphere 8accompany0 peals of thunder8 ,or does this expression convey a distinct idea of the office of the atmosphere in the production of sound8 ,we understand that the atmosphere receives the pulse or blow1 and that its transmission to the ear is due to the elastic force of the intermediate air4 ,it is not the homogeneousness of air1 but its elasticity which transmits the pulse4 ,and though1 in architecture1 the object sought is a uniformly elastic air throughout the auditorium1 it does not follow1 nor is it even desirable1 that the maximum effect at a given point should be obtained by it4 8,science10 says our author1 8teaches us that1 whenever a shock or pressure of any sort is suddenly applied to material of any nature1 whether metal1 wood1 gas1 water1 air1 etc41 it is immediately affected in all its parts1 from the point of contact to the whole extent of the material1 in displacing and replacing the particles of a determinate volume2 and the velocity of the movement of the particles of the mass1 created by the concussion of shocks or pressure1 depends solely 787 upon its elasticity and density4 ,sound likewise causes motions 787 with every particle of the air1 and as far as the motion reaches2 so that each particle1 with regard to that which lies immediately beyond it1 is in a progress of rarefaction during return40 ,what is meant by affecting a mass of matter 8in all its parts10 by 8displacing and replacing the particles of a determinate volume10 we do not precisely understand4 ,that whatever causes motion does it 8as far as the motion reaches10 is as unquestionable as any other identical proposition4 ,but that the velocity of the movement of the particles1 created by the concussion of shocks1 pressure1 upon an unconfined elastic fluid1 depends solely upon its elasticity and density1 we dispute4 ,that pulses 8are propagated from a trembling body all around in a spherical manner0 may be true1 if the air is on all sides equally elastic4 ,such might be the case with those produced by the vibrations of a bell1 when the surrounding air is undisturbed by other causes1 and is uniformly elastic at equal distances from it4 ,it would not be strictly true if the initial pulse were made only in a certain direction4 8,every impression made on a fluid is propagated every way throughout the fluid1 whatever be the direction wherein it is made20 but it is not true that the impressions are equal at equal distances from the initial pulse1 irrespective of its direction4 ,this result would presuppose a fluid perfectly elastic2 which we never have--and then we might1 with equal truth1 say that the impressions would be equal at all distances4 ,everybody is familiar with the fact that the 8transmission of sound10 the pulse which strikes upon the ear to produce the sensation1 is affected by currents of air--the direction1 force1 and velocity of the wind--between the initial pulse and the hearer4 ,how8 and how much8 directly or indirectly8 are questions distinct from the fact itself4 ,the distance through which guns are heard1 as well as the loudness of their report1 varies with the direction1 force1 and velocity of the wind2 and1 in very still air1 with the aim of the gun itself1 the direction of the initial pulse4 ,for short distances1 these differences may be so minute as to escape notice2 just as the false proportions of a miniature picture are unobserved until the magnifier displays them4 ,and for longer ranges1 they are so small1 in contrast with the magnitudes compared1 as to seem rather like accidental than legitimate differences4 ,but the difference is not the less real because the reality is less4 ,words spoken in a faint whisper are clearly heard by a listener immediately before the speaker1 when quite inaudible or indistinct to one at an equal distance behind him4 ,the actual velocities of wind and sound differ so widely that the small fraction by which their relative velocity is denoted is held as proof that the propagation of sound--the pulse--through distances of a few yards or feet1 is not affected by currents of air3 that there are no differences in the 8velocity of sound40 ,yet the ear detects them as one of the small differences between discord and harmony in music2 distinctness and confusion of speech4 ,in music these differences may be blended by the prolonged intonation of vowel sounds2 but in speech1 whose distinct significance is due to consonants1 8which cannot be sounded without the aid of a vowel10 these differences are fatally evident4 ,the sharp edges of the vocal pulses1 which give shape and meaning to vowel sounds1 are destroyed alike by a husky voice and a puff of air4 ,what remains is vox et prterea nihil4 ,it seems to us that some of the many failures in practical acoustics come from considering the air--the material involved--as perfectly elastic4 ,from this it is inferred that sound is not affected by the direction of the initial pulse3 that the direction and velocity of the effective pulse are not varied by currents and blasts of air4 ,in short1 that the slight inaccuracy of these assumptions will be the actual measurement of resultant error4 ,were the purpose only to ascertain the acoustic properties of unadulterated air1 varied experiments might eliminate the errors of anomalous results4 ,but when the process is reversed1 and we deduce effects from only one among concurrent and conflicting causes1 theory is confounded by discordant facts4 ,theories of sound in purely elastic air might give results approximately realized in practice1 if the actual pulses with which we are concerned were given by a flail2 but are pregnant of error when the atmosphere is mixed with vicious vapors1 and the pulse is a breath of air4 ,then1 the assumption that 8pulses of sound0 proceed equally in all directions from the initial point1 is simply false2 and theories based upon it can only complicate the problems to be solved4 ,water1 as well as air1 is a highly elastic fluid1 and1 if confined and subjected to pressure1 the force applied is exerted on all sides of the confined volume4 ,but the effect of a pulse or blow upon a surface of large extent varies with the direction of the force as well as with its power and velocity4 ,we have seen fish swimming near the surface killed or paralyzed by a blow upon the water immediately over them4 ,and we have seen the blow fail of its intended effect solely because it was misdirected4 ,perhaps the water in the latter case was not perfectly elastic6 ,neither is the air of churches and public halls1 when their atmosphere has yielded a portion of its oxygen1 and1 in return1 is charged with carbonic acid and moist vapors from the breath of crowded assemblies4 ,carbonic acid gas is heavier by one-half than atmospheric air4 ,it does not1 then1 always rise toward the ceiling or roof1 but remains in solution with impure exhalations2 or else1 condensed by contact with the colder walls1 descends to poison the lower air and impair its elastic force--its power of transmitting the 8pulse of sound0 to the ear4 ,we have just come from one of our city churches1 where we have had a striking example of this result4 ,the church in question will accommodate 787 about two thousand people4 ,twenty-five hundred may be crowded into it4 ,at the commencement of the sermon1 the preacher's voice was distinctly audible at points fifty or sixty feet from the pulpit1 in spite of reflections of sound--air pulses--from galleries1 wooden columns1 and the arched ceiling and side-walls1 of lath and plaster4 ,before it was ended1 the exhalations of the breathing crowd had so filled the lower half of the 8auditorium0 that only vowel sounds could be distinguished2 and the peroration seemed to consist of spasmodic utterances--scarcely sounds--of a1 e1 i1 o1 u4 ,w and y had lost their affinity to vowels1 and the rest of the alphabet were no longer consonants1 for they were not heard at all4 ,the acoustic and sanitary problems are here identical--to find a method of preventing an accumulation of foul and inelastic vapors around the breathing and listening congregation1 and to give1 instead1 wholesome air to their lungs1 while enabling their ears to hear4 ,and since these poisonous and inelastic gases are specifically heavier than atmospheric air1 and must fall to the floor by their own weight1 the problem is reduced to providing a practicable way for their escape1 and guarding it against counter-currents which might obstruct the passage4 ,the introduction of warm air through openings in or near the floor will not readily produce uniformity of temperature within a room4 ,the simplest experiment in proof of this is constantly made by multitudes of people1 who1 in crowded assemblies1 find their heads surrounded by warm and moist vapors1 reeking with offensive odors1 while their feet are chilled1 though near the 8hot-air register40 ,a library1 whose walls were #ab feet high1 and whose floor--#ah by #ae--;contained #bgj square feet1 was constantly warmed by a 8,latrobe heater10 placed in the chimney at one end of the room4 ,the pot holding the coal was raised one foot above the level of the floor1 which was covered by a woollen carpet4 ,immediately under the library was a kitchen1 whose temperature was kept at about #gb ,f4 ,three thermometers were placed thus3 ,no4 #a1 standing on the carpet near the centre of the library floor2 ,no4 #b1 three feet1 and ,no4 #c1 six feet1 above it4 ,at the expiration of half an hour1 ,no4 #a indicated #fb2 ,no4 #b1 #ff2 and ,no4 #c1 #gb4 ,numbers #a and #c were then placed side by side with ,no4 #b1 three feet above the floor4 ,at the expiration of fifteen minutes1 all three indicated the same temperature of #ff4 ,the low temperature of the inferior stratum of air was certainly not due to that of the room beneath it1 for that was above #gj4 ,it was only the heavier1 colder air of the room itself1 and of adjacent apartments warmed in the same way1 slightly affected by contact with the stratum of warmer air above it4 ,such slight differences of temperature in small apartments could not greatly affect the transmission of 8the pulse of sound40 ,but in larger and loftier rooms1 like churches and public halls1 corresponding differences of temperature would1 and do1 produce air strata widely different in density and elasticity1 and occasion serious acoustic defects4 ,but the acoustic requirement is not satisfied by uniformly elastic air alone2 for its pulses are reflected1 and unity--distinctness--of sound1 is lost in echoes or reverberations1 from windows1 columns1 floors1 and ceilings4 ,to know the difficulties to be encountered is always a step towards their alleviation2 and these are sufficiently apparent throughout the little volume before us4 ,they are1 ,first1 inelastic air--which cannot transmit its pulses to the ear4 ,second1 strata and amorphous volumes1 of unequal densities1 which transmit the air-pulses with unequal force2 so that they produce distinct sounds and indefinite murmurs at equal distances from the initial pulse4 ,third1 reflecting surfaces--the floor1 the ceiling1 walls1 columns1 and furniture of the auditorium2 which variously reflect the waves caused by air-pulses1 and produce effects analogous to the eddies and whirlpools made by conflicting currents of running water4 ,the first and second of these difficulties are clearly within the province of 8heat and ventilation20 and any means by which a constant tidal flow--not a current--of wholesome air1 from floor to ceiling1 may be produced1 and by which the unwholesome1 inelastic1 heavier gases generated in crowded assemblies shall be prevented from accumulating but be forced to give place to the purer air1 will practically solve the problem which they present4 ,the third difficulty is purely architectural4 ,while surfaces reflect what are called pulses of sound1 and so multiply their effects1 they also create conflicting waves1 which partially neutralize each other1 or else strike the ear in irregular succession1 to destroy the unity and harmony of sound4 ,we cannot have buildings free from the inconveniences of walls1 floors1 and ceilings2 but we can regulate and utilize surfaces to give aid in the transmission of air-pulses in one direction1 and greatly diminish the reflecting power of those that would give back conflicting waves of air4 ,a sounding-board or arch1 whose lower surface should be a semi-paraboloid1 so placed that a line drawn from its highest points1 and parallel to its axis1 would pierce the opposite wall four feet above the floor1 while the axis itself should attain the same height at a distance of forty feet from the focus1 would be an example of what we mean by utilizing surfaces to transmit air-pulses in one direction4 ,the employment of an inelastic substance1 like coarse felt1 between the furring of a wall and the lathing1 would undoubtedly tend to destroy its ability to reflect the 8pulse of sound40 ,and hollow cast-iron columns1 filled with clay1 would hardly vibrate from a pulse of air4 ,in one of the ,protestant churches of our city1 we were shown a sounding-board1 whose authors seemed to have halted between the acoustic merits of the paraboloid and the graceful shape of the pilgrim's scallop-shell4 ,we were told that 8it helps the voice of the preacher40 ,there seemed to be too much of it for ornament1 if its principle be wrong or inefficient1 and too little for usefulness if right4 ,many attempts to improve the acoustic properties of halls designed for public lectures are failures through faulty execution of correct designs4 ,we once saw the working-plans of a lecture-room1 where the line of intersection of the end wall with the floor of the stage or platform was a parabola1 the arch above and behind the lecturer's desk being a semi-paraboloid1 springing from the wall at the height of the speaker's voice4 ,thus1 it was supposed that the pulses reflected from the walls and arch would proceed in parallel lines or 8waves of sound10 because the initial pulse would always be given at the focus of the reflector4 ,the place of every joist in the cylindrical wall was carefully marked1 and the dimensions and place of each rib of the paraboloidal arch accurately given4 ,but in executing the design1 the builder discovered a mistake6--8the floor of the stage would not be a true circular segment60 ,so he 8corrected it0--with stunning effect upon the lecturer1 and to the utter confusion of his audience4 ,and the design was pronounced a failure4 ,in looking through the work before us1 we almost unconsciously began to say3 8,this is nothing new2 we have seen this1 and more than this1 before40 ,and in the same sense1 we suppose it might as well be said that nothing is essentially new4 ,we have lately seen a notice of an invention for tracing patterns on glass by means of a jet of sand4 ,of course1 it is nothing new4 ,the wind has been doing the same trick with the sand of the sea-shore for ages4 ,we have seen it long ago1 and often4 ,doubtless1 the same effect has been noticed by many others4 ,a thought of the possible utility of a process whose result was seen may have flitted through many minds1 and1 like the outline of a passing cloud1 have been forgotten as it passed4 ,but honestly1 we never thought of tracing lace patterns on glass by any such process4 ,and while new combinations of well-known truths give new and useful results1 we hope they may never cease to be made4 ,mr4 ,saeltzer's book is full of good hints4 ,but that is not its chief merit4 ,it recognizes the inseparable connection of sound and ventilation1 and insists upon observance of the laws which govern them4 ,as he is so evidently alive to the sanitary and acoustic defects in public buildings1 we shall be disappointed if his little volume does not prove to be the preface to more specific1 practical directions for their removal4 ,he has put his finger upon the principal cause of failures4 ,the laws of light1 and heat1 and sound are sufficiently understood to render their phenomena as controllable as time1 space1 and velocity in mechanics4 ,the more intelligent efforts are therefore directed not to the discovery of new principles involved1 but to utilize what knowledge we possess4 ,and when the effort is made at the right point and in the right direction1 we can heartily say1 ,go on and conquer4 ,the world is full of wonderful monuments signalizing defeat4 ,let us see just one crowned with victory4 ,as yet1 modern ecclesiastical architecture1 especially1 is but the imperfect reproduction of ancient and medival models4 ,it is the heathen temple or the ,gothic minster1 or1 more recently1 an attempt to vary the monotony with ,byzantine forms of old basilicas1 without their grandeur4 ,in decoration1 we have crude1 unmeaning imitations of ,moorish tracery1 weak in imagery of form and symbolism1 without those glowing contrasts and harmonies of colors which are to architecture as rhythm to poetry of sound4 ,we know the cause and history of this poverty in constructive and decorative art4 ,history tells us how men became so spiritual1 in their own conceit1 that symbolism was held to be a sin2 and how1 by losing the sign1 the thing signified was forgotten or denied4 ,but it seems almost unaccountable that the world should be teeming with philosophers1 to whom the laws of nature1 even their least tangible phenomena1 seem familiar as things of daily use1 while great temples are so constructed that they who have ears to hear cannot hear4 ,,footnote3 #eb ,a ,treatise on ,acoustics in ,connection with ,ventilation2 and an ,account of the ,modern and ,ancient ,methods of ,heating and ,ventilation4 ,by ,alexander ,saeltzer1 ,architect4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,van ,nostrand1 ,publisher4 #ahgb4 ,,odd ,,stories4 ,i4 ,,the ,,ladder ,,of ,,life4 ,there are a great many rounds in the ladder of life1 though simple youths have always fancied that a few gallant steps would take them to the summit of riches and power4 ,now1 the top round of this ladder is not the presidency of any railroad or country1 nor even the possession of renowned genius2 for it oddly happens that when one sits down upon it1 then1 be he ever so high up in life1 he has really begun to descend4 ,those who put velvet cushions to their particular rounds1 and squat at ease with a view of blocking the rise of other good folks1 do not know they are going down the other side of the ladder2 but such is the fact4 ,many thrifty men have1 in their own mind1 gone far up its life-steps when1 verily1 they were descending them fast2 and poor people without number have in all men's eyes been travelling downward1 though in truth they have journeyed higher by descent than others could by rising4 ,so many slippery and delusive ways has this magical ladder that we may say it is as various as men's minds4 ,one may slip through its rungs out of the common way of ascent1 and find himself going down when he ought to be going up2 and vain toilers have ever fancied that they were mounting to the clouds when everybody else must have seen they were still at the same old rounds4 ,ambitious heroes have made the same mistake1 if1 indeed1 the particular ladder which they have imagined to themselves has not itself been sliding down all the while they have been seeking vain glory by its steps4 ,the ladder of life is an infinite ladder4 ,it is full of indirections to suit the abilities1 and of attractions to please the tastes1 of climbers4 ,you may work at a forge1 or sail the sea1 or trade in money and merchandise1 or hear operas1 or write romances1 or take part in politics1 or wander over mountains1 or go to church1 while living thereon2 but you must go up or go down1 and either way will have some sort of climbing and toiling to do4 ,everywhere on the ladder is trouble1 save in careful steps2 and since human progress is so illusory1 many honest persons rather fear to fall than aspire too eagerly1 or felicitate themselves on precarious elevations4 ,prudence forbids us to say at what real round of the ladder are all our bankers1 brokers1 showmen1 advertisers1 and other millionaires2 but it is certain that good little children1 and simple citizens1 and poor geniuses1 and suffering men and women have gone higher up than the world knows4 ,indeed1 they have gone quite out of sight1 for there is a place on the great ladder which few men know1 and where only saints can see the angels ascending and descending4 ,moreover1 the ladder of life reaches from the pit to the stars1 so that they who climb up or climb down1 as it were1 may see a firmament at either end3 the good1 their lights and joys2 the evil1 their chimeras and fire of darkness4 ,,ii4 ,,obed',s ,,sons4 ,obed1 the young man1 came to ,father ,isaac for his blessing1 who thus said to him with few words3 8,thou shalt have five sons1 and to the first shall be given might1 to the second cunning1 to the third beauty1 to the fourth knowledge1 to the fifth patience1 and to all in accord wisdom3 but ,god giveth naught for nothing40 ,and as ,father ,isaac had promised1 so was it fulfilled in prayer4 ,the first of the sons of ,obed became a mighty hunter2 the second excelled in craft's of all kinds2 the third was of a comely figure1 well to look upon2 the fourth was learned in wise traditions2 the fifth was patient1 as none other of the family of ,obed had been before him4 ,now1 the five sons ill-agreed in their husbandry in the field of their fathers1 and they went their several ways1 some near1 some far1 to seek their fortunes1 leaving the last and youngest to be the staff of their sire4 ,then poverty fell upon the house of ,obed1 and infirmity upon the limbs of the patient man2 and1 dying1 his father blessed him1 saying3 8,the ,lord bless thy patience that it fail not40 ,at this time1 the fame of him that slew lions with his arms1 and men with his right hand1 was very great2 but a devil entered into him1 so that he did no work1 and fell to great sloth1 and men scorned him1 and he lifted up his voice and cried3 8,oh6 that ,i had the cunning of my brother1 that my hands might know their work2 and the beauty of my brother1 that maids should not turn from me2 and the knowledge and patience of my brethren1 that ,i might with wisdom bide my time40 ,from all sides was he sought that had the gift of cunning2 but being greedy in his craft1 and seeking not knowledge1 nor patience1 he lost his cunning1 and cried with a face in which there was no beauty3 8,wisdom was not given me1 nor patience1 neither comeliness nor might1 and so have ,i been abandoned to devices of misery40 ,rejoicing in his fair proportions1 the third son of ,obed danced before the daughters of his tribe1 but1 taken in the wiles of flattery and of pleasure1 he became as a drunken man whose face is a warning1 and whose life is a scandal1 and he lamented3 8,oh6 that ,i had the cunning or patience or might of my brethren1 then should none withstand me1 or ,i be overthrown40 ,and he to whom it was given to know much in many tongues1 and to counsel with scholars1 lost the kindly ways of men1 seeking vain and dark sciences1 till he exclaimed in the bitterness of his heart3 8,knowledge is given me without wisdom3 henceforth must ,i seek counsel in patience1 and observe the prudence of my brethren40 ,and he set out for the house of his fathers4 ,now had the infirm brother tilled the fields of his brethren1 and taught the laborers thereof the arts of handiwork1 and when the sons of ,obed returned to the house of their sire1 one after another1 the first averred that he was strong1 the second that he was cunning1 the third that he was comely1 the fourth that he had knowledge4 ,but ,father ,isaac1 the shepherd of his flock1 hearing them1 said3 8,yea1 for he hath one virtue which maketh many3 the staff of thy brother hath devoured thy rods40 8,wherefore1 then1 lov'd ,isaac10 spake the eldest1 8are we robbed of our gifts1 and wit1 and might1 and beauty gone from us1 leave us in sorrow of heart80 8,told ,i not thy sire ,obed10 said the patriarch1 8that the ,lord of lords gave naught for naught4 ,have ye earned your wages--have ye paid back your gifts8 ,he that had might1 why was he not taught of knowledge and invention1 and1 being skilled1 why learned he not the patience of toil8 ,he that had beauty1 why sought he not counsel of strength and skill1 that judgment might be his8 ,he of knowledge1 why sought he not help of patience and craft8 ,each had his virtue to purchase a share in the virtues of the rest1 and to win gifts to his gift1 that ,god might be praised4 ,but only goodness bringeth fit wisdom1 and wisdom dwelleth not in discord40 ,then the sons of ,obed1 answering1 asked3 8,why hath one virtue1 as thou sayest1 devoured ours80 8,for that thou hast thrown thine own to the dogs1 my sons1 and patience hath picked them up4 ,he that suffereth much with patience winneth much with wisdom40 8,even so1 ,father ,isaac1 but have we not1 too1 suffered80 8,yea1 my children1 that so ,god may teach thee wisdom1 and thy gifts abound tenfold4 ,he that hath much1 let him save it by bounty3 he that hath little1 let him increase it with patience3 he that hath won1 let him divide the victory4 ,share ye each other's virtues1 that each may possess the gifts of all40 ,,the ,,three ,,pledges4 ,three students sat together ,in a villa on the ,rhine1 ,and pledged the beauteous river ,in draughts of sparkling wine4 ,one was bold and haughty1 ,count ,otto was his name3 ,his dark eyes flashed and smouldered3 ,from ,nuremberg he came4 ,and one was too fond-hearted ,for aught but love and song2 ,with hair too brightly golden ,to wear its lustre long4 ,his hands were white and shapely ,as any maid's might be2 ,count ,adelbert of ,munich1 ,a joyous youth was he4 ,and one was grave and quiet1 ,with such a winning smile ,that1 meeting all its brightness1 ,sad hearts grew light the while4 ,and as they sat together1 ,three trav'llers by the ,rhine1 ,and pledged the noble river ,in draughts of golden wine1 ,with lays of olden minstrels ,they whiled the hours away1 ,till twilight gently sealed them ,with the sign of parting day4 ,then silence fell upon them1 ,and the distant boatman's song ,returned in softened echoes ,the gleaming waves along2 ,and through the latticed windows ,the hush of evening stole1 ,and the solemn spell of silence ,fast fettered soul to soul4 ,dream on1 ,o happy-hearted6 ,the future holds no truth1 ,no amaranthine jewel1 ,like the rainbow tints of youth4 ,dream on1 ,o happy-hearted6 ,the hour will soon be gone1 ,and darkness fall too swiftly4 ,dream on1 young hearts1 dream on6 99 99 99 99 99 ,this is the proudest hour ,of all the golden twelve1 ,that seek the mystic caverns ,where gray gnomes dig and delve4 8,the beauty of the morning ,is but the birth of day1 ,and the glory of the noontide ,doth pass as soon away4 8,but twilight holds the fulness1 ,the meed of every one1 ,and drops the radiant circlet ,before her god1 the sun4 8,this is the proudest hour ,of all the golden twelve-- ,now combs the ,nix her tresses1 ,now rests his spade the elve4 8,and ,i drink to the proudest maiden ,that treads this ,german-land2 ,no other love shall my heart own1 ,no other queen my hand4 8,and ,i'll pledge her three times over1 ,this haughty queen of mine1 ,in the brightest flowing nectar ,that ever kissed the ,rhine40 ,thus spake the bold ,count ,otto1 ,and held his goblet up1 ,and three times overflowing ,each student drained his cup4 8,this is the fairest hour1 ,for the sunset clouds unfold ,to the purple sea of twilight ,their red-tipped sails of gold4 8,and the hecatombs of sweetness ,that all the day have risen ,in the bosom of the flowers ,unbar their shining prison4 8,this is the fairest hour1 ,the hour of eventide1 ,and ,i drink to the fairest maiden ,that dwells the ,rhine beside4 8,and ,i pledge her three times over1 ,though her only dower should be ,the heaven-born gift of beauty1 ,and a faithful love for me40 ,thus spake ,adelbert1 smiling1 ,and held his goblet up1 ,and three times overflowing ,each student drained his cup4 ,then paused the twain in wond'ring1 ,what ,ludwig's toast might be2 ,for their comrade sat in silence1 ,and never word spake he4 8,how now8 ,why thus1 brave ,ludwig1 ,sitt'st thou in pensive mood8 ,dost choose to dwell unmated1 ,in loveless solitude80 ,he smiled1 and then looked downward ,as he answered1 glass in hand1 8,nay1 nay2 but1 if ,i pledge her1 ,ye will not understand40 8,where dwells she1 then80 cried ,otto1 8,this peerless love of thine8 ,mayhap some fabled ,lurline ,that sings beneath the ,rhine8 8,thou'rt smiling--haste1 then1 pledge her60 ,and the brimming glasses rung ,as ,ludwig dropped the music ,that trembled on his tongue4 8,this is the holiest hour ,of all the twenty-four1 ,for the rush of day hath passed us1 ,and the tide returns no more4 8,and the waves of toil and traffic1 ,by dark argosies trod1 ,are lost through circling eddies ,in the mightiness of ,god4 8,this is the holiest hour ,when purest thoughts have birth1 ,and ,i drink to the holiest maiden ,that ever dwelt on earth4 8,her vesture falleth around her ,in folds of changeless white1 ,and her holiness outshineth ,the jewels of the night4 8,she weareth a mantle of sadness1 ,her sorrows are her fame3 ,she long hath been my chosen1 ,but ,i will not name her name4 8,ah6 not with wine ,i pledge thee1 ,all spotless as thou art1 ,but with my life's devotion1 ,with the fulness of my heart4 8,ah6 not with wine ,i pledge thee1 ,nor one libation pour2 ,thou hold'st the bond that seals me1 ,thine own for evermore40 ,this with white brow uncovered1 ',neath the floating twilight skies2 ,and angels might have marvelled ,at the beauty of his eyes4 ,then he turned his goblet downward1 ,and waved the flask aside ,his comrades would have proffered ,to pledge such wondrous bride4 8,friend1 thou hast spoken strangely1 ,but thou wert ever strange2 ,mayhap this matchless maiden ,hath power thy mood to change40 ,thus ,adelbert spake1 smiling1 ,and shook his golden hair3 8,i ask nor saint nor angel1 ,but maiden fond and fair4 8,then let us pledge each other1 ,since thy passion is too deep1 ,with comrades tried and trusty1 ,its sacredness to keep4 8,what maiden like thy vision ,in all our fatherland80 8,ah6 said ,i not10 cried ,ludwig1 8,ye would not understand80 8,come1 let us pledge each other10 ,said ,otto1 glass in hand-- 8,a right good draught of friendship ,that all may understand40 ,then their glasses clashed together1 8,firm may our fealty be60 ,and ,ludwig's voice of music ,rang loudest of the three4 99 99 99 99 99 ,seven times hath autumn gathered ,the vintage of the ,rhine1 ,since the students pledged each other ,in draughts of golden wine4 ,in a grand and lofty castle1 ,the ,danube's stream beside1 ,count ,otto dwells in splendor1 ,the lord of acres wide4 ,he has won the proudest maiden ,in all that ,german-land1 ,and countless hosts of yeomen ,obey his high command4 ,but the haughty brow is clouded1 ,and his eye is full of care1 ,for the trace of many a heart-storm ,hath left its impress there4 ,love had sought ,adelbert1 ,young ,beauty's flow'ret blown1 ,and the tendrils of its blossoms ,about his heart had grown4 ,and joy had wrapped them softly ,in robes of radiant sheen1 ,till ,death bent down1 relentless1 ,and sapped their living green4 ,hush6 a mourner sits in silence ,within a darkened room1 ,where the fairest flower of summer ,lies withered in her bloom4 ,while those who move about him ,with footsteps sad and slow1 ,whisper to each other1 ,but leave him to his woe4 ,and down in the quiet churchyard1 ,where nodding grasses wave1 ,the children gather1 silent1 ,and the sexton digs a grave4 ,solemnly tolls the church-bell1 ,it counteth twenty-five-- ,o ,god6 the flowers wither1 ,and the old1 old branches thrive4 ,solemnly tolls the church-bell1 ,slowly winds the train ,adown the rocky hillside1 ,along the grassy plain2 ,sadly pass the bearers ,into the churchyard old1 ,brightly falls the sunlight ,in glittering lines of gold2 ,tearfully pause the mourners ,above the broken sod1 ,and ,ludwig waits beside it1 ,a humble priest of ,god4 ,,newman ,,on ,,miracles4#ec ,these essays are here reprinted from the original editions of each1 with only the addition of a few bracketed notes1 and with some slight emendation of the wording of a few sentences of the text of a merely literary character4 ,for many years1 ,dr4 ,newman has been a public man in the ,english theological world1 so much so that1 as he himself expressed it1 8he is obliged to think aloud40 ,his writings have passed into the domain of ,english literature1 and are public property4 ,it is not now in his power to withdraw any portion of them1 much as he might desire to do so4 ,under existing circumstances1 he has judged it the better course--or1 at least1 the lesser evil--that they should be republished under his own eye1 with such corrections in bracketed notes as will indicate what he would now correct or retract4 ,these two essays mark very distinctly two stages in the career through which1 as he fully explains in his ,apologia1 ,dr4 ,newman has passed4 ,the first one1 written to defend the miracles recorded in the ,holy ,scriptures against the attacks of ,hume1 ,gibbon1 and other infidels1 dates from #ahbe-bf1 while he was yet young1 and a staunch ,protestant1 somewhat imbued with evangelical feelings1 especially in the matter of ,popery4 ,hence1 while ably conducting the exposition and defence of the ,scripture miracles1 he omits no opportunity of hitting at the other miracles recorded to have occurred in the ,catholic ,church since the days of the apostles4 ,in fact1 he had1 as he tells us elsewhere1 read the work of ,middleton on ,the ,miracles of the ,early ,church1 and had imbibed his spirit4 ,he was guided also by ,bishop ,douglas1 whose ,criterion he often quotes4 ,seventeen years of continuous study and mature thought produced their fruit in his clear and candid mind4 ,in #ahdb-dc1 he wrote the second essay as a preface or introduction to a portion of ,fleury's ,ecclesiastical ,history1 then being published in an ,english translation4 ,though still a ,protestant1 he had entirely changed his views on these ecclesiastical miracles4 ,so much so1 that this essay may be read as his own confutation of what he had said against them in his earlier essay4 ,in the present volume1 the bracketed foot-notes subjoined to that essay are1 for the most part1 mere references to the paragraphs of the second essay1 in which the immature errors of the first are corrected4 ,with the traditional prejudices of ,protestantism then strong in him1 he had looked on these ecclesiastical miracles as rivals1 and as1 in some way1 antagonistic to the miracles of ,scripture which he was upholding2 and he had striven to find points of difference as well in their internal character as in the evidence needed to prove them4 ,all this he fully meets in the second essay4 ,in the second1 third1 and fourth chapters of it1 treating of 8,the ,antecedent ,probability of ,ecclesiastical ,miracles10 of their internal character1 and of the evidence in support of their credibility1 he shows how the admission of ,scripture miracles utterly does away with the ground taken by some against the possibility or probability of ecclesiastical miracles1 how the two classes agree in their chief and essential characteristics1 and how1 in fact1 they rather merge into one general class of events1 under the moral order of divine ,providence1 established for man's salvation--an order distinct from and superior to the physical order of nature4 ,nothing can be more lucid than his replies to the objections of ,douglas1 ,warburton1 ,middleton1 and other ,protestant writers on this subject4 ,he shows1 with the utmost clearness1 how all that they urge against these ecclesiastical miracles in the ,catholic ,church can be turned by unbelievers1 with equal plausibility1 and in the same sophistical spirit1 against the miracles of the apostles themselves4 ,dr4 ,newman1 in both dissertations1 frankly admits--what indeed cannot be denied--that not a few of the ,scripture miracles are to be believed by us simply because they have been recorded by divinely inspired writers4 ,we have no other knowledge of them1 no other evidence of their having occurred1 than that we read them on the inspired page4 ,such miracles are for us matters of faith1 not proofs in evidence4 ,they are themselves proved by ,scripture4 ,whatever they were to those who witnessed the occurrence1 they are not now for us historical evidence in support of divine revelation4 ,writing as a ,protestant1 ,dr4 ,newman did not advert to another important truth lying further back which ,protestant writers generally ignore4 ,our knowledge of the inspiration and divine authority of the ,scriptures as we have them--distinguished1 that is1 from the numerous other gospels1 acts1 epistles1 apocalypses1 and other pretended sacred writings1 more or less current among and accepted by the sectaries of the early ,christian ages--depends entirely on the decision of the ,catholic ,church1 made after the death of the apostles4 ,hence1 the value of the ,scripture testimony as to these miracles1 and our duty to recognize and accept it as divinely inspired1 and therefore unerring1 depend1 in the last analysis1 on the divine authority and character of the ,catholic ,church--of that same church which has always claimed that ,god continues to work miracles within her fold4 ,to say that she errs on this latter point leaves room1 to say the least1 for the imputation or the suspicion that she may have erred in the other decision likewise2 and so those ,scripture miracles which lack1 as most of them do1 other corroborative testimony1 would stand without sufficient proof4 ,on the contrary1 for the ecclesiastical miracles1 because they occurred nearer our own times1 there might still remain1 as in many cases there does remain1 ample historical evidence from contemporary witnesses4 ,after devoting four chapters to a thorough discussion of the subject of ecclesiastical miracles in general1 ,dr4 ,newman proceeds1 in the fifth and last chapter1 to sum up and discuss the evidences we still have1 in nine special cases1 held to be miraculous interventions1 in the early ages of the church4 ,for a clear and orderly presentation of the evidence1 the logical application of the principles established in the earlier chapters1 and the happy and often overwhelming retorting of their own propositions on ,douglas1 ,leslie1 and other anti-,catholic writers1 each one of these cases deserves and will amply repay a special study4 ,here1 as in his other volumes1 ,dr4 ,newman displays that intellectual acumen and that plain common sense which are as characteristic of his writings as is the singular mastery over the ,english language which has caused him to be recognized as one of the classical writers of our day4 ,valuable as this volume is to the careful student for its erudition and acute reasoning1 and for the aid it gives in the polemical controversies that rise from time to time with ,protestants1 it is chiefly valuable1 in our eyes1 as a well-reasoned and1 as it were1 practical refutation of that rationalistic or materialistic system of false philosophy which is taught in some of our colleges1 and is being spread through the land1 and which either leaves ,god out of sight altogether1 or at most acknowledges him only as the ,creator and founder of the physical order4 ,dr4 ,newman1 in discussing what some would term the philosophy of miracles1 sets forth strongly and clearly the necessity of recognizing and taking into account the moral order1 established by ,god1 equally with the physical order1 and superior to it in rank4 ,the world is under both4 ,to leave either out is to take only a partial view4 ,to exclude the moral order from our consideration is to err at the very commencement of our course1 and our progress will be but from error to error4 ,the action of both orders may1 and often does1 coincide--would have always coincided had not sin brought in jarring and confusion4 ,but in point of fact1 they are sometimes found in opposition4 ,a wise and good sovereign dies immaturely1 leaving his sceptre to a wicked and unscrupulous successor2 a good father dies early in life1 and his orphans are left to grow up in ignorance and vice2 a just and benevolent man dies or is ruined1 and debts are left unpaid1 and a stream of charity fails at the fount4 ,and if we class the evil actions of men as belonging to this physical order1 and the rationalists refuse to class them otherwise1 do they not present a continual opposition between the physical and the moral orders8 ,and if the physical order so asserts itself1 should we not reasonably look for corresponding1 if not greater1 manifestations in the moral order8 ,divine revelation itself is a fact in the moral order entirely beyond and above the physical order of nature--by its nature1 a miracle4 ,it can be proved only by miracles2 and miracles are the appropriate accompaniment of its continuance as a dispensation of divine ,providence4 ,hence1 in the church--the kingdom of heaven--in which ,god specially reigns and rules1 and in which the moral order is endowed with supernatural force1 and interworks with the physical order of nature1 we should as readily and as reasonably look for miracles1 as1 if we may be allowed a trivial comparison1 we should expect1 when examining a piece of complicated machinery1 to find that one set of wheels will control and at times arrest the ordinary action of other wheels1 and interpose some result due to their own special action in the general series of results4 ,not to take account of the moral and supernatural order in ,god's ruling the world is not to recognize the highest and greatest of his acts4 ,the rationalist is like a deaf man before an exquisite musical clock4 ,his eye may follow the hands as they move round the dial2 but he has closed his ears to the sweet melodies that float around him4 ,,footnote3 #ec ,two ,essays on ,scripture ,miracles and on ,ecclesiastical4 ,by ,john ,henry ,newman1 formerly ,fellow of ,oriel ,college4 ,second edition4 ,london3 ,pickering4 #ahgj4 ,new ,york3 ,sold by the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #cif4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,liquefaction ,,of ,,the ,,blood ,,of ,,st4 ,,januarius1 ,,at ,,naples4 ,an ,historical and ,critical ,examination of the ,miracle4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgb4 ,this is a republication of several very able and interesting articles which have lately appeared on this subject in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,their appearance in the present form cannot but be welcomed by all well-disposed persons1 whether they be desirous to ascertain the truth or anxious to have the means for defending it4 ,catholics1 who are accustomed to hear this miracle1 as well as the many others which have occurred in the church from the earliest times1 coolly dismissed by their ,protestant acquaintances as undoubted impostures or superstitions1 will find in this account all that is needed to silence1 if not to convince1 their opponents1 and to enable them to assert their own faith2 while the fair and candid non-,catholic will find in it an array of facts and of reasoning which cannot fail to produce a deep impression on his mind1 and which may serve as a basis for his conversion to the faith4 ,but we would not advise anyone who is determined in any event to remain a ,protestant or an infidel to have anything to do with it4 ,the failure to find any false but plausible theory to account for certain phenomena which do not agree with one's preconceived ideas sometimes leads to a very unpleasant and dangerous frame of mind--that in which it impugns the known truth4 ,the book contains seventy-nine pages1 and is illustrated by an engraving representing the celebrated reliquary in which the blood of the saint is contained4 ,it is the only complete and exhaustive treatise on the subject in the ,english language4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,americanisms3 ,the ,english of the ,new ,world4 ,by ,m4 ,schele ,de ,vere1 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahgb4 ,this elegantly printed book has a real and solid value4 ,it shows how the ,english language has been enriched by additions from various sources in the ,new ,world1 while1 at the same time1 it indicates the deterioration and corruption to which it has been exposed by knocking about in a new country4 ,both these topics are important1 and we commend them to the careful attention of all who wish to acquire a true knowledge of the art of speaking and writing ,english4 ,we object decidedly to the definition of ,a ,hickory ,catholic1 on p4 #eh1 as one who 8is free from bigotry and asceticism40 ,this is a vulgar cant phrase1 unworthy of a scholar4 ,a hickory ,catholic is a person who makes his principles bend to his passions and interests4 ,he believes that he is bound to go to ,mass on ,sundays and to the ,sacraments at ,easter1 but neglects to do so1 because he is lazy1 or fond of drinking too much1 or licentious1 or unwilling to make restitution1 or stupidly careless about his soul2 hoping to sneak into heaven by an old age or death-bed repentance4 ,we have noticed nothing else worthy of censure in ,professor ,de ,vere's book1 and we can recommend it without hesitation as most valuable to all who are engaged in teaching the ,english language or endeavoring to learn it4 ,it is1 moreover1 extremely amusing and entertaining1 as well as instructive4 ,would that those who have the naming of places would study it attentively1 and strictly follow its suggestions6 ,think of ,ovid1 ,livy1 ,greece1 ,virgil1 for names of villages in a country rich in glorious ,indian names6 ,not content with imposing absurd or unmeaning or vulgar names on places which had none before1 those which have already most tasteful and appropriate ones are frequently rebaptized4 ,for instance1 in ,fairfield ,co41 ,connecticut1 ,saugatuck has been changed to ,southport1 and ,green's ,farms to ,westport4 ,what a name is ,new ,york for a great state and a great city6 ,what a change from ,lake ,st4 ,sacrament1 or even ,horicon to ,lake ,george6 ,we wish that some of those who have leisure and inclination to take up this matter in earnest would do so1 and try to effect a reformation4 ,we notice also1 with satisfaction1 the condemnation of that wretched interloper and vagabond of a word1 donate4 ,humbly1 and with tears in our eyes1 we entreat of our venerable presidents of colleges and of all in literary authority to sentence and banish donate1 or he will some fine day bring into college his still shabbier and more beggarly cousin1 orate1 and a whole troop of poor relations1 who will locate themselves1 for all coming time4 ,english has been and can be enriched from new sources1 as ,professor ,de ,vere amply proves2 but let us watch carefully that it do not become corrupted and be not made vulgar4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,zeal ,,in ,,the ,,work ,,of ,,the ,,ministry4 ,by ,l',abb ,dubois4 ,london3 ,j4 ,c4 ,newby4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,it is encouraging to see books of this kind published in the ,english language4 ,we know not how to make any extracts from this volume1 for every page of it is filled with good sense1 practical advice1 and the true spirit of the priesthood4 ,could we realize our wishes1 we would place in the hands of every priest and candidate preparing for ordination a copy4 ,it would be most wholesome for daily spiritual reading and meditation4 ,the author reveals his object in writing the book in the following passage in the preface1 p4 viii43 8,to rekindle in the bosom of the priesthood the ardor of that zeal which should be its animating principle2 to call to remembrance those noblest virtues without which it languishes1 and with which it works miracles2 further1 to bring that zeal into practice by showing how the priest ought to act in the various circumstances of daily life1 and in his intercourse with the various persons with whom he is perpetually brought into contact2 such1 in short1 is the plan ,i have adopted4 ,god grant that ,i may have carried it into execution in such a way as to procure abundantly his glory and the salvation of souls60 ,one evidence that he has not been unsuccessful in attaining his object1 is that this translation is made from the fifth ,french edition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,psalms4 ,translated from the ,latin ,vulgate4 ,being a ,revised ,edition of the ,douay ,version4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #afmo1 pp4 #aic4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street4 8,this ,english version of the ,book of ,psalms10 says the ,most ,rev4 ,dr4 ,manning in the preface1 8may be regarded as one more of the many gifts bequeathed to us by my learned and lamented predecessor ,cardinal ,wiseman4 ,one-half1 at least1 of the psalms were revised by his own hand40 ,critics will regret that there is nothing to enable them to distinguish the precise psalms on which the illustrious cardinal brought his great ,biblical learning and his pure ,english taste to the task of revision4 ,the term 8,douay ,version0 in the title is used in the loose way which his eminence himself opposed1 and the basis is not the ,douay1 but ,dr4 ,challoner's text4 ,this edition is made in a cheap popular form1 and is intended to diffuse more generally among the faithful the psalms as a manual of prayer4 ,they are the great storehouse from which the church draws her offices1 and supply the pious with ejaculations1 short and fervent prayers1 which are of wonderful value4 ,no greater boon has been added recently1 for1 though there is no lack of pocket ,bibles1 they are unhandy1 and the type too small for those who wish the psalms alone4 ,to meet this want a new translation was issued in #agjj1 in a neat little volume1 the version being by ,john ,caryl1 a friend of ,pope1 and faithful adherent of the ,stuarts4 ,his ,psalms is a very uncommon work1 though highly esteemed4 ,we had thus ,gregory ,martin's version in the original ,douay1 ,caryl's1 ,bishop ,challoner's1 and ,archbishop ,kenrick's1 and we have now a version due in part at least to ,cardinal ,wiseman4 ,it is a little volume that will reward study among those who wish to compare the versions1 and as a convenient1 well-printed manual commends itself to the pious4 8,in the ,book of ,psalms10 says his grace1 ,dr4 ,manning1 8the ,spirit of ,praise himself has inscribed the notes and the words of thanksgiving to be learned here1 and to be continued before the eternal throne4 ,for this use and aid ,i commend the present volume to the piety of the faithful40 ,some common errors have1 we see1 been retained in this edition1 which we hope to see corrected1 such as the omission of 8angry0 before enemies in ,ps4 xvii4 #dh2 8and10 in ,ps4 xliii4 #ab2 8in form10 ,ps4 xliv4 #d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,journey ,,around ,,my ,,room4 ,by ,count ,xavier de ,maistre4 ,new ,york3 ,hurd ,houghton4 ,this work1 so full of the author's delicate humor and sentimental reverie1 is the very thing for a winter evening1 when one feels like giving himself up to dream away a few hours4 ,the author was a younger brother of the perhaps better known ,count ,joseph de ,maistre1 ,french ,ambassador at the ,russian ,court in the early part of this century1 and one of the ablest defenders of the ,papacy4 ,he was the author of the famous ,du ,pape and the philosopher of the ,soirees de ,st4 ,petersbourg4 ,count ,joseph was likewise an intimate friend of ,madame ,swetchine's1 whose interesting life has been published by 8,the ,catholic ,publication ,society10 and was instrumental in the conversion of that remarkable woman to the ,catholic ,church4 ,the ,de ,maistres belonged to the haute noblesse de ,savoy4 ,count ,xavier1 as well as his brothers1 became an exile during the first ,french ,revolution4 ,he went to ,russia1 where he married4 ,after an absence of twenty-five years he returned to his own country4 ,lamartine addressed him one of his ,harmonies ,potiques after his return1 saluting him thus3 8,voyageur fatigu qui reviens sur nos plages ,demander tes champs leurs antiques ombrages1 ,a ton cur ses premiers amours60 ,he also calls ,count ,xavier the ,sterne of ,savoy1 but without his affectation1 and declares him equal to ,rousseau1 but without his declamatory style4 8,he is a familiar genie1 a fireside talker1 a cricket chirping on the rural hearth40 ,the writings of ,xavier de ,maistre were among the favorite volumes that composed ,eugnie de ,gurin's library1 and we can imagine a certain sympathy in their intellectual natures4 ,the ,lpreux in particular appealed to her sympathetic nature1 and the thought of meeting its author filled her with delight4 ,when this meeting took place at ,paris1 ,count ,xavier had just lost his children1 and was so depressed in consequence that it was not equal to her expectations4 ,but ,lamartine speaks of seeing him a few years after1 and describes him as 8an old man of fourscore years1 gracious in manner1 and with no signs of decay of body or feebleness of mind4 ,airiness of sentiment1 a mild sensibility1 a half-serious1 half-indulgent smile at human affairs1 a tolerance--the result of his intelligence--of all human opinions3 such was the man4 8,his sonorous voice had a far-off sound like an echo of the past1 and was well adapted to the reminiscenses of his previous life1 which he loved to tell4 8,his ,leper of the ,city of ,aosta is1 in the literature of the heart1 equal to ,paul and ,virginia2 the ,journey around my ,room is only a pleasantry4 ,the ,leper is a tear1 but a tear that flows for ever60 ,lamartine1 in his ,confidences1 gives a pleasing picture of the ,de ,maistre family1 and likens a summer passed among its illustrious members in ,savoy to the conversations of ,boccaccio at his country-seat near ,florence4 ,they used to assemble beneath a clump of pines at the foot of ,mont du ,chat1 overlooking the ,arcadian valley of ,chambery1 so redolent of ,st4 ,francis de ,sales1 another genius not less poetical1 and with no less delicacy of sentiment1 but loftier than ,xavier de ,maistre2 and sometimes they came together on a terrace over-arched by vine-hung elms before the ,chteau de ,servolex1 the residence of ,madame de ,vigny1 ,de ,maistre's sister4 ,count ,joseph de ,maistre1 like a modern ,plato1 was the centre of this family group4 ,his stature was lofty1 his features fine and manly1 his forehead broad and high1 and1 crowning all1 floated his thin1 silvery hair4 ,his mouth was indicative of the delicate humor that characterized the family4 ,his brothers regarded him with great respect1 and used to gather around him to listen to the experiences of his exile4 ,even the ,canon de ,maistre1 afterwards ,bishop of ,aosta1 who looked like a ,socrates1 with features that had been softened and sanctified by the influences of ,christianity1 would hasten to close the breviary he had been reading in a secluded alley1 and join the group4 ,and now and then came sweet interludes of soft ,scythian airs through the open window of the chteau1 which ,mademoiselle de ,maistre1 a pensive1 talented girl1 was playing on the piano4 ,the writings of ,count ,xavier de ,maistre1 though not at all dogmatic1 belong to ,catholic literature4 ,they are among the sweet blossoms that have unfolded under the pure light of ,catholic influences1 and with a delicacy of aroma not to be found in the forced hot-house plants of the world4 ,we love to inhale their odor1 and would not be the last to welcome the appearance of ,the ,journey around my ,room4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,greece4 ,by ,professor ,dr4 ,ernest ,curtius4 ,translated by ,adolphus ,william ,ward1 ,m4,a4 ,vols4 ,i4 and ,,ii4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahga4 ,dr4 ,ernest ,curtius is impartial1 and metes out strict justice to all whom he summons to the tribunal of history4 ,neither ,spartan valor nor ,athenian grace influences his judgment4 ,he passes from the ,eurotas ,valley to the ,acropolis without leaving in his train a single notion which would weigh in his decision on the men and things in ,attica4 ,and this impartiality is a rare gift in the writers of ,grecian history1 be they ancient or modern4 ,almost all take sides4 ,mitford holds the ,spartan oligarchy to be the height of perfection in government1 and makes it the standard by which the democracy of ,athens is to be judged4 ,the result is that in his pages the fair features of ,athens are caricatured and distorted1 while the stern features of ,sparta are so flattered that not even ,lycurgus would recognize them4 ,on the other hand1 ,thirlwall1 and many more besides1 have not been able to escape the fascination of ,athenian wit and elegance1 and throughout their histories ,athens is unduly favored4 ,dr4 ,curtius judges not of governments and institutions in the abstract1 but he judges of them with reference to the peoples for whom they were intended1 and thus has avoided the error into which so many have fallen4 ,there are in the volumes before us two points which are particularly well handled4 ,these are the origin of the ,greek people1 and the development of their religion4 ,mr4 ,mommsen1 in his ,history of ,rome1 absurdly tells us that the ancient peoples of ,italy were indigenous to the soil4 ,this he does1 doubtless1 either to show his independence of revelation1 or to save himself the trouble of further investigation1 perhaps with both ends in view4 ,dr4 ,curtius is neither so disregardless of truth nor so saving of labor4 ,by the aid of ethnography1 philology1 and historical research1 he demonstrates that the ,greeks and the ,latins also belonged to the great ,aryan family4 ,he traces them back to their old homes in the ,phrygian highlands1 where1 before their migrations westward1 they occupied positions adjoining4 ,the ,latin tribes were the first to leave ,asia ,minor1 then followed the ,greeks in successive waves of migration through the ,hellespont and ,propontis4 ,the learned professor discusses at length the origin and development of the ,greek ,pantheon1 and the conclusion arrived at is most satisfactory4 ,he proves that the ,greek tribes in their primitive simplicity worshipped the one only ,god--8,the ,zeus1 who dwelt in light inaccessible40 ,gradually the primitive traditions began to wane1 and the 8,zeus who dwelt in light inaccessible0 became the 8,zeus who dwelt in sacred light over the oak-tops of the ,lycan mountain10 still formless and unapproachable4 ,but this ,zeus was too near the earth to remain long formless and unapproachable4 ,his worshippers soon began to approach him under different names1 then under different forms1 and1 finally1 they divided him up into the different gods of their ,pantheon1 so that the first and best known became the 8,unknown ,god40 ,we have now pointed out some of the excellences of ,dr4 ,curtius' history1 but it has its defects1 as every human work has1 and one of these we deem it our duty to point out4 ,its chief defect is its diffuseness2 for diffuse it really is in many places4 ,and because it is diffuse it is often monotonous and even prosaic4 ,on the whole1 however1 the style is good1 and abounds in elegant passages1 which are well rendered by the translator4 ,this defect is indeed the only one which justifies us in doubting whether the ,history will become popular1 and receive the appreciation which it deserves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fashion3 ,,the ,,power ,,that ,,influences ,,the ,,world4 ,by ,george ,p4 ,fox4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,american ,news ,company4 #ahgb4 ,the author of this work seems to have been 8born with a divine idea of cloth40 ,according to him1 fashionable dress is a preservative of morals4 ,easy and graceful garments are incompatible with deeds of violence4 ,no one who ever honored the author with his patronage was ever convicted of a crime4 ,we are as morally bound to offer a pleasing exterior to our friends as a smiling face4 ,in ,carlyle's language1 8,man's earthly interests 7to say the least7 are all hooked and buttoned together by clothes4 ,society is founded on cloth40 ,the pen was once considered mightier than the sword1 but shears are now in the ascendency4 8,dress makes the man1 and want of it the fellow40 ,dress is a duty we owe ourselves1 and inattention to it indicates a want of respect to others4 ,man's chief duty is to sacrifice to the graces4 ,our author is the high-priest of fashion4 ,he makes dress almost a sacrament--as ,hazlitt says1 8an outward and visible sign of the inward harmony of the soul40 ,non possumus does not seem to be in his code4 ,there is no physical defect he cannot remedy4 ,witness the unhappy man in ,new ,york1 with a long neck1 low shoulders1 and sallow complexion1 at last able to hold up his head in society2 the unfortunate ,british nobleman1 whose attenuated and shapeless limbs are made to correspond more fully to our idea of sturdy ,john ,bull2 and ,president ,fillmore's life-long ambition for a pair of well-fitting pantaloons at length realized4 ,bow legs and knock-knees are all remedied4 ,the old proverb of the ,barnais is verified3 8,habillez un bton1 il aura l'air d'un baron40 ,a book that brings hope to all is a public benefaction4 ,no ,jonathan need despair of cutting a figure in the world after this1 and he should not4 ,dress1 its color1 style1 and fit1 are all matters of momentous interest 7being so interwoven with our morals71 as well as manners and the carriage of the body1 which are not overlooked in this volume4 ,as to the latter1 everybody knows a stoop in the shoulders sinks a man in public and private estimation4 ,the ,saturday ,review calls our author a ,transcendental ,tailor1 a title he evidently merits4 ,the devise he assumed when he entered the lists was ,faire sans dire1 which ,daniel ,webster did him the honor of quoting in an address before the ,new ,york ,historical ,society1 as well as wearing his transcendent--we almost said transcendental--garments1 both living and dead1 for the blue coat with a velvet collar and gold-wove cloth buttons that shrouded the immortal statesman are almost a matter of history1 and have been sworn to in the most solemn manner before the mayor of ,new ,york4 ,but to go back to our devise4 ,the author forgot it when he began to write4 ,he must now make it3 ,faire et dire4 ,however1 he handles the pen almost as skilfully as the shears1 and throws quite a glamour of poetry over the most common duties of the toilet4 ,he ought to be a capital hand at a hem-a-stitch1 as ,rogers said of ,branger4 ,he gives some excellent advice about dress 7gentlemen's1 of course7 and etiquette1 but some of the chapters seem rather foreign to the subject4 ,we cordially recommend the book to ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,veneering as they endeavor to adjust themselves at the glass of fashion1 and to whosoever is entirely wrapped up in cloth4 ,we have been particularly interested in the published correspondence at the end of the volume of the various dignitaries in the political and literary world who sought the efficient co-operation of our ,prince of ,tailors4 ,if dress is really an 8emanation0 of the soul 7as well as from ,mr4 ,fox's 8emporium071 and indicative of character1 it is well to know that ,mr4 ,fillmore's ill-fitting garments might be owing to a judgment awry2 the attenuated limbs of the ,british minister1 which nothing had been able to hide1 to a paucity of understanding2 and the long neck of our ,new ,york friend1 which had to be muffled1 to an overreaching disposition4 ,who can tell8 ,dress is certainly of the utmost importance to those who are conscious of no other recommendation4 ,diderot saw no difference between a man and his dog but the dress1 and it would sometimes be hard to give a person his proper grade in the animal world without reference to his material garments1 for it really does not do in our social world to follow ,carlyle's advice to look fixedly on clothes till they became transparent4 ,it would lead to a fearful revolution in society4 ,still1 there are some1 like ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,boffin1 who 8go in neck and crop for fashion10 who can bear such a clairvoyant eye4 ,mrs4 ,boffin was 8a ,highflier for ,fashion10 but we entirely overlook that low evening dress of black sable which she does credit to 78her make is such071 in consideration of her large heart1 and the affectionate readiness to salute her lord to the great detriment of her great black velvet hat and plumes4 ,our author is really a phnix sprung from the ashes of ,beau ,brummel4 8,kind ,heaven has sent us another professor1 ,who follows the steps of his great predecessor40 ,as we read1 we share the sensation he produced at the ,presidential leve at ,washington1 clad in a blue coat out of the very web that furnished ,mr4 ,webster's last suit4 ,the meeting of the ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america1 serenely conscious of his new clothes1 and the ,president of ,fashion1 who so successfully cut them1 reminds us of another meeting there which ,irving compared to 8two kings of ,brentford smelling at one rose40 ,we cannot close without expressing our gratitude in particular for the fine suit of black our ,prince of ,tailors presented ,father ,mathew of blessed and abstemious memory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,foundations ,,of ,,st4 ,,teresa ,,of ,,jesus1 ,,of ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,our ,,lady ,,of ,,carmel4 ,written by herself4 ,translated from the ,spanish by ,david ,lewis4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,this volume contains1 besides the work indicated in the title-page1 ,annals of the ,saint's ,life1 by ,don ,vicente de ,la ,fuente1 ,the ,carmelite ,rule and ,constitutions1 and ,the ,visitation of ,nunneries1 and ,maxims of ,st4 ,teresa herself4 ,the principal work is also more complete than any previous edition in ,english4 ,those who are familiar with the wonderful story of ,st4 ,teresa's history will need no assurance that the spirit which animated her life also pervades her works4 ,indeed1 the two are almost inseparable1 her writings evidently being a faithful transcript of her whole history4 ,notwithstanding the signal favors she received from heaven1 she seemed always oppressed with the idea of her own unworthiness4 ,the prologue to the ,foundations furnishes many valuable lessons to religious as well as those whose sphere of duty lies in the world4 ,st4 ,teresa knew how to exert the utmost zeal and energy in the service of religion1 with entire submission to her ecclesiastical superiors4 ,the case of ,st4 ,teresa1 moreover1 is evidence of the way the church honors real reformers--by proposing them to the veneration of the faithful as canonized saints4 ,as an indication of her humility1 even the main work in this volume was undertaken1 not to gratify any personal feeling1 but in obedience to the command of her confessor4 ,it contains a history of the religious houses1 male and female1 she established4 ,in the face of great difficulties and discouragements1 she persevered in her purpose1 until the reform was recognized at ,rome1 and the ,carmelite ,order was divided into two branches1 one under the milder observance1 and her own under the stricter or primitive observance4 ,the lives of the saints present marvels exceeding in interest the dreams of poetry and romance1 and we cannot do better than commend to those who jeopardize their innocence in the perusal of sensational figments of the imagination1 to betake themselves to the more edifying and truly interesting lives and writings of the saints4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sermons ,,on ,,ecclesiastical ,,subjects4 ,by ,henry ,edward1 ,archbishop of ,westminster4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,american ,edition4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgb4 ,each new volume from ,archbishop ,manning is a precious addition to ,catholic literature4 ,the present collection of sermons has all the usual characteristics of the author1 both as a preacher and as a writer4 ,great as many other sermons undoubtedly are1 those of ,dr4 ,manning possess a charm all their own4 ,the oldest theme is never stale in his hands4 ,his logic is always of the keenest1 while his style is as clear and musical as a brook4 ,of the sermons before us1 we commend two especially4 ,the first1 on 8,the ,church1 the ,spirit1 and the ,word02 and the sixth1 8,the ,blessed ,sacrament the ,centre of ,immutable ,truth40 ,the thirteenth will also be found of peculiar interest for ,american readers4 ,it was preached in ,st4 ,joseph's ,college1 ,nov4 #ag1 #ahga4 ,its subject3 8,the ,negro ,mission40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,the ,,druids1 ,,the ,,ancient ,,churches1 ,,and ,,the ,,round ,,towers ,,of ,,ireland4 ,by the ,rev4 ,richard ,smiddy4 ,dublin3 ,w4 ,b4 ,kelly4 #ahga4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,this is a very neat little publication1 well-bound and handsomely printed4 ,those who have not leisure or opportunity to read ,petrie's elaborate book on the ,round ,towers or the works issued by the ,archological ,society will find in ,mr4 ,smiddy's essay much valuable information regarding ,irish antiquities1 though in some of his views and theories he differs materially from preceding writers on the same class of subjects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,salad ,,for ,,the ,,solitary ,,and ,,the ,,social4 ,by an ,epicure4 ,new ,york3 ,de ,witt ,c4 ,lent ,co4 #hvo1 pp4 #ebf4 #ahgb4 ,the author of this book1 if author in the proper sense he may be called1 has acted discreetly in withholding his name from the public1 for1 though a work not specially opposed to morality or truth1 it is as little likely to increase the fame of the compiler or secure the approbation of the judicious as any of the many modern publications that teem from our metropolitan press1 and depend almost altogether on the beauty of their illustrations and mechanical taste for public patronage4 ,we have a very high appreciation of the shrewdness and foresight of publishers as a class1 but upon a cursory glance at the appearance of the book1 and on a comparison of it with its homogeneous contents1 we were inclined to think the firm of ,lent ,co4 was an exception until we noticed in a brief preface that thirty thousand copies of the original1 of which the book before us is said to be an enlarged and improved edition1 have been sold4 ,this may or may not be a piece of exaggeration on the part of the publishers3 if it be not1 then we are sorry for the lack of sense and judgment on the part of so many of our fellow-beings4 ,the work is compiled1 not written1 pretty much as it is said 8leading articles0 in remote ,western journals are produced1 by the efficient aid of the scissors and mucilage1 and its general contents would be more in place in the columns of those second or third hand journals1 under the stereotyped headings of 8,facts and ,fancies0 or 8,mirth and ,fun10 than in the imposing garb of a well-bound book4 ,from cover to cover it is nothing but a compilation of old stories1 thread-bare jokes1 worn-out puns1 stupid epitaphs1 and references to historical and literary personages which are neither new nor original1 and scarcely apropos to the subject they are intended to make interesting4 ,there is some attempt at arrangement in the display of this useless learning1 and here and there a pleasant little bit of chat1 but the whole composition is so disjointed and puerile that the effect produced on the mind of the reader is anything but pleasurable4 ,there is no discretion apparent in the selection of extracts and quotations1 and no dignity in the tone of the entire work that would entitle it to the praise of even comparatively illiterate persons1 though the generally good character of the engravings and its attractive exterior may secure some purchasers4 ,besides1 its title gives no idea of its contents1 and we hope not to be considered unkind when we offer the suggestion that1 if the author should ever inflict another edition on a patient public1 he will change it4 ,hash would be much more expressive and germain to the matter1 salad being much too palatable a dish to be treated with such contumely4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,remembrance ,,of ,,the ,,living ,,to ,,pray ,,for ,,the ,,dead4 ,by ,james ,mumford1 ,priest of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,reprinted from the ,edition of #affa4 ,with ,appendix on the ,heroic ,act4 ,by ,john ,morris1 ,priest of the same ,society4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahga4 ,those who have read ,father ,mumford's ,catholic ,scripturist or ,question of ,questions will need no assurance from us of the excellence of the present treatise4 ,those who are yet strangers to this old writer will find a peculiar charm in the work1 if1 at least1 they have any liking for terseness1 directness1 and unction4 ,father ,mumford is somewhat quaint2 but that only adds to his style4 ,good works on ,purgatory are not plentiful4 ,this is one of the very best4 ,it particularly inculcates1 too1 a duty we seldom appreciate sufficiently4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,little ,,prudy',s ,,flyaway ,,series4 ,aunt ,madge's ,story4 ,by ,sophie ,may1 author of 8,little ,prudy's ,stories10 8,dotty ,dimple ,stories10 etc4 ,illustrated4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 ,new ,york3 ,lee1 ,shepard ,dillingham4 #ahgb4 ,this is a delightful little story for children1 but this is saying nothing new1 for ,sophie ,may's stories always are4 ,as ,aunt ,madge was not one of the 8tremendous good0 children1 her story will1 perhaps1 have a special interest for the little ones4 ,p4 ,f4 ,,cunningham has in press and will soon publish ,marion ,howard1 a story of much interest4 ,,books ,,and ,,pamphlets ,,received4 ,from ,,charles ,,scribner ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,a ,commentary on the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,by ,j4 ,p4 ,lange1 ,d4,d4 ,translated1 enlarged1 and edited by ,p4 ,schaff1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,containing ,joshua1 ,judges1 and ,ruth4 #hvo1 pp4 iv41 #ahh1 #bfa1 #ec4--,lectures on ,science and ,religion4 ,by ,max ,mller1 ,m4,a4 #abmo1 pp4 iv41 #cjj4--,systematic ,theology4 ,by ,c4 ,hodge1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #hvo1 pp4 #gcb4 ,from ,,carlton ,,lanahan1 ,new ,york3 ,three ,score ,years and ,beyond4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,de ,puy1 ,d4,d4 #hvo1 pp4 #eab4--;,jesus ,christ4 ,by ,e4 de ,pressens1 ,d4,d4 #abmo1 pp4 #cab4--,pillars of the ,temple4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,c4 ,smith4 #abmo1 pp4 #cff4--,light on the ,pathway of ,holiness4 ,by ,rev4 ,l4 ,d4 ,mc,cabe1 ,d4,d4 #ahmo1 pp4 #aad4--,the ,land of the ,veda4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,butler1 ,d4,d4 ,from ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,ballads of ,good ,deeds4 ,by ,h4 ,abbey4 #ahmo1 pp4 #abi4 ,from ,p4 ,,donahoe1 ,boston3 ,the ,fourfold ,sovereignty of ,god4 ,by ,henry ,edward1 ,archbishop of ,westminster4 #ahmo1 pp4 #bgb4--,the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,by ,thomas1 ,canon ,pope4 #abmo1 pp4 xviii41 #cdj4 ,from ,,kelly1 ,,piet ,,co41 ,baltimore3 ,the ,martyrs of the ,coliseum4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,o',reilly4 #abmo1 pp4 viii41 #cif4 ,from ,j4 ,r4 ,,osgood ,,co41 ,boston3 ,the ,divine ,tragedy4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,longfellow4 #ahmo1 pp4 iv41 #aej4 ,from ,,lee ,,shepard1 ,boston3 ,half ,truths and the ,truth4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,manning1 ,d4,d4 #abmo1 pp4 xii41 #cih4 ,from the ,,author3 ,notes on ,historical ,evidence in ,reference to ,adverse ,theories of the ,origin and ,nature of the ,government of the ,united ,states4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,dillon4 #hvo1 pp4 x41 #ada4 ,from ,d4 4 ,j4 ,,sadlier ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,the ,devil4 ,by ,father ,delaporte4 #ahmo1 pp4 viii41 #bjb4 ,from ,,kreuzer ,,bros41 ,baltimore3 ,triumph of the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,by ,rev4 ,m4 ,mller1 ,c4,,ss4,r4 #ahmo1 pp4 #adf4--,the ,catholic ,priest4 ,by ,rev4 ,m4 ,mller1 ,c4,,ss4,r4 #ahmo1 pp4 #afc4 ,from ,g4 ,,routledge ,,sons1 ,new ,york3 ,the ,moral of ,accidents4 ,by the late ,rev4 ,t4 ,t4 ,lynch4 #abmo1 pp4 xviii41 #dae4--,una and ,her ,paupers4--,memorials of ,agnes ,e4 ,jones4 ,by her ,sister4 ,with an ,introduction by ,florence ,nightingale4 ,first ,american ,edition4 ,with an ,introductory ,preface by ,rev4 ,h4 ,w4 ,beecher4 #abmo1 pp4 xlvi41 #dig4 ,from ,p4 ,o',,shea1 ,new ,york3 ,lectures on the ,church4 ,by ,rev4 ,d4 ,a4 ,merrick1 ,s4,j4 #abmo1 pp4 iv41 #bfc4 ,from ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co41 ,philadelphia3 ,wear and ,tear4 ,by ,s4 ,w4 ,mitchell4 #ahmo1 paper1 pp4 #ei4 ,from ,r4 ,,coddington1 ,new ,york3 ,the ,church and the ,world4 ,by ,rev4 ,t4 ,s4 ,preston1 ,d4,d4 ,paper1 pp4 #cj4 ,from ,,roberts ,,brothers1 ,boston3 ,the ,to-,morrow of ,death4 ,by ,louis ,figuier4 #abmo1 pp4 viii41 #cie4 ,from ,c4 ,c4 ,,chatfield ,,co41 ,new ,haven3 ,logical ,praxis4 ,by ,h4 ,n4 ,day4 #abmo1 pp4 viii41 #adh4 ,proceedings of the ,third ,annual ,session of the ,american ,philological ,association1 held at ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 ,july1 #ahga4 ,the ,third ,annual ,meeting of the ,association will be held in ,providence1 ,r4 ,i41 ,july #bd1 #ahgb1 at #c ,p4,m4 ,we are under obligations to the ,author for a copy of ,evolution and its ,consequences4 7,reprinted from the ,contemporary ,review47 ,a ,reply to ,prof4 ,huxley4 ,by ,st4 ,geo4 ,mivart1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xv41 ,no4 #hf4--,,may1 #ahgb4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgb1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,duties ,,of ,,the ,,rich ,,in ,,christian ,,society4 ,,no4 ,,iv4 ,,duties ,,to ,,the ,,church4 ,if we look at one aspect of ,christian society1 we cannot help being overwhelmed with astonishment at the number and the greatness of the generous deeds and sacrifices which crowd and adorn its history4 ,the noble1 the powerful1 the highly gifted1 the wealthy1 have lavished their possessions1 their labors1 their lives1 for their fellow-men1 in such a way as really to merit our wonder when we think of the weakness of human nature and the rarity of disinterested philanthropy among those who are not ,christians4 ,but1 if we look at another aspect of the same1 the amount of meanness1 selfishness1 and baseness which meets our view makes us wonder that ,christian faith has1 after all1 produced so little really rare and rich fruit in the soil of human nature4 ,the little which we do find is so perfect that we are astonished not to see more of the same quality produced by the same causes and influences4 ,when we think of the motive which men have for making sacrifices1 and of the example which has been given them--that is1 that the ,lord of heaven has died on the cross for mankind--the conduct of those ,christians who have followed that example by the practice of heroic perfection seems merely the fulfilment of a plain1 ,christian duty of gratitude4 ,on the other hand1 the conduct of those ,christians who live a selfish and unworthy life appears not only in a mean and ignoble1 but even in an atrocious1 light4 ,that we belong absolutely to ,god1 that we have been redeemed by the blood of ,christ1 that we have only one lawful end to our life on the earth1 which is to glorify ,god and merit to be glorified by him hereafter1 are first truths which no ,catholic ever thinks of denying or doubting4 ,these truths caused some of the saints to renounce literally everything for ,jesus ,christ1 and others to administer the power and wealth which they retained1 exclusively for the glory of ,god and the good of their fellow-men4 ,the saints are only examples of the highest degrees of those virtues of the same kind which constitute the character of all really good ,christians4 ,every rich man1 therefore1 who wishes to be a good ,christian1 must have the same devotion to the faith1 to the church1 to the cause of ,god1 of ,christ1 and of the ,vicar of ,christ on earth1 which the saints had4 ,devotion to the church sums up the whole1 because it includes or implies everything4 ,this devotion must precede1 direct1 and dominate over every intention1 motive1 object1 and undertaking of life4 ,the obligation to it lies in the very nature of baptism4 ,the baptized person is wholly devoted to the service of the ,lord who has redeemed him1 signed him with his own peculiar mark1 and given him a title to the crown of celestial glory4 ,the nature and extent of the service due varies with the position and the talents of the individual4 ,the one who receives one talent is bound to gain one more with it4 ,this may mean1 for instance1 that this particular man1 or that particular woman1 is bound to no other service to the church than to bring up well some three or five children1 to come to ,mass and the sacraments with them1 to live an honest life1 and to make some small contributions to the treasury of the church4 ,the one who receives five talents is also bound to gain five more4 ,the explication of the sense of this1 and its application to particular cases1 are easily made4 ,whatever the talents conferred on any individual may be1 all must be devoted primarily to the sacred cause of the ,catholic ,church4 ,it is the kingdom of ,christ2 it is the only hope of salvation to the world2 it is the ark of safety to the individual himself with whom we are speaking4 ,into that church he has been baptized at the font1 and made its child1 its citizen1 and its subject4 ,there is no escape from its allegiance except by treason4 ,the character of baptism is ineffaceable1 and no one who bears that mark has any rights over himself1 his talents1 or his possessions1 except such as are conceded to him by the law of ,christ4 8,ye are not your own1 ye are bought with a price40 8,henceforth1 no one liveth to himself1 and no one dieth to himself40 ,it is necessary to live and die as a member of the ,catholic ,church1 in order to live honorably and to die happily4 ,as it is only by partaking in the common life of the church that its individual members have any life of their own1 it is their first duty to promote that common life4 ,the law of life is the law of duty3 the greater and stronger and more important the member is1 the greater is the service it is bound to render to the body4 ,the duties of ,catholics who belong to the higher and more wealthy class in society to the church are very various1 numerous1 and heavy4 ,one portion of them coincides to a great extent with their obligations to the poor and miserable1 of which notice was taken in our last number4 ,the obligation of succoring their fellow-creatures because they are of the same blood through ,adam1 and made in the rational image of the same ,god1 becomes more sacred towards those who are brethren in ,christ through baptismal grace4 ,how is it possible for ,christians who expect to be saved through the infinite charity of ,jesus ,christ to revel in splendor1 luxury1 and enjoyment1 and at the same time to look with heartless indifference on the want and suffering of those who are the dearest friends of ,christ8 ,if they are charitable and kind-hearted1 as every true ,christian must be1 the charities of the church are so numerous and extensive as to tax their generosity to the utmost4 ,there is great scope for private and personal charity toward individuals1 but the great organized works of general charity must be carried on by the clergy or religious societies4 ,the funds which they are ordinarily able to procure for these works are1 in proportion to the necessities clamoring for relief1 like the five loaves and two small fishes which the disciples of ,christ set before the famishing multitude of five thousand men1 besides women and children4 ,these small funds come in great part from the almsgiving of laboring people1 or from the various devices of lectures1 fairs1 concerts1 etc41 to which the managers of charitable works are obliged to resort4 ,after all has been done1 the ,catholic priest1 the charitable layman who makes his round of visits in the name of the ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul's ,society1 the ,sister of ,charity1 are hardly able to do more than help those who are in want of the absolutely necessary clothing1 food1 and fire with which to keep off the gaunt death that grins at them out of every corner of their life4 ,the demands upon charity are constant1 multifarious1 and pressing4 ,they are made chiefly upon priests1 who have already given up everything for ,god4 ,it is plain1 therefore1 that it is the duty of the rich to furnish them liberally and abundantly with the means for supplying these demands4 ,the building of churches1 their decoration1 the furnishing of sacred vessels and ornaments for the sanctuary1 and other works directly connected with the service and worship of the divine ,majesty1 are objects demanding a truly immense outlay of money4 ,so far as concerns that which is necessary for the ministering of the word and sacraments of ,christ1 these spiritual wants of the people take precedence of their bodily necessities4 ,so far as the decoration1 splendor1 and dignity of religion only are concerned1 they come next after the more essential works of charity4 ,add to the buildings which are immediately devoted to divine worship1 all those which belong to colleges1 schools1 orphanages1 etc41 and the work demanded of the ,catholics of the ,united ,states appears colossal1 and would seem impossible1 did we not see before our eyes so much of it already accomplished4 ,then1 there are the most just and imperative claims of the ,holy ,father1 and the pathetic appeals of the foreign missions1 never so pressing as at the present moment1 when the downfall of the power of ,france has left them so denuded of the succor which they formerly received from that most generous nation4 ,the nave response which a most estimable ,french lady once gave to a priest who asked her for a donation to a good work in this city1 very well expresses the true state of the case in hand3 8,very much call1 very little fund40 ,nowhere is this more literally true than in ,new ,york4 ,the most extreme liberality of all the ,catholics of this city who have anything to spare1 whether rich or poor1 would not yield the means of furnishing a sufficient number of churches1 schools1 and other means for supplying the spiritual and corporal wants of our swarming and increasing population4 ,millions might be used at the present moment1 if they could be had1 in works of the most practical utility and even necessity4 ,when a city or a nation is in straits through the calamities of war1 pestilence1 or famine1 all its citizens are expected to strain every nerve and to make heroic sacrifices for its relief4 ,no city or nation has a thousandth part of the claim to devotion from its citizens which the church possesses4 ,and the church1 always militant1 is always in straits1 at least in some part of her great empire1 always suffering from the effects of the perpetual warfare waged against her1 from pestilential vices and sins among her children1 from a famine of the word and sacraments of ,christ among the most neglected and abandoned of her people4 ,god alone can help her efficiently4 ,but men must struggle to help themselves1 if they expect ,god to help them4 ,our ,lord demanded of his disciples to feed the hungry multitude1 and ordered them to set before them the whole of their own scanty provisions4 8,he himself knew what he would do10 and he did it by multiplying miraculously the loaves and fishes of his disciples4 ,god alone can rescue the famishing and perishing multitudes of ,christendom and heathendom from the abyss of temporal and spiritual ruin and death which yawns under their feet4 ,society must be reconstructed on a ,christian basis1 and by mighty1 organic movements1 in which the church and the state1 the hierarchy1 both ecclesiastical and civil1 and all the powers contained in the bosom of society1 in harmonious concert of action1 labor together for a common end1 it must work out its own regeneration and the ,christian civilization of the human race2 or the work will remain for ever incomplete4 ,christendom is full of deadly disorders and wounds1 inflicted on it by the fell power of schism1 heresy1 and infidelity4 ,only ,catholic unity can heal it1 and combine its members in the work assigned to it by divine ,providence1 and only a miracle of grace can restore to that unity the severed and disorganized parts1 close up the deadly gashes in the living body1 and reanimate it with complete health4 ,the zeal1 activity1 and wealth of the whole community1 collected in the communion of the ,catholic ,church1 would be sufficient for as thorough a regeneration of ,new ,york1 and of the whole ,united ,states1 as the most sanguine optimist could ever expect to see brought about in any country in the world4 ,christendom1 united in itself1 and governed on ,christian principles1 would absorb into itself on a century the entire world4 ,but meanwhile1 the faithful and loyal children of the church must do what they can1 and await the time for ,god to do what he has determined1 and to a great extent made conditional in the efforts of men4 ,the most of our ,catholic people in the ,united ,states have1 on the whole1 fulfilled the duty of contributing the funds required for carrying on the works of the church remarkably well4 ,whether the richer portion of them have done their fair share1 is a question not so easy to answer4 ,instances of princely generosity have not been wanting1 and to a considerable extent there has been a creditable liberality manifested by the wealthier classes of ,catholics when they have been publicly or privately solicited to aid in religious or other charitable works4 ,that there are some who are niggardly in their disposition1 and many who are more sparing and moderate in their charities than they ought to be1 can hardly be doubted4 ,the comparatively small number of wealthy men in the ,catholic community has necessarily thrown the great burden of supporting the institutions of the church upon the mass of the people who are not rich4 ,there is nothing in this to complain of4 ,if the rich do their fair share1 it is no disgrace to them that they enjoy the benefits which have been chiefly purchased by the money of the laboring classes4 ,but if they fall behind their proportion1 it is a real disgrace to them1 because they receive in that case for nothing1 and as an alms from the poor1 something which they ought to have paid for4 ,the church demands something more than a portion of the surplus of the wealth of the rich4 ,she demands the consecration and devotion of the minds1 the wills1 the time1 the efforts of all the lite of her laity1 of those who are rich in intellectual gifts and acquisitions1 as well as of those who are rich in gold and silver4 ,the principal medium of the operation of this devotion at the present time are voluntary associations under the sanction and direction of the hierarchy4 ,these associations have for their scope the organization of charitable works1 the diffusion of knowledge1 resistance to the enemies of the church1 the defence of the ,holy ,see1 and general co-operation with the clergy in the extension of the ,catholic religion4 ,we will not enlarge on this theme1 at present1 as we have promised to make our articles very brief1 and an essay on the subject has already appeared in our pages4 ,what we have said will be sufficient1 we trust1 to stimulate all those who are imbued with the spirit of ,catholic faith to greater zeal and effort in the sacred cause of the church1 in which the laity have as great an interest as the clergy4 ,,anniversary ,,of ,,baptism4 ,,by ,a ,,convert4 ,on this steep pathway1 which1 with prayers1 ,i climb1 ,i pause a moment--as a traveller might1 ,weary and footsore1 and in dusty plight1 ,hearing1 far off1 the clear1 melodious chime ,of bells that mark the swiftly passing time3 ,then1 as he pauses on the beetling height1 ,through filming distance fixes his keen sight ,on one faint speck1 his starting point at prime1 ,and takes fresh courage for the sharp ascent-- ,thus do ,i pause to-day2 my steadfast eye ,fixed on that point of time1 in which doth lie ,the germ of all which can my soul content2 ,on which my waking thoughts1 my dreams1 are bent3 ,then1 turn where life's still summits touch th' eternal sky4 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii4 ,,good-,,night ,,and ,,good-,,by4 ,it is well for us that faith is able to decipher what ,de ,quincey calls 8the hieroglyphic meanings of human suffering02 and that1 though the interpretation should not at once be made plain to us1 we may1 at least1 be sure that it is merciful4 ,as ,st4 ,peter stands supreme1 holding in his hand the shining keys of heaven1 which none but he can set in the wards1 and none but he can turn1 so to each ,christian on earth is given the golden key to a personal heaven1 and none but he can open the door1 and none but he can close it4 ,within that door sits the interpreter1 and when the soul is still it hears his voice reading1 with praise and amen1 both day and night3 and some riddles he makes clear1 and on some he sets the seal with the ,holy ,name2 and that is ,god's secret1 and one day he will speak to the soul concerning it4 ,he who seeks to tear away that seal finds only darkness and confusion2 but he who folds his hands above it will at last be illuminated4 ,never once during his trial had ,dick ,rowan rebelled against ,god1 or questioned him4 ,nature might writhe in pain1 and forget for a time the words of praise1 but it submitted2 and1 according to the tumult and darkness that had prevailed1 so were the light and peace that followed4 ,it was thorough work1 as all the work in this soul had been from the first1 and his convalescence was like a new birth4 ,on the morning after ,edith's parting with ,carl ,yorke1 ,dick remained in his room unvisited1 keeping all his strength for that first drive4 ,at length the carriage came to the door1 and ,mr4 ,williams1 who had insisted on remaining at home to superintend what he called the 8launching0 of his step-son1 came down-stairs with ,dick4 ,mrs4 ,williams1 all smiles1 followed after1 rustling in silks donned in honor of this great occasion4 ,edith and ,ellen ,williams stood in the entry1 awaiting the little procession4 ,miss ,ellen1 blushing and bedizened1 was to accompany the two on their drive4 ,edith had preferred to stay at home and prepare for her evening exodus to ,hester's4 8,why1 ,dick1 you look like an ,esquimaux60 she exclaimed4 8,i cannot even see your nose4 ,how are you to get any fresh air80 ,he laughed4 8,i told mother that ,i could not breathe anything but fur2 but she is a tyrant40 8,it isn't often ,i get the chance to play the tyrant over you10 ,mrs4 ,williams remarked1 and began giving orders to have sundry hot soap-stones1 and gay afghans put into the carriage4 8,mother10 her son exclaimed1 8,i am ashamed of having such a fuss made over me6 ,i will run away4 ,i will leave the country4 ,i will go back to bed40 ,he really blushed1 and seemed annoyed4 ,they went out1 and there was the parade of getting settled in their places1 ,mrs4 ,williams pleasantly conscious1 and her son distressfully so1 that several of the neighbors were looking on with interest4 ,the inquiries for ,dick had1 indeed1 been constant from all the neighborhood1 even from persons with whom they had no acquaintance4 ,not a woman1 young or old1 but had looked kindly on the young sailor1 and known when he sailed away1 and when he came back2 not a child but smiled and nodded to him through the window when he passed4 ,of course they had all surmised that the lovely young girl whom they had seen there before1 and who had now been taking care of him1 was one day to be his wife4 ,she divided their attention with him as she stood on the step1 and watched him drive away4 ,it was the hour of the steamer's departure2 and when ,edith was alone1 she shut herself into her chamber1 and1 kneeling there1 prayed fervently that ,god would keep the traveller wherever he might wander1 and that1 though far from her1 he might be ever near to heaven4 ,she did not leave her room when she heard the others come home2 and after a while ,mrs4 ,williams came to say that ,dick would like to see her4 8,we had a delightful drive1 and he is not a bit the worse for it10 the mother said4 8,he will be well enough to go to ,mrs4 ,cleaveland's to see you1 now2 but ,i think he wants to have a good talk with you before you go away4 ,he told me not to let any one interrupt40 ,edith knew well what the summons meant1 and with one upward aspiration1 8,o ,spirit of light and truth60 she went immediately4 ,dick was sitting in his arm-chair by the window when she entered1 and he looked around with a bright smile and greeting1 8,well1 little sister60 and motioned her to a chair near him4 ,on hearing that title1 she stopped1 and clasped her hands on her bosom4 8,it was a brother who sent for you10 he said4 8,come60 ,she seated herself1 speechless1 almost breathless4 8,edith1 where is ,carl ,yorke80 he asked gently4 ,she gave the answer with a quiet that looked like coldness4 8,he left in the steamer to-day for ,england4 ,from there he continues his travels to the ,east1 ,i do not know where else4 ,no person is to know this but you and me1 as his mother cannot be told40 ,the color and the smile left ,dick ,rowan's face4 ,surprise and pain for a moment deprived him of the power of speech4 8,i am astonished and distressed60 he said1 at length4 8,i wished to see him1 to talk with him4 ,but that he is not a ,catholic1 ,i should have wished to see you married soon40 ,a deep blush of wounded delicacy rushed to ,edith's cheeks4 8,dick ,rowan10 she said1 8you have yet much to learn about women1 or1 at least1 about me4 ,whatever feelings of sympathy and affection ,i may have had for ,carl ,yorke1 my conduct and conversation with him have been irreproachable1 and so have my thoughts even4 ,the thought of marriage has not crossed my mind4 ,i do not wish to hear you speak of it40 ,her dignified answer disconcerted him for a moment4 ,he had made the mistake nearly always made by men1 often made by women1 of misinterpreting the nature1 or1 at least1 the degree of development1 of an affection as yet angelically pure1 if ardent4 8,you were quite right in supposing that ,i would marry no one but a ,catholic10 she remarked4 8,i have done you a great wrong1 ,edith10 he said hastily1 8and ,i wish to repair it as far as ,i can4 ,but1 first1 will you tell me why you promised to marry me80 8,because you told me that your life hung in the balance1 and that ,i was your only hope and aim10 she answered4 ,her voice trembled slightly1 and her eyes softened as she remembered how nearly he had spoken the truth4 8,you had been my first and most faithful friend4 ,i considered my obligations stronger to you than any one else4 ,i could not tolerate the thought of your suffering through me1 when ,i was the only person you cared for40 ,while she spoke1 his eyes were downcast1 and a deep color burned in his face4 8,did my dependence on you attract your affection80 he asked1 still looking down4 8,it attracted my pity and anxiety10 she replied1 without hesitation4 8,i should respect more a man who would be able to live without me4 ,i do not believe that these violent feelings are either healthy or lasting2 and ,i would not choose to act the ,eastern myth of the tortoise supporting a world40 8,oh6 how mean ,i was60 he exclaimed4 8,how contemptibly selfish6 ,let me tell you all4 ,i had a strong affection for you1 that is true2 but ,i can see now that there were unworthy motives mingled with it4 ,there were pride1 ambition1 and self-will4 ,i was determined to take you away from ,carl ,yorke4 ,i knew that he thought of you1 and ,i believed that he would win you1 unless ,i prevented it4 ,your antecedents of birth1 your tastes and social position1 your kind of education1 all were the same1 and made you suited to each other4 ,i said to myself that my being a ,catholic gave me the precedence2 but in my heart ,i knew that there was no reason why he1 as well as ,i1 should not receive the gift of faith4 ,i knew1 indeed1 that his friendship for ,alice ,mills had predisposed him toward it1 and that he read ,catholic books4 ,but ,i was determined to have you4 ,i did not dare to ask if you would be quite content4 ,i would not contemplate any other possibility4 ,when ,i asked you if you were willing1 it was only after you had promised4 ,i confess this with shame and contrition60 8,dick10 ,edith asked breathlessly1 8have you quite got over caring very much about me8 ,are you not disappointed80 ,he raised his face1 and all the shame and distress passed away from it4 8,the only disappointment ,i am now capable of feeling10 he said1 with the emphasis of truth1 8would be in case any earthly object should come between me and ,god4 ,in the last few weeks ,i have learned to shrink with fear and aversion from all earthly affection4 ,there is nothing but harm in those attachments which are so strong that the loss of their object brings destruction4 ,they are mistaken in their aim4 ,why1 ,edith1 what ,i worshipped in you was not simply what you are1 a good and amiable girl1 but a goddess4 ,you were magnified in my eyes1 ,i put you in a niche4 ,that niche is now empty4 ,or1 no60 he added1 raising his brightening eyes1 8it is not empty1 but the right one stands there4 ,you could never have satisfied the enthusiasm of my expectation4 ,the great and wonderful good which ,i vaguely looked for with you1 ,i should never have won4 ,i mistook my object40 ,he looked out thoughtfully1 and she sat looking at him4 ,at length he said1 with a faint smile1 8,i wrote you last year of a visit ,i paid to the island and cave of ,capri4 ,that scene is like my past life4 ,that cave was an enchanted place1 so fair1 so blue1 so unreal6 ,all ordinary critical sense deserted me as ,i gazed4 ,i could easily have believed that the walls and ceiling were of jewels1 and the watery floor some magical blue wine4 ,as ,i sat in the boat and looked back1 ,i saw a white star in the distance4 ,everything but that1 and a long white ray from it1 was blue4 ,i rowed toward that star1 ,i looked at it as my goal1 just as ,i made you my goal4 ,but when ,i came near1 ,i found that it was no star4 ,it was only the low entrance to the cave4 ,or1 rather1 it was for me the passage to sunshine and the heavens4 ,and that you have been to me1 ,edith10 he said1 turning toward her4 8,thank ,god that your influence with me has always been for good1 and that1 in leaving you1 ,i progress rather than change6 ,you inspired me1 and kept me from what was low1 when ,i had no religion to help me4 ,i can see it all now4 ,the very excess and enthusiasm of my affection for you was necessary in order to govern me and keep me from harm4 ,besides1 it is my nature to do with my might what my hands find to do4 ,i was not then capable of resolving to do right for the sake of right2 but when ,i was strong enough1 then you drew aside1 and left me face to face with ,god60 ,his breath came quickly1 and his wide-opened eyes were fixed on the western sky1 and caught its golden light4 8,of course there was a struggle10 he resumed1 8for ,i was sincere4 ,but that is over4 ,my unreasonable affection for you is as thoroughly eradicated as if it had never been a part of my life4 ,i am ashamed of having so given myself up to it40 ,edith hesitated1 then put the test4 8,dick1 ,i must be satisfied that ,i am really free4 ,if you were sure now that no other1 deeper sympathy stood between me and you1 and that ,i were ready and willing to fulfil my engagement with you1 would you still say that ,god alone held your heart80 ,his expression was one of terror and shrinking4 8,it is not so1 ,edith60 he exclaimed4 8,god forbid that it should be so6 ,i could no more go back to those hopes and wishes of the past than ,i could be a little boy again60 ,after the momentary fear and suspense that had accompanied her question1 ,edith's first feeling was one of joyful relief and freedom1 her second an indignant sense of the wrong that had been done her4 ,she rose from her chair1 walked to the other window1 and stood there looking out with eyes that saw no object before her4 ,her mind glanced swiftly back over the last year and a half4 ,she remembered the bright peacefulness of her life1 yet half-enshrouded in the mists of childhood1 the vision of her womanhood shining large and vague just above the line of her eyelids2 for she cared not yet to look at or question that future4 ,she recollected the hopes and aims that had begun to form themselves1 of doing good1 of making herself such a ,catholic as would be a credit to the faith1 of helping and instructing her poor1 of trying to bring her uncle's family into the church2 and she remembered a faint rose-tinge of personal happiness1 soft and rare1 and too delicate to be seen1 but felt by some finer intuition4 ,then came the sudden call that had put her life in confusion1 the future wrenched rudely open1 the many clustering interests trampled by one that demanded to be made paramount4 ,and there was no more cause than this6 ,indignation swelled to the point of speech4 ,she turned about1 and faced ,dick ,rowan1 and her eyes flashed4 8,you may well be ashamed10 she said1 8for you have been unmanly6 ,i do not speak of what ,i have suffered in my own mind2 but you have exposed my reputation1 which1 next to my character1 ,i hold sacred4 ,you have deprived me of your mother's friendship2 for she will never cease to blame me4 ,you have had me proclaimed as your promised wife1 every one supposing that the promise was freely given4 ,yet1 when ,i went down-stairs that day1 ,i was like a victim going to be immolated4 ,nothing but prayer had strengthened my resolution4 ,i thought that a refusal would be your destruction4 ,you had said as much4 ,you have exposed me to the condemnation of shallow judges1 who will be only too glad to find fault4 ,those people who pronounce without knowing1 and think that they can include the motives of another's whole life in three words1 will all condemn me4 ,i1 who have tried with constant watchfulness to walk to a hair's-breadth in the path of womanly propriety1 shall be pointed at as the girl who jilted you and broke your heart4 ,and all this1 not from the blindness of real affection1 which would have excused you in my eyes1 but from will1 and pride1 and a mere fascination4 ,don't tell me of eradicating a real affection4 ,it may be conquered1 and made subject to duty2 but sympathy is not to be eradicated4 ,that feeling which has died in your heart was1 indeed1 a false blossom40 ,she turned and stretched her hands out toward the ,east1 where1 far away1 the steamer that bore ,carl ,yorke ploughed the twilight wave4 8,o ,carl6 you would not have done it10 she cried1 and burst into tears2 the usual womanly peroration to such a discourse4 8,o ,god1 accept my humiliation60 ,she heard that tremulous prayer through her sobs1 and1 starting1 looked at ,dick4 ,his face was bowed forward in his hands1 as though he could never again raise it4 ,she recollected herself4 ,it was ,god who had cured and enlightened him4 ,he was not a man who had turned from one fickle fancy to another4 ,he was in the hands of ,god4 ,she wiped her eyes1 and1 after a little while1 went and knelt beside his chair4 8,forgive me1 ,dick1 for reproaching you so10 she said4 8,it is over now4 ,we all make mistakes1 and those only do well who acknowledge them1 and forgive others4 ,my childhood's dear friend1 let us forget all that is painful in the past4 ,god will direct4 ,there is much in life besides marrying and giving in marriage1 and ,i do not wish to think of that again1 not for a long1 long time1 if at all4 ,set the seal on the events of the last two years4 ,they never happened4 ,i am happy now4 ,you know that1 though ,i was born at the ,north1 ,i have a ,southern temper4 ,see6 the little cyclone is past1 and ,i am clear from every cloud4 ,we are two sober friends1 who wish each other no end of good4 ,tell me what you mean to do40 ,he raised his head1 and the one absorbing interest of his new life came back and obliterated the passing trouble4 8,i do not know1 ,edith1 and ,i lay no plans4 ,i have no reason to trust my own will or wish4 ,i give myself up entirely to direction1 and am certain on but one point3 ,god will not let me go1 and ,i will not let him go4 ,when ,i lay bruised and helpless before him1 he took me in his arms and healed me1 and ,i will never know another love4 ,he has kindled a fire in my heart which my life shall guard4 ,i rejected him once1 but will never again4 ,that night ,i spent in the church1 before my baptism1 a voice from the altar asked me1 ,i thought1 to give up all for ,god2 and it would have been easy then for me to promise4 ,as ,i meditated on heaven1 the ,mother of ,christ drew to herself all that is lovely in woman2 all that was strong1 and true1 and protecting in a guide clustered around the church2 all that was adorable1 that passed beyond speech1 was there before me in the tabernacle4 ,i thought then that to be a brother in any religious order1 or a servant in the church1 to sleep under the same roof that sheltered the head of ,christ1 to light the candles1 to care for his altar1 to serve ,mass1 all that would be the highest honor and happiness4 ,i think so now1 but ,i ask nothing4 ,i thought then with self-contempt how ,i had toiled to earn money1 when the #8inexhaustible riches of ,god' had lain untouched at my hand2 how ,i had travelled to see the wonders of the earth1 when the wonders of ,god had appealed to me in vain4 ,but when daylight came1 ,i treated the whole as a dream1 a mere exaltation of the fancy1 and impracticable4 ,i know now that what ,i took for a dream is the only reality1 and what ,i thought reality is but a dream4 ,i resisted the inspiration1 and have been lacerated on the briers of my own obstinacy40 ,he paused1 looking out toward the west1 and in the fine golden light that was left from sunset1 with the new moon and the evening star half-drowned there1 his face looked beautiful4 ,calmness1 humility1 solemnity1 and sweetness mingled in its expression4 ,edith whispered a low 8,well1 ,dick80 to make him speak again2 for he had1 apparently1 forgotten her4 8,father ,john has promised me that ,i may make a retreat as soon as he thinks me well enough10 he said1 rousing himself at the sound of her voice4 8,i do not look beyond that4 ,i do not know anything4 ,i wait40 ,and again there was silence4 ,after a while1 ,edith said timidly1 for he seemed buried in a reverie1 8,do you remember last year1 ,dick1 when we went about the city1 like two strange sight-seers8 ,you said then that the poor and the suffering looked at you in an asking way different from the look they gave others4 ,don't you think it might have been the ,lord who asked through their eyes80 8,i have not a doubt of it10 he answered4 8,nothing else is of worth60 he said after a minute1 as if speaking to himself--8nothing else is of worth60 ,and again1 8,o miserable waste60 ,presently she spoke again1 very softly3 8,sometimes1 when one has meditated a long while1 everything seems unspeakably good and beautiful1 as if all were in ,god4 ,a warmth and sweetness flow around the soul4 ,if your enemy should come to injure you1 you would embrace him4 ,if your friend were taken away from you1 you would smile1 and let him go4 ,for1 turning to the ,lord1 you find all there4 ,nothing is lost4 ,when you go away1 you feel still1 and speak lowly4 ,you want to do something for some one2 and1 wherever you look1 you see the ,lord1 and whatever you do is done for him4 ,he accepts it all1 and nothing is small1 and nothing is great4 ,if you see any one suffer1 you pity1 and try to help1 and1 perhaps1 you weep2 but the agony of pain you feel at other times at the sight of suffering1 you do not feel now4 ,you get a glimpse of the reason why angels can witness so much pain1 yet still be happy40 ,dick1 looking out at the sky1 smiled4 8,yes60 he said1 8yes60 ,a carriage drove up to the door1 ,hester's carriage1 come for ,edith4 ,twilight had fallen softly round them1 and their faces were dim to each other in that curtained chamber4 8,my dear friend10 ,edith said earnestly1 8is there peace between us80 8,all is peace1 ,edith10 he answered4 8,then1 before ,i go10 she said1 8,i want you to put your hand on my head1 and say1 #8,god bless you6'0 ,he did as she bade him1 laid his hand on her head1 and said1 8,god bless you for ever6 ,good-night60 ,both of them knew that good-night meant good-by1 yet they parted with a smile4 ,,chapter ,,xxix4 ,,everybody',s ,,chapter4 ,the family had come to ,boston1 and were settled in their old home4 ,the change had not been effected without emotion1 and1 to the surprise of all1 the one most moved was ,mr4 ,yorke4 ,whether1 with that noble self-control in which men so much excel women1 he had carefully concealed the real misery of his life in ,seaton1 or whether the return to their former home reminded him that it had been lost by his act1 we will not attempt to say1 for he did not4 ,he was silent and very pale1 and1 as he entered the house1 stood on the threshold a moment1 with an expression in his face which touched the hearts of all4 ,one might read in his look the consciousness that a great change had passed over him since last he stood there1 and that the return did not bring him the happiness he had anticipated4 ,perhaps nothing in life is more sad than to have a boon long sought for at length accorded to us1 and to find that we have lost the power to take delight in its possession4 ,the furniture and baggage had been sent in advance1 and ,hester and ,edith had superintended the arrangement of everything1 so that all was ready for them4 ,their last week in ,seaton had been spent with ,major ,cleaveland1 at his house there4 ,he had kept it open for that purpose1 and remained to assist and accompany them1 while his wife and children had preceded him to the city4 ,hester went to meet her family at the depot1 and ,edith stood in the door when they drove up1 and ran joyfully out to embrace them4 ,the house was bright1 and dinner was ready4 ,to ,mrs4 ,yorke1 there was but one blot on the occasion1 and that was her son's absence4 ,but he had written her with such affection and cheerfulness that she did not grieve too much4 ,besides1 she expected him soon to return4 ,dinner over1 ,hester and her husband went to their own home1 and the family sat once more together in their old1 familiar sitting-room4 ,the situation was one to provoke emotion or thoughtfulness4 ,clara set herself to cheer the company1 and put sentiment into the background4 8,the first trouble in changing one's residence10 she said1 8is to make people remember one's address4 ,fortunately1 our number1 #if1 is peculiar4 ,it is the only created thing ,i know1 except the planets1 which is not changed nor disconcerted by being turned upside down4 ,turn it as you will1 stand on your head and look at it1 tear the house down1 still the number #if smiles on you unchanged1 and as changeless as a star4 ,it is a very proper number to have on a house40 ,they all sat and looked at her1 smiling slightly1 glad to be amused4 8,the next thing is10 she pursued1 8to prevent our friends going to extremes in making their new estimate of us4 ,they must be made to comprehend that1 though we have positively renounced the ,german1 we are not ,puritans nor ascetics2 and that1 though we have written1 do write1 and mean to write in future1 and to put ourselves in print whenever we feel so disposed1 we do not set up as geniuses4 ,papa10 she said1 suddenly interrupting herself1 8why is not the plural of genius genii8 ,i always want to say genii40 8,they mean about the same thing10 ,mr4 ,yorke remarked2 and there was silence again for a while4 ,the night was calm1 the street quiet1 but there was that unmistakable feeling that a great press of human life is near4 ,it was not the presence which one feels in the woods1 where nature is obedient to its ,maker1 and the soul is lifted by the constantly ascending homage that surrounds it1 but a lateral influence1 electrical and exciting1 of contending human wills4 ,clara was again the one to break silence4 8,trees1 and toads1 and mosses1 and no market1 are all very charming for a change10 she said4 8,but if one does not live in the city1 the city should be near4 ,a man or a woman without society is no better than a vegetable4 ,you remember1 papa1 how ,bolingbroke took root among his trees4 ,and what delights one has in the city6 ,there is music4 ,o the violins6--the soprano witch among instruments6 ,if ,pan invented the pipe1 the original of the organ1 then olus invented this instrument of airy octaves4 ,those old painters were right who put violins into the hands of their musical angels4 ,give a violin time enough1 and the music of it will gradually eat up the whole body1 or etherealize it1 till some day the musician1 touching carefully his precious film of a ,cremona1 will find it melt in his hands1 and disappear in a harmonious sigh4 ,ladies and gentlemen1 ,i should like to hear this moment a whirlwind of violins1 ten thousand1 say1 blowing through a vast hall with clustered pillars1 and dusky nooks and reaches1 and arches everywhere1 and a sultry1 fragrant dimness through it all1 and an immense crowd holding their breaths to listen1 and1 away up in the roof1 little birds perched1 as they are in ,notre ,dame1 at ,paris1 and trembling with fear and wonder through all their downy feathers4 ,and when it was over1 people would look at each other1 and some would smile1 and some laugh out with delight2 and the birds would venture two or three little silvery peeps1 then flutter about as though nothing had happened4 ,yes1 the city is the place to live in40 8,and then10 said ,edith1 8one can always go to church40 ,clara immediately gave her cousin an enthusiastic embrace4 8,oh6 you darling little bigoted ,papist60 she exclaimed4 ,melicent1 sitting in the chimney-corner1 was engrossed in her own thoughts4 ,she was1 perhaps1 meditating on that romance of which ,clara had written to ,edith4 ,a villainously ugly1 but tenderly-beloved ,scotch terrier lay on the hearth-rug1 his eyes fixed on the fire1 and seemed to muse4 ,mrs4 ,yorke bent toward him1 touched him lightly1 and quoted ,champfleuri1 apropos of cats3 8#8,a quoi pense l'animal qui pense8'0 and added a definition she had heard somewhere3 8#8,the brute creation is a syllogism1 of which the conclusion is in the mind of ,god4'0 ,this brought them to the point to which their thoughts naturally tended that evening4 ,god1 and the meanings of ,god1 claimed their attention4 8,we are all tired10 ,melicent said4 8,shall we have prayers now1 papa80 ,the ,bible was brought1 ,betsey sent for1 and they waited in silence for ,mr4 ,yorke to begin the reading4 ,he sat with his hand on the open page1 and looked into the fire a moment1 then looked at his wife4 8,amy1 ,i would like1 for to-night1 to have all my family worship together10 he said4 8,after to-night1 we can go our different ways4 ,let ,patrick and ,mary and ,anne be called in1 and1 since they cannot unite with us1 let us unite with them4 ,are you willing80 ,mrs4 ,yorke blushed with surprise1 but made no objection4 ,melicent drew herself up1 but no one observed her4 ,mr4 ,yorke turned smilingly to his niece4 8,well1 ,edith1 if you ,catholics will listen to a chapter from me1 ,i will listen to your prayers1 and join in them as far as ,i can40 ,she did not say anything as she rose to call the servants1 but1 in passing her uncle1 she laid a loving hand on his shoulder1 and looked her gratitude and delight4 ,patrick and the girls had too much confidence in ,edith to hesitate1 though they wondered much at her summons4 ,seated in the midst of the circle1 they listened while ,mr4 ,yorke read a psalm1 then they knelt down4 ,there was a moment's pause4 ,the ,yorkes were accustomed to sit while their prayers were read4 ,then ,mr4 ,yorke knelt1 and wife and daughters followed his example1 ,melicent involuntarily1 and making a motion to get up again as soon as she was down1 but concluding to stay4 ,episcopalians kneel1 she reflected1 and she could mentally kneel with them4 ,edith led the prayers1 and her tremulous voice conciliated the good-will of the listeners4 ,it was the first time any of this family had ever assisted at a private ,catholic devotion1 and they were astonished to perceive how every circumstance and need of man was met by this perfect spiritual science4 ,the devotion was not something apart from life1 but an aspiration and petition from every thought and act of life4 ,the invocation to the ,holy ,spirit1 the recommendation to place themselves in the presence of ,god1 the pause for the examination of conscience1 the act of contrition following it1 the preparation for death--a ,catholic knows them all1 but to a ,protestant their effect is startling4 ,never again would their own devotions seem to this family other than dry and unsatisfying2 never would one of them again be in trouble or danger1 but the impulse would be to utter the voice of ,catholic prayer4 ,in taking up their old life again1 the ,yorkes were surprised to find that they had grown more earnest and simple during the years they had spent in retirement4 ,mrs4 ,yorke had lost much of her love for fashion and luxury1 the daughters were astonished at the frivolity of some of their former pleasures1 and ,mr4 ,yorke cared less for heathen literature1 and felt more interest in the poor and ignorant4 ,edith was happy in her religion2 but1 though she went to ,mass every day when she could1 had a mind too enlightened and well balanced to find her religion only in going to church4 ,she was not in the least a gushing young lady3 hers was a deep and silent enthusiasm which moved to action rather than speech4 ,the persecution of ,catholics was going on in ,massachusetts also1 and ,governor ,gardner and his motley legislature were making juries the judges of the law as well as of the facts1 and disbanding ,irish regiments 7which were allowed to reorganize for #ahfb71 and making a law which would enable them to send a troop of men to search the dormitories and closets and cellars of convent schools4 ,but all this troubled ,edith very little4 ,she could laugh at the ,transcript's parody3 8,half a league1 half a league out of the city1 ,all to the boarding-school rode the committee30 and could see how the enemies of the church were covering themselves with ridicule and disgrace1 and securing their own ultimate defeat4 8,they're hanging themselves6 ,they're hanging themselves60 ,mr4 ,yorke would say with glee1 at each new extravagance4 ,when the ,yorkes first returned to the city1 ,melicent's affairs chiefly occupied their minds4 ,there was no engagement1 and there had been no private intercourse between her and ,mr4 ,griffeth2 but she had not broken with him entirely1 and had requested permission to receive friendly letters from him4 ,after ,mr4 ,griffeth had been bound over to commit no act and write no word aggressively sentimental1 this permission was unwillingly given4 ,one of these friendly missives had come the week after her arrival2 and1 though the writer had kept the letter of his promise1 he had so broken the spirit of it that ,mrs4 ,yorke1 to whom the letter was dutifully shown1 frowned on reading it1 and had a mind to answer it herself4 ,melicent1 indeed1 seemed desirous to alarm her family as much as possible regarding this affair1 and carried herself with such a conscious1 heroine-of-a-novel air as both amused and annoyed her family4 ,among their earliest visitors was the ,rev4 ,doctor ,stewart1 ,mrs4 ,yorke's former pastor and good friend4 ,the mother confided to him her distress1 and besought him to speak to ,melicent on the subject4 8,she always had a high respect for you and ,mrs4 ,stewart1 and would be influenced by what you say10 she concluded4 ,the minister made inquiries concerning this suitor's orthodoxy as a ,universalist4 8,he is orthodox in nothing1 doctor60 ,mrs4 ,yorke exclaimed4 8,he wears his creed as he wears his clothes1 changing1 when convenient1 the one with as little scruple as the other4 ,he is a moral ,sybarite1 who adjusts his conscience comfortably to his wishes1 and looks about with an air of calm rectitude1 and an assumption of pitying superiority over people who are so bigoted as to believe the same yesterday and to-day40 8,i know the kind of man10 the minister said1 with an expression of severity and mortification4 8,they are one of the pests of the time1 and a disgrace to the ministry4 ,i will do all ,i can to separate ,melicent from him40 ,doctor ,stewart was a stately gentleman1 something over fifty years of age1 gray-haired1 rather heavy1 and slightly old-fashioned4 ,he was amiable in disposition1 believed that great respect should be paid to the clergy1 wore a white neck-cloth1 and was fairly educated in everything but theology4 ,since the ,yorkes left ,boston1 he had lost his wife1 an excellent lady several years older than himself4 ,he was left with three children1 a son of nineteen1 who was a student in ,harvard ,college2 another son1 ten years older1 who was making his fortune in the ,west2 and a daughter1 the eldest of the family1 married to a foreign missionary1 and industriously distributing ,bibles to the ,chinese4 ,once a month1 in the missionary-meeting1 the reverend doctor read a letter from this daughter1 in which she described the great work she was doing1 and asked for more ,bibles and money4 ,this was the gentleman to whose management ,mrs4 ,yorke entrusted her eldest daughter's love-affair4 ,nothing of their first interview transpired1 except that the minister seemed to be hopeful4 ,melicent became more inscrutable and consequential than ever4 ,about this time1 ,miss ,clara ,yorke began to grow exceedingly merry in her disposition4 ,she would smile in season and out of season1 and burst into laughter without apparent cause4 ,at the mention of ,doctor ,stewart's name1 her eyes always began to dance1 and at the sight of him approaching their house her gravity deserted her immediately4 ,mrs4 ,yorke was both astonished and puzzled by her daughter's levity4 8,i esteem ,doctor ,stewart very highly10 the lady said4 8,he is a dignified and agreeable person4 ,i am glad he feels like running in here often4 ,he must be lonely at home1 for ,charles is away during the day1 and studies all the evening4 ,poor man6 ,the loss of his wife was a terrible blow to him1 but he bears it beautifully40 ,the laughter with which ,miss ,clara was tremblingly full had to be restrained2 for at that moment the door opened to give admittance to a smiling elderly gentleman in a white neckcloth4 ,but1 glancing at ,melicent's demure countenance a minute after1 the young woman's mirth became audible4 8,clara1 you should1 at least1 give us the opportunity of sharing your amusement10 her mother said1 rather chidingly4 ,clara stammered out that there was a very witty article in the last ,atlantic4 8,by the way10 the minister said to her pleasantly1 8,i must compliment you on a very touching story of yours ,i have read lately4 ,it is #8,silent ,rooms4' ,i confess to you1 ,miss ,clara1 that ,i wept over it40 ,how exquisite must be the sensibility of that person who weeps over one's pathetic stories6 ,clara looked at the reverend doctor with a new interest4 ,he certainly had a most beautiful nose1 she observed1 and his expression was benign4 ,moreover1 he was a gentleman of good mind4 8,i am delighted by what you tell me1 doctor10 she said4 8,for1 while such emotion is the highest compliment ,i could receive1 it does not hurt you4 ,indeed1 ,i thought that sketch would be affecting4 ,i shed tears myself when ,i was writing it1 and ,i think that a pretty good cry-tear-ion to judge by4 ,beg pardon1 papa6 ,i didn't mean to4 ,it punned itself40 ,the minister then asked her to write a play and a hymn for the ,christmas festival of his ,sunday-school4 8,i should be delighted to1 doctor10 she said1 but clouded over a little4 8,i am not much in the way of that sort of composition1 but ,i will try40 8,then you will succeed40 ,a bow and a smile accompanied the assertion4 8,do not be too sure of that10 ,clara exclaimed with vivacity4 8,i can write easily enough what is in my own mind1 but not what is in other minds2 and ,i haven't an idea on this subject4 ,i am not a facile writer when ,i have nothing to say4 ,when ,i have no thoughts1 ,i find it hard to express them40 8,oh6 dash off some little thing10 said the doctor1 with a sweep of the hand1 as though he were sowing plays and poems broadcast4 8,dash off some little thing60 repeated the young lady scornfully1 when their visitor had left them4 8#8,dash off6' ,that is all he knows4 ,i don't believe he cried over my story60 8,my daughter60 expostulated ,mrs4 ,yorke2 but her husband laughed4 ,melicent cast an indignant glance on her sister1 and went out of the room4 ,at that1 ,clara's hilarity returned4 ,carl wrote to his mother often1 giving her an account of his movements4 ,he stayed nowhere long1 and every letter concluded with an announcement of his intention to make a flying visit to some other place4 ,the descriptions he gave and the adventures he related were not those of an ordinary sight-seer4 8,i should think that the boy were gathering material for a history of the nineteenth century10 his mother said1 and was evidently very proud of him4 ,but after a while she recollected he had not said that any one of these flying visits would be his last1 and had never answered plainly her questions as to the time of his return4 ,one day she suspected the truth4 ,she had just received a letter from ,carl1 dated at ,nice1 in which he hinted at a projected trip to ,asia ,minor4 ,after reading the letter through1 she dropped it into her lap1 and sat looking out through the window and off into distance4 ,no one else but ,edith was in the room1 and she had been attentively watching her aunt's face4 ,seeing that strange look settle on it1 she crossed the room1 and seated herself close to ,mrs4 ,yorke's side4 8,edith10 her aunt said1 her eyes still gazing far away1 8,i think ,carl means to be gone a long while40 ,edith called up her powers of self-control2 for the time of explanation had come4 8,he has already been away a long while10 she said4 8,it is six months since he went4 ,that is six months taken from the whole40 ,mrs4 ,yorke's eyes turned on her niece with a quick searching4 8,you know all about it60 she exclaimed1 and began to breathe quickly4 8,yes1 ,i know all about it10 was the calm reply2 8and ,i was to tell you as soon as it should seem best4 ,carl is making a long journey1 but six months of it are over40 ,mrs4 ,yorke flung ,edith's hand away4 8,you knew it1 and his own mother did not60 she exclaimed4 8,you need not tell me4 ,if ,carl deceived his mother1 ,i wish to hear no more about it40 ,she pressed her hands to her heart1 which beat with thick1 suffocating throbs4 ,nothing but firmness would do4 ,it was necessary to recall her to a sense of the injustice she was doing1 and shame her into controlling herself1 if no better could be done4 8,aunt ,amy10 ,edith said1 8it seems to me that you should question yourself1 rather than reproach others4 ,never was a woman more tenderly loved and cared for by her family than you are4 ,your husband1 your children1 your niece1 your servants even1 are constantly on the watch lest something should startle or agitate you4 ,a door must not be slammed1 the horses must not be driven too fast1 ill news must be gently broken1 you must not be fatigued nor worried4 ,if we shed tears1 we conceal them from you2 if one of us is ill1 we make light of it to you4 ,we wish to do this1 and do it with all our hearts1 for your life is most precious to us4 ,but ,i think that our devotion entails one duty on you1 and that is to look on everything as calmly and reasonably as you can1 and not agitate yourself without cause40 ,mrs4 ,yorke looked at her niece in astonishment4 ,this tone of firm reproof was new to her1 and1 from its strangeness1 effective4 8,carl did not deceive you10 ,edith went on4 8,he has told you nothing but the truth40 8,a half-truth is a lie60 ,mrs4 ,yorke interrupted4 8,i see plainly in this the influence of that pernicious ,mr4 ,griffeth4 ,i well remember one of his sayings3 #8,as the doctors give poisons to a sick body1' he said1 #8so we must sometimes give lies to a sick mind4' ,i have a sick mind1 it seems40 8,it is for you to prove whether you have or not10 ,edith replied quietly4 ,the reproof was severe1 and ,mrs4 ,yorke's heightened color told that she felt it4 ,she leaned back in her chair1 and was silent4 8,carl told me10 ,edith said1 8because ,i am healthy1 and cannot be endangered by sorrow2 and he knew1 too1 that ,i would not require any man to sacrifice his duty and prospect of a high career merely that ,i might have the pleasure of being always with him4 ,when a man is twenty-nine years old1 if he is not going to throw himself away1 and be a miserable failure1 it is time for him to go out into the world1 and live his own life4 ,carl would gladly have told you all his plans1 and it was cruel that he should be obliged to go away without your blessing1 and to carry with him1 as he must1 this constant anxiety about you4 ,he was doubtful and unhappy1 but did what he thought was best4 ,he told no one but me4 ,now1 be fair1 ,aunt ,amy1 and ask yourself what you would have done if ,carl had come to you and said that he was going away on a two-years' journey80 ,mrs4 ,yorke put her hands over her face1 and sat breathing heavily1 and without uttering a word4 ,edith trembled4 ,would she see the pale hands fall nerveless1 and her aunt drop dead in her arms8 ,she sent up a silent prayer to her ever dear ,mother of ,perpetual ,succor1 then gently loosened a golden locket from ,mrs4 ,yorke's belt1 and opened it4 8,dear ,carl60 she said tenderly1 kissing the miniature1 8how could your mother misunderstand you so1 when your true and loving face was so close to her heart8 ,is it only ,edith who never mistakes you80 ,the frail hands slipped down to hers1 as she leaned on her aunt's lap1 and she looked up to meet a faint and tearful smile4 8,you are all so tender1 my dear1 that ,i am afraid it makes me selfish10 ,mrs4 ,yorke said4 8,now tell me the whole story4 ,see6 ,i am reasonable40 8,you are an angel to let me talk so1 and not be angry60 ,edith answered joyfully4 8,wait till ,i get you a granule of digitaline2 then ,i will tell you all about ,carl4 ,you will be proud of your son1 my lady40 ,a few days after1 ,doctor ,stewart proposed for ,melicent1 greatly to her mother's astonishment4 8,why1 doctor1 ,i am proud to consent1 if ,melicent does10 she said4 8,but ,i never dreamed of such a thing60 8,melicent assures me that1 with her parents' consent1 she is willing to entrust her happiness in my hands10 the minister said4 8,she does not find my age any obstacle4 ,you must be aware1 indeed1 that your eldest daughter's disposition is grave and dignified4 ,my impression is1 that the only attraction ,mr4 ,griffeth had for her was through his clerical office4 ,she has confided to me that she wrote him a decided dismissal the very day after my first conversation with her40 ,of course1 if ,melicent was satisfied1 no one else could object2 and ,melicent radiated satisfaction4 8,i am sure you have chosen wisely1 my daughter10 her mother said4 8,i never really thought ,i should marry ,mr4 ,griffeth1 mamma10 the daughter answered1 blushing4 8,and ,i never said any more to him than that ,i would consider his offer40 ,that very evening the engagement was tacitly announced to the public1 by ,mrs4 ,yorke and ,melicent appearing at a lecture at ,music ,hall1 escorted by ,doctor ,stewart4 ,mr4 ,yorke1 ,clara1 and ,edith went early1 and took seats in the side balcony1 overlooking the platform1 where the rest of their party had places reserved4 8,it will just suit ,mel10 ,clara said gleefully4 8,i saw it from the first minute1 and have been laughing over it all winter1 while you stupid folks never had a suspicion4 ,mel was cut out for just such a fate4 ,she likes to be lofty and sphynx-like1 and to sit on platforms with everybody staring at her1 and to come sweeping in at the last minute1 and take the highest place4 ,the doctor1 too1 is just to her mind4 ,he is tall1 and large1 and slow4 ,his voice is sonorous1 he has a nice nose and finger-nails1 and his neckcloth compels respect4 ,oh6 there is no fear but ,mel will be happy4 ,the only danger is on our side4 ,for ,i tell you1 papa1 those two will walk over us in their smooth1 grand way1 if we are not careful4 ,i must study how to take them down a peg40 ,there was a smile in the corners of ,mr4 ,yorke's mouth1 but he spoke reprovingly4 8,it doesn't sound well for you to talk in that way of your sister1 ,clara10 he said4 ,clara gave a little impatient sigh4 8,i sometimes wish that ,i could not see so plainly the difference between solid people and inflated people10 she said4 8,it is a misfortune2 but ,i cannot help it40 ,mr4 ,yorke said nothing4 ,he had already learned that there was one point on which he would have to resist encroachment4 ,more than once he had seen ,doctor ,stewart turn a severe glance on the shelf where stood the numbers of ,brownson's ,review left by ,carl2 and only that day ,melicent had proposed that the books should be carried up-stairs4 8,up-stairs60 ,mr4 ,yorke had repeated4 8,what for80 8,why1 on account of the doctor10 ,melicent had answered1 disconcerted by the sharpness of her father's astonishment4 8,he does not like them1 and their being here might lead to unpleasant controversy40 ,the reply had been decisive3 8,if ,doctor ,stewart does not like what he finds in my house1 he is at liberty to remain out of it4 ,and if he should forget himself so far as to begin any unpleasant controversy1 ,i shall recommend him to increase his stock of theological knowledge by a careful study of the same ,review40 ,mr4 ,yorke said nothing of this conversation1 and ,melicent had not mentioned it2 but it was a warning to both4 8,papa10 ,clara said1 after looking down on the audience awhile1 8did you ever observe how bald heads light up an assembly like this8 ,they reflect the gas1 and have a very cheerful effect4 ,oh6 there is ,mel4 ,attention6 ,see1 the conquering hero comes4 ,my poor little mother is nearly invisible4 ,such a small duenna6 ,how frightfully conspicuous6 ,see the doctor smile1 and show them to the very front chairs1 and see the filial manner in which he behaves to ,mrs4 ,yorke4 ,suppose he should take to coloring his hair6 ,there6 they are seated at last1 after that display1 and ,i must own that ,mel's stage-manners are very good4 ,if only they would not look so conscious6 ,edith1 why is ,doctor ,stewart like a verd-antique8 ,it's a conundrum40 ,that night1 after ,melicent had gone to her room1 the others sat talking over the wedding4 ,doctor ,stewart had desired that it might be soon4 ,edith proposed to give the trousseau4 8,we cannot allow you1 my dear10 her aunt said4 8,your uncle and ,i have something1 and ,melicent must take what we can give her4 ,you are too bountiful already60 ,edith drew writing materials toward her1 and began to make out a bill4 ,,miss ,,edith ,,yorke1 ,to ,charles ,yorke and family1 ,dr4 ,to seven years' board and tuition1 #g1jjj 8 8 8 clothing1 #a1djj 8 ,instruction in her religion1 #bj1jjj1jjj 8 ,kindness to ,father ,rasle1 #aj1jjj1jjj 8 ,never being anything but kind to her1 #aj1jjj1jjj 8 ,sundries1 #aj1jjj1jjj 8 ,joining her once in ,catholic prayer1 #ajj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj ------------------------- #ajj1jjj1jjj1jej1jjh1djj 8,i think that is correct10 she said1 showing the bill to her uncle4 8,i am mathematical in my tastes1 you know4 ,i do not like the dollars1 though1 the association is so vulgar4 ,we will put it in some classical gold coin4 ,it shall be rose-nobles40 ,looking in ,mr4 ,yorke's face as he smiled on her1 she exclaimed1 8,uncle1 you have a look of my father1 now60 8,and you have a look of my brother10 he returned4 8,your eyes are changeful1 like his1 and your hair has a sunny hue4 ,when you coax1 too1 your ways are like his4 ,robert was very winning40 ,she put her arm in his1 and looked reproachfully across the table to her aunt4 8,and yet10 she said1 8you are not willing that ,i should give ,melicent a few pocket-handkerchiefs to be married with60 ,mrs4 ,yorke laughed4 8,you shall give her as many handkerchiefs as you please10 she said4 99 99 99 99 99 ,but what1 meantime1 of ,dick ,rowan8 ,mrs4 ,yorke had called at once to see him on her arrival1 but he had already gone to make a retreat1 and they did not see him afterward4 ,the first part of that retreat was to him heavenly2 but1 when it came to making definite plans for the future1 then he found himself in cruel doubt4 8,oh6 if ,i could have had a ,catholic training in early life60 he said to ,father ,john4 8,it seems to me now that heaven has been within my reach1 and has slipped away1 without my knowing it4 ,i do not wish to be presuming4 ,i do not try to think of it2 the thought haunts me40 8,tell me freely all that is in your mind10 the priest said4 8,i am here to help you40 ,dick ,rowan's head drooped1 and he spoke rapidly1 as if afraid to speak3 8,it seems to me1 father1 that if ,i had been brought up a strict ,catholic--any sort of ,catholic--,i should have been--0 ,he lifted his face1 looked at ,father ,john with eyes that could not bear suspense1 and added1 8,i should have been a priest60 ,then1 since he found neither astonishment nor displeasure in that face1 his distress broke forth4 8,and now1 ,o ,god6 it is too late60 he said1 and wrung his hands4 8,you think that you had a vocation1 my son80 the priest asked calmly4 8,i believe it60 he answered4 8,what has my whole life been but a searching and striving after some great and glorious happiness1 something different from the common happiness of earth1 some one delight which was to be mine here1 and still more mine in the world to come8 ,it was always my way to have but one wish1 and to expect from its fulfilment what nothing on earth can give4 ,i believe1 sir1 that when a man has that way of concentrating all his hopes and desires on one object1 that object should be ,god4 ,otherwise1 there is nothing but ruin for him4 ,such an end was once possible to me1 and now it is lost60 ,father ,john laid his hand on the young man's4 8,my son10 he said1 8it is not lost60 ,dick uttered not a word1 but gazed steadily into the priest's face4 8,i believe that you have a divine vocation40 8,you believe that ,i had60 ,dick cried out sharply4 8,i believe that you have60 the priest replied4 ,dick drew a deep breath1 and his pale face blushed all over with a sudden delight2 but said nothing4 8,when a man first thinks of choosing ,god10 the priest said1 8he may mistake4 ,but when ,god chooses a man1 and tears away from him every other tie1 and sets him in a place where he can see nothing surrounding him but a great solitude filled with ,god1 then there is no mistake4 ,i believe that ,god chooses you40 8,god chooses me60 repeated ,dick ,rowan1 blenching a little1 like one dazzled by a great light4 8,god chooses me60 he said again1 and stood up1 as if his swelling heart had lifted him4 8,then ,i choose him60 ,he put his hands over his lifted face1 and tears of joy dropped down4 ,father ,john1 deeply affected1 spoke to him1 but he did not hear4 ,he was repeating the words of the marriage-service3 8#8,for better or for worse1 in sickness and in health1 till death do us'--unite60 ,the priest spoke afterward to ,edith on the subject4 ,dick had requested him to tell her and his mother whatever they wished to know4 8,never was there a soul more ardent and single10 ,father ,john said4 8,his only difficulty arose from a tender regard for the honor of ,god1 and a great reverence for the sacred office4 ,he fancied that it would be an insult to both for a man to seek to enter the priesthood of whom people could say that he did so because he was disappointed in love1 and that he gave to ,god the remnant of a heart which a woman had rejected40 8,dick rejected me10 ,edith interposed hastily4 8,i told him10 the priest resumed1 8that if ,god had called him1 he had no right to think of any coarse and uncharitable remarks which might be made4 ,i reminded him that his life-long devotion to you had been a life without faith1 and that1 after one year in the church1 he had given you up willingly4 ,his idea of the true priest was this3 one for whose sacred vocation his pious parents had prayed and hoped from the hour of his birth1 who had lived from his childhood cloistered in retirement and sanctity1 who had never cherished worldly hopes or desires1 but1 walking apart1 had thus approached the altar that had never ceased to shine before him from the hour of his baptism4 ,i owned to him that such a vocation is beautiful1 and is often seen by men and angels2 but told him that there are others whom the ,almighty leads differently4 ,he hides from such souls that he has sealed them also from the beginning1 he allows them to drag in the mire of earth1 to feel its temptations1 to share in its weaknesses4 ,we cannot penetrate the designs of ,god1 but we may well believe that his motive is to humble that soul1 and to teach it through its own failings a greater pity and tenderness for the weak and the erring4 ,i warned him that this fear of his might be a temptation of the devil1 who saw that his pride was not broken1 and who pursuaded him that he was jealous for the honor of ,god1 when in reality he thought but of his own4 ,he was happy at that4 #8,if it is nothing but my own pride1' he said1 #8,i have no more trouble4' 8,and he has no more trouble1 my child10 the priest concluded4 8,he is the happiest man ,i ever saw60 ,,super ,,omnes ,,speciosa4 ,is any face that ,i have seen-- ,some perfect type of girlhood's face3 ,some nun's1 soul-radiant1 full of grace-- ,like thine1 my beautiful1 my ,queen8 ,of all the eyes have paused on mine-- ,and these have met some wondrous eyes2 ,so large and deep1 so chaste and wise-- ,have any faintly imaged thine8 ,the chisel with the brush has vied1 ,till each seems victor in its turn3 ,and love is ever quick to learn1 ,nor throws the proffered page aside3 ,yet few the glimpses it has caught1 ,for thou transcendest all that art ,can show thee--even to the heart ,most skilled to read the poet's thought4 ,that thought can pierce its native sky ,beyond the artist's starry guess3 ,but all that it may dare express1 ,is through the worship of a sigh4 ,and this thou art1 a sigh of love-- ,love that created as it sighed2 ,and shaped thee forth a peerless bride ,dowered for the spousals of the ,dove4 ,to set the music of thy face ,to earthly measure1 were to give ,th' informing soul1 and make it live ,as there--,god's uttermost of grace4 ,,the ,,mother ,,of ,,lamartine4#ed ,m4 de ,lamartine tells us in his ,confidences that1 as the sages pause for reflection between life and death1 so his mother was in the habit of devoting an interval at the close of the day in looking back on its vanished hours1 and seizing its impressions before night should have dispersed them for ever4 ,when all the household had retired to rest1 and no sound was to be heard but the breathing of her children in their little beds around her1 or the howling of the wind against the casement and the bark of the dog in the court1 she would softly open the door of a little closet of books1 and seat herself before an inlaid cabinet of rose-wood to record the events of the day1 pour out her anxieties and sorrows1 her joy and gratitude1 or utter a prayer all warm from her heart4 ,her son says3 8,she never wrote for the sake of writing1 still less to be admired1 though she wrote much for her own satisfaction1 that she might have1 in this register of her conscience and the domestic occurrences of her life1 a moral mirror in which she could often look and compare herself with what she had been in other days1 and thus constantly amend her life4 ,this custom of recording what was passing in her soul--a habit she retained to the end--produced fifteen or twenty little volumes of intimate communings with herself and ,god1 which ,i have the happiness to preserve1 and where ,i find her once more1 living and full of affection1 when ,i feel the need of taking refuge in her bosom40 ,of course1 such a journal was not intended for the public eye1 and her son is so conscious of this that1 even while editing this volume of extracts from his mother's manuscripts1 he says it has no interest but for those who are allied to her by blood or sympathy of soul1 and prays all others to abstain from reading it4 ,m4 de ,lamartine's financial difficulties obliging him to make capital1 not only out of the private emotions and experiences of his own heart1 but even of his family archives1 the publication of this volume was announced previous to his death1 but was deferred at his earnest request4 ,the interest in everything connected with so eminent a poet1 the charming pictures he has drawn of his mother in his ,confidences1 and the influence she had in moulding his character1 made us look forward with interest to this work1 that we might have a clearer insight into the soul to which he owed his poetical and imaginative nature4 ,it is always refreshing and useful whenever one ventures to lift the veil of a pure soul and allows us to read its passing emotions4 ,but such a soul should not be exposed to the eye of curiosity1 but only to that of sympathy4 ,to scan such a book--the outpourings of a mother's heart1 written solely for her own satisfaction and her children's--with the cool eye of a critic1 would be as profane as to jeer over the grave of one whose remains have just been exhumed4 ,but let every tender1 religious heart--especially every maternal heart--that loves the sweet odor of flowers that still give out their fragrance when drawn forth from some old drawer in which they have long lain1 reverently open this volume1 sacred to all the outpourings of a mother's tenderness4 ,in her transparent nature they can read the unusual strength of the domestic affections1 but a heart large enough to take in the poor and the sufferer of every grade1 a charity that constantly found excuses for the asperities of others1 and a piety that breathed all through her sweet life and crowned her death4 ,this book is a new proof of the tender piety and sincere faith among the old noblesse of ,france4 ,madame de ,lamartine is worthy of being classed with the family of the ,duke d',ayen1 the ,la ,ferronnays1 and the ,de ,gurins4 ,the simple grace of her style1 the religious element so strongly infused into her daily life1 the development of her emotional nature1 and the intensity of her love for her family1 all remind us of ,eugnie de ,gurin4 ,and like her1 she had one of those sweet1 pensive natures that need the retirement of country life or the shade of the cloister for full development4 ,they were similarly demonstrative in their affections and in their piety4 ,and where one loves and follows with anxious prayer a gifted brother1 the other1 with the devotedness of ,st4 ,monica1 weeps and prays for her son4 ,m4 de ,lamartine1 after passing one gloomy ,all ,souls' day in recollection near his mother's grave at ,st4 ,point1 ended it by taking out the eighteen livrets in which all her thoughts and feelings had been buried for so many years1 and1 while the church-bell was mournfully tolling above her grave as if to reproach the living for their silence and admonish them to pray for their dead1 he opened these books one after the other1 and read1 sadly smiling1 but oftener weeping the while4 ,it is with some such a feeling the reader will follow him4 ,the drama of the heart is always touching1 the genuine tear1 even in the eye veiled in domestic obscurity1 always appealing1 and in this page of life's drama there is many a one dropped4 ,but the eyes from which they fell are always turned heavenward1 and such tears have always a gleam of heaven in them1 without which the sorrows of life would be unendurable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,madame de ,lamartine was the daughter of ,m4 des ,roys1 intendant-general of finances to the ,duke of ,orleans4 ,madame des ,roys was the under-governess of the children of that prince1 and so great a favorite of the duchess that she was employed as the confidential agent of the latter during her exile1 as we learn from this volume4 ,after the execution of ,philippe ,egalit and the dispersion of his family1 the duchess took refuge in ,spain4 ,her daughter1 afterwards known as ,madame ,adelaide1 who displayed so much character and exerted so great a political influence during the reign of her brother ,louis ,philippe1 was in a ,german or ,swiss convent4 ,the duchess1 suspicious of ,madame de ,genlis' influence over her daughter1 and perhaps fearful she might be made a tool of the ,orleans faction1 with whose aims she did not sympathize1 commissioned her devoted follower1 ,madame des ,roys1 to bring her daughter to ,spain4 ,madame des ,roys succeeded in her mission4 ,she embarked at ,leghorn about the beginning of ,january1 #ahjb1 and arrived safely at ,barcelona with her charge4 ,madame de ,lamartine1 who had all this from her mother's lips1 says the meeting of the duchess and ,mademoiselle d',orleans was extremely affecting4 ,madame des ,roys subsequently returned to ,france1 and died on her estates in ,june1 #ahjd1 worn out with fatigue1 and troubles resulting from the revolution4 ,she gave her daughter a portrait of ,mademoiselle d',orleans--a present from the duchess1 and ,madame de ,lamartine always showed herself loyal to that family4 ,when the poet wrote his ,chant du ,sacre without mentioning the ,duke of ,orleans among the other members of the royal family1 she entreated him with tears to be mindful of what she owed the family4 ,lamartine yielded1 but with so ill a grace that his allusion displeased the duke4 ,madame de ,lamartine1 fearful of being thought ungrateful to the family1 wrote ,mademoiselle d',orleans a full explanation of the affair4 ,but to go back to the time when ,madame des ,roys was still governess in the ,duke of ,orleans' family4 ,she and her husband had apartments at that time in the ,palais ,royal in winter1 and at ,st4 ,cloud in summer4 ,it appears ,madame des ,roys and ,madame de ,genlis had some pitched battles in those days1 or1 as ,madame de ,lamartine afterward expresses it1 deux camps opposs4 ,madame de ,genlis kept up the grudge after the death of her former rival1 and1 years after1 severely attacked ,m4 de ,lamartine's poems by way of satisfaction4 ,madame de ,lamartine was born at the palace of ,st4 ,cloud1 and passed her childhood there with ,louis ,philippe1 sharing the lessons and sports of the ,orleans children4 ,all her earliest recollections were connected with ,st4 ,cloud1 its fountains1 and broad alleys1 and velvet lawns1 and lovely park4 ,many years after 7in #ahac71 she tells in her journal that1 being at ,paris1 her son drove her to ,st4 ,cloud in a cabriolet1 and she thus writes of her visit3 8,this is the place where ,i passed so much of my childhood when my mother was bringing up the ,duke of ,orleans' children4 ,i was very happy there4 ,i left when fifteen years old1 and had not seen the place since1 though ,i longed to1 for ,i retained a delightful remembrance of it4 ,i walked all over the park with ,alphonse and ,eugnie1 pointing out tree after tree where ,i played when a child4 ,i wished to see our apartments once more1 but it was impossible1 as they are occupied by the ,empress ,maria ,louisa40 ,when fifteen years of age1 ,alix des ,roys was nominated by the ,duke of ,orleans to a vacancy in the noble ,chapter of ,salles1 where she was placed under the protection of the ,countess ,lamartine de ,villars1 a canoness of that chapter4 ,the ,chevalier de ,lamartine1 visiting his sister1 fell in love with the beautiful ,alix1 who is said to have resembled ,madame ,rcamier1 and1 instead of embracing that semi-monastic life1 she ultimately married him1 ,march #f1 #agij4 ,we can imagine the contrast between her life in the maisons de plaisance of one of the wealthiest princes in ,europe1 and that she afterward led in a plain country residence a hundred miles from ,paris1 and in limited circumstances4 ,she afterward alludes in her journal to this change3 8,in my childhood ,i imagined it impossible to exist unless at court1 in a palace like the ,palais ,royal1 or the park at ,st4 ,cloud1 where ,i lived with my mother4 ,now1 ,o my ,god1 ,i wish to be content in every place where thy will places me60 ,but her new home was not without its attractions for a nature like hers4 ,leaving the banks of the ,sane where it winds among the fertile hills of ,mcon1 and going toward the old ,abbey of ,cluny1 where ,ablard breathed his last1 the traveller1 turning aside into a winding mountain-path1 comes after an hour or two to a sharp spire of gray stone towering above a group of peasants' houses4 ,beyond these1 nestling in a hollow at the foot of a mountain1 is ,milly1 familiar to every reader of ,lamartine4 ,five broad steps lead to the door1 which opens into a corridor full of presses of carved walnut containing the household linen4 ,from it doors open into the various apartments1 and access is had to the one story above4 ,the mountain almost insensibly begins its ascent directly back of the house4 ,its slope is luxuriant with vines1 on which depended mainly the subsistence of the family4 ,a small garden is in the rear of the house1 with its vegetables and flower-beds and clumps of trees1 and its secluded 8,alley of ,meditation0 where ,madame de ,lamartine walked at sunset1 saying her rosary and giving herself up to holy recollections4 ,she seems to have taken ,milly at once to her heart4 ,she affectionately calls it her ,jerusalem--her abode of peace4 ,she often said to her son3 8,it is very small1 but large enough if our wishes and habits are in proportion4 ,happiness is from within4 ,we should not be more so by extending the limits of our meadows and vineyards4 ,happiness is not measured by the acre1 like land1 but by the resignation of the heart2 for ,god wishes the poor to have as much as the rich1 that neither may dream of seeking it elsewhere than from him60 ,and again she says3 8,if people were convinced that1 by submissively receiving all the difficulties of the position in which they are placed1 they would be at peace everywhere2 they would allow themselves to be sweetly guided without anxiety by circumstances and the persons to whom they owe deference4 ,since ,i decided on this1 ,i have been infinitely more happy4 ,there was a time when ,i wished everything to yield to me1 and absolutely subordinate to my will4 ,i was then incessantly tormented about the present and the future4 ,i often saw afterward it would have been a misfortune to have had my own way4 ,now ,i abandon myself to the ,infinite ,sovereign ,wisdom1 ,i feel at peace exteriorly and interiorly6 ,god be praised for ever6 ,he alone is wise1 and should overrule all60 ,poor woman1 she had enough to try her flexible will4 ,her husband's elder brother1 who1 according to the ancient rgime1 was regarded as the head and guide of the family1 was not disposed to give up his rights4 ,he was unmarried1 and particularly fond of interfering in the domestic regulations of the family whose future prospects somewhat depended on him1 particularly those of ,alphonse1 who was to perpetuate the name4 ,another brother1 the ,abb de ,lamartine1 lived further off1 and was1 of course1 less tempted to interfere1 but seems to have given his voice on extraordinary occasions4 ,and then there were two unmarried aunts whom ,madame de ,lamartine seems to have been attached to1 and whom in her charity she calls saints1 but very trying saints they were with their strictures on her dainty ways1 her careful dress1 and her indulgence to her children4 ,to do them justice1 however1 they all seem to have been sincerely anxious for the prosperity of the family4 ,madame de ,lamartine brought up one son and five daughters1 concerning whom she gives many interesting details in her journal4 ,the daughters appear to have been lovely in person and character4 ,their brother has given a delightful description of them in his ,nouvelles ,confidences1 which is confirmed by his mother's journal4 ,but ,m4 de ,lamartine makes a very strange mistake in saying his mother derived her notions of educating her children from the works of ,rousseau 7particularly from ,emile7 and ,st4 ,pierre1 whom he calls 8the favorite philosophers of women because the philosophers of feeling10 and 8whose works10 he says1 8she had read and admired40 ,some of ,madame de ,lamartine's earliest recollections were certainly of ,gibbon1 ,d',alembert1 ,rousseau1 and others of the same stamp who frequented the society of ,madame des ,roys4 ,she even remembered seeing ,voltaire when but seven years of age1 and 8his attitude1 his costume1 his cane1 his gestures1 and his words remained imprinted on my memory as the foot of some antediluvian monster on the rocks of our mountains40 ,but she certainly did not esteem these men or imbibe any of their opinions1 and so far from having 8conserv une tendre admiration pour ce grand homme10 ,jean ,jacques ,rousseau1 as her son declares1 she regarded him with a certain horror1 and his genius as allied to lunacy4 ,in the first place1 ,madame de ,lamartine seems to have been very scrupulous about reading dangerous books4 ,in her journal of the year #ahja1 she makes a resolution to deny herself all useless reading for her children's sake1 and declares frivolous books 8one of the most dangerous pleasures in the world40 ,some years after1 she visits her son's chamber1 during his absence1 to examine his books4 ,among others she finds ,rousseau's ,emile4 ,she regrets it is 8empoisoned with so many inconsistencies and extravagances calculated to mislead the good sense and faith of young men4 ,i shall burn this book10 she adds1 8and particularly the ,nouvelle ,hlose1 still more dangerous because it inflames the passions as much as it warps the mind4 ,what a misfortune that so much talent should be allied to madness6 ,i have no fears for myself1 for my faith is beyond temptation and not to be shaken2 but my son ----0 ,and when toward the close of her life she saw by her son's poem ,childe ,harold that he had imbibed the pernicious ideas of ,french philosophy1 she says3 8,i knew these famous philosophers in my youth4 ,grant1 ,o my ,god6 he may not resemble them4 ,i firmly represent to him the danger of such ideas1 but1 in the language of ,scripture1 the wind bloweth where it listeth4 ,when a mother has brought a son into the world1 and instilled her own faith into him1 what can she do8 ,only put her feeble hand continually between the light of this faith and the breath of the world that would extinguish it6 ,ah6 ,i am sometimes proud of my son1 but ,i am well punished afterward by my apprehensions as to his independence of mind6 8,as for me1 to submit and believe seems the only true wisdom in life4 ,they say it is less poetic1 but ,i find as much poetry in submission as in rebellion4 ,are the faithful angels less poetical than those who rose up against ,god8 ,i would rather my son had none of these vain talents of the world than to turn them against the dogmas that are my strength1 my light1 and my consolation60 ,madame de ,lamartine records a fact concerning ,rousseau which is by no means a proof of her esteem for him4 ,madame des ,roys1 from whom she had it1 was very intimate with the ,marchale de ,luxembourg4 ,previous to the birth of one of ,rousseau's children1 the marchale1 a great friend of his1 fearing he would send the child to a foundling asylum as he had done three others1 begged1 through a third person1 to have it as soon as it was born1 promising to take care of it4 ,rousseau gave his consent4 ,the mother was beside herself with joy1 and as soon as the child was born sent word to the person who was to take it away4 ,he came1 found it was a fine1 vigorous boy1 and appointed an hour to come for it4 ,but at midnight ,rousseau appeared in the sick-room wrapped in a dark cloak1 and1 in spite of the mother's screams1 carried off his son to drop it at the asylum without a mark by which it could be recognized4 8,this is the man whose sensibility so many extol10 said ,madame des ,roys1 and ,madame de ,lamartine adds3 8,and ,i1 ,i say1 here is the unfeeling man whose head has corrupted his heart6 ,alas6 genius is often only a prelude to insanity when not founded on good sense4 ,let us welcome genius for our children if ,god bestows it1 but pray they may have sound sense60 ,alphonse was sent at an early age to a secular school at ,lyons1 the religious orders not being restored4 ,his mother thus writes3 8,november #i1 #ahja4--,to-day ,i am at ,lyons to bring ,alphonse back to school4 ,my heart bleeds4 ,i went to ,mass this morning4 ,i was continually looking for his beautiful fair hair in the midst of all those little heads4 ,my ,god6 how frightful to thus root up this young plant from the heart where it germinated1 and cast it into these mercenary institutions4 ,i was sick at heart as ,i came away40 ,in ,october1 #ahjc1 she says3 8,i have with difficulty obtained permission from my husband and his brothers to take ,alphonse away from the school at ,lyons1 and place him at the ,jesuits' ,college at ,belley1 on the borders of ,savoy4 ,i came with him myself4 ,i was too much distressed to write yesterday after confiding him to these ecclesiastics4 ,i passed half the night weeping4 8,october #bg4--;,i went this morning to look through the guichet of the court of the ,jesuits' ,college at my poor child4 ,i afterward saw him at ,mass in the midst of the students4 ,he says he is satisfied with his reception from the professors and his comrades4 ,i went to-day to see the ,abb de ,montuzet1 the former prior of my ,chapter of ,canonesses at ,salles4 ,in the evening ,i left for ,mcon4 ,in passing before the college ,i could see the boys from the carriage playing in the yard1 and heard their joyous shouts4 ,happily1 ,alphonse did not approach the guichet and see my carriage4 ,he would have felt too badly1 and ,i also4 ,it is better not to soften these poor children destined to become men4 ,leaning back in the carriage1 ,i wept all alone under my veil a part of the day40 ,she loved to read the ,confessions of ,st4 ,augustine1 and1 like ,st4 ,monica1 she followed her son with her prayers and tears all through the vagaries of his early life1 trembling for his rich gifts and susceptible nature4 ,and with how much reason is evident from his own account4 ,how much more she continually desired his spiritual welfare than his success in the world is evident throughout this work4 ,in the first flush of his fame as a poet1 she writes3 8,january #f1 #ahbj4--,nothing new at ,paris1 except ,i am told ,alphonse is received with distinction in the best society1 where his appearance and talents have excited1 according to my sister1 ,madame de ,vaux1 a kind of enthusiasm4 ,she mentions the names of many whose mothers ,i knew in my youth who overwhelm him with cordiality--the ,princess de ,talmont1 the ,princess de la ,trmouille1 ,madame de ,raigecourt 7the friend of ,madame ,elizabeth71 ,madame de ,st4 ,aulaire1 the ,duchess de ,broglie 7,madame de ,stal's daughter71 ,madame de ,montcalm 7the ,duke de ,richelieu's sister71 ,madame de ,dolomieu1 whom ,i knew so well at the ,duchess of ,orleans'2 then there are many eminent men who eagerly proffer their friendship to him who was so obscure but yesterday--the young ,duke de ,rohan1 the virtuous ,mathieu de ,montmorency1 ,m4 ,mol1 ,m4 ,lain1 said to be such a great orator1 ,m4 ,villemain1 the pupil of ,m4 de ,fontanes1 whom he sees at ,m4 ,decazes'1 the king's favorite1 and a thousand others4 ,thou knowest1 ,o my ,god6 how proud ,i am of this unexpected cordiality toward my son1 but thou knowest also that ,i ask not for him what the world calls glory and honor1 but to be an upright man1 and one of thy servants like his father3 the rest is vanity1 and often worse than vanity60 ,and when1 still later1 she goes to ,paris1 and meets the distinguished circle in which he moved1 is received by ,madame ,rcamier with her incomparable grace1 and hears ,chteaubriand1 one of her favorite authors1 read1 and sees the prestige which her son had acquired1 she confesses to a feeling of gratification at his fame1 but adds3 8,i pray ,god for something higher than all this for him40 ,but to return to her life at ,milly4 ,the tenderness of her nature was not confined to her own family1 but was always responsive to every appeal4 ,to quote from her journal3 8,i was told after dinner that a friendless old man1 whom ,i saw after1 that lived in a hut on the mountain1 with only a goat for a companion1 had just been found dead4 ,the news greatly distressed me1 for ,i had reproached myself for not having gone to see him lately--it was so far4 ,it is true ,i thought he had recovered1 but ,i should not have trusted to that at his age4 ,i ought to have been more attentive to him4 ,my heart is full of remorse4 ,in the good ,i do1 and in everything1 ,i am not persevering enough4 ,i grow weary too soon and too frequently4 ,i am too easy led away by distractions or weariness1 which are not sins1 but weaknesses1 and hinder from a holy use of time4 ,was not time given us that every day and hour something might be done for ,god1 both in ourselves and for others8 ,i went to walk this evening with my husband and two eldest daughters4 ,we went through the vineyard1 now in bloom4 ,the air was perfumed with their pleasant odor4 ,our vines are our only source of income for ourselves1 our domestics1 and the poor4 ,if there are as many bunches of grapes as of blossoms1 we shall be quite well off this year4 ,may ,providence preserve them from hail6 8,we approached the hut above the vineyard where the poor old man died in the morning4 ,i wished to enter it once more in order to pray beside him4 ,my husband was not willing1 fearing the sight of him would make too great an impression on me and the children4 ,i wished to ask pardon of his soul for not having been there to utter some words of consolation and hope during his agony1 and to receive his last sigh4 ,the door was open3 his goat kept going out and in1 bleating as if to call assistance in its distress4 ,the poor creature made us weep4 ,my husband consented for me to send for it to-morrow after the burial1 and give it a place with our cow and the children's two sheep40 ,another day she writes3 8,i went to see an old demoiselle of eighty years1 who lives on an annuity in one of the upper chambers of the chteau4 ,her only companion is a hen1 who is as attached to her as a tame bird4 ,she is called ,mademoiselle ,flicit4 ,in spite of her wrinkles and hair as white as the wool on her distaff1 it is evident she must have been very handsome once4 ,my husband has consented to my wish not to disturb her in spite of the inconvenience it causes us4 ,old plants must not be transplanted4 ,the places where we live become truly a part of ourselves4 ,she is taken care of by ,jeanette1 the sexton's wife1 once a servant at the chteau1 and who knows all its past history3 we love to hear about those who lived before us in the same dwelling4 ,all this excites to reflection4 ,some day ,i shall be spoken of as having been1 and perhaps the day is not far off6 ,my ,god1 where shall ,i then be8 ,grant it may be in thy paternal arms60 ,the means of the family seem to have been quite limited during the first years of her married life4 ,this made them anxious as to the vintage on which their income chiefly depended4 ,she thus writes3 8,the day has been unfortunate4 ,there have been several showers1 and the hail has crushed our vines4 ,this is more distressing1 for they were loaded with grapes4 ,my heart is very heavy to-night on our own account and that of our poor vinedressers4 ,this shows how much ,i still involuntarily cling to the things of earth4 ,it is as if ,i thought happiness due me1 for the least affliction immediately casts me down4 ,my ,god6 make me realize at last the nothingness of the things of this world1 that ,i may set my heart only on those that are eternal60 ,and later3 8,the will of ,god be done6 ,these were the last words ,i wrote in my journal at the last date4 ,they are the first on to-day's page4 ,the great storm yesterday was a terrible misfortune to us4 ,the hail completely destroyed our harvest4 ,we should have had a fine crop1 and now there remains scarcely enough for our poor laborers to exist on4 ,i am ill with sorrow and anxiety4 ,this misfortune will oblige us to make retrenchments and privations4 ,all our plans to go to ,mcon for the education of our children are frustrated4 ,we shall probably have to sell our horse and char--bancs4 ,but it is the will of ,god3 this ought to be sufficient to console me for everything4 ,the fewer pleasures ,i have in the world1 the less ,i shall cling to it1 and the more ,i shall look forward to that world which alone is important and imperishable--our eternal home4 ,nothing hardens the heart and so fills it with illusions as prosperity1 and what seems hard to human nature is perhaps a very great grace from ,god1 who wishes us to cling to the only real treasures by depriving us of what is only dust4 ,i can say this with more sincerity to-day3 yesterday the blow seemed too hard4 ,my husband showed great courage--more than ,i--though he was greatly distressed for the moment4 ,he said3 #8,provided neither your nor our children are taken away from me1 ,i can resign myself to anything4 ,my riches are in your hearts4' ,then he prayed with me4 ,meanwhile we could hear the noise of the hail which was breaking the branches and the glass1 and the peasants in the court sobbing in despair40 ,as in all the old patriarchal ,catholic families1 ,madame de ,lamartine was not unmindful of the spiritual interests of her servants3 8,after dinner1 which is at one1 ,i read1 then sewed awhile1 after which ,i read a meditation on the ,gospel to my domestics4 ,i am going presently to end the day at the church1 whose dim light inspires devotion and recollection4 ,it is there ,i fill the void during my husband's absence40 8,september #e1 #ahjb4--,we have just established family prayers4 ,it is a very impressive and salutary practice1 if1 as the ,scripture says1 we wish like brethren to dwell together in unity4 ,nothing elevates the hearts of servants so much as this daily communion with their masters in prayer and humiliation before ,god1 who knows neither great nor small4 ,it is also good for masters1 who are thus reminded of their ,christian equality with their inferiors according to the world4 8,my poor aunt1 who took care of me in my infancy1 is dead4 ,i am extremely uneasy about the fate of poor old ,jacqueline1 her femme-de-chambre1 who was a second mother to me1 and is now left alone1 and perhaps poor4 ,i wish at whatever cost to receive her here4 ,the family are opposed4 ,my husband fears1 and with reason1 to contradict his brothers and sisters1 on whom we rely a good deal for our children4 ,he proposes to pay secretly ,jacqueline's board in a house at ,lyons1 where she will no longer lack food and care1 but ,i would like to fulfil my obligations of gratitude toward this poor woman to their utmost extent4 ,if ,i were in her place1 and she in mine1 nothing would prevent her from receiving me1 even in her bed40 ,the domestics of the old families in ,france seemed to have been regarded as a part of the family4 ,service was almost hereditary1 and a bond on both sides4 ,in the ,french ,revolution1 nine out of ten of those proscribed by law who escaped were saved by the devotedness of their domestics4 ,madame de ,lamartine shows how fully she regarded the tie that bound her to every member of her household as a sort of spiritual relationship4 8,palm-,sunday1 #ahje4--,there is a great commotion in town and country4 ,the emperor arrives to-day with all his court4 ,we are trs gns1 because we are to lodge ,mgr4 de ,pradt1 ,bishop of ,poitiers 7the emperor's chaplain2 since ,archbishop of ,malines1 so celebrated for playing the courtier at that time1 and for his subsequent ingratitude towards ,napoleon after his fall74 ,i prefer this guest to any other of the retinue40 ,of course the parenthetical clause is by ,m4 de ,lamartine4 ,it seems ,mgr4 de ,pradt was not wholly ungrateful to the emperor1 for the declaration issued by the allied sovereigns at the ,congress of ,laybach in #ahba1 so insulting to the memory of ,napoleon1 called forth from the ,archbishop of ,malines the following noble protestation3 8,it is too late to insult ,napoleon now3 he is defenceless1 after having so many years crouched at his feet while he had the power to punish4 ,those who are armed should respect a disarmed enemy4 ,the glory of a conqueror depends1 in a great measure1 on the just consideration shown toward the captive1 particularly when he yields to superior force1 not to superior genius4 ,it is too late to call ,napoleon a revolutionist after having1 for such a length of time1 pronounced him to be the restorer of order in ,france1 and consequently in ,europe4 ,it is odious to see the shaft of insult aimed at him by those who once stretched forth their hands to him as a friend1 pledged their faith to him as an ally1 sought to prop a tottering throne by mingling their blood with his4 8,this representative of a revolution which is condemned as a principle of anarchy1 like another ,justinian1 drew up1 amid the din of war and the snares of foreign policy1 those codes which are the least defective portion of human legislation1 and constructed the most vigorous machine of government in the whole world4 ,this representative of a revolution1 vulgarly accused of having subverted all institutions1 restored universities and public schools1 filled his empire with the masterpieces of art1 and accomplished those stupendous and amazing works which reflect honor on human genius4 ,and yet1 in the face of the ,alps which bowed down at his command2 of the ocean subdued at ,cherbourg1 at ,flushing1 at the ,helder1 and at ,antwerp2 of rivers smoothly flowing beneath the bridges of ,jena1 ,serres1 ,bordeaux1 and ,turin2 of canals uniting seas together in a course beyond the control of ,neptune2 finally1 in the face of ,paris1 metamorphosed1 as it was1 by ,napoleon1 he is pronounced to be the agent of general annihilation6 ,he1 who restored all1 is said to be the representative of that which destroyed all6 ,to what undiscerning men is this language supposed to be addressed80 ,napoleon himself at ,st4 ,helena1 though he censured ,mgr4 de ,pradt's course as ambassador at ,warsaw1 regarded the tribute he subsequently paid him as an amende honorable4 ,las ,cases1 alluding to his notes from the emperor's statements and those about him1 says3 8,i1 however1 strike them out in consideration of the satisfaction ,i am told the emperor subsequently experienced in perusing ,m4 de ,pradt's concordats4 ,for my own part1 ,i am perfectly satisfied with numerous other testimonies of the same nature1 and derived from the same source40#ee ,it was during this visit of ,napoleon at ,mcon he held some conversation with ,m4 de ,lamartine the poet's uncle in ,mgr4 de ,pradt's presence4 8,what do you wish to be80 said the emperor at the close4 8,nothing1 sire10 was the reply4 ,the emperor turned away with a look of anger4 8,lyons1 ,april #bf1 #ahje4--;,i came here with my sister to see the ,pope4 ,i saw him pass from the terrace of a garden near the archevch where he stops4 ,yesterday ,i went to the ,pope's ,mass at ,st4 ,jean's ,church4 ,i had a good view of all the ceremonies1 but found it difficult to reach the throne in order to kiss his slipper4 ,however1 ,i had this happiness4 ,this aged man has the aspect of a saint1 as well as some of the ,roman prelates who were with him1 especially his confessor40 8,may #ab1 #ahje4--,our fortunes are improving4 ,my husband has just bought ,m4 d',osenay's htel at ,mcon4 ,the garden is small1 but the house is immense4 ,we are furnishing it1 and shall take possession of it this summer4 ,my husband allows me six hundred francs a month1 and all the provisions from our two estates1 for the household expenses1 and to pay for ,alphonse's board at school4 ,this is more than sufficient4 ,i cannot cease to admire the providence of ,god toward us1 and am ever ready to give up all he bestows on me when he wishes and as he wishes40 ,there is an interesting description of this new home in the ,nouvelles ,confidences1 and of the circle of friends whom they drew around them4 ,madame de ,lamartine desired this change for the benefit of her daughters1 but her own tastes inclined her to the retirement of the country4 ,she thus writes ,september #g3 8,i am again at ,st4 ,point1 which ,i prefer to any other residence in spite of the dilapidation of the chteau4 ,i long for a still more profound retreat--a moral one4 ,we must from time to time enter into the solitude and silence of our own hearts40--8,it seems to me if ,i were free ,i would consecrate myself entirely to ,god1 apart from the world4 ,but we are always wishing for something different from the will of ,god4 ,is it not better to desire only his will80 ,she describes the life she leads with her daughters as almost conventual4 ,they all go to ,mass every morning4 ,after breakfast they read the ,bible or some religious book1 and then resume their studies--history1 grammar1 etc4 ,after dinner and an hour's recreation1 they sew and study4 ,at nightfall they say the ,rosary together1 and in the evening she plays chess with her husband1 and sometimes reads one of ,molire's comedies4 8,i see no harm in it10 she says with her characteristic delicacy of conscience4 8,i skip every dangerous word40 ,they finally have family prayers1 at which she improvises a short meditation aloud4 ,her great object1 she says1 is to cultivate a genuine spirit of piety in her children1 and to keep them constantly occupied4 8,september1 #ahjg4--;,i am enjoying the seclusion at ,milly alone with my children4 ,madame de ,svign is my society4 ,i took a long walk to-night on ,mount ,craz1 above the vineyard back of the house4 ,i was all alone4 ,i take pleasure in such long strolls at this hour in the evening4 ,i love the autumn time1 and these walks with no other company but my own thoughts4 ,they are as boundless as the horizon and full of ,god4 ,nature elevates my heart1 and fills it with a thousand thoughts and a certain melancholy which ,i enjoy4 ,i know not what it is1 unless a secret consonance of the infinite soul with the infinity of the divine creation4 ,when ,i turn back and see from the heights of the mountain the little lights burning in my children's chamber1 ,i bless ,divine ,providence for having given me this peaceful1 hidden nest in which to shelter them6 8,i finish always with a prayer without many words1 which is like an interior hymn1 which no one hears but thee1 ,o ,lord6 who hearest the humming of the insects in the tangle of furze which ,i tread under my feet40 8,milly1 ,april #aa1 #ahaj4--;,i passed the night here with ,ccile and ,eugnie4 ,the weather is fine1 and ,i longed to enjoy a pleasant spring morning which ,i find delicious4 ,as soon as ,i rose ,i went into the garden1 where ,i passed three hours reading1 praying1 meditating1 thanking ,god for his benefits1 and endeavoring to profit by them4 ,the weather is lovely1 the trees are full of buds and blossoms which perfume the air4 ,the leaves are beginning to put forth1 the birds to sing1 the little insects to hum4 ,everything in nature is reviving and being born again4 ,i am inexpressibly happy when ,i can be at peace in the country at this sweet time of early spring4 ,unfortunately ,i am obliged to return to town for ,i know not how long1 but ,i wish only the good pleasure of ,god1 and my only desire is to fulfil my duty wherever he calls me4 8,ah6 how much ,i have to reproach myself for4 ,i go to extremes in everything4 ,in the world ,i am too worldly1 in retirement too austere4 ,present surroundings have too sensible an effect4 ,i am not well4 ,i offer my sufferings to ,god4 ,i pray a little4 ,i read a good deal4 ,i am extremely impressed by the shortness of life1 and the necessity of preparing for eternity4 ,i often endeavor to be fully penetrated with what ,i remember to have once written--that this life must be regarded as a purgatory1 and whatever sufferings the good ,god sends ,i should look upon as sweet in comparison with what ,i merit4 8,what makes me tremble is the establishment of my six children1 and all the difficulties ,i foresee in this respect4 ,but this anticipated trouble is wrong2 for1 after the assistance of ,god in so many circumstances1 ,i ought to expect it still more in this the great object of my life40 ,in fact1 she succeeds wonderfully in disposing of her daughters la ,franaise1 and1 to our ,american eyes1 they are wonderfully docile1 but perhaps edifyingly so4 ,her lovely daughters all marry gentlemen who are so fortunate as to have the particle de to their names--a thing of vast moment with the ,french gentry4 ,one of them1 ,csarine1 a dazzling beauty of the ,italian style and said to have a lively resemblance to ,raphael's ,fornarina1 has her little romance1 which her mother favors1 but the fates frown adversely in the person of la famille1 to wit1 the formidable uncles and aunts4 ,how poor ,madame de ,lamartine ever got such a jury to agree on the sentence of any suitor is no small proof of her talent for diplomacy4 ,in this case the objection was for pecuniary reasons only1 for the de was not wanting--8de misrables raisons de socit10 says the mother1 who adds3 8,they would not be very rich1 but ,i could keep them at home4 ,i am obliged to conceal from my husband's family my inclination for this marriage2 but1 if ,i did not oppose them sometimes1 ,i should never get my children married40 ,in this instance she was at last forced to yield1 and tell the aspirant1 but not without tears1 that ,csarine could not marry him4 8,the family is obstinate in its refusal4 ,i am in despair4 ,the young man still hopes against all hope40 ,luckily--at least luckily for the family peace--,csarine1 though sad1 is touchingly submissive--the lovers are separated for ever4 ,the chivalric ,alphonse tells his sister not to do violence to her feelings--that he will take her part against the whole set2 but the gentle maiden declares--we persist in believing1 in our fondness for a bit of sentiment1 that she made a virtue of necessity in view of those ,gorgons and chimeras dire--declares her attachment rather a feeling of gratitude for the love that had been given her1 and that she is ready to marry without repugnance the estimable man destined to replace the one she has lost6 ,nothing more could be said4 ,she marries unexceptionably--,m4 de ,vignet1 the nephew of the celebrated ,count de ,maistre1 author of ,du ,pape1 and goes to ,chambry to become a member of a very distinguished family4 ,she died a few years after4 ,some years later1 ,madame de ,lamartine records a visit from the discarded suitor of six years before4 8,we did not speak of ,csarine1 but his very presence and tender manner said enough4 ,i cried heartily40 ,in #ahbd1 she records the affecting and edifying death of her daughter ,suzanne1 whose loss1 as well as that of ,csarine1 her affectionate nature never recovers from4 ,her heart seems now to turn more fully toward heaven4 ,the latest records in her journal evince a constantly increasing devotional frame of mind4 ,the surviving daughters are all married1 and her son's prospects extremely flattering4 ,she says3 8,i should be a happy mother had ,i not lost two flowers from my crown4 ,ah6 what a void their loss makes when ,i walk here in the garden in the evening1 and yearn to see them and hear their voices4 ,i must detach myself more and more from the world in spite of myself4 8,i have this year formed the habit of going to ,mass before light4 ,it is better to snatch the first moments of the day from the bustle and pleasures of the world1 and first render to ,god the things that are ,god's1 and then to the world what belongs to the world4 ,i sometimes find it hard to go out in all kinds of weather from my warm room to attend what is called the servants' ,mass1 to which the poor go2 but are we not all poor in divine grace1 and all servants to our parents1 our husbands1 and our children8 ,i am abundantly repaid by the recollection ,i feel in the dim church1 the fervor of my prayers1 and the calmness and strength ,i derive from the ,divine ,presence which accompanies me throughout the day after thus fulfilling a paramount obligation40 ,only a short time before the dreadful accident that caused her death1 ,madame de ,lamartine thus reviews her past life1 as if conscious of her approaching end3 8,milly1 ,october #ba1 #ahbi4--,to-day the birth-day of my first-born4 ,i am here alone1 and have consecrated the day to meditation to strengthen my soul and prepare it for death4 ,how many times in my life ,i have paced up and down this alley of meditation1 where no one can see me from the house1 with my rosary in my clasped hands1 meditating or praying6 ,alas6 what would have become of me in all my interior and exterior trials had ,god not visited me in my meditations1 and suggested holier and more consoling thoughts than my own6 ,it is a great grace to have this facility for recollection in ,god1 which has inclined me almost every day of my life to consecrate some hours1 or at least some minutes1 in thinking exclusively of him4 ,he loves these heart-to-heart appeals to his divine compassion4 ,he inclines his ear to listen to the pulsations of the pious heart that turns toward him6 ,i felt this more than ever to-day1 and came away all bathed in tears1 without perceiving it while walking in the alley4 ,it seemed as if my whole life passed before me1 and before him who is my ,creator and ,judge6 8,oh6 may his judgment1 which is approaching1 be merciful4 8,i saw myself1 as if but yesterday1 a child playing in the broad alleys of ,st4 ,cloud2 then1 still young1 a canoness1 praying and chanting in the ,chapel at ,salles1 undecided whether to make my vows like my companions1 and consecrate my whole life to praising ,god in a place of retreat between the world and eternity2 ,i saw my husband1 young and handsome1 come in his rich uniform to visit his sister1 ,madame de ,villars1 the canoness1 under whose care ,i had been placed because she was older and more reasonable than ,i4 ,i saw his attention was particularly directed to me above all the rest1 and that he profited by every opportunity of visiting his sister at the chapter4 ,as for me1 ,i was struck with his noble features1 his somewhat military air1 his frankness of expression1 and a haughtiness that seemed only to unbend toward me2 ,i remember the emotion of joy shut up in my heart when he at length asked through his sister if ,i would consent to his demanding me in marriage2 then1 our first interview in his sister's presence1 our walks in the environs of the chapter with the elder canonesses1 his openly expressed wish to marry me1 and the continued opposition1 and the many tears shed in the presence of ,god during three years of uncertainty to obtain the miracle of his family's consent1 which appeared impossible2 finally1 our years of happiness in this poor solitude of ,milly1 then much more humble than at present2 my despair when1 scarcely married1 he desperately sacrificed all1 even me1 to fulfil his duty at ,paris1 defending as a simple volunteer the palace of the king on the #ajth of ,august3 the divine protection which enabled him to escape covered with blood from the garden of the ,tuileries1 his flight1 his return here1 his imprisonment1 my apprehensions as to his life1 my visits to the wicket of the prison1 where ,i took my son to kiss him through the bars2 my walking with my child in my arms1 through the streets of ,lyons and ,dijon1 to appeal to the rude representatives of the people1 a word from whom was life or death to me2 the fall of ,robespierre2 the return to ,milly1 the successive births of my seven children1 their education1 their marriages1 the vanishing of those two angels from earth1 for whose loss the remainder cannot console me6 8,and now the repose after so much weariness6 ,repose1 yes1 but old age also1 for ,i am growing old1 whatever they say4 ,these trees that ,i planted2 the ivy ,i set out on the north side of the house that my son might not tell an untruth in his ,harmonies where he describes ,milly1 and which now covers the whole wall from the cellar to the roof2 these walls themselves covered with moss2 these cedars which were no higher than my daughter ,sophie when she was four years of age1 but under which ,i can now walk--all this tells me ,i am growing old6 ,the graves of the old peasants whom ,i knew when young1 which ,i pass as ,i go to church1 tell me plainly this world is not my abiding-place4 ,my final resting-place will soon be prepared4 ,i cannot refrain from tears when ,i think of leaving all1 especially my poor husband1 the faithful companion of my early years1 who is not feeble1 but suffers and needs me now to suffer1 as he once needed me to be happy6 ,my children1 my dear children6 ,alphonse1 his wife1 by her affection and virtue1 a sixth daughter2 ,ccile and her charming children1 a third generation of hearts that love and must be loved6 ,and then those who are wanting1 but who follow me like my shadow in the ,alley of ,meditation6 ,alas6 my ,csarine1 my pride on account of her marvellous beauty1 buried far away behind that ,alpine horizon which continually recalls her remembrance6 ,alas6 my ,suzanne1 the saint who wore too soon the aureola on her brow1 and whom ,god took from me that her memory might be for me an image of one of his angels of purity6 ,dead or absent ones1 ,i am here alone1 having borne my fruit--some fallen to the ground like that of yonder trees1 and others removed far from me by the ,husbandman of the ,gospel6 ,ah6 what thoughts attract me1 pursue me in this garden1 and then force me to leave it when they cause my heart and my eyes to overflow6 ,ah6 this is truly my ,garden of ,olives6 8,o my ,saviour6 has not every soul such a garden8 ,alas1 yes6 this was my garden of delights--and now it is laid waste and desolate4 ,it is my ,garden of ,olives where ,i come to watch before my death6 ,and yet it is dear to me1 in spite of the vacancies time and death have made around me1 even while seeking beneath yonder linden-trees for the white dresses of my children1 and listening for their gay voices exclaiming over an insect or a flower in their border6 8,what had ,i done that ,god should bestow on me this corner of the earth1 and this small house1 of whose size and barrenness ,i was sometimes ashamed1 but which proved so sweet a nest for my numerous brood8 ,ah6 his name be blessed6 his name be blessed6 and after me may it still shelter those who will always be a part of me4 8,but ,i hear the bell at ,bussires ringing the ,angelus4 8,let us leave all this--it is better to pray than to write4 ,i will dry my tears1 and all alone in my alley ,i will say the rosary1 to which my little daughters used to respond as they followed me1 but which only the sparrows in their nests and the falling leaves now hear4 ,no2 no1 no1 it is not good to give way too much to tears4 ,i must keep my strength for duties to be accomplished--for we have duties even on the death-bed4 8,it is the will of ,god6 ,let us abandon ourselves to him entirely6 ,the only true wisdom consists in this--to resign ourselves to his adorable will4 ,i have been busying myself here in putting in order my old journals1 which has led me to look them over with interest4 ,this always fills me with fresh gratitude for all the grace ,i have received from ,god1 and with regret for my little progress in piety1 after all the good resolutions and reflections ,i have so often made1 but with so little profit4 ,but there is time1 always time1 while ,god gives us life1 to profit by it to prepare for heaven4 ,this is what ,i beg him with my whole heart as ,i finish this book1 praying him to shed on me1 and on all who belong to me1 abundant spiritual blessings4 ,as to temporal blessings1 ,i only ask for them as far as they may be necessary for gaining heaven1 but ,i abandon myself with all my heart to his paternal decrees4 ,may he bless me in my children1 in my friends1 in all who have loved me1 and whom ,i have so much loved on earth60 ,these are the last words ,madame de ,lamartine wrote in her journal4 ,some days after1 in entering a bath1 she found the water too cool1 and turned the faucet4 ,the boiling water dashed up on her chest4 ,she fainted4 ,her cry was heard1 but it was too late4 ,she was removed to her chamber4 ,consciousness returned1 and she lived two days4 ,during her last hours she constantly exclaimed3 8,how happy ,i am6 ,how happy ,i am60 ,being asked why1 she replied3 8,for dying resigned and purified40 ,her son was at ,paris1 and did not arrive till after the funeral4 ,remembering her wish to be buried at ,st4 ,point1 he had her removed4 ,the grave was opened at midnight1 one cold night in ,december1 when the ground was covered with snow4 ,the peasants1 whom she loved and who loved her1 took turns in carrying the bier eight leagues1 her son on foot behind4 ,not a word1 not a whisper1 was to be heard on the way4 ,when they approached ,milly1 between two and three o'clock in the morning1 all the peasants stood in their door-ways1 with pale faces and tearful eyes1 holding lamps in their trembling hands4 ,they all came out to follow the procession to ,milly1 where her coffin was placed for a while at the entrance1 on the very benches where every morning sat the needy to whom she used to distribute food or medicine4 ,all the sobbing crowd came up to sprinkle her body with holy water and utter a prayer4 ,m4 de ,lamartine afterward built a chapel over the grave of his mother at ,st4 ,point1 which bears on its cornice the inscription3 8,,speravit ,,anima ,,mea40 ,,footnotes3 #ed ,le ,manuscrit de ,ma ,mre2 or1 ,extracts from the ,journal of ,madame de ,lamartine4 ,edited by her ,son4 ,hachette ,co41 ,paris4 #ahga4 #ee ,see ,abbott's ,napoleon4 ,a ,,quarter ,,of ,,an ,,hour ,,in ,,the ,,old ,,roman ,,forum ,,during ,a ,,speech ,,of ,,cicero',s4 ,a ,,passage ,,from ,,cicero',s ,,speech ,,in ,,support ,,of ,l4 ,,licinius ,,murena',s ,,candidacy ,,for ,,the ,,consulate1 ,,against ,,that ,,of ,,servius ,,sulpicius--,,twenty ,,years ,,before ,,cicero',s ,,assassination--,,cicero ,,and ,c4 ,,antony ,,being ,,consuls--,,sixty-,,two ,,years ,,before ,,christ4 ,introductory ,note3 ,servius ,sulpicius was perhaps the most eminent practitioner of his day in that branch of the law which belongs to the 8special pleader0 and the 8conveyancer02 but so little of a speaker that he would not venture alone to recommend his own cause or to urge his claims before the ,roman people4 ,he employed ,cneius ,postumius1 then very young1 and ,marcus ,cato1 a most weighty orator1 whose character1 however 7and a reputation for unswerving principle and the austerest virtues71 had a larger share than the mental power of his words in securing to them influence and authority4 ,it was less important what ,cato said than that it had been said by ,cato4 ,how very different was the case with ,hortensius6 ,a stranger1 whose face1 whose name1 not one of the audience knew1 fitly delivering any of ,hortensius' harangues1 would have commanded attention from the first1 retained it to the last1 raised many an interrupting tempest of applause during its progress1 and left1 when he had finished1 a powerful1 a formidable impression4 ,hortensius was that ,bolingbroke of the ,roman ,forum to whom the huge and intelligent assemblies he addressed were what the organ is to a ,smart or the violin to a ,sivori4 ,he had hewn a lane through many a group of brilliant opponents and rivals1 with an ,excalibar forged by genius and by study together 7and few at last cared to face the weapon71 to the very throne of contemporary eloquence4 ,and there1 for years1 he sat at ease1 a king4 ,a suitor despaired of his cause beforehand upon learning that ,hortensius had been retained on the other side4 ,of course1 his wealth had become enormous1 and his indirect influence 7for1 although he had had his year of the ,consulate1 he cared not very much about politics7 was an element1 a 8quantity10 which had to be taken into account by statesmen and generals1 by the senate1 and by the consuls4 ,in the case of 8,sulpicius against ,murena0 7,murena had defeated ,sulpicius in the canvass for the ensuing year's ,consulate1 and this was a prosecution of revenge to unseat the future and 8designated0 chief magistrate71 ,murena had retained ,hortensius1 ,m4 ,crassus1 afterwards the ,triumvir1 and ,marcus ,tullius ,cicero4 ,now1 during about ten years past1 ,hortensius--although speaking with the same charm and the same glamour as ever--had ceased to sit upon the throne or to wear the crown of eloquence4 ,a far mightier spirit1 a far finer genius1 a far deeper student--a master upon whom his competent and appreciative glance rested with an admiration at once boundless and hopeless--had1 after a gallant struggle on his part1 so utterly eclipsed him that there was now a greater distance between ,tully and ,hortensius than there ever had been between ,hortensius himself and those accomplished but defeated competitors to whom ,hortensius had long been a wonder and a despair4 ,cicero1 however1 had passed a sleepless night before the day of this trial3 his voice almost failed him2 he looked haggard2 his nerves had1 for the moment1 given way1 and with them his presence of mind4 ,in charm of manner1 in vigor of delivery1 in clearness and percussion of utterance1 in external grace1 and dignity1 and ease1 his ancient rival for once surpassed him2 nay1 till the respective speeches were reported1 and could be compared on perusal1 ,hortensius created the illusion that he had at last1 in all respects1 overtaken his victor1 and would yet again contend for the palm of pre-eminence4 ,this never was to be4 ,the broken heart of the only orator known to human records1 who might perhaps have performed such a task1 had then been mouldering for three centuries in a small island of the gean ,sea4 ,we have bored the reader enough about the advocates1 and have mentioned also what ,servius ,sulpicius1 the prosecutor1 was4 ,the defendant1 ,l4 ,licinius ,murena1 was1 on the other hand1 a distinguished soldier4 ,he had served as a sort of adjutant-general to the famous ,lucullus in that series of campaigns by which he had greatly reduced1 without overthrowing 7a task reserved for ,pompey71 the power of ,mithridates4 ,except ,hannibal1 and perhaps ,antiochus 7we do not reckon ,pyrrhus1 for ,rome was in the gristle then71 no enemy had ever waged so formidable a warfare against the ,romans as ,mithridates4 ,he was a winged beast4 ,how his fame remains6 ,what parties and excursions you ,crimean gentlemen made to the spot where his ashes are supposed to have been inurned and intempled6 ,lord of every seaboard of ,pontus and the ,euxine1 and lord of the 8,evil ,sea0 itself2 of ten thousand rich cities2 of five hundred strong fortresses2 of five hundred thousand armed men2 of horses enough to mount the hordes of a ,genghis ,khan2 of half-a-dozen numerous1 adventurous1 and well-found fleets2 of treasures uncounted and uncountable2 adroit1 bold1 proud1 insatiably enterprising2 no mean captain2 an object of worship to his followers2 magnificent and munificent2 an implacable hater of the ,roman name2 the long-alight1 far-flaming meteor of the ,east--he threatened to shake hands in ,spain1 across all ,europe1 with ,sertorius2 to make the shores of ,italy quake at the white clouds of his sails1 and to teach the waters of the ,atlantic as well as those of the ,levant to know either the sceptre or the sword of ,mithridates4 ,it was no child's play to bring this potentate to the dust4 ,against such a potentate1 in the post next to that of the commander-in-chief 7who happened1 besides1 to be a great general71 ,murena had served for years with the most brilliant efficiency and distinction4 ,sulpicius1 among other things 7alleged bribery1 etc471 had sneered at the presumption of ,murena1 a man 8who had been principally with the army0 and out of ,rome1 in entering into competition with1 or daring to come forward as the rival of1 a person of his1 ,sulpicius'1 dignity1 learning1 and professional station1 standing1 rank4 ,we have said enough--perhaps too much--to frame the little picture which we want to present to our readers2 to set it near the right window as you pass4 ,that little picture is the argument in which ,cicero 7who was on terms of personal intimacy with the prosecutor1 as well as with his gallant client7 firmly questions--yet questions with the most exquisite urbanity--the rather exorbitant pretensions of ,sulpicius1 the 8learned conveyancer and special pleader10 to a higher consideration than 8ought to be1 or could be10 allowed to the instruction1 the knowledge of many sorts 7geographical1 historical1 administrative1 tactical1 and technical--ay1 strategical even--and of characters2 of general statistics2 of actual local supplies2 of incidental resources1 material and moral71 and to the professional industry1 to the labors1 the wounds1 the dangers1 to say nothing of the valor and the genius of a patriotic and public-spirited soldier1 who had led armies to victory1 had stormed great strongholds1 and had not only defended the frontier of the empire1 but enlarged it1 with every circumstance of legitimate splendor and honorable success4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,translation--,,ex 8,,pro ,,murena0--,,second ,,part ,,of ,,the 8,,contention40#ef 8,i recognize in you1 ,servius ,sulpicius1 all the respectability and distinction that family1 character1 intellectual toil1 and such other accomplishments can confer1 as may entitle any one to aspire to the ,consulate4 8,in all these respects ,i know ,murena to be your equal2 and so nicely your equal1 that we can neither admit any inferiority on his part1 nor concede the slightest precedency on yours4 8,you have taunted ,murena with his genealogy1 and extolled your own4 ,if you mean1 in all this1 that no one can be deemed of honorable parentage who is not a patrician1 you will bring the masses plebs1 not populus to withdraw secede once more to ,mount ,aventine4 ,but if there are considerable and distinguished plebeian families--why1 both the great-grandfather and the grandfather of ,murena were actually prtors2 and his father1 when laying down the prtorian office1 having received1 in the amplest and most honorable form1 the solemnity of a capitolian triumph1 left thereby the more accessible to my client the avenue to the ,consulate1 inasmuch as it was for a dignity already earned by the father1 and due to him1 that the son became a candidate4 8,your nobility1 ,servius ,sulpicius1 although of the highest class1 is best known to men of letters and to antiquaries2 to the people and the electors1 not so obvious3 your father1 you see1 was of knightly rank2 your grandfather--famous for nothing very remarkable--so that no loud modern voices1 but rather the remote whispers of antiquity1 attest the glories of your race4 ,for which reason1 ,i have ever claimed you as one of us2 a man who1 although but the son of a knight1 yet have achieved for yourself a fair pretension to the honors of the chief magistracy in the republic40 ,he means that he was not presumptuous in offering himself to the electors for the ,consulate3 8summ amplitudine dignus0 are the words4 8,nor1 for my part1 have ,i ever looked upon ,quintus ,pompey1 a new man1 and bravery itself1 as having less worth and dignity than ,marcus milius 7,scaurus71 one of the leaders of our aristocracy2 for there is the same merit in the mind and the genius which hand down to posterity the glory of a name not inherited 7and this ,pompey has achieved71 as to revive1 like ,scaurus1 by personal services1 the half-dead honor of an ancient line4 ,however1 ,i was under the impression1 judges1 that my own exertions had succeeded in rendering the objection of lowly birth obsolete in the case of persons of merit--persons who1 if we recall not merely the ,curii1 the ,catos1 the ,pompeys1 of a former age1 architects of their own station1 and men of the loftiest spirit1 but the ,mariuses1 the ,didii1 the ,cliuses of almost yesterday1 had been left lying in the shade4 ,but when1 after so long an interval1 ,i myself had stormed those fastnesses of nobility1 and had struck wide-open for the admission of merit not less than of nobility1 in the time to come 7as they used to be among our ancestors71 the approaches to the ,consulate1 ,i certainly did not expect1 while a #8designated' consul1 sprung from an ancient and illustrious family1 was defended by an actual consul1 the son of a ,roman knight0 ,cicero was himself at that moment vested with the ,consulate1 8that the accusers would venture to taunt him with the newness of his origin6 ,for1 indeed1 it was my own lot to be candidate for the chief magistracy in competition with two eminent patricians1 one of them as conspicuous for the abandoned audacity of his wickedness1 as the other for his modesty and virtue--and to vanquish both3 ,catiline1 by the respect in which my character was held2 and ,galba1 in the love and confidence of the people4 ,and1 surely1 had it amounted to any reproach to be a new man1 ,i lacked neither enemies nor enviers4 ,let us drop1 then1 this discussion about family1 a point in which the present competitors are both alike distinguished2 let us see what the other allegations are4 #8,murena sought the ,qustorship with me3 and ,i was made ,qustor first4' ,an answer is not expected to be given to every little nothing2 nor does it escape any of you1 when a number of persons obtain simultaneously the same grade of the magistracy1 while only one of them can stand first on the list of announcements1 that to be first declared in point of time is not the same thing as to be declared first in point of rank2 for the obvious reason1 that there must be earlier and later entries in every catalogue1 although each name on it bears1 for the most part1 the very same honor4 ,but the qustorships of both pretty nearly coincide as to the #8partition'0 of region3 8my client1 under the ,titian law1 had a silent and quiet province2 you1 that ,ostian province at the mention of which the people1 when qustors are drawing lots1 usually utter shouts--not so much a favorite or distinguished1 as a busy and troublesome department4 ,the names of each of you continued dormant in qustorships2 for fortune gave to neither a field wherein your valor might respectively have been exercised and displayed4 ,the ulterior periods of time which are brought into rivalry were by each of you very differently spent4 ,servius pursued here1 along with us1 this civic warfare of replications1 pleas1 caveats2 replete with care and vexations2 learnt the civic law2 kept late watches2 toiled hard2 was the servant of every one2 endured the stupidities1 bore with the arrogance1 was surfeited with the perplexities of hundreds2 lived at the will of others1 not according to his own4 ,it is highly honorable1 and wins men's favor1 that one man should labor in a pursuit which is useful to so many others4 ,and all this while1 how was ,murena engaged8 ,he was serving as adjutant-general to the bravest and wisest of men1 a consummate captain1 ,lucius ,lucullus1 in which service he led the army1 engaged the enemy1 was repeatedly often at close quarters with him2 routed large forces2 took cities now by storm1 now by siege2 so traversed that opulent ,asia1 that ,asia famed for its seductions1 as to leave behind him not one trace either of care for its wealth or pursuit after its gaieties2 in short1 during a war of the first magnitude1 played such a part1 that1 while he shared1 and shared with distinction1 in every achievement of the commander-in-chief1 the commander-in-chief had no part in numerous and notable services of his4 ,although ,i speak in ,lucullus' own presence1 yet1 lest it should be supposed that he allows me1 on account of ,murena's actual danger in this prosecution1 to exaggerate his merits1 let me remind you that everything ,i state rests upon official and public evidence--evidence in which ,lucullus awards to his second in command an amount of credit which never could have proceeded except from the most candid and the least jealous of chiefs4 ,each of the present competitors possesses every title both to personal respect and to social position2 and ,i would pronounce them equal1 if only ,servius allowed me4 ,but he will not allow me4 ,he persists in his quarrel with soldiering2 he inveighs against the whole of ,murena's adjutant-generalship4 ,he will have it that the supreme magistracy is the natural reward of this1 his desk and chambers assiduitatis1 etymologically sitting-ness work2 these daily labors of his4 #8,what6' quoth he1 #8you will have been with the army all these years2 you will never have been seen in the ,forum2 and then1 after such a disappearance1 you pretend to compete for the highest dignities with men who have spent their lives in the ,forum8' ,in the first place1 ,servius1 you are not aware how irksome1 how wearisome to people1 this assiduity of ours is4 ,to me1 indeed1 the #8in sight1 in mind' brought with it its conveniences2 but ,i surmounted the danger of tiring people by my immense laboriousness3 you may have done the same2 but a little less of our everlasting presence would have hurt neither of us4 8,however1 passing over this1 let us come to the comparison of your several studies and acquirements4 ,how can there be any doubt1 but that warlike glory carries with it far more likelihood than that of the law to win the ,consulate8 ,you keep night-watches1 that you may give an opinion to your consulting clients2 he1 that he may reach his destination in good time with his army4 ,you awake in the morning to the crowing of the cocks2 he is called by the battle-breathing trumpets4 ,you array pleadings2 he1 armies4 ,you are careful not to let your clients be captured2 he1 to keep from capture cities and camps4 ,he studies how the enemies' forces1 and you how neighbors' drains and roof-rains1 may be held at bay4 ,he knows how to extend our boundaries2 and you1 how to litigate about our #8boundings and buttings'0--,ctera desunt1 hic4 ,,footnote3 #ef ,n4 ,b4--,be it observed that what follows is an attempt to translate the untranslatable4 ,not only the idiomatic proprieties are lost1 but the strain of public sentiment and public thinking which the speaker took into account in every remark is changed3 and the rhythm defies reproduction1 etc4 ,a ,,salon ,,in ,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war4 ,,part ,i4 ,,vanity ,,of ,,vanities4 ,mesdames ,folibel occupied a double set of rooms au premier on the ,boulevard des ,italiens4 ,on a door to the right a large brass plate announced that ,madame ,augustine ,folibel presided over 8lingerie et dentelles10 and invited the public to 8tourner le bouton40 ,to the left a large steel plate proclaimed ,madame ,alexandrine ,folibel 8modiste10 and invited the public to ring the bell4 ,but after a certain hour every day both these invitations were negatived by a page in buttons1 who1 stationed at either door1 kept the way open for the ceaseless flow of visitors passing in and out of the two establishments4 ,my friend ,berthe de ,bonton was just turning in to the lingerie department when ,i came up the stairs4 8,how lucky60 she cried1 running across the landing to me1 then sotto voce3 8,madame ,clifford pronounced ,cliefore is here1 and wants me to choose a bonnet for her4 ,now1 if there's a thing ,i hate1 it is choosing a bonnet for an ,englishwoman4 ,to begin with1 they don't possess the first rudiments of culture in dress1 then they can never make up their minds1 and they find everything too dear2 but the crowning absurdity is that they bring their husbands with them1 and consult them6 ,figurez-vous1 ma chre60 ,and ,berthe1 with a ,frenchwoman's keen sense of the comic1 laughed merrily at the ludicrous conceit4 ,i laughed with her1 though not quite from the same point of view4 8,i made an excuse to get away for a few minutes1 and left the mnage discussing a pink tulle with marabout and beetle-wings trimming--un petit pome1 chrie--but10 she caught me by the arm1 8fancy ,madame ,clifford's complexion under it60 8,ah1 bonjour1 mesdames6 ,i am at the order of ces dames4 ,will they take the pains to seat themselves just for one second80 continued ,madame ,augustine1 who greeted us in the first salon1 where she was carrying on a warm debate on the relative merits of ,alenon versus ,valenciennes as a trimming for a bridal peignoir4 8,i merely wanted to say a word with reference to my order of yesterday4 ,where is ,mademoiselle ,florine80 inquired ,berthe1 looking round the room1 where there were several groups ordering pretty things4 8,florine6 ,florine60 called out ,madame ,augustine4 8,voici1 madame60 ,mademoiselle ,florine was a plump little boulette of a woman1 who wore her nose retrouss and always looked at you as if she had reason to complain of you4 ,without being uncivil1 she looked it2 her nose had a supercilious expression that made you feel it was considering you de haut en bas4 ,the fact is1 ,mademoiselle ,florine was not happy4 ,she was disappointed1 not in love1 but with life in general1 and with lingerie in particular4 ,she had adopted lingerie as a vocation1 and now it was going down in the world2 it was degenerating into pacotille2 grandes dames began to grow cold about it1 and to wear collars and cuffs that a petite bourgeoise would have turned up her nose at ten years ago4 ,more grievous still was the change that had come over petticoats4 ,the deterioration in this line she took terribly to heart1 and the surest way to enlist her good graces and secure her interest in your order1 be it ever so small1 was to preface it with a sigh or a sneer at red ,balmorals or other gaudy and economical inventions which had dethroned the snowy jupon blanc of her youth1 with its tucks and frills and dainty edgings of lace or embroidery4 ,berthe1 it so happened1 very strongly shared this dislike to colored petticoats1 and was guilty of considerable extravagance in the choice of white ones2 ,mademoiselle ,florine's sympathies consequently went out to her1 and1 no matter how busily she was engaged or with whom1 she would fly to ,berthe as to a kindred soul the moment she appeared4 8,i have been thinking over those jupons traine that ,i ordered yesterday10 said ,berthe to the pugnacious-looking little lingre1 8and ,i have an idea that the entre-deux anglais will be a failure4 ,we ought to have decided on ,valenciennes40 8,ah6 ,i thought ,madame la ,comtesse would come round to it60 observed ,mademoiselle ,florine with a smile of supreme satisfaction4 8,i told ,madame la ,comtesse it was a mistake40 8,yes1 ,i felt you didn't approve2 but really twelve hundred francs for six petticoats did seem a great deal10 observed ,berthe deprecatingly4 8,now1 suppose we put alternately one row of deep entre-deux and a tuyaut de batiste edged with a narrow ,valenciennes instead of all ,valenciennes80 8,voyons--rflchissons60 said ,mademoiselle ,florine1 putting her finger to her lips1 and knitting her brow4 8,it occurred to me in my bed last night10 continued ,berthe1 8and ,i fell asleep and actually dreamed of it1 and you can't think how pretty it looked1 so light and at the same time trs garni40 8,so much the better6 ,talk to me of a customer like that60 exclaimed ,mademoiselle ,florine1 clasping her hands and turning to me with a look of admiration which was almost affecting from its earnestness4 8,there is some compensation in working for madame1 at least4 ,if those ladies knew what ,i have to endure from three-quarters of the world60 ,and she threw up her hands and shook her head in the direction of the premier salon4 8,but let me get out the models1 and see how this dream of ,madame la ,comtesse's looks in reality40 ,boxes of lace and embroidery were ordered out by the excited lingre1 and under her deft and nimble fingers the dream was illustrated in the course of a few minutes4 ,berthe was undecided4 ,she sat down and surveyed the combination in silent perplexity4 8,really this question of jupons makes life too complicated60 she said presently2 8and now ,i begin to ask myself if these will go with any of my new dresses8 ,the crinoline ventail is going out1 ,monsieur ,grandhomme told me1 and they will never go with the queue de moineau that he is bringing in60 ,here was a predicament6 8,attendez10 said ,florine1 dropping a dozen rouleaux of lace on the floor as if such costly rags1 the mere mortar and clay of her airy architecture1 were not worth a thought4 8,let us leave the question of jupons unsettled for a while2 ,i will go myself this evening and discuss the toilettes of ,madame la ,comtesse with her femme de chambre2 we will see the style and fall of the new skirts1 and adapt the jupons to them40 8,how good you are60 exclaimed ,berthe1 looking and feeling grateful for this unlooked-for solution of her difficulty4 8,it is a consolation to me1 ,madame la ,comtesse10 replied ,mademoiselle ,florine with a sigh1 8and ,i need a little now and then60 ,we wished her good-morning4 8,let us go back now to ,alexandrine10 said ,berthe2 8,i hope ,mrs4 ,clifford has made up her mind by this time40 ,but the hope was vain4 ,mrs4 ,clifford was standing with her back to the long mirror1 looking at herself as reflected in a hand-glass that she turned so as to view her head in every possible aspect1 while ,mr4 ,clifford looked on4 8,do you think it does80 she inquired as we came up to her4 8,i think a darker shade would suit you better10 ,i said2 8that pale pink has no mercy on one's complexion40 8,i've tried on nearly every bonnet on the table10 she said1 looking very miserable1 8and they don't any of them seem to do40 8,madame will not understand that the first condition of a bonnet's suiting1 after the complexion of course1 is that the hair should be dressed with regard to it10 interposed ,madame ,alexandrine1 who ,i could see by her flushed face and nervous manner was1 as she would say herself1 bout de patience2 8these bonnets are all made for the coiffure la mode1 whereas madame wears un peigne galerie40 8,dieu6 but it is six months since the peigne galerie has been heard of60 ,i suggested1 in aid of this undeniable argument1 that the comb should be suppressed4 8,oh6 dear1 no1 ,i wouldn't give it up for the world60 said ,mrs4 ,clifford1 with the emphatic manner she might have used if ,i had proposed her giving up her spectacles4 8,then you must have one made to order40 8,yes10 said ,madame ,alexandrine1 8,i will make one for madame after a modle part40 8,but then it will be dowdy and old-fashioned10 demurred the ,englishwoman4 8,then let madame sacrifice le peigne galerie6 ,what sacrifice is it1 after all8 ,nobody wears them now2 they belong to a past age10 argued ,madame ,alexandrine1 appealing to me4 8,this one was a present from my husband10 replied ,mrs4 ,clifford1 in a tone that seemed to say3 8,you understand1 there is nothing more to be said40 ,i did not dare look at ,berthe4 ,luckily she was beside me1 so ,i could not see her face1 but ,i saw the muff go up in a very expressive way1 and she suddenly disappeared into a little salon to the left1 set apart for caps and coiffures de bal4 ,i heard a smothered 8burst10 and a treacherous armoire glace revealed her thrown back in an arm-chair1 stuffing her handkerchief into her mouth1 and convulsed with laughter4 ,madame ,folibel1 whose risible faculties long and hard training had brought under perfect control1 received the communication1 however1 with unruffled equanimity4 8,that explains why madame holds to it10 she answered very seriously2 8it is natural and affecting4 ,still1 one must be reasonable2 one must not sacrifice too much to a sentiment4 ,monsieur would not wish it10 turning to the gentleman1 who stood with his back to the fireplace listening in solemn silence to the controversy4 8,monsieur understands that the chief point in madame's toilette is her bonnet4 ,i grieve to say ,english ladies themselves do not sufficiently realize the supremacy of the bonnet2 yet a moment's reflection ought to show them how all-important it is1 how necessary that every other feature in the dress should succumb to it4 ,the complexion1 the hair1 the shape of the head1 are all at the mercy of the chapeau4 ,of what avail is a handsome dress1 and fashionable shawl or mantle1 costly fur1 lace--an irreproachable tout-ensemble1 in fine--if the bonnet be unbecoming8 ,all these are but the rez-de-chausse and the entresol1 so to speak1 while the chapeau is the crown of the edifice4 ,le chapeau enfin c'est la femme6 ,the bonnet1 in fact1 is the woman60 ,at this climax ,madame ,folibel paused4 ,mr4 ,clifford1 who had listened as solemn as a judge1 his hands in his pockets1 and not a muscle of his face moving1 while the modiste1 looking straight at him1 delivered herself of her credo1 now turned to me4 8,unquestionably10 he said in a serious and impressive tone1 8there must be a place in heaven for these people4 ,they are thoroughly in earnest40 ,mrs4 ,clifford took advantage of the aside between her husband and me to follow up ,madame ,folibel's oration by a few private remarks4 ,clearly she was staggered in her fidelity to the 8sentiment0 which interfered so alarmingly with the success of the 8crown of the edifice10 but she had not the honesty to confess it outright4 ,she was ashamed of giving in4 ,without being often one whit less devoted to the vanities of life1 an ,englishwoman is held back by this kind of mauvaise honte from proclaiming her allegiance to them4 ,she is ashamed of being in earnest about folly4 ,now1 this ,british idiosyncrasy is quite foreign to a ,frenchwoman2 even when she is personally1 either from character or circumstances1 indifferent to the great fact of dress1 she is always alive to its importance in the abstract1 and will discuss it without any assumption of contemning wisdom1 but soberly and intelligently1 as befits a grave subject of recognized importance to her sisterhood in the carrying on of life4 8,what do you advise me to do1 dear80 said ,mrs4 ,clifford1 appealing to her husband1 the wife and the woman warring vexedly in her spirit4 8,give in10 said ,mr4 ,clifford4 8,what in the name of mercy could you do else6 ,a dozen men in your place would have capitulated after that broadside ending in the woman and the bonnet40 8,what does monsieur say80 inquired ,madame ,folibel4 ,monsieur had answered his wife with his eyes fixed on the ,frenchwoman1 as if she were a wild variety of the species that he had never come upon before1 and might not have an opportunity of studying again4 8,i suppose ,i must sacrifice the comb10 observed ,mrs4 ,clifford1 affecting a sort of bored indifference and looking about for her old bonnet1 8so we will leave the choice of the model open till ,i have had a conversation with ,macravock1 my maid1 and see what she can do with my hair2 she is very clever at hair-dressing40 8,oh6 de grce1 madame60 exclaimed ,la ,folibel1 terrified at the rough ,scotch name that boded ill for the couronnement4 8,your maid1 instead of mending matters1 will complicate them still more4 ,you must put yourself in the hands of a coiffeur who understands physiognomy1 and who will study yours before he decides upon the necessary change4 ,if madame does not know such a man1 ,i can recommend her mine1 a coiffeur in whom ,i have unlimited trust4 ,i send him numbers of my customers1 he never fails to please them1 and ,i can trust him not to compromise me4 ,madame understands the success of my bonnets depends in no small degree on the way in which the head is adjusted for them4 ,il y a des ttes impossibles that ,i could not commit my reputation to4 ,i am sometimes obliged to make a bonnet for them1 but ,i never sign it4 ,i have my name removed from the lining1 and so edit the thing anonymously4 ,it would compromise me irremediably if my signature were seen on some of your country-women's heads60 ,mrs4 ,clifford1 awakened to the responsibility she was about to incur1 promised to consult the artist instead of her ,scotch maid2 whereupon ,madame ,folibel handed her a large card which bore the name ,monsieur de ,bysterveld and his address4 ,under both was a note setting forth his capillary capabilities1 and informing the public that-- 8,monsieur de ,bysterveld undertakes to prove that it is possible to become a hair-dresser and yet remain a gentleman40 ,the modiste then assisted ,mrs4 ,clifford to tie on her bonnet1 observing1 while she smoothed out the ribbon carefully as if trying to make the best of a bad case3 8,i am glad for her own sake that madame has consented to give up that peigne galerie4 ,it really is an injustice to her head1 and it is simply out of the question her having a chapeau convenable while that impediment exists4 ,madame will be quite another person10 she continued1 addressing ,mr4 ,clifford4 8,monsieur will not recognize her with a new chignon and in a bonnet of mine40 8,oh6 then ,i protest10 said ,mr4 ,clifford dryly2 he understood ,french1 but did not speak it--8,i protest against both the chignon and the bonnet1 madame40 8,plat-il1 monsieur80 said ,madame ,folibel1 looking from one to the other of us4 8,dear ,walter6 she means ,i shall be so much improved10 explained the wife1 laughing4 8,improved60 repeated ,mr4 ,clifford1 not lifting his eye-brows1 but writing incredulity on every line of his face4 ,his wife blushed1 and her eyes rested on his for a moment4 ,then1 turning quickly to ,madame ,folibel1 she made some final arrangement about a meeting for the following day4 ,just at this juncture ,berthe came back4 ,i was glad she was not there in time to catch the absurd little passage between the two4 ,a husband paying a compliment to his wife1 and she blushing under it after a ten years' mnage1 would have been a delicious morsel of the ridicule anglais that ,berthe could not have withstood2 it would have diverted her salon for a week4 8,well80 she said1 five notes of interrogation plainly adding3 8,are you ever going to have done80 8,c'est dcid10 answered ,madame ,folibel1 coming forward with an air of triumph4 8,madame sacrifices the comb60 8,excellent60 exclaimed ,berthe4 8,i congratulate you1 chre madame4 ,even mentally1 you will be the better of it4 ,for my part1 ,i know no little misery more demoralizing than an unbecoming bonnet40 ,we all went down-stairs together1 but at the street-door we parted from the ,cliffords4 8,where are you going now80 asked ,berthe4 8,to the runion at the ,rue de ,monceau10 ,i said4 8,i got the faire-part last night1 and ,i want particularly to be there to try and get a child into the ,succursale school4 ,there is only one vacancy1 and we are six trying for it1 so ,i fear my little protge has small chance of success4 ,come and give me your vote1 ,berthe40 8,chrie1 ,i would with pleasure1 but ,i am so dreadfully busy this afternoon3 ,i promised ,la ,princesse ,m---- to look in during the rehearsal at her house2 and then ,i've not been to ,madame de ,b----'s for an age1 and ,i almost swore ,i'd go to-day40 8,well1 what's to prevent your going afterwards80 ,i cried4 8,it's not yet four1 and the runion does not last more than an hour4 ,monsieur le ,cur arrives at a quarter-past four1 and leaves at five40 8,but one is bored to death waiting for him10 argued ,berthe1 8and the room is so hot chez les bonnes surs1 and there won't be a cat there to-day1 ,i'm sure2 everybody is at the skating40 8,oh6 the parish and the skating don't interfere with each other10 ,i cried1 laughing2 8but ,i see you can't come1 so good-by4 ,i must be off4 ,mademoiselle de ,galliac will be waiting for me40 8,comment6 ,is la petite to be there8 ,i particularly want to see her4 ,i want to know how her snow-storm costume went off at the ,marine1 for in the crowd ,i never caught sight of her4 ,chre amie1 ,i'll go with you to ,monceau4 ,after all10 she continued1 drawing a long sigh as we stepped into her carriage1 8this life won't last for ever2 one must think now and then of one's poor soul40 ,we were a little behind our time for the canvassing4 ,four of my rivals were before me in the field1 and had robbed me of a few votes that ,i might have received by being there a quarter of an hour sooner4 8,now1 ,berthe10 ,i cried1 8it's your fault1 so you must bestir yourself to help me4 ,attack those young girls in the window1 and persuade them to vote for my child40 8,who are they80 8,i don't know--go and ask them40 ,berthe charged valiantly at the group in the window1 introducing herself by embracing the young girls all round1 and declaring her perfect confidence in their support4 ,they gathered round her1 fascinated at once by her beauty and her frank1 attractive manner4 ,i saw at a glance that the votes were safe1 and that ,i had no need to bring up reinforcements in that quarter1 so ,i set to work elsewhere4 ,perhaps it would interest my readers to hear something of the good work itself4 ,its object is to take charge of orphans of the poorest class1 clothe1 feed1 and educate them till the age of twenty-one4 ,the members are exclusively ladies1 married or single4 ,to be a member1 it is necessary to be a parishioner1 to pay a small sum yearly for the maintenance of the confraternity1 and to assist at the monthly meetings1 where the wants1 plans1 and progress of the work are discussed in presence of the cur1 who is always president1 and another parish clergyman elected directeur1 the rest of the board--treasurer1 secretary1 and vice-president--being chosen from amongst the members4 ,when an orphan is proposed for admission1 a written statement giving her birth1 parentage1 and circumstances1 and setting forth the special claims of her case1 is placed on the green table of the assembly-room1 at which the dignitaries preside during the meeting4 ,this preliminary fulfilled1 the next step is to secure the votes of the confraternity4 ,the demand being always much greater than the supply1 when a vacancy occurs it is sure to be sharply contested4 ,a zealous patroness takes care to canvass beforehand2 but1 from one circumstance or another1 there are always a good many votes still to be disposed of on the day of the election1 and the half-hour that elapses from the opening of the assembly to the arrival of the cur is spent in fighting for them1 and presents a scene of interesting excitement4 ,the patroness is looked upon as the mother of the little petitioner1 who1 once admitted into the orphanage1 is called her 8child40 ,those who are long members and very zealous succeed in getting in many orphans1 and thus become mothers of a numerous family4 ,the most devoted of these mothers are generally the young girls4 ,the way in which some of their hearts go out to their adopted children is touching and beautiful beyond description4 ,they seem to anticipate their joys and cares1 and to invest themselves with something of motherhood in their relations with the little outcasts1 who look to them for help in a world where1 but for them1 they would apparently have no right to be--where no one cares for them1 no one loves them1 except the great ,father who suffers the little ones to come to him1 and will not have them sent away4 ,every month the surs send in a special bulletin of the conduct and health of each child1 addressed to the adopted mother1 and read by ,monsieur le ,cur at the meeting4 ,according to the contents of the bulletin1 the mothers are congratulated or the reverse4 ,little presents are sent to the good children1 and letters of reproval written to the naughty ones4 ,in this way1 the maternal character is kept up till the children leave the shelter of their convent home4 ,then the mothers assist in placing them as servants or apprentices1 or1 better still1 in getting them respectably married4 ,while ,berthe was getting up votes for me on her side1 ,i was busy on my own1 and when the bell rang1 announcing1 as we thought1 ,monsieur le ,cur1 ,i had a pretty good poll4 ,the buzz of talk subsided suddenly2 the high functionaries broke away from the humbler participants1 and took their places at the green table1 near the fauteuils1 waiting for the cur and the vicaire4 ,some of the very young mothers looked eager and flurried4 ,one in particular1 who was a rival candidate with me1 seemed terribly nervous4 ,she was about seventeen4 ,two young mothers on either side of her were speaking words of encouragement and trying to keep up her hopes4 8,you must pray hard for my success10 ,i heard her say to one of them2 8the poor old grandfather will break his heart if ,jeannette is refused4 ,he can't take her into ,les ,vieillards1 even if it were not against the rules1 because he hasn't a crust of bread to give her4 ,he has nothing but what the surs give him for himself4 ,oh6 do pray hard that ,i may succeed60 8,let us say another ,pater and ,ave before ,monsieur le ,cur comes in10 suggested her companions2 and the three friends lowered their voices1 and sent up their pure young hearts together in a last appeal to the ,father of the fatherless in behalf of the little orphan4 ,the door opened4 ,it was not ,monsieur le ,cur4 8,ah1 bonjour1 cher ange60 exclaimed ,madame de ,brac1 embracing ,berthe with effusion1 and talking as low as if she were 8receiving0 in her own salon4 8,what a charming surprise to meet you6 ,i came to vote for ,marguerite's protge1 and see how my dvouement is crowned60 ,i expressed my satisfaction at virtue's proving in this case its own reward4 8,but why have ,i not seen you before80 inquired ,berthe4 8,i did not even know you were in town40 8,i hardly know it yet myself10 replied ,madame de ,brac4 8,i only arrived last night4 ,marguerite wrote to me imploring me to be here if ,i could in time to vote for her4 ,chre aime10 she continued1 turning to me1 8till you reminded me of it1 ,i actually forgot ,i was a member at all60 8,well1 now that you are in town1 you mean to stay80 said ,berthe4 8,hlas1 ,i only remain a week40 8,but you said you meant to spend the carnival here80 8,when ,i said so1 ,i believed it40 8,and what has changed your plans80 ,i inquired4 ,madame shrugged her shoulders4 8,my husband has been so impolite as to tell me that he has no money6 ,one cannot stay in ,paris without money40 8,quel homme60 exclaimed ,berthe1 with a look of pity and disgust4 ,the door opened again4 ,this time it was the cur4 ,after the usual blessing and prayer1 he declared the sance opened1 and read the reports of the board and the bulletins4 ,these matters disposed of1 the business of the election began at once4 ,a brisk cross-examination soon put four candidates hors de concours4 ,two had fathers who could support them1 but wouldn't4 ,the confraternity found the children not qualified for its charge4 ,two others were not parishioners of ,st4 ,philippe du ,roule4 ,of the six who had started1 two therefore only remained in the field4 ,one was mine1 the other was the protge of the young girl whose conversation ,i had just overheard4 ,we were to divide the votes between us4 ,our respective orphans had the necessary qualifications4 ,it only remained to see which of the two1 as the more destitute1 could establish the primary claim on the protection of the confraternity4 ,mine was ten years of age4 ,she had two tiny brothers and a sister some five years older than herself who1 since the death of their mother1 six months ago1 had supported the whole family by working as a blanchisseuse de fin by day1 and as a lingre half the night4 ,but the bread-winner gave way under the load of work1 and now lay sick at the hospital1 while the brothers and the sister1 clinging to each other in a fireless garret1 cried out for bread to the rich brothers who could not hear them4 ,the ,cur de ,ste4 ,clothilde had promised to find shelter for the boys2 but what was to be done with the girl8 ,i had stated these plain facts in the petition1 and now verbally recommended the case to the compassion of the members1 and once again asked for their votes4 ,my rival's child was twelve years of age4 ,she had no brothers or sisters4 ,she was utterly destitute1 but in good health1 and nearly of an age to support herself4 ,monsieur le ,cur listened to the two cases1 and1 when he had heard both1 his judgment seemed strongly impressed in favor of mine4 ,in spite of the interest ,i felt in my poor little protge1 ,i could not help regretting the impending failure of my young competitor opposite4 ,she had answered the cur's questions in short1 nervous monosyllables1 and now sat drinking in every word he said1 two fever-spots burning on her cheeks1 while her eyes swam with tears that all her efforts failed to suppress4 ,a face of seventeen is always interesting2 but in this one there was something more than the mere attractiveness of early youth and innocence4 ,there was an eager1 awakened expression in the clear blue eyes1 and a sensitive play about the grave1 full lips that one seldom sees in so young a face4 ,she was simply1 almost quaintly dressed as contrasted with the costly elegance of most of the dresses around her4 ,the black bonnet with the wreath of violets resting on the fair hair1 and the neat but perfectly plain black reps costume1 bespoke not poverty1 but the very strictest economy4 8,to the vote1 mesdames10 said the cur4 8,i fear1 ,mademoiselle ,hlne1 you have a bad chance40 8,o ,monsieur le ,cur60 burst from ,hlne1 8her poor old grandfather will die of disappointment40 8,my poor child1 ,i hope not10 said the cur1 evidently touched by her distress1 but unable to repress a smile at this extreme view4 8,your protege's having a grandfather is indeed an advantage on the wrong side40 8,he's blind1 ,monsieur le ,cur6 and paralyzed6 and eighty-six years old60 urged ,hlne1 gaining courage from desperation1 8and his one prayer is to see the petite safe somewhere before he dies4 ,o ,monsieur le ,cur6--0 ,she stopped1 the big tears rolling down her cheeks4 8,voyons60 said the good old pastor1 rubbing his nose1 and fidgeting at his spectacles4 8,let us take the vote1 and then we shall see4 ,you have a child already1 have you not1 mademoiselle80 8,yes1 ,monsieur le ,cur2 ,i have two1 but one is in the country1 at the ,succursale40 ,the votes were taken1 and1 by a very small majority1 ,i carried it4 ,my voters congratulated me1 while ,hlne's friends crowded round her1 condoling4 ,but the poor child would not be comforted2 overcome by the previous emotion and the final disappointment1 she sobbed as if her heart would break4 8,oh6 really1 it's too cruel to let that dear child be disappointed10 said ,berthe4 8,can't we do something1 ,monsieur le ,cur8 ,can't we by any possibility squeeze in another child80 8,nothing easier1 madame2 you have only to create a new bourse1 or get subscribers to the amount of three hundred francs a year for the term of the child's education10 replied ,monsieur le ,cur4 8,then ,i subscribe for two years down10 said ,berthe impulsively4 8,who follows suit80 8,i do10 said another speaker2 8,i will subscribe for one year60 8,and ,i will give forty francs10 said a third4 8,and ,i a hundred10 said the cur1 who was always to the fore when a good work was to be helped on4 ,in a few minutes1 the green table glistened with gold pieces and notes4 ,it was all done so quickly that ,hlne had not had time to ask what it was all about1 when ,berthe ran up to her with the good news that her child was taken in1 and1 embracing her tenderly1 bade her dry her tears4 8,how good you are1 madame60 said the young girl1 returning her caress with fervor2 8but ,i knew you were good2 you have the face of an angel60 8,it is better to have the heart of one10 said ,berthe1 laughing1 and hastily rubbing a dew-drop from her own fair face4 8,now1 ,i must make haste away1 or ,i shall be late for my lesson10 said ,hlne1 after thanking the members who gathered about her1 this time embracing and congratulating4 8,what lesson are you going to take1 ma petite80 inquired ,berthe affectionately4 8,i am going to give one1 madame10 replied ,hlne4 8,i live by giving music lessons40 8,then you must come and give me some10 said ,berthe4 8,here is my address4 ,come to me to-morrow as early as you can40 8,you are not sorry ,i made you come1 are you1 ,berthe80 ,i asked1 as we went out together4 8,sorry6 ,i would not have missed it for the world40 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,le ,,parti4 8,au revoir1 demain soir60 said ,berthe1 kissing a fair-haired young girl1 and conducting her to the door4 8,what a sweet face6 ,whose is it80 inquired ,madame de ,beaucur4 8,hlne de ,karodel's4 ,her character is sweeter still than her face4 ,i have fallen quite in love with her10 said ,berthe4 ,and she related the story of their meeting at the runion de ,monceau1 and the acquaintance that had followed4 8,it is a fine old ,breton name1 and used to be a very wealthy one4 ,how comes she to be earning her bread1 poor child80 8,the old story10 said ,berthe4 8,general de ,karodel mismanaged his property1 took to speculation by way of mending matters1 and of course lost everything4 ,he died1 leaving a widow and three children to do the best they could with his pension1 about a thousand francs a year4 ,hlne is the eldest1 and what she earns pays for the education of the second sister40 8,but the rest of the family are well off4 ,why don't they do something for them80 demanded ,madame de ,beaucur4 8,rich relations are not given much to helping poor ones10 replied ,berthe2 8besides1 these ,karodels are as proud as ,lucifer1 and benefits are pills that a proud spirit finds it difficult to swallow2 it takes a good deal of love to gild them40 8,very true60 ,and dismissing ,hlne de ,karodel with a sigh1 8,chre amie0 said ,madame de ,beaucur1 8,i am come to ask you to do me a service40 ,her presence indeed at so early an hour 7it was not much past one7 on ,berthe's 8day0 suggested something more important than an ordinary visit4 ,a 8day0 is a thing that deserves to be noticed amongst the institutions of modern ,paris life4 ,everybody has a day4 ,women in society have one from necessity1 for the convenience of their visitors whose name is ,legion4 ,women not in society have one because they like to be included amongst those with whom it is a necessity4 ,the former speak of their day as 8mon jour0 and as a rule hate it1 because it ties them down to stay one day in the week at home4 ,the latter speak of it as 8mon jour de rception10 and glory in it4 ,for the former it is a mere episode1 an occasion amongst many for toilette and gossip1 mostly of the ,grandhomme and ,folibel kind1 but often of a more serious character1 sometimes even of conversation on such grave topics as politics1 science1 and theology4 ,for the latter1 it is a grand opportunity for dress1 and dulness1 and weary expectation4 ,madame1 attired in state1 sits on her sofa like patience on a monument1 smiling1 not on grief1 but on hope--hope of visitors1 who come like angels1 few and far between4 ,woe be unto the false or foolish friend who1 under any pretence of business1 or kind inquiries1 or lack of time1 should pass by this day of days1 and call on some insignificant day1 when neither madame1 nor the salon1 nor the valet-de-chambre is in toilette to receive him6 ,but it is not into one of these dreary ,saharas that we have strayed4 ,berthe's day is as busy as a fair4 ,so great is the concourse of visitors that1 although the reception begins officially at three1 the rooms begin to fill soon after two1 those who really want to speak to her alleging1 as an excuse for forcing the consigne1 that1 when la cour et la ville are there1 it is a sheer impossibility to get a word with her4 8,a service60 repeated ,berthe4 8,i hope it is not too good to be true40 8,toujours charmante60 ,madame de ,beaucur took her hand and pressed it4 8,but the favor ,i am going to ask does not directly concern myself4 ,you know ,madame de ,chassedot80 8,slightly2 ,i meet her here and there2 we bow1 but we don't speak40 8,she has deputed me to speak for her to-day4 ,do you know her son at all80 8,a fair youth1 tall and good-looking80 8,precisely40 8,i think ,i danced with him at the ,marine1 the other night10 said ,berthe reflectively4 8,then you know him at his best2 he dances divinely2 but ,i believe that is the only thing he excels in10 observed ,madame de ,beaucur4 8,he is very stupid80 said ,berthe interrogatively4 8,not very4 ,simply stupid4 ,but he is1 as you know1 good-looking1 and1 what is more to the purpose1 of good family and very well off4 ,he is heir to his uncle1 and so will one day have two of the finest chteaux in ,france1 each representing two millions of money4 ,the paternal millions have grown thin since the old gentleman's death1 but the uncle's will replenish them soon2 he cannot last long1 he is in bad health and seventy-six years of age4 ,so the marquis is safe to be at the head of a very handsome fortune by the time he has settled down40 8,meanwhile80 said ,berthe1 pretending not to see the drift of these preliminaries4 8,meanwhile1 his mother is very anxious to marry him4 ,she spoke confidentially to me about it1 and begged me to look out for a wife for her4 ,i promised ,i would do my best4 ,like all mothers-in-law1 she wants perfection4 ,sixteen quarterings en rgle1 that is understood2 equal fortune of course2 but1 although ,edgar's present and future fortune is nominally four millions1 as he has compromised one million1 she would count it as not existing1 and only exact three millions with his wife4 ,this is carrying on matters on a grand scale80 ,and ,madame de ,beaucur waited for ,berthe's approval4 8,how did he compromise the odd million80 inquired ,berthe evasively4 8,mais1 mon ,dieu6 ,one must not examine too closely60 replied ,madame de ,beaucur1 smiling at the navet of the question4 8,and besides these80 said ,berthe4 8,the girl must be pretty1 and well brought up4 ,i must tell you1 my dear10 continued the lady1 with a sort of diffidence as if conscious that she was about to state some ludicrous or damaging fact1 8that the mother-in-law is very pious1 and she holds very much to having a daughter-in-law who is so also4 ,otherwise she is the best woman in the world1 very intelligent1 and will do all in her power to make her son's wife happy40 8,and the son himself8 ,you have not said much about him4 ,how far does he pledge himself to the same end80 8,ah6 there is the difficulty60 said ,madame de ,beaucur4 8,unfortunately he won't hear of being married at all4 ,the moment his mother speaks of it1 he either turns it off in a joke1 or1 if she insists1 he gets into a tantrum1 flies out of the house1 and she doesn't see him for a week4 ,you can fancy how this complicates the matter for her1 poor woman60 8,it certainly is a complication10 observed ,berthe4 8,and it makes it all the more incumbent on us to try and help her10 resumed the envoy4 8,so ,i have come to enlist your offices in her behalf4 ,i promised her she might count on you1 chre amie4 ,did ,i promise too much80 8,if you promised her that ,i would marry her son for her1 nolens volens1 you decidedly did10 answered ,berthe1 laughing ironically4 8,oh6 ,i did not go that length10 protested ,madame de ,beaucur1 nettled1 but laughing heartily to hide her pique4 8,i only said that you were more likely than any other woman in ,paris to know the girl who united all these conditions1 and that1 if you knew her1 you would give ,madame de ,chassedot an opportunity of meeting her40 8,and how about ,madame ,chassedot meeting her80 demanded ,berthe perversely4 8,after all1 the contracting powers must look each other in the face at least once before they are brought to swear eternal love and duty before ,monsieur le ,maire1 and if this inconvenient young man flies out the room at the bare mention of such a catastrophe--dear madame1 ,i have the highest opinion of your diplomatic powers1 but1 believe me1 this enterprise is beyond their compass40 8,leave that to his mother10 said ,madame de ,beaucur4 8,she is equal to it4 ,if you find the missing element1 and give her a chance of managing it1 the issue is certain40 ,berthe was going to reply when the door opened1 and the ,princess de ,m---- was announced4 ,when the usual greeting had subsided1 the three ladies entered on the foremost questions of the day1 viz41 the salon1 the cholera1 and the new comedy called ,la ,beaut du ,diable that was setting all ,paris by the ears4 ,the trio were not long alone4 ,the rooms were filling rapidly1 but the new-comers1 instead of checking the conversation1 enlivened it1 every fresh arrival falling in with the current and propelling it4 8,the ,empress does not believe it to be contagious1 and holds it of primary importance that the popular belief to the contrary should be practically repudiated10 said an old senator1 who joined the circle while the cholera was on the tapis1 8,this was the chief motive of her visit to ,amiens4 ,i have just been to the ,tuileries1 and heard the account of it40 8,racontez1 monsieur1 racontez60 exclaimed ,berthe1 recognizing his white hairs by making room for him on the sofa beside her4 8,you honor me too highly1 madame60 said the old courtier1 bending to his knees before he assumed the place of distinction4 8,i should have at least run the gantlet with the plague to deserve to be so favored4 ,you are aware10 he continued in a more serious tone1 8that it was raging furiously at ,amiens4 ,the townspeople became so panic-stricken that the victims were deserted the moment they were seized4 ,every house was closed4 ,no one walked abroad for fear of rubbing against some infected thing or person4 ,except the sisters of charity going in and out of the condemned houses and hospitals1 there was hardly a soul to be seen in the streets4 ,in fact1 it threatened to be a second edition of the plague in ,milan4 ,the ,empress1 hearing all this1 suddenly announced her intention of visiting the city4 ,the ,emperor strongly opposed the project1 and her ladies seconded him1 being very loth to run the risk of accompanying her majesty4 ,the ,empress1 however1 held her own against them all1 like a ,spaniard and a woman1 said she would have no one run any risk on her account1 and declared herself determined to go alone4 ,two of her ladies1 to save their credit1 thereupon volunteered to go with her4 ,they started by the first train next day1 and returned the same evening1 not at all the worse for the journey40 8,i dare say10 remarked a young crv1 a furious ,legitimist1 who always spoke of the ,emperor as ce gaillard l1 and who would have as soon dined with his concierge as at the ,tuileries4 8,they made a tour in a close carriage round the town1 and took precious care to keep clear of the dangerous quarters40 8,i have the word of her majesty to the contrary1 monsieur4 ,she visited the wards1 inquired minutely into their organization1 and spoke to several of the sufferers4 ,the equerry who accompanied her told me that she held the hand of one poor fellow who was dying1 and stooped down1 putting her ear close to his lips to hear something he had to say about his little children3 there were three of them1 their mother had died that morning1 and now they were going to be quite destitute4 ,the ,empress sent for them1 embraced them in the presence of the father1 and promised to take care of them4 ,he expired soon after blessing her1 as you may imagine40 8,she has a noble heart60 murmured ,berthe1 while a tear stood in her eye4 8,comdie1 haute comdie60 sneered the crv de faubourg4 8,a stroke of policy1 rather10 observed a ,deputy du ,centre1 stroking his beard4 8,a comedian's policy60 said a ,deputy de la ,gauche2 8but it is time and trouble lost1 the people are no longer duped by that sort of charlatanism40 8,say1 rather1 the people are tired of peace and prosperity1 and want a change at any cost10 said the ,princess de ,m----4 8,you are the most unmanageable people under the sun4 ,the wonder is1 how any one can be found willing to govern you40 8,that is quite true10 assented ,berthe1 whose politics1 of no absolute color1 leaned towards ,imperialism1 partly because it was the established order of things1 and partly because the court was pleasant and its hospitalities magnificent4 8,we are an unruly nation2 but whatever one thinks of the ,empire1 it is ungrateful and unjust not to give the ,empress credit at least for good intentions in this visit to ,amiens4 ,it was an act of heroic charity and courage1 and that there was as much wisdom as charity in it is proved by the fact that the pestilence has decreased sensibly from the very day of her visit40 8,o madame1 madame60 protested the crv and the two deputies in chorus4 8,the bulletins of the last week are there to prove it10 affirmed ,berthe4 8,where were they fabricated80 demanded the ,deputy de la ,gauche4 8,perhaps ,monsieur de ,taitout could tell us80 ,monsieur de ,taitout was ,chef de ,cabinet at the ,ministry of the ,interior4 8,they were issued at ,amiens by the medical men of the hospitals and by the ,commission of ,public ,health1 ,i presume10 replied the ministerial functionary with repellent hauteur4 8,they had at least a roll of red ribbon apiece in return for their satisfactory bulletins60 pursued the ,deputy de la ,gauche1 with supercilious irony4 8,you are evidently well informed1 monsieur10 replied the ,chef de l',intrieur1 provoked by the persiflage2 and darting a glance of peculiar meaning at the deputy1 8,we may infer that you are in the confidence of the ,minister of ,police80 ,the deputy bit his lip and reddened1 while a suppressed titter ran through the company4 ,this suspicion of complicity with the police1 which the established system of compression and its inevitable consequence1 espionage1 engendered too readily1 was apt to fall sometimes on the most unlikely subjects2 in the present instance1 however1 it was all the more mortifying because public rumor had paved the way for credulity by ascribing the violent antagonism of the ,deputy de la ,gauche to the fact of his having been disappointed in obtaining a prefecture under the existing government4 ,but ,berthe1 though she disliked and mistrusted him1 was annoyed that he should be made uncomfortable in her salon4 ,she disapproved of the turn the conversation was taking1 and by way of diverting it1 without breaking off too precipitately from the subject under discussion1 she said1 addressing an academician who had just joined the circle3 8,is it not quite possible1 admitting panic to be the first condition of contagion1 that the presence of the ,empress in the midst of the sick and the dying may have had such an effect on the morale of the people as could sufficiently explain the immediate decrease in the number of deaths8 ,instruct us1 ,monsieur le ,philosophe60 8,madame1 ,i come here to learn rather than to teach10 replied the man of science with the gallantry of his threescore years and ten2 8but1 since you do me the honor to ask my opinion1 ,i confess that it has the good grace to agree with your own4 ,the people were imbued with the belief that to breathe the infected atmosphere was to die4 ,the ,empress1 of her own free impulse1 came boldly into the midst of it1 stood among the dying and the dead1 breathed long draughts of contagion1 and did not die4 ,therefore contagion is a fallacy1 and panic1 instead of killing1 is forthwith killed40 8,your therefore1 monsieur1 is admirable10 said the ,princess de ,m----1 tapping her parasol on the arm of her chair4 8,now1 let us have a truce of the plague1 and talk of something else40 8,yes10 said ,berthe1 8or else talking may raise a panic1 and we shall all catch it4 ,have you been lately to the theatre1 monsieur80 8,i went last night to see ,la ,beaut du ,diable10 replied the philosopher4 8,ah6 ,and what did you think of it80 8,i think1 madame--que la ,france est bien malade10 said the old man gravely4 8,one need not be un des quarante to find that out10 remarked the ,deputy de la ,gauche with a sneer4 8,is it so very bad80 inquired ,berthe1 turning a deaf ear to the uncivil commentary4 8,it is so bad10 replied the academician1 8that1 if ,i had not seen it with my own eyes and heard it with my own ears1 ,i could not have believed that the ,french drama and the ,french public could have fallen so low4 ,i asked myself whether ,i was in ,paris or in ,sodom4 ,from first to last the piece is a tissue of license and blasphemy1 for which ,i could find no parallel1 even approximately1 in the most ribald productions of ancient or modern literature40 8,dear me60 exclaimed ,berthe1 8you quite horrify me4 ,why1 we had just arranged a partie fine to go and see it60 8,take an old man's advice1 madame--don't go10 said the academician impressively4 8,it all depends10 said the ,princess de ,m----1 twirling her parasol1 and lolling back in the luxurious fauteuil1 8if one is prepared to risk it4 ,i am for my part60 ,the philosopher bowed to the lady1 but offered no comment4 8,why does the ,censure permit such bad comedies to be played80 asked ,madame de ,beaucur4 8,i thought the reason for its existence was the protection of the public morals80 8,political morals rather1 madame10 corrected the ,deputy de la ,gauche1 with an air of mock solemnity1 8and it is most conscientious in the discharge of that duty4 ,an irreverent insinuation against the government suffices to bring down anathemas on a comedy or a drama from which no amount of talent can redeem it4 ,my friend ,henri ---- has just had a chef-d'uvre1 the result of a whole year's labor1 rejected on the plea that some odd passages1 which cannot be removed without changing the whole plan1 might be construed by sensitive ,imperialists into a hit at the dynasty40 8,the judges would serve the dynasty better by exercising a little wholesome restraint over what may prove more fatal to it in the long run than even servile flattery10 observed the philosopher4 8,what think you1 ,m4 le ,snateur80 8,que voulez-vous80 ,the senator shrugged his shoulders4 8,one must reckon with human nature2 you cannot lock it in on every side4 ,if you don't leave a safety-valve to let off the superfluous steam1 the ship will blow up40 8,take care the valve does not turn out to be a leak1 or the ship may sink60 replied the academician4 8,our press and our literature are eating into the very marrow of the nation's heart1 and rotting it4 ,the people are taught to scoff at everything--to make a jest of everything1 human and divine4 ,nothing is sacred to the venal scribes who pander to the base passions of humanity1 and prey upon its vices and its follies4 ,when public morality has come to such a pass that one of the first writers of the day publicly vindicates the devil's claim to our respect and pity as #8an unsuccessful revolutionist1' and when one of the last writes and prints such a sentence as1 #8,i grant you the good ,god1 but leave me the devil6' and that the cynical blasphemy calls out no stronger comment than a laugh or a shrug--when1 ,i say1 we have come to this pitch of progress and civilization1 it is time the ship's hold were looked to40 8,i grant you they are dangerous symptoms10 assented the senator1 shaking his head1 and preparing a pinch from his enamelled snuff-box4 8,a much more ominous symptom1 to my mind1 is that the nation is dreadfully ennuye10 observed the ,deputy du ,centre1 with a weighty emphasis on the adverb4 8,when ,france ennuies herself1 it is time to cry1 ,take care40 8,who is to take care80 said the ,princess de ,m----4 8,the government1 madame4 ,we have had this one eighteen years now2 three years beyond the lease usually granted to governments in ,france1 and the people are thoroughly tired of it4 ,paris especially is ennuye of late40 8,paris is always ennuye unless she has a war1 or an exhibition1 or some kind of a carnival1 to keep her in good humor10 said ,berthe2 8but ,paris is not ,france40 8,pardon1 madame1 ,paris c'est le monde60 replied ,m4 du ,centre1 in melodramatic accent4 8,le monde1 non10 retorted ,madame de ,m----2 8le demi-monde peut-tre40 ,there was a general laugh at this sortie of the princess1 and before it subsided a group of new arrivals1 amongst whom were the ,snow-,storm and her mother1 were ushered in1 and broke up the controversy4 ,several of the company1 some who had not spoken a word to ,berthe1 but had merely made acte de prsence in the crowd1 withdrew4 ,madame de ,beaucur and the ,princess de ,m---- remained on4 8,quelle charmante jeune fille60 said the former sotto voce to the princess1 as ,madame de ,galliac and her daughter sat down near them4 8,who is she80 8,mademoiselle de ,galliac4 ,she is the partie of the season4 ,on dit gives her four millions40 8,indeed60 ,and ,madame de ,beaucur1 on marriageable maids intent1 pricked up her ears4 8,how odd ,i should not have met her before60 8,she has only lately arrived from ,brittany4 ,our hostess patronizes her very zealously4 ,i suppose she is looking out for a husband for her40 ,madame de ,beaucur made no reply1 but committed the remark to her mental note-book4 ,why had ,berthe not suggested this girl to her for ,madame de ,chassedot8 ,it was the very thing she was looking for4 ,old name1 four millions--one too many1 but the inequality was on the right side--beauty1 and of course good principles4 ,madame de ,galliac was known to be an excellent woman4 ,how could ,berthe have been so disobliging or so thoughtless8 ,big with a mighty purpose1 and unable to resist the need of communicating her ideas1 ,madame de ,beaucur turned to the ,princess de ,m----1 and in the strictest confidence opened her heart to her4 ,but ,madame de ,m---- was a foreigner1 and did not fall in sympathetically with ,french views on the subject of marriage1 and was1 moreover1 given to call things bluntly by their names4 8,a girl with her beauty and money will find plenty of willing purchasers10 she argued1 8and ,i see no conceivable reason for expecting that she will let herself be forced on an unwilling one4 ,there are husbands to be had at every price2 she can bid for the best1 and the best are already bidding for her40 8,ah60 said ,madame de ,beaucur1 alarm mingling with curiosity in the interjection4 8,why1 you don't suppose a prize like that is likely to be twenty-four hours in the ,paris market without having scores of the highest bidders fighting for it80 8,how mercenary men are6 ,they are greatly changed since my young day60 ,madame de ,beaucur was somewhere between five-and-thirty and forty2 but she had been married from school at eighteen1 and had heard nothing of sundry interviews between notaires and mothers-in-law1 etc41 that had preceded the presentation of her fianc ten days before her marriage4 8,very likely1 but in this particular case it strikes me the woman is the mercenary party4 ,you say the young man won't let himself be married1 big dower or little one80 said ,madame de ,m----1 laughing1 and speaking rather louder than was desirable in the presence of the marketable dower4 8,introduce me to ,madame de ,galliac10 said her companion1 striking a coup d'tat on the spot4 ,the request was complied with1 and the two ladies were soon absorbed in each other4 8,what shall we do to amuse ourselves this week1 chre madame8 ,for ,wednesday we have ,la ,beaut du ,diable with a diner fin au cabaret1 and a petit souper at ,tortoni's2 but what shall we do to kill the other three days80 demanded the princess1 who had risen to go1 and now pounced upon ,berthe1 who stood taking leave of some guests at the door4 8,i haven't an idea just at present2 we will talk it over to-morrow night at ,madame de ,beaucur's4 ,but you must not count on me for ,wednesday10 said ,berthe1 8,i have changed my mind about going40 8,what6 ,you are going to play us false60 exclaimed the princess1 her ugly but expressive features lighting up with irresistible humor1 while her eyes shot out a cold1 sardonic glance into ,berthe's4 8,that old perruque has put you out of conceit with it8 ,but1 no6 ,it's too absurd1 ma chre60 8,absurd or not1 ,i don't intend to go10 said ,berthe resolutely4 8,i'm not so brave as you are4 ,i do not want to risk myself40 8,but all ,paris will laugh at you4 ,they will say you have turned dvote4 ,for mercy's sake1 my child1 do not make such a fool of yourself60 8,paris may say what it likes10 answered ,berthe1 bridling up1 while a blush of defiant pride suffused her cheek4 8,i despise its gossip1 and1 in short1 ,i don't mean to go40 8,seriously80 8,quite seriously40 ,the princess lifted her shoulders slowly1 and as slowly let them fall4 8,then there is no use in my proposing a little distraction that we were planning1 in the shape of an escapade to the ,bal de l',opra on ,saturday night8 ,in dominos and masks1 of course80 8,thank you1 ,i do not want to run the risk10 said ,berthe1 smiling4 8,adieu60 ,and ,madame de ,m---- heaved a long sigh4 8,you will make a charming saint1 but ,i fear ,i sha'n't worship the saint as much as ,i loved----0 8,the sinner10 added ,berthe1 laughing good-humoredly4 8,oh6 well1 ,i've not donned the sackcloth and ashes1 so you mustn't denounce me yet4 ,but don't suppose10 she continued1 seeing ,madame de ,m----'s eyes fixed on her with a puzzled expression1 8that ,i mean to reproach you for amusing yourself4 ,our positions are widely different4 ,you have your husband to stand between you and evil tongues1 and1 again1 you are not amongst your own people here4 ,honestly1 would you go on at ,berlin as you do in ,paris80 8,oh60 ,the princess threw up her parasol1 caught it again1 and1 laughing out1 said1 8,but ,paris is a cabaret1 where one does as one likes60 ,and with this exhaustive apology1 she opened the door1 and passed out4 ,berthe went into the second salon1 where some of the earlier visitors had gathered to leave room for new arrivals in the first1 but she was hardly seated when the door was again opened1 and ,franois announced3 8,le ,marquis de ,chassedot60 ,if he had announced ,le ,marquis de ,carrabas1 his mistress could not have been more astonished4 ,was it a trap that ,madame de ,beaucur had laid for him8 ,but1 no1 ,mademoiselle de ,galliac's presence was quite fortuitous1 and1 moreover1 ,madame de ,beaucur did not know her1 so she could not have had any scheme into which the heiress' visit adjusted itself to-day4 8,you were kind enough to permit me to pay my respects to you1 madame10 said the young man1 walking up to ,berthe1 with his hat in both hands1 and blushing violently while he doubled himself in two before her4 8,i hope ,i am not indiscreet in availing myself so precipitately of the permission80 ,berthe smiled her gracious clemency on the indiscretion1 and the gentleman1 backing a few steps1 carried his hat toward a group of politicians who were shaking hands in the window1 and making appointments before separating4 8,how extraordinary60 muttered ,berthe1 laughing to herself at the cool audacity of ,monsieur de ,chassedot4 8,i was kind enough to permit him6 ,perhaps he is under delusion1 and mistakes somebody else's permission for mine4 ,or perhaps it is a ruse of his mother's to put him unawares in the way of the three millions80 ,but ,berthe was wrong4 ,m4 de ,chassedot really had said something to her between the links of the 8ladies' chain0 about placing himself at her feet1 and1 as she looked very smiling and gracious1 he took the smiles for a permission4 ,he had no view in asking it beyond that of being received in the salon of the fashionable beauty1 and he was encouraged in presenting himself there by the knowledge that he was sure not to meet his mother4 ,it would be a free territory where he might flit about without being in perpetual dread of falling into some net which the maternal solicitude was constantly setting for him in the salons of her devoted allies4 ,madame de ,beaucur did not count amongst those redoubtable beligerents4 ,when she called during the day at his mother's house1 he was never there1 and1 as the habitus of the marquise's ,tuesday evenings were recruited chiefly amongst the old fogies and devotees of the faubourg1 a class of her fellow-creatures whom ,madame de ,beaucur carefully avoided1 there was no chance of his meeting her there in the evening4 ,it was this precisely that made her mediation so precious to ,madame de ,chassedot4 ,edgar was disarmed before her2 he did not mistrust her1 and when1 reconnoitring the company in the adjoining room through the broad glass-panel that divided the salon1 he spied her sitting near a very pretty girl1 the discovery gave him no shock1 and1 when ,madame de ,beaucur1 catching his eye1 nodded familiarly to him1 he at once made his way toward her1 and took up a position behind her chair4 8,i should like to go very much10 ,madame de ,beaucur said1 continuing the conversation with ,madame de ,galliac1 8but ,i have not been this year since the garden opened4 ,one cannot go without a gentleman1 and ,m4 de ,beaucur is always so busy in the evening that he can never accompany me40 8,there are hundreds who would cross swords for the honor of replacing him1 madame10 declared ,m4 de ,chassedot1 stooping over her chair1 and throwing all the empressement into his voice and manner that her position as a married woman rendered legitimate4 8,then you shall have the honor without crossing swords for it10 replied the lady4 8,come and fetch me to-morrow evening at eight o'clock2 unless you are equal to undergoing a diner de mnage with myself and ,m4 de ,beaucur1 and in that case come at half-past six40 8,madame6 ,such kindness overwhelms me60 ,madame de ,beaucur said au revoir to the heiress and her mother1 kissed hand to ,berthe in the inner salon1 and1 granting ,m4 de ,chassedot's request to be allowed to see her to her carriage1 they left the room together4 8,who is that young lady who was sitting beside you1 madame80 he asked with some curiosity1 when they were out of ear-shot on the staircase4 8,mademoiselle de ,galliac4 ,did you never see her before80 8,yes2 but ,i did not know her name40 8,i ought to have presented you4 ,how stupid of me6 ,she is a nice girl to talk to40 8,a l'honneur1 madame6 to-morrow evening60 ,and the carriage rolled off1 leaving ,m4 de ,chassedot bowing on the sidewalk4 ,punctual to the minute1 he presented himself in ,madame de ,beaucur's drawing-room as the clock was chiming the half-hour4 ,monsieur de ,beaucur had1 of course1 an appointment at the club1 which to his infinite regret prevented his accompanying his wife to the ,concert ,musard1 so he remained sipping his caf noir1 and they set out alone4 ,the gardens1 though only beginning to fill1 presented a brilliant1 animated appearance4 ,the central pavilion1 its roof and pillars girded with light1 glowed like the starry temple of an ,arabian tale1 while from within the orchestra sent forth its melodic stream1 now tender and plaintive as the zephyr wooing the rose at midnight1 now loud and valiant in the rhythmic dance2 balls of light came glistening through the foliage1 making the trees stand out in radiant illumination4 ,but1 artistically mindful of the worth of contrast in scenic effect1 the light distributed itself so as to leave certain parts of the garden in comparative shade4 ,there1 those who shrank from the dazzling glare of the centre could walk and enjoy the scene and the music without inconvenience4 8,why1 there is ,madame de ,galliac1 ,i declare6 ,let us go and meet her60 said ,madame de ,beaucur in delighted surprise1 and they walked on quickly4 8,what an unexpected pleasure1 madame6 ,i thought you were going to the opera to-night80 8,so we intended2 but there was some mistake about the box2 we only found it out at the last moment1 and ,henriette was so disappointed that1 to comfort her1 ,i proposed coming here for an hour10 exclaimed ,madame de ,galliac4 8,poor child6 ,but ,i assure you the music here is no despicable compensation4 ,let us go round by the left2 the breeze is blowing from that point10 said ,madame ,beaucur1 and1 without taking the slightest notice of ,monsieur de ,chassedot1 she turned to walked on with ,madame de ,galliac4 8,madame60 whispered the young man1 touching her lightly on the arm1 and by a sign intimating that she had left him standing out in the cold4 8,oh6 how stupid ,i am6 ,allow me to introduce you3 le ,marquis de ,chassedot--la ,baronne de ,galliac40 8,my daughter1 monsieur10 said the latter1 pointing to ,henriette4 ,everybody having bowed to everybody1 the party moved on1 the young people walking in front of the married women4 ,monsieur de ,chassedot1 serenely unconscious of the cruel snare into which he had fallen1 and finding ,henriette a lively1 unaffected girl1 talked away pleasantly1 confining himself of course to authorized insipidities1 such as the music1 the decoration of the gardens1 the weather1 etc41 and making himself1 as he could do when he liked1 very agreeable4 8,is not that ,madame de ,p----'s voice80 said ,henriette1 stopping abruptly1 and bending her ear in the direction of the sound4 8,i think it is4 ,let us walk on and see10 answered her mother1 and they quickened their steps4 ,now1 though ,madame de ,beaucur liked ,berthe1 and as a rule was delighted to meet her anywhere1 on this particular occasion she was the last person in ,paris she cared to meet4 ,she could not avoid her1 however1 without awakening suspicions in the mind of ,edgar de ,chassedot which might prove fatal to her own benevolent designs on him4 ,when ,berthe saw the party1 her surprise was great1 and1 though she said nothing1 her face expressed it so navely that ,henriette1 being intelligent1 noticed it1 and bethought herself that there must be some stronger reason for it than the ostensible one of her mother's meeting and walking round the garden with ,madame de ,beaucur4 ,berthe had four gentlemen in attendance on her3 a tall1 distingu-looking ,austrian1 who spoke to no one1 but shot vinegar out of his eyes at a handsome young ,breton on whose arm ,berthe leant2 a dark ,englishman1 who made up in vivacity what he lacked in height2 and another ,englishman1 whose notablest idiosyncrasy was an eye-glass that seemed to be a fixture1 so faithfully did it stick in the right eye of the wearer1 morning1 noon1 and night4 ,over and above this guard of honor the beautiful widow was accompanied by ,hlne de ,karodel4 ,she introduced the two girls1 who walked on together1 while the gentlemen and the three married women followed4 ,hlne and ,mademoiselle de ,galliac had not proceeded far when ,monsieur de ,chassedot broke away from the elders1 and joined them4 8,mademoiselle10 he said1 addressing ,hlne1 8,i have just made a discovery so agreeable that1 before ,i venture to believe it1 ,i must have your corroboration40 8,indeed60 said ,hlne1 puzzled at the singular apostrophe4 8,couvrez-vous1 monsieur40 ,edgar remained bare-headed awaiting her answer--8and let us know what this wonderful discovery is40 8,you are the daughter1 ,i am told1 of that brave soldier and true gentleman1 ,christian de ,karodel80 8,you have been told the truth10 replied ,hlne1 her eye moistening with grateful emotion at hearing her father so designated4 8,he was my mother's first cousin1 consequently ,i claim close friendship with you10 resumed the young man4 8,and your name is--80 8,edgar de ,chassedot40 8,ah6 we are indeed cousins2 but as your family seemed quite to have forgotten the fact1 we had almost forgotten it ourselves10 replied ,hlne coldly4 8,it is not too late for us to remember it1 ,i hope80 said ,edgar1 imperceptibly emphasizing the us1 and throwing a persuasive deference into his tone that subdued ,hlne4 8,it is strange that you should care2 but1 since it is so1 let us be cousins60 ,and she held out her hand to him4 ,six weeks after this promenade in the ,jardin ,musard there was a diner de contrat at ,madame de ,galliac's4 ,the fianc wore the full-dress uniform of a chasseur d',afrique4 ,his bronzed features attested long residence under ,algerian skies1 and the stars and medals on his breast bore witness that his days had not been wasted there in idle dalliance4 ,the plot against ,monsieur de ,chassedot's liberty had collapsed1 to the inexpressible vexation of his mother1 who1 together with the family lawyer and ,madame de ,galliac1 had arranged all the essentials for his marriage with ,henriette's four millions2 but1 strange as it may seem1 the consent of the young people themselves1 when demanded as a final condition1 was actually found wanting4 ,it had come to the young lady's ear that ,monsieur de ,chassedot was no party to the business1 and that1 if he let himself be persuaded into marrying her1 it would be quite against his will4 ,mademoiselle de ,galliac there and then declared that she would be forced upon no man1 were he ,roi de ,france et de ,navarre4 ,and so this most eligible union1 for want of a bride and a bridegroom1 fell through4 ,madame de ,beaucur then called to mind a nephew of her husband's who was serving in ,africa4 ,he was two millions short of the requisite figure1 but he had #8de grandes esprances' and was moreover willing to be married1 having positively written to his family stating this fact1 and requesting them to look out for a wife for him4 ,photographs were exchanged1 character and principles inquired into1 and vouched for satisfactorily--,henriette made this a sine qu non--and within one month from the day that his aunt opened negotiations with ,madame de ,galliac1 ,alexandre de ,beaucur arrived in ,paris the affianced husband of ,henriette de ,galliac4 ,they were presented to each other at a morning reception1 and met next day at the diner de contrat4 ,he took her in to dinner1 ,madame de ,galliac whispering to him with an arch smile1 as ,henriette accepted his arm1 8,now pay your addresses60 ,the position was an embarrassing one4 ,monsieur de ,beaucur wished to avail himself of the opportunity to win his bride's affections1 but he was ill at ease1 and1 the more he strove to find something agreeable to say1 the less he succeeded4 ,when dessert was served1 however1 he took courage1 and1 bending over ,henriette's wineglass1 he murmured timidly in a low tone3 8,mademoiselle1 what color will you have your carriage80 8,blue1 monsieur10 the young lady replied in the same low tone4 ,he bowed1 and they relapsed into silence4 ,this was all that passed between them till they swore before ,god and man to love each other until death did part them4 ,it may interest my readers1 and it will no doubt surprise them1 to hear that this prosaic marriage turned out a singularly happy one4 ,the young man was a gentleman with a conscience and a heart4 ,the girl was sensible1 high-principled1 and affectionate4 ,they were both sound at heart1 and they did their duty by each other4 ,after all1 the most romantic union can hardly embark with surer or fairer elements of happiness4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,legends ,,of ,,oisin1 ,,bard ,,of ,,erin4 ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,v4 ,,oisin',s ,,vision4 ,as dim through snowy flakes the dawn ,peered o'er the moorlands frore1 ,the old1 snow-headed ,bard1 ,oisin1#eg ,sat by the convent door4 ,his chin he propp'd on that clenched hand ,of old in battles feared3 ,and like a silver flood1 far-kenned1 ,to earth down streamed his beard4 ,that sun his eyes could see no more ,their thin lids loved to feel3 ,it rose2 and on his cheek a tear ,began to uncongeal4 ,then slowly thus he spake3 8,three times ,this thought has come to me1 ,patrick1 that ,i am older thrice ,than ,i am famed to be3 8,for on the ruins of that house1 ,once stately to behold1 ,where feasted ,fionn the ,king1 there sighs ,a wood of alders old4 8,and on my ,oscar's grave three elms ,have risen2 and mouldered three3 ,and on my ,father's grave1 the oak ,is now a hollow tree4 8,patrick1 of me they noised a tale1 ,that down beneath a lake ,a hundred years ,i lived1 unchanged1 ,for a ,faery ,lady's sake3 8,they said that1 home when ,i returned1 ,the men ,i loved were dead2 ,and that the whiteness fell that hour ,like snow-storm on my head4 8,a song of mine--a dream in youth1 ,that tale1 misdeemed for true3 ,far other dream was mine in age3 ,a dream that no man knew4 8,for though ,i sang of things loved well1 ,i hid the things loved best3 ,patrick1 to thee that later dream ,at last shall be confessed4 8,on ,gahbra's field my ,oscar fell3 ,last died my ,father1 ,fionn3 ,the wind went o'er their grassy mounds3 ,i heard it1 and lived on4 8,i loved no more the lark by ,lee ,nor yet the battle-cry2 ,and therefore in a dell1 one day1 ,i laid me down to die4 8,the cold went on into my heart3 ,methought that ,i was dead3 ,yet ,i was 'ware that angels waved ,their wings above my head4 8,they said1 #8,this man1 for ,erin's sake1 ,shall tarry here an age1 ,till ,christ to ,erin comes--shall sleep ,in this still hermitage3 8#8,that so1 ere yet that great old time ,is wholly gone and past1 ,her manlier with her saintlier day ,may blend in bridal fast4 8#8,and since of deadly deeds he sang ,above him we will sing ,the ,death that saved3 and we from him ,will keep the gadfly's wing4 8#8,for him an age1 for us an hour1 ,here1 like a cradled child1 ,shall sleep the man whose hand was red1 ,whose heart was undefiled4' 8,patrick6 ,that vision1 was it truth8 ,or fancy's mocking gleam8 ,that ,i should tarry till ,he came-- ',twas not1 'twas not a dream6 8,and wondrous is mine age1 ,i know2 ,for whiter than the thorn ,was this once-honored head before ,the men now white were born3 8,and on my ,oscar's grave three elms ,have risen3 and mouldered three3 ,and on my father's grave1 the oak ,is now a hollow tree40 ,then said the monks1 8,his brain is hurt03 ,but ,patrick said1 8,they lie6 ,thou ,god that lov'st thy gray-haired child1 ,would ,i for him might die60 ,and ,patrick cried1 8,oisin6 the thirst ,of ,god is in thy breast6 ,he who has dealt thy heart the wound ,ere long will give it rest60 ,,footnote3 #eg ,pronounced ,oiseen4 ,a ,,jewish ,,convert3 ,a ,,reminiscence ,,of ,,vienna4 ,among the pleasant capitals of ,europe through which a long tour carried the writer of this sketch1 one of the most brilliant is ,vienna4 ,it has many associations of genius to consecrate it2 ,mozart and ,beethoven1 not to mention many lesser princes of music1 found there both home and appreciation2 it has been the resort of elegance1 the rendezvous of talent1 the paradise of diplomacy1 even while graver ecclesiastical and historical events have centred in it4 ,it has its old cathedral1 which1 though disfigured by some unfortunate internal bungling of the style of the ,renaissance1 nevertheless has not lost its impression of religious solemnity1 heightened by the deep1 narrow1 and sombre choir with the wonderful windows of old stained glass4 ,inimitable and unapproachable even in its fragmentary state1 this old glass is perhaps the most interesting thing in the old church of ,st4 ,stephen1 if we except the stone pulpit1 cunningly carved and placed in a recess of the exterior wall of the building1 the pulpit from which1 so runs ,viennese tradition1 the second ,crusade was publicly preached4 ,there is among the records of the foundations at ,st4 ,stephen's one that sets forth the desire and prayer of the people1 during a pestilence in the middle ages1 that a ,mass should be daily offered in that church for the cessation of the epidemic4 ,tradition says that a great wind arose1 and the pestilence was stopped4 ,the ,mass1 however1 continues to be said daily1 and it certainly is a remarkable fact that there is not one day in the year1 summer or winter1 wet or dry1 when the wind does not blow in ,vienna4 ,the ,austrian capital1 however1 has yet more interesting associations for us than are called up by the cathedral1 and the many other monuments and chapels by which it is historically distinguished4 ,in the ,advent season of #ahfe1 a young ,jewish convert preached in the ,schotten-,kirche a short course of the most eloquent sermons it has ever been our privilege to hear in any language or any land whatever4 ,his name is ,marie-,bernard ,bauer1 and his family1 of ,hungarian descent1 is among the most influential and wealthy of those settled in ,vienna4 ,the ,jews of that city have indisputably as large a share of the talent as of the riches of the country4 ,the oldest brother of young ,bauer is one of the greatest bankers in ,austria4 ,at an early age1 the young ,jew1 fiery and enthusiastic1 and already gifted with singular eloquence1 threw himself into the ranks of the ,revolution1 and became one of its most ardent emissaries4 ,at eighteen1 he was entrusted with important missions and considered a rising ,freemason4 ,but during his travels he became acquainted with a young ,frenchman1 a zealous ,catholic1 whose influence and friendship laid the foundations of his conversion4 ,he visited his friend's mother1 also1 who by her example more even than her exhortations contributed to the work of grace begun in his soul by her son's solicitations4 ,bauer wore1 at the request of these two1 a medal of the ,immaculate ,conception2 and we need scarcely remind our ,catholic friends of the part this blessed badge fulfilled in the conversion of another illustrious ,jew1 the ,pre ,marie ,ratisbonne1 the founder of the ,dames de ,sion1 who has since devoted his life to the instruction and conversion of ,jewish girls at ,jerusalem4 ,after being fully instructed in the faith1 ,bauer required nothing but grace to believe4 ,being at ,lyons with several worldly acquaintances1 he happened to be standing on a prominent balcony1 on the feast of ,corpus ,christi4 ,the procession of the ,blessed ,sacrament was to pass below1 and they1 with cigars in their mouths and mockery in their hearts1 were waiting for the pageant4 ,no change came to the young ,jew until the canopy under which the priest carried the ,divine ,host was close beneath the balcony4 ,the change at that moment was lightning-like4 ,faith entered his heart1 or rather--as he himself reluctantly admitted when pressed by his superiors at a later time to lay aside false humility and declare the works of ,god in his soul--a conviction so absolute that it distanced faith made itself felt throughout his whole being4 ,the same knowledge1 so to speak1 returned to him many times since while consecrating at ,mass1 and he said that he could not believe merely1 in a matter of which he was so blissfully and unerrably certain4 ,as ,jesus passed1 ,bauer threw himself on his knees and professed himself a ,christian4 ,a very short time elapsed before he entered the novitiate of the ,carmelite ,friars4 ,his mother1 who was living in ,paris1 endeavored to see him1 but was refused access to him by his superiors4 ,later on1 when he had passed through the novitiate1 he might have seen her1 had it not been for the machinations of his family4 ,for five years every friend and relation he had among his own race cruelly ignored him1 and he was kept away even from his mother's death-bed by their relentless sternness4 ,his mother alone never ceased to love him1 and had a picture painted of him in his monastic cowl4 ,this portrait hung opposite her bed1 and she died with her eyes fixed on it and her hands lovingly stretched out towards it4 ,when after her death he was allowed by his family to visit her chamber1 he saw a curtained picture at the foot of the bed1 and1 drawing the curtain aside1 stood face to face with this touching proof of a mother's undying love4 ,after some time1 his fame as a preacher spreading fast1 his family received him once more into their circle1 and1 with strange inconsistency1 now made almost an idol of him4 ,during his novitiate1 and according to a rule of his order1 he used to preach in turn with his fellow-novices in the refectory during meals1 at which time the generality of the young men in training for a religious ,demosthenes would receive but scant attention from their companions4 ,when ,bauer's turn came1 the contrary1 however1 was observed3 the food was untouched1 and the young audience sat transfixed1 hanging upon the words of their eloquent and gifted companion4 ,from the first his health was delicate2 the effort of preaching rendered it weaker day by day1 till at length the zealous and impassioned speaker1 whom his friends prophesied to be the future ,lacordaire1 was one day carried fainting from the pulpit1 having broken a blood-vessel4 ,a year in ,spain and complete rest of mind and body did nothing more than just save his life1 and the ,holy ,father1 who was very much interested in the young convert1 advised him to leave the ,carmelite ,order1 for the austerity of whose rule his shattered health now rendered him unfit4 ,this paternal advice--or1 let us say1 command--proved a great trial to the enthusiastic religious2 but1 bowing to the will of ,god1 he accepted his altered life1 and prepared to make it as fruitful in good works as his short monastic career had proved4 ,although his health precluded him from the exhausting work of preaching long ,lenten stations or continued missions1 yet1 as often as suitable opportunities offered1 he was to be found indefatigably working in the pulpit2 and we leave it to those who have had the good fortune to hear him1 to judge of the loss the ,catholic world has sustained in one whose eloquence and fervid enthusiasm rivalled that of ,lacordaire1 and whose steadfast faith and unerring logic far distanced that of the unhappy ,hyacinthe4 ,in #ahfe1 having already preached before the ,emperor of the ,french in ,paris1 and been greatly commended by the most distinguished people there1 both ,french and foreigners1 he was called to ,vienna1 where his family resides1 and where all his former associates and co-religionists awaited him with the greatest curiosity and interest4 ,the six lectures or discourses he gave in the ,schotten-,kirche1 opposite his brother's residence1 at which he was an honored and fted guest1 were attended by crowds of his own ,jewish friends1 besides all the lite of ,viennese and foreign society4 ,the impassioned tone of his voice1 his closely knit arguments1 the air of apostleship about his slight figure and pale1 inspired face1 the presence of his nearest and dearest relations1 and1 above all1 his own position toward them1 in the very centre of his youthful ,revolutionary triumphs--all concurred in making this short station of ,advent one of thrilling interest4 ,at the end of each sermon1 or confrence1 as the ,french say 7they were delivered in ,french1 which is like a second mother-tongue to ,marie-,bernard ,bauer71 he addressed a prayer to ,god1 and1 while the language of each succeeding discourse increased in sublimity1 that of the concluding prayers seemed to take such flights of unparalleled grandeur that the audience could only kneel in motionless attention and unbroken silence for some minutes after the preacher had ceased to speak--the highest tribute1 perhaps which an impressed people can offer to an orator4 ,marie-,bernard ,bauer has since received the ,roman title of ,monsignore1 and been appointed chaplain to the ,emperor of the ,french4 ,he accompanied the ,empress ,eugnie to the opening of the ,suez ,canal1 and preached a magnificent sermon on the occasion1 in presence of the assembled potentates4 ,but whatever else he has done1 whatever else he may be destined to do in the future1 he will scarcely be able to surpass his admirable achievements of the ,advent station of #ahfe1 when he became1 as it were1 the champion and apologist of ,christianity before one of those representative ,jewish assemblies which contained within itself so much enlightenment1 so much talent1 and so much successful individuality4 ,at the time when he preached these sermons1 of which we will now endeavor to give some idea1 as far as a translation will allow1 he was only thirty-six years of age1 and his frail1 delicate body made him seem even younger4 ,the following is the third in order of the ,confrences1 and was preached on the #agth of ,december1 #ahfe4 ,the text is given entire1 and the subject1 as expressed in the published edition of these sermons1 was3 ,,christianity ,,as ,a ,,historical ,,fact4 ,i would fain hope1 my brethren1 that the two last confrences have contributed1 in some degree1 to revivify in believing hearts both the energy of faith and the enthusiasm of virtue2 that they have cast doubts in doubting hearts1 upon the very uncertainty which creates doubt2 that they have shed around hearts petrified1 so to speak1 in the darkness of fleshly bondage1 some rays of the twilight which is the forerunner of the full light of ,god's grace1 and which manifests itself in such hearts through this question1 solemnly and shrinkingly put3 ,after all1 might ,i not be in error8 ,might there not be1 despite all1 another life1 a real responsibility1 a moral law1 supernatural duties1 a judgment1 a judge1 a ,god1 and this ,god the ,god of ,christianity8 ,no matter to what level the ,sun of ,truth may have attained on the horizon of your inner life1 you will allow me1 nevertheless1 to retrace1 in a few short words1 the doctrinal substance of the two previous discourses confrences4 ,man1 such as we see him1 is a fallen being2 he is born with the taint of original sin1 and if to this1 which is the form of evil1 he adds--and it is practically inevitable that he should--his own individual sins1 which are evil's natural outgrowth1 he does but widen1 at each moment of his existence1 the abyss that parted him from ,god since the very hour of his birth1 and which1 thus ceaselessly widened1 becomes such1 at last1 that nothing short of a miracle will suffice to bridge it over4 ,death then1 suddenly intervening1 cuts short all things here below1 and hurls the man whose whole life has been spent without ,god into the chasm of the unknown4 ,from a phase of being where all is transient1 he is hurried to another where all is abiding1 and from that instant the separation from ,god in which he has lived1 and which before was transient in its turn1 becomes abiding1 and from temporal changes to eternal4 ,such are the conclusions of reason1 which1 leaning upon faith1 point out to us in this eternal separation the fitting seal of an eternal woe4 ,it would not enter into my design toward the hearers which ,providence1 having gathered together before me1 seems to have specially predestined to hear the words of eternal life from my unworthy lips--it would not1 ,i say1 enter into my design to show them these dark spiritual perspectives1 without pointing out at the same time some vista of supernatural light1 some promise and way of salvation1 some hopes of life1 nay1 even life itself4 ,no6 ,god forbid that ,i should become as the treacherous guide who draws the lost wayfarer to the very edge of the precipice1 and there leaves him to himself and to the terrors of the ravenous depths below4 ,yet1 mark it well6--the mystery of life leads towards death1 through paths that skirt a giddy abyss where no man's self-possession is proof against danger2 but there is1 nevertheless1 an infallible road that leads to life through and in spite of the manacles of death4 ,it is called by a name with which my lips cannot become familiar1 as with a common word indifferently bandied about in careless conversation--a name which ,i confess myself unable even to pronounce without feeling my whole being tremble with love and bow down in worship2 a name which1 when spoken from this pulpit for the first time1 only a few days ago1 produced an impression1 or rather a mysterious shock1 that neither you nor ,i have yet forgotten--the name of ,jesus ,christ4 ,it is of him ,i come to speak to you to-day4 ,my ,father6 my ,friend6 my ,master6 abide with me1 and1 in order that ,i may be worthy to speak of thee1 speak thou thyself through these my lips6 ,among all questions put by man to his own intellect1 whether they be historical1 scientific1 philosophical1 social1 or religious1 there is none of more gigantic importance than this3 ,who and what is ,jesus ,christ8 ,he and his works have been for two thousand years the most notable reality of the universe2 they have been inextricably mingled with the course of history1 with the family and state relations of man to man1 with literature1 with poetry1 with politics2 they have been the unseen link that binds together all social problems2 they have been the mainspring of those mysteries that are convulsing the present century1 and which are fraught to some minds with terror and threatenings1 while to others they suggest hope and salvation4 ,they have been1 without the slightest exaggeration1 all things to all men1 and it follows1 therefore1 that according to the bent of man's judgment on ,jesus ,christ and his works1 so will man's whole nature lean1 his intellect with his thoughts1 his heart with its feelings1 his life with its acts and its shortcomings1 his soul with its eternal aspirations4 ,this is indeed1 and beyond all contradiction1 the main question of life--that question which1 solve it which way you will1 cannot fail to produce two radically different types of men1 and to open up before us two paths1 as far apart from each other through the coming eternity as they are widely separated in the realms of time4 ,but why do ,i insist upon the awful importance of this problem8 ,do you not understand it yourselves8 ,nay1 do you not even bear witness to it by your presence here at this moment8 ,why are you gathered here--men of the most varied1 perhaps the most contradictory1 beliefs8 ,why are you crowded around this pulpit in anxious silence1 breathless and motionless1 perhaps vaguely troubled in mind8 ,why but because there is not one amongst you to whom the sacred name of ,jesus is wholly indifferent or wholly meaningless6 ,if to some this holy name is the constant object of their highest adoration and of their tenderest1 ,i would fain say the most impassioned1 love1 to others it is the object of their most agonizing doubts1 the spiritual sphinx whose riddle baffles and tortures all ages4 ,and further yet1 while this name is to some the synonym of a smothered curse or of a hatred as open as it is relentless1 it contains for all men a question of vital importance1 ,i might even say a question of life and death4 ,my brethren1 it is of him1 who is both so marvellously loved and so marvellously hated1 of him whose figure meets us at every turn of the past or the present1 of him whom the future cannot uncrown1 that ,i purpose speaking to you to-day4 ,every cause which has produced an effect may be considered either in this effect or in itself4 ,hence1 there exist two methods of demonstration3 the one beginning from the consideration of the effect1 and tracing it up to the cause2 the other starting from the study of the cause1 and deducing its legitimate effect4 ,we are now about to apply to the great cause and the great effect before us this twofold species of demonstration--this extrinsic and intrinsic touchstone used by our intellect in acquiring its noble treasure of proved facts and tried certainties in the domain of philosophy1 metaphysics1 history1 natural sciences1 and1 in fact1 of every branch of human knowledge4 ,this cause is ,christ1 this effect ,christianity1 of which he is the founder2 and1 since it is natural to the human mind to consider first that which falls more immediately under its own observation1 ,i shall begin by investigating the effect1 namely1 ,christianity4 ,this done1 ,i shall appeal simply to your reason to connect the effect with its cause1 and to discern through the beautiful proportions of the ,christian system the inimitable stamp of its divine founder4 ,i4 ,every doctrine which has become a fact1 every fact which has won for itself a place in history1 may be looked at in three ways3 first1 with regard to its extent in material space2 secondly1 as to its duration in time2 thirdly1 as to the depth to which it has reached in human nature4 ,this division is no invention of mine2 it is the same pointed out by the ,apostle ,st4 ,paul when he wrote to the ,ephesians1 and endeavored to explain to them the length and breadth1 the depth and divinity1 of the ,christian faith3 ,ut possitis comprehendere cum omnibus sanctis qu sit latitudo et longitudo1 et sublimitas et profundum 7,eph4 iii4 #ah74 ,now1 as to its extent in material space1 or1 in other words1 its territorial sway3 ,open the map of the world1 and scan the globe with attentive eye3 a strange phenomenon will strike you4 ,you will hardly discover one corner of earth where ,christianity--and ,i use the word in this instance in its widest acceptation1 excluding neither heresy nor schism1 which1 though unhappily rebellious1 are nevertheless1 in a certain sense1 real members of the ,christian household--where ,christianity1 therefore1 has not penetrated1 either in undisputed and irrevocable sway1 as in ,europe and ,america1 or as a peaceful conqueror1 sealing its hardly-won victories not in the blood of its enemies1 but in its own4 ,following closely in the wake of new discoveries1 it is for ever landing on new shores1 making a home for itself among new populations1 and winning new worshippers to bend beneath the ancient sway of the never-aging cross4 ,you might rise in contradiction to my statement1 and remind me that the hour has not yet struck that will allow us1 the soldiers of ,jesus ,christ1 to intone the triumphant hosanna of final victory1 since to this day there are many lands1 many island-studded archipelagoes1 many vast and populous continents1 beyond the pale of our peaceful conquest1 and since1 after all1 the standard of the cross is not yet securely reared in every clime4 ,i admit it2 but what does this prove8 ,that our task is not yet done8 ,but who denies that8 ,it is not done because time--which is our only limit--is likewise unended1 nay1 is perhaps only just beginning6 ,for time is the array of all ages1 and ,god alone1 who created them1 has reckoned their mysterious number4 ,yes1 we confess it1 our work is not done1 and therefore we are ceaselessly and everywhere laboring2 and therefore ,i myself1 a humble but zealous worker1 am laboring here at this moment4 ,those alone who will see the end of time will see the task completed4 ,that which we have done during the twenty centuries that lie behind us is only an earnest of what we will do in future ages1 ,god's holy grace concurring4 ,what1 my brethren6 ,when we had no ships but frail canoes1 and no compass but our untutored eyes2 when we had no roads but eternal snows1 virgin forests1 and trackless deserts1 vying with the wild beasts of the wilderness in barring our further progress2 when we had no support but barefooted poverty and a pilgrim's staff2 no provision save precarious charity1 and no guide save faith1 hope undying1 and--,god2 even then we succeeded in crossing rivers and seas1 deserts and forests1 mountain gorges and ,alpine snows1 that we might carry to the very confines of the world our living faith and the ,word of our ,god4 ,this ineffable ,word has reached further than ,alexander1 who stopped at the ,indus2 further than ,crassus1 whom the ,euphrates arrested2 further even than ,varus1 who was stayed by the mighty ,rhine--further than all conquerors1 and further than all conquests4 ,and can we believe that we have now set our foot on the fated threshold where the angel of evil would be permitted to say to the angel of virtue1 as erst the latter was commanded to say it to his fallen brother1 to ,attila and the barbarian hordes1 at the very gates of the ,eternal ,city3 8,usque huc venies1 sed non ultra0--8,thus far shalt thou come1 and no further08 ,do not believe it1 my brethren2 for1 on the contrary1 it is but now that ,god's reign is beginning1 and as ,i believe1 so ,i prophesy to you1 with an irresistible and invincible conviction4 ,forward1 then1 ,o human enterprise6 ,cleave the mountains1 cut through the isthmuses1 drain the morasses1 and fill up the lakes2 cast bridges over the waters1 carry roads over the trackless country1 build you mighty vessels1 throw electric wires in the air1 and gird the world with an iron girdle6 ,let your treaties of commerce and navigation be signed1 and embassies sent to nations and kings whose names till yesterday were unknown in the civilized tongues of ,europe6 ,know you what you are doing in thus knitting humanity together1 and in connecting1 with an energy unexampled in the whole history of the past1 the orient and the occident1 the pole and the equator8 ,in one mighty embrace their hands are clasped1 and they offer to each other1 if we may so word it1 that gigantic kiss of peace which1 day by day1 re-echoes more loudly in both hemispheres4 ,in all this1 you are doing under the hand of ,god that which the war-steed does under the hand that guides him and the spur that urges him on4 ,for1 like unto the steed1 who hardly knows whence he came1 far less where his rapid steps are leading him and what is the burden that he bears--like unto him1 thou ,christ-blaspheming or ,god-forgetting age1 thou boundest forward with maddening strength1 carrying on thy broad shoulders with proud recklessness the rider whom thou scarcely knowest to the goal thou wottest not of4 ,every invention1 every development of thy industry1 far from cursing it1 ,i bless it from the depths of my heart6 ,go forward and prosper6 ,in a hundred years1 thanks to thee1 ,truth will be sovereign of the world6 ,christianity is the greatest geographical and territorial fact under the sun4 ,it is so beyond all controversary1 and if this fact1 which ,i simply call a miracle1 seems to you natural and easy of accomplishment1 ,i only ask you this3 try to spread and propagate over the universe1 not a whole complicated system of metaphysics1 but one single doctrine1 whose mortal opponents1 in the first instance1 shall number every human passion which repulses it as treason against nature1 and every heathen government which denounces it as treason against authority4 ,but ,i will not ask even so much4 ,endeavor to persuade1 not even one single nation1 one city1 one family1 but one man1 of the truth of a doctrine at once repulsive to his passions and hostile to his interests4 ,i speak to you as a man whose life is devoted to this sublime and laborious mission of persuasion4 ,and knowing as ,i do its wonderful consolations as well as the superhuman and apparently fruitless labor it often imposes1 ,i tell you1 my brethren1 what you yourselves will tell me when the school of reality shall have taught it to you1 that ,christianity as it exists1 spread over the whole earth by the godlike contagion of faith1 is simply a fact so overwhelming that the language of men holds but one word fit to express its being--that one word1 miracle4 ,there is1 however1 one thing more marvellous yet than mere propagation3 it is duration1 and a duration ever true to itself4 ,condense the mystery of life into one short formula1 capable at once of holding and adequately expressing it1 and you will find none more comprehensive than this--motion and change4 ,from the mass of inanimate being which1 in the bowels of the earth and in the bosom of eternal night1 is causing1 by its agglomerations1 its cohesions1 and its fusions1 a species of constant internal agitation1 of blind and feverish restlessness as old as creation itself1 up to the most dazzling pinnacles of life1 where man figures under every name and in every relation conceivable among mortals1 there exists the same law1 there reigns the same spirit4 ,in its name1 by its authority1 we see in private life one day swallowed up by the next1 dethroned by its breathless and equally ephemeral successor1 doomed beforehand to annihilation1 while on the stage of public life events crowd each other out of time and of the memory of man1 empires fall1 dynasties grow up under the double shield of ,god's grace and man's enthusiasm1 frontiers are widened and narrowed1 whole nations migrate and spread1 and even language itself1 though but an outward sign of immaterial substances and metaphysical proportions in no way themselves subject to change1 puts on divers forms1 as if carried away by an irresistible impulse in the whirl of this universal frenzy4 ,yes1 my brethren1 motion is everywhere1 and1 in order that even death should not be permitted to fling its defiance permanently to life1 this law penetrates even to the night and silence of the tomb1 pierces the coffin1 and installs between its four wooden walls the same unceasing restlessness which torments the great world4 ,worms1 created to prey on man1 riot with breathless agitation over the human corpse1 and proclaim1 by their ghastly activity in the abode of final destruction and in the very bosom of the crowning dread of earth1 that life triumphs yet over death1 and that the universal law of motion reigns in undisputed sway over that kingdom of darkness that owns no other created sovereignty4 ,and what is the result of this ceaseless motion8 ,nothing less than ceaseless change4 ,motion is a change of relations with the world and with one's self4 ,there is no motion but causes change1 no change but presupposes motion4 ,these terms are convertible1 and so it is that ,i justify what ,i told you a few moments ago--that the concise formula of life is motion and change4 ,it follows from this demonstration that nothing is so difficult of attainment as duration1 and duration true to itself1 which is to the sovereign law of motion and change a permanent defiance and a marvellous contradiction4 ,let us seek in the vast sepulchre of ,time1 where during so many ages countless men and things1 countless doctrines and institutions1 have lost themselves1 and in which even the shattered wrecks of once noble ruins1 spectres of the past and often unconscious prophets of the future1 have been swallowed up--let us seek one man or one created thing that has not succumbed to this pitiless law4 ,let us seek diligently in the manuscripts of old1 in the caverns of forgotten magic1 in the tombs of buried sages6 ,or stay1 my brethren1 and seek not6 ,for1 like unto the alchemist of medival ages1 we should seek and not find1 for that which we seek is not4 ,but if you would see this tremendous miracle of a duration as invulnerable as it is abiding1 lifting up its solitary existence in the midst of universal change and motion1 do not gaze afar1 but turn your eyes to that tabernacle crowned with the cross1 the standard and badge of ,catholic ,christianity4 ,this1 and this alone1 abides where all else has been swept away by the ruthless and untiring breath which devours all that is1 and ravenously awaits all that1 as yet1 is not4 ,christianity1 and it alone1 has lived true to itself1 while all else around it was changing4 ,like unto ,god1 the impassible and unchangeable1 ,christianity stands unmoved amidst the countless ruins with which you--men--strew the world4 ,christianity1 with its old principles and its youthful aspect1 leans on the rock of its own eternity1 and gives the lie to the universal law with unassailable and ineffable calm4 ,yes1 it defies you6 ,it sees you pass1 as the shore looks on the lapsing river1 as the cliff looks on the ocean1 as heaven looks upon earth1 and as ,god looks on man4 ,it is strange1 is it not8 ,it takes our breath away4 ,but this is not all3 it is scarcely the beginning4 ,listen6 ,to bespread over the whole earth is much2 to live where all decays is more2 to abide ever true to one's self when all things change is more still4 ,my opponents1 however--,i will not say my enemies1 for1 thank ,god1 ,i know of none--are perhaps saying to themselves at this moment3 8,but are there not other forms of religion bearing much the same marks1 at least in a certain degree8 ,islamism holds a considerable territorial sway4 ,the ,buddhism of ,india has surely been in a certain sense true to itself from time immemorial40 ,i do not deny it1 for truth needs no dissimulation4 ,and it is precisely on this account1 and because error has been permitted to bear in some respects a certain likeness to truth1 that it was imperative1 for the sake of those men of good-will whom this likeness might have deceived1 that truth should possess1 besides those notes which she shares with error1 other marks so utterly inimitable that on their appearance there could not be but instant recognition of that truth whose counterfeits are as legion1 but whose equal does not exist4 ,the touchstone by which to gauge the worth of any doctrine is neither this doctrine's extent in space nor its duration in time1 nor even its impassibility amid universal transmutations2 that is much1 but it is not all4 ,what is of more importance than the limits of its influence or the length of its spiritual reign1 is the work it has done4 ,there is its secret proof1 there its most personal revelation4 ,it can give but what it has1 and it can have but what it is2 it can produce outwardly but what it inwardly possesses2 if it be falsehood1 then falsehood2 if it be error1 then error2 if it be evil1 then evil2 if it be a half-truth1 then half-truth2 if it be human and natural virtue1 then human and natural virtue2 but if it be ,god1 then ,god himself4 ,christianity1 considered from this point of view1 to which we can give but a passing glance1 will vindicate itself in our eyes as standing unrivalled on earth1 even as ,god is unrivalled in heaven4 ,to make my meaning clear1 let me present to your minds one preliminary observation4 ,man often lives amid the wonders of creation without feeling the slightest curiosity in their regard1 and this because a sublime spectacle1 from being too constantly before his sight1 becomes only a familiar part of the daily monotony of his life4 ,we might almost say of him that1 to the abiding miracle of the material universe1 he opposes the miracle of abiding indifference4 ,now1 the visible creation contains another1 both visible and invisible1 and which1 though far more wonderful than the material one1 yet draws from you1 on account of its abidingness1 only the careless notice of indifference4 ,inhabitants of a ,christian land1 members perhaps of a ,christian family1 citizens of a ,christian community1 children1 in a word1 of ,christian civilization1 you are living in the midst of a world of miracles which has lost the power to interest you because it fails to surprise you4 ,it is my mission to-day to rouse you from this indifference1 to dispel this mist1 to show you things as they are4 ,look at any ,christian country1 any ,christian or civilized nation of to-day2 the country which harbors us at present1 if you will4 ,who were here eighteen1 fifteen1 fourteen centuries ago8 ,not even barbarians2 savages6 ,who was it that came and saved you from yourselves8 ,who was it that drew you from the materialism in which you were plunged in the person of your forefathers1 and in which numberless tribes are grovelling still to this day--nations whom ,christ has not yet gathered in1 and who horrify the sight of the boldest explorers8 ,who was it that drew you from your forests1 built your cities1 founded your families1 traced your boundaries1 inspired your laws1 reared your churches1 anointed your kings1 and created those two centres of light around which for eighteen hundred years your history has grouped itself1 and your private sympathies1 your public enthusiasm1 has revolved--the altar and the throne1 fatherland and ,god8 ,who has reclaimed your fields1 and made fruitful by the labor of the plough the glorious conquests of the sword8 ,who has preserved in the silence and solitude of the cloisters the scattered remnants of classical learning1 and through the ,scriptures and traditions has kept alive the plenitude of sacred lore8 ,who was it that created that incomparable marvel1 of which ,i would fain speak with tears1 rather than with words--the ,christian ,family8--the father1 the patriarch1 priest1 and pontiff of home2 the mother1 the apostle of ,god2 the ,christian virgin1 that holy wonder which earth proudly points out to heaven1 as if defying even heaven's angels to surpass it8 ,who is it that has created virtues without number within sacrifices without name1 putting by the side of every woe the voluntary service which will minister to it1 giving to every misfortune some heart that will beat for it1 and to the most neglected grave a mourner to weep over it8 ,who is it that has freed the slaves of man to create the slaves of ,god--those slaves who can say with the humble exultation of a supernatural sacrifice1 in the words of the ,jew of ,tarsus1 now become the great ,apostle ,st4 ,paul3 8,ego vinctus pro ,christo0--8,i1 the slave of ,christ40 ,who is it that has created the ideal of duty and honor which inspired the troubadour and the knight--the ideal of fidelity to the pledged word1 of horror at injustice1 of the sacred hatred of evil8 ,who is it that has given you all the goods man prizes1 and which you enjoy in ungrateful forgetfulness1 while cursing those who accumulated them for you during centuries of untold and weary toil1 and even him who won them for your sake on the cross1 in a sea of tears and of blood8 ,who gave you the great gift which this age counts as the kingliest boon of all--the gift whose magical name we fear1 not because our lips were the first to pronounce and to honor it here below3 freedom--the deliverer from sin and death1 from the passions of hell1 and from the hell of human passions8 ,who made you what you are1 or what you ought to be--beings regenerated1 civilized1 free1 glorious1 sacred--in a word1 ,christians8 ,who1 my brethren8 ,jesus ,christ1 he who is there present in his tabernacle1 he who listens to me1 who sees you1 and who will judge one day between my word and your souls1 between me and you4 ,and henceforward1 when a blasphemy against his ,godhead seeks passage on your lips1 be it in mockery or in malediction1 remember the ,caribbean savage and the ,red ,indian1 think of what he is and of what you are1 and do not forget that1 were it not for ,christ1 you would be even as that poor savage4 ,if your soul is not yet open to the fulness of faith1 at least let it hold its peace if it respects itself4 ,christianity in its breadth1 its length1 and its depth is the principal fact of the world4 ,no sincere and deep intellect1 when glancing at this comprehensive whole1 can contemplate it without developing in itself a spontaneous doubt1 without saying to itself1 if it be unhappily far from belief1 8,might this not be really the work of ,god80 ,but if the simple consideration of the effect1 that is1 of ,christianity1 can create this inevitable doubt1 what shall we say of the cause which has produced it1 and of the relations of the one to the other8 ,what1 indeed1 save this1 that1 face to face with this cause1 doubt is turned into certainty1 and man is irresistibly impelled to cry out1 in the full conviction of his soul1 that ,jesus ,christ is ,god indeed4 ,,ii4 ,what1 then1 is the cause which has effected this mighty reality1 as great as earth1 as old as time1 as marvellous as heaven1 and whose name among us is ,christianity8 ,nineteen hundred years ago1 a little ,child was borne in an obscure village of a poor country4 ,his parents were poor and of no account2 he himself lived a poor man1 unknown and unnoticed1 save in one or two instances plying during thirty years a lowly trade in a forgotten corner of the world4 ,of a sudden1 however1 he breaks silence3 he preaches1 all untaught as he seemed1 a doctrine which earth had never before heard1 and confirming it by signs earth had never before seen4 ,public attention is arrested3 he becomes the hero of the hour1 and parties spring up for and against him4 ,two years and a half go by in uneasy peace1 but a day comes when his enemies get the upper hand1 and denounce him to the civil tribunals of the country1 whose cowardly justice1 while declaring him to be innocent1 yet allows popular prejudice and the threat of imperial displeasure to wrest from it an unwilling condemnation4 ,the innovator is nailed to a gibbet1 and his brief history1 hardly three years old1 seems for ever ended1 and ended in what manner8 ,by a sentence of capital punishment1 and a memory left stained with ignominy by the hand of the public executioner4 ,here1 then1 is the cause we seek3 ,a ,jew6 a poor1 unknown1 untaught ,jew6 a ,jew condemned to a shameful death by the justice of his country1 and executed on the public road among other malefactors2 a ,jew1 and1 if we dare to say the word1 a felon6 ,listen and weigh well that which you shall hear4 ,you have seen the cause1 you have seen the effect4 ,between the two rises the great question4 ,how could such a cause produce such an effect8 ,this we purpose to examine in a few words3 ,there are three explanations from which your choice may be made1 and which pretend to connect a cause so radically powerless with an effect so immeasurably disproportionate4 ,they are these3 ,either mankind has believed for two thousand years and actually believes in ,christianity without sufficient reason1 without adequate proof4 ,in that case1 humanity is mad1 and for twenty centuries has been so1 and ,i myself1 who am speaking to you1 am out of my senses4 ,or else mankind believes with fully adequate proof1 perfectly calculated to convince it1 and yet what it believes is false4 ,in that case1 ,god has deceived us during twenty1 forty1 sixty centuries1 since the beginning of the world4 ,in that case1 ,providence is a mockery1 and its sway over the universe has been from the very first hour of creation but one long mystification1 one scornful derision of our human reason4 ,or again1 if you cannot believe either that mankind has mistaken ,god1 or that ,god has deceived mankind1 there is but one hypothesis left1 namely1 that ,jesus ,christ is ,god6 ,in order that you may choose more deliberately between these three possibilities1 it will be necessary to afford them fuller development4 ,the first of these compels you to infer that mankind for the last two thousand years has been bereft of reason1 and that at the present moment a considerable portion of it1 myself included1 is in a hopeless state of insanity4 ,this may seem to you an exaggerated proposition1 got up simply to prop the weakness of an untenable argument1 but it is nothing if not an absolute truth1 most easy of demonstration4 ,let us suppose that to-morrow1 the #ahth of ,december of the year of grace #ahfe1 there shall enter into this great capital1 through one of its numerous gates and towards the dusk of evening1 a poor and ragged beggar1 the dust of his journey still upon him1 and his ignorance of the language of the country painfully conspicuous4 ,let us suppose this man presenting himself before the populace1 the magistracy1 the priesthood1 the army1 and before the ,emperor himself1 and speaking to him thus3 8,sire1 a few years ago1 your majesty was pleased to order the public execution1 in a remote province of the ,empire1 of a ,jew4 ,this ,jew was the ,messiah1 the ,saviour1 ,god himself6 ,therefore1 ,o ,csar6 come down from your throne1 bend your knee1 be baptized1 and confess your sins2 for1 mark it well1 this crucified ,jew is none other than your ,god40 ,what would you say1 my brethren1 to the man who should speak thus to-day8 ,you would fitly account him a madman1 and madder yet the people and the priesthood1 the army and the monarch1 who should believe in his wild words4 ,well1 then1 this strange tale is a true one1 it is a historical fact4 ,one day1 many ages ago1 an old ,jew1 baptized by the name of ,peter1 entered1 a beggar1 ragged1 and dust-begrimed1 through one of the gates of the greatest capital of the mightiest empire of the world--ancient ,rome4 ,in ,rome1 he actually preached the unheard-of sermon ,i have just quoted1 and which1 repeated in that form to-day1 would cause only a burst of derision4 ,why did ,rome not mock him8 ,why did the priesthood not hoot him8 ,why did ,csar not scorn him8 ,why1 on the contrary1 did this beggar1 with his rough staff and scrip1 with his barbarous ,latin sounding harshly on the ears of those who could yet remember the voice of ,cicero on the rostrum--why did he shake the foundations of the mightiest empire of the world1 and why1 instead of provoking laughter1 did the people pale and tremble before him in the ,forum1 the magistrates quail beneath their robes of office1 the priesthood shrink affrighted to their doomed temples1 and ,nero1 the emperor1 forget to trust in his blood-stained purple8 ,why does the deserted ,palatine look to-day upon the opposite hill of the ,vatican1 and behold there a dome whose summit may well be said to seek to scale the heavens--a dome that crowns a tomb1 that of the beggar ,peter1 a tomb which1 though but the fane of the dead1 is nevertheless the centre of ,europe and the world8 ,for this tomb bears a throne at once the most ancient and the most sacred in ,europe1 the only one which represents an empire whose boundaries are the boundaries of the universe4 ,and why all this8 ,only because ,peter proved by signs and wonders1 by miracles wrought both in life and in death1 that he spoke indeed in the name of him whom heaven and earth obeyed1 because he was their ,maker4 ,because he wrought these signs1 his word was believed4 ,and ,i am free to confess that1 had the men of his time believed in him without such an irrefragable proof of his mission1 they would have been madmen indeed1 and we1 who are now the heirs of their faith1 would have been only the successors to their folly4 ,for two thousand years1 ,i repeat it1 the history of mankind would have been a long dream of insanity1 an act of stupendous folly1 and1 as a climax to this incalculable confusion1 there would have sprung from this folly the most incomprehensible of contradictions--wisdom and glory1 light and virtue1 civilization and progress--in a word1 that great wonder which holds all lesser marvels within itself1 namely1 ,christianity4 ,if ,i mistake not1 your common sense has already set aside this hypothesis as untenable4 ,we admit it1 you may say to me2 to make mankind believe in the--humanly speaking--unbelievable1 there must have been proofs capable of proving and making certain1 so to speak1 the very impossible itself4 ,we must admit it1 unless we accuse the whole world of madness4 ,but if ,peter and the apostles1 and all the preachers of the ,gospel1 confirmed their teaching by signs that were accounted miracles1 might this not be explained by a chain of fortuitious coincidences1 happy accidents1 seeming miracles1 which are every day elucidated by the progress of investigation until they utterly disappear in the full light of science8 ,a discussion of the nature and essence of the ,gospel miracles would be utterly out of place at this moment4 ,i will therefore confine myself to this3 if the miracles which1 among outward causes1 are the principal explanation of the world's conversion to ,christianity1 are false1 then it is no longer mankind unconsciously duped and led away1 but ,heaven itself1 the deceiver and seducer1 whom we must indignantly accuse4 ,there is no alternative1 my brethren3 either madness on the part of earth1 or crime on the part of heaven4 ,either man is bereft of reason1 or ,god is no longer just4 ,either man unknowingly deceives himself1 or ,god wilfully deceives him4 ,choose ye1 therefore6 ,but in choosing1 remember that he who accuses ,god of having deceived the world1 or even of having permitted what is called chance to have so deceived it1 blasphemes as much against mankind as against ,god1 and commits such treason against humanity as can never be forgiven by it4 ,to accuse ,god of having allowed evil to triumph in the plausible likeness of good1 and to become1 behind this mask1 the goal1 the light1 the glory1 the life1 the very ,god of mankind1 involves nothing less than the negation of ,providence1 and the abandonment of the world to the blind god of chance1 the savage god of fate1 the shadowy god of nothingness4 ,such an accusation confuses all creation1 darkens the sun of understanding1 casts history back into chaos1 the human intellect into doubt1 the human heart into despair4 ,if ,providence has betrayed mankind from its cradle1 why should it not have betrayed me1 individually1 from my birth8 ,at the slightest hint of such a doubt1 what a fearful horizon looms up before me6 ,i have believed in him who has numbered every hair of my head2 and ,i have been deceived4 ,i have believed in the prayer of the poor who ask for daily bread1 and in the answer of him who gives it1 and in whose sight even the sparrow is not forgotten2 and ,i have been deceived6 ,i have believed in the eloquence of tears shed at the feet and the heart of ,god2 in the blessings of mothers registered in heaven2 in the fruitfulness of suffering2 in the merit of unknown virtue1 and of virtue unknown to itself2 in defeats that are glorious and success that is shameful2 ,i have believed in all that showed forth ,god in man1 and man in ,god6 ,but--grief unspeakable6--,i have been deceived1 since there is no ,providence1 since for ages and ages an odious and inexplicable chance has ruled humanity1 and forced it1 humbled1 mystified1 levelled with the brute1 miserably plunged in a stupid and inconceivable idolatry1 to bend the knee to the very dust--before what8 before whom8 ,before a man1 a ,jew--before a scourged and crucified ,jew1 whom it hearkens to as an oracle1 invokes as a master1 and worships as a god4 ,i have reached a limit beyond which ,i cannot go1 and ,i stop a moment to ask you3 ,have we not seen enough of these impossibilities jostling one another1 enough of absurdities crowding on our bewildered sight1 and1 as ,scripture words it1 of deep calling unto deep8 ,and yet1 if you tear from the brow of ,jesus ,christ the crowning glory of the ,godhead1 you will be compelled to admit a thousand times more than this1 and not only to admit it1 but even to believe it fitting and most rational4 ,you are therefore forced to choose between the human madness that believed in and deified an impostor1 the guilty and merciless fraud practised by a ,god whose seal was thus solemnly set to the most appalling scandal ever witnessed by mankind1 or the crowning dogma of the divinity of ,jesus ,christ1 a dogma which alone reconciles and explains all mysteries4 ,when you recross the threshold of this church1 you must go forth believers1 either in a miracle of folly1 a miracle of treachery1 or a miracle of mercy and love4 ,mankind must appear before you either as a regenerated1 a deceived1 or an idolatrous creation4 ,what will be your choice8 ,would to ,god that at the solemn moment of your decision ,i might come to each one of you1 and on my knees beseech you1 through the merits of that ,precious ,blood which1 if you will not let it be your salvation1 will most assuredly be your eternal condemnation1 and the sign that will doom you to doubt in life1 to agony in death1 to despair in eternity--beseech you1 ,i repeat it ere you have raised your voice in final decision1 to free your soul from the interests that bind it1 the human respect that fetters it1 the sophisms that lead it astray--in a word1 from all the passions of flesh and blood whose watchword is eternal hatred to the truth of ,god4 ,then1 and only then1 in that freedom from all bondage1 in the silence of your inmost hearts1 make the choice that will lead you to life or to death4 ,but what words are these1 my brethren8 ,there will be no need of choosing then3 the choice will be already made2 for1 as the sun swiftly reaches the last recess of the deepest cavern the moment the obstacle is removed which has hitherto resisted its light1 so does ,jesus ,christ1 the sun of the mind1 the incarnate truth1 flood with his radiance every soul whose own obstinate efforts do not close it against this blessed transfiguration4 ,open wide your hearts1 my brethren1 to this ,god of love and truth1 who has vouchsafed to show himself to you in the brightness of such light and the majesty of such conviction4 ,and thou1 ,lord ,jesus1 who art the truth 8that enlighteneth every man that cometh into the world0 7,st4 ,john i471 let it not come to pass that one soul out of this great assemblage should return this day from the foot of this pulpit to the common turmoil of the world without bearing within itself the ineffable wound of a dawning conviction4 ,and if1 ,o ,lord6 thou requirest unto this end the sacrifice of a human life1 let this day be my last on earth1 and this hour the last hour of my mortal pilgrimage4 ,,affirmations4 8,it is the child's spirit that is to be loved and sympathized with1 not his body2 the body must be pampered as little as possible40 8,principle must unite with purpose before it becomes practical40 8,human nature must do as nature does--cling to the sustainer1 and then it will be always producing new fruits40 8,we are none the better for reflecting upon our own ideas of heat1 but if we would cease reflecting and let the heat warm us1 the heat would itself realize what our reflected reflections never can40 8,there is a communion with ,god1 with saints1 and also with angels1 and then with each other1 but this is not in space and time1 or with the space and time man40 8,that which ,love requires for the everlasting food1 the man of this world expends in heaping up rubbish40 ,,fleurange4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,craven1 ,,author ,,of 8,a ,,sister',s ,,story40 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,french1 ,,with ,,permission4 ,,part ,,first4 ,,the ,,old ,,mansion4 ,,xii4 ,clement remained a moment thoughtful and undecided4 ,before obeying his mother's injunction1 he felt the need of collecting his thoughts and regaining his self-control4 ,whatever strength of mind he might manifest1 he was very young to experience such painful emotions as he had endured the past day4 ,he crossed the passage of the stairs that led to ,fleurange's room1 then passed on and went directly into the garden4 ,hitherto he had only thought of his parents4 ,at least1 he felt all that morning that1 as soon as his father and mother knew everything1 a great weight would be removed from his mind which would enable him to breathe quite freely4 ,but the terrible revelation was made1 and yet he was not relieved4 ,he was still agitated1 painfully agitated4 ,having passed the whole evening shut up in ,wilhelm's office1 reckoning up the sad accounts1 he felt the need of fresh air4 ,it was the end of ,june4 ,the weather was cloudy1 and somewhat showery4 ,he walked swiftly to the end of the garden1 then returned slowly towards the house1 and was about to go in search of the children and his cousin when he heard his name called close behind him3 8,clement60 8,is it you1 ,gabrielle1 here all alone80 ,fleurange was sitting on an obscure bench against the side of the house4 8,yes1 ,i have been here an hour4 ,you are going to tell me everything that has occurred1 are you not1 ,clement8 ,remain here awhile and tell me4 ,do not conceal things from me any longer40 8,i do not intend to1 ,gabrielle1 but do not detain me now4 ,come in1 dear cousin4 ,when the children are asleep1 ,i will return and tell you40 8,the children are asleep1 ,clement1 and have been for a long time4 ,it is nearly ten o'clock4 ,poor little things1 do you think they could keep awake till this time8 ,after dinner ,i took them to the further end of the garden1 that their lively prattle might not disturb the house4 ,by eight o'clock they were tired out4 ,i made them go up-stairs1 and as soon as they fell asleep ,i came down to wait for you40 ,had her account been still longer1 ,clement would not have thought of interrupting her4 ,he made no reply for a while1 but at length said3 8,thank you1 ,gabrielle4 ,you are--0 ,he stopped4 ,he felt an iron grasp at his throat1 and feared he should sob like a child if he attempted to speak4 ,with all his manly energy and precocious gravity1 ,clement's young heart was passionately tender4 ,and yet he had not been wanting in firmness throughout the day4 ,why1 then1 did it seem to abandon him so suddenly now8 ,how happened it that1 after considering1 without shrinking1 all the consequences of the resolution he was the first to make and propose--after manifesting no hesitation at the sight of his parents1 and his brother and sister1 he now felt terrified and almost overwhelmed at the thought of the sacrifice that had been made1 and the great change about to occur in their lives8 ,he hardly knew why himself1 for he had not examined very minutely what was passing in his dreams4 ,clement was naturally inclined to reverie4 ,he cared but little for the amusements of his age4 ,his mind sought relaxation in secretly brooding over the inspirations of poetry4 ,his friends knew he had a good memory and was familiar with a great number of poems1 but they did not suspect he had a deep vein of poetry in his nature which ranked next to the influences of religion4 ,this interior life was so completely veiled that the very eye of his mother scarcely penetrated it4 ,clement's aptitude for history and the sciences1 his turn for practical studies and a practical life1 his skill in a thousand things of a material nature1 served to conceal still more the other qualities of his mind4 ,they depended on him to train a horse1 settle an account1 give a lesson in mathematics or history1 plan an excursion1 or make arrangements for a journey2 but the idea of his wandering in imaginary or poetic regions1 absorbed and lost in such waking dreams as are expressed in ,german by the word ,schwrmen1 and silently passing a part of his life in an interior world to which he never alluded1 was little imagined1 even by those who knew him best4 ,and perhaps he himself1 as we have said1 had never thoroughly analyzed his own nature1 for until to-day the actual and the imaginary had never come in conflict4 ,but now all at once he felt there was in his ideal world a sanctuary1 a palace1 a throne1 he must resign himself to see crumble away like the rest1 and the courage he manifested at the material loss of wealth to its fullest extent seemed to forsake him now in view of the imaginary ruin of this enchanted domain6 ,fleurange1 seeing her cousin made no reply1 waited quietly awhile1 but at length she said1 somewhat impatiently3 8,come1 ,clement1 ,i pray you1 keep me no longer in suspense4 ,what are you afraid of8 ,am ,i a child8 ,am ,i not older than you8 ,and did ,i not learn long ago the sad meaning of sorrow1 suffering1 and trial8 ,speak to me freely1 then1 and without fear4 ,nothing frightens me40 ,fleurange's earnestness roused her cousin1 and restored his calmness and self-control4 ,without any further hesitation1 he seated himself beside her1 and related the greater part of what he had told his mother some hours before4 ,she thus learned in her turn the extent of the disaster which had befallen them--that all due reparation would be made1 that the honor of her uncle's house and name might remain intact1 though his brother1 ,ludwig ,dornthal1 would be ruined--for ever ruined4 8,and your good father and mother have consented to this renunciation of their rights80 8,yes1 and without any hesitation40 8,o dear and noble soul60 cried ,fleurange1 clasping her hands in her transport4 8,and it was you who proposed it80 8,yes40 8,o ,clement1 my dear ,clement6 truly1 ,i love you as ,i never loved you before60 8,gabrielle10 said ,clement in a low and trembling voice1 8do not say that40 8,why not80 said ,fleurange4 8,i think so1 and it is the truth40 8,because--because1 if they are often to be blamed who are wanting in honor and duty1 there is nothing particularly praiseworthy in those who are faithful40 8,nevertheless1 my dear cousin1 if ,i love you better than before1 you must not be displeased1 but ,i will not say so again if it offends you40 ,there was a moment's silence4 ,fleurange was lost in profound reverie4 ,she soon resumed1 in a grave tone3 8,now ,i understand the state of affairs1 ,i see our life is to assume an entirely new aspect40 8,yes1 entirely10 said ,clement1 with a dull anguish4 8,this dear ,old ,mansion10 continued ,fleurange1 8must it be left80 8,yes10 said ,clement2 8it will have to be sold1 with all it contains1 for the produce of this sale is all my father will have to begin life anew with40 8,sell the house60 replied ,fleurange thoughtfully4 8,yes1 ,i see it must be so2 and afterwards we shall be separated40 8,and why must that be so80 cried ,clement with sudden impetuosity4 ,but he presently resumed in a different tone3 8,however1 it would be very selfish in us to wish to retain you1 now we have no longer anything to share with you but our poverty40 8,clement10 said ,fleurange hastily1 8that is truly a rude and unjust speech1 which ,i hardly merit--0 ,she stopped an instant1 then went on in a tone of emotion3 8,what6 when poverty1 misery1 and hunger--yes1 ,clement1 hunger6--were staring me in the face1 your father bethought himself of me1 he invited me here1 received me into his house1 conferred on me--not a happiness ,i had already experienced1 but one hitherto unknown3 he became my father1 when mine was no more1 and gave me a mother1 brothers1 and sisters whom ,i had never possessed4 ,life1 youth1 and joy had been meaningless words to me4 ,i only comprehended them after ,i came under his roof1 and now--now10 said she in broken accents1 no longer able to restrain her tears1 8it is his son--,ludwig ,dornthal's son--who tells me it is to escape the misfortunes of his family that ,i wish to leave them60 8,gabrielle6 ,gabrielle60 said ,clement in an agitated manner1 8forgive me--have some pity on me4 ,stop1 ,i beseech you2 you will drive me mad1 if you utter such reproaches at this time40 ,fleurange by degrees grew calm1 and1 forcing a smile1 while great tears stood in her eyes1 she soon resumed3 8,poor ,clement6 ,i am1 then1 neither allowed to praise you nor blame you1 this evening4 ,well1 let us lay aside what relates merely to ourselves1 or at least speak of it in a different manner4 ,what ,i meant just now was that we could no longer remain idle4 ,we must aid our dear parents all we can10 she continued in a softened tone1 8and labor for them--0 8,labor60 said ,clement4 8,i must unquestionably2 that is a matter of course2 but you1 ,gabrielle--you6 ,there is no reason in what you say40 8,and ,i also10 said ,fleurange calmly4 8,and that is a point to be considered4 ,i must not only cease to be a burden to your parents1 but ,i must aid them4 ,how happy that will make me6 ,i thank ,heaven for the very thought that ,i may now be able to do something for them to whom ,i owe everything4 ,this hope relieves my very sadness40 ,she rose and held out her hand4 8,good-night1 cousin4 ,to-morrow ,i will tell you what inspiration ,i have received from my good angel during the night40 ,he silently pressed her hand1 and allowed her to leave him without a word4 ,the night was cloudy4 ,if ,clement caught any glimpses of his cousin's features during their conversation1 it was because1 seated beside her1 and even favored by the obscurity1 he ventured to look at her more closely than he would have done elsewhere4 ,now1 the stars rose only to disappear beneath the sombre clouds4 ,he was no longer afraid of being seen4 ,he remained where ,fleurange left him1 and1 burying his face in his hands1 gave vent at last to the tears that for two hours had been suffocating him--tears of sorrow1 regret1 and affection1 which he must shed to keep his young heart from breaking4 ,but he soon surmounted this violent emotion1 and rose up ashamed of his weakness4 ,at that moment he heard a window open above his head4 ,it was ,fleurange1 who soon appeared on the balcony4 ,he could see her white dress and the regular outline of face against the light from her chamber4 ,he saw her soft glance lost in the darkness4 ,then she folded her hands and bent down her head4 ,she was praying1 but not alone to-night4 ,clement1 kneeling unperceived in the shade1 prayed with her4 ,he was in the very place where he heard her say to ,felix3 8,clement is my brother1 and you are not40 ,he recalled the words now1 and renewed in his heart the solemn promise to be for ever faithful to all the obligations they imposed4 ,,xiii4 ,if the happy inmates of the ,old ,mansion had been told a month previous they only had a few weeks more to pass within its walls1 they would have been greatly dismayed by the prediction1 and asked how such a trial could be borne4 ,but there is in life--even in the happiest life when it is ordered aright1 that is1 when its duties are daily considered and faithfully accomplished--there is1 ,i say1 in such a life a latent preparation for the most violent shocks of adversity1 and1 when they suddenly come1 it is surprising to find that they who seemed to enjoy more than others the good things they possessed are the best able to resign themselves to their loss with firmness and serenity4 ,and yet they are not insensible to the calamity4 ,it falls on them with its full weight1 but it comes alone1 unaccompanied by the two scourges which generally follow in the train of a misfortune resulting from misconduct--trouble and confusion of mind4 ,neither of these followed ruin into ,ludwig ,dornthal's house4 ,externally the disaster was complete1 but peace and order were maintained within4 ,all their decisions--even the most painful--were made deliberately1 and executed calmly and without delay4 ,they did not dissemble the greatness of their sacrifice2 they made no pretence to an insensibility they did not feel2 but they quietly made their preparations--tears often blinding their eyes the while--like a brave and worthy crew wrecked by a tempest and forced to abandon their vessel4 ,it was thus they made all the arrangements for leaving their dear home and disposing of their library1 paintings1 and objects of virtu1 which the professor had selected with so much care and pride1 and were his only source of pleasure apart from the society of his family and friends4 ,and from the latter also he was to be separated4 ,when ,ludwig ,dornthal announced his intention of resuming the career he abandoned twenty years before1 positions were offered him on all sides1 especially in the city where he resided4 ,but on account of the strict economy he must henceforth practise1 as well as a secret repugnance to a different social position in a place where he had been so prosperous1 he decided1 after some hesitation1 to leave ,frankfort1 and accept a modest situation offered him at the ,university of ,heidelberg4 ,he succeeded in purchasing a small house in that place at a low price--somewhat rustic1 it is true1 but situated without the city walls1 on the banks of the ,neckar1 and surrounded by a garden4 ,he could easily walk to the university every morning1 and the perspective of the rural repose that awaited him at the end of the day would enable him to endure its labors more cheerfully4 ,he therefore decided to take possession of it as speedily as possible1 and all the necessary arrangements had to be made during the few weeks they were to remain in the ,old ,mansion before leaving it for ever4 ,clement took charge of all the preliminaries of the somewhat extensive sale that was to take place4 ,he wished to relieve his father from so sad a task1 and perform the painful and fatiguing business without any assistance1 but it was made much easier for him than he anticipated4 ,fleurange insisted on his accepting her aid4 ,she set herself to work1 silently going to and fro with her sleeves turned back1 carrying the rare china carefully from one place to another with her small but efficient hands1 and dusting1 arranging1 and numbering the books according to her cousin's directions4 ,of course she greatly lightened his labors4 ,in the evening they seated themselves in the library1 now nearly stripped of its treasures1 and wrote lists or inserted notes in the large registers concerning the precious manuscripts and books that were to be disposed of4 ,it was1 in short1 a work that required the vigor and activity of youth1 as well as much thought and assiduous labor4 ,to say that1 while performing this double task1 they never found it tiresome1 that no shade ever came over their brows1 and that their eyes were never tearful while handling so many objects they were never to see again1 would be false2 it would be equally so to say that ,clement1 in spite of the fatigue1 was greatly to be pitied during these days4 ,there came a time1 long after1 when1 looking back on the past1 it seemed to him that these hours passed in the light of ,fleurange's beautiful eyes1 sometimes cast down as she bent over the large registers1 and anon raised to ask a question or give him a friendly glance--it seemed to him1 ,i say1 that these vanished hours were among the most delightful of his life4 ,at length came the day their task would be completed1 and1 while they were working together for the last time1 ,fleurange raised her eyes4 8,clement10 she said1 8we are nearly done4 ,i have been waiting for this moment to tell you something40 ,clement dropped his work at once1 and looked up interrogatively4 8,no1 no2 finish what you are doing1 and ,i will tell you afterward40 ,clement soon finished4 ,fleurange closed the great book before her1 and resumed3 8,do you remember our conversation in the garden a fortnight ago80 8,i do1 most assuredly40 8,well1 after leaving you that evening1 ,i passed the night in reflection1 and ended by writing to the best1 and1 indeed1 the only gentleman-friend ,i have in the world out of this house40 8,dr4 ,leblanc80 said ,clement1 aware1 of course1 of all the circumstances that preceded his cousin's arrival4 8,yes1 ,dr4 ,leblanc4 ,i wrote him all ,i had just learned4 ,i made known the situation my uncle and his family would soon be in1 and my desire1 my ardent desire1 not only to cease to be a burden1 but to fulfil a daughter's duty with regard to them4 ,his own daughters have other duties1 now they are married1 but ,i have only this1 and it is one so precious--so precious10 repeated ,fleurange in the soft tone that sometimes made her simplest words penetrate to the depths of the listener's heart1 8that ,i shall consider my life happy and well-spent if ,i can consecrate it entirely to this duty60 ,clement bent down his head1 and took up his pen as if to correct a mistake on the paper before him4 ,she must not see the effect of her words on his countenance--no6 she must not4 8,well10 said he presently1 without looking up1 8what did ,dr4 ,leblanc say80 8,here1 ,clement1 read the letter ,i received from him two days ago40 ,clement took the letter1 but1 while reading it1 he was all at once filled with a similar anguish to that he experienced after the conversation that night in the garden which ,fleurange had just alluded to4 ,he was obliged to make a violent effort to restrain his feelings1 and not tear the letter in his hands into a thousand pieces4 ,fortunately he succeeded1 for it would have been the most foolish act he ever committed4 ,and there was really nothing in ,dr4 ,leblanc's letter to justify such a mad desire4 ,it read as follows3 8,,my ,,dear ,,young ,,friend3 ,i cannot tell you how much ,i am at once distressed and edified by the sad account you have given me4 ,i have long known what kind of a man your uncle is4 ,i now see there are but few to be compared with him1 even among the best1 and ,i never had a keener desire than to make his acquaintance4 ,you know ,i have always hoped for this gratification4 ,it will probably be afforded me sooner than ,i anticipated4 ,and this leads me to the second part of your letter4 8,i understand your wish1 and would like to second it4 ,besides1 ,i have not forgotten my promise to aid you in gaining a livelihood1 should it ever be necessary4 ,poor child6 ,i hoped never to be called upon to fulfil it1 but1 as things have come to that pass1 ,i must tell you of a letter ,i received yesterday which1 coinciding with yours1 seems to be a providential indication4 ,this letter is from the ,princess ,catharine ,lamianoff1 a ,russian lady1 who is one of my patients4 ,she is now at ,munich1 and has sent for me to go there4 ,i have already prescribed for her with success1 and1 from what she tells me of her state1 ,i think my visit may be beneficial4 ,i have therefore decided on the journey1 and shall be absent a fortnight4 ,i shall go by the way of ,frankfort on purpose to see you4 ,but1 first1 ,i must tell you what there is in the letter to interest you4 ,the princess earnestly requests me to find a young lady1 carefully educated and with good manners1 to be her demoiselle de compagnie4 ,she is an invalid and requires to be entertained1 so the office would be a charitable as well as a lucrative one4 ,we will talk all this over before another week4 ,meanwhile1 rely always1 as you have the right to do1 on my sincere and affectionate devotedness4 ,i say nothing about my sister1 as she is writing you in a similar tone by the same mail4 8,p4,s4--,the princess has been married twice1 but is again a widow4 ,she is very wealthy1 and offers the young lady she commissions me to find one hundred and fifty louis a year40 ,clement remained silent for some time4 8,and you think of accepting such a proposal80 said he1 at length1 in a tone of irritation quite at variance with his usual manner4 8,what folly60 8,no1 it is not folly10 replied ,fleurange mildly4 8,if1 after talking with ,dr4 ,leblanc1 ,i discover no reason for declining the situation1 ,i cannot possibly see the folly of accepting it40 8,gabrielle10 said ,clement1 without changing his tone1 8you know the course you wish to take is insupportable to me6 ,this rle belongs to me--me alone4 ,it is my place to labor for my parents1 my brother and sister1 and for you4 ,if you had the least regard for me1 you would feel this is a favor you have no right to refuse me40 8,come1 ,clement10 said ,fleurange calmly1 8let us talk it over in a reasonable manner4 ,when everything is sold1 and your parents are settled in their new home at ,heidelberg1 you are perfectly aware that your father's small salary1 even with what you can add to it1 will barely enable them and ,frida to live comfortably4 ,you will remain at ,frankfort1 where1 notwithstanding your youth1 you have the choice of several situations4 ,but ,fritz--have you forgotten our calculations yesterday8 ,will you have sufficient means to send him to the excellent gymnasium you were so desirous he should enter1 that he might be enabled to become independent in his turn8 ,no1 ,clement1 you know well you could not do it4 ,whereas10 she continued with animation1 8if this good lady likes me1 ,i can send all my salary1 with the exception of a small part1 to my dear brothers4 ,this will ensure ,fritz's education1 and my dear aunt will be freed from all anxiety about him as well as me4 ,and do you not see1 ,clement1 that ,i shall be a thousand times happier far away from you all1 even though treated like a slave by this princess1 than among you1 useless1 inactive1 and adding by my presence to your difficulties1 instead of aiding to diminish them80 ,clement1 with his elbows resting on the table1 and his face buried in his hands1 did not answer a word4 8,come1 come1 dear ,clement1 put off that frown10 said ,fleurange in a caressing tone1 taking him softly by the hand4 8,we shall see each other1 like school-children1 during our vacations4 ,from time to time we shall meet on the banks of the ,neckar6 ,that will always be our home1 where we shall all gather around the hearth1 as here1 on great festivals40 ,what reply could poor ,clement make8 ,what objection could he offer8 ,must he not for ever conceal all he had hoped in his vanished dreams to confess some day8 ,was he not now reduced to constant labor for subsistence8 ,had not his life henceforth a single aim that nothing must turn him from8 ,and were it otherwise1 did she not look upon him as a mere boy8 ,was he not destitute of every quality that could please her8 ,and had he not always foreseen that his enchanting dreams would vanish at the very first breath of reality8 ,he took his cousin's small hand in his1 and1 with his usual frank and cordial look1 said3 8,you are right1 ,gabrielle1 forgive me4 ,i appear ungrateful1 but ,i am not4 ,may ,god reward you6 ,you are an angel60 ,and he added in a tone too low for her to hear3 8,an angel from whom ,i am more widely separated than from the angels in heaven60 ,,xiv4 ,from that day forth ,clement displayed no more interest in his cousin's project3 at least1 he never alluded to it1 and the plan was discussed before him without his taking any part in the conversation4 ,madame ,dornthal1 capable herself of the most generous devotedness1 knew also how to accept it from others--a rarer gift1 but perhaps not less noble4 ,she thoroughly understood ,fleurange's disposition1 and was unwilling at such a time to deprive a heart like hers of the most exquisite joy it can taste4 8,yes1 dear child10 she said1 folding her in her arms1 8,i accept the aid you offer me1 and with gratitude4 ,thanks to you1 ,i shall be relieved from all anxiety respecting two of my children1 and1 if ,dr4 ,leblanc reassures me as to my ,gabrielle1 ,i shall let her follow the generous impulse of her heart40 ,but ,madame ,dornthal kept to herself1 or only communicated to her husband1 another motive for her consent4 ,fleurange would thus be preserved from some of the privations of their new life4 8,she would continue to enjoy comforts we could no longer give her4 ,she would be happier and more cheerful away from us1 the poor child6 than with us at such a time40 8,yes10 replied the professor1 8it would indeed be a pity to bury her youth in a cottage4 ,i could not bear it4 ,i have so often blessed ,god within a month for having assured the destiny of our dear daughters6 ,and yet10 added poor ,ludwig1 sighing1 8their young faces were so cheering around us60 8,we shall soon see them again1 ,ludwig4 ,hilda and ,karl are awaiting our visit1 and ,clara will pass the winter near us1 ,julian having received a great number of orders from the vicinity of ,heidelberg4 ,o my dear ,ludwig6 as long as ,god leaves us these blessings1 let us resign1 not only without a murmur1 but without regret1 all he has taken from us60 ,those who are absorbed in the acquisition of wealth1 and make it the special object of their lives1 are no less liable to misfortune than others4 ,indeed1 it may be said1 they are more frequently overtaken by adversity4 ,would it not be well1 then1 for them to reflect a little beforehand on the means of singularly modifying the features of this stern visitant1 and giving it the aspect it now wore in the ,old ,mansion8 ,it is true1 to do this they must begin by thinking of something higher than the mere acquisition of riches4 ,dr4 ,leblanc arrived1 as he promised1 about ten days after his letter4 ,his visit at the ,old ,mansion coincided with the last days its inmates were to pass within its walls1 and this circumstance would have made him hesitate to come1 had not the professor cordially encouraged him4 ,they had long wished to know each other1 for in their different spheres they were equally renowned1 and ,fleurange1 under so many obligations to both1 was a tie between them4 ,the doctor was therefore received by ,m4 ,dornthal quite otherwise than as a stranger4 ,the tendency of their minds1 the nature of their studies1 and even the prominent features of their character1 were very dissimilar1 but there was the same foundation to their nature1 and they aimed at the same end by different means4 ,they therefore soon discovered that1 though their lives were drawing to a close without even having met before1 they were born intimate friends4 ,how many unknown friends thus pass their whole lives without ever meeting1 or even suspecting the sympathy that unites them6 ,who can tell how many ties of this kind will be discovered in heaven8 ,and who knows but this discovery may be one of the sweetest surprises of another life1 and1 like all the joys we have a foretaste of here below1 and perhaps more abundantly accorded to those who on earth were the most destitute8 ,the hospitable doors of the ,old ,mansion were closed1 the library shelves bare1 the panels stripped of the rich paintings that adorned them1 and all was now humiliation and sacrifice where once reigned satisfaction and enjoyment1 and yet ,dr4 ,leblanc probably would not have felt so lively a sensation of respect and emotion had he visited the ,dornthals for the first time during the days of their prosperity4 ,as to them1 this new friend seemed to have always occupied the place he now took in their midst1 and1 in spite of the sadness of the present as well as of the future1 ,fleurange enjoyed the satisfaction of seeing them brought together for a few brief hours1 and1 though on the eve of leaving her friends1 did not find the last days she spent among them the least happy4 ,madame ,dornthal gathered nothing from her conversations with ,dr4 ,leblanc that was unfavorable to ,fleurange's project2 but she learned that the ,princess ,catharine was only making a temporary visit at ,munich on her way from a watering-place where she passed her summers and would soon leave for ,florence1 where she owned a palace which was her residence in winter4 ,after some correspondence1 it was decided ,fleurange should accept the princess' offer1 and go to ,munich under the doctor's care4 ,she would thus have the double advantage of her old friend's protection during the journey1 and his presence during the first days of her new career among strangers4 ,while all this was being decided1 the time passed sadly and rapidly away1 and the last day they were to spend in the ,old ,mansion came--the last day their eyes would linger on the venerable walls which had witnessed all the happiness of the past1 the garden with its velvet sward1 the borders of flowers1 and the wide alleys through the overshadowing trees1 full of remembrances they would not another spring be able to retrace1 or indeed any spring of their future lives4 ,clement1 silent as he often was1 but more agitated than usual1 hastily collected the small number of books which were to form part of his luggage the following day4 ,his cousin's generous sacrifice enabled him to fulfil his wishes at once with regard to ,fritz4 ,this only left him the more completely alone--the care of the child would have added to the young man's difficulties and become later a serious burden2 but ,clement loved his little brother1 and had looked upon the necessity of keeping him with him as a consoling feature of his future life4 ,this necessity no longer existed4 ,clement1 left free1 decided to make choice of the most laborious career offered him--the one least conformed to his tastes1 but the best adapted to second his desire of aiding his parents4 ,wilhelm ,mller proposed he should enter a large commercial house where ,m4 ,heinrich ,dornthal's worthy and intelligent clerk himself had found a situation similar to that he recently occupied at the banker's4 ,clement accepted it4 ,he was at first to receive only a small salary1 but it would be increased from year to year4 8,and later10 explained ,wilhelm1 8you may have your share in the profits of the house4 ,you are young4 ,who knows1 whatever you may say1 that you will not some day become rich again1 and as happy and prosperous as you were destined to be80 ,nothing in ,clement's heart responded to this encouraging prophecy1 but he did not the less follow ,mller's advice4 ,moreover1 he accepted the kind clerk's offer of renting him a small chamber in the house he himself occupied4 8,poor ,monsieur ,clement10 he said1 8what ,i offer you is only a garret1 but it is under our roof1 and you will feel you have friends around you4 ,my wife is a good housekeeper1 and will always be ready to render you a service4 ,the little ones are good children also1 though somewhat noisy1 and will sometimes divert your sad thoughts40 8,it is all well enough10 said ,clement4 8,your offer suits me every way1 and ,i thank you1 ,wilhelm1 with all my heart40 ,thus matters were arranged between them4 ,fleurange made her appearance in the library while ,clement was diligently packing his books4 ,she remained awhile1 and learned by questioning him all that has just been related1 not omitting the kind clerk's offer to become his host as well as his colleague4 8,oh6 so much the better10 cried ,fleurange4 8,the ,mllers are excellent people4 ,i know ,bertha1 who is an amiable little woman4 ,you can talk with her about me40 ,bertha's name recalled ,fleurange's journey1 which they discussed4 ,this naturally led to her arrival on ,christmas ,eve1 the ,midnight ,mass1 the festival of the following day1 and all the other happy days that succeeded4 ,all these reminiscences were too touching1 too poignant1 at such a time4 ,fleurange at last became unable to utter a word4 ,she turned her face away1 and started as if to leave the room4 ,but she stopped at the threshold1 and remained leaning against the garden window1 which at that season was surrounded by honeysuckle4 ,clement followed1 and both stood gazing at the thousand objects gilded by the brilliant rays of the setting sun4 ,there was nothing wanting in the melancholy beauty of that evening hour1 either in the sweetness of the air1 the clearness of the sky1 the perfume of the flowers1 or anything that could in their eyes add an unusual charm to all they were about to leave for ever4 ,and she6 how did she appear in the sight of him who feared he might never1 after this hour1 behold her again as she now stood beside him8 ,what did he think of the effect of the golden lights upon her fair brow and on her black and silky hair8--on the pale azure of her eyes1 now so smiling and soft1 and again so grave and thoughtful1 but in which tenderness was overruled by a will that would ever remain dominant8 ,we will not state what were his unuttered thoughts4 ,the mingling of sweetness and energy which heightened the attraction ,fleurange inspired he was equally gifted with1 and what he ought to conceal within his own bosom he knew how to prevent his mouth from uttering or his eyes from ever betraying4 ,he therefore remained near her1 calm in appearance1 while his heart was a prey to such grief as in youth changes the entire aspect of nature1 and makes it almost unendurable to live4 8,to-morrow6--to-morrow ,i shall no longer behold her10 he repeated to himself1 with a sensation that one might have in sharpening the instrument of his execution1 and the thought deprived him of enjoying the few hours that remained to him4 ,fleurange1 on her side1 dwelt on the fatality that always separated her from those she loved4 ,she recalled the day when the bare thought of ever leaving this spot caused such a painful contraction of the heart4 ,and now1 that prophetic anguish was justified6--the frightful dream had become a reality6 ,sad thoughts crowded on her mind4 ,another moment1 and she would be unable to restrain them1 all her firmness was about to give way in a flood of tears1 when an effort of her will made her triumph over the emotion1 or1 at least1 prevented her from manifesting it4 ,putting a stop to her long reverie1 she raised her head1 and turned toward her cousin3 8,here1 ,clement10 she said softly1 drawing a small book from her pocket1 8here is my ,dante we have so often read in3 keep it1 dear friend1 in memory of our favorite study1 and do not forget our habit of daily reading a canto in it40 8,no1 ,i shall never forget it4 ,thank you1 ,gabrielle3 the gift is very precious4 ,i shall always prize this little book40 ,he opened it3 8,but write my name on this blank leaf4 ,here is my pencil40 ,she took the pencil and wrote3 8,to ,clement40 8,one word more10 said ,clement in a supplicating tone4 8,pray write also a word1 a line1 a stanza if you will1 from our favorite poet40 8,what shall ,i write80 said she1 turning over the leaves4 8,there1 that in the second canto10 said he1 pointing it out4 ,she wrote it immediately1 and then read it over3 8,to ,clement4 8,l'amico mio e non della ,ventura40#eh 8,that is right10 said ,clement4 8,thank you40 8,that is a sad line3 ,i should have chosen a different one40 8,it is appropriate to the present occasion4 ,now add your name40 ,she was about to write it when he stopped her4 8,your real name10 said he4 8,write your other name1 to-night--the name that suits you so well--,fleurange60 ,fleurange smiled1 and shook her head4 8,oh6 no10 she said4 8,i gave it up with regret1 but ,i should not have thought of such a thing had ,i previously known you all4 ,but ,i have been so happy since ,i have borne the name of ,gabrielle--and you were the first to call me so1 ,clement--so happy that ,i no longer love the name associated with the sadness of the past1 and1 were ,i to hear any one call me ,fleurange now1 ,i should imagine it an ill omen40 ,clement made no reply1 but1 when she returned the book1 he retained her hand a moment3 8,gabrielle1 one word more--perhaps my last before your departure4 ,listen to me4 ,wherever you may be1 if you ever need a friend--a friend1 do you understand8--that would value no sacrifice for your sake1 do not forget that your brother is ready to aid you1 not only willingly1 but with a pleasure you have no idea of40 ,clement's voice was grave and solemn1 but at the same time agitated and tremulous1 as he uttered these words4 ,they were so in conformity with what ,fleurange had reason to expect from him that they touched her1 but excited no surprise4 8,yes1 ,clement10 she replied frankly1 casting an affectionate glance toward him2 8,i promise to have recourse to you4 ,i feel ,i have no better friend in the world than you1 and doubt if ,i ever shall have40 ,were these words sweet or bitter8 ,he hardly knew4 ,the sadness that overwhelmed him it seemed impossible to increase1 and equally impossible to alleviate4 ,and yet6--she was still there--beside him--with an air of serenity and hope4 ,there was not a single sentiment of her heart he did not share4 ,she called him her friend1 and there was no other she preferred to him4 ,the moment1 so full of anguish1 was yet a happy one1 and he regretted at a later day not having known how to profit more by it4 ,this was their last conversation in the ,old ,mansion4 ,clement preserved the little volume in which she had written the name of ,gabrielle as a memento of this interview1 and also a sprig of the honeysuckle that touched her forehead4 ,the remainder of the evening passed swiftly away4 ,soon after light the next morning came the farewell hour4 ,the ,dornthals left their beloved home without the hope of ever entering it again1 and ,fleurange once more left those she loved1 to enter upon a new life that looked a thousand times gloomier and more uncertain than that which was before her when she left ,paris4 ,and ,clement bade them all farewell1 to endure as he could isolation1 a laborious and uncongenial life1 the privation of the affection and pleasures of his boyhood1 and especially all the pain and love a young heart can endure4 ,,part ,,second4 ,,the ,,trial4 8,era gi l'ora che volge il disio ,ai naviganti e intenerisce il core1 ,lo di' c'han detto a' dolci amici addio60--,,dante4 ,it was a beautiful night--brilliant1 serene1 and starry--a night the uprising moon would soon render as light as day4 ,a fresh breeze from the land swelled the sails of a vessel just leaving ,genoa1 which1 far from impeding its course1 only gave it a bolder and more rapid flight over the waves4 ,there were various groups of passengers on deck1 some conversing in subdued tones quite in harmony with the mysterious hour of twilight1 and others aloud as if it were mid-day4 ,one was playing on a guitar1 as an accompaniment to a somewhat remarkable voice1 one of those airs everybody knows1 sings1 or hums as long as they are in the fashion4 ,the music1 in itself indifferent1 did not seem so on the water and at such an hour4 ,it harmonized with the feelings of those who were sailing over that azure sea1 beneath that starry sky1 and in sight of those charming shores which the boat scarcely lost sight of during its short sail from ,genoa to ,leghorn4 ,apart from all these groups1 and belonging to none of them1 we again find ,fleurange1 who was sitting entirely alone4 ,she had been here some minutes1 attracting general attention from the first by the gracefulness of her form1 which the cloak in which she was wrapped could not wholly conceal4 ,the hood1 half-covering her head1 only added a picturesqueness to the striking beauty of her regular features4 ,more than one of her fellow-travellers would gladly have drawn near the place where she was sitting1 but1 though she was alone and did not appear to be under any one's protection1 there was1 in the simple dignity of her attitude1 in her evident indifference to the sensation she produced1 in her very want of timidity1 which was not boldness1 but resolution1 and in her whole appearance1 a something undefinable which intimidated the most lively admiration1 and would have disconcerted insolence itself--a remark en passant to those who regard familiarity as only a proof of the attraction they inspire4 ,therefore1 in spite of some whispering1 notwithstanding more than one look toward the charming face distinctly visible in the full light of the moon1 now risen1 ,fleurange remained quietly in her corner1 abandoned to her own meditations1 undisturbed by any one1 and without troubling herself in the least about those who surrounded her4 ,her thoughts were various and complex4 ,a strange fate seemed to pursue her and constantly break the thread of her life1 and every time it was broken she found the severance more painful4 ,it was but recently she wept so bitterly at leaving ,paris1 and ,dr4 ,leblanc1 and the dear ,mademoiselle ,josephine4 ,but the tears were much more bitter she shed at leaving the ,old ,mansion1 and the loved circle where she had first known and tasted in all their fulness the sweet joys of family life4 ,after leaving ,frankfort1 ,fleurange's firmness1 which had never faltered before1 suddenly gave way to such a degree as to make ,dr4 ,leblanc resolve to take her back to her friends if1 after his short stay at ,munich1 he did not find her more resigned to her lot4 ,but ,fleurange was not a person to be easily subdued4 ,her natural strength of character soon asserted itself1 and enabled her to persevere in the path she had chosen4 ,her resolution was strengthened by the very circumstances which would have discouraged many others4 ,at their arrival at ,munich1 they found the ,princess ,catharine confined to her bed by a violent attack of her malady1 and it was as nurse that ,fleurange entered upon her duties4 ,her complaint1 all the physicians declared1 was not dangerous1 but it was not the less painful1 nor the easier to be relieved4 ,that ,dr4 ,leblanc was again successful in his treatment was partly owing to the sudden and lively fancy of his patient for the young companion he had brought her4 ,to tell the truth1 the doctor1 knowing the princess1 had foreseen this attraction1 but he knew ,fleurange was fully able to justify and sustain this first impression1 and he sincerely hoped by bringing them together he had done something no less useful and beneficial for his wealthy patient than for his young protge4 ,however this might be1 nothing could have been better adapted to dispel the burden of grief that weighed on ,fleurange's heart than the immediate necessity of forgetting herself in active and assiduous care for another4 ,it was rather a sad beginning to pass a succession of days and nights at the bedside of a sick stranger1 but in the actual state of her mind it was the best thing she could have done4 ,she possessed all the qualities that constitute an efficient nurse1 and1 to a degree that excited ,dr4 ,leblanc's surprise1 firmness and promptitude1 ease and gentleness in all her movements1 vigor and skill1 and seasonable attentions--nothing was wanting1 and the result was--the never-failing effect of her beauty and grace1 added to the sentiments of lively gratitude sick people generally feel for those who know how to relieve them4 ,the princess did not cease thanking the doctor1 and the latter1 quite pleased with the result of his inspiration1 left ,fleurange not only without anxiety1 but with the most favorable hopes as to her position4 ,though scarcely able to travel1 the ,princess ,catharine insisted on leaving ,munich1 and by easy stages she succeeded in reaching ,genoa4 ,now she was on her way to ,leghorn1 and thence would go to ,florence without delay1 as she was eager to arrive at the palace which was her real home1 having long been obliged by her health to absent herself from ,russia1 or at least to live there only during the brief portion of the year known as the pleasant season4 ,for the first time1 almost1 since she left her friends1 ,fleurange was now absolutely alone1 and at liberty to indulge freely in her own reflections4 ,she began by recalling the cherished memory of her distant friends1 from whom she was every moment drifting away with frightful rapidity4 ,it was the hour sung by the poet3 8,the hour that wakens fond desire ,in men at sea1 and melts their thoughtful heart1 ,who in the morn have bid sweet friends farewell02 and ,fleurange's thoughts for a long time dwelt upon the recent events of her life1 so rapid in their current as now to be numbered among the things for ever vanished--upon the happy family now scattered2 the days--so few--in which she was permitted to be a member of it and finally1 her present isolation1 for1 notwithstanding the kindness of the princess1 she felt extremely isolated4 ,by a singular exchange of rles1 it was she--the unprotected orphan1 who now seemed to have become the support of her protectress2 and the lady of rank--the rich princess1 the poor woman spoiled by fortune--who seemed to seek aid and consolation from her4 ,fleurange's kind heart found unexpected relief in these cares1 the very success of which was ample reward4 ,she felt her affection increase for the object of these attentions in proportion as she lavished them1 but it was rather a feeling one has for a child or an inferior1 than one it would have seemed natural to have for a person on whom she was dependent1 and to whom she actually owed respect and obedience4 ,she therefore felt solitary1 and this loneliness was depressing4 ,and yet in spite of herself--in spite of her melancholy 7though this may seem contradictory7--an irresistible sensation of joy quickened the pulsations of her heart4 ,who has not experienced this joy that has once seen the beautiful sky of ,italy1 and left it1 and then beheld it again8 ,who has not greeted with transport the charming and sublime features of its glorious scenery as it appears anew on the horizon1 as if beholding once more the face of a beloved friend8 ,and who1 after being long deprived of hearing the sweet accents of its musical language1 has not heard them again with emotion8 ,all these impressions must have been more deeply experienced in ,fleurange's case than in many others4 ,and as the wind went down1 and the moon ascended the clear sky1 reflecting a train of light that grew brighter and brighter on the sea1 like a pathway of diamonds leading to an enchanted abode1 ,fleurange1 with her eyes fixed on the dazzling waters1 felt for a moment transported with joy6 ,all the sadness of the past as well as of the present vanished3 she only realized the infinite pleasure of living1 of being young1 of being here under this sky1 on this sea1 near that coast whose odors were perceptible2 and when she remembered that that coast was ,italy1 that she would be there in a few hours1 a throng of poetic dreams and confused presentiments of happiness added their vague hopes to the secret joy with which she felt1 as it were1 intoxicated4 ,dreams--half-understood dreams of youth--which are seldom realized1 and which at a later day1 according as the soul triumphs over or yields to the dangers of life1 are transformed into divine and powerful aspirations1 or into deceptive and fatal realities6 ,at this same hour1 what was ,clement dreaming of1 seated at his garret window1 and likewise gazing at the starry sky8 ,ah6 if he could have followed her whose image filled his soul1 he would now have been beside ,fleurange as she was thus wafted away from him1 lulled by her confused dreams4 ,his reverie1 too1 was sad1 but there was nothing vague or indefinite about it1 and the manly tenderness of his look expressed firmness and resolution rather than softness4 ,the future was clearly defined in his mind4 ,yes1 though he was only twenty years old1 he felt capable of cherishing a fond memory in his heart without ever being unfaithful to it4 ,yes1 she should remain there1 as in a sanctuary1 and1 after ,god1 he would offer her the labors1 the studies1 the poetry1 and the purity of his life6 ,every talent he had received should be cultivated1 and bring forth all that was required on the part of the ,giver4 ,this motive should quicken his mental faculties1 and refresh him after the exertions of the day2 stimulate him to arduous labor--sacred in his eyes--which he would pursue with energy and constancy1 for it was the source of his parents' comfort and support1 and the reliance of their old age4 ,and if at length6--,perhaps some day6--,but when the sudden revival of a forbidden hope gave him all at once a thrill1 he repressed it4 ,his judgment1 his reason1 a painful and invincible presentiment1 had for a long time assured him this hope was vain4 8,garder l'amour en brisant l'espoir0 was his aim and devise--a task painful1 difficult1 and perhaps even impossible4 ,but at this time such was his fancy and such his dream6 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnote3 #eh 8,a friend1 not of my fortune1 but myself40 ,,tennyson3 ,,artist ,,and ,,moralist4#ei ,no ,english voice in the world of letters wakes the pulses of our age to the thrill of joy which greeted ,childe ,harold and ,rob ,roy4 ,those monarchs of the popular heart left no successors2 or if their mantle hung for a moment on the shoulders of another1 it is now buried in the grave of ,dickens4 ,we have yet several novelists4 ,we have many poets4 ,but none has obtained universal appreciation2 to none has been awarded with general consent the palm of paramount renown4 ,yet it will not be questioned that few living writers command a larger following1 are remembered with more affection1 and heard with greater eagerness than the author of 8,in ,memoriam40 ,there are few studies more delightful than the growth of a poet's mind4 ,in the case of ,tennyson we witness the whole process of development4 ,we have seen him in his timid beginnings and in his brilliant prime4 ,more than forty years have passed since a slender volume of poems introduced a young graduate of ,cambridge to the ,english-reading world4 ,the modest offering fell upon a time which had garnered larger and riper fruit4 ,there were giants in those days4 ,byron indeed was dead1 but his fame1 although it had passed its zenith1 still shone the brightest in the firmament4 ,shelley had preceded him1 but the reputation of that sweet singer and genuine artist was growing1 and has not ceased to grow4 ,the lovers of ,campbell had not surrendered their faith that the ,pleasures of ,hope and the story of ,gertrude of ,wyoming were but a prelude to loftier strains4 ,from the grave of ,adonas men's eyes had turned with regret and wonder to the bold outline of ,hyperion and the rich shadows of ,st4 ,agnes' ,eve4 ,coleridge was a wreck1 but the finger of his ,ancient ,mariner pointed many a thoughtful gaze toward the untravelled country which fringes the visible world4 ,the master-hand that had swept the chords of ,scottish minstrelsy had not yet lost all its original vigor4 ,and ,wordsworth's voice gave loud and clear the signal of poetic reform1 and all who were ready to desert the out-worn moulds of classic thought and classic imagery had begun to close around his banner4 ,into that circle of splendid names no youthful aspirant could win admittance without a challenge4 ,more fortunate1 however1 than ,keats1 ,tennyson secured through university friendships some indulgence from the reviews4 ,a few were eager to crown him4 ,it is now acknowledged that their unwinnowed praise discovered less of the judge than of the partisan4 ,the conservative temper of ,wilson was provoked by the cordial welcome accorded the new-comer in certain quarters to assume an attitude of repression that was1 to say the least1 ungenerous4 ,a measured severity might have been amply justified4 ,this first venture was indeed superior to those ,hours of ,idleness which had drawn the sneer of the ,edinburgh ,review4 ,but he would have been a bold prophet who in #ahcj from 8,claribel0 and the 8,mermaid0 would have foretold the 8,idylls of the ,king40 ,tennyson ripened slowly4 ,his next volume was published two years later4 ,it was enriched with the 8,lady of ,shalott10 the 8,lotus-,eaters10 and the 8,palace of ,art10 but many of the poems were disfigured by his earlier mannerisms1 and some discovered an affected mysticism and a hankering after novel expression that was not indicative of health or strength4 ,the poet1 too1 had betrayed a sensitiveness to criticism that augured ill for the discipline of his powers4 ,it was still an open question whether the great gifts which he unquestionably possessed would be burnished by patient labor1 or after some idle brandishings rust in satisfied repose4 ,nor would he have been the first for whom victory too early and lightly won has twined the poppy with her laurel4 ,a silence of ten years followed1 and it seemed probable that another name must be added to those of ,campbell and ,coleridge on the roll of splendid disappointments4 ,but during this long interval he had not been idle4 ,he had thought and he had suffered4 ,he had learned much and discarded much4 ,on a sudden1 his treasury was opened1 and the fruits of energy and discipline fell in glistening showers at the feet of a public which had almost forgotten him4 ,the 8,morte d',arthur10 8,dora10 8,love and ,duty10 8,ulysses10 8,locksley ,hall10 appealed in divers tones to a charmed and astonished audience4 ,by one sweep1 and with no feeble hand1 he had planted his standard in many and widely different fields4 ,the bright forecast of his college friends was justified4 ,he had sprung at a bound into the front rank of living poets4 ,we pass over the 8,princess10 which added little to his reputation1 and reach #ahej1 a cardinal point in his career4 ,in that year it is just to say that 8,lycidas0 and 8,adonas0 were eclipsed by 8,in ,memoriam40 ,this remarkable work1 at once the noblest monody and most impressive of heart histories1 interpreted the author's life and consolidated his fame4 8,maud0 came next1 and1 morbid1 incoherent1 structureless as it is1 would have severely tried a credit less firmly rooted4 8,maud0 indeed seems to owe its origin rather to the blind impulse of crude intemperate youth1 or the promptings of some delirious fever1 than the deliberate1 healthful movement of the poet's higher faculties4 ,it marks the single break in the progress of his mind4 ,not a few of ,tennyson's admirers had always affirmed the 8,morte d',arthur0 to be the strongest of his works4 ,that fragment was published in #ahdb1 but it was not until #ahei that four kindred poems were drawn from that ,arthurian romance which had early haunted his fancy and has chiefly employed the energies of his riper years4 ,the 8,idylls of the ,king0 have had several successors1 and the 8,last ,tournament0 completes the cycle4 ,an effort has lately been made in certain quarters to depreciate ,tennyson4 ,we do not object to comparisons if they are fruitful in suggestion1 and are instituted in a candid spirit4 ,but perhaps analysis affords the surer test4 ,we ourselves hold ,tennyson to be the first of living ,english poets1 and incline to rank him above ,byron and beside ,wordsworth4 ,in the course of an attempt to indicate his place in literature1 we shall quote wherever quotations may sustain or illustrate our ideas4 ,we shall draw mainly from those works which exhibit a writer at his best4 ,the height of mountain ranges is gauged by their loftiest peaks1 and the merit of a public benefactor by his virtues1 not his shortcomings4 ,a poet is a public benefactor4 ,not his failures1 but his masterpiece1 should supply the materials of an honest judgment4 ,i4 ,vision1 in the old ,roman conception1 was the distinguishing faculty of the poet4 ,and indeed vates1 not poeta1 marks the fundamental condition of his art4 ,the seer precedes the maker4 ,it is not indispensable that he should see more than other men1 but he will see more clearly4 ,his perceptions are acute and nimble2 his sensations are intense4 ,the retina and ear-drum deliver with peculiar speed and precision their messages to his brain4 ,his glance tracks the eagle in his circles1 and numbers the hues of the western sky4 ,he catches the whisper of fainting winds1 and spells the cadence of the rippling stream4 ,to him all outlines are sharp and crisp1 every tint is vivid1 every tone is clear4 ,senses exquisitely organized are the first essential of the poet4 ,sensations are fraught with countless degrees of pleasure1 with infinite shades of pain4 ,those objects whose ideas awaken a feeling of delight we call beautiful4 ,to register the beautiful is an instinct of the poet4 ,with a nice reference to the pleasure imparted1 he discriminates forms1 divides the chromatic scale1 graduates the gamut of sound4 ,in a word1 his sthetic judgment is wakeful and unerring4 ,but the keenest joys of the mind are not begotten by beauty pure and simple4 ,there is a fuller and sweeter satisfaction than that derived from kaleidoscope combinations of color1 arabesques without significance1 and fantasias without text or theme4 ,wherever design emerges1 the notion of fitness is born4 ,the ,greek found it in the human body4 ,we can trace it in the flower and the star4 ,when we contemplate those things of which design may be predicated1 there is blended with the feeling of pleasure a perception of inward adaptation4 ,the idea of perfection is married to the idea of beauty4 ,the ideal is their offspring4 ,upon it the sthetic judgment unaided dares not pronounce4 ,the complex faculty1 whose province is the ideal1 is taste4 ,it is the second requisite of the poet4 ,most persons of culture and refinement have taste in some degree4 ,they are no strangers to the pure delight evoked by a smiling landscape4 ,in the human form they enjoy the beauty of outline and proportion1 and recognize the nice adjustment of structure to a central aim4 ,but their joys are transient4 ,the flower fades2 sunset yields to moonlight2 autumn touches with her pencil the canvas of the spring2 one graceful attitude melts into another2 emotions course across the countenance like winds over standing wheat4 ,the poet comes4 ,his mission is to chain the fleeting1 to fix the evanescent1 to reproduce the past4 ,he brings you a rose with the bloom on it2 calls up the buried friend2 stays the sinking sun on the edge of his western bed4 ,his life is a long revolt against the law of change4 ,nor is he confined to imitation4 ,his sphere transcends realities4 ,he may play with nature1 if he will not violate her4 ,his memory is not a store-house only1 but a crucible as well1 where the phenomena of sense lie fused in a glowing golden mass4 ,through his brain float airy shapes surpassing and yet suggesting the grace of earthly forms2 ideals strange and fantastic1 yet bound by subtle ties of relationship to types of the actual world4 ,his fancy is ever in labor4 ,incessant gestation1 incessant parturition1 engage her energies4 ,reproduction1 creation1 is a law of the poet's being4 ,it is this which vindicates his right to the noble name of maker4 ,keen senses1 a just taste1 creative force1 compose the common dowry of artists4 ,but art is threefold--plastic1 pictorial1 poetic4 ,to each species belongs a peculiar medium in which memories are embalmed and fancies embodied4 ,the media are solids1 colors1 words4 ,in language lie certain powers and certain limitations4 ,the poet divines them4 ,he produces a speaking picture1 but he remembers that much of a picture cannot be spoken4 ,he demonstrates that much also may be told that cannot be painted4 ,on his canvas vivacity and intensity do duty for light and shade4 ,elaboration1 suggestion1 silence1 are the elements of his perspective4 ,he borrows from sculpture the significance of isolation1 and the incisive lesson of the group4 ,images1 metaphors1 similes1 are the poet's graving-tools4 ,he learns their latent capacities and their inherent flaws4 ,he secures subtle effects by climax1 antithesis1 evolution4 ,he plays the chemist with ideas1 and presents them in every stage of development1 now vaporous1 now congealed4 ,he weighs words1 detects their finer applications1 and fathoms the deeper meanings which are coiled about their roots4 ,and1 finally1 he masters the mechanism of speech1 the organic structure of sentences1 the joints and vertebr of his native tongue4 ,one step remains1 to seize the principles of metre1 the secrets of rhythm and csura1 the march and music of verse4 ,his panoply is finished4 ,he is a poet4 ,let us apply some of these tests to ,tennyson4 ,and1 first1 his power of simple imitation4 ,at first sight this seems no lofty triumph of the poet's art4 ,and yet how much it implies6 ,to translate substance into the unsubstantial4 ,to portray the visible and tangible in that which has neither color nor dimension4 ,above all1 to transfuse through the spirit of man the spirit of nature4 ,it behooves him who would compass this to purge the heart of emotion1 abjure self-consciousness1 and forget1 like the ,pythian priestess1 his own identity4 ,he is not to steep his landscape in sentiment of his own1 nor ascribe to it a fictitious sympathy with human moods and passions4 ,the outward beauty he contemplates must traverse his mental atmosphere1 untinctured1 unrefracted1 like white light4 ,we must catch in his work the soul of the scene1 a spirit rising from it like an exhalation1 not drenching it with alien dews4 ,we find a happy instance of right treatment in this cool upland valley from 8none03 8,there lies a vale in ,ida lovelier ,than all the valleys of ,ionian hills2 ,the swimming vapor slopes athwart the glen1 ,puts forth an arm1 and creeps from pine to pine1 ,and loiters slowly drawn4 ,on either hand ,the lawns and meadow-ledges midway down ,hang rich in flowers1 and far below them roars ,the long brook falling thro' the cloven ravine ,in cataract after cataract to the sea4 ,behind the valley topmost ,gargarus ,stands up and takes the morning2 but in front ,the gorges1 opening wide apart1 reveal ,troas and ,ilion's columned citadel40 ,beside this place the rank luxuriance of a tropic island where 8,enoch ,arden10 shipwrecked1 waited for a sail3 8,the mountain wooded to the peak1 the lawns1 ,and winding glades high up like ways to heaven1 ,the slender coco's drooping crown of plumes1 ,the lightning flash of insect and of bird1 ,the lustre of the long convolvuluses1 ,that coiled around the stately stems and ran ,even to the limits of the land1 the glows ,and glories of the broad belt of the world-- ,all these he saw40 ,of pure imitative art ,scott and ,wordsworth are the great modern masters4 ,yet we shall all acknowledge that the passages quoted exhibit a rare excellence4 ,it would be hard to match in ,theocritus the breezy freshness of the 8,brook40 ,as we listen1 we lose ourselves1 and seem to penetrate the joyous heart of nature4 ,we too are in ,arcadia4 ,it is the morning of the world1 and the infant god of some slender streamlet hums his nave song to ,pan1 who lies along the sward3 8,i wind about1 and in1 and out1 ,with many a blossom sailing2 ,and here and there a lusty trout1 ,and here and there a grayling4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i slip1 ,i slide1 ,i gloom1 ,i glance ,among my skimming swallows1 ,i make the netted sunbeams dance ,against my sandy shallows40 ,we have dwelt at length on the sincerity with which ,tennyson interprets nature4 ,it is the stamp of the true poet4 ,the dilettante1 however cunning1 cannot counterfeit it4 ,he cannot keep himself out of the picture1 but invests it with his own sentiment1 and tricks it out in the whims and caprices of the hour4 ,it is otherwise with ,wordsworth4 ,that high-priest of nature enters her presence reverently1 with humble and candid heart4 ,he puts off the vanities and weaknesses of man on the verge of her holy ground4 ,from his lips her lessons fall with a simple earnestness1 like oracles from the mouth of a child4 ,her truths he incarnates1 but does not presume to clothe4 ,while it is false art to attribute to nature a conscious sympathy with man1 it is true that she at times discovers an unconscious harmony with his moods4 ,our emotions are deepened by the accord4 ,the happy are the happier for sunshine4 ,the sad are saddest in the night and the rain4 ,to aim at this mystic unison1 to strike one note from feeling and from circumstance1 is legitimate and delightful4 ,let us contrast an example of such treatment with the less truthful method to which we have referred4 ,we ought always to study a theory in some felicitous expression of it1 and therefore we take these graceful lines from ,dr4 ,holmes4 ,the stars and flowers touched by the woes of fallen man have conspired to watch and warn him4 ,the flowers cannot bear the sight of human misery4 8,alas6 each hour of daylight tells ,a tale of shame so crushing1 ,that some turn white as sea-bleached shells1 ,and some are always blushing4 8,but when the patient stars look down ,on all their light discovers1 ,the traitor's smile1 the murderer's frown1 ,the lips of lying lovers1 8,they try to shut their saddening eyes1 ,and in the vain endeavor ,we see them twinkling in the skies1 ,and so they wink for ever40 ,at the first glance this moves1 and pleases2 because the emotion of the moment veils the extravagant hyperbole4 ,the writer is an artist1 and makes us see1 as it were1 through tears4 ,but the lines do not grow upon us like the truly beautiful4 ,as we read them a second time1 there comes over us a feeling of annoyance1 almost of pain1 that the flowers should be misinterpreted1 the stars misconstrued4 ,we tremble before nature's shocks and storms1 and cannot afford to darken her brightest bloom or trouble her sweet serenity4 ,look now at this figure of 8,mariana10 weeping1 forsaken1 8in the moated grange60 ,there is no pathetic prelude1 no preliminary appeal to human sympathies4 ,a neglected garden and a lonely house4 ,a reach of level waste1 colorless1 silent1 cold4 ,the desolation is contagious1 and just as the heart is sinking into a state of depression and despair1 the moan of the stricken girl falls quivering on the ear4 8,with blackest moss the flower-plots ,were thickly crusted1 one and all2 ,the rusted nails fell from the knots ,that held the peach to the garden wall4 ,the broken sheds looked sad and strange3 ,unlifted was the clinking latch3 ,weeded and worn the ancient thatch ,upon the lonely moated grange4 ,she only said1 #8,my life is dreary6 ,he cometh not6' she said2 ,she said1 #8,i am aweary1 aweary1 ,i would that ,i were dead6'0 ,we are very far from saying that ,tennyson is everywhere free from the pathetic fallacy4 ,but his sins of the kind occur chiefly in some vein of sportive apologue1 like the 8,talking ,oak10 or in the mouth of ,maud's morbid lover1 half distraught by temper and wholly crazed by crime4 ,and1 indeed1 if any could be pardoned for beholding in all things one image1 it would be1 no doubt1 the lover4 ,in the old myth1 love guided the hand of art2 but ,pygmalion was a sculptor1 not a landscape painter4 ,the portrayal of the human form is one of the painter's triumphs1 as it is the sole province of plastic art4 ,poetry1 for the most part1 evades a description of personal beauty1 and is content with a suggestion4 ,yet there are two or three etchings in the 8,palace of ,art0 which seem to us not unworthy of a place in that gallery of ,philostratus which a poet's hand repeopled3 8,or sweet ,europa's mantle blew unclasped1 ,from off her shoulder backward borne2 ,from one hand drooped a crocus1 one hand grasped ,the mild bull's golden horn4 8,or else flush'd ,ganymede1 his rosy thigh ,half buried in the eagle's down1 ,sole as a flying star shot through the sky ,above the pillared town40 ,these are mere outlines4 ,but ,tennyson has drawn one figure with almost pictorial finish and force4 ,it is ,aphrodite revealing herself to ,paris on ,mount ,ida3 8,idalian ,aphrodite1 beautiful1 ,fresh as the foam1 new bath'd in ,paphian wells1 ,with rosy1 slender fingers1 backward drew ,from her warm brows and bosom her deep hair ,ambrosial1 golden round her lucid throat ,and shoulder3 from the violets her light foot ,shone rosy white1 and o'er her rounded form1 ,between the shadows of the vine-bunches1 ,floated the glowing sunlight as she moved40 ,this is genuine painting4 ,there is form and color in it1 and1 withal1 the spirit of beauty bathing the whole1 untainted by the faintest suggestion of wanton love4 ,in the temple of outward nature poetry is only the acolyte of painting4 ,but one shrine is more exclusively her own4 ,she is mistress of the heart4 ,over that ocean no other wing sustains continuous flight4 ,there are waves of impulse which canvas cannot reflect1 and currents of emotion untraced by the limner's skill4 ,there are dainty joys and fears that mock his grasp1 and gust of passion that confound his cunning4 ,pictorial art must read the soul in the face1 and the face is at best a clouded mirror4 ,from the poet we hide nothing4 ,the growth of character1 the drift of habit1 the pressure of inherited tendencies1 springs of motive1 stings of appetite--he discerns and deciphers all4 ,but he must not speak in riddles3 he is bound to make his meaning clear4 ,he owes a duty to the humblest4 ,they look to him to lend thought a form1 shadow a substance2 to explain the strange by the familiar1 and flood the whole with the mellow flight of fancy4 ,the poet is1 in a certain sense1 what ,sidney would make him1 the right popular philosopher4 ,on the success of ,tennyson in this field there is some difference of opinion4 ,the fervor of his sympathies within a certain range and the delicacy of his intuitions are unquestioned4 ,his style is allowed to be rich in color1 and often fraught with incisive force4 ,let us glance at some passages which depict the finer shades of feeling1 or are conspicuous for felicitous expression4 ,we will then look at the charges1 so often brought against ,tennyson1 of obscurity and a want of dramatic power4 ,it is a fact of common experience that quite opposite emotions1 wrought to intensity1 reach a state of fusion4 ,they move1 as it were1 in converging lines1 and their vanishing point is pain2 or rather1 they have what physicists would call a common dew-point4 ,thus we hear of the luxury of sorrow and of love's sweet smart4 ,coleridge has touched this psychic truth with extreme tenderness in 8,genevieve40 ,he shows us the young girl rapt in a troubled wonder before the strange feeling that storms her gentle breast4 ,her heart flutters like a snared bird3 8,her bosom heaved1 she stept aside2 ,as conscious of my look she stept3 ,then suddenly1 with timorous eye1 ,she fled to me and wept40 ,so in one of ,tennyson's 8,idylls10 the eyes of the happy ,enid are suffused with tears4 ,it is hardly possible to read the lines without loving human nature3 8,he turned his face1 ,and kissed her climbing2 and she cast her arms ,about him1 and at once they rode away4 ,and never yet1 since high in ,paradise1 ,o'er the four rivers the first roses blew1 ,came purer pleasure unto mortal kind ,than lived through her who in that perilous hour ,put hand to hand beneath her husband's heart ,and felt him hers again4 ,she did not weep1 ,but o'er her meek eyes came a happy mist1 ,like that which kept the heart of ,eden green40 ,most persons have known those transient attachments which are born of 8accident1 blind contact1 and the strong necessity of loving40 ,in the 8,gardener's ,daughter0 some one alludes in this playful fashion to the dethroned darling of his salad days3 8,oh6 she ,to me myself1 for some three careless moons1 ,the summer pilot of an empty heart ,unto the shores of nothing4 ,know you not ,such touches are but embassies of love1 ,to tamper with the feelings ere he found ,empire for life80 ,few who have read the new 8,maid's ,tragedy0 have forgotten 8,elaine40 ,there is no sweeter face in story4 ,we trace a master's hand in the passage where a passionate sympathy holds her from her sleep1 and the deep lines of ,lancelot's countenance are mirrored in her white soul3 8,as when a painter1 poring on a face1 ,divinely through all hindrance finds the man ,behind it1 and so paints it that his face1 ,the shape and color of a mind and life1 ,lives for his children ever at its best ,and fullest3 so his face before her lived40 ,lancelot is always gracious to her1 and grateful for her tender care1 but he is moody and absent1 and instinct tells her that his love can never be hers4 ,she bears home a heavy heart3 8,she murmured1 #8,vain6 in vain6 it cannot be2 ,he will not love me6 how1 then1 must ,i die8' ,then1 as a little1 helpless1 innocent bird1 ,that has but one plain passage of few notes1 ,will sing the simple passage o'er and o'er ,for all an ,april morning1 till the ear ,wearies to hear it2 so the simple maid ,went half the night repeating1 #8,must ,i die8'0 ,one more4 ,a song of ,tristram's1 rife with the graceful gayety that masks and half-redeems a faithless heart4 ,it might have been made by ,ronsard1 and sung by ,bussy d',amboise4 ,the husband of 8,isolt of ,brittany0 and the lover of 8,isolt of ,britain0 gives the rationale of broken vows3 8,ay1 ay1 ,o ay1 the winds that bend the brier6 ,a star in heaven1 a star within the mere4 ,ay1 ay1 ,o ay1 a star was my desire2 ,and one was far apart1 and one was near6 ,ay1 ay1 ,o ay1 the winds that bow the grass6 ,and one was water1 and one star was fire4 ,and one will ever shine1 and one will pass2 ,ay1 ay1 ,o ay1 the winds that move the mere60 ,the admirers of ,byron and the poets of the ,georgian era find ,tennyson obscure4 ,by obscurity they ought to mean a darkness born of confusion1 the cloud of fallacy1 the vagueness of incoherence4 ,crude thoughts1 unfledged fancies1 halting metaphors1 are obscure4 ,poetasters are commonly dark1 and it would be easy to show that ,byron himself in his best work1 the fourth canto of ,childe ,harold1 is sometimes guilty of obscurity4 ,and it must be admitted that some poems of ,tennyson's youth1 and likewise 8,maud10 are open to this objection4 ,but if1 as we believe1 the charge is pointed at 8,in ,memoriam10 8,love and ,duty10 or the 8,palace of ,art10 then we deny its force4 ,it may be that they who find enigmas in ,paradise ,lost and 8,in ,memoriam0 mistake the source of their difficulties4 ,we incline to depreciate what we fail to comprehend4 ,we forget that deep waters are not necessarily turbid2 that novelty is not obscurity4 ,as we climb a mountain1 we gain new views of the valley beneath1 yet the novel landscape may be no less vivid than the old4 ,there is1 indeed1 a dulness of the ear that detects no clue to the myriad threads of harmony4 ,there is a myoptic disease which sees nothing but indistinctness beyond its narrow horizon4 ,in such cases the fault1 dear ,brutus1 is not in our stars1 but in ourselves1 that we are mystified4 ,we have said that the poet owes a duty to the humblest4 ,that duty is fulfilled when he has conjured his fancies into visible shapes1 and given truth a concrete form4 ,he is not called upon to find eyes for the blind1 or learning for the ignorant4 ,it is enough if at his banquet there is food for all stomachs4 ,the poet owes a duty not to the humble only4 ,there are1 for example1 two methods by which poetry may illuminate history4 ,it may invest personal character with the truth and vigor of life1 and portray detached scenes in correct and brilliant colors4 ,or it may reveal to the imagination by exact and felicitous metaphor the sequence of events1 the march of knowledge1 the drift of opinion1 and the 8long result of time40 ,thus ,lucan poetized a narrative1 ,lucretius thinks in imagery4 ,we recall no better illustration of the former treatment than the fine stanza from ,childe ,harold3 8,when ,athens' armies fell at ,syracuse1 ,and fettered thousands bore the yoke of war1 ,redemption rose up in the ,attic muse1 ,her voice their only ransom from afar4 ,see as they chant the tragic hymn1 the car ,of the o'ermastered victor stops2 the reins ,fall from his hands2 his idle scymitar ,starts from its belt2 he rends his captive's chains1 ,and bids him thank the bard for freedom and his strains40 ,the anecdote is a noble one1 and has gained nobility in the telling4 ,but anecdotes after all are not the marrow of history4 ,something may be learned from ,montesquieu as well as from ,marmontel4 ,two lines from 8,locksley ,hall0 exhibit the other method of interpreting history4 ,the lines aim at nothing less than at once to condense and illumine the most pregnant epoch of modern times1 the eighteenth century4 ,this looks certainly like a preposterous abuse of that definition assigned to the drama1 8an abstract and brief chronicle of the time40 ,let us recall for a moment the period of ,louis ,quinze4 ,the feudal system has fallen4 ,the flowers are withered1 the chains remain4 ,the nobles have become courtiers1 municipal privilege has perished1 the peasant is a slave4 ,dishonor on the throne1 bankruptcy in the treasury1 the poor starving1 the rich corrupt4 ,oppression tightening his grasp1 and knowledge learning to realize the woe and to divine the remedy4 ,on one side1 despair that has begun to think of vengeance2 on the other1 blind arrogance that does not dream of retribution4 ,and now1 is not the whole story told with almost terrible simplicity in the compass of these lines8 8,slowly comes a hungry people1 as a lion creeping nigher ,glares at one that nods and blinks behind a slowly-dying fire40 ,it may be said that ,byron was well-read in history2 but he held that only romantic characters and striking facts were fit subjects of poetic treatment4 ,that is not our opinion4 ,we believe ,byron gave the best he had4 ,moreover1 it is not true that poetry may borrow nothing from history but personal traits and isolated events4 ,that narrow view of the poet's province was corrected for ,english literature by the ,paradise ,regained4 ,poetry is no mendicant1 to be put off with the stale scraps and shallow gossip of the servants' hall4 ,her seat is at the high table1 beside the masters of the house4 ,tennyson1 we are told1 has no dramatic power4 ,it is true that he has written no drama4 ,does it follow that he is wanting in dramatic power8 ,derivation often tells us more of words than of men4 ,a drama is something done1 not told or sung2 neither narrative nor ode1 but something done4 ,first1 then1 we must have doers2 or1 if you please1 actors4 ,our actors must prove themselves alive1 they must be impelled to move4 ,the impelling force is incident4 ,but detached scenes illustrative of character do not make a drama1 incident is not plot4 ,the action which develops character must at the same time tend toward a certain end1 the catastrophe of the piece4 ,a drama1 then1 in the strictest sense is this3 a development of character in situations which excite to action in a particular direction4 ,where the evolution of plot is subordinate to the portrayal of character1 the drama is loose and inorganic1 like many of ,shakespeare's plays4 ,where the elaboration of personal traits is merged in the accomplishment of the event1 the drama leans toward the epic1 like a tragedy of schylus4 ,perfect equimarch in the development of character and plot stamps the ideal drama4 ,dramatic power in this sense is one of the rarest of human gifts1 and perhaps has been exerted nowhere but in the plays of ,sophocles4 ,the phrase has1 in ,english criticism1 a much narrower meaning1 and points simply to the exhibition of character by action4 ,we acknowledge that those poems of ,tennyson which preceded the 8,idylls of the ,king0 gave little evidence of dramatic talent4 ,like the works of ,byron1 they are for the most part lyrical1 reflective4 ,in them the 8beings of the mind0 are rather analyzed than animated4 ,the poet interprets them4 ,they do not speak for themselves4 ,even dramatic insight1 which is another thing than dramatic power1 seems at times to be wanting4 ,thus his 8,ulysses0 is a modern soul grappling with the framework of ,homeric times4 8,margaret10 8,madeleine10 8,isabel10 are lovely dreams1 not lovely women4 ,in the 8,princess10 if anywhere1 we should look for the development of character4 ,but as the persons of the tale pass across the stage1 we incline to suspect with the prince that they are but shadows1 8and all the mind is clouded with a doubt40 ,indeed1 little ,lillia1 whose burst of pretty petulance suggests the theme1 is by far the most lifelike figure4 ,but the judgment passed upon living poets is at best provisional1 and subject to reversal on appeal4 ,the writer of pastorals will perhaps produce an neid in his riper years2 8,l',allegro0 and 8,lycidas0 may be succeeded by an epic4 ,in the cluster of poems which embodies the ,arthurian legends1 there is much discrimination of character4 ,the courtly flippancy of 8,gawain0 is distinguished from ,tristram's joyous levity4 8,etarre0 is vicious1 8,vivien0 is base4 8,enid0 is not a gentler being than 8,elaine10 yet her meekness is finely contrasted with the latter's emotional nature4 ,in 8,lancelot0 we have a noble spirit in the toils of a great crime4 ,in 8,arthur10 the perfect equipose of character1 illumined by a sublime resolve4 ,nor are the foremost persons of the poems mere portraits4 ,they are actors as well4 ,they approach for the most part unheralded4 ,their temper and motives are self-betrayed1 or hinted with a wise reserve4 ,their personal traits are evoked by incident or emphasized in dialogue4 ,here certainly is dramatic power of a certain kind4 ,not the highest which creates a drama--is it high enough for an epic8 ,we incline to doubt4 ,at least1 it has produced none4 ,we cannot allow that the 8,idylls0 which are grouped around the figure of the king constitute an epic poem4 ,the epic--we speak of the neid--is distinguished from the drama by this1 that the development of character is subordinate to the evolution of plot1 the actors are merged in the action4 ,and as the drama may lean toward the epic1 so the epic may lean toward history4 ,that the poet unites in his own person the functions of scene-painter1 machinist1 and chorgus1 is only a difference of form4 ,now1 it is not so much grasp of character as nexus of plot that we miss in the 8,idylls40 ,scott's ,rokeby is an epic1 yet ,bertram ,risingham is not more lifelike than 8,lancelot40 ,but in ,rokeby the story grows2 one event generates another1 the catastrophe is inevitable4 ,episodes are admitted in the epic1 but they must be natural growths1 or at least successful grafts4 ,for example1 8,elaine0 and 8,guinevere0 stand in true organic relation1 but 8,enid0 and 8,vivien0 have nothing in common with the rest of the cycle but their social atmosphere and casual reference to familiar names4 ,in the poet's mind1 no doubt1 the old ,arthurian romances have been fused into a kind of unity4 ,they present to him a coherent picture2 discover a central thought4 ,it is the soul at war with flesh1 aspiration foiled by appetite1 the eagle stung by the serpent4 ,but he has conveyed the idea by short and random strokes4 ,we catch only glimpses of it1 and are not permitted to watch the progressive development4 ,in the 8,idylls of the ,king0 there is the matter of an epic1 but not the form4 ,we should prefer to place them in a class apart1 which might include the ,faerie ,queen4 ,on the range1 finish1 and accuracy of ,tennyson's diction1 we need not dwell4 ,but no view of a poet's artistic powers would be complete without a glance at his command of melody and rhythm4 ,for sweetness and clearness of tone1 the choral hymn in the 8,lotus-,eaters10 and the 8,bugle0 and 8,cradle0 songs which beguile entr'actes in the 8,princess0 are excelled by few ,english lyrics4 ,in grasp of rhythm ,tennyson yields to no recent poet1 except ,shelley4 ,there is a striking instance of rhythmic effect in the 8,palace of ,sin40 ,a strain of music floats in upon the ear1 deepens1 swells1 and at length bursts forth in an orchestral symphony4 ,most of ,tennyson's later poems have been written in unrhymed pentameter1 and his management of the verse suggests a comparison with his master4 ,in dignity of movement1 ,milton has never been equalled by any ,english poet4 ,it seems that no line but his could express the lost archangel1 or embody that vision of imperial ,rome where sonorous names load as with cloth of gold the march of the stately iambics4 ,yet nothing could stoop more awkwardly to the quiet talk and joys of the married pair in ,eden4 ,while ,tennyson's blank verse falls short of his model in majesty and serried force1 we must allow it to be more flexible4 ,we cannot imagine the little novice using the ,miltonic line4 ,her gentle thoughts would have been drowned in the mighty current1 whereas ,tennyson's tripping vocables deliver with easy grace her artless prattle4 ,we can only allude to those experiments in metre which amuse the leisure of an artist1 although one of them deserves attention4 ,it is an ode to ,milton3 8,o mighty-mouthed inventor of harmonies1 ,o skilled to sing of time and eternity1 ,god-gifted organ-voice of ,england1 ,milton1 a name to resound for ages60 ,let the reader compare these lines with some familiar model of ,alcaics like 8,vides ut alt10 and then ask himself whether quantity has hitherto had fair play in ,english verse4 ,,ii4 ,what has art to do with morals8 ,with what propriety shall a poet play the moralist8 ,his purpose is distinct1 his method is radically different1 is his object ever identical8 ,we know that it is not always so4 ,in the face of outward nature the truthful artist is forbidden to read humanity4 ,hardly is ,wordsworth suffered to discover here divinity4 ,the ,greek sculptor sought beauty1 not goodness1 in the daughters of men1 and the lines that grew beneath his fingers breathe the harmony of grace1 not the harmony of character4 ,does the application of these rigorous principles bound the sphere of genuine art8 ,do the good and the beautiful nowhere cohere and interfuse8 ,they may--in the ideal4 ,for what is beauty in things which disclose design but the reflex of perfection8 ,and what is goodness but the perfection of the heart8 ,in the scheme of ethics1 vice is ugliness1 error a discord1 and weakness disproportion1 character means equipoise1 and virtue expresses harmony4 ,but how shall art or ethics discern a moral symmetry1 and crown a spiritual perfection1 without a right conception of man's nature1 of his place and purpose1 his relation to the universe and to ,god8 ,so far as he portrays the heart1 the poet must be a moralist4 ,within this domain the truest art will utter the purest morals4 ,it is a blessed law by which he who aims to please is constrained to edify4 ,for reason is a disinherited prince1 and the estate is too often squandered before he comes to his own4 ,pride rears the head against precept4 ,the imagination flutters and beats her bars1 until experience has clipped her wings4 ,the ideal republic could ill afford to dispense with poets1 for there is no lesson like the modest lesson of a lovely life4 ,to our gaze perhaps the influence seems wholly lost1 and yet may be only latent4 ,this is sure1 that virtue has still a foothold in the heart that keeps an altar to the beautiful4 ,we know how many seeds of goodness1 what germs of aspiration1 are flung broadcast by the poet's hand4 ,who will say that his random sowings may not stir in a genial hour1 strike root in the depths of motive1 and blossom in act and life8 ,no thoughtful mind has failed to recognize the insight of ,sidney's words in his ,defence of ,poesy3 8,for even those hard-hearted evil men who think virtue a school name1 and know no other good but indulgere genio1 yet will be content to be delighted1 which is all the good-fellow poet seems to promise1 and so steal to see the form of goodness1 which1 seen1 they cannot but love ere themselves be aware1 as if they had taken a medicine of cherries40 ,the ethical standard is sensitive to the influence of climate and of race4 ,the ,italian and the ,german recognize the same virtues1 but write them in different scales referred to a national key-note4 ,the growth of knowledge and the expansion of sympathy determine a deeper change4 ,from the age of ,pericles to the age of ,napoleon1 the ideal of character has undergone alterations which have penetrated the essence and affected the type4 ,of certain virtues which fired the heart of an ,athenian1 we have kept nothing but the names1 and we have canonized others of which he had no conception4 ,the attitude of the individual man toward nature and society is constantly shifting under the pressure of ideas4 ,the wave of inquiry which rose in civic revolution has swept in widening circles over the whole surface of opinion1 and now dashes on the primal verities which declare the origin and destiny of man4 ,the mind is active1 but the heart of the age is perplexed and sad4 ,she ponders painfully the riddle of the painful earth4 ,she is lost in the great forest1 the new paths are uncertain1 the old to her seem overgrown4 ,she is troubled with a vague unrest1 beset with dark misgivings1 by results she loathes to accept1 doubts which she longs to silence1 and hopes she dare not forego4 ,her mood is too grave and earnest for blithe and heedless carol4 ,she cannot pause to hear the idle singer of an empty day4 ,the music which holds her ear must be attuned to serious sympathy1 must echo her own self-questionings1 and breathe her aspirations4 ,she puts aside from her lip the cup of distilled water1 and turns to the mineral spring that savors of the rugged earth4 ,de ,musset is not more essentially a child of the age than ,tennyson4 ,both inherited in rare perfection the exquisite sensibility and high tension of the nervous system which are developed by modern life4 ,in both the violence of emotion is succeeded by prolonged depression4 ,their joy is often rapture1 and their sorrow anguish1 but the prevailing tone is a dreamy languor that betrays fatigue4 ,their intellects were plunged in the same bath of learning1 and tempered in the furnace of the time4 ,they unite in regretting the trustful past1 and complain that they were born too late into a sick and decrepit world4 ,they pace together the shore of life1 and gaze with wistful eyes over the expanse of ocean4 ,but here the parallel ends4 ,their roads diverge in youth4 ,each obeys a different impulse1 and learns a different lesson4 ,the one hears a growing harmony in the voices of science1 and perceives an increasing purpose in the movement of mankind4 ,the other bows the head in stupor before the howling storm4 ,tennyson has a kindly glance and a cheery word for his fellow-men1 they are his brothers1 his co-workers1 ever reaping something new4 ,de ,musset loads the heart with a sense of utter misery1 and paralyzes the will by the infusion of his self-contempt4 ,he is half-indignant that his spirit should be still haunted by a sublime aspiration1 and confesses almost with a groan3 8,une immense esprance a travers la terre40#fj ,it is in another mood that ,tennyson hails the promise which he sees in the aspiration of the soul3 8,what is it thou knowest1 sweet voice8 ,i cried1 ,a hidden hope1 the voice replied40 ,there are few words more painful to read than the prayer in 8,l',espoir en ,dieu40 ,the passionate queries are wrung from a breaking heart4 ,we offer a rude but passably close translation of two stanzas4 ,the poet demands3 8,wherefore in a work divine ,so much of discord tarrieth8 ,to what good end disease and sin8 ,o ,god of justice6 wherefore death8 8,wherefore suffer our unworth ,to dream1 and to divine1 a ,god8 ,doubt hath laid desolate the earth1 ,our view is too narrow or too broad40 ,compare the rooted faith and serene calm of the poem to 8,in ,memoriam30 8,thine are these orbs of light and shade1 ,thou madest life in man and brute1 ,thou madest death1 and1 lo1 thy foot ,is on the skull that thou hast made4 8,thou wilt not leave him in the dust1 ,thou madest man1 he knows not why1 ,he thinks he was not made to die1 ,and thou hast made him1 thou art just40 ,much1 no doubt1 of the peculiar spirit that pervades the work of either poet may be traced to the social atmosphere in which he moved4 ,much also is only to be explained by the history of his life4 ,behind the 8,in ,memoriam10 an unselfish and ennobling sorrow weeps and prays above a cherished grave4 8,in ,rolla10 remorse sobs bitterly amid the ruins of a wasted life4 ,the song has betrayed the singer4 ,the one is the laureate of hope3 the other1 a prophet of despair4 ,tennyson is a night-worn pilgrim whose kindling eye has caught the glimmer of a lovely dawn2 ,de ,musset1 a tired swimmer whose drowning cry leaps toward us from the gates of death4 ,the poetry of ,de ,musset is a convex lens which draws to a fiery focus the doubts and longings of the time2 ,tennyson's1 a stained rose-window1 that subdues the flaring sunlight to a mild and tender radiance4 ,while man's moral nature is developed and determined by his attitude toward society and his ,maker1 it is also profoundly affected by his attitude toward women4 ,the relative position of woman has been rather raised than lowered by the movement of modern thought4 ,much has been deciphered by speculation1 and much dissected by science1 but the deep significance of the female character remains intact4 ,in the fine atmosphere which nourished the musings of ,richter1 two earthly forms move freely1 the maiden and the wife4 ,in the long process of comparative anatomy1 the beautiful first reveals itself in the sweet instinct that binds a mother to her offspring4 ,then first does the fire of ,prometheus fairly catch the clay4 ,the noblest instinct and the noblest aspiration have one element in common--the abnegation of self4 ,perhaps the one is but a reflex of the other4 ,it is certain that the highest art has done the fullest justice to women4 ,let us measure ,byron and ,tennyson by this standard4 ,to ,byron1 woman was an exquisite instrument which responds in perfect tune to the master-touch of passion4 ,to ,tennyson1 she is an embodied spirit1 who inspires and tempers man while she seems to obey his impulse4 ,it is a shallow criticism which would excuse ,byron's low conception by an unfortunate experience4 ,if personal experience be narrow1 why not look beyond it8 ,if the feet stumble in the mire1 the eyes may still be lifted4 ,the fact is1 an irresistible instinct compels a genuine artist to discern and to preach the truth4 ,his life may prove a rebel1 but his work will pay tribute to ,csar4 ,the author of 8,godiva10 of 8,enid0 and 8,elaine0 is eminently the poet of woman4 ,it is especially worthy of remark that he should have maintained a distinct and lofty ideal throughout the ,arthurian cycle4 ,in the medival myths1 the lineaments of the female character were sometimes clouded by the admixture of masculine traits4 ,through the ,carlovingian romance that lives in ,ariosto's verse1 there roves an unsexed and warlike virgin1 whom the poet means us to admire2 at whom we smile in secret4 ,tennyson has read woman's nature with an insight too fine and delicate to place her in so false an attitude4 ,there is no ,bradamant in the 8,idylls of the ,king40 ,the unswerving justice of true genius finds consummate expression in the treatment of 8,guinevere40 ,the wrong-doing of imperial beauty was a dangerous theme1 and we may guess how it would have been handled by the author of 8,parasina40 ,in the original legend the queen commanded sympathy1 but she is now positively degraded by her preference for a meaner soul4 ,it is ,arthur's doom1 and no merit of hers1 that he loves her still4 ,there is little likelihood that a modern ,francesca will borrow impulse or pretext from her story4 ,it is amusing to find the lovers of ,haidee and ,gulnare scandalized by 8,vivien40 ,if ever a vile nature was scorched and shrivelled by the flame of an honest wrath1 that poem affords the spectacle4 ,in wily ,vivien1 vice is neither condoned nor glozed1 but simply stripped and gibbeted4 ,the pure air which breathes throughout the 8,idylls0 is condensed in the lines of 8,guinevere10 which declare the great purpose of the king4 ,we may say with assurance that no other ,english poet1 except ,wordsworth1 would have written them4 ,tennyson has spoken words of comfort to many ,english hearts1 and inspired with a noble purpose many ,english lives4 ,his spirit has crossed the seas4 ,to him and ,wordsworth the youth of ,america owe much that they will not speedily forget4 ,other benefactors may receive some form of recompense1 but how shall we repay a poet8 ,it is not praise1 but thanks we would offer ,alfred ,tennyson4 ,rare artist1 and high teacher1 sweet voice1 pure heart1 there are many who admire1 and not a few who love him4 ,,footnotes3 #ei ,the ,last ,tournament4 ,boston1 #ahga4 ,j4 ,r4 ,osgood ,co4 ,the ,poetical ,works of ,alfred ,tennyson1 ,poet-,laureate4 ,we have already printed in this magazine a review of ,tennyson's poems which aimed to indicate the ,catholic aspects of his mind4 ,the following article covers different ground4 #fj 8,a vast hope has passed over the earth40 ,,how ,,the ,,church ,,understands ,,and ,,upholds ,,the ,,rights ,,of ,,women4 ,,second ,,article4 ,,ages ,,of ,,the ,,fathers ,,of ,,the ,,church4 ,when the ,christian religion had triumphed over idolatry1 the principle of evil took refuge in heresy1 and vigorously began a new attack upon the church4 ,as women had once sealed their faith with their blood1 so now they came eagerly forward to preach it by their learning4 ,the centuries which produced the fathers of the church produced women also1 to whom these great lights of the true faith were mainly indebted for their early education4 ,the same circumstances also created women who1 on the throne and in the council-chamber1 governed turbulent nations and guided fierce passions1 according to the rules of justice1 honesty1 and religion4 ,the mother of ,st4 ,gregory ,nazianzen1 ,doctor of the ,church1 was ,nonna1 and is honored as a saint4 ,butler1 in his ,lives of the ,saints1 says3 8,she drew down the blessing of heaven upon her family by most bountiful and continual alms-deeds2 444 yet1 to satisfy the obligation of justice which she owed to her children1 she1 by her prudent economy1 improved at the same time their patrimony40 ,here1 therefore1 in the fourth century1 we find a woman commended for her practical knowledge of business and her skill in managing property4 ,ventura relates that1 as soon as her son ,gregory came into the world1 she placed the ,scriptures in his infant hands1 and ever after inculcated in her teaching the greatest love and reverence for sacred learning4 ,nonna's other children were both canonized1 one of them1 ,gorgonia1 having led the most exemplary life in the holy state of matrimony4 7,la ,donna ,cattolica1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dca1 #dcb47 ,st4 ,basil1 who counted among his ancestry many martyrs of both sexes1 was the son of ,st4 ,emelia1 and the great-nephew of ,st4 ,macrina the ,elder1 of whom he says himself that he 8counts it as one of the greatest benefits of ,almighty ,god1 and the truest of honors1 to have been brought up by such a woman40 ,his elder sister1 also named ,macrina1 was greatly instrumental in conducting his education4 ,when after his death his brother1 ,st4 ,gregory of ,nyssa1 went to visit their sister1 and open his heart to her concerning their common sorrow1 he found her dying1 it is true1 but so vigorous in mind that her discourse on the providence of ,god and the state of the soul after death was no less striking than comforting4 ,he could hardly believe1 says ,ventura1 that it was not a doctor of the church1 a learned theologian1 who was speaking to him2 and so much did he treasure his sister's words that he compiled his admirable ,treatise of the ,soul and ,the ,resurrection chiefly from the matter furnished by her discourse4 ,macrina's funeral was an ovation1 and the bishop of the diocese held it an honor to be present thereat4 ,olympias1 the widow of ,nembridius1 the treasurer of the ,emperor ,theodosius the ,great1 flourished about the end of the fourth century1 and was the friend and helper of ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom4 ,his letters to her are part of his published works1 and ,nectarius1 his predecessor in the ,patriarchal chair of ,constantinople1 often consulted her on matters of ecclesiastical importance4 ,when ,chrysostom was persecuted and banished1 she did not escape vexatious notice from heathen and heretical rulers2 but through all1 her fortitude would have done credit to the bravest man4 ,the great patriarch charged her to continue1 during his absence1 8to serve the church with the same care and zeal0 7,ventura1 ,donna ,cattolica1 p4 #ddc71 and elsewhere in his works says emphatically that 8women1 as well as men1 can take part in any struggle for the cause of ,god and of the church40 7,epistle #abd1 to the ,italians47 ,in a letter to her1 he says that her presence was required at ,constantinople to encourage the persecuted brethren1 and in another he bids her exert all her resources to save the ,bishop ,maruthas from the abyss 7he having given signs of yielding to heresy74 ,further on1 in the same letter1 he gives her instructions1 almost amounting to a diplomatic and official mission1 with regard to the request of the ,king of the ,goths for a bishop and missionary in place of ,aubinus the ,apostle1 who had just died1 after converting many thousand of these barbarians4 ,when ,st4 ,chrysostom sent a messenger to the ,pope ,st4 ,innocent1 at the beginning of the persecutions at ,constantinople1 he gave him letters of recommendation to none but a few ,roman ladies--,proba1 ,juliana1 and ,demetrias4 ,the influence of ,monica1 the mother of ,st4 ,augustine1 upon her wayward son1 is so well known that it is almost superfluous to dwell on it2 and ,st4 ,jerome1 eminently a learned saint1 was scarcely less connected with holy and well-taught women4 ,he himself tells us that it was especially his friend and spiritual daughter ,paula who engaged him in the study of the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 and who induced him to translate the former from the original ,hebrew4 ,rohrbacher1 in his ,ecclesiastical ,history1 corroborates this statement2 and ,capefigue1 in his ,four ,first ,ages of the ,church1 says that 8the pure society of women had imparted to ,jerome a heartfelt exaltation1 a deep enthusiasm for all purity and nobility in themselves40 ,we learn from ,butler 7,lives of the ,saints7 that ,marcella1 one of the many matrons under ,st4 ,jerome's instruction in ,rome1 made great progress in the critical learning of the ,holy ,scriptures1 and learned in a short time many things which had cost him abundance of labor 7vol4 ix474 ,other women1 of whom we shall speak hereafter1 were collected under his guidance2 almost all are now canonized saints1 and were celebrated even in their own day for their skill and erudition4 ,the great ,paula was the most illustrious among them1 and he tells us of her as also of five or six others that they were as well acquainted with ,hebrew as with ,latin and ,greek4 ,to the daughter-in-law of ,st4 ,paula1 ,jerome wrote a letter full of minute and seemingly trivial details1 concerning the education of her little daughter1 who afterwards became ,st4 ,paula the ,younger4 ,it is of such quaint interest1 and so calculated to give a high idea of the importance attached by the great doctor of the church to the minuti of a little girl's daily life1 that we cannot resist the temptation of quoting a few extracts from it3 8,let her be brought up as ,samuel was in the temple1 and the ,baptist in the desert1 in utter ignorance of vanity and vice2 444 let her never hear bad words nor learn profane songs2 444 let her have an alphabet of little letters made of box or ivory1 the names of all which she must know1 that she may play with them1 and that learning may be made a diversion4 ,when a little older1 let her form each letter in wax with her finger1 guided by another's hand2 then let her be invited1 by prizes and presents suited to her age1 to join syllables together4444 ,let her have companions to learn with her1 that she may be spurred on by emulation4444 ,she is not to be scolded or browbeaten if slower1 but to be encouraged that she may rejoice to surpass1 and be sorry to see herself outstripped and behind others1 not envying their progress1 but rejoicing at it while she reproaches herself with her own backwardness4 ,great care is to be taken that she conceive no aversion to studies1 lest their bitterness remain in after-years4 ,a master must be found for her1 a man both of virtue and learning3 nor will a great scholar think it beneath him to teach her the first elements of letters4444 ,that is not to be contemned without which nothing great can be acquired4 ,the very sounds of letters and the first rudiments are very different in a learned and in an unskilful mouth4 ,care must be taken that she be not accustomed by fond nurses to pronounce half-words1 as it would prejudice her speech4 ,great care is necessary that she never learn what she will have afterwards to unlearn4 ,the eloquence of the ,gracchi derived its perfection from the mother's elegance 7of speech74 ,no paint must ever touch her face or hair40 ,he is no less sensible and moderate in physical instructions than strict in things of the spiritual order4 ,he says3 8,she should eat so as always to be hungry1 and to be able to read or sing psalms immediately after meals4 ,the immoderate long fasts of many displease me4 ,i have learned by experience that the ass1 much fatigued on the road1 seeks rest at any cost4 ,in a long journey1 strength must be supported1 lest1 by running the first stage too fast1 we should fall in the middle4 ,in ,lent1 full scope is to be given to severe fasting40 ,he advises the young girl1 when old enough1 to read the works of ,st4 ,cyprian1 the epistles of ,st4 ,athanasius1 and the writings of ,st4 ,hilary4 ,these are grave and abstruse studies1 requiring much time and application1 and as fully up to the standard of a modern male education as any woman could desire4 ,st4 ,jerome himself was living at ,bethlehem when he wrote this letter1 and while recommending her mother to send little ,paula to ,st4 ,paula the ,elder for her later education1 he himself promises to instruct her1 adding that 8he should be more honored by teaching the spouse of ,christ than the philosopher ,aristotle was in being preceptor to the ,macedonian ,king40 ,it was the elder ,paula who built ,st4 ,jerome the monastery of ,bethlehem1 in which he spent a great part of his life4 ,she governed a monastery of women not far from it4 ,st4 ,jerome1 in his panegyric of her life1 addressed to her daughter ,eustochium1 expresses himself in the following unequivocal language3 8,were all the members of my body to be changed into tongues1 and each fibre to utter articulate and human sounds1 even then ,i could not worthily celebrate the virtues of the holy and venerable ,paula40 ,as soon as her husband's death left her the free use of a magnificent fortune1 she liberated all the numerous retinue of slaves that formed not only her household but her possessions4 ,hundreds of ,christian masters and mistresses did the same1 and treated their freed retainers as brethren and sisters in the faith1 long before the philanthropy of modern times had begun to envelop in a halo of unusual heroism the sacrifice of slave property4 ,from a noble ,roman matron1 placed by her birth in an assured position of great prominence1 she became a voluntary exile and wanderer for the sake of planting the faith more firmly in the ,east4 ,st4 ,jerome describes1 in words full of sympathetic admiration1 her pious visits to the ,holy ,places of ,judea4 ,she also made a pilgrimage to the home of monasticism1 the ,thebad and the ,lybian desert4 ,humble as she was1 fame followed and surrounded her4 ,pilgrims to ,jerusalem counted her as one of the most consoling and admirable of the objects that claimed their devotion4 ,macarius1 ,arsenius1 ,serapion1 famous lights of the church and patriarchs of the eremitical life1 came from long distances and inaccessible solitudes to confer with her4 ,at ,jerusalem1 she founded places of shelter and entertainment for the many pilgrims who flocked there2 both at ,rome and in the ,east1 she was the mother and the idol of the poor1 whose wants she relieved untiringly1 and for whose sake she was often not only penniless1 but in debt4 ,her last illness was like a royal levee1 and bishops and patriarchs hastened to her bedside2 her funeral1 says ,ventura1 was almost a canonization4 ,bishops carried her body to its tomb1 and for seven days sacred hymns and psalms echoed ceaselessly in the church of the ,holy ,grotto at ,bethlehem1 where the funeral service was performed in ,latin1 ,greek1 and ,hebrew4 ,capefigue calls her the 8most remarkably erudite woman of her age10 and her instincts of faith and learning alike made her intuitively aware of the artifices of the heretic ,palladius1 whose well-concealed ,origenism she unmasked and denounced in presence of ,st4 ,jerome1 when the wolf would have put on sheep's clothing and deceived her simple nuns4 ,paula's daughters--,blesilla1 the learned and accomplished widow2 ,eustochium1 the celebrated virgin to whom many of ,st4 ,jerome's works are addressed or dedicated2 ,paulina1 the model wife to whose influence over her saintly husband the first hospitals in the ,west are due--and their sister-in-law1 ,lta1 the happy mother of the younger ,st4 ,paula1 are all canonized saints of the church1 and each of them the just pride of their sex in the respective walks of life to which they were destined4 ,fabiola1 another of ,st4 ,jerome's scholars1 was the foundress of the first hospital absolutely established in ,rome4 ,the church has never been chary of tendering graceful homage to the influence and ability of woman1 and perhaps no more singular or flattering proof of this can be found than the pictorial honor which1 ,ventura assures us 7,donna ,cattolica1 vol4 i4 p4 #dff71 was offered by ,st4 ,gregory the ,great to ,st4 ,sylvia1 his mother4 ,she was represented as sitting by his side1 robed in white1 and crowned with the mitre worn by doctors of theology1 while the left hand held an open ,psalter1 and the right was raised with two fingers extended1 in the attitude of benediction4 ,st4 ,ambrose1 the ,bishop of ,milan1 who was born and died in the fourth century1 owed his early training of piety and solid learning to his mother1 who was left a widow during his infancy1 and to his elder sister ,marcellina1 to whom later on ,christendom became indebted for the three admirable books he wrote on ,the ,state of ,virginity4 ,another of his famous works is a treatise on ,widowhood4 ,in one of his books on ,virginity he meets the common though worn-out argument that virginity is a foe to the propagation of the human race4 ,as this bears upon our general subject1 though it be not immediately akin to it1 we will stop to quote it4 8,some complain10 he says1 8that mankind will shortly fail if so many are consecrated virgins4 ,i desire to know who ever wanted a wife and could not find one8 ,the killing of an adulterer1 the pursuing of waging war against a ravisher1 are the consequences of marriage4 ,the number of people is greatest where virginity is most esteemed4 ,inquire how many virgins are consecrated every year at ,alexandria1 all over the ,east1 and in ,africa1 where there are more virgins than there are men in this country ,italy40 ,and ,butler1 in his ,life of ,st4 ,ambrose1 goes on to explain3 8,may not the ,french and ,austrian ,netherlands1 full of numerous monasteries1 yet covered with populous cities1 be at present esteemed a proof of this remark8 ,the populousness of ,china1 where great numbers of new-born infants are daily exposed to perish1 is a terrible proof that the voluntary virginity of some is no prejudice to the human race4 ,wars and the sea1 not the number of virgins1 are the destroyers of the human race1 as ,st4 ,ambrose observes2 though the state of virginity is not to be rashly engaged in1 and marriage is not only holy1 but the general state of mankind in the world40 ,not only did ,st4 ,ambrose occupy his mind and pen with the concerns of holy and spotless women1 but he did not think it beneath his dignity to write for those unhappy virgins who had fallen from their vows and thus been reft of their most precious heirloom4 ,in the third book of his work on ,virginity1 he pays the following homage to ,christian woman1 such as she was in his age3 8,i have been a priest but three years10 he says1 8and my experience has not been long enough to teach me what ,i have written4 ,but what my own experience could not teach1 the sight of your conduct has suggested4 ,if1 in this work1 you find any flowers of thought1 know that ,i have gathered them from your own lives4 ,i do not so much give you precepts1 as ,i draw examples from the behavior of living virgins1 and set them before the eyes of the world4 ,my discourse has only reproduced the image of your virtues4 ,it is but the portrait of your own life1 so grave and earnest1 which you will see here1 beaming with light as reflected from a mirror4 ,if you find grace in these words1 it is you who have inspired my mind with it4 ,all that is good in this book belongs to you40 7,third book on ,virgins47 ,what more graceful tribute1 more appreciative homage1 could man render to the opposite sex8 ,yet he who wrote this was a great and powerful bishop1 a doctor of the church1 a profoundly learned man1 whose influence was spread through kingdoms1 and whose advice was sought and followed by emperors4 ,here is yet another example of the distinguished part played by woman in affairs of the highest public importance4 ,capefigue1 in his ,four ,first ,ages of the ,church1 says that in the churches of ,rome might be seen the most noble matrons of the city1 8who gave the first and greatest impulse to all ,christian sentiments40 ,this was at the end of the fourth century1 and the two ,melanias were then foremost among the active and energetic women mentioned4 ,the elder ,melania1 whose fortune was immense1 and who was married early by her father1 the ,consul ,marcellinus1 became a widow after a few years of married life1 and thereafter devoted herself to the church4 ,she travelled to ,egypt and ,palestine in the interests of the persecuted ,patriarch ,athanasius1 whom she protected and supported with all the moral influence and temporal means at her command4 ,the zealous and open protectress of more than five thousand ,christians1 the harborer of priests and bishops driven from their sees and parishes during the ,arian persecutions of the ,emperor ,valens1 she was herself cast into prison by the ,governor of ,jerusalem1 to whom she spoke thus boldly and fearlessly3 8,do not think to despise me because ,i wear poor garments3 ,i might wear the robes of a princess1 did ,i choose to do so4 ,do not think to intimidate me by your threats1 for ,i have sufficient influence to protect me against the slightest aggression on your part4 ,i tell you this1 and give you this advice1 that you may not through ignorance commit any error that might lead you into danger40 ,the courageous woman was released1 and continued her ministrations of mercy4 ,her granddaughter1 ,st4 ,melania1 married young to a noble ,roman1 the descendant of the great ,publicola1 and the son of the ,prefect of ,rome1 was even a more prominent personage than the elder ,melania4 ,after the birth and death of two children1 she and her husband renounced their high position1 freed eight thousand slaves1 and sold their immense possessions in several parts of the ,roman ,empire for the benefit of the poor4 ,they then retired to a quiet country solitude in ,campania1 and with several associates began leading 8the perfect life0 which we have so often seen attempted in vain in this age by refined and earnest souls without the bosom of the church4 ,here1 their chief occupation was the study and the propagation of the ,scriptures and other solid works of learning and faith4 ,the works of the fathers were foremost among the latter1 and ,ventura says with truth that we may well thank woman when we read these admirable treatises1 for without her help1 care1 and zeal they would be considerably less in number than they are4 ,the love of the ,scriptures and of ,biblical lore seems thus to have been a distinctive mark of the sex in the early days of the church4 ,melania and her companions after a time left ,italy1 and settled in ,africa near ,hippo1 and there became the most active allies of ,st4 ,augustine4 ,they also journeyed through ,spain1 ,palestine1 and ,asia ,minor1 always in the interests of the faith1 founding monasteries and schools1 and assisting the poor and the persecuted4 ,after her husband's death1 ,melania1 having been wrecked on the coast of ,sicily1 and having found several thousand ,christians in bondage to barbarian idolaters1 she redeemed and freed them all4 ,at one time she held a high post at court1 and exerted herself successfully in favor of orthodoxy4 ,when the ,nestorian heresy was making great progress in ,asia and ,africa1 she uncompromisingly combated it by her influence and social talents1 by the persuasion of her manner and the force of her arguments1 as ,ribadeneira testifies in the sketch he wrote of her life4 ,ventura asserts that she confounded ,pelagius himself1 who by all manner of arts endeavored to win her to his side2 and it is known that1 when ,st4 ,augustine failed to convert ,volusian1 the ,prefect of ,rome1 and uncle to ,melania1 this heroic woman1 according to ,baronius1 undertook to convince him1 and succeeded most triumphantly4 ,melania's funeral at ,jerusalem was the occasion of lavish homage to the power and influence of her sex2 bishops and confessors were eager to show their respect and admiration1 and the ,christian world proved once more that 8precious in the sight of the ,lord is the death of his saints40 ,marcella1 one of ,st4 ,jerome's spiritual daughters1 and whose funeral eulogy he wrote1 was1 according to this great saint's own words1 8the greatest glory of the city of ,rome40 ,when ,alaric and his ,goths invaded ,rome1 her house was broken into1 and herself cruelly beaten and disfigured4 ,all her reply was1 8,my gold ,i have given to the poor3 you will find nothing in my possession but the tunic ,i wear40 ,she collected many holy and learned women around her1 and her house was the rallying point of all ,christians4 ,all good works received their impetus from her1 and she was often consulted by bishops and priests on questions of ,biblical learning1 after ,st4 ,jerome1 who had taught her the ,scriptures1 had left ,rome4 ,although consecrated virgins of both sexes abounded in her time1 as yet no distinct community under a recognized rule had been formed in ,rome4 ,she undertook to establish the monastic life in the capital of the empire1 and was the first to reduce to order the elements of which such a community might be formed4 ,with the advice of ,st4 ,athanasius1 and some fugitive priests of ,alexandria1 who took refuge in ,rome in #cdj1 during the ,arian persecution in the ,east1 ,marcella gave up a country-seat of hers for a monastery1 and adopted for the future religious the rule of ,st4 ,pachomius4 ,the men followed her example1 and assembled in concert to found communities of their own4 ,rome vied with the ,thebad for sanctity and learning1 and this was the work of a woman4 ,when1 in the seventh century1 ,st4 ,benedict1 the reformer and patriarch of all religious orders in ,europe1 reduced monasticism in the ,west to the state in which we know it in our own days1 he was only1 says ,ventura 7,donna ,cattolica1 vol4 i4 p4 #dhh71 walking in the path which the heroic women of ,christendom had hewn out before him in imitation of the hermits and anchorites of the ,east4 ,but ,marcella shines no less as a pillar of orthodoxy than as the institutrix of ,western monachism4 ,when the ,origenists1 through the aid of the cunning ,rufinus and the intriguing ,macarius1 who disseminated skilfully veiled errors in ,rome1 began to attack the integrity of the ,christian faith1 ,marcella left her solitude1 and came to the capital to confront the heresiarchs4 ,the following details are all vouched for by ,st4 ,jerome in the funeral eulogy addressed by him to her friend and scholar ,principia3 8,the faith of the ,roman people had been weakened on many points4444 ,the new heresy had made many victims1 even among priests and monks4444 ,the ,sovereign ,pontiff himself1 ,siricius1 who was as conspicuous for holy simplicity as for sanctity of life1 and who judged of others by the candor of his own soul1 seemed for a moment to have become the dupe of the hypocrisy of these new pharisees4 ,the orthodoxy of the bishops ,vincent1 ,eusebius1 ,paulinian1 and ,jerome had even been suspected1 and1 when they cried out that the wolf was in the fold1 no one vouchsafed to listen to them4 ,in this grave emergency1 in presence of much coldness1 indifference1 and weakness on the part of men1 ,god made use of the far-sightedness1 the zeal1 the courage of a woman to keep the faith intact in ,rome4 ,marcella1 more eager to please ,god than men1 resisted the ,origenist heresy publicly1 vigorously1 and efficaciously4 ,she it was who by the very testimony of those who had first been deceived by the new errors and then abjured them1 convinced every one of the real nature of the heretical doctrine4 ,she stimulated the zeal of the ,sovereign ,pastor by proving to him how many souls had already gone astray4444 ,she was the first to point out to him the disguised impieties of the garbled translations of ,origen's book on ,principles1 which ,rufinus had translated and altered1 and was now selling everywhere4 ,she often summoned the heretics to come and justify themselves in ,rome1 but they dared not answer1 and preferred being condemned as absent and contumacious1 rather than be publicly confounded by a woman4 ,at last1 when a general condemnation was pronounced upon their doctrines1 it was chiefly the result of ,marcella's vigilance40 ,here1 therefore1 is a woman exerting a guiding influence on the destinies of the church by her learning1 subtleness1 and eloquence4 ,if the women of the early centuries achieved such successes with the natural weapons of their sex and position1 why do our sisters of the present day desire a reorganization of society1 and a new accession of hitherto unknown and unnatural weapons8 ,why indeed but because the order of society sanctioned and regulated by the church has been subverted by the ,reformation2 the holy charter of woman abolished2 and elegant and veiled ,islamism1 or in some instances a coarse and degrading barbarianism1 inculcated and forcibly brought into action concerning woman1 and the sex gradually forced out of its legitimate orbit1 with its capabilities dwarfed1 its intellect narrowed1 its talents sneered at1 and its affections repressed8 ,the broad river of woman's influence1 flowing so calmly and majestically through the centuries of the church's undisturbed unity1 has been dammed up by the ,protestant tradition of the last three hundred years1 till it has broken forth again as a turbulent torrent1 devastating where it once fertilized1 disturbing where once it conciliated4 ,in its new form and its strange aggressiveness1 it now horrifies mankind1 where in early days1 in its legitimate sphere1 it guided the greatest statesmen1 orators1 and saints1 and gravely helped them on the road to heaven1 to science1 and to happiness4 ,but we are digressing1 for we have undertaken to speak of facts1 not to declaim about theories4 ,we have much ground to travel over yet before we come to the end of the list of glorious women who have made the church1 so to speak1 their panegyrist1 and the world their debtor4 ,we have once before mentioned the ,roman ladies1 ,proba1 ,juliana1 and ,demetrias1 to whom ,st4 ,chrysostom recommended his envoys and their mission to ,pope ,st4 ,innocent4 ,demetrias was the daughter of the ,consul ,olibrius and of ,st4 ,juliana2 ,proba was her grandmother on her father's side4 ,the two widows1 having converted their husbands1 consecrated their after-lives to the education of ,demetrias4 ,st4 ,augustine was their friend and counsellor1 and wrote them letters that are among the most prominent of his works4 ,one to ,proba is on the efficacy and the nature of prayer2 another to ,juliana treats of the advantages and duties of widowhood4 ,when ,demetrias announced her intention of remaining a virgin1 the holy joy of the family knew no bounds1 and the day of her formally receiving the veil was a festival for all ,rome4 ,st4 ,jerome honored her with a discourse which has come down to us in the shape of a ,letter to ,demetrias1 followed by a treatise on ,virginity1 and not only did he interrupt for this purpose the grave commentaries on the ,scriptures in which he was engaged1 but he also addressed to the parents of the virgin such congratulations as rang throughout ,italy1 and made the holy and happy trio the envy of every matron and maiden in the ,christian world4 7,ventura1 ,donna ,cattolica1 vol4 i4 p4 #ebj47 ,the heresiarch ,pelagius so little understood the importance of woman that he took the trouble to address to ,demetrias a letter so long that it almost forms a book1 which is still extant1 and was intended to instil into her mind his insidious errors4 ,st4 ,augustine1 however1 cautioned her against ,pelagius1 and bid her keep staunch to 8the faith of ,pope ,innocent40 ,there was one sphere which more than any other was christianized and influenced for good by women1 and indeed could not have been otherwise sanctified--the sphere of the imperial court1 both in ,rome and in ,constantinople4 ,we have already seen empresses and relatives of the ,csars becoming ,christians and often martyrs1 but it remained for the women of the fourth and fifth centuries to make the palace into a sanctuary and add the lustre of a heavenly crown to the majesty of an earthly sceptre4 ,constantine1 under whose auspices ,christianity first emerged from the ,catacombs1 was the gift of woman to the church4 ,his mother ,helena1 his wife ,fausta1 and his mother-in-law ,eutropia 7the two latter being respectively the wife and daughter of ,maximian-,herculeus7 were zealous and devoted ,christians1 and to their influence are due the toleration and subsequently the favor with which the faith was treated by ,constantine4 ,eusebius relates that ,eutropia on her pilgrimage to the ,holy ,places found idols and sacrificial rites still flourishing near the famous oak of ,mambre1 where tradition places the scene of the visit of the three angels to ,abraham4 ,she wrote to her son-in-law in unconcealed indignation1 and thus procured after a time the destruction of the shameful altars4 ,later on we find the emperor building a church on the identical spot4 ,the progress of the ,empress ,helen through ,palestine is as an ovation to the faith1 and a record of churches built and monasteries founded in every ,holy ,place4 ,she constantly besought her son's aid and munificence in these undertakings1 and extended the protection of his name to all ,christian establishments in the ,east4 ,we owe to her piety and energy the most solemn and the greatest of the memorials of the ,passion1 the ,holy ,cross on which our ,lord suffered and died4 ,it is likewise to her1 a woman1 that we owe one of the most beautiful of ,christian churches1 that of the ,holy ,sepulchre at ,jerusalem1 as well as one of the most interesting basilicas of ,rome1 ,santa ,croce in ,gerusalemme1 where a portion of the august relic of the cross was deposited4 ,her charities were numberless1 her foundations magnificent4 ,she alleviated the condition of those who were condemned to the mines1 and freed many from chains and slavery4 ,the city of ,drepanum in ,bythinia1 where ,st4 ,lucian the martyr had died for his ,god1 she so beautified and endowed in his honor that after her death her son changed its name to ,helenopolis4 ,even the fame of the local and municipal life of many cities can be traced to the influence and activity of woman1 and further on we shall see how some of her sex have laid colleges1 schools1 and universities under eternal obligations4 ,constance1 the daughter of ,constantine1 was the first convert of the imperial family1 and exercised no little influence over her father4 ,she assembled numbers of holy virgins1 and consecrated herself with them in a state of virginity to the service of ,god and the poor4 ,when ,constantius1 her brother1 became emperor1 and1 favoring ,arianism1 called himself head of the church1 while he exiled ,pope ,liberius1 hundreds of the ,roman ladies united in a deputation to protest against this illegal act4 ,as long as the anti-,pope ,felix remained in ,rome1 these same women utterly scorned his authority1 and encouraged the people to refuse to hold communion with him4 ,this firm attitude of the women of ,rome had its reward1 and ,pope ,liberius was at length recalled when the emperor perceived that the forced schism was likely to result in sedition against himself4 ,maximus1 ,emperor of the ,west1 through the influence of his ,christian wife1 became the friend and protector of ,st4 ,martin of ,tours2 and ,theodosius1 the contemporary of ,st4 ,ambrose1 was mainly guided in his wise and1 upon the whole1 salutary administration by his wife ,placidia and his daughter ,pulcheria4 ,but his granddaughter1 also named ,pulcheria1 and justly honored as a saint1 was pre-eminently the glory of the ,eastern ,empire and the honor of her sex as well as of her order4 ,her reign was the triumph of the church1 the golden age of justice1 the realization of a ,christian ,utopia4 ,when the tranquillity of the age was disturbed1 it was through the decline of her influence and the triumph over her of her many enemies4 ,when her father ,arcadius died and left his throne to his son ,theodosius1 she was chosen not as regent1 but as ,augusta1 or co-ruler and empress1 with her brother1 and moreover was entrusted with the care and responsibility of his education4 ,the historian ,rohrbacher1 ever eager to extol the sex says of her3 8,it was a marvel1 the equal of which has never been known either before or since1 and which ,god wrought in those days for the glory of woman1 whom his grace sanctified and his wisdom inspired--that a maiden of sixteen should govern successfully so vast an empire40 ,pulcheria reduced the imperial household to a degree of order and decorum more resembling a college than a court2 her brother's masters were all chosen and approved by her1 and the utmost respect was paid by her both to the laws and the prelates of the church4 ,alban ,butler1 in his ,lives of the ,saints1 speaks of her and her reign in these terms3 8,the imperial council was1 through her discernment1 composed of the wisest1 most virtuous1 and most experienced persons in the empire3 yet1 in deliberations1 all of them readily acknowledged the superiority of her judgment and penetration4 ,her resolutions were the result of the most mature consideration1 and she took care herself that all orders should be executed with incredible expedition1 though always in the name of her brother1 to whom she gave the honor and credit of all she did4 ,she was herself well skilled in ,greek and ,latin1 in history and other useful branches of literature1 and was1 as every one must be who is endowed with greatness of soul and a just idea of the dignity of the human mind1 the declared patroness of the sciences and of both the useful and polite arts4 ,far from making religion subservient to policy1 all her views and projects were regulated by it1 and by this the happiness of her government was complete4 ,she prevented by her prudence all revolts which ambition1 jealousy1 or envy might stir up to disturb the tranquillity of the church or state2 she cemented a firm peace with all neighboring powers1 and abolished the wretched remains of idolatry in several parts4 ,never did virtue reign in the oriental empire with greater lustre1 never was the state more happy or more flourishing1 nor was its name ever more respected even among barbarians1 than whilst the reins of the government were in the hands of ,pulcheria40 ,ventura is not less explicit in praise of this great woman4 ,after mentioning the different studies embraced in the plan of education which ,pulcheria had traced for her brother1 he says3 8,in these arrangements1 both the subject-matter which was to occupy the young prince's attention1 and the time he was to spend in each occupation1 were so judiciously and admirably managed that such a plan of education seemed rather the work of an experienced philosopher than that of a young girl of sixteen4444 ,theodosius possessed neither a generous soul nor exalted intellect2 in fact1 his was a nature scarcely above mediocrity4 ,pulcheria1 however1 by her enlightened efforts1 succeeded in producing unexpected results from so thankless a field of labor40 7,donna ,cattolica1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bc1 #bd47 ,exiled and disgraced by the machinations of her frivolous sister-in-law1 the ,empress ,eudocia1 and the ambitious ,chrysaphius1 one of the courtiers1 she left ,constantinople and retired into the country1 no more downcast in adversity than she had been elated in prosperity4 ,eudocia and ,chrysaphius1 unable to draw ,st4 ,flavian1 the ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 into their conspiracy against the noble exile1 became violent partisans of ,eutyches and his new heresy4 ,between the years #ddg and #dej of the ,christian era1 the condition of the empire was perfectly chaotic2 the heresies of the ,eutychians1 the ,nestorians1 and the ,monothelites disturbed the public peace2 morality was forgotten2 the court became an assembly of intriguers2 ,theodosius himself was no longer obeyed at home or respected abroad4 ,st4 ,leo the ,pope1 scandalized and grieved at such excesses1 wrote to the emperor1 the clergy1 and the people of ,constantinople1 but reserved his most remarkable mission for ,pulcheria4 ,he says1 8,if you had received my former letters1 you would certainly have already remedied these evils1 for you have never failed the ,christian faith1 nor the clergy her guardians10 and towards the end of his letter he adds3 8,in the name of the blessed apostle ,st4 ,peter1 ,i constitute you my special legate for the advancement of this matter before the emperor40 ,referring to this magnificent elogium1 the historian ,rohrbacher remarks that1 8when the ,pope writes to the ,emperor ,theodosius1 one would think he was addressing a woman2 when1 on the contrary1 he writes to the ex-empress1 one would imagine he was speaking to a man10 upon whose energy he could depend4 ,in #dej1 the ,emperor of the ,west1 ,valentinian1 and his mother and wife1 ,placidia and ,eudoxia1 came to ,rome1 where the ,pope entrusted them with the task of admonishing by letter the weak-minded ,theodosius and his heretical followers4 ,thus was the power of woman and her influence in state affairs recognized and honored by the church from end to end of the ,christian world4 ,pulcheria1 urged by the entreaties of all these great and holy personages1 boldly went to the court1 reproached her brother1 and by her firmness opened his eyes and restored peace1 orthodoxy and morality in the distracted empire4 ,her brother's death in #dej left her1 by the universal consent of the people1 once more ruler of the vast realm she had already so much benefited4 ,now again she evinced consummate wisdom in her choice of ,marcian1 the most renowned soldier and most talented statesman of the empire1 to be her husband and fellow-ruler4 ,under condition of preserving her early vow of perpetual chastity1 she admitted him to an entire participation of her life and counsels1 and together1 with a strong yet gentle hand1 they upheld and protected the fathers of the ,council of ,chalcedon4 ,after three years of a wise and virtuous reign1 ,pulcheria died1 lamented by the thousands of the poor and destitute whom she had never ceased to relieve1 and honored by the church as the 8guardian of the faith1 the peace-maker1 the defender of orthodoxy10 as the ,chalcedonian fathers expressed it4 ,the historian ,gibbon1 whose testimony can hardly be deemed interested1 has thus outlined the history of her reign3 8,her piety did not prevent ,pulcheria from indefatigably devoting her attention to the affairs of the state1 and indeed this princess was the only descendant of ,theodosius the ,great who seems to have inherited any part of his high courage and noble genius4 ,she had acquired the familiar use of the ,greek and ,latin tongues1 which she spoke and wrote with ease and grace in her speeches and writings relative to public affairs4 ,prudence always dictated her resolves4 ,her execution was prompt and decisive4 ,managing without ostentation all the intricacies of the government1 she discreetly attributed to the talents of the emperor the long tranquillity of his reign4 ,during the last years of his life1 ,europe was suffering cruelly under the invasion and ravages of ,attila1 ,king of the ,huns1 while peace continued to reign in the vast provinces of ,asia40 7,history of the ,rise and ,fall of the ,roman ,empire1 vol4 vi4 chapter xxxii47 ,the holy ,pope ,st4 ,gregory the ,great did not owe less to the influence and friendship of woman than ,pope ,st4 ,leo4 ,among his many and remarkable letters1 those addressed to the ,empress ,constantina and the ,princess ,theoclissa1 wife and sister of ,maurice1 ,emperor of the ,east1 are not the least admirable4 ,the emperor being both imbecile and miserly1 and of a nature utterly despicable1 the only bulwark of orthodoxy against the heretics lay in the strenuous and continued efforts of these two women in favor of the church4 ,when ,phocus1 a general of ,maurice1 freed the indignant empire from its supine and debased ruler1 his wife the ,empress ,leontia took the place of the former princesses1 and continued their work of protecting the faith of the ,councils4 ,in the ,west1 where the ,lombards were successfully laying the foundation of the future power they were destined to wield1 it was chiefly to a woman that ,gregory the ,great looked to defend the interests of religion1 and saw among these half-reclaimed barbarians the seeds of ,christian chivalry4 ,theodolinda was his pupil and correspondent1 and by her care the future ,king of the ,lombards1 ,adoloaldus1 was baptized and brought up a ,christian4 ,in the matter of the great expedition which resulted in the final conversion of ,england1 the same ,pope testifies by his letters that ,bertha1 the wife of ,king ,ethelbert1 and ,brunehault1 ,queen of the ,franks1 were chiefly instrumental in aiding and countenancing ,st4 ,augustine in his mission4 ,he says to ,brunehault3 8,we are not ignorant of the help you have afforded our brother ,augustine4444 ,it must be a source of great rejoicing to you that no one has had a greater share in this work than yourself4 ,for1 if that nation the ,saxons has had the blessing of hearing the ,word of ,god and the preaching of the ,gospel1 it is to you1 under ,god1 that they owe it40 ,the throne of ,constantinople was to be honored yet by another sainted empress1 the worthy successor of ,pulcheria1 and1 like her1 an able ally of the ,pope and the orthodox patriarch of her own capital4 ,once more1 through the vices and indifference of men1 a heresy had arisen and flourished1 the heresy of the ,iconoclasts4 ,great persecution had been suffered by the faithful1 during the reign of ,leo1 the husband of our heroine ,irene1 and the new heretics1 had completely triumphed4 ,at his death1 his widow became regent for her young son4 ,the clergy1 the nobility1 and especially the army1 were arrayed on the side of the ,iconoclasts4 ,irene was as prudent in action as she was zealous in heart4 ,the persecutions against the followers of the ,pope were first merely suspended1 thought and speech were once more free1 and gradually a reaction began to take place4 ,the patriarchal see of ,constantinople becoming vacant by the death of ,paul1 the finally repentant abettor of the unhappy heresy1 it was ,irene who proposed the election of ,tarasius1 the most popular1 most pious1 and most talented man among her subjects4 ,he1 too1 was the product of a wise and holy woman's training1 and the name of his mother1 ,eucratia1 is among the saints4 ,having thus paved the way1 the empress wrote to ,pope ,adrian about the year #ghf1 and begged him to assemble a general council to further the interests of religion and cement the peace of ,christendom4 ,the council1 which was the second of ,nicea1 took place according to this suggestion1 upon which the ,pope1 through his legates1 formally congratulated the empress4 ,the utmost success having attended the sittings of the council1 and the faith having been triumphantly vindicated against the ,iconoclasts and their errors1 the empress sent to entreat the assembled fathers to hold one final and ceremonial sitting in ,constantinople itself4 ,she procured an efficient guard among the orthodox cohorts of the imperial army1 and prepared an immense hall in the palace for the gathering of the council4 ,ventura describes the scene thus3 8,the ,pope's legates waived their right of precedence in favor of ,irene1 and the astonishing spectacle was seen of a woman1 accompanied by a child twelve years old 7her son71 presiding over one of the most august assemblies of the church4 ,the sitting was opened by a discourse by the empress1 in which she spoke1 both in her son's name and in her own1 with so much eloquence1 warmth1 and grace1 that the greatest emotion was manifested throughout the assembly2 tears of joy flowed from the eyes of all present1 and the last words of ,irene were followed by the most heartfelt acclamations4444 ,the enthusiasm was at its height1 when1 in the assembly and also to the people without1 the decree or definition of faith made by the council was read1 and the empress claimed her right to be the first to sign it4444 ,it must never be forgotten that this great council1 as well as its consequences1 which put an end to a great heresy and restored ,catholicism in the ,east1 was the thought and work of a woman1 and that it was a woman-sovereign 7un empereur-femme7 who alone by her discreet and courageous zeal knew how to blot out and destroy the scandals caused by three men-sovereigns and even a great number of bishops themselves40 7,donna ,cattolica1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ee1 #ef47 ,before the ,empire of the ,east became totally degraded1 another sovereign1 another woman1 lent it the glory of her reputation4 ,the ,iconoclasts1 profiting by the treacherous support of succeeding emperors1 again renewed their hostilities against orthodoxy1 but were speedily checked once more by a brave ,christian woman1 the ,empress ,theodosia1 widow of ,theophilus1 and of whom ,rohrbacher says3 8,if in the ,west the temporal sovereigns were insignificant1 in the ,east they were detestable4 ,there was but one exception1 and that was a woman1 the ,empress ,st4 ,theodosia4 ,she began her reign after the death of her unworthy husband--whom she had succeeded1 however1 in converting on his death-bed--by threatening the heretical patriarch1 ,lecanomantes1 with the condemnation of the coming council unless he consented to vacate his see and renounce his errors4 ,he refused1 and the council assembled within the walls of the imperial palace4 ,the ,iconoclast heresy was again solemnly denounced1 and the previous ,council of ,nicea confirmed4 ,for the countenance and protection afforded by her to the church1 the empress only asked as a reward that the prelates should pray for the forgiveness of the sin of heresy which her husband had committed4 ,theodosia celebrated this new victory of the church with becoming solemnity1 and instituted in its honor a festival1 which is observed to this day under the name of the #8festival of orthodoxy4' ,when ,methodius1 the holy ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 died1 she replaced him by ,st4 ,ignatius1 the friend of the ,pope1 ,st4 ,nicholas ,i4 ,she made peace with the ,bulgarians1 whom the ,pope was interested in converting to the faith1 and seconded his efforts by procuring the conversion of the captive ,bulgarian princess1 sister to ,king ,bogoris1 whom she afterward freed and sent back to her brother4 ,this princess became the ,clotildis of her people1 and1 together with ,formosus1 the ,pope's legate1 and ,st4 ,cyril1 ,theodosia's envoy1 effected the conversion of the whole ,bulgarian nation in #hfa40 ,other ,danubian tribes also owed their conversion to ,theodosia2 she sent missionaries to the ,khazars and the ,moravians1 whose chief specially addressed himself to her for instruction4 ,her son ,michael1 when he came to the throne1 renewed the horrors of the pagan empire of ,caligula and ,domitian1 persecuted his mother and sisters1 exiled and deposed the ,patriarch ,ignatius1 and put the heretic ,photius into his place4 ,one of his captains1 ,basil1 put a violent end to his infamous reign1 and1 though inexcusable in the eyes of the ecclesiastical law1 yet redeemed his act by the utmost deference to ,theodosia and devotion to religion4 ,the empire breathed again1 and ,theodosia's counsels procured another general assembly of the church at ,constantinople1 when ,photius was condemned and the rightful patriarch reinstated in his authority4 ,after the death of the empress1 the heresy of ,photius revived and spread1 and1 schism becoming more or less general1 the empire began to degenerate1 until its very name1 the 8,lower ,empire10 became a synonym for all degradation and hopeless ruin4 ,ventura1 who says truly that real sanctity is impossible in the bosom of voluntary schism1 attributes the degeneracy of the ,empire of the ,east to the want of strong and generous women1 such as those whom we have briefly sketched in this article1 and asserts that the very accumulation of evils which this scarcity of holy women has heaped upon the church during some of the darkest periods of her history1 is in itself a proof of the paramount importance of woman in the work of the propagation and protection of true religion4 ,we are now close upon the medival times1 when the glory of the sex shone forth again in the ,west1 and counted as many champions as there were kingdoms to convert1 universities to endow1 courts to reform1 and infidel powers to overthrow4 ,the influence of woman began to be recognized in society as it had always been in the church2 chivalry taught men to place the honor of woman next in their estimation to faith in ,god1 and equal with loyalty to their king and patriotism to their country4 ,we can find no more beautiful1 no more ,catholic1 expression of this sovereignty of woman's pure and ennobling influence1 as consecrated by the church's approbation1 and guarded by all that is noblest and most generous in man1 than the following extract from a modern poet1 whose inspiration1 like that of all true artists1 is drawn perforce from the legends of ,catholic antiquity4 ,the poet of the ,holy ,grail is also the poet of woman2 the legends of the deeds of the prowess of knights1 whose names are perchance but myths as to actual history1 but nevertheless are human types of the exalted ideal of the old ,catholic days1 are inevitably mingled with legends of the vows of holy chastity1 and the pure and stainless lives of many of those renowned heroes of the field and tournament4 ,let the following serve as an introduction to our next article1 which will treat chiefly of the great women of the ,middle ,ages3 8,for when the ,roman left us1 and their law ,relaxed its hold upon us1 and the ways ,were filled with rapine1 here and there a deed ,of prowess done redressed a random wrong4 ,but ,i was first of all the kings who drew ,the knighthood-errant of this realm and all ,the realms together under me1 their head1 ,in that fair ,order of my ,table ,round1 ,a glorious company1 the flower of men1 ,to serve as model for the mighty world1 ,and be the fair beginning of a time4 ,i made them lay their hands in mine1 and swear ,to reverence the king as if he were ,their conscience and their conscience as their king1 ,to break the heathen and uphold the ,christ1 ,to ride abroad1 redressing human wrongs1 ,to speak no slander1 no1 nor listen to it1 ,to lead sweet lives in purest chastity1 ,to love one maiden only1 cleave to her1 ,and worship her by years of noble deeds1 ,until they won her2 for indeed ,i knew ,of no more subtle master under heaven ,than is the maiden passion for a maid1 ,not only to keep down the base in man1 ,but teach high thought1 and amiable words1 ,and courtliness1 and the desire of fame1 ,and love of truth1 and all that makes a man4 ,and all this throve4444 ,i wedded thee1 ,believing1 lo6 mine helpmate1 one to feel ,my purpose1 and rejoicing in my joy40 ,tennyson1 ,idylls of the ,king4 ,,devota4 ,sweet image of the one ,i love1 ,to whom your infant years were given 7,and still the faithful colors#fa prove ,a constancy not all in heaven73 ,to me a violet near a brink1 ,far-hidden from the beaten way1 ,and where but rarest flowerets drink ,a freshness from the ripples' play3 ,a lily in a vale of rest1 ,and where the angels know a nook ,but one shy form has ever prest-- ,a poet with a poet's book4 ,but poet's book has never said ,what ,i1 ,o lily1 find in you3 ',twas never writ and never read1 ,though always old and always new4 ,and ah1 that you must change and go-- ,the violet fade1 the lily die6 ,let others joy to watch you grow2 ,let others smile3 so will not ,i4 ,yet smile ,i should4 ,is heaven a dream8 ,in sooth1 he needs to be forgiven ,who matches with the things that seem ,a deathless flower1 that blooms for heaven4 ,and while he mourns the onward years ,that sweep you from the things that seem1 ,let faith make sunshine on his tears3 ',tis heaven is real1 and earth the dream4 ,,footnote3 #fa ,children dedicated to the ,blessed ,virgin wear white and blue4 ,,the ,,caresses ,,of ,,providence4 ,,from ,,la ,,civilta ,,cattolica4 ,very recently1 the ,liberal ,italian party1 finding that their ,catholic opponents were in no wise damaged by arguments drawn from a denial of ,god's concern in human affairs1 has changed its tactics1 and proposes now to convert us clericals by appeals to our religious sensibilities4 ,we are assaulted by a theological attack ad hominem1 which they tell us is so conclusive that1 if we do not acknowledge ourselves beaten1 it is because we have lost our reason and renounced the faith4 8,you believe10 say they1 8in the providence of ,god4 ,you recognize his hand in all the events of life1 and you profess to bless and bow to the divine decrees4 ,well1 then1 ,providence1 you perceive1 has smiled graciously on us and on our work--a work which you execrate and detest4 ,providence is plainly on our side4 ,he declares himself for us and against you4 ,submit1 then1 to his decrees4 ,lay aside this idle expectation of the triumph of your cause1 which is evidently opposed to the holy will of ,god4 ,accept accomplished facts4 ,reconcile yourselves with ,italy1 our glorious new kingdom1 and cease1 amid your noisy professions of religion1 to rebel against the will of the ,most ,high40 ,such in its naked substance is the argument to which the ,liberals now exultingly resort2 more especially since the breach of ,porta ,pia and the successful picking of the locks of the ,quirinal4 ,they hope in this way to convict us of apostasy from the faith1 and 7what they deem still more atrocious7 of an unpardonable outrage against the laws of 8the human understanding40 8,it seems incredible10 they go on to say1 8that1 after such positive proofs of a special protection vouchsafed by ,providence to regenerate ,italy1 the clerical party should cling so stubbornly to the hope of a resuscitation of the past--a past which1 were it not already irrevocably condemned by the logic of events1 would be condemned by their own theory of an all-seeing and all-wise ,god40 ,this is the language in which the ,jewish journal ,l',opinione1 after taking ,roman ground at the close of the year just elapsed1 expressed this very formidable argument4 ,they had already uttered it some hundred times before4 ,many sheets of less importance had got up an industrious echo to this cry2 and one in particular1 a petty ,florentine print1 undertakes to celebrate the new year by magnifying 8the caresses of ,providence0 bestowed upon the little darling angel1 ,italy1 born1 as everybody knows1 of the wonderful shrewdness of the ,italian people and their undying love of liberty--a liberty1 by the way1 which never fails to exemplify itself by a free and strenuous appropriation of a weaker neighbor's earthly goods4 ,strange indeed it is that men1 who never were known as professed believers in any other divinity than ,mammon1 should now1 after having derided for years1 and with every mark of blasphemous scorn1 8the finger of ,god10 suddenly assume the office of apostles of a new idea of ,christian ,providence4 ,strange it is that only now1 after the plunder of a city gained by battering down walls and picking locks with forged keys--that these men1 we say1 should chant the praises of the ,god they had defied1 and defend his holy decrees against the 8scandalous negations0 of the ,catholic ,church4 ,strangest is it of all1 that the prince of these extraordinary apostles should be no other than the so-called ,jew proprietor of the ,opinione--who is not even a ,jew2 for he has always shown that he believes as little of the ,old ,testament as he does of the ,new4 ,but-- 8,to what infamies untold ,hast thou man's nature not controlled1 ,thou execrable greed of gold60 ,solid or not1 this argumentum ad hominem has for a certain class of minds an air of great plausibility4 ,at all events1 it might be well to look into it a little2 for we may thereby throw some light upon several important truths which nowadays need special illumination4 ,we let in the argument1 therefore1 as the new ,jewish and infidel philosophers present it2 and we propose to give them1 in a nutshell1 the proper answer to it4 ,they will then understand why ,catholics not only refuse to surrender to this showing1 but1 on the contrary1 see in it reason to stand firm to their first faith1 and to cherish unceasing hopes of the speedy triumph of their cause4 ,yes1 gentlemen1 we ,catholics believe1 with all our heart and soul1 in the holy providence of ,god4 ,in this ,providence we recognize the origin and order of all created things4 ,we make it indeed our glory that we bless and humbly worship its adorable decrees4 ,we confess1 therefore1 without reserve1 that what you choose to call its 8loving caresses0 are really yours by divine appointment2 and the very decree which to you is the source of so much joy1 and to us of so much mourning1 we adore as the undoubted manifestation of his most holy will4 ,all this we freely admit as truth1 as unquestionable1 unanswerable truth4 ,but while1 in these explicit terms1 we confess this ,catholic verity1 we deny1 in equally explicit terms1 that what you choose to call 8caresses0 are in any sense such to you1 or that the palpable proofs of that 8special protection0 of which you make so vain a boast are proofs of anything but the very opposite2 nay1 so false is it1 that the caresses you claim are marks of divine approval1 that the very assertion is a blasphemy most insulting to the sovereign providence of ,god4 ,to prove these propositions is an easy thing to any one who knows his catechism2 and the understanding of them easier still to any one who believes as well as knows4 ,to him who either does not know his ,christian primer1 or1 knowing it1 will not believe1 they may seem incapable of either proof or comprehension4 ,should such a case present itself1 the fault is certainly not ours4 ,a poet tells us that3 8,of winds the sailor ever loves to speak1 ,of arms the soldier1 and the boor of swine2 ,the astronomer1 of planet1 moon1 and stars2 ,of palaces and piers1 the architect2 ,the juggling necromancer prates of ghosts1 ,and the old harper of his well thrummed strains40 ,if so1 why is it that this ,jew1 instead of sticking like a worthy ,hebrew to his stock-list1 takes to teaching us the ,christian catechism8 ,and why is it that this worshipper of ,voltaire1 instead of chanting hymns to ,venus1 reads us a lecture on what he knows about the purposes of ,god8 ,sutor ne ultra crepidam4 ,nevertheless1 we proceed to explain the propositions advanced above4 ,catholics acknowledge that every event1 be it favorable or unfavorable to their prayers1 is consistent with the providence of ,god4 ,to ,providence they refer evil as well as good1 with this difference1 that good and unblamable evil they ascribe to the decrees of his sovereign direction1 but blamable evil they ascribe to his permissive decree4 ,in a word1 they believe and confess that ,god wills positively all that comes to pass without taint of moral evil1 and wills negatively 7that is1 he does not preclude7 what comes to pass so tainted by cause of man's abuse of his free-will4 ,they nevertheless hold and profess that whatever evil he permits1 that also is ordained to good2 so that nothing enters into those most just and wise decrees that does not aim effectively at the final design of the creation and redemption of mankind2 which design in this life is the church militant1 and1 in the next1 the church triumphant1 the central point of his extrinsic glorification4 ,the reason1 then1 that ,catholics hold and profess that ,god does not and cannot decree1 otherwise than permissively1 moral evil--that is1 disobedience1 injustice1 or briefly sin--is that he neither participates nor can participate in evil of this nature which is essentially opposed to his infinite sanctity4 ,he would1 in fact1 participate therein if he willed it positively and not merely negatively2 whereas1 permitting it only1 he in no wise participates1 though he allows man1 whom he had created free1 to make an evil use of the gift of liberty4 ,he does not hinder him1 because neither is he so obliged1 nor can the divine hindrance of human freedom be exacted by the nature of man left free4 ,with all this1 ,god is in no wise the less able to secure for himself1 always and in every case and from every human being1 the external glory which he reserved to himself when he created man4 ,because1 he who shall not glorify in heaven an infinite mercy granted to the good use of the free-will1 shall glorify in hell an infinite justice merited by the abuse of this same free-will4 ,hence the ,almighty will not be shorn of the least shadow of that glory1 for which1 among other things1 he drew man out of the abyss of nothingness4 ,catholics1 moreover1 believe and confess that the effects of moral evil are invariably directed by ,almighty ,god to the good of mankind4 ,they serve to punish in order to amend1 or else to exercise in order to confirm4 ,st4 ,augustine remarks1 with his usual perspicacity1 that the life of a bad man is often prolonged not only to afford an opportunity for his amendment1 but to serve as an occasion of sanctification to the good4 ,ne putetis gratis esse malos in hoc mundo1 et nihil boni de eis agere ,deum4 ,omnis malus aut ideo vivit ut corrigatur1 aut ideo vivit ut per illum bonus exerceatur4#fb ,hence it is that ,catholics1 in all emergencies1 even in the most calamitous1 nay1 even in those caused by the worst iniquities of unscrupulous men1 do not fail to adore the goodness and justice of ,almighty ,god1 and to acknowledge the inscrutable dispositions of his most holy will4 ,but they never think of imputing to him the sins and transgressions of the wicked4 ,these he neither wills nor is he capable of willing them4 ,he permits them only as subserving his mercy or his justice4 ,it follows1 then1 that1 in order to decide whether the easy successes of certain definite transactions are successes due to divine approbation1 and palpable proofs of his gracious protection1 or whether rather they are not facilities that ,providence permits for the punishment of the wicked and for the chastening of the virtuously minded1 it is essential to see first whether these definite acts are right or wrong1 meritorious or sinful2 that is1 conformable or unconformable to the law of eternal justice1 and to the ,gospel of ,jesus ,christ4 ,now1 certain it is that in those transactions which the enemies of ,christ regard as sanctioned by the manifest 8caresses0 of ,almighty ,god1 ,catholic ,christians see nothing but acts of iniquity and sin2 and accordingly1 while they accept them as permitted by ,god for reasons and results full of justice and mercy1 they nevertheless esteem it the height of blasphemy to look upon such outrages1 however successful for the moment1 as 8caresses0 bestowed by ,providence upon the very men who at other times deny his existence or treat his word with open scorn and contempt4 ,we have thus1 as briefly and as lucidly as we could1 and with the ,christian catechism for our guide1 explained to these ,jews who are no ,jews1 and to these philosophers who are no philosophers1 the sense of the propositions we affirm4 ,perhaps they will now require of us to prove that the acts referred to are acts of iniquity and sin4 ,this is very much like asking us to prove that the sun is shining1 when it is evidently blazing at mid-day4 ,we let pass that the highest authority on earth has pronounced1 again and again1 that the acts are simply acts most sinful and sacrilegious4 ,we let pass that the concurrent testimony of all minds endowed with natural rectitude of judgment 7not excluding ,protestants nor ,israelites nor ,turks7 has confirmed and reconfirmed the condemnations spoken already by ,pope1 by church1 and by the entire ,catholic world4 ,it is enough that the authors and prime movers of these outrages proclaimed and stamped them as dishonorable and base before they perpetrated them1 and even in the very act of their perpetration4 ,can these apostolic gentlemen1 now so anxious for the conversion of the ,catholic ,church1 be ignorant1 for instance1 that two of the ,subalpine ministry1 ,visconti-,venosta and ,lanza1 declared the invasion of ,rome and the usurpation of the ,papal power acts of barbarism destitute of every semblance of right8 ,and are they not aware that they so avouched just one short month before both invasion and usurpation were consummated by burglary and breach8 ,who can hope1 then1 to persuade a ,catholic that these successful shells1 pick-locks1 and jimmies have not been instruments of the most iniquitous wrong-doing1 seeing that these two men1 in the face of heaven and earth1 averred its baseness themselves only a few weeks before the formal consummation of the act8 ,perhaps1 too1 our converters have never heard how their divine ,camillo ,cavour said one day to their other divine ,massimo d',azeglio1 who has recorded it ad perpetuam rei memoriam3 8,if what we are doing for ,italy1 you and ,i had done for ourselves1 what a precious pair of big balossi we should have been60 ,the ,opinione knows too well the sense of the ,subalpine word balosso that we should put it into good ,italian4 ,the editor and his pharisaical colleagues have learned1 no doubt1 the lovely dialect of the northern masters they have chosen for ,italy and for themselves4 ,they can teach us1 we dare say1 the full force of this fine word balosso2 that it means all that is contained in the words scamp1 scoundrel1 robber1 rascal1 villain1 ruffian1 knave4 ,can ,catholics1 then1 be easily persuaded that the facts accomplished by ,azeglio and ,cavour for the regeneration of ,italy have been free from sin and iniquity1 seeing that these two divines have stigmatized them as the acts of men bad enough to be balossi8 ,for be it observed that ,azeglio himself admits that what is criminal in private life is no less criminal in public2#fc showing 7though we are losing time in the attempt to throw light upon the sun7 that our apostolic friends1 in order to justify the accomplished facts resorted to for ,italy's new birth1 have been obliged to invent a modern social law the converse of the ancient one ordained by ,god himself4 ,if this be admitted1 what can prove more incontestably that the acts complained of were acts of sin and iniquity2 sin being any act contrary to ,god's commands1 and iniquity an act opposed to the justice he enjoins8 ,but ,catholics may go further1 and say to the apostles of our conversion that not only are the means used for the regeneration of ,italy sinful and iniquitous1 but that the end itself aimed at by the ringleaders of this pretended regeneration is absolutely antichristian and diabolical1 being nothing less than the demolition of the ,catholic ,church and the annihilation of the kingdom of ,god among men4 ,of course1 the end is simply absurd1 and rendered impossible by the excess of its absurdity4 ,but nevertheless1 though it cannot exist as a thing attainable1 it does exist as a thing conceivable1 and as such inspires the mad career of ,masonry1 which pursues it with satanic rage and open ostentation as the main objective point of the machinations of the sect4 ,mazzini1 to whom the regenerators are indebted for their grand idea1 aimed as far ago as #ahcd at the abolition of the temporal power1 without regard to cost4 ,his argument was that the downfall of this power carried with it1 as a necessary consequence1 the emancipation of the human race from the thraldom of the spiritual power4 8,the ,vicars of ,christ0 he called 8,vicars of the ,spirit of ,evil1 to be exterminated1 never to be restored40#fd ,visconti-,venosta1 a member of the present ,italian cabinet1 wrote to ,mazzini1 in #ahea1 that the rallying-cry of the regeneration should be1 8,down with the ,monarchy1 down with the ,papacy40#fe ,ferrari1 the philosopher of the movement1 proclaimed in #ahec that the end it proposed was the stamping out of ,pope and ,emperor1 of ,christ and ,csar2 the four tyrannies that ,machiavelli had delivered over to ,italian hate4#ff ,to make this matter short1 though we might go on for ever1 the more rabid partisans of the regeneration do not blush to say that the essential end of the great ,italian movement is the emancipation of human consciences from the authority of the church1 by laying prostrate the colossus against whom ,luther1 ,calvin1 and ,henry ,,viii4 ineffectually strove4 ,they aim1 in a word1 at the radical destruction of the entire ,catholic ,church2 to which end1 nationality1 unity1 political liberty itself1 were always to be regarded as nothing more than the means4#fg ,these preliminaries being understood1 our free-thinking friends ought to see that their argument1 derived from what they call 8providential protection0 to their sacrilegious acts1 strikes the ,catholic mind as a shocking blasphemy1 because it makes our blessed ,lord an accomplice in detestable transactions1 and an instigator to the worst of crimes--a deliberate plotter1 in short1 of the ruin of that church which is the masterpiece of his wisdom1 and the object of his infinite love4 ,we have no objections to their saying that the anger of ,god has unchained their barbarous allies1 and for a time has left them free to do their worst against the children of the church4 ,they may say all this1 and ,catholics will assent and even approve--not the animus1 but the words4 ,they will exclaim with ,st4 ,jerome of old1 when the barbarians of that day were making havoc of the things of ,god3 ,peccatis nostris barbari fortes sunt#fh--8;,in our sins the barbarians are strong40 ,but let them not venture to say that ,almighty ,god1 because he allows them a fatal facility of blasphemous impiety1 protects and even caresses this impiety4 ,for religious men will answer them3 ,yes1 he protects and caresses you1 as he protected and caressed the crucifiers of his only-begotten ,son4 ,and here we entreat the ,israelitish editor of the ,opinione to pay strict attention to what we have to say1 inasmuch as it concerns him in his nationality2 since he is an ,israelite by nature and nation1 and ,italian only by the place of his accidental birth4 ,the synagogue1 sustained by the coalition of ,pharisees and ,sadducees1 undertook to regenerate ,judea by taking the life of ,jesus1 ,son of ,god1 true ,god and true ,man4 ,the great sin of ,jesus ,christ in the eyes of the synagogue was similar to that of the church of ,jesus in the eyes of the ,masonic ,order4 ,he was the ,son of ,god and the ,word of ,truth1 as the church is his spouse and the organ of the truth4 ,but there stood many obstacles in the way of compassing his death4 ,first1 there needed a lawful sanction1 and there was none4 ,secondly1 it was necessary to take him captive1 a very dangerous undertaking1 for he was always surrounded by throngs of devoted followers and friends4 ,thirdly1 it was necessary to keep the people in good humor1 or1 as ,jesus was their principal benefactor1 they might rebel against this public execution4 ,fourthly1 it was necessary to ascertain that the ,romans1 who had cognizance of capital cases in ,palestine1 would connive at his trial for life and at his sentence to death4 ,fifthly1 they had to risk the display of his miraculous power1 for his miracles surpassed all that had ever been seen in ,israel4 ,it must be admitted that these difficulties were very formidable4 ,yet what happened8 ,everything was made easy4 ,the sanction of law was found in a tissue of lies and political misindictments1 successful beyond all expectation4 ,his capture proved the easiest imaginable1 through the unexpected treachery of one of his own disciples1 who sold him for a bauble4 ,the populace was led with wonderful facility not only not to rise to his rescue1 but in a solemn plbiscite to save the robber ,barabbas at his expense1 and to sentence him to an ignominious death4 ,the ,romans made some show1 through ,pilate1 in his defence2 but after five times declaring him innocent of every charge1 condemned him to the cross1 following the will of the synagogue to the last2 and finally ,jesus1 though challenged with insult to the exercise of his supernatural powers1 abstained mysteriously from their use1 and did nothing to withdraw himself from torture or death4 ,could any greater facility of consummation be imagined than was here shown in the accomplishment of this tremendous deicidal act8 ,but will our ,israelitish apostle have the heart to undertake to win over ,italian ,catholics to the belief that the wonderful success of the crucifixion 7permitted1 as it undeniably was7 is to be construed as a caress bestowed by ,providence upon a corrupt and apostate synagogue1 and as a palpable and unmistakable proof of his protection of the bloody and treacherous council that sentenced him to death8 ,between the ,jewish sacrilege directed against the adorable ,person of the ,incarnate ,word1 and the ,italian sacrilege against the ,vicar of that ,word1 there is but this distinction3 that the ,person aimed at in the former was ,god present in his human nature1 and the ,person aimed at in the latter was ,god present in his church4 ,in the days of ,pontius ,pilate and ,caiphas1 the ,jews slew the material body of our ,blessed ,lord3 the latter-day ,jews1 in these days of ,lanza and ,visconti-,venosta1 would1 if they could1 slay the ,spiritual ,body of the same ,jesus ,christ4 ,and do you dare1 wretched ,pharisees1 to ask of us ,catholic believers to recognize in the facilities that have attended until now this monstrous sacrilege of yours1 this second deicidal act1 the smiles of an approving ,providence1 and the marks of a divine protection accorded to the prompt success of your heaven-defying crime8 ,the capital error of the gross and impious sophism now the subject of our comment1 consists evidently in the assumption that easy and unexpected success 7in operations ordinarily of a very arduous character7 is a sure note of the divine approval1 even when the accomplished facts are manifest breaches of the ,decalogue4 ,a proposition of this sort1 if it had the least value1 would serve to sanction any atrocity1 however monstrous1 provided it were only successfully and rapidly achieved4 ,such wretches as ,passatori1 ,ninco ,nanchi1 ,carusi1 and ,troppmann ought in this view to be regarded as protected and caressed by ,divine ,providence4 ,every prosperous villain would only have to quote to his judges the argument of the ,opinione to conciliate their approbation1 and to obtain from them not only an acquittal1 but an honorable testimonial in high praise of these favorites of heaven4 ,true it is1 however1 that a striking and brilliant success dazzles the judgment of men without faith1 or of men with faith as sensual as their flesh4 ,we ,catholics1 on the contrary1 are rich in the possession of a divine promise which keeps us cheerful and buoyant with hope in the face of what seems like the final triumph of the wicked4 ,and this is more especially true when we have to deal with those who plot against the church and its visible ,head1 adversus ,dominum1 et adversus ,christum ejus4 ,nobody that we know of has set this promise in a truer light than ,p4 ,paul ,segneri1 and we take the liberty to transcribe here for our readers two or three passages of his1 which are just so much gold to the purpose we have in view4 8#8,the prosperity of fools1' says ,solomon1 #8shall destroy them4' ,he does not say #8destroys them1' but #8shall destroy them4' ,why so8 ,because the prosperity of the wicked does not always produce immediately its disastrous effects4 ,sometimes the reverse comes after long delay4 ,wait patiently4 ,you will see the end of what seems to begin so well4 ,have you never read in the ,book of ,job how that the ,almighty takes pleasure in defeating the machinations of the impious8 ,he brings their counsellors to a foolish end40 ,not to a bad beginning4 ,no2 all seems prosperous at first4 ,it is the end that is disastrous4 ,he lets them raise aloft their mighty tower of ,babel4 ,but afterwards1 in the confusion of their pride1 they disperse and are gone4 ,he lets them build up the beautiful towers of ,siloe2 but these fall1 and the builders are buried beneath the ruins4 ,for want of this reflection1 many men wonder at the prosperity of the wicked4 ,even the prophets themselves address ,god sometimes with tender reproaches4 ,they almost accuse him1 ,i might say4 ,we are apt to look too much at the beginning of things1 and not1 like holy ,david1 at the end4 ,donec intelligam in novissimis eorum4 ,as much as to say1 they are so taken up with gazing upon the comely golden head of their tall ,babylonian colossus1 that they have not thought of lowering their eyes to see its brittle legs of clay4 ,now hear me1 and witness the establishment of the truth4 ,if ever since the birth of ,christ there was a race of men who rose by unscrupulous arts to enormous wealth and power1 it was doubtless the ,greek emperors1 tyrants as they may well be called4 ,now answer me1 ,have there ever existed empires which have furnished subjects for tragedy more truly horrible than theirs8 8,nicephorus succeeded at first by the employment of dishonest means to usurp the imperial power1 driving away the right inheritress1 ,irene4 ,what then8 ,crushed by a series of misfortunes1 he began to look upon himself as a modern ,pharaoh1 hardened by defeats4 ,finally1 vanquished and slain by the ,bulgarians1 his enemies made a drinking-cup of his skull1 and out of joy or derision used it as such in the diversions of the camp4 ,stauratius by illegitimate alliances1 and ,leo the ,armenian by repeated high-handed rebellions1 succeeded in establishing themselves in the height of power4 ,how long was it before these two men died under the blows of the assassin1 the former in war1 and the latter at the altar he had profaned8 ,michael the ,stammerer was so fortunate as to step1 in his famous conspiracy1 from the dungeon to the throne2 demanding there the worship of his subjects1 the chain still on his neck and the fetters on his feet4 ,intoxicated by his success1 he compelled a holy virgin to share his bed4 ,all ,sclavonia revolted1 his entire army deserted him2 nor yet repenting1 he was literally devoured by a malady the most disgusting4 ,theophilus was successful in suppressing1 for reasons of state1 the veneration of sacred images2 but almost immediately after1 on being shamefully defeated by the ,saracens1 died of rage and intense mortification4 ,michael ,,iii41 regarded as another ,nero on account of his licentiousness and cruelty1 succeeded so far as to put his mother and guardians out of the way1 in order to reign without opposition or control4 ,he ended his #8prosperous' career by kindling against himself the hatred of his subjects1 and encountered rebellion after rebellion1 in the last of which1 in the midst of a drunken debauch1 he paid the forfeit of his life4 ,alexander attained a sort of success in plundering the holy altars1 and in appropriating the gold thus obtained to his own private use2 but very soon thereafter he was seized with a sudden madness1 and he had not held out a year when he ended his life in a fearful vomiting of blood4 ,what shall ,i say of ,romanus ,i48 ,he too was successful to all appearance2 for1 by a stratagem of wonderful adroitness1 he expelled the legitimate possessor from the patriarchal see of ,constantinople1 and placed in it a mere child1 his own son4 ,the year following he himself was driven from the imperial throne by another son1 and banished to a lonely isle for life4 ,so also fared it with ,romanus ,,ii4 ,impelled by the lust of dominion1 he took the life of his own father by poison4 ,his own life was taken very shortly after1 and by the self-same means4 ,michael ,paphlagonius1 by infamous devices1 carried his point of usurping the throne4 ,seized suddenly with demoniacal obsession1 he could obtain no repose4 ,exorcisms and almsgivings were tried in vain4 ,he died as he lived1 with his agony unrelieved4 ,michael ,calaphates was #8successful' in driving the empress into exile1 that he might reign alone2 but the people rose against him at once1 stoned him1 deprived him of sight1 and dragged him through the city streets more dead than alive4 ,diogenes and ,andronicus1 two usurpers who had #8succeeded' in their treason1 one by a courtesan's vile aid1 the other by the arm of an assassin1 came to the same lamentable end4 8,now answer me6 ,can you look upon as truly successful the wicked arts which brought these bad men to power8 ,speak out6 ,would you be willing to enjoy their #8prosperity' if with it you had to accept its reverse8 ,is there any one so stupid as to envy their short-lived #8good luck'8 ,rest assured that such has ever been the fate of those who attain for a time their unhallowed ends by iniquitous means4 #8,the prosperity of fools will destroy them4' ,doubt it not1 my friends4 ,the prosperity of fools will most assuredly destroy them4 ,it is hardly worth while to labor longer in the proof4 ,all writings1 all ages1 all powers1 attest in unison this truth1 that #8,justice exalteth a nation'2 and this other1 that #8,injustice leadeth a nation to misery and ruin4' ,these are the words of one who was the wisest among men2 and elsewhere he says1 #8,man shall not be strengthened by wickedness'2 and1 again1 #8,the unjust shall be caught in their own snares'2 and then1 again1 #8,they who sow iniquity shall reap destruction4'0 ,thus1 by examples drawn from the annals of the ,byzantines 7a race dear to our modern liberals71 the eloquent ,segneri points out the end which1 according to ,holy ,writ1 awaits the criminal successes of the wicked4 ,if he had chosen to embrace a wider range of history1 he might have compiled an endless catalogue of examples the most frightful2 commencing with the dreadful success of the crucifixion of our ever blessed ,lord1 of which the sequel was as dreadful a retribution4 ,the synagogue nailed the ,messiah to the cross1 under the pretext that otherwise the ,romans would come and occupy ,jerusalem4 ,and precisely because they did this wicked thing1 the ,romans took ,jerusalem and levelled it to the ground4 ,so that the very success of the ,jews1 which1 execrable as it was1 the ,opinione would have adored as a protecting caress bestowed by ,providence upon ,sion1 ended simply in bringing upon the guilty city a horrible siege and irremediable ruin4 ,we content ourselves1 for our part1 in citing the ,roman ,csars1 who1 in the first three centuries1 renewed ten different times1 and with all the incidents of success1 the bloody persecution of the followers of ,christ4 ,all of these1 without a single exception1 came to a wretched end4 ,when the fourth century arrived to witness the triumph of ,christianity1 the descendants of the persecuting emperors were found extinct by foul or violent deaths2 the series closing with ,maximin breathing his last amid the agonies of poison and the blasphemous howlings of despair1 and with ,candidianus 7the adulterous son of ,galerius1 adopted by ,valeria1 ,maximin's wife7 murdered by ,licinius along with another brother1 a sister in tender age1 and finally ,valeria herself4 ,it thus appears that the massacre of the ,christians1 which our modern ,caiphases would have celebrated as an edifying 8divine caress10 had this one effect after all1 viz41 to bring around the lasting triumph of the persecuted cause4 ,it was the children of the slaughtered ones who were victorious in the end2 the progeny of the slaughterers died suffocated in the blood which their guilty fathers had shed4 ,we might easily continue these examples1 and recount1 for instance1 the end to which a career of successful iniquity at last conducted ,julian the ,apostate1 the idol and exemplar of our ,italian regenerators4 ,we might enlarge on the fates of ,astolphus and ,desiderius1 whose 8patriotism0 they so much admire4 ,we might with still more force bring out contemporary cases1 the case of ,cavour1 for example1 withdrawn suddenly away by an ominous death in the flower of life from the hosannas of the people he had misled2 the case of ,farini1 ,cavour's right-hand man1 struck also in life's prime by a shocking frenzy which urged him to acts incredibly revolting1 and soon after to a most painful death2 the case of ,fanti1 the plunderer of ,umbria1 who1 before he could die1 was tortured for a year with all the agonies of death2 the case of ,persano1 the bombarder of ,ancona1 who1 after making shipwreck on the sea of ,lissa of his rank and reputation1 avenged himself of fortune by publishing the infamies of the successful revolution4 ,and to these we might add the cases of ,pinelli1 of ,valerio1 of ,la ,farina1 and of a hundred others equally conclusive4 ,we might even quote examples among the living2 of a certain regenerator1 who1 in spite of his impious successes1 roams incessantly from place to place seeking a rest he cannot find--condemned1 it would seem1 to endure the torments of ,caina1 ,antenora1 and ,ptolomea in ,dante's ninth circle of hell1 and to realize in himself the fate described by ,alberigo3 8,this boon the sufferer hath1 if boon it be-- ,ofttimes to know the pangs of parting breath1 ,ere ,atropos shuts down the shears of death40 ,to be brief1 we shall confine ourselves to the two most distinguished and most successful persecutors of popes--,frederick ,,ii41 a medival emperor of ,germany1 and ,napoleon the ,first1 a ,french emperor of the modern sort4 ,both of these men1 in the studied outrages they inflicted1 the one upon ,gregory ,,ix4 and ,innocent ,,iv41 the other on ,pius ,,vii41 were encouraged by such marvellous successes that our ,israelitish proselytizer would have had them canonized as the very ,benjamins of ,providence4 ,suffice it to say that ,frederick ,,ii4 had his political ,csarism preached into right divine by the most learned jurists of his day1 just as ,napoleon ,i4 made the most powerful monarchy of ,europe kneel down and adore his bloodier ,csarism of the sword4 ,both the one and the other returning from their triumphs1 carried fortune1 to all appearance1 chained for ever to their cars4 ,the more they raged against ,christ's ,vicar1 the more their victory seemed complete4 ,the greater the number of excommunications they incurred1 the easier seemed to be their subsequent encroachments4 ,it was after the last papal censure that ,frederick gained the adhesion of several powerful barons in ,rome4 ,it was after the ,pope's worst imprisonment that ,napoleon won his greatest battles1 making them the subjects of the most vainglorious boasts1 that he had thus received from the ,god of armies special marks of approbation--8caresses10 as the ,opinione calls them1 when bestowed upon the enemies of the church4 ,yet where did they end1 these lucky sacrileges1 this prodigious and prolonged prosperity of crime8 ,both these men outlived their glittering fortunes4 ,the false magnificence and grandeur for which they had thrown away their souls1 turned to ashes in their grasp4 ,king ,henry1 ,frederick's eldest son1 dies in prison1 leaving a son who was struck dead by a blow from an unknown hand4 ,enzio1 his bastard offspring1 created by him ,king of ,sardinia1 after twenty-five years of imprisonment in a cage of iron dies a miserable death4 ,ezzelino1 his son-in-law closes with a horrible end a life1 if possible1 of greater horror4 ,his great champion1 ,thaddeus of ,suessa1 is slain with every accompaniment of contempt4 ,pier delle ,vigne1 his evil genius1 has his eyes thrust out1 and commits suicide in his despair4 ,frederick himself1 after surviving all these horrors1 is strangled by ,manfredi1 another of his base-born sons1 who1 after bathing his gory hands in the blood of ,conrad1 ,frederick's lawful son1 is himself stretched dead on the field of a dishonorable strife4 ,to close this interminable tragedy1 ,corradino1 the last scion of the hated tyrant1 ends on a felon's scaffold his seventeen short years of life4 ,with this unfortunate youth the dynasty of ,frederick is closed4 ,the empire passes over into other hands1 and ,rodolph of ,hapsburg reigns1 the first of a better line4 ,the fall of ,napoleon ,i4 is still remembered as an event of recent date4 ,elated with his continual victories1 he invaded ,russia with the most formidable army the world ever saw4 ,warned that he had the fate of the excommunicated to encounter1 he asked in scorn whether his soldiers would drop their muskets at the sight of a ,papal ,bull4 ,forced to retreat after a show of vain success1 famine and frost decimated his ranks1 and his soldiers' frozen fingers refused to hold the interdicted arms4 ,unable to contend against fast-increasing numbers1 he found himself by a strange fatality compelled to renounce the crown in the very palace at ,fontainebleau which he had turned into a prison for the ,pope4 ,the ,holy ,father had quitted it to resume the throne4 ,the fallen emperor left it to accept in ,elba an asylum which he begged as a shelter in his friendless old age4 ,leaving his place of refuge1 in a mad attempt to resuscitate his fortunes1 he incurred at ,waterloo a ruin the most disastrous ever known4 ,stripped of every resource1 he was dragged to a prison-cell on a miserable island1 scarcely noticeable in its vast expanse of sea4 ,from this inhospitable rock1 he was permitted to contemplate the plenary restoration of the mysterious ,papal power1 and simultaneously the downfall of all the thrones he had presented to his brothers and next of kin4 ,after spending1 in desolate captivity1 the five years he had decreed of prison to the blameless ,pius ,,vii41 he gave up his tortured soul to meet the just displeasure of his ,god4 ,what more striking confirmation can we ask of the truth of those awful words1 8,they who sow injustice0 sooner or later 8shall reap its bitter fruits08 ,it would not do to pass without notice the still living and speaking case of ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,who but he has been the foremost leader of the regenerators of unhappy ,italy8 ,the ,gog and ,magog of our ,italian pharisees6 ,and are not these the men who fell down and worshipped the divine prosperity of their master's eighteen years of empire8 ,have they not claimed it as a miracle of ,god's favor1 a long and lasting 8caress0 of ,providence1 the possible failure of which it would be impious to suspect8 ,have they not sung and celebrated1 time and again1 the famous victory of ,solferino as a prodigy sent from heaven to show that the ,almighty took the side of ,italy1 and had declared against the ,pope8 ,well1 now1 what has become of this epopee of miraculous prosperity1 this note of ruin to ,catholic ,christianity1 to the claims of the ,holy ,see1 and 7as justly we might say7 to the repose and peace of ,europe8 ,it came to naught in ,sedan1 in a military defeat and a dynastic misfortune the most appalling that ever was known or written of in the world4 ,and it so came to naught precisely because of the 8success0 at ,solferino4 ,that victory of ,napoleon's1 chanted so loudly and so often by the pious ,jew editor of the ,opinione as an unmistakable revelation of ,god's decision in favor of ,bonaparte and his new ,italy--that victory 7when the hour of ,sedan had come7 was plainly seen as the manifest cause of his every subsequent reverse4 ,who can help perceiving now that1 had not ,austria lost the battle of ,solferino1 won by ,france that ,italy might be 8made10 ,austria would not have lost the battle at ,sadowa1 achieved by ,prussia that ,germany might be 8made08 ,and had not ,austria lost at ,sadowa1 is it not plain that ,napoleon would never have been dragged down into the horrible catastrophe of ,sedan8 ,in this catastrophe we find the meaning of the 8approving smile0 at ,solferino4 ,the 8caress10 we are told1 was intended for the third ,napoleon4 ,for whom1 then1 was intended the crushing dispensation at ,sedan8 ,will our kind converters to the new reading of the ways of ,providence reflect maturely on this matter8 ,all genuine ,christian gentlemen1 all admitted men of honor 7except a few who were misled71 regarded the war of #ahei1 so well characterized by the victory of ,solferino1 as iniquitous in its motives and as anti-,christian in its scope4 ,it was looked upon by all as a magnum latrocinium1 a godless scheme of robbery2 but it had what its perpetrators called 8a great success40 ,eleven years roll by1 and what do we see8 ,napoleon ,,iii41 at first so splendidly victorious by the force of an act of larceny that dispossessed four princes and displaced the ,pope1 is caught at last like a weasel in a trap1 dethroned in his turn1 driven off in scorn1 steeped to the lips in indelible disgrace2 all his marshals and generals1 without a solitary exception1 ignominiously humbled1 soundly beaten1 and detained in durance vile by a logical rebound from their first ,italian success2 all his army1 four hundred thousand strong1 lately invincible1 now led into exile or captivity1 to shiver with cold or to wince under the epithets of scorn4 ,victorious ,france1 in retribution for her 8new idea0 of nationality1 and to set the good example1 yields up the costly tribute of two of her wealthiest provinces2 just the number she had stolen from ,italy1 on the strength of the 8new idea10 as her due for allowing ,piedmont to absorb the entire peninsula within her ravenous maw4 ,how is it possible not to recognize1 in this unprecedented drama1 the real lesson of divine retaliation1 the exclusive right of ,providence to repay--to exact eye for eye1 tooth for tooth1 and life for life1 when such extremity is required8 ,who will hesitate to say with the poet3 8,the sword of ,god is strict1 and cuts amain4 ,but still in stated measure1 time1 and place1 ,till all things find their equal own again40 ,and in this most memorable reverse of ,napoleon ,,iii41 we invite our apostolic interpreters of ,providence to note a special fact4 ,the fallen emperor not only lives to realize the forfeiture of all his fame1 differing herein from those who die before the loss1 but has to endure the bitterness of witnessing the demolition of all the proud creations of his reign4 ,he had raised ,france to the pinnacle of earthly greatness1 had just crowned1 as he himself phrased it1 the glorious edifice his genius had successfully constructed4 ,france is now dismembered1 dilapidated1 a mass of melancholy ruin2 reduced to chaos militarily1 morally1 politically1 and to a great extent materially1 if this last trait be deemed of much account4 ,he had decorated the palaces of ,st4 ,cloud and the ,tuileries with munificence more than ,asiatic4 ,they are stripped to the bare walls4 ,he rose1 on the wings of the plbiscite1 from obscurity to a throne4 ,the plbiscite is now an obsolete absurdity4 ,the treaty of ,paris1 which crowned the triumphs of the ,east2 the ,chinese victories and ovations at ,canton and ,palikao2 the ,mexican ,empire1 the fruit of so much toil and treasure1 the price of the good name and fame of ,france2 the ,prague conventions1 intended to defeat the growth of ,prussia into a vast and consolidated ,germany--of all these magnificent enterprises not a trace4 ,in short1 the countless dazzling exploits of the prosperous reign of the third ,napoleon have vanished for ever like so many dissolving views4 ,one work1 one only work survives--the ,subalpine government of ,italy1 to lick which hideous monster into shape the unhappy monarch threw recklessly away his honor and his crown4 ,we might pursue this train of thought to its logical conclusion1 but we refrain4 ,too strict an application of the laws of logic might bring us into conflict with other laws which we prefer not to provoke4 ,but we may perhaps venture to request our pious friends of the 8,regeneration0 to undertake the argument themselves--an argument which runs on almost of itself1 being one of the kind which dialecticians call reasoning from analogy4 ,let them look to it well1 and say if there be not better ground to be anxious about the life of their ,italy than there is to be solicitous about converting ,catholics to the modern dogma1 that the voice of an accomplished fact is no less than the voice of ,god2 that the lucky consummation of a crime is itself the signal of the divine applause4 ,let them reflect that not a fact1 which ceases afterwards to be a fact1 can come into being or go out of it1 without1 at least1 the permissive sanction of ,almighty ,god4 ,let them pause and consider that the series of events1 opened by ,providence in #ahei1 is not absolutely or finally closed4 ,let them ever bear in mind that1 when least it is expected1 ,providence may complete the line of this analogy by dissolving into nothingness the only remnant left of all the ,napoleonic creations4 ,the world and the ages will then believe that not a single one of the supposed marks of the divine 8caress10 claimed by ,italy's regenerators1 was really a mark of favor2 but simply one of the many illustrations of the way in which the scorner is caught in the midst of his devices3 ,in insidiis suis capientur iniqui4 ,in what we have advanced1 we have1 as seems to us1 fairly and fully refuted the boastful syllogism of our adversaries4 ,we shall conclude by exhorting them to lay aside all hope of converting ,catholics by a show of blasphemous successes or an appeal to the longest impunity of crime4 ,go on1 gentlemen6 ,enjoy your fortune6 ,vaunt as loudly as you will the triumphs you have secured over us1 over the church1 over the rights of the ,holy ,see4 ,do all this1 and welcome4 ,but when you come to tell us that ,providence is 8caressing your cause10 and ask our adhesion to this impiety1 we warn you to desist4 ,satan himself would not dare to give utterance to such an insult1 or even to harbor such a thought4 ,providence has allowed you1 in the abuse of your own free-will1 a certain measure of easy success2 as he allowed it to the synagogue1 to the ,csars1 to ,julian the ,apostate1 to ,desiderius1 and to all such of your predecessors as were permitted for a time to triumph over ,christ and his commandments4 ,and this he has allowed to you1 not as to his loved ones1 but as to his persecutors1 that you may be the rod of his justice against the sins of the world4 ,he will make this to yourselves1 if you repent not1 a snare and a delusion2 to the church1 an assurance of greater exaltation2 and to all of us1 a call to better service and obedience4 ,we as ,catholics know that we must bow beneath your blows4 ,we bear the pain of them in peace1 because faith teaches us that even scourges are wielded by ,god1 and that his hand is to be kissed as much when it strikes as when it strengthens4 ,for this reason we can accept you as you are4 ,and yet we see in you no higher mark than that of our flagellators and the exercisers of our patience2 but be warned in time4 ,god makes use of his scourges1 and then destroys them4 ,we have made this plain to you by innumerable examples4 ,beware6 for the prosperous days of ,god's scourges end invariably in misfortune and disaster4 ,beware1 for the good times of the enemies of ,jesus ,christ and his church have ever been as pitfalls with a covering of roses2 yokes of iron masked by a drapery of flowers4 ,on the contrary1 from her greatest tribulations the church has ever issued brighter1 lovelier1 and more radiant than before4 ,she numbers as many victories as battles1 as many prisoners as foes4 ,all the promises of ,god are for her and against you1 and all history attests that of these promises not a syllable has failed4 ,the church is our mother2 her cause is our own4 ,we have1 therefore1 no fear for the result4 ,you may scorn us1 you may strip us1 you may deny us the protection of the laws4 ,you may tear us limb from limb during the brief occasion of your power4 ,but conquer us1 no6 ,in all eternity1 you cannot4 ,god has ordered it that we shall be your victors4 ,rallying close to the ,vicar of the ,king of heaven1 and faithful to the call of his immortal ,spouse1 we shall announce to you1 with front uplifted1 that we have conquered you2 or 7if that better pleases you7 that ,christ has conquered you through us4 ,laugh to your hearts' content at this faith of ours4 ,all your predecessors have done as much4 ,yet who triumphed in the end8 ,so certain are we of the victory that we scarce dare hasten it by our desires4 ,the thought of the bolts of divine wrath impending over you appalls us1 and we abstain1 out of pity for you1 from asking what ,dante1 on a like occasion1 prayed for in these words3 8,o ,god6 when wilt thou give me to be blest ,to see thy vengeance1 which1 long hid1 made sweet ,the sacred anger garnered in thy breast80 ,purg41 c4 xx4 ,,footnotes3 #fb ,in ,psalm liv4 #fc ,see ,diary of ,c4 ,pisano1 fourth part1 p4 #abe4 #fd ,ai giovani ,italiani1 p4 #ae4 #fe ,see ,l',unit ,italiana di ,milano1 ,april #ad1 #ahfc4 #ff ,see ,the ,republican ,federation of the ,peoples4 #fg ,see ,il ,diritto1 ,july #ca and ,august #aa1 #ahfc4 #fh ,epist4 i4 ad ,eliod4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,little ,,pierre1 ,,the ,,pedlar ,,of ,,alsace2 or1 ,the ,reward of ,filial ,piety4 ,translated from the ,french by ,j4 ,m4 ,c4 ,with #bg illustrations4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #bcf4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street4 #ahgb4 ,the ,french can write charming stories1 as every one knows4 ,little ,pierre is one of the best we have seen in a long time--such a one as enchants a child1 and makes him or her unwilling to lay it aside for supper or bed4 ,it leads one through the romantic scenes of ,alsace and the country of the ,rhine1 has plenty of stirring adventures1 and1 what is best of all1 ends in a capital and satisfactory manner3 ,pierre and his little sister happily married1 the old lady comfortable1 ,pierre a well-to-do merchant at ,niederbronn4 ,the illustrations1 twenty-seven in all1 which have been recut from the originals for the ,american edition1 are uncommonly well executed4 ,little ,pierre is destined to become an intimate friend of our young folks1 to say nothing of ,christine and ,lolotte4 ,perhaps the most comical scene in the book is where ,little ,pierre is put by ,madame ,frank in the top of a ,christmas-tree1 with the name of little ,cecile pinned on his breast4 ,the most touching scene is the finding of little ,lolotte in the wood1 with her eyes bandaged and her hands tied4 ,we advise our young readers not to rest until they get possession of this pretty book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,men ,,and ,,women ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,reformation1 from the ,days of ,wolsey to the ,death of ,cranmer4 ,papal and ,anti-,papal ,notables4 ,by ,s4 ,h4 ,burke1 author of 8,the ,monastic ,houses of ,england40 #b vols4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgb4 ,this is a work which fairly answers its title1 and we have in its two handsome duodecimo volumes sketches and descriptions so graphic of the men and women of the ,english ,reformation as to place them most vividly before us4 ,beginning with the unlovely correspondence of ,henry ,,viii4 with ,anne ,boleyn1 and recounting many interesting details of the divorce question1 the narrative passes on to a review of the leading incidents and the principal personages of the reign of ,henry4 ,the political murders of ,sir ,thomas ,more and of ,bishop ,fisher1 the death of ,queen ,katharine1 and the fall of ,anne ,boleyn1 are described with fresh details of interest drawn from newly opened sources of historic information4 ,on the subject of 8,clerical ,reformers and their ,spouses10 there is a very readable chapter1 and1 with a full disquisition upon the 8,religious ,institutions of ,old ,england10 we have startling statements concerning the character of the 8,monastic ,inquisitors0 under that arch-villain1 ,thomas ,cromwell1 ,henry's ,secretary of ,state1 as will open the eyes of such as are unaware of the depth of infamy fathomed by the scoundrels who stole or wasted the wealth of ,england's grand medival charities and robbed the poor and the sick of their sole heritage of succor and consolation4 ,at the sight of the suffering entailed by the destruction of the monasteries1 those glorious asylums of religion1 charity1 and learning1 even as enthusiastic a panegyrist of the ,reformation as ,froude cannot help exclaiming3 8,to the universities1 the ,reformation had brought with it desolation4 ,to the people of ,england it had brought misery and want4 ,the once open hand was closed4 444 ,the prisons were crowded4444 ,monks and nuns pointed with bitter effect to the fruits of the new belief1 which had been crimsoned in the blood of thousands of the ,english peasants40 ,the second volume gives us the principal events and personages of the end of the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 and of the reigns of ,edward ,,vi4 and of ,mary ,tudor2 and effective use is made not only of authentic documentary evidence which has come to light within the past seven years1 but also of the important1 because impartial1 testimony of distinguished ,protestant writers1 such as ,hook1 ,maitland1 ,brewer1 ,blunt1 and ,stephenson4 ,we commend the work as one of exceeding interest4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,marie-,,eustelle ,,harpain1 the ,sempstress of ,st4 ,pallais1 called 8,the ,angel of the ,eucharist40 ,second edition4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates1 ,co42 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgb4 ,this is one of the most interesting lives which we have read4 ,the lives of the saints always should be interesting1 but often the methodical and dry way in which they are1 as we may say1 constructed1 has a discouraging effect upon the reader greater than that which the heroic virtues of their subjects can produce4 ,this is not the case with this memoir of one whom we may be allowed to call a saint1 though she has not yet been recognized as such by the church1 always prudent1 and especially so with regard to canonizations4 ,marie-,eustelle died in #ahdb1 at the age of #bh1 and belongs entirely to this nineteenth century1 which is so ignorant of its true glories4 ,her life is quite imitable in most respects1 as well as admirable1 which is an additional reason for reading a book that is so very readable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,parables ,,of ,,our ,,lord ,,and ,,saviour ,,jesus ,,christ4 ,with twenty-one ,illustrations1 from original designs by ,d4 ,mosler1 ,h4 ,warren1 and ,j4 ,h4 ,powell1 engraved by ,holman and ,bale4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,formby1 whose zeal1 learning1 and taste have so enriched the library of ,catholic books for the young1 gives here a popular work on the ,parables1 which will be wonderfully attractive4 ,the ,parables are all given in full1 with fine illustrations to fix them on the mind1 and explanations of their spiritual sense1 drawn from the holy fathers4 ,these beautiful lessons of our ,lord cannot be too deeply impressed on minds to serve as subjects of meditation1 and1 well understood1 they will prove sources of many graces4 ,outside the church1 they remain to most 8mere parables1 not unfrequently indeed admired1 and even quoted1 beautiful in their way as anecdotes1 but without in the least disclosing their true meaning40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,seven ,,sacraments ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,church2 or1 ,the ,seven ,pillars of the ,house of ,wisdom4 ,a ,brief ,explanation of the ,catholic ,doctrine of the ,seven ,sacraments1 in connection with their corresponding types in the ,old ,testament4 ,illustrated with sixteen original designs by ,j4 ,powell1 engraved on wood by the brothers ,dalziel4 ,by the ,rev4 ,henry ,formby1 ,priest of the ,diocese of ,birmingham4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,another of ,mr4 ,formby's charming books1 8not meant as a book of piety alone1 but rather intended as a book of general popular knowledge40 ,he saw clearly the want of our time4 8,the whole tone and spirit of modern civilization is built upon the denial that there either is or can be anything superior to itself1 or1 indeed1 anything that is not of its own order of things in the world40 8,the young mind cannot be too soon made aware of the contradiction between the world and our ,lord1 and cannot be too soon and too effectually brought up to love and abide by all that our divine ,lord has taught1 and made firmly to disregard and despise all that is contrary to it in the world's doctrine1 from the knowledge that our ,lord is greater than the world40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,school ,,keepsake1 ,,and ,,monitor ,,for ,,after ,,life4 ,by ,rev4 ,h4 ,formby4 ,with illustrations4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,this perfectly beautiful little gift for the young leaving school is one so attractive in itself that it cannot fail to be kept2 so sound1 so clear1 so distinct in its matter1 that it cannot but be such a help as will gladden the guardian angel watching over the child as it steps from the school into the busy world4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,devotion ,,of ,,the ,,seven ,,dolors ,,of ,,the ,,blessed ,,virgin4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,henry ,formby4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,a devotion approved by the highest authority1 commended by the example of saints1 and one full of consolation and piety1 is here presented in a form that will give it currency among many who had overlooked it4 ,no one can sorrow with ,mary over the sorrows of ,jesus without a return on self1 and a sense of what our sins1 the cause of all1 demand on our part4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,school ,,songs1 to which music is adapted4 ,complete volume containing--,part ,i41 ,the ,junior ,school ,song-,book2 ,part ,,ii41 ,the ,senior ,school ,song-,book4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,henry ,formby4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,amid the abundance of bad books1 it is delightful to find a miniature volume like this of #bjj pages1 containing hymns1 nursery rhymes1 ballads1 and minor poems suited to the young selected with care4 ,the young must laugh and play2 they will sing hymns sometimes1 touching ballads sometimes1 nonsense sometimes2 give them all this to sing1 but keep them from the immoral and low1 slangy songs that even our music stores are now flooding the land with4 ,we hope this little collection will sell by the thousand4 ,it is cheap and it is good4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wild ,,flowers ,,of ,,wisconsin4 ,by ,b4 ,j4 ,dorward4 ,edited by his son4 ,milwaukee3 ,catholic ,news ,co4 ,the productions of our author1 under the signature of 8,porte ,crayon10#fi have long been favorites of the ,western public4 ,the late ,dr4 ,j4 ,v4 ,huntington1 a poet and critic of no ordinary ability1 sought him out and secured his contributions to the ,st4 ,louis ,leader4 ,his poems are characterized by a beautiful simplicity and spontaneity1 genuine sentiment1 and native good sense4 ,other poets may exhibit the delicate touch of the artist in elaborate and polished images1 but the efforts of writers like the present must be the inspiration of the moment1 and the less forethought they show1 the more are they enhanced in value4 ,to change the figure1 the wild flowers lose their hues and fragrance if subjected to hot-house processes4 ,the former excite our admiration1 the latter elicit our sympathy1 and perhaps live longer in the memory by those 8touches of nature which make the whole world kin40 ,we bespeak a welcome to these flowers of song on the part of those who love poetry in its native simplicity1 who set a proper estimate on all that is gentle1 pure1 and kind in the sentiments of our common nature1 noble and sublime in our common faith1 and would cultivate an indigenous literature worthy of the name4 ,among many gems of thought and feeling1 we can only particularize3 8,to a ,bird in ,church10 8,by the ,rivulet10 8,to the ,memory of ,dr4 ,j4 ,v4 ,huntington10 8,st4 ,mary's of the ,pines10 8,the ,datura10 and 8,a ,soldier's ,funeral40 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,sister',s ,,story4 ,by ,mrs4 ,augustus ,craven4 ,translated from the ,french1 by ,emily ,bowles4 ,fourth ,american edition4 #a vol4 #hvo1 pp4 #eci4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,it is with pleasure that we announce the appearance of a fourth ,american edition of this exquisite and charming book1 whose reputation and circulation have become world-wide4 ,even the publications most hostile to our holy religion have been compelled to eulogize it1 although evidently feeling very uneasy about its great and increasing popularity among non-,catholic readers4 ,the great discovery of a forgery in one part of the history which the ,new ,englander fancied itself to have made1 is known to a great part of the reading public4 ,this supposed forgery was a profession of faith by the subject of the story1 differing in form from one given in a ,french edition 7#adth of ,didier1 ,paris71 which the ,new ,englander rather hastily concluded to be the genuine and authentic form which ,mrs4 ,craven had published4 ,the ,new ,englander did not1 however1 express any suspicion that this forgery had been perpetrated by the ,american editors--on the contrary1 disclaimed any such suspicion4 ,refinement of language1 cautiousness in making infamous charges against persons of high character1 and similar marks which denote gentlemanly and conscientious principles in a literary man1 are1 however1 unhappily too rare among the conductors of the 8,moral ,spouting ,horns0 of the ,american press4 ,following those instincts by which they are usually impelled1 and imitating a long series of precedents furnished by those who have been their precursors in their honorable trade1 several of these papers1 the ,independent leading off1 accused the ,american editors and publisher of the work with having forged a 8profession of faith0 to suit themselves4 ,says the ,independent of ,jan4 #ae3 8,the creed of this good ,catholic was not half papistical enough to suit these ,american editors2 so they have introduced into it not only what she did believe1 but what1 in their judgment1 she ought to have believed4 ,we desire to call the attention of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world and the ,tablet to this translation4 ,it is possible there may be some explanation of what seems to be an astonishing piece of literary knavery4 ,if there be1 we should be glad to hear of it40 ,to this the publisher1 in the 8,literary ,bulletin0 of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,april1 replied that-- 8,the ,catholic ,publication ,society's edition is printed exactly1 word for word1 from the first ,london edition1 published by the respectable house of ,bentley1 in three volumes4 ,if any deviation from the ,french was made1 #8,the ,catholic ,publication ,society' did not make it1 but followed the ,london edition in good faith1 knowing the high source from which it emanated4 ,but as the writer in the ,new ,englander quotes from the fourteenth ,french edition1 how does he know that the alteration may not have been made in that or previous ,french editions8 ,we have written to the translator ,miss ,bowles in reference to this matter40 ,but this did not seem to satisfy the ,independent1 for in its issue of ,april #d it reiterates its accusation of forgery as follows3 8,let us ask once more 7this makes three times7 what our ,catholic neighbor thinks of that forgery in one of the books of #8,the ,catholic ,publication ,society' which was exposed in the ,january number of the ,new ,englander4 ,we have looked in vain in the columns of the ,tablet for a denunciation of this pious fraud1 and our diligent questioning has failed to elicit from that usually fair journal any reply40 ,the ,chicago ,advance is another paper that took particular pleasure in re-echoing the 8forgery02 but1 unlike the ,independent1 it notices the denial put forth in the 8,bulletin0 of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 and says3 8,,the ,,world at last notices the forged prayer in the #8,sister's ,story1' brought to light by the ,new ,englander1 but affirms that #8,the ,catholic ,publication ,society' reprinted it verbatim from ,bentley's ,london edition2 and rather improbably suggests that the alteration may have been made in one of the later ,french editions of the original4 ,meanwhile1 the editor says that the translator ,miss ,bowles has been written to about it4 ,we want ,,the ,,world to be sure to publish her reply40 ,to which we reply3 ,here is the letter4 8#e;,a ,,davies ,,st41 ,,berkeley ,,sq41 ,,london1 ,w41 ,march #ahth1 #ahgb4 8,,sir3 ,the #8,profession of ,faith' in the first edition 7#c vols47 of ,a ,sister's ,story was the correct one1 given me by ,mrs4 ,craven herself4 ,i think she said it was incorrectly given in ,didier's editions1 having been copied from those commonly used4 ,she was very particular in writing it out herself for ,a ,sister's ,story4 ,mr4 ,bentley published the one vol4 edition in a singular manner1 without referring to me at all1 and ,i never knew why he had shortened the #8,profession4' ,i have never compared the editions1 but possibly there are other mistakes4 8,your obed't serv't1 8,,emily ,,bowles40 ,we do not think it necessary to add anything to the above4 ,the newspapers which have published remarks similar to those we have quoted cannot make any apology which will entitle them to notice on our part1 and we take leave of them until we are compelled to refute some new libel4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,,donahoe announces for early publication3 ,six ,weeks ,abroad1 in ,ireland1 ,england1 and ,belgium1 by ,father ,haskins2 ,sketches of the ,establishment of the ,church in ,new ,england1 by ,father ,fitton2 ,catholic ,glories of the ,nineteenth ,century3 ,the ,old ,god1 translated from the ,german2 ,conversion of the ,teutonic ,race1 by ,mrs4 ,hope1 as well as several others4 8,the ,catholic ,publication ,society0 announce for early publication1 in addition to the books already announced1 ,canon ,oakeley's two books1 namely1 ,ceremonial of the ,mass and ,catholic ,worship4 ,also1 ,aunt ,margaret's ,little ,neighbors2 or1 ,chats about the ,rosary4 ,,footnote3 #fi ,this nom de plume1 chosen without the knowledge of any other appropriation of the name1 was quite significant in the case of the writer1 as he at one time took portraits in crayon1 though he has since restricted himself to altar pieces in oil4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xv41 ,no4 #hg4--;,,june1 #ahgb4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgb1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,duties ,,of ,,the ,,rich ,,in ,,christian ,,society4 ,,no4 ,v4 ,,private ,,duties4 ,that part of our subject which is included under the title of the present article is the most difficult1 complicated1 and extensive of the several divisions under which we have classed the various and weighty duties of the rich4 ,a volume of the most carefully prepared sermons1 or a copious moral treatise1 from the hand of a master of spiritual and moral science1 could alone do justice to the demands of such a theme4 ,the question to be answered1 and it is one which harasses many a heart and conscience1 is1 ,how shall one live and govern his household amid the abundance of temporal goods1 so as to make his state in life subserve the great end to which a ,christian must direct all his thoughts and actions8 ,the solution of this problem is theoretically and practically difficult4 ,the language of ,jesus ,christ and the apostles in respect to the difficulty is startling1 and even terrifying4 ,our ,lord said3 8,how hardly shall they that have riches enter into the kingdom of ,god4 ,for it is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle1 than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of ,god40 ,the efforts which some critics have made to soften and diminish this fearful declaration of ,christ by changing 8camel0 into 8cable10 or making the 8needle's eye0 to be a gate of the city1 so-called1 are frivolous and futile4 ,the figure is that of a laden camel before the eye of a small needle1 through which his driver is essaying to make him pass4 ,and its force consists precisely in the utter and extravagant absurdity of the image which it presents to the mind4 ,it is intended to represent that which is violently contrary to the laws of nature1 and1 therefore1 impossible4 ,and it is this impossibility which is taken to illustrate the difficulty of a rich man entering the kingdom of ,god4 ,what follows elucidates and completes the idea which our ,lord intended to present before the minds of all his followers4 ,his astounded listeners exclaimed1 8,who then can be saved80 ,to whom he replied3 8,the things that are impossible with men are possible with ,god40#gj ,the power of ,god1 some philosophers tell us1 can compress the substance of a camel into such small dimensions that it can pass through the eye of a needle4 ,by that almighty power1 and that alone1 ,christ teaches1 can a rich man with his substance pass through the narrow gate of the kingdom of ,god4 ,st4 ,james addresses to the rich the following terrible invective3 8,go to now1 ye rich men1 ,,weep ,,and ,,howl for your miseries that shall come upon you40#ga ,similar passages might be multiplied1 and the comments and applications of the successors of the apostles1 in a similar strain1 have filled the pages of the fathers and doctors of the church1 and resounded from the chair of truth1 from the days of the apostles to our own4 ,great numbers of the rich have been impelled by the force of these alarming declarations to seek for perfection and salvation by following the counsel which our ,lord gave to the rich young man4 ,let those who have the opportunity and the vocation to do the same imitate their example2 we will not dissuade them1 and let parents and others beware of dissuading1 much more hindering1 any who are dependent on them from obeying such a divine call4 ,this is one of the duties of the rich1 which we will specify here in passing1 that we may not be obliged to recur to it hereafter--to give their best and dearest1 their sons and daughters1 the most gifted1 the most gracious1 the most loved1 as ,jephte gave his daughter1 a sacrifice to ,god and the church1 whenever the ,lord honors them by the demand4 ,but it is not our purpose to persuade any to follow the evangelical counsels4 ,we are speaking of the way of keeping ,god's commandments in a state of riches in the world4 ,there must be a way of living a perfect life2 and gaining heaven1 not merely 8so as by fire10 but with the abundant merit which wins a bright crown--in spite of the possession of riches1 and even by means of those riches4 ,wealth is not an evil1 but the abuse of wealth4 ,temporal goods are not in themselves an obstacle to perfection and salvation1 but the sins and vices which are caused by attachment to them1 and the self-indulgence for which they afford the facility4 ,the possession of wealth increases a person's responsibilities and dangers1 but at the same time augments his power of doing good and acquiring merit4 ,human nature1 left to itself1 ordinarily swells up1 through the possession of either material or intellectual riches1 to such a huge bulk of pride1 avarice1 and sensuality1 that it is like a laden camel1 or1 as we may say1 like an elephant with a tower full of armed men on its back2 and in this condition1 submission to the law of ,christ is like passing through the eye of a fine cambric needle4 ,but ,god1 with whom those things are possible which are impossible to men1 has not left human nature to itself4 ,through the ,incarnation and the cross1 through regenerating and sanctifying grace1 through the aids of the ,holy ,spirit1 ,catholic faith1 the sacraments1 the examples of the saints1 ,catholic principles and education1 the ennobling1 purifying power of religion--human nature can be kept1 in the state of abundance and prosperity1 as well as in that of poverty and adversity1 from the contamination of worldliness and iniquity4 ,even more1 it can glorify its state1 and turn it to the best and highest use1 by the practice of the most exalted ,christian virtues4 ,the proof of this may be seen in the fact that this has been done in many thousands of instances1 and is being done now in every part of ,christendom4 ,the principles upon which ,christian sanctity in the great1 the noble1 and the wealthy is based1 are all summed up by the ,apostle ,st4 ,james in this short sentence3 8,let the brother of low condition glory in his exaltation1 but the rich in his being low10#gb which is more literally translated1 8in his humility40 ,humility entitles the rich man to claim all the special blessings which are so frequently and emphatically promised in the ,new ,testament to the poor4 ,it is poverty of spirit1 or interior detachment from temporal goods for the love of ,god1 and not mere exterior poverty1 which fits a person for the kingdom of ,god4 ,the poor and lowly1 if they are possessed of ,catholic faith1 have so little of that which makes the present life brilliant and attractive that they are forced by a happy kind of necessity to find everything in the church and their religion4 ,they find their nobility in their baptism1 their glory in the sign of the cross and their ,catholic profession1 their treasure in the blessed sacrament1 their palace with its picture gallery and service of gold and silver in the church1 their royal audiences at the ever open court of the ,king and ,queen of heaven1 their gala-days and spectacles in the festivals and processions and ceremonies of the ecclesiastical year1 their ideal vision of coming happiness in heaven4 ,they are 8rich in faith10 and 8glory in their exaltation0 as the 8heirs of ,god and joint-heirs with ,christ40 ,the rich must do voluntarily what the poor do from necessity4 ,they must quit the position in their own esteem which human pride loves so dearly to take1 of superiority over others on account of accidental and temporal advantages1 and come down to the common level at the foot of the cross1 where pride of rank and power1 pride of intellect1 and pride of wealth are alike annihilated1 to make way for a true and lasting exaltation in the ,son of ,god4 ,here1 then1 is the first duty of the rich--to adopt inwardly1 profess openly1 and act out consistently the same principles of ,catholic faith which are common to all ,christians1 and to place their glory1 their treasure1 their heart's affection1 their end in life1 their hope of happiness1 not in the transitory things of this life1 but in the kingdom of ,god2 8because as the flower of the grass they shall fade away40 ,these transitory things1 however1 do last for a little while1 and1 although worthless as a final end and object to live for1 are necessary and valuable as means4 ,private interpretation of the ,scripture might deduce from it that ,christ intended to do away with all power1 rank1 human science1 art1 commerce1 wealth1 and civil or social polity1 with marriage and the family even1 and thus extinguish this present world and this life to make way for the next4 ,this is not the interpretation of the church or the way of ,catholic practice4 ,all these worldly1 transitory things are retained and made use of1 notwithstanding that 8the figure of this world passeth away40 ,the rich man who is resolved to be a perfect ,christian needs1 therefore1 to know not only what esteem he is to place on wealth and other temporal things in reference to the real and final good1 but how practically to use them for the attainment of the same1 and for helping his dependents and others to attain it4 ,the more we go into detail in regard to this matter1 the more difficult it becomes to draw lines and lay down practical rules4 ,a sound and well-directed conscience must at last be the guide of each one1 and it is a sufficient though not strictly infallible guide to those who are instructed in good general principles4 ,one general principle which may be useful as a rule for application to a great many particular cases is this3 ,those indulgences which gratify the more refined and intellectual tastes may be more freely made use of than those which gratify the senses4 ,another principle1 closely allied to this1 is the following3 ,whatever has an honorable or useful end is allowable2 whatever merely gratifies a selfish passion must be condemned and avoided4 ,to apply these principles as rules in certain important particular cases1 let us begin with the rich man's house4 ,the first fault and folly to be avoided is extravagance4 ,he ought not to embarrass his estate and prejudice the interests of his family by spending more money on his houses and the decoration of his grounds than he can afford4 ,if he does1 his motive is ostentation1 or some other inordinate passion1 and therefore worthy of condemnation4 ,that there has been a vast amount of extravagance in this respect in our country within the past thirty years is obvious to every one4 ,the outside show of our towns and cities indicates an amount of wealth certainly four times greater than really exists4 ,a man who is governed by ,christian principles1 with which common sense and sound reason always coincide in so far as they are competent to judge of what is right1 will1 of course1 avoid all extravagance4 ,more than this1 he will not take the lead in splendor and magnificence of buildings and furniture1 even if he has wealth enough to do so without extravagance4 ,on the contrary1 he will choose to be rather behind than before his compeers in this respect4 ,we are not speaking now of princes and magnates1 but of private citizens4 ,there is no fitness1 especially in a republic1 in making private residences palaces4 ,it is proper to provide for all the conveniences of domestic life4 ,moreover1 architectural beauty in the construction of houses1 and taste and elegance in their furniture1 give decorum to life1 and innocent and refining pleasure to those who behold them1 and a means of living to a large class of persons who are especially fitted for a kind of work which demands artistic taste and skill4 ,we cannot draw the line precisely where mere useless and luxurious pomp1 show1 and splendor begin4 ,we can only say that a man thoroughly imbued with ,christian principles and sentiments will be very anxious and careful to keep on the safe side of it1 so far as he is able to do so4 ,but whatever degree of costliness and splendor may be suitable or permissible in the residence of any ,catholic gentleman1 whether he be a plain1 private citizen in our democratic republic1 or a nobleman1 prince1 or monarch elsewhere1 everything should be made to conform not to a pagan1 but a ,christian and ,catholic1 ideal4 ,all that is even bordering on heathen voluptuousness should be rigidly excluded4 ,works of ,catholic art should adorn the walls even of the most public and splendid apartments4 ,every private room should have its crucifix1 its ,madonna1 its vase of holy water1 its prie-dieu1 and books of prayer and devotion4 ,an oratory1 fitted up with the utmost elegance and costliness that is suitable to the circumstances1 should be the shrine and chief ornament of the house4 ,the library and other receptacles for books should be pure of all that is tainted and corrupting1 and filled up with everything which ,catholic literature can furnish1 both in ,english and in the other languages which the members of the highly distinguished circle we have the honor of addressing are supposed to know4 ,in a word1 the elegancies and ornaments of life should be made to minister to intellectual cultivation1 to the education of the higher and more refined tastes of the soul2 and these should be made all subservient to that which is highest of all--the culture and improvement of the spirit in the knowledge and love of the ,supreme ,truth and the ,infinite ,beauty4 ,just at the moment of writing down these thoughts1 we have come across a beautiful sketch of the family of ,count ,stolberg1 in the pages of a ,german periodical4 ,it is so appropriate as an illustration that we will postpone any further continuation of our subject1 and finish the present article with a translation of the sketch alluded to4#gc 8,it is singular 7writes ,count ,stolberg7 that ,i cannot remember ever to have heard in the house of my parents such words as money1 competency1 economy1 expense1 saving4 ,at that time luxury had not yet become the fashion2 and1 even if it had been1 the house of our parents was like an island4 ,we lived separate from others1 although scarcely adverting to the fact that our life was so retired4 ,there was just as little said about making ourselves comfortable as about money and fashion4 ,the modern luxury in chairs and sofas with all its ingenious contrivances was altogether unknown to us4 ,all the articles of furniture1 our dress1 and the table were good and befitting our rank2 but we might have said about all these things what ,cyrus said at the table of ,astyages about the customs of the ,persians3 #8,i do not know whether at that time all people remained longer children1 or whether we ourselves only remained so4' ,count ,stolberg's father died in the year #agfe1 and the last anxious wish of his heart was that #8his children might walk in the way of the ,lord4' ,how much1 writes the count1 this desire occupied the hearts of both my father and my mother6 ,i can still hear my mother say that she envied no one so much as the mother of the seven ,macchabees2 that she was the most fortunate of mothers4 ,it was her solitary wish1 prayer1 and effort that she might one day be able to say1 #8,lord1 here are we1 and the children whom thou hast given us'--it was the soul of her entire plan of education4 8,at the father's death1 the countess gave his ,bible to the young ,count ,frederic1 and wrote in it the following words3 #8,this ,bible1 which your blessed father used on the very day of his death1 consoling himself with the words1 8,thou hearest1 ,o ,lord6 the longing of those who cry to thee1 their heart is sure that thou dost give ear to them10 must prove a great blessing to you1 and continually stimulate you to love the ,word of ,god1 to venerate it1 to make it the rule of your life1 as he did1 and to seek consolation in it to the end of your life4 ,for this1 may the ,triune ,god give you his grace and benediction6' 8,the mother's testament to her children1 which was found after her death1 in #aggc1 in her writing-desk1 was as follows3 #8,dear children1 cling to the ,saviour1 to his merits1 to his faithful heart2 and do not love the world or what is in the world4 ,for all is passing1 and but mere dust of the earth4 ,nothing can last with us through life and in death but the blood of ,jesus1 the grace of ,god1 communion and friendship with him4 ,seek for this2 do not rest until you possess it2 and then hold it fast2 this will help you through until we are with him2 oh6 let not one1 not one remain behind4 ,i will always watch over you1 and will hasten to meet you with open arms when you come after me4 ,watch and pray6' 8,we can understand without difficulty from this how ,count ,stolberg could say1 #8,christ1 the ,saviour of the world1 was the guiding star of my youth4 ,our parents desired nothing more earnestly than that we should seek him1 love him1 and confess him before the whole world4 ,i have always regarded that as my highest duty1 which necessarily led me into the ,catholic ,church4'0 ,in this sketch of ,count ,stolberg's parents and early home1 we see the old-fashioned simplicity and piety of the best sort of the ancient ,lutheran nobility of ,germany4 ,there is a sombre and austere character in the picture1 partly belonging to the national temperament1 but chiefly due to that shadow of sadness which ,protestantism in its more earnest phase casts over the practice of virtue and religion4 ,the count himself1 as is well known to all1 while preserving all that was good and truly ,christian in the principles and habits given him by his early education1 cast aside its sectarian prejudices and errors to embrace the ,catholic religion4 ,in him1 as the model of a perfect ,christian gentleman and scholar1 to quote again the language of the writer in ,der ,katholik1 8was gloriously fulfilled the wish expressed by ,lavater 7a ,protestant7 in a letter to the count4 #8,become an honor to the ,catholic ,church6 ,practise virtues which are impossible to a non-,catholic6 ,do deeds which will prove that your change had a great end1 and that you have not failed to gain it4 ,you have saints1 ,i do not deny it3 we have none1 at least none like yours4 ,be to all ,catholics and non-,catholics a shining example of that virtue which is the most worthy of imitation and of ,christian holiness4'0 ,we have been tempted into a digression which will1 we trust1 not be ungrateful to our readers1 and find that we have not been able to bring our series of short articles to a close in the present number1 as we had hoped to do4 ,we must therefore resume the same subject after another month1 and we trust that our gentle readers1 upon their summer excursions1 will find time and inclination to listen to one more brief moral instruction4 ,,footnotes3 #gj ,st4 ,luke xviii4 #bd1 etc4 #ga ,st4 ,james v4 #a4 #gb ,st4 ,james i4 #i1 #aj4 #gc ,from ,der ,katholik1 for ,january1 #ahgb4 ,,on ,,the ,,troubadours ,,of ,,provence4 ,true hearts1 that beat so fast1 but now are still1 ,the gracious days will never come again ,ye loved and sang2 your tender accents will ,linger no more on the warm lips of men6 ,alas6 your speech lies with ye in the grave6 ,yet where ,montpellier's skies their balm impart1 ,and ,barcelona wooes the southern wave1 ,the student cons your pages when his heart ,hungers for solace4 ,take it in kind part1 ,count it not loss1 dear hearts1 but loyalty1 ,if ,i like him1 though with a ruder hand1 ,am fain to cull your flowers too sweet to die1 ,to waft their fragrance to a distant land1 ,and bid them blossom 'neath a colder sky4 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 ,,chapter ,,xxx4 ,,edith',s ,,yes4 ,in the opinion of their old friends in ,boston1 the ,yorke family had lost something during their sojourn in the wilderness4 ,it was not that they were less charming1 less kind1 less well-bred1 but they were not so orthodox in religion4 ,mrs4 ,yorke1 it is true1 resumed her regular attendance at ,dr4 ,stewart's church2 but her husband seldom accompanied her now1 and1 it was ascertained1 absented himself with her permission4 8,i would not have him go for my sake1 when he does not wish to go for his own10 she remarked tranquilly4 ,the time had been when ,mrs4 ,yorke would have been horrified at such a defection1 and would have called in the doctors of the church to exhort the backslider4 ,she was evidently growing lax in her religious principles4 ,melicent always accompanied her mother1 and had the true down-drawn1 regulation countenance2 but ,clara was seldom seen in their pew1 and boldly answered1 when questioned on the subject1 that she sometimes went to the ,catholic churches to hear the music4 8,i go wherever ,i can hear ,wilcox play the organ10 she said4 8,i never tire listening to him4 ,others play difficult music with dexterity1 and you admire their skill2 but he plays the same1 and you forget that there is any skill in it4 ,such bewitching grace6 ,such laughter running up and down the keys6 ,such picturesque improvisations6 ,he played last ,sunday something that called up to me a scene in ,seaton--that bit of meadow on ,east ,street1 ,edith4 ,there was some sort of musical groundwork1 soft and monotonous1 with little blossoming chords springing up everywhere1 and over it all swam a lovely1 meandering melody with the vox humana4 ,when the bell rang1 at the ,sanctus1 he caught the sound1 and ran straight up into the stars1 as though some waiting angel had flown audibly up to heaven to announce the time of the consecration4 ,it is delightful to hear him4 ,in his graver music1 and his choruses1 ,i do not so much distinguish him from others2 but he is the only organist ,i know who gives an idea of the play of the little saints and cherubim in heaven1 their dancing1 their singing1 their swift flights to the earth and back again1 and all their exquisite loves1 and pranks1 and delights--their very worship like the worship of birds and flowers40 ,not a word about doctrines1 about the iniquities of ,rome1 the superstition of ,papists1 the idolatry of the ,mass6 ,what wonder if these good people1 who considered it blasphemy to associate cherubic music with any more rapid motion than that of the semibreve and minim1 should think ,miss ,clara ,yorke in a dangerous way8 ,it was hoped1 however1 that when ,dr4 ,stewart and ,melicent were married1 his influence would recall her to a sense of duty4 ,the doctor did try1 carefully1 though1 warned by his wife1 and by some sharp1 though tacit1 rebuffs from ,mr4 ,yorke and ,edith4 ,he spoke one day philosophically of the obnoxious ,review1 as though there were no question of truth1 but merely of cleverness in handling certain subjects1 and1 in a careless propos1 offered ,mr4 ,yorke the loan of certain volumes1 which1 he privately believed1 would triumphantly controvert the controversialist4 ,the doctor had not read any of these ,catholic authorities4 8,thank you60 ,mr4 ,yorke replied4 ,he wished to be friendly1 and really liked the doctor when he let theology alone4 ,besides1 he was dining there1 and could not be disagreeable4 ,after dinner1 ,melicent slipped out of the room a few minutes2 and when her father went home1 she said sweetly1 8,by the way1 papa1 ,i put up those books the doctor spoke of to you1 if you like to take them now4 ,they lie on the hall table40 8,let them lie60 replied ,mr4 ,yorke1 with a glance and an emphasis which were not even doubtful4 ,he might permit ,dr4 ,stewart to exhort him1 but he would not be schooled by his own daughter4 ,there was but little to tell of the family for a while4 ,mr4 ,yorke employed a part of his time in attending to ,carl's and ,edith's pecuniary affairs1 everything being entrusted to his management4 ,patrick was his assistant occasionally1 and was also ,edith's coachman2 for the only carriage they kept belonged to ,edith4 ,betsey was ,mrs4 ,yorke's special dependence4 ,she was a sort of housekeeper1 as well as nurse4 ,when the lady was ill1 no one else could lift1 and serve1 and watch as ,betsey could2 and when she was in low spirits1 ,betsey could scout her vapors very refreshingly1 when the others increased them1 perhaps1 by indulgence4 ,on all her little journeys1 ,betsey accompanied ,mrs4 ,yorke4 ,her quaint1 country ways were a constant source of amusement1 her faithful affection and sturdy good sense a staff to lean on4 ,mrs4 ,yorke had1 at the last moment1 concluded not to bring the young ,pattens to ,boston1 but had secured them places with the family who had taken her house4 8,i do not approve of children being separated from their parents10 she had said1 8and being placed in such different circumstances that their childish associations seem discordant to them4 ,i know no situation more cruel than that where a child is ashamed of its parents' poverty and ignorance4 ,besides1 ,i think it my duty to rescue these poor ,catholic girls40 ,so ,mary and ,anne had been brought to ,boston1 and were now living in a blissful state of affectionate gratitude toward their employers1 and rapture with their church4 ,in ,seaton1 ,catholics were still in an almost ,babylonish captivity4 ,their church had been burned a few weeks after the ,yorkes left town2 but toward spring they had a priest--not ,father ,rasle--who came once in two months1 and said ,mass for them in a private house4 ,he was not molested4 ,edith had not forgotten her friends there1 and1 among other gifts1 had sent to ,mrs4 ,patten a small library1 chiefly of controversial books4 ,so ,boadicea was now investigating the ,catholic religion4 ,she examined it severely and critically1 through a pair of round-eyed1 horn-bowed spectacles1 missing not a sentence1 nor date1 nor word of title-page in those volumes4 ,she meant to show everybody that she was searching the subject in an exhaustive manner1 and that the doctors of the church would have to exert themselves to the utmost1 and bring all their learning and eloquence to bear1 if they wished to convince her4 ,but1 underneath this vain pretence1 her heart yearned to enter that fold where her lost little one had found refuge1 and where she had seen such examples of ,christian endurance and charity4 ,and so1 with no event in the family save ,melicent's marriage1 the winter and summer passed away1 and another winter came4 ,in that winter1 ,edith had news of an event for which she had been looking and longing ever since ,carl went away4 ,his letters had all been addressed to his mother1 but in one of them1 about ,christmas-time1 came a note for ,edith4 ,he was in ,asia1 and his letter was dated at ,bangkok4 ,he had been across ,cambodia1 from the ,menam to the ,mekong1 as far as the country of the savage ,stiens4 8,and here1 in this wild place1 my dear ,edith10 he wrote1 8,i gave up1 and was baptized4 ,i had thought1 while talking with ,monsignor ,miche1 vicar-apostolic of the mission to ,cambodia and ,laos1 that1 as soon as ,i should reach ,europe1 ,i would enter the church4 ,indeed1 while ,i heard this1 an accomplished gentleman1 tell of the persecution he had suffered when he was a simple missionary in ,cochin-,china1 the imprisonment1 the beating with rods which cut the flesh so that blood followed1 the asking for and taking himself the blows intended for a companion too frail to bear more--a story1 ,edith1 which carried my mind back to ,st4 ,paul1 yet which was told with a boyish gaiety and simplicity--while ,i heard this1 my impulse was to throw myself at his feet1 and ask to be baptized by his consecrated hand4 ,but1 you know1 enthusiasm does not often overcome me2 and1 since he did not urge me then1 the good minute went4 ,when1 afterward1 he exhorted me1 ,i promised him that ,i would not long delay4 ,but1 when ,i reached the ,stien country1 over that miserable route of swamps1 cataracts1 and forests filled with wild beasts1 and found another soldier of ,christ living there1 in that horrible solitude1 sick1 suffering1 but undismayed1 my ,teutonic phlegm deserted me4 ,the chief citizens of ,father ,guilloux's republic are elephants1 tigers1 buffaloes1 wild boars1 the rhinoceros2 and the most frequent and intimate visitors at his house of bamboos are scorpions1 serpents1 and centipedes4 ,and yet1 all the complaint this heroic man made was that he had but few converts4 ,the savages are so joined to their idols1 he said4 ,edith1 tears ran down my face4 ,my whole heart melted4 #8,father1' ,i said1 #8here is a savage convert1 if you will take him4 ,i cannot stay one hour longer out of the church which gives birth to such children6' ,and so ,i was baptized4 ,and1 my sweet girl1 ,i thought then that1 if the time should ever come when ,i should be so happy as to make ,edith my wife1 ,i should like to have the same saintly hands join us4 ,i told ,father ,guilloux of you1 and he sends you his blessing4 ,you see ,i have heard all about ,mr4 ,rowan4 8,and now ,i turn my face homeward1 though my route will not be very direct4 ,since ,i am here1 where ,i shall probably never come again1 ,i think it best to carry out my programme4 ,but the intention of it is somewhat different2 for ,i find that a ,catholic does not need to travel abroad to find out how men should be taught and governed4 8,i am sure that you pray for me constantly2 and1 believe me1 your name has been as constantly uttered by me during the whole length of my wanderings1 and is strung1 ,edith on ,edith1 like a daisy-chain1 two-thirds round the world40 ,it was thus ,carl first told ,edith his wishes2 and1 from the moment of that reading1 she considered herself betrothed to him4 ,she carried her letter to her aunt1 who already knew from her own letter that ,carl had entered the church and1 placing it open in her hand1 knelt before her while she read it4 ,mrs4 ,yorke took the hands that trembled in her lap1 and gazed into the fair face uplifted to hers4 ,edith's cheeks were like crimson roses1 her beautiful eyes shone through tears1 her lips were parted by the quickened little breaths that told of her quickened heart-beats4 8,there is no mistake this time80 ,mrs4 ,yorke asked1 smiling4 8,you say yes with all your heart80 8,aunt ,amy10 ,edith exclaimed1 8,i'm one yes from head to foot1 and the gladdest yes that ever was spoken60 ,,chapter ,,xxxi4 ,,clara',s ,,chapter4 ,the second summer after their return to ,boston1 ,clara went down to spend in ,seaton with ,hester2 and1 late in ,july1 the ship ,edith ,yorke1 ,captain ,cary1 came sailing up ,seaton ,river4 ,the captain had made a prosperous voyage to ,india1 and1 having nothing else to do just now1 had come down to ,maine for a load of barrel-staves and boxes4 ,to his mind1 the fresh pine and ash made a pleasing contrast to his rich ,eastern cargo4 ,hester and her husband immediately made him at home with them4 ,their house was not so full but there was room for him1 if he could live in the house with six boys4 8,you can1 perhaps1 bear it better1 since they are sure to be very fond of you10 ,mrs4 ,hester said4 ,for the boys had clustered about the sailor before he had been ten minutes with them4 ,mrs4 ,cleaveland was wont to say that the masculine element in hers and her mother's immediate descendants would be rather overpowering were its members not the salt of the earth4 8,poor little mamma was quite alarmed10 she said4 8,she protested that1 if ,melicent's husband or mine called her mother1 she would leave the country4 ,so they are careful how they address her4 ,now1 ,i am made of sterner stuff1 and nothing else makes me so proud as to have all these boys call me mother40 ,hester's boys presented rather an imposing array4 ,there were ,major ,cleaveland's eldest1 ,charles and ,henry1 college-students of twenty and twenty-two years of age1 healthy1 honest lads1 not very clever1 but full of energy and good sense4 ,they were favorites at college1 where the renaissance of muscle had destroyed the old empire of hollow chests and pale cheeks1 and established as the watchword mens sana in corpore sano4 ,next to these was ,eugene1 now a slender youth of fifteen1 cleverer than his brothers1 but somewhat effeminate in character4 ,then came ,hester's three boys1 ,philip1 ,carl1 and ,robert4 ,the last1 an infant a year old1 had been named by ,edith for her father1 and he was1 consequently1 her dearest pet4 8,and now my troubles begin all over again10 soliloquized ,clara1 as she prepared to meet the sailor4 8,captain ,cary's sudden flight seemed to cut the ,gordian knot2 but his coming back makes the affair more double-and-twisted than ever40 ,she went to meet him1 however1 with an air of pleasant ease which betrayed no sign of complicated emotions1 and asked of his adventures1 and told all that had chanced to them during his absence1 in the most friendly manner4 ,nor was the sailor less dignified1 though the blush that overspread his face when she first appeared showed a momentary agitation4 ,but this highly proper and decorous demeanor did not last long4 ,before many days1 ,mrs4 ,cleaveland perceived that her boys were not the chief attraction which ,captain ,cary found in her house4 ,it was plain that he was devoted1 heart and soul1 to ,clara2 and it was plain1 also1 that ,clara was fully aware of that devotion1 and made her sport of it1 so ,hester thought4 ,it was true1 the young woman did take a very high hand with her colossal admirer4 ,she snubbed him1 ordered him about1 made him dance attendance1 fetch and carry1 and1 altogether1 tyrannized over him outrageously4 ,and he bore it all with the magnanimous patience of a great ,newfoundland dog petting and bearing with the freaks of a captious child4 ,but he grew sober and silent1 and lost his smiles day by day4 ,sometimes ,clara's mood changed1 and there would be little flits of sunshine1 momentary gleams of kindness and penitence2 but her victim learned that he could not depend on the continuance of such friendliness4 ,one day she had treated him so much worse than usual that1 instead of staying to bear her raillery1 he left the room1 and went out into the garden where the children were playing4 ,clara seated herself in the window presently1 and watched him1 saw him set little ,bob-o'-,lincoln1 as they called the baby1 on his shoulder1 so that the child could reach the branch of a tree1 saw him gently restrain and persuade ,philip from throwing stones at the birds1 and talk to ,carl and ,philip1 when they came to blows about something1 till they kissed each other4 ,and through it all she read in his face the indication of a heart sad and ill at ease4 ,a yellow-bird flew over the garden1 and dropped a pretty feather down4 8,oh6 that is what ,aunt ,clara likes10 cried ,philip1 running to pick it up4 8,she puts 'em in her books for marks40 ,he carried it to the sailor1 who fastened it carefully in his button-hole1 posy-wise4 ,even the children had perceived that what ,aunt ,clara liked was a matter of interest to their new friend4 ,a servant came out to call the children in to their early supper2 and ,captain ,cary1 catching sight of ,clara in the window1 went to her with the little feather in his hand4 8,philip says you make book-marks of these10 he said1 and offered it to her4 ,there was no sign of coldness or resentment1 neither was there any of subservience4 ,it was the patience and affection of a tender and generous heart1 and the self-respect of one who is not humbled by the pettishness of another4 ,clara dropped her eyes as she took the little offering4 8,yes10 she said gently2 8and see the passage ,i am going to mark with it40 ,the book she held was ,landor's ,imaginary ,conversations1 open at the dialogue between schines and ,phocion4 ,the sailor bent his head and read3 8,your generosity is more pathetic than pity or than pain20 and1 looking up quickly into her face1 to see what she meant1 saw her eyes humid4 ,his face brightened a little1 but he said nothing4 ,he was like a traveller among the ,alps1 who knows that a breath may bring the avalanche upon him4 ,after a few weeks of this hide-and-seek1 ,hester was moved to expostulate with her sister1 whose conduct had astonished her4 ,for1 however gay and reckless ,clara might be in talk1 exaggerating on one side when she saw people lean too much to the other1 and often saying what she did not mean1 taking for granted that she was too well known to have her jests taken for earnest--in spite of this liveliness and effervescence of spirits1 she had never been guilty of the slightest frivolity in her intercourse with gentlemen4 ,mrs4 ,yorke had taught her daughters1 or had cherished in them the pure feminine instinct1 to treat with careful reserve any man who should show a marked preference for them1 unless that preference was fully reciprocated4 ,hester1 therefore1 felt herself called on to admonish4 8,i must say1 ,clara1 ,i think you do wrong10 she said4 8,any one can see that the captain sets his life by you1 and you treat him cruelly40 8,do you wish me to marry him80 ,clara asked in a cold voice4 8,why1 no60 exclaimed her sister4 8,you two are not at all suited to each other4 ,but ,i would have you treat him kindly40 8,if ,i treat him kindly1 he will think ,i like him10 ,clara said quickly4 8,oh6 ,i don't mean very kindly1 but with calm friendliness10 answered her preceptress4 8,calm friendliness60 repeated the culprit with emphasis4 8,oh6 the airs that these little married kittens put on6 ,hester1 seat yourself there1 and look me in the face1 while ,i lecture you4 ,fold your hands1 and attend to me4 ,now1 allow me to remind you of two or three little facts4 ,firstly1 ,i am two years older than you4 ,secondly1 ,i am not a staid married woman with six boys1 and ,i won't try to act as if ,i were4 ,thirdly1 you don't know as much about this business as you think you do4 ,fourthly1 women who have a great facility for being shocked on all occasions are1 according to my observation1 very likely to be shocking women4 ,fifthly1 if you wish well to ,captain ,cary1 you should wish to have him cease to care about me2 and the surest way to attain that end is to treat him just as ,i am treating him4 ,no man can long desire a vixen for a wife4 ,sixthly0--and sixthly1 ,clara began to cry4 ,hester1 who never could bear to be blamed1 had been herself on the point of crying1 but1 seeing her sister's tears1 concluded not to4 8,why1 what is the matter1 ,clara80 she asked in distress4 8,the matter is that ,i am tired of being criticised10 answered her sister1 wiping her eyes4 8,i am tired of having people tell me what ,i mean1 instead of asking what ,i mean4 ,i am tired of having people whom ,i know to be not so good as ,i am1 set themselves up to be better40 8,i never meant to set myself up to be better than you1 ,clara10 ,hester began pitifully4 8,i--0 8,bless me6 ,are you here still80 exclaimed ,miss ,yorke1 with a laugh 8,i'd forgotten you4 ,i was not talking to you at all1 you little goose6 ,the truth is1 ,hester1 ,i am getting as nervous as a witch4 ,you mustn't bother me40 ,clara did seem to be nervous1 and unlike herself4 ,having failed in her attempt to admonish her sister1 ,mrs4 ,cleaveland took occasion soon after to comfort the sailor4 8,you must not mind if ,clara seems a little hard sometimes10 she said with gentle kindness4 8,she does not mean to hurt your feelings4 ,it is only her way4 ,i know she thinks very highly of you40 8,oh6 ,i understand her pretty well10 he replied gravely4 8,clara has a good heart1 and she never gives me a blow but she is sorry for it afterward4 ,i don't blame her4 ,i suppose she sees that ,i rather took a liking to her0--he blushed up--8and that's the way she makes me keep my distance4 ,i understand ,clara4 ,she suits me40 ,he said this with a certain stateliness4 ,not even ,clara's sister might blame her to him4 8,rather took a liking10 was ,captain ,cary's way of expressing the fact that he had surrendered the whole of his honest1 generous heart4 ,there were fires in the woods about ,seaton that summer1 and1 ,august being very dry1 they increased so as to be troublesome4 ,from ,major ,cleaveland's house1 which stood on the hill-top west of the village1 they could see smoke encircling nearly all the horizon by day2 and by night flames were visible in every direction but the south1 where the sea lay4 ,the air was rank with smoke1 cinders came on the wind when it rose1 and vegetation turned sooty4 ,crops were spoiling1 farm-houses were threatened1 and large quantities of lumber were burned4 ,people looked every day more anxiously for rain1 prayers were offered in the churches for it1 and still it did not come4 ,the blue of the sky changed to brazen1 the silver and gold of moonlight and sunlight became lurid1 the springs began to dry up4 ,sometimes the day would darken with clouds1 and they looked up hopefully1 and watched to see the saving drops descend4 ,but week followed week1 and the refreshing messengers passed by on the other side4 ,more than once1 when the sun was in the west1 it showed them through that canopy of smoke the dense black peaks and rolling volumes of the thunder-cloud1 and at night they could see the beautiful lightning crinkling round the horizon1 and hear the music of far-away thunder that came down with pelting rain on distant hills2 but still their land was dry1 their throats and eyes inflamed1 and the fires crept nearer4 ,major ,cleaveland came home to tea one night with an anxious face4 8,they are afraid the fire will reach ,arnold's woods to-night10 he said2 8and1 if it does1 ,marvin's house must go1 and there is danger that some part of the town may burn4 ,the wind is very high from the northwest40 ,mr4 ,marvin1 ,mrs4 ,yorke's tenant1 had purchased her house and land1 and lived there1 but the woods still bore their old name of ,arnold's woods4 ,later in the evening1 while they sat looking out at the baleful glow that grew every moment brighter in the northwest1 ,charles and ,henry ,cleaveland came up from the village with later news4 ,half the men in the town1 they said1 had gone out beyond ,grandfather ,yorke's place to fight fire4 ,the firemen were all there1 and ,mr4 ,marvin had his furniture packed ready to send away from the house at a moment's warning4 8,and those poor ,pattens60 ,clara asked anxiously4 8,have they wit enough to save themselves8 ,has any one thought of them80 ,the boys had heard no mention made of the ,pattens4 ,they supposed that1 if the family had common sense1 they had left their house by this time1 for every one said that1 unless there should be a shower with that wind1 the fire was not two hours distant4 ,captain ,cary leaned from the window1 and looked overhead4 ,the only sign of sky was a cluster of stars in the zenith4 ,all else was smoke4 8,this wind will bring a shower pretty near1 at least1 before the night is over10 he said4 8,it isn't a wind out of a clear sky40 8,i must know about those poor creatures60 ,clara exclaimed4 8,they are so shut in that they would not be able to see which way to go1 if the fire should come upon them2 and ,i am afraid no one will think of them4 ,charley1 if you will have the buggy out1 ,i will drive over to ,mr4 ,marvin's40 8,all right60 says ,charley promptly4 ,captain ,cary had already risen4 8,i've been thinking that ,i'd go over and help the men a little10 he remarked1 with a moderate air1 as if he had been in the habit of fighting fire every day of his life for recreation4 8,but you will have to change your clothes10 ,clara said4 8,that linen will never do4 ,now1 see which will be dressed first4 ,i must take off this organdie1 of course4 ,hester1 take out your watch and count the minutes40 ,she flew off merrily1 her rose-colored cloud of skirts filling the doorway as she went through1 and ,captain ,cary walked quietly after1 one of his strides equal to three of her small steps4 ,in ten minutes they were heard again1 opening the doors of their rooms at the same moment1 and ,clara appeared in a plaided waterproof suit1 and a sailor hat set jauntily over the rich black coils of her hair1 and laughingly claimed the victory4 8,we opened our doors at the same instant10 she said2 8but ,i stopped to button my gloves1 and he has no gloves on4 ,never say again that a lady cannot dress as quickly as a gentleman40 ,captain ,cary displayed a pair of thick boots1 for which he had exchanged his summer shoes4 8,may ,i be allowed to see what you have on your feet80 he asked4 ,she put out a foot clad in the thinnest stocking1 and a low kid slipper4 8,i appeal60 said the sailor4 8,and ,i give up60 she answered4 8,now let me see if you are prepared to go into ,gehenna4 ,are those clothes all wool80 ,she made him turn round1 tried with her own fingers the texture of his sleeve1 ordered him to button his coat tightly at neck and wrists1 so that no sparks could get in1 and gave him a woollen scarf1 which she commanded him to tie about his face at the proper time4 ,then they went out together1 dropping their laughter at the door4 ,for the wind blew in their faces a hard gale1 and over the northwestern horizon glowed an angry aurora1 and in the zenith still hung that cluster of stars4 ,they drove over to ,mr4 ,marvin's almost in silence4 ,carts partly filled with furniture stood at the avenue-gate1 and trunks and packages had been set out on the steps1 ready to be taken away4 ,two little children stood in the door1 crying with fear1 while a servant tried vainly to pacify them4 8,their mother told me to take them out to the village1 to the ,seaton ,house10 she said to ,clara4 8,and they don't want to go40 ,mrs4 ,marvin was up in the cupola1 watching the progress of the fire4 ,clara reassured the little ones1 put them and the girl into the buggy with ,charles ,cleaveland1 and sent them back home with him4 8,but how are you to get back1 ,aunt ,clara80 he asked4 8,oh6 in the same way the people out here do10 she answered4 8,i shall not be alone4 ,drive along1 ,charley4 ,the horse won't bear this smoke much longer4 ,he begins to dance now40 ,as soon as they had gone1 she started off through the woods4 ,captain ,cary had already preceded her1 thinking that she meant to await him at the house4 ,down in the wood-path all was darkness1 only a faint reflected light showing where the path lay2 but the tree-tops shone as if with sunset1 and the sky hung close1 in a deep-red canopy4 ,now and then the light steps of some wild creature1 driven from its forest home1 flitted by1 and its fleet shape was dimly seen for an instant4 ,the voices of men were heard1 and the sound of axes1 not far away4 ,when she reached the opening where the ,pattens' house was built1 the whole scene burst upon her sight4 ,the open square of ten acres was as light as an illuminated drawing-room4 ,volumes of red smoke poured over it1 dropping cinders1 which men and boys ran about trampling out as soon as they fell4 ,some men were at work digging a trench along the furthest side of the opening1 others felled trees1 others dragged them away1 and others sought for water1 and threw it about the barrier they were making4 ,they worked like tigers1 for1 scarcely two miles distant1 the fire was leaping toward them like a courser1 or like that flying flame that brought the news from ,ilium to ,mount ,ida4 ,clara's eyes searched the space4 8,do you know where the ,pattens are80 she asked of some one who stood near1 but without looking to see who it was4 8,here we be60 said a piteous voice in reply4 ,she turned her glance at that1 and beheld ,joe1 with his children clustered about him1 standing beside the path4 ,a large bundle lay on the ground by them1 containing their valuables1 probably1 and they were all looking back1 with the light in their faces4 ,she asked him where his wife was4 8,she's there fighting fire among the men10 answered ,joe1 with an accusing gesture toward the workers4 8,i told her that it was my place to be there1 but she sent me off4 ,she thinks now that ,i and the children are down at the village2 but ,i am going to stay to protect my wife4 ,it shall never be said that ,i deserted her in the hour of danger40 8,have you seen ,captain ,cary80 was the next question4 8,that 'ere big sailor8 ,lor1 yes6 ,he's been working like ten men4 ,there he is1 chopping down a tree40 ,miss ,yorke drew her mantle over her head1 as a protection against the cinders1 and walked forward4 ,the sky in front of her was like the mouth of a furnace from which a fiery blast is rushing1 and the tree-trunks in the forest opposite showed a faint glimmer of light beyond them4 ,some of the workers were retreating at that last sign4 ,the wind caught a burning branch1 and bore it almost to her feet4 ,the men stopped to trample it out1 then ran4 ,not more than half their number remained4 8,good heavens60 she cried excitedly1 8will he never start80 ,as she spoke1 a drop of water fell on her face4 ,she looked up1 and another and another fell4 ,on the very frontier of the battleground1 midway between the woods that were on fire and those they tried to save1 stood a tall maple1 its arms outstretched1 as if inviting the enemy4 ,captain ,cary was cutting that tree down1 swinging the axe rapidly in resounding strokes4 ,a few courageous men still lingered near1 working with renewed hope as they felt the scattering drops1 and perceived that the wind began to lull4 ,but they gave a cry of alarm1 and fled also2 for a fiery crest was suddenly lifted above the forest1 and the enemy was upon them4 ,no one was left but ,captain ,cary1 and his work was not done4 ,if there was a chance of checking the fire1 it was in having that tree down4 ,it bent slightly under the heavy strokes that smote it1 and1 as it bent1 a long1 flickering tongue of flame shot across the space1 and curled around its topmost tuft of foliage1 and devoured it in a twinkling4 ,twigs1 boughs1 branches1 all as dry as tinder1 kindled instantly1 and the whole tree1 wrapped in flame1 toppled over1 and fell4 ,with a cry of terror1 ,clara ,yorke lifted her face1 that she might not see that man perish2 and1 looking upward1 saw the redness vividly threaded with a blinding white light4 ,then there were a rattle and a rumble1 and the rain came down in torrents4 8,god be thanked60 said a deep voice near by4 ,there stood ,captain ,cary1 panting1 blackened1 scorched1 torn1 wiping his face on his sleeve1 and looking to see how much more effectually fire could be fought by the powers of heaven than by the powers of earth4 ,the flames cowered down from the tree-tops under that tumultuous descent1 the brands and cinders died out1 hissing1 and streams of water pursued the fire that fled along the ground4 8,providence arrived just in time10 observed one of the men who had gathered about him4 ,the sailor looked at him with a reproving glance4 8,providence always does arrive in time10 he said reverently4 ,here ,mrs4 ,patten1 looking like one of those witches we see in the play of ,macbeth1 not even lacking the long pole1 made her appearance about as mysteriously as those witches do4 8,gentlemen10 she said1 8since the hour of peril has gone past1 and you must be fatigued by your exertions1 ,i hope that you will take shelter from the rain in my poor mansion4 ,you shall be welcome to such humble hospitality as ,i can offer you40 ,they were nearly in darkness now1 having only such light as came from the frequent flashes overhead4 ,the sailor thanked her politely4 8,i shall be glad if you can lend me a lantern10 he said2 8for ,i want to get through to ,mr4 ,marvin's as soon as ,i can4 ,somebody is there waiting for me40 ,mrs4 ,patten led the way1 and the others followed4 ,in the semi-darkness1 a smaller figure1 which ,captain ,cary had not noticed before1 came close to his side1 and slipped a hand in his arm2 and the 8somebody0 who should have been waiting for him at ,mr4 ,marvin's said quietly1 8,you see1 ,i cannot walk very well without help1 for ,i have lost one of my slippers40 ,the sailor's heart had not given such a jump when the burning tree fell and just missed him1 as it gave at the sound of that voice4 8,you here60 he exclaimed4 8,what did you come for80 8,to see the fire10 replied ,miss ,yorke4 8,and you are barefoot80 8,oh6 no10 she said cheerfully4 8,i have a ,lisle-thread stocking1 what there is left of it1 between my right foot and the sticks1 and stones1 and briers1 and thistles1 and--so forth40 ,he groaned out1 8,oh6 you poor little dear60 and seemed on the point of saying something he was afraid to say1 hesitated1 almost stopped1 then stammered1 8,i suppose it would be impudent to offer to carry you as far as the house1 but ,i hate to have you walk that way40 8,oh6 thank you60 answered ,miss ,clara4 8,i could not think1 though1 of receiving so much assistance from any one but my husband1 or the one who is to be my husband40 ,the sailor swallowed a great sigh1 and they walked on1 ,clara hobbling fearfully4 8,i wish that he were here now1 whoever he may be10 she said in a plaintive voice1 after a minute4 8,for1 really--0 ,her escort said not a word4 ,in a few minutes they reached the log-house1 where ,joe and the children had already arrived2 and1 waiting only for the men to wash the soot from their faces and hands1 and to find a shoe which ,miss ,yorke could keep on her foot1 they set out again1 with a lantern4 ,at ,mr4 ,marvin's they found ,major ,cleaveland's carriage awaiting them1 and in twenty minutes they were at home1 without having spoken a word on the way4 ,but when they reached there1 ,clara looked anxiously at her companion4 8,can't ,i do anything for you80 she asked4 ,he thanked her gravely4 ,no1 he needed nothing4 ,she had better see to herself4 ,she made a movement to leave the room1 and did not go4 ,she lingered1 looking to see what was the matter with him4 ,he was in a deplorable condition as to his clothing1 his hair was singed1 his hands and face blistering in places2 but that did not seem to be the trouble4 ,neither was he angry4 ,the deep thoughtfulness of his expression forbade that supposition4 ,she chose to say1 though1 8,i hope you are not offended about anything40 ,he seemed surprised1 and recollected himself4 8,why1 no60 he answered4 8,have ,i been cross8 ,excuse me6 ,i was thinking of something40 ,he looked at her earnestly4 8,there is something ,i would like to know--not because ,i am curious1 or want to interfere in any person's private affairs1 but because ,i think it might settle my mind to know4 ,i'll tell you what it is1 and ,i hope you'll believe that ,i don't mean any offence1 though it may sound impudent4 ,you must know1 ,miss ,clara0--his eyes dropped humbly--8that ,i took a liking to you at first4 ,of course ,i wasn't such a fool as to expect anything from you2 but what you said back there in the woods to-night showed me that ,i am a greater fool than ,i thought ,i could be4 ,do you want me to stop now80 8,no10 ,clara answered gently4 8,i would like to hear what you have been thinking of1 and to say anything ,i can to quiet your mind40 8,well10 he went on1 8,i should feel better to know if you have any man in your eye that you like4 ,it's none of my business10 he added hastily1 8but it might do me good to know the truth40 ,clara blushed to the forehead1 but her laughing glance was raised to his face4 8,yes1 ,captain ,cary10 she said1 8,i have a man in both my eyes whom ,i like and esteem40 ,he was silent a moment4 ,perhaps his sunburnt face grew a shade paler4 8,that's all ,i want to know10 he said then4 8,i thank you for telling me2 and ,i wish you every happiness that earth and heaven can give40 ,he bowed1 and took a step toward the door4 8,oh6 you great stupid60 she cried out in a voice of ringing impatience1 and with a laugh that seemed to be on the verge of crying4 ,the sailor turned at that1 and drew himself up with proud indignation4 ,for the first time his eyes flashed on her1 and she saw how lofty he could be in self-assertion4 8,miss ,yorke10 he said1 8,i'm but a rough man1 not learned nor polite enough to be the husband of an accomplished lady like you2 but ,i'm an honest man1 and ,i won't be scorned by any woman4 ,my love may not be fit for your taking1 but it's too good for your mocking4 ,i know what ,i am worth60 8,you do not60 she exclaimed4 8,you don't know anything about it60 ,he looked severely down upon her1 but said nothing4 8,i didn't mean to mock you1 nor treat you with any disrespect10 she said4 8,you misunderstand me1 ,captain ,cary40 ,his face softened4 8,i suppose ,i do10 he replied4 8,you have a laughing way1 but ,i know you don't mean any harm4 ,forget my rough talk1 and forget all ,i have said to you to-night40 ,he went toward the door again4 8,i shall not forget it10 she said4 8,i shall never forget that one of the best of men liked me1 yet was capable of deserting me because ,i would not offer myself to him40 ,he looked round as if he thought she had lost her senses4 8,why1 ,miss ,clara1 what do you mean80 ,she clasped her hands1 and raised her eyes to the ceiling4 8,did you ever10 she asked1 addressing1 apparently1 a wreath of stucco faces there--8did you ever witness such obtuseness80 ,he stared at her a moment1 standing2 then he sat down1 and continued looking at her intently4 8,and did you ever witness such inconsistency80 she continued1 still to the stucco faces4 8,he pretends to like me1 and in the same breath tells me that he won't have me--as if ,i had asked him to60 8,miss ,clara60 ,she glanced at him disdainfully1 and returned to her communication with the ceiling4 8,i shall not1 however1 break my heart for him40 ,over the sailor's weather-beaten face a soft1 uncertain light was stealing1 as you may sometimes see the morning light steal over the face of a rugged bluff1 covering it with beauty4 8,clara10 he said--she had heard him speak to the little ones in that low voice--8do you mean to say that you will marry me80 8,captain ,cary10 she replied1 with an expression of excellent candor and good sense1 8how am ,i to marry a man who won't ask me80 ,then ,captain ,cary asked her4 ,a week after that she was at home with her family2 and the first day1 after dinner was over1 when they sat quietly alone1 she told her story to her father and mother4 ,they could scarcely believe her in earnest1 and fifteen minutes were taken up with exclamations and expressions of incredulity4 ,clara received it all with patience1 and1 at length1 succeeded in convincing her parents that1 with their consent1 she meant to become ,miss ,clara ,cary1 8which will be the first alliteration ,i ever purposely committed10 she said4 ,it happens too frequently that persons of an original turn of mind are less understood by their familiar associates1 and even by their own families1 than by strangers1 and that those to whom they naturally look for appreciation give it only when the example is set them from abroad4 ,with all their affection for her1 ,clara's parents often mistook her1 because they took for granted that they knew her perfectly1 and1 therefore1 never paused to examine4 ,the consciousness of this involuntary injustice on their part had increased her natural impatience1 and made her disinclined to explain herself2 and1 with a perversity for which1 they were half to blame1 she sometimes said what they evidently expected her to say1 rather than what she meant4 ,it was not surprising1 therefore1 that the first reasons she gave for her choice were superficial ones4 ,she liked brave1 manly men1 she said2 and ,captain ,cary would give her just that life of adventure which she would most delight in4 ,with him1 that pretty old myth of women looking to men for protection in danger would be realized4 8,why1 papa10 she said1 8when ,i go out with any of the nice young men ,i know1 if a dog barks1 or a cow shakes her head at us1 my escort is more frightened than ,i am4 ,i shall call the captain ,jason1 and myself ,medea--with a difference4 ,there will be no ,creusa4 ,we will go after the golden fleece1 and bring it home to put under little mamma's feet4 ,we will gather something for you in every sea1 and from under every sky1 #8,as we sail1 as we sail4'0 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,yorke neglected to observe the one significant sentence3 8,there will be no ,creusa40 ,they did not object to the sailor on account of his character or wealth1 they said4 ,they did not even object because they would be so much separated from their daughter1 though that would be a grief to them2 but they thought the two incongruous in tastes and habits1 and feared that ,clara was mistaking that for a serious and lasting affection which was only a temporary artistic enthusiasm for a unique specimen of mankind4 8,i do not choose ,captain ,cary because he is rough1 as you call it1 but in spite of his roughness10 ,clara said4 8,our tastes are not as dissimilar as you imagine1 though4 ,he has great delicacy of feeling and perception1 and he is as true a gentleman as ,i ever knew4 ,i have always looked more to the spirit than the letter1 and ,i can perceive and admire a good mind and heart in spite of some outward defects4 ,i trust and believe in him entirely4 ,if he is not honest1 then no one is4 ,he is magnanimous and truthful4 ,i don't care if he does not know ,latin and ,greek4 ,one may know too much of them4 ,he pretends to nothing1 and he never appears ignorant4 ,i'm not ashamed of him40 8,i did not know you were so much in earnest1 ,clara10 her father said1 looking at her with a smile of approval4 8,if you are really satisfied with him1 ,i have not a word to say against your marrying him4 ,only ,i thought you would prefer a person who was more literary and enthusiastic4 ,captain ,cary is rather taciturn1 and very sober40 8,but he can be roused10 ,clara replied with animation2 8and when he is1 it is something lyric4 ,you remember1 papa1 ,villemain's definition of the true ode1 as distinguished from the conventional one3 #8,l'motion d'une me branle et frmissante comme les cordes d'une lyre4' ,it is no little factious stir at every touch1 and snapping at a blow1 but #8smitten and vibrating' grandly on great occasions40 ,mrs4 ,yorke gave a little sigh of expiring opposition4 8,one of my chief objections10 she said1 8was that it would look so bizarre4 ,if you do not care for that1 then it is nothing40 8,mamma10 ,clara replied1 8you would be astonished to know how little thought ,i give to the opinions of the ,rose-pinks and ,priscillas and pasteboard highnesses40 ,and so the matter was tacitly settled4 ,but later1 when ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,yorke sat together in the falling twilight1 ,clara came in softly behind them1 pushed a footstool between their chairs1 and sat there1 holding a hand of each4 8,papa1 mamma10 she said1 8,i want you to be satisfied that ,i am doing nothing without thought1 and that ,i have chosen wisely4 ,i tell you truly1 ,captain ,cary is the only ,protestant gentleman ,i know whom ,i can marry1 and would not be afraid to marry4 ,look how the world is going4 ,see what a frightful change has come over ,boston since we can remember4 ,why1 ,i have heard stories of some of our old acquaintances1 people whom we thought respectable1 which have sickened me4 ,your other two daughters have married good men1 whom they can trust2 but they are old-fashioned men1 old enough to be their wives' fathers instead of husbands4 ,but of that class of men from whom you would think ,i might properly choose1 would you dare to have me choose8 ,i would not dare4 ,marriage has no longer any sacredness1 except among ,catholics4 ,other men desert or divorce their wives for nothing1 and do the most horrible things4 ,i should think that one-half the ,protestant married ladies would look on their husbands with terror and distrust2 and ,i wonder how any girl dares to marry4 ,the weddings ,i've seen lately1 instead of seeming happy occasions to me1 have seemed most sad and painful4 ,i heard a lady say this summer that in fifty years1 or less1 there would be no marriage outside the ,catholic ,church40 8,charles1 it is but too true10 the mother said4 8,i am terrified when ,i think of what is so evidently coming4 ,it was the thought of this which reconciled me to ,carl's being a ,catholic40 8,i wish we were all ,catholics60 ,clara exclaimed4 8,not that ,i know or think much of theology2 but it is better to believe too much than too little1 and they are on the safe side4 ,if we were wrecked1 and our ship going to pieces1 we would be glad of any vessel to pick us up4 ,we wouldn't quarrel with the cut of her jib40 ,mr4 ,yorke smiled4 8,see how she already draws her illustrations from the sea60 he said1 and passed over her wish4 8,well1 ,amy1 she has proved herself a sensible girl1 has she not8 and deserves that we not only consent1 but applaud40 ,the mother's answer was a silent embrace4 ,if the thought of either parent glanced with a momentary longing toward that strong inviolate church1 against which the fiercest powers of hell beat in vain1 which seems now to loom an ark indeed1 while the rising waves of sin are submerging all beside1 they said nothing4 ,of the shock ,melicent felt on learning of this engagement1 we do not speak4 ,edith received the news with delight4 ,edith had also other sources of pleasure4 ,she had good news from ,seaton4 ,mass was said there now once a fortnight1 without any disturbance2 and ,mrs4 ,patten1 with all her family1 had been baptized4 ,after that fire1 which had so nearly swept away their home1 and had put their lives in peril1 the poor woman hesitated no longer4 ,she had vowed that night1 in the midst of her terror1 that1 if her life was spared1 she would ask to be admitted to the church the first time the priest came again2 and she kept her vow4 ,edith carefully read the long letter written to her descriptive of the occasion1 and1 through all its absurdities1 rejoiced to see the spirit of a sincere faith and obedience4 ,this baptism excited a good deal of comment in ,seaton4 ,it was said that ,boadicea had taken a stick to her husband to assist his conversion1 and that1 at the beginning1 poor ,joe was no more a ,catholic than ,sganarelle the wood-cutter was a doctor2 but1 however that may have been1 he certainly became afterward a most exemplary ,catholic1 as far as he went4 ,and it is likely that ,he who sees through all outward forms1 and scorns only the scorner1 received these humble penitents with a welcome as fatherly as that accorded to any illustrious convert4 ,through ,father ,john1 ,edith had frequent news of her childhood's friend1 and all she heard was such as to fill her with contentment4 ,he did not wish to hold direct communication with the world1 but to pursue his studies with but two thoughts in his mind--a ,god to serve and adore1 and a world full of sinners to save for ,god's sake4 ,mrs4 ,rowan-,williams1 seeing that her son was not despised and cast down1 but rather elevated higher1 and being convinced that1 in some way she could not comprehend1 he was entirely satisfied and happy1 took comfort4 ,she could not1 however1 any longer attend on a church where his belief and profession might at any time be traduced1 and gradually1 from staying at home on ,sundays1 began to go to his church1 to listen with curiosity1 then with interest1 then with growing admiration1 and1 at last1 to feel happy and at home there4 ,and in the spring1 ,carl was coming home4 8,bind on thy sandals1 ,o thou most fleet6 ,over the splendor and speed of thy feet40 ,but not in idle wishing was the winter passed4 ,there was work1 lightened by joyful anticipations1 work persevered in in spite of doubts and fears1 and work dear and joyful for its own sake4 ,and thus the spring was earned4 ,the snows melted1 the robins returned1 tiny green leaves appeared1 and there came a day when they sat with their windows open4 ,every one who passed by looked smiling2 no one was sad that day1 it seemed1 so delightful is the coming of spring4 ,up-stairs ,clara went about from room to room1 singing snatches from a hymn to joy4 ,mrs4 ,yorke and ,edith1 sewing and talking in the parlor below1 smiled to each other as they heard her4 8,joy1 thou spark of heavenly brightness1 ,daughter from ,elysium6 ,hearts on fire1 with steps of lightness1 ,on thy holy ground we come4 ,thou canst bind all1 each to other1 ,custom sternly rends apart1 ,all mankind are friend and brother1 ,when thy soft wing fans the heart40 ,a letter had come from ,clara's ,jason that morning4 ,he was at ,havana when he wrote1 and about sailing for ,england4 ,in the fall he would return to ,america1 and then he and his lady were to sail in search of the golden fleece4 ,the aunt and niece spoke softly together of her hopes and their own1 of their poor1 of their friends1 of the robins that twittered just outside the windows1 of the rose-vines that were so forward1 of the rainbows of crocuses in the yard1 of the unexpected help they had received in some benevolent projects of their own4 8,people are so much better than one thinks10 ,edith said4 8,it is delightful how much goodness there is1 and how kind almost any one will be if approached in the right way4 ,i have great hopes of the world4 ,there's nothing like trying to be a saint one's self4 ,if we should all try1 there wouldn't be a sinner on earth4 ,if ,i should try1 perhaps some one else would1 and then1 may be1 some other person would be excited to try1 and so it would go on round the world4 ,it seems to me that cheerfulness1 and kindness1 and a helping hand1 and a looking at the bright side1 and a determination to find a bright side1 and1 altogether1 a persistent shining1 is what is wanted4 ,light is good1 and joy is good1 and pain is good only because it may be the birth of delight4 ,great is gladness1 if the ,lord is behind it60 8,all mankind are friend and brother1 ,when thy soft wing fans the heart10 sang ,clara1 in the room above2 then stopped1 with a little outcry4 ,the two below glanced through the window1 and saw a gentleman in the street1 near their steps4 ,he walked slowly1 looking straight on1 so that they saw his profile4 ,they dropped their work1 and gazed at him steadily4 ,mrs4 ,yorke put her hand to her heart1 ,edith held her breath1 and two red1 red roses bloomed in her cheeks4 ,up-stairs1 ,clara made not a sound4 ,this gentleman's step was light and firm1 his figure graceful and manly1 his face sunburnt1 and the bright spring sunshine found golden lights in his hair and long moustache4 ,at the step he paused1 then turned and came up1 rapidly now1 taking off his hat1 and looking eagerly1 since he had ventured to look at all4 ,clara came flying down the stairs1 and reached the parlor-door1 with her arms twined around the new-comer1 leading him in triumph4 ,mrs4 ,yorke1 without rising from her chair1 stretched her hands out to her son4 8,o ,lord6 let me never forget thee60 sighed ,edith1 waiting her turn4 8,let me never forget thee60 ,,chapter ,,xxxii4 ,,exeunt ,,omnes4 ,it is spring again1 and ten years have passed since that sunny ,april day when we saw ,carl ,yorke come home from his travels--ten years lacking a month1 for it is early in ,march4 ,the afternoon is as still as any afternoon can be in a city4 ,not a twig trembles on the bare trees1 not a spray swings on the dry vines that drape all the balcony railing4 ,the sky is of a uniform gray1 and so thick that it seems to contain a deluge of snow4 ,but the day is not a gloomy one4 ,the shadow seems protecting and tender1 as when the small birds are covered in the nest beneath the downy breast of the mother-bird4 ,standing on the pavement in front of ,mrs4 ,yorke's drawing-room windows1 one can catch glimpses of warmer color within1 bright curtains and cushions1 and the soft crimson glow that comes from an open fire4 ,a tall1 broad-shouldered man comes to one of these windows1 nearly filling it1 and looks out at the sky4 ,he has a long beard streaked with gray1 and thick black hair streaked with gray is pushed back from his sober1 sunburnt face4 ,while he makes his observations on the weather1 a slight figure of a woman comes to his side1 drawing more closely about her a white ,shetland shawl1 and giving a dainty little shiver4 ,she has a delicate face1 and the hair that shows under the black lace scarf she wears is a bright bronze1 mingled with silver4 8,then you do not think we shall have a great storm1 ,rudolf10 she says1 with another shiver4 ,mrs4 ,amy ,yorke likes warmth and warm colors1 and only to see such a day chills her4 8,no1 dear60 7,captain ,cary always calls his mother-in-law 8dear10 being forbidden on his peril to call her mother74 8,this great parade of getting up a storm seldom amounts to much4 ,when it's going to storm1 it storms1 and doesn't stop to threaten4 ,we may have a little flurry1 though1 but it will be fair weather to-morrow40 8,i do not care on our account10 ,mrs4 ,yorke says4 8,we are all very happy and comfortable1 thank ,god6 but ,i pity the poor40 ,they retire1 and presently another gentleman approaches the window1 and looks out4 ,at first glance1 one might think that ,mr4 ,yorke has not changed in ten years4 ,the hair is scarcely more gray1 the face scarcely more wrinkled4 ,but the second glance detects a certain pallor of age1 which has displaced the former bilious tint4 ,a young woman1 dressed in gay1 outlandish-looking silk1 comes to his side4 ,a profusion of black curls are gathered back from her brunette face1 and fastened with a garnet chain1 and a band of large garnets1 en cabochon1 is clasped round her neck4 8,papa10 she says1 8what do you see overhead80 8,clouds10 replies ,mr4 ,yorke4 ,she gives his arm a little squeeze4 8,oh6 but ,i don't mean that40 8,what6 you are playing ,polonius to me80 asks ,mr4 ,yorke4 8,well1 it is neither like a camel1 nor a weasel1 nor a whale2 it is a tent40 8,oh6 papa60 cries ,clara1 8put on your spectacles1 your second-sighted ones4 ,you have no eyes at all4 ,in that sky ,i see crops for the fields1 billows of grass1 heaps of leaves for the trees1 foaming torrents for all the brook-channels1 and no end of violets1 dandelions1 buttercups1 and #8other articles too numerous to mention4'0 ,both turn their heads1 with an affectionate smile1 as ,mr4 ,yorke's youngest daughter takes his other arm1 and leans against his shoulder4 ,hester's dress is black4 ,not a tinge of color nor an ornament breaks the sombre monotony of her costume4 ,but a white ruche at the throat and wrists shows that her widow's weeds have been long worn1 and the smile on her lips1 though plaintive1 is not without a dawn of returning contentment4 ,it is now three years since ,hester took her children1 and came back to live with her father and mother4 ,why should we stand on the pavement8 ,open1 sesame6 ,we enter4 ,the whole family are gathered1 and it is a gala-time2 for ,captain ,cary and his wife have just returned from their last voyage1 and are going to settle down in a home with foundations more stable than green1 wind-rolled waves2 and1 a greater event still1 ,carl and his wife have just arrived from a four-years' sojourn abroad4 ,the family are all very proud of ,carl--not because he has represented his country at a foreign court1 not even because he has done so with singular ability1 but because he has been so truly just and honorable as to have offended prejudiced partisans on both sides1 and won the applause of the few who believe that a man need not blush to be called a traitor to his party1 so long as he is true to ,god4 8,i am glad to see you with the minority1 sir10 ,mr4 ,yorke had said in welcoming him home2 8and to see that you can stand there quietly1 as well as firmly4 ,i am tired of splutter40 8,i hope1 sir10 ,carl replied1 smiling1 8that you would not object to my being with the majority1 if the majority were right40 ,mr4 ,yorke shrugged his shoulders1 and made one of his favorite quotations3 8,il y a parier que toute ide publique1 toute convention reue1 est une sottise1 car elle a convenue au plus grand nombre40 ,but1 though forced to resign his position1 ,carl is not without a vocation4 ,he speaks and writes2 and1 such is the charm of his tongue and pen1 persons most severely castigated by them listen and read with a sort of pleasure4 ,if one must be dissected1 there is surely a certain satisfaction in finding the hand skilful and the scalpel bright4 ,there is1 indeed1 danger that ,carl might be too sharp1 were it not for his wife4 ,but ,edith is his first reader1 and often1 through her influence1 a sentence is softened1 a sarcasm struck out4 8,love is stronger than hate10 she would say4 8,you have done only half the good you might do1 if1 in convincing a man's reason1 you at the same time inflame his will against you4 ,you may make him hate a truth of which he was before ignorant40 ,this is one of the couples which rests the heart to see in this world of discordant matches4 ,every taste and instinct is so in harmony that all the smaller business of life goes on without that jar which1 in so many lives1 makes a wrangle of pettinesses1 and withdraws the attention from all that is noble4 ,and1 in higher characteristics1 there is only that difference which enables each one to correct the mistakes of the other4 ,edith ,yorke1 at thirty-one1 has not yet lost1 she probably never will lose1 the simple earnestness of her childhood4 ,it is the same bud blossomed1 and so fresh and lovely is she1 they call her the ,rose of ,yorke4 ,she was much admired abroad4 ,no other lady had combined so sweet a stateliness1 and such wit1 with incorruptible piety4 8,i think10 she said1 8that the reason why1 while ,i kept my place in society1 ,i never once yielded to any pernicious dissipation or extravagance1 was because ,i was constantly afraid that ,i should40 ,the evening shuts in1 the curtains are drawn1 and the room is in a glow4 ,the wind has risen suddenly1 and the snow is coming down1 beating sharply with its tiny lances on the window-panes4 ,but the family only feel more keenly the delight of being all together and at home4 8,how cosy it is60 exclaims ,clara1 with a sigh of immense content1 as she hears the doors and windows rattle4 8,one feels so comfortable in-doors when one knows that everybody out-doors is uncomfortable40 ,mrs4 ,yorke1 seated in her own especial chair1 with ,captain ,cary beside her1 talks over housekeeping affairs with him1 commends his wish to live in the suburbs instead of the city1 and does not doubt that he will find fanning a delightful occupation4 ,mrs4 ,yorke cannot now be made to acknowledge that she ever objected to the sailor as a son-in-law4 8,why1 what should we do without him80 she asks4 8,we should feel quite lost without this dear ,hercules of ours40 ,somewhat withdrawn1 at one side1 ,carl is talking to ,hester about her boys4 ,he advises her to send them to a private ,catholic school1 and she has almost consented4 ,she will ultimately consent4 ,opposite them1 ,edith and ,melicent talk together4 ,doctor ,stewart is kept at home by a rheumatism1 which will not allow him to brave ,march storms1 and no one very much regrets his absence1 least of all the doctor himself4 ,his efforts to prevent the whole family from toppling over into ,catholicism have not been agreeable to them nor to him1 and in their intercourse they feel a constant restraint4 ,but ,melicent is highly pleased by the cordial interest with which ,edith has inquired concerning all her husband's symptoms1 and1 wishing to say something complimentary in return1 observes1 8,i am charmed with your little girl4 ,she will be a great belle some day40 8,god forbid60 ,edith exclaimed involuntarily4 ,melicent recollected herself4 8,yes1 to be sure1 it is a position full of temptations4 ,still1 she cannot help being admired40 ,edith's face was very serious4 8,it is my dearest hope that my ,eugnie may be a religious10 she said1 with a soft suffusion of her eyes4 8,she would be such a lovely offering6 ,of course1 ,i cannot tell what the will of ,god may be2 but if it should be this1 ,i shall be happy40 8,but how would ,carl like it80 ,melicent asked4 8,when ,i first mentioned it to him1 he recoiled10 was the answer4 8,but when he thought more of it1 he became reconciled1 and now he desires it as much as ,i do4 ,we both feel that we would like to present unspotted to ,god that which is to us most sweet and precious4 ,it may be the partial fondness of parents for their only child1 but it seems to us that she is too beautiful for anything else40 ,there was a chorus of children's voices from the next room1 where ,betsey ,bates and a ,french bonne were entertaining the little ones1 and presently the door was opened1 and a little boy came in1 went to ,mrs4 ,amy ,yorke1 and leaned on her lap4 ,this child's face told at once who he was4 ,brown1 ruddy1 black-eyed1 with thick black hair which constantly fell over his forehead1 gay and daring was this four-year-old sailor4 ,he was ocean-born and ocean-bred1 he had played with babes of all nations1 chattered childish words in many a tongue1 and was at home everywhere4 ,his mother privately called him ,captain ,kidd2 and his father had often sung to him the ballad of that wicked sailor1 when they sat on deck as their ship cleaved the wave1 and the fresh breeze sang in the rigging4 ,but1 when night came on1 there was one song that the child always asked for1 and his mother always sang before he slept4 ,many a distant sea had heard that tender evening hymn to the ,virgin1 ,ave ,sanctissima1 which the mother sang in a tremulous voice1 mindful of home1 and of the many dangers in her path4 ,and1 after a while1 it became a tacit understanding1 that1 when at evening he saw the boy in his mother's arms1 with his blooming cheek laid close to hers1 and their black locks flowing indistinguishably together1 ,captain ,cary should come and stand1 with bared head1 beside the two1 and listen as though to a prayer while the hymn was sung4 ,gradually his prejudices had worn away2 and when he saw that mother and son1 so dear to him1 and so inseparable1 he recognized the sacred and indissoluble union of the ,divine ,son with his ,immaculate ,mother4 8,besides10 the sailor reasoned in his own mind1 8there must be something more than commonly good in that religion which claims such devotion from ,dick ,rowan and ,edith ,yorke1 and which my ,clara thinks as good as any1 and a little better40 8,i am glad that we are going to have a real home for the child1 and make a citizen of him10 his father said1 as the boy went slowly toward the door again4 8,clara and ,i have been a little too easy with him1 ,i am afraid40 8,it is odd10 ,mrs4 ,yorke remarked1 8that of my daughters1 ,hester1 the softest1 should be quite strict with her children1 while ,clara1 whom ,i should have thought would need a warning not to be so1 is almost too indulgent40 8,i could have told you that10 ,captain ,cary answered1 glancing across the room to where his wife talked with her father4 8,clara's heart melts only too readily1 ,i always knew4 ,i never mistook her disposition4 ,and1 if she is literary1 she can darn stockings the most neatly1 and make a room look prettier1 and get up the best little supper of any woman ,i know40 ,charlie ,cary1 loitering toward the door1 had scarcely reached it1 when it was pushed open1 and--was it a human child1 or a fairy1 who entered1 and flitted across the room into ,edith ,yorke's arms8 ,a little girl of five years1 softly white and dainty1 golden-haired and hazel-eyed1 and so exquisite in shape that one examined her with delight4 ,her motions were full of a captivating grace1 her voice silvery-fine4 ,she was vowed to the ,virgin1 and wore only white and blue4 ,charlie stopped inside the door to stare at her4 ,he always did follow her about1 and watch her1 as though she were some strange1 rare bird4 ,he seldom volunteered to speak to her1 and touched her with timid care1 like something he feared to break4 ,carl ,yorke crossed the room1 and leaned on the back of his wife's chair4 ,one could not see a more perfect group4 ,edith bent over the child1 her braids of shadowed gold touching the pure gold ringlets4 8,what does mamma's little girl want80 she asked4 ,the child1 smilingly aware that all eyes were upon her1 but too much accustomed to love to be abashed by their gaze1 lisped out her question3 8,isn't ,philip1 and ,charlie1 and all of 'em got guardian-angels80 8,yes1 my love60 answered ,edith4 8,there60 cried the child1 with a glance of sparkling triumph at ,charlie4 ,she ran to him1 and put her white arms around his neck in a hug of congratulation1 then1 as light as air1 whisked herself behind him4 8,you's got an angel1 and he stands just so1 and tells you what to do10 she said4 ,she stood on tiptoe1 showing a pink and white face beside his1 and two tiny hands on his shoulder4 ,then1 with a bewitching laugh1 she ended her pantomime1 and ran back to her mother4 ,charlie did not take it well4 8,i haven't got any old angel10 he said doggedly4 8,my mother tells me where to go1 and ,ave ,sanctissima takes care of us nights40 ,a vivid red shot across ,clara's face as she drew the boy to her4 8,it is true1 ,charlie1 and ,i will tell you all about it soon10 she said4 ,should ,edith's child1 should any other mother's child1 go guarded by angels1 and upheld by a religious trust1 and her son be like a heathen8 ,all she had taught him had been such as pleased her fancy only4 ,sanctissima had been but a beautiful object to paint and sing1 not a real being to whom honor was due4 8,i'll have ,father ,rasle baptize this child before he is a week older60 she resolved4 ,edith held out her hand to the boy1 and looked at him with a beaming smile4 8,come1 darling1 and tell me about ,sanctissima10 she said4 8,i've no objection10 ,captain ,cary said later that night1 when his wife asked his permission to have their child baptized by a priest4 8,but you needn't fret1 ,clara1 at the boy's speaking so4 ,it is more natural that a little yellow-haired girl should take to religion1 than that a great bouncing boy should40 ,father ,rasle1 it should be said1 was at this time the pastor of a city church4 ,this little scene ended1 8,i am glad to see1 ,clara10 her father said1 8that in what you write lately1 you employ less pure color for your men and women1 and use secondaries and tertiaries more4 ,there is1 of course1 a vast difference between the good and bad2 but in this life1 whatever they may become in the next1 all are human40 8,and yet10 she replied1 8,i am sometimes criticised for putting spots on the sun1 and giving an amiable trait to my villain4 ,the pretext for the criticism is that perfect examples and perfect warnings are wanted4 ,i think1 however1 that the spots on the sun give most offence4 #8,and if ,jove err1 who dare say ,jove doth wrong8'0 8,nevertheless1 stick to your tertiaries10 ,mr4 ,yorke said1 with a decided nod4 8,the lump of glass that1 seeing a flaw in the diamond1 went and smashed itself all to pieces1 would have smashed itself to pieces if it had not seen the flaw in the diamond4 ,it merely used that as a pretext for what it was predetermined to do4 ,it is one thing to admire an ideal character1 and another thing to imitate it2 and many a lazy and insincere moralist would be delighted to have you paint all your good characters so extremely good that he could at once prove his piety by applauding1 and his modesty by not striving to emulate4 ,there are1 of course1 exceptions1 dear souls who love to look at unadulterated goodness2 but they are so charitable they will forgive you the spots on the sun1 and so truthful they will not require you to be false in order to please them4 ,my belief is that those persons do great good whose occasional missteps excite our courage to imitate the virtues by which they retrieve themselves4 ,there are other stronger beings1 who are outwardly without a fault2 but they are exceptional1 about in the proportion of salt to your porridge4 ,suppose that ,i were advised to go to the top of a high mountain4 #8,i cannot go1' ,i say4 ,my mentor points to a man who stands on the summit4 #8,perhaps he was born there1' ,i reply4 #8,not so6' says mentor4 #8,he climbed3 see the steps6' #8,but1' ,i still object1 #8he must be so much stronger than ,i am4 ,i should fall before ,i were half-way up4' #8,he was as weak as or weaker than you1' says my adviser2 #8and he fell after a dozen steps1 and fell again and again2 yet1 there he is6' ,don't you see that if anything would take me up the mountain-top1 that would8 ,no1 ,clara1 ,i think that1 in the long run1 it's best to tell the truth4 ,there may be ignorant souls who will thrive for a while on pretence2 but let them once find out that you have once pretended1 no matter how good the motive1 and1 from their very ignorance1 they will never be able to trust you again4 ,if you want to be politic1 honesty is the best policy40 8,if people wouldn't classify one so60 sighed the young woman pathetically4 8,the science and order that are abroad appall me4 ,you cannot say nor do the smallest thing1 but instantly somebody pounces on you1 and pins a label on your back before you can take breath4 ,one would think that we were dried specimens4 ,say that you sometimes fancy your departed friends may hear you speak1 you are without delay set down as a spiritist1 a table-tipper1 a planchette-roller1 a spirit-seer1 and everything that follows2 say that you think ,catholics1 and even priests1 have some little chance of being saved1 presto6 you are a ,papist1 you are a ,jesuit1 you are going to poison ,protestants1 you want the ,pope to be president of the ,united ,states1 you are going to muzzle the press1 shut up the public schools1 destroy the ,bible1 put an end to free speech1 etc42 send ,bridget to get your husband's slippers1 instead of going after them yourself1 and oh6 you woman's-rights woman1 you6 ,how you are going to abuse your husband6 ,how you are going to let him eat cold dinners1 wear ragged stockings1 and come to grief generally6 ,labelled you must be1 if you put your nose above the earth4 ,and how your dear friends like to pin on the little pieces of paper1 and give you a pat at the same time1 so that the pin shall prick6 ,there's ,miss ,minerva1 who wants to pick me to pieces1 and1 at the same time1 keep up a reputation for charity1 goes round telling everybody1 and me among them1 that ,i am impressionable1 using the word in a tone that makes it mean unprincipled1 of no stability1 frivolous1 inconstant2 and that1 because ,i have eyes and a heart1 ,i was delighted to find in a newspaper1 not long ago1 a little extract which ,i am going to send her3 #8,a strong mind is more easily impressed than a weak one2 you shall not as easily convince a fool that you are a philosopher1 as a philosopher that you are a fool4' ,papa1 ,i insist on being eclectic60 8,take breath1 my daughter1 take breath60 said ,mr4 ,yorke apprehensively4 ,mrs4 ,clara took breath1 and switched the last part of the conversation off the track4 8,a propos of colors60 she said4 8,you remember ,i always liked to find out the relations of things1 and had the idea of a trinity in everything1 before ,i heard of ,delsarte4 ,and1 by the way1 ,i do not think that the theory is original with him4 ,it seems to me ,i have heard it before4 ,you know how he does2 groups everything in threes1 the parts of which are co-existent1 co-efficient1 and co-necessary1 and1 as an instance1 gives space1 motion1 and time1 neither of which can be computed without the aid of the other two4 ,see how ,i figure my ,trinity with the three colors3 the color which signifies the ,father is blue1 the contemplative color1 the color of infinite space in which the creation floats1 the intellectual color1 the color of faith2 the ensign of the ,son is red1 which is sacrifice and love2 yellow is for the ,holy ,spirit1 and is the illuminating color4 ,it is also the color chosen by the ,pope1 who is the human voice of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,united1 these three form white1 which is the seal of the ,trinity4 ,white is rest1 peace1 and bliss40 8,you are1 then1 a ,catholic60 ,mr4 ,yorke said1 looking with keen eyes into his daughter's face4 ,she blushed1 and was embarrassed4 8sthetically1 papa60 ,he dropped his eyes1 and a slight frown settled on his forehead4 8,papa10 she said earnestly1 8there is nothing else60 ,he smiled1 but said nothing4 8,would you be displeased if ,i should be one in earnest80 she asked4 8,i should be glad60 her father replied1 and rose abruptly to meet ,melicent1 who was going home4 ,the others withdrew1 leaving ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,yorke with ,edith and ,carl4 ,they gathered closely together before the fire1 the parents sitting between their children1 and1 with hand clasped in hand1 talked lovingly and seriously far into the night4 ,when they parted1 all had shed tears1 but they were not tears of sorrow4 8,good-night1 my dear parents10 ,edith said1 embracing them4 8,you have made me happy for all my life1 and yourselves happy for all eternity4 ,i do not wonder that you find it hard to take such a step1 and renounce before the world the religion which you have professed all your lives4 ,you are not cowards2 you have been willing to suffer that ,catholics might have their rights2 but1 you know1 #8obedience is better than sacrifice4'0 8,perhaps it is a whim10 ,mrs4 ,yorke said2 8but ,i would like to be baptized by that dear young man ,i used to love so1 ,mr4 ,rowan40 8,young man60 ,carl said1 smiling4 8,he and ,i are about the same age1 and ,i am forty-three40 8,forty-three60 echoed his mother in surprise4 8,and ,i am over sixty6 ,charles1 we are entering on our service at the eleventh hour4 ,we will not wait for ,mr4 ,rowan4 ,let us not delay beyond to-morrow40 8,good-night1 children60 said ,mr4 ,yorke4 8,yes1 ,amy40 ,the next day was ,sunday1 and ,carl and ,edith went to ,high ,mass4 ,captain ,cary's 8flurry0 had passed with the night1 and not a cloud was to be seen4 ,little heaps and drifts of snow hid under fences and trees1 but the pavement was wind-swept4 ,the sun shone joyously1 and1 not far from it1 a waning moon dissolved in its light4 ,there was the dear old church again1 and1 just going in under the portal1 ,mrs4 ,rowan-,williams4 ,she took holy water1 and bowed before entering her pew4 ,the same hands were on the organ-keys1 the same soprano1 bright as a sunbeam1 broke through the cloud of bass and alto1 the same slow wreath of white-robed boys curled silently1 like incense1 about the sanctuary1 there were the same faces at the altar4 ,it was like coming home again4 ,but1 before the ,veni ,creator1 who was this coming from the sacristy1 palm to palm1 draped in folds of spotless whiteness1 and showing1 even now1 through his measured steps1 a familiar swing and freedom8 ,the chestnut hair1 cut short1 exposed the forehead1 the face was slightly thin1 but bright and healthy4 ,the glance this priest cast over the congregation1 as he went toward the pulpit1 was peculiar4 ,it took in the number of his hearers1 but you would say that he saw their souls1 not their bodies4 ,so many waiting souls to whom he was to carry a message4 ,self so completely annihilated that even humility was forgotten1 he went on1 wrapped in calm obedience1 to speak the word that was given him4 ,the subject of the sermon was the uses of pain2 the argument1 that all real good comes through pain4 ,the speaker's voice was so clear and strong that it was heard without effort on his part or the listener's1 his tone was conversational1 and his illustrations came naturally from his old sea-life4 ,real confidence in ,god can be shown1 he said1 only when we are blind1 and cannot see how our sufferings are to lead to any good end4 ,then trust is possible1 is deserving1 is saving4 ,then we learn quickly the lesson that ,god would teach us1 and take a higher place4 ,our ,master does not put back any soul4 ,if it remain long in the region of trouble1 it must be through its own stubbornness4 8,we all suffer too much1 because we afflict ourselves in trying to escape pain1 when we cannot escape it4 ,the chalice of this bitter sacrament is never empty1 and never set aside4 ,friends and foes alike give it into our hands1 our dearest and kindest press it to our lips1 unaware1 or in their own despite2 the messenger of ,god presents it4 ,it is useless to struggle1 for we cannot escape2 it is foolish to struggle2 for in the bottom of that cup of bitterness is a heavenly draught of sweetness4 8,lessons are on every side1 the whole creation preaches to us4 ,even the building of a ship is like the building of a saint4 ,the pine and the oak grow in the forest1 they grow in rain and sunshine1 they swing their branches in the wind1 and rock the birds to rest4 ,what is their end8 ,to grow1 and then to decay1 and feed the roots of succeeding trees with their crumbling remains4 ,they grow only to decay1 and wish no better1 and know no better1 and1 if better come1 it must come from some outside1 wiser will4 8,when the woodman appears1 he is an object of terror1 fancy1 the ,manichee would tell you4 ,at the blows of the axe1 the whole tree shivers1 it trembles in every leaf1 it falls with a groan4 ,but its tortures are not ended4 ,the saw1 the plane1 the shave1 the auger1 the adze1 do each their work2 and the mourning tree says1 #8,i was made to be tormented4 ,i am covered with ruin1 and good shall no more come to me4' ,ah1 then1 how happy seem the far-away1 peaceful woods6 how dear the little nests that have been clipped off1 and the intertwining branches of neighboring trees6 8,but we are not like the tree4 ,we know what hand lays us low1 and clips off the unruly wishes1 the foolish1 twittering hopes4 8,look at the home of the iron6 ,it lies in darkness and mystery underground1 and hears the small streams trickle down or bubble up4 ,it knows and wishes no better4 ,the miner comes with his pick1 the dark ore is dazzled with alien sunshine1 is tortured by fire4 ,in its agony it becomes more terrible than fire1 and presses and glows to destroy4 ,it replies with sparks to the blows of the hammer4 8,oh6 for the cool dark1 the whispering stream1 the moveless rock and earth6 ,its pain is to no end but that it may suffer1 and ruin has come4 8,but we are not like the senseless iron4 ,we know what ,divine ,miner digs us out of our abasement1 shows us the light of truth1 and moulds us into shape4 8,at last the ship is built2 its different elements are united into one harmonious being2 and then it fancies that it understands all4 ,it exults over the dull tree standing with its roots in earth1 over the brutish ore buried in the darkness4 ,it stands in its stocks1 and grows in beauty1 looks at the shining river that flows and sings for ever1 and sees the children play1 and the days go by4 8,but the end is not yet4 ,some summer morning the workmen come to strike its props away4 ,the tide comes up1 and its song is the song of the siren2 a crowd gathers to mock at its ruin4 ,it was raised1 then1 only to be more cruelly cast down4 ,one support after another is struck away1 prop after prop falls4 ,the ship shudders1 it has learnt nothing from its lesson1 it moans1 it slips slowly1 then rapidly1 then it plunges--whither8 ,into annihilation8 ,no6 into its own proper element at last1 into the bosom of the deep4 ,the tides bear it up1 the winds of heaven wing its course2 at last it is of use4 8,take comfort1 brethren1 in your pain4 ,he who permits it knows well how hard it is to bear4 ,when you are nailed to your cross1 the glorified flesh of the ,man-,god remembers its own agony4 ,and1 suffer not only trustingly1 and with resignation1 but suffer with courage4 ,if you shrink and cover your eyes1 you have hidden a ghost in your life4 ,when a sorrow comes to you1 look it in the face2 and1 by-and-by1 the mask shall fall off1 and you will see the face of an angel40 ,we have given but a sketch4 ,the words are dry1 but the sermon was full of life4 ,when ,carl and his wife walked homeward1 ,edith did not speak for a long time4 ,whenever her husband looked at her1 she was gazing straight forward1 and seemed absorbed in thought4 8,well1 ,edith10 he said at length1 8what is it80 ,she looked up into his face with those eyes so childlike still4 8,i was wondering1 ,carl10 she said1 8how ,i could ever have presumed to call him ,dick60 ,and so we leave our ,edith1 as we found her1 wondering4 ,,fragments ,,of ,,early ,,english ,,poems ,,on ,,the ,,blessed ,,virgin4 ,to ,catholics 444 it is a joy and a solace to look back into past centuries1 and remember that there were days when our poets drank of a purer fount than that of ,castaly2 and made it their pride to celebrate in their verse1 not ,dian nor ,proserpine1 but the ,immaculate ,queen of ,heaven4 ,of ,chaucer's devotion to this theme1 ,i have already spoken1 but other poets before his time delighted in dedicating their verses to her who1 as she inspired the most exquisite designs of the artist's pencil1 has also claimed not the least beautiful productions of the poet's pen4 ,thus1 one sings of her as #8,dame ,lyfe1' and describes how 8,as she came by the bankes1 the boughs eche one1 ,lowked to the ,ladye1 and layd forth their branches1 ,blossoms and burgens 7new shoots7 breathed ful swete1 ,flowres bloomed in the path where forth she stepped1 ,and the gras that was dry greened belive40 ,others1 according to their quaint fashion1 mixed up ,english and ,latin rhymes in a style which1 barbarous as it is1 is certainly not deficient in harmony4 ,one little poem1 ascribed to a writer in the reign of ,henry ,,iii41 commences thus3 8,of all that is so fayr and bright1 ,velut maris stella2 ,brighter than the day is light1 ,parens et puella4 ,i crie to ,the1 ,thou se to me1 ,levedy1 preye the ,sone for me1 ,tam pia1 ,that ,ich mote come to ,the1 ,maria40 --,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 ,,the ,,legends ,,of ,,oisin1 ,,bard ,,of ,,erin4 ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,vi4 ,,oisin',s ,,good ,,confession4 ,not seldom1 crossed by bodings sad1 ,in words though kind yet hard ,spake ,patrick to his guest1 ,oisin2 ,for ,patrick loved the ,bard ,in whose broad bosom1 swathed with beard ,like cliffs with ivy trailed1 ,a ,christian strove with a pagan soul1 ,and neither quite prevailed4 ,silent as shades the shadowing monks ,o'er cloistral courts might glide2 ,but the ,war-,bard strode through the church itself ,like hunter on mountain-side4 ,yea1 sometimes1 while his beads he told1 ,fierce thoughts1 a rebel breed1 ,burst up from the graves of his warriors dead1 ,and he stormed at priest and ,creed4 ,his end drew nigh4 ',twas after years ,had proved stern warnings vain1 ,when dying he lay on his wolf-skin bed1 ,and murmured a warlike strain4 ,the ,saint drew near3 he gazed2 then spake1 8,a fair child died one day3 ,four weeks had passed2 yet1 changeless still1 ,like a child asleep he lay4 8,they could not hide him in the ground ,though hand and heart were chill1 ,for round his lips the smile avouched ,the soul was in him still4 8,then lo6 a man of ,god came by ,and stood beside the bier1 ,and spake1 #8,a pagan house is this2 ,and yet a saint lies here6 8#8,god shaped this child his praise to sing ,to a blind and pagan race2 ,and till that song is sung1 in heaven ,he may not see ,god's face4' 8,then thrice around that child he moved ,with circling censer-cloud1 ,and touched with censer fire his tongue1 ,and the dead child sang aloud4 8,oisin6 like larks beside thy ,lee1 ,so loud he sang his hymn3 ,and straight baptized he was1 and died2 ,and1 dead1 his face grew dim4 8,so then1 since ,christ had caught to heaven ,the fair soul washed from sin1 ,a little grave they dug1 and laid ,the little saint therein4 8,and ever as fell the night1 that grave ,shone like the ,shepherds' star1 ,with happy beam that homeward drew ,the wanderer from afar4 8,oisin6 thy ,land is as that child6 ,thou call'st her dead--thy ,land2 ,for cold is ,fionn1 thy sire2 and he1 ,he was her strong right hand6 8,and cold is ,oscar now1 thy son3 ,her mighty heart was he-- ,oisin6 let dead at last be dead2 ,let living1 living be6 8,her great old ,past is gone at last3 ,her heavenlier ,future waits1 ,yet entrance never can she find ,till ,faith unbars the gates4 8,prince of thy country's songful choir6 ,thou wert her golden ,tongue6 ,sing thou her ,new ,song--#8,i believe6' ,give thou to ,god her ,song6 ,then suddenly that old man stood1 ,and made his arms a cross3 ,within his heart a light that changed ,the earth to dust and dross3 ,and1 pierced by beams from those two hands ,of ,jesus crucified1 ,his ,erin of two thousand years ,held forth her hands1 and died3 ,for all her sceptres by a ,reed ,that hour were overborne2 ,and all her crowns went down1 that hour1 ,before the ,crown of ,thorn4 ,as shines the sun through snowy haze ,oisin's white head forth shone3 8,in ,god the ,father ,i believe10 ,he sang1 8and ,mary's ,son30 ,and1 onward as the swan-chaunt swept ,adown the ,creed's broad flood1 ,in radiance waxed his face1 as though ,he saw the face of ,god4 ,then ,patrick1 with his wondering monks1 ,knelt down1 and said1 8,amen10 ,while slowly dropped a sun that ne'er ,saw that white head again4 ,the rite complete1 the old man sank1 ,and turned him on his side3 ,next morning1 as the ,lauds began1 8,my ,son10 he said1 and died4 ,a ,,salon ,,in ,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,on ,,the ,,boulevards4 ,summer had come1 and was nearly gone4 ,paris was deserted4 ,as autumn approached1 lifting its fiery finger over the city1 the flaneurs disappeared4 ,all those who could flee1 fled4 ,the faubourg had fled long ago to its chteaux4 ,the ,chausse d',antin and the ,champs ,elyses were fleeing aux eaux or aux bains de mer and the boulevards1 with their glittering shops and cafs and theatres1 were left to the mercy of the tourist4 ,perhaps the tourist would retort that he was left to the mercy of the boulevards4 ,and1 perhaps he would be right4 ,chignoned sirens1 who dwelt in glass cases surrounded by millions of glass vials ranged in rhythmic color from the ceiling to the floor1 so as to make the sirens look as much as possible like the centre point of an elaborate kaleidoscope1 smiled through their crystal shell at the reckless being who stood outside to peep and wonder4 ,the door stood open4 ,he might not hear the siren's1 8,entrez1 monsieur60 but there was no being deaf to her smile2 it drew him irresistibly4 8,would monsieur not like just to #8gouter' our last novelty1 #8cerise la ,victor ,noir8' ,would he not very much like to take some little souvenir home to madame80 ,of course monsieur would4 ,weak mortal6 ,he unbuttons his coat1 and straightway the bees which had sipped abundantly of native porte-monnaies the rest of the year1 alight on the purse of the tourist1 and suck it1 if not dry1 as nearly dry as they can4 ,busy 8dead season10 when stale bonbons and faded finery are brought out1 christened by new names1 and sold to the barbarians across the ,channel4 ,paris does not want any more of it1 but ,londres1 that city which the ,english in their ignorance of the ,french language call ,lon-don--,londres will find it charming6 ,gaily1 busily the bees were plying their task4 ,the long white lines of ,haussmann barracks glared shadowless in the fierce vertical sun2 gilded railings and balconies flashed in gingerbread magnificence2 the dome of the ,invalides rose up against the cloudless blue and blazed like a burning mount2 the red heat poured down from the zenith on the miles of asphalte that meander through the city1 and pelted it till it softened and gave under your foot like india-rubber4 ,even the lordly chestnuts of the ,tuileries1 so carefully tended1 so abundantly watered1 were burnt brown and red1 and were shedding their leaves from exhaustion2 not a vestige of green was anywhere visible4 ,the fountains were playing1 but even they had a tired1 worn-out look1 and the water seemed to go on splashing lazily from mere force of habit2 the flag was still floating above the palace1 the gray old palace blinking with its myriad glass eyes in the sultry noon2 the broad walks were deserted1 no little feet went pattering on the gravel1 no merry child-laughter rang through the shade to scare the swallows from their cool siesta2 the whole scene1 lately so animated and bright1 had a weary1 day-after-the-ball look that was premature in the first days of ,july4 ,the bees of the boulevard were buzzing loud1 and bestirring themselves to good purpose4 ,but1 hark6 ,what noise is that8 ,not the cannon's opening roar1 nor 8the car rattling o'er the stony street10 but a sound that jars upon the lively hum1 and makes the hive suspend labor and hush itself to listen4 ,it comes from the ,corps ,lgislatif1 first a faint surging sound1 then a clamor as of the waves rising and lashing themselves up for a tempest4 ,louder it grows1 and nearer4 ,it crosses the tepid waters of the ,seine1 lying low between its banks2 it reaches the boulevards4 ,at first the cries are indistinguishable1 a torrent of human voice1 rolling and heaving and rushing like the roar of a cataract1 drowning all sense in its senseless frenzy4 ,on it comes1 gathering strength in its march1 waking up the echoes of the trottoir1 and making the crisp leaves quiver and drop1 and fly along the dusty pavement before the vociferating multitude like straws before a bellows4 8,what is it8 ,is it a revolution80 cried ,berthe1 as the horses1 laying back their ears1 threatened mischief1 and obliged the footman to get down and hold them4 8,i don't know1 madame10 said the man1 looking up the ,rue de la ,paix at the stream that was pouring along the boulevards1 to the sound of beating drums1 and blaring trumpets1 and all manner of ,parisian excitableness in the shape of noise4 8,it's more likely une dmonstration patriotique2 the horses don't seem to like it1 or else we might drive up close and see40 ,but ,berthe's curiosity was not proof against a certain mistrust of the sovereign people4 ,the noise might mean nothing more aggressive than a dmonstration patriotique1 but in ,paris patriotism has many moods and phases1 and innumerable modes of expressing itself1 and its attitudes1 if always effective from a dramatic point of view1 are not always agreeable to come close to1 and1 whatever the character of this particular one might be1 ,berthe preferred admiring it from a respectful distance4 8,turn back1 and drive home by the ,champs ,elyses10 she said4 ,but the tide had risen too rapidly4 ,the ,rue de ,rivoli was flooded4 ,it had caught the delirium of the boulevards1 and was sending back their echoes with frantic exultation4 ,cabs and omnibuses were seized with the sudden insanity1 private coaches caught it1 foot-passengers1 gamins1 and bourgeois1 and messieurs les voyageurs careering on the top of omnibuses1 all en masse caught it1 and shouted as one man3 8,vive la ,france6 vive la guerre6 ,a ,berlin6 ,berlin60 ,ladies and gentlemen1 reclining in soft-cushioned carriages1 started suddenly into effervescence1 waved hats and handkerchiefs1 and cried3 8,vive la guerre6 ,a ,berlin60 ,horses neighed1 and dogs barked1 and the very paving-stones shook to the popular passion4 ,all ,paris shouted and shrieked till the city1 like a huge belfry1 rang with thundering salvos3 8,vive la guerre6 ,a ,berlin6 ,berlin60 ,berthe's horses1 scared anew by the uproar that was now close upon them1 played their part in the general row by plunging and prancing1 and eliciting screams of terror from the adjacent women and children1 while the coachman brandished his whip1 and the footman whirled his hat in the air1 and shouted with all their might3 8,a ,berlin6 ,berlin60 ,a troop of gamins laid violent hands on a ,savoyard who was grinding away 8,non ti scordar di me10 to the delight of the concierge in the nearest porte-cochre1 and1 dragging him to the fore1 bade him at once strike up the ,marseillaise4 ,luckily for his limbs1 the despotic command was within the limits of the ,savoyard's instrument4 ,he turned its handle1 and began vigorously grinding out the ,republican chant4 ,every man1 woman1 and child within ear-shot took up the chorus1 8,marchons6 marchons60 till the palpitating air throbbed and thrilled with the passionate voices of the multitude4 ,berthe was not long proof against the magnetic current that was whirling round her4 ,first terrified1 then bewildered1 then electrified1 she caught the intoxication1 and yielded to its impulse3 8,vive la ,france6 ,vive la guerre60 ,and the fair hand waved its snowy little flag from the window as the carriage moved slowly past the ,tuileries gardens4 ,emerging into the broad space of the ,place de la ,concorde1 the horses seemed to breathe more freely1 and1 quickening their step1 tore at full speed up the ,champs ,elyses4 8,what possessed me to shout and cheer with those madmen80 said ,berthe1 soliloquizing aloud1 and laughing at the absurdity of her recent behavior4 8,i must have gone mad myself for the moment4 ,vive la guerre indeed6 ,heaven help us6 ,we shall hear another cry by-and-by1 when the widows and orphans and sisters of ,france hear at what price her new laurels have been bought4 ,thank ,god ,i have no brothers60 8,madame la ,marquise de ,chassedot is waiting1 madame10 said ,franois1 as ,berthe entered4 8,has she been waiting80 8,a short half-hour1 madame40 8,what can she have to say80 thought ,berthe4 ,madame de ,chassedot rose to meet her 8with eyes that had wept10 and extended her hands with an air that asked less for greeting than for sympathy4 8,vous ange de la peine1 madame60 exclaimed ,berthe1 her ready kindness going forth at once to the sufferer4 ,the two ladies were not friends4 ,they had met at ,madame de ,beaucur's and ,madame de ,galliac's2 but only once had there been a personal interchange of visits2 ,madame de ,chassedot had called on ,berthe to thank her for the kindness she had shown to their young kinswoman1 ,hlne de ,karodel1 8whom the family had indeed of late lost sight of1 but with whom they were delighted to renew cousinship10 the marquise declared effusively1 and as a proof of this she was carrying off ,hlne to the country to spend the vacation with them4 ,berthe did not inform her that it had taken all her own influence to induce the high-spirited young lady to accept the hospitality so tardily offered4 ,she returned ,madame de ,chassedot's visit2 the latter soon left for the country1 and they had not met since4 8,oui1 j'ai du chagrin10 said the marquise holding ,berthe's hand1 as she sat down beside her4 ,berthe's first thought was of ,edgar4 ,but the mother was not in mourning4 ,whatever it was1 the worst had not yet come4 8,your son is ill80 she said4 ,madame de ,chassedot shook her head4 ,then1 after a pause1 during which she gave battle to her emotion1 she looked at ,berthe1 and said3 8,he's going to get married60 8,what6 ,and is not that precisely what you wanted him to do60 exclaimed ,berthe4 8,i wanted to make the match myself2 but now he goes and does it instead10 replied the marquise4 8,ah6 ,it is a msalliance1 then60 ,the fact was startling certainly1 but less so than it might have been1 owing to certain rumors that prepared the public to believe in any extravagance coupled with ,edgar de ,chassedot's name4 8,oh6 mon ,dieu1 non6 ,a thousand times no60 cried his mother with quick resentment4 8,edgar a fait des btises1 but he is incapable of dishonoring himself4 ,oh1 no6 ,the girl is of an excellent family1 she is even our own cousin40 8,it is her principles1 then1 or her--character that you object to80 said ,berthe with some hesitation4 8,o dear6 no4 ,she is as pious as a seraph1 and brought up like a lily60 exclaimed the marquise4 8,is she a hunch-back1 then1 or lame1 or blind1 or what80 8,she is a beggar6 ,a beggar who has not a sou to buy her own trousseau4 ,it is a beggar who has stolen the heart of my son60 ,and tears of bitter1 disappointed motherhood flowed down the cheeks of the marquise4 8,and her name is--80 8,mademoiselle de ,karodel60 8,what6 ,hlne8 ,hlne de ,karodel1 that brave1 true1 gentle creature is going to be your son's wife6 ,and you in tears1 and not of joy6 ,and you call her a beggar6 ,a woman whose love1 since your son has been lucky enough to win it--and ,hlne is not a girl to marry him if he had not--would be a prize for a prince6 ,and you1 a ,christian mother1 weep over it1 and expect to be pitied6 ,really1 madame1 if it were not laughable1 it would be deplorable1 not on your son's account1 but on your own60 ,madame de ,chassedot was so staggered by this unexpected sortie that she was actually struck dumb4 8,do you know10 she said1 after a pause1 looking steadily at ,berthe1 and bringing out her words with slow emphasis--8do you know1 madame1 that my son has four millions of patrimony1 and that he could have married any girl in ,france80 8,as to his marrying any girl in ,france1 admitting that they were one and all ready to marry ,monsieur de ,chassedot1 was he ready to marry them80 demanded ,berthe significantly2 8and as to his four millions1 they are the very reason why he should marry a girl who had none4 ,a woman who is as well born as himself1 who is1 you admit1 pure as a lily1 and pious as an angel1 and1 moreover1 quite graceful and beautiful enough to satisfy your pride and his1 and to make her an ornament as well as a treasure in your son's house--a wife who will rescue him from much that ,i should fancy would have given you greater cause for tears than his marriage with such a woman as ,hlne de ,karodel4 ,candidly1 chre marquise1 ,i am so far from sympathizing with you that1 if ,i had heard this news in any other way1 my first impulse would have been to fly to you with my congratulations40 ,madame de ,chassedot's tears were flowing still1 but perhaps less bitterly2 she was going to speak when a noise of steps in the ante-chamber made her rise hastily1 and look round for a means of escape4 8,into my bedroom60 said ,berthe1 pulling aside the portire4 ,the marquise pressed her hand1 and disappeared through the cloud of blue satin just as the drawing-room door opened1 and ,hlne de ,karodel1 holding out her arms with a cry of joy1 rushed into ,berthe's4 ,it was something of a disappointment to ,hlne to find that ,berthe already knew her secret4 ,but there was much left to tell still4 ,most of the tale was told with blushes and smiles1 and tears that had no brine in them4 ,her marriage was to take place in a fortnight4 ,edgar1 from family reasons1 chose to precipitate the dnouement1 and his young ,bretonne fiance had come up to town to make the few bridal preparations that he could not possibly make for her4 ,it happened unluckily to be ,berthe's day1 so the usual stream of visitors began soon to pour in1 and broke up the tte--tte of the two friends4 ,the war was the topic of every tongue2 but there was no mistaking for enthusiasm the animation with which it was discussed4 ,some indignantly repudiated and denounced the government1 and protested that1 so far from being a popular war1 it was universally condemned as senseless1 iniquitous1 and ill-timed1 and that there were not ten men in ,france who would cry ,vive la guerre6 unless they were paid for it4 ,others1 who had been on the boulevards an hour ago1 thought differently4 8,there are madmen to be found in every city who are glad of an opportunity to bark1 and bray1 and howl1 and demean themselves after the usual manner of madmen10 said the ,austrian habitu1 8and ,paris can muster as good a roll of lunatics on as short notice as any city in ,europe2 but ,i don't believe there were ten sane men on the boulevards this morning who cried ,vive la guerre60 8,i can assure you10 said ,berthe1 8,i saw hundreds of comme-il-faut-looking men1 to all appearance in their right mind1 who were crying it frantically2 so much so that ,i got quite carried away1 and actually shook my handkerchief1 and shouted with the rest of them40 8,why did you shout1 madame80 inquired the ,austrian4 8,because1 ,i tell you1 ,i was carried away1 ,i could not help myself4 ,the excitement was catching40 8,of course it was4 ,most fevers are1 especially malignant ones2 and if you asked nine-tenths of the crowd why they shouted1 the answer1 if they spoke the truth1 would be precisely the same2 they could not help themselves1 the excitement was catching4 ,if an arsenal blows up1 who is to blame1 the powder1 the matches1 or yourself who fired the train8 ,you might just as logically blame the powder for blowing up1 as the ,french people for marching and bugling and ,vive-la-guerring when they hear the sound of the trumpet40 8,do you agree with monsieur80 asked ,berthe addressing a quiet-looking military man who had been listening in silence to the conversation4 8,are the people not really glad of the war80 8,it is difficult to say yet10 replied the soldier4 8,with the people1 all depends on how it turns out2 success alone is in the right40 8,but you do not contemplate such an absurd alternative as the non-victoriousness of the ,french arms80 ,there was a prompt general protest from the company4 ,the military man alone stroked his moustache with a meditative air1 and was silent4 8,answer me1 ,i pray you1 commandant10 pursued ,berthe4 8,you are not afraid of our troops being beaten80 8,our troops are matches1 if not masters1 of the best troops in ,europe10 replied the commandant proudly4 8,and our generals8 ,we have no lack of good ones surely80 8,not of veterans10 was the evasive rejoinder4 8,oh6 the young ones will rise up as soon as they are wanted4 ,we shall have a new generation of heroes that will eclipse in glory the vieux de la ,vieille themselves4 ,as for you1 you will come back to us a marshal of ,france10 declared ,berthe merrily4 ,the prophecy elicited gentle cheering and congratulations from the ladies1 while the men approved in their own way1 joking the commandant1 and dubbing him ,monsieur le ,marchal on the spot4 8,if it be not a futile or indiscreet question to put1 may ,i ask what you are going to war for80 demanded ,mr4 ,clifford1 addressing himself to the company in general4 8,for security of the dynasty10 replied a ,legitimist4 8,for the honor and security of ,france10 said the commandant4 8,do you separate them1 ,m4 le ,commandant60 exclaimed the ,legitimist with mock horror4 8,i arraign you1 de par l',empereur1 for high treason against ,france60 ,the circle laughed1 and the ,commandant1 not caring to challenge the persifleur1 laughed good-humoredly1 too4 8,shall ,i tell you1 monsieur1 why we are going to war80 said the ,deputy de la ,gauche to ,mr4 ,clifford4 8,we are going to war to dsennuyer ,paris4 ,if ,paris goes on much longer ennuying herself as she has done for the last six months1 she will make a revolution60 8,that may be quite true10 returned his colleague of the ,droite2 8but the preventive is rather violent2 some milder form of excitement might be invented for the ennui of ,paris than that of taking her to ,berlin for a distraction4 ,it is hardly a sufficient reason for plunging the whole nation into war4 ,no1 ,i prefer to think we are going to fight for the honor of ,france1 and it may be for her aggrandizement40 8,yes10 said ,madame de ,beaucur1 8,m4 le ,marchal will win his bton by taking the ,rhine for us60 8,bravo10 cried in chorus the ,legitimist1 the ,droite1 and the ,gauche4 8,le ,rhin6 le ,rhin6 ,vive le ,rhin60 8,i will be willing to shake hands with ce gaillard l1 and to cry ,vive l',empereur myself1 if he comes back with the ,rhine in his pocket10 declared the ,legitimist with desperate patriotism4 ,and the sentiment was echoed by every one present4 ,orleanist1 ,bourbonist1 ,bonapartist1 and ,republican all united in a common thirst for the blue waters of the ,rhine1 and avowed themselves ready to vote the war1 whatever its motive1 a wise war and a righteous1 if it gave the ,rhine to ,france4 ,all with one exception3 the old academician shook his head1 and muttered some broken sentences in which the words1 dmence1 fanfaronnade1 ruine du commerce1 feu follet de la gloire1 dcadence des murs1 jour de rtribution1 etc41 were audible through the general hubbub4 8,what a people1 mon ,dieu60 murmured the philosopher to himself1 as1 descending the softly carpeted stairs1 cries of 8,a ,berlin6 ,a ,berlin dans six semaines6 ,vive le ,rhin6 ,vive la guerre60 followed him through the open door of ,berthe's apartment2 8fitful as the wind1 passing from reason to madness1 from heroism to absurdity1 as the weathercock turns with the breeze40 ,the word that touches our vanity1 touches every chord in our nature1 and sets us in a blaze1 just as the spark fires the powder-flask4 ,quel peuple8 ,mon ,dieu1 quel peuple6 ,,review ,,of ,,dr4 ,,st,,ckl',s ,,philosophy4#gd ,we have already called attention to the necessity of providing sound philosophical text-books and manuals in the vernacular tongues1 particularly the ,english1 with which we are specially concerned4 ,we have also expressed our conviction that the only philosophy which has any claim or fitness to be adopted in our places of education is the scholastic philosophy4 ,those who are capable of studying this philosophy in the more extensive and elaborate works of our great ,catholic authors1 have all they need for prosecuting their studies to any degree they please4 ,more elementary treatises and compendiums in the ,latin language are also at hand for those who can make use of them with facility4 ,but those who cannot do so need to have books in their own language1 and made level to their mental capacity and actual knowledge4 ,and even those who are able to study in ,latin text-books may derive great assistance from a good manual written in their own vernacular1 for many reasons which are obvious1 especially if they are not perfect in their knowledge of ,latin4 ,besides this1 there are many persons whose education is already completed1 who would derive great pleasure and profit from a book of this kind4 ,the ,english and ,american educated world is so unfamiliar with the ancient philosophy of the ,catholic schools1 that there is need of an interpreter who can make it intelligible1 and domesticate it in our vernacular scientific literature4 ,numbers of educated persons1 and even clergymen1 who are converts and have received a ,protestant collegiate education1 or1 if old ,catholics1 have not been thoroughly taught philosophy according to the scholastic method1 have derived their information on the subject mostly from the miscellaneous philosophical literature of ,england and ,america1 and perhaps1 also1 of ,france and ,germany4 ,in this miscellaneous literature there is much that is valuable1 and even of great value1 the product of highly gifted and cultivated minds imbued with sound and elevated principles1 containing a vast amount of truth and conclusive argument4 ,there is wanting1 however1 the scientific precision1 definiteness and fixedness of terminology1 and completeness1 which are found only in the masters and disciples of the scholastic method4 ,protestants1 and to a great extent ,catholics also1 have been at sea in philosophy ever since the unfortunate epoch of the ,lutheran schism4 ,the evil began in that fresh outbreak of paganism1 miscalled renaissance2 a revolt against the science and the civilization founded by the ,holy ,see1 the hierarchy1 and the monastic orders1 the only truly ,christian science and civilization2 a retrograde movement of the most fatal sort under the name of progression4 ,the vain and frivolous scholars of that period brought ,st4 ,thomas and the scholastic theology and philosophy into contempt among the crowd of their followers4 ,they affected to be ,platonists1 because the philosophy of ,plato was at that time something strange and novel1 and afforded them the chance of displaying their knowledge of ,greek4 ,the leaders of the religious revolt of the age of ,leo ,x41 at which time the disorder culminated1 pretended to go back to the ,hebrew and ,greek ,scriptures and the ,fathers2 where they could evade the contest with scholastic theology1 and make a show of learning and pure ,biblical and patristic doctrine for a considerable time4 ,the scholastic theology has1 however1 fully avenged itself4 ,it has defeated the enemies of the church who have attacked the ,catholic faith from without4 ,within the church1 it has established its supremacy1 and subdued all those who have professed and endeavored to substitute a new system of theology for the old1 while retaining the dogmas of faith4 ,the pitiable and abortive effort to produce a new renaissance1 which occasioned so much both of scandal and ridicule during the time of the ,vatican ,council1 was marked by a specially violent assault on ,st4 ,thomas and ,st4 ,alphonsus1 the two great doctors of the church in dogmatic and moral theology respectively4 ,the result has been the triumph of both4 ,the ,angel of the ,schools has gone up to a pinnacle of honor and glory above that which he had ever before attained1 and it is safe to predict that his supremacy as the master of sacred science will never more be seriously questioned4 ,the great champion of the thoroughly ,roman teaching in doctrine1 piety and morals1 has been crowned with the doctorate at the petition of a vast body of the men highest in learning and office in the church4 ,the great theological controversies are substantially finished and settled1 and ,catholic theology is very nearly complete4 ,philosophy is now the great field for intellectual activity1 and that consolidated union in philosophical teaching which has been secured in theology is the end toward which the efforts of all the ardent and loyal lovers of the divine ,truth should be directed4 ,this end can be secured only by following the same principles and methods in philosophy which have effected and secured unity and uniformity in theological doctrine4 ,the scholastic philosophy must accompany the scholastic theology4 ,this is obvious1 without entering into the intrinsic merits of the question4 ,no other system has that authority1 that general prevalence1 that scientific precision and completeness1 that sanction of the rulers of the church1 the great teaching orders1 and the body of directors and professors of seminaries and strictly ,catholic colleges1 which are requisite for producing unity and uniformity in instruction4 ,those who do not follow the scholastic philosophy are divided into small parties holding the most opposite opinions and mutually hostile to each other2 and these parties are again subdivided into smaller sections4 ,the subject matter of this difference is not the mere corollaries and remote conclusions1 or the high speculative questions of philosophy1 not essentially affecting its substance2 as is the case with the differences among strict adherents to scholastic theology and philosophy2 but the very substance1 the first principles1 the guiding rules of philosophy itself4 ,what likelihood is there that any one of these systems will ever conquer for itself sufficient territory or unite a sufficient number of suffrages to become the reigning doctrine8 ,the history of the disputes which have gone on within and without the church during three centuries1 since the decay of the influence of scholastic philosophy1 may answer the question4 ,either we must give up the hope of attaining unity1 and let philosophy degenerate into a mere theme of endless discussion among rival parties1 like doctrine among the ,protestants1 or we must range ourselves under the banner of the ancient and still numerous and powerful school of the ,angelic ,doctor4 ,the first of these alternatives we must decidedly reprobate1 as contrary to the ,catholic sense1 and incompatible with the respect which is due to the judgment and authority of the church4 ,it is evident that philosophical instruction is regarded in the church as highly important and necessary1 and as an essential part of ,catholic education1 more especially for those who are preparing for the study of theology4 ,the sense of its importance is increasing instead of diminishing4 ,everywhere longer time and greater pains are bestowed upon it1 and we have been told that it is the desire of the ,sovereign ,pontiff that the theological course should rather be shortened if necessary1 than that philosophy should fail to receive its adequate proportion of the time allotted to the curriculum of the ecclesiastical seminary4 ,all this implies that philosophy1 like theology1 is a true science1 having its certain principles1 methods1 and doctrines4 ,and if this is so1 we are to look for it where the queen of sciences1 whose herald and prime minister it is--,catholic theology--announces her magisterial teaching1 and not in any particular school set up by private authority4 ,in fact1 the scholastic philosophy is an intimate and essential part of scholastic theology1 which would be decomposed if its other elements were separated from this one1 and be resolved into a mere collection of dogmas and doctrines without logical coherence4 ,we may infer1 therefore1 from the express sanction which the church has given to scholastic theology1 her approbation of scholastic philosophy4 ,this tacit and implied approbation is also manifested in her practical action4 ,the ,holy ,see1 the greater number of bishops1 and the body of those ecclesiastics in high positions of authority who have control over strictly ,catholic colleges1 sanction and establish the teaching of scholastic philosophy1 encourage works and authors professing to follow it1 and in many ways repress and discourage whatever is contrary to it4 ,more than this1 the ,holy ,see1 during the reigns of our present ,sovereign ,pontiff and his illustrious predecessor1 ,gregory ,,xvi41 has repeatedly intervened by acts of supreme authority1 in which books1 authors1 systems1 and propositions have been censured and condemned on account of their teaching philosophical errors contrary to the received doctrine1 and either subversive of or dangerous to the faith4 ,the ,fathers of the ,council of the ,vatican were occupied during several months with discussions upon fundamental questions of philosophy1 the result of which is visible in the decrees of the ,council4 ,the doctrines which all ,catholics are obliged to hold and teach have thus been to a certain extent defined and declared1 and the limits marked beyond which they are forbidden to stray4 ,we have occasion1 at present1 to specify only two of the erroneous doctrines which have been thus condemned1 viz43 that which is called ,traditionalism1 and another commonly known under the name of ,ontologism4 ,we notice these1 because both errors arose among sincere ,catholics1 and were the chief cause of dissension concerning philosophical doctrines in our own ranks1 so that their condemnation has had a direct effect towards unity in teaching1 especially as most of the principal persons concerned submitted obediently to the decision of authority4 ,the first of these errors was an extreme anti-rationalism1 tending to subvert and sweep away all philosophy1 and upon this we have no need to enlarge4 ,the second was of far greater import1 as it professed to be a new and perfect philosophy1 and was the most formidable antagonist which the scholastic philosophy has ever had to encounter4 ,the question is still a living one1 and the discussion of it is not yet over4 ,moreover1 it relates to the very foundation of philosophy and theology1 and has the most wide-reaching relations1 wherefore we feel it to be necessary to be very careful and exact in what we say on the subject4 ,that ontologism which we call an error is a certain ideological doctrine professing to be a true scientia entis1 or science of being1 and to be1 therefore1 the true and only real metaphysic4 ,it has received its name from this profession of its advocates1 and from common usage1 for the want of one more specific and definite4 ,it must not be supposed1 however1 that it is called an error on account of its being ontological1 as if there were no true ontology1 since this latter is the most essential part of philosophy itself4 ,nor is it correct to say that the doctrine of all those who call themselves ontologists by way of distinction from those whom they call psychologists1 but whom we prefer to designate rather as ,platonists in distinction from ,peripatetics or ,aristotelians1 is a condemned error4 ,the condemned error1 as we understand it1 after carefully examining and reflecting upon the matter for several years1 is a false and heterodox ontological doctrine1 which radically and principally consists in the affirmation of a natural power in the created intellect to know ,god in himself1 as infinite and necessary being1 or in any other ideal aspect4 ,the essence of the error consists in that part of the affirmation which is expressed by the term in himself1 denoting that the very idea which is the object of the divine intelligence and is identical with it1 and is really the divine essence itself considered as intelligible1 is the idea of the created1 and specifically of the human1 intellect4 ,the falsity of the doctrine consists in this1 that it substitutes an imaginary intuition of ,god1 which has no existence1 for the real intuition of the connatural object of the created intellect2 and an explicit cognition of ,god explicated from this intuition for that cognition which human reason is actually capable of attaining1 by discursion from self-evident truths which the developed intellect possesses as its first principles4 ,it therefore overturns true philosophy and natural theology1 and destroys the very cause which its advocates are most anxious to promote4 ,it is heterodox1 because its logical consequences annihilate the distinction between the natural light of reason and the supernatural lights of faith and glory1 and1 by ascribing to the natural condition of the creature that which belongs only to its deific condition1 tend to annihilate the essential difference between the ,word of ,god and the creatures of ,god1 the ,only ,begotten ,son of ,god and his adopted sons2 thus introducing pantheism by a covert road1 into which ,platonists and mystics have always been in danger of straying unawares4 ,the authors and advocates of this doctrine have been1 at least in many cases1 holy men of orthodox faith1 who have strenuously denied its logical consequences4 ,wherefore1 the condemnation of their opinions has been made in a very gentle and considerate manner1 and their personal character as ,catholics has not been compromised1 unless they have shown a spirit of contumacious resistance to the authority of the ,holy ,see4 ,they have not fallen into heresy1 but into philosophical error1 and that in good faith1 and before the authority of the church had given judgment4 ,several of the most distinguished among them have made a formal recantation of their doctrine1 others have done the same tacitly1 and we may take it as a settled fact that the ontologism condemned at ,rome is banished for ever from the ,catholic schools4 ,it is equally certain1 however1 that there is an ideology1 distinct from that of the ,thomist school1 and frequently called ontologism1 which is not condemned4 ,its advocates profess to find it in ,st4 ,augustine4 ,it is probably contained in the doctrine of ,st4 ,bonaventura4 ,it is the doctrine taught in the later and more mature works of the great and saintly ,cardinal ,gerdil1 who was in his youth a disciple of ,malebranche the author of the theory of the vision in ,god4 ,and it is still maintained1 under various forms1 by a considerable number of most respectable persons in the church4 ,rosmini is well known as the author of a system which bears an affinity to it1 and1 in a general sense1 it may be said to include all those ,catholic teachers and disciples of philosophy who are ,platonists rather than ,aristotelians4 ,it is certain1 we say1 that this ideology1 distinct alike from that of the ,thomists and the pure ontologists1 is not condemned4 ,this is proved by the answers given to queries on the subject by persons connected with the ,roman congregations1 by the fact that the doctrines in question are openly advocated in lectures and published works under the eye of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 and by the express or tacit admission of the opponents of ontologism4 ,we have been informed also by a distinguished prelate who was present at the discussions of the ,vatican ,council1 that such was the general understanding of the bishops there assembled4 ,this ideology gives the human intellect an idea created by an immediate illumination of ,god1 and preceding all apprehension and perception of particular1 finite objects4 ,it may be an idea of ,god1 of the infinite1 of being1 of the necessary and universal1 under any aspect1 or under many distinct aspects2 or it may be an assemblage of ideas representing both the infinite1 and finite exterior objects4 ,according to ,st4 ,bonaventura1 it is an idea representing ,god2 according to ,rosmini it is idea of ens in genere4 ,but in whatever way this theory of innate ideas may be expressed1 the intellectual object is always an image1 something created with and in the mind1 and even where it represents ,god1 or the archetypal ideas of ,god1 it is not identified with the uncreated ens of which it is the created image4 ,the theory is therefore free from the censures of the church4 ,it is necessary1 however1 for those who still adhere to the ,platonic ideology to be very careful and accurate in their expressions1 in order to avoid the likelihood of being understood by their readers to teach condemned propositions4 ,the looseness of language which is more or less found in the more ancient authors2 in all authors not familiar with the scholastic method1 unless they have a precise terminology of their own1 which is another difficulty in the way of understanding them2 and the abstruseness of the subject itself1 produce a great deal of misunderstanding4 ,there is a great deal of obscurity in the writings of ,plato whenever he speaks of ideology1 and his disciples have inherited the same4 ,it has been quite possible1 therefore1 for writers whose doctrine is sound to use the language and adopt many of the ideas of the celebrated authors of the ontologistic party1 without really apprehending the nature and bearings of that erroneous doctrine which was at the bottom of their whole system4 ,these authors have frequently expressed their ideas under terms and forms of expression borrowed from ,st4 ,augustine1 ,st4 ,bonaventura1 ,gerdil1 ,fnelon1 and other well-known doctors1 prelates1 and theologians4 ,very few of them have elaborated their doctrine with sufficient completeness and precision to make it easy to be understood4 ,those who have done so have been the occasion of its precise formulation and condemnation in the famous seven propositions4 ,but1 now that the supreme authority in the church has distinctly specified what errors of ontologism must be rejected as dangerous to faith1 it is specially important that every ,catholic writer should be precise1 accurate1 and clear in his language1 so that he may not be misunderstood even by the ordinary student or reader of philosophical essays4 ,the supreme1 infallible authority of the ,holy ,see has not1 in condemning certain errors1 prescribed or defined what precisely is the true ideological doctrine4 ,catholic philosophers must therefore seek to come to as close an agreement as possible by the way of reason4 ,in order to do this1 it is necessary that the method and terminology sanctioned by ancient and general usage should be strictly adhered to1 since1 otherwise1 endless discussion will be the only result4 ,we think1 moreover1 as we have already said1 that this agreement can only be effected by means of the ideology of ,st4 ,thomas4 ,the church has not1 indeed1 formally approved it1 but1 in our opinion1 she has condemned that which is its only logical alternative4 ,therefore1 we trust in the power of reason and logic to bring all master-minds into agreement with ,st4 ,thomas1 and in the authority of these teachers and leaders to secure the adhesion of the great majority1 who must ever be their disciples4 ,it is1 we believe1 ignorance or misapprehension of the scholastic philosophy1 as taught in the school of ,st4 ,thomas1 which has been the occasion of the attempt made by so many highly gifted and noble-hearted men to fabricate out of ,platonism a better ideology4 ,disgust at nominalism1 sensism1 and psychologism1 abhorrence of the scepticism into which ,hume and ,kant sought to resolve all knowledge and belief1 have driven them to seek for a self-subsisting1 objective foundation of the ideal1 separate from and independent of the sensible4 ,irresistible logic has impelled them by degrees toward the ultimatum which the pure ontologists have reached2 and which is simply the affirmation of ,god existing in his attribute of absolute being1 the infinite1 or archetypal truth1 beauty1 and goodness1 to which ,gioberti adds in the creative act2 as the immediate ideal object of the intellect4 ,they have supposed that this is the only alternative of the opposite extreme1 and have put aside the scholastic ideology as halting between the two upon untenable ground4 ,the opinion which they have of its inconsistency and insufficiency is distinctly expressed in the oft-repeated assertion that it is mere psychologism4 ,this term properly denotes any system which makes ideas mere subjective modes of the mind4 ,it is obvious that every species of semi-ontologism1 every theory of innate ideas1 every system shaped out of ,platonic elements1 which separates ideas from the sensible as the centre of their concretion and their focus of visibility to the human intellect1 without locating them in ,god1 is psychologism4 ,but it is not true of the philosophy of ,aristotle and ,st4 ,thomas1 that it reduces ideas to this condition of subjectivity1 no better than that of the phantoms which arise in the imagination of the sleeper or the day-dreamer4 ,in this philosophy1 the intelligible object has a reality exterior to the mind1 which it directly perceives1 and by which as a medium it attains self-evident and demonstrated truths1 having their foundation in the eternal truth1 in the infinite1 in absolute being1 in the ,word1 in ,god2 who is the object of the mediate intellectual vision of the mind1 as the apostle declares4 ,invisibilia ipsius2 per ea qu facta sunt1 intellecta1 conspiciuntur4 ,his invisible perfections are disclosed to our sight1 being perceived by the intellect through those things which are made4 ,videmus nunc per speculum4 ,we see even now1 although only in a mirror4 ,the scholastic philosophy is not identical with any merely sensistic1 conceptualistic1 or empirical system4 ,it does not reduce ideas to mere abstractions1 make philosophy a mere induction from the results of experience1 or the knowledge of ,god by reason the sum of an aggregate mass of probabilities4 ,it is not in any wise a system of subjectivism4 ,on the contrary1 it is objective in the highest sense of the term1 and truly ontological1 the real scientia entis1 and not an imaginary one like that of the so-called ontologists4 ,if this be so1 the whole ground of the prejudice against the ,catholic peripatetic philosophy falls away1 and there is no reason to desert the common teaching of the schools for any other doctrine1 either ancient or modern4 ,the four great masters in philosophy are ,plato1 ,aristotle1 ,st4 ,augustine1 and ,st4 ,thomas4 ,plato is rather a teacher of theology and ethics than of metaphysics4 ,his doctrine concerning ,god1 the immortality of the soul1 and the moral ideal1 is in many respects purer and more sublime than that of his pupil4 ,yet ,aristotle deserves par excellence the title of the heathen philosopher4 ,the name of the dmon given to him by his fellow-pupils on account of his wonderful intellect well expresses what he really was--the greatest intellectual prodigy that has appeared in human history1 the real creator of logical and metaphysical science4 ,st4 ,augustine followed ,plato rather than any other heathen philosopher1 and does not appear to have been acquainted with the works of ,aristotle4 ,yet his philosophy as a whole was original2 it was chiefly his theology under a rational aspect2 it was by no means a complete and distinct system4 ,st4 ,thomas1 with the ,aristotelian system as a plan and basis1 built the vast and sublime structure of a ,catholic philosophy4 ,although it may be true that he derived his knowledge of ,plato chiefly from ,aristotle1 and the latter may have misrepresented his master2 yet1 through ,st4 ,augustine1 he obtained all that was really valuable in ,plato purified and improved2 and has thus incorporated into his system everything1 whether pagan or ,christian1 which tradition had brought down to his time4 ,as ,aristotle is the dmon1 ,st4 ,thomas is the angel of philosophy4 ,it is difficult to compare his natural gifts with those of ,aristotle in such a way as to make a relative estimate of the genius of the two men4 ,but in actual wisdom1 enlightened as he was by revelation and the ,christian luminaries of the ages which preceded him1 and elevated above the natural capacities of man by the gifts of the ,holy ,ghost1 he is like the bright mid-day sun compared to the pale orb of night4 ,all other stars in the firmament must be content to shine as lesser lights1 and the brightest among them are only his planets4 ,metaphysical genius of the highest order is the rarest of gifts4 ,clement of ,alexandria thought that the ,greek philosophy had not arisen without a special act of the divine providence which was preparing the way for ,christian theology4 ,when we consider the wonderful work accomplished by ,aristotle1 and the manner in which his philosophy has become blended with the theology of the church1 we cannot fail to recognize the hand of ,god making use of the human intellect in its most consummate perfection as the servant of the ,eternal ,word in his mission as the teacher of divine truth4 ,much more must we recognize the same divine hand in the genius and work of ,st4 ,thomas4 ,god does his work once for all4 ,the apostles finished their special work1 the fathers finished theirs1 and we can have no more apostles or fathers of the church4 ,the doctors have done their work1 and1 although they may have left room for successors1 yet this is not in the sense that their work is to be done over again4 ,we do not believe there can ever arise another ,st4 ,thomas to reconstruct more perfectly the edifice of theology and philosophy in those parts which he has built1 and these are its essential and principal parts4 ,of theology we need not speak particularly4 ,of philosophy1 the principal parts are those which give a scientific exposition of the rational basis of theology2 that is1 which treat scientifically of the objective reality of the intelligible which the human intellect perceives by its natural power2 of the first principles of reason2 of self-evident and demonstrable truth2 of the process by which the mind ascends from the knowledge of things to the knowledge of their highest and creative cause1 from the creature to the ,creator1 from the visible and ideal world to ,god1 from the knowledge of ,god through the creation to the knowledge of ,god through revelation4 ,it is precisely here1 as we have shown1 that the dispute lies between scholastic philosophy and ontologism4 ,and it is precisely what we claim for scholastic philosophy1 that it gives us the true science of ideology and theodicy1 which satisfies reason and accords with faith1 and is really that which is implicitly and confusedly possessed by the common sense of all men1 especially of all ,christians1 in proportion to the degree in which reason is developed and instructed4 ,this has been proved in the most thorough and ample manner by ,f4 ,liberatore in his great work ,della ,conoscenza ,intelletuale1 ,f4 ,kleutgen in his ,philosophie der ,vorzeit1 and ,f4 ,ramire in his ,unit de l',enseignement ,philosophique1 as well as in other recent works of the same kind4 ,we will endeavor to give a statement as succinct and clear as possible of the scholastic theory1 in order that its opposition to every form of sensism1 idealism1 and ontologism may be apparent4 ,in thought or cognition1 we find by analysis these three1 the subject1 the object1 and the intellectual light2 as in vision we have the visual faculty1 light1 and the visible object4 ,the subject is the human intellect2 the primary1 immediate object is the intelligible in the sensible1 or the essences of sensible things2 the light is intelligence4 ,it is a primary maxim that nothing is in the intellect which was not first in the sense4 ,sensible experience is therefore the starting point of thought4 ,the thought itself is the result of an active operation of the intellect upon a passive impression which it receives from the object4 ,this active operation produces a similitude of the object 7species7 in the mind1 by which it becomes cognizant of the object itself as distinct from and extrinsic to the subject4 ,the intelligible essence which is in the sensible object is distinguished and made the object of apprehension by the process of abstraction4 ,in this intelligible essence1 or what is called in common parlance 8the nature of things10 are contained the fundamental notions which are the first germs of all intellectual processes1 the first product of the act of abstraction which is the beginning of intellectual activity in the infant4 ,in these notions are given the first principles1 the self-evident principles1 the axioms of reason2 and with these reason is able to start the discursive process1 by which it demonstrates conclusions from premises1 which in the last analysis are intellections a priori and self-evident4 ,by this reasoning process1 the existence and attributes of ,god are proved from the rational and material universe by the principle of causality1 which is one of the self-evident principles4 ,self-consciousness begins as soon as the mind takes note of itself as acting1 and thus the subject becomes objective to itself without any need of a species or impressed similitude of itself1 because it is itself1 and present to itself1 and more vividly cognizant of itself in acting than of anything exterior to itself4 ,the notions derived from reflection on its own operations are thus added to those which are derived by abstraction from sensible objects4 ,the immediate perception terminates only on particular individual objects1 but the notions obtained by abstraction are universal1 whence it is necessary to define in what consists the objective reality of these universals4 ,the universal is defined by ,aristotle as that which is one1 but having aptitude to be contained in many4 ,that is1 it is genus1 with whatever is included under genus1 to wit1 species1 differentia1 essential and accidental propriety4 ,for instance1 the notion of man is the notion of a nature which is one1 but apt to be contained in an indefinite number of men4 ,it includes the genus animal1 the species rational animal1 the differentia rationality1 the essential propriety1 or the entire human constitution1 mental and physical1 and1 in respect to the varieties of race1 the accidental proprieties which distinguish each one from the others4 ,all particular and individual objects of cognition can be classed under these five predicaments of the universal4 ,the universal itself has its formal existence and reality1 as universal1 only in the intellect4 ,it is a conception of the mind1 formed by abstraction from the concrete and particular4 ,it is not1 however1 a mere abstract conception1 but an abstractive conception4 ,an abstract conception is one in which a quality is considered as separated by thought from any particular subject in which it has residence1 as goodness or sweetness4 ,an abstractive conception1 as that of the human species1 is one formed from the consideration of men actually existing1 in whom the species is actually individualized4 ,the conception has1 therefore1 its foundation in the real object of mental intuition1 the individual man1 and in him the whole that is contained in the universal conception really exists4 ,the conception is universal1 because the intellect perceives the intrinsic possibility of an indefinite multitude of men in the very essence of man1 as made known by the existence of any one man in particular4 ,this possibility is something necessarily and eternally true1 which is disclosed to the intellect by means of its outward expression and realization in the human race4 ,that is to say1 it is a thought which has been expressed and communicated1 by an intelligence in which the possibility eternally and essentially subsists1 to the human intelligence4 ,the foundation of the universal conception is therefore in ,god4 ,it is in ,god as archetype of man1 as the reason of the possibility of man's nature1 and the cause of his existence4 ,but the idea in ,god is totally different from the conception in the mind of man4 ,god understands the possibility of the existence of man in the vision of his own essence1 as imitable in this particular form1 and of his own creative power4 ,but man cannot see this idea as it is in ,god2 he cannot compare the human type with its archetype4 ,he can only produce an afterthought of the divine thought itself1 a copy or imitation of the divine idea1 which is wholly inaccessible to his immediate vision1 and is only known to him inasmuch as it is manifested through the created type4 ,let us take another example1 that of a triangle4 ,the figure drawn on the blackboard is the sensible object4 ,the conception of a triangle is the intelligible object formed by abstraction1 and universal4 ,in this conception are contained the general notions of a point1 a line1 an angle2 and in these notions are involved several self-evident principles or axioms4 ,from these are demonstrated the various mathematical propositions of trigonometry4 ,it is easy to see that1 in the intellectual process of the pupil's mind1 the genesis and development of the act of cognition of mathematical truth is precisely what has been above described4 ,in an intelligent and well-developed mind1 many of the steps of the process may be made with such ease and rapidity that they appear to be instantaneous1 and the conceptions gained are so clear and evident that they appear like innate or intuitive ideas4 ,but they are not so1 and this is made manifest enough in the case of dull or slow-minded pupils4 ,the conception of the triangle1 with all the mathematical truth which it contains1 is necessary1 universal1 and eternal4 ,it has1 therefore1 its foundation in necessary being1 or in the divine intelligence4 ,but it is in ,god in an eminent mode1 and formally only in the human intellect4 ,geometrical truth is founded in the essence of ,god1 who is the archetype of the triangle and of every other geometrical figure4 ,but that which the triangle imitates the human intellect cannot see2 the divine idea in which mathematical truth as apprehended by us is eminently contained is inapprehensible by any created mind2 and the procession of the divine thoughts expressed in quantity and its relations in a manner intelligible to us1 from the divine essence1 is as much above our understanding as the procession of the ,holy ,spirit from the ,father and the ,son4 ,it is impossible to think of mathematical conceptions except as having objective verity1 and equally impossible to think of them as identical with the ideal being of ,god2 they must be1 therefore1 as ,st4 ,thomas teaches1 concrete only in particular quantities1 but in their universality1 conceptus mentis cum fundamento in re4 ,it is the same with the conceptions of time and space4 ,these conceptions come from the apprehension of things which succeed or coexist with each other4 ,real time and space are relations of real and finite things4 ,ideal time and space are necessarily conceived as illimitable4 ,it is equally evident that these conceptions of illimitable time and space are not purely subjective categories of the mind1 and that they are not1 in the formality which they have in our mind1 either eternal realities in themselves or identical with ,god4 ,they have a foundation in the divine essence1 which we can demonstrate to be nothing else than the infinite possibility of being imitated in created existences4 ,but this is a conclusion of reason1 and not an intuition of the divine essence as infinite archetype4 ,in our minds1 the conceptions represent space and time as boundless extended locality and boundless successive duration1 as ,locke and ,clarke have so clearly set forth1 and as every one knows by his own reflections4 ,as conceptions of the universal1 they have their existence1 therefore1 only in the mind1 while their foundation is in reality4 ,they presuppose and demand an eternal thinker and an eternal thought2 we can see immediately neither the thought nor the thinker as they are in themselves1 but we behold both mediately by the conceptions of the universal and the necessary2 which reflect in our minds the eternal thought of the eternal thinker1 the eternal idea of the eternal ,god4 ,in point of fact1 ontologists are obliged to admit that the process of the act of the cognition of the infinite is historically the same in substance with that which we have just explained4 ,their immediate ideal intuition is something involute and out of the reach of consciousness1 until contact with sensible objects1 reflection1 experience and instruction bring it into the state of evolution4 ,on the one hand1 this proves that it has no existence1 except in their own imagination4 ,an innate or intuitive idea of ,god would make his infinite splendor to shine on the mind with such incessant and dazzling splendor1 that the sunlight would appear as darkness1 and finite things as nonentities1 before it4 ,it would be impossible to doubt or to forget it1 if it existed4 ,on the other hand1 this shows that the scholastic theory of the origin of ideas and knowledge adequately expresses everything which they can reasonably desire in respect to the relation of the intellect to the infinite1 or real and necessary being1 as the object of cognition4 ,the idea of the infinite and the knowledge of ,god are virtually in the intellect1 because the light of reason1 a participation of the divine light1 gives it the potentiality which can be reduced to act by union with the intelligible object4 ,the theory which ascribes to the newly created soul something besides its rational capacity1 which it brings with it as a kind of form to vivify the sensible object1 or keeps as a distinct ideal object within itself1 is wholly unnecessary and superfluous4 ,it is1 moreover1 not in accordance with the true doctrine respecting the human soul as forma corporis4 ,it belongs rather to that imperfect philosophy which ascribes to the soul in this life a separate and independent subsistence1 into which the body does not enter as an integral part of the personality1 but which it merely serves as a machine4 ,the scholastic doctrine preserves the unity of the essence and the operation of man1 as a rational animal4 ,that an intellectual operation should begin from our senses1 and the mind commence its existence in its rudimental body as a tabula rasa1 is in accordance with our humble position in the natural order4 ,the capacity for gaining knowledge by the slow process of experience and discursion is all that we have any right to claim for ourselves4 ,it is enough for us that we are rational1 that 8the light of ,god's countenance is signed upon us0 by the impress of an image of his intelligence upon our souls2 and that we are enlightened by 8that light which enlighteneth every man coming into this world0 by receiving the power to know ,god as manifested in his works4 ,we are certainly a 8little lower than the angels10 who have no natural vision of ,god in his essence1 and how are we essentially inferior to them1 except in the necessity of beginning the process of intellectual cognition from the apprehension of sensible objects8 ,it still remains true that ,god is both the author and the object of knowledge even in the natural order1 and that we naturally tend to the contemplation of his being and perfections4 ,but this process carried on for eternity could never bring us to a point where we could obtain the faintest glimpse of an intuitive vision of the divine essence4 ,the capacity to attain to this vision is wholly gratuitous and supernatural1 a gift of grace1 an elevation of our nature above itself1 and above the angelic nature to a similitude with the divine nature4 ,the actual vision is reserved for the state of glory in which the blessed see ,god in himself and all things in ,god4 ,the scholastic philosophy is therefore in conformity with ,catholic theology1 and a proper preparation for studying and understanding this sublime science4 ,every other system is either in discord with it1 or deficient in the perfect logical concord which ought to make the inferior harmonize completely with the superior science4 ,the revival of scholastic philosophy1 and the general consent with which1 in all parts of the world1 those who lead in the great work of ,catholic education and instruction are uniting together in promoting its study and exposition1 are a most hopeful sign for the coming age4 ,it is especially encouraging to witness this revival in ,germany2 and to see the powerful and heavily panoplied champions of orthodox theology and sound philosophy coming forth from the ,german schools1 to meet and overthrow the boastful giants of that land of colossal intelligence and learning2 who defy the armies of the living ,god and aim at an imperial domination over the world of science1 as its statesmen and warriors do over the political world4 ,they are but giants of condensed cloud1 like the genii of ,arabian fable who escaped from the bottles of ,king ,solomon4 ,the wisdom of ,solomon subdued these genii1 and it is the true wisdom1 sapientia1 which must subdue the cloudy giants of critical1 historical1 and philosophical sophistry2 the ,bruno ,bauers1 ,strausses1 ,dllingers1 ,kants1 ,hegels1 and ,bchners1 who make war on the old ,bible1 the old church1 the old religion1 the old philosophy1 the old ,god of ,germany and ,christendom4 ,a nephew of ,hegel and pupil of ,feuerbach asked the latter what was to be done next1 since the ,kantian philosophy had ended in the complete dissolution of all science4 ,the reply was1 that we must return to common sense4 ,the pupil followed the advice by returning to the old ,god and the old religion4 ,to bring back the next generation to this old religion1 and to educate in it the youth who have received it by their baptism in the church1 is the great task of ,catholic teachers4 ,this can be done only by the aid of the old philosophy4 ,the attempts made everywhere1 but especially in ,germany1 to do this by a new philosophy and a new theology are all failures1 and end only in betraying the whole cause of the church to the enemy4 ,those ,catholic scholars of ,germany who are sound and strong alike in their faith and in their science are beginning to see this1 and are returning to the philosophy of the ,angelic ,doctor as the only fit companion to theology1 the true wisdom in the rational order4 ,those who become the interpreters and teachers of this wisdom to the young are the most valuable and efficient of all laborers in the field of divine philosophy4 ,they need to be thoroughly learned both in theology and philosophy1 and at the same time to have a special gift for teaching and explaining doctrine in a condensed1 lucid1 and attractive manner4 ,in all these respects1 ,dr4 ,stckl is pre-eminent4 ,he has the vast and solid erudition of the great ,german scholars4 ,he has1 moreover1 an intellect which is remarkable both for strength and clearness1 a masterly reasoning faculty1 great talent cultivated by long experience for instructing young students1 and a style which represents his thoughts with the precision of a photograph4 ,the ,german language is1 moreover1 of such a nature that1 while it reproduces exactly the ,latin terminology of scholastic writers1 it brings out the idea in a new and fresh form1 in which it becomes more intelligible to those who belong to the ,teutonic race than it is in the ,latin dress4 ,we have never yet met with a manual of philosophy which seems to us so perfectly satisfactory as the ,manual of ,dr4 ,stckl2 and the speedy call for a second edition which followed its publication1 as well as the praise given to it by competent authorities1 proves that it has met the want which has been felt in ,germany as in ,great ,britain and ,america4 ,besides the ordinary topics which are treated in our text-books1 it contains also treatises on political and social morals1 and has a companion volume of small size which contains a masterly treatise on 8sthetics40 ,we have noticed it especially for the purpose of recommending it to the examination of those who are engaged in promoting the study of the scholastic philosophy1 as a suitable work to be translated into ,english for the use of students4 ,it is perhaps too large for a college text-book4 ,it contains about one thousand pages octavo1 and would require two years' study1 with an ordinary class1 to be properly mastered1 in connection with the ,manual of the ,history of ,philosophy1 which is a volume of equal size4 ,nevertheless1 although a smaller text-book is needed for the majority of pupils1 this one would make an admirable work of reference for more advanced scholars1 and supply the other needs which we have pointed out in the earlier part of our article as calling for a book of this kind in the ,english language4 ,the great cost of translation and publication1 coupled with the risk of a small sale1 makes it somewhat difficult to undertake the task we have suggested as desirable4 ,it cannot be done1 of course1 without the author's permission1 which1 we suppose1 he will readily grant to those who can give the proper guarantee for the faithful and scholarly performance of the work4 ,we intended1 when sitting down to begin this article1 to make only a brief introduction of our own to a translation of the author's chapter on the 8,origin of ,ideas10 as a specimen of the work4 ,but we have not done so1 as the reader knows1 and have been unwittingly led on over such a length of space that we have left no room for any citations from the author1 or minute review of the different parts of his philosophy4 ,we trust that he will become speedily known to all lovers of the philosophy of ,st4 ,thomas1 which he has so ably presented and defended1 and we are sure that he needs only to be known to be most highly appreciated4 ,,footnote3 #gd ,lehrbuch der ,philosophie4 ,von ,dr4 ,albert ,stckl1 ord4 ,professor der ,philosophie an der ,akademie ,mnster4 ,mainz3 ,f4 ,kirchheim4 #ahfi4 ,,fleurange4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,craven1 ,,author ,,of 8,a ,,sister',s ,,story40 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,french1 ,,with ,,permission4 ,,part ,,second4 ,,the ,,trial4 ,,xvi4 8,the princess begs ,mademoiselle ,gabrielle to descend40 ,this message was brought ,fleurange by one of the servants of the princess1 whose attendants were a ,german valet de chambre1 an ,italian courier1 and a ,russian waiting-maid4 ,the latter1 named ,varinka1 literally belonged to the princess1 being her slave4 ,but ,varinka1 skilful and intelligent like all the ,russians of her class1 kindly treated by her mistress1 to whom she was faithfully attached1 and clothed in her cast-off garments1 did not look upon her condition as in the least humiliating4 ,in ,french she was called ,mademoiselle ,barbe1 in ,italian the ,signora ,barbara1 and she considered herself1 and indeed was regarded1 as one of the most accomplished of servants4 ,extremely exacting of all who were beneath her1 and inclined to be jealous of those she considered her equals1 she at first wished to class the princess' new demoiselle de compagnie among the latter4 ,but ,fleurange1 without even observing this1 knew how to take the place that belonged to her1 and oblige ,mademoiselle ,barbe to maintain a respectful deportment towards her4 ,barbara was consequently inclined to dislike her1 but1 after some attentive observation1 she had sufficient wit to refrain4 ,the fact was1 ,fleurange's activity relieved her from a part of her cares without increasing them in the least 7for the young girl never required any one's assistance71 and used her influence in a way which every one else profited by as well as ,barbara4 ,when the ,princess was recovering from one of the attacks of physical suffering that all at once showed how unavailing were the comforts1 luxuries1 and attentions that surrounded her1 she dwelt constantly on her illness1 its cause1 duration1 and probable or improbable cure1 and under the influence of this preoccupation she became capricious1 whimsical1 and almost impossible to satisfy4 ,no one had ever succeeded so well as ,fleurange4 ,mademoiselle ,barbe could not help acknowledging1 8,she really has all the trouble of keeping madame in a good humor1 and we the benefit of it10 and this plain reasoning made her decide to live at peace with the new-comer1 and take all possible advantage of the accommodating turn she noticed in ,fleurange1 who thus unwittingly disarmed her enemy and converted her into an ally1 and almost a friend4 ,the princess' message1 which put an end to the young girl's pleasant dreams1 was1 it must be acknowledged1 merely an invention of ,mademoiselle ,barbe's1 who1 being told by the courier it was very delightful on deck1 was suddenly seized with the desire of a walk by moonlight4 ,with this end in view1 she sent the courier for ,fleurange4 ,as before stated1 she was sure ,mademoiselle ,gabrielle would come down immediately without making any objections or asking any questions1 which was one of her meritorious qualities in the eyes of this sagacious servant4 8,that young lady does not meddle with what does not concern her1 which1 ,i must acknowledge1 is very agreeable10 she said4 ,as she had foreseen1 ,fleurange left her seat in the open air without any objection1 and went down to the ladies' cabin1 of which the princess had exclusive possession4 ,she found the invalid asleep1 and quietly took a seat beside her without questioning the exactness of the message she had just received4 ,throwing off the cloak she wore1 she said3 8,here1 ,barbara1 put on this1 if you like1 and go up and take the air4 ,it is delightful on deck40 ,it was by such pleasing good humor she had unintentionally made a conquest of one who naturally regarded ,fleurange as a rival1 and this1 above all the qualities she possessed1 was the charm that had most power over the princess1 and changed the sudden infatuation to which she was liable 7like most of the ladies of her country7 into something deeper and more permanent4 ,the ,princess ,catherine was lying on a couch1 her head propped up by several cushions1 and her feet covered with a cashmere shawl4 ,in spite of her age and ill health1 which had changed the outlines of her face and form1 beauty and grace had not disappeared without leaving on her person traces much less fleeting than beauty itself4 ,fleurange1 looking at her face by the light of a lamp suspended from the ceiling1 could not help admiring her noble brow1 and the expressiveness as well as the still remarkable delicacy of her features4 ,suddenly1 as she thus sat contemplating her with more attention than ever before1 it seemed as if the face before her awoke some indistinct remembrance--but before she could grasp the idea that suddenly came into her mind1 the princess opened her eyes4 ,seeing ,fleurange beside her1 she smiled1 and extended her beautiful hand4 8,you here1 ,gabrielle80 she said4 8,so much the better40 8,i was told you wanted me40 8,no2 but ,i am very glad you are here40 ,fleurange bent down1 and kissed the hand she held with an impulse more affectionate than she had ever felt towards her before4 ,the princess seemed touched1 and pressed her hand in return without speaking4 ,then she went to sleep again4 ,fleurange remained with her eyes fastened on her a long time1 then she too lay down on a couch at the other end of the cabin1 to pass away the few hours that yet remained before their arrival at ,leghorn1 which would be about daybreak4 ,at that time1 long before the era of railways1 the route from ,leghorn to ,florence1 a long and dusty one1 was not always traversed in a single day1 and our travellers stopped at ,pisa for the night4 ,the princess no longer felt any interest in the places she had visited so many times4 ,she had only one wish1 and that was--to rest1 and1 once rested1 to resume the journey4 ,but it was quite otherwise with ,fleurange4 ,pisa was her birthplace4 ,in ,pisa lay buried the mother she never knew4 ,here her father brought her during the few happy days they passed together4 ,how many vicissitudes her young life had passed through since that time6 ,how many sorrows and joys she had experienced6 ,how many ties she had formed and broken6 ,and with what interest she already dwelt on the past at an age when others are only thinking of the future6 ,as soon as it was light1 long before the princess awoke1 ,fleurange went to pray beside her mother's grave4 ,then she directed her steps towards the ,campo ,santo1 around which she slowly walked4 ,of all the places she visited with her father1 this was the one of which she retained the most vivid recollection4 ,the paintings of the ,campo ,santo are like a poem which it is impossible to understand if ignorant of the language in which it is written4 ,this language she learned from her father1 and had not been allowed to forget it in her uncle's house4 ,she remembered that her cousin1 without ever having visited this spot1 was as familiar with all the paintings as herself4 8,how much poor ,clement would enjoy all these beauties of nature and art1 and these scenes of historic interest60 she said to herself4 8,how much he would enjoy ,italy60 ,she might have added that1 like many of his countrymen1 he already knew and loved 8,the land where the lemon-trees bloom10 without ever having seen it4 ,many ,germans have loved it with a profound and material passion1 fatal when satisfied by violent possession1 but reciprocated and fruitful when the forced and hated union was broken and gave place to voluntary and acceptable alliance4 ,leaving the ,campo ,santo1 ,fleurange went into the church1 the wonderful ,cathedral of ,pisa1 which cannot be compared to any other2 for1 if there are any finer1 it is doubted or forgotten as soon as this is entered4 ,here ,fleurange heard ,mass1 after which she remained a long time on her knees1 praying1 thinking of all those she loved1 and looking around3 and all this without losing her spirit of devotion4 ,this may appear strange to those who wish to confine the soul's impulse towards ,god within narrow and rigid limits4 ,it is nevertheless certain that1 in a simple and upright heart1 a good will1 a more ardent love of the eternal goodness1 the resolutions so properly called a firm purpose of amendment1 all these effects of prayer often spring from what does not naturally seem destined to produce them4 ,in those lands where religion and the arts go hand in hand1 and where the inspiration which guides the painter and the architect is the same that draws the believer to the foot of the altar1 it often happens that a glance at a fresco or painting aids the soul more than a sermon in its upward flight1 and in accomplishing the very act for which it is prostrate before ,god4 ,it was thus ,fleurange1 kneeling on the pavement1 holding her closed book in her hand1 meditated1 looked around1 and prayed4 ,among the thoughts floating in her mind1 there was one especially which seemed to harmonize with everything around her3 it was the remembrance of the cloister of ,santa ,maria1 and the friend of her early childhood1 whose features at this moment seemed to beam out of some of the holy faces on the walls around her4 ,she was once more beneath the same sky1 and sufficiently near to cherish a hope of seeing her4 ,at this thought her eyes overflowed with tears4 ,the remembrance of her childhood prevailed over all others1 and rendered her prayer more concentrated and more fervent4 ,mild and saintly ,madre ,maddalena6--perhaps at this same hour you1 too1 were praying--praying for the child that was still dear to you3 perhaps1 afar off1 you echoed her prayer and made it more efficacious--the oft-recurring prayer now on ,fleurange's lips as she was about to leave the church3 8,our ,father1 444 lead us not into temptation1 but deliver us from evil60 ,,xvii4 ,for the first time since her illness1 the princess rose above her languor1 and resumed the faculty of talking of something besides herself4 ,as they drew near the end of their journey1 ,fleurange perceived she knew how to converse1 and that the indifference she sometimes manifested to what seemed most worthy of interest was not the result of ignorance1 but simply a preference for something else4 ,like other people1 she admired monuments1 galleries1 splendid churches1 and museums1 but she preferred the shops where she could procure the rarities she had a taste for1 and liked to adorn her house with for the admiration of others4 ,she enjoyed the brilliant sky of ,italy and the comfort of its mild climate1 so necessary to her health2 but1 if these advantages had not been accompanied by a sumptuous palace and a large circle of fashionable acquaintances1 she would have regarded her expatriation as an exile1 and found it but slightly mitigated by all the wonders of nature and art by which she was surrounded4 ,their journey at last came to an end4 ,the princess descended from her carriage at the foot of the magnificent entrance to her palace1 so overjoyed at finding herself once more at home that the last traces of her recent malady disappeared as if by enchantment4 ,numerous servants relieved ,fleurange from the care of the light baggage with which the princess' carriage was always encumbered1 and she hastily followed her protectress up the broad steps of white marble that led to the first story4 ,here a vast hall ornamented with statues opened into apartments whose splendor surprised the young girl4 ,she had already visited more than one palace in ,italy with a similar display of grand proportions1 frescoes1 ceilings richly painted and gilded1 but she had never seen anything comparable to the luxury of the furniture and the richness of the long suite of rooms through which they passed4 ,when the princess came to the last1 she stopped4 ,this salon1 smaller than the others1 opened1 as well as the one next it1 upon a large covered terrace with frescoed arches1 which1 filled with flowers1 rare plants1 and seats of all forms and sizes1 resembled a garden screened from the sun1 and formed an appendage to the elegant apartment they had just entered1 which was the princess' private sitting-room4 ,a table loaded with fruit-cake and ices stood in the centre of the room4 ,the princess threw herself on a chaise longue4 8,we dine late10 said she4 8,i will take a biscuit and an ice4 ,eat something also yourself4 ,but first take off your hat1 lay down your satchel1 and rest yourself4 ,it is exceedingly warm40 ,fleurange attended to the princess' wants1 and then very willingly took a slight repast1 which the heat of the mid-day hour made quite acceptable4 ,while she stood taking an ice1 the princess opened the pile of notes and letters on a small table near her4 ,she read the notes first4 8,well1 there are more people here than ,i expected4 ,so much the better6 ,let me look over my cards40 ,she read out a succession of names of people from various countries1 with a running commentary on each which would have given the impression that these people she was so glad to find again were individually perfectly indifferent to her4 ,then she took up her letters4 8,ah6 at last60 she exclaimed1 tearing open a large envelope4 8,let me see the date4--,now ,i am relieved6--,thank heaven1 he is still there60 ,she read about a page1 and then suddenly cried3 8,in less than a month8 ,what1 in less than a month80 ,then she finished the letter in silence1 and afterward remained a long time without speaking1 but with an anxious and thoughtful look4 8,ah6 ,gabrielle1 are you still here80 she said1 rousing at last from her reverie4 8,i beg your pardon40 ,she rang4 8,you must be shown to your room4 ,i advise you to take some repose4 ,i shall do the same4 ,we shall see each other again at seven o'clock1 which is my hour4 ,i expect hardly any one to-day1 and shall wear my morning dress40 ,fleurange1 thus dismissed1 gladly followed the valet de chambre1 who answered the bell1 through the salons and up the grand staircase to the second story where her chamber was4 ,there he left her with a respectful bow1 after pointing out the corridor that gave access to the princess' apartments without the necessity of passing through any of the rooms4 ,the chamber to which she was taken was handsome and spacious1 but it seemed rather ornamented than furnished4 ,its size1 its painting and gilding would have allowed much more and much richer furniture4 ,but such as it was1 it pleased the young girl's fancy4 ,the broad and lofty window in a deep embrasure admitted floods of light1 but would have afforded no other view than the sky1 if three stone steps had not made it accessible4 ,from the upper step the eye looked down upon the interior court of the palace1 which resembled a cloister with its light colonnade4 ,a limpid stream flowed from a white marble fountain in the midst of velvet-like turf and surrounded by rhododendrons4 ,birds were warbling in a large aviary4 ,all these things combined to make up a soft1 pleasing picture1 crowned by the azure vault of heaven--a picture singularly quiet and dreamy1 and ,fleurange remained a long time seated on a stone seat within the embrasure1 allowing her thoughts to wander1 as often happened1 in vague regions1 until a servant with her trunk reminded her it was time to descend in more than one sense from her elevation1 and proceed to the matter-of-fact task of unpacking and arranging her effects4 ,about to commence1 she found she had left her satchel in the salon4 ,as it contained her keys1 she was obliged to go for it1 and she took the short passage which led directly to the princess' sitting-room2 but1 instead of returning the same way1 she could not resist the desire of examining again1 alone and at leisure1 the sumptuous rooms she had only passed through before4 ,she went leisurely through them1 admiring as she went1 with a mixture of childlike curiosity and an innate perception of the beautiful1 all the objects that were collected here in uncommon profusion2 but1 notwithstanding the exquisite taste displayed1 she could not help observing the ostentation1 which by contrast vividly recalled the remembrance of the ,old ,mansion--the dear ,old ,mansion6 where simplicity was so happily combined with the magnificence of art1 where everything that charmed the eye appealed to the soul1 inspired serenity and peace1 and inclined one to application and study2 whereas here1 what met the eye and struck the attention spoke of amusement1 luxury1 and pride4 ,this comparison made ,fleurange melancholy4 ,she ceased looking around with interest1 and was about to return to her chamber by the grand stairway without continuing her explorations1 when1 in crossing the hall1 a large half-opened door opposite attracted her attention1 and she yielded to the curiosity of glancing into the only apartment she had not seen4 ,she pushed the door open1 and entered a room equally as large as the others1 but which seemed rather a study-room than a salon4 ,the half-open shutters allowed the volumes in ,russia leather that lined the walls to be seen1 as well as the ebony book-cases on all sides4 ,furniture systematically arranged and protected by coverings1 tables loaded with books placed in order as if no one had touched them for a long time1 everything showed this room was unoccupied1 and had not1 like the rest1 been prepared for the return of the mistress of the house2 but a certain atmosphere of studious repose pervaded it which was more in conformity with ,fleurange's real tastes than all the magnificence she had just beheld4 ,she therefore advanced some steps1 looking around1 and1 the better to see the objects scarcely to be distinguished in the obscurity1 she went to one of the windows and ventured to throw the shutters entirely open4 ,the strong light which at once filled the room revealed a picture before her which she had not previously noticed4 ,she glanced at it1 and--it is impossible to describe her feelings6--,she could not herself have found words to express her extreme astonishment and the overpowering emotion that made her turn pale and then red as she almost fell4--,the picture thus suddenly revealed to her was that which had played so important a part in her life--her father's last work--in a word1 the ,cordelia for which she had sat so long ago1 and which she had never heard mentioned since without agitation6 ,for some moments she was overpowered by a thousand thoughts rushing over her--thoughts similar to those she had so successfully banished some months before by a supreme effort4 ,it is not astonishing they should be involuntarily reawakened now4 ,the lively curiosity with which she was filled was excusable1 as well as her impatience to know how this picture came here1 and whose room it was4--,she felt she should soon know1 and1 with a heart still throbbing1 she closed the shutters1 and softly left the room in which she had just beheld this unexpected apparition1 as it were4 ,she crossed the hall1 and was at the foot of the stairs when she met ,mademoiselle ,barbe in a great hurry1 and in that stage of fatigue bordering on ill-humor which1 on a day of departure or arrival1 is to be seen 7and not wholly without reason7 in those on whom rests the weight of packing and unpacking4 ,fleurange stopped her nevertheless1 having resolved to ask an explanation of the first person she met4 8,barbara10 she said1 8,i have been examining all the rooms40 ,these words brought a smile to the servant's face1 for she prided herself on the splendor of her mistress' palace4 8,we are well quartered1 aren't we80 she said1 with an air of satisfaction4 8,yes1 quite4 ,does the whole palace belong to the princess80 8,certainly1 from the garret to the cellar40 8,and she lives here alone80 8,alone1 of course1 with ,monsieur le ,comte40 8,the count80 8,yes2 her son1 who always lives with her when here4 ,there--in that room10 said she1 pointing towards the door ,fleurange had just closed4 8,her son6 ,what is his name80 8,count ,george de ,walden40 8,count ,george de ,walden80 echoed ,fleurange1 as if in a dream4 8,why1 yes2 that was the name of the princess' first husband4 ,did you not know it80 8,no1 ,i did not40 8,he died young--that one4 ,madame1 too1 was young4 ,she mourned for him a long time1 and then married again1 but had no more children4 ,the prince is dead also1 but--0 ,just at that moment a servant appeared with an armful of packages of all sizes1 one of which fell from his hand4 ,barbara left ,fleurange abruptly1 and sought relief from her fatigue in a severe reprimand to the awkward man1 more tired than herself4 ,,xviii4 ,fleurange returned to her seat on the top of the three steps that led to her window1 and was again looking down on the quiet and secluded court4 ,but what a change had been wrought in her feelings since she sat there half an hour before6 ,what contrast between this tranquil scene1 which then harmonized so perfectly with the serenity of her thoughts1 and her present agitation of mind6 ,she endeavored to be calm1 but for some time could not succeed4 ,was the emotion caused by this unexpected discovery surprise and joy1 or regret and fear8 ,she could not clearly decide1 but it was a mixture of all these different sensations2 and she gave herself up for a time to be buffeted by a whirlwind of contradictory thoughts4 ,by degrees they at last became clearer and more distinct4 ,fleurange recalled the last time she heard ,count ,george's name mentioned1 as well as the resolution she made that day4 ,that resolution had been easily kept1 thanks to all that had since happened to divert and absorb her attention4 ,she must still remain faithful to it under entirely different circumstances4 ,it was1 however1 no longer a question of forgetting the very name of ,count ,george1 as she was doubtless to see him1 know him1 and live under the same roof4 ,but what she must impress most seriously on her mind was--that he would be as widely separated from her here in his mother's house as when he only lived in the world of her dreams4 ,this of course would be extremely difficult1 but it was evidently a duty she owed to herself4 ,this point once established1 her course was plain4 ,the gentle hand that guided her childhood did not try to extinguish the exquisite though somewhat dangerous qualities with which she was gifted4 ,she did not stifle the liveliness of her imagination1 or the ardent tenderness of her heart1 or the tendency of her sentiments to extremes4 ,madre ,maddalena considered these precious gifts only dangerous in the absence of two other qualities which she sought to develop in ,fleurange1 with a care only comparable to that which is used 7in an inferior sense7 in developing the human voice1 and transforming it into an instrument at once powerful1 harmonious1 and almost divine4 ,however musical a voice may be1 one cannot sing without correctness of ear1 and the power of sustaining its clearness for a long time without faltering4 ,the divine harmony of the human faculties also depends on the correctness with which the word duty is echoed in the soul1 and the strength of character to act upon it unhesitatingly and unfalteringly4 ,these were the two qualities that overruled all others in ,fleurange's nature1 and had hitherto preserved her from the dangers to which the others exposed her4 ,more than two hours passed away3 the shadows of the columns grew longer beneath the portico3 the evening star1 herald of holy thoughts in ,fleurange's soul1 came out clear and brilliant in the cloudless sky1 reminding her of her accustomed prayer4 ,she had hardly finished it when the clock struck and abruptly recalled the young girl to herself4 ,she hastily opened her trunk1 changed her dress1 and entered the dining-room the very moment the ,princess ,catherine appeared4 ,fleurange wore a plain dress of black silk4 ,in the present state of her wardrobe1 she would have been embarrassed if required to increase the elegance of her toilet1 but she had not thought of it on the present occasion1 after hearing the princess say she intended dining in her morning dress4 ,she was1 therefore1 somewhat surprised to see the garment thus designated was a flowing robe of white cashmere richly embroidered with gold4 ,her coiffure was a tissue of lace and gold1 and she wore on her neck six strings of magnificent pearls which hung down over her waist4 ,but what surprised and disconcerted the young girl more was the dissatisfied look the princess gave her when she appeared4 ,it was the first time the kind and cordial greeting to which she had become accustomed was wanting4 ,but it was no time to give or receive any explanations1 for the princess was not alone4 ,there were two or three guests whose names ,fleurange afterwards learned3 an old savant named ,dom ,pomponio2 ,signor ,livio1 a young artist3 and the ,marquis ,trombelli1 who was somewhat of a bore4 ,to tell the truth1 they occupied an inferior rank among the habitus of the palace1 but they preserved the mistress of the house from the mortification of seeing the products of her cook's skill waste their sweetness on the desert air1 as well as the danger of dining without a sufficient number of guests in a vast room1 where a tte--tte with ,fleurange would have been unsatisfactory4 ,not that she was by any means indifferent to the quality of those she received in her drawing-rooms1 but with respect to her convives she attached almost as much importance to their number as to their worth1 and only required in return the ability of appreciating the exquisite dishes placed before them4 ,notwithstanding the simplicity of her dress1 ,fleurange did not escape notice4 ,the man of letters talked a little more than usual with the hope of dazzling her2 the marquis directed his eye-glass towards her several times2 and the young artist ventured on some words complimentary in their tone1 but as she only replied in monosyllables the conversation languished4 ,the evening seemed long1 and the princess had yawned more than once1 when she was suddenly roused at hearing announced--the ,marquis ,adelardi6 ,she made a joyful exclamation4 ,the gentleman who appeared was about forty years of age4 ,fleurange afterwards learned he was a ,milanais4 ,she immediately perceived he was one of those men who converse well on every subject1 and know how to excite an interest in what they are talking about1 whether it be fashionable gossip1 a political novelty1 or a social and literary question1 and who have no other fault than that of treating these subjects as if they were all of equal interest6 ,the atmosphere of the room at once changed4 ,the ,marquis ,adelardi had not been there a quarter of an hour before he found means of setting off the indifferent elements of the circle to the best advantage1 making each one talk of what he knew the best4 ,he passed from politics to history1 from the sciences to the arts1 showing himself capable of conversing on all these subjects1 if not of sounding their depths4 ,fleurange silently listened to this conversation1 which amused her1 but her interest redoubled and changed its nature when the new-comer1 drawing near the princess' arm-chair1 said3 8,and when are we to see our ,george again80 ,the princess replied in a pleased and yet half-anxious tone3 8,we shall see him again soon1 for the letter ,i received from him this morning1 written at ,st4 ,petersburg1 announced his return at the end of this month40 8,so much the better1 ,i miss him everywhere1 and every way1 here40 8,and ,i assure you ,i do also1 as you may imagine10 said the princess1 with a thoughtful air1 as she played with her necklace of pearls4 8,nevertheless1 ,adelardi1 you know as well as ,i it would be better for him to remain where he is till the end of the year40 8,come1 my dear princess1 give it up4 ,i advise you to abandon the idea of making a courtier of ,george40 8,that is not the only point40 8,yes1 ,i understand4 ,you think the fair ,vera--0 ,here the marquis leaned forward1 and exchanged some words with the princess in a low tone4 ,fleurange only heard these3 8,and you know this is my only wish40 ,it was the princess who spoke4 8,and he80 said the marquis4 8,he6 ,you know him well40 8,but that is precisely the reason ,i should not have supposed him insensible to such attractions as hers40 8,yes1 indeed1 but it is never sure he is not absorbed by some fancy not to be foreseen4 ,moreover1 ,i believe if she had not been at court--0 ,here the princess again lowered her voice4 8,do not worry4 ,he will yield at last40 8,i truly hope so1 but meanwhile acknowledge it would be better for him not to return40 8,yes and no4 ,i am not sure it is very judicious to expose him to compromise himself1 as he is always tempted to do40 ,the princess looked very grave4 8,you are right from that point of view10 said she4 8,he really terrifies me often4 ,but ,i think he would become more prudent if obliged to be so4 ,it is a necessity of which one is at last convinced by living in ,russia40 ,the conversation was continued for some time in a low tone4 ,then the princess declared herself fatigued1 and an exception was made to her custom of prolonging the evening to a late hour1 and they all retired4 ,fleurange was about to do the same when the princess stopped her and asked the reason of her simplicity of dress4 8,i am particularly desirous10 she said1 8that they who in some sort aid me in doing the honors of my salon should be dressed stylishly--and ,i pay them accordingly10 she added with the want of delicacy sometimes to be remarked even in well-bred ladies with regard to their dependents4 ,it was a fault the princess was not often guilty of1 but this side of her nature became apparent when she was in a bad humor4 ,fleurange blushed4 8,i beg your pardon1 princess10 said she1 8but ,i cannot comply with your request--,i cannot10 she repeated1 her eyes filling with great tears4 8,what does all this mean80 ,fleurange hesitated an instant1 but1 obedient to her impulses1 always frank and simple1 she related what the princess had hitherto been ignorant of--the ruin of her family1 and the motive that had induced her to accept the place she now occupied4 8,if ,i am obliged to expend the money ,i receive from you in adorning my person2 if ,i can only aid my relatives at the risk of displeasing you1 then--then--0 ,and her voice faltered4 8,alas6 madame1 ,i should be obliged to seek elsewhere the means of--0 ,the princess did not allow her to finish4 ,the young girl's accent1 as she gave her simple account1 excited her sympathies2 her dissatisfaction vanished1 and the result of this little scene was that ,fleurange was allowed not only to dispose of a part of her salary as she pleased1 but the whole1 on one condition1 which the princess insisted upon1 and to which ,fleurange was at length forced to consent--that the princess1 and she alone1 should have the direction of her young companion's dress and ornaments4 ,from that time ,fleurange was profusely provided with all that could satisfy the singular requirement of her protectress1 and at the same time gratify her generosity1 keenly stimulated by her interest in the account she had just heard4 ,fleurange yielded with a mixture of gratitude and repugnance1 endeavoring to reconcile the simplicity of her tastes with the elegant taste of the princess4 ,the result1 however1 was that1 when she appeared for the first time in public1 the effect she produced far surpassed the expectations of her who seemed to attach so much importance to enhancing her beauty4 ,elegance and luxury seemed really to be necessary elements of the ,princess ,catherine's existence1 and as an inferior article of furniture or hangings of any plainness would have been considered out of place in her apartments1 so ,fleurange's simple black dress would have marred the prevailing harmony1 and she regarded it as a matter of importance to change what injured the general effect4 ,but she was by no means disposed ,fleurange should cease to be her protge1 which gratified her pride as well as her kind heart4 ,if the somewhat too enthusiastic homage paid the young girl at her first appearance had been sought or even welcomed by her1 the princess' humor would doubtless have been affected by it2 but the dignified modesty of ,fleurange's deportment soon modified the admiration whose incense would only have troubled the purity and elevation of her heart had vanity given it entrance4 ,fleurange was not vain4 ,this was one of her charms1 and at the same time a safeguard4 ,the princess' observant eye soon assured her there was no cause for fear4 ,this increased her confidence in ,fleurange1 which soon became boundless4 ,it was the height of her wishes to be attended by one whose beauty added to the attractions of her salon and gave her no anxiety as to the consequences2 to enjoy1 herself1 the charm of ,fleurange's presence1 her activity1 and a thousand little talents which made her useful at every turn2 and this without requiring the least vigilance on the part of herself1 which would have greatly annoyed her4 ,she was glad she could now be indolent at her ease4 ,fleurange wrote her notes1 arranged her flowers1 and completed work she zealously commenced and then abandoned1 and afterwards complacently showed as her own4 ,fleurange was also ready to read to her1 with her harmonious voice and expression only the more rare because perfectly natural1 sometimes ,italian or ,german poetry1 and sometimes articles in the reviews and journals2 then1 at the hour of receiving visits1 she was glad to absent herself1 unless the princess invited her to remain or sent for her4 ,by thus following her own judgment1 she unwittingly fulfilled the secret wishes of the princess1 who was perhaps better pleased with the tact with which she knew how to anticipate her desires than the promptness of her obedience4 ,meanwhile the days passed away1 and it was more than a month since their arrival at ,florence4 ,during this time ,count ,george's name was mentioned a thousand times in ,fleurange's presence1 but it ceased to produce the effect she once wisely resolved to resist4 ,sometimes she smiled to herself as she thought it possible1 after knowing him1 she might be greatly astonished at his ever having occupied her thoughts to such an extent4 8,phantoms always vanish1 they say1 when we approach and look them in the face40 ,such was the thought that crossed her mind1 one morning1 as she sat alone in the small salon4 ,the princess had gone out1 and ,fleurange was seated at an embroidery frame completing some work4 ,the thought just mentioned was suggested by the news received that morning of the certain arrival of ,count ,george by the end of the week4 8,yes1 reality puts all fancies to flight2 and it is very probable10 she continued1 pursuing the course of her reflections1 8when ,i know him better--0 ,she was suddenly interrupted by the noise of hasty steps in the next apartment4 ,generally1 no one came that way without being announced4 ,surprised1 ,fleurange hastily rose to leave the room according to her custom1 but had scarcely started when she found herself face to face with the person who entered4 ,it was he--yes1 he--,count ,george6 ,she had not time to define her sensations4 ,the effect she herself produced surprised her1 or1 to speak more correctly1 terrified her so much that she remained motionless1 silent1 and astonished4 8,fleurange6--,great ,god6 is it possible6 ,is it true8 ,fleurange60 repeated he with an emotion more profound than that of joy4 ,his voice1 no less than his features1 was graven on the memory of her who heard it4 ,the name1 the almost forgotten name of her childhood1 uttered in such a tone2 the hand that grasped her own as that of a friend he had found again1 but with a look that made ,fleurange instinctively withdraw her eyes2 his rapid questions1 incoherent replies1 the eager1 tender1 passionate tone of his words--everything in this meeting was sudden1 ardent1 and dangerous as lightning6 ,a carriage was now heard2 but1 before the ,princess ,catherine entered the salon1 ,fleurange had reached her chamber1 pale and ready to faint4 ,all the unreasonableness1 the madness almost1 of her former thoughts1 all that had seemed impossible1 was in an instant transformed into a sudden1 unforeseen1 and dangerous reality6 ,what had she just heard8 ,what did he say8 ,what6 ,the thought of her had followed him for a year2 he had endeavored to banish it1 but had not succeeded2 and now he had returned decided to make every effort to find her again--to behold her once more whose image had been constantly present in his mind6 ,yes1 he said all this6--,and what she heard was the counterpart of what she herself had felt and struggled against4--,poor ,fleurange6 was it joy her pale and troubled face expressed8 ,was it a transport of pride1 or of tenderness1 that caused her heart to beat so painfully8 ,was it happiness that made her shed such a torrent of tears8 ,oh6 no1 the words so sweet to hear when it is lawful to listen2 the happiness of being loved when one loves--one of the greatest in the world2 the words so readily understood because they express what one has so deeply felt2 all that sometimes suddenly illumines a life like the light of the sun1 had just fallen on hers with the brightness1 instantaneousness1 and danger of a thunderbolt6 ,,xix4 ,count ,george de ,walden possessed every exterior quality that could please or fascinate1 and1 though it would not have been wise to regard his chivalric air and the nobleness of his features and manners as the sure indices of a soul exempt from egoism1 it was impossible not to be struck by his appearance1 and difficult to forget him after he was once seen4 ,the lively impression he made on ,fleurange's memory was not therefore so strange as might appear1 and there were more excuses for it than she found herself4 ,what was much more surprising was that1 notwithstanding the charm with which she was endowed1 the impression was reciprocal1 and1 at the end of a year1 was not effaced4 ,we must not1 of course1 compare the simple1 confused1 and involuntary feelings of a young girl with those of such a man as ,count ,george4 ,under the semblance of ,cordelia1 ,fleurange had been constantly before his eyes as well as in his imagination4 ,he passionately desired to behold her again4 ,he resolved to find her without examining his intentions as to the project1 and this tenacious preoccupation influenced more than he would have acknowledged the decision he recently made in spite of his almost pledged word4 ,nevertheless1 without being very scrupulous1 the ,count de ,walden would have thought twice before allowing himself to make such a declaration to his mother's companion as that with which he greeted her4 ,but he by no means expected to find in the ,gabrielle sometimes mentioned in his mother's letters her whose singular name had remained imprinted on his memory1 as well as her wonderful beauty1 and the first moment of surprise deprived him of the faculty of reflection4 ,then1 seeing the young girl's sweet face blush and turn pale1 seeing her charming eyes full of alarm1 he uttered in spite of himself the words he would perhaps have been better able to suppress if she herself had been more successful at concealment4 ,but1 as we have said1 all this was quicker than thought4 ,five minutes had not elapsed from the moment of his sudden appearance before the princess1 breathless with joy and haste1 fell pale with emotion into her son's arms4 ,george led her to her chaise longue1 and knelt beside her1 and1 while she was asking him--embracing him at every word--sometimes why he had returned so soon1 and sometimes why he had kept them waiting for him so long1 by degrees he entirely regained his self-control4 ,when1 after a long hour's conversation1 he found himself once more alone1 he asked himself if the vision he beheld at his arrival was a reality or a dream of his imagination1 and then1 if he were pleased or not1 that it had appeared to him beneath his mother's roof4 ,during this time ,fleurange also regained her self-possession1 though slowly1 and her first sensation was a kind of terror4 8,o dear friends6 why did ,i leave you80 she cried1 with a feeling analogous to that of one in the midst of a tempest1 longing for the security of land4 ,she felt the need of protection even more than at ,paris with want staring her in the face1 and more than ever did her isolation and weakness make her afraid4 ,she wiped away her tears1 folded her hands1 and endeavored to reflect calmly1 but it was beyond her power to be calmed yet4 ,her surprise and agitation had been1 this time1 too violent4 ,in spite of all her efforts1 the accents still ringing in her ears filled her with an acute1 almost painful joy1 which pierced her heart like a sword4 8,no1 no1 ,i must not dwell on it10 she said1 clasping her forehead with her hands as if to stay the current of her thoughts4 ,all at once a new idea occurred to her3 8,what will he tell his mother8 ,what would she think8 ,would she be proud1 haughty1 and disdainful as she sometimes knew how to be8 ,would she order her new companion to leave her at once8 ,what was to be the result80 ,she was taking this new view of her position when ,barbara1 without the usual formality of knocking1 came rushing in with the eager air of a person who brings news and a message4 8,mademoiselle ,gabrielle10 she said1 8the princess has sent me to inform you of the count's arrival1 and that there will be a great many at dinner4 ,she wishes you to look your best40 ,this message1 in the midst of ,fleurange's reflections1 was like cold water on a furnace1 causing a kind of effervescence1 and the confusion of her thoughts became more inextricable than ever4 ,she looked at ,barbara as if she did not comprehend her4 8,you were asleep1 perhaps10 said she1 noticing the young girl's pallor and bewildered look4 8,are you ill80 ,this question suggested an affirmative reply1 and she told the servant she would be obliged to remain in her room4 ,she was congratulating herself on this happy means of escape1 when ,barbara explained3 8,remain in your room6 ,sick6 ,well1 what an idea6 ,and on a day like this6--,madame would be pleased6--,come1 mademoiselle1 you know well she would never consent to it60 8,but if my head aches so ,i can hardly raise it80 said ,fleurange4 ,barbara looked at her4 ,fleurange was not deceiving her4 ,she had a headache2 she was very pale1 and there was an unusual expression in her eyes and face1 but she was no less beautiful than usual2 rather the contrary4 8,come1 ,mademoiselle ,gabrielle1 you are not very ill1 ,i know10 said ,barbara4 8,make an effort1 otherwise you may be sure the princess will be up here1 and then you will have to yield40 ,this perspective reduced ,fleurange to immediate submission4 8,then1 ,barbara10 she said1 in a tone half plaintive and half impatient1 8let her tell me what to wear6 ,dress6--,if she only knew how ,i detest it60 8,come1 mademoiselle1 there are many others who would be glad to be in your place10 said ,barbara in an ill humored tone4 ,at first she was very much opposed to all her mistress' generosity to ,fleurange1 but she soon softened1 for the latter had a means of conciliating her which she often made use of1 and always at a seasonable time4 8,here1 ,barbara1 take this shawl4 ,you may keep it4 ,come back in an hour1 and tell me what the princess wishes me to wear4 ,that is always the shortest way1 and saves me the trouble of deciding40 ,barbara went away1 but reappeared in an hour1 bringing a dress of sky-blue gauze and some silver pins4 8,here1 mademoiselle1 is your toilet for to-day4 ,dress yourself quick2 ,i am going to help you4 ,let me arrange your hair4--,there6--,these bright pins have a fine effect in your black hair4 ,now your dress1 quick4 ,the princess is already in the salon4 ,monsieur le ,comte also1 and a great many others4 ,you will be late4--,come1 what are you thinking of1 ,mademoiselle ,gabrielle1 to sit down instead of completing your toilet80 ,fleurange was indeed at once agitated and confused4 ,she walked to and fro in her chamber1 sat down1 and rose up without any attention to the appeals addressed her4 ,at length she resigned herself to let ,barbara dress her as she pleased1 and the latter1 with a natural taste for the art1 acquitted herself so well that1 when the young girl1 with a trembling hand1 opened the door of the salon1 hoping to glide in unperceived among the numerous guests already assembled1 there was a general murmur of admiration4 ,this added a mortal embarrassment to her trouble4 ,if any one had asked her the color of her dress she could not have told2 but the idea suddenly occurred to her that ,barbara had perhaps arranged her hair and dress in a different and more becoming way than usual1 and she blushed1 wondering what the princess would think of her unaccustomed display4 ,but the princess did not appear to take any notice of her4 ,standing in the centre of the room in the richest of dresses1 she was doing the honors of the house with her usual ease4 ,all at once ,fleurange heard her name called3 8,gabrielle60 ,it was the princess who beckoned to her4 ,fleurange approached1 but a mist veiled her eyes1 for she had seen from the first that ,count ,george was beside his mother4 8,my bracelet is unclasped4 ,fasten it1 ,gabrielle10 said the princess in her usual tone1 at once kind and patronizing4 ,fleurange bent down and clasped the bracelet4 8,george10 said the princess1 8this is ,gabrielle of whom ,i have often spoken to you4 ,gabrielle1 this is my son40 ,george bowed without attempting to speak4 ,fleurange did the same1 but a painful sensation made the blood rush to her face4 ,for the first time in her life1 she felt tacitly guilty of a falsehood1 or at least of deception1 and1 though comforted by the certainty the princess had no suspicion of what had taken place two hours before1 a flash of haughty displeasure escaped from her eyes as she raised them and turned away her head4 ,count ,george looked at her attentively for an instant1 then became thoughtful1 and it was only with an effort he took any part in the conversation at table4 ,but in the evening1 thanks to the ,marquis ,adelardi1 whose friendship he valued and whose mind was in sympathy with his1 he became more animated1 and in his turn shone almost as much as his brilliant interlocutor2 but he did not approach ,fleurange1 and did not even seem once to look towards her4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,art ,,and ,,religion4 ,god reveals himself to all the faculties of the soul4 ,we not only know him as truth2 we also love him as beauty4 ,as he is infinite truth1 so is he perfect beauty4 ,without the existence of ,god as absolute truth1 science is impossible4 ,science1 which is co-ordinated knowledge1 can never be well grounded unless it rest upon the eternal and first cause1 which is ,god4 ,god as truth is at the bottom of all knowledge2 as beauty1 he is the ideal present to the soul in every conception of art4 ,art is the expression of ideal beauty under a created form4 ,the philosopher1 in his meditations1 seeks the true1 which he translates into formulas2 the artist in his impassioned love seeks the beautiful1 which he makes to live on canvas1 to breathe in marble1 to speak from the living page4 ,the end of art is not to imitate nature4 ,on the contrary1 in the presence of natural beauty it looks beyond to the type1 the idea of a still higher beauty4 ,hence the artist is not a mere copier of nature2 for he is enamored of an ideal that disgusts him with all that he beholds in the real world4 ,the aim and despair of his life is to give to this ideal a form and a sensible expression4 ,ideal beauty is that which disenchants the soul of the love of every created thing1 and which in the presence of reality lifts it up to a higher love4 ,it is a gleam from the face of ,god reflected through the blue heavens1 the starry sky1 or whatever in nature is grand or beautiful4 ,it is the eternal allurement and eternal disenchantment of the noblest souls4 ,true beauty is ideal beauty1 and ideal beauty is a reflection of the infinite4 ,hence art1 which aims to give expression to this beauty1 is essentially religious1 and tends to elevate the soul from earth to heaven1 and bear it away toward the infinite4 ,it is the ideal side of natural beauty that gives to it its religious power4 ,the view of the beautiful in nature creates in us a longing for heaven1 because the image of ,god is reflected from all those objects which so inspire the soul4 ,when1 in the spring-time we seat ourselves on the border of a lake in whose tranquil waters1 as in a vast mirror1 are reflected the green woods and the laughing meadows1 the trees and the plants and the flowers2 into whose bosom the rippling waters of rill and rivulet are flowing1 all joyous like children that run to meet their gentle mother1 whilst the quiet winds whisper to one another from leaf to leaf1 as if afraid to dispel the enchantment of the spot--does not1 in such an hour1 a mysterious solitude creep over the soul1 and free it from the distracting thoughts of life1 giving it power to raise itself on the wings of contemplation to the very throne of ,god8 ,the sight of true beauty always reminds us of heaven4 ,seated on the border of that enchanted lake1 man grows sad and thoughtful1 a sweet melancholy takes hold of him1 because he has caught a glimpse of home1 but is still an exile4 ,when1 on a summer's evening1 the sun has sunk to rest1 and not a breath creeps through the rosy air1 but all nature is bowed in silent prayer1 and the stars come out one by one1 the guardians of the night--in this heavenliest hour1 who has not been impressed by a sense of the infinite1 the unmistakable presence of ,god1 before whom heaven and earth1 8from the high host of stars to the lulled lake and mountain coast10 grow still1 absorbed in adoration8 ,there is also in the grand and rugged scenes of nature an immense religious power4 ,the ocean1 the desert1 high mountains and mighty rivers1 storm and darkness1 with the voice of thunder and the lightning flash1 all speak of ,god1 and in their presence man bows in homage to the omnipotence of his ,creator4 ,hence the child of nature1 however rude and imperfect his idea of ,god1 is essentially religious in his aspirations4 ,man must isolate himself and become absorbed in his own abstract and empty thoughts before he can lose consciousness of the ever-abiding presence of the ,creator4 ,for every creature is a revelation of heaven to the human soul1 reminding it of its origin and high destiny4 ,if nature leads us to ,god1 why may not art have the same power1 since both are expressions of the same eternal beauty8 ,before considering this question1 we wish to advert to the immense power and universal influence of art4 ,few can enter into the sanctuary of science--even the rudest mind when brought in contact with ideal beauty by the creative power of art--but feel its force and its inspiration4 ,art is the most lasting of national glories4 ,indeed1 we may say that without art there is no glory either national or individual4 ,the greatest deeds and the proudest names sink back in death unless art embalm them in poetry or in song1 give them immortality on the speaking canvas or in the breathing marble4 ,brave men lived before ,agamemnon1 but they are forgotten1 for their names never shone on the poet's page4 ,those nations are most glorious in which art attained its highest development4 ,the muse of ,homer1 the eloquence of ,demosthenes1 and the chisel of ,phidias1 have done more to immortalize ,greece than the deeds of her proud heroes4 ,the greatest human actions are in themselves but little removed from the commonplace affairs of everyday life2 but the creative power of art transforms them and invests them with a charm which the reality never possessed4 ,the primeval forests of ,kentucky1 in the day when its name was the 8dark and bloody ground10 witnessed many a deed of human daring and of warlike prowess equal to those of ,achilles and ,hector under the walls of ,troy2 but art with its celestial wand never transfigured those deeds on the poet's page1 and they are forgotten1 buried with the leaves that overshadowed them4 ,the life of man is short1 even that of a nation is not long2 but art dies not1 and has moreover the divine power of conferring immortality upon all that it touches4 ,shakespeare is worth more to the glory of ,england than all the victories of all her generals4 ,dante1 ,raphael1 and ,michael ,angelo1 with innumerable other names which represent the highest artistic power1 have made ,italy the consecrated land of poetry and of song1 the home of beauty and of all loveliness--the native country of the soul4 ,time alone1 which is the approver of all things1 can give to art its full power1 and it is only when we consider it in the past that we become aware of its great influence in the history of the human race4 ,the present is always a vulgar time2 too real to be beautiful4 ,the present is the slave of power and wealth1 but these soon disappear1 and art remains for ever4 ,the first impulse in the movement which has carried the ,european mind to its present state of enlightenment was given by art in conjunction with religion4 ,the study of the ,grecian and ,roman models1 in poetry1 in eloquence1 and in architecture1 fired the nations of ,europe with a love of artistic perfection1 and consequently greatly contributed to our present civilization4 ,the historic power of art is in some respects greater than that of history itself4 ,few men know history as a science--the masses are brought into contact with the heroes of the past by poetry and by song4 ,has ,god1 who has given to art a universal mission in the development of man's moral and intellectual nature1 banished its elevating influence from the sphere of religion8 ,it would be foreign to our present scope to discuss the actual and possible perversions of art4 ,there is naught on earth so holy that the free will of man may not turn it to evil4 ,the fact that a thing may be abused simply proves that it has a right and proper use4 ,the abuse comes from the free agency of man2 the use is the mission given by ,god1 which is always holy and elevated4 ,the direct aim of art is the expression of infinite beauty under a created form1 and hence a true work of art should elevate the soul to the contemplation of heavenly beauty4 ,this contemplation of the divine ideal disenchants us of the things of earth2 which truth is expressed by the old proverb1 that there is no great genius without melancholy4 ,he whose soul habitually contemplates the ideal world is necessarily saddened by the reality of life1 which is so infinitely beneath the elevation of his thoughts4 ,there is nothing sensuous in the idea of true beauty4 ,its property is to purify and moderate desire1 not to inflame it4 ,hence art addresses itself less to the sense than to the soul4 ,it seeks to awaken not desire1 but sentiment4 ,chastity and beauty seek each other4 ,chastity is beautiful1 and beauty is chaste4 ,these considerations go to show that art1 the end of which is the expression of beauty1 is in its tendency moral and elevating1 and consequently religious4 ,there can1 then1 be no just cause of antagonism between religion and true art1 as there can be no contradiction between theology and real science4 ,far from being enemies1 religion and art are allies4 ,this truth the ,catholic ,church has ever proclaimed4 ,she has stigmatized no one of the arts4 ,in her universal life1 she has a mission for each and every one of them4 ,her churches are not alone the temples of the living ,god--they are also the home of the arts which point heavenward4 ,the ,christian religion in its dogmas and aspirations is essentially spiritual4 ,the ,catholic ,church is the great and only successful defender of the distinction between spirit and matter4 ,by her teachings and practices1 she has rendered man more spiritual1 and consequently more beautiful4 ,by awakening him to the consciousness of the diviner and more ethereal part of his nature1 she has developed in him the instinct of art1 which is essentially spiritual because its soul is the ideal4 ,the more we meditate upon the nature of art1 the more thoroughly are we convinced that true art is the sister of true religion4 ,protestantism1 protesting against many truths1 also protested against the alliance of religion and art4 ,we speak of the ,protestantism of the past2 for no man knows what ,protestantism is to-day4 ,it is anything and everything1 from semi-,catholicism down to naked infidelity4 ,it has become mere individualism1 and may consequently no longer be spoken of as an organization4 ,the ,protestantism which is dead objected to the alliance of religion and art because it conceived them to be of opposite nature and contrary tendency4 ,religion is the worship of ,god in spirit and in truth1 and ,protestantism looked upon art as purely material4 ,but in this as in other matters1 the ,protestant view was based upon a misconception both of religion and of human nature4 ,if man were wholly spiritual1 his religion would also be purely spiritual4 ,but matter forms part of his nature4 ,even that which in him is most spiritual--thought--has its sensible element4 ,an idea is an image1 whence it follows that we cannot even think without forming to ourselves a mental representation of the thing thought of4 ,no human act can be purely spiritual4 ,the law of our being is that we rise from the visible to the invisible1 from the sensible to the supersensible4 ,an invisible and purely spiritual religion would be to us an unreal and intangible religion4 ,an invisible church is a contradiction in terms1 and without a church there can be amongst men no authoritative religious teaching4 ,neither religious nor intellectual life1 in our present state1 can exist without language1 and language addresses itself directly and primarily to the senses4 ,it is therefore impossible for man to express the spiritual without making use of the material4 ,hence art1 which seeks to adumbrate the infinite under a finite form1 in this simply conforms to the universal law of man's nature1 which in all things1 even in thought1 subjects him to matter4 ,is not ,christianity based upon this fact8 ,did not ,god take unto himself a visible and material nature in order to manifest to the world his invisible power1 and beauty1 and holiness8 ,is not the ,christian religion a system of things invisible1 visibly manifested8 ,the end of religion is spiritual1 but in order to attain this end it must possess a visible and material element4 ,this fact of itself gives to art a religious mission of the highest order4 ,this mission is to proclaim to the world ,jesus ,christ and him crucified and glorified--by poetry1 by song1 by painting1 by architecture1 in a word1 by every artistic creation of which genius is capable4 ,jesus ,christ is the beau ideal of art--the most lovely and beautiful conception of the divine mind itself4 ,he is the visible manifestation of ,god1 the all-beautiful4 ,purity1 and gentleness1 and grace1 with power and majesty1 all combine to make him the most beautiful of the sons of woman1 the fairest and the loveliest figure in all history1 to whom the whole world bows in instinctive love and homage4 ,there is a shadow on the countenance of ,jesus which gives to it its artistic completeness4 ,it is sorrow4 ,there is something trivial in gaiety and joy which deprives them of artistic effect4 ,the cheek of beauty is not divine except the tear of sorrow trickle down it4 ,hence to preach ,jesus ,christ and him crucified is not to preach perfect religion alone1 but also the perfect ideal of art4 ,christian science1 which is theology1 has as its object the dogmas of the church4 ,christian art relates directly to religious worship1 but it has incidentally a doctrinal significance4 ,if we consider eloquence an art1 which we may do1 for true eloquence is always artistic1 we must concede that it holds a most important place in the church of ,jesus ,christ4 ,he blessed eloquence and bade it convert the world when he spoke to the apostles these memorable words3 8,go ye therefore1 and teach all nations40 ,the divine command was to preach the ,gospel1 not to write it4 ,the living word spoken by the divinely commissioned teacher has alone borne fruit in the world1 converted the nations1 and changed the face of the earth4 ,eloquence must be spoken4 ,if you take from it its voice1 you take away its soul4 ,it is the cry of an impassioned nature1 in which love1 and faith1 and deep-abiding conviction are enrooted4 ,add to this purity and holiness of life in him who speaks1 and let him be in earnest1 and he will be eloquent4 ,eloquence in the mouth of a consecrated teacher has a sacramental power4 ,it is one of the divinely established ordinances for the propagation of religious truth1 and for the conversion of a soul to ,god4 ,poetry1 too1 is consecrated to the service of religion4 ,the muse never soars her loftiest flight except when lifted up on the wings of religious inspiration4 ,the most poetic word in language is that brief1 immense word--,god4 ,it is the sublimest1 the profoundest1 the holiest word that human tongue can utter4 ,it forms the instinctive cry of the soul in the hour of every deep emotion4 ,in the hour of victory1 in the hour of death1 in the ecstasy of joy1 in the agony of woe1 that sacred word bursts spontaneously from the human heart4 ,it is the first word that our mother taught our infant lips to lisp1 when1 pointing to heaven1 she told us that there was ,god our ,father1 and bade us look above this base1 contagious earth4 ,when the mother for the first time feels her first-born's breath1 in tenderness of gratitude she pronounces the name of ,god2 when in utter helplessness of woe she bends over the grave of her only child1 and her heart is breaking1 she can find no relief for her agonizing soul1 until1 raising her tearful eyes to heaven1 she breathes in prayer the name of ,god4 ,when two young hearts that are one vow eternal love and fealty1 it is in the name of ,god they do it2 and the union of love loses half its poetry and half its charm except it be contracted before the altar of ,god and in his holy name4 ,when the mother sends her son to do battle for his country1 she says1 8,god be with thee1 my boy60 ,when nations are marshalled in deadly array of arms1 and the alarming drum foretells the danger nigh1 and the trumpet's clanguor sounds the charge1 and contending armies meet in the death grapple1 amid fire and smoke and the cannon's awful roar1 until victory crowns them that win2 those banners that were borne proudly on till they floated in triumph over the field of glory are gathered together in some vast temple of religion1 and there an assembled nation sings aloud in thanksgiving3 8,we praise thee1 ,o ,god6 we glorify thee1 ,o ,lord60 ,how often has not ,god chosen the muse of poetry in order to convey to the world his divine doctrines6 ,the ,bible contains much of the sublimest poetry ever written4 ,some of the ,psalms of ,david1 portions of ,job and ,isaias1 equal in deep and lofty poetic feeling anything that ,dante or ,milton wrote4 ,and did not these privileged minds also receive their highest inspirations from religion8 ,we may not separate poetry from music4 ,music is poetry in tones4 ,it is the language of feeling1 the universal language of man4 ,the cry of joy and of sorrow1 of triumph and of despair1 of ecstasy and of agony1 is understood by every human being because it is the language of nature4 ,all the deep emotions of the soul seek expression in modulation of sound4 ,cousin says3 8,there is physically and morally a marvellous relation between a sound and the soul4 ,it seems as though the soul were an echo in which the sound takes a new power40 ,byron1 too1 seems to have felt this3 8,oh6 that ,i were ,the viewless spirit of a lovely sound1 ,a living voice1 a breathing harmony2 ,a bodiless enjoyment1 born and dying ,with the blest ,tone that made me60 ,at the awakening call of music1 the universal harmonies of nature stir within the soul4 ,the ancients were wont to say that he who cultivates music imitates the divinity1 and ,st4 ,augustine tells us that it was the sweet sound of psalmody which made the lives of the monks of old so beautiful and harmonious4 ,god is eternal harmony1 and the works of his hand are harmonious1 and his great precept to men is that they live in harmony4 ,did not ,jesus ,christ come into the world amid the choral song of angels8 ,would you1 then1 banish music from the church of ,jesus8 ,no art has such power as music to draw the soul toward the infinite4 ,it would seem as though the sounds of melody were the viewless spirits of heaven1 calling us away from earth to our true home in the mansion of our ,father4 ,whosoever has enjoyed the rare privilege of being present in the ,sistine ,chapel1 during ,holy ,week1 when the melodies of ,leo1 ,durante1 and ,pergolesi1 on the ,miserere1 are sung1 has felt the immense power of religious music4 ,for a moment1 at least1 he has quitted this earth1 and the voice of song has borne his soul in ineffable ecstasy to the very throne of ,god4 ,as music develops religious sentiment1 so religion gives to music its sublimest themes4 ,to her1 ,haydn1 ,beethoven1 and ,mozart owe their divinest inspirations4 ,painting1 too1 asks to be received into the temple of religion4 ,what sentiment is there that the painter cannot express8 ,all nature is subject to his command--the physical world and the moral world4 ,his muse soars from earth to heaven1 and contemplates all that lies between them4 ,above all1 the human countenance divine1 that mirror of the soul1 belongs to the painter4 ,his brush1 dipped in the light of heaven1 gives to virtue its own celestial hue2 to vice1 its inborn hideousness4 ,he expresses every emotion of the human heart1 every noble love1 every lofty aspiration1 every dark and baneful passion4 ,aristotle1 the most comprehensive mind of the pagan world1 affirms that painting teaches the same precepts of moral conduct as philosophy1 with this advantage1 that it employs a shorter method4 ,christian painting began in the ,catacombs4 ,in the rude pictures of that subterranean world we find the chief doctrines of ,christianity reduced to their most simple expression under forms the most touching4 ,painting there represents the ,phnix rising from its ashes1 emblem of the immortality of the soul and of the resurrection of the body2 the good shepherd bearing upon his shoulders the lost sheep1 which teaches with touching simplicity one of the most beautiful of our ,lord's parables2 the three youths in the fiery furnace1 signifying the providence of ,god for those who fear and love him2 ,pharao and his hosts engulfed in the ,red ,sea1 proclaiming to the faithful that ,god is the avenger of those who put their trust in him4 ,these and similar subjects were peculiarly adapted to inspire courage in the hearts of the ,christians of the first ages1 when to be a follower of the cross was to be a hero4 ,as men of genius and learning by their life-long labors show us the divine beauties and perfections in the character of ,jesus in new bearings1 so the art of painting throws around his history an intenser light4 ,his divinity is as manifest in the 8,transfiguration0 of ,raphael as in the famous sermon of ,massillon4 ,his ineffable sufferings on ,mount ,calvary and the ,godlike power which consented to death1 but conquered agony1 are as vividly and feelingly portrayed on the canvas of ,rubens as in the unequalled and inimitable discourse of ,bourdaloue4 ,no one can look upon the 8,last ,supper0 by ,leonardo da ,vinci without being inspired with a most sublime conception of that holiest event4 ,can we think of the passion and death of the ,saviour without forming to ourselves a mental image corresponding to the scene8 ,if1 after all1 we must have a picture1 why not take that of genius rather than trust to our own tame plebeian fancy8 ,and then1 for those who cannot read or meditate profoundly1 for the poor whom ,jesus loved1 what master is like painting8 ,st4 ,basil declares that painters accomplish as much by their pictures as orators by their eloquence4 ,the church as a lecture-room will interest only the cultivated few2 the church as the temple of art sanctified by religion is the home of worship for the multitude4 ,religion1 if it be anything1 must be popular1 which science can never be1 and which art always is4 ,then1 in the name of the religion of the poor1 let architecture advance to raise to ,god the temple of majesty and beauty1 the democratic palace of the people1 where the prince and the beggar sit side by side as brothers1 a basilica prouder and loftier than that of the sceptred monarch4 ,a ,,fete-,,day ,,at ,,lyons4 ,some writer has remarked that 8there is no purgatory in ,france10 meaning thereby to illustrate the great extremes of piety and irreligion in the national character2 and1 although on a broad ground this assertion is by no means orthodox1 yet it is practically true to a certain extent1 and nowhere perhaps are these traits more noticeable to a stranger than in the time-honored city of ,lyons4 ,here faith and disbelief walk side by side through all grades of society1 each stronger and more resolute from its very proximity to the other2 and when the tide of revolution swept over ,france1 nowhere have the excesses been greater or religion more monstrously profaned than here2 and yet nowhere has faith been more profound1 more edifying1 and more uncompromising4 ,the blood of its early ,christian martyrs has been a wonderful leaven and has worked well1 and the thousands of pilgrims who yearly tread the heights of ,fourrire1 the extraordinary solemnity and fervor of the exterior devotions and religious ceremonies1 show that there is a countercurrent stronger and more powerful than any opposing force that infidelity can bring to bear against it4 ,it is to give a few impressions made by these latter characteristics of this old city that we now recall some reminiscences of a visit there several years ago4 ,the antiquity of ,lyons1 and its many monuments of interest1 are quite sufficient to induce a traveller to linger on his route1 and a week can be easily filled in exploring the city proper and its environs4 ,like many of the ,european cities1 its streets are narrow1 and the houses high and badly ventilated2 but a great change has taken place in regard to these defects within the last ten years1 and a renovation without mutilation has opened its thoroughfares1 adorned it with beautiful squares1 fine bridges1 broad and handsome quays1 and placed it on an equal footing with any city in ,europe in regard to its sanitary advantages4 ,dating as far back as the ,christian era and beyond1 there are many remnants of its ,roman origin yet to be seen1 which have been carefully preserved through its various vicissitudes4 ,christianity was here planted in blood2 and under the ,roman emperors1 three persecutions of ,christians took place1 which numbered forty-five thousand martyrs on their crimson pages2 and this is why faith has taken such deep root1 and why it opposes itself so firmly to those subtle influences of the day which threaten to endanger a birthright so dearly bought4 ,to us ,americans who are only familiar with ,lyons in its commercial bearings1 and from the superior quality of its manufactures which find their way into our market1 the fact that its inhabitants are a lettered as well as a business people is rather a matter of surprise2 and we gaze in wonder at its magnificent buildings1 devoted to the fine arts1 its lyceums1 colleges1 academies of science1 schools and institutions of every kind for instruction and the development of the finer tastes2 and the riddle is solved by knowing that their manufactures1 their commerce1 their business1 occupy only a part of their lives1 and by no means constitute the sum total1 as is so nearly the case in this country4 ,this repose is very attractive to us ,cisatlantic people1 who lead such restless lives2 and the lovely summer days that we spent in the old city enjoying this tranquillity are never to be forgotten4 ,we were awaiting the celebration of the ,fte du ,saint ,sacrament1#ge which is usually kept with so much solemnity in the provinces4 ,on the eve of the feast we made the ascent of ,mont ,fourrire1 though not in the garb of humble pilgrims1 8with sandal shoon and scallop-shell10 but in the more commonplace character of sightseers from the ,western ,world1 attracted to this height by the far-famed shrine which crowns its summit1 and by the many historic associations that cluster round it4 ,on our way up we visited a cemetery which almost hangs by the mountain-side1 and from which there are lovely views in every direction4 ,it made a strange impression1 this city of the dead1 so far above the noise and clatter of the busy world below4 ,it was so still1 nothing broke the silence except our footsteps along the gravelled walks4 ,one tomb especially attracted our attention3 it was fairly buried and hidden by the quantity of fresh flowers1 and the crosses and wreaths of immortelles which covered it4 ,while wondering who could be the silent occupant of a grave so much loved1 a lady approached in deep widow's mourning1 leading two little children1 clad in the same sombre hue4 ,they came and knelt at the tomb4 ,our question was answered1 and we moved silently away1 sorry for even the momentary intrusion we had been guilty of4 ,near the cemetery is the church of ,st4 ,irene1 which contains the bones of #ah1ejj ,christians1 martyred by order of ,septimius ,severus1 #aic ,a4,c4 ,the remains of its ancient crypt are also shown1 which dates back to the second century4 ,there is also a well in this crypt1 in which it is said these bones were found4 ,the roughly paved road then leads up to the ,chapel1#gf and ,terrace of ,notre ,dame de ,fourrire4 ,we found we were just in time for the ,benediction of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 which was given here every afternoon during the ,triduum which preceded the feast4 ,this little chapel was not remarkable either for its architectural finish nor for the richness and perfection of its ornamentation2 it is plain1 very plain indeed1 but the marvellous number of its ex-votos1 the gilt and silver hearts which actually burnish its walls1 the crutches and other instruments suggestive of disease which hang around1 tell of the moral and physical burdens which have been brought here and left1 and of the weary1 sorrowing souls who have wandered up this rocky height1 who have made their deposit1 and returned singing alleluias4 8,there is one far shrine ,i remember ,in the years that have fled away1 ,where the grand old mountains are guarding ,the glories of night and day4 99 99 99 99 99 8,it is one of ,our ,lady's chapels1 ,and though poorer than all the rest ,just because of the sin and the sorrow1 ,i think she loved it the best4 8,there are no rich gifts on the altar1 ,the shrine is humble and bare1 ,yet the poor1 and the sick1 and the tempted ,think their home and their haven is there40#gg ,a fine terrace is just at the side of the chapel1 and the view magnificent from the parapet which guards its eastern face4 ,just beneath lies ,lyons in all its stateliness1 traversed by two superb rivers from north to south1 and prominent among its most striking points is the grand old ,cathedral of ,st4 ,jean1 which stands directly at the base of the mountain4 ,the surrounding country is a succession of lovely landscapes1 and beyond1 looking far away1 a hundred miles off into ,switzerland1 the glorious ,alps1 with ,mont ,blanc's snowy peak towering far above all1 bound the horizon4 ,we were fortunate in getting this view in perfection1 for frequently a veil of mist and fog shuts out entirely this latter part of the tableau4 ,on ascending the belfry of the chapel1 we found the panorama yet more extended and enchanting4 ,in every direction the views were entirely unbroken and uninterrupted4 ,seven rich provinces of ,france unfolded their scenery before our delighted eyes4 ,at the extreme edge of the southern horizon rose ,mont ,pilat2 at the west1 the mountains of ,forey and ,auvergne2 toward the north1 ,mont d',or2 and on the east1 the ,alps1 in their eternal mantle of snow1 completed a picture that could not be surpassed4 ,every prominence had caught the golden light of the sinking sun1 and the shadows that had crept into the valleys only enhanced the coloring of the scene and made the effect more striking4 ,a ,jesuit college1 with its garden and appurtenances1 is an appendant on the southern side of the terrace1 and we crossed over to take a peep at their chapel1 well knowing the good taste and exquisite finish which are usually displayed in their churches4 ,there we found them also holding a ,triduum1 and1 their service being a little later than that of the other chapel1 we had the pleasure of attending ,benediction a second time4 ,here the music was delightful and the chapel a gem4 ,it was very small1 and seemed to be lit entirely from the altar1 which was ablaze with wax-lights and natural flowers2 there appeared to be no external light to enter at all1 and yet from its miniature size none of its details were lost1 and1 with the accessories of the solemn service then going on1 it was the embodiment of beauty and inspiration4 ,when we turned our footsteps downward1 the shadow's had lengthened1 and were fast creeping out of the valleys1 and by the time we reached home the heights of ,fourrire1 which we still had in sight1 were shrouded in gloom4 ,the next morning we were awakened by the booming of cannon1 which announced the inauguration of the fte4 ,we hurried through breakfast1 so as to reach the cathedral in time for the procession4 ,in the square opposite our hotel1 an altar had been erected1 and we passed several others on our way1 but their decorations1 at this early hour1 were not quite complete4 ,everything wore a festive look1 and everybody was out in holiday attire1 flags and banners were flying1 and the faades of some of those immensely high houses were festooned from top to bottom with crimson and yellow hangings4 ,one building in especial was very effective2 it was the ,palais de ,justice1 which is on the right bank of the ,sane1 and which we faced in crossing the bridge to the cathedral4 ,its extended front of ,corinthian pillars was draped in crimson cloth1 which contrasted finely with the gray stone of which it was built4 ,a little to its left is the old cathedral1 stately and grand in its sombre livery of centuries4 ,it has seen generations pass away1 emperors and empires1 kingdoms and kings1 and yet it stands to-day intact1 and ready to do duty for another hundred years1 unless demolished by the sacrilegious hand of the iconoclast of the nineteenth century4 ,on reaching the place in front of the cathedral1 we found a large crowd awaiting the procession4 ,in a short time the sound of martial music was heard1 and presently several officers rode up on horseback to open a passage through the crowd4 ,the procession was escorted by a troop of cavalry and military band1 and preceded by a number of lovely children1 dressed in white1 with silver wings1 their hair flowing1 and scattering flowers as they passed along4 ,as it entered the church1 the organ pealed forth1 filling the vast aisles with its magnificent harmony4 ,then ,pontifical ,high ,mass began1 in all the grandeur of the especial ritual which is attached to this church1 and which is the oldest in ,france1 having been introduced here by one of the first bishops of ,lyons2 the liturgy is also different from that ordinarily used1 and the ceremonies are of the most imposing character4 ,the band1 placed in a remote part of the church1 played at intervals during the service1 and the harsh and deafening sounds which are usually the result of brass instruments in a close building were lost in the immense space1 and only the sweetest strains swept up through the nave and aisles4 ,in like manner the glare of day fell through the richly stained windows in a mellow and subdued light1 which diffused itself generally over the church4 ,a very pleasant ,american writer#gh has said3 8,if we could only bring one thing back from ,europe1 that one thing would be a cathedral40 ,and truly these old monuments have a prestige to which persons of all creeds must pay tribute2 and the veriest scoffer lifts his hat with reverence as he enters1 and feels the influence of that wonderful atmosphere which pervades their hallowed precincts4 ,after ,mass we prolonged our walk home to see the decorations of the city4 ,the altars were now entirely finished1 and dressed with a profusion of natural flowers4 ,in the afternoon the procession passed round the city in a line with the altars1 at each of which benediction was given4 ,in their liturgy there are four special hymns for each of these stations or reposoirs1 and1 when the latter exceed that number1 the chants are repeated until they have all been visited4 ,there is generally one altar in each ward or district of the city1 to satisfy the pious devotion of those who cannot attend service at the church4 ,in the evening illuminations and fireworks completed the festivities of the day--of a day whose minutest detail showed how true 8the ,rome of ,gaul0 had been to the colors which she unfurled nearly seventeen hundred years ago on the ramparts of paganism4 ,since then ,i have seen other ftes in other lands1 but none have left the impression of the first which ,i saw inaugurated in the old ,cathedral of ,st4 ,jean1 under the shadow of ,mont ,fourrire4 ,,footnotes3 #ge ,corpus ,christi4 #gf ,this chapel is built on the site of the ancient ,forum ,vetus of the ,romans erected by order of the ,emperor ,trajan4 ,a part of the chapel is built of the stone that was left of its ruins4 ,it is now1 and has been for more than a thousand years1 a celebrated pilgrimage4 #gg ,procter4 #gh ,hillard4 ,,how ,,the ,,church ,,understands ,,and ,,upholds ,,the ,,rights ,,of ,,women4 ,,third ,,article4 ,,the ,,middle ,,ages4 ,the middle ages were undoubtedly the epoch during which the influence of woman upon the gravest affairs and most important issues in the history of the church was most widely exercised4 ,there was hardly a single country in ,europe that was evangelized and reclaimed from social barbarism without the direct intervention of the power of women1 and wherever the inevitable excesses of a system in the main both useful and honorable1 such as the feudalism of the middle ages1 had to be checked or corrected1 it was always done through the merciful intercession of holy and generous women4 ,to begin with the country whose daughters have ever been foremost in zeal for the cause of religion1 ,france1 we have a long list of queens whose names are conspicuous in the annals of church history4 ,they were no less honored in their own day than they have been since the voice of the faithful has proclaimed them saints4 ,when the ,french monarchy was in its first military and elementary stages1 the young ,frankish conqueror1 the heathen ,clovis1 who had just forced the ancient ,gauls of the province of ,rheims to bow before his power1 found at the court of ,gondebaud1 ,king of ,burgundy1 the niece of that prince1 ,clotildis1 a ,christian maiden1 renowned for her learning in matters of theology1 and for her undaunted stand against the ,arianism of her uncle's court4 ,st4 ,gregory of ,tours1 says ,ventura1#gi represents her as evincing the most varied and reliable knowledge of ,christianity1 and especially of the questions at that time lately decided at the ,council of ,nica4 ,she knew equally how to combat paganism on her husband's part and ,arianism upon her uncle's1 and displayed all the self-possession of a great apologist1 with the theological science of a doctor of the church4 ,this was as early as the year #dic1 not long after ,clovis won the great battle of ,tolbiac against the ,alemanni1 and became a ,christian1 according to his vow1 made during the engagement1 to the 8,son of the living ,god1 thou whom ,clotildis worships40 ,the queen then sent for ,st4 ,remigius1 the ,bishop of ,rheims1 to instruct and baptize her husband4 ,she instructed the women of her court and family herself1 and showed herself most zealous in the propagation of the faith4 ,the ceremony of baptism1 and the anointing of the king which followed it1 were performed1 by the queen's care1 with extraordinary solemnity4 ,she herself walked in the procession between the king's two sisters1 the one formerly a pagan1 the other an ,arian4 ,the first1 the ,princess ,albofleda1 renounced the world and consecrated her virginity to ,god1 thus giving a first example to the numerous royal maidens of ,france who have since left the court for the cloister4 ,clotildis so fired her husband's heart with her holy enthusiasm that he built and endowed the church of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul in ,paris1 now called ,st4 ,genevieve in honor of the sainted shepherdess who1 later on1 shared with ,clotildis herself the title of patroness of ,france4 ,clovis was afterwards buried in this church4 ,the ,visigoths and ,burgundians1 who were ,arians1 were shamed into less inhuman ways by the example and widespread influence of the victorious ,clovis and his ,christian warriors2 the foundations of the great ,french monarchy were laid by the evident desire of the neighboring tribes to coalesce with the ,franks2 the future ,catholic monarchy of ,spain was consecrated by the heroic zeal and suffering of ,clotildis the younger1 the only daughter of ,clovis1 married to the ,arian ,amalaric1 ,king of the ,visigoths1 in ,spain1 and the mitigation of many lawless and still half-barbarian acts during the reigns of her sons was successfully undertaken2 so that it may be said with truth of this period of history that its chief glory was the supremacy of woman4 ,clotildis died at ,tours1 where for many years she had lived in solitude and humility1 entirely ignoring her high rank1 and employing her influence over her sons in exhortations to preserve the peace of their respective kingdoms1 to protect the poor1 and to treat them as brethren4 ,but great as her services to religion and civilization had been1 the church was not destined to suffer by her death1 for a long succession of imitators of her virtues took her place from century to century1 and protected the interests of that church whose champions cannot fail her as long as principle and honor exist in the world4 ,radegundes1 the daughter of ,bertarius1 ,king of ,thuringia1 and the captive of ,king ,clotaire ,i4 7fourth son of ,st4 ,clotildis71 was instructed in the ,christian faith at the court of the latter1 whom she afterwards married4 ,her great delight during the short period of her court life was the care of the sick in the hospital of ,athies1 which she had founded1 and the alleviation of the miseries of the poor4 ,she endeavored to restrain the lawlessness of the court2 but1 when her husband caused her brother to be treacherously assassinated1 as ,butler tells us1#hj in order to possess his kingdom of ,thuringia1 she was so grieved at the time that she begged for leave to retire into a monastery4 ,here her influence was greater than it had been at court4 ,the great abbey of ,poitiers was founded and the first abbess1 ,agnes1 chosen by her4 ,she enriched the church of this monastery with numerous gifts1 and sent ambassadors to the ,emperor ,justin of ,constantinople to obtain a relic of the ,true ,cross4 ,this being given her1 she had it placed in a shrine1 to which it was carried in solemn procession4 ,she had already invited to ,poitiers many learned and holy men1 among others the orator and poet ,venantius ,fortunatus1 who on this occasion composed the famous processional hymn 8,vexilla ,regis ,prodeunt10 which is now one of the most prominent features of our liturgy4 ,thus1 to a woman's inspiration do we owe one of the hymns of world-wide renown1 synonymous with the name and practice of ,catholic ,christianity4 ,butler tells us that ,radegundes herself was a good scholar1 and read both the ,latin and ,greek fathers4 ,she procured for her monastery the rule and constitution of ,st4 ,cesarius of ,arles1 and had it confirmed by the ,council of ,tours1 assembled #eff4 ,here again1 in the letter of ,cesaria1 the abbess of the monastery of ,st4 ,john1 at ,arles1 we have a most remarkable instance of the great discernment and prudence of a woman in her management of a numerous community4 ,she gives the strictest cautions against all familiarities and partiality in a religious community1 and also enjoins that each nun should learn the ,psalter by heart and be able to read well4 ,biblical learning is thus proved to have been ever foremost in the minds of the pioneers of monasticism4 ,but ,radegundes1 so great was her anxiety to make her monastery of ,poitiers a perfect work1 repaired to ,arles herself1 and studied the rule personally for some time1 in order to help the ,abbess ,agnes in establishing it the more effectually4 ,after the death of her husband1 and during the shameful disturbances caused by the famous ,fredegonda1 the mistress of ,chilperic1 ,radegundes became once more the support of orthodoxy and of the persecuted bishops of the realm4 ,among other proofs of the high esteem in which prominent churchmen held this great woman1 let us cite the letter addressed to her by the assembled bishops of the ,council of ,tours1 wherein they say3 8,we are rejoiced1 most reverend daughter1 to see such an example of divine favor repeated in your person2 for the faith flourishes anew through the efforts of your zeal1 and what had been languishing through the wintry coldness of the indifference of this age1 lives again through the fervor of your soul4 ,but as you claim as a birthplace almost the same spot whence ,st4 ,martin came1 it is no wonder that you should imitate in your work his example and teaching4 ,shining with the light of his doctrine1 you fill with heavenly conviction the hearts of those who listen to you40#ha ,the tradition of constant faith and resolute orthodoxy on the part of the queens of ,france was upheld in the century following that of ,radegundes 7the seventh71 by ,bathildis1 the wife of ,clovis ,,ii42 the friend of ,eligius1 ,bishop of ,noyon1 and of ,owen1 ,bishop of ,rouen4 ,both of these had been placed in responsible positions at court through the influence of ,radegundes--the co-operator of ,genis1 the holy almoner1 who subsequently became ,archbishop of ,lyons1 and the wielder of great power through the complaisance of her husband4 ,bathildis was pre-eminently the support of the episcopate and the refuge of the poor4 ,she had herself been a captive1 being by birth an ,englishwoman1 and having fallen to the lot of ,erchinoald1 the first officer of the ,king of ,neustria1 who treated her very kindly4 ,ventura says of her3 8,at the death of her husband1 having been entrusted with the regency of the kingdom and the guardianship of her three little children1 the oldest only five years old1 she acquitted herself of this double office with such wisdom and prudence that even the great nobles and statesmen could not withhold their admiration and respect4 ,with such counselors as the holy bishops ,eligius1 ,owen1 and ,leger1 it is not astonishing that she should have succeeded in banishing from the church in ,france the shameful simony which1 through royal connivance1 had hitherto dishonored it1 and abolishing in civil matters the unjust and vexatious taxes that were grinding down the people4 ,she multiplied hospitals1 monasteries1 and abbeys4 ,the famous monastery of ,chelles owes its origin to her4444 ,but the most important of all her foundations was that of ,corbie1 which afterwards became so celebrated in ,france1 and where this queen1 as zealous for the propagation of science as for the strengthening of religion1 established under able masters1 gathered from all parts of the world1 a system of the most complete literary and scientific education4 ,this monastery1 next to that of ,lerins1 was a true university and a centre of enlightenment4 ,the regency of this woman renewed the glories and wonders of the reign of ,pulcheria4 ,never had sovereign so exerted herself for the welfare of her people1 both religiously1 scientifically1 and politically4 ,but her greatest glory1 which has not been sufficiently recognized1 was 444 that1 contrary to the cold calculations of a false philosophy1 she dared to do what no man had done before her4 ,she abolished slavery in ,france 7where it still subsisted71 and was the first ,christian sovereign who proclaimed as a national principle 444 that a slave becomes free on setting his foot on the soil of ,france60#hb ,between ,bathildis and ,blanche of ,castille1 from the seventh to the thirteenth centuries1 there was no lack of holy and learned women in ,france1 but it would be impossible to enumerate them all4 8,the mother of ,st4 ,louis1 though the church has never formally canonized her1 stands out as one of the grandest figures in ecclesiastical history4 ,her stern and unflinching devotion to religious principle1 instilled early into the mind of her son1 sowed the seeds of sanctity in the exceptional life of that holy king4 ,her talents were no less remarkable than her austerity4 ,her marriage at the age of fourteen with ,louis ,,viii41 ,king of ,france1 gave her the high position to which her birth1 her genius1 and her beauty entitled her4 ,this union was the model of ,christian marriages1 and her historian1 the ,baron ,chaillon1 says that during the twenty-six years it lasted she and her husband were never separated for a single instant1 and that not the slightest shadow darkened the serenity of their intercourse4 ,even at an early age and before her husband's accession to the throne1 her father-in-law1 ,philip ,augustus1 did not refuse to take and follow her advice in matters of state importance40#hc ,at her husband's death she became1 by his desire1 regent of the kingdom4 ,ever eager to put her son's personal prestige foremost1 she carefully initiated him into the affairs of the realm1 and accustomed him early to appear in his royal character in public4 ,she wisely averted the ever-impending coalitions of the great vassals of the crown against the royal authority4 ,she continued the war against the ,albigenses1 whose dissensions were ruining the kingdom2 she obtained the annexation of the territory of the ,counts of ,toulouse to the crown1 and quelled the revolt of the ,duke of ,brittany1 who ended by gladly recognizing his fealty to her son4 ,when she committed to ,gaulthier1 the ,archbishop of ,sens1 the mission of treating for the hand of ,margaret of ,provence for the young king1 these were the severe instructions she gave him3 ,only to propose the marriage formally after he had well studied the character of the young princess1 and had well satisfied himself as to the stability of her principles1 the purity of her life1 and the sincerity of her religion4 ,butler1 in his life of ,st4 ,louis1 says of the queen3 8,by her care1 ,louis was perfectly master of the ,latin tongue1 learned to speak in public1 and to write with elegance1 grace1 and dignity1 and was instructed in the art of war1 the wisest maxims of government1 and all the accomplishments of a king4 ,he was also a good historian1 and often read the works of the ,fathers40 ,thus it will be seen that1 without departing from the strictest feminine delicacy1 a woman may be the sole responsible preceptor of a statesman and warrior1 and yet leave no stain of 8petticoat government0 on his education1 nor any suspicion of undue asceticism on his belief4 ,concerning the dissensions of the nobles and vassals who refused to be present at the young king's coronation1 ,butler says3 8,the queen regent put herself and her son at the head of his troops1 and1 finding means to bring over the ,count of ,champagne to his duty1 struck the rest with such consternation that they all retired4444 ,the whole time of the king's minority was disturbed by these rebels1 but the regent1 by several alliances and negotiations1 and chiefly by her courage and diligence1 by which she always prevented them in the field1 continually dissipated their cabals40 ,of the negotiations with the ,count of ,toulouse1 a dangerous and powerful vassal1 ,butler gives these details3 8,in the third year of her regency1 she obliged ,raymund1 ,count of ,toulouse and ,duke of ,narbonne1 to receive her conditions1 which were that he should marry his daughter ,jane to ,alphonsus1 the king's brother1 who should inherit the county of ,toulouse1 and that1 in case they should have no children by this marriage1 the whole inheritance should revert to the crown1 which last eventually happened40 ,the same author says of ,margaret of ,provence 8that she surpassed her sisters in beauty1 wit1 and virtue40 ,in #abdb1 after the majority and marriage of her son1 ,blanche founded the monastery of ,maubuisson4 ,louis was remarkable for the even-handed justice with which he protected the serfs against the encroachment of their feudal lords1 and on one occasion refused to allow ,mgr4 ,enguerrand de ,coucy the privilege of being tried by his peers1 and condemned him to death by the ordinary process of law1 for having arbitrarily hanged three children who had been caught hunting rabbits in his woods4 ,he afterwards spared his life1 but deprived him of all his estates and exacted from him an enormous fine1 which he employed in building and endowing a mortuary chapel where ,mass should be offered every day for the souls of the murdered children4 ,the rest of the fine was divided into several foundations for hospitals and monasteries4 ,in #abdh1 ,st4 ,louis1 according to a vow he had made in sickness1 set out for the crusade against the ,sultan of ,egypt1 leaving his mother once more regent of ,france4 ,ventura says of her during this second regency that1 8being in ,france in the body1 yet in the ,east in spirit1 and following mentally her heroic son in his dangerous undertaking1 she seemed to multiply herself4 ,entirely absorbed in the care of the home government of a great kingdom1 that she might make justice1 order1 and peace supreme therein1 she was also participating none the less entirely in the great struggle between the ,cross and the ,crescent1 444 and it is impossible to entertain a correct idea of the wisdom1 forethought1 and activity of which ,blanche1 during those five years1 gave proof1 thus being enabled to send aid in kind1 in arms1 and in money1 to the army in the ,east1 yet without taxing and unduly oppressing the people at home4 ,thus she did not neglect the smallest details in order to assure the success of an expedition in which the rational honor of ,france as well as the triumph of ,christianity was engaged40 ,ventura then goes on to remind the would-be 8emancipators0 of woman that1 throughout her arduous duties1 ,queen ,blanche1 notwithstanding her immense governing powers and her proud experience of fifty years1 did not hesitate to take as a trusted friend and counsellor the learned ,archbishop of ,sens1 ,gaulthier-,cornu4 ,of this latter prelate and statesman1 a contemporary historian has said1 8,as long as his power was in the ascendant1 fraud and dishonesty hid their face1 while peace and justice reigned40 ,blanche of ,castille died before her son's return from ,egypt1 and hastened to pronounce her vows of monastic consecration to ,god before she breathed her last1 on the first of ,december1 #abeb4 ,we must now go back some centuries to place before our readers a fugitive account of those ,french princesses who exercised in ,spain a true apostolate4 ,we have already mentioned the younger ,clotildis1 but ,indegonda1 the daughter of ,sigisbert1 ,king of ,austrasia1 and ,rigontha1 the daughter of ,chilperic1 ,king of ,neustria1 remain to be noticed4 ,they were married to two brothers1 the former to ,hermenigild1 the latter to ,reccared1 sons of ,levigild1 ,king of the ,spanish ,visigoths4 ,indegonda suffered great persecutions from her husband's step-mother on account of her religion1 the second wife of ,levigild being a bigoted ,arian1 and it was even a long time before ,hermenigild consented to become a ,catholic4 ,when at last ,indegonda had obtained this happy conversion1 she herself and her husband's uncle1 the holy ,leander of ,seville1 were exiled1 and ,hermenigild so persecuted by his father that1 having been betrayed by the ,greeks and deserted by the ,romans1 he fell a victim to ,arian vengeance1 and1 after suffering torture and imprisonment1 was cruelly put to death by order of ,levigild himself4 ,this barbarian king1 however1 repented his unnatural cruelty before he died1 and1 recalling his brother-in-law ,leander1 entrusted him with the care of his remaining son ,reccared4 ,rigontha1 the wife of the young prince1 had suffered great injustice at the hands of her own father ,chilperic1 the lover of the too famous ,fredegonda4 ,she had succeeded in converting her husband1 and1 together with his uncle ,leander1 exercised a salutary influence over him4 ,reccared assembled the ,arian bishops of his kingdom1 and spoke to them so persuasively that they acknowledged themselves willing to be reconciled to the church4 ,the province of ,narbonne1 at that time under his dominion1 followed his example1 while the neighboring tribe of the ,suevi1 also ,arians1 speedily joined the church4 ,a council was then assembled at ,toledo1 and the intimate union of ,spain with ,catholic interests was founded on a solid and reliable basis4 ,it is told as a pleasantry of some shrewd critic of modern times that1 whenever he saw or heard a disturbance of any sort1 his unfailing question was1 8,who is she80 being certain that1 whatever might be the effect1 a woman was sure to be the cause4 ,if this is unfortunately no longer a libel on the sex in this distracted century1 at least we may point back to the so-called dark ages1 and proudly say1 with a certainty far more absolute than that of our cynical contemporary1 when we read of any great consummation in the history of religion and civilization1 8,who was she80 ,not long after the death of ,blanche of ,castille1 another ,spanish princess1 the daughter of ,peter ,,iii4 of ,aragon1 and the niece of ,st4 ,elizabeth of ,hungary1 took up the tradition of holiness1 which seemed the birthright of the royal maidens of medival times4 ,her father attributed his success in his undertakings against the ,moors to her prayers and early virtues4 ,at twelve years old she was married to ,denis1 ,king of ,portugal1 to whom she was not only a most faithful wife1 but whom she succeeded1 by her meekness and silent example1 in winning back from his sinful courses4 ,she is praised by her biographers for her ascetic virtues1 and for her utter disregard of her earthly rank4 ,but what concerns us more is to look into the influence she held on social and political affairs4 ,among these it is impossible not to reckon her charities1 for private charity has often much to do with public honesty and morality4 ,butler tells us that she 8made it her business to seek out and secretly relieve persons of good condition who were reduced to necessity1 yet out of shame durst not make known their wants4 ,she gave constant orders to have all pilgrims and poor strangers provided with lodging and necessaries4 ,she was very liberal in furnishing fortunes to poor young women1 that they might marry according to their condition1 and not be exposed to the danger of losing their virtue4 ,she founded in different parts of the kingdom many pious establishments1 particularly a hospital near her own palace at ,coimbra1 a house for penitent women who had been seduced into evil courses1 at ,torres-,novas1 and a hospital for foundlings1 or those children who for want of due provision are exposed to the danger of perishing by poverty or the neglect and cruelty of unnatural parents4 ,she visited the sick and served them with her own hands1 444 not that she neglected any other duties1 444 for she made it her principal study to pay to her husband the most dutiful respect1 love1 and obedience1 and bore his infidelities with invincible meekness and patience40 ,let us stop to note this last sentence1 which no doubt by many of our chafing sisters of this age may be misunderstood4 ,this meekness was not a want of spirit2 it was the effect of 8the subordination of our inferior nature to reason1 and of our reason to ,god10 as one of the most lucid and most sympathetic of ,american exponents of ,catholic truth once expressed to the writer the whole duty of man upon earth4 ,it was no passiveness1 no supineness1 but the heroic endurance of the martyr1 who is more concerned at another's sin than his own wrong1 and who does not consider that reprisal and resentment are efficient means to win the sinner back4 ,when a woman stoops to retaliation1 she forgets the dignity of her sex1 and1 if she forget it1 who can she expect will remember it8 ,we may also be allowed to say one word about the numerous foundations constantly mentioned in the lives of these great ,christian women of past ages4 ,it is perhaps the general belief that nothing but monasteries were endowed in early times4 ,we have sufficiently shown how fallacious such belief would be4 ,institutions of every kind1 in which ,catholic ingenuity was multiplied till it embraced every need and provided for every contingency1 were sown all over the ,christian world4 ,the ,east was not forgotten1 and1 indeed1 even the great orders of the ,templars and the ,hospitallers were originally nothing but organized bodies for the defence and shelter of the pilgrims who flocked to the holy places4 ,such charities as tended to diminish the temptations to crime were foremost among the many originated during the middle ages4 ,we have only to refer to history to prove this4 ,even had these foundations been confined to monasteries1 we must remember that the conventual abodes of old united in themselves nearly all the characteristics of other institutions1 and in the less favored districts virtually supplied their place4 ,besides being the only secure and recognized homes of learning1 the solitary centres of education1 they were also the refuge of the homeless or benighted wanderer2 the asylum of the oppressed poor1 of threatened innocence1 and of unjustly accused men2 the hospital of the sick1 the sure dispensary of medicines to the surrounding peasantry1 and the unfailing granary of the poor during troublous times or years of famine4 ,there was hardly one want1 physical or spiritual1 that could not find ready relief at the monasteries of both monks and nuns1 so that in founding such retreats it is no exaggeration to say that orphanage1 asylum1 reformatory1 hospital1 and school were comprised within their walls4 ,we must return to the great queen whose munificence has led us into this digression1 and resume1 as was our purpose from the beginning1 the rigid relation of mere historical facts to which we more willingly entrust the cause than to the most eloquent apologies4 ,when ,elizabeth's son1 ,alphonsus1 revolted against his father and actually took up arms1 she made the most prudent efforts to mediate between them1 for which the ,pope1 ,john ,,xxii41 greatly praised her in a letter he wrote to her on the subject2 but1 certain enemies of hers having poisoned her husband's mind against her1 he banished her to the town of ,alanquer4 ,she refused all communication with the rebels1 and at last was recalled by her penitent husband4 ,butler says3 8,she reconciled her husband and son when their armies were marching one against the other1 and she reduced all the subjects to duty and obedience4 ,she made peace between ,ferdinand ,,iv41 ,king of ,castille1 and ,alphonsus della ,corda1 his cousin-german1 who disputed the crown2 likewise between ,james ,,ii41 ,king of ,aragon1 her own brother1 and ,ferdinand ,,iv41 ,king of ,castille1 her son-in-law4 ,in order to effect this last1 she took a journey with her husband into both these kingdoms1 and1 to the great satisfaction of the ,christian world1 put a happy end to all dissensions and debates between those states40 ,during her husband's illness1 which followed soon after1 ,elizabeth nursed him most devotedly1 and ever exhorted him to think of his spiritual welfare4 ,her husband's death was the end of her public career as queen--a fitting proof of the little value she placed upon the distinctions for which half the world is periodically laid in ashes4 ,her son1 ,alphonsus1 and her grandson1 also named ,alphonsus1 the young ,king of ,castille1 having again proclaimed war upon each other1 ,elizabeth set out to meet and reconcile them4 ,she died on the way1 in #accf1 having obtained peace through her exhortations to her son1 who attended her at her deathbed4 ,thus peace and brotherly love among princes and nations1 as well as among the individuals of her own immediate circle1 was ever nearest the heart of this great and admirable woman4 ,how well it would be if she were taken as a model by the women of our day1 and if her influence could be followed by the reward which our ,lord himself attached to the noble office of peace-makers6 ,turning to ,england1 once the ,island of ,saints and the home of religious learning1 we see the influence of woman most peremptorily asserted4 ,there is ,bertha1 the daughter of ,charibert1 ,king of ,paris1 and wife of ,ethelbert1 ,king of ,kent1 whom we have already mentioned1 with ,brunehault1 as being the apostles of the faith in ,england1 and the zealous helpers of ,gregory and ,augustine4 ,rohrbacher says of her that she contributed mainly to the conversion of her husband and of the whole nation1 and ,st4 ,lethard1 her almoner and ,bishop of ,senlis1 greatly aided her4 ,there is ,eanswide1 her grand-daughter1 the child of ,eadbald1 who was also converted later on and became abbess of the monastery at ,folkestone1 as ,butler tells us4 ,there is the great ,edith1 or ,eadgith1 the daughter of ,king ,edgar1 who in the tenth century was the ornament of her sex and the marvel of men4 8,she united10 says ,butler1 8the active life of ,martha with the contemplation of ,mary1 and was particularly devoted to the care of the sick4 ,when she was but fifteen years old1 her father pressed her to undertake the government of three different monasteries1 of which charge she was judged most capable1 such was her extraordinary virtue and discretion4 ,but she humbly declined all superiority4444 ,upon the death of her brother1 ,edward the ,martyr1 the nobility who adhered to the martyred king desired ,edith to quit her monastery and ascend the throne1 but she preferred a state of humility and obedience to the prospect of a crown40 ,another ,edith1 the daughter of the great ,earl of ,kent1 ,godwin1 became the queen of ,edward the ,confessor1 with whom she lived by mutual consent in perpetual virginity1 according to a vow the king had made many years before his marriage4 ,reading1 studying1 and devotion were her whole delight4 ,edward's mother1 ,emma1 is ranked among the saints1 and was mainly instrumental in the religious and learned education of her son4 ,ventura1 in his admirable work on ,woman1 which has become1 as it were1 a text-book for all those who are truly interested in the theme and history of woman's greatness1 draws attention to the fact that it was under the reign of ,edward the ,confessor--who is credited by prejudicial historians with 8womanly0 weakness1 and who1 on the contrary1 was such an irrefragable proof of what the grave and wise influence of good women can do--that the equality of all men before the law was first recognized as a principle4 ,edward's niece1 ,margaret1 the wife of ,malcolm1 ,king of ,scotland1 was also a most eminent and influential princess4 ,her husband1 whose confidence in her was unbounded1 deferred to her in every particular of state government1 whether internal or external1 secular or religious4 ,their children's education he left entirely in her hands1 and1 while she carefully surrounded them with masters well versed in all the knowledge then attainable1 she was no less solicitous for the improvement of the nation4 ,butler says of her3 8,she labored most successfully to polish and civilize the ,scottish nation1 to encourage among the people the useful and polite arts1 and to inspire them with a love of the sciences4444 ,by her extensive alms1 insolvent debtors were released1 and decayed families restored1 and foreign nations1 especially the ,english1 recovered their captives4 ,she was solicitous to ransom those especially who fell into the hands of harsh masters4 ,she also erected hospitals for poor strangers40 ,her daughter ,maud1 who was the first wife of ,henry ,i4 of ,england1 followed in her footsteps1 and was highly revered1 both during her life and after her death1 by the two nations to which her birth and marriage linked her4 ,two great hospitals in ,london1 that of ,christ ,church1 ,aldgate1 and of ,st4 ,giles in the ,fields1 are due to her munificence and foresight4 ,we have no space to mention many of the ,anglo-,saxon princesses who1 either on the throne or in the cloister1 swayed great political issues and protected learning while they shielded the virtue of their sex4 ,we must leave the ,island of ,saints for other kingdoms whose queens were conspicuous not only in procuring the conversion of these realms to ,christianity1 but also in the territorial aggrandizement and material prosperity of the countries they governed4 ,bridget1 ,queen of ,sweden1 the famous author of the most interesting revelations ever written1 was no less remarkable personally than fortunate in her many and distinguished children4 ,warriors and crusaders1 holy wives and consecrated virgins1 she offered them to ,god in every state1 and instructed each with particular care4 ,a pilgrimage to ,rome in days when the journey from ,scandinavia to the south was more an exploration than a safe pastime was bravely undertaken by her in her widowhood1 and the foundation of her order and chief monastery at ,vatzen is certainly one of the most boldly conceived systems known to the world4 ,the monasteries of this order were double1 and contained a smaller number of monks and a larger of nuns1 divided by so strict an enclosure that1 although contiguous1 the communities never even saw each other4 ,in spiritual matters1 the monks held authority1 but in temporal the nuns governed the double house2 and in fact the monks were only attached to the foundation in a secondary degree of importance1 and for the greater spiritual convenience of the cloistered women4 ,such subordination goes far to show how the pretended inferiority of woman is really an unknown thing in the church4 ,the fanaticism and bad faith of later times affected to see an abuse in this system1 and most of these monasteries were destroyed at the ,reformation1 but ,butler says that a few exist yet in ,flanders and ,germany4 ,st4 ,bridget's works have been printed and reprinted from age to age1 and have seemingly never lost what may be styled in modern parlance their popularity4 ,she also procured a ,swedish translation of the ,bible to be written by ,matthias1 the ,bishop of ,worms1 who died about the year #adaj4 ,she was altogether one of the most prominent women of the fourteenth century1 and no unworthy successor to the central figure of the preceding age1 ,catherine of ,sienna1 of whom we shall have to speak briefly later on4 ,two empresses of ,germany deserve a passing notice here--,mathilda1 the wife of ,henry ,i4 called the ,fowler1 and her daughter-in-law1 the famous ,adelaide4 ,the former had been educated by her grandmother1 who bore the same name as herself1 and who was the abbess of the monastery of ,erfurt4 ,once again we have a woman of genius1 prudence1 and great governing powers coming forth to rule a disturbed empire--and from what school8 ,the world will hardly dare to call it unenlightened or narrow-minded2 yet it was a monastery4 ,during her husband's wars against the ,danes and ,hungarians1 then 7it was in the ninth century7 nothing better than barbarians1 ,mathilda was several times left regent1 and ,ventura tells us 8that public affairs did not prosper less1 the country was not less tranquil1 nor the people less contented1 because it was a woman who steered the helm of the state4 ,when the emperor returned1 he found everything in perfect order4 ,the empress relinquished the functions of regent only to resume her former place of intercessor for the unfortunate1 protectress of prisoners1 and wise auxiliary to justice40 ,adelaide1 ,princess of ,burgundy1 renewed in the following century the glories of ,mathilda's reign4 ,she was married to the son of the latter1 after having been for a short time the ,queen of ,lothair1 ,king of the ,lombards in ,italy4 ,ventura says that her zeal for the public good and her love of the people gained her the appellation of the 8mother of her kingdom40 ,after her husband's death1 ,adelaide1 says ,butler1 8educated her son ,otho ,,ii4 with great care1 and his reign was happy as long as he governed by her directions40 ,his mother became regent after his death and that of his wife1 and her biographer1 ,butler1 tells us that she 8looked upon power as merely a difficult stewardship1 and applied herself to public affairs with indefatigable care40#hd ,the middle ages are so fruitful a field for historical details of the greatness of woman1 that we find our materials crowding one upon the other in too great a profusion for our present limits4 ,but some great figures in what we may call the ,christian ,pantheon of woman cannot be passed over without a word of notice4 ,the tenth century gave another holy empress to ,germany1 ,cunegonda1 the wife of ,henry ,,ii41 himself a saint1 and a descendant of ,st4 ,mathilda4 ,his sister ,giselda married ,king ,stephen of ,hungary1 upon the express condition that he would endeavor to christianize his people4 ,cunegonda1 who reigned for a short time between the death of ,st4 ,henry and the election of his successor1 proved herself as competent to govern a realm as the greatest man2 these are ,ventura's own words4 ,the story of ,elizabeth of ,hungary has been eloquently told by the author of the ,monks of the ,west1 and pictorial art has handed down from generation to generation the touching legend of her life4 ,married early to a prince remarkable for his piety and generosity1 she was able to indulge in her favorite pastime--working for and serving the poor4 ,we1 in these days1 seem to think that philanthropy1 the 8love of man10 is an invention coeval with the erection of gossiping committees and wrangling 8boards02 but1 when we look back upon the history of our race1 we are forced to remember that when man was loved for the sake of ,god1 spiritually as well as temporally1 and when the old-fashioned virtue of 8charity0 was not ashamed to own its created--not self-existent--origin1 a broader system of benevolence was spread over ,christian earth1 and more daring undertakings were cheerfully and successfully carried through4 ,elizabeth of ,hungary was not untried by adversity1 and after her husband's death suffered cruel persecutions from her brother-in-law ,henry1 with the undaunted fortitude which a good conscience ensures and which ,god's grace strengthens4 ,we are told of her that she spoke little and always with gravity1 and especially shunned tattlers4 ,women are always being taxed on one side with ridiculous frivolity in speech1 and urged1 on the other1 to a contradiction of the charge by the pedantic phraseology of surface science4 ,we have not alluded in these pages as often as we should have done to the great love of silence which distinguished the great women whose memory is honored4 ,whether as religious or as seculars1 the useful employment of time and a discreetness of conversation were the two special and similar characteristics of their widely different lives1 and thus they provided for the devotions and the acts of charity which shared so large a portion of their days and nights4 ,they were never idle or even uselessly occupied1 and we know but few women of our own generation who could truthfully say the same of themselves4 ,what powers1 what energy1 do we not see wasted in superfluous social duties2 for while1 as our modern phrase goes1 they kill time1 they are also engaged in stifling1 dwarfing1 or destroying the higher powers of their mind4 ,solitude1 silence1 meditation1 these are essentials to a well-balanced mind2 but how many minds there are who voluntarily go on1 not heeding1 until the world and its claims1 its sham triumphs1 and its petty rivalries upset this balance and obscure the mind's eye6 ,there are as many women whose intellect is wrecked on the shoals of ,fashion with its 8laws of the ,medes and ,persians10 as there are others whose sensibility is stranded on the rocks of ,woman's ,rights ,conventions with their reckless disregard of all natural ties and time-honored duties4 ,poland presents us with several instances of heroic womanhood during the middle ages4 ,dombrowka1 the daughter of ,boleslas1 ,duke of ,bohemia1 married ,mieczylas1 ,duke of ,poland1 on condition of his becoming a ,christian4 ,by her example he not only became a religious1 but a pure1 merciful1 and just1 man4 ,his wife could not forget her own countrymen while evangelizing her new subjects1 and it was to her repeated solicitations that ,bohemia owed the establishment of the ,archiepiscopal ,see of ,prague4 ,christianity1 which in those times we might call the dower of the royal maidens of ,europe1 was first carried into ,hungary by the marriage of ,adelaide1 the sister-in-law of ,dombrowka1 to ,geisa1 chief of the ,huns4 ,this ,geisa was father to ,st4 ,stephen1 of whose exemplary queen1 ,giselda1 we have already spoken4 ,of another ,polish princess1 ,hedwige1 the wife of ,henry1 ,duke of ,silesia and ,poland1 we are told that by her prudence and persuasiveness she succeeded in delivering her husband1 who had been made a prisoner by her uncle1 and in obtaining peace between these two princes4 ,even in our own days1 have we not had recent examples of the high esteem in which the mediation of woman was held in a ,catholic country by a ,catholic sovereign8 ,who can forget that delicate diplomatic missions have been confided in past years to a woman who was the incarnation of social charm as she was also the most devoted and uncompromising enthusiast in the cause of the ,catholic religion--the ,empress ,eugenie6 ,this ,hedwige1 who1 in #abdj1 was so instrumental in raising an army with which to encounter the heathen hordes of ,tartars who threatened at that time to destroy civilization in ,europe1 was succeeded by another queen of the same name as the saintly ,cunegonda of ,germany4 ,it was she who towards the beginning of the fourteenth century1 as ,dlugossius1 her biographer1 and the ,bollandists relate1 was the first to provide for the working of the salt mines of ,wieliczka1 which afterwards proved an infinite source of wealth to the kingdom4 ,she also cheerfully contributed the whole of her princely dowry to the equipment of an army to be led against the ,tartars who had made a second raid upon the frontiers of ,poland4 ,but the greatest heroine of the country whose women are to this day the bravest under misfortune1 and the most faithful to their religion1 was another ,hedwige1 to whom ,poland is indebted for her territorial aggrandizement and some of the most interesting as well as useful of her public institutions4 ,born a princess of ,hungary1 the elective crown of ,poland was offered to her when she was only eighteen1 and1 when her marriage became a matter of national importance1 she made1 herself1 a choice which only her own consummate prudence and foresight could have justified4 ,jagellon1 ,grand ,duke of ,lithuania and the surrounding barbarous provinces1 became her husband1 on the conditions1 proposed by ,hedwige1 that his entire domains should be incorporated for ever in the kingdom of ,poland2 that his people should embrace ,christianity2 that ,christians who had been enslaved should be set free2 that certain ,polish provinces once alienated should be restored1 and that all ,lithuanian treasures1 whether hereditary or conquered by ,jagellon from his enemies1 should be appropriated for the benefit of the kingdom of ,poland4 ,here is a treaty in which a kingdom is consolidated and a dynasty established1 through the unassisted efforts of the genius and prudence of a woman4 ,hedwige founded numberless hospitals1 schools1 churches1 and monasteries2 the great cathedral of ,wilna and seven episcopal sees also owe their origin to her4 ,only through her death and her husband's good-natured but weak indifference when once her influence was removed was a great monastic institution abandoned1 which had for its object the study and preservation of the ,slavic languages and peculiar rites4 ,the ,university of ,prague was already in her day a world-famed seat of learning4 ,hedwige1 in concert with the ,king of ,bohemia1 founded and endowed in that city a spacious and magnificent college1 where the youth of ,lithuania were gratuitously received and provided for during their academical course4 ,education was certainly as gravely thought of in those days as in our later times1 when we boast of its benefits being so widely diffused4 ,whether it is as deeply impressed on its ordinary recipients1 let the recent 8commemorations0 at ,oxford proclaim4 ,dlugossius says the college 7which exists to this day7 was called the ,queen's ,house1 8a name which is in itself an undying monument to the memory of this great woman1 whose worthy thought it embodied1 and charity it still expresses2 remaining for ever a living testimony to the world of the merits of its illustrious foundress40 ,boniface ,,ix41 who reigned during the last decade of the fourteenth century1 corresponded with ,hedwige1 upon whom he relied as the principal support and auxiliary of religion in her realms4 ,she was always appealed to as mediatrix between the king and his subjects1 as also by the vassal nobles among themselves4 ,what the king could not do by threats1 she accomplished partly by her persuasive exhortations1 partly by her grave and majestic demeanor4 ,her historian relates that she even quelled a popular rising1 and put down the abuses which had given occasion to it1 before the king had time to march an army into the disaffected district and reduce it by force4 ,once1 while her husband was fighting in ,lithuania1 the ,hungarians1 her own countrymen1 invaded ,poland and captured several towns4 8,she no sooner heard of this10 says ,ventura1 8than she assembled the nobles and barons1 improvised an army on the spot1 and1 without losing an instant1 herself led it on to the frontiers4 ,there1 to the great astonishment of her generals1 she displayed the military talents and bravery of an old warrior4 ,it was she who directed the sieges1 organized the sallies and attacks1 and gave battle on the open ground1 while the whole army obeyed her enthusiastically1 proud to serve under a woman-general4 ,she conquered the enemy at every encounter1 wrested from them the important stronghold of ,leopol1 took other cities1 and not only repossessed herself of the ,russian territories usurped by the ,hungarians1 but also added to the kingdom of ,poland a vast tract of country which voluntarily surrendered itself to her rule40#he ,hedwige is perhaps less known than other renowned women of the middle ages1 and therefore we have been led to speak more at length of her extraordinary powers4 ,it would be useless to remind the reader that she was no less remarkable for the modesty of her private life and the austerities and charities of her secret life than famed for the wonderful and versatile talents displayed in her public career4 ,chastity and devotion invariably accompany all greatness in ,catholic womanhood1 but1 as we shall have occasion to illustrate this fact later on1 we will not now stop to consider it in its evident bearings on the vexed question raised by certain indiscriminate apostles of the rights of woman4 ,we cannot pass over1 among the prominent women of medival times the famous ,countess ,mathilda1 of ,tuscany1 the friend and ally of ,gregory ,,vii41 ,hildebrand the ,reformer4 ,rohrbacher calls her the modern ,deborah1 and adds that in ,italy1 whose princes were mostly traitors to the cause of truth and patriotism1 8one man only1 during a long reign of fifty years1 showed himself ever faithful1 ever devoted to the church and her head1 ever ready to second them in efforts for the reformation of the clergy and the restoration of ancient discipline1 ever prompt to defend them1 sword in hand1 from their most formidable enemies1 never allured by bribes1 intimidated by threats1 or cast down by adversity1 and this one man was a woman1 the ,countess ,mathilda40 ,her donation of ,tuscany1 the ,marches1 ,parma1 ,modena1 ,reggio1 and various other cities and lands1 to the ,holy ,see1 is a fact that stands alone in history1 and is simply the most momentous act of practical devotion which the ,chair of ,peter ever received4 ,this generous and unreserved gift1 first made to ,gregory ,,vii4 in #ajgg1 and confirmed in #aajb to ,pascal ,,ii41 is the unparalleled expression of the whole nature of woman1 in its thoroughness1 its spirit of martyrdom1 its enthusiastic and unerring instincts1 towards the good and the true4 ,henry ,,iv4 of ,germany1 having incurred excommunication1 was reconciled to the ,pope through the good offices of the great countess1 and met him for that purpose at the fortress of ,canossa1 then a fief of the ,countess of ,tuscany4 ,ventura says of her that she was as learned as she was pious1 and as solicitous for the propagation of science and the interests of literature as for the reformation of clerical abuses and the consolidation of the church4 ,she multiplied schools and colleges over her dominions1 but the crowning work of her great reign was the foundation of the famous ,university of ,bologna1 confessedly the best seat of learning in ,europe for many centuries4 ,mathilda gathered together all the enlightened and talented masters of her age in this time-honored and world-renowned university1 and in honor of her munificence it has remained a custom to this day to allow women to graduate there1 to take a doctorate1 and 8profess0 in public any of the learned faculties4 ,women1 we are told by ,ventura1 the earnest panegyrist of the sex1 have taken advantage of this custom at all times1 and even up to the present day1 when 7in the beginning of this century1 we believe7 the celebrated female professor1 ,tambroni1 taught ,latin and ,greek within the ,bolognese university4 ,cardinal ,mezzofanti1 the great linguist1 was at one time her pupil4 ,we have been led so far in the search1 however superficial1 for instances of the greatness of woman1 as recognized1 protected1 and rewarded by the church1 that we have reached a limit to our explorations in this article without mentioning any of the great women of the middle ages save those of royal descent4 ,there are many who claim our attention1 and whose influence over public affairs and the minds of men was not less than that exercised by the royal matrons and maidens we have cursorily named4 ,some were destined to mingle in political struggles1 others owe their fame to their learning1 one of them to actual feats of arms1 and all to the spirit of chivalry which rendered a woman inviolable and sacred wherever honor was known and laws revered4 ,but this spirit itself1 what was it save the offspring of that higher spirit of reverential homage ever inculcated by the church towards that sex which gave a mother to our ,god8 ,before taking up the subject of the status of woman within the church after the sixteenth century1 we may1 perhaps1 return for a brief space to the ,catherines of ,sienna1 the ,joans of ,arc1 and the ,genevieves of ecclesiastical history4 ,,footnotes3 #gi ,donna ,cattolica1 ii4 p4 #gd4 #hj ,lives of the ,saints4 #ha ,life of ,st4 ,radegundes4 ,by ,busslre #hb ,donna ,cattolica4 #hc ,donna ,cattolica1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajd4 #hd ,lives of the ,saints4 #he ,donna ,cattolica1 p4 #agd4 ,,bryant',s ,,translation ,,of ,,the ,,iliad4#hf ,the appearance at this time and in this country of a first-rate translation of the ,iliad is an event of much significance4 ,through the exaggerated praise which ,london critics bestow on our dialect poetry1 there runs a quiet assumption that our culture is narrow and unsound4 ,our oaten pipe is well enough1 but our lyre disjointed and unstrung4 ,to such insinuations ,mr4 ,bryant's work is a complete and final rejoinder4 ,we shall find it easy to show that he has made the best translation of ,homer in our language1 and with one exception the very best extant4 ,in the face of such an achievement1 it will henceforth be preposterous to sneer at ,american scholarship4 ,winged words the ,homeric poems may well be called1 which1 fledged in the dawn of time1 have not yet faltered in their flight across the centuries4 ,their superiority as works of art is not more unquestionable than is their procreative power4 ,they have ever been--to use ,milton's words--as lively and as vigorously productive as those fabulous dragon's teeth4 ,the history of ,greek letters1 we might almost say1 is the genesis of the ,iliad and the ,odyssey4 ,upon them ,aristotle based his canons2 from them the ,attic tragedy drew her inspiration and her argument4 ,to the same source the most delightful of ,greek historians referred his style and his method1 while the choir of lyric and erotic poets confessed their debt to him who 8gave them birth1 but higher sang40 ,the direct action of the ,homeric poems upon the masters of the ,latin literature has been compared to that of the sunlight1 but their indirect influence through the medium of ,athenian models was pervasive and quickening as the solar heat4 ,the development of poetry among ,western nations can be accurately measured by the thoroughness with which they have assimilated ,homer4 ,the ,orlando and the ,lusiad repeat the story of ,ulysses4 ,even minor excellences of the ,iliad are reproduced in the ,jerusalem ,delivered4 ,milton and ,goethe have drawn copiously from the same stores4 ,nor is there a single modern poet of the first rank1 with the exception of ,shakespeare1 whose obligations to ,homer are not manifold and obvious4 ,it is true that the eighteenth century1 which sought to shatter so many idols1 chose to depreciate these poems4 ,embellished by ,pope1 dissected by ,fontanelle1 and patronized by ,mme4 ,dacier1 they fell1 it must be confessed1 upon evil times4 ,it is a suggestive commentary upon the self-styled sicle du got that the autocrat of letters could pronounce the ,iliad 8une pome qu'on admire1 et qu'on ne lit pas40#hg ,to the author of the ,henriade1 ,homer was only a beau parleur4 ,it is now many years since the stigma went home to roost4 ,perrault and ,la ,motte ,houdart1 who knew him only in the rags and gyves of an obscure translation1 point with a satisfied smirk to the 8coarseness0 and 8barbarism0 of ,homer4 ,one is reminded of those ,philistine lords who flung their jests at ,samson ,agonistes while he leaned against the pillars in ,gaza4 ,of living ,english poets1 the strongest and sweetest acknowledge gratefully in ,homer a source of their melody and strength4 ,the fragment of an epic which is perhaps the ,laureate's best work was presented by the author as 8faint ,homeric echoes40 ,from ,homer1 quite as truly as from ,chaucer1 has the ,earthly ,paradise caught its genial sunshine and bracing air4 ,the world1 we presume1 would have lost nothing had ,mr4 ,swinburne read ,euripides less and the ,iliad more4 ,a timely reaction has set in against the morbid self-consciousness and the hankering after glitter and novelty which are sure precursors of decay4 ,of that reaction1 ,matthew ,arnold1 who in childhood was taught to reverence ,homer1 has been the prophet and protagonist4 ,with the same movement the temper and discipline of ,mr4 ,bryant's mind place him in active sympathy4 ,we do not doubt that it was the aim of his ,iliad to elevate and purify the taste of his countrymen4 ,the success which his translation has already achieved augurs for it not a little influence upon the national literature4 ,to the thoughtful artist1 ,schlegel could suggest nothing more useful than the study of casts from the antique4 ,a faithful version of the ,iliad opens whole galleries of casts4 ,the sculptor ,bouchardon1 we are told1 was discovered reading ,homer in a translation1 and that a sorry one4 8,ah1 monsieur60 he exclaimed1 8depuis que j'ai lu ce livre1 il me semble que les hommes ont quinze pieds de haut40#hh ,we know what ,keats beheld upon looking into ,chapman's ,homer1 and we know that the quarry from which he hewed ,hyperion is not yet exhausted4 ,of the thousands who will now listen for the first time to the story of ,achilles1 it may well be that some will kindle at what they hear4 ,they will know how to thank ,mr4 ,bryant that those flames which blazed over ,troy1 leaping from headland to headland1 have once more borne a message across the sea4 ,since the beginning of the seventeenth century1 repeated attempts have been made to translate the master-poems of the ,greek and ,latin literatures into ,english verse4 ,we suppose it will be acknowledged that those attempts have for the most part failed4 ,the truth is that translation as commonly practised in ,england cannot properly be called an art4 ,there are no fundamental principles universally recognized as the conditions of its development4 ,it is still hardly more than a trick1 in which one succeeds better than another1 but each proceeds upon a method of his own4 ,who has prefaced his work with such a definition of translation as criticism can admit to be exhaustive and final8 ,we might have expected so much from ,hobbes4 ,we do not find it4 ,dryden's cardinal idea1 that translation is 8a kind of drawing after the life10 has never been literally accepted by others4 ,it did not uniformly govern himself4 ,the face seen and the face drawn both appeal to the brain through the eye1 whereas even those ,english translators who aim to infuse the identical thought1 feeling1 or fancy of their original have recourse to media of sensual metaphor1 sometimes modified1 sometimes distinct from those employed in their author's language4 ,on ,sir ,george ,cornewall ,lewis' view of translation we will not dwell1 because we are not sure that we understand it1 and at least cannot conceive the practical application of it4 ,it is enough for us that he heartily commended as an instance of right treatment ,hookham ,frere's ,aristophanes1 which is clever1 fresh1 and racy enough1 but certainly not ,attic4 ,there is another theory1 that we should ask ourselves what our author would have said had he been writing in ,english4 ,one objection to this is1 as ,mr4 ,newman remarks1 that no two men would agree in their answers to such a question4 ,homer1 if an ,englishman and writing in our tongue1 would unquestionably have given a different turn and tinge to his verse from that which it takes in ,greek4 ,but are we not bound to make the province of translation1 as discriminated from paraphrase1 the reproduction of what an author did actually say8 ,certainly the aim of ,homeric translators into our tongue should be1 not of course to compass the effect produced upon an ,athenian reading ,homer in the age of ,peisistratos or upon a consummate scholar capable1 we will say1 of thinking in ,ionic ,greek1 but to make upon ,englishmen or ,americans of average culture an impression nearly identical with that which they derive from the ,iliad itself4 ,achieve this1 and they who are themselves not scholars will at least be assured that they are reading ,homer1 not ,sotheby or ,pope4 ,such an aim does not seem too ambitious1 but it has never been attained1 rarely approached1 in ,english4 ,a radical error runs through all our metrical versions of the classic poets4 ,literal accuracy is by some repudiated1 attempted by others1 and occasionally secured in detached passages1 but is always subordinate to the attainment of harmonious numbers and agreeable diction4 ,whenever literal accuracy seems likely to conflict with these1 it is sacrificed4 ,now1 if it be true that such sacrifice is frequently inevitable1 then a genuine translation of the ,iliad is an impossibility4 ,but this we are reluctant to admit4 ,the matchless version of ,voss has proved that it is possible to be at once literal and musical1 to preserve in one ,germanic language at least as much of the ,homeric flavor as ,germans of average culture can detect in the original4 ,perhaps one clue to his success is to be found in his employment of the hexameter4 ,a profound artist1 he could not fail to recognize the inextricable connection of rhythm and csura with the shape and play of thought4 ,he saw that in some subtle sort the metre is the poem4 ,we have not abandoned the hope of seeing the hexameter one day naturalized in ,english4 ,mr4 ,kingsley's ,andromeda showed a marked improvement on ,evangeline1 and what the ,laureate might do in this way is sufficiently clear from his ,ode to ,milton1 where he has grappled successfully with alcaics1 undoubtedly the most intricate and difficult of dactylic measures4 ,the distinction between quantitative and accentual metres has been pressed too far by men who have wanted patience to cope with those peculiarities which render our language somewhat intractable to dactylic verse4 ,almost every familiar scheme of ,english metre has been applied to the reproduction of ,homer4 ,we have had ,chapman's fourteen-syllable line1 the rhymed couplet of ,pope and ,sotheby1 the unrhymed iambics of ,cowper1 ,mr4 ,worsley's ,spenserian stanza1 the ballad movement in seven beats of ,mr4 ,newman1 and many more4 ,one or two of these are noble ,english poems1 but as translations none can be compared with the work of ,voss4 ,we should have said1 before the appearance of ,mr4 ,bryant's volumes1 that a new version of the ,iliad executed upon one of the old plans and in one of the old metres was not called for4 ,the attempt of ,lord ,derby to vie with ,cowper in blank-verse had proved singularly unfortunate4 ,failing to accredit the scholar1 its publication belittled the statesman4 ,it is not with such a performance that the conservative party can match ,mr4 ,gladstone's ,homeric ,age4 ,we should not highly commend ,mr4 ,bryant were we to say that he is every-way more successful than ,lord ,derby4 ,he has1 in our judgment1 surpassed ,cowper1 and that was no easy task4 ,the associations1 indeed1 connected with what is known as blank-verse1 render it to an ,english ear somewhat unsuitable to a poem like the ,iliad1 which presents an infinite variety of incidents and situations quite as often trivial as dignified4 ,still1 ,cowper1 although his muse1 stooping to certain homely details1 discovers a sort of prudishness which is highly amusing1 is generally vigorous and noble where energy and majesty are required1 and had hitherto been the least unsatisfactory of ,homer's ,english translators4 ,in examining ,mr4 ,bryant's work we shall mainly confine ourselves--so far as ,english writers are concerned--to a collation of ,cowper and ,lord ,derby4 ,we have neither space nor inclination to quote from the rhymed versions4 ,faithfully to reproduce ,homer in rhyme was declared by ,pope to be impossible1 and ,mr4 ,worsley's ,odyssey1 delightful as it is1 has not availed to set aside the judgment4 ,it would be easy to misinterpret the views which have governed ,mr4 ,bryant's work by his application of ,latin names to the ,homeric deities1 and the reason which he assigns in the preface for this practice4 ,it is true that he is countenanced by ,lord ,derby1 but we think we had a right to expect more from his scholarship4 ,we cannot but deem them both in the wrong1 and to our mind the error is serious and far-reaching4 ,the denizens of ,homer's ,olympus are in the strictest sense personal gods4 ,such superhuman attributes as they severally possess are sharply defined1 the degree and scope of their authority1 except1 perhaps1 in two instances1 clearly marked4 ,they live the life of men1 eat1 drink1 love1 quarrel4 ,they exhibit the most passionate interest in the war which rages before ,ilium4 ,they are bitter and unscrupulous partisans1 wheedle1 lie1 bargain1 rebel1 in the cause of their protges4 ,they forsake their dwellings to take part in the debates of mortals1 mix in the fight1 are pierced with spears1 and the celestial ichor flows precisely like human blood4 ,in short1 they resemble rather the demigods of a later mythology1 and are rarely invested with that awful sublimity and mystery which enshroud most of the elder ,roman divinities4 ,even in the ,theogony of ,hesiod1 the attributes of certain gods have undergone a degree of alteration which it is tax enough to bear in mind4 ,to insist upon confounding ,ares1 ,aphrodit1 and ,athen with ,mars1 ,venus1 and ,minerva1 deities which1 as enshrined in the literature purely and distinctively ,latin1 are as native and peculiar to ,rome as her language1 is to mystify the reader who knows anything of either4 ,it appears to us as unreasonable to rename the gods as to miscall the heroes of the ,iliad4 ,surely it is no apology for the confusion of things essentially distinct that the practice has been in some sort naturalized in our literature4 ,so are the legendary chronicles of the kings of ,rome1 so are the distorted portraits of ,shakespeare's histories4 ,a manifest error cannot plead undisturbed possession4 ,moreover1 it is now many years since ,english scholars have labored to educate their countrymen up to something like discrimination between the ,greek and ,latin mythologies4 ,their task is well-nigh done4 ,lemprire's ,dictionary is at length obsolete1 and the volumes of ,grote are in the hands of every schoolboy4 ,if the prevailing excellence of ,mr4 ,bryant's work had not disarmed us1 we should be disposed to protest against the repetition of an error1 as well as against the presumption of national ignorance1 by which it is excused4 ,it is certainly matter of regret that such an objection should lie on the threshold of a work in most respects so sound and scholarlike4 ,the new version begins well3 8,o ,goddess6 sing the wrath of ,peleus' son ,achilles2 sing the deadly wrath that brought ,woes numberless upon the ,greeks and swept ,to ,hades many a valiant soul1 and gave ,their limbs a prey to dogs and birds of air4 ,for so had ,jove appointed1 from the time ,when the two chiefs--,atrides1 ,king of men1 ,and great ,achilles--parted first as foes40 ,seven hexameters in eight lines of blank-verse--certainly a remarkable instance of compression4 ,except 1 7almost an expletive71 and in 7which1 perhaps1 is faintly suggested by 8swept071 not a word of ,homer is omitted1 not a word is added4 8,birds of air0 is an accurate translation of 4 8,parted first as foes0 is exceedingly close4 ,there is but one error1 is rendered 8great40 ,to this word no moral attribute whatever is attached in the ,homeric poems4 ,it is equivalent to 8high-born0 or 8noble0 7as ,cowper gives it7 in the primitive sense of that word4 ,lord ,derby makes it 8godlike10 which is quite incorrect4 ,if there be a fault in the lines just quoted1 it is a certain coldness4 ,they hardly lift us to the height of the great argument4 ,but for conscientious fidelity to the original1 these lines have not been approached in ,english1 and are in this respect fully equal to ,voss4 ,hear1 for instance1 ,cowper1 who requires an extra line3 8,achilles sing1 ,o ,goddess1 ,peleus' son1 ,his wrath pernicious1 who ten thousand woes ,caused to ,achaia's host1 sent many a soul ,illustrious into ,ades premature1 ,and heroes gave 7so stood the will of ,jove7 ,to dogs and to all ravening birds a prey4 ,when fierce dispute had separated once ,the noble chief ,achilles from the son ,of ,atreus1 ,agamemnon1 ,king of men40 ,this is pitched in the right key1 although the finest line1 the fourth1 is perhaps too suggestively ,miltonic4 ,in his scholarship ,cowper is loose4 8,who0 is grammatically wrong and sthetically a blunder4 ,it is not ,achilles1 but ,achilles' wrath that ,homer means to sing4 8,host10 8ravening10 8fierce10 8chief10 8,agamemnon10 are merely supernumeraries4 8,illustrious0 was inserted1 we presume1 for rhythmical reasons2 it does not translate 4 8,stood0 for is fine2 ,mr4 ,bryant fails to convey the notion of fulfilment1 of inevitable accomplishment1 which the word seems to carry4 ,the antithesis between and 1 significant as regards the ,homeric theory of a future life1 is quite lost in ,cowper1 while it is cleverly projected in ,mr4 ,bryant's lines4 8,premature0 preserves the force of the preposition in -1 which ought not to be overlooked4 ,it may be well now to quote ,lord ,derby4 ,he needs ten lines3 8,of ,peleus' son1 ,achilles1 sing1 ,o ,muse4 ,the vengeance deep and deadly whence to ,greece ,unnumbered ills arose1 which many a soul ,of mighty warriors to the viewless ,shades ,untimely sent1 they on the battle plain ,unburied lay1 a prey to ravening dogs ,and carrion birds1 but so had ,jove decreed4 ,from that sad day when first in wordy war ,the mighty ,agamemnon1 ,king of men1 ,confronted stood by ,peleus' godlike son40 ,this is hardly worth criticising in detail4 ,first1 why 8,muse08 8,vengeance0 is bad for 4 8,deadly0 translates well enough1 but 8deep and deadly0 suggests the harrowing phraseology of the ,ledger romance4 8,viewless ,shades0 is possibly poetical1 but ,homer chooses to be geographical--he says 4 8,they on the battle plain unburied02 we cannot find this in the ,greek1 but it accounts for one extra line4 8,ravening0 and 8carrion0 raise ,cowper's expletive to the second power4 8,sad day06 ,and so it was1 but to call it so is almost maudlin4 does indeed mean to wrangle1 but 8wordy war0 is petty and poetastic4 8,the mighty ,agamemnon06 ,homer is satisfied with ,atrides4 ,and now we will see if it be possible to give this magnificent prologue measure for measure1 line for line1 almost word for word4 ,hear ,voss3 8,singe den ,zorn1 ,o ,gttin1 des ,peleiaden ,achilleus1 ,ihn der entbrannt den ,achaiern unendbaren ,jammer erregte1 ,und viel tapfere ,seelen der ,heldenshne zum ,ais ,sendete1 aber sie selber zum ,raub' ausstreckte den ,hunden ,und den ,gevgel umher--so ward ,zeus' ,wille vollendet1 ,seit dem ,tage als einst durch bitteren ,zank sich entzweiten ,atreus' ,sohn der ,herrscher des ,volks und der edle ,achilleus60 ,the figurative entbrannt for is not to our taste4 ,bitteren is superfluous1 and sendete imperfectly translates 4 ,otherwise these lines are flawless4 ,we pass to the sixth book1 to a passage which ,pope and ,chapman have done well1 ,sotheby on the whole better1 where even ,hobbes grows tender1 where every translator has sought to do his best4 ,the parting of ,hector and ,andromache is a scene 7if we except the ,alcestis7 unique in classic literature4 ,when we consider the state of society depicted in the ,homeric poems1 the figure of ,andromache seems anomalous and inexplicable2 or rather she almost constrains us to recast our notions of the social framework in which we find her set4 ,in her the sexual passion is refined and sublimated to that noblest form of conjugal love which is thought to be peculiar to the civilized and christianized descendants from the chaste ,german stock4 ,through the historical ages of ,greece1 in the ,roman ,republic and ,empire1 we seek in vain a pendant to this portrait4 ,the ideal would seem to have been lost4 ,the painter who drew ,alexander's favorite could not have limned ,andromache2 he who sang ,ariadne in ,naxos would have failed to understand her4 ,to recover the type1 we must descend to a much later age--to ,raphael and to ,wordsworth4 ,the sweetest words in our language--sweetheart1 helpmate1 wife--describe ,andromache4 ,she is not the wanton idol of a despot's caprice1 nor the dull victim of a convenient ,athenian marriage1 nor the selfish protge of the cynical ,roman law4 ,she might have been bred in a ,christian world and blessed an ,english home4 ,we quote twenty lines from ,mr4 ,bryant3 8,she came attended by a maid who bore ,a tender child--a babe too young to speak-- ,upon her bosom1 ,hector's only son1 ,beautiful as a star4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,the father on his child ,looked with a silent smile4 ,andromache ,pressed to his side meanwhile1 and all in tears ,clung to his hand1 and thus beginning said3 #8,too brave6 thy valor yet will cause thy death6 ,thou hast no pity on thy tender child1 ,nor me1 unhappy one1 who soon must be ,thy widow4 ,all the ,greeks will rush on thee ,to take thy life4 ,a happier lot were mine1 ,if ,i must lose thee1 to go down to earth1 ,for ,i shall have no hope when thou art gone1 ,nothing but sorrow4 ,father have ,i none1 ,and no dear mother4444 ,seven brothers had ,i in my father's house1 ,and all went down to ,hades in one day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hector1 thou ,art father and dear mother now to me1 ,and brother and my youthful spouse besides4'0 ,no man1 we imagine1 who examines the above lines will question the general accuracy of ,mr4 ,bryant's scholarship4 ,they are at once the most succinct1 literal1 and beautiful reproduction of ,homer's words which has been achieved in ,english4 ,as ,americans1 we are proud of them4 ,cowper1 indeed1 had finely rendered this passage1 and it is possible that some persons unfamiliar with the ,greek and habituated to the movement of the ,paradise ,lost may prefer his inverted construction and sonorous phrase4 ,we will not quote him1 however1 but rather choose to pay ,mr4 ,bryant the highest homage in our power by placing beside his lines the version of ,voss3 8,die ,dienerin aber ihr folgend ,trug an der ,brust das zarte1 noch ganz unmndige ,knblein4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hektor's einzigen ,sohn1 dem schimmernden ,sterne vergleichbar4 ,siehe1 mit ,lcheln blickte der ,vater still auf das ,knblein1 ,aber neben ihn trat ,andromache ,thrnen vergiessend1 ,drckt ihm freundlich die ,hand1 und redete also1 beginnend1 ,seltsamer ,mann1 dich tdtet dein ,muth noch und du erbarmst dich ,nicht des stammelnden ,kindes1 noch mein des elenden ,weibes1 ,ach1 bald ,witwe von dir1 denn dich tdten gewiss die ,achaier ,alle mit ,macht austrmend2 allein mir ware das ,beste ,deiner beraubt in die ,erde hinabzusinken2 denn weiter ,bleibt kein ,trost mir brig1 wenn du dein ,schicksal erreicht hast1 ,grau nur und nicht mehr hab' ich ja ,vater und liebende ,mutter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sieben auch waren die ,brder mir dort in unserer ,wohnung1 ,und die wandelten all #8am selbigen ,tage zum ,ais4'0 ,we doubt if these lines can be surpassed except by the ,greek itself4 ,they echo the melody of ,homer4 ,mr4 ,bryant1 of course1 relinquished the hope of competing with him in this respect when he adopted iambic verse4 ,in point of compression1 however1 and literal accuracy1 we shall find him not inferior4 ,there are in both versions some imperfections4 8,tender0 7zarte7 may perhaps stand for although it represents but partially that exquisite epithet4 ,cowper omits this word altogether1 and ,lord ,derby substitutes something of his own1 8all unconscious40 ,to our mind ,mr4 ,bryant's 8too young to speak0 is most felicitous for 4 ,the word1 however1 in many passages of the ,iliad shows no trace of relation to 1 and means simply 8under age10 as ,voss gives it4 ,the force of the adverb is nicely preserved in the ,german4 ,both versions make 8only0 7einzigen74 ,the line of the ,odyssey 7b4 ii4 #cfe7 seems to us conclusive against the propriety of this translation4 ,we prefer ,cowper's 8darling40 ,and now we come to the famous simile1 4 ,mr4 ,bryant1 following ,cowper1 writes 8beautiful as a star40 ,but ,homer is far more picturesque than this4 ,he shows us the bright cheeks and glancing eyes of ,hector's boy gleaming from his nurse's bosom1 as a star gleams4 8,a fair star0--,lord ,derby would make it a planet1 8morning star0 he calls it4 ,but stars that twinkle and glimmer are most alluring to the eye1 are the fairest1 and therefore ,voss is right--schimmernden ,sterne vergleichbar4 ,mr4 ,bryant is not successful in the next line4 ,we cannot like 8silent smile40 ,can a smile be other than silent8 ,neither can ,voss match ,cowper's 8,the father silent eyed his babe1 and smiled40 8,pressed to his side0 is vivid1 where ,cowper and ,voss are tame2 8clung to his hand0--the ,greek is yet stronger1 8grew on his hand40 ,voss was certainly drowsy when he could render this 8pressed kindly his hand40 ,andromache's touching first word is quite lost in the 8,dear lord0 of ,lord ,derby4 ,cowper's 8,my noble ,hector0 is even worse4 ,the truth is that is uttered by the young wife in tender reproach1 and this is conveyed in good measure by 8too brave10 but seltsamer ,mann is perfect4 8,tender child0--,cowper and ,lord ,derby write 8helpless40 ,voss' stammelnden is based1 we presume1 on ,il4 #b1 #bch1 where some command of speech more or less articulate seems to be conceded to 4 ,the next four lines of the new version are close and felicitous1 but is not so much 8hope0 as 8comfort02 and 8when thou art gone0 hardly expresses the thought in 1 whereas the ,german delivers it faithfully4 ,we have reached finally a wonderful couplet which fairly throbs with passionate devotion4 ,here is the ,greek3 8#81 1 1 4'0 ,which we may venture to render thus3 8#8,hector1 united in thee still1 find ,i my worshipful mother1 ,father and brother in thee1 ,o blooming ,hector1 my husband6'0 ,voss is exceedingly sweet3 8#8,hector1 ,o du bist jetzo mir ,vater und liebende ,mutter1 ,auch mein ,bruder allein1 ,o du mein blhender ,gatte6'0 ,derby3 8#8,but1 ,hector1 thou to me art all in one1 ,sire1 mother1 brother1 thou my wedded love4'0 ,cowper3 8#8,yet1 ,hector1 ,o my husband1 ,i in thee ,find parents1 brothers1 all that ,i have lost4'0 ,bryant3 8#8,hector1 thou ,art father and dear mother now to me ,and brother and my youthful spouse besides4'0 ,lord ,derby's version is curiously bad4 ,strange that one striving to utter to modern ears words which in the ,iliad seem to break from the heart should go out of his way for 8sire0 and 8brethren06 ,and for 8wedded love10 it is not only incorrect1 but mawkish1 and therefore in this place detestable4 ,cowper likewise is weak and false4 8,parents0 is intolerable2 and are overlooked4 ,and in exchange for those adjectives we have 8all that ,i have lost0 7pure ,cowper74 ,mr4 ,bryant does very much better1 but he is again somewhat cold2 and coldness here is hardly pardonable4 ,he was determined to give the last line literally2 but to put in the vocative1 as ,voss has done1 makes the verse literal enough and more glowing4 ,both ,voss and ,mr4 ,bryant are wrong in 4 ,the active participle 7liebende7 is out of the question1 and even 8dear0 conveys an erroneous impression of the relations subsisting between mother and daughter in the ,homeric age4 predicates a sentiment of respect and reverence1 and is often associated with the names of deities4 ,for an exact analogue we must go back to ,english domestic life in the last century4 ,we shall find it in what was then a household word--8honored mother40 ,we must do ,lord ,derby the justice to say that he had hit upon the translation in line #dac4 ,it is a pity that he did not repeat it here4 has proved a stumbling-block to most translators4 ,it is a beautiful word3 and placed with exquisite propriety in the mouth of a young wife who gazes on the bravest face and noblest form in ,ilium4 ,mr4 ,bryant's 8youthful0 is not absolutely wrong1 but it is rather the impression which youth and health make upon the eye1 their visible glory1 their 8purple light10 which ,homer makes in 4 ,blhende gives it exactly4 ,we wish that with these perfect words ,andromache might have vanished from literature4 ,the later myths dishonor her4 ,it seems a crime against nature to recount of this woman that 8,victoris heri tetigit captiva cubile10 and that ,hector's widow bore children to the son of ,achilles4 ,surely instinct would have taught her the tenet of a later philosophy3 8,we are in the power of no calamity while death is in our own40 ,not in ,euripides and ,virgil1 but rather in ,racine1 would we follow the fortunes of that ,andromache whom we knew by the ,scan gate4 ,let us glance next at the concluding lines of the eighth book4 ,they have been translated by ,tennyson1 and it may be interesting to contrast his version4 ,mr4 ,bryant writes3 8,so high in hope they sat the whole night through ,in warlike lines1 and many watch-fires blazed ,as when in heaven the stars look brightly forth ,round the clear-shining moon while not a breeze ,stirs in the depths of air1 and all the stars ,are seen and gladness fills the shepherd's heart1 ,so many fires in sight of ,ilium blazed ,lit by the sons of ,troy between the ships ,and eddying ,xanthus3 on the plain there shone ,a thousand2 fifty warriors by each fire ,sat in its light4 ,their steeds beside the cars-- ,champing their oats and their white barley--stood1 ,and waited for the golden morn to rise40 ,tennyson renders the same passage thus3 8,and these all night upon the ridge of war ,sat glorying2 many a fire before them blazed2 ,as when in heaven the stars about the moon ,look beautiful when all the winds are laid 99 99 99 99 99 444 and all the stars ,shine1 and the shepherd gladdens in his heart4 ,so many a fire between the ships and stream ,of ,xanthus blazed before the towers of ,troy1 ,a thousand on the plain1 and close by each ,sat fifty in the blaze of burning fire4 ,and eating hoary grain and pulse the steeds ,stood by the cars waiting the thrond morn40 ,some may prefer the general effect of the ,laureate's lines1 but our ,american version adheres quite as closely to the text4 ,we are surprised1 however1 to find 8warlike lines40 ,mr4 ,tennyson's alternative translation1 8ridge of war0 is an exact reproduction of the ,greek1 4 8,bridge10 which he first wrote1 is post-,homeric4 ,lord ,derby's phrase is close enough1 but wanting in pictorial power3 8,full of proud hopes1 upon the pass of war ,all night they camped1 and frequent blazed their fires40 ,if one care to see what sad work may sometimes proceed from a true poet1 here is ,cowper's version of these lines--ten words are required to misconstrue three3 8,big with great purposes and proud they sat1 ,not disarrayed but in fair form displayed ,of even ranks1 and watched their numerous fires40 ,the familiar simile of the moon and stars in the above passage is sharply and faithfully reproduced by ,mr4 ,bryant1 whereas ,tennyson's 8look beautiful0 for ' is both loose and weak4 8,all the winds are laid02 ,cowper says 8hushed40 ,either is closer than ,mr4 ,bryant's phrase4 ,lord ,derby's translation of ' is ambitious and clumsy--8,shines each particular star distinct40 ,the last six hexameters are given in seven lines of our version4 ,tennyson has compressed them into six1 but with the sacrifice of 1 which the other neatly expressed by 8,lit by the sons of ,troy40 ,we could have dispensed with the ,laureate's 8towers10 but are delighted to find preserved in 8throned40 ,to some readers our criticism may have seemed to dwell too nicely on details2 but1 if they will reflect a moment1 they will perceive that this is itself a guarantee of sincerity4 ,we propose to give grounds for our opinions1 that others may accept them knowingly1 or refute them1 if they can4 ,to flood with general praise or spatter with vague abuse belongs to the ,cheapjacks of literature4 ,moreover1 no ,american needs to be told that ,mr4 ,bryant is a poet4 ,men do not ask whether his ,iliad is a delightful poem1 but whether it truthfully photographs ,homer4 ,that question1 if we may judge from his performances1 the average magazine critic has preferred to evade4 ,from the extracts already presented1 it is manifest that our ,american translator has followed the text of his author with a scrupulous exactitude which required unusual self-command from a poet of original powers2 yet he is often so truly and nobly poetical that many will overlook the superiority of his scholarship4 ,most countries of ,western ,europe have produced several translators of the ,iliad4 ,but in each language one has eventually obscured the rest1 and thenceforward kept unchallenged a niche in the national literature4 ,some such pre-eminence among ,english versions belongs1 in our judgment1 to ,mr4 ,bryant's work4 ,for conscientious adherence to the text1 his version has no rival in our tongue1 and ought1 in justice1 to be compared with ,voss4 ,in point of scholarship1 ,cowper had shown himself much stronger than ,pope1 but his translation beside ,mr4 ,bryant's ,iliad seems to us a paraphrase4 ,both are masters of blank-verse1 but ,cowper is a pupil of ,milton1 while ,mr4 ,bryant's diction and rhythm are his own4 ,the iambic pentameter is1 in his hands1 surprisingly plastic4 ,we should not have supposed it capable of such happy adjustment to the shifting mood and varying pitch of the original2 yet we cannot help a regret that this version was not executed in hexameters4 ,we are quite sure that the achievement was possible to the author of this translation4 ,in such extracts as we have yet to make from ,mr4 ,bryant's work1 we propose to compare him1 not with his ,english rivals whom we hold him to have excelled1 but with some of those translators who are most highly esteemed in other countries4 ,few lines of the ,iliad have been more frequently imitated than those which paint with the tints of ,albano the girdle of ,aphrodit4 ,the incident which calls forth the description is well known4 ,determined to lull the vigilance of ,zeus and rescue her darling ,greeks1 ,her flies to her toilet4 ,the most truthful of poets puts no faith in beauty unadorned1 and himself performs the part of tire-woman4 ,it occurs1 however1 to ,her that her lord is already familiar with the resources of her wardrobe1 and the fear of a cold or careless eye leads her to borrow of ,aphrodit4 ,she receives a talisman1 but precisely what this was is--to men1 at least--a riddle4 ,it was an embroidered strap1 so much is certain2 but how used1 and where8 ,belt or waist-girdle it was not1 for that ,her had on4 ,it was plainly a slender and dainty thing1 or how could she hide it in her bosom8 ,for our part1 we believe it to have been a breast-band 7,brustgrtel7 worn just under the breast1 although a ,french commentator with much heat pronounces this view an insult to the figure of the goddess4 ,the one translator competent to decide so nice a question was ,mme4 ,dacier4 ,unhappily she throws no light on it4 ,mr4 ,bryant turns the passage thus3 8,she spake1 and from her bosom drew the zone ,embroidered1 many-colored1 and instinct ,with every winning charm--with love1 desire1 ,dalliance1 and gentle speech that stealthily ,o'ercomes the purpose of the wisest mind40 ,we must object to 8zone40 ,mr4 ,bryant has just given 7,il4 #ad1 #aha7 the same name to a broad1 heavily-fringed belt which ,her is now wearing4 ,but ,homer makes a difference1 calling that and this 4 ,voss likewise is here somewhat careless1 rendering both words by ,grtel4 8,dalliance0 translates a stubborn word1 and projects the idea which lay at the root of 4 ,let us turn to ,voss3 8,sprach und lste vom ,busen den wunderkstlichen ,grtel ,buntgestickt2 dort waren die ,zauberreize versammelt4 ,dort war schmachtende ,lieb' und ,sehnsucht1 dort das ,getndel1 ,dort die schmeichelnde ,bitte die oft auch den ,weisen bethret40 ,how neatly and are compressed in buntgestickt6 ,wunderkstlichen is1 of course1 mere padding4 ,schmachtende likewise is superfluous4 ,neither can we altogether like 8befool0 for 4 ,mr4 ,bryant's phrase is certainly more felicitous4 ,on the whole1 it must be conceded that ,voss flickers in these lines4 ,when ,mme4 ,dacier brought out her ,iliad1 it was affirmed on all hands that ,homer could never1 in the nature of things1 be presented in ,french verse4 ,from that verdict an appeal has from time to time been taken1 but the decision has never been reversed4 ,mme4 ,dacier's stiffness and the flippancy of ,la ,motte are indeed equally intolerable4 ,we decidedly prefer to any metrical version in ,french the prose translations of ,bitaube and ,dugas ,montbel4 ,both are in the strictest sense belles-lettres works1 and are generally accurate and spirited4 ,bitaube portrays the girdle thus3 8,en mme temps elle dtache sa ceinture riche d'une superbe broderie4 ,l se trouvent runis les charmes les plus sduisants2 l sont l'amour1 les tendres dsirs1 les doux entretiens et ces accents persuasifs1 qui drobent en secret le cur du plus sage40 ,there are some adjectives here for which ,homer is not responsible4 ,monti's version is well known4 ,it has been called the golden ring which links the ,greek and ,italian literatures1 and is ranked with ,caro's neid4 ,beside ,la ,morte d',ettore it appears a meritorious work4 ,no doubt the climax of false taste was reached when ,cesarrotti1 who had executed a good translation in prose1 proceeded to metamorphose the ,iliad into a strange monster which he called ,the ,death of ,hector4 ,we will not quote ,monti now1 for in this place he is tame and redundant4 ,yet he has skilfully hit with favellio a secondary meaning of 4 ,the ,french have a word from the same root1 babil2 but we have nothing in ,english which so happily expresses the cooing of young lovers4 ,tasso's reproduction of these lines is exquisite4 ,he is depicting ,armida's girdle4 ,it was fraught1 he says1 with-- 8,teneri sdegni1 e placide1 e tranquille1 ,repulse1 cari vezzi e liete paci1 ,sorrisi1 parolette1 e dolci stille ,di pianto1 e sospir tronchi1 e molli baci40 ,after the short1 swift strokes of ,homer1 this picture seems almost florid with concetti4 ,but each poet meant to epitomize the charms he had beheld in life4 ,the countrywomen of ,tasso were skilled in lovers' sleights1 whereas the simple virgins of ,homeric times had never heard of the gai scavoir4 ,if we may trust ,brantme1 who knew something of ,italian manners in that age1 the dames of ,sienna were quite competent to instruct ,aphrodit in the arts of fascination4 ,the range of ,homeric similes is not limited to the phenomena of sky1 river1 and ocean1 to the familiar experiences of the forge1 the vineyard1 and the chase4 ,the lightning play of fancy and memory and the emotions of the heart are submitted to the same scrutiny1 and portrayed with like felicity4 8,rapid as thought0 has become the tritest commonplace in every ,european language1 but the guise which the simile originally wore in ,homer is still novel and effective4 ,incensed at the trick which has just been cleverly executed1 ,zeus orders ,her back to ,olympus4 ,then ,mr4 ,bryant3 8,he spake1 the white-armed goddess willingly ,obeyed him1 and from ,ida's summit flew ,to high ,olympus4 ,as the thought of man ,flies rapidly1 when having travelled far1 ,he thinks1 ,here would ,i be2 ,i would be there-- ,and flits from place to place40 8,willingly0 is supported by ,voss' willig1 but has no correlative in the ,greek4 ,the context1 moreover1 shows that ,her departed in a pet1 and her peevishness finds full vent when she reaches ,olympus4 ,mr4 ,bryant omits to translate 4 ,for this phrase ,voss gives sphenden ,geiste1 deriving the adjective from 1 by which1 with ,buttmann1 he understands the pointed 7not bitter7 fir-tree4 ,but if ,schneider be right1 these words are equivalent to in the description of the girdle just quoted4 ,the root would then be looked for in 1 and the latter phrase might find an analogue1 though not an exact one1 in our 8close schemers40 ,these details are worthy of notice1 for ,chapman1 mistaking the primitive sense of this adjective1 has utterly missed the point of the simile4 ,the perversity of ,hobbes is ludicrous4 ,he condenses ,homer after this fashion3 8,this said1 went ,juno to ,olympus high1 ,as when a man looks on an ample plain ,to any distance quickly goes his eye40 ,voss and ,mr4 ,bryant are in this place so much alike that we will not collate the ,german1 but give instead ,monti's blank-verse3 8,disse e la ,diva dalle bianche bracchia ,obbediente dall' ,idea montagna ,al ,olympo sali4 ,colla prestezza ,con que vola il pensier del viatore ,che scorse molte terre le rianda ,in suo segreto e dici1 ,io quella riva ,io quell' altra toccai40 ,scorse and rianda are pictorial1 and perhaps sufficiently literal4 ,we like also suo segreto for 8close mind40 ,altogether the version is neat and animated1 but less compact than ,mr4 ,bryant's4 ,both are quite as faithful as the prose of ,bitaube and ,montbel4 ,the former writes3 8,il dit1 et ,junon soumise son poux s'lve des sommets d',ida sur ,olympe4 ,tel que le rapide essor de la pense de l'homme lorsqu'ayant parcouru des pays d'une vaste tendue1 et se rappelant en un moment tous les objets qui l'ont frapp1 il dit en lui-mme1 j'tais ici1 j'tais l40 ,it will be observed that ,mr4 ,bryant's 8,here would ,i be1 ,i would be there60 reproduces the optative 4 ,so does the ,dorthin mcht ich1 und dort of ,voss4 ,an alternative reading is v which ,bitaube and ,monti have preferred4 ,the verb1 however1 should then be in the third person1 not the first as they give it4 ,the imperfect would impart to the thought a slightly different tinge1 and make the traveller rather retrace in memory than revisit it in desire4 ,if this reading be accepted1 we might1 perhaps1 venture to present the passage in this form3 ,thus he pronounced2 and ,her1 the white-armed goddess1 obeyed him1 ,down from the summits of ,ida speeding to lofty ,olympus1 ,darting as darteth the mind of a man who whilom has travelled ,up and down on the earth1 in close thought ponders his travels1 ,here was he now--now there6--still aiming in many directions4 ,in the battle which opens in the twentieth book culminates the action of the poem4 ,achilles now enters the field1 and ,mr4 ,gladstone has justly remarked that we seem never to have heard of wars or warriors before4 ,to frame his central figure1 ,homer summons from ,olympus the whole hierarchy of heaven4 ,amid thunder and earthquake1 the gods are seen rallying to either side4 ,no part of the ,iliad is pitched in a loftier key4 ,nowhere is a translator more strongly impelled to put forth all his powers4 ,we quote ,mr4 ,bryant3 8,from above with terrible crash ,thundered the father of the blessed gods ,and mortal men1 while ,neptune from below ,shook the great earth and lofty mountain-peaks4 ,then watery ,ida's heights and very roots1 ,the city of ,troy1 and the ,greek galleys1 quaked4 ,then ,pluto1 ruler of the nether world1 ,leaped from his throne in terror1 lest the god ,who makes the earth to tremble1 cleaving it ,above him1 should lay bare to gods and men ,his horrible abodes1 the dismal haunts ,which even the gods abhor40 ,we ought not1 perhaps1 to dislike the expansion of in the second line1 for the epithets added are themselves hardly more than formulas4 ,the next four lines exhibit ,mr4 ,bryant's best work4 ,their vigor and elegance are not extraneous1 but wrought with patient fingers out of the text itself4 8,leaped from his throne in terror0 is a melancholy falling off4 ,this indifferent line must stand for three ,greek verbs which render with startling accuracy the staccato movement of fear4 ,we give from ,voss the three hexameters which depict the panic of ,adoneus3 8,bang auch erschrack dort unten des ,nachtreichs ,frst ,aldoneus1 ,bebend entsprang er dem ,thron1 und schrie laut dass ihm von oben ,nicht die ,erd' aufrisse der ,landerschttrer ,poseidn40 ,nachtreich is not quite equal to 8nether world10 but really these lines are incomparable4 ,beside them even the prose of ,montbel seems a little wide of the text3 8,dans ses retraites souterraines le roi des ombres ,pluton frmit2 pouvant il s'lance de son trne1 pousse un cri1 de peur que le terrible ,neptune entr'ouvrant la terre ne montre aux dieux et aux hommes ces demeures terribles en horreur mme aux immortels40 ,we are unable to speak without contempt of the ,morte d',ettore1 but it is right to state that ,cesarrotti's prose translation of this passage is perhaps the closest extant4 ,monti's verse will be found less literal3 8,tremonne ,pluto il re de sepolti et spaventato ,die un alto grido1 e si gitto del trono ,tremendo non gli squarci la terrena ,volta sul capo il crollator ,nettuno ,ed intromessa collaggi la luce ,agli ,dei non discopra ed ai mortali ,le sue squallide bolge1 al guardo orrende ,anco del ciel40 ,homer says nothing of intromessa luce4 ,the words are no doubt transferred from ,virgil's paraphrase-- 8,trepidentque immisso lumine ,manes40 ,longinus1 in his treatise ,on the ,sublime1 had quoted this passage of the ,iliad1 and ,boileau in a translation of that work has reproduced it with considerable care4 ,boileau had positively condescended to defend ,homer1 but it is plain that his own theory of translation was that accepted by his age4 ,la ,motte has stated it in his ode4 ,he tells ,homer that he proposes 8,sous un nouveau langage ,rajeunir ton antique ouvrage10 and deeming the unconscious energy of his author un peu sauvage engages to rgler son ivresse4 ,from ,boileau no engagement was required4 ,his ,muse was too thoroughly the grande dame ever to forget herself1 and even in ,pythian convulsions retained a measure of decorum4 ,we shall find his version at once droll and impressive4 ,it is1 so to speak1 a ,greek myth treated by ,paul ,veronese3 8,l'enfer s'meut au brait de ,neptune en furie ,pluton sort de son trne1 il plit1 il s'crie ,il a peur que ce dieu dans cet affreux sjour ,d'un coup de son trident ne fasse entrer le jour ,et par le centre ouvert de la terre branle ,ne fasse voir du ,styx la rive dsole ,ne dcouvre aux vivants cet empire odieux ,abhorr des mortels1 et craint mme des dieux40 ,to us no book of the ,iliad is more delightful than the twenty-fourth4 ,there are many scenes in which we would willingly linger not alone for the tender pathos with which the poet has informed them1 but also for the light they throw on the social ethics of the later as well as primitive ,greek world4 ,the figure of ,achilles weeping through the long night the loss of the beloved ,patroclus is the immortal type of that devoted friendship which illumines with a peculiar radiance the stream of ,hellenic biography4 ,in the incessant warfare of sympathy with selfishness1 friendship between man and man seems to have played something of the master rle which in modern times has been engrossed by the passion of love4 ,again1 ,helen in her lament over ,hector's corpse lets fall some bitter words that deserve to be weighed in connection with the peculiar attitude which ,menelaus maintains throughout the poem4 ,they would assist us to understand her strangely equivocal position1 as well as the conception of the marriage relation which obtained in the ,homeric age4 ,we have space1 however1 but for a single extract4 ,we will choose ,priam's prayer to ,achilles4 ,how often and with what careful hand these lines have been reproduced in ,english is well-known4 ,in ,french there are no less than ten metrical versions1 to say nothing of prose4 ,to poets of every nation this passage has remained a bow of ,ulysses which many have been eager to grasp1 but none save ,voss has hitherto had sinew enough to bend4 ,the circumstances under which the prayer is made are inexpressively affecting4 ,the fate of ,troy has at length compelled the combat of ,hector and ,achilles4 ,from the walls of the city ,priam has beheld the fatal issue4 ,the pride and prop of his old age1 the bulwark of his kingdom1 lies dead and dishonored in the hostile camp4 ,conducted by ,hermes1 ,priam passes the sentinels1 and gains the quarters of his foe4 ,he enters1 springs toward ,pelides1 clasps his knees1 and kisses those 8slaughter-dealing hands0 which had slain so many of his sons4 ,then ,mr4 ,bryant3 8,think of thy father1 an old man like me1 ,god-like ,achilles6 on the dreary verge ,of closing life he stands1 and even now ,haply is fiercely pressed by those who dwell ,around him1 and has none to shield his age ,from war and its disasters4 ,yet his heart ,rejoices when he hears thou yet dost live1 ,and every day he hopes that his dear son ,will come again from ,troy4 ,my lot is hard1 ,for ,i was father of the bravest sons ,in all wide ,troy1 and none are left me now6 99 99 99 99 99 ,oh6 revere ,the gods1 ,achilles1 and be merciful1 ,calling to mind thy father1 happier he ,than ,i2 for ,i have borne what no man else ,that dwells on earth could bear--have laid my lips ,upon the hand of him who slew my son40 ,had these lines been pointed at by the legend1 we could well understand why ,solon should have burned his epic4 ,let us not stay for criticism1 but1 with eyes fixed on the ,greek1 give our ears to ,voss6 8,deiners ,vaters gedenk6 ,o gottergleicher ,achilleus1 ,sein des ,bejahrten wie ich1 an der traurigen ,schwelle des ,alters1 ,und vielleicht dass jenen die umbewohnende ,vlker ,drngen1 und niemand ist ihm ,jammer und ,weh zu entfernen4 ,jener indess so oft er von dir dem lebenden hret ,freut er sich innig im ,geist1 und hofft von ,tage zu ,tage ,dass er den trautesten ,sohn noch seh' heimkehren von ,troja4 ,ich unseliger ,mann die tapfersten ,shn' erzeugt' ich ,weil im ,troegebiet1 und nun ist keiner mir brig6 ,scheue die ,gtter demnach1 ,o ,peleid6 und erbarme dich meiner ,denkend des eigenen ,vaters6 ,ich bin noch werther des ,mitleids3 ,duld' ich doch was sonst kein sterblicher ,erdebewohner ,ach die die ,kinder getdtet die ,hand an die ,lippen zu drcken40 ,we hold that it lies not in the power of translation to surpass these lines of ,voss4 ,they are truly marvels in photography4 ,to every ,homeric line corresponds a ,german hexameter4 ,in every verse the emphatic word stands where ,homer placed it4 ,the very pauses are for the most part preserved4 ,the translator has not retrenched a word4 ,he has scarcely added one4 ,he has certainly not added an idea4 ,on the nice propriety of his diction1 and his perfect sympathy with the feeling of the ,greek1 we need not dwell4 ,in these respects ,mr4 ,bryant must be ranked next to him--with an interval1 perhaps1 but next4 ,his 8dreary verge of closing life0 skilfully interprets an ambiguous phrase which ,voss has chosen to retain4 ,again1 unseliger ,mann is somewhat cold1 whereas 8my lot is hard0 has caught1 so to speak1 the genuine accents of heartbreak4 8,and every day he hopes that his dear son10 etc4 ,readers of the ,holy ,dying will recall the touching picture of a drowned sailor rolled upon his floating bed of waves1 while at home his father 8weeps with joy to think how happy he shall be when his beloved boy returns into the circle of his father's arms40 ,voltaire has somewhere asserted that ,homer never drew a tear4 ,yet even he could not behold this scene unmoved1 and himself entered the lists as a translator4 ,his version of this passage embodies the principles which he maintained ought to govern translators of ,homer4 ,it forms a curious chapter in the history of taste4 ,achilles turning discovers ,priam1 8ce vieillard vnrable10 8,exhalant ses pieds ses sanglots et ses cris ,et lui baisant la main qui fit prir son fils2 ,il n'osait sur ,achille encor jeter la vue1 ,il voulait lui parler1 et sa voix s'est perdue1 ,enfin il le regarde et parmi ses sanglots ,tremblant1 ple1 et sans force1 il prononce ces mots4 #8,songez1 seigneur6 songez que vous avez un pre--' ,il ne put achever4 ,le hros sanguinaire ,sentit que la piti pntrait dans son cur1 ,priam lui prend les mains1 ah prince6 ah mon vainqueur8 ,j'tais pre d',hector1 et ses gnreux frres ,flattaient mes derniers jours1 et les rendait prospres4 ,ils ne sont plus40 ,these lines are not altogether without merit1 but no man1 we suppose1 who possesses what has been termed a historical conscience will allow them to be poetic4 ,the elements of the scene are there1 but they are worked up in accordance with the tricks and traditions of the ,comdie ,franaise4 ,to the eye of ,voltaire1 ,priam was simply an antitype of the pre noble1 and must assume the attitude and demeanor appropriate to that rle4 ,in short1 the verses are conceived in the spirit of his age1 and exhibit his best manner4 ,but read them after the ,greek1 and what fresh point they impart to the familiar words1 8,in old times men wrote like orators1 but now like rhetoricians40 ,from ,voltaire to ,monti is a long stride toward ,homer's ,olympus4 ,the ,italian has infused much sweetness into this passage4 ,and it is a native1 not a grafted1 sweetness4 ,writing in blank-verse1 he neither needs nor claims the license of ,french translators2 yet we sometimes miss ,mr4 ,bryant's terseness and simplicity2 as in the initial lines3 8,divino ,achille ti rammenta il padre ,il padre tuo da sia vecchiezza oppresso1 ,qua io mi sono6 ,in questo punto ei forse ,da potenti vicini assediato ,non ha chi lo socorra e all' imminente ,periglio il tolga40 ,to appreciate this version one needs only to glance at ,cesarrotti's4 ,priam's first three words-- 6--comprise the most effective exordium in literature4 ,they are true projectiles shot from soul to soul4 ,let us see if they are easily recognized in the ,morte d',ettore3 8,ah pieta1 grida1 ,divino ,achille6 ,il padre tuo t'implora ,per tuo padre1 pieta60 ,is it possible to place artist and word-monger in sharper antithesis8 ,the success of his mission--perhaps his life--depends upon the first impression4 ,conceive royal ,priam whining forth 8,pity1 pity60 like some professional beggar mumbling his worn-out lies4 ,homer said simply1 8,think of thy father1 ,achilles60 ,the words1 like the stroke of ,moses' rod1 split the stubborn heart1 and pity gushed forth in tears4 ,it must be admitted that ,mr4 ,bryant's lines are not always invested with the impassioned fervor and glowing life which have rescued the works of his ,english predecessors from oblivion4 ,but it will often be found that where they were most spirited they were least ,homeric4 ,it is inevitable that a conscientious workman who resolves to copy his model in the minutest details will produce at times a mosaic rather than a casting--his materials will seem pieced and not fused4 ,but we are sure that the sweetness of ,mr4 ,bryant's verse will delight the general reader1 while scholars will appreciate his self-control4 ,animation is desirable1 but fidelity is indispensable2 and they who truly love the ,iliad will prefer ,homer in marble to ,pope and ,chapman in the flesh4 ,over all translators of the ,iliad1 we confess that ,voss is paramount2 but no other version with which we are acquainted will bear a sustained comparison with ,mr4 ,bryant's4 ,the latter's obligations to ,voss are undoubtedly great2 but he has well-nigh cancelled the debt1 for the next worker in the field will owe much to him4 ,it may be that translation is not the highest function of genius2 yet where it is nobly fulfilled it deserves and commands our gratitude4 ,nor is this all4 ,it is something more than a figure of speech--the fine figure of ,politian's--by which ,homer1 assisting in the person of ,ganymede at the banquet of the gods1 is made to distribute to his best lovers some portion of his own ambrosia4 ,,footnotes3 #hf ,the ,iliad of ,homer4 ,translated by ,wm4 ,cullen ,bryant4 ,boston3 ,fields1 ,osgood ,co4 #hg 8,a poem people admire without reading40 #hh 8,ah1 monsieur6 since reading that book men seem to be fifteen feet high40 ,,spain3 ,,what ,,it ,,was ,,and ,,what ,,it ,,is4 ,a nation vegetating on old memories2 a people for two centuries priest-ridden1 just beginning to awaken and show some signs of the enlightenment of the age2 a government liable to change every twenty-four hours2 an empty treasury shifting from one to another incapable ministry2 and1 above all1 a ridiculous pretension and holding to such an ,old ,world phrase as national honor--such is the ordinary run of opinion on ,spain4 ,what is it coming to8 ,what is its destiny8 ,has it a destiny in these busy1 practical days8 ,or is its life played out long ago1 and the nation simply drifting downwards into the yawning gulf of insignificance where many another has been swallowed up8 ,have ,catholics an interest in the question8 ,yesterday1 when mention was made of ,spain1 the enlightened world lifted up its eyes and hands in pious protestation against such an outrage on our nineteenth century of civilization4 ,a superstitious race given to the worshipping of graven images1 hoodwinked by the priests1 those inveterate enemies of progress2 no free-will among them2 no understanding2 nothing but memory4 ,to-day all is changed4 ,the dawn long delayed of enlightenment has come at last to the unhappy land--has come accompanied by the usual signs4 ,churches have been rifled1 the sanctuary has been desecrated1 the ,jesuits have been scattered1 nuns and monks have been robbed of their homes and driven naked into the world1 blood has flowed freely1 murder has been done4 ,so1 to-day the world smiles1 and rubs its hands1 and hopes better things for ,spain4 ,that it was a great nation we all acknowledge1 and the title is a true one4 ,it was not alone a mighty nation2 those buried under the ,eastern sands were mighty nations1 yet their workings in this world were as barren of fruit as the shifting covering that has hidden them away1 without an oasis to redeem their barrenness4 ,china might be called a mighty nation1 but it has walled itself in from the world by the most narrow-minded and selfish policy1 and we have had to fight our way through good and evil up to our present standard without a helping hand from it4 ,russia is a mighty nation1 and we look anxiously to the development of its vast power1 but up to the present its only effect on the world has been that of brute strength4 ,but ,spain has been pre-eminently a great nation2 that is1 a nation that has done much for its own and others' development1 in all that can make peoples sound1 intelligent1 prosperous1 and happy4 ,looking back at its history as far as we can look back1 we find the same characteristics in the race as we find to-day2 above all1 that intense1 all-absorbing nationality which has kept it unmixed and unconquered4 ,hannibal courted its alliance2 the ,roman failed ever to subdue it thoroughly4 ,great stubborn resistances to the ,empress of the ,world stand out now and then in clear relief from that dim background--awful sieges wonderfully sustained1 where the women play an equal part with the men4 ,we shall always find these ,spanish women leading the van in the hour of their country's danger4 ,the victories gained over them resembled the victory of ,pyrrhus4 ,the ,romans went and the ,moors came1 and fastened on the heart of the kingdom1 populating and flourishing there1 sucking out its life4 ,they built their cities and their palaces in the fairest spots in the land4 ,powerful1 warlike1 rich1 with immense resources1 they laughed at the handful of men1 kingless1 skulking among rocks1 and starving for liberty4 ,but that handful will not surrender what is their own while one arm can be raised to defend it4 ,they are true to one another as ,spaniards and as ,catholics now2 for a new element is in them binding them more firmly than the very blood that is common to their veins--religion1 the religion of ,christ1 which they have seized upon with all their passionate nature1 never to relinquish4 ,inch by inch the ,moors are driven back over the sea4 ,they were invaded again by a more terrible foe than all--more terrible even than ,france in her deep distress has lately seen4 ,bonaparte had drained the country of its armies1 had emptied its coffers1 and taken away its king1 all under the shadow of friendship and alliance4 ,when he held it thus powerless in his hands1 he sent in his armies1 and impudently set his brother on the throne4 ,kingless1 moneyless1 defenceless as they were1 the people rose up1 the women again leading the van1 and the priests inflaming all4 ,bonaparte was driven out4 ,the priests1 for all their hoodwinking1 can be good patriots1 it seems4 ,the ,london ,times1 the mouthpiece of the enlightenment of the age1 certainly no great friend to ,spaniards and ,catholics1 contrasted the conduct of ,france during the late invasion with that of ,spain4 ,france1 in her sorest straits1 was never so hard pushed as ,spain when the first ,napoleon entered2 yet a nation of over #cj1jjj1jjj could not rid themselves of half a million4 ,there was no ,carthagena1 no ,saguntum1 no ,saragossa--no approach to such4 ,and the ,times confessed that ,france failed because she possessed neither the patriotism nor the religious enthusiasm of the ,spaniards4 ,such examples has ,spain given to the world of the purest patriotism1 the first element of greatness in a nation2 of a self-reliance that1 when all seems lost1 will not look without for aid1 but to itself4 ,she has not ceased her working here4 ,in no department has she been backward4 ,science owes her much4 ,literature is enriched by her authors4 ,the inspirations of ,murillo are the embodiment of all that our religion can feel in its deepest moments2 before his canvas1 the ,christian prays1 the infidel cannot scoff4 ,she has given soldiers of the noblest type2 statesmen the most benevolent and enlightened4 ,the ,spanish constitution in itself is from days remote admirable for equipoise and justice4 ,in ,england they are just approaching the ,spanish marriage laws4 ,a ,spanish merchant will tell you that for the generality of commercial questions he is his own lawyer1 so clear and well-defined is the law4 ,what do we ,catholics owe to ,spain8 ,first of all1 that high example of unswerving faith and devotion to the ,holy ,see through ages of evil report and good report4 ,the great heart of the nation is not moved by events that will come under our notice after4 ,she has not only given a host of theological writers1 but1 what is still better1 a host of theological actors--notably the ,order of ,st4 ,dominic and the ,society of ,jesus1 the names of which are enough to recall our debt4 ,to the ,old ,world she opened up a ,new4 ,here ,spain had a mission that is rarely given to nations4 ,she failed1 though the monarch sent priests to accompany the soldiers1 to temper the conquest of the sword by that of the cross4 ,how well the warriors of ,christ demeaned themselves1 our ,bancroft and ,prescott tell us4 ,she failed2 but who shall cast the first stone at her8 ,that nation only which has subdued another by ,christian love and the weapon of the cross--a phenomenon that has not yet appeared even in these blessed days4 ,we hear much of the cruelty of these ,spanish settlers1 of their selfishness1 of their greed of gold4 ,we must make a little allowance for the days in which they lived4 ,men were untutored then2 peace congresses 7save the mark67 were unknown2 an ,alabama case would either have been let alone or settled by the sword long ere it could have grown into a mere talking difficulty2 men did not consult lawyers on the nice distinctions of meum and tuum4 ,the ,spaniards landed1 and held their own by cruelty1 oppression1 and rapine1 no doubt4 ,we1 with all our enlightenment1 have followed their example pretty faithfully2 except that1 for men like the saintly ,las ,casas1 we despatched an agent that worked a speedy conversion--fire-water4 ,we have taken root here and grown up1 and are a great nation1 spreading out in all directions1 wealthy1 prosperous1 enlightened1 with civilization at our finger-ends1 and ,bibles willy-nilly in every one of our schools4 ,yes1 we are a decided improvement on the ,spaniards4 ,but a hundred years ago there existed a race in this country to whom the land that we tread upon belonged4 ,where is that race now8 ,a wretched remnant of it scowling and prowling on our outskirts2 we are killing them off4 ,we heard of them the other day joining in the great hunt4 ,the most enterprising and powerful of our journals1 one that has fitted out a purely benevolent expedition to ,africa1 sent its correspondent down to record it all4 ,we had an 8idyl of the plains02 the course of our great enlightenment and progress was drawn in fanciful colors1 with this correspondent for central figure1 riding for miles and miles under the stars to tell us at our breakfasts of the exact position of a soldier throwing an ornament round the neck of a savage maiden1 and the evident appreciation the savages exhibited of champagne4 ,spain failed in her mission1 great and glorious as it was4 ,have we succeeded better8 ,has ,england1 in ,india1 or ,tasmania1 or wherever she set her foot8 ,gold brought its own curse4 ,when wealth comes unasked1 few men will labor4 ,the 8,eldorado0 filled the dreams and stopped the life of the ,spaniards4 ,one by one her rich possessions dropped from the parent nation1 till ,cuba was the only one left1 and ,cuba wishes to go also4 ,she has become a second-rate power in ,europe1 if so high--the kingdom 8on whose dominions the sun never set40 ,and here1 with this glance at her past history to call to mind what she was1 what she has achieved1 the truly great elements that were always in her1 we turn to look at her as she is2 to consider her present bearing on the church1 for we ,catholics must always look at all things with a ,catholic eye1 knowing1 as we do1 that our religion is the one religion upon which the salvation of this world hangs2 that1 if the world is to be saved by us1 we can never put our faith upon the shelf and enter the world as worldlings4 ,the ,spirit of ,god must permeate and pervade all people1 all places1 all things1 at all times2 and when that is accomplished1 and not before1 then will the world be saved4 ,spain groaned under the rule of ,isabella1 or rather under the rule of her rulers4 ,she was a woman far 8more sinned against than sinning40 ,we are apt too often to blame the victim for the circumstances which make the victim4 ,from her infancy a tool in the hands of unprincipled men2 forced to marry a man utterly worthless in every respect2 almost without one true friend1 without a soul for her woman's heart to cling to4 ,we accuse her of all the evils created1 fostered1 encouraged by a host of powerful men1 who used her as a chess-piece2 while she stood1 their game was safe4 ,the revolution more than smouldered2 but ,o',donnell1 at once a statesman and a soldier1 kept it down4 ,narvaez1 crafty and bold1 succeeded him1 and in turn went4 ,these men1 particularly the latter1 in striking at their own foes1 left a bitter legacy of hatred and revenge to the queen4 ,what all foresaw came to pass--the last rising which ousted her4 ,prim came in2 the nation's destiny was at last in its own hands2 now for the millennium4 ,prim commenced it--a likely man for such a purpose4 ,a bold1 unscrupulous adventurer1 whose chief virtue was his reckless bravery2 no great talker2 not a man who would astonish you by the wisdom of his words1 but quick to decide1 speedy to execute2 a very soldier whose 8voice was in his sword0--such was ,prim4 ,he found himself adored by the soldiers1 glorified by the people4 ,he did not care for the latter3 when they wished to tear the crown from his cap on his entry into ,malaga1 he would not let them2 he declared himself in plain words for monarchy from the beginning4 ,he found the cortes split up into parties4 ,many for ,don ,carlos1 a strong body1 who if not crushed would have their king2 so ,prim resolved to crush them4 ,a few for ,montpensier2 another few for ,don ,alfonso1 the queen's son2 neither worth bothering about1 ,prim let them alone4 ,a small compact party of republicans1 very ably led2 nearly all young1 enthusiastic1 lawyers many of them1 excellent speakers1 excellent fighters at a pinch1 too4 ,this was a dangerous party1 who had been most instrumental in putting ,prim where he was4 ,he dared not turn round on them at once1 the people were still armed4 ,he coquetted with them4 ,they were young1 and many unfledged1 eager to try their lungs1 fond of the sound of their voices4 ,spain should be governed only as ,spain wished2 she should have a model constitution2 freedom of the person1 freedom of the press1 freedom of religion1 freedom of everything4 ,no more conscriptions1 only a few more thousands just to enable the army to quell those troublesome ,carlists4 ,he threw them a constitution1 a model indeed in its construction1 fit for ,utopia1 but scarcely for the wild spirits then raging in ,spain4 ,he let them wrangle over that1 and turned himself to the army4 ,he had always been popular with the soldiers2 he moved everybody up a grade2 by this means he created all the colonels1 and the army was his4 ,with this weapon secure in his grasp he could beat them all1 and he did4 ,he played them off1 one against the other1 in the cortes2 he knew1 split up as they were1 the elements too opposed to coalesce1 they would never agree about any single thing or any single person2 he suggested this and he suggested that2 if they would not take his suggestions1 that was their fault4 ,one thing was clear1 they must support him1 or anarchy would ensue4 ,the ,carlists left the chamber to fight4 ,precisely what ,prim wanted2 he had encouraged it1 in fact2 the sooner1 the better for him1 as he could the more easily crush them4 ,he did so1 cruelly and mercilessly4 ,in the meantime1 he was all honey to the republicans4 ,but at last they began to see that they had been hoodwinked2 that there was no hope of a republic from ,prim2 that the monarchy they hated would come in again1 and all their efforts prove fruitless4 ,prim demanded the arms of the people--the arms which had been distributed to enable him to crush the monarchy4 ,the republicans in their turn left the chamber to fight2 and well they fought1 too1 against the overwhelming forces that ,prim sent to quell them2 for no half measures would do for ,juan ,prim4 ,those men who rose and fought so tenaciously at ,cadiz1 at ,jerez1 at ,malaga1 ,valencia1 had been well schooled beforehand by the preachers of the age4 8,you are poor1 and your children will be poor after you4 ,the labor of your hands goes to dress the fine ladies of the rich2 to fatten lazy priests1 who do nothing for a living2 to set those brave gentlemen on horseback1 who think themselves made of other flesh and blood than yours4 ,we will change all that when the queen is driven out4 ,we will all be equal1 and do equal work or no work4 ,our men are men as theirs are2 our women are women also40 ,the queen was driven away2 the friars1 and the ,jesuits1 and the nuns banished4 ,the government seized upon their houses and what was in them2 of course it was not robbery when the government took them4 ,still the poor were not a penny the richer4 ,these plausible doctrines had seized upon their simple minds4 ,it was something worth fighting for1 and they fought4 ,no ,paris barricades were ever defended with half the fury and obstinacy displayed by those ,andalusians--the mountaineers and villagers whose fathers and grandfathers had harassed1 surrounded1 and captured a force of #djjj or more1 under one of the ,first ,napoleon's generals4 ,still1 we hear of none of those outrages at which the world sickened lately in ,paris4 8,aqui nadie se roba caballeros0--8,gentlemen1 no one robs here10 was the first cry at ,cadiz4 ,a commandant of the forces was struck down in the midst of the revolutionists by a shot4 ,they knew him well1 and that he was going to fight against them2 yet they were the first men to take him from the street and care for his wounds4 ,there is all that is noble1 generous1 and faithful in the heart of this people1 which it only requires a wise government to draw out4 ,they were beaten on all sides4 ,they dared not rise in ,madrid1 for ,prim kept his forces there1 as a centre1 menacing the country4 ,in the midst of all this distraction1 we see one flash of the old spirit that1 however it might split against itself1 was one against a common foe4 ,cuba saw its chance1 and1 though many concessions had been made1 it would have liberty at once4 ,prim had quite enough to do at home2 his hands were full with ,carlists and republicans4 ,we lent our sanction to the ,cuban claims1 with an after-eye to our own interests2 and our minister made some representations that never quite came to light4 ,prim made no answer to them1 at least in words4 ,but1 notwithstanding the dearth of money and of men1 the strain at home requiring every nerve to sustain it1 the old ,spanish blood was true to itself4 ,volunteers sprang up in crowds2 and force after force was shipped1 is shipped still1 to the island1 ostensibly to quell a rebellion that never held a position from the first4 ,a nation that can act so in such a moment must have something in it4 ,before taking leave of ,prim1 in turn the hero and the terror of the revolution1 much as we deplore that the destinies of such a nation at such a crisis should have fallen into the hands of such a man1 we cannot help paying a tribute to his never-flagging energy1 dauntless courage1 and prompt decision4 ,men laughed at ,prim1 at his speeches1 and wondered how he ever gained his position4 ,speaking on the deficiency of the national treasury1 and utterly unable to tide over those rocks on which all governments break--figures3 8,i know we shall be able to meet the deficiency10 said ,prim1 8,but how80 asked the deputies4 8,i do not know exactly how2 but ,i have a feeling in my breast which convinces me20 the words are from memory1 but they convey the substance4 ,men laughed1 but ,prim stood his ground2 and gradually the question1 8,what will ,spain do80 merged into that of 8,what will ,prim do80 ,a better man and a wiser statesman1 neither very difficult to obtain1 would have availed himself of such an opportunity to heal his country's wounds4 ,prim could not do this2 he did not know how2 but he was at least 8wise in his generation40 ,he could not save the sick man2 he did the next best thing1 he kept him from killing himself4 ,the foolhardiness of the man was his destruction4 ,he had often had warnings1 but he knew not what fear was1 and took no precautions4 8,to have the republic is easy10 said ,castelar1 the leader of the republicans1 after one of his defeats1 to ,prim4 8,we have only to kill one man40 8,nothing but a thunderbolt kills me10 retorted ,prim1 8and of those very few fall40 ,the thunderbolt fell and crushed him1 but failed to crush what it was aimed at1 the monarchy4 ,amadeus landed just in time to learn that his right-hand man was gone--a fearful venture for a young king and his queen4 ,but he braved it royally2 and though the race of ,victor ,emanuel can never find much favor in our eyes1 this son of his1 we confess1 has borne himself through trying scenes like a king and like a gentleman1 nobly supported by his brave and ,catholic lady4 ,that he was never elected by the people is clear2 that1 notwithstanding his personal merit1 he is not likely to stay long where he is1 is the surmise of all4 ,if a telegram1 without the slightest foundation in fact1 announced his expulsion to-morrow1 not a man in the world would disbelieve it4 ,the people can feel no sympathy with a man who has no sort of title to their ancient crown2 who is a perfect stranger to them1 and almost to the world2 who after the hawking of their throne about ,europe1 was forced upon them against their will4 ,besides1 the ,italians1 of all ,european nations1 are despised in ,spain4 ,they are considered there as good singers1 dancers1 cooks1 and such like1 but not the men for anything manly or great3 how much less for the throne of ,ferdinand the ,catholic6 8,king ,macaroni the ,first0 was the burlesque that greeted ,amadeus on his arrival in the capital4 ,with him we will not trouble ourselves further1 but with the revolution that gave occasion to the accident of his accession1 and which will displace him to-morrow or the next day4 ,spain undoubtedly was in a bad state under the rgime of ,isabella4 ,the question is1 ,has she bettered herself by driving out the queen8 ,the new order came in with a grand flourish of trumpets4 ,progress was the watchword3 the 8,progressistas0 were ,prim's party till he broke them up4 ,we have touched already on the blood shed in civil strife for this party and for that1 but there are other things to consider4 ,education is the word of the day2 let us see what the revolution effected in this direction4 ,the ,jesuits under great difficulties were organizing colleges and missions2 they were straining every nerve to educate and improve the people1 and were just beginning to make some headway when the revolution came2 and of course the first 8abuse0 to be abolished was the ,order of ,jesus--that order that flourishes even in ,protestant countries like ,england1 where the government1 under such a chancellor as ,mr4 ,lowe1 grants them a pension for their observatory at ,stonyhurst4 ,they had to fly the country2 their establishments were all broken up and seized upon by the government4 ,a case in point3 ,at ,port ,st4 ,mary's1 between ,cadiz and ,jerez1 the gentlemen of the town1 seeing the good effected by the ,jesuits in their missions1 and feeling it in the improved conduct of the men they employed1 as more than one of them assured the writer1 united and raised funds sufficient to build a magnificent college which they presented to the society4 ,the government1 then of ,isabella1 had nothing to do with it4 ,when the revolution broke out1 there were three hundred students there1 many of them from the first families of ,spain4 ,in addition to these1 forty of the poor children of the district were admitted to the course of studies free4 ,the ,jesuits were banished1 and escaped with their lives1 thanks to the courage of a noble-hearted gentleman of the town and his sons1 who at the risk of their own lives and property gave them shelter till ,topete himself went and conducted them to the sea4 ,the college was closed and seized by the government4 ,the gentlemen who built it demanded the building to be used at least for educational purposes1 no matter under whom4 ,to all their remonstrances a deaf ear was turned2 and the college stands tenantless to this day4 ,those who had the means sent their children out of the country to ,england1 ,france1 or elsewhere4 ,many could not1 and for them there was no remedy4 ,their children must do without education while the work of enlightenment goes on4 ,they drove out the friars and the nuns destitute into the world2 seized upon their property1 and possessed themselves of their treasures1 the vessels of the sanctuary1 vestments1 paintings1 gifts given in expiation of sins or propitiation of heaven by men and women long ago resting in their graves4 ,not a year back the writer1 then in ,london1 saw an announcement in the ,times of the accession of some rare ,spanish jewelry to the curiosities of the very interesting ,museum at ,kensington4 ,he went1 and found the ornaments that had decked the images and altars of the ,virgen del ,pilar at ,saragossa1 neatly arranged in two large cases1 each ornament ticketed off as in a ,jew's shop1 with the estimated value underneath in sums varying from over a hundred1 sometimes over two or three hundred1 pounds downwards4 ,this sacrilegious robbery was repeated throughout the country--a dangerous example to the poor1 whom they had indoctrinated with the pernicious ideas so prevalent in these times1 the climax of which we saw the other day in ,paris4 ,there was to be no state religion1 and the clergy no longer to be salaried by the government4 ,we must observe how all these movements strike at the church first2 as is right they should do1 for1 that power destroyed1 there is an end to morality1 and the rest is easy4 ,after a fierce and prolonged debate1 in which the republicans came out in their true colors1 and gave utterance1 not the greater number happily1 to open-mouthed blasphemy not simply against the church1 but against the ,god whom ,protestant and ,catholic adore in common1 the motion was not carried4 ,the ,catholic ,church continues the church of the state1 as it is the church of the whole nation4 8,there are three things ,i hate intensely 7que me odian73 ,god1 the monarchy1 and phthisis10 said an alcalde in the north4 ,it is a comfort to know that the wretch who said this craved a priest on his dying bed when attacked by the last object of his hatred1 and ,god1 ever merciful1 allowed him one4 ,emilio ,castelar1 the prime mover in the motion1 spoke differently4 ,he is the leader of the republicans3 young1 gifted beyond measure in all that can give a man influence among his fellows1 a marvellous orator1 whom the whole cortes1 from the prelate to the red-hot republican1 listens to spell-bound when he speaks4 ,his attacks on ,prim were terrible1 unceasing1 unsparing2 he lashed the cortes into foam2 but ,prim1 conscious of his power1 had a dry1 sarcastic manner of meeting them that took a good deal of the eloquent edge off4 ,on the religious question ,castelar said1 8,for my own part1 if ,i chose any religion1 it would be the ,catholic1 in which ,i was born and in which my mother died4 ,a ,protestant ,i could never be3 it is too frigid for me40 ,liberty of the press1 in these days the bulwark of our rights1 liberty of public discussion1 were proclaimed4 ,the press was free to attack everything and every institution we consider holy4 ,the republican papers poured forth floods of blasphemy unchecked4 ,the ,carlist1 the ,catholic organs alone were suppressed4 ,villaslada1 the editor of the ,pensamiento ,espaol1 the leading ,carlist and ,catholic newspaper1 which bears the ,holy ,father's blessing on its page1 was forced to fly the country1 and his papers seized4 ,he has since returned1 and has now a seat in the cortes4 ,his offence was attacking the government and advocating the cause of ,don ,carlos at a time when ,prim professed to await the expression of the will of the people to declare the king4 ,so much for free discussion4 ,it would be tedious as well as profitless to take every item in the catalogue of a nation1 and contrast them now with what they were before the overthrow of the ,bourbon line4 ,certain it is that1 bad as things were in ,spain under ,isabella1 they are worse at present4 ,her commerce has deteriorated wofully4 8,we know not what to expect in ,spain at any moment4 ,the men we employ have been so preached to by the apostles of the revolution that they are ready to turn on us we know not when4 ,we dare not keep a large stock on hand4 ,we are trying to sell things off even at a sacrifice1 we get our money safe banked in ,england1 and1 if the revolution and ruin come1 well1 at least we shall have some provision for our wives and children40 ,that is how any merchant will speak to-day on ,spanish affairs4 8,the shortest road to peace is through the revolution10 said ,villaslada1 and that is the opinion of all the thoughtful men the writer has met4 ,they look upon a revolution as inevitable1 the passions of the people have been so tampered with4 ,it is hoped for that the people may sicken of their illusions2 that the fury may waste itself2 that the blood-letting which must follow may allay the fever1 may open their eyes to the ,utopia which their frenzy pictures4 ,it is a sad state for such a nation4 ,it makes us anxious about the question we asked at the beginning1 ,what is its destiny8 ,its debt is increasing as its credit declines4 ,and yet the nation might be a great nation still4 ,its foreign possessions it can do without4 ,to get rid of ,cuba would really be a relief4 ,the advantages which the island affords for commerce by no means compensate for the continual anxiety it causes--the support of an army and a fleet4 ,spain is self-sufficient4 ,with an area similar to that of ,france1 her population is only one-third as large4 ,the country if worked could produce corn enough to feed more than half ,europe4 ,magnificent forests of chestnut and mahogany1 soft groves of orange and olive trees1 clothe and beautify the soil4 ,splendid rivers roll through the land1 while bays and safe harbors indent the coast4 ,in a little district perhaps not more than ten miles square grows the wine that supplies the whole world with sherry4 ,spanish wool holds its own in the mart4 ,the people are intelligent1 peaceful1 and moral by nature4 ,in no country can an inferior talk to a superior as freely without passing beyond the bounds as in ,spain4 ,beautiful1 historic cities are scattered through the land4 ,treasures of art are in their churches and galleries1 refining the feelings and quickening the intellect4 ,their language is music2 their climate delicious2 their soil fruitful2 land and living cheap4 ,their fleet is a formidable one2 the ,biscayan mariners for boldness and skill are unsurpassed1 tossed as they are from infancy in the cradle of their bay1 where the wide-spreading ,atlantic is for ever wroth that it can go no further4 ,the bravery and discipline of their army is within our recollection4 ,that the energy of the race has not died out is proved by the war in ,morocco1 the speedy quelling of the revolution1 the readiness of the nation to engage in war with such a power as ourselves1 where the final issue could not be for a moment doubtful2 but that much derided phrase 8national honor0 kept them true to themselves and their traditions1 and we were wise enough not to provoke a contest with a people ready to sell their lives so dear4 ,yet with all these advantages1 their course to-day is a downward one1 and will continue so until one of two governments comes--either a man like the ,first ,napoleon or a ,bismarck1 who to the iron will of ,prim shall add a genius which the latter neither possessed nor pretended to possess2 strong enough to grind down if necessary1 but great enough to lift up4 ,to such a man both ,spain and ,france to-day present fields ripe with opportunity4 ,or1 for ,spain at least1 where there is still great faith and reverence for what is great and true1 where happily materialism has not yet seized upon the hearts and the intellect of the people1 a government that1 instead of striking at the church which still is the church of the nation1 and sapping the roots of ,catholic1 that is1 of all morality1 should call that church to its aid1 and say to the people1 8,your ,god shall be my ,god0--such a government would have from the start the greatest ally it could hope for in a religious people4 ,let it tell the people boldly that it shall have liberty1 but not license1 that it shall march with the age1 that its great possessions are gone1 never to return2 but that at home it has resources that cannot fail1 which only require the working to make them produce a hundredfold2 a government which shall educate the children in religion1 and from their infancy pour into their souls lessons of truth4 ,such a government might regenerate ,spain4 ,such is partly the programme of ,don ,carlos4 ,but he is the disciple of another school4 ,could he unlearn a little the doctrines of his school1 ,don ,carlos holds the best chance to-day not only of occupying the throne1 but of occupying the hearts and hopes of the nation4 ,and here we close with a remark on the failure of revolutions to work their purpose4 8,the driving out of one unclean spirit to make room for seven more unclean10 is the history of all movements that have ever upset a throne which tradition has set in the intellect of the people1 which custom has rooted in the soil1 which has literally 8grown with their growth and strengthened with their strength10 and even declined with their decline or caused it1 which is of them4 ,it is a strange fact1 but history bears it out4 ,as we have shown1 the ,spaniards drove out their queen1 and for a moment held their destiny in their own hands4 ,the ,french drove out the ,emperor1 and held their destiny in their hands4 ,is either country the better for their action8 ,in great contrast to these stands out ,germany1 before the war composed of a number of independent or semi-independent peoples4 ,they united and placed themselves under the yoke1 and present to the world a combination so great1 so powerful1 so irresistible by any single state save ,russia or our own1 that the world was convulsed by it1 and the face of ,europe changed in a day4 ,whether it will last or not is foreign to our present purpose4 ,men should 8count the costs0 before they overturn any government4 ,it is a hard thing to change a nation4 ,even though you present something better1 you must combat rooted prejudice1 immemorial tradition1 every spontaneous feeling that rises1 before your idea can hold the popular mind4 ,look at the slow spread of ,christianity4 ,people would not give up their gods of wood and stone4 ,our ,lord cast out devils before their eyes4 8,it is by ,beelzebub you cast them out10 they cried4 ,but the agents of revolution generally begin on the other side4 ,they cast in devils4 ,they uproot everything that is stable2 they undermine morality2 they teach men to scoff at everything2 to obey no law4 ,man is free1 and this world is his to do as he likes with4 ,who says no8 ,the priest8 ,the priest and the monarchy go hand-in-hand to bind free-born nations down in superstition and slavery4 ,so they work1 and1 when their harvest is ripe1 they reap their reward4 ,they hack at everything right and left4 ,but demons are powerful only to destroy1 and they have raised those that they cannot lay1 save by blood and iron1 as ,prim did1 as ,trochu and the rest were compelled to do4 8,and the last state of these nations is worse than the first40 ,we were saved from a like fate because the monarchy was never known here2 our constitution was not a new one1 it was in the intelligence of the people from the first1 and its exponent was ,george ,washington4 ,people with their own destiny thrust upon them can do nothing with it4 ,men have brooded for years under evil government1 and when that falls a thousand quacks are ready1 each with his panacea for the cure of the nation's woes1 and one is as likely as another4 ,as for the nation at large1 it wants to be governed4 ,it cannot sit down and think1 the matter out1 rejecting this and choosing that4 ,the first that is ready1 if it happens to be good1 good2 if not1 so much the worse4 ,they have already knocked one government on the head2 why should they stop at a second1 or a third1 or any number8 ,and so step in cruelty and oppression on the one side1 lawlessness in every form on the other4 ,it is better to cure than to kill2 better to reform than to overthrow2 and if we must overthrow1 let us do it like men and not like fiends4 ,if the joint is rotten ere you displace it1 see that you can replace it4 ,the monarch is the key-stone of the constitution in lands where monarchy prevails4 ,remove that1 and the whole fabric is shattered4 ,you must build anew4 ,you may build better2 at all events1 time is lost2 most likely you will build worse2 strengthen1 reform the old--beware how you destroy it4 ,,official ,,charity4 ,,from ,,revue ,,du ,,monde ,,catholique4 ,in these times1 all is laical--that is to say1 in accordance with modern language1 everything is bound to bear the stamp of the state4 ,no contract is possible without the intervention of the state2 no marriage exists without the ratification of the state2 no school can be opened without the sanction of the state4 ,in short1 the state puts its iron clasp on all that man possesses1 even his personal liberty and right4 ,henceforth1 then1 in the name of those immortal principles which consecrated the absolute and illimitable liberty of the human family1 are abolished the most sacred rights of man--liberty in the bosom of the family and individual rights4 ,in the name of liberty1 the state confiscates all2 it proclaims itself1 without ceremony1 the original author of all its laws4 ,it is the god-state4 ,it is astonishing that1 following a parallel exaggeration1 the state has come to proclaim itself alone capable of exercising charity1 as it is alone capable of teaching it6 ,logic ought to forcibly bring about this result4 ,the state which adjudicates to itself the monopoly of direction1 can it not also adjudge to itself the monopoly of the charity8 ,yes1 charity has become a monopoly of the state4 ,what is it1 then1 other than official charity8 ,give alms if so be1 but do not forget to pass them through the hands of the state4 ,it is it alone that can distribute your generous gifts4 ,found hospitals if you will1 but on the express condition that you are to abandon them to the hands of the state1 who will administer them as masters4 ,such is in substance the idea of official charity1 centralizing in the hands of the state1 and administering through its functionaries1 the benefits and alms given in a spirit of self-sacrifice4 ,very well6 ,the church has never exercised a similar tyranny4 ,she has crushed the heathenish proposition of the ,syllabus1 8#ci4 ,the state1 from being the source of all good1 enjoys a right which is not circumscribed by any limits10 and1 always free from the errors which she points out1 the church has never imposed any act that even appeared as a simple pretext to accuse her of inconsistency4 ,though divinely commissioned to guide men1 enlighten and direct their intelligence1 their will1 and all their steps1 the church has never believed it her right to say to her faithful3 8,put your alms into my hands2 ,i alone know how to properly distribute them40 ,no6 assiduous in stimulating charity1 active in giving it birth1 the church contents herself with encouraging the sacrifices that holy love inspires1 and to show herself happy in having children who evince in so tender a manner the sentiment of ,christian brotherhood4 ,an exquisite sense reveals to her that charity delights in secret and mystery2 a marvellous delicacy teaches her that the poor and the unfortunate neither consent to pour out their griefs indiscriminately1 nor to have their wants relieved by every hand4 ,thus1 in reference to works of charity1 the supremacy of the church consists in helping to accomplish that which the spontaneous piety of her faithful confides to her1 and to exercise an exact surveillance over the faithful accomplishment of the charitable dispositions shown by her children who are numbered among the dead4 ,inviting1 encouraging1 thanking1 and supervising--such is the rle of the church4 ,if she welcomes with gratitude the faithful who select their pastors to dispense their bounty or for a go-between in their good works1 she does not impose it upon them as a duty to confide alms to the care of bishops or of priests4 ,and all doctrine tending to create a similar obligation is rejected by canon law as tainted with an odious exaggeration4 ,now1 then1 we have a right to reject the pretensions of the state over charity4 ,under what title does it place itself between the man who gives the alms and he who receives it8 ,is the sanctuary of charity less sacred than the domestic hearth8 ,and if the home is inviolable1 should not the secrets of charity be equally so8 ,we protest against official charity with all the energy of indignation4 ,we proclaim it as an injury alike to the rich who give and to the poor who receive4 ,the demonstration does not appear difficult4 ,nevertheless1 before undertaking it1 we hope to interest our reader in placing before his eyes the sentiments of a judge whose views modern politicians do not ordinarily challenge4 ,portalis1 every one knows1 elevated the rights and prerogatives of the state high enough4 8,the state is nothing if it is not all10 said he1 one day1 before the legislative body4 ,here is certainly a witness unsuspected of partiality for the theory we are about to defend4 ,listen1 then1 to what he said himself to the proposition of official charity4 ,i4 ,let it be remembered here1 that one of the most constant preoccupations of ,napoleon ,i4 was to centralize everything into his own hands4 ,the emperor wished to the letter to know all and to govern all4 ,not content with having created the formidable monopoly of the universities1 he had even dared to try his hand at flattery in pretending to treat religious affairs as a simple department of his vast administration4 ,could it1 then1 be hoped that his ambition respected the liberty of charity8 ,napoleon1 then1 dreamed very seriously of controlling its exercise4 ,portalis hindered him4 ,the good sense of this celebrated counsellor of the emperor refused on this occasion to consent to the caprices of his master4 ,portalis declared fearlessly that official charity was the product of a hollow1 weak brain1 altogether an ,utopia of one's own creation to amuse the leisure hours of some philosopher seeking a distraction4 8,certain men10 wrote he to the emperor1 8more jealous of their own attributes than of the public good1 believe in finding abuses in all establishments that are not of their own creation4 ,they scorn the good in the hope of finding the better2 they imagine that all is resolved by calculation1 and that1 with two or three general maxims1 they could reconstruct the world4 ,with such ideas1 states are disorganized4 ,such minds exhibit a greater power to destroy than an ability to construct4 8,it is said with truth that the laws would be nothing without morals4 ,it is1 then1 in the morals that the power of the laws will be sustained1 that is to say1 it is necessary to study the direction of the minds of men2 that they should know the common affections of the human heart1 and not govern by metaphysical abstractions and submit to cold calculation those things which cannot be other than the result of zeal1 devotion1 and of virtue40#hi ,this was adroitly cautioning the emperor against the deleterious influences of that sad philosophy which sought to control him4 ,applying these principles to those hospitable communities that irreligious passions wished to banish1 ,portalis subjoined3 8,the associations with which are connected so many touching memories were recommended to the considerate attention of your majesty by the gratitude of the people4 ,experience speaks loudly in favor of the imperial decrees which have authorized these associations4 ,it is not1 then1 to balance between the vain theories of an infatuated sophist and the real assistance that charity administers to suffering humanity40#ij 8,these miserable objections derive their source 444 in the vain theories of which experience has demonstrated the illusion40#ia ,it is1 then1 clear that official charity found no advocate in ,portalis4 ,it presented to him the too evident imprints of a lying and anti-,christian philosophy4 ,we will continue our citations4 ,,ii4 ,portalis was convinced that religion only could induce charity4 ,he believed that in this case religion only is capable of receiving and executing the mandates of charitable bequests4 8,your majesty10 wrote he again1 8in your great wisdom has desired to leave the care of the poor under the guard of religion4 ,she has undertaken the service that is accompanied with so many sacrifices and discouragements1 which could not be guaranteed but by the most elevated and the most generous sentiments4 ,she has dispersed the false systems of men who would wish to enjoy the benefits of the great work we see in operation under our eyes1 in draining with as much imprudence as ingratitude the source from which they are furnished40#ib ,the experience he had besides superabundantly apprised him of what reason made him sensible4 ,he had seen the works of the state and that of the religious bodies4 ,doubt1 then1 was no longer possible4 ,it became manifest to him that1 generally speaking1 charity could only be duly administered through consecrated hands4 ,listen to his grave remarks3 8,his majesty1 in his travels1 has convinced himself that all the hospitals confided to simple civil administration languish2 that the poor there are often treated with negligence1 and even with cruelty1 by mercenary agents4 ,in consequence of this1 he has directed me to send the ,sisters of ,charity to all the departments beyond the ,alps1 and in all other places where they have not been40#ic ,is it properly to ,napoleon that the honor of such an initiative reverts8 ,was it not ,portalis who inspired him8 ,he sent very few4 ,it is always the imperial counsellor giving1 under his report1 absolutely all the confidence to the clergy and to the church4 8,it is constantly urged that the ecclesiastics and the bishops have appropriated to their own benefit2 but are laic functionaries impeccable8 ,men1 wherever they may be1 commit abuses because they are men2 but it is clear that there will be less abuse in all things when each kind of administration shall be left to men who by their office and their position have the largest means and the greatest interests for right administration40#id 8,it is argued that the needs of the poor are sufficiently guaranteed by the civil administrators of the hospitals4 ,i am not only surprised1 but also grieved at this assertion4 ,they overlook1 then1 all the great good for which humanity is indebted to the ,sisters of ,charity1 to the hospital nurses1 and also to many societies of estimable women who1 by their tender piety1 have consecrated themselves to the service of the poor4 ,the public administrators are forced to depend upon the care of agents1 to those mercenaries whose frauds are beyond scrutiny1 and who possess no virtues4 ,the spirit of charity cannot be supplied by the spirit of administration4 ,other management must disburse the revenues1 other means must console or help the sick4444 ,one must be possessed of very little philosophy to believe that the cold solicitude of an administrator can replace the generous care of ardent charity4444 ,the service of the poor1 as they are attended to in the hospitals and outside of them by religious associations1 is not a simple administration or the effect of a simple management4 ,it requires a continual succession of night-watching1 privation1 danger1 nausea1 painful and disinterested fatigue4 ,this service demands a great abnegation of self1 which could not be sustained save by motives superior to all human considerations4 ,in an association1 forces are combined to multiply resources2 they encourage each other by example1 and are enlightened by counsel2 they are directed by rules which call them to duty and guarantee its observance4 ,they receive novices whose health1 character1 and disposition are tested1 and to whom they transmit with the knowledge of the subject the daily lessons of experience4 ,all these means of recruiting and encouraging1 of direction and perpetuity1 are wanting when the service of the poor rests upon passing administrations1 or with salaried agents who can be arbitrarily replaced at any moment by others4 ,to achieve a permanent good we must have permanent institutions40#ie ,this is certainly a complete and beautiful explanation of religious associations4 ,the experience of more than half a century has not lessened the value of these reflections of ,portalis2 on the contrary1 it would be easy to enumerate the frauds1 the misrepresentations1 and the wastefulness which too often occur in administering to the wants of the poor1 but we forbear the recital of the afflicting details4 ,portalis had but too much reason to condemn4 ,,iii4 ,in another point of view1 ,portalis reproved official charity4 ,it seemed to him irreconcilable with the rights of donors to the poor1 who wish to feel free in the distribution of their alms1 and also with the rights of the poor1 who do not consent at first sight to make acknowledgment of their misery4 8,this would be10 said he1 8destroying the character of charitable commissions1 and perhaps even destroying their usefulness1 in transforming them into exclusive institutions4 ,benevolence breathes as it wishes and where it wishes4 ,if you do not let it respire freely1 it stifles or becomes weakened in the midst of those who are disposed to its exercise4 ,i argue that it would show a false estimate of the interests of the poor to isolate them in any way from the religious souls who would protect and assist them4 ,such people desire to place their alms in a religious organization1 which will not dispose of them in any other establishment4 ,far from prescribing limits and imprudent conditions to benevolence1 ,i would1 on the contrary1 open all avenues that benevolence might select for itself1 and through which it shall choose to extend itself40#if 8,the administration of alms is not and cannot be the exclusive privilege of any establishment whatever4 ,alms are free and voluntary gifts4 ,he who gives can do no more4 ,he is the one to charge the dispenser of his own liberality4 ,the man who is able to give alms1 and has shown his willingness to do so1 can ask himself the simple question1 ,to whom belongs their administration8 ,to him or to them whom the donor will have charged to make the distribution8 ,there is not and there cannot be any other rule in a similar matter4 ,to do away with this rule would be to dry up the source of the charity4 8,how is it possible to think that religious organizations should be excluded from the right of administering the alms which they receive8 ,under such a system1 they might as well assert that they are not allowed to receive alms1 that is to say1 they would have to destroy the natural liberty of those men who lay aside a portion of their income to devote to charity1 from charging the agents of their own alms and their liberality40#ig ,as for the poor themselves1 ,portalis thought1 with reason1 that many among them refused to receive assistance from any administration whatever1 and this is why he wished that a portion of the accumulated alms might be left to the disposition of the curates of the parishes3 8,because these alms could be profitably disposed of to those poor who from circumstances and misfortunes have met with reverses and change of position1 and who1 not wishing to acknowledge their misery to the administrators of benevolent institutions1 their equals and sometimes their enemies or rivals1 go to seek from their pastors the consolations that sustain their courage1 and obtain assistance that does not humiliate them4 ,it is to this interesting use that the alms are generally consecrated by the religious organizations and the priests40#ih ,thus ,portalis reasoned that1 even for the interests of the poor1 official charity should be energetically repulsed4 ,,iv4 ,meanwhile1 if the objection should arise that1 after all1 these are but opinions1 and that simple opinions are not sufficient always to impede the action of the state in what it believes to be its rights1 ,portalis meets this objection1 and in a decided tone he asserts clearly that the state enjoys no right over the exercise of charity4 ,here are his own words1 which we recommend to the minds of modern statesmen3 8,the principal office of authority is to dispose of to advantage the gifts that are offered to it1 to cause them to prosper in protecting them4 ,it rarely originates them4 ,we have not yet replaced among a multitude of reforms the institutions that have been overturned4 ,experience brings us back every day to the principles that we have too easily abandoned40#ii 8,this would be but imperfectly to understand the human heart1 and hinder its free respiration in the things that law can protect indeed1 but which sentiment alone commands4 ,the office of a magistrate is to watch over the essential duties of a citizen1 but1 in works of supererogation1 he must allow great latitude to a liberal arbitration40#ajj ,a remarkable avowal1 above all1 from a lawyer of the temper of ,portalis1 who willingly elevated into a dogma the omnipotence of the state4 ,he has1 however1 said3 8,no1 the omnipotence of the state does not go so far as that2 and that for the very simple reason that the state could exact from its citizens only the observance of precepts imposed by the natural and divine laws4 ,it can never compel them to submit to obligations that nature has never created40 ,is it to say that we refuse to the state the right of showing itself benevolent and charitable8 ,god forbid6 ,if the state would practise boundless liberality1 we would bless it4 ,if it would be the protector of all the works destined for the relief of unfortunate humanity1 we would exalt it with transport4 ,but never to make this protection a monopoly1 otherwise the benefaction would change to tyranny4 ,listen to ,m4 ,charles ,prin1 who has treated with as much depth as sincerity the difficult problems of political economy3 8,the action of the state in giving assistance will not be free from danger1 inasmuch as it would have a purely preventive character4444 ,that the state intervenes to assure by its civil existence the duration of those institutions founded by the free inspirations of private charity2 that it assures itself that the conditions of the foundations for which it calls its meetings contain nothing which repudiates the rules of public order2 that it exercises over the administrations of those foundations a watchfulness that prevents abuses and which secures the observation of the essential rules of the institution1 without annulling the free action of those who have received the mission of donators to represent them among the poor1 and continue the work of charity which has inspired them--under these conditions1 the intervention of the state will become a benefit1 because then she does no more than aid liberty40#aja ,here is also the doctrine of the great ,bishop of ,arras1 ,mgr4 ,parisis3 8,that which governments can and ought to do to aid charity is not to disfigure1 to dry up1 and to destroy it in making it entirely legal1 but to reanimate it by all possible means in maintaining it ,christian1 in preserving the sentiment1 and everywhere encouraging efforts in its regard1 to make not rulers1 but auxiliaries1 not oppressors1 but friends40#ajb ,admirable formula1 that the politicians of the present day should study a little more6 ,we have placed before the reader the sentiments and doctrines of ,portalis touching official charity4 ,we do not think that we could give higher authority4 ,we have found in the alleged proofs good and solid reasoning4 ,we record a true demonstration4 ,we have been reluctant heretofore to discharge this great duty4 ,why we take up the subject at this late period is to expose the vices and the dangers of official charity4 ,,footnotes3 #hi ,travaux sur le ,concordat1 etc41 ,rapport du #bd ,mars1 #ahjg4 #ij ,ibid4 #ia ,ibid4 #ib ,ibid4 #ic ,rapport sur les ,fabriques d',eglise1 ,juillet1 #ahjf4 #id ,ibid4 #ie ,rapport du #bd ,mars1 #ahjg4 #if ,rapport du #af ,avril1 #ahjf4 #ig ,ibid4 #ih ,rapport du #af ,avril1 #ahjf4 #ii ,ibid4 ,rapport du #bd1 ,fructidor an ,,xiii41 #aa ,sept41 #ahje4 #ajj ,ibid4 #aja ,de la ,richesse dans les ,socits chrtienne1 t4 i4 p4 #dih4 #ajb ,la ,democratie devant l',enseignement catholique1 p4 #ajg4 ,,the ,,church ,,and ,,the ,,press4 ,the following item of news is clipped from a recent number of a leading ,new ,york publication3 8,the proposition is under discussion to establish in this city a new anti-,catholic paper1 partly devoted to opposing the religious tenets of the ,romanists1 but still more their supposed attempts to secure political control in the country4 ,it will support the ultra-,protestant position of the ,bible in the public schools1 and will be backed1 it is expected1 by a large subscription among the three or four secret anti-,roman ,catholic societies that exist in this country40 ,we do not know what truth there may be in this report4 ,it is intrinsically probable that the establishment of an 8anti-,romanist0 periodical is in contemplation1 because there is always a large politico-religious party in the ,united ,states whose chief principle is bitterness against the ,catholic ,church1 and there are certain reasons why such a party just now should be especially active4 ,the ,catholic element in our population is rapidly increasing1 and many circumstances have recently combined to bring its numerical strength into prominence4 ,a moderate estimate makes it not less than six or seven millions4 ,the published returns of the census of #ahgj have not thus far furnished any statistics of religious belief1 but they give some facts from which we can get at least an idea of the rate at which the church in ,america is growing4 ,there were1 for example1 in #ahgj1 no fewer than #a1hee1ggi persons of ,irish birth in the ,united ,states1 and of these the preponderance of ,catholics over ,protestants was so large that the ,protestant element may as well be disregarded4 ,in ,ireland1 the ratio of ,catholics to ,protestants is at least as high as four to one1 and here the proportion is still greater1 because emigration is largely from the ,catholic counties2 probably the whole number of ,irish-born ,protestants in the ,united ,states does not equal #bjj1jjj4 ,the ,german-born population1 according to the same census1 is #a1fij1ecc4 ,in ,germany1 about three-fifths of the inhabitants are ,catholics1 but emigration takes place rather more from the ,protestant than from the ,catholic districts1 so that competent judges estimate that the ,catholic ,germans in this country are only two-fifths of the entire number4 ,that would give us1 for ,catholics of ,german birth1 #fgf1bac4 ,then there are #aic1ejd natives of other ,catholic countries1 including #aaf1djb ,frenchmen1 but not counting ,swiss1 ,poles1 ,canadians1 and others of whose religious belief we have no means of making an estimate4 ,a great many of the ,french and ,italian immigrants are either ,protestants or people of no religious profession at all2 and1 upon the whole1 we prefer to leave out of consideration these #aic1jjj settlers of the ,latin race1 balancing with them the ,protestant ,irish4 ,now1 the census shows that for every foreigner in the country there are two native-born inhabitants of foreign parentage4 ,according to this rule1 we ought to have #c1gaa1eeh descendants in the first generation of ,irish immigrants1 and #a1ceb1dbf descendants of ,germans4 ,supposing1 therefore1 that the children are brought up in the faith of their parents1 there ought to be the following numbers of foreign-born ,catholics and ,catholics born in this country of foreign fathers and mothers3 ,irish birth #a1hee1ggi ,irish parentage #c1gaa1eeh --------- ,total ,irish #e1efg1ccg ,german birth #fgf1bac ,german parentage #a1ceb1dbf --------- ,total ,german #b1jbh1fci --------- ,grand total #g1eie1igf ,this1 of course1 is too high an estimate4 ,unfortunately1 a great many of the descendants of ,catholic immigrants are not brought up in the faith4 ,protestant associations1 mixed marriages1 the want of priests and churches in a large part of our territory1 the general deficiency of schools1 the influence of an overpowering ,protestant tone in society1 politics1 and literature1 and the inadequacy of the ,catholic press thus far to meet the intellectual needs of the day1 have robbed us of many of the descendants of the ,catholic settlers--how many it is impossible to say4 ,on the other hand1 it must be remembered that the figures we have given refer only to immigrants and a single generation of their descendants4 ,irish and ,german ,catholics1 however1 have been pouring into the country ever since the ,revolution1 and their descendants in the second1 third1 and later generations must be counted by hundreds of thousands4 ,then we have the offspring of the original ,catholic settlers of ,maryland and of the ,french posts along the ,mississippi ,valley from the ,lakes to the ,gulf of ,mexico1 and the ,spanish ,catholics along the ,pacific coast2 and1 finally1 we have thousands of converts1 whose number is increasing in a constantly growing ratio4 ,all these elements must far outweigh the loss by neglect and perversion4 ,then1 the movement to extend ,catholicism among the colored people of the ,south has occasioned no little alarm in the ,protestant sects4 ,it was thoroughly discussed at the ,general ,council of ,baltimore six years ago1 and especially attracted1 as our readers know1 the ,christian zeal of the late ,archbishop ,spalding4 ,the ,english ,church has come to our aid by sending us missionaries for this special work1 and there is every reason to believe that in this long-neglected field1 now open to us by the abolition of slavery1 we shall reap an abundant harvest4 ,everybody perceives that for a long time to come1 if not permanently1 the colored people will hold a preponderance of power in several of the ,southern ,states4 ,as they advance in education and material welfare1 their influence will enormously increase4 ,in many districts1 they are evidently destined to be the ruling race1 for they are improving in culture1 and can no longer be overlooked by the social or religious philosopher4 ,whether they shall be ,catholic or ,protestant is a momentous question1 not only to their own souls1 but to the country4 ,but not only is the formidable number of the ,catholics of the ,united ,states a subject of increasing anxiety to the sects1 their attitude towards political parties presents some new and perplexing problems4 ,heretofore they have exerted no special influence as ,catholics upon political affairs4 ,as a general rule1 at least in large cities1 an immense majority of them have adhered to the ,democratic organization1 but without giving the slightest ,catholic tendency to ,democratic principles and objects4 ,they have been swallowed up and lost in the party rather than incorporated with it2 they have given it votes1 and got little or nothing in return4 ,why this has been so we need not now inquire2 for it has become evident that a general reconstruction of parties is close at hand4 ,the next ,presidential election will not be so much a contest of principles as a trial of strength between the personal adherents of the rival nominees2 and before the end of another four years we may expect on both sides a new declaration of political faith1 a new setting up of standards1 a new mustering of opposing camps1 so that the fight hereafter shall be not for a candidate1 but a cause4 ,republicans and democrats alike are looking for a new departure1 and we cannot help being interested in what the new symbols of party orthodoxy are to be4 ,of course1 as a religious body our duty is now1 as it always has been1 to keep aloof from partisanship4 ,we have observed this duty religiously in the past2 we shall observe it no less strictly hereafter4 ,but ,protestants do not comprehend our position in the matter1 and they are watching eagerly for indications of the new alliance which they take it for granted we must contemplate4 ,more than this1 certain sections of them are acting upon the assumption that we must naturally rank ourselves as their political enemies1 and are striving to give a distinctly anti-,catholic tendency to state and national legislation4 ,what are we to do if they succeed8 ,what must be our attitude if the school question1 for example1 become a leading topic in state politics1 or if the broad question of national education be incorporated with the dogmas of the coming political parties8 ,leaders on the ,republican side have already been trying the temper of the people on this point1 and it is not at all impossible that organizations may be made so uncompromisingly hostile to us that we shall have to raise our own standard and define our lines4 ,protestants see all this more clearly than ,catholics1 and hence the instinctive gathering together of the sects1 the renewed bitterness of some of their leading journals1 such as the ,new ,york ,times and ,harper's ,weekly1 the attempt to exclude our charities from the state aid to which they are fairly entitled1 the attacks upon our schools1 and the plans for an anti-,catholic crusade by the establishment of no-,popery organs4 ,a paper of the class indicated in the extract at the head of this article would not1 indeed1 be a formidable enemy4 ,the people at least have no taste for the violent1 old-fashioned style of controversy2 but1 as one indication among many of the drift of ,protestant sentiment1 the establishment of a professedly and distinctively anti-,catholic paper as a political engine would be significant4 ,if evil times are coming1 how are we prepared to meet them8 ,if our schools are to be attacked1 our asylums and hospitals starved out1 our children led away from the church and the parish school by the strong arm of the government1 our young men and young women corrupted by hostile literature1 the newspapers given up to falsehood and misrepresentation about our faith and practices1 we who are seven millions strong are surely not to sit idle and strike no blow in our own defence4 ,the pulpit cannot be our only guardian4 ,before the altar we listen to instruction in our religious duties1 we learn of the mysteries of our creed1 we are roused to penitence1 to charity1 to the love of ,god and man2 we do not look there for guidance in our duty as citizens1 or for the answer to the slanders of our enemies4 ,our priests have a more sacred function to perform2 there is still a work which1 from the nature of the case1 they cannot do4 ,the ,catholic cause must be upheld not only in the shadow of the sanctuary1 but in the very midst of the hostile camp4 ,the most eloquent sermon cannot reach a man who will not go to church4 ,the most complete refutation of a slander will do no good if the slanderer and those who believe in him never hear the answer4 ,but newspapers go everywhere4 ,their readers are not confined to any one sect or any one party2 and when disputes arise which affect the relations of ,catholics to the secular government and to their ,protestant brethren1 the heaviest of the fighting must always be done by the daily1 weekly1 and monthly press4 ,in an article published over a year ago1 we touched upon this subject in connection with the duty of ,american ,catholics towards ,catholic literature4 ,our remarks were generally approved1 we believe1 but they called forth some little criticism of an unfavorable character which1 upon the whole1 we were not sorry to see4 ,it is an encouraging sign of development when the religious press shows vitality enough to discuss something else than the commonplaces of controversy which have formed the staple of ,catholic and ,protestant polemics for generations4 ,it is high time for us to apply to our own publications a little of that free examination which we have bestowed upon others1 and to let argument among ,catholic writers be something more than the foolish wrangling of ambitious rivals4 ,in the article to which we have alluded1 we said that few of the ,catholic papers had a circulation of more than #aj1jjj2 and some people found fault with us for that4 ,we wish we could give them #be1jjj or #ej1jjj apiece2 but it will not mend matters to say that all ,catholic papers are powerful organs of public opinion1 when we know that they are nothing of the sort4 ,most of them are doing excellent service within their own sphere2 but why affect to deny that their sphere is a narrow one and their means are small8 ,we have tried to impress upon the ,catholic public the duty of supporting the ,catholic press to the utmost of their ability4 ,we have shown that where ,protestants attack us in a million printed sheets1 we give a feeble answer in perhaps ten thousand4 ,we number #h1jjj1jjj souls1 yet our newspapers with very few exceptions languish for want of readers1 and our colleges are not creating a literary class among the laity4 ,this is one side of the picture1 but there is another4 ,if the public is doing little for the papers1 are the papers doing much more for the public8 ,we dare say they are doing what they can2 but how much is that8 ,what ,catholic journal have we capable of meeting ,harper's ,weekly1 for instance--we do not mean in argument1 but in influence8 ,as we write1 the current number of that periodical is laid upon our table4 ,it contains a long article on 8,romish ,cruelty10 telling how in a ,pennsylvania town 8the ,roman ,catholics formed a plot to murder0 a school-teacher4 8,the priest aided in encouraging the dangerous spirit of the people1 and the assassins seem to have been urged on to their dreadful deed by the open countenance of the ,romish ,church40 ,the writer comes to the conclusion that 8no one's life is any longer safe who ventures to doubt the divinity of ,mary or the supreme prerogatives of the ,pope40 ,this is only a sample of many similar slanders which the unprincipled publishing firm of the ,harpers are spreading all over the country4 ,what are we doing to counteract them8 ,surely1 we cannot afford to let them go unanswered1 and we leave it to any ,catholic to say whether there is a single publication of our creed in the ,united ,states which we can depend upon for a prompt and thorough reply to such falsehoods1 in such form and manner as to convince not merely the ,catholic1 but the ,protestant public4 ,we must confront our assailants on their own ground4 ,if they tell us that a priest and his parishioners in an obscure ,pennsylvania town have conspired to murder ,protestant school-teachers1 we must be able to show1 and to show at once1 that the incidents never occurred1 or that the interpretation placed upon them is unwarranted4 ,we ought to have our sources of information as well as our enemies4 ,we need our news-gatherers and investigators1 who shall answer falsehood not with indignant invective1 but with fact4 ,this is not the work for a monthly magazine1 but for a much prompter sort of publication4 ,long before the true story of such an affair could be told in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 it would have been succeeded by a new slander4 ,the poison would have run through the public veins1 and it would be too late for the antidote to overtake it4 ,newspapers ought to do this work1 and we suppose they would do it if they had the money2 but investigations are expensive1 and when the force of a ,catholic organ consists of nobody but the editor1 who writes all the fourth page1 and the assistant1 who makes up the rest of the forms with a paste-pot and a pair of shears1 there is of course no reporter who can be sent away on excursions4 ,the ,new ,york ,times1 which has long rivalled ,harper's ,weekly in bigotry and anti-,catholic malice1 allows a correspondent to take up this story1 repeat it as a well-ascertained truth1 and enforce the lesson that 8a faithful son of the ,romish ,church cannot be a law-abiding citizen of this free ,republic40 ,we dare say scores of ,union newspapers will follow the example of the ,times2 and1 meanwhile1 if a few weekly ,catholic papers succeed in getting at the truth of the incident1 we may depend upon it their refutation of the falsehood will never reach ,protestant ears4 ,it is time for us to understand that calumny cannot be conquered by such means as we now employ1 and that practically our enemies are having everything their own way4 ,catholic questions of the most momentous character are now agitating the whole continent of ,europe4 ,germany is shaken by the problems of education2 ,italy1 by the contest between the rights of the ,vicar of ,christ and the usurpations of the godless ,sardinian monarchy4 ,the ,dllinger party are encouraged by some of the secular powers to attempt a new heresy4 ,france and ,spain are both vexed by infidel and persecuting political factions4 ,england even and ,ireland have their ,catholic difficulties arising out of the relations between the state and the schools4 ,all the intelligence which reaches us on these important topics comes from the worst sources4 ,the cable reporters who collect ,european news for transmission through the telegraph are usually not well informed on ,catholic subjects1 and not always honest4 ,when they touch upon religious matters1 they are habitually1 even though not intentionally1 untruthful4 ,the impression conveyed by their meagre and blundering dispatches is almost always the direct reverse of the right one1 and the press telegrams from ,rome especially are marvels of ingenious and bold falsification4 ,all the ,european dispatches printed in ,american newspapers are sent from ,london4 ,they are dated at various cities on the ,continent1 but they all come from one central office in the ,english metropolis1 and they are obtained there from a ,jewish news-agency which has relations with the ,continental press4 ,thus1 they really give merely the statements of a few ,french1 ,italian1 ,spanish1 and ,german journalists1 and these are almost invariably journalists of the anti-,catholic party4 ,in ,italy1 the mendacity of the anti-,papal press is almost beyond belief2 and probably there is no class of persons anywhere so utterly unscrupulous1 so wedded to lying1 as the radicals of ,italy when they speak of the ,pope or the ,papal ,government4 ,the ,german ,liberal and ,protestant press is only a little better4 ,it has magnified and misrepresented the ,dllinger movement1 and distorted1 in the grossest manner1 the story of the school question in ,prussia4 ,elsewhere1 on the ,continent1 the difficulty is the same4 ,a vigorous press is constantly battling against us1 and it is from this press and this press alone that we get our ,european news4 ,the mail correspondence of ,american secular newspapers is colored by the same influences which deform the telegraphic summaries4 ,the lie which is insinuated to-day by a cable dispatch will be rubbed in by a letter in due course of the post4 ,here1 again1 our enemies have things all their own way4 ,the best of our weekly papers1 indeed1 do something to correct the falsehoods of the daily journals1 but the great difficulty still remains2 they cannot reach the general public4 ,fisher ,ames said that 8a lie will travel from ,maine to ,georgia while the truth is putting on its boots40 ,but1 if the lie has the advantage of a daily newspaper and a telegraph under the ,atlantic ,ocean1 whilst the truth must trust to steamships1 and post-offices1 and a small weekly paper or a monthly magazine1 what hope is there that the lie can ever be overtaken8 ,secular literature is almost entirely in ,protestant hands1 and in a thousand unsuspected ways it is infusing into our intellectual system the poison of indifferentism1 or infidelity1 or miscalled liberalism1 and teaching our young people to divide themselves between two incompatible lives--an active ,protestant life1 which absorbs all their busy and productive hours1 and a sluggish ,catholic life1 which is confined to ,sunday mornings and a few great festivals4 ,what is the ,catholic press doing to correct these literary influences8 ,what is it doing to cultivate the art of criticism8 ,if we want to know the characters or the literary merits of a new book1 shall we turn to the journals of our own faith1 or to the ,tribune and the ,world8 ,our periodicals 7with a few honorable exceptions7 rarely give any notice at all to the productions of secular book-houses1 while magazines and books bearing the imprint of a ,catholic publisher are generally reviewed in some such style as the following3 8,this sterling periodical has now reached its eleven thousandth number1 and has improved with every issue since it was started4 ,the present number alone is worth a year's subscription4 ,no ,catholic family can afford to be without it4 ,price #be cents4 8,the enterprising publishers1 ,messrs4 ,jones ,robinson1 have just got out in the elegant style for which they are celebrated a new edition of ,barney ,o',toole3 a ,tale of '#ih4 ,this is a work of great learning1 and no ,catholic library is complete without it4 ,we are deeply indebted to the liberal publishers for sending us a copy4 ,it is elegantly gotten up4 ,for sale1 in this city1 by ,michael ,smith4 ,price #ej cents40 ,this sort of journalism is worse than a waste of ink and paper4 ,it is a direct injury to the cause it is intended to serve4 ,there is no reason why a book that is badly printed and shabbily bound should be described as 8elegantly gotten up02 nor why every number of a magazine should be called the best ever printed2 nor why everything published at a ,catholic house should be declared essential to the spiritual welfare of every ,catholic family4 ,but there is a reason why ,catholic journalists should tell the plain truth1 and sometimes the whole truth1 if they expect to obtain influence in an intelligent community4 ,the time has come when a vigorous1 enterprising1 well-conducted press is essential to every community in the ,united ,states4 ,no man in this country can do without his newspaper4 ,he must keep abreast of the age2 he must know what happens in politics1 finance1 trade1 literature1 art1 and society1 and he must know it promptly2 otherwise the current of the world flows past him1 and he is left idly floating in the pools by the shore4 ,we cannot afford to ignore this imperative want2 it is a necessity created by conditions of society far beyond our control2 and it is by no means a necessity which we ought to regret4 ,our task should be not to oppose this demand for newspapers1 but to satisfy it more thoroughly than it has ever been satisfied yet4 ,we are numerous and rich enough to create a ,catholic periodical literature which shall be the glory of ,america1 and1 next to the church and school1 the noblest defence of ,catholic principles4 ,we are numerous and rich enough to make newspapers which shall meet every demand of the most active and intelligent and best educated citizen2 which shall give our own people the most palatable as well as the most nourishing intellectual food1 and enforce from our adversaries a respect which is not now paid us4 ,in the providence of ,god1 we believe such a press will some day be built up in ,america1 and then we shall wonder how we lived and kept our faith so long without it4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 ,by ,m4 ,a4 ,t4 #a vol4 #hvo1 pp4 #bfa4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgb4 ,a thoroughly good ,american novel was1 we suppose1 a literary event which was looked for by nobody who had much knowledge of what had been done in that direction1 or who had thought much about the causes which produce the painful thinness of most of our native literature4 ,it is true enough1 as ,dr4 ,holmes says1 that ,protestantism in its last analysis means 8none of your business10 and what it means at the root it means more or less in every branch and stem1 every leaf and flower4 ,and in ,america especially1 which has1 so to say1 no history and no traditions1 and whose vast material resources tempt its children to believe that the world has been started afresh for them on a different basis from that which underlies older civilizations1 one of the most patent and most unpleasant results of the theories on which the new civilization was founded has been the barrenness1 the hopeless mediocrity1 of the literature which it has produced4 ,how was it possible that a people who1 as a people1 recognized no absolute authority in any matter whatsoever1 even in those of fundamental importance1 and who had engrained in their minds the conviction that everybody's opinion1 especially in matters of taste and of religion1 was as likely to be true as his neighbor's1 should produce a characteristic and thrifty national art and literature8 ,lawlessness1 a lack of respect for authority1 and1 in most instances1 a provincial ignorance that in these matters there was any recognized authority1 were what made the weakness of our efforts in this direction4 ,there were a few writers and a few works of acknowledged ability4 ,in fiction we have had ,cooper1 and we had also an ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin1 but that the latter owed much of its success to the local evil with which it dealt was evidenced by the inferior merit of the works from the same hand which preceded and which followed it4 ,in the limits of a book-notice it is1 of course1 not possible to do more than to intimate a conviction that literature and art1 like civilization and public morality1 rest securely only when they are built upon ,catholic truth4 ,here in ,america there was ample room and opportunity to prove the opposite proposition if it could be proved1 and to show that on a foundation of criticism and negation a strong and sightly structure could be reared4 ,there was no lack of ability in our writers1 and there was occasional genius2 but1 when what they did was not an evident imitation of some foreign model1 it generally showed incompleteness1 a lack of definite conceptions1 and an unpleasant awkwardness and indecision of purpose4 ,we are speaking now only of what is known as light literature--essay-writing1 fiction1 and poetry4 ,to find1 therefore1 a distinctively ,american novel which one can honestly praise as a work of art1 is something at which one may be legitimately surprised as well as pleased2 and that we have1 at last1 in ,the ,house of ,yorke1 such a novel1 is what nobody who has read it attentively will be at all likely to deny4 ,the true story intertwined with the fictitious one is1 as it should be in a work of fiction1 so skilfully subordinated to the main current of the novel that it in no way mars the catholicity which is the first element in all genuine art4 ,pettiness and provinciality are the two rocks on which novels 8founded on fact0 are most apt to strike2 particular facts get such a prominence in them that the larger truth which art demands is lost sight of4 ,our author shows1 however1 a thorough mastery of her materials and an accurate perception of what are the proper means to an end4 ,she shows1 too1 an unusual degree of insight into character and a trained skill in delineating it4 ,all her personages live3 not one of them is an imitation of some other novelist's creation4 ,their individuality is preserved1 too1 without recourse to tricks of speech and gesture--they are always themselves1 because in the mind of their creator there existed a clear and definite image of each of them4 ,that she has studied herself and other people very closely is evident as well when she brings her characters into action as when she analyzes their motives4 ,the book is full of bits of delicate insight1 as1 for instance1 where she says of the impetuous ,dick ,rowan that 8his soul had1 indeed1 always been more tranquil than his manner40 ,the whole of this character1 though1 and especially the story of his vocation1 may well enough be given as an instance4 ,she knows1 too1 how to be dramatic without becoming sensational1 and how to be thoroughly delicate and reserved and yet make an interesting love story4 ,her style is easy and unembarrassed1 and always level with the occasion1 whether in dialogue1 description1 or moralizing1 and her book is one to be as well liked by the ordinary novel-reader1 purely for the interest of the story1 as by those who are more attracted by its lofty purpose and by the skill with which that purpose is carried out4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,discussions ,,and ,,arguments ,,on ,,various ,,subjects4 ,by ,john ,henry ,newman1 sometime ,fellow of ,oriel ,college4 ,london3 ,basil ,montagu ,pickering1 #aif ,piccadilly4 #ahgb4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this is another volume of the uniform series of ,dr4 ,newman's works4 ,it contains an essay on the manner of catholicizing the ,church of ,england1 one on ,anti-,christ1 one on the analogy of ,creed and ,scripture in respect to the difficulties of each1 one on ,secular ,knowledge as a means of moral improvement1 one on the ,defects and ,excellences of the ,british ,constitution1 and one on the argument of the ,ecce ,homo--the last two essays only having been written since the conversion of the illustrious author4 ,the republication of ,dr4 ,newman's ,catholic writings is only something which might have been expected1 and which would be considered by all as desirable4 ,the same might be said of his previous works1 so far as these contained no heretical or uncatholic statements and opinions4 ,but the entire republication of his ,anglican writings was something novel in its way1 and rather calculated to startle the mind of one who had not considered the very weighty motives which have induced the author to make this bold stroke4 ,these writings could not have been suppressed4 ,to a very great extent1 they are substantially sound1 as well as masterly in thought and style1 with only an accidental mixture of error4 ,even those which are in their substance and scope directly anti-,catholic are important documents in the history of polemics4 ,by their incorporation with a complete series of the doctor's works1 they are reduced to the category of those arguments and objections against the faith which are incorporated into systems of theology for the purpose of exhibiting both sides of the controversy1 and bringing out the truth in its contra-position to error4 ,the work of ,dr4 ,newman's life has been a most remarkable and providential one4 ,he has reasoned himself up from ,protestantism1 through ,anglicanism1 to the ,catholic ,church1 speaking aloud1 and in tones to command attention1 during the whole process4 ,it is impossible to estimate the influence for good which he has exerted as an instrument in the hand of ,god in bringing back ,protestants to the fold of the church4 ,the preservation of the complete history of his intellectual progress is therefore something which tends entirely to advance the cause of truth1 and to illustrate the glorious conclusion which he finally drew from his premises and proved with such power of reasoning and charm of rhetoric4 ,the present volume contains many things of the greatest intrinsic value1 besides what is valuable for the reasons above given1 especially the essay on ,creed and ,scripture1 in which the present downward slide of the ,english toward infidelity is distinctly predicted4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,constance ,,sherwood4 ,an ,autobiography of the ,sixteenth ,century4 ,by ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton4 #a vol4 #hvo1 pp4 #bhd4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,our first feeling on reading this book was regret that we have so few similar publications in this country1 where the subjects so admirably discussed in it are of such deep and lasting interest4 ,to ,english-speaking people at least1 no matter in what land1 the persecution of ,catholics during the reign of ,elizabeth1 the malignant attempts of her able courtiers to destroy utterly the old faith among her subjects1 and the heroic struggles and sufferings of the people1 particularly of those of the better class1 form one of the most interesting1 if painful1 chapters in the entire modern history of the church4 ,the rebellious and anti-christian spirit of the ,eighth ,henry descended with fourfold malice on his not unworthy daughter1 and a host of recreant prelates and rapacious nobles had sprung up around the throne whose abject subserviency to royal authority was in proportion as they possessed or expected lucrative church livings and the spoils of dismantled schools1 convents1 and almshouses4 ,her penal laws made even the secret observance of the forms of worship an offence punishable by torture1 death1 and confiscation1 while the minister of ,god was legally proclaimed a traitor1 hunted down by professional informers1 and1 when caught1 summarily executed with all the cruelties of the most barbarous ages4 ,but while the fagot and the gallows had no terrors for the devoted priest1 the loss of court favor1 beggary1 imprisonment1 and the rack were as persistently disregarded by a large number of the nobility and commoners with a steadfastness and resignation which remind us of the days of the early martyrs4 ,it is to illustrate this period in ,english history1 this contest between ill-gotten and despotic power on one side1 and constancy1 zeal1 and piety on the other1 that ,constance ,sherwood has been written by one who has already done good service in the cause of our holy religion1 to the great credit of her sex and country4 ,as a work of art1 the book does not exhibit that strong dramatic power or depth of coloring which characterized the efforts of ,sir ,walter ,scott when treating of the same epoch in ,kenilworth2 but it more than compensates us for these deficiencies in the greater truthfulness of its portraiture of historical personages1 and its exquisite delineation of those purely fictitious1 who1 with all their human weaknesses and spiritual strength1 are fittingly held up to us as types of ,christian excellence4 ,so delicately1 indeed1 and so nicely defined are some of ,lady ,fullerton's touches that we have sometimes found ourselves going back over the pages of her tale to be assured that we had caught aright the gentle allusion or implied meaning in all its significance4 ,constance ,sherwood1 who is supposed to relate the story of her life and times1 appears to us a most attractive creation of the author1 but the character of ,ann1 ,countess of ,arundel and ,surry1 we venture to say could only have been drawn by a highly gifted1 sympathetic1 and virtuous woman1 so conformable is it in its leading features to well-authenticated facts and so delicately finished in its imaginary details4 ,though an historical novel1 necessarily devoted to grave and often painful matters1 and plentifully strewn with moral and theological reflections1 there is just enough of romance and feminine gossip in its pages to enlist the attention and excite the sympathies of the more sentimental and less seriously inclined readers4 ,human passions1 hatred1 jealousy1 and remorse1 friendship1 love1 and all the other concomitants of everyday life1 are neither ignored nor obtruded1 but are made subservient to the main design of the work1 which is to teach us true ,christian principles by exhibiting to our view the virtues and constancy of our co-religionists of other times4 ,the style of the autobiography1 as the design of the book required1 is slightly tinged with the quaint phraseology of the period1 which1 however1 does not lessen1 but rather adds to1 its attractions1 and the illustrations which accompany this edition are excellently designed and executed4 ,as a well-written book1 uniting amusement with sound instruction and pure morality1 we consider it every way worthy to be placed in the hands of ,catholic readers4 ,particularly feminine in its tone and healthful in its tendency1 it is in every way vastly superior to even the best works of fiction of which the secular press has become so prolific4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,life ,,and ,,letters ,,of ,,st4 ,,francis ,,xavier4 ,by ,henry ,james ,coleridge1 ,s4,j4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #ahgb4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,father ,coleridge has a happy talent for biographical composition and historical sketching4 ,the letters of ,st4 ,francis give to this biography a most decided advantage over all others with which we are acquainted1 and the original portion of the ,life is equal in merit and interest to the best specimens of biography which the ,english language possesses4 ,we would be greatly obliged to the author if he would collect and publish in a volume the various sketches of distinguished persons1 such as ,suarez1 ,de ,ranc1 etc41 which he has from time to time printed in ,the ,month4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,works ,,of ,,aurelius ,,augustine1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,hippo4 ,a ,new ,translation1 edited by the ,rev4 ,marcus ,dods1 ,m4,a4 ,vol4 ,,iii4--,writings in ,connection with the ,donatist ,controversy2 ,vol4 ,,iv4--,the ,anti-,pelagian ,works of ,st4 ,augustine4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,edinburgh3 ,t4 ,t4 ,clark4 #ahgb4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the first two volumes of this series containing ,the ,city of ,god1 received a favorable notice in a former number of this magazine1 in so far as an examination which was distinctly said to be only 8cursory0 warranted us in expressing an opinion4 ,a very opposite criticism1 accompanied with some strictures upon ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for its favorable notice1 from the pen of a learned and acute writer in the ,boston ,pilot1 occasioned a considerable stir for the time1 and we were requested by several persons to re-examine the work more carefully1 and express a more matured and decisive judgment4 ,we took the trouble to make the examination1 and take this occasion to reiterate the opinion we at first expressed4 ,a similar judgment was expressed by the ,dublin ,review1 and1 as there seems to be a general consent among critics on the subject1 we think that all those who wish for a good translation of ,the ,city of ,god may consider it certain that the one edited by ,mr4 ,dods is not only an elegant but an accurate version of this splendid work4 ,there are one or two mistakes in the translation1 and we remember noticing one decidedly anti-,catholic note1 but these slight faults may be pardoned in a work of such great excellence and value4 ,we have had no time as yet to collate any portion of the translation of the two new volumes before us with the original text4 ,the quality of the translation of the preceding volumes1 however1 is a fair guarantee for the fidelity and elegance of the present one4 ,the scholarship and reputation of the editors are a sufficient security that they will spare no pains to do their work well1 and the works of ,st4 ,augustine afford very little room for any serious mistakes in regard to his real meaning4 ,it is in the interpretation of his meaning and deduction from his principles that there is room for error1 and that the grossest heresies have been manufactured by ,lutherans1 ,calvinists1 and ,jansenists from a perversion of his doctrines on original sin1 grace1 and free-will4 ,these heresies are now very unpopular and not at all dangerous4 ,in respect to the constitutive principles of the ,catholic ,church1 as opposed to every species of ,protestantism1 there is no room for mistaking or perverting the doctrine of ,st4 ,augustine4 ,we cannot think of any way of convincing educated persons in ,england and the ,united ,states of the identity of the modern with the ancient ,catholic ,church more efficaciously than that of giving them the chance to read extensively in the works of the great ,doctor through the medium of a good translation4 ,we are rejoiced1 therefore1 that ,english scholars should engage in this work and in those of a similar kind4 ,the quantity of pure ,catholic literature thus disseminated by ,protestants and among ,protestants in ,england1 and to some extent in ,america also1 is truly inspiring4 ,the republication of choice specimens of old ,english literature by an antiquarian society in ,london1 the translation of the ,venerable ,bede's ,history1 the abbreviated ,lives of the ,saints from the ,bollandists1 and other books of the same character which are multiplying with an inconceivable rapidity1 show what an avidity the ,english palate is acquiring for this most wholesome and pleasant medicine4 ,the editors frequently seek to counteract the effect which their inward misgiving warns them these books must produce1 by remarks of their own in notes and prefaces1 for which their readers will care but little4 ,sometimes they avoid almost or altogether this futile procedure1 and provide the ,catholic reader with a valuable book in ,english which is a considerable accession to his library1 and is free from anything which can offend his eyes--a service for which they have our sincere thanks4 ,the volumes which are at present under notice are not1 we regret to say1 unexceptionable in this respect4 ,the ,preface to the anti-,pelagian works speaks in a very inexact and misleading manner upon the supposed differences of the ,eastern and ,western theology1 upon the judgments of the ,pope in the case of ,pelagius1 and the relation of the teaching of ,st4 ,augustine to ,protestant doctrine4 ,the very meagre sketch of the ,donatist schism prefixed to ,vol4 ,,iii4 is long enough1 nevertheless1 to permit the author to indulge in the only amusement which can make an ,english ,protestant perfectly happy1 and to get off the little squib he always carries in his pocket1 8the despotic intolerance of the ,papacy1 and the horrors of the ,inquisition40 ,a ,catholic scholar cares nothing for the flippant and superficial cavils and sneers of theological amateurs who venture to criticise and judge the ,fathers1 the ,popes1 and the church of ,god4 ,but he does not like to have a book in his library which has such blots on it4 ,the editors may say that they consult the tastes and convenience of ,protestants and not of ,catholics4 ,very well4 ,it is convenient1 however for ,catholics to have certain works of standard value in an ,english translation1 and it is the interest of publishers to provide them with the same4 ,if the publishers could furnish an edition in which the text alone was given1 without the disfiguring incumbrance of prefaces and advertisements1 for the convenience of ,catholic purchasers1 their splendid series of patristic works would undoubtedly find a much more ready and extensive sale than it is now likely to have among the clergy and studious laity of the ,catholic ,church in ,great ,britain and the ,united ,states4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,betrothed4 ,by ,alessandro ,manzoni4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgb4 8,the ,catholic ,publication ,society0 has done a good work in publishing a new edition of ,alessandro ,manzoni's world-renowned ,i ,promessi ,sposi1 which has been for many years before the public4 ,it was first published in #ahbg4 ,since then the author has increased the size and interest of the volume by a thrilling description of the devastations of the plague in ,milan in #afcj4 ,while the author charms by the ease and simplicity of his style1 the story is no less remarkable for originality and vigor4 ,above all1 the purity of the pages and the religious tone that pervades the narrative give an additional interest to the story of the rustic life of the hero and heroine4 ,this is the best known of the author's works1 and deservedly popular4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,french ,,eggs1 ,,in ,,an ,,english ,,basket4 ,translated from ,souvestre by ,miss ,emily ,bowles4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this book comprises some fifteen short1 readable1 and well-varied stories1 illustrating life and manners among the humbler classes in ,france1 originally written by a very successful littrateur of that country1 and accurately translated by the ,english editor4 ,they are not moral tales in the usual acceptation of that much misused term1 for the writer neither puts prosy sermons in the mouths of babes nor interlards the discourse of simple peasants with profound theological reflections1 but they are natural and healthful in their tone1 humorous as well as pathetic in design1 and the reader will be dull indeed who is not able to draw his own moral from them4 ,as a gift to young people1 this volume would be very appropriate1 and1 if not exactly suited to the breakfast-table1 will no doubt be found worthy a place in the boudoir or drawing-room4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sermons ,,by ,,fathers ,,of ,,the ,,society ,,of ,,jesus 7in ,england74 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,by the ,rev4 ,thomas ,harper4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 #ahgb4 ,these sermons are very peculiar and original1 and are specially adapted for the perusal of the most intelligent and educated persons4 ,the first series1 composed of discourses for ,christmas-tide1 is on 8,modern ,principles10 as contrasted with truly ,christian principles deduced from the great fact and doctrine of the ,incarnation4 ,the one on 8,the ,last ,winter of the ,world0 has especially attracted our attention4 ,the second series is a condensed and yet eloquent rsum of a great part of ,catholic philosophy and theology respecting the great first truth of the being of ,god4 ,the volume is a remarkable and an admirable one1 most suitable for the times1 and we earnestly recommend it to those who desire to find religious reading of the highest intellectual quality1 which is at the same time really profitable for the spiritual good4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,maggie',s ,,rosary1 ,,and ,,other ,,tales4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #bjh4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgb4 ,we know of no book of this class recently issued from the press which contains more pleasing and useful reading than this4 ,equally instructive and entertaining1 its perusal cannot prove otherwise than acceptable to those for whose especial benefit it is published4 ,it is admirably adapted for a premium1 and we hope that in the coming distributions it will occupy that prominent place which its intrinsic merits deserve4 ,it is a handsome volume of over #bjj pages1 got up in that style which 8,the ,publication ,society0 was the first to introduce--a style of mechanical excellence and simple elegance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,via ,,crucis2 or1 ,the ,way of the ,cross4 ,translated from the ,german of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,veith1 ,preacher of ,st4 ,stephen's ,cathedral1 ,vienna4 ,by the ,very ,rev4 ,theodore ,noethen4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahgb4 ,did any one ever see a book on the ,passion of ,christ and not wish to buy it8 ,the very title appeals to the heart4 ,it is because we would go on for ever trying--but in vain--to sound the depths of that fathomless ocean of divine love and mercy4 ,we cannot have too many books on this great theme1 that there may be some adapted to every cast of mind3 now emotional1 again embodying every tender legend and the pious imaginings of saintly hearts1 or full of profound reflections on the great scheme of salvation through the sufferings of our ,lord4 ,every person should have at least one such book in which to bathe his world-weary soul from time to time4 ,in these days1 when ease1 luxury1 and self-indulgence of every kind seem to be the great aim of life1 the image of the ,divine ,sufferer cannot be too constantly presented to the mind1 with its lesson of mortification and self-crucifixion4 ,protestants often say the ,blessed ,virgin has been made by ,catholics to supersede our ,lord in the economy of grace4 ,let such read this book1 and see on whom we rely for salvation1 and how ,christ and him crucified is preached in all the purity of the ,gospel in the great ,catholic centre of ,vienna4 ,this book is the last of a series of works on the ,passion which have already been noticed in our columns4 ,the author being now blind1 it was dictated to his amanuensis4 ,under such circumstances1 his great familiarity with the ,holy ,scriptures is the more striking1 showing that a knowledge of the sacred volume is not quite a ,protestant monopoly4 ,a calm1 dignified1 thoughtful tone pervades the whole volume4 ,the piety is not strained2 it is elevated1 but not exalte2 there is no false sentiment1 nothing to offend the most fastidious taste4 ,a few quotations will give an idea of the author's style and suggestiveness3 8,he who lives within and for himself1 who only makes use of others for the sake of adding to his own pleasure1 is ignorant of the first principle of charity or of true life1 which cannot be obtained without sacrifice and without entering morally into communion with thee4 8,it is by no means necessary that true humility must spring forth from the consciousness of guilt1 like a flower whose root grows only in the mire2 its true foundation is the acknowledgment of the relation in which spiritual beings find themselves to their ,creator1 ,lord1 and gracious ,ruler4 8,whether or not my bodily life shall one day bloom again in the transfigured state of happiness1 will depend upon my moral fidelity1 which keeps my spirit1 while on earth1 in thy holy grace4 8,fall not into the common error of imagining that a negative state of existence is compatible with the duties of a ,christian40 8,this narrow gate1 which alone leads to true life1 but which many do not wish to enter because they shun the work of self-denial and privation1 what is it but the entrance into the communion of thy death and life--into thy grave60 ,this work was intended particularly for ,lent1 but is suited to any season4 ,as the church1 on the most joyful of festivals1 never fails to show forth the ,lord's death at the altar1 so the thought of the ,passion should never be absent from the soul4 ,the heroine of ,the ,house of ,yorke1 alluding to a picture of ,st4 ,ignatius of ,loyola1 says3 8,he looks as though he were present when our ,lord was crucified1 and could not forget the sight40 8,we were all present10 exclaimed ,rowan4 8,how can we forget it80 ,so1 too1 when three old men came to the ,abbot ,stephen to ask what would be useful to their souls1 he was silent awhile1 and then replied3 8,i will show you all ,i have3 day and night1 ,i behold nothing but our ,lord ,jesus ,christ hanging from the wood40 ,this ably translated work1 with its excellent binding1 its soft paper so grateful to the eye1 and its clear print1 is a credit to our enterprising ,new ,england publisher4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,pope ,,of ,,rome ,,and ,,the ,,popes ,,of ,,the ,,oriental ,,orthodox ,,church4 ,an ,essay on ,monarchy in the ,church1 with special reference to ,russia4 ,from original documents1 ,russian and ,greek4 ,by the ,rev4 ,csarius ,tondini1 ,barnabite4 ,london3 ,longmans ,co4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the conversion of ,count ,schouvaloff1 a ,russian nobleman1 and his profession in the ,barnabite order1 was the occasion of awakening a great interest in the conversion of ,russia among his religious brethren4 ,the most conspicuous among them for his zeal and efforts in this direction is ,f4 ,tondini4 ,in the present volume he has given a full and accurate account of the organization of the ,russian ,church1 supported by numerous citations1 and evincing the thorough knowledge of the author on the subject4 ,the utterly secular character of the ,russian state church and the degrading enslavement of its hierarchy under imperial authority are clearly shown4 ,the efforts which have been made to throw dust in the eyes of the ,american public on this subject make this book quite seasonable1 and we recommend it to the attention both of our ,catholic readers and of the amateurs of ,russo-,greek ,christianity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,passion ,,play4 ,by the ,rev4 ,gerald ,molloy1 ,d4,d4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 ,dr4 ,molloy1 of ,maynooth1 has described the ,ammergau ,passion ,play with great skill1 accuracy1 and beauty of language1 and has enriched his work with a number of very good photographs1 which add much to its interest4 ,the republication has been executed in very pretty style1 and the volume is in every sense attractive and interesting1 worthy of a place on every table1 and most appropriate as a premium or gift book4 ,we trust it may have the wide circulation it deserves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,divine ,,tragedy4 ,by ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow4 ,boston3 ,j4 ,r4 ,osgood ,co4 ,a most reverently1 carefully1 and skilfully executed reduction of the evangelical narrative within a small poetical picture4 ,the greater portion is an almost literal translation of the sacred text1 and there are also a few passages of exquisite original poetry4 ,mr4 ,longfellow has in no way tampered with or marred the beauty of the divine original1 and his copy is itself a masterpiece4 ,all ,catholics may read this poem without fear of finding anything which is not in perfect consonance with their faith4 ,it is a beautiful offering to ,christ from a place where he has received many insults1 and we trust that he may give the best of all rewards to the one who has made it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,english ,,literature3 ,a ,text-book for ,schools and ,colleges4 ,by ,john ,s4 ,hart1 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor of ,rhetoric and of the ,english ,language and ,literature in the ,college of ,new ,jersey4 ,the arrangement of this work is simple and adapted to practical use1 and one may see at a glance the whole history of the ,english tongue4 ,the different authors are well grouped in connection with conspicuous public events1 which show at once the time in which they flourished1 and the influences1 political or educational1 with which they were surrounded4 ,living writers have also received their share of attention1 and are appropriately classified according to the subjects they have treated4 ,there are a few authors omitted 7among others ,gerald ,griffin1 the most characteristic of ,irish novelists7 who deserve mention1 and who will no doubt receive attention in another edition4 ,we think that ,dr4 ,hart deserves the thanks of the community for his valuable labors4 ,among many studies1 surely there is none more important than that of our own language4 ,there are many of our public men who would do well to learn better the genius of their mother tongue4 ,it is certainly desirable to know and speak foreign languages1 but far more necessary is it to understand the wealth and beauty of our own--so little known and so poorly appreciated by many of our speakers or writers4 ,we are glad to learn also that ,dr4 ,hart has in preparation a book upon ,american literature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,church ,,in ,,california4 ,by ,w4 ,gleeson1 ,m4,a41 ,professor in ,st4 ,mary's ,college1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,in two volumes4 ,illustrated4 ,san ,francisco3 ,a4 ,l4 ,bancroft ,co4 #ahgb4 pp4 #ddf1 #cea4 ,a work of this size on the church in ,california excites astonishment1 so recent does the growth of that ,state seem2 but the history of the church in ,california dates far back1 and is full of interest and edification4 ,the discovery of the country1 the strange journey of ,cabeza de ,vaca1 the adventurous exploration of the ,italian ,franciscan1 ,mark1 of ,nice1 and of those who followed him1 and an account of the ,indians1 form the opening chapters of ,mr4 ,gleeson's work4 ,he then devotes some space to the question whether ,st4 ,thomas ever visited ,america1 a point discussed some years since by the ,count ,joannes when simple ,george ,jones4 ,another chapter is devoted to the examination of early ,irish missions on the northwest coast of ,america1 the object of the author being to show the possible source of certain ,christian traditions found among the ,california ,indians4 ,garcia in his ,origen de los ,indios1 ,lafitau in his ,murs et ,coutumes1 ,boudinot in his ,star in the ,west1 and many other writers1 have traced these analogies1 but it seems to us were often misled by taking as primitive ,indian traditions ideas acquired after missions were established4 ,the remainder of the first volume is devoted to the great ,jesuit mission in ,lower ,california1 founded by the ,german ,father ,khn or ,kino and the ,italian ,father ,salvatierra1 a mission which excited so much interest that a special fund was gradually formed by devoted ,catholics for its support1 and which1 under the title of the ,pious ,fund of ,california1 long maintained religion there1 and will still do its part if a sense of justice prevails with the ,mexican ,government4 ,of this mission1 which lasted to the suppression of the order1 ,mr4 ,gleeson gives a valuable account4 ,three works exist on it1 that of ,fr4 ,venegas in ,spanish1 of ,fr4 ,begert in ,german1 and of ,fr4 ,clavigero in ,italian1 and there are also some communications on the ,lettres ,edipantes and other collections4 ,the second volume is devoted to ,upper ,california1 or what is now the ,state of ,california4 ,after the fall of the ,society of ,jesus1 the ,spanish government sent the ,dominicans and ,franciscans to continue its labors in ,california4 ,the ,dominicans took ,lower ,california1 but our author does not dwell on their labors1 apparently not having met the ,tres ,cartas giving an account of them4 ,the labors of the ,franciscans1 who1 under ,father ,juniper ,serra1 peopled ,upper ,california with missions that were the wonder of that age of unbelief1 for they began and rose during the latter part of the last century1 is given in a most interesting manner4 ,no missions ever rose with greater celerity1 and1 though missionaries laid down their lives in the struggle1 the land was christianized and the wild savages became thriving ,christian communities1 self-supporting and gradually advancing in civilization4 ,if their rise is one to cheer the heart of the believer1 there is nothing in history so sad as the utter destruction of missions and people in a few short years4 ,the happy ,indians who by thousands filled the missions in peace and plenty are represented by a handful of debased and fast vanishing outcasts4 ,the civilization of the nineteenth century may be a very fine thing1 but it is only necessary to read the history of the ,california mission to accept the ,syllabus heartily4 ,if we find any fault with this portion of ,mr4 ,gleeson's work1 it is that he has not given place enough to the linguistic labors of the missionaries amid the perfect ,babel of languages in ,california4 ,several of their grammars and dictionaries have been printed by one of the first ,catholic writers who treated in ,english of this mission1 and it cannot be that the great ,california libraries do not contain the works of ,father ,sitjar1 ,cuesta1 and others1 or of the distinguished living missionary of ,california1 ,father ,mengarini1 whose philosophical study of the ,selish language makes him the highest authority with ,american and ,european scholars4 ,the sad state of the church both as to its white and red children during the ,mexican rule1 and the erection of the ,see of ,california1 are next treated of by our author4 ,the annexation to the ,united ,states and the discovery of gold brought in an entirely new element4 ,the ,mexicans were but few2 the incoming tide of emigration was both ,protestant and ,catholic1 the new government ,protestant4 ,of this1 the actual church of ,california1 the reverend author gives an account full of edifying details1 although he has allowed himself too little space to give such sketches of some of the various institutions as we should desire4 ,the ,appendix is a partial review of the accounts of the ,american mounds and an attempt to show a similarity between the mound-builders and the ,tuatha d ,danaans in ,ireland2 but such theories have been too often raised and fallen to accept this4 ,our ,indian is the type of primitive man2 as he was found by our first explorers1 he used stone arrow and spear heads and knives2 made his shell-beads2 boiled and cooked by heated stones1 just as the earlier races on the ,eastern continent did1 if we are to believe the lessons from the tombs of that part of the world4 ,side by side1 you cannot distinguish the stone arrowheads and implements of ,america1 ,ireland1 ,france1 ,denmark1 and ,germany1 and we can only conclude that all men were of one family1 and ascended the scale of civilization by similar steps4 ,this work is enriched with many illustrations1 a portrait of ,father ,salvatierra1 many views of the missions as ,duflot de ,mofras found them1 the quasi-portrait of the venerable ,father ,juniper ,serra in ,palou's life of that great missionary1 and diagrams of some ,western mounds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,kingdom ,,of ,,god ,,under ,,the ,,old ,,testament4 ,translated from the ,german of ,e4 ,w4 ,hengstenberg4 ,edinburgh3 ,t4 ,t4 ,clark4 7,for sale in ,new ,york by ,scribner ,co41 #ffd ,broadway47 ,vol4 ,i4 ,the highest encomium we can pass upon the works of ,hengstenberg is to mention the fact that they are several times referred to in terms of great praise in the ,theology of the illustrious ,jesuit1 ,f4 ,perrone4 ,he is certainly equal to any ,protestant theologian of this century in learning and critical ability4 ,in regard to soundness of doctrine and the actual value of the results of study contained in his works1 we consider him to be far superior to any of those ,protestant authors with whose writings we are acquainted4 ,indeed1 we may say that his works are almost indispensable to the student of those departments of theology concerning which they treat4 ,the great and praiseworthy end of ,hengstenberg was to destroy ,german neology with its own weapons1 and he has effectually accomplished the task4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lectures ,,on ,,the ,,church4 ,delivered in ,st4 ,francis ,xavier's ,church1 ,new ,york4 ,by ,rev4 ,d4 ,a4 ,merrick1 ,s4,j4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 ,fr4 ,merrick's ,lectures are logical1 solid1 and1 at the same time1 easy to be understood4 ,he refutes the ,protestant doctrine on the ,rule of ,faith1 and establishes the ,catholic rule1 ending with the culminating point of the supremacy of the ,pope in government and doctrine4 ,the proofs of the latter from ,english history are remarkably appropriate and well put4 ,the style of the reverend author is pure and pleasing1 and the book1 which is of very moderate size1 is tastefully printed4 ,it is therefore admirably suited for general use1 and we bespeak for it a wide circulation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,relation ,,and ,,duty ,,of ,,the ,,lawyer ,,to ,,the ,,state3 ,a ,lecture delivered before the ,law ,school of the ,university of the ,city of ,new ,york1 ,february #i1 #ahgb1 by ,henry ,d4 ,sedgwick4 ,this is an eloquent and philosophical contribution to the question of questions in this city3 ,are we advancing or retrograding in legal and judicial probity and learning8 ,the author speaks like an honest lawyer jealous for the high name of his profession2 but proclaiming the follies of men or corporations in the lecture-room never has nor ever will put an end to them4 ,the lawyers on and off the bench are no more corrupt than other classes of the community1 but they are more conspicuous1 and more reprehensible in consequence4 ,corruption1 like all catching diseases1 when it finds shelter among legislators1 will soon find its way to the lawyer's library and to the bench of the judge4 ,we cordially endorse the admonition and compliment contained in the following3 8,set before you1 rather1 if you need an example1 those who1 with an earnestness and a determination never surpassed1 have grappled with and overthrown the band of thieves who had seized the public coffers4 ,no future enemy of the commonwealth can be more wily1 nor can be entrenched in his lair with greater cunning1 than the men who lately possessed our municipal government4 ,whoever that future enemy shall be1 however warily he spring1 however secretly he strike or stab1 ,o',conor can exclaim1 #8,contempsi gladios ,catilin1 non pertimescam tuos4'0 99 99 99 99 99 ,,physiology ,,of ,,the ,,soul1 etc4 ,by ,martyn ,paine1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers4 ,dr4 ,paine is a very venerable gentleman who is a remarkable instance of intellectual activity and industry continued into a very advanced age4 ,we sincerely admire the boldness with which he denounces materialism and professes his belief in the ,bible4 ,we do not agree with him in his opinion that the ,holy ,scripture requires us to reject the common theories of modern geologists1 and therefore regard his attempt at a scientific refutation of those theories as something which we may leave to the consideration of experts in geological science4 ,that part of his work which has most value in our eyes is the one which treats of the distinct existence and spiritual nature of the soul1 a subject which is handled in an able and ingenious manner4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,spectrum ,,analysis4 ,three ,lectures by ,profs4 ,roscoe1 ,huggins1 and ,lockyer4 ,new ,haven1 ,conn43 ,charles ,c4 ,chatfield ,co4 #ahgb4 ,these lectures are very interesting1 and give an excellent account of what is perhaps the greatest real discovery of modern science2 also of its application to the determination of the chemical and physical constitution of the sun and other celestial bodies4 ,their authors are men eminent in the scientific world1 who have specially distinguished themselves by their researches in this particular department of investigation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,reports ,,on ,,observations ,,of ,,the ,,total ,,solar ,,eclipse ,,of ,,december #bb1 #ahgj4 ,conducted under the ,direction of ,rear-,admiral ,b4 ,f4 ,sands1 ,u4,s4,n41 ,superintendent of the ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,observatory1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,washington3 ,government ,printing ,office4 #ahga4 ,these reports1 like those on the eclipse of the preceding year in the ,united ,states1 noticed in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world of ,april1 #ahgj1 form a valuable contribution to the literature of solar science4 ,they are by ,profs4 ,newcomb1 ,hall1 ,harkness1 and ,eastman1 the first of whom was stationed at ,gibraltar1 the rest at ,syracuse4 ,the observations were in all cases somewhat interfered with by clouds1 which1 however1 broke away sufficiently at the moment of totality to allow the skilful and practised observers to obtain many interesting results4 ,it is on such occasions that the qualities required for a good practical astronomer are put to the most severe test2 a moment of nervousness may lose that for which he has spent months in preparing4 ,it hardly needs to be said that1 in this instance1 the test was well sustained4 ,prof4 ,harkness considers his conclusions as to the composition of the corona1 spoken of in our previous notice1 to be borne out by his observations on this occasion4 ,the sun really seems to be the wearer of an iron crown4 ,the descriptions of the general appearance and effects of the eclipse are of course the most interesting to unscientific readers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,half-,,hour ,,recreations ,,in ,,popular ,,science4 ,no4 #a4 ,strange ,discoveries ,respecting the ,aurora1 and ,recent ,solar ,researches4 ,by ,richard ,a4 ,proctor1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 author of ,the ,sun1 ,other ,worlds than ,ours1 etc4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 ,new ,york3 ,lee1 ,shepard ,dillingham4 ,this1 as implied in the title1 is the first of a series of papers on subjects of modern science by various well-known writers in that department4 ,it is expected to publish one such 8recreation0 every month1 at the price of twenty-five cents1 which would seem to be enough1 or #b #ej a year4 ,enough1 at least1 it will be for the speculations of such men as ,mill1 ,spencer1 ,huxley1 and ,darwin1 who are promised among the 8eminent ,european scientists0 in the prospectus4 ,the present number1 however1 is a very good one1 having in it a great deal of information1 some valuable suggestions1 and no humbug2 and the next will be1 perhaps1 even better1 as it will contain an explanation of the wonderful modern discovery known as 8,spectrum ,analysis40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,half-,,hours ,,with ,,modern ,,scientists--,huxley1 ,barker1 ,stirling1 ,cope1 ,tyndall4 ,new ,haven1 ,conn43 ,charles ,c4 ,chatfield ,co4 #ahga4 ,we have in this a publication somewhat similar to the ,half-,hour ,recreations noticed above2 there are1 however1 five numbers instead of one bound up together4 ,it might be said of them1 as of other such1 that their facts and strictly physical theories are interesting1 and their philosophical ones rather otherwise4 ,professors ,barker and ,tyndall furnish the best papers of the five1 particularly the latter1 who is a thoroughly scientific man1 having1 besides his talent1 the great advantage of prudence4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,legends ,,of ,,the ,,patriarchs ,,and ,,prophets4 ,by the ,rev4 ,s4 ,baring-,gould1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,york3 ,holt ,williams4 ,this collation of ,rabbinical and ,mohammedan legends has been made with great judgment and taste4 ,the legends are very curious and interesting1 some of them very poetic and beautiful4 ,the book is one of very great value to the scholar1 and most entertaining and amusing for the general reader4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,christian ,,free ,,schools4 ,the ,subject ,discussed by the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bernard ,j4 ,mc,quaid1 ,d4,d41 ,bishop of ,rochester4 ,at ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 7,new ,york3 ,for sale by the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,we can only call attention to this important pamphlet at present1 hoping to take up the subject in earnest at a future time4 ,the pamphlet is replete with important testimonies of statesmen and ,protestant ministers1 which make it very serviceable to those who wish to write or speak on the same subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,walks ,,in ,,rome4 ,by ,augustus ,j4 ,c4 ,hare4 ,new ,york3 ,george ,routledge ,sons1 #daf ,broome ,street4 #ahga4 ,this1 in a qualified sense1 is a readable and valuable guide to the ,eternal ,city4 ,it contains a great deal of information about the historic sites of old ,rome1 a good deal about the galleries in which the intelligent ,protestant visitor is supposed to be interested1 and something also about the restaurants1 livery stables1 etc41 to which it would be rash to assume that he is indifferent4 ,it likewise contains a good deal about the churches and holy places1 giving some interesting facts1 together with various remarks and stories characterized by the usual dense ignorance and stupidity as to the dogmas and practices of the ,catholic ,church which may be said to be the special glory of the 8reformed0 ,anglo-,saxon4 ,the principal value of such commonplace productions is that they suggest the necessity of having a good manual on a somewhat similar plan for the use of people who really want to see and understand ,rome when they visit it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,travels ,,in ,,arabia4 ,compiled and arranged by ,bayard ,taylor4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgb4 ,this is another volume of the ,illustrated ,library of ,travel and ,exploration series1 and is nearly all taken up with ,palgrave's narrative of his travels in ,arabia4 ,it is well illustrated4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,little ,,jakey4 ,by ,mrs4 ,s4 ,h4 ,de ,kroyft4 ,new ,york3 ,hurd ,houghton4 ,a simple story and a sad one of the short yet not uneventful life of a little ,german1 an inmate of the ,new ,york ,institution for the ,blind4 ,it is written in a pleasing and unaffected style4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,aunt ,,fanny',s ,,present2 or1 ,the ,book of ,fairy ,tales4 ,,woodland ,,cottage1 and ,other ,tales4 ,philadelphia3 ,peter ,f4 ,cunningham4 ,we recommend these neat little volumes with pleasure to those about to select books for their children4 ,p4 ,f4 ,,cunningham announces as in press3 ,marian ,howard2 or1 ,trials and ,triumphs4 ,the ,divine ,life of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary3 ,being an ,abridgment of the ,mystical ,city of ,god4 ,life of ,st4 ,augustin1 ,doctor of the ,universal ,church4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xv41 ,no4 #hh4--;,,july1 #ahgb4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgb1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,the ,,progressionists4 ,,from ,,the ,,german ,,of ,,conrad ,,von ,,bolanden4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,wager ,the balcony of the palais ,greifmann contains three persons who together represent four million florins4 ,it is not often that one sees a group of this kind4 ,the youthful landholder1 ,seraphin ,gerlach1 is possessor of two millions4 ,his is a quiet disposition2 very calm1 and habitually thoughtful2 innocence looks from his clear eye upon the world2 physically1 he is a man of twenty-three2 morally1 he is a child in purity2 a profusion of rich brown hair clusters about his head2 his cheeks are ruddy1 and an attractive sweetness plays round his mouth4 ,the third million belongs to ,carl ,greifmann1 the oldest member of the group1 head pro tem4 of the banking-house of the same name4 ,this gentlemen is tall1 slender1 animated2 his cheeks wear no bloom2 they are pale4 ,his carriage is easy and smooth4 ,some levity is visible in his features1 which are delicate1 but his keen1 glancing eye is disagreeable beside ,seraphin's pure soul-mirror4 ,greifmann's sister ,louise1 not an ordinary beauty1 owns the fourth million4 ,she is seated between the young gentlemen2 the folds of her costly dress lie heaped around her2 her hands are engaged with a fan1 and her eyes are sending electric glances into ,gerlach's quick depths4 ,but these flashing beams fail to kindle2 they expire before they penetrate far into those depths4 ,his eyes are bright1 but they refuse to gleam with intenser fire4 ,strange1 too1 for a twofold reason2 first1 because glances from the eyes of beautiful women seldom suffer young men to remain cool2 secondly1 because a paternal scheme designs that ,louise shall be engaged and married to the fire-proof hero4 ,millions of money are rare2 and should millions strive to form an alliance1 it is in conformity with the genius of every solid banking establishment to view this as quite a natural tendency4 ,for eight days ,mr4 ,seraphin has been on a visit at the palais ,greifmann1 but as yet he has yielded no positive evidence of intending to join his own couple of millions with the million of ,miss ,louise4 ,whilst ,seraphin converses with the beautiful young lady1 ,carl ,greifmann cursorily examines a newspaper which a servant has just brought him on a silver salver4 8,every age has its folly10 suddenly exclaims the banker4 8,in the seventeenth century people were busy during thirty years cutting one another's throats for religion's sake--or rather1 in deference to the pious hero of the faith from ,sweden and his fugleman ,oxenstiern4 ,in the eighteenth century1 they decorated their heads with periwigs and pigtails1 making it a matter of conjecture whether both ladies and gentlemen were not in the act of developing themselves from monkeydom into manhood4 8,elections are the folly of our century4 ,see here1 my good fellow1 look what is written here3 ,in three days the municipal elections will come off throughout the country--in eighteen days the election of delegates4 ,for eighteen days the whole country is to labor in election throes4 ,every man twenty-one years of age1 having a wife and a homestead1 is to be employed in rooting from out the soil of party councilmen1 mayors1 and deputies4 8,and during the period these rooters not unfrequently get at loggerheads4 ,some are in favor of ,streichein the miller1 because ,streichein has lavishly greased their palms2 others insist upon re-electing ,leimer the manufacturer1 because ,leimer threatens a reduction of wages if they refuse to keep him in the honorable position4 ,in the heat of dispute1 quite a storm of oaths and ugly epithets1 yes1 and of blows too1 rages1 and many is the voter who retires from the scene of action with a bloody head4 ,the beer-shops are the chief battle-fields for this sort of skirmishing4 ,here1 zealous voters swill down hogsheads of beer3 brewers drive a brisk trade during elections4 ,but you must not think1 ,seraphin1 that these absurd election scenes are confined to cities4 ,in rural districts the game is conducted with no less interest and fury4 ,there is a village not far away1 where a corpulent ploughman set his mind on becoming mayor4 ,what does he1 to get the reins of village government into his great fat fist8 ,two days previous to the election he butchers three fatted hogs1 has several hundred ringlets of sausage made1 gets ready his pots and pans for cooking and roasting1 and then advertises3 eating and drinking ad libitum and gratis for every voter wiping to aid him to ascend the mayor's throne4 ,he obtained his object4 8,now1 ,i put the question to you ,seraphin1 is not this sort of election jugglery far more ridiculous and disgusting than the most preposterous periwigs of the last century80 8,ignorance and passion may occasion the abuse of the best institutions10 answered the double millionaire4 8,however1 if beer and pork determine the choice of councilmen and mayors1 voters have no right to complain of misrule4 ,it would be most disastrous to the state1 ,i should think1 were such corrupt means to decide also the election of the deputies of our legislative assembly40 ,the banker smiled4 8,the self-same manuvring1 only on a larger scale10 replied he4 8,of course1 in this instance1 petty jealousies disappear4 ,streichein the miller and ,leimer the manufacturer make concessions in the interest of the common party4 ,all stand shoulder to shoulder in the cause of progress against ,ultramontanes and democrats1 who in these days have begun to be troublesome4 8,whilst at municipal elections office-seekers employed money and position for furthering their personal aims1 at deputy elections progress men cast their means into a common cauldron1 from which the mob are fed and made to drink in order to stimulate them with the spirit of progress for the coming election4 ,at bottom it amounts to the same--the stupefaction of the multitude1 the rule of a minority1 in which1 however1 all consider themselves as having part1 the folly of the nineteenth century40 8,this is an unhealthy condition of things1 which gives reason to fear the corruption of the whole body politic10 remarked the landholder with seriousness4 8,the seats of the legislative chamber should be filled not through bribery and deception of the masses1 nor through party passion1 but through a right appreciation of the qualifications that fit a man for the office of deputy40 8,i ask your pardon1 my dear friend10 interposed the banker with a laugh4 8,being reared by a mother having a rigorous faith has prompted you to speak thus1 not acquaintance with the spirit of the age4 ,right appreciation6 ,heavens1 what navet6 ,are you not aware that progress1 the autocrat of our times1 follows a fixed1 unchanging programme8 ,it matters not whether ,tom or ,dick occupies the cushions of the legislative hall2 the main point is to wear the color of progress1 and for this no special qualifications are needed4 ,i will give you an illustration of the way in which these things work4 ,let us suppose that every member is provided with a trumpet which he takes with him to the assembly4 ,to blow this trumpet neither skill1 nor quick perception1 nor experience1 nor knowledge--neither of these qualifications is necessary4 ,now1 we will suppose these gentlemen assembled in the great hall where the destinies of the country are decided2 should abuses need correction1 should legislation for church or state be required1 they have only to blow the trumpet of progress4 ,the trumpet's tone invariably accords with the spirit of progress1 for it has been attuned to it4 ,should it happen that at a final vote upon a measure the trumpets bray loudly enough to drown the opposition of democrats and ,ultramontanes1 the matter is settled1 the law is passed1 the question is decided40 8,evidently you exaggerate60 said ,seraphin with a shake of the head4 8,your illustration beats the enchanted horn of the fable4 ,do not you think so1 ,miss ,louise80 8,brother's trumpet story is rather odd1 'tis true1 yet ,i believe that at bottom such is really the state of things40 8,the instrument in question is objectionable in your opinion1 my friend1 only because you still bear about you the narrow conscience of an age long since buried4 ,as you never spend more than two short winter months in the city1 where alone the life-pulse of our century can be felt beating1 you remain unacquainted with the present and its spirit4 ,the rest of the year you pass in riding about on your lands1 suffering yourself to be impressed by the stern rigor of nature's laws1 and concluding that human society harmonizes in the same manner with the behests of fixed principles4 ,i shall have to brush you up a little4 ,i shall have to let you into the mysteries of progress1 so that you may cease groping like a blind man in the noonday of enlightenment4 ,above all1 let us have no narrow-mindedness1 no scrupulosity1 ,i beg of you4 ,whosoever nowadays walks the grass-grown paths of rigorism is a doomed man40 ,whilst he was saying this1 a smile was on the banker's countenance4 ,seraphin mused in silence on the meaning and purpose of his extraordinary language4 8,look down the street1 if you please10 continued ,carl ,greifmann4 8,do you observe yon dark mass just passing under the gas-lamp80 8,i notice a pretty corpulent gentleman10 answered ,seraphin4 8,the corpulent gentleman is ,mr4 ,hans ,shund1 formerly treasurer of this city10 explained ,greifmann4 8,many years ago1 ,mr4 ,shund put his hand into the public treasury1 was detected1 removed for dishonesty1 and imprisoned for five years4 ,when set at liberty1 the ex-treasurer made the loaning of money on interest a source of revenue4 ,he conducted this business with shrewdness1 ruined many a family that needed money and in its necessity applied to him1 and became rich4 ,shund the usurer is known to all the town1 despised and hated by everybody4 ,even the dogs cannot endure the odor of usury that hangs about him2 just see--all the dogs bark at him4 ,shund is moreover an extravagant admirer of the gentler sex4 ,all the town is aware that this ,jack ,falstaff contributes largely to the scandal that is afloat4 ,the pious go so far as to declare that the gallant ,shund will be burned and roasted in hell for all eternity for not respecting the sixth commandment4 ,considered in the light of the time honored morality of ,old ,franconia1 ,shund1 the thief1 the usurer and adulterer1 is a low1 good-for-nothing scoundrel1 no question about it4 ,but in the light of the indulgent spirit of the times1 no more can be said than that he has his foibles4 ,he is about to pass by on the other side1 and1 as a well-bred man1 will salute us40 ,seraphin had attentively observed the man thus characterized1 but with the feelings with which one views an ugly blotch1 a dirty page in the record of humanity4 ,mr4 ,shund lowered his hat1 his neck and back1 with oriental ceremoniousness in presence of the millions on the balcony4 ,carl acknowledged the salute1 and even ,louise returned it with a friendly inclination of the head4 ,the landholder1 on the contrary1 was cold1 and felt hurt at ,greifmann's bowing to a fellow whom he had just described as a scoundrel4 ,that ,louise1 too1 should condescend to smile to a thief1 swindler1 usurer1 and immoral wretch6 ,in his opinion1 ,louise should have followed the dictates of a noble womanhood1 and have looked with honest pity on the scapegrace4 ,she1 on the contrary1 greeted the bad man as though he were respectable1 and this conduct wounded the young man's feelings4 8,apropos of ,hans ,shund1 ,i will take occasion to convince you of the correctness of my statements10 said ,carl ,greifmann4 8,three days hence1 the municipal election is to come off4 ,mr4 ,shund is to be elected mayor4 ,and when the election of deputies takes place1 this same ,shund will command enough of the confidence and esteem of his fellow-citizens to be elected to the legislative assembly1 thief and usurer though he be4 ,you will then1 ,i trust1 learn to understand that the might of progress is far removed from the bigotry that would subject a man's qualifications to a microscopic examination4 ,the enlarged and liberal principles prevailing in secular concerns are opposed to the intolerance that would insist on knowing something of an able man's antecedents before consenting to make use of him4 ,all that ,shund will have to do will be to fall in under the glorious banner of the spirit of the age2 his voting trumpet will be given him2 and forthwith he will turn out a finished mayor and deputy4 ,do you not admire the power and stretch of liberalism80 8,i certainly do admire your faculty for making up plausible stories10 answered ,seraphin4 8,plausible stories8 ,not at all6 ,downright earnest1 every word of it4 ,hans ,shund1 take my word for it1 will be elected mayor and member of the assembly40 8,in that event10 replied the landholder1 8,shund's disreputable antecedents and disgusting conduct at present must be altogether a secret to his constituents40 8,again you are mistaken1 my dear friend4 ,this remark proceeds from your want of acquaintance with the genius of our times4 ,this city has thirty thousand inhabitants4 ,every adult among them has heard of ,hans ,shund the thief1 usurer1 and companion of harlots4 ,and ,i assure you that not a voter1 not a progressive member of our community1 thinks himself doing what is at all reprehensible by conferring dignity and trust on ,hans ,shund4 ,you have no idea how comprehensive is the soul of liberalism40 8,let us quit a subject that appears to me impossible1 nay1 even unnatural10 said ,gerlach4 8,no1 no2 for this very reason you need to be convinced10 insisted the banker with earnestness4 8,my prospective--but hold--,i was almost guilty of a want of delicacy4 ,no matter1 my actual friend1 landholder and millionaire1 must be made see with his eyes and touch with his fingers what marvels progress can effect4 ,let us make a bet3 ,eighteen days from now ,hans ,shund will be mayor and member for this city4 ,i shall stake ten thousand florins4 ,you may put in the pair of bays that won the best prizes at the last races40 ,seraphin hesitated4 8,come on60 urged the banker4 8,since you refuse to believe my assertions1 let us make a bet4 ,may be you consider my stakes too small against yours8 ,very well1 ,i will say twenty thousand florins40 8,you will be the loser1 ,greifmann6 ,your statements are too unreasonable40 8,never mind2 if ,i lose1 you will be the winner4 ,do you take me up80 8,pshaw1 ,carl6 you are too sure10 said ,louise reproachfully4 8,my feeling so sure is what makes me eager to win the finest pair of horses ,i ever saw4 ,is it possible that you are a coward80 ,the landholder's face reddened4 ,he put his right hand in the banker's4 8,my dear fellow10 exclaimed he jubilantly1 8,i have just driven a splendid bargain4 ,to convince you of the entire fairness of the transaction1 you are to be present at the manipulation that is to decide4 ,even though you lose the horses1 your gain is incalculable1 for it consists in nothing less than being convinced of the wonderful nature and of the omnipotence of progress4 ,i repeat1 then1 that1 wherever progress reigns1 the elections are the supreme folly of the nineteenth century2 for in reality there is no electing2 but what progress decrees1 that is fulfilled40 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,leaders4 ,the banker was seated at his office table working for his chance in the wager with the industry of a thorough business man4 ,whilst he was engaged in writing notes1 a smile indicative of certainty of success lit up his countenance2 for he was thoroughly familiar with the figures that entered into his calculations1 and1 withal1 ,hans ,shund invested with offices and dignity could not but strike him as a comical anomaly4 8,happy thought6 ,my father travels half of the globe2 many wonderful things come under his observation1 no doubt1 but the greatest of all prodigies is to be witnessed right here3 ,hans ,shund1 the thief1 swindler1 usurer1 wanton--mayor and law-maker6 ,and it is the venerable sire ,progress that alone could have begotten the prodigy of a ,hans ,shund invested with honors4 ,my ,lord ,progress is therefore himself a prodigy--a very extraordinary offspring of the human mind1 the culminating point of enlightenment4 ,admitting humanity to be ten thousand million years old1 or even more1 as the most learned of scientific men have accurately calculated it1 during this rather long series of years nature never produced a marvel that might presume to claim rank with progress4 ,progress is the acme of human culture--about this there can be no question4 ,yes1 indeed1 the acme40 ,and he finished the last word in the last note4 8,humanity will therefore have to face about and begin again at the beginning2 for after progress nothing else is possible40 ,he rang his bell4 8,take these three notes to their respective addresses immediately10 said he to the servant who had answered the ring4 ,greifmann stepped into the front office1 and gave an order to the cashier4 ,returning to his own cabinet1 he locked the door that opened into the front office4 ,he then examined several iron safes1 the modest and smooth polish of which suggested neither the hardness of their iron nature nor the splendor of their treasures4 8,gold or paper80 said the banker to himself4 ,after some indecision1 he opened the second of the safes4 ,this he effected by touching several concealed springs1 using various keys1 and finally shoving back a huge bolt by means of a very small blade4 ,he drew out twenty packages of paper1 and laid them in two rows on the table4 ,he undid the tape encircling the packages1 and then it appeared that every leaf of both rows was a five-hundred florin banknote4 ,the banker had exposed a considerable sum on the table4 ,a sudden thought caused him to smile1 and he shoved the banknotes where they came more prominently into view4 ,the blooming double millionaire entered4 8,sit down a moment1 friend ,seraphin1 and listen to a short account of my scheme4 ,i have said before that our city is prospering and growing under the benign sceptre of progress4 ,the powers and honors of the sceptre are portioned among three leaders4 ,everything is directed and conducted by them--of course1 in harmony with the spirit of the times4 ,i have summoned the aforesaid magnates to appear4 ,that the business may be despatched with a comfortable degree of expedition1 the time when the visit is expected has been designated in each note2 and those gentlemen are punctual in all matters connected with money and the bank4 ,you can enter this little apartment next to us1 and by leaving the door open hear the conversation4 ,the mightiest of the corypheuses is ,schwefel1 the straw-hat manufacturer4 ,this potentate resides at a three-minutes walk from here1 and can put in an appearance at any time40 8,i am on tiptoe60 said ,gerlach4 8,you promise what is so utterly incredible1 that the things you are preparing to reveal appear to me like adventures belonging to another world40 8,to another world6--quite right1 my dear fellow6 ,i am indeed about to display to your astounded eyes some wonders of the world of progress that hitherto have been entirely unknown to you4 ,within eighteen days you shall1 under my tutorship1 receive useful and thorough instruction4 ,this promise ,i can make you1 as we are just in face of the elections1 a time when minds put aside their disguises1 when they not unfrequently shock one another1 and when many secrets come to light60 8,you put me under many obligations60 8,only doing my duty1 my most esteemed6 ,we are both aware that1 according to the wishes of parents and the desired inclinations of parties known1 our respective millions are to approach each other in closer relationship4 ,to do a relative of mine in spe a favor1 gives me unspeakable satisfaction4 ,i shall proceed with my course of instruction4 ,see here6 ,every one of these twenty packages contains twenty five-hundred florin banknotes4 ,consequently1 both rows contain just two hundred thousand florins--an imposing sum assuredly1 and1 for the purpose of being imposing1 the two hundred thousand have been laid upon this table4 ,explanation3 the mightiest of the spirits of progress is--,money4 8,all forces1 all sympathies1 revolve about money as the heavenly bodies revolve about the sun4 ,for this reason the mere proximity of a considerable sum of money acts upon every man of progress like a current of electricity3 it carries him away1 it intoxicates his senses4 ,the leaders whom ,i have invited will at once notice the collection of five-hundred florin notes3 in the rapidity of calculating1 they will overestimate the amount1 and obtain impressions in proportion1 somewhat like the ,jews that prostrated themselves in the dust in adoration of the golden calf4 ,as for me1 my dear fellow1 ,i shall carry on my operations in the auspicious presence of this power of two hundred thousands4 ,such a display of power will produce in the leaders a frame of mind made up of veneration1 worship1 and unconditional submissiveness4 ,every word of mine will proceed authoritatively from the golden mouth of the two hundred thousands1 and my proposals it will be impossible for them to reject4 ,but listen6 ,the door of the ante-room is being opened4 ,the mightiest is approaching4 ,go in quick40 ,he pressed the spring of a concealed door1 and ,seraphin disappeared4 ,when the straw-hat manufacturer entered1 the banker was sitting before the banknotes apparently absorbed in intricate calculations4 8,ah ,mr4 ,schwefel6 pardon the liberty ,i have taken of sending for you4 ,the pressure of business10 motioning significantly towards the banknotes1 8has made it impossible for me to call upon you40 8,no trouble1 ,mr4 ,greifmann1 no trouble whatever60 rejoined the manufacturer with profound bows4 8,have the goodness to take a seat60 ,and he drew an arm-chair quite near to where the money lay displayed4 ,schwefel perceived they were five-hundreds1 estimated the amount of the pile in a few rapid glances1 and felt secret shudderings of awe passing through his person4 8,the cause of my asking you in is a business matter of some magnitude10 began the banker4 8,there is a house in ,vienna with which we stand in friendly relations1 and which has very extensive connections in ,hungary4 ,the gentlemen of this house have contracts for furnishing large orders of straw hats destined mostly for ,hungary1 and they wish to know whether they can obtain favorable terms of purchase at the manufactories of this country4 ,it is a business matter involving a great deal of money4 ,their confidence in the friendly interest of our firm1 and in our thorough acquaintance with local circumstances1 has encouraged them to apply to us for an accurate report upon this subject4 ,they intimate1 moreover1 that they desire to enter into negotiations with none but solid establishments1 and for this reason are supposed to be guided by our judgment4 ,as you are aware1 this country has a goodly number of straw-hat manufactories4 ,i would feel inclined1 however1 as far as it may be in my power1 to give your establishment the advantage of our recommendation1 and would therefore like to get from you a written list of fixed prices of all the various sorts40 8,i am1 indeed1 under many obligations to you1 ,mr4 ,greifmann1 for your kind consideration10 said the manufacturer1 nodding repeatedly4 8,your own experience can testify to the durability of my work1 and ,i shall give the most favorable rates possible40 8,no doubt10 rejoined the banker with haughty reserve4 8,you must not forget that the straw-hat business is out of our line4 ,it is incumbent on us1 however1 to oblige a friendly house4 ,i shall therefore make a similar proposal to two other large manufactories1 and1 after consulting with men of experience in this branch1 shall give the house in ,vienna the advice we consider most to its interest1 that is1 shall recommend the establishment most worthy of recommendation40 ,mr4 ,schwefel's excited countenance became somewhat lengthy4 8,you should not fail of an acceptable acknowledgment from me1 were you to do me the favor of recommending my goods10 explained the manufacturer4 ,the banker's coldness was not in the slightest degree altered by the implied bribe4 ,he appeared not even to have noticed it4 8,it is also my desire to be able to recommend you10 said he curtly1 carelessly taking up a package of the banknotes and playing with ten thousand florins as if they were so many valueless scraps of paper4 8,well1 we are on the eve of the election10 remarked he ingenuously4 8,have you fixed upon a magistrate and mayor80 8,all in order1 thank you1 ,mr4 ,greifmann60 8,and are you quite sure of the order80 8,yes2 for we are well organized1 ,mr4 ,greifmann4 ,if it interests you1 ,i will consider it as an honor to be allowed to send you a list of the candidates40 8,i hope you have not passed over ex-treasurer ,shund80 ,this question took ,mr4 ,schwefel by surprise1 and a peculiar smile played on his features4 8,the world is and ever will be ungrateful10 continued the banker1 as though he did not notice the astonishment of the manufacturer4 8,i could hardly think of an abler and more sterling character for the office of mayor of the city than ,mr4 ,shund4 ,our corporation is considerably in debt4 ,mr4 ,shund is known to be an accurate financier1 and an economical householder4 ,we just now need for the administration of our city household a mayor that understands reckoning closely1 and that will curtail unnecessary expenses1 so as to do away with the yearly increasing deficit in the budget4 ,moreover1 ,mr4 ,shund is a noble character2 for he is always ready to aid those who are in want of money--on interest1 of course4 ,then1 again1 he knows law1 and we very much want a lawyer at the head of our city government4 ,in short1 the interests of this corporation require that ,mr4 ,shund be chosen chief magistrate4 ,it is a subject of wonder to me that progress1 usually so clear-sighted1 has heretofore passed ,mr4 ,shund by1 despite his numerous qualifications4 ,abilities should be called into requisition for the public weal4 ,to be candid1 ,mr4 ,schwefel1 nothing disgusts me so much as the slighting of great ability10 concluded the banker contemptuously4 8,are you acquainted with ,shund's past career80 asked the leader diffidently4 8,why1 yes6 ,mr4 ,shund once put his hand in the wrong drawer1 but that was a long time ago4 ,whosoever amongst you is innocent1 let him cast the first stone at him4 ,besides1 ,shund has made good his fault by restoring what he filched4 ,he has even atoned for the momentary weakness by five years of imprisonment40 8',tis true2 but ,shund's theft and imprisonment are still very fresh in people's memory10 said ,schwefel4 8,shund is notorious1 moreover1 as a hard-hearted usurer4 ,he has gotten rich through shrewd money speculations1 but he has also brought several families to utter ruin4 ,the indignation of the whole city is excited against the usurer2 and1 finally1 ,shund indulges a certain filthy passion with such effrontery and barefacedness that every respectable female cannot but blush at being near him4 ,these characteristics were unknown to you1 ,mr4 ,greifmann2 for you too will not hesitate an instant to admit that a man of such low practices must never fill a public office40 8,i do not understand you1 and ,i am surprised60 said the millionaire4 8,you call ,shund a usurer1 and you say that the indignation of the whole town is upon him4 ,might ,i request from you the definition of a usurer80 8,they are commonly called usurers who put out money at exorbitant1 illegal interest40 8,you forget1 my dear ,mr4 ,schwefel1 that speculation is no longer confined to the five per cent4 rate4 ,a correct insight into the circumstances of the times has induced our legislature to leave the rate of interest altogether free4 ,consequently1 a usurer has gotten to be an impossibility4 ,were ,shund to ask fifty per cent4 and more1 he would be entitled to it40 8,that is so2 for the moment ,i had overlooked the existence of the law10 said the manufacturer1 somewhat humiliated4 8,yet ,i have not told you all concerning the usurer4 ,beasts of prey and vampires inspire an involuntary disgust or fear4 ,nobody could find pleasure in meeting a hungry wolf1 or in having his blood sucked by a vampire4 ,the usurer is both vampire and wolf4 ,he hankers to suck the very marrow from the bones of those who in financial straits have recourse to him4 ,when an embarrassed person borrows from him1 that person is obliged to mortgage twice the amount that he actually receives4 ,the usurer is a heartless strangler1 an insatiable glutton4 ,he is perpetually goaded on by covetousness to work the material ruin of others1 only so that the ruin of his neighbor may benefit himself4 ,in short1 the usurer is a monster so frightful1 a brute so devoid of conscience1 that the very sight of him excites horror and disgust4 ,just such a monster is ,shund in the eyes of all who know him--and the whole city knows him4 ,hence the man is the object of general aversion40 8,why1 this is still worse1 still more astonishing60 rejoined the millionaire with animation4 8,i thought our city enlightened4 ,i should have expected from the intelligence and judgment of our citizens that they would have deferred neither to the sickly sentimentalism of a bigoted morality nor to the absurdity of obsolete dogmas4 ,if your description of the usurer1 which might at least be styled poetico-religious1 is an expression of the prevailing spirit of this city1 ,i shall certainly have to lower my estimate of its intelligence and culture40 ,the leader hastened to correct the misunderstanding4 8,i beg your pardon1 ,mr4 ,greifmann6 ,you may rest assured that we can boast all the various conquests made by modern advancement4 ,religious enthusiasm and foolish credulity are poisonous plants that superannuated devotees are perhaps still continuing to cultivate here and there in pots1 but which the soil will no longer produce in the open air4 ,the sort of education prevailing hereabout is that which has freed itself from hereditary religious prejudices4 ,our town is blessed with all the benefits of progress1 with liberty of thought1 and freedom from the thraldom of a dark1 designing priesthood40 8,how comes it1 then1 that a man is an object of contempt for acting in accordance with the principles of this much lauded progress80 asked the millionaire1 with unexpected sarcasm4 8,we are indebted to progress for the abolition of a legal rate of interest4 ,shund takes advantage of this conquest1 and for doing so citizens who boast of being progressive look upon him with aversion4 ,a further triumph secured by progress is freedom from the tyranny of dogmas and the tortures of a conscience created by a contracted morality4 ,this beautiful fruit of the tree of enlightened knowledge ,shund partakes of and enjoys2 and for this he has the distinction of passing for a vampire4 ,and because he displays the spirit of an energetic business man1 because his capacity for speculating occasionally overwhelms blockheads and dunces1 he is decried as a ravenous wolf4 ,it is sad6 ,if your statements are correct1 ,mr4 ,schwefel1 our city ought not to boast of being progressive4 ,its citizens are still groping in the midnight darkness of religious superstition1 scarcely even united with modern intellectual advancement4 ,and to me the consciousness is most uncomfortable of breathing an atmosphere poisoned by the decaying remnants of an age long since buried40 8,my own personal views accord with yours10 protested ,schwefel candidly4 8,the subversion of the antiquated1 absurd articles of faith and moral precept necessarily entails the abrogation of the consequences that flow from them for public life4 ,for centuries the cross was a symbol of dignity1 and the doctrine of the ,crucified resulted in holiness4 ,paganism1 on the contrary1 looked upon the gospel as foolishness1 as a hallucination1 and upon the cross as a sign of shame4 ,i belong to the classic ranks1 and so do millions like myself--among them ,mr4 ,shund4 ,viewed in the light of progress1 ,shund is neither a vampire nor a wolf2 at the worst1 he is merely an ill-used business man4 ,they who suffer themselves to be humbugged and fleeced by him have their own stupidity to thank for it4 ,this exposition will convince you that ,i stand on a level with yourself in the matter of advanced enlightenment4 ,nevertheless1 you overlook1 ,mr4 ,greifmann1 that1 so far as the masses of the people are concerned1 reverence for the cross and the holiness of its doctrines continue to prevail4 ,the acquisitions of progress are not yet generally diffused4 ,the mines of modern intellectual culture are being provisionally worked by a select number of independent1 bold natures4 ,the multitude1 on the other hand1 still continue folding about them the winding-sheet of ,christianity4 ,the views1 customs1 principles1 and judgments of men are as yet widely controlled by ,christian elements4 ,our city does homage to progress1 pretty nearly1 however1 in the manner of a blind man that discourses of colors40 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,a ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,gothic ,,revival ,,in ,,england4#ajc ,we purpose giving in this article a sketch1 as far as our limited space will allow1 of a costly and beautiful work published in ,london under the above title4 ,many of our readers will perhaps turn willingly to the history of a movement which is not without its echo in ,america1 and which the future bids fair to foster and popularize wherever the ,anglo-,saxon tongue and spirit have sway4 ,a work treating of such very modern and recent events in the history of art is not easily reducible to salient divisions2 yet1 having to be brief1 we must necessarily endeavor to be clear1 and we will1 therefore1 pick out a few prominent ideas1 which1 we hope1 will be more interesting to the general reader than the mass of technical detail in which ,eastlake's book naturally 7and very properly7 abounds4 ,we have also to promise that we wish only to state and quote facts1 or such anecdotes and professional opinions as give our history an individual interest1 not to drag up the vexed questions which have made the venerable words 8,gothic0 and 8medival0 signs of warfare and contradiction4 ,this is a pure chronicle of accomplished facts1 and addresses itself only to such as already lean to the sthetic principles of those 8dark ages0 of spiritual light which gave us along with ,monasticism the great conservative power4 ,feudalism--the progressive power1 the check on royal autocracy1 the guardian of ,magna ,charta1 the parent of constitutional liberty4 ,passing by the history and literature of ,gothic art since its decay in the sixteenth to its full revival in the nineteenth century1 we are attracted by the subject of its symbolism1 over which such fierce and sometimes ludicrous battles have been fought2 but1 even before the symbolism of the art1 its very origin was made a subject of curious dispute4 ,for instance1 the author of this work says3 8,in the beginning of this century1 various arguments were rife4 ,the style was ,gothic2 it was ,saracenic2 it had been brought to ,england by the crusaders2 it had been invented by the ,moors in ,spain2 it might be traced to the pyramids of ,egypt4 ,one ingenious theorist endeavored to reconcile all opinions in his comprehensive hypothesis that the style of architecture which we call cathedral or monastic ,gothic was manifestly a corruption of the sacred architecture of the ,greeks and ,romans1 by a mixture of the ,moorish or ,saracenesque1 which is formed out of a combination of ,egyptian1 ,persian1 and ,hindoo60 ,of symbolism1 and the intimate union of the religious and artistic spirit1 ,eastlake says3 8,in modern days1 we have unconsciously drawn a distinction between religious art and popular art4 ,in the middle ages1 they were thoroughly blended20 but he goes on to infer from this blending that1 according to the old adage1 8,familiarity breeds contempt10 there was no reverential and spiritual idea whatever embodied in the work of the medival carvers and architects4 ,we1 by the light of our faith1 the heirloom of the very times we speak of1 believe him to be either unconsciously prejudiced or mistaken4 ,he seems to scout the idea of the deviation of the line of the chancel from the line of the nave1 an occasional feature in some old churches 7for instance1 the ,abbey of ,st4 ,denys1 near ,paris71 being a symbol of the inclination of ,our ,lord's head upon the cross4 ,it is but a tradition1 a pious belief1 it is true2 but why throw doubt upon it8 ,if it really was meant as a symbol1 he asks why was it not so in all churches8 ,and if the triplet window typified the ,trinity1 why were two or five light windows used8 ,simply because the symbol was optional1 yet none the less a symbol4 ,from the old symbolism of the forgotten artists of past days1 we come to the miscalled 8,pre-,raphaelite0 naturalism of modern architects4 ,ruskin with all his merits1 of which we will speak more fully further on1 had an exaggerated tendency to find in carving an exact copy from nature1 and to condemn anything in that line that did not absolutely reproduce some organic form4 ,eastlake himself expresses his own views on the subject in the following words3 8,in the gable of ,st4 ,finbar's1 ,cork1 444 a seated figure of ,christ is to occupy a vesica-shaped panel1 with angels censing on each side4 ,of these works1 executed by ,mr4 ,thomas ,nicholls from ,mr4 ,burges' design1 it is not too much to say that no finer examples of decorative sculpture have been produced during the ,revival4 ,they exactly represent that intermediate condition between natural form and abstract idealism which is the essence of medival1 and indeed of all noble art40 ,from this subject we are led to the kindred one of the contrast between old work and new4 ,our author repeatedly returns to this point4 ,here are some amusing sayings about the deplorable #8tameness' of modern sculpture3 8,the ,roman ,catholic churches erected at this period 7#ahej7 had one decided advantage over those designed for the ,establishment1 viz41 the richness of their interiors4444 ,a tamely carved reredos1 generally arranged in panels to hold the ,ten ,commandments 7671 a group of sedilia and a piscina1 with perhaps a few empty inches in the clerestory1 were1 as a rule1 all the internal features which distinguished an ,anglican church from a meeting-house40 ,so that wherever art is concerned1 an unconscious tribute is naturally offered to the church6 ,again and again1 our author vigorously denounces the dead imitation of living and forcible models1 which is in the spirit of a 8,chinese engraver who should undertake to imitate1 line for line and spot for spot1 a damaged print40 8,every one10 he says1 8who has studied the principles of medival art1 knows how much its character and vitality depend upon the essential element of decorative sculpture1 of the spirit of what ,ruskin has called #8noble grotesque1' in its nervous types of animal life and vigorous conventionalism of vegetable form4444 ,to copy line for line1 even when sound and fresh from the chisel1 and yet preserve the spirit of the original1 would have been difficult in the best ages of art4 ,the medival sculptors never--to use an artistic phrase--repeated themselves4 ,if the conditions of their work required a certain degree of uniformity in design1 they took care to aim at the spirit1 but not the letter1 of symmetry4444 ,they took the birds of the air and the flowers of the field for their study1 but seemed to know instinctively the true secret of all decorative art1 which lies in the suggestion and symbolism1 rather than the presumptuous illustration of natural form40 8,since10 continues ,eastlake1 8we cannot #8restore' the thoughts and stamp of the artists of old1 we should the more sedulously watch what we have left of such traces1 and prop up and secure that which a little common care might long preserve to us40 ,of an unfortunate modern carver1 he says3 8,impartial critics who compare the medival carving with its modern substitute will probably consider the neat finish and anatomical correctness of ,westmacott's groups a poor exchange for the earnest and vigorous1 though somewhat rude1 treatment of the old design4 ,king ,george's loyal subjects thought they knew better than those of ,king ,edward2 444 their work was not clever2 it was not interesting2 it was not lifelike2 it was not humorous2 it was not even ugly after a good honest fashion--it was deplorably and hopelessly mean4444 ,all these accidents combine not only to deprive the building of scale1 but to give it a cold and machine-made look4 ,in a far different spirit the medival designers worked4444 ,fifty years ago1 444 there was naturalistic carving and there was ornamental carving1 but the noble abstractive treatment which should find a middle place between them1 and which was one of the glories of ancient art1 had still to be revived40 ,in whimsical pursuance of his subject1 he says elsewhere that before ,pugin's days 8an architect would no more have thought of introducing a porch on the south aisle which had not its counterpart on the north1 than he would have dared to wear a coat of which the right sleeve was longer than the left40 ,ruskin1 too1 seems to have thought a coat a very effective instrument of illustration3 here is his version of the likeness between the tailor's and the modern architect's occupations4 8,a day never passes10 he says in his ,seven ,lamps of ,architecture1 8without our hearing our ,english architects called upon to be original1 and to invent a new style2 about as sensible and necessary an exhortation as to ask of a man who has never had rags enough on his back to keep out the cold to invent a new mode of cutting a coat4 ,give him a whole coat first1 and let him concern himself about the fashion afterwards4 ,we want no new style of architecture4 ,who wants a new style of painting or of sculpture8 ,but we want some style40 ,to return to ,eastlake's strongly accentuated views of medival carving3 he has summed them up in one sentence1 as terse and vigorous as the old sculptural handiwork itself4 8,during the ,revival10 he says1 8it took a decade of years to teach workmen to carve carefully4 ,it took another to get them to carve simply4 ,we may expect more than a third to elapse before they have learnt to carve nobly40 ,with one more quotation which is too humorous to miss1 we will close this part of the history of the ,revival3 8,there is no want of manipulative skill or of imitative ability1 but from some cause or another there is a great want of spirit in the present carver's work4 ,the medival sculptor1 with half the care and less than half the finish now bestowed on such details1 managed to throw life and vigor into the capitals and panel subjects that grew beneath his chisel4 ,the #8angel choir' at ,lincoln is rudely executed compared with many a modern bas-relief1 but the features of the winged minstrels are radiant with celestial happiness4 ,there are figures of kings crumbling into dust in the niches of ,exeter ,cathedral which retain even now a dignity of attitude and lordly grace which no #8restoration' is likely to revive4 ,our nineteenth century angels look like demure ,bible-readers1 somewhat too conscious of their piety to be interesting4 ,our nineteenth century monarchs seem 7in stone1 at least7 very well-to-do pleasant gentlemen1 but are scarcely of a heroic type4 ,the roses and lilies1 the maple foliage and forked spleenwort1 with which we crown our pillars or deck our cornices1 are cut with wonderful precision and neatness1 but somehow they miss the charm of old-world handicraft4444 ,the truth is1 that in the apparent imperfections of some arts lies the real secret of their excellence4 ,for instance1 the superior quality of color which long distinguished old 7stained7 glass from new was due in a great measure to its streakiness and irregularity of tint40 ,we would here submit to the talented and enthusiastic author that the spirit of ancient art1 the loss of which he so vehemently deplores1 is intimately connected with that ,catholic symbolism he so cavalierly dismisses4 ,the ,reformation took away the reality of faith from the souls of modern ,christians2 it could not but weaken likewise the realization of faith which for so many ages had inspired the hands of ,christian artists4 ,a noble orator1 who is as much an artist in soul as he is a priest in fact1 and in whom ,ireland and ,irish ,america claim equal pride1 said from the pulpit very recently1 and in a church of ,new ,york1 that animal painting1 the lowest of the products of brush or pencil1 was hardly known in its present development before the famous ,reformation4 ,the first painter who took to this earthy style was a ,german ,lutheran in ,naples1 an emissary of the growing intellectual 8disfranchisement0 of the sixteenth century2 and his fellow-artists1 who hitherto had never looked lower than heaven itself for their models1 would not speak to him1 nor recognize him as one of themselves1 saying in a tone of contempt1 8,there goes the man who paints cows and horses60 ,as the old spirit died away1 the forms of art grew downwards more and more till we were reduced to roots and herbs1 onions and cabbages1 and foaming tankards of beer1 and were expected to find for these some words of praise on account of their fidelity 7shall we not rather say servility87 to nature4 ,even now1 the correct texture and pattern of a bed-quilt or a woman's dress is a thing strained after by modern painters of supposed merit4 ,in the face of this three hundred years old debasement of art1 who could expect to revive the spirit of medival carving without first reviving that of medival faith8 ,and here we are naturally led to speak of ,pugin1 the great apostle of the ,gothic ,revival1 the most medival-spirited of all its known leaders2 the man whose art1 in fact1 was the instrument of his conversion4 ,although ,eastlake tends towards depreciating the part and influence of our religion in this artistic crisis1 and although1 as he most truly and fairly says1 our ceremonial1 like our faith1 can associate itself indifferently to any style1 and therefore is sovereignly independent of any1 yet it remains no less true that the ,catholic ,church is so exclusively the real patroness of art that no artist-soul can fail to be attracted and won by her4 ,overbeck1 the great ,german painter1 who established in ,rome a school that revives and rivals the glories of ,perugino1 ,giotto1 ,mantegna1 and ,fra ,angelico1 was an artist before he became a ,catholic1 but he found himself unable to teach his art-ideal without the spirit which of old had created that ideal4 ,so it was with ,pugin4 ,france and ,england have an equal claim to the honor of being the mother of the noblest1 most earnest1 truest artist1 who has shared the vicissitudes and anxieties of our modern 7and more beneficial7 ,renaissance4 ,his father was a ,french refugee1 an architect of great merit1 who had been associated in the early part of this century with ,nash1 the reigning architect of that time4 ,pugin's youth seems to have been very adventurous2 at all events1 it shows the irrepressible energy of his nature4 ,he was an enthusiast of the noblest type2 his life was influenced by the purest motives4 ,so1 with all his genius and1 as far as the educated public was concerned1 his popularity1 he was not overburdened with this world's goods4 ,his work on ,contrasts 7of which we have had the privilege of seeing some of the original illustrations in etching7 is thus noticed by ,eastlake3 8,in #ahcf1 ,pugin published his celebrated ,contrasts--a pungent satire on modern architecture as compared with that of the middle ages4 ,the illustrations by himself afford evidence not only of great artistic power1 but of a keen sense of humor4 ,to the circulation of this work1 we may attribute the care and jealousy with which our ancient churches and cathedrals have since been protected and kept in repair4 ,in estimating the effect which ,pugin's efforts1 both as an artist and as an author1 produced on the ,gothic ,revival1 the only danger lies in the possibility of overrating their worth4 ,the man whose name was for at least a quarter of a century a household word in every house where ancient art was loved and appreciated--who fanned into a flame the smouldering fire of ecclesiastical sentiment--whose very faith was pledged to medival tradition--such a writer and such an architect will not easily be forgotten so long as the sthetic principles which he advocated are recognized and maintained4444 ,notwithstanding the size and importance of some of his buildings1 it must be confessed that in his house and the church at ,ramsgate one recognizes more thorough and genuine examples of ,pugin's genius 444 than elsewhere40 ,the list of his works is really so extensive that we must confine ourselves by preference to one or two whose beauties we have had personal opportunities of admiring4 ,of these1 happily1 that of ,ramsgate is one4 8,the whole church10 says our author1 8is lined with stone of a warm color1 the woodwork of the screens1 stalls1 etc41 being of dark oak4 ,the general tone of the interior1 lighted as it is by stained glass1 is most agreeable1 and wonderfully suggestive of old work4444 ,the church of ,st4 ,augustine may be regarded as one of ,pugin's most successful achievements4 ,its plan is singularly ingenious and unconventional in arrangement4 ,the exterior is simple but picturesque in outline4 ,no student of old ,english architecture can examine this interesting little church without perceiving the thoughtful1 earnest care with which it has been designed and executed down to the minutest detail40 ,omitting the technical description1 which would be unintelligible to the non-professional reader1 we will merely remark upon one or two interesting circumstances which combine to make ,st4 ,augustine's ,priory doubly dear to the ,catholic and artist heart4 ,the founder lies buried in one of its side chapels1 beneath a lovely medival tomb1 his figure carved in the monumental repose which characterizes the shrines of former days4 ,and truly before these calm effigies of death1 which modern taste calls stiff1 and for which it has substituted the nude and affected statues of weeping nymphs and cupids1 no ,christian can fail to be reminded of the solemnly triumphant question1 8,o grave1 where is thy victory8 ,o death1 where is thy sting80 ,the church that ,pugin loved is now served by the old monastic order1 whose history is identified in ,england with most of the wonderful productions of the art he followed--the ,benedictines4 ,the plain chant1 so intimately associated with that ancient art1 is alone used at all the services of the church2 and near the ,pugin ,chantry is an image of ,our ,lady1 before which1 on an iron stand of exquisite design1 are constantly burned the tapers of the faithful4 ,were it not for the modern dress of the worshippers1 nothing in the church would indicate the change between the fourteenth and the nineteenth century4 ,close to it stands the architect's own house1 a gem of domestic ,gothic architecture1 now occupied by ,pugin's widow and son1 himself an enthusiastic artist4 ,it is impossible to describe the house1 save by a comprehensive expression4 ,it has a sympathetic and ,catholic air3 one is reminded of the days when artists loved their faith and their art in themselves1 without after-thoughts and without interest2 when they saw ,god in their work instead of a patron or a human encourager2 when they would no more sell their principles and compromise their sthetic beliefs1 than they would sell their soul to the ,evil ,one4 ,we have had the pleasure of experiencing familiar intercourse with this truly ,christian household1 and of partaking of its graceful hospitality4 ,we have seen the very dining-room etherealized into a fane of art1 as the table appeared laden with silver flagons of antique design1 and decked in the centre with the virginal blossoms of lily and jessamine4 ,this purity of taste and absence of vulgar redundancy or vanity in ornament produced upon us a most indelible and quaint impression4 ,if it be true that the surroundings of home refine the mind and open it to the most perfect sense of the beautiful1 these neighbors of ,st4 ,augustine's ,priory should consider themselves among the most favored in this age of almost hopeless utilitarianism4 ,st4 ,george's ,catholic ,cathedral at ,southwark1 ,london1 is also one of ,pugin's great works4 ,the ceremonies of the church are performed with more precision in this cathedral than in almost any modern one in ,england1 and the building wonderfully lends itself to their performance4 ,during ,holy ,week1 all the ,protestant world of art and fashion crowd its aisles1 and admire equally its architectural solemnity and suggestiveness1 and the impressive ritual to which it forms so noble a frame4 ,the ,church of ,st4 ,michael's ,priory1 near ,hereford1 also a ,benedictine foundation1 is most beautiful and most 8,puginesque0 7to quote the appropriate word-coin of our author1 ,eastlake74 ,the simplicity of its nave and aisles contrasts well with the richness of its choir2 the stone reredos1 a true 8carven dream of angels10 represents the adoration of the ,divine ,host by the winged inhabitants of heaven2 the altar is rich with marble columns and small sculptured capitals of most ingenious workmanship2 the stalls rival those in the old ,flemish churches 7and ,flanders was the birthland of perfect carving72 and the peculiar arrangement which leaves a free space between choir and nave1 separated from each by a vaulted arch1 has a very happy effect4 ,there are fully thirty monks in the monastery1 and the plain chant is heard in all its glory at the prescribed hours of the divine office4 ,we have lingered too long over these reminiscences1 and will now hasten on to the few other points of interest1 which our limited space has allowed us to make note of1 in ,mr4 ,eastlake's book4 ,a few quotations that carry one from the consideration of the dry1 technical aspect of the ,revival to that of its spirit and vitality will not be unacceptable1 we believe1 to the general reader4 ,here are two contrasting portraits of modern and medival life3 8,seen in their present state1 some half-modernized1 some damaged by time and wilful neglect1 others spoilt by injudicious restoration1 many of these ancient mansions are but dimly suggestive of their former magnificence4 ,it was ,nash's aim to represent them as they were in the days when country life was enjoyed by their owners1 not for a brief interval in the year1 but all the year round2 in days when there were feasting in the hall and tilting in the court-yard2 when the yule-log cracked on the hearth1 and mummers beguiled the dulness of a winter's evening2 when the bowling-green was filled by lusty youths1 and gentle dames sat spinning in their boudoirs2 when the deep window recesses were filled with family groups1 and gallant cavaliers rode a-hawking2 when1 in short1 all the adjuncts and incidents of social life1 dress1 pastimes1 manners1 and whatnot formed part of a picturesque whole1 of which we1 in these prosaic and lack-lustre days1 except by the artist's aid1 can form no conception40 ,on the other hand1 here is what the shocked vision of a modern artist has suggested to the author of the ,gothic ,revival3 8,mr4 ,ruskin looked around him at the modern architecture of ,england 444 and saw public buildings copied from those of a nobler age1 but starved and vulgarized in the copying4 ,he saw private houses1 some modelled on what was supposed to be an ,italian pattern1 and others modelled on what was supposed to be a medival pattern1 and he found too often neither grandeur in the one nor grace in the other4 ,he saw palaces which looked mean1 and cottages which looked tawdry4 ,he saw masonry without interest1 ornament without beauty1 and sculpture without life4 ,he walked through the streets of ,london1 and found that they consisted for the most part of flaunting shop-fronts1 stuccoed porticoes1 and plaster cornices4 ,it is true there were fine clubs and theatres and public institutions scattered here and there2 but1 after making due allowance for their size1 for the beauty of materials used1 and for the neatness 767 of the workmanship1 how far could they be considered as genuine works of art80 ,and here let us stop to point out how it has been invariably the aim of the ,revival to banish the false and the meretricious from art2 how it has waged relentless war against shams1 against the aping in perishable clay of that which the ancients1 ,greek as well as medival1 always carved in indestructible stone or marble4 ,unfortunately1 the only residue of medivalism that has as yet filtered its way down to the masses of the population is strongly tinged with a taste for showiness at the expense of intrinsic worth1 and the flimsiness of 8,gothic0 sea-side lodges and ,cockney villas has become a by-word4 ,eastlake deplores the rigid adoption in such hybrid edifices of the bands of colored brick 7chiefly red and yellow71 which should be used with great discretion1 but which obtained a too quick popularity when ,ruskin first pointed out their prominent part in ,italian decorative ,gothic4 ,in a foot-note1 he says3 8,in the suburbs this mode of decoration rose rapidly into favor for ,cockney villas and public taverns1 and laid the foundation of that peculiar order of ,victorian architecture which has since been distinguished by the familiar but not altogether inappropriate name of the ,streaky ,bacon ,style40 ,with how many such buildings are we unhappily acquainted6 ,in this city1 we have seen counterparts to the villas here mentioned--nay1 churches and public halls1 with iron-work that calls itself ,gothic1 and does not know that it is but modern 8,franco-,assyrian60 ,but let us not do injustice to the more enlightened disciples of ,pugin and of ,ruskin1 who are covering this new land with buildings which1 if they last two or three hundred years1 will rival those of the lands from whose cathedrals they were copied4 ,a sister to the marble cathedral of ,milan will soon be finished for the ,catholics of ,new ,york1 not so elaborate1 perhaps1 but purer in style and spirit4 ,others are eagerly competing in this new race of art1 and the city of the ,dutch emigrants will one day hold fanes that will remind their children of ,flanders and of ,holland4 ,although the ,catholic ,church can afford to dispense with outward ceremonial1 or adapt herself to a different arrangement of church architecture1 and yet remain1 in custom1 in doctrine1 essentially immutable1 such is not the privilege of the dominant church in ,england4 ,therefore it will not be surprising to any one to know how much the revived taste for art contributed some time ago to the revived sense of decorum in the services of the ,episcopalian denomination4 ,eastlake gives us a graphic description of spiritual desolation in the ante-,gothic days in the country parishes of ,england3 8,in country districts1 a bad road or a rainy day sufficed to keep half the congregation away even from ,sunday services4 ,of those who attended1 two-thirds left the responses to the parish clerk4444 ,cracked fiddles and grunting violoncellos frequently supplied the place of the church organ4 ,the village choir--of male and female performers--assembled in the western gallery 7674 ,when they began to sing1 the whole congregation faced about to look at them2 but to turn towards the east during the recitation of the creed1 or to rise when the clergy entered the church1 would have been considered an instance of abject superstition4 ,no one thought of kneeling during the longer prayers4 ,sometimes the ,litany was interrupted by thwacks from the beadle's cane as it descended on the shoulders of parish schoolboys1 who devoted themselves to clandestine amusement during that portion of the service4 ,when the sermon began1 all1 except the very devout1 settled themselves comfortably to sleep4 ,the parson preached in a black gown1 and not unfrequently read the communion service from his pulpit40 ,we have seen in a country church in ,rutland--one of the midland counties of ,england--some lingering tokens of this curious state of things4 ,most of the other churches of that neighborhood have been magnificently restored1 and very much ,catholicized1 at least in externals4 ,this exception to the rule is in a small parish1 and is noticeable for a very curious ancient monument1 half sunk in the earth1 and covered by a recess of the church wall itself4 ,it is supposed to be that of the founder1 who chose this position as typical of his having been a support to the building3 at least this was the suggestion of a friend of ours1 an architect of the type of ,pugin--a ,christian artist in the true sense of the word4 ,the interior of the church was a sad contrast to its beautiful outward proportions3 high whitewashed pews filled it1 hiding the base of the columns1 thrusting their wooden cornices into and over the piscin1 and covering from view the old brasses and monumental slabs on the stone floor4 ,a row of hat-pegs 7will it be believed87 ran round the whole church at a convenient height1 and rare must have been the decoration appended to them on a ,sunday4 ,the 8altar plate0--pewter pots hardly a stage better1 and certainly a degree duller1 than those highly-polished vessels which were no doubt in more constant use in the neighboring tavern--was kept in a worm-eaten old oak chest at the bottom of the church4 ,the communion table was a table2 and indeed ,cromwell himself might have walked in and felt satisfied that there lurked no 8,popery0 there4 ,by the bye1 why does ignorance always call beautiful art 8,popery08 ,is it not through some higher and unconscious knowledge which forces itself into expression1 like the sibyl's prophecies1 upon reluctant and unbelieving lips8 ,eastlake speaks of ,westminster ,abbey as liable to many of the abuses which he deplores in country churches4 8,westminster10 he says1 8was not then 7#ahbf7 as now guarded by circumspect vergers1 who are stimulated to additional vigilance by the sixpences of the faithful4 ,there was scarce a monument in the place which had not suffered from ruthless violence1 for at that time or not long before1 the choristers made a playground of the venerable abbey1 and the ,westminster scholars played at hockey in the cloisters40 ,it is time to mention a few of the architects of the more modern phase of the ,revival1 and of some of their works1 those especially which find a place among the fine engravings of ,eastlake's valuable book4 ,butterfield is selected as one of the foremost1 and as the only leader after ,pugin whose influence is yet appreciably felt4 ,he is thus eulogized by our author4 8,it is especially characteristic of ,mr4 ,butterfield's design that he aims at originality1 not only in form1 but in the relative proportion of parts4444 ,this indeed is the secret of the striking and picturesque character which distinguishes his works from others which are less daring in conception and therefore less liable to mistakes4 ,mr4 ,butterfield has been the leader of a school1 and it is necessary for a leader to be bold40 ,of the church of ,all ,saints1 in ,london1 built by the same architect1 ,eastlake says3 8,the truth is that the design was a bold and magnificent endeavor to shake off the trammels of antiquarian precedent1 which had long fettered the progress of the ,revival1 to create not a new style1 but a development of previous styles2 to carry the enrichment of ecclesiastical ,gothic to an extent which even in the middle ages had been rare in ,england2 to adorn the walls with surface ornament of a durable kind2 to spare1 in short1 neither skill1 nor pains1 nor cost in making this church the model church of its day--such a building as should take a notable position in the history of modern architecture40 ,further on he says of him that there is 8a sober earnestness in his work widely different from that of some designers1 who seem to be tossed about on the sea of popular taste4444 ,he does not care to produce showy buildings at a sacrifice of constructive strength4 ,to a pretty1 superficial school of ,gothic and fussy carving1 he never condescended4444 ,his work gives one the idea of a man who has designed it not so much to please his clients as to please himself4 ,in estimating the value of his skill1 posterity may find something to smile at as eccentric and much that will astonish as daring1 but they will find nothing to despise as commonplace or mean40 ,several engravings are given of details of his work on the church of ,st4 ,alban's 7a high ritualistic stronghold in ,london7 and at ,all ,saints' and ,balliol ,chapel 7,oxford74 ,of ,carpenter1 an architect who died in his prime1 we find the following flattering notice3 8,no practitioner of his day 7#ahdj-ej7 understood so thoroughly the grammar of his art4444 ,as a pupil he appears to have given remarkable attention to the character and application of mouldings4444 ,a knowledge of the laws of proportion1 of the conditions of light and shade1 and the effective employment of decorative features are arrived at by most architects gradually and after a series of tentative experiments4 ,carpenter seems to have acquired this knowledge very early in his career1 so that even his first works possess an artistic quality far in advance of their state1 while those he executed in later years are regarded even now with admiration by all who have endeavored to maintain the integrity of our old national styles40 ,mr4 ,beresford ,hope was a true and enthusiastic patron of ,carpenter's artistic career4 ,of the many works of this talented man1 whose life was unfortunately so short1 our author chooses a large college in ,sussex as the one most worthy of an engraving4 ,its proportions truly denote a medival spirit4 ,eastlake places ,goldie among the later revivalists of note1 and gives a fine engraving of his ,abbey of ,st4 ,scholastica at ,teignmouth4 ,the building certainly looks massive and extensive enough for an ancient monastic structure1 though the use of the before-mentioned bands of colored brick seems too profuse for that chasteness of design which is surely the highest standard of taste4 ,goldie is the architect of ,st4 ,mary's ,cathedral at ,kensington1 ,london1 the ,pro-,cathedral of the ,archiepiscopal ,see of ,westminster4 ,although we have heard many criticisms passed upon this specimen of his skill1 we are by no means capable of giving any opinion1 especially as we have not had the opportunity of seeing it4 ,eastlake gives a view of its western doorway1 and goes on to say that the 8interior is remarkable for the height of its nave10 a detail which receives but too little attention in many modern buildings4 8,the roof10 he says1 8is ceiled1 and follows the outline of a trefoil-headed arch--a form not often adopted1 but here peculiarly effective4 ,there are many incidents in the design of this church which are very ingenious and original4444 ,every detail throughout the work1 even to the novel gas-standard1 bears evidence of artistic care40 ,we fear that1 beyond naming these few artists1 the richness of our remaining material will not allow us to go deeper into their merits4 ,yet there are many others1 as well or less known1 whose conscientious1 enthusiastic carrying out of their beautiful principles lends powerful aid to their theory4 ,hanson and ,hadfield1 among ,catholic architects1 and ,street and ,scott among ,anglicans1 are well worthy of mention1 and since ,barry was the ostensible restorer of the ,houses of ,parliament1 we must of course give him a place in this short review4 ,but there is one name which from intimate and pleasant acquaintance we would fain single out1 and which is honorably mentioned by ,eastlake as belonging to one who with several of his ,catholic brethren 8have done their best1 each in their several ways1 to secure honest and substantial work1 and to keep clear of that tawdry1 superficial style of design which brings discredit on the ,gothic cause40 ,this is ,charles ,buckler1 the son and successor of ,john ,chessel ,buckler1 a most finished artist and wonderful draughtsman1 who1 it may be said with peculiar significance1 has let his mantle fall on the heir to his name and art4 ,if any one would see in modern days that oneness of being between faith and art1 let him look for it in the life and works of this gifted architect4 ,the most rigorous purist could find no fault in a man who takes for his model the simplicity of the thirteenth century1 and in whose manner and address a corresponding simplicity and sweetness are ever manifest4 ,a priest by the vocation of art1 as his two brothers are by the vocation of faith and by union with one of the most art-loving orders in the church1 he works more willingly for churches and other ecclesiastical buildings than for the houses of the great1 and finds his highest gratification in offering to each church he designs some spontaneous gift of his genius1 the carving of a piscina or the pedestal of a font4 ,his little church of ,st4 ,thomas ,becket1 at ,exton in the county of ,rutland1 is a specimen of his design which we believe he himself would not be unwilling to call a representative one4 ,it is the only ,catholic ,church in the county1 and so may claim to interest those who otherwise might not care to examine it4 ,the foundress1 as devoted a lover and patroness of art as she was a holy and noble-minded ,christian matron1 lies buried near the high altar4 ,the church is built in the traditional cross-shape1 and has an absidal end pierced by several beautiful windows1 the stone tracery of which is in the style of the thirteenth century4 ,the rose-window at the west end is copied from one in the 7now ,protestant7 cathedral of ,lausanne1 where the writer saw the sketch of it made at the foundress' desire1 by the architect to whom the future building of the church was to be entrusted4 ,the beautiful and simple porch to the north of the church1 the little belfry where an old bell found among the ruins of the old manor-house of ,exton rings the daily ,angelus of restored ,catholic belief1 the spacious and massive vault1 where a plain stone altar is erected for ,masses for the dead2 the side chapel of ,st4 ,ida1 the patron saint of the foundress2 the ,lady chapel1 with its more elaborate yet chastely traceried window2 the soft surroundings of garden1 plantation1 and terrace1 with the view on the opposite hill of the old church1 once ,catholic1 which three hundred years of false belief have only surrounded with a more touching pathos1 as of a noble captive chained to a meaner rival's car--all this1 and the knowledge that within the ,tudor mansion which has replaced the ruined manor dwell the family of the foundress1 and especially the one destined to finish her church and enshrine her memory therein1 makes this personal recollection of ,st4 ,thomas' fane and its charming architect very hallowed and sweet to think on4 ,many pray in this church1 of which the stone interior with its carven and arched tribune1 and its broad oak-panelled western recess1 is as lovely as its exterior with its high roof and broken outline--many pray there to whom this recollection is as dear and as holy4 ,may those who have prayed with us remember us in their prayers1 both he who has borne the burden of the day and its heat1 and they to whom he has taught the way of taking up the same cross and bearing it to the same fruitful and happy end6 ,john ,chessel ,buckler1 the father of our friend1 was the second of the three designers chosen out of the hosts of competitors on the occasion of the rebuilding of the ,houses of ,parliament4 ,eastlake says of him3 8,the especial merit of ,buckler's design--second only to that of ,barry in the opinion of the judges--was that it avoided the multiplication of detail4444 ,the plan in general arrangement was considered picturesque4444 ,mr4 ,buckler obtained credit for the purity of his ornamental details40 ,he also built ,cossey ,hall for ,lord ,stafford1 and his son is now continuing his work4 ,no wonder that the spirit of medival days should have descended on this favored family1 since their dwelling-place for a long time was the matchless old city of ,oxford4 ,there is a magic in that name that has a creative artistic suggestion in its very sound4 ,the late controversy as to ,pugin's part in the ,houses of ,parliament must be too well known to be revived here4 ,suffice it to say that the volume published by ,barry's sons as a vindication of their father's genius was of itself conclusive1 and proved too much for his reputation4 ,hardly a single engraving illustrative of his unassisted efforts was such as could commend itself to a purist in ,gothic art1 while the one part of the ,houses of ,parliament which was entirely his own 7the unbroken front on the ,thames ,river71 though imposing at first sight1 was the weakest point of the work as regards the true principles of art4 ,still1 as ,eastlake observes1 it was a great victory for the ,revivalists1 and an important fact in the history of the ,revival1 that such a characteristically national work should have been confided to ,gothic architects4 ,it gave the cause both weight and popularity1 and threw more in the way of the masses what before had been too much of a luxury and fancy of privileged intellectual orders4 ,and yet1 before the old style could be really popularized1 it was necessary that the taste for it should be carefully educated by the firm hand of uncompromising art4 ,eastlake descants thus on the liberty left in the architect's hands3 8,he may make an art of his calling1 or he may make it a mere business2 and in proportion as he inclines to one or the other of these two extremes1 he will generally achieve present profit or posthumous renown40 ,further on he stigmatizes one of the earlier ,gothic ,revivalists in these terms3 8,in instances where he ought to have led1 or at least to have tempered and corrected the vitiated taste of his day1 he simply pandered to it40 ,let the reader pause to apply this to the great majority of modern artists1 and to deplore the interested and debased motives which have robbed ,god of so much glory and the moral world of so much support4 ,and without travelling into the region of other arts1 we find among the adjuncts of architecture sufficient proof of degeneracy4 ,eastlake very justly remarks that the interior of houses is given up to upholsterers and decorators who too frequently are allowed to execute their work independently of the architect's control4 8,we enter10 he says1 8a ,renaissance palace or a ,gothic mansion1 and find them respectively fitted up in the style of the nineteenth century1 which is in point of fact no style at all1 but the embodiment of a taste as empirical1 as empty1 and as fleeting as that which finds expression in a milliner's fashion-book40 ,and again3 8,there is perhaps no feature in the interior of even an ordinary dwelling which is capable of more artistic treatment than the fire-place of its most frequented sitting-room1 and yet how long it was neglected6 ,the ,englishman's sacred #8hearth1' the ,scotchman's #8ain fireside1' the grandsire's #8chimney-corner1' have become mere verbal expressions1 of which it is difficult to recall the original significance as we stand before those cold1 formal slabs of gray or white marble enclosing the sprucely polished but utterly heartless grate of a modern drawing-room40 ,of course1 like all arts1 especially those of a more directly spiritual tendency1 architecture has suffered from caricatures1 sometimes hostile1 sometimes blunderingly friendly4 ,the ancient ,gregorian chant and the real 8,pre-,raphaelite0 school of ,christian painting have likewise suffered in this way4 ,one might quote the well-known saying1 8,defend me from my friends60 ,eastlake puts the same thought into these words3 8,the barbarous and absurd specimens of modern architecture which have been erected in this generation under the general name of ,gothic1 have done more to damage the cause of the ,revival than all that has been said or written in disparagement of the style40 ,of the many buildings of merit hidden away in poor and remote localities1 ,eastlake makes cheering mention4 ,he says3 8,there are1 perhaps1 few professions1 and certainly none within the realm of art1 exposed to such unequal chances of that notoriety which should attend success1 as the profession of architecture4444 ,one man's practice may take him for years of his life into remote rural parishes where1 except by the squire or parson1 his work may long remain unappreciated4444 ,there are districts in ,london in which1 if a new building is raised1 it stands no more chance of being visited by people of taste than if it had been erected in ,kamschatka4 ,yet those outlying regions 444 contain some of the most remarkable and largest churches which have been built during the ,revival4444 ,it was required to make those structures the headquarters of mission-work in poor and populous localities4 ,mr4 ,james ,brooks had no easy task before him2 there was but little money to spend on them1 yet they were to be of ample size1 and1 for obvious reasons1 dignified and impressive in their general effect4444 ,it must be admitted that the effect in each case is extremely fine4 ,there is much in the character of ,mr4 ,brooks' work which reminds one of ,butterfield4 ,an utter absence of conventionality1 444 a studied simplicity of details1 444 a tendency to quaint outlines and unusual subdivisions of parts--such are the chief characteristics which distinguish the design of both these architects1 who manage to attain originality without condescending to extravagance1 and to secure for their works a quiet grace1 in which there is less of elegance than of dignity40 ,a view of the interior of ,st4 ,chad's1 in one of the ,london suburbs1 is given1 in which one can trace even a certain richness of altar decoration allied to the noble proportions of the massive pillars and tall arches4 ,this church seems to bear a monastic look about it4 ,the church of ,st4 ,columba1 in the same neighborhood1 presents many of the same characteristics1 and ,eastlake says of it that the 8real excellence of this work consists in grand masses of roof and wall1 planned and proportioned with true artistic ability40 ,it is curious--and ridiculously realistic--to see in the engraving given of this church the contrast of the grand abbey-like pile with the wooden walls of an enclosed but unoccupied piece of ground1 covered with the obstreperous advertisements of popular ,london papers1 of ,horniman's 8best black tea10 of theatres and bill-posters1 and contemplated by a few shabbily-dressed women1 a mason carrying a hod of mortar1 and a very old cart-horse standing with his ungainly vehicle at the door of the vestry4 ,these hidden churches have their touching meaning for ,christian minds--a twofold meaning indeed--and one which is often overlooked in this utilitarian age4 ,there they stand1 beautiful and unvisited1 built for the glory of ,god more than for the admiration of men1 and no less solid1 no less symbolical1 no less perfect in proportion and distribution because the silent ,god is their only visitor4 ,how much does this all-absorbing reference to the great ,master of all art govern the work of the success-hunting generations of our day8 ,again1 these beautiful churches stand as representatives of ,god's sacraments1 ,god's graces1 ,god's invitations1 unheeded by those to whom they are offered1 unfelt even by many who live in their very shadow1 and coldly received at best by those who grudgingly take advantage of them4 ,or1 again1 they are the symbol of the hidden soul1 beauties scattered in seemingly desert places in the spiritual world1 of the hearts that watch with ,god in the midst of the turmoil of earth1 of hearts whose unbroken hymn of love is never silent1 because of the babel of tongues that1 to all but the ear of ,god1 seems so resolutely to drown it4 ,there are two more remarks to be made1 with which we will close this sketch1 which we have perhaps prolonged beyond the bounds of the kind reader's patience4 ,it has been said--we know not with what technical truth1 but certainly with a beautiful suggestiveness of truth--that one of the great principles in ,gothic architecture is that every curve should be the perfect segment of a circle--that is1 that every curve1 if continued1 should inevitably describe a perfect circle4 ,if this be so--and we have always assumed that it is--is not this meaning deducible from it1 that it is the mission of art to tend to the highest perfection1 and the mission of grace--the heavenly art--to fashion every single insignificant action in such a mould that it should visibly be but a part in one grand perfect whole of heroic sanctity8 ,and the second remark is this3 ,the ,gothic revivalists have been accused of retrogression towards so-called barbaric forms of art4 ,exactly the same reproach was once made to an eminent convert--we believe a ,german4 8,my dear friend10 said an anxious companion to him1 8how could you abandon the religion of your fathers80 8,simply1 my dear fellow10 was the quick and humorous response1 8that ,i might embrace that of my grandfathers40 ,we leave the application to the public1 pointing out to them at the same time that to denounce the civil and ecclesiastical architecture handed down to them by the founders of civic liberty in ,flanders and ,germany1 and the founders of ,christian morality in ,france and ,england1 ,spain and ,lombardy1 would be to lay themselves open to the reproach of another witty convert1 who said to his father1 when the latter was lamenting his son's change of faith3 8,take care1 or you will make out that three hundred years ago our ancestors were nobodies40 ,the reply silenced the proud bearer of a proud--and ,catholic--name4 ,,footnote3 #ajc ,a ,history of the ,gothic ,revival in ,england4 ,by ,charles ,l4 ,eastlake1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ,architect4 ,london3 ,longman ,green4 ,,the ,,last ,,days ,,before ,,the ,,siege4 ,,part ,i4 ,,awakening4 ,berthe was holding a council about bonnets with her maid and ,mme4 ,augustine when ,i went in4 ,the complexion of the sky1 it would seem1 was a grave complication of the question at issue2 it was of a dull leaden color1 for1 though the heat was intense1 the sun was not shining outright1 but sulking under a heavy veil of cloud that looked as if it might explode in a thunder-storm before the day was over4 8,what a blunderer you are1 ,antoinette60 exclaimed ,berthe impatiently4 8,the idea of putting me into pearl-color under a sky like that6 ,where are your eyes80 ,antoinette looked out of the window1 saw the folly of her conduct1 and proposed a pink bonnet to relieve the unbecoming sky and the gray costume4 ,the amendment was approved of2 so she left the room to fetch the bonnet4 8,she is a good creature1 ,antoinette2 but she is wonderfully absent-minded10 remarked ,berthe4 ,mme4 ,augustine sighed1 smiled1 and shrugged her shoulders4 8,what will you1 ,madame la ,comtesse8 ,every one is not born an artist40 8,every one who is born with eyes in their head can use them if they have any sense10 said ,berthe2 and she took up the ivory puff on her dressing-table1 and began very deliberately shaking out delicate white clouds of poudre la violette over her forehead and cheeks4 ,we were going together to a marriage at ,st4 ,roch1 and we were to be there at midi prcis1 the faire-part said1 so ,i had to remind ,berthe that1 if the business of powdering and puffing proceeded at this rate1 we might save ourselves the trouble of the drive4 ,with the sudden impulse that carried her so swiftly from one object to another1 she dropped the puff1 snatched her pink bonnet from ,antoinette1 put it on1 fastened it herself1 seized her gloves and prayer-book1 and we hurried down-stairs and were off4 ,on turning into the ,faubourg ,st4 ,honor1 we found a crowd collected in front of the mairie4 ,berthe pulled the check-string4 8,it's news from the frontire60 she exclaimed eagerly4 8,if we were to miss the wedding1 we must know what it is60 ,she sprang out of the brougham1 and ,i after her4 ,the crowd was so deep that we could not get near enough to read the placards2 but1 judging by the exclamations and commentaries that accompanied the perusal by the foremost readers1 the news was both exciting and agreeable4 8,fallait pas nous effrayer1 mes petites dames10 said a blouse1 who had seen us alight1 and saw by our faces that we were alarmed4 8,we've beaten one-half of the ,prussians to a jelly1 and driven the rest across the ,rhine40 8,the canaille6 ,i always said they would run like rabbits the first taste they got of our chassepots10 exclaimed a lad of fourteen1 who halted with arms akimbo and a basket of vegetables on his head to hear the news4 8,and these are the chaps that marched out of ,berlin to the cry of ,nach ,paris6 nach ,paris6 ,the beggars6 ,they were glad enough to clean our streets--aye1 and would have cleaned our boots in their moustachios1 and thankful1 just to turn a penny that they couldn't make at home10 cried the first speaker4 8,nach ,paris indeed60 cried the lad with the vegetables4 8,let them come2 let them try it60 8,let them60 echoed several voices4 8,we'll give them a warm welcome40 8,aye1 that we will10 declared a pastry-cook from the other end of the trottoir2 8and we'll treat them well2 we'll serve them up aspic la bayonette et petits-pois la mitrailleuse40 ,this keen joke was received with hilarity and immense applause1 and the pastry-cook1 with his bonnet de coton perched on one side1 strode off with an air of commanding insolence1 like a man who has done his duty and knows it4 ,the remarks of the crowd1 if not very lucid1 were sufficiently conclusive as to the character of the placard that held them gaping before the mairie4 ,the news was clearly good news3 so1 satisfied with this broad fact1 ,berthe and ,i jumped into the brougham and continued our way to ,st4 ,roch4 ,but it seemed as if there was a conspiracy against our getting there4 ,before we came to the ,rue ,royale1 we were blocked in front by a troop of recruits1 marching down from the boulevards to the ,rue de ,rivoli4 ,flags1 and banners1 and bunches of tricolored ribbons hoisted on sticks floated at intervals above the moving mass1 and the stirring chant of the 8,marseillaise0 kept time to the roll of drums and the broken tramp of undrilled feet4 ,the shops emptied themselves into the street2 buyers and sellers rushed out to see the recruits and greet them with cheers and embraces1 while many joined in the chorus1 and shouted enthusiastically1 8,marchons1 marchons1 pour la patrie60 the recruits every now and then1 with an utter neglect of all choral harmony1 relieving their pent-up patriotism by hurrahing and ,vive-la-,france-ing with frantic energy4 8,poor devils60 exclaimed a tradesman1 who stood near us watching the stream flow past4 8,how many among them will ever set eyes on ,paris again1 ,i wonder60 8,ah1 indeed10 said his wife2 8but1 all the same1 it's a proud day for them this1 whatever may come of it4 ,if our gamin were but a few years older1 he would be stepping out with the best of them1 and1 who knows8 he might come home with a pair of gold epaulets to his coat40 8,tut1 woman10 retorted the man sharply2 8there is plenty of food for powder without him40 ,and he went back to his shop4 8,what a horrible thing war is when one comes to think of it60 said ,berthe1 turning suddenly round with a flushed face4 8,every man going by there is the centre of another life--some1 perhaps1 of many lives--that will never know happiness again if he is killed4 ,it is a dreadful scourge4 ,thank ,god1 ,i have no brothers60 ,the way was cleared at last1 and the carriages were able to move on4 ,the noise and clamor that rose on all sides of us grew louder and wilder as we proceeded4 ,one would have fancied the entire population had been seized with delirium tremens4 ,the news of a victory coming unexpectedly after the first disasters of the campaign had elated the popular depression to frenzy1 and1 as usual with ,paris1 there was but one bound from the depths of despair to the wildest heights of exultation4 ,flags were thrust out of windows and chimney-pots1 an eruption of tricolor broke out on the fronts of the houses1 and the blank walls were variegated with red1 white1 and blue1 as if by magic4 ,innumerable gamins cropped up from those mysterious regions where gamins dwell1 and whence they are ready to emerge and improve the opportunity at a moment's notice2 the bright-faced ragged young vagabonds mustered in force on the pavement1 formed themselves into an impromptu procession1 and marched along the middle of the street1 bawling out the 8,marseillaise0 at the top of their voice2 older gamins caught the infection1 and bawled in response1 and turned and marched with them4 ,at the corner of the ,place ,vendme1 a citizen1 unable to restrain the ardor of his patriotism1 stopped a fiacre1 and jumped up beside the driver1 and bade him stand while he poured out his soul to the patrie4 ,the cabman reined in his steed1 and stood while the patriot spouted his improvisation1 stretching out his arms to the column--the 8immortal column0--and pointing his periods with the talismanic words1 8,invincible6 ,enfans de la ,france6 ,terreur de l'ennemi60 and so forth4 ,no speaker in the forum of old ,rome ever elicited more inspiriting response from his hearers than the citizen patriot from the motley audience round his cab4 ,again and again his voice was drowned in vociferous cheers and bravos1 and when he was done and about to descend from the rostrum1 the cabman1 altogether carried away by the emotions of the hour1 flung his arms round the orator1 and pressed him to his heart1 and then1 addressing himself to the assembled citizens1 defiantly demanded if their fellow-citizen had not deserved well of them2 if there was any danger for the patrie while she could boast such sons as that6 ,the appeal was rapturously responded to by all1 but most notably by a native of the ,vosges1 who tossed his cap into the air1 and caught it again1 and cried vehemently3 8,prafo6 prafo6 ,fife le pourgeois6 fife la padrie60 ,if the words had been a shell scattering death among the listeners1 their effect could not have been more startling4 ,like lightning the spirit of the crowd was changed2 its joy went out like the snuff of a candle2 for one second it swayed to and fro1 hesitating1 then a yell1 a hiss1 and a scream shot up in quick succession4 8,a spy6 a traitor6 a ,prussian6 ,a l'eau6 la lanterne60 ,and away they flew in hot pursuit of the luckless ,alsatian1 whose ,german accent had raised the devil in them4 ,the orator stood by the column alone in his glory1 pelted by the jargon of cries that shot across him on every side from the boulevards and the many streets running out of the ,place4 8,marchons6 l'eau6 ,berlin6 un espion60 ,it was like the clash of contending tongues from ,babel4 ,this was our last adventure till we reached ,st4 ,roch4 ,as might have been expected1 we were late4 ,the wedding was over1 and the bride was undergoing the ceremony of congratulations in the sacristy4 ,we elbowed our way through the throng of guests1 and were in due time admitted to embrace the ,marquise de ,chassedot1 ne ,hlne de ,karodel1 and to shake hands with the bridegroom1 and sprinkle our compliments in proper proportion over the friends and relatives on both sides4 ,at the wedding breakfast1 the conversation naturally turned1 to the exclusion of all other topics1 on the happy event which had brought us all together2 but as soon as the bride left the table1 to change her bridal dress for a travelling one1 everybody1 as if by common consent1 burst out into talk about the war and the news that had thrown the city into such commotion4 ,the cautious incredulity with which the bulletin was discussed contrasted strangely with the tumult of enthusiasm which we had just witnessed outside4 ,it was quite clear no one believed in the 8famous victory40 ,some went so far as to declare that it was only a blind to hide some more shameful disaster that had yet befallen us2 others1 less perverse1 thought it might be only a highly colored statement of a slight success4 ,as to the authorities1 it was who would throw most stones at them4 ,the government was a rotten machine that ought to have been broken up long ago2 it was like a ship that was no longer seaworthy1 and just held together while she lay at anchor in the port1 but must inevitably fall to pieces the first time she put out to sea1 and go down before the wind with all her crew4 ,the only exceptions to the rule were those government officials who happened to be present1 and these were1 of course1 the life-boats that had been left behind by the stupidity of the captain4 ,but this had always been the way4 ,in the downfall of every government1 we see the same short-sighted jealousy--the men who might have saved it shoved aside by the selfish intriguers who sacrifice the country to their own aims and interests4 ,some allusion was made to the threatened siege of ,paris2 but it was cut short by the irrepressible merriment of the company4 ,the most sober among them could not speak of such an absurdity without losing their gravity4 ,it was1 in fact1 a heavy joke worthy of those beer-drinking1 ,german braggarts1 and no sane ,frenchman could speak of it as anything else without being laughed at4 ,as a joke1 however1 it was discussed1 and gave rise to many minor pleasantries that provoked a good deal of fun4 ,an interesting young mother wished the city might be invested and starved1 because it would be so delightful to starve one's self to death for one's baby2 to store up one's scanty food for the innocent little darling1 and see it grow fat on its mother's dnouement4 ,a young girl declared she quite longed for the opportunity of proving her love to her father4 ,the ,grecian daughter would be a pale myth compared to her1 and the daughter of ,paris would go down to posterity as a type of filial duty such as the world had never seen before4 ,the kind and quantity of provisions to be laid in for the contingency gave rise to a vast deal of fun4 ,one young crv hoped his steward would provide a good stock of cigars2 he could live on smoke by itself1 rather than without smoke and with every other sort of nourishment2 but it should be unlimited smoke1 and of the best quality4 ,his sister thought of buying a monster box of chocolate bonbons1 and contemplated herself1 with great satisfaction1 arrived at her last praline1 which she heroically insisted on her brother's accepting1 while she embraced him and expired of inanition at his feet4 8,do you intend to stay for the tragedy1 madame80 said the gentleman who was to live on smoke1 addressing himself to ,berthe4 8,if ,i believed in the tragedy1 certainly not10 she replied2 8but ,i don't4 ,paris is not going to be so obliging as to furnish us with an opportunity for displaying our heroism40 8,not of the melodramatic sort10 observed her ,austrian friend1 with a touch of sarcasm in his habitually serene manner2 8but those who have any prosaic heroism to dispose of can take it to the ambulances1 and it will be accepted and gratefully acknowledged4 ,i went yesterday to see a poor fellow who is lying in great agony at ,beayon4 ,his mother and sisters are watching him day and night4 ,they dare not move him to their own home1 lest he should die on the way4 ,he lost both arms at ,gravelotte40 ,berthe shuddered4 8,thank ,god1 ,i have no brothers60 she murmured1 under her breath4 8,what is to be the end of it all80 ,i said4 8,admitting that the siege of ,paris is an utter impossibility1 half ,europe must be overhauled before peace is definitely re-established40 8,so it will be10 asserted the ,austrian1 coolly4 8,wait a little1 and you will see all the powers trotted out4 ,first1 ,russia will put her finger in the mle1 and then ,england's turn will come40 8,i hope ,england will have the sense to keep out of it10 said ,berthe2 8she would be sure to get the worst of it1 fighting single-handed1 as she would do now40 8,that's precisely why ,russia will take care that she does not keep out of it10 remarked the ,austrian4 8,and what would ,russia gain by ,england's being worsted80 8,she would gain the satisfaction of paying off old scores that have rankled in her side these fifteen years4 ,do you fancy that she has forgotten that little episode in the ,crimea1 or that she is less bent on revenge because she doesn't blast and blow and wake her enemy's suspicions by threatening to annihilate her and so forth8 ,not a bit of it6 ,russia doesn't boast and brag and put her victim on the qui vive2 but quietly holds her tongue1 and keeps her temper1 and bides her time4 ,when she is ready--and the day is not1 perhaps1 very remote--she will pick a fight with ,england2 and the day the war is proclaimed1 every pope and peasant in ,holy ,russia will light a candle to his holy images2 and when the news comes in that ,england is thrashed1 they will light as many as will illuminate the whole of ,europe40 8,aprs80 ,i said4 8,aprs what1 madame80 8,when they have thrashed her1 as you say1 what will they do with her80 8,do with her8 ,annex her40 ,he looked me straight in the face without a smile on his2 but ,i could not believe he was speaking seriously1 and ,i burst out laughing4 8,the position of the conquered territory might offer some difficulties in the way of annexation10 ,i said1 presently2 8but we will assume that the obliging ,providence of pious ,king ,william interferes in behalf of his ,muscovite brother1 and overcomes all obstacles by land or by sea1 and that the doughty little island is constituted a colony of the czar's dominion3 what would he do with it8 ,what earthly use would it be to him80 8,use60 echoed the ,austrian1 elevating his eyebrows with a supercilious smile4 8,in the first place1 he might make it a little succursale of ,siberia4 ,there is a whole generation of those unmanageable1 half-mad ,poles safely walking about this side of ,europe1 plotting and dreaming and rhapsodizing4 ,only think what a convenience it would be to their father1 the czar1 if he had a centre of action so near to them6 ,he could catch them like rabbits2 and then1 instead of hawking them over the world to ,nerchintz and ,irkoutsk1 he could sentence them to perpetual sciatica1 or chronic lumbago1 or a mild term of ten years' rheumatism1 in the isle of fogs1 versus the mines1 and the knout1 and all the rest of the paternal chastisements administered in ,siberia4 ,then1 over and above this immense accommodation1 he might have his docks in ,england2 he might make the naughty ,poles learn of his ,english subjects how to build ships1 till by-and-by the navy of ,holy ,russia would be the finest in the world1 and big1 top-heavy ,prussia would shake in her shoes1 and hot-headed ,france would keep still on her knees1 and all ,europe would bow down before the empire of ,peter the ,great4 ,use1 indeed6 ,let ,russia catch ,england1 and she'll find plenty of use for her40 8,yes10 ,i said2 8just so2 let her catch her40 ,it was near three when the wedding-party broke up and ,berthe and ,i drove away4 ,we found the excitement abroad still unabated4 ,at many street corners1 patriots were perorating to animated crowds2 tongues innumerable were running up and down the gamut of noise with the most extraordinary variations4 ,there is always something stirring in the sight of great popular emotion2 but this present instance of it was more threatening than exhilarating4 ,you felt that it was dangerous1 that there were terrible elements of destruction boiling up under the surface-foam1 and that the chattering and shouting and good fellowship might1 in a flash of lightning1 be changed to murderous hate and a madness beyond control4 ,it was madness already2 but it was a harmless madness so far4 ,was it nothing more8 was there no method in it8 ,i wondered1 as we beheld the people haranguing or being harangued1 rushing and gesticulating1 and all showing1 in their faces and gestures1 the same feverish excitement4 ,were they all no better than a cityful of apes1 chattering and screaming from mere impulse8 ,was it all quackery and cant1 without any redeeming note of sacrifice and truth and valor2 and would all this fiery twaddle die out presently in smoke and dumbness8 ,we had turned down to the ,rue de ,richelieu1 and were coming back1 when our attention was arrested by a body of volunteers marching past the ,place de la ,bourse4 ,they were in spruce new uniforms1 and they were singing something that was not the 8,marseillaise10 or 8,la ,casquette au ,pre ,bugeaud10 or any other of the many chants we had been listening to2 altogether1 their appearance and voices roused our curiosity1 and ,berthe desired the man to follow in their wake1 that we might find out what kind of troops they were1 and what they were singing4 ,they turned up the ,rue de la ,baupe to the ,place des ,petits ,pres1 and there they entered the church of ,notre ,dame des ,victoires1 as many of them as could find room1 for they numbered several thousand1 and nearly half had to remain outside4 ,the great front doors were thrown up1 and remained open1 so that those who were in the ,place could see all that went on within4 ,the soldiers were upon their knees1 bare-headed1 and a venerable old priest was speaking to them2 but his voice was so feeble that what he said was only audible to those close to the altar-steps where he stood4 ,there was no need to ask now who these men were1 or whence they came4 ,none but the men of ,brittany1 the sons of the men who went out to death against the ruthless soldiers of ,robespierre1 to the cry of ,dieu et le ,roi6 were likely to traverse ,paris1 bearing the cross at their head1 and make the ex-votos of ,notre ,dame des ,victoires shake on the walls to the stirring old ,vendean hymns4 ,none but the descendants of the men 8whose strength was as the strength of ten1 because their hearts were pure10 would dare in these days of sneaking1 shamefaced ,christianity to commit such a brazen act of faith4 ,the volunteers were accompanied by a great concourse of people1 mostly relatives and friends1 but they all remained outside1 leaving the church quite to the soldiers4 ,it was a strange and beautiful sight to see all these brave1 proud ,bretons kneeling down with the simplicity of little children before the shrine of the ,virgin ,mother1 and singing their hymns to the ,god of ,hosts1 and asking his blessing on themselves and their arms before they went out to battle4 ,when they came out of the church1 with the cur at their head1 all the people of a common impulse fell upon their knees in the ,place to get his blessing2 the men received it with bare heads and in silence2 the women weeping1 most of them1 while some lifted up their hands with the old priest and prayed out loud a blessing on the soldiers4 ,then he spoke a few words to them1 not to the soldiers only or chiefly1 but to all1 and especially to the women4 ,he bade them remember that they too had their part in the national struggle1 and that they might be a noble help or a guilty hindrance1 as they chose4 ,those who had husbands1 or sons1 or brothers in the ranks would understand this without any explanation from him4 ,but there were very many amongst them who had no near relatives in danger1 and who fancied that this would exempt them from sharing the common burthen1 and that they could stand aloof from the general anxiety and pain4 ,it was a selfish1 pagan feeling1 unworthy of a daughter of ,france1 and still more of a ,christian4 ,there could be no isolation at a time like this4 ,all should suffer1 and all should serve4 ,those who happily had no kindred of their own at the frontier should adopt in spirit the brave fellows who had left none behind4 ,they should care for them from a distance like true sisters1 helping them in the battle-field with their prayers1 and in the camp and the hospital by their active and loving ministration2 let such among them as were fit and free to do it1 go and learn of that other sisterhood of the diviner sort how to serve as they do who serve with the strong1 pure love of charity2 let those who could not do this give abundantly wherewith the stricken soldier might be healed and comforted on his bed of pain2 if they could not give their hands1 let them give their hearts and their money2 let them help by sacrifice--sacrifice of some sort was within the reach of all4 ,he blessed them again at the close of his little exhortation1 and then every one got up4 ,the ,bretons fell into rank1 and1 rending the welkin with one loud cry of ,dieu et la ,france6 set out to the ,northern ,railway4 ,berthe and ,i had been kneeling with the crowd4 8,let us follow and see the last of them10 she said1 and we got into the brougham and went on at a foot-pace4 ,the scene at the station was one that will never be forgotten by those who witnessed it4 ,the pathos of those rough farewells1 the lamentations of some of the women1 the ,machabean courage of others1 the shrill crying of little children1 the tears of strong men1 who tore out their hearts1 feeling it like men1 but bearing it with the courage of soldiers and the exulting hope of ,christians3 it was a sight to make one's heart glad to rapture or sad to despair4 ,some of the volunteers were of the noblest families in ,brittany1 others were workingmen1 farmers1 and peasants2 there was the same mixture of classes in the throng of people that accompanied them2 the pure accent of the most cultivated ,french1 crossed here and there with the coarser tones of the ,vendean patois2 side by side with the suppressed agony of the chatelaine1 who strove to hide her tenderness and tears from the gaze of bystanders1 you saw the wretched sorrow of the peasant wife1 who sobbed on her husband's neck and clung to him in a last embrace4 ,there was something more heart-rending in these humbler farewells1 because one felt the sacrifice was more complete4 ,if this was a last parting1 there was nothing for either to fall back upon4 ,i lost sight of ,berthe as soon as we alighted1 and indeed ,i forgot her4 ,my whole thoughts were absorbed in the scene going on around me4 ,it was only when the bell rang1 and the soldiers passed out to the platform1 leaving the space comparatively empty1 that ,i looked about for her1 and saw her in the middle of the sidewalk with her arms round a young girl1 who was sobbing as if her heart would break4 ,it appeared that she was just a fortnight married to a ,breton lad of her own age1 nineteen2 they had worked hard and saved all their little earnings these five years past in order to get married2 and now1 just as they were so happy1 he had gone away from her1 and she would never see him again2 he was certain to be killed1 because he was so good and loving and clever4 ,berthe pressed the poor child to her heart1 and committed herself to the wildest pledges for the safe return of the young hero1 and finally1 after evoking a burst of passionate gratitude from the girl1 who half-believed her to be a beneficial fairy sent to comfort her1 ,berthe exacted a promise that she was to come and see her the next day1 and we set our faces towards home4 ,we drove on for a little while in silence1 looking each out of our separate window1 our hearts too full for conversation4 ,i saw by ,berthe's eyes that she had been crying4 ,i felt instinctively that there was a great struggle going on within her1 but1 though my whole heart was vibrating in sympathy with it1 ,i could not say so4 ,presently she turned towards me1 and exclaimed3 8,and ,i was thanking ,god that ,i had no brothers6 ,blind1 selfish fool that ,i was60 ,she burst into tears1 sobbing passionately1 and hid her face in her hands4 ,the change in her bright and volatile spirit seemed to make a change in all the world4 ,i could not accuse the people1 as ,i had done an hour ago1 of being mere puppets1 dancing to a tune and throwing themselves into attitudes that meant no more than a sick man's raving4 ,it seemed to me as if the aspect of the city and the sound of its voice had quite altered1 and ,i all at once began to hope wonders of and for the ,parisians4 ,one could not but believe that they were striving to be in earnest1 that the mother-pulse of patriotism1 so long gagged and still1 was now waking up1 and beating with strong1 hot throbs in the hearts of the people1 and that1 once alive and working1 it would break out like a fire and burn away the unreality and the false glitter and the tragic comedy of their lives1 and serve to purify them for a free and noble future4 ,no2 it was not all cant and tinkle and false echo4 ,there was substance under the symbolizing4 ,there were men amongst them who worshipped ,god1 and were proud to proclaim it4 ,there were hearts that seemed dead1 but were only sleeping4 ,paris was dancing in mad mirth like a harlequin to-day1 but to-morrow it would be different--the smoke and the flame would go out1 leaving behind them the elements of a great nation burnt pure of the corroding dross that had choked and held them captive so long4 ,on arriving at home1 ,berthe found a costume which had just come from ,m4 ,grandhomme's laid out on her bed4 ,at any other moment1 the sight would have claimed her delighted attention1 but she turned from it with a feeling of indifference now1 almost of disgust4 ,antoinette1 who had been puzzling over some new trick in the tunic1 took it up in a flurry and was for trying it on at once1 to see how it fitted and whether the novelty became her mistress1 but ,berthe1 with a movement of impatience1 told her to put it away1 that she was in no mood for attending to btises just then4 ,the girl opened her eyes in astonishment4 ,a costume of ,grandhomme's1 that cost eleven hundred francs1 to be called a btise6 ,it was flat profanity4 ,she left the room with a painful presentiment that something very serious was amiss with ,madame la ,comtesse4 ,a soon as ,berthe was alone1 she began to think4 ,it was a new experience in her life1 this process of thinking1 and she was hard pressed by it1 for it was no vacant reverie that she was indulging in1 but a sharp1 compulsory review of her past and present existence--and the result was anything but soothing4 ,her life up to this day had been the life of a human butterfly1 gay1 airy1 amusing1 very enjoyable as regarded herself1 and harmless enough as regarded her fellow-creatures4 ,she had drunk her fill of the good things of life1 enjoying herself in every possible way1 but legitimately2 she was incapable of wronging or hurting any one2 she was extravagant in her dress and other luxuries1 but her fortune allowed this1 and she made no debts4 ,so far1 her life was blameless1 and indeed1 if she compared it with that of many of those around her1 it was a very respectable one4 ,but suddenly all her theories had collapsed1 and her comfortable standard been upset4 ,it turned out that she had a soul somewhere1 though she had forgotten all about it1 and been living1 as if happily free from that incumbrance1 in selfishness and folly1 that were counted by this newly revealed standard little short of guilt4 ,it was an unexpected discovery1 and a most unpleasant one4 ,that exclamation which had escaped her twice1 and the thought of the great general sorrow1 kept ringing in her ears like a warning and a reproach--8,thank ,god1 ,i have no brother60 ,who1 then1 were these men that she had just seen going forth in voluntary self-devotion to fight for her1 and those who1 like her1 could not depend on themselves8 ,was there such a thing in ,christendom as a woman or a man who had no brothers8 ,yet ,berthe had believed herself to be this impossibility2 she had been living up to it in utter forgetfulness of her brethren1 ignoring them as a heathen might1 or using them coldly for her own selfish purposes1 to work for her and minister to her interests or her pleasures4 ,there were some people whom she loved1 but it was a love that narrowed to self2 those who were disagreeable1 or stupid1 or bad she disliked1 and1 unknown to herself perhaps1 despised4 ,there were no wide sympathies in this discarded soul of hers for the great family of mankind2 for the publicans and sinners and the lepers and the blind and the lame2 she was kind-hearted1 but suffering1 to touch her1 must be seen through some sthetic coloring2 the miseries and follies and infirmities of a prosaic kind that abounded on all sides of her she turned from in disgust1 she avoided them like noisome things that belonged to creatures of an inferior clay and had no kinship with her more refined and privileged individuality4 8,sacrifice is within the reach of all of you2 you must help by sacrifice10 that old man had said4 ,what a strange sound the words had6 ,what did he mean8 ,sacrifice6 ,was there any place in her life for such a thing8 ,she looked round at the azure hangings of her room1 at the bright mirrors that reflected her figure in a dozen varying aspects1 at the costly goods and trinkets that littered her dressing-table1 at the couches and chairs of every modern contrivance inviting the body to luxurious repose1 and she saw that her nest was fair to look at1 but too full for this unbidden guest called sacrifice to find a place in it4 ,her eye wandered absently from one object to another till it fell upon a pale ivory figure on a velvet background1 fastened to the wall1 and half-shrouded by the curtains of the bed4 8,i am young2 it is not too late2 ,i will begin life afresh10 said ,berthe1 rising and moving restlessly across the room2 8,i will begin to-morrow1 no1 to-day--now40 ,she went close up to the bed1 and stood for a moment with clasped hands1 her lips moving in quick1 low utterances1 and then fell upon her knees before the pale1 thorn-crowned head looking down upon her4 ,they never knew it1 but this conquest of a noble woman's life was perhaps the first victory won by the ,breton soldiers who set out to battle that day6 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,after ,,reading ,,mr4 ,,tupper',s ,,proverbial ,,philosophy4 ,on wisdom's steed sit ,solomon and ,tupper1 ,the saddle one bestrides1 and one the crupper4 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,epigrams4 ,who nowadays writes epigrams8 ,the species epigrammatist seems to be well-nigh extinct4 ,now and then some ,herr ,professor1 whose learning is less ponderous than common1 after due incubation hatches what he calls a ,sinngedicht4 ,but his achievement is too often a paraphrase1 if not a literal translation1 of some ,latin original4 ,at intervals1 too1 ,thorold ,rogers1 clergyman and social reformer1 flings into ,london journals some explosive squib couched in verse1 but the missile is tolerably harmless1 and draws far less attention than a telegram4 ,no doubt before the invention of the newspaper the epigram1 so easy to remember and so incisive in its effect1 was no mean engine of cajolery1 or calumny4 ,but the days are gone when such weapons were effective in the political arena1 and either conquered a pension or provoked a lettre de cachet4 ,byron1 who worshipped ,pope1 and deemed everything his master had done worth doing1 sometimes ventured into ,martial's province1 but rarely successfully1 except in ,don ,juan4 ,a score of epigrams might be culled from that poem which would answer all the conditions of a rigorous definition4 ,since ,byron1 no poet of eminence has condescended to this form of art4 ,tennyson indeed is terse and telling1 as is proved by the facility with which we quote him2 yet he seems as incapable of epigrams as ,morris1 of whom most of us1 much as we like him1 can with difficulty remember a line4 ,browning might write them if he chose1 but he does not choose1 and so it is that the old epigrammatist lingers only in some isolated representative1 as the dodo did in ,madagascar1 or like that ,tasmanian survivor whose present existence is clouded with a doubt4 ,epigrammatists may perish from the face of the earth1 but the epigram is immortal4 ,it well deserves to be so4 ,what form of wit imparts so much pleasure to so many persons8 ,if the world could be fairly polled1 it might be found that some tiny epigram has yielded more genuine delight than the most ambitious works of genius1 as1 for instance1 the ,paradise ,lost4 ,if there is one ,latin author who is still read for hearty amusement1 it is ,martial1 and even the candid schoolboy who declines to be charmed by the ,iliad can see some fun in the ,anthology4 ,it would probably pose most persons to be suddenly called on to define an epigram4 ,and no wonder1 for every great scholar since the manuscripts of ,martial were recovered in ,western ,europe has tried his hand at a definition1 and none except ,lessing has grasped it4 ,the literal meaning is1 of course1 inscription1 and the word was originally applied to the writing on a monument or tomb4 ,but in later times the word obtained in ,greek rhetoric and poetry the peculiar significance which in ,english distinguishes the epigram from an epitaph1 and in ,german the ,sinngedicht from a mere ,aufschrift or ,ueberschrift4 ,we shall at once lay our finger on this peculiar significance by answering the question1 why the ,greeks had but one word where the ,germans have two8 ,we need hardly say that it could be neither a poverty of language nor a contempt for precision which led the former to content themselves with the original term4 ,if there is anything notorious1 it is that the ,athenian never suffered a new idea1 or the finest shade of deviation from an old idea1 to shiver in the cold of paraphrase1 but straightway clothed it with a snug1 warm word1 cut and fitted to the shape4 ,we may be sure that a sense of some nice propriety1 the recognition1 perhaps1 of some just and suggestive metaphor1 induced him to attach the name of epigram to a particular class of little poems1 without any direct reference to their fitness for inscription on memorial stones4 ,the fact is1 that every genuine epigram is divisible into two distinct parts1 of which the first answers precisely to the monument or tomb on which the primitive epigram was written1 and the second to the inscription proper which the monument bore4 ,to surprise1 and thereupon to explain1 to secure the twofold delight which springs in curiosity and ripens in gratification1 was the purpose of the inscribed monument1 and is still the aim of the true epigram4 ,let us apply this to some faultless type1 like that stanza by ,sir ,william ,jones3 ,on parent knees1 a naked new-born child1 ,weeping thou sat'st1 while all around thee smiled2 ,so live that1 sinking to thy last long sleep1 ,thou then may'st smile when all around thee weep4 ,it is plain that the first two lines awaken curiosity1 excite interest4 ,they answer to the graceful shaft which arrests the eye and allures the step4 ,they win us to approach and investigate1 to look for some further revelation1 to ponder on the lesson which the last two lines convey4 ,in a word1 attention is first secured1 and then rewarded4 ,let the reader test this analysis in other instances1 and he will find it essential to the epigram that both these feelings1 the longing of expectation and the satisfaction of it1 should be evoked1 and in this order4 ,all the other qualities which have been supposed to be peculiar to the epigram1 but are really common to many sorts of short and witty poems1 may be easily deduced from this definition4 ,thus1 the more terse and vigorous are the lines which introduce the subject1 the more potent will be their appeal to curiosity1 and the more tenacious their hold upon our interest4 ,architecturally1 the monument will be more impressive4 ,on the other hand1 the more novel and delightful is the concluding thought1 or the more felicitous and pointed the expression of it1 the more complete is our satisfaction1 the more amply do we feel repaid for our pains in deciphering the inscription4 ,it follows likewise that the second half1 or thought1 of the epigram must interpret the fact embodied in the first1 otherwise the inscription1 instead of explaining the particular monument which bears it1 serves merely to point us to another4 ,so much for the veritable ,sinngedicht4 ,of the pseudo-epigram there are many varieties1 but the two commonest are those which awaken curiosity without appeasing it1 or else instruct without enlisting attention4 ,without stopping to point out the flaws in many little poems1 more or less witty1 more or less compact1 which are falsely called epigrams1 we shall perceive the accuracy and value of the above definition by glancing at some famous models of the true form4 ,in all the examples we may cite1 we will give the originals1 that they who do not like our version may make a better for themselves4 ,let us begin with a couplet from ,wenicke1 who has written so much and so well in this way as to merit the name of the ,german ,martial3 ,du liebest ,geld und ,gut1 noch so1 dass dein ,erbarmen ,der ,armen fhlt4 ,du fliehst die ,armuth1 nicht die ,armen4 ,we have not been able in this instance to preserve both the rhyme and the metre1 and prefer to keep the latter4 ,the lines convey a noble eulogy4 ,thou lovest gold and goods1 yet so that thy compassion ,feels for the needy still1 shunning need1 and not the needy4 ,here are two more from ,german sources4 ,we have forgotten who wrote them1 but our readers may remember4 ,the turn of the thought in the second is novel and rather pretty3 ,ihr sagt1 die ,zeit vergeht6 ,weil ,ihr das falsch versteht4 ,die ,zeit ist ewig3 ,ihr vergeht6 ,we say4 ,time passes6 ,is it so8 ,time waits6 ',tis only we who go4 99 99 99 99 99 ,schon vier ,mal kam ich1 deine ,diener sprachen ,du seist nicht da1 man liess mich nicht herein4 ,mein ,kind6 um eine ,gttin mir zu sein ,brauchst du dich ja nicht unsichtbar zu machen4 ,four times ,i called1 the servant said1 8,she's out60--,i might not see my maid4 ,to seem a goddess1 dear1 to me1 ,invisible thou needst not be6 ,the greatest of ,german poets are not ashamed to stoop to epigram1 and sometimes aim to reproduce the metre which ,martial preferred4 ,of the following essays in elegiacs the first three are by ,schiller1 the others by ,emanuel ,geibel3 ,glaubt mir1 es ist kein ,mrchen1 die ,quelle von ,jugend sie rinnet ,wirklich und immer6 ,ihr fragt1 wo8 ,in der dichtenden ,kunst6 ,trust me1'tis more than a fable2 the ,fountain of ,youth springeth ever ,jocund and fresh as of old6 ,where8 ,in the art of the bard6 99 99 99 99 99 ,glcklicher ,suglung6 ,dir ist ein unendlicher ,raum noch die ,wiege6 ,werde ,mann1 und dir wird eng die unendliche ,welt4 ,happy the soul of a babe1 finding infinite room in the cradle6 ,grown to be man1 he will find narrow the infinite world4 99 99 99 99 99 ,willst du dich selber erkennen1 so sieh wie die ,ander'n es treiben6 ,willst du die ,ander'n versteh'n1 blick' in dein eigenes ,herz6 ,man1 wilt thou study thyself1 scan keenly the conduct of others6 ,aiming to know other men1 turn the eye in on thy heart6 99 99 99 99 99 ,doppelte ,schwing hat die ,zeit4 ,mit der ,einen entfhrt sie die ,freuden1 ,doch mit der ,anderen sanft khite den thrnenden ,blick4 ,time in a dream ,i beheld twi-winged1 with one silently stealing ,joy1 with the other he fanned kindly the tear-swollen eye4 99 99 99 99 99 ,darin gleichet der ,dichter dem ,kind4 ,es erscheint das ,bekannte ,ihm wie ein ,wunder3 ,bekannt' blickt das ,geheimniss ihn an6 ,dwells in a poet the child1 who still with a feeling of wonder ,eyes the familiar2 to him still looks familiar the strange4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the grand-master of epigrammatists1 ,martial1 with the proud humility of conscious power1 confessed himself a pupil of ,catullus4 ,but it was rather his purity of diction and nave simplicity which ,martial borrowed from the elder poet1 not the point and sparkle of his epigrams1 which are of right his own4 ,the minor poems of ,catullus include few which are strictly epigrams1 and of these only two or three admit of distillation into a modern language4 ,we give one which is addressed1 like most of his amatory verse1 to ,lesbia4 ,in this instance we abandon the attempt to reproduce the ,latin elegiacs4 ,lesbia mi dicit semper male1 nec tacet unquam ,de me4 ,lesbia me1 dispeream1 nisi amat6 ,quo signo8 ,quasi non totidem mox deprecor illi ,assidu1 verum dispeream1 nisi amo4 ,always my ,lesbia treats me ill1 ,by this ,i'll swear she loves me well6 ,how so8 ,i'm rude to her1 but still ,i'll swear ,i love my ,lesbia well6 ,while we are on the subject of lover's whims and inconsistencies1 we venture to give an experiment of our own4 ,at least we may claim the expression1 although the thought1 if we remember rightly1 belongs to ,moore3 ,love halts1 you said1 but will not stay1 ,and soon fares on his pilgrim's way4 ,a pilgrim1 yes6 ,o'er wave and sand1 ,his eye still sought the ,holy ,land1 ,welcomed each altar1 as he passed1 ,until he found the ,shrine at last4 ,before we come to ,martial1 let us pause a moment over the ,greek ,anthology1 of which some parts1 no doubt1 were written later than his day1 but others must share with ,catullus the honor of suggesting to the brilliant ,spaniard the right conception of the epigram1 as well as the appropriate treatment4 ,unlike ,horace1 however1 ,martial rarely condescended to borrow either thought or expression from a foreign source4 ,we may say of him1 and more truthfully1 what ,denham said of ,cowley1 that he 8melted not the ancient gold40 ,perhaps the most famous epigram in the ,anthology is that on a picture of ,pythagoras4 ,it has been a dozen times translated into ,latin or expanded in ,greek1 but generally with indifferent success3 4 ,most of the versions require four lines1 and some eight1 to project the idea1 and only two that we have seen matches the original in compression2 here is one of them1 by ,hugo ,grotius3 ,ipsum ,pythagoram dat cernere pictor et ipsum ,audires sed enim non cupit ipse loqui4 ,the objection to this is--and it lies to the ,greek as well--we are asked to imagine that ,pythagoras expressly desired to be depicted silent1 in other words1 requested the painter not to perform an impossibility--which is very like an absurdity4 ,the true idea1 and one that gives point and beauty to the compliment1 is rather this1 that since a prime tenet of the ,pythagoreans was the maintenance of a thoughtful silence and a wise reserve1 it would have been false to the mental posture of the man1 and therefore bad art 7supposing it to have been possible7 to have represented him otherwise than in speechless meditation4 ,we have attempted to give some such turn to the thought in ,english elegiacs4 ,there ,pythagoras stands to the life6 ,be sure we should hear him ,speak--but ,pythagoras taught wisdom in silence to muse4 ,it is no mean honor to be indisputably the first in any line of art1 and certainly within the field of the epigram ,martial is prince of poets4 ,he conceived the form of poetry to which he devoted his life to possess much more of dignity and importance than we incline to allow it1 and he did much to make good his claim4 ,he held towards previous epigrammatists the same commanding position which ,dante holds towards ,sicilian and ,provenal poets1 or ,marot towards the ,trouvres1 and he wrought the epigram to that climax of perfection from which progress means nothing but decline4 ,he filed and fitted his lines with a punctilious care which we should expect to betray itself1 yet his verse flows with a limpid ease through which the eye seeks in vain the labor that smoothed the channel4 ,we may call him in simple justice what ,bulwer called ,addison3 ,exquisite genius1 to whose chiselled line ,the ivory's polish lends the ivory's shine6 ,to hope to reflect in a translation the gleam and edge of ,martial would be absurd4 ,we shall merely aim in a general way1 while preserving the metre1 to sketch the outlines of the central thought4 ,if our readers miss the bloom on the rose1 we at least cannot help them4 ,they must seek the garden where it grew1 and pluck it for themselves4 ,in the course of a long residence in ,rome1 ,martial seems to have suffered the usual vicissitudes of authors1 and sometimes in moments of eclipse found his friends more willing to reproach than to relieve him4 ,he fancies he detects a reason for it3 ,genus1 ,aucte1 lucri divites habent iram4 ,odisse quam donasse vilius constat4 ,auctus1 the rich count wrath a gain3 ,that to hate costs less than to give is plain4 ,in the time of ,domitian a round portion was as essential to the marriage of a ,roman virgin as it is now with ,french ladies of condition1 who must either endow or derogate4 ,the ,latin prototype of the ,belgravian mother must have had grievous cause of complaint when the state bestowed prizes on such as were at once husbands and fathers4 ,the following epigram1 however1 takes a more elevated view1 and strikes the key-note of ,tennyson's rhapsody in the well-known lines of ,the ,princess3 ,uxorem quare locupletem ducere nolim ,quritis4 ,uxori nubere nolo me6 ,inferior matrona suo sit1 ,prisce1 marito6 ,non aliter fuerint femina virque pares4 ,why so reluctant1 you ask1 to wed with a woman of fortune8 ,friend1 ,i would marry a wife1 not have a wife marry me6 ,trust me1 the rule is sound1 let the woman owe all to her husband1 ,thus shall they1 man and wife1 each owe the other nothing4 ,here is a playful innuendo which has often been copied4 ,marot's version is exceedingly neat1 but somewhat coarse1 so our readers must take ours in place of it3 ,nubere vis ,prisco1 non miror1 ,paula1 sapisti6 ,ducere te non vult ,priscus1 et ille sapit6 ,jill fancies ,jack for a husband--truly a sensible woman6 ,jack has no fancy for ,jill--truly a sensible man6 ,no epigram of ,martial's is more admired1 and none seems to us more admirable1 than that which chronicles the magnanimous act of ,arria1 who showed her husband the way to death4 ,she lived in the time of ,messalina1 but the deed was worthy of ,lucrece4 ,perhaps the traditional fortitude and fashionable stoicism of ,rome might have paused contented with the historical fact1 but modern sentiment cannot fail to welcome the touch of tenderness in the concluding line4 ,we place beside it ,the ,death of ,portia because the two poems are pitched in the same key4 ,the latter1 however1 is a mere historiette1 told with rare force and fervor1 but without the point and turn which distinguish a true epigram4 ,to recur to our metaphor1 the monument is a noble one1 but the superscription is wanting4 ,our readers will observe that ,martial's ,portia follows her husband to the grave1 while she precedes him in ,shakespeare's play4 ,casta suo gladium cum traderet ,arria ,paeto1 ,quem de visceribus traxerat ipsa suis2 ,si qua fides1 vulnus quod feci non dolet1 inquit4 ,sed quod tu facies hoc mihi1 ,paete1 dolet6 ,paetus reluctant to die wavered2 him ,arria marking ,brued in her bosom the sword1 which to her husband she gave2 ,think not1 she cried1 that my wound bears with it aught that is painful6 ,that which thou dealest thyself1 that will be painful to me6 99 99 99 99 99 ,conjugis audisset fatum cum ,porcia ,bruti1 ,et subtracta sibi qureret arma dolor1 ,nondum scitis1 ait1 mortem non posse negari ,credideram satis hoc vos docuisse patrem ,dixit et ardentes avido bibit ore favillas1 ,i nunc1 et ferrum1 turba molesta1 nega6 ,portia1 thy ,brutus is dead6 they told her4 ,she in her anguish ,silently sought for a sword--kindness had hid it from her4 ,dream ye1 officious1 she cried1 that death will admit of denial6 ,truly ,i trusted my sire1 ,cato1 had taught ye better6 ,pausing she thrust in her mouth live coals1 and eagerly swallowed2 ,go1 ye officious1 refuse ,portia a useless weapon6 ,in so far as the modern epigram is modelled upon ,martial1 we should expect it to flourish with especial luxuriance in the classic literature of ,france4 ,modern ,french1 of all the daughters of ,latin1 inherits the most terseness and precision1 and adapts herself with peculiar ease to a compact and pregnant style4 ,the burst of admiration for the ancients which deserved the name of ,renaissance1 and rose in ,ronsard and ,du ,bellay to a fervent and nave enthusiasm1 was tempered by ,malherbe and ,boileau to a cautious study of principles and the elaborate finish of expression4 ,it is a significant fact that ,malherbe during the most fruitful period of his life1 from twenty to forty-five1 composed on the average but thirty-three lines a year4 ,waller had such examples in his mind when he urged his countrymen to prune their style3 ,our lines reformed and not composed in haste1 ,like marble polished1 would like marble last4 ,malherbe himself made but few epigrams1 and none comparable to the familiar stanza in the elegy which he wrote to console a friend4 ,translating it is like handling a butterfly3 ,she bloomed in a world where the sweetest that blows ,is the first to decay2 ,and rosebud1 her life was the life of a rose1 ,the space of a day4 ,of ,french epigrammatists1 the most voluminous are ,clement ,marot and ,jean ,baptiste ,rousseau4 ,the latter has left four books of epigrams which are rarely deficient in point1 but often diffuse and cold4 ,here is one3 ,they burn my books1 you say1 they give ,death to the child who only asked to live3 ,your own in peace will draw their breath1 ,they're sure to die a natural death4 ,we have seen that ,french and ,german are rich in epigrams1 but we incline to think our own literature richer still4 ,from ,sir ,john ,harrington downwards the line of epigrammatists was unbroken1 until it succumbed to the contempt with which the ,lake poets regarded a style so repugnant to their own4 ,it might be not uninteresting to trace the growth of this modest flower in our ,english soil1 but we have already overrun the limit we had set ourselves1 and the ,english epigram must wait another opportunity4 ,but one word more4 ,the initial lines of an epigram1 which are addressed to curiosity1 whether from ignorance or a mistaken love of conciseness1 are often omitted1 and a clumsy substitute is provided in the lemma1 or explanatory title4 ,should this happen to be changed or lost1 the poem becomes absurd or unintelligible4 ,take1 for instance1 this from the ,german3 ,prythee lend1 little ,lycon1 thine eye to ,agath6 ,blind1 shalt thou then be ,cupid1 thy sister ,venus be6 ,this would seem sheer nonsense if we did not know that it was written on two children1 who1 otherwise lovely1 had but one eye apiece4 ,the ,greek quatrain from which this couplet was extracted is a perfect epigram1 and1 needing no introduction1 contains in itself both the fact and the thought4 ,even in the case of an epitaph1 honestly designed to be graven on a tomb1 the best models require no lemma4 ,it is so1 for instance1 with ,ben ,jonson's lines on the ,countess of ,pembroke3 ,underneath this marble hearse ,lies the subject of all verse1 ,sidney's sister1 ,pembroke's mother3 ,death1 ere thou hast slain another ,half so good and fair as she1 ,time will fling a dart at thee4 ,,fleurange4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,craven1 ,,author ,,of 8,a ,,sister',s ,,story40 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,french1 ,,with ,,permission4 ,,part ,,second4 ,,the ,,trial4 ,,xx4 ,notwithstanding the princess' apparent indifference1 she was not so inexperienced as to imagine that ,fleurange's presence in the same house could be wholly exempt from danger to her son at his age and with his temperament4 ,at the same time1 anything that would change the actual current of her life would have annoyed her1 and what was opposed to her wishes was seldom looked upon as possible4 ,nevertheless1 she carefully watched ,george for two or three days1 and soon felt reassured1 and the more so because he was seldom disposed to secrecy with her4 ,without allowing himself to be directed by his mother1 he did not try to conceal his opinions from her1 and1 even at the risk of sometimes greatly displeasing her1 he suffered her to read the depths of his heart without any special effort to baffle her penetration4 ,but this time the result of the princess' observation was of a nature to reassure her completely4 ,george spoke to ,fleurange without affectation1 and with no appearance of eagerness4 ,he never showed her any attentions excepting acts of politeness he would have shown any one else4 ,he never sought her society1 and1 if he looked at her and sometimes spoke of her beauty1 as every one else did1 it was with more reserve and coldness than others4 ,hence the princess concluded with double satisfaction that ,george's thoughts were otherwise absorbed1 and1 as this accorded with her wishes1 she allowed herself the comfort of not doubting it1 and returned to the repose of her indolent life4 ,as to ,fleurange1 the effect of ,count ,george's manner was singular4 ,naturally frank1 honest1 and courageous1 she had an invincible repugnance for all kinds of dissimulation1 and for some days1 by the very fact of his manifesting two different aspects1 he lost in her eyes a part of his dangerous prestige4 ,which of these two aspects was genuine8 ,was he acting a part now1 or was he acting on the day of his arrival8 ,this very doubt brought pride to the aid of reason1 and helped her regain her customary self-control4 ,by degrees the impression of the first day grew fainter1 and she almost succeeded in effacing from her memory the scene ,count ,george himself seemed to have so completely forgotten4 ,whether it was so or not1 the princess1 as we have said1 ceased following her with anxious eyes1 and the young girl1 freed from the restraint she felt at first1 ventured by degrees to take some part in the general conversation1 even when he was present4 ,she soon abandoned herself to the pleasure of intercourse with a mind which inspired her with fresh interest on every subject--to which nothing seemed indifferent or unknown4 ,in this respect he resembled the ,marquis ,adelardi1 but he was more ardent and less sarcastic1 and could not1 like him1 leave an interesting subject to dwell on the backbitings of a clique or the gossip of a salon4 ,they were very intimate1 nevertheless1 and1 without actual similarity1 they were sufficiently in harmony to enjoy being always together and never to clash4 ,they were1 however1 equally enthusiastic on one subject--that of politics4 ,elsewhere this would probably have greatly wearied ,fleurange1 but here it interested her in spite of herself4 ,count ,george expressed his sentiments with a certain elevation of tone1 and1 without always perfectly understanding all that was discussed1 she felt excited by the lofty independence of his opinions1 his love of liberty1 and his tendency to take1 everywhere and always1 the part of the weak and the oppressed4 ,these are prominent political features which women at once catch without difficulty1 and which win their sympathy in every cause or discussion into which they enter4 ,therefore ,fleurange1 while listening with silent interest1 sometimes felt carried away by ardent sympathy with the charm of his captivating eloquence1 the effect of which was as powerful as it was new4 ,the marquis was no less interested in contemporary history than his friend1 and discussed it quite as willingly1 unless it was a question concerning his own country4 ,in that case he became silent1 and it was almost impossible to sustain the conversation4 ,fleurange seldom took any part in the conversation1 which in fact was not often directed to her4 ,from the time of ,count ,george's arrival she had never found herself alone with him4 ,but one evening the princess' salon was as usual filled with company4 ,fleurange1 seated at a table1 was pouring out the tea4 ,this was one of her customary duties4 ,each one came to ask for a cup1 and but few occupied the seats around the table4 ,among these was the ,marquis ,adelardi1 who1 on this occasion1 began discoursing with the young artist ,livio and ,dom ,pomponio on ancient and modern art in ,italy4 ,count ,george drew near and listened for some time in silence1 then joined in the conversation4 ,a chair near ,fleurange was vacant4 ,he took it1 and for some time the discussion was carried on with animation4 ,fleurange was listening with her elbow on the table and her eyes cast down4 ,she did not say a word1 nor did she lose one that was uttered beside her4 ,the conversation passed from ,italy to ,germany1 and they spoke of the school of art there1 now beginning to produce some great paintings4 ,count ,george suddenly pronounced the name of ,julian ,steinberg1 saying that this artist's most remarkable production was to be found in ,professor ,ludwig ,dornthal's gallery at ,frankfort4 ,fleurange1 of course1 was aware he knew her friends1 but there had never been any occasion for speaking of them1 and these names suddenly mentioned before her gave her a thrill4 ,she hastily looked up1 and with difficulty repressed the exclamation already on her lips4 ,this movement did not escape the notice of him who caused it4 ,he allowed the conversation to die away4 ,after some moments the others left the table4 ,he alone remained an instant4 8,mademoiselle ,gabrielle10 said he1 8tell me if ,i involuntarily vexed you or wounded your feelings just now4--,it was by no means intentional--0 ,fleurange eagerly interrupted him3 8,oh6 no1 assuredly not02 and these words were followed by an explanation which the young girl gave as fully as she did frankly4 ,count ,george thus learned for the first time her relationship to the ,dornthals4 ,the subject once commenced soon led to a new and more important revelation4 ,since the first day1 for more than one reason easy to understand1 the picture of ,cordelia had not been recalled by either4 ,now1 becoming more confidential and rendered more expansive by the charm of awakened remembrances1 ,fleurange ventured to tell him what an influence on her life his becoming the owner of her father's last painting had had1 and in a tone of emotion she thanked him for the happiness of which he had been the involuntary cause4-- ,but she soon stopped suddenly3 her heart1 as on that first day1 beat with agitation mingled with alarm2 for1 while she was speaking1 ,count ,george's eyes1 fixed on hers1 resumed the expression she had not seen since that day1 and once more1 as then1 she heard him pronounce her name in a tone she had striven to forget4 8,fleurange6--,oh6 is not what you have told me wonderful8 ,what6 this ,cordelia has transformed your life as it has mine8 ,tell me if this is not a proof of the destiny we should not seek to avoid80 ,such were the words he articulated in a low tone2 but he stopped in his turn4 ,fleurange's deep blush changed into a frightful paleness4 ,we have remarked that the word duty resounded in this young girl's soul in a tone singularly correct and powerful4 ,the words she had just heard caused rather the striking of a signal of alarm than the dangerous emotion they were calculated to produce4 ,she remained silent an instant1 during which ,george gazed at her motionless and incapable of uttering a word4--,at length she succeeded in calming the involuntary agitation of her heart1 and1 raising her beautiful eyes1 calm and grave1 she looked at him with an air of proud dignity which would have suited a queen had the most obscure of her subjects forgotten the distance that separated them4 8,monsieur le ,comte10 said she1 8,i appeal to your better self3 is this the language you should address a poor orphan who is under your mother's protection and in her service80 ,the profound respect in the eyes that lowered before hers was a sufficient reparation for ,fleurange4 ,but the tenderness and sorrow mingled with this respect made his mute response perhaps more dangerous for her to whom it was addressed than the ardent words that preceded it4 ,she rose immediately1 nevertheless1 without adding another word1 and left the salon to appear no more that evening4 ,,xxi4 ,count ,george remained longer than he was aware of in the place where ,fleurange left him4 ,at last he felt a light touch on his shoulder4 ,it was ,adelardi who thus disturbed his reverie4 8,what are you thinking about1 ,george80 said he4 8,you could not be more absorbed in contemplating that tea-cup1 if it were one of the magic vases you told us about1 the other day1 from which your countrymen turn out prophetic symbols40#ajd ,the count looked up1 smiling3 8,your comparison is not inapplicable10 said he1 8for it was precisely of the future ,i was thinking4 ,yes1 ,i would like to know my fortune1 and1 if ,i had any faith in the charm to which you allude1 ,i would immediately have recourse to it40 ,he rose as he spoke and glanced around the room4 ,the salon was brilliant and full of company4 ,his mother1 even more elegantly attired than usual1 seemed to be regarding with satisfaction the numerous groups of stylish ladies1 men of all ages1 and notabilities from all lands gathered around her4 ,nothing justified the wearied look of him who should have aided in doing the honors of the evening1 still less the following words3 8,what an insupportable crowd6 ,if you have had enough of it1 ,adelardi1 as ,i have1 let us go to my room and smoke a cigar in peace40 8,agreed on the last point4 ,as to the other1 it is your humor for divination that makes you regard things in such a light4--,come10 he continued when they were established1 one in an arm-chair and the other on a dormeuse1 in the apartment where we once accompanied ,fleurange--8come1 ,george1 without being a fortune-teller1 shall ,i try to predict the future you are seeking to know80 ,george lighted his cigar1 and1 after smoking a few moments in silence1 he said3 8,you are no fortune-teller1 ,adelardi1 ,i am aware1 but you would not be an ,italian without a certain talent for divination4 ,come1 ,i am willing3 try your skill4 ,you know you have long had the right of saying anything to me40 8,well1 to begin--but first allow me to ask why you have kept a curtain over that picture since your return80 8,do you remember what that painting represents80 8,certainly1 it represents ,cordelia at the feet of ,king ,lear1 who is asleep40 8,did you ever examine it carefully80 8,yes1 ,george1 very carefully1 so that--here1 ,i can spare you the trouble of answering the question ,i just asked4 ,i know now why you conceal it40 8,let us hear40 8,you cover it for fear people will be struck with the resemblance of ,cordelia to the original40 ,george did not immediately reply4 8,if you have guessed aright10 said he at length1 8should ,i be obliged to acknowledge it80 8,yes1 in the game we are playing4 ,there must be mutual frankness1 or we must give it up40 8,well1 ,adelardi1 let us go on1 since we have commenced40 8,i am willing and1 even at the risk of offending you1 ,i shall now go to the bottom of the subject4 ,i acknowledge that till now you have succeeded in concealing the feelings that for the time control you4 ,i think ,i am the only one who has discovered them1 unless perhaps the one who has inspired them4--,but ,i am not certain on this point4 ,i cannot fully read that young girl's character40 8,it is1 in fact1 a character which men like us1 ,adelardi1 seldom have an opportunity of studying40 8,i acknowledge it1 and that is why your impressible nature has been taken by surprise and received a lasting impression4 ,moreover1 in spite of the conclusions that might be drawn from that painting1 your meeting here was accidental4 ,you had not the least idea in the world of finding your ,cordelia under your roof otherwise than on canvas40 8,now you are no longer divining1 for you learned that from me40 8,yes1 but ,i believed you1 which another of less experience perhaps would not have done4 ,and then1 this unforeseen and surprising meeting lent to your previous fascination somewhat of an aspect of fatality40 ,george blushed a little as he recalled what he had said to ,fleurange some minutes before1 but did not interrupt him4 8,fatality10 pursued ,adelardi1 8signifies something irresistible2 irresistible means that1 without hesitation1 without scruple1 without remorse1 you are going to abuse the ascendency you only know too well how to exercise40 8,go on10 said ,count ,george4 8,well1 ,george1 sermons from me would be quite out of place1 and ,i would not venture on one to you2 but1 at the risk of your finding it strange from my lips1 ,i must tell you that1 to ensnare a noble creature like her1 or even blemish by a word the halo of goodness and purity that surrounds her1 would be infamy in my eyes40 8,and you think me capable of such infamy1 ,adelardi8 ,i have reason to thank you40 8,come1 ,george1 swear that you are not thinking of it40 8,of what80 8,of her40 8,of her8 ,i cannot swear that4 ,but ,i am astonished that the respect you feel for her in spite of yourself--an unusual thing1 indeed--you think me incapable of40 8,then what are you thinking of1 ,george80 ,george made no reply1 and1 after a moment's silence1 the marquis resumed in a graver tone3 8,my dear friend1 being forty years old--that is1 nearly fifteen years older than you--,i think ,i may be allowed to say that1 if in a choice between infamy and folly1 folly is preferable1 it would be well to reflect that the least follies are the shortest1 and the worst of all are those which are irreparable40 8,we are forgetting our rles1 ,adelardi4 ,i have no avowals or revelations to make you4 ,you undertook not to tell me what ,i ought to do1 but to predict what ,i shall do40 8,well1 here is my horoscope1 dictated1 ,i acknowledge1 as much by what ,i desire as by my penetration4 ,you will escape from this folly1 and keep the promise you have made40 ,george's brow grew dark4 8,a promise my mother doubtless commissioned you to remind me of80 8,no2 ,i speak to you as a friend1 and quite spontaneously4 ,if it were at your mother's request1 ,i should certainly have no hesitation about acknowledging it40 8,she certainly reminds me often enough of it herself4 ,this supposed promise has long been a settled fact with her40 8,supposed80 8,yes1 supposed1 for it is a subject on which ,i never said anything positive40 8,nothing8 ,come1 ,george1 be honest1 or let us stop40 8,no1 let us go on4 ,i sometimes feel the need of opening my heart4 ,well1 ,i acknowledge that1 when ,i met ,vera de ,liningen for the first time two years ago1 ,i was struck with her beauty and still more charmed with her wit1 and had ,i then remained in her neighborhood ,i might have found it difficult to give her up4 ,in that case my fate would doubtless have been decided by this time4 ,i should have submitted to the yoke1 and not only be married1 but perhaps have the honor of a position at court1 clothed in some of those dignities to which the husband of a favorite maid of honor might aspire40 8,well1 my dear friend1 considering that this maid of honor is rich1 noble1 and one of the fairest ladies at court1 and that you were then somewhat dazzled1 and she made no secret of her preference for you1 ,i do not see that this result would have been a very fearful one40 8,no1 ,i acknowledge it4 ,if ,i had never left ,st4 ,petersburg1 perhaps ,i should have found happiness there on these terms4 ,now1 whether fortunate or unfortunate1 ,i do not know1 but1 having breathed a different atmosphere1 ,i could no longer live in that4 ,a thousand feelings1 a thousand sympathies1 a thousand opinions1 which ,i have insensibly acquired would make me regard the gilded chain of a court life as the worst of slaveries4 ,this alone would have sufficed to check the words on my lips which ,vera perhaps expected to hear1 but which she knows well ,i never uttered4 ,as to the conjectures of the world1 what do ,i care for them80 8,you acknowledge1 however1 that that is not the only cause of the rupture80 8,no1 if there has been a rupture3 that motive was not indeed1 or is not1 the only one40 8,i really suspected it1 and ,i could not tell you which of the two motives ,i deplore the most40 8,truly1 ,adelardi10 said ,george impatiently1 8,i cannot help thinking your great solicitude very singular4 ,you once told me the manner of contracting marriage in ,italy made you decide to remain a bachelor1 and now you are as scandalized at seeing me choose the lady of my taste with some disregard of received notions1 as the ,marquis ,trombelli himself could be60 ,adelardi smiled4 8,that is not all1 and what ,i have to say is still stronger4 ,i am neither pleased nor satisfied with the political rgime under which it has pleased ,providence to give me birth1 and it is you1 ,adelardi1 you6 who are astonished at this and annoyed6--,i might ask you1 in my turn1 why you do not return to ,milan1 like a loyal subject1 to enjoy the paternal government under which you would be permitted to live80 ,the expression of sprightly good-humor that characterized the marquis' physiognomy suddenly changed to one grave and almost sombre4 8,stop1 ,george10 said he in an agitated voice4 8,pardon me1 ,adelardi1 but truly there are subjects on which ,i cannot conceive why we should not agree40 ,adelardi remained some minutes without speaking1 then with an apparent effort resumed3 8,listen1 ,george4 ,i have a most sincere friendship for you1 and you would not doubt it if you knew what it costs me to prolong the subject to which our conversation has led1 but perhaps it will not be unprofitable for you to listen to me4 ,allow me to say a few words on a subject you know ,i generally avoid1 having sufficient control over myself to be silent on certain points1 but not enough to speak of them with coolness4 ,when ,i was young1 younger than you now are1 ,i was carried away with an enthusiasm only known to those whose country is enslaved4 ,yes10 he continued with an emotion quite unusual with him1 8a country1 prosperous1 glorious1 honored1 and powerful1 doubtless merits a devotion no noble heart can refuse2 but to feel this devotion transformed into a wild and painful passion1 one must see his country crushed and humiliated4 ,it must be trodden under foot in the dust1 and its name effaced from every memory--refused the very right of bearing a name1 and even of existence60 8,ah6 ,i easily comprehend such a sorrow1 ,adelardi10 cried ,george with an accent of earnest sympathy4--8,i understand it but too well4 ,but ,italy is not the only down-trodden country in ,europe1 and the chance which binds a man to such a land does not oblige him to participate in its excesses1 nor forbid him1 ,i imagine1 from deploring them60 8,i will reply to that presently1 ,george4 ,but let me finish what ,i was saying1 for this conversation will never be renewed4 ,under the influence of this passion1 as well as others1 alas6 of my age1 rank1 and country1 ,i yielded to the folly of a culpable course1 or at least ,i gave reason for suspicion1 and1 like many others of more worth than ,i1 and a great many whom ,i surpass1 ,i suffered1 as you know1 imprisonment1 confiscation1 and exile1 one after the other4 ,i do not regret these trials1 for when we cannot serve our country there is a certain pleasure in suffering for it1 but what ,i regret is having merited them40 8,merited80 8,yes1 certainly1 for ,i belonged for a time to one of those secret societies which are our ruin4 ,like many others1 ,i naturally thought myself excusable--the impulse to which ,i yielded seemed so powerful6 the aim proposed1 so noble6 ,well1 ,george--0 ,the marquis stopped a moment1 and then continued with evident pain1 but earnestly3 8,well1 ,i tell you there is neither courage1 nor honor1 nor virtue1 nor loyalty1 nor probity1 nor anything that can render a man worthy of respect1 or even of esteem--nothing1 ,i say1 that can resist the empoisoned atmosphere of those accursed places4 ,my punishment was tardy1 for my denunciation only took place after ,i left1 but ,i was justly punished for entering them60 ,george1 affected and surprised1 made no attempt to interrupt him4 8,the most satisfactory act of my life10 pursued ,adelardi1 8an act that required more courage than to confront death in any other way1 was to leave openly1 with contempt and horror1 those with whom ,i found myself for a moment thus connected60 ,while he was talking1 he traversed the room in an agitated manner4 8,since that time10 he continued more calmly1 8,i have incurred several dangers unnecessary to mention1 and suffered in various ways you are aware of4 ,now1 ,i live here away from my native city1 separated from my relatives1 and convinced that the day which will change the fate of ,italy will never dawn in my time1 though ,i am certain the day will come1 and especially certain its most dangerous enemies are not its rulers--not even its most rigid rulers--but those false and perfidious men who are called its friends1 its heroes1 and sometimes its martyrs60 ,the marquis now took his seat beside ,george1 and1 pressing his hand1 said3 8,this is quite enough concerning myself4 ,let us come back to you1 whose position1 you will acknowledge1 it would be absurd to compare with mine40 8,i do acknowledge it2 and yet1 ,adelardi1 you would regenerate your country1 and ,i would transform mine40 8,yes2 but in spite of all the defects you say tarnish his reign1 history will represent your sovereign1 you may be sure1 as one of the most noble and most sympathetic representatives of that supreme power so difficult to wield40 8,well1 that is precisely what discourages me4 ,to realize my dreams1 the successor of ,alexander ,i4 must have all his virtues and not one of his defects4 ,you will acknowledge this is not what the future seems to promise40 8,let us not begin to draw up his horoscope1 but rather listen to my final counsel4 ,in spite of your dreams1 your aspirations1 your opinions1 and your lofty sympathies1 ,i am persuaded nothing will ever induce you to take part in any culpable enterprise in your country4 ,yes1 ,george1 believe a reformed conspirator3 avoid all contact with those who1 less scrupulous than you in their deeds1 make use of nearly the same language1 and be sure that1 when we come to suffer condemnation1 it is infinitely disagreeable to feel it is merrited by foolish imprudence1 and that we are the victims of no one but ourselves40 ,their long conversation had widely digressed from the point they started from4 ,it was now too late to resume it4 ,but the ,marquis ,adelardi resolved to return to it another time1 and obtain ,george's entire confidence4 ,he fully comprehended his present danger1 and regarded it as a duty imposed by friendship to aid him in resisting it4 ,but1 in spite of the acuteness of his discernment1 he did not foresee that she who was the source of this danger would know better than any one else how to dispel it4 ,,xxii4 ,while this conversation was taking place1 ,fleurange was in her well-known seat at the top of the stone steps1 looking out on the moonlit court and the long shadows of the pillars under the portico1 listening to the murmur of the fountain1 the only noise that disturbed the silence of the night1 and breathing the vague odor of orange blossoms that embalmed the air4 ,several months had elapsed since the day of ,george's arrival--the day when the vague dreams in the depths of her soul seemed for a moment transformed into reality1 but only to vanish1 however1 as quickly as they appeared4 ,now she was agitated and troubled anew1 but differently and more profoundly than the first time4 ,what was she thinking of under the influence of this agitation and trouble8--,why did her eyes wander so pensively around when the night was so brilliant1 and in her ears still vibrated the words which1 in spite of herself1 made her heart beat with triumphant joy8--,shall we tell what she was thinking of8 ,and the place to which1 by one of the inexplicable caprices of the imagination not under the control of the will1 her thoughts had now flown8 ,was it to the ,cascine where1 the evening before1 ,count ,george on horseback lingered so long beside his mother's calche8 ,was it to one of the galleries where more than once he had pointed out beauties concealed from superficial observers1 but so well understood by her to whom they were revealed8 ,or was it to the very salon they had just left1 and was she now thinking of that last glance from which she turned away her own8 ,no2 the place to which her memory now reverted was the garden of the ,old ,mansion--the hour she recalled was the last she passed there6 ,the moonlight was as brilliant that night1 the air as mild1 and the flowers as odorous1 but the word #8farewell' seemed everywhere1 written and changed the beauty of the evening into sadness4 ,farewell1 without hope and for ever6 echoed the transcendent splendor of this night in ,italy in sadder accents--,farewell6--once more1 farewell6 yes1 farewell6 ,she must tear herself away from this spot only too dear6 and break the charm only too dangerous6 ,this was clearly evident4 ,an instant1 only an instant1 she allowed her thoughts to dwell on the happiness she must for ever renounce4 ,she allowed her imagination to depict it--such as it might be were it not forbidden--and then1 with a clearness and sincerity in which no exultation mingled1 she acknowledged she would purchase it at the price of every sacrifice except that which her conscience forbade her make4 ,yes1 to live near ,george without remorse to become his wife with the consent of his mother1 seemingly so impossible--to purchase such a destiny1 she felt nothing would seem formidable--she would joyfully welcome poverty1 the severest labor1 even death itself6 ,many people of experience will smile at such language1 and declare these are imaginary sacrifices that1 under the influence of passion1 the young are very willing to make1 but which1 luckily1 are but rarely put to the test4 ,we admit it1 and1 without stopping any longer to consider the improbable future which ,fleurange thus invoked1 we can also bear witness that in view of these imaginary trials she bravely prepared herself to make the sacrifice actually before her4 ,and these same people of experience will acknowledge this was the most difficult of all4 ,first1 because it was real and not imaginary1 and also because it is always easier to make great sacrifices for the sake of love than to renounce love itself1 which renders them so light and sometimes so sweet6 ,yes1 she must no longer hesitate2 she must once more break the rejoined thread of her life--and what a painful rending of the heartstrings this time6 ,she must go away1 and never to return4 ,after what had just occurred1 there was no longer any possible illusion or security4 ,by remaining1 she would be false to every obligation1 gratitude1 and her position with regard to the princess1 imposed upon her4 ,yes1 she must go1 but how--on what pretext8 ,alas6 and her brothers--must she renounce the sweet satisfaction of aiding them1 a joy the generosity of the princess had so kindly promoted8 ,this last remembrance confirmed her resolution4 ,certainly1 after so many benefits1 she must not in return cause her any mortification and grief1 no1 not even displeasure and anxiety4 ,she must leave at whatever cost1 and without allowing the princess to suspect the motive of her departure2 and yet she must obtain her consent4 ,this was the great difficulty1 for she foresaw a lively resistance4 8,what shall ,i do8--what shall ,i do80 repeated poor ,fleurange with perplexity4 8,o my ,god1 my ,god6 thou wilt aid me1 for what ,i seek is the means of accomplishing thy will3 what ,i desire is to know it40 ,while the young girl was thus thinking1 struggling1 and praying1 the hours flew4 ,once she left her seat in the window1 but1 feeling unable to sleep1 only exchanged her evening dress for a morning one1 then1 without observing the lateness of the hour1 returned to her seat1 and again took up the thread of her reflections4 ,suddenly she heard steps in the corridor leading to the private staircase1 and in a moment there was a sharp knock at her door4 ,it instantly opened4 ,it was ,barbara4 8,what60 she said with an air of surprise4 8,you still up at this late hour80 8,yes10 said ,fleurange1 8,i was not sleepy1 and--0 ,barbara interrupted her3 8,so much the better1 for the princess is ill and wants you immediately4 ,come1 quick1 quick1 mademoiselle1 for you know ,i am so frightened when she has these attacks that ,i lose my wits40 ,fleurange was at the head of the stairs before ,barbara finished speaking1 and1 in a minute more1 at the princess' bedside4 ,it was evidently one of the severe and painful attacks to which she was subject--and the first since her return4 ,fleurange at once bethought herself of ,dr4 ,leblanc's minute directions1 and her whole manner was transformed4 ,instead of waiting and obeying1 she at once resumed the direction3 every one obeyed her1 and her quiet firmness soon calmed the fright which prevailed among all the servants of the house when illness1 and illness under so frightful a form1 invaded the luxurious rooms to which they were accustomed4 ,george himself was not exempt4 ,he was the first to hasten to his mother's bedside1 and now he was supporting her head1 which was thrown back1 and endeavoring to hold her hands1 which quivered convulsively1 but1 unaccustomed to such a spectacle1 he was trembling in spite of himself4 ,his habitual courage seemed here of no avail4 ,fleurange perceived it1 and motioned for him to give her his place1 or rather1 she took it without his being able to prevent her4 ,he remained motionless beside her1 while with wonderful courage and skill she was mastering the fearful paroxysm4 8,speak to her again10 said ,george4 8,when she hears your voice1 or you place your hand on hers1 she grows calmer at once40 8,be quiet10 replied ,fleurange1 8and leave her to me4 ,do not remain here1 ,i beg of you40 ,at this injunction1 ,george left the bedside1 but not the chamber4 ,he remained in an obscure corner1 leaning against the wall1 watching his mother's altered face by the light of the shaded lamp4 ,all traces of remaining beauty1 preserved by the most skilful arts of the toilet1 had suddenly disappeared4 ,in an hour she had grown ten years older4 ,frightful convulsions contracted her features1 and her eyes1 staring wildly around1 seemed to be regarding with an air of reproach all the objects accumulated for her comfort1 but now so powerless to aid her4 ,this spectacle made ,george shudder4 ,he was regarded not only as a man of acknowledged bravery1 but as one whose courage was almost rash4 ,he had braved death a thousand times without sufficient motive1 and confronted perils from the very love of danger itself4 ,but this kind of courage has nothing in common with that which enables the eye to look calmly on suffering and death--not of an heroic kind which rouses our enthusiasm1 but such as we witness on all beds of sickness1 and which awaits us6 ,thus beheld1 the spectacle excited ,george's horror4 ,he turned away with the repugnance of a nature delicate and noble1 but perverted by selfish indulgence1 and which at all times was more capable of brilliant proofs of devotedness than of obscure sacrifices4 ,notwithstanding his tender affection for his mother1 it is very probable he would not long have endured the painful impression he received1 if the dim light which obscured everything had not enabled him to discern the movements and features of her who so efficaciously replaced him at the bedside4 ,he therefore remained where he was1 contemplating ,fleurange's calm and simple attitude with admiration4 ,she had already dismissed several women whose services were superfluous1 and by degrees re-established order and tranquillity around her4 ,barbara was still going to and fro1 bustling about and giving proofs of her good-will1 but unable to disguise the terror she could never overcome when she saw her mistress a prey to these severe attacks4 ,on this account1 she did not feel in the least displeased at ,fleurange's intervention1 and it was with secret joy she now heard the order for her to retire4 8,it is nearly four o'clock10 said ,fleurange1 looking at the magnificent clock opposite4 8,she is a little calmer3 go and lie down1 ,barbara40 8,and you1 mademoiselle80 8,i8 ,i shall remain here4 ,i shall not stir till seven o'clock4 ,then the physician will return4 ,after his visit ,i shall go to bed1 and you can take my place40 ,this calm and precise order was not one which ,barbara wished to hear the second time4 ,she hastened to place an arm-chair near the young girl1 and a table with the remedies she might need1 and went out without suspecting ,fleurange was not entirely alone with her sick mistress4 ,george hesitated for an instant3 to leave ,fleurange to watch alone seemed almost cruel2 to remain unbeknown to her1 almost treacherous4 ,he therefore decided to leave the obscure corner he occupied1 and softly approached the bed4 ,fleurange1 hearing his footsteps1 turned quickly around1 and began to tremble4 ,the slight noise he made was sufficient to awaken the patient1 which caused a renewal of her sufferings1 and the spasm from which she had but just rallied became more violent than ever4 ,for some moments ,george's presence and aid were not useless1 but while she preserved her coolness he lost his1 and seemed unable to endure the sight of the suffering he could not lessen4 8,mother6 my poor mother60 he cried with anguish1 8look at me6 give me one look60 8,try to be calm10 whispered ,fleurange1 and she added1 almost in his ear3 8,do not say a word1 not one--there must be calmness1 and absolute silence40 8,gabrielle6 ,gabrielle60 murmured the sick woman with agitation4 ,fleurange put her arm under her mistress' head1 and supported it with one hand1 while she pressed her icy hands with the other4 8,o ,gabrielle6 do not leave me6 never leave me10 continued the princess in an unnatural tone4 ,fleurange buried her face in the pillow against which she was leaning1 while another voice whispered beside her3 8,oh6 no1 never40 ,after a moment she raised her head4 8,leave us now1 ,monsieur le ,comte4 ,i beg you to go40 ,there was an irresistible authority in her tone1 but ,george hesitated an instant4 ,she repeated1 8,i beg you to go10 and he obeyed without reply as if she had uttered a command4 ,when he left the sick-room1 he felt relieved like one to whom restraint--even the most trifling--is insupportable4 ,feeling the need of fresh air1 he passed through the salon and went out on the terrace4 ,it was already daylight4 ,he walked a few steps1 inhaling the perfume of the flowers with which the terrace was filled1 then stopped a long time1 leaning on the balustrade with his arms folded1 looking at the clear sky growing radiant under the first touches of ,aurora4 ,without asking himself the reason1 he was eager to shake off the effects of the spectacle he had just witnessed4 ,and yet ,george had a great deal of heart1 whether this word signifies tenderness or courage4 ,it would have been extremely unjust to doubt it1 but he felt a constant need of finding in exterior objects the gratification of his faculty of enjoyment--developed to the utmost degree of delicacy1 which made him equally susceptible of contrary impressions4 ,this faculty was neither low nor vulgar in its tendency4 ,what attracted ,george was genuine beauty1 which alone gave a charm to the interests of the world4 ,vice under an ignoble aspect was as repugnant to him as ugliness4 ,in his eyes1 the aspect1 the only aspect1 of sickness1 pain1 and death was repulsive4 ,he was absolutely ignorant of the mysterious and divine power which sometimes transforms them to the spiritual eye and makes it look beyond the exterior circumstances of life4 ,such freedom1 such independence of external influences1 were unknown to him who attached so much importance to liberty and independence6 ,and when it is thus1 there is in the soul1 however generous1 a hidden germ of weakness and egoism which we are surprised to see suddenly manifested at a later period1 even in those who display the most lofty sentiments and give proofs of the most impetuous courage4 ,,xxiii4 ,the following days were marked by the progress1 the crisis1 and finally by the decline of the princess' malady4 ,the effect of care and suitable remedies was soon manifest and convalescence established4 ,but this was the most trying time for those in attendance1 and a time when ,fleurange's presence was more necessary than ever4 ,she had directed everything from the first with intelligent devotedness4 ,they had all yielded without any difficulty to her authority--even the invalid herself1 incapable of resisting her4 ,but the latter now resumed1 with her strength1 the exercise of an obstinate and whimsical disposition4 ,it was precisely during a similar phase of her previous illness that her young companion acquired the favor she enjoyed4 ,fleurange felt it would have been a thousand times easier to have left her when she was nearly unconscious1 than at a time when she was so indispensable that her services were in constant requisition4 ,she alone could relieve her from the exertion of writing a letter or receiving a visit4 ,she alone knew how to arrange her books and flowers1 and the thousand trifles that surrounded her1 in a way to please her critical eye and capricious taste4 ,and1 above all1 it was owing to her that the evenings passed away without ennui while the princess was forbidden by the physician to receive any company except her most intimate friends4 ,this was the time ,fleurange was called upon to read4 ,there was a charm in her voice and accent which the cultivated taste of the princess never wearied of4 8,really1 ,gabrielle10 said she1 one evening1 after the young girl had ended one of the passages she had selected--8really1 it is an exquisite pleasure to hear you read4 ,come1 ,george1 attend to what we are doing1 if you please4 ,lay aside that review in which you are so absorbed1 and come nearer4 ,she has just read me ,dante's sonnet1 #8,tanto gentile e tanto onesta pare ,la ,donna mia1'#aje in a way really worth listening to40 ,there was a moment's silence4 ,a large screen veiled the light from the princess' eyes1 which were still weak4 ,fleurange was seated on the other side of this rampart4 ,she blushed1 for she was quite well aware it was not on the book1 in which he pretended to be absorbed1 the young man's eyes were fastened while she was reading the sonnet she had just finished4 8,i have not been as inattentive as you suppose1 mother10 said ,george at length4 8,besides1 these lines would attract my attention under any circumstances3 #8,e da per gli occhi una dolcezza al core ,ch' intender non la puo chi non la prova4'0#ajf ,george had approached the table1 and the expression of his eyes did not allow ,fleurange to mistake the application of these lines4 ,alas6 for a month she had been forced to accept--let us use the right word--to enjoy the presence of him whom she had resolved to fly from1 and been obliged for the time to lay aside all consideration of her own position in view of the duties which had devolved on her towards the princess4 ,but her resolution had not for an instant faltered4 ,every day the sacrifice would doubtless be more painful1 but consequently the more necessary4 ,what she only waited for now was the propitious moment1 and the means of accomplishing it4 ,the ,princess ,catherine was now really convalescent1 and able to bear the displeasure ,fleurange felt obliged to cause her4 ,therefore1 the same evening the little scene we have just related took place1 she resolved not to yield another day to the considerations that had hitherto restrained her4 ,to remain any longer where she was would henceforth be deliberate treachery4 ,what she had nearly decided upon was to confide everything to ,dr4 ,leblanc1 who was now fulfilling a promise made the year before at the ,old ,mansion and visiting her friends at ,heidelberg4 ,he understood her position with respect to the princess better than any one else1 and would know how to aid her in giving it up4 ,he1 better than any one1 could arrange everything for her return among her relatives without betraying the motive she was so anxious to conceal4 ,but it was painful to decide on speaking of ,george even to him4 ,the letter was commenced but not yet finished1 and the hour of delay was passing4 ,she laid the book on the table and was absorbed in silent reflection4 ,the princess was dwelling on the thoughts suggested by the reading1 and her son1 as he answered her at random1 sought to read the expression of the downcast eyes that so carefully avoided his4 ,at that moment an unexpected message surprised them all4 ,the princess' valet de chambre1 who was the porter1 wished to inform ,mademoiselle ,gabrielle there was a young gentleman in the hall who requested to see her4 8,a young gentleman80 exclaimed the princess and her son at the same time1 and with no less astonishment than ,fleurange4 8,a young gentleman80 repeated she4 8,did you ask his name80 ,yes1 the valet de chambre had asked1 but had forgotten1 and stammered out some name as unintelligible as unknown to ,fleurange4 ,she rose4 8,i will see who it can be10 said she4 ,george had already arisen1 and the princess exclaimed3 8,gabrielle must not go down alone at this hour4 ,rogues often find their way in1 in this manner1 at night4--,last evening1 before dark1 an unknown person entered a shop1 and while the owner's back was turned--0 ,the princess became unnecessarily nervous over this slight incident4 8,if you will allow me10 said ,george1 8,i will ascertain who it is4 ,trust to me1 and await here the information ,i will bring you40 ,fleurange made no objection4 ,she knew no one and expected no one1 and was sure there was some mistake4 ,george was not gone more than ten minutes from the room4 ,when he reappeared1 his face was lit up with an expression of joy4 8,it is really a young gentleman10 he said1 8and it was really you he asked for1 mademoiselle4 ,and ,i1 for my part1 was also happy to shake hands with ,julian ,steinberg4 ,it was he4 ,he has just arrived at ,florence with his wife40 8,julian6--,julian and ,clara60 cried ,fleurange1 overjoyed4 ,she sprang up at once1 forgetting the princess and ,george1 and everything except the unexpected pleasure of seeing these beloved faces again4 ,count ,george stopped her3 8,i beg your pardon1 mademoiselle1 ,steinberg only wished to know when his wife could see you4 ,i took the liberty of telling him that my carriage1 which is at the door1 would take you at once to the hotel where they are stopping1 and he has gone to tell her she will have the pleasure of seeing you this very evening40 8,oh6 how kind you are10 cried ,fleurange1 beside herself4 8,how many thanks ,i owe you60 ,but she bethought herself that the princess did not like anything of which she did not take the initiative1 and under no circumstances did she ever forget herself4 ,before the shade that began to gather on her brow could be perceived1 ,fleurange approached her4 8,monsieur le ,comte is very kind10 said she2 8but ,i should do better to wait till morning1 should ,i not1 princess8 ,it is only nine o'clock1 and you need me at least an hour longer40 ,the princess was already partly mollified by these words1 and completely so by the grace with which her son protested he should be angry if she did not clearly prove to him that she thought him capable of replacing ,mademoiselle ,gabrielle at least for an hour4 8,come1 mother1 you can endure to hear me read in my turn1 can you not8 ,i readily acknowledge my powers are not equal to what we have just had4 ,but1 if the contrast is disagreeable to you1 it will not be the first time we have passed an hour together to our mutual satisfaction1 and that ,i have been able to make my conversation acceptable to you40 ,these words1 uttered with a caressing grace as he knelt at his mother's side1 appealed directly to the weakest point in her maternal heart4 ,the princess idolized her son4 ,he was the joy and pride of her life4 ,but though full of deference and affection1 he was constantly eluding her4 ,this woman1 so imperious towards all others1 felt she had scarcely any authority over her son1 and endeavored to acquire an ascendency over him by all the persuasiveness and skill she possessed1 as if this ascendency were not her natural right4 ,since ,george returned last he had been more reserved than usual4 ,hitherto he had been able to frustrate all her efforts to obtain his entire confidence1 to which he sometimes yielded1 and which amply atoned for the long intervals of reserve so painful to her4 ,on this occasion she caressingly passed her hand over her son's beautiful hair1 and smilingly replied3 8,naughty boy1 you know well what to depend upon40 ,then turning to ,fleurange3 8,go4 ,i am quite willing you should go and welcome your cousin4 ,i can for the present do without you4 ,go1 but come back in an hour4 ,i shall expect you at ten10 she added1 looking at the clock4 ,the permission was not very graciously accorded1 but ,fleurange did not profit by it the less eagerly4 ,she did not leave the room1 however1 without an involuntary look of gratitude at him who had so well divined her wish1 and so successfully seconded it4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnotes3 #ajd ,this allusion refers to a playful superstition practised in ,russia on ,new ,year's ,eve4 ,it consists in pouring melted wax into a basin of cold water1 and drawing predictions from the figures thus produced4 #aje 8,so gentle and so modest doth appear ,my ,lady40 --,vita ,nuova1 ,charles ,eliot ,norton's ,translation4 #ajf 8,she gives the heart a sweetness through the eyes ,which none can understand who doth not prove40 --,ibid4 ,,how ,,the ,,church ,,understands ,,and ,,upholds ,,the ,,rights ,,of ,,women4 ,,fourth ,,and ,,last ,,article4 ,,the ,,middle ,,ages4 ,it has been asserted by women in the present day that the state needs salvation and reform1 and that through their use of the political franchise this end will be mainly accomplished4 ,perhaps they think that no state was ever in such danger before1 and that they themselves are the pioneers of an order of things entirely new1 under unprecedented circumstances4 ,they should study history to see whether they really are without predecessors4 ,what would they say to ,genevieve1 the shepherdess of ,nanterre1 the heroine of the sixth century1 the woman of whom ,st4 ,germanus said1 while giving her the veil of virginity and the honorary title of deaconess1 8,this woman will one day be a joy and an example even to men08 ,what would they say to her bravery and daring when1 during the siege of ,paris by the barbarian and heathen ,franks 7it was before their conversion by ,queen ,clotildis71 ,genevieve alone encouraged the affrighted peasantry1 and promised relief to the threatened city8 ,she had supplies transported by means of river-boats to the besieged1 and for ten years1 while the ever-renewed alarms of desultory attacks from the ,franks continued1 she succeeded in sparing ,paris the horrors of a famine4 ,when the barbarian chief1 ,childeric1 at last entered the town1 ,genevieve interceded so successfully in behalf of the inhabitants that none of them were molested4 ,every one knows the history of ,joan of ,arc1 over whom more passionate recriminations have been flung at each other by rival historians than any other woman1 save ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 has provoked4 ,the general and unbiassed verdict of the greater portion of the public in general has coincided with the national decision of patriotic ,frenchmen4 ,as a heroine1 her name will go down to all ages1 and she has earned her fame well1 but how8 ,do any of her biographers say she was bold and unwomanly1 a fast and dashing beauty1 or a reckless adventuress8 ,no2 for they tell us she was modest in her demeanor1 fond of being with and talking to little children1 very sparing of her own comfort1 but lavish of her poor means for others1 ready and willing to keep the flocks1 and to help her family in tilling the soil4 ,divinely warned of her coming mission1 she was yet most reluctant to put herself forward1 and required much pressing from her spiritual superiors to induce her to act upon the heaven-sent suggestions4 ,it would take us too long to follow her through her unparalleled career2 but one thing strikes us as foremost in all the vicissitudes of her successful military life--her extreme gravity and majesty1 shielding her love of chastity4 ,all the doctors of the ,university of ,poitiers concurred1 at the express desire of ,king ,charles ,,vii4 of ,france1 in a strict examination of her previous life and character1 and it was chiefly her spotless reputation of virtue that inclined them to believe in her mission4 ,during her camp life she never neglected her daily religious duties2 the oldest and gravest veterans were her only companions and advisers1 and after nightfall she never1 on any pretext1 consented to converse with a man4 ,before she had taken command of the army the ,french had been invariably beaten by the ,english in every encounter2 after her accession to the supreme command1 her countrymen were as invariably victorious4 ,her enemies laughed at the girl-general1 but1 strong in her faith1 ,joan of ,arc overcame the scoffers4 ,when she had taken ,orleans1 her first order was that all immoral women who had surreptitiously followed in the ranks of her soldiers should be summarily dismissed1 as it was only to punish such licentiousness that ,god had allowed those great misfortunes to come upon ,france4 ,between ,orleans and ,rheims there were several towns and forts to be wrested from the ,english2 ,joan intrepidly attacked and reduced them1 while ,rheims itself surrendered without a blow4 ,the young virgin follows the king to the cathedral1 where he is crowned and anointed1 and in a few days1 so great is the moral influence of her undaunted and triumphant patriotism1 that many other towns1 and ,paris itself1 submit to the legitimate authority of ,charles ,,vii41 and ,france is saved4 ,on the principles of modern strategists1 a patent of nobility1 an alliance with the crown1 a grant of broad estates1 would have been hardly sufficient for the ambitious saviour of her country2 but ,joan of ,arc1 hardly was the king reinstated in his realm1 begged leave to retire into her former solitude1 insisting with mournful eagerness that 8her mission was over40 ,she neither coveted nor asked any reward2 such as were offered she refused4 ,against her own better judgment1 but according to the king's command1 she continued to lead his armies1 though she was no longer buoyed up by her former joyous confidence in the promises divinely made to her4 ,god has tried her by the severe test of adversity1 and she showed herself as eagle-spirited under her reverses as she had been in her prosperity4 ,betrayed by her own countrymen into the hands of her enemies1 she suffered incredible indignities1 but never raised her voice in self-defense1 save when her honor was questioned or attacked4 ,solicitous only for her precious treasure of consecrated virginity1 she looked death fearlessly in the face1 and mounted the scaffold calling in a firm voice on ,god and his saints4 ,she would be called by no title save 8,la ,pucelle10 that is1 8,joan the ,virgin40 ,an aide-de-camp1 ,john of ,aulon1 who was constantly near her during her campaigns1 often said that he believed no purer woman breathed than ,joan of ,arc4 ,ventura draws attention to her extraordinary activity and bodily endurance1 her long fasts and severe abnegation4 ,he says that she was a phenomenon1 but that1 although her rare combination of qualities seemed almost a miracle in any single human being1 yet such qualities are quite reconcilable in perfect womanhood4 ,he says she was 8brave as a warrior1 and tender as a mother2 wise as an old man1 learned as a doctor1 and simple as a child2 pure as an angel1 and redoubtable as a great conqueror40#ajg ,many historians thought it worth their while to treat in detail of her life and career3 ,fleury and ,rohrbacher1 in their ,ecclesiastical ,history2 ,lebrun ,charmette1 in his ,life of ,joan of ,arc2 ,jules ,quicherat1 in his work on her trial1 condemnation1 and rehabilitation2 ,guido ,grres1 in his ,german life of her2 ,voltaire1 in his cowardly ,maid of ,orleans4 ,she has been made into a representative character1 and stood in ,voltaire's eyes for the ,catholic ,church and the ,catholic tradition concerning woman4 ,grres mentions the eulogium pronounced upon her by an envoy of the ,bishop of ,spires1 who plainly calls her the messenger of heaven and saviour of ,france4 ,it has been noticed that ,france during the middle ages was the most civilized of nations4 ,it was because the spirit of chivalry had made greater progress among the ,french1 and the spirit of chivalry sprang from the deeper source of religious enthusiasm4 ,the spirit that dictated the crusades was the same that exalted woman2 the respect for woman and the duty of a knight to protect the sex1 even those of it who were unknown to him or those whom the fortune of war had placed in his power1 were lessons learned in childhood and inculcated at the same time as fidelity to his religion and loyalty to his sovereign4 ,in every woman a knight recognized a queen3 the elder were to him the image of his mother1 the younger of his sister2 in every female form he reverently saw the similitude of the great ,virgin1 8whose ,son shall be called ,emanuel--,god with us40 ,and in order that such should be the attitude of man towards woman1 woman was educated in a manner that should make her deserve such homage4 ,think not1 sisters of our utilitarian age1 that our ancestresses were ignorant and foolish women1 swayed by the dictates of cunning priests1 and kept as toys to beguile the idle hours of rough warriors4 ,their education1 unlike our modern uniform regulations1 was varied and suited to their talents2 some cultivated learning1 others the arts1 many were skilful in medicine1 especially in the use of herbs1 and the treatment of wounds4 ,the fairy embroidery that we hear so much extolled was not their only accomplishment3 they could spin for all useful household purposes1 and work for the poor of their neighborhood1 which home manufacture was a great saving of both time and money4 ,they were often elegant poets1 and indeed frequently carried off prizes in rhyming contests4 ,the 8,jeux ,floraux0 of ,toulouse1 one of the great medival institutions of ,provence1 were established by a learned and accomplished lady of noble lineage1 ,clmence ,isaure1 herself a poetess of no little merit4 ,the prize1 we believe1 was generally a golden violet1 and was awarded every year to the successful competitor1 whether man or woman4 ,tournaments owe all their romance to the presence and influence of woman1 without which they would have fallen to the level of the brutal ,roman games of old4 ,the beneficial influence exerted by the women of the old feudal families1 who always remained on their own estates and cultivated relations of mutual kindliness with their poorer neighbors and vassals1 resulted in the unique spectacle of the ,vendean insurrection1 in which peasants and nobles were leagued together against the misguided satellites of 8,liberty1 ,fraternity1 and ,equality40 ,elsewhere1 throughout ,france1 women had become court puppets1 and lived in ,paris as absentees from their property1 where iniquitous agents oppressed their tenants in their name2 court favor and patronage1 a rivalry of frivolous gossip and scandalous adventures1 had displaced in their imaginations the noble but obscure triumphs of the ,lady of the ,manor surrounded by her 8children10 as she terms her dependants2 corruption1 first sown by the influence of the ,german ,reformation1 then fostered by the growing infidelity of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries1 had insinuated itself into the world of women1 and through them had spread to the whole system of society4 ,the last spark of the spirit of chivalry shone out in the determined stand made by the ,breton peasantry against the invasion of principles that held nothing sacred and taught no authority save that of force4 ,but what a grand testimony to the influence of woman was the downfall and disorganization that followed the ,french ,revolution1 and under the ruins of which they are still half-buried6 ,when woman wishes to take up again her ancient crown1 her true1 8divine right10 she has but to stretch her hand across the chasm of '#hi and the great breach of the sixteenth century1 and resume1 with the sacred respect of home duties and the reverence towards consecrated and voluntary chastity1 the sceptre of undisputed sway so triumphantly wielded by ,joan of ,arc1 ,catharine of ,sienna1 ,hedwige of ,poland1 and ,mathilda of ,tuscany4 ,among the religious of various orders to whom the ,christian world looks up with well-merited veneration is the ,blessed ,juliana1 a ,hospitaller nun of the diocese of ,liege4 ,it was through the revelations made to her in prayer1 and through her repeated entreaties1 that the feast of ,corpus ,christi was first instituted1 one of the most essentially ,catholic feasts of the calendar4 ,in #abff1 it was first celebrated at ,liege1 but its observance was discontinued in consequence of the machinations of a hostile clique4 ,in #abfd1 ,pope ,urban ,,iv4 solemnly approved and instituted it1 and commanded the great doctor ,thomas ,aquinas to compose an office for it4 ,this office is the same used by the church to-day4 ,juliana herself was dead1 but her friend and companion1 ,eva1 had not failed to continue her work1 and the ,pope himself did not disdain to send her a special copy of the ,bull of ,institution1 with a letter in which he refers the accomplishment of the great work to her and her deceased friend4 ,ventura gives us lists of holy prelates whose mothers formed and educated them to virtue and sanctity1 but mentions especially the aid afforded ,boniface1 the ,apostle of ,germany1 by his female co-laborers4 ,lioba1 the chief of these1 was a noble ,saxon lady1 and was educated at ,winburn1 in ,england4 ,eadburge1 an abbess1 sent ,boniface many presents of clothes and other necessaries for his expedition to ,germany1 and also1 says ,ventura1 many manuscript copies of the ,bible to distribute them among his neophytes4 ,lioba was well versed in ,latin1 and could write verses in that language4 ,boniface begged her superiors to let her go to ,germany1 to establish1 says ,butler1 8sanctuaries and nurseries of religion for persons of her sex in the infant ,church of ,germany40 ,prudent1 zealous1 and learned1 she soon founded house after house of fervent nuns1 and spread the blessings of education over the hitherto barbarian lands she visited4 8,kings and princes10 continues ,butler1 8respected and honored her4444 ,charlemagne often sent for her to his court of ,aix-la-,chapelle1 and treated her with the highest veneration4 ,his queen1 ,hildegardis1 took her advice in the most weighty concerns4444 ,st4 ,boniface1 a little before his mission into ,friesland and his martyrdom there1 recommended her in the most earnest manner to ,st4 ,lullus and his monks at ,fulda1 entreating them to have care of her with respect and honor40 ,she died in extreme old age in the year #ggi4 8,her education10 says ,ventura1 8embraced civil and canon law1 theology and philosophy1 natural sciences and literature1 and1 in some measure1 the art of government40 ,rohrbacher says 8that it would have been desirable had all the clergy of ,germany possessed the knowledge of ,st4 ,lioba1 for many of them were ignorant to the point of not knowing how to administer the sacrament of baptism40 ,three centuries later1 ,hildegardis1 a noble ,german lady1 vindicated the claims of her sex to the most sublime of gifts4 ,intellectually endowed and gifted with great firmness of character1 she became the mother and foundress of the monastery of ,st4 ,rupert1 in the ,rhine provinces1 where kings and statesmen repaired to her for advice and instruction4 ,the revelations received by her1 after being most rigorously examined by a council assembled at ,treves1 were solemnly approved by ,pope ,eugene ,,iii41 assisted by ,st4 ,bernard4 ,rohrbacher calls her 8the ,st4 ,bernard among women40 ,her correspondence was immense1 and her writings have been collected and published with care4 ,in the thirteenth century1 ,gertrude and ,mechtildis1 of noble ,saxon descent1 claim our attention4 ,they were sisters1 and both governed immense monasteries4 ,alban ,butler says of the former3 8,in her youth she studied ,latin1 as it was then customary for all nuns to do2 she wrote and conversed in that language1 and was versed in sacred literature4444 ,how much soever she gave herself up to contemplation1 she neglected not the duties of ,martha1 and was very solicitous in attending to the necessities of every one4444 ,her short book of ,divine ,insinuations is perhaps the most useful production1 next to the writings of ,st4 ,teresa1 with which any female saint ever enriched the church40 ,her prayers to the ,sacred ,heart show how this characteristic devotion1 afterwards perfected and made public by another holy woman1 ,mary ,margaret ,alacocque1 first presented itself to a woman's mind1 and found a home in a woman's heart4 ,it may be gratifying to many women to learn that the city and ,university of ,oxford have for patroness1 and in medival times honored as such1 the ,saxon maiden1 ,frideswide1 whose church and monastery1 after having undergone many vicissitudes1 are now known as ,christ ,church ,college4 ,ursula1 the virgin martyr of ,cologne1 is1 according to ,butler1 8patroness of the famous ,college of ,sorbonne1 and titular saint of that church4 ,several religious establishments have been erected1 under her name and patronage1 for the virtuous education of young ladies4 ,st4 ,ursula1 who was the mistress and guide to heaven to many holy maidens whom she animated to the heroic practice of virtue1 is regarded as a model and patroness by those who undertake to train up youth in the sentiments and practice of piety and religion40 ,the ,ursuline institutes for the education of girls are renowned throughout ,europe1 and even to this day are powerful auxiliaries of the church in the training of youth4 ,later ages have not been behind in emulating the sixteenth century1 which1 seven hundred years after the death of ,ursula1 so nobly commemorated her triumphs in the institution of the ,ursuline ,order4 ,the ,nuns of the ,visitation1 and still later those of the ,sacred ,heart1 have continued the work of ,christian education up to the present day4 ,the beginning of the twelfth century leads us to ,delphina and her husband ,elzear1 both of ,provenal descent1 and holding high office at the court of ,naples and ,sicily4 ,butler says of them that 8no coldness for so much as one moment ever interrupted the harmony or damped the affections of this holy couple4 ,the countess ,delphina was sensible that the devotions of a married woman ought to be ordered in a different manner from those of a religious person4444 ,the care with which she looked into the economy of her house was a sensible proof of the interior order in which she kept her own soul4 ,nothing was more admirable than her attention to all her domestics1 and her prudent application to the preservation of domestic peace40#ajh ,these two devoted followers of ,christ were always ready to assist and protect the poor2 they lived together in perpetual virginity1 and gave themselves up entirely to their self-imposed duties of charity4 ,king ,robert of ,sicily showed his esteem of ,elzear by making him his son's governor4 ,in this office he exercised his influence as irreproachably as he had done in other positions1 and the counsels of his wife were ever at hand to assist and cheer him4 ,at his death his widow retired into a monastery4 ,another remarkable woman of the middle ages was ,catharine of ,genoa1 who towards the latter end of the fifteenth century became a model for her sex in each of the states of life to which women are called4 ,as a virgin1 a wife1 and a widow1 her life was perfect in its sincere subordination to the will of ,god4 ,her marriage was unhappy1 and she suffered much from her husband's brutality1 his extravagance and licentiousness4 ,she trusted to a higher power than the civil courts for her vindication and reward1 and after her husband's death gave herself up to active works of mercy4 ,she devoted herself to the care of the sick in the great hospital of ,genoa4 ,of this house1 says ,butler1 she lived many years the mother superior4 ,her charity could not be confined to the bounds of her own hospital2 she extended her care and solicitude to all distressed sick persons over the whole city1 and employed proper persons with indefatigable industry to discover1 visit1 and relieve such objects4 ,here we see a woman governing and managing a most important national institution1 guarding its temporal interests1 and watching over its spiritual relations with the utmost care and most delicate discrimination2 showing a talent for government which would do good credit to the best men1 and preserving withal the greatest humility and modesty both of thought and demeanor4 ,does the church deny the sex any legitimate opening for its energies8 ,judge for yourselves1 sisters1 and answer impartially4 ,does she not1 on the contrary1 enable it to do that which1 outside her1 is next to impossible8 ,cannot a woman wearing the distinctive badge of one of her orders pass unmolested where no other woman however pure1 however earnest1 could go without at least risk of insult2 and does she not invest with the dignity of an organized association efforts which1 made singly1 would be barely removed from ,quixotism8 ,we have long delayed speaking of ,catharine of ,sienna1 the ,st4 ,teresa of medival times1 one of the most energetic and wonderful women the world ever produced4 ,ventura calls her a 8missionary and apostle10 and ,butler says that her influence was so great that no one ever approached her who went not away better4 ,she was only eighteen1 when1 after suffering the hardships of her humble home during her childhood1 she took the veil in the ,third ,order of ,st4 ,dominic4 ,the most hardened sinners could not withstand the force of her exhortations2 thousands flocked from distant places to hear or only see her1 and were converted by her words or example4 ,at the earnest suit of the citizens of ,pisa1 she went to their town1 and it is related that the confessions of those she reclaimed from evil courses were so numerous that the priests of the town had much trouble to attend to them4 ,the ,florentines and ,perugians having1 in #acge1 leagued together against the ,holy ,see1 the ,pope1 ,gregory ,,xi41 who at that time was living at ,avignon1 sent an army into ,italy and interdicted the rebellious principalities4 ,the country fell into such intolerable confusion that1 to end the chaotic state of things1 the ,florentines submitted to the ,pope4 ,they first sent for ,st4 ,catharine1 who was met at the city gates by the chiefs of the magistrates4 ,the negotiations were entrusted to her1 and the ambassadors who followed her to ,avignon received orders to sign and confirm whatever decision she should make4 ,the ,pope and cardinals received her at ,avignon with great marks of distinction2 and the ,pontiff said after his conference with her3 8,i put the affair entirely into your hands1 only ,i recommend you the honor of the church40 ,the heads of the church were seemingly not afraid to trust the gravest issues in a woman's hands6 ,catharine exerted all her powers of persuasion to induce ,gregory ,,xi4 to return to ,rome1 and after her departure wrote urgent letters to him on this subject4 ,twice1 both at ,avignon and at ,sienna1 learned prelates and doctors disputed with her1 vainly trying to find her wanting either in learning1 in sincerity1 or in humility4 ,they were obliged to confess themselves in the wrong4 ,she had many disciples1 both men and women1 one of whom1 ,stephen1 the son of a senator of ,sienna1 became her secretary and afterwards a ,carthusian monk4 ,the ,pope commissioned her to go to ,florence1 and try once more to pacify the troubles which the insincerity of the government of that state was always rekindling4 8,she lived some time in that factious place10 says ,butler1 8444 and showed herself always most undaunted1 even when swords were drawn against her40 ,at length she effected the long-wished-for reconciliation1 though not under ,gregory1 but his successor1 ,urban ,,vi4 ,some of his discourses have been collected1 and compose the treatise ,on ,providence4 ,when ,urban ,,vi4 had been elected1 there followed a great schism1 during which anti-popes usurped the chair of ,peter1 and the whole ,italian peninsula was violently distracted4 ,she wrote to several countries and princes in ,urban's favor1 and also to the ,pope himself1 entreating him to restrain his somewhat hasty disposition for the sake of the peace of the church4 ,many treatises and other writings of hers are still extant4 ,she died at the early age of thirty-three in #achj1 in ,rome1 where ,urban had called her to help and advise him4 ,she predicted the schism and other calamities1 and whether this gift be ascribed1 as reverent believers would wish1 to the favor of ,god who allowed her a prophetic vision of the future1 or1 as the hard-headed philosophy of modern times would dictate1 to the superior discrimination of an extraordinary woman1 it is equally an honor to her and a title to especial and enthusiastic remembrance4 ,another woman concurred in the work of ,st4 ,catharine of ,sienna1 ,bridget of ,sweden1 to whom we have already referred4 ,she too prophesied the coming disasters of the church2 she too pressed ,gregory ,,xi4 to go back to ,rome4 ,catharine was once commanded to harangue the ,sacred ,college1 in order to procure peace and unity among them4 8,this unique example10 says ,ventura1 8showed the powers of eloquence and the depth of the wisdom of this young ,christian heroine40 ,as a means to reunite ,christendom and perhaps avert what she prophetically foresaw1 she urged upon ,gregory ,,xi4 the advisability of inaugurating a new crusade1 and1 when told in amazement that first the ,christians themselves would have to be reconciled1 answered with consummate tact and prudence3 8,holy ,father1 the expedition will be so popular that in itself it will unite them4 ,few men are so depraved as to be unwilling to serve ,god by means to which they are passionately attached4 ,to separate the burning brands is virtually to quench the fire40 ,she traced a plan of pacification as the basis of the policy she wished the ,pope to adopt1 urging the necessity of peace1 and adds1 8,let it not be a supine1 weakling peace1 but1 on the contrary1 an active1 organizing state of things1 in which bad and mercenary pastors will be summarily punished and all scandals swept away40 ,the vigorous foresight of this woman is a greater marvel than her holiness4 ,in her we have a noble example of the heights of intellect to which the grace of ,god can lead a woman's nature1 and we might almost close our argument with this crowning figure of the moral ,joan of ,arc of ,italy4 ,yet1 lest we be met with the objection that all this greatness is part of a lost system1 and that a new dispensation has superseded the church's championship of the sex1 we must1 in justice to our own times1 recall a few of those facts which since the ,renaissance have repeatedly testified to the recognized influence of woman in political and social spheres4 ,take1 for instance1 ,isabella of ,castile1 the protectress and friend of ,christopher ,columbus1 the great queen to whom ,spain first owed the proud position of mistress of the seas and queen of the ,new ,world4 ,columbus had offered his services to several kings and governments2 it was a woman who alone treated his projects as sublime realities and had faith in the future he prophesied4 ,when he returned from his first expedition1 it was she who received him with greater honors than those rendered to the old ,spanish nobility2 it was she who upheld him in his new speculations and furnished him the means to prosecute further discoveries4 ,long before he had gained her favor1 it was again a woman whose intelligent appreciation had encouraged him in weary labors1 his mother-in-law1 ,madame ,peristiello1 herself the widow of a famous navigator1 the discoverer of the ,islands of ,madeira and ,porto ,santo4 ,isabella governed her hereditary dominions of ,castile herself1 while her husband1 ,ferdinand of ,aragon1 administered his own2 but not long after their marriage1 so persuaded was he of her superior talents for government1 that he gave up his kingdom to her care4 ,the final expulsion of the ,moors from ,catholic ,spain was her conception1 was carried out by her personal influence1 and owed its success mainly to her inspiring presence among the ,christian besiegers of ,granada4 ,the great ,captain ,gonsalvus of ,cordova1 who seconded her most admirably in her gigantic undertaking1 was sought out and patronized by her on account of the genius she discovered in him2 the great legislator1 ,cardinal ,ximenes1 owed his elevation to her1 and was forced by her to accept the great dignities which were to enable him to reform and aggrandize the country4 ,fernando ,cortez1 the conqueror of ,mexico1 was likewise her special protg1 and indeed no better proof could be had of the omnipotence of her personal influence in ,spain than the fact that after her death these great men were either forgotten or1 worse still1 persecuted4 ,without the queen's knowledge1 ,ferdinand had listened to the detractors of ,columbus1 and degraded him from his post of viceroy over the newly discovered lands in ,america4 ,isabella indignantly interfered and had him reinstalled in his dignities1 but when1 shortly after1 his protectress died1 he was again imprisoned1 and fell the victim to ,ferdinand's ingratitude4 ,as to ,gonsalvus of ,cordova1 he then1 after the queen's death1 was disgraced1 and sent1 under a pretext of hypocritical regard1 to occupy the post of a viceroy at ,naples4 ,one of ,isabella's biographers1 ,desormeaux1 says that 8to the graces of her sex the queen of ,castile added the greatness of a hero1 the profound and able policy of a minister1 the views of a legislator1 the brilliant qualities of a conqueror1 the honesty of a good citizen1 and the uprightness of a perfect magistrate40 ,ventura quotes this with these italics4 ,rohrbacher calls her a true king1 drawing attention to her indefatigable zeal in seeing to all affairs herself1 and in constantly encouraging her troops by her presence on horseback among them4 ,he repeats her praises in almost the same words as ,desormeaux4 ,innocent ,,viii4 granted her the formal title of 8,most ,catholic ,majesty02 ,cardinal ,ximenes said that the world would never see again a sovereign so inflexibly just2 ,peter of ,anghiera1 the professor of the palace-school for the youth of the nobility1 lamented her as 8the refuge of the good1 the sword raised against the guilty1 the mirror of rigid virtue40 ,placed at the beginning of modern times1 on the threshold of the church's momentary eclipse1 and of the decadence of public morality all over ,europe1 she stands out in bold relief a champion of the church1 which1 in proud gratitude to her sex1 has been her champion in return4 ,st4 ,teresa1 whom all ages and creeds agree in accepting as an extraordinarily gifted woman1 was another of the shining lights of ,spain at this time4 ,she too was a ,castilian2 her influence was no less widely spread than that of ,isabella1 and1 if anything1 it has lasted longer and more visibly4 ,one of the greatest orders of the church acknowledges her as its reformation1 and1 for all practical purposes1 even as its foundress4 ,the ,carmelite ,friars speak of her as 8our holy mother10 as the ancient ,benedictines speak of ,benedict as 8our father40 ,the writings of ,st4 ,teresa are among the most important spiritual treasures of the church4 ,her health was for many years a grievous trial to her1 and her temptations1 as recounted by herself1 seem to have been neither light nor few4 ,in the reform so urgently needed among the lax followers of the ,order of ,carmel1 she was systematically opposed by many influential persons and superiors of her own as well as of the opposite sex4 ,after a sort of novitiate of twenty years of unceasing efforts to attune her soul to the practice of mental prayer1 she began her agitation in favor of reform under disappointing circumstances1 but1 triumphing with time over many of her opponents1 at last procured the assistance of powerful colleagues4 ,many of these were women4 ,in #aefb1 she was established in a convent where the reform was first practised4 ,butler says1 8,the perfection and discretion of her rule eclipsed all former reformations of her order40 ,she next founded two monasteries for men according to the reform4 ,at ,medina del ,campo1 at ,pastrana1 at ,durveo1 she founded communities of men2 at ,valladolid1 ,avila1 ,salamanca1 ,alva1 of women4 ,it is impossible to enumerate her many other foundations4 ,when her co-laborers1 the priests ,gratian1 ,marian1 and others1 gave up all for lost on account of the ceaseless opposition they encountered1 she alone remained firm and hopeful1 saying1 8,we shall suffer1 but the order will stand40 ,she also said that the cross was 8the secure and beaten road0 to lead their souls to ,god4 ,women are proverbially called weak1 and said to be unwilling to forego luxuries or court trials2 yet how ,teresa vindicated her sex in her heroic resolve to 8let justice be done1 though the heavens fall06 ,her contemporary1 ,bishop ,yepez1 tells us that her deportment was not less agreeable than edifying1 that her prudence and address were admirable1 and speaks no less of her gracefulness1 dignity1 and charms than of the gravity1 modesty1 and discretion of her conversation and carriage4 ,truly a most womanly woman1 who could take upon her man's responsibility without forfeiting the beautiful attributes of her sex4 ,like in this to the ,catholic ,church1 ,catholic womanhood has all that is claimed by women outside the church1 and not only that1 but she adds far more1 just as the church holds whatever truth is held by the different sects1 and infinitely more beside4 ,teresa died in #aehb1 having lived to see sixteen convents of ,carmelite nuns1 and fourteen of friars1 founded and successfully organized4 ,the impress of her noble work is undying2 she had the talents of the unhappy ,luther1 but dedicated them to a worthier cause1 and1 now that the same number of centuries have passed over their respective graves1 the woman's name is universally honored even by her conscientious opponents1 while the man's is execrated in many a community whose original constitution was derived from his teachings4 ,in the same century as ,teresa lived another great reformer and ,christian agitator1 ,st4 ,cajetan1 of ,thienna1 who owed to his admirable mother his enthusiasm and ardent zeal for holy things4 ,he showed by his foundations how highly he esteemed woman's virtue and integrity2 one of his chief aims being to establish refuges for fallen women1 and asylums for those whose honor was endangered through poverty and destitution4 ,but one of his greatest works would never have been accomplished if a noble and wealthy woman had not generously taken its fulfilment upon herself3 namely1 what is called in ,catholic ,europe the 8,mont de ,pit10 an untranslatable and most touching synonym for our more repulsive pawn-shops4 ,these institutions were established to counterbalance the shameful system of usury in vogue at the time1 and were so controlled by the state that the needy masses should be benefited by them instead of being duped4 ,to the ,countess of ,porto is ,italy indebted for these much-needed reforms4 ,mother ,ursula ,benincasa1 the foundress of an order called the ,theatine ,hermits1 was1 according to ,ventura1 the bulwark of orthodoxy in the kingdom of ,naples4 ,she was the first to unmask the heresiarchs ,bernardin ,ochino and ,peter ,vermillo1 who had begun to preach ,protestantism under the cloak of reform4 ,st4 ,philip ,neri examined her and encouraged her in her labors1 and the city of ,naples reveres her as its protectress4 ,one of the best known and best loved saints of modern times is ,st4 ,francis of ,sales4 ,one of his most popular works is his ,introduction to a ,devout ,life--the most useful1 readable1 and intelligible manual of devotion ever written for persons living in the world4 ,yet this would never have been written save for a woman1 to whom were addressed the letters from which it was subsequently compiled4 ,he treats in this work almost exclusively of the duties of women1 and chiefly of women of the higher classes--those of whom it is said by too many1 in their excessive severity1 that they are debarred by the circumstances of their life from real ,christian work4 ,st4 ,francis' ,treatise on ,divine ,love1 a longer work1 is modelled much on the same plan4 ,the woman whose soul he thought worthy of inspiring these efforts was ,madame ,jeanne ,franoise de ,chantal1 the grandmother of another gifted and well-known woman1 the charming ,madame de ,svign4 ,her domestic life1 during the years of her happy and holy marriage1 was a model of severity and order4 ,regular hours were assigned for everything in her household1 every duty and employment discharged with1 great order1 and the spiritual and moral welfare of her servants attended to with the minutest solicitude4 ,butler says that order is an indispensable part of virtue2 and what is more worshipped 7in theory67 among our modern women-reformers than this very quality6 ,but here we have it exhibited in a saint3 is it the less attractive for that8 ,when her husband was absent1 she refrained from visiting and entertainments1 and was at all times conspicuous for shunning1 as far as the duties of her position would allow1 all useless and frivolous occupations4 ,again1 we have ,butler commending her for this1 and adding that 8to make a round of amusements and idle visits the business of life1 is to degrade the dignity of a rational being and to sink beneath the very brutes40 ,is this not the language held by the modern advocates of a reform among women8 ,thus we see that1 in everything to which reason points1 the church not only stands up for the rights of woman1 but also that her ministers and exponents have even forestalled the 8newly discovered movement10 both by word and example1 many centuries ago4 ,jeanne ,franoise de ,chantal lost her husband after several years of marriage1 and gave herself up to the care and education of her children4 ,to this task1 which she superintended with the gravest diligence1 she applied herself for several years1 until her eldest daughter's marriage4 ,then she entered the religious life1 leaving her son under the guardianship of her father1 but retaining herself the privilege of still superintending his studies4 ,her ,congregation of the ,visitation soon after became a regularly constituted order1 and she and some companions1 under the auspices of ,st4 ,francis of ,sales1 took their solemn vows at ,annecy1 in #afaj4 ,in the same year1 she stayed for several months at ,dijon1 arranging family affairs and watching over her son's studies4 ,she also founded convents in nine or ten prominent towns in ,france1 and1 between #afai and #afbb1 governed the convent in ,paris1 where she at first met with and overcame serious difficulties4 ,her son1 whose marriage had been her special care and work1 was killed in #afbg1 in the religious wars then desolating ,france1 and her daughter-in-law and son-in-law 7the husband of her eldest daughter7 died not long after4 ,her fortitude under these trials was worthy of the ,roman and ,spartan matrons of old1 and her tenderness for those more bereaved than herself1 a model of ,christian grace4 ,her aptitude for directing souls was very remarkable1 and her bravery in tending the body in sickness no less so4 ,during the pestilence at ,annecy her efforts were ceaseless1 and her prayers for its cessation full of fervent belief4 ,in #afch1 the ,duchess of ,savoy sent for her to ,turin to found a ,convent of the ,visitation1 and treated her 7to her great mortification7 with the greatest honor4 ,the same happened in ,paris1 where a royal mandate had also summoned her4 ,it is impossible to calculate the influence this energetic woman has had upon the modern destinies of ,catholic ,europe1 both during her busy and fruitful life and since her death1 when the houses of her order have multiplied to an enormous extent1 and for some time monopolized almost entirely the education of the upper classes of women4 ,if they no longer hold the first place among such institutions1 another order1 no less useful and especially designed for this one end1 has successfully taken up their work1 the ,congregation of the ,sacred ,heart4 ,the seventeenth century gave birth to another institution even more perfect than that inaugurated by the ,baroness de ,chantal1 that of the ,sisters of ,charity4 ,this is perhaps the only ,catholic foundation against which the malice of the church's opponents--of all shades of belief and unbelief--has never dared to raise its voice4 ,not the most improbable tale of scandal has been hurled at these women2 not the remotest trace of a sneer has ever been pointed at them2 infidels on their death-bed1 philanthropists who scouted the ,catholic ideal1 soldiers on the field of battle1 physicians whom they outdo in zeal in the worst hospitals--all are agreed on the unimaginable and gigantic heroism of the ,sisters of ,charity4 ,they alone1 of all nuns1 are allowed to walk the streets of ,london without the least concealment of their distinctive dress1 and all over the world there is not a queen whose royal robes are more respected than the simple peasant-like costume of the daughters of ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul4 ,louise de ,marillac was the saint's first great helper in this noble work4 ,their rule is one that might serve women of the world1 so entirely spiritual and interior is its nature4 8,let them have10 it says1 8the houses of the sick for their monastery1 the rooms of the poor for their cell1 the parish church for their conventual chapel1 for grating the fear of ,god1 and holy modesty for their veil40 ,the ,countess of ,soigny1 who assisted ,st4 ,vincent in his missions among the agricultural poor in #afaf2 ,madame de ,goussault1 who suggested to him the formation of an organized body of ladies to attend regularly on the sick of the present hospital in ,paris1 the ,htel ,dieu2 ,madame de ,polaillon1 who herself supplemented his labors by visiting the sick1 and teaching the ignorant country population herself1 under the disguise of a peasant woman1 and who finally took upon herself to found1 under his direction1 the ,institute of ,mercy for the reformation of abandoned women2 the ,queen-,regent1 ,anne of ,austria1 who nominated him to a post of great moral influence1 and consulted him in all ecclesiastical affairs2 ,mesdames de ,marillac1 de ,traversai1 and de ,miramion1 who were the life and soul of his immortal ,foundling ,institution--these and many others1 of all classes and all ages1 were the real and earnest fellow-laborers to whose zeal1 under ,god1 he owed the success of his many admirable enterprises4 ,whatever amelioration the lot of man has undergone has always been traceable either to a woman's suggestion or at least her practical co-operation4 ,one woman1 whose name should not be forgotten in the catalogue of ,vincent of ,paul's spiritual lieutenants1 is that of ,marie de ,gournay1 the wife of a small wine-seller1 a most holy and discreet woman4 ,m4 ,olier1 a priest of that age1 has left us her panegyric in glowing terms3 8,all the good which is done at this time passes1 so to speak1 through her hands2 all the great undertakings of our day are somehow referable to her4 ,although her birth and position are obscure1 yet she is the counsel and the light of the most illustrious persons in ,paris40 ,he then names the great ladies of the court who ask her advice in spiritual matters1 and adds3 8,there are no apostolic men1 no missionaries1 who fail to go to her for instruction4 ,father ,eudes1 a famous preacher1 consults her frequently4 ,the ,general of the ,oratorians does the same4 ,mademoiselle ,manse1 whom ,god has inspired to go out to ,canada to help in the propagation of the faith there1 undertook this work only after receiving ,marie de ,gournay's approbation4 ,she it is who directs ,m4 de ,coudray1 who is working for the ,levant missions and the defence of the church against the ,turks4444 ,a certain counsellor of state takes her advice in all things1 and has worked in consequence much to the benefit of the church4 ,the chancellor of the kingdom1 according to her persuasions1 is very zealous in the extirpation of heresy and the defence of the church4 ,i pass over many names as illustrious as these1 the position of their bearers precluding me from mentioning them40 ,m4 ,olier's own conversion was due to her predictions and timely warnings1 and through his vocation her influence was greatly spread in the work of reforming the ecclesiastical seminaries of ,france4 ,the historian ,rohrbacher only mentions her as a power on the side of religious reform4 ,the ,college of ,vaugirard and the ,seminary of ,st4 ,sulpice1 now the two foremost educational institutes of ,paris1 were the fruits of her prayers and counsels4 ,the end of the reign of ,louis ,,xiv4 was remarkable for the happy and beneficial rule of a woman1 his wife1 ,madame de ,maintenon1 whose rigid virtue and wise influence were boons no less prized by the nation than by the sovereign4 ,before her marriage with the king1 she was the queen's true and loyal friend1 and exercised the influence she even then possessed over ,louis ,,xiv4 wholly in his consort's favor4 ,she never would accept gifts from him1 and indeed told him plainly that he had not the right to give her anything4 ,the great institution in which she was interested1 and which owed its foundation to her1 was the ,free ,school of ,st4 ,cyr1 for the daughters of poor gentlemen4 ,it was in this school that many of the heroines of the ,french ,revolution were educated4 ,fnelon avowed that he looked to her as the king's conscience4 ,racine wrote at her suggestion his masterpiece1 ,athalie1 and broke through the senseless tradition which deified and consecrated in poetry crimes which1 told in prose1 would have made any modest man or woman blush4 ,fnelon's determined stand against the king's encroachments on religious liberties left him without a friend in the fickle court of ,versailles2 ,madame de ,maintenon boldly ranged herself on his side and exerted all her influence in his favor4 ,we have come so near to the days of our fathers that we must stop1 as on the confines of well-known and well-worn subjects4 ,the heroic and manly character of ,maria ,theresa1 the fortitude of ,louise de ,france1 the ,carmelite nun1 the calm bravery of ,marie ,antoinette and ,madame ,elizabeth1 are facts too well known to need repetition4 ,perhaps it may not be so with the origin of the ,propagation of the ,faith1 which was begun at ,lyons in #ahbb by a few humble working-women1 instinct with the spirit of ,martha1 and undeterred by the first obscurity of their good works4 ,we might mention women who have influenced literature and made a name that will never be forgotten--,eugnie de ,gurin1 ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton1 ,countess ,ida ,hahn-,hahn1 and many others2 especially of late the charming authoress of the ,rcit d'une ,sur4 ,is it necessary to speak of the numberless convents where girls of all classes are thoroughly educated1 and in which the teachers1 were they men1 would shine as college tutors and holders of professional chairs8 ,in fact1 if we had time and space to go through the modern world1 as we have explored the ages of our ancestors1 we should find no less vitality among women1 no less determined championship of the sex on the part of the church4 ,let us end by a tribute to one of the noblest works of charity ever undertaken1 that of the ,little ,sisters of the ,poor1 the earthly guardian angels who live in such evangelical poverty that1 when they have begged the remains of rich men's tables to feed their infirm and aged charges1 they humbly and cheerfully make their own scanty meal from the refuse of these very remains4 ,in days when luxury has created wants destructive to human strength and health1 let us honor above all these heroines of charity who live as the angels1 and almost make us forget that their bodies are still under the law of the flesh and require fleshly sustenance4 ,with this picture of the very ne plus ultra of charity1 let us close our catalogue of woman's perfections in the kingdom of grace1 knowing well that we leave many an act of heroism unrecorded1 many a sacrifice 8hidden with ,christ in ,god40 ,we have seen what the church has done for woman3 we have seen what woman has done for and in the church4 ,it is at the sex's option to continue this mission4 ,the cultivation of its highest faculties is a duty it owes to the church and society4 ,mothers will be doubly mothers if they develop their sons' moral nature1 as they are bound to do1 through the education of their own2 the wife is solemnly bound to become truly her husband's 8helper1 like unto himself02 daughters and sisters have a work to do in their homes far above the preparation of a meal or the smoothing over of domestic troubles2 all women1 of whatever age1 class1 or mental calibre1 have their vote to give in the great election that will decide the victory of the church or the world4 ,if women vote for vice1 the world of men will be bad2 if for virtue1 society may be regenerated3 theirs is the casting vote1 the decisive move4 ,let it be upward1 sisters--let it be ,god-ward6 ,,footnotes3 #ajg ,donna ,cattolica1 p4 #bie4 #ajh ,lives of the ,saints4 ,,miss ,,etheridge4 ,while ,i was spending a summer in a pleasant town in ,connecticut1 ,i became very much interested in an invalid lady1 who used to be drawn past my window in one of those small vehicles which seem both chair and carriage4 ,the lady did not look ill by any means4 ,she sat erect1 and gazed about her with a lively air1 betokening good health and spirits4 ,she was always richly dressed1 and wore her silks1 velvets1 and laces with the air of one well used to such raiment4 ,many of those meeting her bowed with deference1 which she returned with courteous grace and a high-bred manner4 ,sometimes she would stop her little carriage while a friend chatted with her1 and seemed always to make herself very agreeable1 as ,i judged from the pleased faces of her listeners4 ,frequently ,i would see ladies and gentlemen walking by the side of her carriage as her maid slowly pushed it along4 ,i met her very often in my walks1 and sometimes ,i strolled a little way behind1 observing this stately dame1 so afflicted and yet so favored apparently by fortune and misfortune4 ,she was a very handsome woman of about fifty years of age4 ,her silver-gray hair was abundant and beautiful1 crowning her with a dignity beyond the power of any artificial adornment to bestow4 ,the carriage of her head was proud and erect4 ,her features were clear cut and handsome1 and the delicate tint of her complexion seemed almost to belong to youth4 ,she appeared to me like a fine picture of a court dame in some bygone time1 because1 with all the air of style investing her1 she was not dressed in the fashion of the day4 ,in this was shown a fine1 nice taste2 whatever was her infirmity1 it seemed to place her so removed from the frivolity of her sex that an affectation of fashion in her attire would have been unbecoming4 ,being so much interested in this lady1 ,i made inquiries1 and soon learned much of her former history4 ,she was a ,miss ,etheridge1 afflicted with incurable rheumatism1 of that kind which renders the victim almost helpless4 ,she could not stand on her feet or change her position without the help of others4 ,she could only imperfectly use her hands1 and yet her health was good and her intellect vigorous4 ,she had been1 only a few years before1 an active1 energetic woman1 remarkably self-reliant and helpful to others4 ,she had been a beauty and belle in her girlhood1 and always a woman commanding the homage and respect of all who knew her4 ,but now1 what a sad ending of a favored life6 8,bound with chains10 she said to me1 for1 waving ceremony in view of her great affliction1 ,i called upon her and cultivated an acquaintance which ,i never regretted4 ,debarred as she was from all occupation1 she was very fond of society4 ,her hands1 once very beautiful1 as former portraits showed1 were now so distorted and weakened as to be unable to hold any but the lightest books or pamphlets for reading1 and that not very long at a time4 ,so1 in her luxurious apartments1 surrounded by every alleviation that wealth could bestow1 this lady passed many lonely hours and days--hours of intense weariness of both body and mind4 ,sitting in her massive1 high-backed chair1 she looked like a fine picture and showed no sign of her infirmity2 yet how her poor limbs ached from the mere lack of change of posture1 only those similarly affected can tell4 ,an intimacy sprang up between us so easily that ,i was often present at times when her attendants moved and dressed her2 and then it was that ,i became aware of the extent of torture to which she was subjected by the mere moving of a limb4 ,much of her time she passed lying in her bed1 from an intense dread of the severe ordeal of being moved4 ,i have passed hours sitting by her bedside1 reading to her and in conversation with her1 and by this means came to know much of her state of mind and religious feeling4 ,i admired the fortitude and patience with which she bore her burden1 yet it did seem to me quite as much ,spartan endurance as ,christian meekness or acceptance of the will of ,god4 ,hers was a heroic nature1 with some pious yearnings uncultivated4 ,she chafed like a caged lioness1 but was too proud to whine or repine in any cowardly fashion4 ,she was an ,episcopalian of the firm1 old-fashioned type that eschews both ,ritualism and ,evangelicalism4 ,to be as the bishops and clergymen of her family1 who had supplied the church of her affections for generations with clerical stock1 seemed to her just the right medium1 and in clinging to this standard she simply starved her soul4 ,she knew me to be a ,catholic1 a 8,roman ,catholic0--for she also claimed to be a ,catholic1 an 8,anglican ,catholic10 as ,i also had once done4 ,i1 being a recent convert1 felt enthusiastic even while timid on this subject4 ,i had passed through the ordeal of estrangement from friends1 been exposed to misunderstanding of my motives and all the whips and stings to which those who take this step are subjected1 too recently not to be very sensitive about laying myself open to the charge of endeavoring to proselyte another4 ,i loved ,miss ,etheridge and her society too well to risk her displeasure1 or by speaking overmuch of my own faith to give any handle for her relatives to turn against us4 ,she1 on her part1 was too truly polite to ever make any unpleasant allusions to the subject4 ,and yet how much ,i longed for her to know what a sure trust and support she could have if she only would6 ,when ,i heard her involuntary moans1 my prayers went up for the intercession of the ,mother of ,sorrows1 again1 and yet again4 ,and ,i knew all the time that that intercession she rejected with scorn4 ,nothing ,i could have said to her would have been so unwelcome as a prayer to the ,blessed ,virgin in her behalf4 ,yet ,i did ask that tender intercession1 and ,i believe the ,all-,pitying ,woman above was touched with compassion for the proud1 suffering woman who would not ask her aid4 ,on one occasion1 when our conversation had drifted along to the subject of the next life1 she remarked that to her the bliss to be desired was to be 8unchained--#8delivered from the body of this death4'0 8,my dear friend10 said ,i1 8if you die before ,i do1 my regrets will be tempered by the thought that your #8earthly clogs' are cast off40 8,ah6 if there is a purgatory10 she often said1 8,i am enduring mine here4 ,what has been my sin more than another's1 that this should be thrust upon me60 ,and at these times the tone of her voice and the expression of her face showed the impatient1 unchastened fire of the haughty1 rebellious spirit4 ,but had she none of the consolations of religion8 ,protestants are not pagans4 ,no1 indeed4 ,this lady had her books of devotion in profusion4 ,her elegant ,book of ,common ,prayer and her ,bible lay always at hand4 ,other books also were on her table--8,counsel for the ,sick-,room10 and kindred works1 of which she contemptuously remarked that they were written by persons in good health1 who found it very easy to bear patiently the pains and crosses of other people1 but who might possibly not be such fine ,christian philosophers if they had to endure all this themselves4 ,in her palmy days of health and strength she had been a communicant in the ,episcopal ,church1 and now1 when1 according to the teaching of that church1 she needed still more the nourishment for her soul's health1 she declined availing herself of the privilege4 ,this always seemed to me very strange1 knowing full well as ,i did what her church taught her1 and what in all consistency she should do4 ,but on this topic my lips were closed4 ,her pastor was a timid young man1 who visited her at intervals1 but who was afraid to urge anything upon her which she seemed not to wish4 ,i found from her own and others' conversation concerning him that he regarded his highest duty to his flock to be that of preaching to them1 and their highest duty to come to church and listen to him4 ,to give him as little trouble as possible1 and leave him as much time to himself as they could1 was to make themselves agreeable parishioners4 ,he delighted in having certain enthusiastic and well-disposed ladies conduct ,sunday-schools1 societies1 charities1 visiting of the sick1 and all other troublesome matters2 thereby relieving him of all need to bother himself and take his thoughts from the fine sermons which he delighted to elaborate in his study4 ,his wife and children claimed much of his attention1 and through them society had its demands on him4 ,in short1 he liked to be very comfortable1 and much money 8donated0 by good and kind people went to put him and his family in the enjoyment of ease and refinement1 which money might1 ,i often thought1 have helped to build schools and charities4 ,i1 however1 cared for the success of this reverend gentleman's ministrations only as they affected my friend ,miss ,etheridge4 ,i think he regarded me with distrust and disfavor4 ,he always spoke of me as a pervert and ,romanist1 but as he was a thorough gentleman1 and as ,miss ,etheridge was a lady who always had her own way accorded her1 no unpleasant collision ever occurred between us4 ,i was one who never listened to his preaching1 and therefore was uninteresting to him1 except as ,i might influence one of his fold4 ,seeing no signs of this dire result of my intimacy1 he accepted it passively as one of the circumstances which he must submit to1 if not approve4 ,one day ,i was returning from ,miss ,etheridge's house1 when ,i met two ,sisters of ,charity1 just about entering a poor1 low dwelling not far from the rich one ,i had just left4 ,having a slight acquaintance with the sisters1 ,i stopped to exchange a few words with them1 and to ask what was their mission of mercy in this abode4 8,oh6 we are going in to see poor ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan10 said one of them4 8,her time passes very tediously at the best1 and she likes to have us come and read to her4 ,will you go in and see her80 8,what is the matter with her1 sister80 ,i asked1 as ,i turned in at the gate1 responding to the invitation4 8,chronic rheumatism10 said ,sister ,francina--8the saddest case6 so helpless and so lonely as she is6 ,she has had it five years1 growing worse all the time40 ,and now we were at the door of this victim of the terrible tyrant whose power ,i had witnessed in the house of her rich neighbor4 ,i need not say how interested ,i was at once4 ,poor1 ignorant1 ,irish1 and childless was ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan--but a ,catholic4 ,very mean were all her surroundings1 but very decent and cleanly4 ,she was a woman but little older than ,miss ,etheridge1 and in some respects not unlike her4 ,education and high breeding and polish were lacking1 but some look in her face and complexion1 and especially in the poor twisted hands1 constantly reminded me of my friend4 ,here the silver-gray hair was almost covered by the hideous wide-frilled cap which elderly ,irish women consider so decorous4 ,her plain dark cotton gown presented a contrast to the rich massive folds of ,miss ,etheridge's heavy silk robe4 ,no high1 carved1 cushioned chair supported her1 but she sat on the side of her bed1 with her hands patiently folded in her lap4 ,miss ,etheridge always had her maid within call4 ,bright-eyed1 rosy ,maggie ,maloney ,i see her now1 tenderly brushing a fly from her mistress' forehead1 or fanning her1 or handing her books1 a handkerchief1 glass of water1 or whatever else was required4 ,but here1 from morning till night sat poor ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan1 depending for all such little offices on the kindness of her humble neighbors and their children4 ,her husband was a poor mechanic1 who left her every morning after assisting her to dress1 and lifting her from her bed to the seat by the bedside4 ,after this1 a kind woman1 her nearest neighbor1 performed all the services necessary for her4 ,and so her weary hours passed4 ,equally helpless with ,miss ,etheridge1 how very different were her surroundings6 ,no fine pictures upon which to rest her weary eyes hung upon these walls4 ,here only a low ceiling and bare walls1 with one small window from which she gazed1 seeing what she might of the passers-by4 ,no maid to obey her slightest demand2 no exquisite music-boxes1 to the low1 sweet tinkling notes of which she might listen2 no birds1 pictures1 books1 flowers1 fine furniture1 hangings1 and carpets contributed what they might to soften her hard lot4 ,poor ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan had none of these4 ,bare1 cold1 hard1 and pitiless seemed her position1 and yet she appeared to me the happier woman of the two4 ,a serene contentment and cheerful acceptance of ,god's will seemed to sustain her4 ,miss ,etheridge was surrounded by relatives who vied with each other in their attentions to her1 and were devoured by jealousy of each other as her favor inclined capriciously1 sometimes to one1 sometimes to another4 ,indeed1 ,i often thought this lady could not really tell between them all what was done for love of her and what for interested motives1 she having a fortune to bestow as she pleased4 ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan also had her relatives1 but they were hard-working people1 nieces and cousins who lived at service1 and who came to see her at intervals of time and stayed as long as they could be spared4 ,stout men would lend their strong arms occasionally to carry her to some other part of her little dwelling4 ,this was all the change of scene she had been able to obtain for years4 ,the similarity and dissimilarity in the lot of these two women chained my attention4 ,my interest in the one increased my interest in the other1 and ,i was thus led to compare their different ways of bearing their sufferings4 ,i could not help seeing that ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan was the happier of the two1 despite her poverty4 ,why was this8 ,i could not think it entirely proceeded from a more cheerful temperament1 because ,miss ,etheridge was far from being a morose or despondent woman4 ,but ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan performed to the best of her ability all her religious duties4 ,regularly her parish priest came to her to hear her confession and administer to her the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,to all of us comes a time in our lives when we feel the need of something more than our own or any human support1 and such aid from above this humble sufferer accepted in simple1 childlike faith and trust1 while her proud sister-in-need disdained to receive it4 ,no wonder that one was stronger to bear her heavy affliction than the other4 ,of what avail was ,miss ,etheridge's superior education and cultivation to loosen or lighten her 8chains08 ,they clasped her quite as closely and pitilessly as those of her ignorant neighbor4 ,and while ,christ himself was the soul's health of the one1 only a cold1 bare formula of religious observance was offered to the other4 ,i longed to bring ,miss ,etheridge to the sense of this1 so plain to myself4 ,but hesitating always in my sensitiveness as to how my motives might be construed1 ,i mused long upon the best way of introducing the subject4 ,i at last concluded to get her to pass ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan's door in my company4 ,this was very naturally and easily accomplished1 and ,i1 walking by her side1 told her of ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan1 and pointed out her little dwelling4 ,mrs4 ,etheridge was interested at once1 and1 stopping her carriage by the gate1 ,i went in1 and told ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan to look out of the window at her guest4 ,she already knew of ,miss ,etheridge and her affliction1 and1 with the keen1 quick sympathy of her race1 responded at once to the demand upon her4 ,i felt the tears come up to my eyes so involuntarily and uncontrollably1 that ,i stepped back so that ,miss ,etheridge might not perceive my agitation4 ,it was touching to see these two1 so far removed in social position1 so near in a common suffering1 talking of their feelings to each other4 ,miss ,etheridge never forgot her dignity for an instant1 and ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan1 who had been a servant in her youth1 did not presume1 but acknowledged by her manner her appreciation of the superiority of her visitor1 and yet with delicate tact tendered her pity and sympathy4 ,through the open window her voice came kindly1 and her face looked cheerfully to ,miss ,etheridge1 who was able to perceive also how homely and mean were all the surroundings of her fellow-sufferer4 8,you are better cared for than ,i am1 ma'am1 and likely you will last longer2 but sure1 my pains would be as great in a palace as they are here4 ,it is the ,lord's will1 and ,i must be content40 8,may the good ,lord help you1 and me too10 said ,miss ,etheridge4 ,her proud face softened with a tender pity1 and her voice had a tremulous vibration in it1 as of some hidden chord in her heart stirred now1 perhaps1 for the first time4 ,she seemed very thoughtful and silent on our way back1 and ,i thought she was more patient with her attendants as she was lifted out of her carriage and placed in her usual chair4 ,after this she sent or carried to ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan many presents of little delicacies and comforts1 and the gratitude which the poor woman freely expressed seemed to please ,miss ,etheridge more than anything else4 ,it became a hobby with her to contrive some new comfort and pleasure for ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan4 8,ah6 ma'am10 said the poor soul1 8an' what can the likes of me do for you8 ,i have nothing to give you but my prayers10 which ,i doubt not she did give in no scant measure4 ,i often thought that she enlisted powerful intercessions in behalf of ,miss ,etheridge which that lady would not have secured for herself4 ,one day1 as we stopped by the little window1 the sweet face of ,sister ,francina looked out at us4 ,i glanced quickly at ,miss ,etheridge1 but that high-bred lady showed no prejudice1 whatever she might feel4 ,she was looking kindly and courteously1 bowing her head to the sister1 even before ,i could speak the words of introduction4 ,the sister1 led on by ,miss ,etheridge's cordial manner1 and her sincere interest in one of whom she had heard so much1 held quite a sprightly conversation with us4 ,she spoke of the frequency of her visits to ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan1 and praised the poor woman's uniform patience and cheerfulness and piety4 ,a few days after this1 ,i was astonished by ,miss ,etheridge asking me if it would be against rule for ,sister ,francina to visit her4 ,i replied1 8,as you are an invalid1 ,i think not40 ,then ,miss ,etheridge asked me if ,i thought ,i could not induce her to come4 8,i will try10 ,i replied4 8,i wish it10 she said--8,i wish it very much4 ,i think ,i may have the few comforts ,i can enjoy1 and ,i will40 ,this was uttered in a tone of such decision and defiance that ,i almost felt that ,i myself was supposed to oppose her in the matter4 ,but the tone was really against the bitter opposition she knew she was courting1 both for herself and me1 from her anxious and affectionate relatives4 ,the having of her own way and asserting herself on any subject1 only added a spice to her enjoyment of what she attained1 but it placed me in an awkward position toward her family4 ,i knew that it would seem to them that ,i had urged this visit of ,sister ,francina1 or at least brought it about by more direct means than was really the case4 ,true1 ,i was the instrument1 but ,miss ,etheridge used me more voluntarily than they would believe4 ,i did not like to be regarded in the light in which ,i was sure ,i would be viewed--as an undermining and scheming emissary of ,rome4 ,but1 on the other hand1 ,i did not like to be cowardly in refusing to procure for ,miss ,etheridge so very innocent a pleasure4 ,if she were merely whimsical in her wish to have the sister visit her1 still1 why not let her be indulged8 ,it was the sister's mission to visit the afflicted1 and here was an appeal to her charity1 and to mine too4 ,so ,i plucked up my courage1 which was backed up by my affection for ,miss ,etheridge1 and soon brought ,sister ,francina to her4 ,it was as we anticipated4 ,the family were up in arms about this visit4 ,one would have supposed that ,i had brought a wolf1 or 8roaring lion1 seeking whom he might devour10 to ,miss ,etheridge1 instead of meek1 gentle1 innocent ,sister ,francina1 strong only in her holy faith4 ,but if no one else was brave1 ,miss ,etheridge certainly was4 ,she expressed herself so pleased at the sister's visit1 that she asked it as a personal favor and charity to herself that the sister would come often4 ,with great delicacy1 the sister was urged to accept a generous gift for the mission in which she was engaged4 ,and ,sister ,francina did come2 not very often--,miss ,etheridge and her family could not think she presumed upon the encouragement she received--but still often enough to endear herself to ,miss ,etheridge more and more4 ,the family were rampant1 but powerless4 ,still ,miss ,etheridge chose to have me walk by her carriage4 ,still she would go and talk to ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan1 and1 doing so1 she met at last ,father ,b----4 ,he was going in at the gate just as we1 from an opposite direction1 came around the corner of the house4 ,i knew him at once1 and told ,miss ,etheridge1 asking if we should go on1 which ,i supposed she would prefer4 ,i was surprised at her expressing her intention to stop4 ,she had in her lap a basket of fruit which she wished to leave for ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan1 and1 8if the priest would not object to her1 she certainly would not shun him40 ,father ,b---- was a convert himself from the ,anglican ranks4 ,he bore about him all the genial bonhomie1 the polished bearing1 and gentle dignity which is characteristic of that class of ,protestant clergy4 ,miss ,etheridge had never been personally acquainted with him1 but1 having heard him preach in the bygone days when she went to church and his eloquence charmed ,protestant audiences1 she retained still a curiosity1 if nothing more1 concerning him4 ,this at least was no stern-browed ascetic with the odor of a sanctity she could not appreciate about him1 but a kindly1 social gentleman1 with many little points of sympathy whereon to begin an acquaintance4 ,father ,b----1 seeing no repulse1 readily responded to ,miss ,etheridge's overtures of good-will4 ,she certainly found her mind disabused of many previous notions of this priest at least4 ,on the whole1 ,i felt glad of the meeting4 ,it thawed some remaining reserve on our part in discussing the differences between us in faith4 ,i told her frankly how ,i had been led1 step by step1 into the fold wherein ,i now rejoiced to be4 ,how my first dissatisfaction in the ,episcopal ,church had arisen from witnessing the utter inability of the pastor to withstand lay interference in matters which belonged exclusively to the clergy4 ,how two wardens in open enmity still partook of the sacrament1 in defiance of the rubric which bears upon the case1 and which the rector never dared to enforce4 ,how ,i had heard such various teaching and explaining of the creed1 services1 articles of religion1 and everything appertaining to the whole system1 that it seemed to me like the confusion of tongues 8worse confounded40 ,that the desire to embrace in the ,anglican fold such opposing elements as ,calvinism on the one hand1 and pure1 8primitive10 and medival ,christianity on the other--to be ,ritualistic and ,evangelical at the same time1 worked such mischief and rebellion that ,i had longed for some authority1 some utterance which had the ring of the true metal1 and some fold wherein ,i might be at rest4 ,miss ,etheridge listened very patiently1 very thoughtfully4 ,i hardly expected so little opposition to all ,i said4 ,she granted the force of my objections1 but wondered at my being able to acquiesce in all which ,i had now accepted4 ,i replied that perhaps what ,i had accepted would not seem to her so very unreasonable if she came to examine and understand it as ,i did2 that nothing dispelled prejudice like an acquaintance with and analysis of the objectionable subjects2 that the effect was frequently like that produced by examining some supposed spectre which has frightened us in the dark1 and which we find to be only an innocent optical illusion4 ,after this1 ,i refrained from obtruding any more of my religious views upon ,miss ,etheridge1 until one day when she asked me to read ,morte d',arthur to her1 and ,i came upon the passage3 8,pray for my soul4 ,more things are wrought by prayer ,than this world dreams of4 ,wherefore let thy voice ,rise like a fountain for me night and day4 ,for what are men better than sheep or goats ,that nourish a blind life within the brain1 ,if1 knowing ,god1 they lift not hands of prayer ,both for themselves and those who call them friend8 ,for so the whole round earth is every way ,bound by gold chains about the feet of ,god40 ,i remarked that ,tennyson had1 with a poet's insight1 spoken like a true ,catholic4 ,miss ,etheridge denied that it was ,tennyson's own belief advanced1 but only that of ,king ,arthur1 the words being put into his mouth by the poet as fitting for him1 the same as any writer would make any ,catholic speak1 or as he might put very evil words into the mouth of a blasphemer4 8,true10 ,i said2 8but while an author must make his characters speak according to their supposed faith1 he is not obliged to give such forcible words to them in opposition to his own private belief4 ,he is hardly likely to do so4 ,he may screen himself behind his characters1 or he may betray himself through them4 ,we may guess at his own leanings more or less accurately1 and he may contradict himself4 ,here certainly the poet seems in favor of prayers for the dead40 8,but is it prayer for the dead ,arthur1 after all80 said she4 8,was he not only going away #8to the island-valley of ,avilion8'0 8,tennyson has named the poem ,morte d',arthur1 and it is so accepted and understood10 ,i replied4 ,she acquiesced in this1 but still opposed with true ,protestant unbelief and persistency the idea that any good could come from prayers for the dead4 ,i told her that1 even while ,i had been a ,protestant1 this had always seemed to me a tender and affectionate practice of ,catholics to try to reach and help those on the other side of the grave1 and that1 even if it were unavailing1 it was at least harmless1 and ,i could never understand why it should be denounced as wicked4 ,that it benefited the souls of those who prayed1 at least1 if not those for whom they prayed4 8,my dear ,miss ,etheridge10 said ,i1 8is the thought that ,i might pray for the repose of your soul after your death offensive to you now in life80 ,she was silent only a moment4 ,that she could be the object of such prayer was probably then presented to her mind for the first time1 and startled her somewhat4 ,then she said3 8,why1 no2 certainly not4 ,i cannot but regard it as a kind and loving thing to do1 even if a useless one40 8,but you would not do as much for me10 ,i rejoined4 8,ah10 she said evasively1 8you will not be neglected2 be sure of that40 ,only about a week after this we heard that ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan was ill4 ,the blinds were closed at her window1 and ,father ,b---- and the sisters went oftener than usual to see her4 ,i too went back and forth1 and brought ,miss ,etheridge tidings of how ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan bore her sufferings2 of all that was done for her spiritual and bodily comfort1 of all that was hoped and all that was feared1 and at last of her death4 ,this affected ,miss ,etheridge more than one could have supposed possible4 ,it was touching to witness her sadness4 ,that this proud lady1 so widely separated in everything but the same infirmity from this poor ,irishwoman1 should truly grieve for her awakened in me a greater admiration for ,miss ,etheridge's noble heart than ,i had before entertained4 ,she seemed restless and anxious to be doing something still for the poor woman4 ,she asked me if ,i did not think it could be managed that she could see ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan once more before her burial4 ,i told her it could without difficulty1 and so it was done4 ,respectfully the crowd parted for her little carriage as it made its way through the humble assemblage which is sure to be around the house of death among the ,irish4 ,willing arms carried her to the side of the coffin1 whereon her own gifts--a cross and crown of beautiful flowers--had been placed4 ,in silent dignity she gazed at the face and hands of the dead--curiously at the lighted candles and emblems of the faith of the departed1 and at the habit which covered the body1 now straightened in the rigidity of death4 ,she was very composed1 and soon signified her desire to be conveyed to her carriage1 and in silence she returned to her home4 ,i thought ,miss ,etheridge showed1 in this act of going to pay the last mark of respect to her humble friend1 true heroism and charity4 ,she was a mark of curious observation to a crowd of people with whom she had no sympathy1 and her helplessness and peculiar infirmity made her more sensitive to the notice and notoriety which she knew her going would bring upon her2 and yet she had the courage to brave such results4 ,only a true lady1 lifted above all vulgar fears and considerations1 would have done this4 ,no mean soul would have desired so to do4 8,the chains have fallen off her now10 she said to me4 8,i wonder if she remembers and thinks of me4 ,you think of her as being in a different state from that which ,i have been taught to believe as that of the departed2 but we will not argue about it now4 ,i only want to do for her yet--something which ,i do believe she would1 poor soul1 have done for me1 had ,i gone first4 ,it pleases me to do what she would in life have liked to think would be done for her1 whether availing or unavailing40 ,and with this apologetic remark1 ,miss ,etheridge actually placed in my hand a large sum of money to convey to ,father ,b---- for ,masses to be said for the repose of the soul of ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan4 ,i was truly astonished4 ,was this the fruit of our reading of ,morte d',arthur8 ,if so1 ,i blessed the day we did it4 ,but ,i was afraid of being hopeful overmuch1 ,miss ,etheridge might never advance beyond this liberal yielding of a stubborn prejudice4 ,it was the last thing she could do for her poor friend1 and her generous soul took pleasure in doing it4 ,i was afraid that this was all2 and for a time it seemed to be all4 ,the summer passed into autumn1 and ,i was recalled to my city home4 ,i parted with ,miss ,etheridge with great regret1 and the more so because she could not write to me1 save by the hand of another4 ,i promised to write to her1 and she said that ,i should get tidings of her from time to time in some way4 8,according to my message shall my scribe be10 she said1 and so we parted4 ,i did write from time to time1 and ,i had a brief note now and then1 written by ,miss ,etheridge's business agent1 telling me of her continued good health1 but increasing infirmity4 ,but during ,easter-tide ,i received a longer missive1 written in the delicate penmanship of ,sister ,francina4 8,according to my message shall my scribe be10 she had said to me1 and now ,i knew her meaning1 for the message was that she was a ,catholic4 ,as ,i folded up the letter1 the words came to my mind3 8,these through great affliction came40 ,,duties ,,of ,,the ,,rich ,,in ,,christian ,,society4 ,,no4 ,,vi4 ,,private ,,duties--,,continued4 ,the life of that class which in fashionable parlance is called 8society0 in the capitals and great towns of ,europe1 and especially in ,paris1 the capital of the beau monde1 is the most opposite to the ideal of the ,christian life that can exist without being essentially criminal4 ,the same remark applies1 of course1 to the imitation of it among ourselves4 ,we have implied that it is not essentially criminal4 ,not that it is possible to doubt the vast amount of moral evil existing in its bosom1 but that this evil is not in the very nature of the mode of life intended1 in such a way that all those who are engaged in it must necessarily live in sin4 ,the nature or essence of this mode of life consists in making the pursuit of social and other pleasures1 in themselves innocent and lawful1 a regular and habitual occupation1 instead of an occasional relaxation4 ,it is possible to do this1 without grievously neglecting those duties which are of positive obligation in one's state of life1 and without neglecting the precepts of religion4 ,it is1 nevertheless1 difficult to do it for a long time4 ,it is a dangerous kind of life to lead4 ,and precisely because it is dangerous1 the church is indulgent to those who are involved in it1 allows them to receive the sacraments with the greatest liberality1 and encourages them to approach these sources of grace frequently1 in order that they may be preserved from sin4 ,some1 especially women under the authority of parents or husbands who are worldly minded and imperious1 are involved in such a life against their own inclination1 others are kept in it by their own levity and weakness of character and the force of habit and fashion4 ,the former ought to receive the sacraments as frequently as possible1 in order that they may triumph over the obstacles in the way of attaining that degree of perfection to which they aspire4 ,the latter ought to do the same1 in order that they may live in the state of grace and save their souls4 ,this is a doctrine which gives scandal to rigorists and ,pharisees1 and frequently the persons who are inwardly the most corrupt are the most rigoristic in their opinions4 ,but the ,catholic ,church1 which has cast out the ,jansenistic leaven as a detestable and deadly poison1 cares not for ,pharisaic scandal1 and does care for the soul of the imperfect and the sinner1 whom she acknowledges for her children4 ,indulgent as the church is to those who are weak and imperfect ,christians1 or who even fall often into sin1 provided they are always trying to rise out of it again1 she never ceases to hold up her ideal of the ,christian life in all its perfection before her children1 and to admonish and persuade them by the most powerful motives to copy it in their actions4 ,all those who really aim at being good ,christians are uneasy in a worldly life1 and generally withdraw from it1 to a great extent1 when they become sobered by age and experience4 ,those who are fervent have a great dislike for it1 and have always done their utmost to emancipate themselves from its servitude and frivolity4 ,it is a dangerous kind of life1 and one which becomes wearisome and insipid after a time even to those who have no taste for anything better4 ,to pass all the months which are spent in town1 with the exception of a few weeks in ,lent1 in a round of balls1 parties1 visits1 and theatre-going1 and to dawdle away the summer in the inanities and ennui of a fashionable watering-place1 is to make existence as flat and unprofitable as it can well be--to exhaust its flavor as well as waste its substance4 ,the satire of ,thackeray is only simple truth1 and it is enough to direct to the page of the novelist for a full illustration of the moral we wish to point1 without referring the jaded votaries of fashion to any more tedious species of literature4 ,it is necessary to distinguish among the fashions and pleasures of the world those which are positively immoral from those which are innocent in themselves1 and only noxious when they are inordinate and excessive4 ,it is a matter of strict obligation to shun the former altogether4 ,immodest dances and fashions of dress1 licentious plays1 excess in eating and drinking1 are sinful in themselves1 and lead to the grossest sins4 ,it is a simple matter of fact that society among the higher classes1 in the nations of ,christendom1 has been for a long time1 and still is1 deeply affected by the moral corruption into which the pursuit of pleasure as the occupation of life always tends to resolve itself4 ,paris1 the modern ,babylon1 has led the way1 and the world has followed ,paris4 ,this corruption is the chief cause of the miseries with which society has been scourged and is now threatened4 ,from the court of ,louis ,,xv4 the first step was to the ,place de ,grve1 the second to the burning ,tuileries4 ,petroleum1 which will one day burn up the world1 is the oil which bubbles up in the bosom of a corrupt ,christian aristocracy1 the product of the wickedness of the higher classes in ,christian society1 who have turned away from a true ,catholic life to the life of pagans1 or a life for this world only4 ,a beau monde1 indeed1 it is6 ,it is against such a beau monde as this1 with its whole complex of heresy and immorality1 infidelity and licentiousness1 intellectual pride and low materialism1 outward splendor and inward contempt of all dignity or authority1 superficial gaiety and real1 haggard misery1 all closely affianced and affiliated together1 that ,pius ,,ix4 has been perpetually fulminating his condemnation4 ,but we may go further back and higher up than ,pius ,,ix4 to ,st4 ,peter himself1 and find the same denunciation of heresy1 revolt1 and luxury1 as allied vices1 expressed in much severer language than that of his successor4 ,in his second ,encyclical ,epistle1 the ,prince of the ,apostles writes as follows3 8,the ,lord knoweth how to deliver the godly out of temptation2 but to reserve the unjust unto the day of judgment to be tormented4 ,and especially those who walk after the flesh in the lust of uncleanness1 and despise governments1 audacious1 pleasing themselves1 they fear not to bring in sects1 blaspheming1 444 as irrational beasts1 naturally tending to the snare1 and to destruction1 blaspheming those things which they know not1 they shall perish in their corruption1 receiving the reward of injustice1 counting pleasure the delights of a day1 stains and blemishes1 flowing in delicacies1 rioting in their feasts with you1 having eyes full of adultery1 and of never-ceasing sin3 alluring unstable souls1 having their heart exercised with covetousness1 sons of malediction2 444 these are fountains without water1 and clouds tossed with whirlwinds1 to whom the mist of darkness is reserved4 ,for1 speaking swelling words of vanity1 they allure in desires of the flesh of riotousness those who had escaped a little from them who converse in error3 promising them liberty1 when they themselves are slaves of corruption2 for by whom a man is overcome1 of the same also he is the slave4 ,for1 if having fled from the pollution of the world through the knowledge of our ,lord and ,saviour ,jesus ,christ1 being again entangled in them1 they are overcome2 their latter state is become unto them worse than the former40#aji ,we may see this exemplified in ,rome at the present moment1 in ,victor ,emanuel1 ,hyacinthe1 ,gavazzi1 the ,jews ,arbib and ,jacob ,dina1 the venders of infidel and licentious prints1 sectarian preachers1 chiefs of the ,garibaldian faction1 and courtesans1 all knotted together like a pyramid of rattlesnakes1 to hiss against the ,holy ,father1 the representative on earth of ,christ and ,god4 ,and this is the modern world1 as opposed to the true ,christian society1 the church4 ,it is an apostasy worse than heathenism2 8for it had been better not to have known the way of justice1 than1 after having known it1 to have turned back from that holy commandment40 ,this apostasy shows itself more glaringly in the ,rome of ,victor ,emanuel and his buzzurri than elsewhere1 but it is the same throughout the modern world4 ,and in this world ,catholics must live1 and live either superior to it1 or its slaves4 ,if they are contaminated by it1 their moral corruption leads them directly to the loss of faith as well as the loss of grace4 ,the infidelity into which numbers of the higher classes on the ,continent of ,europe have fallen during the past century is notorious4 ,we have had some of these degenerate ,catholics among ourselves1 retaining the name of ,catholic as a kind of national and family heirloom1 but denying and mocking at all the mysteries of faith1 resisting and thwarting the bishops and priests who founded our ,american churches1 and generally crying out for a priest in their last moments1 while their relatives are chiefly anxious for the pomp of a requiem1 a solemn funeral procession1 and a monument in consecrated ground4 ,love of the world has made others1 who have had a better education in their youth1 become apathetic and alienated from their fellow-,catholics and the church1 as they have grown rich4 ,and some have openly apostatized1 in order to profess a more genteel religion4 ,the inordinate love of wealth1 pleasure1 and honor1 brings the will into collision with the practical1 moral law of the church1 and thus implants an aversion to the ,catholic religion and the spirit of revolt against it4 ,these dispositions prepare the way for the revolt of the will1 and through the will of the mind1 against the doctrine and authority of the church1 and eventually for a total abjuration of allegiance to ,god4 ,the sinner is always called in the ancient ,scriptures a fool1 because he prefers this world to the next1 creatures to the ,creator2 and 8the fool hath said in his heart1 there is no ,god40 ,the only consistent alternative is1 therefore1 the total abjuration of folly1 complete subjection to the law of wisdom1 and the regulation of the whole life in conformity to its dictates4 ,the fashions and customs of the world1 when they are contrary to ,catholic principles1 must be wholly renounced and despised4 ,nay1 more4 ,when they are absurd1 ridiculous1 contrary to reason and good sense1 one who has a proper respect for himself and a just independence of character ought to neglect and disregard them1 unless doing so involves a greater inconvenience than that caused by conformity4 ,those who profess to be governed by the law of ,christ ought to regulate their table1 their household order1 their dress1 their social customs1 their pleasures and amusements1 and all the minor morals of life1 by a ,christian standard1 and not by the standard of a corrupt world4 ,to be ashamed and afraid to do this is disgraceful cowardice4 ,it is for ,christians to subdue the world and compel it to conform1 at least outwardly1 to their standard2 not to submit to its galling and degrading servitude4 ,if this cannot be done1 let them cut the world1 in so far as their relative duties and necessary obligations towards it will permit1 and form their own separate society2 as they have frequently been forced to do since ,christianity was founded4 ,it is necessary to keep the law of ,christ1 it is necessary to be wholly conformed in mind and conduct to the doctrine and spirit of the church1 it is necessary to merit the kingdom of heaven2 but it is not necessary to be fashionable or to please the world4 ,moreover1 to be truly honorable1 it is necessary that one should esteem his ,catholic profession as his greatest glory1 and not tarnish it by sentiments or conduct unworthy of a ,christian4 ,most of those ,catholics in this country who are now living in ease and affluence are descended from ancestors who sacrificed everything and suffered untold hardships for their faith2 and what do they deserve if they dishonor the blood of the martyrs by becoming the slaves of the wicked power which persecuted them8 ,we desire now to apply all that we have said in a special manner to the education of children--the most important of all the private duties of heads of families4 ,what we have to say on this head applies in general to all parents in comparatively easy circumstances1 but in some particulars to those only who are wealthy in the strict sense of the term4 ,the weighty obligation rests on all ,catholic parents of bringing up their children in the faith and in virtue1 in view of the great end of life1 which is to glorify ,god here and to enjoy him hereafter in heaven4 ,this is a difficult task in itself1 especially so in the present age and in this country1 and in some respects more difficult for those who are rich than for any others1 excepting1 perhaps1 the very poor4 ,the children of the rich in this country are generally brought up in great self-indulgence1 excessive liberty1 and according to a precocious method4 ,they are prepared for a kind of life which requires great wealth1 and1 at the same time1 their prospects of possessing it with permanent security are very precarious4 ,we might adduce many considerations going to show that it is almost to be regarded as a calamity rather than an advantage to be born of rich parents in this country4 ,if we had accurate statistics1 they would1 in our opinion1 show that very few of the children and descendants of wealthy families have remained in affluent or even easy circumstances4 ,the majority of those who are rich are children of parents who were poor1 or1 at least1 dependent on their own exertions for a living4 ,a great number of the children who have been brought up with the expectation of inheriting a fortune have become poor1 and far too many have gone altogether to ruin4 ,the sons of the rich are exposed to the danger of being ruined by the vices into which they easily fall1 and by the indolent and inefficient character they too frequently form1 together with the reverses of fortune which are not fatal to energetic men1 yet are ordinarily fatal to those whose habits are effeminate4 ,their daughters are exposed to the same reverses of fortune1 to the miseries resulting from unhappy marriages1 and to the consequences which follow from personal habits of extravagance and self-indulgence4 ,most of these miseries flow from a bad education1 and those which proceed from no such cause and are among the inevitable evils of this earthly life1 are made unbearable and desperate by the effects of a bad education4 ,so far as temporal well-being is concerned1 parents ought to aim at preparing their children to take care of themselves after they are grown up4 ,all boys1 no matter how rich their fathers may be1 ought to be prepared for some profession or business in which they can make their own fortune1 or1 at least1 a living1 and they should be compelled to take care of themselves when they become men1 without any more help from their fathers than is sufficient to place them in the way of doing so4 ,this is the only way to perpetuate wealth in families1 for1 if children are trained up to live in leisure on the fortunes which they are to inherit1 the largest fortunes will soon be lost by division and subdivision1 even if they are not scattered by dissipation or mismanagement4 ,daughters should be educated in such a way that they can be their own housekeepers1 or even earn their living by their education and accomplishments1 if the reverses of their parents or the disasters of married life bring them into straits and difficulties4 ,this result can only be secured by keeping children in the state and under the discipline of childhood so long as they are children in age4 ,obedience1 industry1 self-denial1 simplicity of dress and diet1 moderation in amusements1 and a strictly and purely ,catholic education--such are the only means of preparing children either for a condition of wealth or for one of poverty4 ,our ,american children who are reared in the families of the rich are generally brought out of the nursery and the school-room too young3 they are too highly fed1 too much indulged1 have too many amusements1 and are blas before they are fully grown4 ,is it judicious for ,christian mothers to dress their little daughters like ballet-dancers for their children's parties8 ,to send their sons with billets of excuse from their lessons to school after taking them overnight to the opera or theatre8 ,what can be expected of children who are allowed to sleep late1 to eat daintily and excessively1 to read all kinds of trash1 to dress extravagantly1 spend money1 go about with liberty1 and indulge in pleasures which keep them up late at night8 ,such a life has a worse effect than merely to make the character effeminate4 ,it directly fosters the most morbid and destructive propensities of the weak and fragile human nature1 and leads to vice and death4 ,we do not speak of those cases where parents lead their children to ruin by the direct influence of impious or immoral conversation1 or an example which is flagrantly bad4 ,there are some such who would seem to set to work with an express purpose of corrupting and ruining their children4 ,but our present purpose is with those who may be supposed to read our articles attentively and seriously1 and who cannot1 therefore1 be suspected of anything worse than weakness1 or error of judgment4 ,it is against this weak following of the common fashion1 the common maxims1 the common current of the world1 that we warn those parents who wish to be good ,christians and to bring up their children well4 ,the highest and ultimate end of education is the attainment of the chief good to which the soul is destined1 and to which it has received the right in baptism4 ,the principal obligation of ,catholic parents is1 therefore1 the education of their children in the principles and practices of the faith and law of the church4 ,and this leads us to speak of the obligation of the rich1 the educated1 and all the influential laymen of the ,catholic ,church in this country1 to bestir themselves in the work of ,catholic education4 ,schools and colleges1 purely and thoroughly ,catholic1 and fully sufficient to give all the requisite kinds and degrees of instruction which are needed by our youth1 must be multiplied and sustained4 ,it is a fixed and settled doctrine of the church that education is by divine right under the care and jurisdiction of the hierarchy4 ,those who teach the contrary are unsound in doctrine1 and good ,catholics are bound in conscience to give no heed to their opinions on this point4 ,it is1 moreover1 a point also settled by the highest authority in the church1 viz41 that of the bishops of those countries where mixed education is a subject of practical moment1 and of the ,holy ,see1 that mixed education is dangerous4 ,this is the judgment of the bishops of ,germany1 ,ireland1 ,england1 and the ,united ,states4 ,as an instance1 we cite the language of the ,irish bishops in a resolution passed unanimously at ,maynooth1 ,august #ah1 #ahfi1 in which they say3 8,they reiterate their condemnation of the mixed system of education1 whether primary1 intermediate1 or university1 as grievously and intrinsically dangerous to the faith and morals of ,catholic youth2 and they declare that to ,catholics only1 and under the supreme control of the church in all things appertaining to faith and morals1 can the teaching of ,catholics be safely entrusted40 ,the decrees of the ,councils of ,baltimore are of the same tenor1 as is likewise the official action of the bishops of ,england4 ,pius ,,ix41 in his ,syllabus of ,dec4 #h1 #ahfd1 condemned the proposition 7,no4 #dh73 8,catholics may approve that mode of education of youth which is disjoined from the ,catholic faith and the power of the church1 and which concerns itself exclusively1 or at least primarily1 with the knowledge of natural things and the ends of earthly social life40 ,in accordance with this decree1 the ,holy ,see has repeatedly sent instructions to the ,irish and ,english bishops1 directing them to oppose mixed education1 and has prohibited ecclesiastics from holding any office in the ,queen's colleges of ,ireland4 ,we are warranted1 therefore in reiterating the declaration made by ,f4 ,o',reilly1 of whom the ,dublin ,review says1 8hardly a theologian can be named in these islands whose name carries with it so much weight0--that the view which ,catholics do take or ought to take of mixed schools is1 that they are 8objectionable1 dangerous1 ineligible40#aaj ,in fact1 nearly all the ,catholics of rank and wealth in ,england1 the ,duke of ,norfolk included1 have foregone the advantages of the universities in obedience to this teaching4 ,the same is true in ,ireland1 and ,f4 ,o',reilly says that 8the ,catholics of ,ireland as a body 7including the upper and middle classes7 repudiate and condemn mixed education as at variance with their religious principles1 views1 and opinions40 ,we cannot carry out any further1 at present1 the topic we have here briefly introduced1 but must confine our remarks to the duty which is devolved on the wealthy ,catholics of the ,united ,states by these decisions of the rulers of the church1 which1 we take for granted1 they most cordially desire to have fully carried out in practice4 ,we said just now that they must bestir themselves in the work of ,catholic education4 ,this applies to education in all its various degrees1 but we wish to speak more especially of colleges for the higher grades of instruction4 ,it is not enough for the opulent parents whose sons are sent to college1 to send them to a ,catholic college and pay a high price for their instruction4 ,there is a great difficulty in the way of maintaining and improving our colleges which cannot be met in this manner4 ,if our colleges are to rely on a revenue derived from the pupils1 the tuition fees must be placed so high that all but the sons of the wealthy are practically excluded from them4 ,officers of the army and navy1 lawyers1 physicians1 and others in similar positions1 are frequently embarrassed by the inadequacy of their incomes to meet the expenses of a mode of life suited to their social rank4 ,the great cost of education makes it very nearly impossible for them to send even one boy1 much more several1 to the schools and colleges which are the most eligible4 ,besides1 there are many other parents in still more moderate circumstances1 who have sons desiring1 and fitted for profiting by1 the best education4 ,the sons of the rich are not ordinarily the most eager and diligent students1 and1 if a college is exclusively or chiefly composed of youths of this class1 they themselves will degenerate into the most superficial scholarship1 and the college will fail of accomplishing the chief part of the end for which it is established4 ,education ought to be made cheap and accessible to boys and youths of all classes4 ,this cannot be done without large endowments and revenues4 ,if the task of earning the money necessary for the vast outlay which must be made1 is left on the shoulders of the clergy and religious orders1 they must necessarily demand a very high price for their instruction1 and thus become the teachers of the sons of the rich almost exclusively4 ,it follows from this1 by strict logical sequence1 that the laity must bestir themselves to active efforts1 and take the burden off the shoulders of the clergy4 ,it is unjust that a body of men who have sacrificed their lives to the good of the laity1 and who give them the fruit of their talents1 their learning1 and their labors1 for no compensation beyond their modest and single livelihood1 should be forced to furnish or to beg the means of buying the grounds1 erecting the buildings1 and carrying on the operations of colleges and schools for the convenience of the rich and leisured classes2 and paying1 besides1 the expenses of those youths who are without resources1 that they may fill their own places when they are worn out by work4 ,it is the interest of the laity to provide education for their children1 and to provide for filling up the ranks of the priesthood4 ,the opulent and influential laity are therefore bound to take an active part in the work4 ,and1 as things are at present1 we see no way of doing this after an organized method1 except by associations like that of the 8,catholic ,union0 of ,new ,york4 ,we trust that this respectable body will take up this matter in earnest1 and we urge upon all those who care for their posterity1 their country1 and their religion1 to co-operate generously and zealously with it in whatever enterprises it may undertake1 which will certainly be under the highest ecclesiastical sanction1 and managed by men of the greatest ability and worth4 ,the topics so briefly discussed in the series of short articles which we now bring to a close require1 as we have already remarked1 volumes and not pages4 ,we are glad to see that one volume1 written with the ability for which its author has already become renowned1 has already been published1 which handles some of these topics and others kindred to them4 ,we allude to the ,sermons of ,f4 ,harper1 already briefly noticed in this magazine1 and now strongly recommended once more to all who have read our remarks on 8,the ,duties of the ,rich0 with interest4 ,we trust that other writers will follow ,f4 ,harper's example1 and that some of the valuable books on the same class of subjects which exist in other languages will be translated4 ,it is not1 however1 by books and essays alone that the minds and hearts of ,catholics of the educated and leisured classes in society can be sufficiently imbued with ,catholic principles and the ,catholic spirit4 ,it is by the living and divinely commissioned teaching of the preachers of the ,word of ,god1 in their parochial instructions1 in the addresses which they have the opportunity of making on extraordinary occasions1 and in the sermons and conferences of general missions and special retreats1 that the higher as well as the humbler members of the fold are most efficaciously taught4 ,pius ,,ix4 has given the example and the model of the preaching most necessary and useful for our times to all who bear his commission1 thus fulfilling in a most extraordinary way the divine commandment to ,st4 ,peter--,pasce oves meas1 pasce agnos meos4 ,by his personal teaching he has formed the lite of the ,catholic laity of ,europe on the model of their glorious ancestors of the ages of faith1 and not a few of our own countrymen have gone to drink the pure water of life at the same fountain-head4 ,imbibed at the fountain-head or at the rill1 it is the only water that can give health to nations or individuals4 ,we can scarcely hope that ,f4 ,burke's fine apostrophe1#aaa 8,be it thine1 ,o ,columbia6 to place again the golden circlet of his temporal royalty on the brow of the ,vicar of ,christ60 will be literally fulfilled4 ,but we trust that the spirit of it will not lack that accomplishment which will prove that the eloquent son of ,st4 ,dominic has a sparkle of the prophetic gift4 ,it requires no inspiration1 but only ordinary foresight1 to see the prospect of a rapid and almost measureless increase of wealth1 and of all that belongs to the splendor of a nation1 in the next half century of the ,united ,states4 ,the ,catholic ,church will largely share in it4 ,and may those who enjoy this prosperity be as true and loyal to the church and to ,god as their humble and persecuted ancestors6 ,,footnotes3 #aji #b ,st4 ,peter ii4 #i-bj4 #aaj ,dublin ,review1 ,april1 #ahgb1 p4 #dac4 ,month1 ,march-,april1 #ahgb1 p4 #agi4 ,see the entire article of ,f4 ,o',reilly1 which is admirable4 #aaa ,in his lecture on ,the ,prisoner of the ,vatican1 at ,st4 ,paul's ,church1 ,new ,york4 ,,faith ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,art4 ,,from ,,an ,,address ,,by ,,cesare ,,cantu ,,before 8,,the ,,arcadia40 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,italian4 ,there is in man the memory of a perfection with which he was sent forth from the hands of his ,creator2 and1 sick of the tameness1 coarseness1 and unseemliness which surround him1 he feels a craving to fashion himself after a picture of his imagination conformable to the idea he possesses of the beautiful--a type which combines the first and last excellence of being2 which it is his to enjoy1 since he has a conception of it1 and to which he ought to be able to arrive1 since he aspires towards it4 ,thus from remembrance and the feeling of a hereafter is born poetry2 is born art3 the realization of the ideal under sensible forms1 wherein intellectual beauty takes precedence over the physical beauty of nature4 ,both speak a language which lifts us up to the absolute beauty--,god2 of whom creation is an image and symbol4 ,and1 moreover1 religion discloses an ideal world which is not contained under external phenomena4 ,man in his fallen state built a wretched hut or scooped out a cave1 wherein to shelter his wife and little ones2 but1 when he wished to give worship to the ,deity1 he erected an altar and decked it with festoons3 he roofed it in1 and strengthened it with beams1 which he hastened to adorn1 forming cupola1 shaft1 and capital4 ,history bears witness that the fine arts were born in the temple1 not in the hut of ,vitruvius2 that they owe their origin to the aspiration of a faith1 not to the mere fulfilment of a want4 ,the temple wherein is offered the perpetual sacrifice of the victim of expiation is a visible profession of faith4 ,the most grand and characteristic expression of the architecture is displayed in the imitation which man fabricates of that temple of the universe which was built by the hands of ,god4 ,and as its solidity typifies the duration which every one attributes to true religion1 so it outlives the hands which raised it up4 ,how much of what antiquity has bequeathed us consists of temples1 such as the pile of ,salsetta1 the pagodas of ,coromandel and ,ellora1 the ,propyli1 the colossi of granite and porphyry1 the obelisks and pyramids of ,egypt--for sepulchres are religious--and the shrines which were discovered in the millennial forests of ,america4 ,this great ,rome1 the capital of the universe1 was a city of fanes and altars1 when ,horace reproached it1 as a cause of its decay1 with having neglected the worship of the gods4 ,the more fully the idea of a religion is capable of adapting to itself the forms of the organic world1 the more artistic will that religion become4#aab ,the symbol1 which is an outward and material exposition of an idea1 and the mystic representation of the divine essence1 by means of external objects to which it is linked by ties that are arbitrary and remote analogies1 ill accords with the beauty which is the representation of a specific idea to which it corresponds4 ,among the ,hindoos1 the ,egyptians1 and the ,hebrews1 the beauty of form gave place to the requirements of the emblem4 ,thus art stood still1 being forced to reproduce fixed types2 its object was not to copy nature1 but to inscribe ideas4 ,the three-eyed ,siva1 the four-headed ,brama1 the elephant-headed ,ganesa1 the hundred-armed giants and hundred-breasted goddesses1 can scarcely be called beautiful4 ,in the religion of the ,greeks1 where the life of the deity was confused with the natural1 and found its perfection in man1 art holds the first place4 ,the symbol vanished before the beautiful ideal1 which was wrought after a rational measurement4 ,they cut down those colossi of other peoples to the due proportions1 and shaped their monstrous divinities into a human likeness4 ,extricating themselves from hieroglyphics1 the choice of expression and attitude was left to the inspired imagination4 ,corruption1 ever widening since sin first broke the harmony between the intellect1 the will1 and the power of action1 created a heaven of false gods1 differing in form and in worship1 and filled the earth with their temples4 ,this variety favored art1 and to it we owe those wonders of the ,parthenon1 the temple of ,theseus1 ,pallas ,athene1 ,olympian ,zeus1 the ,didimeon4 ,and though antiquity has handed down to us very few paintings1 the greatest part of the statues which enrich the museums are those of the gods4 ,surely ,phidias much have believed in 8,zeus thundering in heaven0 when he wrought that statue before which ,greece was struck with wonder4#aac ,hence with reason did ,emericus ,david say that archology might be defined as the recognition of religion in its connection with art4 ,though the form grew more refined1 the idea hidden beneath it grew more and more corrupt1 until it became a worship of force1 animate and animating1 which had turned its back upon the ,author of being1 and wasted that spiritual breath which is the soul of the statue4 ,art materialized1 like science1 like life itself1 called down the mercy of an unknown ,god to appease offended justice4 ,in the fullness of time1 humanity was lifted up from its lowliness by ,god taking it to himself4 ,faith grew clear2 hope1 strong2 charity lived again4 ,christendom became civilized even by means of its worship1 when art and poetry united in rousing it to faith and enthusiasm4 ,no longer1 as in a religion that allured the senses1 did art debase itself by flattering the passions and fanning the instincts2 its aim now was to curb and purify them2 not to multiply the enjoyments of the fortunate1 but to comfort the unhappy2 to lift up to heaven eyes weighed down by suffering1 or dazzled by wealth1 or wavering with doubt2 to point out that sublime eternity which hides itself under seeming dissolution or waning beauty2 to turn mind and action to that after-life wherein alone the present finds its significance4 ,this regeneration of art began in the ,catacombs1 where the persecuted children of ,christ expressed1 somewhat rudely perhaps1 their dogmas and their hopes2 the exploits of the martyrs1 whose agony of shame and death they prepared themselves to imitate4 ,there the vermilion with which they painted the throne of ,god triumphant signified 8new conquests1 and glory won after still greater trials40 ,when from darkness it was able to step forth into the light of day1 art1 restored to the temple of its birth1 set the feeling which produced above the mere beauty of the production4 ,it lost in harmony1 but gained in expression1 in lifting up human nature even to the type of moral perfection1 to the supreme ideal--,god made man4 ,then from every side1 whatsoever had life came in answer to the call to play its part in the grand drama of ,christianity4 ,and art1 aiming not merely at the beautiful1 but at the true and the good1 united with the whole of civilization in expressing that aspiration after perfection whose desire is never-failing but ever unfulfilled4 ,in the earliest artistic records which have reached us from the ,catacombs1 such as mosaics1 miniature paintings1 and certain pieces of sculpture1 the idea is set above the form4 ,there is a celestial purity in them1 as though1 producing the beautiful instinctively1 they cared not to portray an enticing elegance of the members1 the force and posture of outward life1 but rather the expression of the soul1 holiness of thought and deed1 and 8,that sweet light ,pointing the road which leads to heaven's height40#aad ,hence certain images of the saints and of ,mary1 rude in shape and coloring1 have won the veneration of the people1 and inspired that calm content which comes from ,god and lifts to ,god4 ,a bolder fancy produced the edifices1 constructed at first on the style of the basilicas1 and then modified into that order of architecture which from its planes or arches was called ,roman or ,lombard1 and finally ,gothic4 ,he who can only admire the ,greek and the ,roman styles finds in the ,gothic merely ignorance of caprice2 with its shafts tapering aloft in slender grace1 or short and heavy1 or in clusters2 its capitals where the crude cabbage-leaf creeps in side by side with the graceful acanthus2 its members incoherent1 and made out of proportion2 a crowd of small obelisks and tabernacles1 buttresses and enormous water-spouts2 bracketed statues and windows of a dizzy height1 sometimes parted into two1 sometimes curved into a rose or twisted into a trefoil2 and its figures of uneducated fancy1 an eyesore to the lover of classic harmony4 ,but in its variety reigns a system far above the order of the ,greeks2 derived in part from the basilicas1 in part from mystic allegory4 ,its ornaments are the productions of our climate1 the strawberry1 the parsley1 the fig1 the oak-tree2 as the ,arab uses his palm1 the ,chinese his inverted coral4 ,its forms are symbolic4 ,the number three regulates even those portions of the structure which are secondary4 ,on the plan of a cross rises the triangulation of the edifice2 and a hundred obelisks1 lifted up equally to heaven1 express the concordant homage of love and of faith4 ,in its dedication everything was allegoric of the origin of true worship2 of the mystic destiny of the church2 of the fact that it is not a building of stones but a living edifice1 whose corner-stone is ,christ1 whose members are the faithful1 whose space is filled by ,god1 like the universe of which it is an image4 ,in this association of the real with the symbolic world1 of the fitness of parts in themselves foreign with the united expression of ,christianity1 the middle ages produced what those of ,leo ,x41 of ,louis ,,xiv41 of ,napoleon1 could not produce3 they created a novelty4 ,architecture was sacred as in its opening1 and those wonders of a beauty most sublime and spiritual were not wrought at the decrees of princes1 but at the inspiration of faith and charity4 ,the ,gothic made its first grand essay in the holy time of ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi1 and this became the chosen order of the ,franciscans1 as the ,basilican was of the ,benedictines1 and the mixed architecture of a later date of the ,jesuits4 ,st4 ,francis and his children1 with that greatness which inheres in simplicity1 accompanied by an ascetic spirit1 came to imitate nature and true men rather than to copy types or antique art4 ,but in those days1 the whole of society was animated by faith1 and built upon the dogma of the expiation4 ,the laical body was in harmony with the ecclesiastical2 prayer mingled with warlike exploits2 the home was at peace with the church2 the banner bore the same device as the altar4 ,the plastic art1 side by side with poetry1 penetrated every turn of life4 ,religion was the universal and1 as it were1 only inspirer of the artist4 ,theophilus dedicated his 8,lombard ,tract0 to holy pictures1 missals1 vases1 the window-panes of the church1 and1 step by step1 he elevated the mind of the artist to the ,god from whom art emanates4 ,the artistic confraternity proposed in their constitutions the purity and independence of art4 ,that of the ,siennese painters1 of #acee1 said3 8,by the grace of ,god1 we are to rude men1 who know not letters1 manifestors of the miraculous things worked by the virtue and in the virtue of the holy faith1 and our faith is founded principally in adoring and believing one ,god in the ,trinity1 and in ,god infinite power and infinite wisdom1 and infinite love and mercy40 ,in a like sense says ,bufalmacca3 8,we aim at naught else than to make saints by our frescoes and pictures1 and by so doing1 in spite of the devils1 to make men more devout and better40 ,philarete designed a city on the conception of the 8,nisi ,dominus dificaverit10 wherein the church founded on the cross should be superior to the palace of the prince1 rich with pictures1 religious1 symbolic1 allegorical1 and historic4 ,there was a portico devoted to sacred history2 close by were memorial monuments of heroic ,christians1 namely1 the churches of ,st4 ,francis1 ,st4 ,dominic1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,st4 ,benedict4 ,there was a gymnasium wherein to educate the youth1 chiefly with prayer1 fasting1 and the holy sacraments4 ,without the fortifications1 the city had an advanced guard1 to wit1 holy hermits1 who should watch it with the mightiest of arms--prayer4 ,and ,brunelleschi said of ,santa ,maria del ,fiore3 8,recollecting that this temple is sacred to ,god and the ,virgin1 ,i trust that in erecting it in memory of them it will not cease to infuse knowledge where there is need of it1 and to aid by power and wisdom and wit whoever shall accomplish such work40 ,in like manner1 ,giovanni ,villani inscribed his ,chronicles 8to the reverence of ,god and of ,blessed ,st4 ,john1 in commendation of our city of ,florence40 ,how often has the painter given us his own portrait on his knees1 or with some verse recommended himself to ,god and the saints6 ,beneath a picture in the ,venetian gallery we read3 8,gentile ,bellino1 with filial love of the most holy cross1 painted this40 ,and beneath another picture of ,gian ,bellino3 8,sure ,gate of ,heaven1 lead my mind1 guide my life3 ,all the works which ,i perform are committed to thy care40 ,we may perceive a like inspiration in ,giotto1 ,mino da ,fiesole1 ,benedetto da ,majano1 ,boninsegna da ,siena1 ,simon ,memmi1 ,l',orgagna1 the ,pisani1 ,franco ,bolognese1 and other spiritual artists1 who attained a perfection to which the moderns in vain aspire4 ,on the tomb of ,blessed ,angelico was written3 8,let me not be honored because ,i was a second ,apelles1 ,but because ,i distributed all my gains among thy poor1 ,o ,christ60 ,i leave it to others to decide with what justice that period styled itself the ,renaissance when men passed from originality to an imitation of the classic schools--not by divining and catching their inspiration1 but by following in their footsteps4 ,and so we find in passing from ,dante to ,polizanio and ,sannazzaro1 from ,giotto to ,dello1 the metamorphoses of ,ovid accomplished6 ,in this study of the classics1 what they gained in form they lost in conception4 ,the ,medici mixed up portraits with ,venuses and ,pallases1 mythological subjects with scenes drawn from nature4 ,lorenzo the ,magnificent caused ,pollajolo to represent the strong limbs of ,hercules1 ,signorelli to paint nude divinities1 and public beauties were taken as the models of saints4 ,at such profanation1 ,fra ,girolamo ,savonarola was struck with grief and horror2 and1 as well to mend manners as to disinfect literature1 he sought to regenerate art by restoring it to the bosom of ,god4 ,the spirit that he inspired outlived his funeral pyre3 and ,luca della ,robbia1 ,lorenzo di ,credi1 ,verocchio1 ,cronaca1 ,baccio della ,porta1 painted from chaste images and devout subjects4 ,ghirlandajo1 ,pinturicchio1 the renowned ,masaccio1 held faith in the religious mission of art1 as did that ,umbrian school which spake to the heart rather than the senses1 beneath the wing of the neighboring ,assisi4 ,from ,gentile di ,fabriano came ,perugino and ,raphael1 and the first ,venetians1 among whom it is no longer a scandal to say that ,gentile ,bellino was not inferior to ,titian4 ,raphael has been called the most marvellous union of all the qualities which make the others severally great3 design1 color1 power of chiaroscuro1 perspective effect1 imagination1 style2 above all1 expression1 and that grace which is the beautiful of beauties4 ,not only were his first essays1 when still a faithful disciple of the ,umbrian school1 works of faith2 but also those which he wrought in his zenith1 such as the ,attila1 ,heliodorus1 and the miracle of ,bolsena4 ,his delight was in symbolic subjects1 theology1 jurisprudence1 philosophy1 poetry1 representing ideas in his figures4 ,when he preferred to follow his imagination and models to tradition1 he strayed away1 as in the commissions of ,chigi1 and the beautiful story of ,psyche2 but later on1 when he fled from ,rome1 he turned himself to the grand ,transfiguration1 from the midst of which he passed to behold it in heaven4 ,and ,michael ,angelo8 ,others have been loud in their praises of the strength of his joints1 the relief and play of his muscles1 the foreshortening1 the anatomic fidelity1 the expression diffused through the whole person2 but ,i can never cease wondering how in the ,sistine ,chapel he has portrayed the two extreme points of the life of the human race--the creation and the last judgment2 and that indefinable of melancholy and veneration in the ,moses which sought no model and has found no rival4 ,it is natural2 for1 from the ,bible1 the ,divine ,comedy1 and ascetic meditation1 he drank in the inspiration wherewith to ennoble human nature4 ,their school passed away in the conceits of the licentious age which came after--in the figures caught in the very act of standing to be copied2 in flimsy drapery1 substituted for the old garments majestically simple2 the infinity of shallow conceptions1 frivolous allegories1 and wanderings from the practical road of ,vasari2 in the immense pictures of ,cortona1 ,arpino1 ,lanfranco1 the frenzies of ,luca ,giordano1 and convulsed attitudes of ,fiammingo1 ,spinazzi1 and the genius1 erratically great1 of ,lorenzo ,bernini--such things as these they preferred1 ,i will not say to nature1 to which they shut their eyes1 but to so many noble exemplars4 ,they were seized with the mania of novelty1 of surprises1 with the idolatry of the form at the cost of the conception4 ,so they turned from poetic beauty to what is so inferior--the merely symmetrical4 ,the most renowned works of the great masters were inspired by religion3 the delicate cherubini of ,angelico1 the gates of ,ghiberti1 the ,moses and the ,piet of ,buonarotti1 the ,last ,supper of ,leonardo1 the ,assumption of ,titian1 the marvellous improvisations of ,tintoretto4 ,from religion ,raphael drew those epics which compose the ,vatican galleries and the library at ,sienna4 ,to it ,correggio devoted his cupolas1 with all their grace and force of chiaroscuro4 ,therein ,annibale ,caracci found his ,communion of ,st4 ,jerome1 and ,domenichino his1 which is one of the three great paintings in ,rome1 and that ,madonna del ,rosario where he more clearly displays his intention of contrasting the sorrows of earth with the joys of heaven4 ,the ,christ of ,carlo ,dolce and the ,madonnas of ,sassoferrato and ,murillo are in every household4 ,maratta was called ,carlo of the ,madonnas4 ,and in my own province#aae particularly1 the paintings of ,luino1 ,cesare da ,sesto1 ,gaudenzio ,ferrari1 ,andrea ,solaro1 ,salaino1 ,marco d',oggiono ,moretto1 the ,procaccini1 the ,campi1 and that ,borgagnone1 as great as he is little known1 are marked by a religious unction and devout simplicity4 ,the churches are indeed galleries1 or rather harbors from the vandalism of would-be restorers and the robbery which is according to law4 ,in them we find the best models of architecture2 and since the unknown authors of the greater cathedrals1 and the whole families of the ,campiani at ,milan1 ,bregno and ,lombardi at ,venice1 ,pedoni at ,cremona1 ,rodari at ,coma1 ,pellegrini of ,tibaldo1 we have no design better than the sanctuaries of ,rho and ,caravaggio1 the ,fontana in the chapel of the ,presepio1 the ,sanmicheli in the cathedral of ,montefiascone1 the ,palladio in the ,church of the ,redeemer at ,venice4 ,but besides the finish of the sculpture1 the glass was stained with historic subjects1 the pulpits and windows marvellously adorned1 the goldsmith's art was displayed in the ornamentation of candlesticks1 lamps1 busts1 and canopies1 which brought into play the art of engraving4 ,the care of recording on tombs the nothingness of human greatness makes them the truest portraits of the character of each age4 ,in those of the middle ages the figures are austere1 with hands crossed on the breast1 awaiting the trumpet-call of the resurrection2 in the sixteenth century they are pompous1 inappropriate1 even immodest4 ,the cloisters were built upon the most beautiful heights1 where the soul1 absorbed in the admiration of nature1 was of itself lifted up to chant the praises of the ,god who created it4 ,the porticos were vast tableaux worked by the greatest artists4 ,and here1 while you would suggest to me the ,john ,baptists of the ,discalced ,friars1 and the ,filippo ,benizzi in the ,annunciation at ,florence by ,andrea the faultless1 the ,holy ,solitude1 the ,camaldoli1 ,carthusian monasteries1 ,alvernia1 ,vallombrosa1 and the sublimity of ,grottaferrata1 let me call to your minds our own ,lombardy the sanctuaries of ,saronno by ,luini1 of ,varallo by ,gaudenzio1 the ,holy ,mount by ,mancalvo1 the ,carthusian monastery of ,garignano by the great ,daniel ,crespi1 before which ,byron was struck with wonder and with fear4 ,in fine1 even in the delirium of art in the sixteenth century1 which are the greatest monuments of sculpture8 ,the ,st4 ,bibiana of ,bernini1 the ,st4 ,cecilia of ,maderno1 the ,susanna of ,fiammingo1 the ,st4 ,bruno of ,houton1 from which number we must not omit the ,attila of ,algardi4 ,the ,assumption of ,forli by ,cignani still remains the noblest work of the past age4 ,since it is a far easier thing to copy a form than to create a conception1 many have reduced art to imitation4 ,and we see it said that the type of the ,eternal ,father is taken from ,jove1 the ,saviour from ,antinous1 from ,niobe the ,mother of ,sorrows1 and from the ,farnese ,flora and the terra cotta ,faun1 ,st4 ,cecilia and ,st4 ,joachim2 and it appears equally ridiculous to call one of these imitators a new ,phidias or new ,apelles1 as for ,angelo ,mazza to entitle himself ,homer ,redivivus4 ,winckelmann praised ,raphael for a head of ,christ 8which set forth the beauty of a heroic youth without beard10 while he criticises ,michael ,angelo 8for having taken his figures of the ,saviour from the barbarous productions of the middle ages40 ,with equal discrimination ,vasari1 of all the wonders of ,giotto at ,assisi1 can only admire 8the very great and truly marvellous effect of one who drinks standing1 but bent down to the earth1 at a fountain40 ,very little have these advanced the theories of ,cicognara and ,giuseppe ,bossi1 and the icy grandeur of ,david1 ,gerard1 ,girodet1 and the other imperialists1 followed here by ,benvenuti1 ,cammuccini1 ,bossi1 ,diotti1 and their like4 ,fabre1 the ,french painter1 was discussing with ,alfieri on a crucifixion which he was about to paint4 ,after speaking for some time on the type he ought to choose1 he concluded3 8,do you know what8 ,i will paint the head of the ,belvedere ,apollo1 give him a beard1 and behold it done40 ,alfieri had the good sense to reply3 8,if you would succeed in that1 paint a dying ,apollo1 but not a ,god who redeemed us40 ,after ,battoni1 the last painter of note of the mixed school1 ,mengs1 went back to the antique with a mediocrity at once pedantic and fastidious4 ,but ,traballeschi and certain artists of second name1 such as ,de ,maria1 ,franchi1 ,ferrari1 ,torretti1 and of higher mark1 ,andrea ,appiani in the cupola of ,san ,celso at ,milan1 were the men who paved the way for the regeneration4 ,canova#aaf undertook to regenerate art chiefly with classic models1 but at least with enthusiasm4 ,but how far do his ,venus1 ,perseus1 ,theseus1 and even ,psyche1 fall behind the ,magdalen1 and the mausoleums of ,maria ,christina1 ,ganganelli1 ,rezzonico1 and ,pius ,,vi48 ,bartolini1 a more careful observer of nature1 gave an impulse to the new art1 nor is the fault his if he plunged from the conventionalities of the academy into a prosaic realism4 ,but1 restricting myself among a multitude of sculptors1 to the notice of one or two1 who has not admired the ,dolorosa and ,triumph of the ,cross of ,dupr1 the ,archangel of ,finelli1 the ,deposition from the ,cross1 and the tomb at ,castelfidardo of ,tenerani8 ,these men opened up a new era1 where the worship of ideas prevailed over that of mere form1 combating the servility of the past and the materialism of the present1 aiming at a beauty not at variance with morality--a beauty perceptible to the reason4 ,i confine myself to the ,italians1 but what a pleasure it would be to me to touch upon ,munich and the school of ,dsseldorf1 and that of ,berlin2 and ,cornelius1 ,schadow1 the ,bohemian ,fuhrich1 and the ,frenchmen ,lehmann1 ,pradier1 ,flandrin1 and a noble band of others like to them4 ,so likewise ,i confine myself to the plastic arts2 but were we to treat of poetry1 we could say something of ,tasso1 crowned in death1 of ,perfetti1 the laureate of ,benedict ,,xii41 and ,corilla of ,pius ,,vi4 ,or of music1 born also in the church and there perfected before it went to amuse the court and theatre1 whence it returned with profanity into the church2 so that there was nothing left but to abandon it1 if ,palestrina had not shown how to wed reverence of speech with harmony1 and reconcile devotion with art4 ,do you know of aught more wonderful than the ,moses and ,stabat of ,rossini1 the ,crucifixus of ,bellini1 or the ,ave ,maria of ,donizetti8 ,and hence you will conclude that where art has ever been welcomed and cherished1 was under the care of the ,popes1 in this ,rome of ours1 which1 in the words of ,petrarch1 is 8,the symbol of the heavens and the earth1 ,the ,saviour's image1 by all men revered40 ,perhaps there has not been a ,pope who has not raised some edifice or given rise to some sculpture or painting4 ,eugenius ,,iv4 wished to consecrate ,fra ,angelico bishop2 ,julius ,,ii41 who secured his splendid dominions from the ,po to the ,garigliano1 was ever in the company of ,bramante1 ,michael ,angelo1 ,perugino1 ,giulio ,romano1 and commenced the ,vatican ,museum by placing there the ,apollo1 the ,laocoon1 the ,ariadne and the ,torso4 ,what shall ,i say of ,leo ,x41 who seemed to wish by the triumph of art to 8give the lie0 to ,germany1 which accuses ,catholics of ignorance and dearth of civilization8 ,the ,german reformer on his arrival in the midst of the artistic wealth of ,rome1 only perceived therein profanity1 idols1 and as it were an absence of reason1 and a ,pope making an ostentatious pomp of religion and pretending to the austerity of ,paul and ,hilarion in the time of the ,farnese and the ,medici4 ,adrian ,,vi4 seemed like a prodigy1 a monstrosity1 so accustomed were the minds of men to connect the idea of a pope with that of a ,mecnas of the arts4 ,they have ever made their palaces a sanctuary of the arts1 and as it were a harbor from the wrecks of time and the greed of speculators and kings1 who paused at the threshold of the ,vatican1 resounding with the prayers of all the ages and the blasphemy of this4 ,with still greater intelligence1 the pontiffs of the past age collected together the masterpieces1 and the ,museo ,pio ,clementino1 and the illustrations of it executed by ,winckelmann and ,ennius ,quirinus ,visconti1 became the envy and the model of all foreigners4 ,rome1 relying on the veneration which the nations entertained for her1 and which kings felt they owed her as the fount of all authority1 set her face against a new age1 wherein might alone is right1 and reason speaks on the side of vast battalions and by the mouth of artillery4 ,what was the outrage which most of all grieved the ,romans8 ,the spoliation of the museums2 for the people were disgusted with kings1 nobles1 and prelates1 but not with the arts4 ,but the end of injustice is never far removed1 and1 as victory had borne them away1 victory restored to ,rome her popes and her monuments4 ,pius ,,vii4 who had filled the post left bare by spoliation1 after his return1 among other works1 built the new wing across the ,belvedere gallery4 ,he left to us the ,museo ,chiaramonti1 a gallery of paintings1 few in number1 but each a masterpiece1 and the long gallery of antique inscriptions1 arranged after the manner of the great ,morcelli4 ,gregory ,,xvi4 gave us the ,christian1 ,egyptian1 and ,etruscan museums1 filled with the contents of the mysterious vaults of ,latium1 and the numerous vases1 so wondrous1 of ,etruria and the ,campagna1 which had just come to light4 ,he commenced the rebuilding of ,st4 ,paul's1 restored the ,coliseum1 excavated the ,basilica ,julia1 refitted the ,lateran ,palace4 ,poletti the architect assisted him1 aided by ,agricola1 ,paoletti1 ,finelli1 ,tadolini1 ,botti1 ,tajetti1 ,sabatelli1 ,serani1 ,minardi1 ,coghetti1 ,bengoni4 ,and as at first1 ,poussin1 ,mignard1 ,ponget1 ,claude ,lorraine1 ,le ,gros1 ,valedier1 ,quesnoy1 ,laboureur1 ,monot1 ,brill1 ,agincourt1 etc41 so afterward came the illustrious foreigners1 ,ingres1 ,thorwaldsen1 ,gibson1 ,pettrich1 ,frederick ,overbeck1 ,voigt the engraver4 ,from here were taken the statues of ,hiram ,powers for the ,capitol of ,washington1 not to mention the objects of art carried away by the #hj1jjj foreigners who flock hither from all parts every year to gaze on the wonders of ,rome4 ,a ,prussian society took up its quarters here1 to illustrate the new and antique relics1 in rivalry with our ,archological ,academy4 ,and the names of ,fea1 ,nibby1 ,canina1 ,bartolomeo ,borghese1 ,visconti1 win reverence from the whole scientific world4 ,what can ,i say of ,pius ,,ix4 that is not known to the whole world8 ,let me call to your minds what took place in the midst of the acclamations which greeted his accession4 ,a deputation from the ,society for the ,propagation of the ,faith being presented to him1 when among the deputies he found the name of ,overbeck1 the most faithful representative of ,christian art1 he called him to himself1 and gave him his special benediction1 accompanied by words of holy affection4 ,at his wish the court of the ,quirinal1 where ,pius ,,vii4 was arrested1 was painted2 there is ,overbeck's ,christ at the moment when the ,jews thought to cast him from the mountain1 and he escaped from their midst3 thus representing at once the perils which are past and those which are to come4#aag ,nor can ,i forget the emotion with which the ,holy ,father lamented to me the deaths1 so close upon each other1 of ,poletti1 ,tenerani1 ,overbeck1 and ,minardi2 nor the pleasure with which ,i recall the rearrangement he effected in the entire museum of the ,vatican1 and the marvellous statue of ,augustus from the ,villa of ,livy with which he endowed it1 and the metal colossus of ,hercules1 purchased with his own money1 the ,claudius of ,lanuvius1 and the ,apoxiomenos in ,parian marble1 restored by ,tenerani1 and placed in the ,vatican in #ahea4 ,there he placed also the ,pomponia ,azzia1 found in the ,appian ,way1 and the ,ceres disinterred at ,ostia1 which he substituted for a poor ,diana4 ,it was the time when at his simple summons all the bishops of the world hastened to the ,vatican council4 ,magnificent spectacle6--which ,rome alone can offer to the world1 of all the representatives of the church united to discuss freely the truth which the ,pontiff should proclaim infallibly4 ,those prelates1 in the moments of their repose1 were wont to admire on all sides the care which ,pius ,,ix4 had lavished upon art4 ,here the circus of ,caracalla restored1 and the portico of ,octavia disinterred2 there1 in the ,roman forum1 the portico of the ,dii ,majores and the apsis of the ,basilica of ,constantine4 ,in another spot the ,basilica of ,st4 ,paul is restored1 the arena of the greatest artists in painting1 sculpture1 stained glass1 and mosaics4 ,he opened the confessions with their wealth of marbles and metals1 in the two patriarchal basilicas1 the ,lateran and ,liberian4 ,he restored the mausoleums of ,st4 ,constantia1 ,st4 ,clement on the side of ,celio1 ,st4 ,agnes1 ,st4 ,cecilia1 ,santa ,maria in ,trastevere1 ,st4 ,lorenzo without the walls1 with the paintings of ,fracassini1 ,mariani1 and ,grandi4 ,mariani painted ,st4 ,lucy of the ,banner and ,santa ,maria in ,aquiro1 and ,gugliari ,st4 ,augustine4 ,podesti and ,consoni drew for the ,vatican ,palace the portraits of the most famous ecclesiastics of ancient or modern times2 among which stand out the ,martyrs of ,fracassini1 who has painted but too little4 ,all these works gave rise not only to the ancient use of medals1 but also to public monuments1 such as the column of the ,immacolata1 the works of ,poletti1 and the statue cast from cannon by ,de ,rossi4 ,in #aheb was formed a commission of archology to chiefly examine the ,christian monuments1#aah and explore the ,catacombs1 the theatre of those scenes of sacrifice1 love1 and resignation wherein society was regenerated1 and where now ,de ,rossi convinces us that scholarship and wit are not enough for speech1 but that piety has a secret of its own to touch on things which are better felt than described4 ,the ,egyptian ,museum was increased by the monuments collected by ,clot ,bey4 ,to the ,etruscan were added statues1 candelabra1 sarcophagi from ,bolsena1 ,tarquinia1 and ,viterbo4 ,the ,christian ,museum of the ,lateran was founded1 to which the reopened ,ostia sent mosaics1 sarcophagi1 and epigraphs4 ,the ,nomentian and ,appian ,ways were excavated still further1 as far as ,bovilla4 ,and the emporium of marbles1 the site of the seven cohorts of ,virgil at ,monte ,fiore1 and the ruins of the ,palatine--which the ,pontiff himself visited suddenly1 giving an unexpected joy to the workmen1 in the month of the celebration of ,rome's birth--attest how inexhaustible are the riches of this city1 which1 not to mention the seven great galleries1 is indeed one vast gallery4 ,and these excavations1 whether designed or accidental1 disclose a wealth ever beyond expectation1 as is seen in the piazza of the ,holy ,apostles1 the grove of the brothers ,arvali1 especially in the ,church ,della ,pace1 the piazza ,navona1 on the ,monte ,luziale1 and in the new cemetery of the ,jews4 ,that the ,pontiff has not been behindhand in works of practical utility1 we see in the ,acqua ,pia1 in the palace of the house of reform1 the military and civil hospitals1 and that of peace1 the tobacco manufactory1 the adornments of the ,pincio1 the penitentiary1 the bridges over the ,tiber1 the ,piazza ,pia and elementary school1 and a new city commenced on the ,viminal and ,esquiline4 ,and while on this point1 we see in the ,exposition of the ,baths of ,diocletian1 which ,michael ,angelo repaired with a respect not always shown by his followers1 an example of a character which ,rome alone of all the world can produce2 and this collection of the objects of ,catholic worship was the most beautiful hymn which the ,pontiff raised against the blasphemy which precedes violence4 ,this was a thought of the ,pontiff's4 ,it was executed by his command1 and at his own expense4 ,he inaugurated it1 closed it in person1 and with his own hand distributed the prizes4 ,just indeed was the homage which the artists of every nation then represented in ,rome paid to ,pius ,,ix41 in the jubilee of his pontificate1 the expression of which he left exposed for many days in the gallery of ,raphael1 where ,mantovani1 ,consoni1 and ,galli at this day emulate the wondrous decorations of ,sanzio and ,giovanni da ,udine4 ,the popes and ministers of the church have watched over art with special care1 lest this chosen daughter of ,god should be sacrificed to his enemy4 ,and now1 what is left8 ,in the face of these glories1 how much misery saddens us6 ,all the manifestations of the supremacy of materialism over what is spiritual are multiplied1 and hence so many edifices purely industrial4 ,the fever of making and unmaking on the spur of the moment1 the race for life without the enjoyment of the least repose1 have reduced art1 which at first was an enthusiasm1 afterwards a taste1 now to a fashion and a luxury1 bereft of the mighty force of our ancient community and the great-minded and holy faith of our fathers4 ,what the romance is to history1 the novel to the epic poem1 the drama to the tragedy1 the portrait and its kind are to the great artistic works and historic paintings1 lost in common and epigrammatic subjects1 and tortured with minuti4 ,and this is not the end4 ,he who preserves a sense of shame1 of charity1 of faith1 must either behold with loathing1 or close his eyes1 when he sees the pencil of the lithographer and even the pure light of heaven prostituted to dishonor whatever he has held most holy in faith and life1 to tempt the senses with foulness that ,sodom would have denounced4 ,as they have made poison distil from their inkstands1 so1 with vile ignorance or hateful forethought1 they have made art a pander for impurity and a school for the barricades and petroleum4 ,from such frenzy1 which terrifies the most daring and causes the most thoughtless to reflect1 we hope that men will return to conscience2 and in a world which1 in order to cherish a better faith in its own greatness will believe no longer in ,god1 this hope is sustained by seeing the ,martyrs1 of ,giovanni ,ferrari2 the ,angels above the ,dead ,christ1 of ,tabacchi2 the ,christian ,martyr1 of ,argenti2 the ,assumption1 of ,morelli and ,grigioletti2 the ,saint ,joseph1 of ,bertini2 the ,saint ,clair1 of ,mancinelli2 the ,saint ,lucian in ,prison1 of ,ceccarini2 the ,ecce ,ancilla ,domini1 of ,brioschi4 ,and you1 as many of you as have authority and dignity1 labor hard with the pen1 the voice1 example1 and precept to prevent the youth not yet contaminated with this new licentiousness1 nor yet drunk with that perfume which lulls before it suffocates1 from turning renegades to the spirituality of art4 ,make them improve the feeling rather than the style of their productions4 ,make them disavow the causes whose effects we groan under1 and which ,providence has allowed so long to afflict us4 ,make them rise above the prejudices of the journals and the abjectness of officials1 as well as the mercenary motives of a utilitarian world and from practices which make a trade of art4 ,let them never forget the lofty mission of art1 and that the form is merely a garb and outfit to clothe the moral idea4 ,for beauty is the perfection of being1 perceived by the spirit1 felt in the heart1 and its handmaid is truth1 represented with love4 ,and1 without doubt1 for him whose aim is truth1 the best way of finding it is in subjects and deeds of religion4 ,let us banish1 then1 indifference1 which slays love and genius alike1 and that cold calculation which smothers trustful faith4 ,the time1 the people1 the man best fitted for the culture of art1 will be those whose life1 at once profound and active1 shall not be bound down1 but indeed lifted up by beliefs that are fixed and by customs that are right2 who combine fidelity to nature with the impulse of enthusiasm2 retaining power over matter1 with due regard to historical and moral proprieties2 exciting that emotion which is not unaccompanied by pleasure1 but pleasure mingled with admiration4 ,restore1 ,i entreat you1 art to its great principles6 ,fill life again with those sweet illusions and great delights1 making a language of the deepest thoughts of a civilization ever more refined1 and so accustom us to realize the ideal1 to ennoble humanity6 ,give it back to its great office1 to bear witness to right belief1 and to give joy to the little ones1 who are our brethren in ,christ6 ,,footnotes3 #aab ,god's writ unto our weakness bendeth down1 ,and with an inner meaning hands and feet ,on him bestows whose being knows no bounds4 ,so holy church an aspect human gives ,to ,michael and to ,gabriel and him ,who made ,tobias whole4 ,dante's ,paradiso1 iv4 #aac ,cicero 7,de ,oratore7 says that ,phidias1 when sculpturing a ,jove or ,minerva1 had no model from whom to copy4 ,but in his own mind he set up a certain wondrous type of beauty which came to him by intuition1 and1 enwrapt in its contemplation1 urged art and hand to produce its likeness4 ,it is precisely 8that fixed idea which comes into my mind0 that ,raphael spoke of4 #aad ,petrarch4 #aae ,lombardy4 #aaf ,canova made the observation to ,napoleon that the artistic monuments of ,rome are religious1 or placed under the guardianship of religion4 ,religion had saved the treasures of antiquity in the time of the barbarians1 and multiplied them anew in later days4 #aag ,overbeck's principal work1 perhaps1 is the great piece in the ,frankfort ,museum1 where he has represented the triumph of religion in art4 ,he himself has explained it in a little book4 #aah ,a foreign artist said to me that in his archological researches he did not stop at ,rome1 because there there was nothing medival4 ,didron1 in his ,archological ,bulletin1 counts here fifty ,gothic constructions1 and declared that in monuments of the middle ages ,rome was no less rich than ,rouen1 the most ,gothic city in ,france4 ,,max ,m,,ller',s 8,,chips40#aai ,mr4 ,max ,mller1 the learned ,german professor1 and ,fellow of ,all ,souls' ,college1 ,oxford1 wrote1 and in #ahfh published1 a collection of essays on the science of religion which he calls ,chips from a ,german ,workshop4 ,he tells us this title was given him by the late ,chevalier ,bunsen1 who1 on advising him to undertake the translation of the ,sacred ,book of the ,brahmins1 the ,rig-,veda1 bade him give1 from time to time1 to the public some chips from his workshop4 ,the intensely absorbing and delightful nature of his studies is to be seen very clearly by these specimens4 ,they embrace two of the most important and most attractive branches of human science--that of the varied forms of human thought in its relations to ,god2 and that of the multifold languages of the earth1 and their mutual relations4 ,prof4 ,mller's philological investigations are confined chiefly to the ,indo-,germanic family1 and confirm beyond possibility of cavil the intimate connection between the many branches of that family--the ,sanskrit1 the ,brahmanic language in use at present1 the ,persian1 the ,greek1 the ,latin with its offshoots1 the ,italian1 the ,french1 and the ,spanish1 the ,celtic and the ,english4 ,in exemplifying what he says on this subject1 he speaks of the meaning of the word ,veda4 ,rig-,veda1 he tells us1 means praise of knowledge or wisdom--,rig or ,rich signifying praise or hymn1 and ,veda knowledge or wisdom4 ,he calls our attention to this word ,veda in support of the theory of the connection of the ,aryan or ,indo-,germanic group of languages4 ,the root of it1 or the word deprived of its final vowel--,ved--is to be seen by substituting the interchanging consonants in the ,english words wit1 wot1 the ,german weiss1 ,gothic vait1 ,anglo-,saxon wat1 ,greek 1 to which may be added the ,latin word video1 to see1 evidently closely connected with this ,sanskrit word signifying to know1 for knowledge is intellectual vision4 ,what impresses us most1 at first sight1 is the practical conclusion to be drawn from the advanced state of philological studies4 ,we have here a striking proof of the unity of the race of man4 ,max ,mller speaks of this proof in favor of the unity of the ,aryan races as beyond gainsaying2 words are there to establish the truth4 ,now1 if we see such differently constituted peoples--such as the ,english and the ,hindoo1 the ,french and the ,persian1 the ,celt and the ,italian--all members of one family1 can any one be so rash as to wish to exclude from fellowship with that family the tawny ,arab1 the swarthy ,malay1 or the dark son of ,africa1 simply because they are to be classed under the heads of ,semitic and ,turanian8 ,it is well known among physiologists that the differences of facial angles and cranial thickness constitute nothing essential2 while the investigations of national thought and customs1 hitherto veiled by unintelligible languages1 tend continually to demonstrate and confirm the unity of man1 to show that all men are of one common stock1 of one man and of one woman1 all made after the one type--that which exists1 as the ,bible tells us1 in ,god4 ,so far1 in fact1 is real science from doing harm to revelation1 that when it attains its perfection it confirms the truths that have been revealed4 ,whence we may draw this conclusion3 that men who are wise will take care to have revelation for their guide1 even in science2 they will1 it is clear1 be saved from going astray1 since their ultimate examinations confirm its truth4 ,it is not unfrequently the case that the eager scientific man1 by a logical process1 draws his conclusion without the slightest suspicion of error in his premises4 ,it is no wonder he is tenacious of his conclusion2 but how often are his ideas overthrown by 8chance10 that strange discoverer of more than one great treasure of the human race6 ,and how often sober1 thoughtful men1 meeting to determine the basis on which they stand1 have to say1 as did the ,geological ,congress of ,paris in #ahfg3 8,the state of the science is not such as to enable us to make deductions wholly free from danger of error06 or1 certainly it is most just that we should love science and follow it faithfully1 but always with an eye to that old and familiar adage1 8,it is human to err40 ,there is really nothing after all that saves a man from mistakes and confusion so much as a proper estimate of his own conclusions1 and a readiness to have them corrected by others4 ,it is a habit of mind that distinguishes really great men1 like the sounder portion of the ,prehistorical ,congress of ,bologna1 in the autumn of #ahga3 8,there is nothing in prehistorical discoveries that is in contradiction with revelation40 ,bacon has bid us all put aside the idola1 and thus free our minds from prejudice4 ,we should begin by banishing the idol of self1 the reliance on our own judgment1 so as to be ready at once to abandon cherished ideas1 and to look on the principles of science as more or less liable to be one day1 by further investigation1 shown to be other than we think them4 ,this is all the more important because false principles always do practical harm1 and1 if nothing else1 they retard the attainment of what we are searching for1 in putting us on the wrong path4 ,we do not wish to be thought to condemn all scientific principles as one day liable to be proven false4 ,there are some1 the essential agreement of whose subject and predicate absolutely excludes all danger of error1 others which the constant experience of the human race has shown to be true1 such as1 for instance1 the mathematical1 and many of those that form the basis of natural science4 ,these do not contradict revelation1 and will never be proven false4 ,the history of the past1 however1 is too full of the dbris of systems of every kind that any one of solid information should not take warning from them1 and be on his guard against looking on any proposition in natural science as irrefragable which the concordant testimony of men since the enunciation of it has not shown to be so4 ,the ,ptolemean system1 after an undisputed sway1 yielded before the assaults of ,copernicus and ,galileo1 and its solid spheres1 whose music filled the poet's mind with delight1 and charmed the privileged spirits to whom it was given to hear it1 came down in awful ruin1 and their sounds were hushed for ever4 ,then those whose years did not begin with the century can recall how eagerly they drank in the doctrine of the imponderable principles2 and lo6 what has become of them8 ,the progress of the age has substituted for it the teaching of the unity of forces1 and motion answers for them all4 ,the solidity of the sun and its dark spots1 under the telescope and the combined investigations of astronomers1 have disappeared1 and gaseous substance and interruption in its continuity have taken the place of both4 ,and in the recent brilliant discoveries in regard to the constituent gases of the sun1 who is to make us sure that the lines in the spectrum1 by which we profess to know the existence in the sun of certain determinate objects1 may not be produced by other causes of which we know nothing8 ,all these theories1 we grant1 have great probability in their favor1 and we do not cite them with any intent to discredit the labors of the gifted men who have formed them2 but it is wise not to look on them as the end of all investigation and beyond all controversy4 ,as we think of these vicissitudes of science1 there occur to us1 though not in a spirit of disregard for true science1 the words written long ago3 8,i have seen the trouble which ,god hath given the sons of men to be exercised in it4 ,he hath made all things good in their time1 and hath delivered the world to their consideration1 so that man cannot find out the work which ,god hath made from the beginning to the end40 7,eccles4 iii4 #aj1 #aa47 ,this1 however1 is a digression2 let us return to our ,chips4 ,by far the most important topic treated of by ,prof4 ,mller is the knowledge of ,god existing among the varied nations of men4 ,he gives great weight1 and deservedly1 to the result of his observation in this respect1 and we can readily understand why he should lay so much stress on the importance of the study of the 8science of religion10 or the comparative study of the different religions of the earth4 ,as a matter of erudition1 it must always be a subject of the greatest interest1 not only in itself1 but also because it serves to illustrate the words of the ,apostle to the ,romans1 ch4 i4 #ah-bj3 8,for the wrath of ,god is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and injustice of those men that detain the truth of ,god in injustice3 because that which is capable of being known#abj of ,god is manifest in them3 for ,god hath manifested it unto them4 ,for the invisible things of him1 from the creation of the world1 are clearly seen1 being understood by the things that are made2 his eternal power also1 and divinity1 so that they are inexcusable40 ,we shall have occasion to return to these words4 ,here we may remark that this knowledge of ,god that transpires in all the citations the learned ,orientalist has laid before us1 is nothing more than what as ,christians we expected to hear4 ,but in this connection we have to say that the contrary effect is produced to that intended by ,prof4 ,mller4 ,this corroboration of the words of ,st4 ,paul1 uttered more than eighteen centuries ago1 and proclaimed long before by the author of the ,book of ,wisdom1 ch4 xiii41 proves that1 so far from the religions of the earth meriting praise for their reference to a ,supreme ,being1 they deserve to be censured because they detained the truth in darkness--in injustice4 ,the words of the ,professor are3 8,we shall learn from this comparative study that there is hardly one religion which does not contain some important truth2 truth sufficient to enable those who seek the ,lord1 and feel after him1 to find him in the hour of their need40 ,the first portion of this assertion is true2 the second is incorrect in its expression1 and dangerous in its tendency4 ,it is incorrect in its expression1 inasmuch as it attributes to these religions1 as such1 the possession of truth--not all1 to be sure1 but some truth4 ,we say1 on the contrary1 that the truth contained in these various religious systems is the common inheritance of the human mind4 ,the light of ,almighty ,god's countenance shines on us all1 no matter who we are4 ,the ,psalmist asks3 8,quis ostendet nobis bona80 and he answers3 8,signatum est super nos lumen vultus tui ,domine60 ,it is wrong1 therefore1 to give credit to a false system for the truth it has enveloped in darkness4 ,and the reason of this is palpable4 ,if we turn to the words of the apostle1 as given above1 do we find him giving credit to the false religions of mankind for the truth they contain8 ,anything but this4 ,he says3 8,the invisible things of him1 from the creation of the world1 are clearly seen1 being understood by the things that are made2 his eternal power also1 and divinity1 so that they are inexcusable4 ,because1 when they knew ,god1 they did not glorify him as ,god4444 ,and they changed the glory of the incorruptible ,god into the likeness of the image of a corruptible man1 and of birds and four-footed beasts1 and of creeping things40 ,here we have a sentence pronounced against these very religions our author speaks of as containing sufficient truth to enable those who seek the ,lord and feel after him1 to find him in the hour of their need4 ,the apostle condemns them because 8they detained the truth of ,god in injustice40 ,this is to be said of these false religions even at their best4 ,but what is to be said of them when we take into consideration the immense majority of those among the heathen do not attain to any refined spirituality1 but are engrossed in the material1 sensual forms of idolatry1 like the conservative ,parsees1 so graphically described in the book before us8 ,we must therefore conclude that1 granting ,prof4 ,mller intended to refer to man's natural knowledge or his reason as a means of knowing ,god1 to which the apostle bears witness1 he has used an incorrect form of speech in attributing to these religions efficacy in finding ,god4 ,it would have been in every way better to write that1 in spite of the errors of these various systems1 there was still light enough left to man1 through his reason1 to lead him to ,god--a truth not only substantiated by the teaching of theologians1 but1 as we have seen1 expressly laid down in ,holy ,writ4 ,we have said the assertion of our author is not only incorrect in its form1 but dangerous in its tendency4 ,that tendency1 with all respect to ,prof4 ,mller's expressed opinions1 is latitudinarian2 it would lead one to think that1 after all1 the heathen and all professing a false religion are in a comparatively safe state4 ,if this be so1 why do we find the apostle assaulting those systems so uncompromisingly1 and asserting that the heathen are inexcusable8 ,and how do we reconcile with this theory the words of the ,gospel1 8,unless ye be born again of water and the ,holy ,ghost1 ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven08 ,true1 there is the baptisma flaminis1 the resource of those who have not the blessing of the actual sacrament2 but even this requires a rejection1 absolute or implied1 of the false system1 and the act of faith in the true ,god1 accompanied by a firm will of doing whatever it may be known he asks of a sincere soul4 ,the language of the great theologians is certainly not in any way favorable to the safety of those who follow a false religion4 ,they tell us that those who among the pagans of old were saved1 were justified by their faith in a true ,god and in the ,redeemer to come4 ,the doctor of grace1 the great ,st4 ,augustine1 whose intellect was one of the most remarkable of any age1 says in ,serm4 #c on the #cfth ,ps41 8,all who were just1 from the beginning of the world1 have ,christ as their head4 ,for they believed he was to come1 whom we believe to have come already2 by faith in him they were saved1 as we are40 ,then1 in the ,comm4 on the #abhth ,ps41 he writes3 8,has the church only existed now8 ,the church is of old2 from the time the saints were called the church is on earth4 ,once it existed only in ,abel1 and was warred against by a wicked and perfidious brother1 ,cain4 ,once the church was only in ,enoch1 and he was taken away from the wicked4 ,once the church was only in ,noah's house1 and it suffered from all those who perished by the flood1 and only the ark floated on the waters and escaped to the dry land4 ,once the church was only in ,abraham1 and we know how much he suffered from the wicked4 ,the church existed only in ,lot1 and in his house in ,sodom1 and he bore with the iniquity and perversity of the ,sodomites1 until the ,lord freed him from them4 ,the church began to exist in the people of ,israel1 and it suffered at the hands of ,pharaoh and the ,egyptians4 ,and in the very church itself1 amid the people of ,israel1 there began to flourish a number of holy souls3 ,moses and other saints suffered from the wicked ,jews4 ,we come at last to our ,lord ,jesus ,christ2 the ,gospel has been preached1 and he has said in the ,psalms3 #8,i have brought the tidings1 and ,i have spoken1 and they are multiplied beyond number4'0 7,see also the writings of the same father against the ,donatists47 ,the same idea of the necessity of faith in ,christ is found constantly in the teaching of the church and in the writings of the fathers4 ,we ask after this1 who deserve most credit as exponents of the essential requisites of salvation--the early fathers of the church1 who explain the words of the apostle1 8,without faith it is impossible to please ,god10 in the sense we have here in ,st4 ,augustine1 and which too is had in the ancient ,athanasian ,creed2 or gentlemen like our author1 whose ideas of ,christianity1 even when they express them clearly1 differ so widely from what was once held as revealed truth1 and who moreover cannot come to an understanding among themselves as to what the truth of ,christ is8 ,and if we must give the preference to the former1 what are we to say of an opinion that serves to lull people into a false security regarding that which is1 of all things1 the most vital in its importance and consequences8 ,prof4 ,mller rightly says that the knowledge of the false religions of the world makes us appreciate more the ,christian religion4 ,had he taken the view we have given1 he would have had a vastly greater appreciation of it4 ,he would not have put it in comparison with other religions1 as differing from them by a superior degree of excellence1 but would have shown that they differed essentially1 as right differs from wrong1 as truth from error1 and therefore he would1 while speaking charitably of individuals and leaving them to the judgment of ,god1 infinitely just1 have condemned and rejected these false systems of worship as the curse of the unhappy race of ,adam4 ,as we have said before1 we are not inclined to charge ,prof4 ,mller with the full consequences of his assertions1 since in several places of his work he gives his unqualified acknowledgment of the claims of ,christianity4 ,still we cannot but look on his loose assertions as the result of the rationalistic spirit that has begun so rapidly to pervade the most conservative of ,english universities4 ,only a few years ago1 when called to give his testimony before the ,board of ,inquiry of the ,house of ,lords regarding the state of the universities1 ,canon ,liddon said that this tendency to rationalism had come in with the change in the system of studies and the introduction of the higher philosophical branches1 and that it was making headway among the students in a marked manner4 ,nor1 when we see those at the head of the university decide1 as they did lately1 that the ,thirty-nine ,articles are not to be insisted on for examination except in case of those who are candidates for the honorary degrees1 and when we hear in our own country a board of ,anglican bishops declare that the word 8regeneration0 in the formula of infant baptism does not imply any moral change in the one baptized--it does not seem to us that we are doing ,prof4 ,mller injustice in thinking that he1 a lay professor in the university directed by the ,anglican ,church1 has1 it may be unconsciously1 taken in not a little of the leaven of rationalism4 ,to this may be referred his translation of the text of ,st4 ,justin1 ,ap4 i41 #df1 when he makes this ,christian philosopher say1 8,christ is the first begotten of ,god1 and we have already proved him to be the very ,logos 7or universal ,reason7 of which mankind are all partakers40 ,in the ,edit4 of the ,congr4 of ,st4 ,maurus of the ,works of ,st4 ,justin1 this word universal does not occur2 the ,greek text has simply the accusative 8,logon10 and the ,latin simply 8,rationem40 ,certainly all ,catholic theologians hold this doctrine of ,st4 ,justin1 and teach that the ,logos or ,verbum or ,ratio is the definite wisdom of the ,godhead1 by which ,god understands himself and all things in himself1 and that all created wisdom or reason is but a participation of that ,infinite ,reason or ,word4 ,but in these days1 when the locutions1 universal soul1 universal intellect1 universal being1 are used so much in a pantheistical sense1 we think an author can hardly find fault with those who very probably misunderstand him when he uses expressions so liable to be misinterpreted1 and charge him with some tendency which he seems in other places to disclaim4 ,it seems to us the learned professor should have taken all the greater care in his translation1 as ,st4 ,justin 7in his ,ap4 ii4 #g7 disclaims expressly all pantheistic teaching1 which he declares to be 8foreign to all sound thought1 reason and mind40 ,to show we do not wish to be unfair to this distinguished scholar1 we will do him the justice to cite his condemnation of the pantheistic spirit of the times4 ,he is speaking of ,barthlemy ,st4 ,hilaire's ,history of ,buddhism1 and he quotes the words of the preface of that writer3 8,this book may offer one other advantage1 and ,i regret to say that at present it may seem to come opportunely4 ,it is the misfortune of our times that the same doctrines which form the foundation of ,buddhism meet at the hands of some of our philosophers with a favor which they ill deserve4 ,for some years we have seen systems arising in which metempsychosis and transmigration are highly spoken of1 and attempts are made to explain the world and man without either a ,god or a ,providence1 exactly as ,buddha did4 ,a future life is refused to the yearnings of mankind1 and the immortality of the soul is replaced by the immortality of works4 ,god is dethroned1 and in his place they substitute man1 the only being1 we are told1 in which the ,infinite becomes conscious of itself4 ,these theories are recommended to us sometimes in the name of science1 or of history1 or philology1 or even of metaphysics2 and though they are neither new nor very original1 yet they can do much injury to feeble hearts40 ,and a few lines further on3 8,it would be useful1 however1 if the authors of these modern systems would just cast a glance at the theories and destinies of ,buddhism4 ,it is not philosophy in the sense in which we understand this great name1 nor is it religion in the sense of ancient paganism1 of ,christianity1 or of ,mohammedanism2 but it contains elements of all worked up into a perfectly independent doctrine2 acknowledges nothing in the universe but man1 and obstinately refuses to recognize anything else1 though confounding man with nature in the midst of which he lives4 ,hence all those aberrations of ,buddhism1 which ought to be a warning to others40 7,p4 #bjc1 vol4 i47 ,we have one other charge against the learned professor for what1 though savoring a little of rationalism1 more particularly regards the ,catholic ,church4 ,he says that 8as the ,oriental creeds degenerated into grosser forms1 so ,christianity degenerates into ,jesuitism and ,mormonism0 7p4 #ahe74 ,we grant that the author is striving to be fair to the pagans1 and shows an unwillingness to condemn them as a whole on account of the corrupt practices of a portion of them4 ,but in doing so he has shown himself most unjust to a distinguished ,order in the ,catholic ,church1 whose piety1 virtue1 and learning claim for them everywhere from ,christians a tribute of respect and gratitude1 and nowhere more so than in our own free land4 ,it is really lamentable to see what we must call a total want of knowledge in a person of such extensive information and real ability as ,prof4 ,mller4 ',tis strange that it did not occur to him that there was a great incongruity in coupling the ,society of ,jesus with the corrupt and sensual community of the ,mormons1 and it is only another lesson to put us on our guard against prejudice1 which has so wonderful a power in perverting the judgments of men so worthy of respect for their zeal in the cause of truth4 ,this undeserved condemnation of the ,jesuit ,fathers is not the only error into which ,prof4 ,mller's dislike of ,catholicity has betrayed him4 ,on page #aij1 he speaks of the ,buddhist ceremonies1 and in a foot-note refers to the work of the ,abb ,huc in which he describes his travels in ,china and ,thibet1 and remarks the curious coincidence between the rites of the religion of the ,grand ,lama and the forms of ,catholic worship4 ,our author tells us that the ,abb ,huc pointed out the similarities between the ,buddhist and ,roman ,catholic ceremonials with such navet that1 to his surprise1 he found his delightful ,travels in ,thibet placed on the ,index4 ,we confess our surprise at this information4 ,we never heard of the abb's work having been signed with 8the black mark of ,peter10 but we have heard the book very highly praised by persons who would hardly have praised it had there been anything in it to merit the censures of the church4 ,we have too at hand a copy of the ,index coming down to six years after the publication of the ,travels in ,thibet1 but after a careful search have not been able to find in it the name either of ,abb ,huc or of this work4 ,moreover1 it strikes us as very unlikely that this writer should have suffered for what has been stated pointedly by authors of the church from the first ages down to our time4 ,had ,prof4 ,mller turned his attention to ,tertullian's book1 ,de ,prscriptione ,hreticorum1 he would have found at #dj the following passage3 8,who is to interpret the sense of what may further heresy8 ,the devil1 forsooth1 whose office it is to distort the truth2 who rivals by the mysteries of the idols the very actions of the divine sacraments4 ,he too baptizes some as believers and faithful2 he promises the putting off of sin by the laver2 and1 if ,i remember aright1 ,mithras there signs his soldiers on the forehead1 celebrates the offering of bread1 and uses the image of the resurrection1 and gains the crown through the sword 7martyrdom74 ,what shall ,i say more8 that he destines his high-priest for the nuptials of but one 7wife78 that he has his virgins8 that he has his celibates8 ,but if we consider the superstitions of ,numa ,pompilius1 if the priestly duties1 emblems1 and privileges1 the sacrificial service and instruments1 and the vessels of sacrifice1 and the strangeness of their expiations and votive gifts1 has not the devil manifestly imitated the observances of the ,jewish law80 ,in the seventeenth century ,natalis ,alexander1 in his ,ecclesiastical ,history 7vol4 ii4 diss4 iii4 art4 #c1 #c1 ,no4 vii47 replying to the objections of ,spencer1 in his ,dissertation ,no4 #c on the ,ritual ,laws of the ,hebrews1 says3 8,it is far more probable that the devil1 the rival of ,god1 inspired the heathen to use in the rites of their divinities1 or to carry about with solemn pomp1 arks or mystic vases containing something hidden 7arcanum710 than that the ,israelites took their idea from them2 and further on3 8,who does not see that the conclusion can be drawn by just and better right8 ,therefore1 the beaten vases had their origin in the rivalry of the evil spirit seizing on all that was splendid in the worship of ,god1 and turning it to his own worship40 ,there are besides several rites well known to have existed among the heathen after the coming of ,christ that bear so close a resemblance to ,christian and ,jewish forms1 that we are warranted in following those archologists who attribute them to imitation of the usages of revealed religion4 ,take1 for instance1 the taurobolium or criobolium1 or baptism by the blood of a bull or goat4 ,in this ceremony the person undergoing it was placed in a pit with a kind of sieve over his head1 through which the fresh blood of the animal was made to fall upon his whole body4 ,what is this but the corruption of baptism1 the idea of redemption through blood1 and of the sprinkling with blood that took place by divine command in the old law8 ,it stands to reason that as the ,christian religion gained influence1 paganism would1 by seizing on what was marked in it and perverting it to its own uses1 strive to regain its credit by an imitation which in some way would deceive the ignorant4 ,prof4 ,mller can see from this that ,catholics are not unaccustomed to making such contrasts1 and that they are far from fearing them4 ,and as for the case in point1 history tells us that ,st4 ,thomas evangelized ,india and very probably the countries adjacent to it1 while we know that ,st4 ,francis ,xavier1 as narrated in his life1 found decided traces of ,christianity among some of the ,indians1 though they had not the priesthood4 ,this being the case1 we can readily comprehend how the followers of ,buddha should have adopted many of the forms in use among ,christians1 even the recitation of psalms1 which we know from the ,new ,testament to have been in use among the apostles1 who1 we are told1 8went out from the supper-room after reciting a hymn with their ,master40 ,such are the remarks we have thought well to make in the interest of truth in regard to these volumes of ,prof4 ,mller1 which1 aside from these objectionable features1 are full of learning and of interesting information1 imparted in an easy and elegant style4 ,they will be of value to the scholar1 especially to those whose occupations do not allow them to consecrate much time to researches such as those in which the professor is engaged4 ,they will have the effect of confirming the believer in the truth of ,christianity1 and of making him thankful for the gift of a faith that has saved him from such fearful enthralment of mind and body as he beholds his fellow-men condemned to in the many forms of ,eastern paganism4 ,it is true those who are not favorable to positive religious teaching will wrest not a little of what is said to their own damage--a danger we have tried to point out4 ,still1 the learned author will1 after all1 be justified in remarking that1 if such be the case1 it is but another exemplification of the fact that the serpent draws poison from the same plant from which the bee sips its honey4 ,,footnotes3 #aai ,chips from a ,german ,workshop4 ,by ,max ,mller4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner ,co4 #abj ,see ,khner's ,gr4 ,grammar1 translated by ,messrs4 ,edwards and ,taylor1 ,london and ,new ,york1 #ahei1 #bcd 7i471 with regard to the force of the verbal adjective4 ,the word in the ,greek text of ,tischendorf1 ,ed4 ,sept41 is v4 ,,to ,,wordsworth4 ,great poet1 ,i have tasted and admired ,these many years1 but known thee only now-- ,with nine-and-twenty winters on my brow1 ,and much beside that oft thy page inspired4 ,i find in thee a freshness long desired3 ,and take thy song as migrant bird a lake1 ,which first she shunn'd1 yet could not all forsake1 ,till1 last1 she nests there--never to be tired4 ,to nature ,i have ever turn'd with love1 ,but now more fondly1 from the world of men4 ',twas erst for sympathy3 with ,byron then3 ,but now1 with thee1 religiously--to prove ,the sweets of contemplation1 and emove ,in other minds high thought and holy ken4 ,,may1 #ahgb4 ,,true ,,greatness4 ,there is a singular power in that pithy summons of the exordium to the preface of the ,mass--8,sursum ,corda40 ,it stirs the deepest feelings of the human heart4 ,human nature is keenly sensitive to every appeal addressed to her true instincts4 ,man needs not to be told that he possesses the power of fixing his thoughts on things superhuman1 educing from them principles of action1 and shaping thereby his manifold relations with society4 ,it is in stimulating this latent energy1 and lovingly decoying it up to its most congenial atmosphere1 that we experience the tender force of 8,sursum ,corda0 as a touching address to our innermost self4 ,axioms are beyond demonstration4 ,but man1 no less than science1 has his own living first principles1 and their evidence is of such a clearness as to be but obscured by ratiocination4 ,for instance1 it is always agreeable to our better nature to give praise where praise is due4 ,heathen wisdom has beautifully witnessed to this homely truth3 8,palmam qui meruit ferat40#aba ,the inspired son of ,sirach makes it an imperative duty3 8,let us now praise men of renown1 and our fathers in their generation4444 ,let the people show forth their wisdom1 and the church declare their praise40#abb ,if we should be asked to expound the philosophy of this noble instinct1 we should be obliged1 we apprehend1 either to mystify what is self-evident1 or super-illustrate it by the equally undemonstrable fact that greatness of character challenges universal admiration4 ,it is like the golden sunset of ,italy1 or the many-tinted beauty of the rainbow4 ,we feel1 one and all1 impelled to do it unsolicited homage4 ,further1 we secretly covet and thirst after it4 ,for1 by a cardinal law of our being1 we fain would appropriate and monopolize whatsoever we deem worthy of admiration4 ,concerning the particular qualities of which true greatness is made up1 there may be some difference of opinion4 ,what is indisputable is that its attainment is the result of sustained effort2 that that effort is itself a fertile source of pleasure2 and that in proportion as we loiter in listless indolence1 and shrink from making it1 our life is retrogressive and self-condemned4 ,artists1 in aiming at eminence copy the great masters4 ,they seek to touch their lips to the primal fount of inspiration4 ,now1 it is rather matter of history than abstract speculation or ascetic predilection1 that the very best models of greatness of character have been the saints4 ,with their deep piety1 lengthened vigils1 and extraordinary ecstasies1 we are not now concerned4 ,it is as simple men and women we view them4 ,we are dealing rather with effects than with causes4 ,aside from the supernatural aims whereupon they ever bent and concentrated all their energies1 and whereby they daily renewed their youth1 and whereat they ceaselessly imbibed fresh draughts of vitalizing nectar1 they are the highest types on record of individual excellence4 ,those fine traits of character which men are agreed in admiring shine out more conspicuously in the saints than in any other class of men4 ,on the other hand1 human frailties1 social incongruities1 personal imperfections1 find little or no place in their history4 ,only true men love solitude4 ,not that anybody positively hates it1 but that most people prefer1 instead of soaring alone with the eagle1 to fly low with the herd of the feathered tribe4 ,hence they hold1 with ,aristotle1 that he who loves solitude must be either a wild beast or a god4 ,it is indeed a godlike love1 but it was the cherished heritage of the saints4 ,they were 8never less alone than when alone40 ,independence wins the respect of all4 ,not that reckless thrusting of ourselves against all established usages which borders on silliness1 nor yet that waspish spirit of antagonism by which littleness would1 in distinguishing and gainsaying anything1 fain assume the garb of greatness4 ,christian independence1 which is ever both manly and modest1 lies between rashness and sycophancy1 but partakes of the nature of neither4 ,the harebrained truant is but little further removed from the saint than the fawning parasite4 ,the kingly prophet of ,israel makes frequent and beautiful allusions to independence1 as3 8,dominus illuminatis mea et salus mea3 quem timebo80 ,and again3 8,expecta ,dominum1 viriliter age1 confortetur cor tuum1 et sustine ,dominum40#abc ,if a moral chemist were to analyze independence1 he would most likely discover that its seed and stem is love of principle4 ,men have at all times been found who smiled upon the frowns of fortune1 and cheerfully welcomed adversity1 simply because principle still survived in unimpaired integrity1 though all else had perished4 ,there was yet one rich germ of abiding felicity4 ,of such it has been well said that 8they need not flatter the vain1 nor be tried with the impertinent1 nor stand to the courtesy of knavery and folly4 ,they need not dance after the caprice of a humorist1 nor take part in the extravagance of another40 ,perhaps no one sentence in the writings of the illustrious ,archbishop ,hughes furnishes a true key-note to his character better than this3 8,i have never had a patron in church or state40 ,few are able to pen such words1 and1 in doing so1 defy any impeachment of their veracity4 ,a wholesome disregard for the opinions of others or indifference to human respect is the synonym of independence4 ,it is1 indeed1 under the latter name we find independence mentioned in hagiology and ascetic theology2 and it is one of the insidious poisons which the saints seem most to have feared4 ,they considered the world so whimsical that1 do what they might1 they never could satisfy it4 ,they everywhere saw good reason for pondering the old argument3 8,john came neither eating nor drinking1 and you say3 ,he hath a devil4 ,the ,son of ,man is come both eating and drinking1 and you say3 ,behold a man that is a glutton and a drinker of wine40#abd ,there is a remarkable instance of independence in the life of ,st4 ,thomas ,becket1 and it shows how utterly irreconcilable are human respect and love of principle4 ,it was clear to the chancellor that one of two things needs must come to pass4 ,either he should be allowed to remain chancellor1 and continue in kindly relations with ,henry1 or he should be constrained to accept the archbishopric1 and1 by denouncing ,henry's conduct1 cease to be the friend of the king4 ,the latter would have saints for friends at the cost of principle2 he would have precedence given to the crown over conscience2 he would have a courtier prelate with elastic convictions2 he would have reconciled anomalies and 8harmonized impossibilities40 ,but the independence of conscience is inflexible2 and hence the memorable collision between a powerful monarch1 whose fraudulence time has unveiled1 and a prelate of unsullied integrity1 whose glorious martyrdom is one of the great triumphs of the church4 ,a beautiful writer#abe lays down a simple rule whereby men of vacillating character1 in matters of conscience and duty1 may meet those who would shake their independence with a sort of argumentum ad hominem3 8,since worldlings look upon us as foolish1 let us regard them in the same light40 ,closely akin to independence is steadfastness1 or firmness of resolve4 ,not a mulish obstinacy which spurns counsel1 and1 by magnifying ourselves above all others1 teaches us only to unlearn ourselves4 ,such a spirit betrays utter want of self-knowledge2 for few suffice for themselves1 and fewer still see themselves as they are seen by others4 ,whoever would attain to greatness should avoid the fickle and the inconstant4 8,he that toucheth pitch shall be defiled therewith40 ,and as instability in the convictions of the mind and affections of the heart extends to men's relations and occupations in life1 branding them in all things as volatile1 supercilious1 and untrustworthy1 so we should study to be immovably firm in retaining and acting upon principles which we know to be based upon truth and justice4 ,in pursuing any course of action maturely planned1 and followed up from commendable motives1 we must courteously but firmly resist all attacks materially affecting the nature of our resolve4 ,it is common with the giddy and the irresolute to seek to bring down men of unbending firmness to their own contemptible level4 ,whoever lacks the courage to be singular1 lacks the first element of greatness1 is wanting in a source of solid happiness1 and can scarcely be a true ,christian4 ,to give up a tried and disinterested friend1 to relinquish a line of conduct in itself good and deliberately entered upon--unless from motives far more overpowering than those which had hitherto swayed you--besides furnishing clear evidence of fickleness1 inflicts upon the will an incurable wound4 ,if steadfastness be the twin-sister of independence1 fortitude is its eldest daughter4 ,it has various manifestations2 but it is best evidenced in danger and in time of difficulty4 ,opposition is its touchstone1 elicits its latent powers1 displays them in their modest and unborrowed beauty1 making us regard their possessor with feelings akin to those with which we behold a gallant ship that has just ridden out a violent tempest1 or the conqueror who1 having waded1 in calm courage1 through a sea of blood1 conducts his triumphant legions through the captured provinces to survey the rich spoils of victory4 ,fortitude may be considered the lion-virtue of the human breast4 ,it is the shield of all the other virtues1 rising in earnest promptness at the signal of approaching combat1 and waiting1 with giant force1 to crush1 if it cannot repel1 the invader4 ,sydney ,smith would compare no pleasure to that of conversation with a man of well-stored mind and communicative disposition4 ,it seems to us there is no sight more beautiful to contemplate than that of a brave man in the midst of danger4 ,if aught could enhance its thrilling interest1 it would be the elevating assurance that the invincible hero wars with bitter reluctance1 and solely for the sacred interests of truth and justice4 ,yet such1 in all instances1 has been the struggle of the saints and the eminent servants of the church1 in which her history so copiously abounds4 ,such1 in these latter days1 was the attitude of ,dr4 ,doyle1 before the lords and commons of ,britain1 disdainfully repelling their calumnies against the ,catholics of ,ireland1 scattering a serried phalanx of ,oxford's ablest champions1 and submitting his very examiners to an unexpected ordeal of scrutiny4 ,a still more beautiful instance of quiet courage is that evinced by ,st4 ,paul before the judgment-seat of ,festus3 8,neither against the law of the ,jews1 nor against the temple1 nor against ,csar1 have ,i offended in anything4 ,but ,festus1 willing to show the ,jews a pleasure1 answering ,paul1 said3 ,wilt thou go up to ,jerusalem1 and there be judged of these things before me8 ,then ,paul said3 ,i stand at ,csar's judgment-seat where ,i ought to be judged4 ,to the ,jews ,i have done no injury1 as thou very well knowest4 ,for if ,i have injured them1 or have committed anything worthy of death1 ,i refuse not to die4 ,but if there be none of these things whereof they accuse me1 no man may deliver me to them3 ,i appeal to ,csar40#abf ,it was not only a fearless assertion of the civil rights and liberty of the subject1 but also the stirring rebuke to the perfidious judge for that he sought to transgress the limits of the constitution4 ,st4 ,chrysostom's reply to the courtier who brought him the intimation of the ,empress ,eudoxia's intention to banish him from his see1 breathes the spirit of conscious fortitude3 8,is there any place she can send me where ,god will not be with me80 ,there are few things we more admire in others than energy of character4 ,indolence is the weightiest of burdens4 ,it has been well said1 8,people that have nothing to do are quickly tired of their own company40 ,sluggishness is the paralysis of the mind1 and the grave of physical health4 ,the intellectual faculties of the sluggard are like pearls in the depths of the sea1 or ingots of priceless ore in an undiscovered gold-field4 ,they are a lost treasure4 ,but they are more4 ,their loss entails life-long death4 8,desires kill the slothful1 for his hands have refused to work40#abg ,the most miserable of men is the idler4 ,pleasure he cannot enjoy4 ,food without an appetite is worse than useless2 it is positively noxious4 ,a keen relish for delightful pastime is the fruit of healthy industry4 ,but from this the sluggard revolts1 as do children from ghosts and hobgoblins4 ,for him there needs no demon to tempt2 he is the direst of tempters to himself4 ,sloth is the couch of ,lucifer4 ,moreover1 it stifles self-respect1 awakening in its stead a rancorous spirit of hostility to those of opposite character4 ,the loudest grumblers are idlers4 ,being out of sorts with themselves1 they can ill brook the conflicting influences of those who relish labor4 ,when positive and negative electricity conflict1 lightning is the result4 ,and when the magic charms of ceaseless industry shine like sunbeams on the stagnant1 marshy nature of the do-nothing1 there is generated a brood of vipers which thrive by diffusing poison4 ,it is not wonderful that the saints should one and all have declared unceasing war against sloth4 ,they were prodigies of industry4 ,the mighty feats of labor which they successively undertook1 and1 in most instances1 amid harassing embarrassment1 carried to speedy completion1 astonish the most energetic4 ,it would seem as if their bodies had been recast in some unearthly mould1 whence they came forth purged from all animal properties4 ,it was not so much that they acted in harmonious concert with the will1 as that they appear instinctively to have in some sort anticipated its behests1 outrunning it in the race of industry4 ,and as the sluggard1 imperceptibly1 becomes so besotted as to seem denaturalized1 so1 on the other hand1 the quickened energies of the saints assumed an unflagging elasticity1 second only to the miraculous gift of bilocation1 whereby1 at sundry intervals1 they were empowered to be simultaneously present in different localities4 ,if it be true that no great enterprise has ever been accomplished without sustained effort1 and that before the levelling force of persistent determination the most appalling difficulties soon disappear1 it is no less certain that by none more than by the saints has this cheering truth been realized4 ,in a just appreciation of the value and dignity of labor1 and the refreshing streams of pleasure that flow from it1 their history shows them to have excelled3 nor is it too much to say that on this one ground alone they would be entitled to the gratitude and veneration of mankind4 ,hence the uniform cheerfulness which characterized them1 and which they ungrudgingly seized every means of imparting to others4 ,it is among the balmiest comforts which this shifting world can bestow to hold constant1 or even frequent1 intercourse with men of happy and contented minds4 ,they make life a cloudless sunshine1 beneath whose genial warmth the chilling shadows of sorrow and depression must needs melt rapidly away4 ,the happiest of men were the saints4 ,descrying in nature's tiniest product but a feebly reflected beam of uncreated beauty1 they could sing with the ,florentine bard3 8,la gloria di colui che tutto muove ,per l'universo penetra1 e risplende ,in una parte pi1 e meno altrove4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o gloriose stelle1 o lume pregno ,di gran virt1 del quale io riconosco ,tutto1 qual che si sia1 il mio ingegno40#abh ,if to murmur or grumble was with them a sin1 to be blithe and cheerful was the lightest of duties4 ,hours of sadness they indeed had1 when their own and the world's sins were present to their piercing minds4 ,but through those passing eclipses there evermore shone out a radiant smile--glittering sparks1 issuing from the glowing furnace of the heart within1 where constantly burned the loving recollection of promises sure to be redeemed and favors graciously vouchsafed4 8,sweet intercourse ,of looks and smiles2 for smiles from reason flow-- ,to brute denied1 and are of love the food40 ,there are1 it seems to us1 but few more desirable fortunes than a state of perpetual cheerfulness4 ,it is one which is not to be purchased with gold4 ,its roots must be cast in the 8eternal hills40 ,the saints understood this4 ,they held not in fiefdom from men their changeless buoyancy of spirits4 ,it was not with them a vortical flux and reflux4 ,it was not a checkered alternation of rapturous mirth and gloomy dejection4 ,such is the ephemeral gladness of the shallow humorist or the surfeited bon vivant4 ,the cheerfulness of the saints had nothing of the spasmodic4 ,it was not a rushing avalanche of fitfully majestic grandeur4 ,it was a calm1 stilly lake of perennial transparency1 lying in a hushed valley of mossy verdure1 fringed by a redolent clustering of midsummer's fairest flowers1 reflecting the many-colored beauty of a rich autumnal foliage1 and resounding to the blessed harmonies of nature's feathered choristers4 ,it was a fixed and permanent habit of mind1 sustaining the faculties in even security1 keeping the emotions of the will poised in rational equilibrium1 dispelling all care1 all discontent1 all overweening solitude1 and diffusing throughout their being a moral odor of sweet and undying fragrance4 ,one of the most evident results of such a state of mind is a spirit of disinterestedness4 ,this rare gift is1 we consider1 the strongest proof of solid virtue4 ,it is also the most winning attraction observable in ,christian character2 and this1 doubtless1 is why it is so frequently counterfeited1 and employed as a subterfuge to disguise the petty artifices of selfishness4 ,it was not from disinterestedness1 but to be rid of the anxiety attendant upon wealth1 that the ,grecian philosopher cast his gold into the sea4 ,he was the founder of a numerous school1 whose adherents1 lacking true greatness of soul1 comfort themselves1 and seek to hoodwink others1 by aping excellence which they do not possess4 ,disinterestedness1 if it implies not sacrifice in actu1 at least supposes a readiness to submit1 as often as need be1 to the loss of private interest4 ,it seeks to eradicate1 root and branch1 all narrow self-seeking4 ,herein lies the secret of its power in evoking sympathy4 ,it subdues the sternest enemy1 wins plaudits from the most callous observer1 captivates all well-regulated minds1 and goes straight to every true1 tender1 and impressible heart4 ,knaves are well aware of its popularity2 conceal under its lambkin-like guilelessness their wolfish cunning2 and frequently glide1 upon its unerring prestige1 into sudden and unmerited fortune4 ,but only with the saints--except in instances so rare as but to confirm the rule--has disinterestedness attained its full growth4 ,riches1 high position1 the esteem of the great ones of this world1 such things they deem it a luxury to be able to despise4 ,but they stopped not here1 for this is but the threshold of disinterestedness4 ,a stilly and breathless contentment with the existing state of things2 an ever-vigilant eagerness to keep self-interest in the background1 giving due prominence to all things else2 a prompt readiness to be ignored rather than exalted2 to be tossed to and fro upon the sea of life1 yet ever be buoyed to the surface by uncomplaining indifference2 to be all to all and dead to self--such is the point they sedulously strove to reach4 ,it was this beautiful quality which so much endeared ,st4 ,francis de ,sales to all with whom he held intercourse4 ,there went out from him that which distinctly assured them that they stood in the presence of a superior being4 ,his sovereign once declared that there was more true nobility in ,francis than in any king he had ever read of1 and that he regarded his lofty virtue as something far more to be coveted than the throne and sceptre of ,france4 ,having been requested by a distinguished personage to accept a purse of gold1 he declined for the memorable reason that 8he really knew not what to do with it40 ,centuries before1 ,saul of ,tharsus spoke in similarly unselfish strains to the citizens of ,corinth3 8,behold now the third time ,i am ready to come to you2 and ,i will not be burthensome unto you4 ,for ,i seek not the things that are yours1 but you40#abi ,disinterestedness finds vent in generosity without limit1 and in sympathy which admits of no distinction4 ,greatness embodies these ministering angels of succor1 and calls them her almoners and handmaids4 ,heroes and conquerors have been bravest in their deeds of magnanimity--most honored in their tender considerateness4 8,csar dando1 sublevando1 ignoscendo1 gloriam sibi adeptus est40#acj ,it is said of ,napoleon the ,first that1 walking one day on the coast of ,calais1 and meditating the ruin of the ,british empire1 he descried an ,english lad furtively launching a tiny skiff1 with a view to escaping from the navy of ,france and revisiting his native land4 ,there was too much of precocious daring in the act not to stir the feelings of a soldier who had conquered everything but his cool contempt for danger4 ,the emperor gave orders that a vessel of the line should be despatched to bear the young ,saxon to the shores of ,britain4 ,the achievements of human generosity and sympathy fade into insignificance beside the heroism of the saints4 ,nothing was with them too sacred to be transformed into instruments of sympathy--into healing balsam to staunch the wounds of sorrow and distress4 ,the sacred vessels of the altar were converted into money2 the revenues of the church were made the patrimony of the poor2 and asylums of mercy went up to meet the ravages of sudden epidemic1 wherein the princely blood and fine feelings of a ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo and the genius of a ,bellarmine were happiest and most at home in bending over the pestilential couch of smitten wretchedness4 ,it is written of the 8,seraph of ,assisi0 that1 on learning of a dearth of provisions among a horde of banditti1 he furnished them with an abundant supply1 went in person and publicly embraced the bandit chief1 and soon saw them exchange their career of plunder for a life of edifying industry4 ,to the hair-splitting sciolist1 he would appear to have travelled beyond the bounds of orthodoxy and sanctioned highway robbery2 but to the closer student of the ,gospel1 he will rather resemble him who1 going out from ,gethsemani1 kissed the worst of robbers1 and with his dying breath gave paradise to a public malefactor4 ,we have thus far indicated a few of those leading characteristics which1 if they be not1 in the aggregate1 true moral greatness itself1 are recognized as among its special and essential ingredients4 ,we cannot take leave of this subject without repeating what at the outset we intimated1 namely1 that it is in the lives of the saints those lofty traits of character are most commonly and most endearingly illustrated4 ,what share grace and nature respectively have had in the formation and development of each individual one1 it has not been our object to investigate4 8,facienti quod in se est ,deus nunquam denigat gratiam40#aca ,one thing only the saints sought at the hands of men--to be denied a place in their memory4 ,while here below1 their wish was for the most part realized to the fullest4 ,they were of all others the least understood and most abused4 ,their lowliness is now fittingly exalted1 and1 while their bodies rest in peace1 their names shall be honored from generation to generation4 ,nor can we conceive any means whereby men may more easily or more surely attain true greatness1 even in the natural order1 than by striving1 however imperfectly1 to rival those great men and women1 once the earthly gems of our ransomed humanity1 now the sharers of its glorified dignity and beauty1 whom the church1 in the progressive march of time1 steadily reproduces to our notice1 to strengthen our faith1 to vivify our hopes1 and intensify our undivided love for the ,creator in the first instance1 and then for our fellow-creature1 without limit or distinction4 ,,footnotes3 #aba 8,let him receive the palm who has deserved it40 #abb ,ecclus4 xliv4 #a1 #ae4 #abc 8,the ,lord is my light and my salvation3 whom shall ,i fear8444 ,wait on the ,lord1 act bravely1 let thy heart be strengthened1 and wait for the ,lord40 #abd ,luke vii4 #cc4 #abe ,st4 ,francis de ,sales1 ,introduction1 part iv4 chap4 #a4 #abf ,acts xxv4 #abg ,prov4 xxi4 #be4 #abh ,la ,divina ,commedia1 ,paradiso1 canti i41 xxii4 8,the glory of him who gives life and motion to all things1 penetrates the universe1 and shines forth with more splendor in one part1 and with less in another4 99 99 99 99 99 8,o glorious stars6 ,o light impregnate with powerful virtues6 to which ,i am indebted for all my genius1 such as it is40 ,the above rendering is taken from the admirable prose translation of the ,rev4 ,e4 ,o',donnell4 #abi #b ,cor4 xii4 #ad4 #acj 8,csar gained glory for himself1 by giving1 by raising up1 by pardoning40 #aca 8,god never denies grace to one who does what he can40 ,,religious ,,processions ,,in ,,belgium4 ,in ,belgium the patronal feasts of the churches and towns are celebrated with great pomp and splendor4 ,each church1 on its feast1 is adorned in the richest style1 the streets and houses of the parish are decorated with green branches and banners2 high and low1 rich and poor1 unite to do honor to the ,blessed ,sacrament1 that is carried in procession on the ,sunday during the octave1 within the limits of the parish4 ,from the houses of the nobles hang the banners1 and oriflammes emblazoned with their armorial bearings2 one common bond of sympathy and love unites all ranks1 one common desire to show homage and reverence to the dear ,lord and ,master1 who is to be borne in triumph in their midst4 ,catholicity has so thoroughly moulded the habits and customs of the people1 the festivals of the church make the festivals of the people2 consequently1 the feast of the church is also the ,kermesse1 as it is called1 of the people4 ,the parish feast is the ,petite ,kermesse2 the patronal feast of the city the ,grande ,kermesse1 when all business is suspended1 and universal rejoicing prevails4 ,bruges celebrates the ,grande ,kermesse on the #fth of ,may1 in honor of the ,precious ,blood1 which is on that day carried in procession from the chapel of ,le ,saint ,sang to the cathedral4 ,in the chapel of ,le ,saint ,sang1 the oldest ,christian building in ,belgium1 is preserved the holiest of relics1 the precious blood of our ,lord1 which was expressed from the sponge with which his sacred body was washed after the descent from the cross4 ,it was brought from the ,holy ,land by ,comte ,thierry d',alsace1 one of the first and most distinguished of the early crusaders1 and presented to the bishop of his native city1 ,bruges2 where it has ever since remained1 the object of the most faithful love and veneration4 ,every year1 on the #fth of ,may1 the ,bishop of ,bruges and the canons of the cathedral go in procession to the chapel of ,le ,saint ,sang1 carry the relic1 which is inclosed in a shrine of inestimable value1 to the cathedral2 high mass is sung1 benediction given1 and then the procession returns to the chapel1 where1 during the octave1 the precious relic is exposed to the veneration of the faithful4 ,bruges is one of the oldest and most ,gothic of the ,belgian towns2 in the middle ages it was the great commercial entrept1 canals intersect it in every direction1 but trade has moved off to ,antwerp and other cities1 and ,bruges is left with only the traditions of its former importance4 ,it is1 too1 one of the quaintest of places2 grass grows in the streets1 and1 ordinarily1 it is the quietest of towns2 consequently1 the ,english affect it a great deal1 particularly converts4 ,in the most retired part of the town is the great convent of the ,dames ,anglaises2 the chapel is magnificent2 around the walls are tablets with the names of the ,talbots1 ,giffords1 ,somersets1 ,middletons1 and others who have died in the convent1 and were its benefactors4 ,the habit is beautiful1 pure white with black veil2 they follow the rule of ,st4 ,augustine1 and are principally ,english2 nothing can be more calm and peaceful than their retreat4 ,the ,hpital ,st4 ,jean is also well worth seeing1 as its gallery of paintings contains many of the gems of ,memling and other masters of the ,flemish school4 ,the hospital is under the charge of the ,surs ,hospitalires1 who are also ,augustinians1 dress in white like the ,dames ,anglaises1 but are not quite so elegantly picturesque4 ,the ,palais de ,justice1 the beautiful little ,htel de ,ville1 and the ,chapel of the ,saint ,sang1 surround the ,grande ,place4 ,it was the eve of the ,grande ,kermesse when we arrived in ,bruges1 and all the country and adjoining towns had emptied into it2 the streets and ,places were crowded with peasants in every imaginable costume2 women in round caps1 pointed caps1 peaks on top and wings on the side2 every age and style was represented4 ,near the ,grand ,place is a belfry1 immensely high1 called the ,carillon1 with the most delicious chime of bells1 which made music all the afternoon and evening4 ,the bells of ,bruges are the most famous in ,belgium4 ,in the ,grand ,place two or three gymnasiums were in full operation2 at all the ,kermesses there are machines called moulins1 like enormous rotary engines1 with chariots for the girls and women1 and horses for the boys and men1 decorated with red and gold in the most fantastic manner4 ,some of the carriages were red1 others blue1 then yellow1 and so on2 round and round they went1 the bands of music playing1 the children screaming with enjoyment1 the women waving their handkerchiefs2 the people around looking on delightedly1 some smoking1 some drinking1 all enjoying themselves4 ,in another place1 a circus was performing in broad daylight1 clowns jumping and turning somersaults1 boys standing on men's heads1 girls poised on the shoulders of other muscular individuals4 ,the chimes were ringing their merriest1 and the great bells of the cathedral and ,notre ,dame joined their loud voices to the chorus to celebrate the eve of the great festival4 ,early on the morning of the feast we visited the ,chapel of the ,saint ,sang1 ascended the staircase2 a priest sat behind a little altar1 holding the precious reliquary2 we kissed the relic1 saw with our own eyes the crimson life-blood of our ,blessed ,redeemer1 shed for us on ,calvary2 passed down the other side2 and descended into the subterranean crypt1 the oldest church in ,flanders4 ,then we visited the cathedral and ,notre ,dame1 looked at the beautiful pictures that adorn the walls1 and meditated by the tombs of the bishops and old dukes of ,burgundy4 ,in ,notre ,dame are the tombs of ,charles the ,bold and ,maria of ,burgundy4 ,at ten1 the high mass commenced in the cathedral2 the ,bishop of ,bruges sang the mass1 the ,nuncio's throne was opposite1 and on the right of the ,bishop of ,bruges the ,bishops of ,ghent1 ,lige1 and ,tournai occupied the first of the canons' stalls1 crimson velvet hangings being thrown over the carved oak in honor of their rank4 ,the canons were in their stalls2 the seminarians and the rest of the clergy had the good places directly in front of the screen4 ,in the cathedral of ,bruges the high altar is divided from the rest of the church by great marble walls1 on top of which were splendid hangings of ,gobelin tapestry2 and all that could be seen was to be done by peeping through the railing of the doors4 ,we left at the benediction1 and made our way out1 so as to see the procession1 which would pass the ,htel de ,flandre4 ,the lancers were drawn up in front of the cathedral1 the streets were lined with soldiers1 flags and streamers floated in the breeze4 ,we had barely reached our window when we heard the approaching music1 the splendid band of the lancers4 ,after the cavalry1 that opened the way and made the line1 came the infantry2 then the different parishes1 headed by the banners1 the boys in cassocks and surplices chanting1 the girls in white veils and flowers--all that was beautiful4 ,the women came out from the houses and strewed flowers and green leaves1 so that the street looked like a carpet4 ,in nearly every detachment was a girl dressed like the ,blessed ,virgin2 in one1 it was the ,queen of ,heaven--white dress1 studded with stars1 mantle and train of blue velvet1 gemmed with golden stars1 diadem and sceptre4 ,in another1 the ,comfortress of the ,afflicted2 in another1 the ,mother of ,god2 again1 the ,mater ,dolorosa4 ,then came one of the most beautiful divisions3 boys dressed to represent the different saints of the city and churches--,st4 ,james2 ,st4 ,sebastian1 with his bow and arrows2 one1 ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo1 was perfect1 mitre on the head1 superb cross and chain1 the crosier in his hand--the little fellow marched with as much dignity and grace as the five bishops who followed4 ,immediately before the relic was borne a splendid statue of the ,mother of ,sorrows1 in purple velvet1 surrounded by the confraternity1 dressed in purple1 covered with large black lace veils1 followed by the 8,three ,marys40 ,some artist must have dressed and grouped them4 ,the ,blessed ,virgin's face was most exquisitely pure and sorrowful1 her blue mantle and dress fell around her with perfect grace2 the ,magdalene supported her on one side1 a beautiful girl1 with long flowing hair1 superbly dressed1 her arms covered with splendid bracelets2 on the other side was the third ,mary1 her arm thrown around the ,blessed ,virgin to support her4 ,last of all came the clergy of the cathedral1 the seminarians flinging clouds of incense1 the canons in procession4 ,the shrine was carried in turn by different canons2 immediately after walked the ,bishop of ,bruges1 giving his benediction1 his train borne by three boys2 then the three other bishops1 and the ,nuncio1 in a superb cape and mitre1 who likewise blessed the people4 ,it was beautiful2 the white dresses of the children1 the red and gold vestments of the priests 7all the vestments1 of course1 were red in honor of the ,precious ,blood71 the splendid banners1 the magnificent music1 and the picturesque crowd1 made an ensemble not easily forgotten4 ,in ,ghent1 the great procession of ,st4 ,macaire1 which only takes place once in a century1 was celebrated ,may #ai1 #ahfg1 with extraordinary splendor1 to implore his intercession for the preservation of ,belgium from pestilence1 the cholera1 the typhus fever1 and the cattle disease1 which so desolated the country the previous year4 ,the ,cardinal of ,malines1 all the ,bishops of ,belgium1 the ,nuncio1 and ,bishop ,mermillod1 of ,geneva1 who preached the ,jubilee1 assisted4 ,the city was crowded2 over #ajj1jjj strangers from all parts1 even from ,france and ,germany4 ,the ,cathedral of ,st4 ,bavon is very old1 dates from #idj1 and was in its gala dress4 ,the shrine of ,st4 ,macaire1 of solid silver1 a present from the city of ,mons two hundred years ago1 was placed upon a temporary altar1 erected in the middle of the transept1 surrounded by thousands of lights1 a canopy of evergreens and flowers overshadowed it1 and the church was decorated with garlands of flowers that hung from the ceiling in immense festoons2 hundreds of pennants suspended from the arched roof fluttered above our heads2 and the coup d'il from the lower part of the church1 or from behind the main altar1 was surpassingly beautiful4 ,the mass was sung by the ,nuncio1 in the presence of the cardinal and the other bishops4 ,after the mass we looked at the paintings in all the chapels1 saw the font where ,charles ,v4 was made a ,christian1 and by making the most of being strangers persuaded a polite young gentleman to show us the famous statue of ,duquesnoy4 ,duquesnoy was one of the greatest sculptors of his day2 we had seen the beautiful statue of ,st4 ,ursula in the mortuary chapel of the ,princes of ,tour and ,taxis1 in the church of the ,sablon in ,brussels1 and were anxious to see the still more famous chef-d'uvre in the ,cathedral of ,ghent4 ,duquesnoy1 unfortunately1 was as wicked as he was talented1 and for some great crime was condemned to be executed4 ,while in prison he finished his last great work1 the recumbent figure of one of the bishops of ,ghent4 ,he devoted his best energies to the task1 hoping by that means to obtain his pardon2 the result was a grand success2 he had surpassed all his former efforts2 but even the great triumph could not obtain grace for him2 the law was inexorable2 he must die4 ,he asked to see once more his beloved statue1 upon which he had devoted his lonely prison life2 he was taken before it1 and in despair and rage he seized a hammer and broke off the fingers of the right hand4 ,before he could inflict further damage he was hurried off1 and burnt before the church of ,st4 ,nicholas4 ,we rambled around the cathedral in every direction1 looking perseveringly at the right hands of all the statues1 but all the fingers were perfect2 where was ,duquesnoy's8 ,men were going round clattering the keys1 pushing the people out1 priests were in all corners1 telling everybody the church must be cleared to make ready for the procession4 ,we made a beseeching appeal to a priest1 who stood upon the steps leading to the choir1 that we were strangers1 probably never would be in ,ghent again in our lives--couldn't we see the statue8 ,he gave a wink to one of the ushers1 and the young gentleman responded by inviting us up the steps1 and into the choir we hurried4 ,there were three thrones1 two on the epistle side for the ,cardinal and ,nuncio1 one on the gospel side for the ,bishop of ,ghent2 the other bishops had crimson velvet chairs and pries-dieu4 ,behind the throne of the ,bishop was the famous statue2 the fingers have been repaired1 but the line is visible where the unfortunate wretch wreaked his vengeance4 ,not only did we see the statue well1 but our polite guide insisted upon our examining closely the shrine of ,st4 ,macaire2 so we had a chance of admiring the beautiful chasing of the repository of the relics4 ,after dinner1 we took possession of our window1 and at five the procession came in sight4 ,first1 the lancers to make the line2 then the charitable associations of ,ghent1 the confrries of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier1 free schools1 etc41 each headed by superb banners4 ,the gem of this part was the ,jesuit ,college of ,st4 ,barbe1 forming a group--the ,triumph of ,st4 ,aloysius of ,gonzaga4 ,the choirboys led the van1 then the three cardinals--,borromeo1 ,bellarmin1 and ,gonzaga1 preceded by pages bearing their escutcheons1 followed by others carrying their trains2 the statue of ,st4 ,aloysius1 followed by his brother ,rudolph1 ,duke of ,mantua1 preceded by heralds bearing the arms of the house of ,gonzaga2 the young nobles walked behind1 and the avenue was formed by halberdiers in the dress of the time4 ,the dressing of this group was gorgeous2 the sons of the first families of ,flanders arrayed in the most magnificent style4 ,we have never seen it equalled on the stage4 ,then followed in endless succession the religious orders of women1 the ,sisters of ,charity with the deaf and dumb2 the ,sisters of the ,visitation with their free schools2 the ,sisters of ,st4 ,joseph2 the ,black ,sisters1 who nurse the sick2 the ,beguines from the ,petit and ,grand ,beguinage with their free schools2 each division bearing patron saints decorated in the most beautiful manner1 and arranged in the most artistic style4 ,the parishes were in full force2 each parish was a grand procession by itself2 the schools and confrries of each church with its insignia4 ,the ,living ,rosary was exquisite2 bands of young girls reciting the rosary2 the ,five ,joyful ,mysteries in white1 with white roses and ribbons2 the ,five ,sorrowful1 white and violet2 the ,five ,glorious1 white and red--all with gorgeous banners and streamers4 ,the parish of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist was distinguished by a group of the church militant1 suffering1 and triumphant4 ,the church militant1 young girls dressed in white1 green wreaths1 ribbons1 and gauze veils floating around1 indicating the immortal hopes of the church2 some bearing on velvet cushions the triple crown of the ,pope and the emblems of episcopal authority2 the cross borne aloft1 crowned with garlands1 and the words1 in blazing letters1 8,port inferorum non prvalebunt contra te60 ,the church suffering1 girls in white1 purple sashes and wreaths1 covered with black lace veils1 bearing the instruments of the ,passion1 the inscription on the cross1 8,ave crux1 spes unica60 ,the church triumphant1 girls in white1 veils of cloth-of-gold1 dresses studded with golden stars1 some bearing the banners of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 others golden palms of victory2 the cross golden1 with the legend1 surrounded by a halo of glory1 8,in hoc signo vinces60 ,and so passed on the different parishes1 each followed by the clergy of the church in the richest vestments4 ,the religious orders of men came next1 and lastly the parish of the cathedral of ,st4 ,bavon with the precious relics of ,st4 ,macaire2 the free schools1 the confrries1 the congregation1 and the most exquisite historical group1 representing the courts of the ,king of ,france and the ,comte de ,flandre as they assisted at the translation of the relics of ,st4 ,macaire in #ajfg--the soldiers1 archers1 chaplains1 standard-bearers1 and pages in the most accurate costumes4 ,the ,king and ,queen of ,france and the ,comte de ,flandre were magnificently dressed2 no tinsel1 but superb diadems and robes of velvet and gold4 ,the 8,slaves of ,mary0 formed a beautiful group2 a lovely statue of the ,blessed ,virgin1 borne aloft1 from which hung golden chains1 carried by young ladies1 dressed in white1 enveloped in white lace veils1 the chains binding them together4 ,it was difficult to choose where all was so beautiful1 but we were almost tempted to say it was the gem4 ,add to this magnificence the streets adorned with flags1 houses covered with green branches and flowers1 balconies with blue1 crimson1 and yellow velvet hangings glittering with gold1 and some idea may be formed of the uniquely beautiful spectacle4 ,the seminary1 the curs in surplice and ermine hanging from the left arm1 the deans in copes1 the canons of the cathedral1 the bishops of ,namur1 ,lige1 ,bruges1 ,tournai1 ,geneva1 and ,ghent in mitre and cope1 preceding the shrine of ,st4 ,macaire1 borne by priests1 surrounded by lights2 then the ,nuncio2 and1 last of all1 the ,cardinal of ,malines--all the bishops giving the episcopal benediction1 the people blessing themselves in the most earnest1 reverential manner4 ,well may ,ghent have been proud of her procession6 ,the ,cardinal of ,malines said it could not have been seen anywhere but in ,belgium1 and nowhere in ,belgium but in ,ghent4 ,it was two hours passing our window1 and five hours going from the ,chateau des ,espagnols1 the old ,abbey of ,st4 ,bavon1 to the cathedral4 ,the ,grande ,kermesse of ,brussels is in ,july1 the first ,sunday after the #acth1 the anniversary of the translation of the ,trs-,saint-,sacrement de ,miracle from ,st4 ,catharine's to the beautiful collegiate church of ,st4 ,gudule4 ,in the fourteenth century1 in the year #acgj1 sixteen hosts were stolen by the ,jews from the tabernacle of ,st4 ,catharine1 carried to their synagogue1 and on ,good ,friday they assembled to gratify their hate2 they placed them upon a table1 stabbed them--blood flowed4 ,shocked at what they had done1 but not converted1 even by what they had seen1 they tried to get rid of them1 and induced a woman to carry them to their brethren in ,cologne4 ,the woman had been recently converted1 and although1 from love of gold1 she consented to conceal the crime1 she determined to reveal all to the priest who had received her into the church4 ,she carried them to him1 avowing the part she had taken in the whole affair2 the authorities arrested the ,jews1 the guilty ones were executed1 the rest banished from ,brussels1 and their property confiscated4 ,st4 ,catharine's was a chapel of ,st4 ,gudule's2 so the clergy went in grand procession1 followed by the reigning sovereigns1 nobility1 and dignitaries1 to bring them to ,st4 ,gudule's4 ,the ,jews had destroyed some of them2 there only remained three1 which are the especial objects of veneration in ,brussels4 ,the synagogue where the outrage was committed was bought by ,comte de ,salagar1 and converted into a chapel2 but as it was small1 a beautiful chapelle expiatoire1 designed by ,pugin1 has been erected adjoining4 ,attached to it is a community of ladies1 semi-religious1 who perpetually adore the ,blessed ,sacrament in the spot where it was profaned2 besides their office of perpetual adoration1 they devote themselves to good works pertaining to the ,blessed ,sacrament2 they make vestments for poor churches and missions1 instruct children for the first communion1 visit the sick1 and prepare the dying for the holy viaticum4 ,where once the most cruel hate was shown1 now the most ardent love is manifested4 ,the sanctuary is always perfumed with the choicest flowers1 the altar blazes with light1 and the incense of prayer and adoration is ever offered1 to atone for the awful insult4 ,on ,holy ,thursday1 the ladies of ,brussels send their richest jewels to adorn the repository1 which is always in the old synagogue2 and when one glances from the tablet1 which tells that on this spot the shocking deed was perpetrated1 he beholds1 enthroned on high1 the holy of holies1 surrounded by diamonds1 rubies1 sapphires1 emeralds1 and pearls4 ,the ,trs-,saint-,sacrement de ,miracle is preserved in ,st4 ,gudule's2 ,charles ,v4 built the beautiful chapel of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 and the superb windows were presented by his royal sisters1 the ,queens of ,portugal and ,hungary1 his brother1 ,ferdinand1 ,king of the ,romans1 and ,francis ,i4 of ,france4 ,the sanctuary is surrounded by a cordon of lamps1 always burning1 and the monstrance presented by the ,duc d',arenberg is ablaze with jewels4 ,when the ,pays ,bas were under the rule of ,austria1 the ,austrian sovereigns lavished upon this chapel every mark of affection2 the most superb laces1 worth thousands of francs1 and jewels2 and the unfortunate ,marie ,antoinette sent her wedding-necklace of diamonds to be suspended around the monstrance4 ,the week before the festival1 a retreat is always given in the ,chapelle ,expiatoire1 and during the octave there are sermons by some famous preacher every day at ,st4 ,gudule's4 ,one year the retreat was given by ,pre ,hermann1 in religion ,frre ,augustin ,marie du ,trs-,saint-,sacrement1 a converted ,jew1 then a bare-footed ,carmelite4 ,he was a great artist1 ,liszt's best pupil1 the idol of the salons of ,paris1 ,vienna1 ,brussels1 and all the capitals of ,europe1 and was converted by the ,blessed ,sacrament in a miraculous manner4 ,he told us the history of his conversion4 ,said he3 8,i was invited to play the organ in a church in ,paris for some great charity4 ,i consented4 ,i played4 ,at the benediction ,i ceased1 ,i looked on2 when in an instant ,i felt that ,i knew that ,god was in the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,i fell on my knees4 ,i adored1 and for some time was insensible to all around4 ,but1 although convinced1 ,i was not converted4 ,for three months ,i continued my artist-life1 when1 one day in ,st4 ,gudule's1 in the chapel of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 ,i received my coup de grce4 ,i resisted no longer2 ,i became a ,catholic2 and you see me now before you1 a ,carmelite40 ,we asked him if it was true that he had been such a great artist4 8,yes10 he answered2 8that is1 in the history of music ,liszt considered me his best pupil2 as such1 ,i accompanied him in his tours1 and he presented me to all the crowned heads as his future successor40 ,his preaching was wonderful1 always on the ,blessed ,sacrament1 and when he turned to the tabernacle his countenance was inflamed with love4 ,the grand procession leaves ,st4 ,gudule's after the ,high ,mass1 winds its way through the streets1 adorned in the most gorgeous manner--military music1 soldiers1 the different parishes with their respective clergy1 children strewing flowers1 and priests swinging censers before the ,trs-,saint-,sacrement de ,miracle1 which is borne under a magnificent canopy by the deacon and sub-deacon of the ,mass1 followed by the dean4 ,through the kneeling crowds they march until they reach the picturesque ,grande ,place1 and there1 on an altar ornamented with the national colors1 the ,blessed ,sacrament is exposed for adoration4 ,at that moment it is superb2 the military form the square1 the beautifully dressed children kneel in the centre1 the clergy are ranged on the high flight of steps leading up to the altar--incense is burning from huge urns2 the dean intones the ,tantum ,ergo1 it is taken up by hundreds--and then the bell rings1 the drums roll1 the soldiers present arms1 the dean raises the ,trs-,saint-,sacrement de ,miracle1 and gives the benediction to the ,htel de ,ville1 and in blessing that hall blesses the city4 ,the ,assumption is the festival of ,antwerp1 and on that day the grand church of ,notre ,dame is en fte2 therefore1 as the mother rejoices1 the children must be happy4 ,the church is the largest and richest in ,belgium2 seven aisles wide2 the pillars are so numerous1 it looks like a forest2 the style is simple1 but very fine1 pure ,gothic4 ,the main altar was splendidly illuminated by hundreds of wax candles1 and all down the nave the most magnificent banners were suspended from the columns1 producing a superb relief4 ,the music was excellent1 ,haydn's ,imperial ,mass1 with orchestra and organ and admirably trained voices4 ,near the main altar are the chefs-d'uvre of ,rubens--the ,ascent and ,descent from the ,cross4 ,when we left the cathedral1 we stood for a while contemplating the grand tower1 from the top of which on a clear day can be seen ,malines1 ,brussels1 ,bruges1 and ,ghent4 ,the tower is a mass of the most elaborate tracery1 and the filigree carving is so delicate1 ,charles ,v4 said it should be put under glass1 and ,napoleon compared it to ,malines lace4 ,there is a delicious carillon or chime of ninety-nine bells1 which ring every ten minutes1 and are played by machinery1 put up in #aedj2 the great bell1 named ,charles after its godfather1 ,charles ,v41 requires sixteen men to ring it2 consequently1 it is only used on great festivals2 and as this was the ,grande ,kermesse of ,antwerp1 we heard it4 ,near by the cathedral is the fountain cast in iron by ,quentin ,matsys1 one of the great ,flemish painters1 when he was a blacksmith4 ,the story is he fell in love with the daughter of an artist1 who would not consent to the marriage until the blacksmith should also become an artist4 ,so ,quentin ,matsys left the forge for the pencil1 and became one of the glories of his country4 ,his tomb is in the cathedral1 his statue ornaments one of the great ,places1 and his memory is ardently cherished by his native city4 ,we were in front of the ,htel de ,ville1 a gloomy looking building1 built by the ,duke of ,alva in the gloomiest ,spanish style1 and saw the procession pass4 ,it was very fine2 the banners of ,antwerp are unequalled in the northern part of ,europe2 they were the glories of the procession4 ,the statue of the ,blessed ,virgin was gorgeously dressed in a mass of gold1 lace1 and precious stones4 ,the banners were sufficiently splendid in the beginning1 but as the canopy over the ,blessed ,sacrament appeared1 they became more and more dazzling1 perfectly resplendent in the bright sun4 ,the golden lamps borne around the canopy added to the gorgeousness1 the vestments of the clergy corresponded2 and as every one in the procession carried a light1 it was like a stream of fire quivering along the ,place4 ,files of soldiers made the outer line1 and splendid military bands played at intervals4 ,one of the events of this ,grande ,kermesse was the unveiling of the statue of ,teniers1 another great ,flemish painter4 ,antwerp is justly proud of her artist sons1 and in her ,places can be seen the statues of ,rubens1 ,vandyck1 ,quentin ,matsys1 and ,teniers--children whom the mother delights to honor2 but greatest of all her glories is the grand ,cathedral of ,notre ,dame1 which speaks for the faith of the past that could raise such a glorious monument to the living ,god4 ,,little ,,love4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke40 8,of such is the kingdom of heaven40 ,the first evening-bell of the ,n---- ,state ,prison had rung1 and the deputy-warden stood in the guard-room taking the ward keys from their nail1 and looking at his revolver4 ,a guard watched from each of the windows toward the yard1 and at one of the narrow loopholes beside the door stood a little figure on tiptoe peeping out1 only half her face reaching above the wood-work4 ,this was ,minnie ,raynor1 the warden's daughter--a child so happy and so beautiful1 that lips unused to fanciful talk called her fanciful names2 a child so sweet1 too1 that tender looks and thoughts ever followed her4 ,rough men patted her nestling cheek1 and called her 8darling02 to her father1 she was 8my angel02 but her mother went to the heart of the matter1 and called her 8,little ,love40 ,the deputy went toward the door near which she stood4 8,o ,minnie6 is it you80 he asked2 8or is it a ray of sunshine that has come in at the window80 ,she laughed as she settled down from tiptoe1 and turned her head2 and the level sunshine steeped her through--dimpled1 delicate face1 luminous brown eyes1 flaxen hair1 and all her baby whiteness4 8,may ,i go out with you80 she asked in a voice of childish sweetness4 8,certainly60 he answered 8,please open the door for me2 my hands are full40 ,she tried1 in perfect good faith1 to do as he bade her2 and the men watched1 between amusement and admiration1 those tiny rosy hands that pulled ineffectually at iron bar and nail-studded oaken door4 8,i can't make it move10 she said at length2 and1 looking about1 perceived that they were laughing at her4 ,they went out on to the platform1 and the door was closed behind them4 8,now stand close to me while ,i ring the bell1 and watch the men file in1 then we will go down to the prison10 the deputy said4 ,at the second bell1 the convicts marched slowly out of the different shops1 joined in the yard1 and passed by1 on their way to the prison1 the stairs at the head of which stood the deputy and ,minnie ,raynor4 ,the child looked in wonder at that long line of silent men1 who walked so close together1 with interlocked steps1 and never raised their faces4 ,there was something in it that provoked her to mischief4 ,sorrow and sin she knew nothing of1 and she had never seen in those about her a gravity which her smiles could not banish4 ,why should she not be a sunbeam to this cloud also8 ,there was a flit of white drapery at the deputy's side1 and a toss of yellow-flaxen hair4 8,come back1 and wait for me10 he said hastily1 his eyes fixed on the advancing line4 ,there was a trill of bird-toned laughter1 and ,minnie ,raynor scampered down the stairs as fast as her feet could carry her4 ,the officer dared not go after her1 nor remove his eyes from his charge1 but he leaned a little1 and tried to catch her4 ,she laughed1 and fled on1 leaving her blue sash in his hand1 and1 reaching the outer door of the prison1 stood looking at the convicts as they passed by her4 ,hundreds of men were there1 each stained by some dark crime1 yet ,minnie smiled into their faces1 and saw nothing to fear or dislike4 ,and in every face1 as she looked1 dimly1 as in troubled waters1 there shone back on her a faint and far-away reflection of remembered childhood and innocence4 ,every hard face softened1 and met her glance with brightening eyes1 and every heart blessed her--the warden's bonnie little daughter4 ,near the end of the line was a man whose overseers never turned their backs on him--of whom every officer in the prison was wary4 ,this man1 ,william ,jeffries1 had been ten years under sentence of death for wilful murder1 and had passed that time in daily expectation of the order for his execution4 ,if personal beauty had aught to do with virtue1 one might say that this sentence was an unjust one2 for the convict was not only strikingly handsome1 but had an air of superiority4 ,the black hair was thrown carelessly back1 and left fully exposed the marble-white1 exquisite features1 whose expression1 when he looked down1 was one of pride and melancholy4 ,but when he raised those full black eyes1 the beholder shrank involuntarily from their hard and brilliant regard4 ,no smile ever was seen on those compressed1 haughty lips2 they never spoke save when obliged to1 and never asked a favor4 ,and it was well known that he watched1 day and1 night1 for any chance of escape1 and cherished a deep1 cold hate for his keepers4 ,as he approached her1 ,minnie smiled up into his face1 then started forward1 and1 taking his hand1 walked on with him1 to the horror of the guards and the malicious amusement of the convicts4 ,for the man himself1 he merely submitted to the soft clasp of her fingers1 and kept his eyes downcast2 but his face turned a deep red1 which had not faded when he reached his cell door4 ,there the overseer interfered1 and drew ,minnie away1 just as she was entering the cell4 8,i want to go into his play-house1 and see the pretty pictures on the walls10 she said4 8,you must not60 was the reply4 8,it is wicked to go in there4 ,it's no place for you40 ,jeffries drew his cell-door to1 and1 as he stood holding it1 gave the overseer a glance4 ,that glance blazed4 8,don't stare at me60 the officer exclaimed4 ,the convict lowered his eyes4 ,minnie walked on reluctantly to the end of the ward1 and stood there while the cell doors were locked2 then1 when she saw the hands pushed through the gratings1 she ran down the walk1 full of frolic1 and caught one of them4 8,you can't get it away60 she cried1 holding on to the white and well-formed hand with her tiny fingers4 ,had any of his keepers been in front of ,jeffries' cell then1 they would scarcely have recognized him4 ,the bold eyes were soft and humid1 the pallid face faintly colored1 and a smile of tender sweetness trembled about the mouth4 ,minnie leaned close against the grating1 and looked through at the pictures that lined the walls of the cell4 ,only the iron rods separated her head from that guilty breast1 some of her bright locks pushed through and touched the convict's sleeve1 and her tender hands still caressed that hand that had been stained with a brother's blood4 8,are they your pictures80 she asked4 ,he reached1 and1 taking the prettiest one from the wall1 gave it to her4 ,not even to her would he break the rule of silence4 8,o ,minnie6 ,minnie60 said the deputy chidingly1 as he came down the walks1 after making his rounds4 8,why did you run away from me80 ,she displayed her picture with childish delight4 8,he gave it to me10 she said1 nodding toward the convict4 8,isn't he good80 8,he is very kind10 the officer replied4 8,did you thank him80 8,well1 we must go now4 ,you can come again some other time40 8,good-bye60 ,minnie called out to her new friend4 8,i shall come to see you again very soon4 ,and ,i want to kiss you now10 running back again4 ,the deputy1 with the child's hand in his1 hesitated1 and looked embarrassed4 ,he made a point of being scrupulously civil to the convicts1 and was particularly careful not to offend this one2 but he shrank from allowing such a leave-taking4 8,it won't hurt her1 sir10 said the prisoner1 in an eager voice4 8,she is too pure to take a stain40 ,the child's hand was released1 the convict bent inside his cell1 and took the kiss she gave him through the bars2 then ,minnie went into the house with her protector4 8,i am not sure that ,i like it10 ,mr4 ,raynor said1 after he had heard the story4 ,he took the child in his arms4 8,i am not sure that ,i shall let my angel go down to that place again40 8,but1 father10 his wife said gently1 8if our angel can do good there1 we ought not to refuse4 ,i should not wish her to go unguarded1 nor1 indeed1 very often in any way2 but she might go down occasionally with one of us1 or the deputy4 ,as ,jeffries says1 she is too pure to take a stain40 ,the wife prevailed2 and1 thereafter1 ,minnie ,raynor's sweet face often cheered the gloom of the prison4 ,the convicts learned to bless her small shadow as it fell across the work or book carried close to the cell door for light4 ,they would start and smile at any sign of her coming--a laugh1 a word1 or the patter of light feet on the stones4 ,those who were on the side of the prison next the street thought themselves repaid if1 after a day of toil and silence1 they caught a glimpse of the child in a window1 or in the garden of the warden's house4 ,they fabricated wonderful toys for her in their leisure hours--balls that bounded marvellously1 ornaments carved from soupbones1 and rattles that were a puzzle to take apart or put together4 ,in return1 she gave them smiles and thanks1 and whatever dainty she could coax from her mother to carry in4 ,but to no one was this fair vision so dear as to him on whom she had first bestowed her preference2 for on her he concentrated all the softness which the others showed toward any one who noticed them4 ,she was the only one to whom he spoke1 on whom he smiled2 and for her sake he would humble himself to any extent4 ,he who had before scorned to ask a favor1 now begged for tools and materials to make toys for the warden's daughter4 ,he showed jealousy when she noticed any one else--he begged her constantly for assurances of affection4 ,on her he poured out all the suppressed tenderness of his heart2 for she was the only being who had ever come to him with perfect trust--the only being who believed him good4 8,i think you are real nice10 she would say1 gazing at him admiringly4 8,and you are pretty1 too4 ,i wish that you lived in our house1 so that ,i could see you all the time40 ,once1 when she was missing from the prison several days1 ,jeffries could scarcely taste his food1 and at length1 unable longer to endure the suspense1 he asked for her4 8,is anything the matter with the warden's daughter1 sir80 8,is that any of your business80 the overseer demanded roughly4 ,the warden1 unseen by him1 was at his elbow1 and reproved his rudeness sharply4 8,a civil question deserves a civil answer10 he said2 8and you are not lowered by speaking to one whom my daughter talks with4 ,minnie is well1 ,jeffries1 and ,i will tell her that you inquired4 ,she has been away on a visit40 ,the longing for freedom had never left this man's heart1 and now a new motive for desiring it was added4 ,minnie had confided to him her desire to own a little gold watch with hands that went round and round2 and1 even while listening to her1 he had resolved that1 should he ever escape1 he would buy and send to her the tiniest and prettiest gold watch that could be found4 ,he dreamed over this plan1 as other men dream over ambition or love4 ,he fancied the brown eyes dilating at sight of a package addressed to herself1 the dear little head advanced in eager curiosity as father and mother broke the package open1 her cry of delight and wonder when she saw its contents1 the dimpled hands that snatched at the gift1 and the sweet voice uttering thanks to the far-away 8,mr4 ,william10 as she had chosen to call him4 ,always1 now1 this golden thread ran through the dark and tragical web of his retrospections and anticipations4 ,thus more than six months passed away4 ,the fall and winter were over1 and spring had come again2 and those mysterious impulses of new life which the reawakening of nature brings to the human heart made this man's confinement every day less tolerable to him4 ,he said to himself that he should go mad if it were longer continued4 ,the monotony and restraint were hard enough2 but that constant dread of the sword of justice1 for ever suspended over him1 was a torture4 ,hanging would be better than such a life4 ,early in the spring ,jeffries had been moved from his cell on the inner side of the block to one next the street1 and through the long window opposite his grating he could see the warden's house1 its visitors coming and going1 its pleasant1 open windows1 with curtains blowing in and out1 and1 better than all else1 he could see little ,minnie at her play in house or garden4 ,he could see her dance into the breakfast-room at morning1 and run to kiss her father1 who would lift her to her place at the table4 ,he knew that she drank milk from a silver mug1 and that she sometimes took a lump of sugar from the sugar-bowl4 ,he could see her mother lead her away to bed at evening1 and knew that she always took a pet kitten with her1 sometimes in her arms1 sometimes chasing through the hall after her4 ,he could see her by day soberly hushing a doll to sleep1 bending absorbed over a picture-book1 or romping in the garden4 ,once she stumbled and fell there1 and the convict1 watching her1 sprang at his bars as though he would break them4 ,he gazed an hour after she was carried into the house1 and let his supper grow cold while he waited to assure himself that she was not much hurt4 ,being satisfied at length1 he ate his cold mush and molasses1 and drank his cold tea without milk1 and lay down to dream of his idol4 ,there was good reason1 for his being peculiarly anxious about his little friend that night and indifferent about his supper1 for he meant to be a free man the next day or to seal his fate at once4 ,all his preparations were made4 ,he had sewed another dark half under the gray half of his suit1 so that by ripping a few stitches he could pull off the gray leg of his pantaloons1 the gray side of his cap and jacket1 and appear in plain dark clothes1 and he had procured a guard-key and a slender iron bar two feet long1 to defend himself with if attacked4 ,besides these preparations1 he had been careful to make a good impression on the minds of his keepers4 ,he had been so quiet and docile that for some time no search had been made1 and no suspicions entertained of his designs4 ,moreover1 he had for the first time since his condemnation begun to speak of trying to have his sentence commuted to imprisonment for life1 of course with the appearance of hoping for ultimate pardon4 ,no one would suspect him of risking his life in trying to escape while he had any chance of a commutation4 ,jeffries had been for months at work on a doll-house1 which he meant as a surprise to the warden's daughter1 and also as a souvenir1 and a help in his escape4 ,from the carriage-shop he had begged fine wood1 and1 since no tool could be taken to the cells1 he had been allowed to shape the parts of his cottage in the same shop4 ,every night1 unknown to his keepers1 he had bartered away his supper to the convict in the next cell1 receiving in return glue to fasten his work together1 a bit of glass to smooth the wood1 and oil to polish it4 ,it was really a beautiful toy-house1 for the man had taste and ingenuity1 and a heart to do his best4 ,it was finished with windows1 doors1 and balconies1 and the rooms inside were carpeted and curtained with silk and velvet1 and had chairs and tables so finely carved out of bones the convicts saved from their dinners as to look like delicate ivory work4 ,all his leisure time for months had been given to perfecting this gift1 and now it was completed1 and there remained only to present it4 ,it was a bright evening in ,may1 and the chaplain was going his rounds1 changing the books1 and speaking a kind word here and there4 ,minnie1 who had recovered from her fall1 was with him1 and when they reached ,jeffries' cell1 she went no farther4 ,she seldom got beyond that1 and to-night it was impossible to do so2 for the prisoner now showed her his present1 and promised that the next day it should be given into her possession4 ,minnie gazed in rapturous delight while he displayed its beauties to her4 ,she could scarcely wait till morning to inspect it more closely1 and she put her hands through the bars to touch it1 and make sure that it was real4 ,the chaplain admired and praised1 then went on4 8,i see that ,i must go alone1 ,minnie10 he said4 8,i cannot expect you to leave such an attraction as that40 8,will you remember me for this1 darling80 the prisoner asked1 when the two were left to themselves4 8,oh6 yes10 she answered fervently4 8,i will love you always4 ,my father says that you want to go home1 and when the governor comes here again1 ,i'm going to ask him to let you4 ,the governor is a splendid man1 and lets me coax him4 ,but he pulls my hair4 ,though10 she added1 after a pause1 8he pulls it real easy40 8,do you love the governor better than you do me80 the convict asked jealously1 with a real pang at heart4 ,what did that man1 high in wealth1 rank1 and happiness1 want of this little girl8 ,jeffries began to conceive a dislike for him1 to think that even pardon would be unwelcome from him4 8,i love you best10 ,minnie said thoughtfully1 8and0--looking up with serious eyes--8,i'm saying prayers for you every night1 and asking ,god to save you4 ,mamma said ,i might40 8,to save me60 he repeated4 8,yes4 ,what is save1 ,mr4 ,william8 ,mamma said it is something good40 8,i--,i don't know10 he replied1 both puzzled and embarrassed4 ,religion was about the last subject he would have thought of2 and when the chaplain mentioned it professionally1 the brilliant1 scornful eye of ,jeffries had often checked the words upon his lips4 ,but that his darling and idol should pray for him1 was a very different thing4 ,steps were heard returning4 ,jeffries hastily snatched the little hands still stretched through the bars1 kissed them passionately1 then turned away from the door4 8,come1 little lady60 the chaplain called out4 8,good-bye1 ,mr4 ,william60 ,minnie said1 with her face pressed close to the grating4 ,he echoed her good-bye hoarsely1 without looking round4 8,good-bye60 she said again1 lingering1 and wishing to see his face4 8,i shall come soon again40 ,he made no reply1 and she was obliged to go4 ,but no sooner had she gone than he sprang to the door again1 and listened hungrily for the sound of her retreating footsteps1 cursing the chaplain's heavy boots and empty talk4 ,it was her last visit to him there1 he knew4 ,the warden had gone away from home for a day or two1 and the deputy had entire charge4 ,so completely had ,jeffries' appearance imposed on him1 he consented to allow him the privilege of presenting to ,minnie ,raynor her playhouse with his own hands4 8,he is so fond of her1 and has taken such pains to make the baby-house1 it seems a pity he should not have the pleasure of giving it to her10 he said4 8,it is best to encourage a man who is trying to reform4 ,last year there wasn't a worse man in the prison1 now there isn't a better one1 and it is all that child's doing4 ,mrs4 ,raynor is willing1 and there is no reason why ,i should object4 ,i want ,jeffries to see that ,i trust him40 ,one of the guard drew his face down to a preternatural length1 and gave a low whistle4 8,the deputy's soft10 he whispered to a companion4 ,the deputy heard the whistle1 though not the whisper1 and his spirit rose4 8,any one who knows better than ,i do1 had better take my place10 he said4 8,i don't profess to know more than you do in other things1 sir10 the guard answered4 8,but ,i've been in this prison ten years1 and ,i have learned something of the quirks and turns of convicts4 ,i believe that fellow cares no more for ,minnie ,raynor than ,i do for the man in the moon4 ,he is trying to curry favor with the warden1 to get a commutation1 or get eased up so that he may cut and run40 8,we'll see who is right10 the deputy said4 8,meantime1 ,i don't mean to give him a chance to cut and run40 ,about ten o'clock in the forenoon1 ,jeffries was called out of his shop1 the toy-house was given him1 and he was bidden go up-stairs to meet the little lady who had come out for her present4 ,a great color rushed to his pallid face at this summons1 and a great breath swelled his breast4 ,the hour has come6 ,after ten years of servitude and confinement1 the green fields and the wide world were before him1 if he succeeded4 ,if he failed1 speedy death would be his reward for the attempt4 ,he well knew that if he were prevented from going out1 or arrested when he had once got out1 the order for his execution would be issued immediately4 ,he had been warned of that4 ,his heart beat hard and high as he stepped from the shop1 but it sank in his bosom as he glanced across the yard4 ,there stood ,minnie at the head of the stairs1 to be sure2 but the deputy stood beside her in an attitude that showed plainly he was on his guard1 and the door was locked behind them4 ,he had expected to be called into the guard-room1 or1 at least1 that ,minnie would have stood in the open door4 ,moreover1 besides these precautions1 his quick eye caught the gleam of a scarcely covered rifle-barrel at one of the windows4 ,but he went up firmly1 without any appearance of disappointment1 and presented his gift to the child1 smiling on her involuntarily1 even at that bitter moment4 ,minnie took her present with delight1 and1 being unable to hold it1 put it into the deputy's hand4 ,then1 before either of them divined her intention1 she flung her arms around the convict's neck1 and gave him a loving kiss4 ,it was too much4 ,in the despair of that moment1 he cared little for the curious eyes that watched him4 ,clasping the child in his arms1 he burst into tears4 ,there was a moment of silence4 ,all were awed by such a display of emotion in such a man4 ,in that moment ,jeffries had controlled himself1 put away the little hands that tenderly strove to wipe his tears1 and turned to descend the steps4 ,the guard inside unlocked the door1 and the deputy was leading his charge in4 ,jeffries was half-way down the stairs when the click of the lock struck his ear1 and stiffened his nerves like steel4 ,one bound1 and he was within the door1 pushing with main strength against three men who struggled to close the lock before he could enter4 ,the strength of desperation was his1 and he overcame them1 and entered the guard-room1 caught ,minnie ,raynor in his arms1 as a shield1 while he hastily pulled out the bar of iron suspended from his waist1 and fumbled for the guard-key which was to unlock the last door that stood between him and liberty4 ,it was all the work of a minute4 ,the child clung to his breast1 pale and trembling1 and hid her face in affright from the muzzles of fire-arms that sought to find him unguarded1 and1 holding her as his defence1 ,jeffries reached the outward door4 ,an accident favored him1 for it was the hour for changing guard on the walls1 and the relieved guard1 coming up outside1 opened the door behind the fugitive4 ,the surprise was too sudden4 ,they could not stop him4 ,still holding the child for a shield1 ,jeffries sprang down the outer stairs1 and found himself in the opened yard of the warden's house4 ,but the alarm-bell had been rung1 and a command shouted across the posts1 and as the fugitive fled across the green to the gate1 he was confronted by one man1 while two others followed close on his steps4 ,there was no help for it4 ,this man in his path must be disabled4 ,he dropped the child from his arms1 and raised the iron bar at the same moment that his opponent1 having apparently more faith in the strength of the stock than the accuracy of his aim1 lifted the butt-end of his rifle for a blow4 8,you shall not strike him60 cried ,minnie ,raynor1 and flung herself forward to shield her friend2 and1 at the same instant1 both blows fell4 ,the guard aimed falsely1 but the convict1 striking with fierce precision1 would have hit his adversary but for that loving interposition4 ,alas6 the blow struck the fair temple of the prisoner's dearest and only friend4 ,minnie ,raynor dropped like a flower before the scythe of the mower4 ,all was confusion4 ,the mother rushed shrieking from the house1 men came from the street1 the guard from the prison4 ,there was a moment when he might have escaped1 but ,jeffries did not take advantage of it4 ,throwing himself down by the child1 he called upon her in agony1 kissed her pale lips1 and chafed her chilling hands4 8,o my ,god6 my ,god60 he muttered4 ,they surrounded and bound him4 8,i won't try to run away1 ,i swear ,i won't60 he cried wildly4 8,don't mind me2 see to her4 ,go for a doctor4 ,do something for her quickly4 ,o ,god6 ,o ,god6 ,open your eyes1 my angel6 ,i didn't mean to hurt you4 ,i would rather stay here all my life1 or be hanged to-day1 than hurt you1 my darling60 ,they tore him away from her1 and carried him back to prison4 ,there they searched him1 but found nothing but a lock of silken hair in his breast1 done up in a paper4 8,she gave it to me10 he said piteously1 but made no remonstrance when they did not return it to him4 8,only see how she is1 and tell me10 he begged4 8,you know ,i've got to hang now1 and you know that ,i wouldn't have hurt a hair of her head for my life4 ,i didn't mean to strike any one1 except in self-defence4 ,you can't blame me for trying to escape4 ,it was only natural4 ,but tell me how she is40 ,the deputy looked at him fixedly4 8,the child never breathed after you struck her10 he said4 ,the eyes of the convict remained wide open1 and fixed on the speaker's face4 ,and1 still with that gaze full of horror1 he sank at the officer's feet4 ,he lay in the punishment-cell that night without sleeping1 apparently without sense4 ,and he lay there all the next day in darkness1 quiet and silent1 never tasting food4 ,the second morning1 the warrant for his execution was read to him4 8,i am glad of it60 was all his comment4 ,they put him back into his cell1 no change being made in his fate on account of the child's death4 ,one had but to look into his face to see that his punishment was severe enough4 ,one only request he made2 that1 after his death1 the little lock of hair which ,minnie had given him might be put into his breast1 and buried with him4 ,then he set himself to prepare for death4 8,she wanted me to be saved1 and ,i will not disappoint her1 if ,i can help it10 he said4 ,the chaplain of the prison and the warden's family were ,protestants2 but ,jeffries hated the chaplain1 and he recollected having heard ,minnie speak of a certain 8splendid priest0 in the town1 who had once given her a picture of a lady with a baby in her arms1 and a gold ring round her head4 ,the child knew nothing of creeds1 and had clung as trustingly1 perhaps more trustingly1 to the black-robed father1 than to any of the clergymen who visited her father's house4 ,for this priest ,jeffries sent4 8,i know nothing of ,god1 nor of religion1 sir10 he said4 8,but ,i have only a few days to live1 and ,i want to repent1 and make what atonement ,i can4 ,i can say sincerely that ,i am sorry ,i have not lived a better life1 and that ,i deserve all the punishment ,i have had4 ,if ,god should refuse to forgive me1 ,i will not blame him4 ,but ,i think he will not4 ,the ,god who made that little angel must be better than ,i can even conceive40 ,looking through the window into the street1 on that first day he was returned to his cell1 ,jeffries saw the house that he had made desolate4 ,he saw the closed blinds1 and the mournful faces of those who came and went4 ,he saw flowers brought4 ,later1 carriages came1 and a crowd slowly gathered4 ,then he fell on his knees before the grated door1 and prayed4 ,one glimpse1 only one glimpse of the casket that held her6 ,presently there was a stir about the door1 and four boys appeared1 bearing out the lost treasure4 ,the cemetery was near1 and these boys were to bear the child to her resting-place there4 ,slowly and tenderly they carried their burden1 and not far away those eyes1 full of hopeless agony1 strained to watch them4 ,the sill of the gate was a step higher than the garden walk1 and as the foremost boys mounted this step1 the casket tilted a little1 and the eyes of the condemned man saw1 through the glass lid1 a white little face turned sidewise1 with its cheek in the palm of a waxen hand1 and sunny hair flowing around1 the whole framed in flowers4 ,as the sweet1 pathetic vision passed1 the convict fell on his face1 with loud and bitter weeping4 ,three days after1 ,jeffries mounted the scaffold1 humbled1 penitent1 and hopeful4 8,i am glad it is ,god's will that ,i should die now10 he said4 8,after what ,i have done1 my life would be too terrible to me1 and would not profit any one else4 ,but ,i do not consider this hanging the punishment for my crime4 ,no2 my reward for having killed willingly one ,i hated1 was that ,i afterward destroyed unwillingly a life dearer to me than my own4 ,i forgive all who have injured me1 and ask pardon of all whom ,i have injured4 ,and ,i bless ,god for the little love on earth that made me believe in the ,infinite ,love in heaven40 ,they were his last words4 ,perhaps the warden's dear little girl would never1 in a long and beautiful life1 have accomplished the good which was effected by her early and pitiful death4 ,,letters ,,of ,,his ,,holiness ,,pius ,,ix4 ,,approving ,,the ,,rules ,,of ,,the 8,,union ,,of ,,christian ,,women40 ,the following letters of the ,sovereign ,pontiff which we have taken from the ,boston ,pilot are published in the present number of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 on account of their bearing upon the topics discussed in the articles on the 8,duties of the ,rich40 ,we recommend their perusal in a special manner to all ,catholic ladies in the ,united ,states4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pius ,,ix41 ,,pope1 ,,to ,,his ,,dear ,,daughter ,,in ,,jesus ,,christ1 ,,marie ,,de ,,gentelles3 ,,dear ,,daughter ,,in ,,jesus ,,christ--,health and ,apostolic ,benediction4 ,we congratulate you1 dear daughter in ,jesus ,christ1 upon the success which ,god has been pleased to grant to your efforts against extravagance in dress4 ,editions of your 8,appeal0 have multiplied2 you have seen it translated into several languages1 and received by ,catholic women with such eagerness that persons of great prudence and discernment have deemed it a duty to urge you to propose to your sisters in the faith the establishment of an association having for its aim a crusade against extravagance--that scourge of society1 that enemy of morality1 of public and private economy4 ,without doubt1 if the wills and strength of many were united in the firm bond of an association1 the power of example would become much greater1 and its influence much more efficacious upon other women1 especially if those distinguished by fortune and social position would subscribe to the project4 ,if this association succeed in establishing among women a taste for moderate expenditure and a contempt for love of display1 it would not only serve to promote modesty1 and prevent a waste of means which might often be employed in assisting the poor1 but it would leave a great portion of the day free to be devoted to works of piety1 to the education of children1 or to household duties4 ,the rules which you have laid down are well adapted to attain the desired end1 especially that which prescribes that every member of the union shall fix in advance1 and unalterably1 the sum of her expenses1 and pay ready money upon all occasions4 ,the task is indeed a delicate one4 ,it will encounter great obstacles in that love of show and desire to please so natural to your sex4 ,still1 he whose grace has already been powerful enough to lead many of your companions to this difficult but withal most noble work1 can inspire others to follow the good example4 ,this is the success which1 from our inmost heart1 we presage for your project4 ,meanwhile1 as an auspice of the divine favor1 and as a pledge of our paternal kindness1 we grant1 with the most lively tenderness1 to you and all your pious associates in the good work1 our ,apostolic ,benediction4 ,given at ,rome1 near ,st4 ,peter's1 ,nov4 #f1 #ahfi1 in the twenty-fourth year of our ,pontificate4 ,,pius ,,pp4 ,,ix4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pius ,,ix41 ,,pope1 ,,to ,,his ,,beloved ,,daughter ,,in ,,jesus ,,christ1 ,,marie ,,de ,,gentelles3 ,,dear ,,daughter ,,in ,,jesus ,,christ--,health and ,apostolic ,benediction4 ,the expressions of respect which you address to us1 dear daughter in ,jesus ,christ1 in your name and in the name of your associates1 are received by us with the most lively satisfaction1 the greater that they are not limited to mere expressions nor to offers of assistance by prayer1 but they are doubly grateful from the zeal you have employed in seeking to extirpate the evil of extravagance in dress so common among your sex4 ,you have also tried to promote habits of simplicity1 modesty1 and piety among your sisters in the faith4 ,by this1 much evil can be prevented--nay1 more1 your success will be a most useful ally in the war we are now waging against the powers of darkness4 ,therefore1 for you and for the 8,union of ,christian ,women0 devoted to this excellent work1 we implore from heaven perseverance in your undertaking1 never-wearying progress1 and the efficacious assistance of divine grace4 ,as a prelude of these favors1 and as a pledge of our paternal affection1 we grant most tenderly to you and all your pious companions the ,apostolic ,benediction4 ,given at ,rome1 near ,st4 ,peter's1 ,april #ag1 #ahga1 in the twenty-fifth year of our ,pontificate4 ,,pius ,,pp4 ,,ix4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,a ,,critical ,,dictionary ,,of ,,english ,,literature ,,and ,,british ,,and ,,american ,,authors1 ,,living ,,and ,,deceased4 ,from the earliest accounts to the latter half of the ,nineteenth ,century4 ,containing over forty-six thousand articles 7authors71 with forty indexes of ,subjects4 ,by ,s4 ,austin ,allibone4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahga4 ,it would be strange indeed if a dictionary of authors1 in three volumes1 each of one thousand pages1 closely printed in double columns1 8the fruit of many years of anxious research and conscientious toil10 should not contain a large amount of information valuable not only to the general reader1 but to the scholar and the man of letters4 ,valuable information ,mr4 ,allibone's ,dictionary certainly does impart2 but we feel compelled to express regret that its author should have made a serious mistake as to the importance of much of the matter inserted4 ,into this error he appears to have been led in seeking to increase the number of authors by the insertion of names which never possessed the slightest literary value or significance4 ,the title-page announcement that the work contains 8over forty-six thousand articles 7authors70 awakens within us no special throbs of pleasurable anticipation1 for we know how dictionaries are made4 ,and the delight with which one might contemplate its array of one hundred and forty-eight ,robinsons1 its one hundred and eighty ,browns1 its one hundred and eighty-nine ,joneses1 and its solid phalanx of eight hundred and ten ,smiths1 exclusive of a formidable list of ,smyths and ,smythes1 undergoes serious diminution1 for the reason that one cannot help reflecting how much valuable space might have been far more advantageously occupied4 ,in works of this description1 mere book-making manifests itself in its most flagrant aspect4 ,in each successive publication in the dictionary 7alphabetical7 form1 upon any given subject1 the effort is made to surpass all its predecessors in the quantity of matter and in the number of articles or names4 ,now1 in a literary sense1 names die1 as in actual life people die2 and names which might have some possible interest for the readers of ,blount's work1 published in #afij1 have still less for people of the following century1 and positively none at all for our readers of #ahgj4 ,it most resembles a vain attempt to keep alive the memory of people not worth remembering by constant transcription and repetition of what is written on their tomb-stones4 ,we are1 therefore1 unable to discover any merit in the uniform numerals #df1jjj4 ,it is more a matter of mere assertion than of intelligent investigation and selection1 and the figure may be reached merely by the simple addition of the contents of a few well-known bibliographical works4 ,one of them alone1 the ,bibliotheca ,britannica1 of ,watts1 furnishes #bb1gjj names of ,british and ,american authors1 and more than half as many more may be found in the copious indexes of ,english magazines and quarterlies1 not to speak of ,griswold and other ,american works4 ,we by no means wish to be understood as desiring that the reduction should be restricted to the elimination of the familiar household names we have mentioned4 ,we would have it ruthlessly extended to the nullities in literature1 whose sole contributions consist of such productions 7single specimens7 as 8,sermon10 8,almanac10 8,funeral ,sermon10 8,instruction in ,water ,drawing10 8,report of #8,smithers vs4 ,tompkins1'0 8,copy-,book10 8,edition of ,laws of ,texas10 8,sermon on ,popery10 8,pyrotechnics0--being careful to pair off these two last named1 for the 8,popery0 man clearly means 8pyrotechnics10 if he could have his way4 ,what cares any one nowadays for such a piece of information as this3 8,darch1 ,john1 #8,sermon1' #agff4 #dto08 ,why1 for instance1 should the names of a thousand such nobodies as ,r4 ,p4 ,blakely go down to posterity as authors1 this ,r4 ,p4 ,b41 as we learn from the ,dictionary1 having merely translated some passages from ,liguori and called them 8,awful ,disclosures08 ,had we been spared profuse mention of most of these sermon1 almanac1 and copy-book makers1 space might have been found to inform seekers for knowledge that ,william ,cobbett wrote a work on the ,history of the ,reformation in ,england1 a book which1 in admirably pure ,english1 does some justice to the infamy of ,henry ,,viii4 and his colleagues1 lay and spiritual1 who aided and abetted his wholesale robberies and murders1 and made of 8,merrie ,old ,england0 a land of desolation1 want1 and beggary4 ,it is precisely by this book that the name of ,cobbett is most widely known1 but ,mr4 ,allibone does not appear to have heard of it1 otherwise his knowledge of its existence might account to a great extent for the tone of depreciation in which he speaks of ,cobbett4 ,quite as remarkable is the author's suppression1 in his biographical notice of ,george ,buchanan1 of the fact of ,buchanan's dependence for some years upon ,mary ,stuart1 and of her kindness and generosity to him4 ,it was this fact that made ,buchanan's ,detection 8unrivalled in baseness1 peerless in falsehood1 supreme in ingratitude40 ,in sharp contrast with extended mention of the ,detection and its object is ,mr4 ,allibone's languid notice of ,miss ,agnes ,strickland's historical works1 and of the brilliant ,donald ,mac,leod's writings in general1 and more especially his ,life of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots4 ,we are perfectly well aware that ,mr4 ,a41 in season and out of season1 with and without pretext1 takes every opportunity of protesting to his reader that 8we express no opinion on the question involved in the ,mary ,stuart controversy40 ,mr4 ,allibone protests too much1 and most so when seeking to convey the worst impression against her4 ,thus1 in the article on ,buchanan1 he says3 8,if ,buchanan is to be believed1 there can be but little doubt of the guilt of the fair ,queen of ,scots2 but upon this point we express no opinion40 ,mr4 ,allibone here builds up his little argument on the authority of this convicted liar1 ,buchanan1 and adds1 8,we express no opinion0--oh6 certainly not--by no means6 ,protests and pretended apologies like this abound in the ,dictionary1 and1 so far from concealing1 only make more visible the marked bias of the author in religious questions4 ,naturally enough1 ,buchanan and ,john ,foxe are both his favorites4 ,the author of the ,dictionary does not appear to be aware that ,henry ,kenelm ,digby has written and published anything since his great work ,mores ,catholici--,ages of ,faith1 nor does he seem to know that this distinguished author is a convert from ,protestantism to ,catholicity4 ,the notice of ,aubrey de ,vere is defective in many points1 and totally omits mention of the fact that the brilliant poet is also a convert to ,catholicity4 ,the article on ,dr4 ,brownson is far from doing that distinguished philosophical writer justice4 ,this was not to be looked for1 but it is incorrect in several points4 ,dr4 ,brownson never was a ,presbyterian minister1 nor was he a ,deist4 ,charles ,elwood is not 8an account of his religious experience10 but ,the ,convert is such an account4 ,the statement that 8,dr4 ,brownson is a great admirer of the philosophy of ,m4 ,comt 7sic7 as developed in the ,cours de ,philosophie0 is without foundation4 ,dr4 ,brownson never admired it1 never accepted its philosophic position1 and never read anything of ,comte's except the ,introduction to his voluminous ,course of ,positive ,philosophy4 ,this error probably originated with ,mr4 ,griswold1 who confounded the doctrines of ,pierre ,le ,roux and the ,st4 ,simoniens with the system of ,auguste ,comte4 ,we presume that the omission of the names of ,archbishop ,kenrick 7,peter1 of ,st4 ,louis71 ,prince ,gallitzin1 ,frederick ,lucas1 a distinguished ,english convert1 formerly a ,quaker1 and of many others we might point out1 is the result of accident4 ,we have mentioned ,john ,foxe1 the great 8unreliable40 ,mr4 ,allibone's apology--evidently a labor of love--for this unsavory personage is not only elaborate1 it is labored4 ,we have referred to ,mr4 ,allibone's evident bias4 ,foxe is a test subject1 and we shall therefore say a few words concerning it4 ,if a scholar as enlightened as our author should be can uphold ,foxe as he does1 then we can readily gauge the measure of his ,protestant credulity and his anti-,catholic animus4 ,mr4 ,allibone spares us the necessity of any effort to demonstrate his bias1 for he goes to the trouble of pointing out to us as one of the high merits of ,foxe's ,martyrs that 8its influence in keeping alive the ,protestant feeling in ,great ,britain and ,north ,america is too well known to be disputed40 ,historical truth is one thing1 8,protestant feeling0 another4 ,far from us to dispute the merit claimed by ,mr4 ,allibone for his beloved ,foxe1 but we beg leave to suggest to him that the proper place for such praise would be the columns of a ,know-,nothing paper1 not the pages of a dignified work on literature4 ,the account given by ,mr4 ,allibone of ,foxe's life is to some extent fabulous1 inasmuch as he accepts ,mr4 ,townsend's statements as to the authorship of ,foxe's ,life by his 7,foxe's7 son4 ,mr4 ,allibone ought to know that ,foxe's son did not write the ,life in question4 ,in the article ,maitland1 ,rev4 ,s4 ,r41 keeper of the ,lambeth ,,mss4 and ,librarian to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 ,mr4 ,allibone enumerates as 7#ac7 of his works ,notes on the ,contributions of the ,rev4 ,george ,townsend to the new ,edition of ,foxe's ,martyrology4 ,we would advise ,mr4 ,allibone--since he needs must raise an unnecessary discussion about this man ,foxe--to go beyond the title of this work of ,maitland's into its contents4 ,he will be rapidly enlightened concerning both ,foxe and ,townsend4 ,this ,dr4 ,maitland is also the author of the admirable ,dark ,ages4 ,mr4 ,allibone does mention it1 8only this and nothing more40 ,mr4 ,allibone has the hardihood to assert that1 8as regards conscientiousness of performance and adherence to records1 the faithfulness of the #8,book of ,martyrs' cannot intelligently be questioned10 and his principal witness to prove ,foxe's veracity is--,gilbert ,burnet1 commonly known as ,bishop ,burnet6 ,throw literature to the dogs6 ,it is 8keeping alive the ,protestant feeling0 we look upon as our mission4 ,that1 as we read it1 appears to be ,mr4 ,allibone's controlling idea4 ,but what is to become of us if the faithfulness of every suspicious and fishy chronicler is to be discovered and vindicated by every compiler of every literary dictionary8 ,however1 we need not1 we believe1 be alarmed1 for our author's affections are enlisted for a select few1 ,foxe in particular1 because of 8his influence in keeping alive1 etc41 etc41 etc41 etc41 etc40 ,here is one of the latest of the many honest ,protestant exposures of the character of ,foxe's book1 from the pen of ,professor ,arnold1 of ,university ,college1 ,oxford3 8,it is now indeed well understood that ,foxe was a rampant bigot1 and1 like all of his class1 utterly unscrupulous in assertion2--the falsehoods1 misrepresentations1 and exaggerations to which he gave circulation are endless4 ,take1 for instance1 his account of the death of ,wolsey1 which we know1 from the testimony of ,george ,cavendish1 an eye-witness1 to be a string of pure1 unmitigated falsehoods40 ,as to the worthlessness of ,burnet's testimony we have abundant ,protestant evidence4 ,mr4 ,allibone himself quotes ,dr4 ,johnson to this effect3 8,i do not believe that ,burnet intentionally lied2 but he was so much prejudiced that he took no pains to find out the truth4 ,he was like a man who resolves to regulate his time by a certain watch1 but will not inquire whether the watch is right or not40 ,whereupon ,mr4 ,allibone indulges in this astounding piece of withering sarcasm3 8,one might imagine that the doctor had roomed with the bishop at least1 he seems to be so perfectly informed as to his habits06 ,as to ,burnet the man and the theologian1 we are sufficiently enlightened by the use he consented to be put to by ,buckingham and ,lauderdale1 at the time when1 as royal chaplain1 he preached before 8the king and his harem0 every ,sunday4 ,this use was the preparation of a work in which he undertook to set forth the queen's barrenness as 8a good cause for divorce40 ,starting at the period of ,henry ,,viii41 ,england had become gradually pagan and profligate2 but whatever of goodness and virtue was then left in the country joined in denouncing the author of the vile principles set forth in ,burnet's book4 ,mr4 ,allibone neglects to record that it was because ,charles ,,ii41 bad as he was1 despised ,burnet and his advice1 and when1 losing his office in the ,chapel ,royal1 ,burnet suddenly awakened to a sense of the king's wickedness1 and wrote a remonstrance to him on his bad life1 ,charles treated him with silent contempt4 8,gilbert ,burnet10 says one of his ,puritan contemporaries1 ,jacob ,lawton1 8was a man who blew hot and cold for money or for rich patrons02 and in the ninth volume of ,sir ,walter ,scott's ,life and ,works of ,dryden will be found the narrative of the betrayal to the ,house of ,commons by ,burnet of the secrets of his patron1 the ,duke of ,lauderdale4 ,finally1 his bishopric from ,william was merely the reward of trickery and treason simply infamous4 ,as to ,burnet the historian1 ,hume's opinion that he is 8sometimes mistaken as to facts10 and ,sir ,walter ,scott's statement that 8his ,burnet's opinions were often hastily adopted1 and sometimes awkwardly retracted10 may be thought not entirely fatal to his reputation2 but other authorities speak more plainly4 ,sir ,john ,dalrymple 8never tried ,burnet's facts by test of dates and original papers without finding them wrong40 ,arbuthnot and ,swift challenge his veracity1 and do not hesitate to attribute to him unworthy motives4 ,in #afic1 ,henry ,wharton demonstrated his 8suppression1 coloring1 and falsifying of facts10 and the ,historical and ,critical ,remarks of ,bevil ,higgons more than confirms ,miss ,strickland's conclusion that ,burnet is 8a notoriously false witness40 ,this is ,mr4 ,allibone's veracious upholder of ,foxe's truth6 ,he may now take the witness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,st4 ,,thomas ,,of ,,aquin3 ,,his ,,life ,,and ,,labors4 ,by the ,rev4 ,father ,roger ,bede ,vaughan1 ,o4,s4,b4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the first volume of this goodly work has been already noticed4 ,we are glad to welcome the second and concluding volume4 ,together with the events of the life of ,st4 ,thomas from the time of his contest with ,william of ,st4 ,amour until his death1 which occupy but a small portion of its space1 this volume continues the history and analysis of his works1 and expatiates upon the ,greek philosophers1 ,christian doctors1 and other sources of the doctrine of ,st4 ,thomas1 in their relation with him4 ,as a biography we prefer that of the ,frenchman ,bareille1 which we desire to see translated1 and which the present work by no means supersedes4 ,as a history of the times and the works of the saint1 ,father ,vaughan's volumes are rich1 attractive1 and valuable4 ,the description of the ,paris ,university in the thirteenth century1 and the account of ,st4 ,thomas and ,st4 ,buonaventura taking the doctor's cap1 are very lively and graphic4 ,the centenary of ,st4 ,thomas will recur in #ahgd1 and will probably be celebrated with extraordinary splendor in ,europe4 ,perhaps we may do a little something also in ,america4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,virtues ,,of ,,mary1 ,,mother ,,of ,,god4 ,from the ,spanish of ,father ,francis ,arias1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,if it takes a saint to know a saint1 and it is pretty generally considered that it does1 it certainly takes a saint to do justice to the sublime virtues of the ,queen of ,saints4 ,by all accounts ,f4 ,arias was a saint1 and his little work on the virtues of the ,blessed ,virgin is what might be expected--a treatise full of piety1 full of emotion1 and full of the highest asceticism4 ,together with being a holy man ,arias was a learned man1 and in his book with the fervor of the saint is combined the accuracy of the theologian4 ,many of the saints have themselves been able to realize the almost ineffable holiness of the ,mother of ,god2 but few have been able to make this holiness a reality to others4 ,in this we think the ,spanish ,jesuit has surpassed most others4 ,in his hand the virtues of our ,blessed ,lady become a reality1 intelligible to all and imitable by all4 ,therefore it is that his little work1 while pre-eminently suitable for the convent and the cloister1 may be read with great benefit by all classes of persons in the world4 ,it is proper to remark that ,the ,virtues of ,mary1 ,mother of ,god is a republication2 the same translation having been long ago published under the title of ,imitation of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,it would be a great blessing if we had more republications of the same sort instead of the mass of modern commonplaces1 many of which are wanting in emotion and not a few in genuine piety4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,extracts ,,from ,,the ,,fathers1 ,,etc4 ,dublin3 ,w4 ,b4 ,kelly1 #ahfj4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this book1 under the general title of ,christian ,classics1 is intended1 as we are informed in the preface1 8nearly altogether for the use of students10 and as such may be considered a very useful and desirable publication4 ,more than a score of the most illustrious and erudite fathers and writers of the church have been put under contribution by the editor1 and though we consider the arrangement and choice of the selections susceptible of some improvement1 we are grateful for those presented us in so neat and portable a form4 ,apart from what is purely moral and theological in the ,extracts1 there is a great deal of biographical and historical information interesting to the general reader1 which cannot be easily acquired except through the voluminous tomes so seldom found in ordinary libraries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,una ,,and ,,her ,,paupers2 or1 ,memorials of ,agnes ,elizabeth ,jones4 ,by her ,sister4 ,new ,york3 ,george ,routledge ,sons4 ,so-called ,protestant lands1 which were once a part of the fair garden of the church1 still put forth some shoots occasionally from the old roots left in the soil4 ,it is pleasant to see them springing up1 now and then1 as if to assert the indestructibility of the divine seed2 for the spirit of self-sacrifice and of charity is essentially the spirit of ,catholicism4 ,as ,balmes says1 public beneficence was unknown to the ancients4 ,it is wholly due to the church4 ,the divine words1 8,inasmuch as ye have done it to one of the least of these my brethren1 ye have done it unto me10 have gone on with their undulations through more than eighteen centuries of spiritual life in the church1 awakening the tenderest instincts of the human heart in behalf of suffering humanity4 ,thank ,god6 there are some nominally without its pale-- 8,with whom the melodies abide ,of th' everlasting chime2 ,who carry music in their heart ,through dusky lane and wrangling mart1 ,plying their daily task with busier feet1 ,because their secret souls a holy strain repeat40 ,una and her ,paupers--happily styled ,una1 for such lives are unique1 exceptional1 in ,protestant annals--is the history of a large-hearted1 sympathetic1 ,north-of-,ireland lady1 who was gradually led1 by her natural inclinations and by circumstances1 to a partial renunciation of the comforts of a pleasant home and family affection1 and submit herself to training as a nurse in the celebrated ,kaiserswerth#acb institution of ,protestant deaconesses4 ,she was afterwards connected with an association of ,bible-women at ,london2 then underwent a year's training as ,nightingale nurse at ,st4 ,thomas's ,hospital in that city1 and was subsequently appointed ,female ,superintendent of the ,liverpool ,workhouse1 where she contracted a typhus fever1 and died in #ahfh1 at the age of thirty-five4 ,the book is admirably edited by her sister1 and has a eulogistic introduction by ,miss ,nightingale1 who seems to have given it its title4 ,the ,american edition has1 moreover1 the advantage of a preface by the ,rev4 ,henry ,ward ,beecher4 ,from a ,protestant point of view1 this must be a charming and useful book4 ,if not equally so to a ,catholic1 it is because his standard of piety is infinitely higher1 and instances of far greater self-denial for the sake of others are of daily occurrence in the church4 ,miss ,jones' piety was decidedly of the so-called ,evangelical school in the ,church of ,england4 ,the ,bible is constantly in her hands1 and all her spiritual emotions are expressed in ,biblical phrases that have more a smack of ,cromwell than of prelacy4 ,a few words dropped here and there in her letters show her instinctive aversion to ,catholicism1 but we love to think this rather the result of ignorance than want of charity in a person of her profession4 ,almost her first words written from ,rome were3 8,i never go out but as a duty1 for the whole is so depressing1 and it is indeed so utterly the #8city given to idolatry'2 the associations of the past are forgotten in its present40 ,this says volumes for her cast of mind and piety4 ,kind and loving as she was by nature1 we cannot regret she was excluded from all missionary efforts in the ,catholic ward of the ,liverpool ,workhouse1 on which she seems to have kept a longing eye4 ,she appears to have gained some influence over one poor girl in ,london1 who1 she says1 was 8on the verge of becoming a nun--to her the only conceivable way of finding the peace she longed for3 now her eyes seem to be opened to a better way1 though she does not feel she has yet entered on it40 ,as we are not informed of the result1 we may reasonably conclude this individual found peace at last in the only true refuge4 ,though trained in the best schools of ,protestant benevolence1 ,miss ,jones' shrinking from association with the nurses even of ,miss ,nightingale's school--not unreasonable when we recall the experience of the latter in the ,crimea--and her observations with regard to the difficulties of such institutions1 are full of significance to those familiar with the efficient charitable organizations in the church4 ,she says3 8,the difficulty of having deaconesses in ,england is1 the real submission of the will there must be4 ,i believe this is the valuable part of the training40 8,i believe all ,i owe to ,kaiserswerth was comprised in the lesson of unquestioning obedience40 8,no one can tell what a woman exposes herself to who acts independently4 ,i never would advise any one to do as ,i have done1 and yet ,i feel ,i have been led on step by step1 almost unwillingly1 certainly not as ,i should have chosen1 had ,i not seemed guided1 as ,i believe ,i have been1 and so kept40 8,but what ,i feel so much is1 how many there are who want some place where they can get teachings for their own hearts and souls1 training for1 and direction in1 work for others1 sympathy in that work and their difficulties in it1 and a home where1 in their leisure hours1 they may have more or less association with others40 ,and the estimable ,miss ,nightingale1 in her introduction1 says3 8,there is no such thing as amateur nursing4444 ,three-fourths of the whole mischief in women's lives arises from excepting themselves from the rule of training considered needful for man40 ,to these quotations1 we will add another statement in this book by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,moody1 likewise of the ,evangelical school1 who is told at ,kaiserswerth that the ,evangelicals of ,great ,britain furnished less useful sick-nurses than the churches tinged with ritualism4 ,this1 he says1 was 8humbling and instructive to hear02 and he adds this was because 8the nurses that come from us the ,evangelicals are more anxious to take charge and to administer medicines1 than to obey1 to learn1 to serve40 ,such statements make us turn with satisfaction to the noble army of charity in the ,catholic ,church who really give up home and earthly pleasures and their own will1 and make themselves poor with the poor1 counting all this no loss that they may be spent for ,christ's poor ones4 ,what they have achieved as a whole is partly known1 but individual sacrifices and efforts are buried in the hidden life they love4 ,their veiled lives are only fully known to the ,divine ,spouse1 whom they tenderly take to their hearts in the person of his suffering poor2 their countless heroic souls mostly pass away leaving no written record on earth4 ,the garments of the church are all studded over with such precious jewels of love and charity4 ,we have no reason to envy those who seek to imitate our ,sisters of ,charity like the deaconesses of ,kaiserswerth and ,florence ,nightingale4 ,may their laudable examples and that of ,miss ,jones find numerous emulators6 ,the glimpses this book gives us of the moral as well as physical degradation of some of the ,liverpool paupers1 are enough to set the ,christian heart on fire to labor for the elevation of the human race4 ,those women who talk so frantically of their rights and of woman's mission can here find their true field1 where none can compete with them4 ,men certainly cannot4 ,but1 as ,rahel ,varnhagen says3 8,those who completely sacrifice themselves are praised and admired3 that is the sort of character men like to find in others40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,six ,,weeks ,,abroad4 ,by the ,rev4 ,g4 ,f4 ,haskins4 ,boston3 ,p4 ,donahoe4 ,the genial ,f4 ,haskins is known to everybody1 and this little book presents his numerous friends with a portrait of him1 a short biographical sketch1 and some very brief1 characteristic1 and sparkling notes of a recent visit to ,europe4 ,each chapter is a little crystal of ,attic salt4 ,whoever buys and reads this book will be pleased with it1 be he young or old4 ,there are some remarks on education1 ,irish and ,american politics1 etc41 which are as remarkable for point and sense as they are for terseness4 ,father ,haskins' coin is small but valuable1 like a rouleau of gold dollars4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,virtues ,,and ,,defects ,,of ,a ,,young ,,girl4 ,by a ,chaplain4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahgb4 ,this little manual of moral science was intended by the author as a text-book for schools4 ,it will1 at least1 be useful to parents and teachers in forming the character of those confided to them4 ,a more complete elementary treatise on moral philosophy is a desideratum for our ,catholic institutions for girls4 ,of course it is taught1 in the highest sense of the word1 in connection with the ,christian doctrine1 but a practical work1 not religious1 strictly speaking1 is needed4 ,it would serve1 as our author says1 as a help to divine grace4 ,the firmest basis of piety is moral principle4 ,the moral condition of the next generation depends on those destined to be their mothers having definite1 practical notions of moral science4 ,this science was once associated with the very rudiments of learning4 ,the ,christian's ,alphabet1 a compendium of the essential points of moral philosophy1 has come down to us from the middle ages4 ,in the practical little work before us1 the social virtues are not overlooked4 ,politeness is one of them1 for it is a virtue1 at least in ,france3 we wish we could say everywhere4 ,that 8life must be a perpetual sacrifice of self for the sake of others10 is here laid down as the basis of politeness and the social virtues generally4 ,like coin of precious metal1 politeness is current in every land and among all classes4 ,it is the oil that lubricates the wheel-works of society2 it is the garland of flowers that binds society together2 it extends to the very tone of the voice1 the carriage of the body1 and appropriateness of dress2 it is especially important to women1 on whom depends refinement or degeneracy of manners4 ,respect for others is here inculcated in recognition of the divine radiance that proceeds from the soul of every human being4 ,one section of this chapter is devoted to 8,respect for the ,aged and the ,poor40 ,veneration for age is by no means prevalent in these times4 8,it is regarded as an impertinence to be alive after sixty on this side of the globe10 says an ,american4 ,and as for the poor1 who respects them8 ,and yet ,bossuet saw an inexpressible sublimity in the condition of the unfortunate4 ,industry is likewise dwelt upon1 and the evils of an aimless life4 ,the reason why so many women are nervous1 morose1 and melancholy is because they are the victims of an aimless life4 ,their very hearts are wasting away--corroded by rust4 ,order and cleanliness have also their place4 ,and how significant they are of one's moral condition6 ,we read in ,f4 ,faber's life1 when the orderly appearance of his room was noticed one ,easter morning1 he replied that the napkin in the sepulchre was found folded after the ,resurrection1 showing that our ,lord hated untidiness4 ,this book is generally well translated1 but there are some verbal inaccuracies4 ,madame de ,maintenon's observations1 on page #aag1 were probably to the young ladies of ,st4 ,cyr--an institution of which she was the patroness--rather than 8the ,misses ,saint ,cyr40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,women ,,helpers ,,in ,,the ,,church--,,their ,,sayings ,,and ,,doings4 ,edited by ,william ,welsh4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahgb4 ,women ,helpers in the ,church--that is1 in the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church--is a compilation of articles previously published in ,the ,spirit of ,missions from the memoranda of ladies engaged in parochial labors1 such as ,sunday-schools1 mothers' meetings1 district visiting1 etc4 ,this is another book calling attention to the efficiency of woman's co-operation in the regeneration of the human race4 ,it dwells on the necessity of trained lay-helpers in the work1 and says the church should be a training-school for aggressive warfare against evil4 ,and 8as but few male communicants seem willing to give out the socializing power which ,god has entrusted to them for the benefit of those less favored1 it is well to employ the agency of godly women40 ,it finds less difficulty in training workers in this country than in ,england1 where 8few persons of good social position attend ,sunday-school or ,bible-class40 ,this statement rather excites a wonder who do attend1 for the poor seem to hold themselves equally aloof4 ,the ,protestant ,archbishop of ,york1 quoted in this work1 says that in one district in ,london not one person in a hundred attends church4 ,these people are in a state of heathenish darkness1 though 8the ,church of ,england has emitted a pure ,gospel light for centuries10 and are in the lowest state of degradation4 8,who are these people80 asks the archbishop1 and1 as if conscious of the great gulf that separates them from those he addresses1 he adds1 8,they are of the same flesh and blood as we40 ,the ,catholic is unconscious of any such gulf4 ,in the great republic of the church1 the poor are the most tenderly cared for4 ,the church has ennobled poverty by making it one of the evangelical counsels4 ,bossuet says3 8,let no one any longer scorn poverty or treat it as a base thing3 the ,king of ,glory having espoused it1 he has ennobled it by this alliance1 and henceforth he grants the poor all the privileges of his empire40 8,the poor of ,christ have lineal rights10 says ,faber1 and it is because the ,catholic ,church recognizes these rights that it is emphatically the church of the poor4 ,we are glad to see any attempts made to elevate and socialize the poorer classes by visiting them1 disseminating good books1 and bringing them together for social and religious purposes4 ,one association of ladies engaged in this work is stated to have made over six thousand visits the past year1 and a committee of twelve ladies made seventeen thousand visits in the course of six years4 ,the publication of their labors does not seem exactly on the principle of not letting the left hand know what the right hand doeth1 though1 if it excites emulation1 it may not be unjustifiable4 ,any good resulting from such labors is a more enduring record1 and will 8survive all paper40 8,for10 as ,carlyle says1 8the working of the good and brave1 seen or unseen1 endures literally for ever and cannot die4 ,is a thing nothing because the morning papers have not mentioned it8 ,or can a nothing be made a something by ever so much babbling of it there8 ,far better1 probably1 that no morning or evening paper mentioned it1 that the right hand knew not what the left was doing40 ,we are unwilling to criticise any sincere efforts to do good1 and will forbear commenting on the memoranda of the ladies which compose the greater part of this work1 however unattractive much of their piety may be to a ,catholic2 but we need not be equally forbearing to the editor1 who detracts from the effect of incidents sometimes touching by his frequent interlardings and would-be wit about 8portable fire-extinguishers0 7meaning the fire of sin7 8anti-incrustators10 etc4 ,his bitterness against the ,catholic ,church makes him look with an envious eye at her success among her cherished poor ones4 ,he speaks of her as 8a corrupt church1 whose spirit is hostile to republican institutions1 now actively drilling the lay force in sodalities and other associations1 and using their power to the utmost in educational1 political1 and proselyting schemes60 ,but such insinuations cannot harm us4 ,he himself observes3 8,the ,church of ,rome1 with all her obvious errors1 suffers but little from the violent opposition to which she is constantly subjected4 ,it will be well for all religious bodies closely to scrutinize her educational success1 her tender care for the sick1 and all the other modes by which she generates and uses spiritual power4 ,surely no well-organized church with a pure ,scriptural faith1 claiming to have divine authority1 can in this ,protestant nation be content any longer to yield ground to a foreign church with a foreign ministry40 ,we can afford to be forbearing1 and heartily forgive such language1 in view of the tribute he pays to our superiority4 ,the best thing in the book is his extract from the ,abb ,mullois' work entitled ,the ,clergy and the ,pulpit in their ,relations to the ,people1 which he rightly calls invaluable1 and says 8should be carefully and prayerfully studied by the clergy and laity of our church1 as it is eminently spiritual and practical0--a recommendation not quite in harmony with the preceding complimentary allusions4 ,the ,abb ,mullois' work 7issued by 8,the ,catholic ,publication ,society071 though only a fourth of the size of ,women ,helpers1 is worth a thousand such4 ,it is full of charity1 zeal1 and genuine piety1 and sparkling with vivacity4 ,no cant or lackadaisical piety there4 ,it is a book that should be in every priest's hands at least4 ,the ,abb ,mullois is fully sensible of woman's adaptation to self-denying labors in the cause of religion and charity4 8,woman is called the feeble sex10 says he4 8,true1 when she does not love2 but when love takes possession of her soul1 she becomes the strong1 the able1 the devoted sex4 ,she then looks difficulties in the face which would make men tremble40 ,the co-operation of woman in evangelizing the world is nothing new in the church4 ,woman was instrumental in the fall of man2 the second ,eve had a large share in his redemption4 ,the ministrations of women date from apostolic times1 and the church has always availed herself of them4 ,france was said to have been won back to ,christianity by the ,sisters of ,charity4 ,the utility of lay co-workers1 both men and women1 is evident from the good done by the ,conferences of ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul among men1 and the various female associations among women4 ,wherever there is a priest1 there should be some such organization for the religious and social elevation of the poor4 ,women ,helpers shows how the masses hunger for spiritual aliment4 ,let us hasten to give them bread instead of a stone6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,offertorium4 ,a complete ,collection of ,music for the ,sunday and ,holyday ,services of the ,catholic ,church1 containing ,masses1 ,vespers1 ,anthems1 ,hymns for ,offertory1 ,benediction1 and all ,special ,occasions1 a ,requiem ,mass1 ,holy ,week ,services1 ,responses1 etc4 ,by ,william ,o4 ,fiske4 ,boston3 ,ditson ,co4 ,why this collection of music is called 8,the ,offertorium0 we cannot understand4 ,there is only one ,offertory in the whole book4 ,it might with equal fitness be styled 8,the ,introit0 or 8,the ,kyrie ,eleison40 ,claiming1 as it does1 to be a collection of music for the services of the ,catholic ,church1 we looked at once for the imprimatur of the proper ecclesiastical authority1 but1 after examining its contents1 we were not surprised at its absence4 ,it is1 in fact1 a poor rehash of books already well known to our country choirs4 ,a number of pieces are called 8,gregorian40 ,if this be ,gregorian chant1 we want none of it4 ,it would lead us in charity to believe the compiler never saw a volume of ,gregorian chant in his life4 ,again1 we think no one capable of writing or compiling music for the church who does not know how to read1 or at least pronounce1 ,latin4 ,we have the following pronunciations given in this work3 lucifrum1 spiriti1 usqu1 glora1 filiorm1 confidnt1 descendnt1 etc41 etc4 ,in a ,gloria in ,excelsis abridged from ,concone1 the name of our ,lord1 8,jesu ,christe10 is left out after 8altissimus40 ,the author likely got up his musical phrase first1 and1 finding it too short1 sacrificed the integrity of the sacred text to either his musical poverty or professional vanity4 ,this and a few other cuttings of the text are1 however1 amply made up for by the frequent repetition of words and parts of sentences to be found on every page of the musical masses4 ,the clergy are on all sides lamenting the degradation of church music1 but let them not complain so long as they permit their choirs to furnish a market for productions like this4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,chateau ,,morville2 or1 ,life in ,touraine4 ,from the ,french4 ,by ,e4 ,r4 ,philadelphia3 ,claxton1 ,remsen ,haffelfinger4 #ahgb4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #cff4 ,this book1 the translator says in his preface1 8is the first of a contemplated series of entertaining foreign fiction1 to consist of a selection of some of the best works of the most popular continental authors1 and is intended for that class of readers who are desirous of enjoying all the instruction to be derived from a first-class novel40 ,we do not deny that the book is sprightly1 witty1 and entertaining1 and that it may please those who read simply for amusement4 ,all the characters are supposed to be ,catholic1 yet that word is not once used in the work2 nor is religion in any of its practices1 public or private1 alluded to1 except on the last page4 ,the story is a moral one1 but of the negative kind1 and is to ,catholic literature what the public schools are to ,catholic schools--,godless4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,excerpta ,,ex ,,rituali ,,romano ,,pro ,,administratione ,,sacramentorum1 ,,ad ,,commodiorem ,,usum ,,missionariorum1 ,,in ,,septentrionalis ,,americ ,f,,derat ,,provinciis4 ,nova et ,auctior ,editio4 ,baltimori3 ,apud ,kelly1 ,piet et ,socios4 ,,mdccclxxii4 ,this new edition of the abridged ritual is quite an improvement on preceding ones4 ,the following matter has been added3 8,de ,visitatione ,infirmorum10 8,modus ,juvandi ,morientes10 8,benedictio ad ,omnia10 8,benedictio ,infantis10 8,benedictio ,puerorum grotantium10 and exhortations1 in ,german1 before and after marriage4 ,the 8,profession of ,faith at the ,reception of a ,convert0 is also given in ,german4 ,the translation of the baptismal interrogations into the vernacular1 which has hitherto been customary1 seems to be superfluous and even objectionable1 after the decree of the ,s4 ,congregation of ,rites1 ,august #ca1 #ahfg1 forbidding the use of such translations4 ,the title is put as 8,rituali ,romano0 on the back in the copy before us1 the most prominent words on the title-page having been transferred to the cover4 ,the rubrics are in red1 the type large and clear1 and the binding good4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,the ,,duties ,,of ,,young ,,men4 ,translated from the ,italian of ,silvio ,pellico1 by ,r4 ,a4 ,vain4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahgb4 ,this little book1 of less than two hundred pages1 contains much that is new1 apposite1 and instructive4 ,the style is calm1 affectionate1 and altogether devoid of that harsh dogmatism which sometimes makes even the best advice unpalatable4 ,the varied duties of young men claiming to be ,christians and aiming at the highest possible refinement1 both in the family and society1 are described in a number of short chapters1 every one of which is a well-conceived sermon epitomized4 ,the appearance of the volume is in keeping with the excellence of its contents1 and we congratulate the publishers on having succeeded in producing one of the handsomest of the minor works of the season in any department of literature4 ,we hope the public will appreciate this effort of the ,messrs4 ,sadlier to keep pace with the enterprise of other publishers1 and that their contemporaries outside of ,new ,york may show equal energy and skill in the preparation of their books4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,latin ,,school ,,series4--,,ph,,drus1 ,,justin1 ,,nepos4 ,by ,francis ,gardner1 ,head ,master1 ,a4 ,m4 ,gay and ,a4 ,h4 ,buck1 ,masters in the ,boston ,latin ,school4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 ,new ,york3 ,lee1 ,shepard ,dillingham4 #ahgb4 ,the ,boston ,latin ,school is one of our few classical glories4 ,a series of ,latin text-books1 edited by its masters1 will be an acquisition to be hailed by every teacher and pupil4 ,this volume of the series is a gem in every respect--text1 notes1 glossary1 and typographical form4 ,what makes it very nice for a boy is its small size1 and the placing of the notes at the bottom of the page4 ,we trust that the other volumes of the series will follow in rapid succession1 and that they will contain nothing which can be dangerous to the morals of the youthful scholars in whose hands they will be placed4 ,it is important to promote the thorough study of the ,greek and ,latin languages1 but still more necessary to guard the minds of the young from the contaminating influence of that portion of the classical literature which is defiled with the impurities of heathenism4 ,the introduction of the excellent series of ,christian classics published in ,france into the course of an ,american college would be a good thing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,lives ,,of ,,the ,,saints4 ,by ,rev4 ,s4 ,baring-,gould1 ,m4,a4 ,january4 ,london3 ,john ,hodges4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 #ahgb4 ,mr4 ,gould is a remarkable man4 ,three years ago we reviewed with considerable severity a work of his1 and treated him as a rationalist1 which we supposed him to be at that time1 not knowing anything whatever of his opinions1 except as they were indicated in the book reviewed4 ,we were somewhat puzzled by discovering that he is really a clergyman of the ,ritualist school1 but it appears in reality that he is a ,hegelian in philosophy1 and at the same time a soi-disant eclectic ,catholic in theology4 ,how he reconciles these opposites is his affair1 not ours4 ,the present volume1 at any rate1 is worthy of the highest praise4 ,it is a collection of short lives from the ,bollandists1 published in a beautiful style1 and perfectly suitable for circulation among ,catholics4 ,we trust he will complete his useful and attractive work in the same admirable manner as he has begun it4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,society has in press and in preparation the following works1 in addition to those already announced1 which will be published during the fall3 ,pictures of ,youthful ,holiness1 by ,rev4 ,r4 ,cooke2 ,a ,saint's ,children1 by ,emily ,bowles2 ,life and ,writings of ,st4 ,catherine of ,genoa2 ,all ,hallow-,eve1 and ,unconvicted2 ,tales from the ,spanish of ,fernan ,caballero2 ,the ,heart of ,myrrha ,lake1 or ,into the ,light of ,catholicity2 ,the ,nesbits1 or a ,mother's ,last ,request2 ,oakley1 on ,catholic ,worship2 ,the ,illustrated ,catholic ,family ,almanac for #ahgc2 and ,the ,book of the ,holy ,rosary1 illustrated with thirty-six full-page engravings1 by ,rev4 ,h4 ,formby4 ,the publication of ,f4 ,finotti's ,bibliographia ,catholica ,americana has been unavoidably delayed1 by circumstances beyond the control of either author or publisher4 ,it is now about two-thirds printed1 and will be ready as soon as possible4 ,this explanation is given as an answer to several letters received by the publisher4 ,,footnote3 #acb ,an old monastic site 7alas671 so named from the donor1 the ,kaiser ,charlemagne4 ,,the ,,review ,,of ,,mr4 ,,bryant',s ,,iliad4 ,the following paragraph appeared in the ,independent1 from which it was copied by the ,new ,york ,times3 8,we were slightly surprised1 after reading in the ,june number of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world that #8the ,new ,york ,times has long rivalled ,harper's ,weekly in bigotry and anti-,catholic malice1' to find in the same number a long article on ,bryant's ,iliad1 which is stolen bodily from two reviews of the same work in the ,times of ,march #ad and ,june #bj1 #ahgj4 ,the arrangement of the paragraphs is slightly changed1 but their contents are absolutely identical4 ,in the same number of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world the editor pathetically inquires3 #8,what is the ,catholic press doing to correct these literary influences8 ,what is it doing to cultivate the art of criticism8' ,stealing1 evidently4 ,we are informed1 however1 that often #8the force of a ,catholic organ consists of nobody but the editor1 who writes all the fourth page1 and the assistant1 who makes up the rest of the forms with a paste-pot and a pair of shears4' ,if ,catholic monthlies are edited in the same way as ,catholic weeklies1 it manifestly becomes necessary to search for articles among the files of the daily papers2 but we must remind the editor1 to quote his own words again1 that #8newspapers go everywhere4 ,their readers are not confined to any one sect or any one party4'0 ,the simple fact of the matter is1 that the author of the articles in the ,times presented the review of the ,iliad1 which appeared in our last number1 to the editor of this magazine in manuscript1 and received payment for it as an original article4 ,the proper explanation has been already made to the editor of the ,times4 ,to the ,independent our only rejoinder may be found in the last four lines of the ,ninth ,fable of ,phdrus4#acc 8,tunc ille insolens3 #8,qualis videtur opera tibi vocis me8' #8,insignis1' inquit1 #8sic1 ut nisi nssem tuum ,animum genusque1 simili fugissem metu4'0 ,,footnote3 #acc ,phdri ,fabul1 ,fab4 ,,ix41 ,asinus et ,leo ,venantes4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xv41 ,no4 #hi4--;,,august1 #ahgb4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgb1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,church ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,a ,,retrospect4 ,the astonishing growth of our hierarchy1 with the multiplied divisions which such growth calls for--overrunning1 as they do1 and intersecting the boundaries of ancient mission-fields--seems to make the renowned past of missionary labor on this continent recede more and more into indistinctness4 ,we propose to make some brief mention of prominent incidents in the history of those missions1 and to do so not only that we may awaken in a generation of superficial readers an interest in the achievements of the great pioneers of our faith on this soil of ,america1 but that we may base thereupon some suggestions we wish to make to the future historian of those times and those men4 ,we trust that the day will come when a taste for studies of this kind will have spread from the few to the many1 and create a necessity for some work more extended than a sketch or a compend4 ,meanwhile1 of such historical materials as we have1 which are accessible to the ordinary reader1 we propose to make mention1 for the benefit of those who may now desire to know what materials we possess2 nay1 more1 that they may be encouraged to appreciate these materials at their value1 we shall reproduce from them alone all the statements we have to present to the reader4 ,the period of time embraced by these early missionary enterprises comprehends no less than eight and a half centuries1 dating from the first mention in history of the ,norse missions1 in the tenth century1 to the establishment of the last of the missions of ,california in #ahbc4 ,in the chronological order of their inception1 they range as follows3 ,i4 ,the missions to the adventurous ,norsemen1 whose settlements in the middle ages extended from ,labrador to the southern coast of ,new ,england4 ,although the light of faith gleamed but for a time on our shores1 leaving us only the memory of the ,bishop of ,garda--so happily embalmed in the pages of ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,clarke's ,deceased ,bishops--the ,norse missions did not entirely die out on the eastern coast of ,greenland until #aedj4 ,at this date1 the intrepid missionaries of ,spain had already advanced from ,mexico into the borders of our present ,southern territory4 ,the extinction of the ,catholic settlements at the north was due to the physical revolution caused by a change in the course of the ,gulf ,stream4 ,thereupon1 that once smiling and fertile shore became the bleak and inhospitable region that it has ever since continued to be1 and no race of ,europeans now disputes with the rugged ,esquimaux a foothold on the land4 ,,ii4 ,the ,spanish missions alluded to above4 ,the history of these missionary enterprises1 in their alternating successes and defeats1 is one that renders the soil of ,florida1 ,texas1 and ,new ,mexico a land of sacred memories4 ,in ,new ,mexico1 the ,christian settlements under our ,american ,bishop of ,santa ,f perpetuate these ancient missions4 ,in the other states named they exist only in the material monuments they have left behind them4 ,,iii4 ,the ,french missions4 ,these were the vast ,christian enterprises which1 from ,new ,france1 sent into ,new ,york and the states west of it so many apostles and martyrs4 ,the present ,christian ,indians of ,canada owe their faith1 and indeed their continued existence1 to these missions1 which have also bequeathed to us within our own limits the ,abnakis of ,maine and the ,christian ,indians who within a few years have been removed from ,illinois1 ,indiana1 ,michigan1 etc41 to the ,indian ,territory4 ,,iv4 ,the missions of ,maryland4 ,these missions carried the light of faith to the aborigines of that colony1 and if the latter have ceased to exist1 the ,jesuits still subsist1 and inhabit the ancient manors where their brethren of old gathered around them the docile children of the forest1 ere the torch of religious and political persecution was lighted by stranger hands in the 8,land of the ,sanctuary40 ,yet1 even the missions of ,maryland are not without a living succession1 for the ,jesuits of ,maryland planted a colony of their brethren in the ,west1 and have carried the ,gospel to vast multitudes of new subjects among the ,indian tribes1 and have besides aided to sustain the faith of those expatriated from the former limits of other mission fields4 ,perhaps the most serious blow to the perpetuity of some of these missions is threatened in the government's plan of 8improvement0 in its ,indian policy4 ,while the measures comprehended under this new policy aim at eradicating some abuses1 the plan is also ingeniously aimed to operate in a direction where no abuses can be alleged1 and to substitute among ,catholic ,indians the 8,evangelical0 preacher for the 8,black-gown10 whom the ,indians feel to be their best and most disinterested friend1 at whose feet they have learned the rudiments of ,christianity1 and at whose feet alone they will condescend to sit for instruction in the way of eternal life4 ,v4 ,the missions of ,louisiana4 ,within the former limits of these missions1 the area of the present states of ,louisiana1 ,arkansas1 and ,mississippi was embraced4 ,by the removal of the native tribes1 the missions of ,louisiana have become practically merged in those which now embrace the ,western ,states4 ,nevertheless1 some ,christian ,indians still linger on the soil of ,louisiana proper4 ,,vi4 ,the missions of ,california4 ,in so far as the hostility of the whites has permitted the ,indians to live in peace1 these missions may be said still to subsist4 ,such remains of them as ,mexican rapacity had spared descended to us at least on the cession of ,california to the ,united ,states4 ,should the full history of these missions come to be written1 the more perspicuous arrangement--we beg to suggest to the historian--would be to divide the whole into epochs4 ,thus1 the ,norse missions would constitute an epoch by itself1 to be designated1 let us say1 as the ,ante-,columbian--missions before the discovery by ,columbus4 ,when the ,catholic ,historical ,society shall be formed 7even if it owe its origin to this suggestion for its formation71 its first care1 after gathering into its fire-proof cabinets the books1 pamphlets1 newspapers and magazines1 manuscripts1 charts1 portraits1 sketches1 and other memorials or illustrations of the ,catholic history of ,america1 should be to draw from ,northern ,europe materials for a more extended history than we now possess of an epoch so full of interest to the antiquary and the ,catholic4 ,until recently1 indeed1 the ,norse missions bid fair to be reckoned as among myths4 ,if they are no longer so regarded1 this result is due to the investigations of a few scholars only4 ,the second1 or ,post-,columbian1 epoch should commence with the history of the missionary efforts which succeeded the discovery by ,columbus4 ,this epoch1 after displaying the inception and progress of these great religious enterprises1 might terminate appropriately with the establishment of one of the last series of missions1 that of ,san ,francisco1 erected on the site of the present city of that name in #aggf1 seven days before the date of our ,declaration of ,independence4 ,for the third epoch1 no event could form a more appropriate initial point than that which freed our country from the domination of ,england4 ,from this point1 a new era opens for our church1 for the charter of our national independence was the charter of our liberties as well4 ,in the epoch just elapsed1 the spirit of ,british legislation and the spirit of ,british bigotry harassed or defeated at every step the apostolical laborers within the mission-fields embraced in the limits of the ,american colonies4 ,now1 over all the territory of the new ,republic1 shortly to be enlarged by the addition of ,louisiana and ,florida with their sacred memories of the past1 the old colonial legislation against ,catholics began to disappear from the statute-books of the states2 and1 if at the present writing there be a state where these discriminating laws still linger1 her apologists are obliged to claim that they are practically inoperative4#acd ,early in this epoch1 our present hierarchy had its beginning in the appointment of ,john ,carroll as first bishop--,john ,carroll whose efforts1 in conjunction with ,franklin1 ,chase1 and ,charles ,carroll1 to enlist the sympathies of the ,canadians in our national cause1 were rendered abortive by the anti-,catholic manifesto which had been issued by the colonial congress of #aggd4ace ,the era of the great prelate's labors was shortly rendered memorable by the arrival upon our shores of those devoted men whom persecution or revolution abroad had driven hither4 ,through them1 with here and there the assistance of the few clergyman already on the spot1 religion began to make glad the desert places4 ,the centres of population1 no less than the scattered settlements of the interior--the mountains of ,pennsylvania equally with the forests of ,kentucky--rejoiced in the spreading light of gospel truth4 ,in short1 the seventy years succeeding the ,declaration of ,independence--within which period we propose to limit this third epoch--form an era filled with the chronicles of devoted missionary labor1 and the history of humble and painful foundations which have since expanded into vast and even magnificent proportions4 ,for the commencement of the fourth epoch1 embracing the era in which we live1 and terminating when it may please the historian to close it1 the year #ahdf is suggested for several reasons4 ,if the assignment of this date seems to terminate the preceding epoch at a period disproportionally early1 compared with the epoch before it1 it must be remembered that these seventy years1 embracing as they do the period of the formation and first growth of our present hierarchy1 would probably require as voluminous a treatment at the hands of the historian as the whole long period of the second epoch4 ,in #ahdf1 the partition of dioceses into ecclesiastical provinces began by the erection of the ,province of ,oregon in that year4 ,prior to this time the whole ,united ,states had formed but one ,province1 under the ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 ,the ,province of ,st4 ,louis was erected in #ahdg1 those of ,new ,orleans1 ,cincinnati1 and ,new ,york in #ahej1 and the ,province of ,san ,francisco in #ahec4 ,the year #ahdf is also the date of the accession to the ,pontifical throne of the great and good ,pius ,,ix41 still happily reigning1 whose ,pontificate is the most remarkable of modern times1 if not of all times1 as it has certainly been the longest1 and1 in its relations to the ,american church1 the most momentous4 ,the ,sixth ,provincial ,council of ,baltimore was held in #ahdf1 and the same year was signalized by the opening of the ,mexican ,war1 which was followed in #ahdh by the acquisition of ,california and ,new ,mexico1 classic lands in the history of the ,american ,missions4 ,the annexation of ,texas in #ahde1 with all her legacies of missionary heroism1 forms the closing political event of the preceding epoch4 ,thus1 many reasons concur for selecting #ahdf as the period of a new departure in our ecclesiastical annals4 ,the thread of narrative connecting the history of the old missions with our own day may be said to terminate at the beginning of this epoch1 by the admission of ,california and ,new ,mexico into the ,federal ,union4 ,nor need this thread be afterwards resumed4 ,the fourth epoch1 judging from its energetic beginnings and the triumphant progress the church in this country has made in the interval1 is destined to fill a glorious place in ecclesiastical history4 ,these suggestions in regard to the method of dealing with our ,catholic history would be superfluous1 except upon the supposition that such a history as the subject calls for has yet to be written4 ,we have no doubt it will be4 ,it is the purpose of this paper to promote such a consummation1 both by arousing an interest in the subject on the part of readers1 and stimulating the zeal of writers4 ,without this interest on the part of readers1 the zeal1 learning1 and ability of authors will never be called into play on this field4 ,whatever meed of praise we must assign to the few authors who have made our missions or our ,catholic history their theme1 it cannot be contended that they have largely developed it3 but1 if they have not done more1 it is because the taste of the public--the ,catholic public1 at least--did not demand more4 ,here1 then1 is need for reformation4 ,catholics might take a lesson from the conduct of people of the world4 ,when a family of high origin rises again into distinction from a condition of temporary depression1 it reverts with fondness to the ancestry by which it was distinguished in the past1 as well as to that which achieved its return to greatness3 it justifies its present position by the long roll it exhibits of its genealogical worthies4 ,so should ,american ,catholics of the present day act and feel as a religious family1 but with a pride that is commendable1 since the object of it is the church of ,god1 and all the glory it acquires is due to the humility1 the sacrifices1 the self-devotion of the truest heroes that ever lived1 the saints and servants of ,god4 ,such were our religious ancestors on this continent1 and such they were long before in the vista of centuries4 ,it is something to possess a mere antiquity in a land where all is new save the race that is dying out towards the setting sun1 and no lineage can dispute for antiquity with that of the ,catholic ,church on this soil4 ,if her history were better known1 we should not be so often met by the assertions that this is a 8,protestant country0--an assertion which1 though provoking1 would be harmless but for some social or legal ostracism which is attempted under color of it4 ,the preponderance of numbers1 the only tenable ground upon which the assertion can be made1 is a mere temporary condition of things1 and is so rapidly disappearing that a mathematical calculation is alone sufficient to fix its period of termination4 ,but1 last as long it may1 this preponderance avails nothing so long as the law of the land knows neither ,protestant nor ,catholic as such4 ,this impartiality of the law1 by the bye1 will never be disturbed by ,catholics even when the preponderance of numbers shall be in their favor4 ,they venerate too deeply the example of the ,catholic ,pilgrims of ,maryland ever to descend from the high standard they have left behind4 ,again1 this is not a ,protestant country by virtue of early discovery or possession1 nor by reason of early settlement or religious foundation1 nor even by the establishment of an earlier hierarchy1 as some ,protestant churchmen contend4 ,much less is it ,protestant by the conversion of either native or foreign races within its confines4 ,with one only exception1 as a class1 that may be reckoned considerable1 ,protestantism is only an heirloom in families that were ,protestant at the time of their immigration4 ,nor has it1 with these1 held its own2 for the statistics supplied by our ,catholic bishops show that1 among those confirmed by them1 a proportion1 varying in different dioceses1 but forming an average of probably twelve per cent41 is composed of converts from ,protestantism4 ,the considerable exception we note is formed of the descendants of ,irish ,catholics who long since emigrated to these shores or were transported hither in large numbers by ,oliver ,cromwell4 ,their children1 deprived of religious instruction and left without priests and sacraments1 have been gradually absorbed into the ranks of the sects around them4 ,hence the number of unmistakably celtic names we find borne by many who are now ,protestants4 ,this exception1 however1 goes very little way towards establishing the general assertion that the ,protestantism of the country is due to the conversions it has made4 ,the blacks have naturally followed the religion of the masters in whose families they were domesticated while slaves4 ,as to the ,indians1 ,protestantism has done little or nothing that it can point to with any pride1 and it employs itself in their regard1 as it does in all other parts of the world where it encounters the ,catholic missionary1 in marring or obstructing his work1 thus leaving the poor ,indian in a more wretched condition than he had been before he heard of ,christianity at all4 ,under whatever auspices certain colonies of ,protestants were established1 long after the first occupation of ,american soil by ,catholics1 the constitution1 which is the charter of our general liberties1 and which these colonies1 or the states representing these colonies1 united in adopting1 is silent on the subject of religion4 ,its equilibrium on this point is perfect4 ,nor will it be disturbed1 even though a judge of the ,supreme ,court heard the little knot of superserviceable ,protestants who advocate the apparently innocent project of introducing 8,god in the constitution40 ,even if it were possible that these gentlemen should succeed in their effort1 an internecine warfare would ensue among ,protestants themselves for the possession by one or the other of the different sects of the power to direct the 8appropriate legislation0 contemplated in the proposed amendment to the constitution4 ,in this scramble1 the opportunity of wielding this new engine against the ,catholics would be lost1 and hence much of the animus that directs the movement now would prove a waste of zeal4 ,our general laws are1 therefore1 no more ,protestant than ,catholic1 and even court-preachers who claim that their 8church0 is a 8power in the land0 are unable to wrest them from their tenor1 though they may fill the public offices with the adherents of their conventicle4 ,history1 good sense1 and common observation thus militate against a claim which is intended1 in one way or another1 to be injurious to ,american ,catholics and their church4 ,this subject may not be new to the readers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 but it is one which will bear repetition1 in view of the necessity of presenting the truth as it is before right-minded ,protestants who may otherwise be beguiled by the specious pretences of their less scrupulous brethren--in view of the still greater necessity of fortifying our own people against an allegation which is intended to discourage and demoralize them4 ,we need our moral force1 our ,catholic spirit1 our sense of equality with our neighbors1 in order to accomplish much of the good that is before us in both the social and the religious sphere4 ,it will help this spirit of noble independence to become familiar with the history of our church in this country and of its unique achievements4 ,the scattered memorials of early missions have been gathered with great labor by ,mr4 ,john ,g4 ,shea1 and compressed in his ,history of the ,catholic ,missions 7,new ,york1 #ahed74 ,his narrative needs digesting1 but is of most interesting matter4 ,the absence of maps1 however1 and the consequent difficulty of following the footsteps of the missionaries in their labors and journeys1 often through unfamiliar localities1 necessitate a reference to other books1 and so detract from the value of the work as a handbook for ordinary readers4 ,even the works of ,kip and ,parkman1 covering a more restricted ground1 are illustrated by maps4 ,the tables in ,mr4 ,shea's appendix1 with the names of the missionaries1 the date of their arrival1 and that of their death1 and also the list of authorities in print and manuscript illustrating his subject1 are extremely valuable4 ,we are indebted to ,mr4 ,shea's work for the principal portion of our materials4 ,t4 ,d',arcy ,mc,gee's five lectures on the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states 7,boston1 #ahee71 written in a clear1 brilliant1 and forcible style1 pass in review the history of the ,american church from the days of ,columbus down to the period of the publication of the book4 ,the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 by ,henry de ,courcy1 translated and enlarged by ,john ,g4 ,shea 7,new ,york1 #ahef71 is modestly designated by the author as a 8sketch10 but can only be considered so because the ground covered by the work is so vast1 and the period so extended1 that it was found impossible to dwell at length on any particular point4 ,still1 the work is neither hasty nor superficial1 and comprehends a bulk of nearly #fjj pages4 ,these three works by ,catholic authors are the only publications we possess bearing upon the general ground1 and adapted to popular use and reference4 ,a lecture here or there1 or ,dr4 ,white's sketch attached to ,darras' ,general ,history of the ,church1 does not add materially to our resources4 ,it will be observed from the date of their publication that these three works were published in three successive years about the period of the last 8,know-,nothing0 excitement4 ,are we to infer from this circumstance that our people can only be goaded by religious persecution into demanding such works8 ,if so1 we shall have the less reason for regret when the unprecedentedly long period of peace we are now enjoying shall come to a close1 as it certainly must1 sooner or later1 in the providence of ,god4 ,of biographies and local histories we have a growing collection1 some of them of great value4 ,the affairs of a diocese1 a state1 or a particular region of country will always command a special interest among those who dwell therein4 ,hence we may expect this class of works to appear in increasing numbers4 ,they furnish important materials to the future general historian1 and probably educate the taste of readers into a demand for more comprehensive works4 ,many details that would be useful to the historian would perish but for them1 as many have doubtless perished already for the lack of timely chroniclers4 ,an enumeration of these works is not essential in this place1 but we trust that other hands will do justice to those who have bestowed their scanty time upon labors of this kind1 for all these works have been written by men of busy lives1 such men as the late ,archbishop ,spalding1 for example1 among the clergy1 and the late ,bernard ,u4 ,campbell1 of ,baltimore1 among the laity4 ,mr4 ,campbell's writings1 to be sure1 have not been reprinted from the magazine for which they were written2 but had not the gates of death closed in the midst of his career on the author of the ,life and ,times of ,archbishop ,carroll1 we might have expected from one possessed of his industrious research1 his ardent mind1 and genuine talents1 contributions of the highest value to the history of the church in ,america4 ,he was called hence just as a position of comparative distinction and emolument seemed about to compensate him for his long years of faithful duty in the inconspicuous but responsible post he had hitherto filled2 and this tribute to the memory of one whose character was brightened by every ,christian and every civic virtue will not seem out of place here to those who knew him--and who in his community did not know him8 who did not love him8 ,when will our young men1 beginning life with advantages of which ,mr4 ,campbell could not boast1 with wealth and family position and scholastic training1 learn to emulate such an example1 and devote their opportunities1 their means1 and the fruits of their studies to a task which would do them infinite honor1 instead of devoting all these gifts to the service of a frivolous society8--a task upon which1 in their default1 strangers and aliens have entered1 and gathered laurels to themselves at the expense of the church whose heroes they pretend to exalt4 ,the author of a work to which we have already referred has snatched from the intervals of severe professional labors time for the production of two of the most important volumes contributed to our ,american ,catholic literature in the department of biography1 although their bulk and cost must render them inaccessible to many readers4 ,but it is a work the perusal of which must quicken the desire for that full and connected history of the ,american church which awaits us in the future4 ,here1 that history glitters in detached fragments1 like prismatic hues reflected from some great signal-light1 around each saintly and venerable figure whose life and labors the author has portrayed4 ,there1 in one luminous whole1 it will irradiate our entire past4 ,again1 a clergyman has found the opportunity1 amid the cares of a parish and the distractions of frequent and painful illness1 to prepare for publication a schedule of all the early issues of our ,american ,catholic press--a most welcome adjunct to the labors of the ,catholic historian4 ,with these and many similar examples before them1 how great a reproach must rest upon our ,catholic young men of culture if their last and only contribution to the literature of their church and country be the fleeting amenities of a college address at graduation6 ,but1 as we have already remarked1 the field of our ,catholic history has been entered upon by writers of another and an alien school4 ,the wealth of incident1 the picturesque entourage1 the heroic action1 which characterize the history of our ,catholic missions have proven irresistible attractions to the ,protestant scholar4 ,mr4 ,francis ,parkman is especially conspicuous in this department1 and we wish to say a few words in regard to his best-known work1 ,the ,jesuits in ,north ,america 7,boston1 #ahfg74 ,we trust that to ,catholic readers ,mr4 ,shea's elegant reprint of ,father ,charlevoix's ,history of ,new ,france1 fully and carefully annotated by ,mr4 ,shea himself1 will supply all the needs of a reference on this field of inquiry4 ,none can fail to admire the graces of style which distinguish ,mr4 ,parkman's writings1 but ,protestants alone can make him a reference and commend him for the fidelity with which he adheres to their worn-out traditions and the readiness he exhibits to flatter their ingrained prejudices and prepossessions4 ,it is difficult to understand how an author could have written so fully and so eloquently of men1 the dignity of whose aims he seems not to have formed the slightest conception of1 or that he should have chosen this theme at all under the circumstances4 ,we can only hope that a more profound feeling stirred him to the task than he is willing to acknowledge4 ,but ,mr4 ,parkman is a ,new ,englander1 and it befits not the ,puritan traditions of his people to display any enthusiasm4 ,on the ears of the auditory he undoubtedly in the main sets himself to address--an auditory dead to every supernatural impression except that which may be evoked by the practices of spiritism--words of enthusiasm would fall distastefully1 and the reflex of an inner faith be simply repelling4 ,hence ,mr4 ,parkman carefully avoids any suspicion of complicity with these unpopular emotions1 and his heroes enact their grand parts like puppets put in action on a mimic stage by some inexplicable machinery4 ,all the pith and marrow of their actions1 such as ,catholics know to have animated them1 is eliminated1 and nothing but a limp and imbecile counterfeit is left of the living1 breathing man4 ,yet these men1 these great missionaries so parodied1 were they who undertook the most gigantic labors1 endured the most severe hardships1 and met even death itself1 from the most exalted motive that can animate our kind--the love of souls for ,god's sake6 ,in ,mr4 ,parkman's hands1 all that is great and ennobling about them shrinks into an unsubstantial figment3 the impelling motive1 if one is to be descried at all1 is a barren sentimentalism1 the action1 left aimless and unsupported1 a mere prettiness of behavior4 ,the following passage from ,the ,jesuits in ,north ,america 7page #ig7 will afford an example of the animus with which the book is written4 ,it opens with the reiteration of a stale slander3 8,that equivocal morality1 lashed by the withering satire of a ,pascal--a morality built on the doctrine that all means are permissible for saving souls from perdition1 and that sin itself is no sin when its object is the #8greater glory of ,god'--found far less scope in the rude wilderness of the ,hurons than among the interests1 ambitions1 and passions of civilized life4 ,nor were these men1 chosen from among the purest of their order1 personally well fitted to illustrate the capabilities of this elastic system4 ,yet1 now and then1 by the light of their own writings1 we may observe that the teachings of the school of ,loyola had not been wholly without effect in the formation of their ethics4 ,but when we see them in the gloomy ,february of #afcg1 and the gloomier months that followed1 toiling on foot from one infected town to another1 wading through the sodden snow1 under the bare and dripping forests1 drenched with incessant rains1 till they descried at length through the storm the clustered dwellings of some barbarous hamlet--when we see them entering1 one after another1 those wretched abodes of misery and darkness1 and all for one sole end1 the baptism of the sick and dying1 we may smile at the futility of the object1 but we must needs admire the self-sacrificing zeal with which it is pursued40 ,the futility of the object6 ,and this is said in the nineteenth century of ,christian enlightenment6 ,has the lettered paganism which held its head so high in the days of the early ,roman ,pontiffs indeed revived in all its impenetrable pride1 and with all its scorn of the ,christian faith and the ,christian people8 ,has it only slept through all these centuries1 to awaken again in our day and stalk among us with unblushing front as of old8 ,in conclusion1 on the subject of authors1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,i4 ,kip1 afterwards made ,protestant ,episcopal ,bishop of ,california1 published1 under the title of ,early ,jesuit ,missions in ,north ,america1 a translation of some letters written by the ,french ,jesuits on the mission between #afif and #agej4 ,we see nothing to object to and much to commend in this work4 ,we must except from our commendation a portion of the editor's preface1 as follows3 8,there is one thought1 however1 which has constantly occurred to us in the preparation of these letters1 and which we cannot but suggest4 ,look over the world and read the history of the ,jesuit ,missions4 ,after one or two generations1 they have always come to naught4444 ,must there not have been something wrong in the whole system--some grievous errors mingled with their teachings1 which thus denied them a measure of success proportioned to their efforts80 ,considering that1 after one or two generations1 the insane jealousy of governments generally led to the persecution of the ,jesuits1 the rapacity of officials to the plunder of their missions1 and that the whole society was suppressed and dispersed in the midst of some of its most prominent labors1 the failure of most of the ,jesuit missions may be easily accounted for4 ,but these causes were all extrinsic1 not intrinsic1 as ,mr4 ,kip suggests4 ,in spite of these disintegrating causes1 the vitality of the missions established by the ,jesuits1 as exemplified in this retrospect1 is something remarkable4 ,nor was there ever1 or1 if ever1 rarely1 a failure where these extrinsic causes were not at work4 ,mr4 ,kip's assertion that there is not a 8recorded instance of their permanency0 is unveracious in spirit1 if it be not in fact4 ,he might easily have known better4 ,probably1 if he would 8look over the world0 through the medium of the ,protestant authorities quoted by ,dr4 ,marshall 7and ,dr4 ,m4 quotes no others7 in his work on ,christian ,missions1 ,mr4 ,kip and others equally in need of enlightenment would know what they ought to believe of ,jesuit and all other ,catholic missions4 ,per contra1 and as shown by the same ,protestant authorities1 it will be seen that the barrenness erroneously predicated of the ,jesuit missions by ,mr4 ,kip is the distinguishing mark of the ,protestant missions everywhere and at all times1 under the most favorable as under the most adverse circumstances1 in their first stage equally as in their last4 ,when we consider that eight hundred or more years ago all that was ,christian in our land was ,catholic1 we can bear with more equanimity the presumptuous offers of hospitality made to us by sectaries who claim as their own a soil wherein ,catholicity was planted before their religion was heard of4 ,in brief1 the history of these first missions was as follows3 ,when the light of ,christianity spread from ,ireland to ,iceland1 the adventurous natives of the latter country had already effected a lodgement on our continent through the colonies they had planted in ,greenland and on the shores further south1 extending to ,narragansett ,bay4 ,they called this latter region ,vinland from the great profusion of native vines they found there4 ,in the year #ajjj1 ,catholic missionaries set forth from ,iceland1 and soon bade ,greenland blossom with the fruits of faith1 as it blossomed already with the material beauty and verdure that then crowned its valleys4 ,in time missionaries were despatched hence to ,vinland1 with the same happy results4 ,thus1 in what seems to us the night of ages1 the voice of ,christian prayer and the hymns of ,christian praise resounded along our ,northern shores4 ,greenland was already dotted over with institutions of piety and learning when ,eric1 now its bishop1 with his see at ,garda1 came in #aaba1 for the second time1 to visit his dear ,vinlanders and their ,indian neophytes2 rounding the promontory of ,cape ,cod to the south1 five hundred years before the grim ,puritans rounded it to the north on their way to ,plymouth ,bay4 ,he came this time to dwell with the chosen ones of his flock1 and doubtless to die with them1 for the curtain of history has fallen over his fate and that of his companions and spiritual children4 ,the old stone tower at ,newport is1 in the eyes of some respectable antiquaries1 a relic of ancient ,catholicity in ,new ,england that belonged to a church or monastery1 but its mute walls reveal nothing of the sacred catastrophe which overwhelmed the ,christian colony of ,vinland4 ,the soil of ,new ,england was therefore long since dedicated to the ,god of truth1 and let us trust that he will again1 in his own good time1 claim his heritage4 ,turning our eyes to the other extreme of our national boundaries as they now exist1 we find that the first ,spanish missionaries set foot in ,florida in #aebh1 in company with the expedition of ,narvaez4 ,the latter expected to find him an empire rivalling in wealth and extent that of ,mexico1 so recently subjected to the ,spanish arms by the prowess of ,cortez4 ,the limits of the new empire were already marked out for a see1 which took its title from the ,rio de las ,palmas1 its southern boundary1 a river in ,mexico between ,vera ,cruz and ,tampico1 and extended to the ,cape of ,florida4 ,the new bishop himself1 ,juan ,juarez1 headed the band of missionaries4 ,as ,father ,juarez1 he had been one of the twelve ,franciscans who were invited to ,mexico by ,cortez to be its first apostles1 and whom he received with great honor in #aebd1 five years after his landing4 ,father ,juarez here distinguished himself by his zeal and his love and care for the ,indians1 and his appointment as the new bishop1 which was made on the occasion of a subsequent visit to ,spain1 was therefore most fitting4 ,the expedition of ,narvaez proved1 however1 a failure1 and in its failure was involved that of the missionary scheme connected with it4 ,no rich empire met the commander's expectant gaze1 no dusky monarch clad in barbaric splendor and surrounded by assiduous courtiers crossed his path to question his purposes or withstand his advance4 ,he encountered only straggling ,indians who treacherously led him on to his ruin4 ,at last1 weary1 disappointed1 pinched with want1 and decimated by disease or the arrows of ambushed savages1 the troops of ,narvaez forced their way back through the jungle to the shore they had left4 ,narvaez had injudiciously1 and against the advice of ,bishop ,juarez1 ordered his ships elsewhere1 and the only resource of the party was to escape to sea as best they might in the rude boats they constructed for the purpose4 ,four only remained behind1 and these saved themselves by a perilous journey across the continent4 ,the remainder were lost at sea1 or were cast away to die a more lingering death by starvation1 disease1 or the attacks of the natives4 ,among the latter was the party of ,bishop ,juarez1 which had been driven ashore on ,dauphin ,island1 near the mouth of the ,mississippi4 ,thus the fate of the second bishop who possessed jurisdiction over any portion of our soil is1 like that of the first1 wrapped in painful obscurity1 and the fruits of his mission1 if there were any1 are equally left without living trace4 ,all that is known of this devoted pioneer and martyr of the ,south has been recorded by ,mr4 ,clarke in his ,lives of the ,deceased ,bishops4 ,the four survivors of the expedition of ,narvaez traversed ,texas and ,new ,mexico1 and1 reaching the shores of the ,gulf of ,california1 reappeared to the gaze of their astonished friends4 ,the accounts they gave of the kingdoms and cities they had passed on their journey--accounts that were doubtless somewhat colored by their imagination--came to the ears of an ,italian friar named ,mark1 and excited his zeal for the glorious spiritual conquest that seemed to lie before him4 ,placing himself under the guidance of ,stephen1 a negro1 one of the four survivors alluded to1 and attended by some friendly ,indians1 he boldly plunged into the wilderness which skirted the river ,gila4 ,crossing it1 he continued his march until he came within sight of ,cibola1 a city of the ,zui tribe4 ,here he sent forward ,stephen with a party of the ,indian attendants to prepare the way1 but the natives drove them back1 and even killed ,stephen and some of his companions4 ,the friar could only look with longing eyes towards the city where he had hoped to garner a harvest of souls1 and then sorrowfully began to retrace his steps4 ,ere descending the hill from which he bade farewell to the city1 he1 however1 planted the cross1 the object of his journey and the emblem of his mission4 ,the chieftain1 ,coronado1 stimulated by the representations made of the supposed riches of ,cibola1 headed an expedition fitted out by the government to reduce it4 ,he followed the route previously traversed by ,friar ,mark1 who accompanied him1 together with a number of other ,franciscans4 ,cibola was reached1 and soon yielded to the invader1 but so barren was the prize1 that ,coronado resolved to press on to the conquest of another fabled empire in the interior1 leaving the poor friar1 overwhelmed with reproaches1 to return home in shattered health4 ,he ended his days shortly after4 ,coronado1 in his researches1 crossed to the valley of the ,rio ,grande1 and even to that of the ,arkansas1 but without result1 except in the discovery of the vast herds of bisons which swarmed the plains1 and of which he was the first among ,europeans to give an account4 ,when ,coronado1 weary of his fruitless journey1 resolved to return1 ,father ,john de ,padilla1 one of the ,franciscans1 in his younger days a soldier1 begged to be allowed to remain at the ,indian town of ,quivira1 west of the ,rio ,grande4 ,brother ,john of the ,cross proffered a similar request in regard to the neighboring village of ,cicuye1 now ,pecos4 ,bestowing upon them a supply of live stock1 and some ,mexican ,indians as assistants1 the expedition passed on and left them to their perilous posts4 ,the ,indians of ,new ,mexico were1 as a race1 of morals more than ordinarily pure1 and they possessed some familiarity with the arts4 ,notwithstanding these humanizing traits1 the lives of the two devoted missionaries paid the forfeit of their courage and zeal1 or they may both have perished by the hands of roving ,indians4 ,no tidings were ever heard of the lay brother1 and the fate of the father was announced in ,tampico by his companions1 who fled thither with the news of his martyrdom4 ,the expedition of ,coronado occupied the years #aedj-a1 or a great portion of them4 ,in the latter year ,de ,soto1 who had entered ,florida in #aeci1 led on by the same delusive hopes with which the narrative of the survivors of the party of ,narvaez inspired ,coronado--stood beside the mighty ,mississippi1 its discoverer4 ,the following year1 its waters were to be at once the grave of the great leader and the haven of refuge for the remnant of his band in their escape from the country4 ,de ,soto had brought with him from ,spain a number of ecclesiastics1 secular and regular4 ,it is not probable that they accomplished anything among the natives1 but they at least sacrificed their lives in the attempt1 for the last of them perished in the interval between the death of ,de ,soto and the arrival in ,tampico of the survivors of his expedition4 ,the dark colors in which those who cater to popular prepossessions delight to paint the conduct of the ,spanish invaders are seldom brightened by the testimony that should accompany the picture1 of the religious purposes which were never entirely absent from their minds4 ,with some of them religion was1 indeed1 a controlling motive4 ,coupled with dreams of worldly conquest1 was always the hope and desire of spreading the knowledge of ,christian truth throughout the empires that might be won4 ,let the conduct of our non-,catholic fellow-citizens in the first years of the ,american occupation of ,california1 in all its characteristics of violence1 irreligion1 greed1 and cruelty to the ,indians1 be compared with that of the ,spaniards of three centuries before1 and it may be found that the latter will gain by the comparison4 ,moreover1 no scheme of benevolence in behalf of the poor ,indians1 no thought of extending ,god's kingdom upon earth1 ever entered the thoughts of our nineteenth-century adventurers4 ,in #aedd1 one solitary soldier of the cross1 ,father ,andrew de ,olmos1 a ,franciscan1 acquired a success among the ,indians of ,texas which had been denied to all his predecessors on the same field4 ,it was the wild race then known as the 8,chichimecas10 among whom he fearlessly advanced4 ,strange to say1 many hearkened to his words1 and followed him to ,tamaulipas1 where he founded a reduction for them1 and completed their instruction4 ,in the missions of ,mexico1 ,father ,andrew had already acquired a knowledge of four ,indian languages1 of three of which he had prepared grammars and vocabularies1 and in two of them had written religious works for the use of the ,indians4 ,he now became a proficient in the language of this tribe also1 and prepared many books for his spiritual children4 ,father ,john de ,mesa1 a secular priest1 a kindred spirit in zeal1 and of like accomplishments as a linguist1 joined him in his labors1 and both of them devoted the remainder of their lives to the ,indians of the reduction4 ,their mission was so fortunate as to be perpetuated by successors1 under whom it was also enlarged by the accession of many new ,indian converts4 ,an attempt equally intrepid in character and peaceful in its method1 but still entirely ineffectual in result1 was the expedition into ,florida in #aedg under the direction of ,father ,cancer de ,barbastro1 a distinguished missionary of ,mexico1 attended by several other ,dominicans4 ,fortified with a royal decree from ,philip of ,spain restoring to liberty all natives of ,florida held in bondage in any portion of the ,spanish possessions1 and provided by that monarch with an unarmed vessel1 the missionaries were received with some delusive demonstrations of friendship on the part of the ,indians4 ,untouched by the peaceful character of the mission1 however1 they seized the first opportunity to massacre ,father ,diego de ,pealosa1 who had entrusted his life in their hands1 and not long after ,father ,cancer himself4 ,the mission was thereupon abandoned by the others as hopeless4 ,,note4--,in addition to the works devoted specifically to the subject1 mentioned in the text of this article1 we would refer the future historian to the following sources of information as indispensable to an exhaustive treatment of the theme4 ,we offer the suggestion as a partial acknowledgment of the obligation which we1 in common with our fellow-,catholics of the ,united ,states1 are under to a pioneer in this field of investigation--an assiduous and successful student 7so far1 at least1 as his readers are concerned7 of early ,american ,catholic annals3 ,discovery and ,exploration of the ,mississippi ,valley4 ,by ,john ,gilmary ,shea4 7,embracing the ,relations of ,fathers ,marquette1 ,hennepin1 ,allouez1 and others1 and a fac-simile of the outline map of the region made by ,f4 ,marquette47 ,early ,voyages up and down the ,mississippi4 ,by the same4 ,the ,cramoisy ,series of ,memoirs and ,relations concerning the ,french ,colonies in ,north ,america4 ,edited and published from early ,,mss4 ,by the same4 #bd vols4 7,this includes ,relations1 ,biography1 ,travels1 ,letters1 ,diplomatic ,correspondence1 etc41 etc47 ,the ,library of ,american ,linguistics3 ,a ,series of ,grammars and ,dictionaries of ,american ,languages4 ,edited by the same4 #ac vols4 8,our ,convents10 in ,the ,metropolitan1 and 8,our ,martyrs10 in the ,united ,states ,catholic ,magazine4 7,the latter has been published in book-form in a ,german translation47 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnotes3 #acd ,let us pause to observe that this change in the spirit of legislation marks also the decline of that spirit of bigotry which inspired it in the first place4 ,the spirit of bigotry1 however1 still survives1 though it be less aggressive than formerly4 ,it outlives the melioration of charters1 and dies hard4 ,when it shall have reached that stage of feebleness to which the natural generosity of our countrymen will sooner or later reduce it1 we may then hope to follow where ,canada has led in her laws concerning education4 ,the pompous protection now afforded by states and municipalities to their necessarily infidel school will disappear to give way to measures of solicitude for the equal education of all1 ,catholic and infidel1 ,protestant and ,jew1 without injustice to any man's religion or any man's resources4 ,the unfortunate precedent afforded by the theocratic government of ,new ,england1 and which has been so blindly followed by other states1 in assuming to educate instead of aiding education--even this disorder in our republicanism may be healed1 if congress do not meanwhile 7as appearances threaten7 strengthen the hands of state absolutists by its largesses2 or1 if it do not1 by an act of still greater usurpation than the states have been guilty of1 consign the task of popular education to the care of the general government4 #ace ,thus ,protestant bigotry probably lost us ,canada1 as it gained us--must we say it8--the treason of ,arnold4 ,the bigotry of ,arnold revolted at the alliance with ,france1 because it was an alliance with ,catholics4 ,his disgust was heightened by the liberality of feeling which began to be manifested by his countrymen towards ,catholics4 ,the co-operation of ,catholics1 native and foreign1 in the cause of our ,national ,independence1 was so marked that it may well have embittered a patriot of his calibre1 and indeed it infuriated him to that degree that he preferred to sell his country rather than serve a cause which was so largely sustained by those whose religion he hated4 ,does not ,arnold live in successors8 ,to say nothing of others1 who were the ,know-,nothing patriots who preferred to disgrace the national name by destroying the memorial-stone contributed by ,pius ,,ix4 to the ,washington ,monument1 rather than that its shaft should preserve the evidence of the respect of a ,pope for the memory of our ,pater ,patri8 ,,fragments ,,of ,,early ,,english ,,poetry4 ,,to ,,the ,,blessed ,,virgyne4 ,as thou wel knowest1 ,o ,blessed ,virgyne1 ,with lovynge herte and high devocion1 ,in thyne honour he 7,chaucer7 wroot many a lyne1 ,for he thi servant was1 mayden ,marie1 ,and let his love floure and fructifie4 --,,occleve4 ,,to ,,the ,,blessed ,,virgin4 ,lady1 when men pray to the1 ,thou goest before of thy benignitie ,and getest us the light of thy prayere ,to giden us to thi ,sonne so dere4 --,,chaucer4 ,,fleurange4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,craven1 ,,author ,,of 8,a ,,sister',s ,,story40 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,french1 ,,with ,,permission4 ,,part ,,second4 ,,the ,,trial4 ,,xxiv4 ,fleurange hastily wrapped a large white burnous around her1 drew the hood over her face1 and then ran to the carriage1 which was waiting for her4 ,it seemed as if heaven had sent her aid in the very hour of her greatest need4 ,she felt that her resolutions would be carried out by means of her cousin1 but in what way she could not yet see4 ,at all events1 she was no longer friendless1 and one of the difficulties she had to surmount was already smoothed away4 ,these thoughts prevailed over all others during her short ride from the palace to the hotel4 ,at her arrival1 the sight of ,clara made her forget everything for a while but the sweet memories of the past4--,the ,old ,mansion1 the fireside around which they used to gather1 the family all scattered since they last saw each other--all came back with sharp poignancy1 and it was with tears of joy and regret they flew into each other's arms4 ,this first emotion somewhat calmed1 the two cousins looked at one another4 ,though they had not been separated more than a year1 the appearance of both bore marks of the changes they had passed through4 ,clara was as fresh and pretty as ever1 but her fine son1 whose birth had delayed her return to ,germany1 added to the charm of youth a certain gravity which enters into all maternal joy1 and gave to her beauty the crown of dignity it had hitherto lacked4 ,as to ,fleurange1 it would be difficult to say what had changed her4 ,was it the elegance of her dress1 which the princess did not excuse her from1 even when they were alone8 ,or the distinguished society in which she now moved8 ,or was it the increased paleness of her face1 and her air of depression1 that gave such sweetness to her look1 lent such new grace to her form1 and rendered her whole person more strikingly attractive than ever8 ,fleurange had passed through too many sorrows1 and at too early an age1 for her face ever to reflect the careless gaiety of youth4 ,and yet1 after some weeks passed in her uncle's family1 the ,old ,mansion was lit up with no smile more radiant than hers--it resounded with no voice more joyful4 ,now1 her pale and noble countenance seemed overshadowed with a premature gravity4 ,her serene eyes1 with their expression of firmness1 no longer displayed the sanguine enthusiasm of youth1 which used at times to light them up and deepen the gray hue of the iris into the lively brilliancy of black4 ,without looking a day older1 she seemed to have acquired the experience of maturity1 and made a correct estimate of life without having taken a step further through it4 ,clara and ,julian gazed at her with a kind of anxious admiration1 but forbore questioning her4 ,they instinctively felt she would prefer not to answer their questions4 ,besides1 her own inquiries left no room for theirs4 ,the names so dear to them all were one by one pronounced1 and for some moments everything was lit up with the warmth of the far-off fireside1 which1 amid all the young girl's recent emotions1 she had never ceased to feel4 ,everything was going on well among those dear absent ones4 ,comfort1 peace1 and even somewhat of ease gradually reappeared beneath their roof4 ,and all this was owing to ,clement's activity and ability4 8,dear ,clement60 said ,clara with tears in her eyes4 8,what a providence he has been to them all6 ,may ,god bless and reward this beloved brother60 ,then the travellers spoke of themselves4 ,they were only passing through ,florence1 which they had previously visited4 ,after going around to see ,perugia1 and all that region so attractive to artists1 they intended resuming the route to ,germany4 ,they were to pass the following year at ,heidelberg1 where they were impatiently awaited1 ,julian feeling obliged to make up for the time he had lost in this delightful journey and to undertake with no further delay the orders he had received4 ,perugia6--,at the very mention of this place an idea suddenly occurred to ,fleurange4 ,before arriving at ,perugia they would have to pass near ,santa ,maria al ,prato4 ,could she not accompany them thus far1 and seek the advice and aid of the ,madre ,maddalena who had always shown so affectionate an interest in her8 ,guided by her1 she would be sure of taking the wisest course in the perplexities of her situation4 ,if she needed courage1 where find it if not with her1 the very remembrance of whom often sufficed to renew the vigor of her soul8 ,if she needed consolation1 who so able to impart it8 ,yes1 this opportunity was providential2 she must hasten to profit by it2 and1 without speaking for the present of absolute separation1 she would only obtain the princess' permission for a few days' absence in order to make this short journey4 ,having decided on this1 ,fleurange breathed as freely as if a weight had been removed from her heart4 ,before the end of the hour1 she took leave of her cousin after appointing a meeting for the following day1 and re-entered the carriage which had brought her4 ,it was in the month of ,may4 ,the air was redolent of spring-time--and spring-time at ,florence4 ,count ,george's carriage was an open calche4 ,as she took her seat1 one of the passers-by1 doubtless struck with her beauty1 threw her one of those large bouquets which in that city of flowers are in every one's hands at that season4 ,fleurange1 without even turning her head to look at the person who offered her this delicate homage1 accepted it without any scruple1 and inhaled its odor with delight4 ,she felt an unusual pleasure in the sweet fresh night air which caressed her cheek1 and at finding herself thus alone for a moment with uncovered head beneath so pure and brilliant a sky4 ,after the long confinement she had endured--passing so many days and nights in a chamber the air and light scarcely penetrated--this moment of freedom was a mental and physical refreshment of which she unconsciously had absolute need4 ,besides1 amid all the anxious care she lavished on the princess1 one thought--a constant1 painful thought--had not ceased to haunt her3 ,she had been obliged to practise continual renunciation of a tenderness which1 mute or sometimes murmured1 had on a thousand occasions made itself understood or divined4 ,it was an additional relief to feel this struggle would soon end1 that a means of departure was at hand1 or rather of flight1 and she would only have to courageously struggle and repress her feelings a few days longer4 ,after that1 she would only have to suffer2 there would be nothing more to fear1 either from others or herself4 ,the young girl's evening ride came to an end too soon4 ,the horses went like the wind1 and brought her in a few moments to the foot of the broad marble staircase4 ,she ascended it slowly1 and proceeded at the same pace through the large salons1 till she came to the one in which she had left the princess and her son4 ,this room1 it will be remembered1 was the last of the suite1 and opened1 as well as the one next it1 upon the terrace1 which thus afforded an exterior communication between the two rooms4 ,when ,fleurange came to the latter1 she stopped4 ,she feared the princess might have retired without waiting for or needing her4 ,but not so3 her son was still with her4 ,she could distinctly hear the sound of their voices4 ,owing to the vernal mildness of the evening1 all the windows were open1 and1 instead of entering1 ,fleurange passed out on the terrace to await the conclusion of their conversation4 ,and1 moreover1 it had not yet struck ten--the hour appointed for her return4 ,but she had scarcely gone out before she regretted it1 for she could not help hearing1 not only their voices1 but their very words4 ,she was about to return when she was stopped1 and rooted as it were to the ground1 by a word which her ear caught1 and which gave her a thrill4 ,that word was ,cordelia2 and almost immediately after she heard her own name--her name1 not that of ,gabrielle1 the only one by which she was known1 but the name of her childhood1 the name unknown to every one at ,florence except him who now uttered it--and in such a tone6 8,fleurange60 said ,count ,george4 8,yes1 mother1 this name which just escaped me in speaking of her2 this name as strange as her beauty1 and which1 like the charm she is endowed with1 belongs to no one else in the world1 was the one her father called her by the first time ,i ever saw her--a thousand times more charming than the ,cordelia of which she was the original--0 ,fleurange heard nothing more4--,for some moments she felt ready to faint1 and it was only a resolute effort of her will that kept her from falling to the ground1 overcome by surprise and emotion4 ,was it really the count she heard speaking8 and could it be his mother to whom he was talking8 ,what madness led him to brave the princess by using such language--her whom the slightest contradiction often threw into a violent state of impatience and anger--her who could not endure the least opposition from any one8 ,what would she say8 ,what reply was ,fleurange about to hear8 ,she no longer thought of stirring4 ,she felt incapable of deciding whether it were well or ill to remain2 she had but one wish--to hear the princess' reply1 and to act in consequence4 ,perhaps1 after hearing it1 she would leave the place where she stood1 never to appear before her again2 who could tell8 ,already a confused idea entered her mind of leaving the palace and returning through the streets1 alone and on foot--night though it was--to the ,steinbergs4 ,after a long silence the princess spoke1 but her trembling and subdued voice1 to ,fleurange's great surprise1 betrayed no signs of anger4 ,the effect was only the more profound on her who now stood quivering with silent expectation4 8,then1 ,george1 you wish to cause me the greatest mortification it is possible for a son to cause his mother--you wish to violate the promise on which ,i relied with so much faith and confidence80 8,mother1 ,i have already told you ,i never made any promise40 8,enough1 ,george4 ,i like your frankness4 ,do not spoil it now by prevarication4 ,if you made her no promise1 you made me one which you have not kept--me1 your mother4 ,this is sufficient1 ,i think1 to merit my reproaches40 8,mother--60 ,and ,george rose with an impatient air1 and turned as if to go out4 ,the princess rose too4 ,she seemed completely cured4 ,it often happened that some extraordinary excitement effaced in a moment the last traces of a long and severe attack4 ,she put her arm around her son's neck and drew him towards her4 8,george10 said she1 when he returned to the place he had just left1 8,i ought not to trust any more in your promises1 and yet there is one ,i beg you to make40 8,what is it1 mother80 8,you will not yield to this folly without taking time for reflection80 8,i can promise that40 8,moreover--listen to what ,i am going to ask--,swear you will never yield to it till you have obtained my consent40 ,george hesitated4 8,that would be a very serious promise10 said he at length in a caressing tone1 8if ,i did not know that in the end you never refuse anything to your spoiled child40 8,come1 come1 ,george10 resumed his mother in an eager tone of distress1 8do not make me repent of my indulgence4 ,give me your promise60 8,well1 mother1 it should be acknowledged ,i ought to hesitate to give it--without ever having asked her1 without even knowing how1 after all1 ,i should be received40 ,the princess shrugged her shoulders4 ,he continued3 8,i am persuaded she would dispense with your consent less readily than ,i1 and consequently my submission is under the guard of a will stronger than mine40 ,the princess at first looked astonished2 then1 after a moment's reflection1 she said3 8,perhaps you are right4 ,no matter1 give me your hand on this promise40 ,george bent down1 kissed his mother's hand1 and pressed it in his4 8,there it is10 said he1 8and my promise--on my word of honor40 8,that is right1 my child1 now leave me4 ,it is time for ,gabrielle to return1 and it would be better for her not to find you here40 ,george rose1 and1 embracing his mother once more1 left the room4 ,as soon as she was alone1 the princess threw herself on her chaise longue1 put both hands to her face1 and burst into sobs4 ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,fleurange hesitated a moment1 then followed her natural impulse1 which was always straightforward and courageous4 ,she resolutely entered the salon by the terrace window1 and when the princess raised her head she saw the young girl before her1 wrapped in her white burnous1 with her bouquet in her hand4 ,though the princess was expecting her1 this sudden apparition surprised her to such a degree that she gazed at her for a moment without speaking1 as if she were a supernatural vision4 ,but it was only for a moment4 ,fleurange perceived that the anger she repressed in her son's presence was now about to burst forth4 ,the princess wiped away her tears4 ,her eyes expressed at once wrath and disdain4 ,she hastily rose1 and was about to add severe words to the imperious gesture with which she pointed towards the door with one hand1 and had already placed the other rudely on the young girl's shoulder1 when the latter1 without arrogance and without fear1 looked her in the face4 ,the expression of ,fleurange's large eyes was such as can only be compared to that magnetic virtue--that sometimes subdues1 they say1 the fury of beings destitute of reason4 ,no words could have expressed to such a degree the uprightness and purity of her soul4 ,with all her faults1 there was a nobleness in the princess' nature which was touched by that look1 and responded to it4 ,her eyes turned away3 she fell back on her chaise longue1 and unresistingly allowed ,fleurange to take both her hands1 which had just made so threatening a gesture4 ,she held them for some moments grasped in her own1 but neither of them spoke4 ,at last ,fleurange said in a sweet1 calm voice3 8,princess1 ,i was on the terrace1 and heard everything40 ,a new flash of indignation awoke in the princess' eyes1 and her mouth resumed its expression of disdain4 ,the young girl's face slightly flushed4 8,you will readily believe10 she continued1 8that ,i did not go there with the intention of listening4 ,but hearing my name1 ,i stopped4 ,it was wrong1 ,i acknowledge1 but ,i had no time for reflection4 ,pardon me1 and forgive also10 she added in a more troubled tone1 8the momentary displeasure ,count ,george has caused you on my account40 8,momentary60 repeated the princess in a cold1 ironical tone4 8,at least10 continued ,fleurange1 8you will find it only for an instant that this notion1 this folly--in short1 what you have just heard--will be serious enough to annoy or afflict you40 8,gabrielle60 8,allow me to continue1 princess2 you shall reply afterwards4 ,my heart is so full of gratitude towards you--0 8,do not talk to me of your gratitude10 cried the princess1 interrupting her1 and breaking out anew4 8,it is precisely because ,i thought ,i had some claims on it that ,i feel so deeply wounded4 ,after loving you so much1 ,i am tempted to hate you4 ,it is your perfidy1 your ingratitude--0 8,i am neither perfidious nor ungrateful10 said ,fleurange1 turning pale4 8,allow me to prove ,i am not4 ,i ask it even more for your own sake than for mine40 ,the princess became calm once more1 as if appeased by her sweet voice1 and seemed to resign herself to let ,fleurange continue4 ,she leaned her head on her hand1 and listened some moments without changing her attitude4 8,no10 repeated ,fleurange1 8,i am neither perfidious nor ungrateful1 and ,god knows what ,i am ready to suffer to spare you this mortification or any other6--,my first thought was to go away--to flee--that you might be delivered from my presence and all the annoyance it might cause you4 ,but1 princess1 that would not have been the best course4 ,he must forget me4 ,therefore ,i must not disappear in so romantic a fashion40 8,what do you mean80 said the princess with surprise4 8,that ,i must certainly go away1 but not in a way that will induce him to pursue me4 ,the less obstinate he is made by any appearance of opposition1 the sooner ,i shall be effaced from his memory40 8,you understand him well10 said the princess1 more and more astonished2 8and you talk very coolly10 added she4 8,then you do not love poor ,george at all80 ,a moment before she had been greatly irritated at her protege's presumption1 but now1 mother-like1 she seemed ready to take offence at her indifference4 ,a lively blush suddenly suffused ,fleurange's face1 and great tears came into her eyes4 8,i do not love him8--,my ,god6 ,o my ,god60 murmured she in a stifled tone1 8have pity on my poor heart60 ,but she almost immediately regained her self-control1 and the princess1 more affected than she wished to appear1 became attentive1 and at length perceived the importance of what she was about to hear4 ,fleurange then rapidly explained her design4 ,it was the same she had formed an hour before at her cousin's3 only then she was desirous of concealing the motive and duration of her absence from the princess4 ,now everything was simplified2 she would set out with the ,steinbergs for ,perugia1 and afterwards find a pretext for prolonging her absence4 ,only it was important the princess should appear to expect her return1 and1 above all1 should manifest no anxiety as to her son's fidelity to his promise4 8,that promise10 continued ,fleurange1 not without a tone of just pride1 8,i venture to say that ,m4 le ,comte ,george1 in placing it under the protection of my will1 was right in his conviction it would be well kept40 ,while she was talking1 all the princess' resentment vanished1 and changed gradually to profound gratitude4 ,looking at ,fleurange as she stood before her1 she realized1 if she had wished to abuse her ascendency or even take advantage of it1 no filial respect would have sufficed to bring ,george to submission3 no maternal authority have succeeded in restraining him4 ,whatever it might cost her to acknowledge it1 she could not deny that1 if this double wound was spared her pride and her affection1 it was due to the generous disinterestedness of her whom she had just treated with so much haughtiness1 as well as to her clear judgment4 ,yes1 she was perfectly right in thinking it would not do to disappear and suddenly tear herself away1 as it were1 from ,george4 ,the princess knew1 better than any one else1 to what degree of tenacity this kind of contradiction might lead her son1 and it was precisely this knowledge of his character alone that had just given her the power of restraining herself in his presence4 ,the means suggested by ,fleurange was therefore the best to ensure his future safety4 ,the princess' great hope was in the mobility of ,george's nature1 provided1 on the one hand1 he were withdrawn from the dangerous charm of ,fleurange's presence1 and1 on the other1 they did not appear separated by the prestige of a great obstacle4 ,nothing1 in fact1 could be more judicious than the advice this young girl gave contrary to her own interests4 ,she was too much a woman of the world not to comprehend this1 and was grateful to her for it4 ,once more she might hope to attain the aim of her whole life1 and with this end in view she yielded without remorse to the necessity of trampling under foot the noble heart that was immolating itself4 ,we will even venture to affirm that1 if she was preoccupied with anything beyond the present danger1 it was not ,fleurange's crushed life1 but rather the effect of this unfortunate occurrence on her own comfort and habits4 ,nevertheless1 when they separated at the end of this long conversation1 the princess folded ,fleurange in her arms with many demonstrations of affection1 and when the latter was once more alone in her chamber she felt comparatively happy4 ,she abhorred all dissimulation1 and the important step she had just taken in the path of courageous frankness seemed to have removed a burden from her heart4 ,she was still in that state of somewhat excessive satisfaction which succeeds a great effort1 when1 in entering her chamber1 she threw down the bouquet she had in her hand4 ,in doing so1 a paper she had not noticed fell from it to the floor4 ,she picked it up with some surprise1 opened it mechanically1 saw the writing was unknown to her1 and read it without comprehending it at first3 8,to live without the power of reparation3 to suffer without being able to expiate3 are these torments that belong to earth1 or hell8 ,not far from you a man lives and suffers thus4 ,you who pray1 pray for him60 ,fleurange read and re-read these words two or three times without attaching any special importance to them4 ,suddenly she shuddered and began to tremble4 ,the concluding words were the refrain of a song sung at one of the soires at the ,old ,mansion in the hearing of the only person she knew in the world who had reason to write the other part of the note she had just read4 ,but was it possible6 ,could it have been ,felix1 her guilty and unhappy cousin1 who wrote it1 and this very evening placed it in her bouquet8 ,was it his hand that threw it8 ,at this thought she shivered as if the shadow of one dead had fallen upon her4 ,or was it simply a mystification8 ,the history of the ,dornthals' ruin was not wholly unknown at ,florence4 ,perhaps some one wished to frighten or puzzle her4 ,she grew bewildered in trying to unravel this new mystery4 ,how solve the doubt8 ,how even speak of it without reviving a hateful remembrance1 or making a painful revelation8 ,she finally bethought herself of ,julian's presence at ,florence1 and this relieved her mind3 he would be able to discover the truth1 and know better than any one else how to avoid injuring in his researches the unhappy man who was perhaps this very moment hiding not far from her a blasted and dishonored life4 ,if the ,princess ,catherine had been told the previous evening she was about to be deprived of her charming companion1 the news would have been sufficient to cause a return of the alarming symptoms from which1 thanks to her care1 she had but just recovered4 ,but greater interests than her fondness for ,gabrielle were at stake1 and her selfishness itself was overruled1 or1 rather1 assumed another form1 in view of the danger she reproached herself for not having foreseen1 and which threatened an essential element in her happiness1 as well as the accomplishment of one of her dearest wishes4 ,not to be unjust to the princess1 we must acknowledge this wish was reasonable1 and in her persistency on this point she gave as great a proof of genuine maternal sagacity as of worldly ambition4 ,we should also add that the wish in question was in accordance with one sacred in her eyes--the wish of the adored husband of her youth4 ,his memory was interwoven with her earlier days1 when her life1 simpler and better1 promised to be something higher than succeeding years had realized4 ,after she became a widow1 she had no guide but herself1 and when1 beautiful1 wealthy1 and still young1 she appeared in the fashionable world at ,st4 ,petersburg1 her light and frivolous nature had no restraint but her pride4 ,in the height of the intoxication of this second epoch of her life1 she always respected the limits the fashionable world itself sets1 and beyond which refuses its consideration and respect1 even while still lavishing its flattery and incense4 ,her pride1 in particular1 prevented her from transgressing these limits--that was the dominant trait in her character--and prompted her to aim at the highest position at all times and in all places4 ,and after conferring on her life a kind of dignity1 it guided her in the choice of a second husband4 ,she thought herself happy in obtaining rank1 honors1 and wealth1 but she soon found she had paid too dear for these advantages2 and perhaps she would not have passed through the trials of an ill-assorted union as irreproachably as the period of liberty that preceded it1 if1 at the end of two years1 death had not restored that liberty a second time4 ,after this1 nothing occurred to trouble the brilliant and prosperous course of a life which1 in spite of generous instincts and a mind considerably cultivated1 was given wholly up to frivolity1 with the exception of her affection for her son4 ,but however lively and passionate this affection might be1 it was wanting in the dignity of maternal authority4 ,her charming boy1 who from his earliest years possessed every grace and attraction which nature in her most generous mood could confer1 as well as a rare mind and uncommon beauty1 gratified her maternal pride1 which is so excessive in proud natures4 ,the princess1 proud of her promising son1 did not perceive she was not obeyed as fully as she was adored2 and years passed away thus till the epoch1 8,ove uom s'innamora40 ,then the ,princess ,catherine began to realize she had no authority over her idolized son1 and that she needed great prudence and skill to avoid what would have been the most trying of failures1 for all her ambition was now centred in him--an ambition even more ardent than she had ever felt for herself4 ,then sprang up the earnest desire of seeing his father's wish realized--a wish expressed while ,george was still in his cradle4 ,the ,count de ,walden's neighbor in ,livonia was a brother in arms1 a dear and intimate friend1 named the ,count de ,liningen4 ,both noblemen of the highest rank in the province1 wealthy1 and possessing contiguous estates1 they agreed to unite their children unless their wishes were opposed to it when old enough to fulfil the agreement4 ,neither of the two friends lived long enough to catch even a glimpse of the dawn of that day4 ,three years after the birth of his son1 the ,count de ,walden was no longer living1 and before the young ,vera1 who was a year younger than ,george1 reached her eleventh year1 the death of her father1 and1 soon after1 that of her mother1 left her mistress of all their possessions4 ,the young heiress was sent to ,st4 ,petersburg till she was of age1 and there was reared in strict seclusion by one of her aunts1 who long before had given up the world4 ,the ,princess ,catherine had always retained a respectful remembrance of the ,count de ,walden's wish1 which was renewed on his death-bed2 but that wish assumed another aspect in her eyes when1 towards the epoch of which we have been speaking1 the young ,vera suddenly emerged from her retirement and was presented at court4 ,the sensation she produced1 her immediate popularity1 the place at once accorded her among the empress' maids of honor1 gave an clat to her entrance into society which the princess deeply regretted ,george had not witnessed4 ,but he had been absent several months from ,st4 ,petersburg1 and was now visiting ,paris for the first time4 ,his mother neglected no opportunity of seeing the young maid of honor1 and this was facilitated by the friendly relations that formerly existed between the two families4 ,these relations were now renewed on both sides with an eagerness which seemed most favorable to the project formed during ,george's and ,vera's infancy1 though they had never met since that time4 ,the princess' impatience for her son's return increased4 ,vera seemed formed to captivate him1 and as to ,george1 his mother could not be anxious as to the effect he would produce4 ,at last he returned1 and everything indeed seemed to favor the princess' plans4 ,george was greatly struck1 almost captivated4 ,the lovely ,vera was still more so4 ,but the princess1 in her ardor for this marriage1 took the false step of speaking to her son with an anxiety that had precisely a contrary effect to that she wished to produce4 ,george had not come from ,paris quite disposed to relinquish his independence at once and bind himself for ever4 ,he became cautious4 ,the words ,vera perhaps expected to hear died away on his lips1 and changed into meaningless flattery4 ,his mother1 without abandoning her hopes1 felt their realization must be deferred4 ,but they were both young4 ,with her penetration as a woman and a mother1 she was sure she was not deceived as to the effect her son had produced4 ,she thought she could trust to the durability of the sentiment he had inspired1 and believed time would bring ,george back to the feet of her whom she destined for him2 and she doubted this the less because1 in one of their conversations on this subject1 he acknowledged no woman had ever attracted him more strongly1 and he almost promised his mother not to offer his hand to any one else4 ,in this way affairs remained4 ,george returned to ,paris1 and thence to ,italy1 where his mother had decided to live4 ,but meanwhile1 as we know1 ,fleurange's sudden appearance1 and other influences we have caught a glimpse of1 had gradually drawn his mind and heart in a very different direction from what his mother wished him to take4 ,at his last visit to ,st4 ,petersburg1 during which ,fleurange became an inmate of the princess' house1 the latter had the double displeasure of learning her son avoided ,vera1 and that this coolness1 so cutting to the young girl1 was malevolently attributed by many to ,george's political opinions4 ,this greatly troubled his mother4 ,whoever knew ,russia at that period is aware that the privation of its ruler's favor was not regarded as a slight misfortune4 ,if the insulting words of a former and not very remote epoch were no longer in force1 8,if the emperor no longer declared a man was only something when he was speaking to him1 and as long as he was speaking to him10 many people at ,st4 ,petersburg acted as if he had so spoken2 and the princess could not resign herself to see her son in the position of a man in disgrace4 ,and yet his rash and imprudent language kept her constantly anxious on this point4 ,it was therefore with something like a maternal instinct of approaching danger she ardently desired his marriage with ,vera1 which would give him the liberty of remaining at court or leaving it1 and in the latter case of returning to ,livonia under the safeguard of favor1 and taking the position his rank and their united estates would entitle him--a position in which he could dispense with the favor of the court4 8,oh6 why is it not so80 sometimes exclaimed the princess with mingled anguish and impatience4 8,why is he not already sheltered from all ,i fear80 ,and then1 contrary to the suggestions of her prudence1 she allowed herself to broach the subject to her son1 which1 in the interests of her design1 it would have been better not to have done4 ,she thus1 in spite of herself1 provoked a resistance1 the real source of which1 unsuspected by her1 daily became more clear to himself4 ,we can now imagine the effect of the confidence ,george had been led to repose in the princess in a fit of capricious frankness4 ,on the whole1 he did not fear his mother2 and though of course he had never subjected her condescension to such a trial1 he was convinced1 whatever repugnance she might at first manifest to his wishes1 a little persistence on his part would triumph sooner or later4 ,for nearly four months he had1 it is true1 been endeavoring1 contrary to his habit1 to conceal the attraction he felt1 but it was that he might not disturb his mother too soon1 or the young girl either1 and thereby perhaps deprive himself of the charm of her presence while he was still uncertain as to his own plans4 ,these plans he now believed matured4 ,under the increasing ascendency of present influences1 the remembrance of ,vera gradually faded away1 and the future as well as the present seemed linked with her who now filled his life4 ,he therefore considered it opportune to allow his mother at once to have a glimpse of what was going on in his heart4 ,in spite of her inexpressible alarm1 the princess had sufficient control over her feelings to receive this annoying disclosure with apparent calmness1 and almost conceal from her son the effect of the most painful disappointment she had ever met with4 ,at first all seemed hopeless4 ,as to ,gabrielle's grace and attractiveness1 who knew and appreciated them more than herself8 ,what could she do to counteract their influence1 so long exercised unsuspected by too credulous a mother8 ,how foolish she had been6--,how imprudent6--,how fatal her confidence6--,her reliance on ,fleurange's virtue1 the only danger that had ever occurred to her1 prevented her fears4 ,and who would ever have suspected her of so much ambition or him of such folly8 ,never had such a tempest raged in her bosom before4 ,so violent a hatred had never succeeded to so much fondness4 ,but before her anger had time to burst fully out1 all these feelings underwent a new transformation1 and one still more unforeseen than the first4 ,her enemy became her ally--she against whom she felt herself powerless1 now came to her aid against herself1 and ,george was restored to her by the hand that could so easily have led him for ever away4 ,in view of so great a danger and such unexpected assistance1 all the considerations that would so recently have made her dread ,fleurange's departure now induced her to hasten it1 without losing sight1 however1 of the importance1 so reasonably pointed out by her1 of doing nothing to lead ,george to connect this departure with his disclosure and give it the appearance of an irrevocable separation4 ,self-interest was supreme1 and there was no danger this time that the ,princess ,catherine would be wanting in prudence or shrewdness1 or would not at need have recourse to skilful diplomacy4 ,,xxvii4 ,everything really seemed to favor the plan the princess had at heart4 ,the opportune arrival of the ,steinbergs afforded a reasonable pretext it might have been difficult to find at another time without exciting ,george's suspicion4 ,the following day1 when ,fleurange timidly expressed a desire before them all of accompanying her cousin a part of the way to ,perugia1 the ,marquis ,adelardi1 who was present1 declared the excursion would prove very beneficial1 and begged the princess to allow her young protge a short vacation1 of which her overtaxed strength had need4 ,george joined his entreaties to those of the marquis1 and the princess seemed to yield more through consideration for them than condescension to ,fleurange4 ,she had preserved an appearance of sorrowful gravity since the night before1 which did not suffer ,george to forget he was in disgrace4 ,nor did she conceal a certain coolness towards ,fleurange1 which he naturally attributed to his communication respecting her4 ,it was the princess' intention not to allow him to perceive the perfect reassurance which her conversation with the young girl had restored4 ,george comprehended his mother was displeased with him1 but he had expected this displeasure2 he saw she suppressed her resentment and continued to treat ,fleurange kindly1 and he was touched by her forbearance4 ,he felt she relied on his word1 and was grateful for her trust4 ,everything was therefore arranged in the most natural manner4 ,a fortnight was the time allowed for the projected excursion4 ,the ,steinbergs1 deceived like the rest1 were as much overjoyed as surprised at the prospect of a pleasure they had not dared anticipate1 and thus everything fell in with the princess' wishes without her appearing to do anything but yield to the desires of the rest4 ,the ,steinbergs were to leave the following morning4 ,this last day was to be devoted to revisiting several museums1 and would end with a walk to ,san ,miniato4 ,fleurange boldly proposed to join them4 ,a feverish agitation made inaction insupportable4 ,she feared finding herself alone with ,george for an instant1 and was sure of being readily dispensed from her attendance on this last day4 ,the princess' consent1 in fact1 was not difficult to obtain1 and towards the middle of the day ,fleurange set out with ,julian and ,clara for the ,palazzo ,pitti4 ,after visiting that gallery and several others they continued their ride1 and at length stopped at the foot of the ascent to ,san ,miniato4 ,there they left the carriage4 ,while slowly ascending the steep hill1 ,fleurange took out the paper that fell from her bouquet the night before1 and gave it to ,julian to read1 telling him the suspicion which had arisen in her mind4 8,it is strange10 said the latter with an anxious look1 after reading the note and carefully examining the writing4 8,nothing could be more painful now than to meet ,felix again1 and yet this paper only reawakens a previous suspicion respecting him40 8,you had already suspected his return to ,europe80 8,yes1 but only from a slight indication1 and ,i should not have mentioned it if this new incident had not occurred4 ,several months ago1 ,i was making some necessary researches at ,bologna1 when my attention was drawn to a work in the library in which ,i was taking notes4 ,there was a question of some contested historical point1 respecting which several passages had been copied from the curious manuscripts in the library4 ,the writing was but recently interrupted1 as was evident from the open page4 ,i was reading it with a good deal of interest when my attention was completely withdrawn from the subject of the work by some words scribbled almost illegibly on a paper the copyist had used to try his pen on4 ,your name1 ,gabrielle1 was written on it several times2 then the two letters ,f4 ,d42 and finally1 #8,felix--happy2 what irony--,felix6' ,i examined the extracts with increased attention4 ,the writing did not look like his1 but was a studied fac-simile of the manuscript he was copying4 ,as to the scribbling on the loose paper1 it was wholly unrecognizable4 ,i asked the librarian some questions1 and learned that the work was for some great ,florentine nobleman whose name he was ignorant of1 but the copyist was an ,italian named ,fabiano ,dini40 8,is that all80 asked ,fleurange4 8,were you not able to learn anything more definite80 8,nothing4 ,the next day the unfinished work had disappeared1 and during the remainder of my stay at ,bologna the copyist did not return to the library4 ,i kept the scrawl that had puzzled me1 but thought no more about it4 ,allow me to retain this note1 that ,i may compare the writing with that40 8,could it really have been ,felix8 ,or is all this a mere accident80 8,it is impossible to tell4 ,it might have been he1 for you know he had a thorough knowledge of ,italian1 and it might also have been one of his friends familiar with his history4 ,all we have ever been able to discover respecting him is1 that he went to ,america with questionable travelling companions--,italians1 ,germans1 and ,poles--mostly driven out of their own country for good reasons40 ,clara's smiling face grew sad during this account1 and ,fleurange felt her heart contract with increased melancholy4 ,this revival of one of the saddest memories of her life seemed to add a mournful presage to the sad realities of the day4 ,however1 she kept her sorrows to herself4 ,her cousin must for the present remain ignorant of the cause as well as the real length of the journey she would begin on the morrow1 and on every account it was best for her to seek distraction from her thoughts4 ,therefore1 after entering the church of ,san ,miniato1 she gave her whole attention for a while to the frescoes1 paintings1 and mosaics around her1 and listened to the explanations ,julian gave respecting the numerous symbols--a kind of ,christian hieroglyphics which are alone comprehended by those who seek something in art beyond the mere form that strikes the senses4 ,they spent nearly an hour in this manner without perceiving the flight of time and the increasing dimness of the church4 ,they were at length preparing to leave1 when at the door they found themselves face to face with ,count ,george and the ,marquis ,adelardi4 ,the former said in a gay tone he knew their excursion was to end at ,san ,miniato1 and he had proposed to his friend to join them here4 8,we were neither of us unworthy to hear what ,steinberg would have to say1 but unfortunately we are too late40 ,while he was speaking1 ,fleurange1 overcome with surprise1 involuntarily shrank back as if to hide herself in the obscurity of the church1 but daylight was rapidly disappearing1 and they all agreed it was time to return to the carriage1 which was awaiting them at the foot of the hill4 ,she therefore followed the others1 but1 though she was the last1 ,george waited for her1 and before she had a chance to avoid him offered her his arm4 ,adelardi had given his to ,clara1 and ,julian accompanied them4 ,in this way they slowly descended this charming declivity1 looking at the prospect--one of the finest views of ,florence1 over which the setting sun now cast the soft rays of its departing light4 ,george slackened his steps so as to allow the others to precede them1 and was thus1 in a manner1 left alone with ,fleurange4 ,for a time neither of them spoke4 ,though very different in their natures1 the emotion of both was profound4 ,as for her1 the consciousness that this must be their last interview1 added to the repressed but profound tenderness of her nature1 made this the sweetest but most heart-rending hour of her life4 ,he1 on the contrary1 felt freed from his previous restraint by the explanation he had had with his mother4 ,besides1 he was not unskilful in reading the feminine heart1 and not without sufficient penetration to understand what was passing in that he imagined he could now hear beating beside him1 and he felt at liberty to speak more openly than he had yet done4 8,fleurange60 he suddenly said4 ,she trembled1 and tried to withdraw the hand that rested on his arm1 but he held it4 8,no1 no1 allow me to retain your hand1 and let me--me alone--call you by this name10 added he softly4 8,let it be a name sacred to my use2 you are willing1 are you not80 ,he pressed the hand he still held1 and raised it to his lips4 ,fleurange clearly saw amid the soft tones of his words an assurance but feebly disguised4 ,but1 alas6 if she had dared reveal her real sentiments at this moment1 she would not have dreamed of showing any offence at this4 ,yes1 she loved him2 he did not doubt it1 that was evident4 ,but what of that8 ,it would have been a great relief could she have avowed it boldly to every one as well as to himself4 ,george's assurance was certainly rather too evident1 but how readily she pardoned him6 ,how happy she would have been to tell him he was not mistaken1 and that her whole life should prove it4 ,this would have been the sincere cry of her heart1 had the clearness of her conscience been for a moment obscured at this dangerous hour4 ,but it was not so4 8,monsieur le ,comte--0 said she after a long silence4 8,george6 ,oh6 call me ,george60 he passionately cried4 8,let me hear you1 at least once1 call me by my name40 ,poor ,fleurange6 ,she withdrew her hand from his arm and left him for a moment1 endeavoring to control the too violent agitation of her heart4 ,he followed her1 and she soon resumed1 with apparent calmness3 8,i never expected to hear you call me by my name again1 and hoped ,i should not40 8,hoped6 ,tell me then ,i am mistaken2 that ,i am presuming and foolish2 that ,i have been deceived in thinking ,i read in your eyes something besides absolute indifference40 ,she made no reply4 8,fleurange60 continued he impetuously1 8your silence wounds and chills me4 ,have ,i not1 at least1 a right to some answer80 8,but have you any right to question me8 ,ah6 ,monsieur le ,comte1 you would be more noble and generous were you more mindful of what you are and who ,i am40 8,fleurange10 said the count with a grave accent of sincerity1 far more dangerous than that of passion1 8you shall be my wife if you will consent to be--if you will accept this hand ,i offer you40 8,with your mother's consent80 said ,fleurange slowly1 and in a low tone4 8,can you assure me of that80 ,after a moment's hesitation1 ,george replied3 8,no1 not to-day2 but she will yield her consent1 ,i assure you40 ,fleurange hesitated in her turn4 ,she knew only too well to what a degree this hope was illusory1 but this was her last opportunity of conversing with him4 ,the next day would commence their lifelong separation1 which time1 distance1 and prolonged absence would continually widen4 ,there was no longer any danger in telling the truth--the truth1 alas6 so devoid of importance now1 but which would1 perhaps1 second the duty she had to accomplish quite as well as contradiction4 8,ah6 well10 she at last replied with simplicity4 8,yes1 why should ,i deny it8 ,should life prove more favorable to us2 if by some unforeseen circumstance1 impossible to conceive1 your mother should cheerfully consent to receive me as a daughter1 oh6 then--what answer ,i would make you know without my telling you4 ,you are likewise perfectly aware that until that day ,i will never listen to you40 8,but that day will come10 cried ,george vehemently1 8and that speedily40 8,perhaps--0 said ,fleurange4 8,who knows what time has in store for us8 ,and who knows that in time the obstacle may not come from yourself80 ,she endeavored to say these last words in a playful tone4 ,they were hardly uttered before she suddenly stopped1 but the shade of the large cypresses that bordered the road prevented ,george from seeing the tears that inundated her face4 ,she then left him and walked rapidly on to overtake ,julian1 ,george soon joined them1 and they all continued on the way for some time without speaking4 ,the light was fading gradually away1 and they walked more cautiously as they approached the foot of the hill4 ,just before reaching their carriage1 they met two men walking rapidly along1 and conversing too earnestly to notice them beneath the shade of the cypresses4 ,but their features could be distinguished1 and the two cousins and ,julian felt a thrill of sympathetic horror as1 in one of them1 they recognized ,felix6-- ,adelardi1 on his side1 seemed surprised and annoyed also1 but ,george1 after following them with his eyes like the rest1 left his party1 turned back1 and spoke to one of them4 ,the latter at his approach respectfully uncovered4 ,george said a few words to him in a low tone1 and the two men then kept on their way4 ,the count joined his party again4 8,who was that you were speaking to1 if the question be not indiscreet80 said ,adelardi4 8,by no means10 replied ,george1 unhesitatingly4 8,it was ,fabiano ,dini1 the young ,italian ,i spoke to you about1 who is my agent1 you know1 and a very intelligent one1 in purchasing curiosities1 and who also aids me in my little historical and artistic researches4 ,he has been away1 and only returned two days ago4 ,i had a word to say to him40 8,he was in very bad company10 said ,adelardi1 frowning4 ,the two cousins1 meanwhile1 entered the carriage2 ,julian1 obliged to follow1 heard no more4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,symbolism ,,of ,,the ,,church4 ,the ,catholic ,church has no forms--that is1 meaningless ceremonies used to impress and awe the multitude2 but she has symbols--that is1 8signs by which things are distinguished one from another40#acf ,according to the original meaning of the word1 these symbols1 the aggregate of which has come to be an outward and universal profession of faith1 have each one a deep significance1 sometimes even a double sense1 and are1 in fact1 a silent compendium of the history as well as the doctrines of ,catholic ,christianity4 ,but it cannot be too much insisted upon that their worth is entirely relative1 depending solely on their authorized interpretation1 and losing all their value if disconnected from it4 ,thus we can recognize no symbols1 but mere forms1 in the ritual of ,anglicanism1 ,lutheranism1 etc4 ,not only is their value relative1 but their use is almost optional in the church--we mean as regards the use made of them by the individual soul4 ,the church has 8many mansions10 and sympathizes with the severe taste of the ,northern races1 as well as with the superabundant love of the gorgeous in observance1 of the ,southern and ,eastern nations4 ,sprung from an ,eastern people1 her ritual is as manifold and dignified as that of her ,hebrew precursor2 but1 deputed as she is to the universal world1 and having built her later development upon the broad basis of the ,gothic and ,scandinavian natures1 her exterior admits of the austere simplicity so dear to the last-mentioned races4 ,still the principle of outward forms being a fitting expression of inward belief is so obvious and so wedded to the requirements of human nature1 that it would need a second deluge to destroy it4 ,when 8forms0 7so-called7 were dethroned by the ,reformation1 they crept in again in real earnest among the reformers themselves4 ,the phraseology of ,cromwell and his ,roundheads1 the speech and garments of the ,quakers1 the splits among the ,baptists and ,anabaptists upon the 8form0 of administering what they did not even believe to be a sacrament1 were so many involuntary acts of homage to the time-honored principle of symbolism4 ,of the good effect produced on all sorts of minds by the outward expression of the doctrine of ,christ1 we will quote two examples1 taken from very opposite sources4 ,in a note to the preface of ,moehler's ,symbolik1 we read3 8,there is at ,bingen1 on the ,rhine1 a beautiful little ,catholic church dedicated to ,st4 ,roch1 to which ,goethe once gave an altarpiece4 #8,whenever ,i enter this church1' he used to say1 #8,i always wish ,i were a ,catholic priest4' ,in the great poet's autobiography we also find an interesting description of the extraordinary love for the ,catholic ritual and liturgy that had captivated his heart in boyhood40 ,the other example is from the writer's own experience among the agricultural poor of ,england4 ,a poor and infirm woman1 having come for the first time to a ,catholic chapel1 said afterwards that1 often as she had read in the ,bible the history of ,our ,lord's ,passion1 she had never understood it so well as she did by once looking at the crucifix over the altar4 ,this was the beginning of her conversion4 ,of the great religious revival in ,germany and the labors of ,count ,stolberg 7the period which answers in time1 as also in result1 to the ,tractarian or ,oxford movement in ,england7 the preface to ,moehler's ,symbolik also says3 8,as the avenues that led to the ,egyptian temples were bordered on either side by representations of the mystical sphinx1 so it was through a mystical art1 poetry and philosophy1 that many minds were then conducted to the sanctuary of the true church40 ,mrs4 ,jameson bears witness to a similar process within her own consciousness concerning the saints of the monastic orders4 8,we have in the monastic pictures a series of biographies of the most instructive kind4444 ,after having studied the written lives of ,st4 ,benedict1 ,st4 ,bernard1 ,st4 ,francis1 ,st4 ,clare1 and ,st4 ,dominic1 to enable me to understand the pictures which relate to them1 ,i found it was the pictures which enabled me better to understand their lives and character40#acg ,the same thought is expressed by a learned ,english antiquarian1 speaking of the symbolical paintings of the ,catacombs3 8,moreover1 because they the artists desire that the mind of those who see these paintings should not retain the outward semblance of the scene1 but be carried forward to its hidden and mystical meaning1 they always depart more or less from its literal truth1 e4g41 we never find seven or twelve baskets 7the miracle of the multiplication of loaves71 but eight2 nor six water-pots of stone 7marriage of ,cana71 but seven4 ,it was the symbol of a religious idea they aimed at1 not the representation of a real history40#ach ,in a word1 symbolism is as old as creation1 and there never was a time when men did not make for themselves a language of signs4 ,heathendom was only a corruption of signs into realities2 ,judaism was a religion of signs carefully interpreted in view of the later and fuller revelation4 ,our faith is the realization1 in part1 of the ,hebrew types2 but since we are still clogged with mortality1 and therefore still under an imperfect law1 it follows that through symbols we must still be taught4 ,an unsymbolical religion would be unscriptural1 for ,christ himself tells us he has come to 8fulfil1 not to destroy the law40 ,and this is not incompatible with the command to 8worship ,god in spirit and in truth02 for without the spirit1 of what use would be the form8 ,it would be as valueless as words from the lips of a maniac1 words which have no weight because the mind does not direct them4 ,but who would contend that because the random words of a madman are meaningless1 all speech is so8 ,even so1 though mere forms would be idolatrous1 forms hallowed by doctrinal and scriptural meaning are holy and venerable4 ,having premised thus much1 we will attempt some description of a few of those symbols most anciently used by the church1 and of the significance of certain acts and ceremonies which usually are but superficially examined by our opponents1 and1 perhaps1 not fully appreciated by ,catholics themselves4 ,the ,catacombs1 where the ecclesiastical life of the church was first brought into shape1 furnish the most interesting material on the subject of ,christian symbolism4 ,the times required great caution--here was one motive for secret and hieroglyphic instruction2 the first converts were ,jews1 ,orientals deeply imbued with the love of imagery and poetry--here was a second reason for the rapid development of symbolism2 our ,lord himself had deigned to use figures and parables in his teaching--here was also a model and a permission for the copious use of signs4 ,almost the earliest1 and certainly the most interesting1 ,christian symbol was the fish4 ,the ,greek word for fish contained five letters1 1 each of which was the initial of the following words3 ,jesus1 ,christ1 ,son 7of7 ,god1 ,saviour4 ,dr4 ,northcote says of it3 8,it became a profession of faith1 as it were1 both of the two natures1 the unity of person and the redemptorial office of our ,lord40#aci ,besides this ingenious meaning1 the fish signified 8the human soul in the first or natural creation1 the same soul as regenerate or created anew1 and ,christ himself as uniting the two creations of nature and grace4 ,in the first or natural creation1 life began in the waters and from the waters1 of which the fish is the inhabitant4 ,in the spiritual or new creation1 all life begins from the waters of baptism40#adj ,the fish also bears a reference to the story of ,tobias1 where the application of its entrails 8defeats devils and restores sight40#ada ,in three or four instances the fish is depicted bearing a ship on its back1 and this combination naturally suggests to us ,christ upholding his church4#adb ,the epitaph of ,st4 ,abercius1 ,bishop of ,hierapolis in ,phrygia at the end of the second century1 has the following allusion to the symbolic fish3 8,faith led me on the road1 and set before me for food from the one fountain the great and spotless fish which the pure ,virgin embraced2 and this fish she 7,faith7 gave to friends to eat everywhere1 having good wine1 giving wine mixed with water1 and bread4 ,may he who understands these things pray for me40 ,in a fresco in the crypt of ,santa ,lucina is seen a fish carrying on its back a basket of bread1 the latter being of an ashen color1 like that offered by the ,jews to their priests on festival days1 and in the midst of the bread appears something red1 partly effaced1 but resembling a cup of red wine4#adc ,this1 of course1 was intended for the ,holy ,eucharist1 as we shall see further on4 ,in the work of ,aringhi on the ,catacombs1 we find it mentioned that a sarcophagus was found of the date of the very earliest centuries1 whereon the story of the paralytic is represented 7a very favorite simile in the ,catacomb list of subjects74 ,the bed of the subject of the cure is shaped like a fish4#add ,the baptismal font first received the name of 8piscina10 and the ,christians often called each other 8pisciculi10 little fishes1 as we learn from ,perret4 ,he also tells us too that this emblem reminded the early ,christians of the very scenes of the ,gospel connected with ,christ's miracles1 the apostles' calling1 and the establishment of the church2 ,christ walking on the waters2 preaching from a bark2 allaying the tempest2 causing a miraculous draught of fishes to be taken2 finding the coin of the tribute in the mouth of a fish--all this was suggested by the simple figure of a fish4 ,st4 ,jerome says that 8the fish that was taken in whose mouth was the coin of the tribute was ,christ1 the second ,adam1 at the cost of whose blood the first ,adam and ,peter1 that is1 all sinners1 were redeemed40 ,origen speaks of our ,lord as 8he who is figuratively called the fish40 ,this symbol leads naturally to that obvious one of the loaves1 which typifies the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,abundant proof of this is found in the writings of the fathers4 ,the types of this sacrifice and sacrament are unmistakable4 ,in the cemetery of ,st4 ,callixtus is a painting representing the mystical supper 7not the historical one7 of the ,eucharist4 8,the seven disciples seated at the table represent all the disciples of ,christ4 ,the number seven signifies universality4 ,the two fishes on the table remind us of the multiplication of the five loaves and two fishes4 ,the seven baskets are filled with whole loaves1 not fragments1 and the addition of an eighth hints that we are not to think of the literal history1 444 but of that ulterior and spiritual sense to which they all 7the three occurrences represented in this one fresco7 point1 and in which they all unite1 that is1 the doctrine of the ,blessed ,eucharist40#ade ,a lamb carrying a milk-pail on its back is sometimes used as an eucharistic emblem4 ,the ,acts of ,st4 ,perpetua give us her dream1 or rather vision1 in which the ,good ,shepherd gave her the curds to drink1 after he had milked his flocks4 ,she received it with her arms crossed on her breast1 while all the assistants said 8,amen06 ,these words and posture were those used during the administration of the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,milk is perpetually used in ,scripture to denote the good things of ,god2 and in early times1 according to ,tertullian and ,st4 ,jerome1 milk and honey were given with this meaning to newly baptized infants or adults4 ,the practice was continued1 on ,holy ,saturday at least1 as late as the ninth and tenth centuries4 ,this symbol of the milk-pail is1 however1 rarer than any other1 and is by no means on the same level as that of the fish1 the lamb1 and the loaves4#adf ,the ,good ,shepherd is a pictorial symbol that has never fallen into disuse1 and that of ,orpheus with his lute or pipe is analogous to it4 ,the adaptation of the heathen myth of ,orpheus training wild beasts by the sweet sounds of his lyre to the hidden meaning of ,christ curbing men's passions by his doctrine1 is vouched for by ,st4 ,clement of ,alexandria4 ,in a painting of the ,good ,shepherd in the cemetery of ,st4 ,saturninus1 a goat appears in place of the lost sheep4 8,this10 says ,dr4 ,northcote1 8was intended as a protest against the hateful severity of the ,novatians and other heretics who refused reconciliation to penitent sinners40 ,in some of these representations1 we see several sheep at the feet of ,jesus1 in attitudes pregnant with meaning2 some 8listening attentively1 not quite understanding as yet1 but meditating and seeking to understand2 others turning their tails--it is an unwelcome subject1 and they will have nothing to do with it02#adg or1 again1 8one of the two sheep is drinking in all that he hears with simplicity and affection2 the other is eating grass--he has something else to do2 he is occupied with the cares1 pleasures1 and riches of this world40#adh ,dr4 ,northcote says that as the sheep represent the flock of ,christ in life1 so the dove is more especially the symbol of the soul after death4 ,it is primarily a type of the ,holy ,ghost1 as the ,scriptures suggest and the writings of the fathers assert4 ,they call the ,holy ,spirit figuratively 8a dove without gall10 the expression which is found repeated on some of the sepulchres of children1 as indicative of their innocence4 ,later on1 we find the soul of ,st4 ,scholastica appearing to her brother1 ,st4 ,benedict1 under this form4 ,a dove pecking at grapes denotes the soul's enjoyment of the fruits of eternal happiness4#adi ,tertullian calls the dove 8a herald of peace from the beginning10 and1 when painted with an olive-branch in its mouth1 it is to be taken in this sense4 ,it is a symbol that we use in our own times4 ,noah's ark1 a type of the church often seen in the ,catacombs1 is connected with the dove4 ,perret tells us of a picture1 noticed by ,bottari in his ,sculture e ,pitture1 of ,noah in the ark1 and the ark again within a ship4 ,the form of the ark1 according to ,hebrew calculations1 was a long square1 but it is generally represented in the ,early ,christian paintings as a cube1 a figure suggestive of greater stability4#aej ,this system of departure from the literalness of history is too universal not to be intentional4 ,for instance1 none of these representations of the ark are without a dove1 but in some a woman appears instead of ,noah4 ,tertullian in his work on baptism says that this symbol meant the general doctrine of 8the faithful1 having obtained remission of their sins through baptism1 receive from the ,holy ,spirit the dove the gift of divine peace the olive-branch1 and are saved in the mystical ark of the church from the destruction of the world40 ,the resurrection of ,lazarus1 and ,moses striking the rock1 are both types of the resurrection and eternal life1 and are often seen in juxtaposition4 ,in one of these paintings1 ,lazarus is like a little child1 and is clothed in bands that more resemble swaddling-clothes than a winding-sheet4 ,our ,lord also is quite boyish4 ,the apostles likewise are often represented as young men1 so is ,moses in many instances4 ,this is thought by ,perret to be symbolical of the immutability of heavenly glory4 ,among other types often found in the ,catacombs are the anchor with a cross-shaped handle1 the symbol of hope from time immemorial2 the palm1 a sign of victory2 and the ship1 the invariable type of the church of ,christ4 ,the ,scriptures themselves suggest this latter idea1 as they also do that of the rock1 petrus4 ,this subject is fully treated in some frescoes of the cemetery of ,st4 ,callixtus4 ,the rock 7,christ7 pours down streams of living waters1 which two apostles join their hands to catch and collect for the benefit of the world4 ,in other compositions1 the rock does not pour forth water spontaneously 7this was a reference to the day of ,pentecost71 but emits it at the touch of the rod held by ,moses 7the type of ,peter72 and in other paintings1 two men appear carrying away from it baskets of bread1 which are then touched with a rod by a figure supposed to be ,christ4 ,this would denote the sacramental change from bread to the flesh of ,christ4#aea ,thus one type is always presupposing another or merging itself into another4 ,in a fresco of several subjects1 all referring to the ,holy ,eucharist1 found in an ancient ,christian cemetery at ,alexandria1 there is written over the heads of several persons assembled at a feast these words3 8,eating the benedictions of the ,lord40 ,now1 the ,greek word here used is the same that ,st4 ,paul uses 7#a ,cor4 x4 #af7 to denote the communion of the body and blood of ,christ1 and1 furthermore1 is the identical word by which ,st4 ,cyril of ,alexandria denotes the consecrated elements4#aeb ,daniel in the lions' den and the three children in the fiery furnace are constantly represented in the ,catacombs as types of the persecutions of the church and the fortitude under them4 ,the phnix or palm-bird occurs as a symbol of immortality1 and was graven on the tomb of ,maximus by order of ,st4 ,cecilia4#aec ,the peacock also signified immortality1 and came to be so used from being the bird of ,juno1 or the supposed emblem of the apotheosis of the ,roman empresses4 ,in one fresco in the cemetery of ,st4 ,sixtus1 we find ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul represented as standing on either side of a crowned tower1 doubtless a symbol of strength1 figurative of the church4 ,perret also tells us that ,god the ,father1 8himself invisible1 while his power is manifested by his works10 is typified 8with singular aptitude by a hand coming forth from the clouds40 ,this is in a picture of ,moses striking the rock4 ,a very beautiful representation of the ,lamb1 ,jesus ,christ1 of later date however than the ,catacombs1 but not so late as to have lost their informing spirit1 occurs in a mosaic that formerly decorated the apse of the basilica of ,st4 ,peter in ,rome4 ,the ,lamb stands at the foot of a jewelled cross1 on a rock1 with four streams1 one running from each of its feet1 and a fifth from the foot of a chalice into which the blood of the ,lamb spurts down from its wounded breast4 ,an evident allusion to the five wounds of the ,lord is here combined with the type of the ,holy ,eucharist 7for the cup suggests the latter74 ,the cross1 as such1 is rarely found in the ,catacombs1 but the ,acts of the ,martyrs mention a soldier1 ,st4 ,orestes1 who1 while playing at throwing the disc1 let fall from his garments a small cross 7which1 discovering his religion1 procured him the glory of martyrdom71 so that we may suppose that this sign of ,christianity was sometimes secretly worn about the person during the early centuries4 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,st4 ,hilary1 ,st4 ,jerome1 ,st4 ,chrysostom1 and our own countryman1 ,venerable ,bede1 agree in the cross being 8the sign of the ,son of ,man0 of which ,jesus himself speaks in the ,gospel4 ,tertullian quotes the vision of ,ezechiel 7ix4 #d71 and interprets thus the sign ,tau3 8,now1 the ,greek letter ,tau and our own ,t is the very form of the cross1 which he predicted would be the sign on our foreheads in the true ,catholic ,jerusalem40 ,dr4 ,northcote tells us that the number #cjj1 8being expressed in ,greek by the letter ,tau1 came itself1 even in apostolical times1 to be regarded as the equivalent of the cross40 ,we know how ,st4 ,paul speaks of the cross1 as meaning the whole ,christian faith4 ,the sign of the cross1 however1 was contained in or appended to the monogram 4 7the first two letters of the ,greek word ,christ--74 ,this was sometimes written ,p1 while in some ancient manuscripts the ,tau itself was written 1 forming an exact ,greek cross4 ,sometimes to this monogram 7worn to this day as a badge by the ,passionist ,friars7 was added the letter 1 the initial of 1 the ,greek for conqueror4 ,this is something similar to the inscription translated 8,in hoc signo vinces10 seen by ,constantine in his vision outside the gates of ,rome4 ,it was in this shape that the inscription was afterwards put on the 8,labarum0 or banner of the cross1 and also on many coins struck during the reign of ,constantine4#aed ,not to prolong the subject of the ,catacombs too indefinitely1 let us end with these words of ,dr4 ,northcote3 8,nothing was likely to be more familiar to the early ,christians than the symbolical and prophetical meaning of the ,gospels and the ,old ,testament1 so that the sight of these paintings on the walls of the subterranean chapels was probably as a continual homily set before them4444 ,indeed1 it is scarcely too much to say that some of these artistic compositions might be made to take the place of a well-ordered dogmatic discourse40 ,when the immediate fear of persecution was removed1 the church gradually added to her alphabet of symbols4 ,the cross became more general1 at first ornamented and wreathed1 jewelled and gilt1 as it was by order of ,constantine1 then by an easy transition becoming a simple crucifix1 with the image of the ,redeemer plainly wrought upon it4 ,constantine forbade the cross to be any longer used as an instrument of torture or punishment2 while the finding of the true cross and the honor paid to it soon familiarized the people with its exclusively divine associations4 ,from ,mrs4 ,jameson's researches we gather that the 8fashion of decorating the cross with five jewels1 generally rubies1 typified the five sacred wounds40#aee ,we also learn from her the origin of the nimbus1 or glory1 so generally used after the fifth century as an attribute of holiness4 ,at first it was borrowed from pagan sources1 the 8luminous nebula0 of ,homer--that1 is the divine essence standing 8a shade in its own brightness0--being1 as she informs us1 the first trace of it to be found in antiquity4 ,rays or plates of brass were sometimes fixed to the heads of imperial busts and statues in ,rome1 and later on it is seen round the heads of ,christian emperors 7,justinian in particular7 who were not canonized4 ,it strikes one as curious that ,mrs4 ,jameson should have omitted all mention of ,moses and the horns or rays of light that adorned his countenance as he came down from ,mount ,sinai4 ,in the transfiguration1 our ,lord's face 8did shine as the sun10#aef and the angel that sat over against the sepulchre on the morning of the resurrection had a 8countenance as lightning40#aeg ,after the fifth century the nimbus became universal1 and was adopted as a symbol of holiness4 ,a cruciform glory was the distinctive emblem of ,god1 and also a triangular one1 which typifies the ,trinity1 and was often used later round the head of figures representing ,god the ,father1 and entirely surrounding the ,holy ,spirit1 who was painted as a dove4 ,it would be quite impossible to go through the cycle of all the symbols now in use4 ,they have varied very little since the days of ,constantine1 but they cover so vast a field that it would take a lifetime to study each one in detail4 ,the chief service of the church1 the ,mass1 naturally strikes us first4 ,nearly every ceremony is connected with it1 and is only complete when preceded or followed by it4 ,churches 7often symbolical in their form and arrangement71 vestments with their many hidden meanings1 lights1 incense1 holy water1 music1 processions1 group themselves as mere accessories round the sacrificial act which gives them their importance4 ,the word ,mass is supposed by some to be derived from the ,hebrew ,missach1 a voluntary offering1#aeh but the most widely received opinion is that it comes from ,missa or ,missio1 the dismissal of the catechumens before the most solemn part1 the consecration4 ,the word itself is of very ancient use1 as appears from the letters of ,st4 ,ambrose1 ,st4 ,leo1 and ,st4 ,gregory4#aei ,the ,gloria ,patri1 which is often used in the liturgy as well as constantly in the hours of the divine office1 was introduced in #cbe as a protest against the ,arian heresy which contended that the ,son was not equal to the ,father4#afj ,the custom of standing during the gospel signifies our readiness to defend its truths and practice its precepts4 ,we sign our foreheads1 lips1 and breast in token of our resolve not to be ashamed of the cross of ,christ1 to profess it always in words1 and to keep it for ever in our hearts4 ,at the 8,incarnatus est0 in the ,credo we kneel in reverence to the mystery of the ,god made man1 and at the 8,domine non sum dignus0 we strike our breasts in token of penance and humiliation1 as we have before done at the ,confiteor4 ,this has always been the conventional sign of sorrow1 as we read of the publican in the gospels4 ,of the use of lights1 ,st4 ,jerome says in his letter against the heretic ,vigilantius3 8,throughout all the churches of the ,east1 when the gospel is to be recited1 they bring forth lights1 though it be at noonday1 not certainly to drive away darkness but to manifest some sign of joy1 that under the type of corporal light may be indicated that light of which we read in the ,psalms--#8,thy word is as a lamp unto my feet and a light unto my path4'0#afa ,everywhere in the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 light is the type of knowledge2 in the parable of the virgins1 it is also the symbol of fidelity4 ,in ,rome1 torches were carried at weddings as a sign of honor4 ,st4 ,chrysoston says that lights are carried before the dead to show that they are champions and conquerors4 ,what more natural than that these usages should have been transferred to the ,christian churches8 8,within the sanctuary and in front of the altar10 says the anonymous author of the ,explanation of the ,sacrifice and ,liturgy of the ,mass1 8a lamp is kept day and night1 to warn us that ,jesus ,christ1 the light of the world1 is present on our altars1 444 and that our lives should1 by their holiness1 shine like a luminary40 ,candles are used in several mystical senses by the church during the ceremonies of ,holy ,week1 as chiefly the ,paschal candle4 ,this is fraught with many meanings4 ,unlighted1 it is an emblem of ,christ in the tomb1 while the five grains of incense put into it in the shape of a cross typify both the five wounds of our ,blessed ,lord and the spices with which his dead body was buried4 ,contrary to the usual custom1 which requires a priest to bless any holy thing1 the ,paschal candle is blessed by the deacon1 to denote that ,christ was buried by his disciples 7,joseph of ,arimathea and ,nicodemus71 not by his apostles4 ,when lighted1 the candle prefigures ,christ arisen4 ,the ,pavia ,missal makes it signify1 while unlighted1 the pillar in the cloud which guided the ,israelites by day through the desert1 and1 after being lighted1 the fiery column that directed them at night4 ,the columnar shape of the candlestick in many ,italian churches is thought to refer to this part of the interpretation4 ,the triple candle1 which is lighted with new fire on ,holy ,saturday1 signifies the ,trinity1 and in connection with this we are reminded of a curious ceremony in the ,greek ritual1 which consists in the benediction given by a bishop whenever he says ,mass4 ,he holds in each hand a candle--one triple1 denoting the ,trinity2 and the other double1 and symbolizing the union of two natures in ,jesus ,christ4#afb ,the manual of ,holy ,week tells us that the fifteen candles on the triangular candlestick1 used during the office of ,tenebr1 represent the 8disciples whose fervor cooled at the approach of danger1 and who dispersed here and there1 wavering in faith1 forgetful of their promises1 and all seeking safety in flight1 abandoning their ,master4 ,the candle that remains lit and is finally concealed behind the altar is a figure of ,jesus ,christ4 ,he came to enlighten the world2 but ungrateful1 perverse men made every effort to obscure and extinguish his glory4 ,when they fancied they had succeeded1 he rose from death to an immortal life1 more glorious than the former40 ,the whole of the ceremonies of ,holy ,week are nothing but a literal 8showing forth of the death of the ,lord until he come0--a yearly rehearsal1 as it were1 of the great drama of human life and destiny1 of the rejection of the elder and the adoption of the younger branch of the family of men--that is1 the choice of the ,gentiles after the trial of the ,jews4 ,incense1 the recognized emblem of prayer1 and spoken of as such in the well-known passages of the ,apocalypse1#afc also reminds us of the perfumes used in the ,east as a sign of honor towards kings and princes1 and of the gift of the ,magi to the infant ,saviour4 ,dr4 ,rock says that 8a venerable antiquity 7#ebb7 informs us that the incense burning round the altar1 whence1 as from a fountain of delicious fragrance1 it emits a perfume through the house of ,god1 has ever been regarded as a type of the good odor of ,jesus ,christ which should exhale from the soul of every true believer40#afd ,the frequent use of holy water is above all typical of purity1 the great preparation of the soul for any holy action4 ,salt is a preservative against corruption1 and also reminds us of the miracle of ,eliseus1#afe when1 to make the drought cease1 he asked for a vessel with water and salt4 ,the apostles are called the 8salt of the earth10 and salt is recognized as the emblem of wisdom4 ,oil1 used in many functions1 is typical of sweetness and mildness1 in consideration of its natural powers of healing1 and from time immemorial anointing has been considered a consecration to ,god4#aff ,oil was also used in the old ,hebrew sacrifices1 together with cakes as well as salt4#afg ,the 8,agnus ,dei0 perhaps requires a fuller explanation than the former symbols4 ,it is a waxen cake stamped with the figure of a lamb4 ,the ,pope blesses a certain quantity of these cakes every seventh year of his reign4 8,the origin of this rite seems to have been the very ancient custom of breaking up the ,paschal candle of the preceding year and distributing the fragments among the faithful4 ,alcuin1 a disciple of the ,venerable ,bede1 describes the blessing in these words3 #8,in the ,roman ,church1 early on the morning of ,holy ,saturday1 the archdeacon comes into the church and pours wax in a clean vessel1 and mixes it with oil2 then blesses the wax1 and molds it in the form of lambs2 444 the lambs which the ,romans make represent to us the spotless ,lamb made for us2 for ,christ should be brought to our memories frequently by all sorts of things4'0#afh ,the ,asperges1 or sprinkling with holy water before ,mass1 reminds us of the sprinkling of the blood of the ,paschal lamb on the door-posts of the ,israelites--a ceremony which was to be performed with a bunch of hyssop4#afi ,it also refers to the ,psalm ,miserere1 in which we pray to be 8sprinkled with hyssop1 and we shall be cleansed0--a prayer which forms part of the prescribed orisons to be repeated during the ,asperges4 ,of the symbolical meaning of the sacred vestments1 and their colors1 we will only speak briefly4 ,the most obvious apology for them is their use as prescribed in the ,old ,testament1 where they are made the subject of the most minute directions4 ,many things came to us through the ,temple traditions1 the ,gregorian chant1 for instance1 which closely resembles that still used in the orthodox synagogues of our own day4 ,it is not improbable that something of ,hebrew traditions entered into the custom1 early adopted by the ,christians1 of wearing specified and holy garments during the celebration of ,mass4 ,but the church1 ever mindful of her mission of teaching1 could not let such vestments be mere ornaments1 however fitting and seemly4 ,the author of the ,explanation of the ,mass says that 8ceremonies are a kind of illustration of our sacred mysteries2 they represent them to the eye1 to a certain extent1 as a look or a discourse do to the ear or mind1 especially to the uneducated1 who are always the greater number40 ,the vestments are a very prominent part of the externals of the ,mass2 their color announces at one glance whether a virgin or a martyr is being commemorated1 whether we are to join in prayer for some unknown brother deceased in ,christ1 or to lament in a penitential spirit the sins of mankind and our own4 ,green1 very seldom used1 is the normal color for ,sundays1 denoting hope and joy in the promise of the new spring4 ,there are two meanings attached to the different component parts of the holy vesture4 ,the 8amice0 which covers the head 7in ancient times entirely7 represents the 8helmet of salvation10 divine hope2 the 8alb10 innocence of life1 because it clothes the celebrant from head to foot in spotless white2 the 8girdle10 with which the loins are girt1 purity and chastity 7also referring to the text of ,st4 ,luke1 8,let your loins be girt071#agj and possibly bearing some allusion likewise to the journey of life1 and the command anciently given to the ,jews at the first ,pasch1 8,you shall gird your reins02#aga the 8maniple10 which is put on the left arm1 patience under the burdens of this mortal life2 the 8stole10 which is worn on the neck and shoulders1 the yoke of ,christ2 and the 8chasuble10 which1 as uppermost1 covers all the rest1 charity--according to the saying of ,st4 ,peter1 that 8charity covereth a multitude of sins40#agb ,the author of ,the ,following of ,christ1 speaking of the duties and dignity of the priesthood1 thus beautifully interprets the ecclesiastical apparel3 8,a priest clad in his sacred vestments is ,christ's vicegerent1 to pray ,god for himself and for all the people in a suppliant and humble manner4 ,he has before him and behind him the sign of the cross of the ,lord1 that he may always remember the passion of ,christ4 ,he bears the cross before him in his vestment1 that he may diligently behold the footsteps of ,christ1 and fervently endeavor to follow them4 ,he is marked with the cross behind1 that he may mildly suffer1 for ,god's sake1 whatsoever adversities shall befall him from others4 ,he wears the cross before him that he may bewail his own sins1 and behind him that through compassion he may lament the sins of others1 and know that he is placed1 as it were1 a mediator between ,god and the sinner40#agc ,besides this mystical signification1 the vestments also have a representative meaning4 ,the amice is intended to recall the rag with which the ,jews bandaged our ,saviour's eyes2#agd the alb1 the white garment in which ,herod1 in derision1 clothed him2 the girdle1 maniple1 and stole1 the cords with which he was bound2 the chasuble1 the purple garment with which the soldiers covered him when they hailed him as a mock king1 and as a complement1 the cross on the chasuble represents that which ,christ bore on his wounded shoulders on his way to ,calvary4 ,the priest's tonsure1 worn very conspicuously by most of the religious orders1 is a type of the crown of thorns4 ,the ceremonies of marriage are interesting from their symbolical meaning1 but are so familiar that it is useless to dwell on them4 ,in the ,greek ,church1 a glass of wine is partaken of by the bride and bridegroom1 as a type of the community of possession which is henceforth to exist between them4 ,the use of the ring is not confined to earthly nuptials2 it is worn1 as we know1 by bishops as a sign of union with their sees1 and also by many orders of nuns1 as a pledge of their mystical bridal with their heavenly ,spouse4 ,the rites of initiation and profession in some of the religious orders of women are full of symbolism4 ,in the taking of the white veil among the ,dominicanesses at ,rome1 the novice is asked to choose between a crown of thorns and a wreath of roses placed before her on the altar4 ,the hair is shorn1 as a sign of detachment from the vanities of this world4 ,at the profession the nun prostrates herself1 and is entirely covered with a funereal pall1 while the choir chants in solemn cadence the psalm for the dead--,de ,profundis4#age ,this awful expression of her utter renunciation of the world has a most mysterious effect on any one who is happy enough to witness it4 ,the grating and curtains that1 in some orders1 screen the religious from view1 even during their friends' visits to the 8parlor10 are only a visible sign of the entire separation between them and all1 even the most innocent1 earthly ties4 ,and speaking of religious orders1 we are reminded of the peculiar ceremonies which1 with some of them1 enhance the solemnity of the divine office4 ,of these1 a biographer of ,st4 ,dominic says1 with true medival instinct1 that it was no wonder that ,dominic should have tried to imitate1 in the many bowings and prostrations of the white-robed monks1 the pageantry of angelic adoration which he had so often seen in visions--the folding of the many myriad wings1 and the casting down of golden crowns before the throne of the ,lamb4#agf ,and yet1 while we are thinking of this beautiful interpretation1 there comes another thought--that of churches as bare as the monastery itself1 and of a ritual so simple that it would satisfy the veriest ,covenanter4 ,the ,trappists especially1 the ,cistercians and ,franciscans also1 are forbidden any display in ceremonial1 and any costliness in material1 with regard to the worship of ,god4 ,poverty is to reign even in their churches2 and thus we have an asylum provided for those minds whose ascetic turn inclines them to ignore everything but the most spiritual and internal expression of faith4 ,thus1 in old times1 ,st4 ,paul of the ,desert abode among caves and wild beasts1 and ,st4 ,simeon ,stylites passed his life on the summit of an isolated column4 ,prayer without the slightest incentive to it1 meditation without any outward suggestions to strengthen it--such was their life4 ,they never heard glorious chants nor saw processions of clerics clad in golden robes2 no ritual1 no symbol even1 was there to help them on2 and yet they were saints4 ,there are such minds still now2 the church has a place for them--a place among her rarest and choicest children1 for1 after all1 8they have chosen the good part1 and it shall not be taken from them40 ,but for the majority symbolism is language1 ceremonial is reading4 ,and because others who do not understand this language rail at it1 should we forget or give it up8 ,rather should we explain it to them2 for who does not know how much pleasure may one day be derived from a tongue that to-day seems barbarous8 ,who can read ,goethe till he has mastered the grammar of one of the richest languages in the world8 or who can enjoy ,dante till he has learnt to read him familiarly in the liquid original8 ,even so with ,catholics2 others must learn the ,catholic alphabet before they pronounce upon the magnificent poems contained in our ceremonial4 ,see this picture of the crucifixion--for in this one subject all our religion is enfolded4 ,it is a medival painting4 ,the arms of our ,saviour are spread wide1 almost on a level with his head2 ,mary1 ,john1 and ,magdalen stand beneath2 the penitent thief is beside him on his own cross4 ,two angels in flowing robes hold jewelled chalices under his pierced hands to collect the drops of blood1 and other angels are seen in the clouds above1 with musical instruments in their hands4 ,this is no literal representation of the scene on ,mount ,calvary1 no realistic picture of the thunder cloud1 the brutal soldiery1 the opened graves1 such as we see by the dozen nowadays4 ,it is not so much a picture of the crucifixion as of the redemption4 ,it occupies itself merely with the mystical sense of the great sacrifice2 the figures beneath the cross are not portraits1 in attitudes of human desolation1 but representatives of the church of the faithful on earth2 the good thief is put there for the aggregate of repentant sinners2 the angels in the clouds rather celebrate the redemption of the world than lament the death of ,god2 and the instruments they play are--we may well suppose it--meant to typify the consecration of art to religious purposes2 the cup-bearing angels1 catching the drops of blood as they fall1 are types of the adoration paid to the saving blood of ,jesus through all generations1 and of the untold preciousness of this great treasure2 in the chalices1 also1 we see a distinct allusion to the sacrifice of the ,mass2 finally1 the widely extended arms mean--at least1 they came to mean it not long after--the universal nature of the redemption2 and therefore the ,jansenists1 when they taught that ,christ died only for those who are actually saved1 painted their crucifixes with the arms uplifted high above the head4 ,so our ,catholic symbolism is an open book1 a text for the highest art1 and a guide to the humblest mind4 ,it has chapters for all--for poverty1 nudity1 and coarseness are as symbolical as magnificence and oriental grace4 ,the despoiled altars of ,good ,friday are as eloquent as the procession of ,palms or the ,easter exuberance of decoration2 the crib and the straw of ,christmas are not less fraught with meaning than the decked tabernacles of ,corpus ,christi4 ,in a ,benedictine abbey you will hear soul-stirring strains of the most solemn harmony2 in a ,carmelite convent you will listen to a chorus of nuns who are forbidden to use more than three notes with which to vary their singing of the divine office2 in a ,trappist retreat you will watch for the slightest sound1 and hear nothing save the muffled fall of clods of earth as a monk digs his own grave1 or the salutation1 8,brother1 we must all die10 as another monk passes him on his way to a similar occupation4 ,let those who do not understand our symbolical language pause and learn it2 and no doubt1 learning to read it as we do1 they will soon come to read it with us in the brotherhood of the faith4 ,,footnotes3 #acf ,dr4 ,rock1 ,hierurgia4 #acg ,introd4 to ,legends of the ,monastic ,orders 7p4 #be74 #ach ,dr4 ,rock1 ,hierurgia4 #aci ,roma ,sotterranea4 #adj ,palmer's ,early ,christian ,symbolism4 #ada ,see ,northcote's ,roma ,sotterranea4 #adb ,ibid4 #adc ,ibid4 #add ,perret1 ,catacombes de ,rome4 #ade ,palmer's ,early ,christian ,symbolism4 #adf ,northcote's ,roma ,sotterranea4 #adg ,palmer4 #adh ,ibid4 #adi ,dr4 ,northcote4 #aej ,perret1 ,catacombes de ,rome1 vol4 x4 #aea ,palmer's ,early ,christian ,symbolism4 #aeb ,dr4 ,northcote's ,roma ,sotterranea4 #aec ,perret1 ,catacombes de ,rome4 #aed ,dr4 ,northcote's ,roma ,sott4 p4 #abc4 #aee ,sacred and ,legendary ,art4 #aef ,st4 ,matt4 xviii4 #b4 #aeg ,st4 ,matt4 xxvii4 #c4 #aeh ,deut4 xvi4 #aj4 #aei ,dr4 ,challoner4 #afj ,dr4 ,rock's ,hierurgia4 #afa ,ps4 cxviii4 #aje4 #afb ,dr4 ,rock's ,hierurgia4 #afc v4 #h1 viii4 #d4 #afd ,dr4 ,rock1 ,hierurgia4 #afe #d ,kings ii4 #ai4 #aff #a ,kings x4 i4 #afg ,levit4 ii4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #ac4 #afh ,cardinal ,wiseman1 ,four ,lectures on ,holy ,week in ,rome4 #afi ,exodus xii4 #bb4 #agj ,luke xii4 #ce4 #aga ,exodus xii4 #aa4 #agb #a ,peter iv4 #h4 #agc ,book iv41 chap4 #e4 #agd ,st4 ,luke xxii4 #fd4 #age ,for the foregoing particulars see ,challoner's ,catholic ,christian ,instructed4 #agf ,dr4 ,alemanny1 ,life of ,st4 ,dominic4 ,,the ,,progressionists4 ,,from ,,the ,,german ,,of ,,conrad ,,von ,,bolanden4 ,,chapter ,,ii4--,,continued4 ,,the ,,leaders4 8,i do not catch the gist of your simile of the blind man and colors10 interrupted ,greifmann4 8,i wanted to intimate that thousands swear allegiance to the banner of progress without comprehending its nature4 ,very many imagine progress to be a struggle in behalf of ,germany against the enfeebling system of innumerable small states1 or a battling against religious rigorism and priest-rule in secular concerns4 ,in unpretending guises like these1 the spirit of the age circulates among the crowd travestied in the fashionable epithet progressive4 ,were you1 however1 to remove the shell from around the kernel of progress1 were you to exhibit it to the multitude undisguised as the nullification of religion1 as the denial of the ,god of ,christians1 as the rejection of immortality1 and of an essential difference between man and the beast--were you to venture thus far1 you would see the millions flying in consternation before the monster ,progress4 ,now1 just because the multitude1 although progressive-minded1 everywhere judges men by ,christian standards1 very often1 too1 unconsciously1 therefore ,shund has to pass1 not for an able speculator1 but for a miserable usurer and an unconscionable scoundrel40 8,for this very cause1 the liberal leaders of this city should stand up for ,shund10 opposed the banker4 8,just appreciation and respect should not be denied a deserving man4 ,to speak candidly1 ,mr4 ,schwefel1 what first accidentally arrested my attention1 now excites my most lively interest4 ,i wish to see justice done ,mr4 ,shund1 to see his uncommon abilities recognized4 ,you must set his light upon a candlestick4 ,you must have him elected mayor and member of the legislature2 in both capacities he will fill his position with distinction4 ,i repeat1 our deeply indebted city stands in want of a mayor that will reckon closely and economize4 ,and in the legislative assembly ,shund's fluency will talk down all opposition1 his readiness of speech will do wonders4 ,were it only to spite the stupid mob1 you must put ,shund in nomination40 8,it will not do1 ,mr4 ,greifmann6 it is impracticable6 ,we have to proceed cautiously and by degrees4 ,our policy lies in conducting the unsophisticated masses from darkness into light1 quite gradually1 inch by inch1 and with the utmost caution4 ,a sudden unveiling of the inmost significance of the spirit of the age would scare the people and drive them back heels over head into the clerical camp40 8,i do not at all share your apprehensions10 contended the millionaire4 8,our people are further advanced than you think4 ,make the trial4 ,your vast influence will easily manage to have ,shund returned mayor and delegate40 8,undoubtedly1 but my standing would be jeopardized10 rejoined ,schwefel4 8,that is a mistake1 sir6 ,you employ four hundred families40 8,four hundred and seventy now10 said the manufacturer1 correcting him blandly4 8,four hundred and seventy families1 therefore1 are getting a living through you1 consequently you have four hundred and seventy voters at your command4 ,add to these a considerable force of mechanics who earn wages in your employ4 ,you have1 moreover1 a number of warm friends who also command a host of laborers and mechanics4 ,hence you risk neither standing nor influence1 that is10 added he with a smile1 8unless perhaps you dread the anathemas of ,ultramontanes and impostors40 8,the pious wrath of believers has no terrors deserving notice10 observed the leader with indifference4 8,and yet all this time ,shund's remarkable abilities have not been able to win the slightest notice on the part of progressive men--it is revolting60 cried the banker4 8,mr4 ,schwefel1 ,i will speak plainly1 trusting to your being discreet2 ,i will recommend your factory at ,vienna1 but only on condition that you have ,hans ,shund elected mayor and member of the legislature40 8,this is asking a great deal--quite flattering for ,shund and very tempting to me10 said the leader with a bright face and a thrice repeated nod to the banker4 8,since1 however1 what you ask is neither incompatible with the spirit of the times nor dishonorable to the sense of a liberal man1 ,i accept your offer1 for it is no small advantage for me from a business point of view40 8,capital1 ,mr4 ,schwefel6 ,capital1 because very sensible60 spoke ,carl ,greifmann approvingly4 ,a short groan1 resembling the violent bursting forth of suppressed indignation1 resounded from the adjoining apartment4 ,the banker shuffled on the floor and drowned the groan by loudly rasping his throat4 8,one condition1 however1 ,i must insist upon10 continued the manufacturer of straw hats4 8,my arm might prove unequal to a task that will create no ordinary sensation4 ,but if you succeeded in winning over ,erdblatt and ,sand to the scheme1 it would prosper without fail and without much noise40 8,i shall do so with pleasure1 ,mr4 ,schwefel6 ,both those gentlemen will1 in all probability1 call on me to-day in relation to matters of business4 ,it will be for me a pleasing consciousness to have aided in obtaining merited recognition for ,hans ,shund40 8,our agreement is1 however1 to be kept strictly secret from the public40 8,of course1 of course60 8,you will not forget1 at the same time1 ,mr4 ,greifmann1 that our very extraordinary undertaking will necessitate greater than ordinary outlay4 ,it is a custom among laborers not to work on the day before election1 and the same on election day itself4 ,yet1 in order to keep them in good humor1 they must get wages the same as if they had worked4 ,this is for the manufacturer no insignificant disadvantage4 ,moreover1 workingmen and doubtful voters require to be stimulated with beer gratis--another tax on our purses40 8,how high do these expenses run80 asked the millionaire4 8,for ,sand1 ,erdblatt1 and myself1 they never fall short of twelve hundred florins40 8,that would make each one's share of the costs four hundred florins40 ,taking a five-hundred florin banknote between his thumb and forefinger1 the banker reached it carelessly to the somewhat puzzled leader4 8,my contribution to the promotion of the interests of progress6 ,i shall give as much to ,messrs4 ,sand and ,erdblatt40 8,many thanks1 ,mr4 ,greifmann60 said ,schwefel1 pocketing the money with satisfaction4 ,the millionaire drew himself up4 8,i have no doubt10 said he1 in his former cold and haughty tone1 8that my recommendation will secure your establishment the custom already alluded to40 8,i entertain a similar confidence in your influence1 and will take the liberty of commending myself most respectfully to your favor40 ,bowing frequently1 ,schwefel retreated backwards towards the door1 and disappeared4 ,greifmann stepped to the open entrance of the side apartment4 ,there sat the youthful landholder1 his head resting heavily on his hand4 ,he looked up1 and ,carl's smiling face was met by a pair of stern1 almost fierce eyes4 8,have you heard1 friend ,seraphin80 asked he triumphantly4 8,yes--and what ,i have heard surpasses everything4 ,you have bargained with a member of that vile class who recognize no difference between honor and disgrace1 between good and evil1 between self-respect and infamy1 who know only one god--which is money40 8,do not show yourself so implacable against these vile beings1 my dearest6 ,there is much that is useful in them1 at any rate they are helping me to the finest horses belonging to the aristocracy40 ,a stealthy step was heard at the door of the cabinet4 8,do you hear that timid rap80 asked the banker4 8,the rapper's heart is at this moment in his knuckles4 ,it is curious how men betray in trifles what at the time has possession of their feelings4 ,the mere rapping gives a keen observer an insight into the heart of a person whom he does not as yet see4 ,listen--0 ,rapping again1 still more stealthily and imploringly4 8,i must go and relieve the poor devil1 whom nobody would suspect for a mighty leader4 ,now1 ,mr4 ,seraphin1 ,act the ,second4 ,come in60 ,the man who entered1 attired in a dress coat and kids1 was ,erdblatt1 a tobacco merchant1 spare in person1 and with restless1 spering eyes4 ,the millionaire greeted him coldly1 then pointed him to the chair that had been occupied by ,schwefel4 ,the impression produced by the two hundred thousands on the man of tobacco was far more decided than in the case of the manufacturer of straw hats4 ,erdblatt was restless in his chair1 and as the needle is attracted by the pole1 so did ,erdblatt's whole being turn towards the money4 ,his eyes glanced constantly over the paper treasures1 and a spasmodic jerking seized upon his fingers4 ,but he soon sat motionless and stiff1 as if thunderstruck at ,greifmann's terrible words4 8,your substantial firm10 began the mighty man of money1 after some few formalities1 8has awaked in me a degree of attention which the ordinary course of business does not require4 ,i have to-day received notice from an ,english banking-house that in a few days several bills first of exchange1 amounting to sixty thousand florins1 will be presented to be paid by you40 ,erdblatt was dumfounded and turned pale4 8,the amount is not precisely what can be called insignificant10 continued ,greifmann coolly1 8and ,i did not wish to omit notifying you concerning the bills1 because1 as you are aware1 the banking business is regulated by rigorous and indiscriminating forms40 ,erdblatt took the hint1 turned still more pale1 and uttered not a word4 8,this accumulation of bills of exchange is something abnormal10 proceeded ,greifmann with indifference4 8,as they are all made payable on sight1 you are no doubt ready to meet this sudden rush with proud composure10 concluded the banker1 with a smile of cold politeness4 ,but the dumfounded ,erdblatt was far from enjoying proud composure4 ,his manner rather indicated inability to pay and panic terror4 8,not only is the accumulation of bills of exchange to the amount of sixty thousand florins something abnormal1 but it also argues carelessness10 said he tersely4 8,were it attributable to accident1 ,i should not complain2 but it has been occasioned by jealous rivalry4 ,besides1 they are bills first of exchange--it is something never heard of before--it is revolting--there is a plot to ruin me6 ,and ,i have no plea to allege for putting off these bills1 and ,i am1 moreover1 unable to pay them40 ,the banker shrugged his shoulders coldly1 and his countenance became grave4 8,might ,i not beg you to aid me1 ,mr4 ,greifmann80 said he anxiously4 8,of course1 ,i shall allow you a high rate of interest40 8,that is not practicable with bills of exchange10 rejoined the banker relentlessly4 8,when will the bills be presented80 asked the leader1 with increasing anxiety4 8,perhaps as early as to-morrow10 answered ,greifmann1 still more relentless4 ,the manufacturer of tobacco was near fainting4 8,i cannot conceive of your being embarrassed10 said the banker coldly4 8,your popularity and influence will get you assistance from friends1 in case your exchequer happens not to be in a favorable condition40 8,the amount is too great2 ,i should have to borrow in several quarters4 ,this would give rise to reports1 and endanger the credit of my firm40 8,you are not wrong in your view10 answered the banker coldly4 8,accidents may shake the credit of the most solid firm1 and other accidents may often change trifling difficulties into fatal catastrophes4 ,how often does it not occur that houses of the best standing1 which take in money at different places1 are brought to the verge of bankruptcy through public distrust80 ,the words of the money prince were nowise calculated to reassure ,mr4 ,erdblatt4 8,be kind enough to accept the bills1 and grant me time10 pleaded he piteously4 8,that1 sir1 would be contrary to all precedents in business10 rejoined ,greifmann1 with an icy smile4 8,our house never deviates from the paths of hereditary custom40 8,i could pay in ten thousand florins at once10 said ,erdblatt once more4 8,within eight weeks ,i could place fifty thousand more in your hands40 8,i am very sorry1 but1 as ,i said1 this plan is impracticable10 opposed ,greifmann4 8,yet ,i have half a mind to accept those bills1 but only on a certain condition40 8,i am willing to indemnify you in any way possible10 assured the tobacco merchant1 with a feeling of relief4 8,hear the condition stated in a few words4 ,as you know1 ,i live exclusively for business1 never meddle in city or state affairs4 ,moreover1 labor devoted by me to political matters would be superfluous1 in view of the undisputed sway of liberalism4 ,nevertheless1 ,i am forced to learn1 to my astonishment1 that progress itself neglects to take talent and ability into account1 and exhibits the most aristocratic nepotism4 ,the remarkable abilities of ,mr4 ,shund are lost1 both to the city and state1 merely because ,mr4 ,shund's fellow-citizens will not elect him to offices of trust4 ,this is unjust2 to speak plainly1 it is revolting1 when one considers that there is many a brainless fellow in the ,city ,council who has no better recommendation than to have descended from an old family1 and whose sole ability lies in chinking ducats which he inherited but never earned4 ,shund is a genius compared with such boobies2 but genius does not pass current here1 whilst incapacity does4 ,now1 if you will use your influence to have ,shund nominated for mayor of this city1 and for delegate to the legislature1 and guarantee his election1 you may consider the bills of exchange as covered40 ,not even the critical financial trouble by which he was beset could prevent an expression of overwhelming surprise in the tobacco man's face4 8,i certainly cannot have misunderstood you4 ,you surely mean to speak of ,ex-,treasurer ,shund1 of this place80 8,the same--the very same40 8,but1 ,mr4 ,greifmann1 perhaps you are not aware--0 8,i am aware of everything10 interrupted the banker4 8,i know that many years ago ,mr4 ,shund awkwardly put his hand into the city treasury1 that he was sent to the penitentiary1 that people imagine they still see him in the penitentiary garb1 and1 finally1 that in the stern judgment of the same people he is a low usurer4 ,but usury has been abrogated by law4 ,the theft ,shund has not only made good by restoring what he stole1 but also atoned for by years of imprisonment4 ,now1 why is a man to be despised who has indeed done wrong1 but not worse than others whose sins have long since been forgotten8 ,why condemn to obscurity a man that possesses the most brilliant kind of talent for public offices8 ,the contempt felt for ,shund on the part of a population who boast of their progress is unaccountable--may be it would not be far from the truth to believe that some influential persons are jealous of the gifted man10 concluded the banker reproachfully4 8,pardon me1 please6 ,the thief and usurer it might perhaps be possible to elect10 conceded ,erdblatt4 8,but ,shund's disgusting and shameless amours could not possibly find grace with the moral sense of the public40 8,yes1 and the origin of this moral sense is the sixth commandment of the ,jew ,moses10 said the millionaire scornfully4 8,i cannot understand how you1 a man of advanced views1 can talk in this manner40 8,you misinterpret my words10 rejoined the leader deprecatingly4 8,to me1 personally1 ,shund exists neither as a usurer nor as a debauchee4 ,christian modes of judging are1 of course1 relegated among absurdities that we have triumphed over4 ,in this instance1 however1 there is no question of my own personal conviction1 but of the conviction of the great multitude4 ,and in the estimation of the multitude unbridled liberty is just as disgraceful as the free enjoyment of what1 morally1 is forbidden40 8,you are altogether in the same rut as ,schwefel40 8,have you spoken with ,schwefel on this subject80 asked ,erdblatt eagerly4 8,only a moment ago4 ,mr4 ,schwefel puts greater trust in his power than you do in yours1 for he agreed to have ,shund elected mayor and delegate4 ,mr4 ,schwefel only wishes you and ,sand would lend your aid40 8,with pleasure6 ,if ,schwefel and ,sand are won over1 then all is right40 8,from a hint of ,schwefel's10 said ,greifmann1 taking up a five-hundred-florin banknote from the table1 8,i infer that the election canvass is accompanied with some expense4 ,accept this small contribution4 ,as for the bills of exchange1 the matter is to rest by our agreement40 ,erdblatt also backed out of the cabinet1 bowing repeatedly as he retreated4 ,seraphin rushed from his hiding-place in great excitement4 8,why1 ,greifmann1 this is terrible6 ,do you call that advanced education8 ,do you call that progress8 ,those are demoralized1 infernal beings4 ,i spit upon them6 ,and are these the rabble that are trying to arrogate to themselves the leadership of the ,german people8--rabble who ignore the ,deity1 the human soul1 and morality generally6 ,but what completely unsettles me is your connivance--at least1 your connection with these infernal spirits40 8,but be easy1 my good fellow1 be easy6 ,i connected with tobacco and straw80 8,at all events1 you have been ridiculing the ten commandments and ,christian morals and faith40 8,was ,i not obliged to do so in order to show how well the thief1 usurer1 and filthy dog ,shund harmonizes with the spirit of progress8 ,can he who wishes to make use of the devil confer with the devil in the costume of light8 ,not at all2 he must clothe himself in the mantle of darkness4 ,and you must not object to my using the demon ,progress for the purpose of winning your span of horses and saving my stakes4 ,let us not have a disgraceful altercation4 ,consider me as a stage actor1 whilst you are a spectator that is being initiated into the latest style of popular education4 ,ah1 do you hear8 ,the last one is drawing near4 ,be pleased to vanish40 ,the third leader1 house-builder ,sand1 appeared4 ,the greater portion of his face is hidden by a heavy black beard2 in one hand he carries a stout bamboo cane2 and it is only after having fully entered1 that he deliberately removes his hat4 8,i wish you a pleasant morning1 ,mr4 ,greifmann4 ,you have sent for me3 what do you want80 ,the banker slowly raised his eyes from the latest exchange list to the rough features of the builder1 and remembering that the man had risen up from the mortar board to his present position1 and had gained wealth and influence through personal energy1 he returned the short greeting with a friendly inclination of the head4 8,will you have the goodness to be seated1 ,mr4 ,sand80 ,the man of the black beard took a seat1 and1 having noticed the handsome collection of banknotes1 his coarse face settled itself into a not very attractive grin4 8,i want to impart to you my intention of erecting a villa on the ,sauerberg1 near the middle of our estate at ,wilheim10 continued the millionaire4 8,ah1 that is a capital idea60 ,and the man of the beard became very deeply interested4 8,the site is charming1 no view equal to it2 healthy location1 vineyards round about1 your own vineyards moreover4 ,i could put you up a gem there40 8,that is what ,i think1 ,mr4 ,sand6 ,my father1 who has been abroad for the last three months1 is quite satisfied with the plan2 in fact1 he is the original projector of it40 8,i know1 ,i know6 your father has a taste for what is grand4 ,we shall try and give him satisfaction1 which1 by the bye1 is not so very easy4 ,but you have the money1 and fine fortunes can command fine houses40 8,what ,i want principally is to get you to draw a plan1 consulting your own taste and experience in doing so4 ,you will show it to me when ready1 and ,i will tell you whether ,i like it or not40 8,very well1 ,mr4 ,greifmann1 very well6 ,but ,i must know beforehand what amount of money you are willing to spend upon the house2 for all depends upon the cost40 8,well10 said the millionaire1 after some deliberation1 8,i am willing to spend eighty thousand florins on it1 and something over1 perhaps40 8,ah1 well1 for that amount of money something can be put up--something small but elegant4 ,are you in a hurry with the building80 8,to be sure6 ,as soon as the matter is determined upon1 there is to be no delay in carrying it out40 8,i am altogether of your opinion1 ,mr4 ,greifmann--,i agree with you entirely60 assented the builder1 with an increase of animation4 8,i shall draw up a plan for a magnificent house4 ,if it pleases you1 all hands shall at once be set at work1 and by next autumn you shall behold the villa under roof40 8,of course you are yourself to furnish all the materials10 added the banker shrewdly4 8,when once the plan will have been settled upon1 you can reach me an estimate of the costs1 and ,i will pay over the money40 8,to be sure1 ,mr4 ,greifmann--that is the way in which it should be done1 ,mr4 ,greifmann60 responded the man of the black beard with a satisfied air4 8,you are not to have the slightest bother4 ,i shall take all the bother upon myself40 8,that1 then1 is agreed upon6 ,well1 now1 have you learned yet who is to be the next mayor80 8,why1 yes1 the old one is to be re-elected60 8,not at all6 ,we must have an economical and intelligent man for next mayor4 ,of this ,i am convinced1 because the annual deficit in the treasury is constantly on the increase40 8,alas1 'tis true6 ,and who is the man of economy and intelligence to be80 8,mr4 ,hans ,shund40 8,who--what8 ,hans ,shund8 ,the thief1 the usurer1 the convict1 the debauchee8 ,who has been making a fool of you80 8,pardon me1 sir6 ,i never suffer people to make a fool of me60 rejoined the banker with much dignity4 8,yes1 yes--somebody has dished up a canard for you4 ,what1 that good-for-nothing scoundrel to be elected mayor6 ,never in his life6 ,hans ,shund mayor--really that is good now--ha1 ha60 8,mr4 ,sand1 you lead me to suspect that you belong to the party of ,ultramontanes40 8,who--,i an ,ultramontane8 ,that is ridiculous6 ,sir1 ,i am at the head of the men of progress--,i am the most liberal of the liberals--that1 sir1 is placarded on every wall40 8,how come you1 then1 to call ,mr4 ,sand a good-for-nothing scoundrel80 8,simply for this reason1 because he is a usurer and a dissipated wretch40 8,then ,i am in the right1 after all6 ,mr4 ,sand belongs to the ranks of the pious10 jeered the banker4 8,mr4 ,greifmann1 you are insulting60 8,nothing is further from my intention than to wound your feelings1 my dear ,mr4 ,sand6 ,be cool and reasonable4 ,reflect1 if you please4 ,shund1 you say1 puts out money at thirty per cent4 and higher1 and therefore he is a usurer4 ,is it not thus that you reason80 8,why1 yes6 ,the scoundrel has brought many a poor devil to ruin by means of his ,jewish speculations60 8,your pious indignation10 commended the millionaire1 8is praiseworthy1 because it is directed against what you mistake for a piece of scoundrelism4 ,meanwhile1 please to calm down your feelings1 and let your reason resume her seat of honor so that you may reflect upon my words4 ,you know that in consequence of recent legislation every capitalist is free to put out money at what rate soever he pleases4 ,were ,shund to ask fifty per cent41 he would not be stepping outside of the law4 ,he would then be1 as he now is1 an honest man4 ,would he not80 8,it is as you say1 so far as the law is concerned60 8,furthermore1 if after prudently weighing1 after wisely calculating1 the pros and cons1 ,shund concludes to draw in his money1 and in consequence many a poor devil is ruined1 as you say1 surely no reasonable man will on that account condemn legally authorized speculation60 8,don't talk to me of legally authorized speculation4 ,the law must not legalize scoundrelism2 but whosoever by cunning usury brings such to ruin is and ever will be a scoundrel40 8,why a scoundrel1 ,mr4 ,sand8 ,why1 pray80 8,surely it is clear enough--because he has ruined men60 8,ruined6 ,how8 ,evidently through means legally permitted4 ,therefore1 according to your notion the law does legalize scoundrelism2 at least it allows free scope to scoundrels4 ,mr4 ,sand1 no offence intended3 ,i am forced1 however1 once more to suspect that you do1 perhaps without knowing it1 belong to the pious4 ,for they think and feel just as you do1 that is1 in accordance with so-called laws of morality1 religious views and principles4 ,that1 judged by such standards1 ,shund is a scoundrel who hereafter will be burned eternally in hell1 ,i do not pretend to dispute40 8,at bottom1 ,i believe you are in the right1 after all--yes1 it is as you say10 conceded the leader reluctantly4 8,ahem--and yet ,i am surprised at your being in the right4 ,i would rather1 however that you were in the right1 because ,i really do not wish to blame anybody or judge him by the standard of the ,ultramontanes40 8,that tone sounds genuinely progressive1 and it does honor to your judgment60 lauded the banker4 8,again1 you called ,shund a good-for-nothing scoundrel because he loves the company of women4 ,mr4 ,sand1 do you mean to vindicate the sacred nature of the sixth commandment in an age that has emancipated itself from the thrall of symbols and has liberated natural inclinations from the servitude of a bigoted priesthood8--you1 who profess to stand at the head and front of the party of progress80 8,it is really odd--you are in the right again6 ,viewed from the standpoint of the times1 contemplated in the light of modern intellectual culture1 ,shund must not really be called good-for-nothing for being a usurer and an admirer of women40 8,shund's qualifications consequently fit him admirably for the office of mayor4 ,he will be economical1 he will make the expenditures balance with the revenue4 ,even in the legislature1 ,shund's principles and experience will be of considerable service to the country and to the cause of progress4 ,i am so much in favor of the man that ,i shall award you the building of my villa only on condition that you will use all your influence for the election of ,shund to the office of mayor and to the legislature40 8,mayor--assemblyman1 too--ahem6 that will be hard to do40 8,by no means6 ,messrs4 ,schwefel and ,erdblatt will do their best for the same end40 8,is that so1 really8 ,in that case there is no difficulty6 ,mr4 ,greifmann1 consider me the man that will build your villa40 8,the canvass will cost you some money--here1 take this1 my contribution to the noble cause10 and he gave him a five-hundred-florin banknote4 8,that will suffice1 ,mr4 ,greifmann1 that will suffice4 ,the plan you cannot have until after the election1 for ,shund will give us enough to do40 8,everything is possible to you1 ,mr4 ,sand6 ,whatever ,csar1 ,lepidus1 and ,antony wish at ,rome1 that same must be40 8,very true1 very true40 ,and the last of the leaders disappeared4 8,i would never have imagined the like to be possible10 spoke the landholder1 entering4 8,they all regard ,shund as a low1 abandoned wretch1 and yet material interest determines every one of them to espouse the cause of the unworthy1 contemptible fellow4 ,it is extraordinary6 ,it is monstrous60 8,you cannot deny that progress is eminently liberal10 replied the banker1 laughing4 8,nor will ,i deny that it possesses neither uprightness nor conscience1 nor1 especially1 morals10 rejoined the young man with seriousness4 ,carl saw with astonishment ,seraphin's crimsoned cheeks and flaming eyes4 8,my dear fellow1 times and men must be taken as they are1 not as they should be10 said the banker4 8,interest controls both men and things4 ,at bottom1 it has ever been thus4 ,in the believing times of the middle ages1 men's interest lay in heaven4 ,all their acts were done for heaven2 they considered no sacrifice as too costly4 ,thousands quit their homes and families to have their skulls cloven by the ,turks1 or to be broiled by the glowing heats of ,palestine4 ,for the interests of heaven1 thousands abandoned the world1 fed on roots in deserts1 gave up all the pleasures of life4 ,at present1 the interest lies in this world1 in material possessions1 in money4 ,do not therefore get angry at progress if it refuses to starve itself or to be cut down by ,moorish scimitars1 but1 on the other hand1 has strength of mind and self-renunciation enough to promote ,hans ,shund to honors and offices40 ,seraphin contemplated ,greifmann1 who smiled1 and hardly knew how to take him4 8,an inborn longing for happiness has possession of all men10 said he with reserve4 8,the days of faith were ruled by moral influences2 the spirit of this age is ruled by base matter4 ,between the moral struggles of the past strong in faith1 and the base matter of the present1 there is1 say what you will1 a notable difference40 8,doubtless60 conceded ,greifmann4 8,the middle ages were incontestably the grandest epoch of history4 ,i am actuated by the honest intention of acquainting you with the active principles of the present40 8,yes1 and you have been not immaterially aided by luck4 ,but for the order from ,vienna for straw hats1 the bills of exchange1 and that villa1 you would hardly have attained your aim40 ,greifmann smiled4 8,the straw-hat story is merely a mystification1 my dear friend4 ,when the end will have been reached1 when ,hans ,shund will have been elected mayor and assemblyman1 a few lines will be sufficient to inform ,mr4 ,schwefel that the house in ,vienna has countermanded its order4 ,nor is any villa to be constructed4 ,i shall pay ,sand for his drawings1 and this will be the end of the project4 ,the matter of the bills of exchange is not a hoax1 and ,i am still free to proceed against ,erdblatt in the manner required by the interests of my business40 ,seraphin stood before the ingenuous banker1 and looked at him aghast4 8,it is true10 said ,greifmann gaily1 8,i have laid out fifteen hundred florins1 but ,i have done so against one hundred per cent42 for they are to secure me victory in our wager40 8,your professional routine is truly admirable10 said ,gerlach4 8,not exactly that1 but practical1 and not at all sentimental1 my friend40 8,i shall take a walk through the garden to get over my astonishment10 concluded ,gerlach2 and he walked away from the astute man of money4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,seraphin ,,and ,,louise4 ,sombre spirits flitted about the head of the young man with the blooming cheeks and light eyes4 ,he was unable to rid himself of a feeling of depression2 for he had taken a step into the domain of progress1 and had there witnessed things which1 like slimy reptiles1 drew a cold trail over his warm heart4 ,trained up on ,christian principles1 schooled by enlightened professors of the faith1 and watched over with affectionate vigilance by a pious mother1 ,seraphin had had no conception of the state of modern society4 ,for this reason1 both ,greifmann ,senior and ,gerlach ,senior committed a blunder in wishing to unite by marriage three millions of florins1 the owners of which not merely differed1 but were the direct opposites of each other in disposition and education4 ,louise belonged to the class of emancipated females who have in vain attempted to enhance the worth of noble womanhood by impressing on their own sex the sterner type of the masculine gender4 ,in ,louise's opinion1 the beauty of woman does not consist in graceful gentleness1 amiable concession and purity1 but in proudly overstepping the bounds set for woman by the innate modesty of her sex4 ,the beautiful young lady had no idea of the repulsiveness of a woman who strives to make a man of herself1 but she was sure that the cause and origin of woman's degradation is religion4 ,for it was to ,eve that ,god had said3 8,thou shalt be under thy husband's power1 and he shall have dominion over thee40 ,louise considered this decree as revolting1 and she detested the book whose authority among men gives effect to its meaning4 ,on the other hand1 she failed to observe that woman's sway is powerful and acknowledged wherever it exerts itself over weak man through affection and grace4 ,quite as little did ,miss ,louise observe that men assume the stature of giants so soon as women presume to appear in relation to them strong and manlike4 ,least of all did she discover anything gigantic in the kind-hearted ,seraphin4 ,in the consciousness of her fancied superiority of education1 she smiled at the simplicity of his faith1 and1 as the handsome young gentleman appeared by no means an ineligible parti1 she believed it to be her special task to train her prospective husband according to her own notions4 ,she imagined this course of training would prove an easy undertaking for a lady whose charms had been uniformly triumphant over the hearts of gentlemen4 ,but one circumstance appeared to her unaccountable--that was ,seraphin's cold-bloodedness and unshaken independence4 ,for eight days she had plied her arts in vain1 the most exquisite coquetry had been wasted to no purpose1 even the irresistible fire of her most lovely eyes had produced no perceptible impression on the impregnable citadel of the landholder's heart4 8,he is a mere child as yet1 the most spotless innocence10 she would muse hopefully4 8,he has been sheltered under a mother's wings like a pullet1 and for this ,i am beholden to ,madame ,gerlach1 for she has trained up an obedient husband for me40 ,seraphin sauntered through the walks of the garden1 absorbed in gloomy reflections on the leaders of progress4 ,their utter disregard of honor and unparalleled baseness were disgusting to him as an honorable man1 whilst their corruption and readiness for deeds of meanness were offensive to him as a ,christian4 ,regarding ,greifmann1 also1 he entertained misgivings4 ,upon closer examination1 however1 the unsuspecting youth thought he discovered in the banker's manner of treating the leaders and their principles a strong infusion of ridicule and irony4 ,hence1 imposed upon by his own good nature1 he concluded that ,greifmann ought not in justice to be ranked among the hideous monstrosities of progress4 ,with head sunk and rapt in thought1 ,gerlach strayed indefinitely amid the flowers and shrubbery4 ,all at once he stood before ,louise4 ,the young lady was seated under a vine-covered arbor2 in one hand she held a book1 but she had allowed both hand and book to sink with graceful carelessness upon her lap4 ,for some time back she had been observing the thoughtful young man4 ,she had been struck by his manly carriage and vigorous step1 and had come to the conclusion that his profusion of curling auburn hair was the most becoming set-off to his handsome countenance4 ,she now welcomed the surprised youth with a smile so winning1 and with a play of eyes and features so exquisite1 that ,seraphin1 dazzled by the beauty of the apparition1 felt constrained to lower his eyes like a bashful girl4 ,what probably contributed much to this effect was the circumstance of his being at the time in a rather vacant and cheerless state of mind1 so that1 coming suddenly into the presence of this brilliant being1 he experienced the power of the contrast4 ,she appeared to him indescribably beautiful1 and he wondered that this discovery had not forced itself upon him before4 ,unfortunately1 the young gentleman possessed but little of the philosophy which will not suffer itself to be deceived by seductive appearances1 and refuses to recognize the beautiful anywhere but in its agreement with the true and good4 ,louise perceived in an instant that now was at hand the long-looked-for fulfilment of her wishes4 ,the certainty which she felt that the conquest was achieved diffused a bewitching loveliness over her person4 ,seraphin1 on the other hand1 stood leaning against the arbor1 and became conscious with fear and surprise of a turmoil in his soul that he had never before experienced4 8,i have been keeping myself quiet in this shady retreat10 said she sweetly1 8not wishing to disturb your meditations4 ,carl's wager is a strange one1 but it is a peculiarity of my brother's occasionally to manifest a relish for what is strange40 8,you are right--strange1 very strange60 replied ,seraphin1 evidently in allusion to his actual state of mind4 ,the beautiful young lady1 perceiving the allusion1 became still more dazzling4 8,i should regret very much that the wager were lost by a guest of ours1 and still more that you were deprived of your splendid racehorses4 ,i will prevail on ,carl not to take advantage of his victory40 8,many thanks1 miss2 but ,i would much rather you would not do so4 ,if ,i lose the wager1 honor and duty compel me to give up the stakes to the winner4 ,moreover1 in the event of my losing1 there would be another loss far more severe for me than the loss of my racers40 8,what would that be80 inquired she with some amazement4 8,the loss of my good opinion of men10 answered he sadly4 8,what ,i have heard1 miss1 is base and vile beyond description40 ,and he recounted for her in detail what had taken place4 8,such things are new to you1 ,mr4 ,seraphin2 hence your astonishment and indignation40 ,the youth felt his soul pierced because she uttered not a word of disapproval against the villany4 8,carl's object was good10 continued she1 8in so far as his manuvre has procured you an insight into the principles by which the world is just now ruled40 8,i would be satisfied to lose the wager a thousand times1 and even more1 did ,i know that the world is not under such rule40 8,it is wrong to risk one's property for the sake of a delusion10 said she reprovingly4 8,and it would be a gross delusion not to estimate men according to their real worth4 ,a proprietor of fields and woodland1 who1 faithful to his calling1 leads an existence pure and in accord with nature's laws1 must not permit himself to be so far misled by the harmlessness of his own career as to idealize the human species4 ,for were you at some future day to become more intimately acquainted with city life and society1 you would then find yourself forced to smile at the views which you once held concerning the present40 8,smile at1 my dear miss8 ,hardly4 ,i should rather have to mourn the destruction of my belief4 ,moreover1 it is questionable whether ,i could breathe in an atmosphere which is unhealthy and destructive of all the genuine enjoyments of life60 8,and what do you look upon as the genuine enjoyments of life80 asked she with evident curiosity4 ,he hesitated1 and his childlike embarrassment appeared to her most lovely4 8,i beg your pardon1 ,mr4 ,seraphin6 ,i have been indiscreet1 for such a question is allowable to those only who are on terms of intimacy40 ,and the beauty exhibited a masterly semblance of modesty and amiability4 ,the artifice proved successful1 the young man's diffidence fled1 and his heart opened4 8,you possess my utmost confidence1 most esteemed ,miss ,greifmann6 ,intercourse with good1 or at least honorable1 persons appears to me to be the first condition for enjoying life4 ,how could any one's existence be cheerful in the society of people whose character is naught and whose moral sense expired with the rejection of every religious principle80 8,yet perhaps it might1 ,mr4 ,seraphin60 rejoined she1 with a smile of imagined superiority4 8,refinement1 the polished manners of society1 may be substituted for the rigor of religious conviction40 8,polished manners without moral earnestness are mere hypocrisy10 answered he decidedly4 8,a wolf1 though enveloped in a thousand lambskins1 still retains his nature40 8,how stern you are60 exclaimed she1 laughing4 8,and what is the second condition for the true enjoyment of life1 ,mr4 ,seraphin80 8,it is evidently the accord of moral consciousness with the behests of a supreme authority2 or to use the ordinary expression1 a good conscience10 answered the millionaire earnestly4 ,a sneering expression spontaneously glided over her countenance4 ,she felt the hateful handwriting of her soul in her features1 turned crimson1 and cast down her eyes in confusion4 ,the young man had not observed the expression of mockery1 and could not account for her confusion4 ,he thought he had perhaps awkwardly wounded her sensitiveness4 8,i merely meant to express my private conviction10 said ,mr4 ,seraphin apologetically4 8,which is grand and admirable10 lauded she4 ,her approbation pleased him1 for his simplicity failed to detect the concealed ridicule4 ,after a walk outside of the city which ,gerlach took towards evening1 in the company of the brother and sister1 ,carl ,greifmann made his appearance in ,louise's apartment4 8,you have at last succeeded in capturing him10 began he with a chuckle of satisfaction4 8,i was almost beginning to lose confidence in your well-tried powers4 ,this time you seemed unable to keep the field1 to the astonishment of all your acquaintances4 ,they never knew you to be baffled where the heart of a weak male was to be won40 8,what are you talking about80 8,about the fat codfish of two million weight whom you have been successful in angling40 8,i do not understand you1 most mysterious brother60 8,you do not understand me1 and yet you blush like the skies before a rainstorm6 ,what means the vermilion of those cheeks1 if you do not understand80 8,i blush1 first1 on account of my limited understanding1 which cannot grasp your philosophy2 and1 secondly1 because ,i am amazed at the monstrous figures of your language40 8,then ,i shall have to speak without figures and similes upon a subject which loses a great deal in the light of bare reality1 which1 ,i might indeed say1 loses all1 dissolves into vapor1 like will-o'-the-wisps and cloud phantoms before the rising sun4 ,i hardly know how to mention the subject without figures4 ,i can hardly handle it except with poetic figures10 exclaimed he gaily1 seating himself in ,louise's rocking-chair1 rocking himself4 8,speaking in the commonest prose1 my remarks refer to the last victim immolated to your highness--to the last brand kindled by the fire of your eyes4 ,to talk quite broadly1 ,i mean the millionaire and landholder ,seraphin ,gerlach1 who is head and ears in love with you4 ,considered from a business and solid point of view1 it is exceedingly flattering for the banker's brother to see his sister adored by so considerable a sum of money40 8,madman1 you profane the noblest feelings of the heart10 she chidingly said1 with a smile4 8,i am a man of business1 my dear child1 and am acquainted with no sanctuary but the exchange4 ,relations of a tender nature1 noble feelings of the heart1 lying as they do without the domain of speculation1 are to me something incomprehensible and not at all desirable4 ,on the other hand1 ,i entertain for two millions of money a most prodigious sympathy1 and a love that casts the flames of all your heroes and heroines of romance into the shade4 ,meanwhile1 my sweet little sister1 there are two aspects to everything4 ,an alliance between our house and two millions of florins claims admiration1 'tis true2 yet it is accompanied with difficulties which require serious reflection40 ,the banker actually ceased rocking and grew serious4 8,might ,i ask a solution of your enigma80 8,all jesting aside1 ,louise1 this alliance is not altogether free from risks10 answered he4 8,just consider the contrast between yourself and ,seraphin ,gerlach's good nature is touching1 and his credulous simplicity is calculated to excite apprehension4 ,guided1 imposed upon1 entirely bewitched by religious phantasms1 he gropes about in the darkness of superstition4 ,you1 on the contrary1 sneer at what ,seraphin cherishes as holy1 and despise such religious nonsense4 ,reflect now upon the enormous contrast between yourself and the gentleman whom fate and your father's shrewdness have selected for your husband4 ,honestly1 ,i am in dread4 ,i am already beginning to dream of divorce and every possible tale of scandal1 which would not be precisely propitious for our firm40 8,what contradictions60 exclaimed the beauty with self-reliance4 8,you just a moment ago announced my triumph over ,seraphin1 and now you proclaim my defeat40 8,your defeat6 ,not at all6 ,but ,i apprehend wrangling and discord in your married life40 8,wrangling and discord because ,seraphin loves me80 8,no--not exactly--but because he is a believer and you are an unbeliever2 in short1 because he does not share your aims and views40 8,how short-sighted you are6 ,as you conceive of it1 love is not a passion2 at most1 only1 a cool mood which cannot be modified by the lovers themselves4 ,your apprehension would be well grounded concerning that kind of love4 ,but suppose love were something quite different8 ,suppose it were a passion1 a glowing1 dazzling1 omnipotent passion1 and that ,seraphin really loved me1 do you think that ,i would not skilfully and prudently take advantage of this passion8 ,cannot a woman exert a decisive and directing influence over the husband who loves her tenderly8 ,i have no fears because ,i do not view love with the eyes of a trader4 ,i hope and trust with the adjurations of love to expel from ,seraphin all superstitious spirits40 8,how sly6 ,surely nothing can surpass a daughter of ,eve in the matter of seductive arts60 exclaimed he1 laughing4 8,hem--yes1 indeed1 after what ,i have seen to-day1 it is plain that the ,adam ,seraphin will taste of the forbidden fruit of ripened knowledge1 persuaded by this tenderly beloved ,eve4 ,look at him3 there he wanders in the shade of the garden1 sighing to the rose-bushes1 dreaming of your majesty1 and little suspecting that he is threatened with conversion and redemption from the kingdom of darkness40 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,necessity ,,of ,,philosophy ,,as ,a ,,basis ,,of ,,higher ,,education4 ,,by ,f4 ,,ramiere1 ,s4 ,j4 ,,from ,,the ,,etudes ,,religieuses4 ,we have shown what secondary education does for the formation of man1 and how powerfully it is aided by philosophy in the accomplishment of its task4 ,secondary education in the soul of the young man completes the work sketched out by the primary lessons given to the child2 it develops his faculties1 teaches him their use1 invests him with full dominion over himself1 and prepares him to carry out1 according to his high vocation1 the great duty of life4 ,philosophy is the necessary complement of this education1 since it is indispensable for the development of the sovereign faculty1 reason1 and consequently for the complete formation of the man1 and the perseverance of the ,christian4 ,we might dispense with further proofs of the utility of philosophy1 although we are still very far from having examined it from every point of view4 ,the man whom primary and secondary education have placed in possession of his faculties is not destined to live alone in the world1 and employ those admirable instruments wherewith his ,creator has endowed him simply for his own advantage4 ,he is made to live in society2 it is to society he owes1 after ,god1 his existence1 his nurture1 his instruction1 his development1 his physical and moral being1 in a word1 all that he is4 ,during the period of his education1 he has remained almost passive in its hands1 and has received everything from it4 ,arrived at the term of this long career1 justice obliges him to set to work to pay back to it the immense debt he has contracted4 ,moreover1 that which in him is but a just duty is at the same time a necessary condition of his dignity and happiness4 ,for1 if he does not force himself to utilize his faculties in the interests of his fellows1 those faculties will infallibly become for him a source of wasting ennui and cruel torment4 ,if1 then1 he wishes to become an honorable man1 let him see that he become a useful citizen4 ,for this purpose a multitude of careers open out before him2 for there is many a way of serving society2 and the most useful of all is not always that whose results are the most immediate1 and whose fruits are the most easily gathered4 ,undoubtedly the father of a family who improves his land or devotes himself laboriously to the exercise of a mechanical profession accomplishes his whole duty to society2 and1 if he gives to it virtuous children1 he pays it in overrunning measure the debt which he has contracted in its regard4 ,we do not deny that these more humble callings are the most common1 and we acknowledge that to fulfil all their conditions it is enough to have learned well that divine philosophy which is contained in the maternal teachings of the church4 ,but a society could never attain a great development1 it could scarcely exist1 whose members possessed no higher knowledge than that which goes to make a good agriculturist1 a diligent workman1 or an honest father of a family4 ,beyond these common callings there are others more choice which present themselves to souls more richly endowed4 ,some more inclined to the theoretical1 rush at the conquest of science2 others of a more practical tendency betake themselves to the study of laws and the administration of justice4 ,one studies deep the experience of the past in order to illustrate the present2 another would be an orator1 and is ambitious of the triumphs of eloquence2 a third is a poet1 and he believes1 and believes rightly1 that he makes himself of use enough to his fellows by lifting up their souls to the contemplation and love of the beautiful4 ,others1 again1 feel themselves called upon from on high to become the representatives of ,god before men1 and the interpreters to them of his oracular teachings4 ,we have named the principal careers which lie open to the young man whose mind has been cultivated by a liberal education4 ,but to whatever side his choice may bend1 he will find philosophy of an almost indispensable utility for the attainment of solid success4 ,after having made him a finished man1 it will aid powerfully in making him a true scholar2 it will provide the lawyer1 the historian1 the orator1 the poet1 with the seeds of truth1 which each one of them should cause to fructify after his fashion4 ,in fine1 to form the summit of its glory1 it will lend to revelation an invincible arm for the defence of its dogmas2 and in uniting its light to that flowing from this divine torch1 it will form the first and most divine of all sciences--theology4 ,such in a few words are the various aspects under which we have still to present its utility4 ,,necessity ,,of ,,philosophy ,,for ,,the ,,formation ,,of ,,the ,,scientist4 ,i do not ignore to what ,i expose myself when ,i dare affirm that without philosophy there is no true scientist4 ,people will tell me that therein lies a prejudice of the middle ages1 the defence of which no one can undertake to-day without denying all the progress which science has made within three centuries4 ,they will sing me the old song of the panegyrists of ,bacon4 ,they will point out to me the incomparable advance of the physical sciences in modern times1 dating precisely from the day when they shook off the yoke of metaphysics1 and when1 laying aside the syllogism which clogged their march1 they claimed a right to their own process and an independent existence4 ,i will not stop to discuss the truth of these assertions2 but1 accepting them all provisionally1 ,i will maintain my thesis1 and1 with ,god's help1 will prove it4 ,what is the legitimate conclusion derived from the fact they oppose to us8 ,it is that the physical sciences are distinct from philosophy1 and that the middle ages were perhaps mistaken in identifying them too closely with it4 ,but because metaphysics and physics are distinct sciences1 does it follow that the man who pretends to the title of a scientist can content himself with the one and neglect the other altogether8 ,clearly not4 ,such a man1 on the contrary1 condemns himself in despising philosophy to remain imperfect1 not merely as a man1 but also as a scientist4 ,to demonstrate this truth let us define science1 and give an exact account of its conditions4 ,all knowledge does not deserve the name of science4 ,the animal knows after a certain fashion2 the infant and the idiot know still more2 there is no man so ignorant as not to know an innumerable multitude of things2 but neither the one nor the other possesses science4 ,science is1 in relation to a certain order of truths1 what philosophy is in relation to man and to ,god2 it is knowledge reasoned out2 that which places in a state of explication the wherefore of things1 to tell of them their essence and their laws1 their causes and their effects1 their faculties and their destinations2 to connect their consequences with their principles1 and draw their principles from their consequences3 8the knowledge of things by their causes40 ,man is1 therefore1 a greater scholar in proportion as he is capable of mounting higher in the region of principles1 and of embracing in a more general conception a greater number of particular truths4 ,science indeed is like a luminous mountain composed of many a height1 some more elevated than others4 ,as we mount1 the horizon expands1 and we are able to embrace with the same glance a vaster space4 ,he alone will possess complete science1 and he alone consequently will deserve1 in its absolute sense1 the title of a man of science1 who arrived at its loftiest height1 and grasping in its infinite simplicity the first principle of all things1 shall behold in the splendor of this focus all the rays which burst forth from it and spread abroad to illumine the whole sphere of truth4 ,but this complete science is not within the reach of mortal man1 and in its absolute perfection belongs alone to ,god4 ,fettered by his nature1 and fettered still more by the conditions of his earthly existence1 man can only aspire to a partial science2 and it is left him to choose in this immense sphere that particular ground whereon to pursue his investigations with more profit4 ,the entire field is open to us4 8,god10 says the ,scripture1 8has delivered the world to the searchings and the disputes of men40 ,in bestowing on us the faculty of finding a reason for things1 he has authorized us to make use of this faculty in regard to all the truths of the natural order1 provided we see on all sides the boundary of the mysterious1 which reminds us of our essential infirmity4 ,but though every science is equally lawful1 they are not all equally useful4 ,we may divide them into three classes1 which form the three circles of the great sphere of truth4 ,there are the sciences which concern the inferior world1 the mathematical and physical sciences2 those whose object is humanity1 the psychological and moral sciences2 thirdly1 those which concern the higher world1 the science of first principles and of the primal cause of all things4 ,this last1 which holds the centre of the great sphere of truth1 is called metaphysics2 and it is joined to the psychological and moral sciences1 which are drawn from the same principles1 under the common name of philosophy4 ,this simple statement of the place which belongs to philosophy in the hierarchy of the sciences is enough to prove our thesis1 namely1 the necessity of philosophy for the formation of the true savant4 ,what man1 in fact1 is truly worthy of this name1 unless it be he who is possessed of the necessary science8 ,but ,i would ask3 ,does that man possess this science1 does he know what he ought to know1 who possesses a perfect knowledge of the inferior world1 and who ignores himself2 who has passed his life away in studying the laws of bodies1 yet has never given a thought to his own nature and the destiny of his own soul8 ,tell me that that man is a great physicist1 and ,i will not gainsay it2 but ,i can never consent to your bestowing on him the title of a man of science4 ,the ancient ,greek unites with me in denouncing an error so opposed to the dignity of the human intelligence4 8,know thyself40 ,such was the precept impressed on all those who went to ,delphi to consult the oracle of ,apollo4 ,the gate of the true temple of wisdom opens only to those who have put this recommendation into practice4 ,but wisdom is the true science4 ,the true scholar is not he who knows something1 but he who knows enough of it4 ,no one thinks of praising unreservedly a statue whose head and bust are scarcely outlined1 and whose lower members alone are finished4 ,it is to the whole1 it is above all to the principal parts1 that we look1 when we wish to estimate a work definitely4 ,reason commands that we act in the same manner when we wish to judge of the absolute value of an intelligence4 ,as there are for a people liberties which are necessary1 so is there also for a man knowledge which is indispensable1 of his own nature1 his origin1 and his destiny2 and he who is deprived of this1 although he possess all sorts of superfluous knowledge1 cannot pretend to the title of a man of science4 ,to this first motive for the necessity of philosophy derived from its object we are able to add another deduced from the very idea of science4 ,science1 we have said1 is the knowledge of things by their principles4 ,its perfection consists in attaching particular truths to truths which are more general1 which comprise them1 and which enable the intelligence to catch them at a single glance4 ,but this unity1 which forms the perfection of the sciences1 and which each of them establishes among the particular truths which constitute their several objects1 it is the province of philosophy to establish among the sciences themselves4 ,metaphysics1 in fact1 which is the principal part of philosophy1 has for its special object not the study of particular truths1 but of those general principles which throw a light upon the other sciences4 ,it is then their necessary complement1 and their indispensable crown4 ,set in the very centre of the great sphere of knowledge1 it is to the other sciences the polar star1 whereon they must turn their eyes in order to see their way4 ,it points out to each one of them the relation of the truths which constitute their special object with the primary truth which is their common centre4 ,the geometrician and the physicist1 who occupy themselves exclusively with the relations of numbers and the laws of bodies1 are like explorers voyaging in regions where the disc of the sun is never seen1 placed without the power of tracing to their luminous focus the rays of truth which their studies permit them to catch4 ,but far beyond this1 philosophy alone can make the geometrician or the physicist acquainted with the inner essence of the objects which form the special material of their studies4 ,geometry analyzes the relations of magnitudes1 but it does not seek to give an account of the very idea of magnitude3 natural philosophy evolves from experiments the laws of bodies2 but it cannot1 by induction at least1 which is its special process1 arrive at a knowledge of the essence of bodies4 ,philosophy alone scrutinizes1 as far as it is possible for human reason so to do1 the mystery of that inner essence by which each thing is what it is4 ,philosophy is therefore necessary for the completion of the special sciences1 and to furnish scholars with the knowledge of their different objects4 ,lastly1 a fourth and still more incontestable motive for the necessity of philosophy for the formation of the true scientist is deduced from the scientific education of the intelligence1 which philosophy alone is capable of undertaking4 ,one of the most important parts of philosophy is logic2 that is1 the science of reasoning1 and of the different processes by means of which the human intelligence can find truth4 ,these processes are not only those which philosophy avails itself of1 but also those which obtain among the other sciences4 ,it belongs to philosophy1 and to philosophy alone1 to study their nature1 to fix their laws1 to prevent their wandering4 ,the other sciences borrow these processes from it2 they make use of them2 but they would depart from their object if they studied them in themselves4 ,one cannot1 then1 dispute the utility of philosophy for the formation of the scientist1 without maintaining an evident absurdity2 to wit1 that it is useless for the workman to obtain a knowledge of the instrument he uses in the exercise of his craft4 ,who can fail to see that1 without a profound knowledge of the different intellectual processes1 the scientist is exposed to a double danger--on the one hand1 to the danger of deceiving himself in the use of the special process which is proper to him2 on the other1 to the danger of exaggerating its importance1 and not holding in sufficient estimation those processes equally legitimate which are in use among other sciences8 ,the first of these dangers is to be feared1 above all1 in the inductive sciences4 ,induction is a mode of reasoning perfectly legitimate in itself2 but of all the intellectual processes it is the one which is most easily abused1 and which1 pushed beyond its just limits1 may lead to the gravest of errors4 ,the mathematical sciences which work by equation are not equally exposed to the danger of diverging from their track1 but they threaten with a still greater peril the mind of the scholar whom the study of philosophy has not set on his guard against the too exclusive influence of this process4 ,equation1 as its name indicates1 does not pass from one truth to another1 but from a like to a like1 from the expression of a relation of number or magnitude to another simpler expression of the same relation4 ,it is not1 then1 surprising that this process offers to the mind an exactness far more easy of comprehension than that by means of which we are enabled to grasp moral truths and give ourselves a reason for our own nature4 ,the philosophic mathematician will take this difference perfectly into account1 and his progress in the science of numbers will hinder him in no wise from seizing upon substantial truths4 ,but the man who all his life long has occupied himself with nothing save the study of mathematics is very much exposed to becoming incapable of comprehending that which is not demonstrated by equation2 and he will experience a greater estrangement and inaptitude for the science of ,god and of himself in proportion as he advances further in the science of the inferior world4 ,in good faith1 can we see progress in this8 ,is it not1 on the contrary1 a degradation1 not only from the moral1 but also from the intellectual point of view8 ,has not the absence of a sound philosophy stood as much in the way of that man's scientific elevation as of his moral greatness8 ,though he may have become a more able manipulator of formulas1 he surely has not become a greater savant4 ,nothing1 on the contrary1 is more calculated to cramp and mutilate the faculties of the soul than this exclusive concentration on one of the collateral objects of its activity4 ,in the same way as a limb which is never set in motion wastes away and becomes paralyzed1 so the powers of the soul cannot cease to act without losing their vigor4 ,such is the state to which a too exclusive study of what are called the exact sciences reduces certain minds3 these are the minds whose higher faculties have been wasted4 ,all their activity is turned to one side2 the eye of their intelligence is so constructed for the lesser light of equation1 that1 when they rise from the subterranean world of geometrical abstractions to enter into the region of moral realities and into the world of souls1 they are dazed1 and can see naught but darkness4 ,true it is that they are much enamored of their blindness1 and attribute it to excess of light4 ,fain to acknowledge that their formulas1 the only legitimate arguments according to them1 are powerless to solve the great moral problems1 they suppress those problems with the declaration that it is folly in human reason to trouble itself with them1 and that for him who wishes to ascertain truth and possess certainty it is enough to study the relations of numbers and the laws of bodies4 ,such is true science in the eyes of the disciples of ,auguste ,comte4 ,these men are perfectly logical4 ,they adopt the only means to ensure their title to be really scientific men without the aid of philosophy2 they suppress philosophy altogether1 and suppress consequently its object1 that is1 the human soul and ,god1 the beginning and the end of things4 ,with adversaries of this stamp ,i refuse to dispute4 ,i can only appeal to their conscience against the disdain which their lips affect for the formidable questions whose suppression they in vain decree4 ,they exist in spite of them2 and wherever they go they carry about in themselves the problems which they refuse to examine4 ,as for those for whom ,god and the soul have still a meaning1 ,i believe ,i have said enough to compel them to admit that no one has a right to the title of a wise man so long as he ignores the science which learns all that reason can know of those grand objects1 and that the other sciences when separated from it are often more hurtful than useful to the real improvement of the intellect4 ,i might go still further2 and1 coming back to the concession which ,i appeared to make in favor of the loud-voiced preachers of the exact sciences1 ,i stand on perfectly firm ground in denying that the excessive importance which a very great number of minds bestows on them1 and the exclusive study to which they give themselves up1 are for the sciences themselves a condition of progress4 ,what this study can produce is able practitioners1 who will solve successfully problems whose data somebody has already furnished them2 the artisans of science1 who may build up with skill the edifice whose plan they find traced out beforehand2 watchful pilots1 who by the aid of their compass and marine chart may guide their ship safely into port4 ,but the geniuses capable of discovering new lands1 of opening up to science new horizons1 you will never find among the minds who have only learnt to navigate by the compass of equation4 ,not by the aid of formulas are great discoveries made2 they are the effect of that sort of divination which those intelligences possess which are accustomed to raise themselves in all things to the most general principles1 and grasp in the variety of phenomena the analogy of laws4 ,if ,kepler had only proceeded by the aid of formulas1 he would never have discovered the laws of worlds2 and ,leibnitz would undoubtedly have been a far less distinguished geometrician had he not been an equally eminent philosopher4 ,we may1 then1 affirm that the study of philosophy--which is necessary to enlarge the mind of the scholar--is of immense utility in the advancement of the sciences1 even of those very ones which seem to have the least connection with this queen of sciences4 ,,ii4 ,,necessity ,,of ,,philosophy ,,for ,,the ,,formation ,,of ,,the ,,jurisconsult4 ,if it is thus with the sciences whose objects are distinct from that of philosophy1 what shall we say of jurisprudence1 which treats of the rights and duties of the members of human society8 ,here the connection is much more direct1 since the object which we are about to indicate is precisely that which moral philosophy treats of4 ,between the two sciences there is no other difference than this3 while moral philosophy treats only of essential rights and duties1 that is to say1 of those which result from the very nature of man1 and depend on the necessary will of the ,creator1 jurisprudence has for its more particular object those rights which are derived immediately from the civil authority1 and which have been established by a positive law4 ,but who does not see that this second species of rights and duties presupposes the first and leans upon it for its necessary support8 ,in order to proceed rationally to the study of the acts of civil authority1 and take into account the duties which it imposes1 we must know whence proceeds this authority1 from whom does it hold the right of making laws1 what is its mission1 and how far does its power extend4 ,we must know also what is law1 what are its conditions1 when it begins and when it ceases to compel1 what are the causes which dispense with its observance1 what the objects to which its provisions should extend4 ,where shall we seek the solving of these questions1 and of many others which form the necessary preliminary of all rational jurisprudence1 unless from philosophy8 ,open the most celebrated treatises2 the ,treatise on ,laws by ,domat1 for instance1 and see if he is ashamed to borrow from the metaphysicians their principles and their definitions4 ,by how many eminent jurisconsults has the ,treatise on ,laws of ,suarez been used8 ,how often have his general theories1 though altogether removed from the different special legislations1 served1 nevertheless1 as the connecting clue to lead them out of the labyrinth of their provisions1 and furnished the most precious indications for the determination of the rights which they only defined imperfectly8 ,more than ever has it become necessary in our days to establish solidly1 in the minds of those who are destined to make laws or watch over their execution1 these fundamental notions on the origin1 the end1 and the extent of civil authority1 and on the conditions of its exercise4 ,for one must be blind not to comprehend that from the ignorance and reversing of these notions springs the overturning of modern societies4 ,strange it is that public order1 which has never had to withstand such radical attacks as in these our days1 should find its worst foes1 not in those who deny the legitimacy of law1 but1 on the contrary1 in the very men who have exaggerated beyond measure the power of the law4 ,what in effect is that system but socialism1 according to which we must recognize no other right1 no other duty1 save such as emanate from the social will2 which extends to everything the power of the law2 and which1 grinding under this pitiless roller every natural right and every relation of property and family1 leaves nothing to subsist before the state1 save isolated individualities8 ,since the hand of ,god first founded human society1 never has an error so fatal to its existence sprung up4 ,yet this error1 since we must confess it1 has had for its upholders1 through many ages1 a great number of jurisconsults1 who have done their best to establish the principles on which it leans1 detesting all the while the consequences which it deduces from them4 ,in place of borrowing from a sound philosophy the true notions with regard to the mission of civil authority1 they are pleased to give it an extension without limits1 not perceiving that they thereby impose on it an overwhelming responsibility1 and that in lessening the rights which should give it equilibrium1 they weaken at the same time its solidity4 ,alas6 how many 8men of order10 how many grave jurisconsults1 are in our days completely socialistic in their ideas1 and yet fail to perceive that their doctrines only furnish that party1 whose criminal efforts they oppose with all the force that is in them1 with arms which are only too powerful6 ,philosophy is not only useful to the jurisconsult in furnishing him with the general notions on the origin1 end1 and exercise of legislative power2 in addition1 it throws a light over the detail of laws1 atones for their deficiencies1 fixes their uncertainties1 reconciles their opposition1 and by discovering the motives of their provisions1 determines the limits within which they ought to be restrained4 ,the written law1 in fact1 is not enough for itself4 ,its end is not to promulgate all duties4 ,there are a great number1 and they are the most essential1 which are anterior to it1 and which the finger of ,god has graven on the soul of every man coming into this world1 and which his ,eternal ,word promulgates in the depth of every conscience4 ,it is on this unwritten law that human society leans2 it is only in virtue of the rights and duties of which it is the source that men have been able to unite themselves into different groups and establish civil societies4 ,unless they had been previously submitted the one to the other by some obligation1 they would never have bound themselves by any contract2 their agreements would have been determined by convenience2 they would never have believed in duties4 ,the civil law presupposes1 then1 a law anterior and superior to it1 by which all the necessary relations of men are defined with a sovereign authority1 since it is the authority of ,god himself1 and with an irresistible clearness1 since it is the very light of reason4 ,the mission of the human legislator consists merely in adding to the essential duties1 which the natural law prescribes for all men1 those which result from the constitution of the different groups which form civil societies4 ,it is the natural law which bids man love his fellows and co-operate for their happiness2 the civil law1 supporting itself on this general obligation1 determines the particular services which the citizens owe one another for the common defence of their interests4 ,the natural law establishes the family1 and promulgates the essential rights of parents and children2 the civil law surrounds the exercise of these rights by the guarantees necessary to certify their existence1 to ward off the dangers which threaten them1 to ensure their stability1 and prevent their conflict4 ,the natural law lays the foundation of property1 in bestowing on each man the fruit of his labor1 and commanding him to provide for his own future and that of his children2 but it belongs to the civil law to determine the necessary forms for the authentication of the acquisition and transfer of property1 and to prevent this right1 which is so necessary to social order1 from becoming a source of disorder4 ,we see1 then1 that in all its provisions the civil law presupposes the natural law1 of which it is but the complement and final determination4 ,the rights which it establishes are real rights beyond doubt2 they are sacred and inviolable rights1 which divine justice1 the protector of all order1 takes under its guarantee1 and for which it reserves a sanction as eternal as for the rights of which it is the immediate source3 but nevertheless these are but secondary rights1 which are only binding so long as they are conformable with the rights which are preordained1 and lose all their force from the moment that they become contrary to them2 for there is no such thing as right against right1 as ,bossuet has so well said4 ,whence it follows that no man can acquire a complete and sure knowledge of civil legislation1 unless he has first of all made a serious study of that part of philosophy which is called natural right4 ,but it is clear that this moral and practical part of philosophy does not subsist alone2 it is only the consequence of principles established in the speculative and metaphysical part2 it is1 then1 philosophy in its entirety which he ought to study with the most laborious attention who destines himself for the teaching or the practice of jurisprudence4 ,there alone will he find the final reason of human laws3 thence will he draw those great principles to which he ought to go back at all times when he wishes to solve one of those difficult cases which the civil law has not foreseen1 or for which she has furnished insufficient data4 ,it will often happen that two laws appear in opposition1 and right will clash against right4 ,to whom shall we turn to reconcile these apparent or real antinomies1 which are found in the letter of the law8 ,to whom1 unless to the supreme lawgiver1 of whom the framers of laws are but the interpreters2 to the spirit of the law1 to that eternal reason whose oracular decisions philosophy records8 ,unhappy the jurisconsult who1 before investing himself with the toga of the magistracy1 or taking upon himself the defence of the rights of his fellows1 shall not have entered into the sanctuary where these luminous oracles are expounded by the mouth of sages1 and who persuades himself that the letter of the code is enough to enable him to acquit himself of his difficult functions6 ,the letter is a useful instrument undoubtedly1 an instrument necessary even1 indispensable2 but it is nothing more than instrument4 ,to hit its mark it requires to be ably handled4 ,philosophy alone gives this power and freedom in the management of the written law1 because it alone shows its end1 mechanism1 and motives4 ,guided by its light1 the true jurisconsult will advance with confidence1 and apply the law with intelligence2 he will resolve it into its different parts1 take in his hands the links that bind them together1 and show their connection with the different problems1 whose complexity rendered their solution more difficult4 ,the superficial jurisconsult1 on the contrary1 unaided by the torch of philosophy1 will always grope upon the earth when he seeks to penetrate the inner mechanism of laws and the essence of things2 as the law cannot foresee the diversity of particular cases1 he will ever be embarrassed in the application of its general provisions2 a slave to the letter1 he allows himself to be guided by1 instead of guiding it1 as every good workman ought to guide his instrument4 ,if he strives to free himself from it1 and lift himself above it1 it is only to wander at haphazard in the region of guesswork4 ,so he goes on1 pushed from one extreme to another1 not fleeing a servile application of the written law1 more or less opposed to its spirit1 and always uncertain1 only to lose himself in conjecture more uncertain and more dangerous still2 in place of being the defender and the minister of justice1 he will too often be its executioner1 and will verify but too faithfully the truth of that saying3 8,the letter without the spirit can only be a principle of death40 ,,iii4 ,,utility ,,of ,,philosophy ,,for ,,the ,,formation ,,of ,,the ,,historian4 ,history is not a science properly so-called1 since it only occupies itself with contingent facts1 and does not pretend to deduce those facts from first principles by any necessary connection4 ,differing from the physical world1 where phenomena seemingly the most accidental are the effect of constant laws1 the moral world is the product of human liberty1 acting under the control of the ,divine ,providence in all the spontaneity of its expansion4 ,history1 which presents us with the faithful tableaux of this world1 must refuse therefore to admit into its process that severe order which constitutes science2 and if at times in the recital of human acts it can point out to us the accomplishment of the moral law1 far more frequently does it show the most flagrant and persistent violation of it4 ,must we say1 then1 that history ought to resign itself to presenting to the mind a mere disconnected and aimless chaos of facts1 and that it cannot seek to cast on its recitals the light of principles1 and give to them that order and that unity without which there is nothing truly beautiful8 ,who dare say this8 ,to what purpose would the study of history serve us if it were nothing else than an incoherent tableau of the caprices of human liberty8 ,in place of being one of the most useful studies for the formation of the mind and heart of a young man1 it would be nothing but an idle pastime and dangerous food for curiosity4 ,instead of illumining the present by the light of the past1 it would only serve to transmit to the present generations the consequence of the scandals of the generation which went before2 in place of pointing out a ,god still working in the world and thus becoming a school for religion1 it would be simply a school for atheism1 in permitting us to see in the moral world nothing but human liberty abandoned to itself1 a worthy emulation of that blind and impious science which in the physical world would show us nothing save a nature self-produced1 self-acting by its own power4 ,history1 then1 is a study truly worthy of man2 with a power to charm his intellect and make a beneficial impression on his heart1 only so long as it marches ever under the light of principles1 and keeps its eyes ever fixed on the moral laws1 to show where they agree or where they clash with the facts with whose recital it is charged4 ,that is to say1 history cannot fulfil its mission without calling in philosophy to its aid2 and1 however able a writer may be in the narration of facts1 he can never merit the title of historian if he is not a philosopher4 ,not that ,i wish to bring myself forward here as the defender of the philosophy of history1 as understood by the greater portion of modern historians4 ,i know well that this pretended science1 so vaunted in our days1 is one of the deadliest engines of war which impiety has set in action in its attack on the church4 ,the philosophy of history thus understood is to true history1 such as ,st4 ,augustine and ,bossuet taught1 what the philosophy of the sophist is to the philosophy of reason4 ,i cannot help1 therefore1 repudiating with all my power this word1 if they persist in giving it the sense which ,voltaire1 who first introduced it1 gave1 or the still more impious sense which the pantheistic school gives it4 ,i maintain that there is no philosophy of history if you understand thereby the fatalist development of human activity1 after certain fixed formulas as necessary as those which govern the movements of matter2 such a philosophy of history is nothing else than a denial of the human soul and of ,god1 the legitimizing of all crime1 the exciting of all the worst passions1 the overthrow of all society1 that is to say1 the destruction of all philosophy and of all history4 ,but the false philosophy of fatalism and pantheism is not the only one1 thank ,god1 which can be applied to history4 ,there is also a true philosophy of history1 which shows us ,god glorifying himself in the reparation of the disorders of the moral world after a manner as admirable in its kind as is the maintenance of the order of the physical world4 ,if he showed his power and wisdom1 when with sovereign hand he caused the splendors of the heavens to radiate from the womb of chaos with the harmony of the stars and the life of nature1 how much wiser and more powerful does he not seem to us when we behold him making use of a chaos a thousand times more rebellious1 the chaos of the passions and perverseness of humanity1 in order to produce the most beautiful of all his works--the manifestation of his truth and the triumph of his goodness6 ,it is this sovereign action of the ,divine ,providence1 irresistibly shaping to its own end the will of man without infringing an iota on his liberty1 that the true philosophy of history purposes to contemplate4 ,it is part of this principle that ,god1 sovereignly wise1 who could not call into being the least atom without giving it an end worthy of himself1 could not for a stronger reason produce the masterpiece of his hands1 the rational soul1 without giving it an end1 and without urging it unceasingly to the realization of that end4 ,that which is true of the individual is true of society1 and is truer still of all humanity4 ,this end being attainable by visible means1 and1 on the other hand1 being conformable to the nature of ,god and the nature of man1 it ought to be possible to discover it by means of a study of facts1 which constitute history1 and by means of a profound observation of those two natures1 which constitute philosophy4 ,philosophy furnishes the data a priori2 history possesses itself of these data and verifies them by experience4 ,the result of this double revision is one of the most attractive branches of knowledge for the mind1 and most capable of enlarging the soul1 the knowledge of the divine economy1 and of the secret resorts by which ,providence governs the affairs of this world4 ,the divine government operates in three different spheres1 to which respond three degrees of the philosophy of history4 ,the first sphere of action chosen by ,providence is the conscience of each man4 ,undoubtedly we are not to look in this world for the definite accomplishment of individual destinies4 ,god has reserved for a more durable life the full award of his law4 ,meanwhile it has often been his will to anticipate this eternal award by a temporary one1 which1 in this life1 may avenge his justice for the outrages of crime4 ,thus1 there are some lives most obscure2 there are1 for a still stronger reason1 brilliant lives which leave their mark on the memory of the human race4 ,it is not often possible to discover this award4 ,to arrive at it1 history will borrow from philosophy the moral laws which ought to regulate the conduct of individuals2 and she will look for the confirmation of these laws in the prosperity or misfortune which have accompanied their observance or their neglect4 ,such is the study which constitutes the first degree of the true philosophy of history1 and which makes this science an excellent school for morality4 ,but history mounts still higher by the aid of philosophy2 its mission1 in fact1 is not merely to recount the life of certain individuals1 who by their talents1 their virtues1 or their crimes have left a deep trace in the memory of generations3 above all1 it is the tableau of the destiny of peoples which it is called upon to paint2 it is social events which1 above all1 form the interest of its pictures4 ,therein each people appears like a moral personality1 with its infancy1 its growth1 its maturity and its decrepitude2 its special character1 its qualities and faults1 its good points and its crimes1 its prosperity and its misfortune4 ,the life of each people is1 then1 a grand drama1 wherein not one of the elements of the most moving interest is wanting2 but this drama must have its moral1 and1 in order to give it one1 history must have recourse anew to philosophy4 ,philosophy will not fail it2 she will furnish it with the social laws1 that is to say1 those by which societies are constituted1 governed1 and developed4 ,the application of these laws1 which she deduces from the nature of man1 she invites history to seek in the facts4 ,if her theories are true1 it is impossible that their accomplishment should not confer happiness on society1 and their violation misfortune4 ,history ought therefore1 again1 from this point of view to be the counter-proof of philosophy2 and it ought to become so after a manner still more complete than when it occupied itself with the destiny of individuals4 ,in truth1 this destiny1 playing its part chiefly on the invisible theatre of conscience and carrying it on into after-time1 often escapes the application of history4 ,societies1 on the contrary1 having an existence temporal in its duration and public in its most important events1 ought to show forth in their history with great clearness the award of the laws which the ,creator has imposed upon them1 and which philosophy establishes a priori by its deductions4 ,the study of this award must purchase1 then1 at the price of very great difficulties1 the precious advantages which it promises4 ,it is this which constitutes the second degree of the philosophy of history1 and which makes this science the best school of politics4 ,lastly1 history mounts a degree still higher3 beyond the moral individualities which we call peoples1 she discovers an individuality much more vast and much more lasting--humanity1 the immense body whose members are all peoples1 and in which each individual plays his rle1 like a living molecule which influences in its part the destinies of the whole4 ,as each nation has its character and as it were its own style of feature which distinguish it from other nations1 so humanity is distinguished from the other species of rational beings wherewith the ,creator has peopled the universe1 by prerogatives and by infirmities which no other shares with it4 ,it also has had its infancy1 its growth1 its ripe age2 and everything leads us to believe that it will one day have its decrepitude4 ,it also1 in fine1 has its mission1 which it accomplishes in the course of ages1 and at the term of which its development will cease4 ,this common destiny of humanity constitutes1 together with its common origin1 the unity of this vast body4 ,it permits us to lift ourselves up even to the divine thought1 which1 in sowing this innumerable multitude in the immensity of the ages1 proposed to itself a plan as harmonious in its unity as when it launched into space this immense variety of globes and atoms which compose the universe4 ,behold herein the true unity of the human race1 whose substantial unity1 as seen by the pantheist1 is nothing but an absurd parody4 ,it is here1 in fact1 that we find ourselves face to face with the two philosophies of history--the false and the true4 ,both wish for unity1 because unity1 which is the essence of ,god and the law of the world1 is also the last want of our mind and the last end of science4 ,but the first of these philosophies only establishes unity in the world by destroying its diversity1 which is an essential condition of beauty and of life4 ,in its eyes individuals are nothing but unreal phenomena1 which appear1 only to vanish2 space alone is something2 it alone remains while all the rest passes away4 ,and as it would be too absurd to give space a separate reality1 independent of that of individuals1 to make humanity something existing outside of man1 it is forced to conclude1 in the final analysis1 that this humanity1 which alone truly exists1 is nothing in itself but a form which is developed by some fatality in time and space2 and all of us who persuade ourselves that we each have our own existence are in reality but the varied expressions of this form1 the passing vibrations of an ideal fluid1 the fleeting tints of a cloud4 ,behold the philosophy of history according to pantheism6 ,how much greater1 how much more consoling1 how much more beautiful is the true philosophy of history--that of which ,st4 ,augustine and ,bossuet have made themselves the eloquent interpreters6 ,and in the meantime1 in the midst of all these varied existences1 in the midst of these actions so divergent1 in the midst of these liberties so often at war1 she finds a perfect unity1 the unity of the divine thought--bringing back to its end all these divergencies1 and making of their very opposition so many means thereto4 ,but what is this thought1 what is this one end1 which ,god is working in the world1 and for the realization of which1 willingly or unwillingly1 all these individuals and peoples labor8 ,for a reply to this mighty question1 it has pleased ,god not to abandon us to uncertain conjecture4 ,he hath spoken from the beginning of the world2 and in proportion as the human race has developed has he manifested more clearly its destiny--a destiny thrice divine since it has ,god for its principle1 ,god for its term1 and ,god again for its means2 it is the divinization of man by ,jesus ,christ the ,god-man1 the conquest of eternal happiness by ,god himself1 by the fulfilling of the earthly ordeal in the image of ,god ,incarnate4 ,such is the divine thought which it has pleased ,god to reveal to us from his own mouth4 ,the incarnation of the ,son of ,god is1 therefore1 the pivot around which roll the events of history--as the divinization of men in him is the term where these events ought to meet4 ,the glory of the ,word ,incarnate3 such is the closing scene to which all the catastrophes of this drama ought infallibly to lead up--a drama whose every historic period forms a scene1 whose plot borrows a most captivating interest from the apparent triumph of human passions4 ,jesus ,christ3 such is the word which unlocks the great enigma of the ages--,jesus ,christ3 behold the ,sun1 whose dawn and coming form the natural division of the ancient and modern world1 whose presence and whose absence make the day and the night in the moral order1 and whose final triumphs over the mists and vapors1 which to this day have striven against him1 will give to the earth the unity and the happiness for which it sighs4 ,but one may stop me1 and tell me that ,i am no longer treading on philosophic ground4 ,i am happy to confess it4 ,for the same reason that in seeking the final explanation of his individual destiny man is compelled to have recourse to his ,creator1 so must he abide his final explanation alone of the destiny of the world4 ,reason tells him that in the existence of humanity ,god pursues one end1 and that this end should be the manifestation of his divine attributes4 ,it can tell him no more4 ,as for the mode of this manifestation1 it rests entirely with the will of ,god2 and it would consequently be a presumption on the part of philosophy to pretend to determine it1 since its power does not stretch beyond necessary truths4 ,we acknowledge1 therefore1 that1 without the aid of faith1 the science of history cannot reach its third degree4 ,therein we detract in no wise from philosophy2 for1 if it must necessarily borrow from revelation this fact of the free end of ,god1 as it borrows from history the knowledge of the free actions of men1 it is no less true that by its processes these different facts meet together to form the most harmonious of all the tableaux1 and the most inspiring of all the poems which human thought has ever conceived--the divine epic of humanity4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,a ,,summer ,,in ,,the ,,tyrol4 ,the ,tyrol is--or was1 when we knew it--one of the most primitive countries in ,europe4 ,entirely ,catholic1 it comes up to the ideal of the faith of the middle ages far better than even the most historic cities of ,italy1 that by-gone cradle of our faith4 ,it is not sufficiently overrun with tourists to be corrupted by them1 and their stay in any of its towns is seldom long4 ,before the ,brenner ,railroad was opened1 it was almost1 practically speaking1 as secluded a spot as the interior of ,china4 ,twenty years ago1 hardly any language but a patois of ,german was understood by the ,tyrolese1 and when a couple of ,english explorers made a tour among the mountains1 journeying on foot nearly the whole of the way1 they were amused one night by finding their old ,english valet seated in the kitchen of a very unpretending ,gasthaus1 with his bare feet stamping on the floor within a cabalistic-looking circle drawn in white chalk4 ,the old man had been frantically but vainly endeavoring to make the natives understand his master's need of--a foot-bath6 ,one of the travellers was luckily able to come to his assistance in good ,hanoverian ,german1 which itself1 however1 was only just barely comprehensible to the simple mountaineers4 ,although we have no personal reminiscences of that style of travelling which skims over half a continent in a two months' tour1 yet the local knowledge we acquired by a four months' residence in one town of the ,tyrol will perhaps not be entirely uninteresting4 ,innsbruck1 although the capital of the province1 is nothing more than a large village with two or three roomy and tidy but very old-fashioned inns1 and a church or two not remarkable for either beauty or antiquity4 ,besides the inns1 which were too much embedded among streets and houses to be suitable to our taste1 there were1 outside the town1 a few cheap 8places of entertainment10 where lodging could be had for next to nothing1 and where unlimited quiet might be enjoyed4 ,one was a 8,schloss10 anciently some baronial or monastic dependency1 very picturesque and inaccessible1 and on the inside very susceptible of ,english home comfort1 but for an invalid this could not be thought of4 ,the road that led to it was enough to jolt any springs to pieces1 and once a carriage had safely got up1 it seemed impossible that it should ever get down again4 ,so this had to be given up despite the romantic name and position of the 8,schloss40 ,lower down1 and on the turnpike road1 just beyond the bridge over the ,inn 7which gives the town its name71 was another house1 partly a chlet1 comfortable enough and very quiet4 ,it was delightfully primitive4 ,a wide wooden staircase led right up from the entrance door on the left hand1 and never1 on the darkest night1 was there by any chance a light to guide you over it4 ,the first floor consisted of a wide passage with rooms on each side1 like a monastery1 and a large ,saal1 or public room1 with a clean boarded floor and a billiard table4 ,beyond this were three or four other rooms4 ,our party took the whole floor1 including the ,saal1 which during our stay was to be a private room4 ,sufficient furniture was brought in to make one corner of it look civilized1 and it served for drawing1 dining1 and billiard room alike4 ,nothing cooler nor more rustic could have been imagined1 and1 to add to the pleasantness of this retreat1 the windows opened on a balcony1 just like those on the toy ,swiss chlets we have so often seen4 ,there was a chapel in the house1 and the proprietor claimed that he had a right to have ,mass said there every ,sunday4 ,however problematical this sounded1 ,mass was said notwithstanding1 but under a legitimate permission obtained for our own party4 ,there in the little dark closetlike room1 with a congregation of servants and stray guests or laborers out in the corridor beyond1 ,mass was offered every ,sunday and very often on week-days4 ,sometimes the ,jesuits from the town would officiate1 sometimes the parish priest of the little church half a mile further up the country4 ,the ,jesuit church1 standing on the edge of the town1 among great lindens and elm-trees1 was a large1 tawdry renaissance building1 where brick and stucco did duty for the marbles of ,italy1 and artificial flowers and gilded finery reigned supreme4 ,there was not one feature worth noticing about the whole church1 and even the ,madonna shrine was but a sad burlesque on the wonderful idea it symbolized4 ,but1 on the other hand1 the priests worked hard and earnestly1 services were frequent and well attended1 the confessionals crowded1 and the communions numerous4 ,there were real sympathy and sound counsel to be had there2 strength to be gathered from the exhortations given in secret1 and instruction in all necessary religious knowledge to be reaped from the plain and practical sermons delivered in public4 ,the devotion of the ,tyrolese is as simple as it is deep2 it has no need of exalting externals to draw it to ,god1 it is so full of vitality and manliness that it does not ask for the sthetic helps whose absence often makes such a void in our own devotion1 and we cannot choose but admire it1 though it is vain for our weaker if more cultured ,christianity to endeavor to imitate it4 ,the parish church outside the town to which we have referred was much smaller and poorer than that of the ,jesuits1 but a great feeling of peace came over you as you entered it1 and as1 pacing to and fro under its low1 simple roof1 you thought of the many holy and acceptable peasant lives that had been lived under its shadow1 and ended joyfully within its churchyard4 ,it stood on a small but abrupt hill1 which1 from the singular flatness of the vale of ,innsbruck1 looked higher than it was4 ,iron crosses with rude metal rays or crowns attached to them replaced in this ,tyrolese cemetery the broad gravestones to which our northern eye is so well accustomed1 and so it is throughout all ,germany and ,switzerland4 ,about a mile further than this church stood a little private chapel1 near a deserted villa1 or1 as the ,french would call it1 a chteau4 ,this chapel was always open1 and was our invariable resting-place every day during a long stroll into the country4 ,a high gate of rusty and intricate iron-work divided the main chapel from the lower and narrower part accessible to the public at all times1 and remains of gilding and heraldic colors denoted the connection1 in the past at least if not in the present1 of this little oratory with some old family of high standing4 ,here and there a group of cottages that hardly made a hamlet was dotted on the green landscape1 and the only sound to be heard was the tinkling of the great square cow-bells1 or the peculiar jdel of the mountaineer1 a cry now made familiar to the outside world by 8,tyrolese minstrels0 7or their spurious personifiers74 ,the ,tyrol is famous for its wild flowers1 as are all ,alpine tracts1 the gentian and the wild rhododendron#agg predominating4 ,all kinds of summer meadow flowers grow well in the green pasture lands near ,innsbruck1 and the forget-me-not lines the frequent brooks with thick fringes of blossom4#agh ,water-mills are very often found on the line of these mountain brooks1 and as only the old-fashioned appliances are known1 the places where they are built are fortunately not disfigured by business-looking arrangements or alarmingly active squads of men4 ,one of these picturesque mills we well remember1 standing over a beautiful1 foaming brook1 and surrounded by hay-fields4 ,it was a very silent1 lonely walk1 and used to be almost a daily one with us1 until the old farmer to whom the mill and hay-field belonged once waylaid us at the door of his cottage and began expostulating in no very choice language1 and ordering us not to trample his hay any longer unless we liked to pay him for the damage4 ,the old fellow was very small and wizened1 and whether the garment he had on was a smock-frock or a night-shirt it was difficult to determine1 though the certainty of his unmistakable nightcap was apparent4 ,of course1 like all thoroughly ,catholic countries the ,tyrol is full of wayside shrines1 with rude daubs reminding the passer-by of some religious event or point of ,christian doctrine4 ,besides these1 however1 one thing cannot fail to strike a stranger as he walks through the lands round ,innsbruck4 ,on every house or building that is not an absolute 8shanty0 appears in the flaming colors sacred to the chromos of the cheap press the figure of a young ,roman soldier pouring water out of a common jug on a most terrific and disproportionate conflagration4 ,this is meant to represent ,st4 ,florian1 a saint much honored in the ,tyrol1 and to whom tradition attributes a particular sovereignty over fire4 ,the buildings1 both farm and dwelling-houses1 that abound most in that part of the country1 are of wood1 and very liable to the kind of destruction over which ,st4 ,florian has power4 ,hence his image is painted on the outer wall by way of a preservative1 a kind of 8insurance10 that may make stockholders smile1 but that will bring in more of those riches garnered up where 8the rust doth not eat1 nor the moth consume10 than their long-headed thriftiness will ever be able to gather4 ,pilgrimages1 among a people so devout as the ,tyrolese1 are numberless4 ,every village has its chapel where of old miracles were wrought or some proof of divine favor was manifested4 ,five or six miles from ,innsbruck is one of these hamlets1 called ,absam1 where the shrine is of a somewhat peculiar nature4 ,among the several visits we paid to it was one on the day of the ,assumption4 ,the road leads through fields of flax1 one of the crops most cultivated in the ,tyrol4 ,its tiny blue flowers were thickly spread over the fields1 and ,august seemed thus to have put on a fitting livery with which to greet the blue-mantled ,queen whose triumph is commemorated on the #aeth of that month4 ,the village church at ,absam is small and otherwise uninteresting4 ,the altar1 over which hangs the miraculous image1 is covered with ornamental ex-votos1 while larger votive offerings1 curious little commemorative pictures1 and plain tablets adorn the walls for a long space beyond4 ,the image itself is on glass1 a common thick pane1 of very small dimensions1 with the veiled head of the ,virgin scratched in dark outline upon it4 ,tears are coursing down her cheeks1 and the expression is wonderfully strong and sweet4 ,it is strange that these few rude lines should be able to speak so energetic and unmistakable a language1 but then we must remember the legend which calls this image the work of an angel4 ,it was suddenly found in the church one morning1 four or five centuries ago1 and was immediately transferred from the window to a private chamber4 ,a great deal of religious litigation and examination had to be gone through before it was allowed to be placed in a shrine and publicly venerated4 ,since then cures have been yearly obtained in this church1 which has become famous through the ,tyrol4 ,we do not remember another instance of a miraculous image being graven on glass4 ,it has none of the attributes of stained glass1 neither in color nor in style1 and is all of one piece4 ,it is now framed in a showy gilt frame with a royal cross-surmounted crown ornamenting the top4 ,both pictures and prints of it are to be procured in the village1 and also representations on glass1 two or three inches square1 but whose likeness to the original are perhaps not entirely reliable4 ,this was not the only shrine we visited while at ,innsbruck4 ,the pilgrimage of ,waldrast included a picturesque journey half-way up the ,brenner pass1 and through some very wild and beautiful ,alpine scenery among the lesser peaks4 ,we slept at a little inn at the foot of ,waldrast1 so as to be able to make the most of the early morning4 ,the day was beautiful2 it was in the beginning of ,september1 and just that season when1 in ,europe1 summer and autumn seem to make but one4 ,a thin mist hung over the mountain tops1 the path was rugged and winding1 and there were frequent brooks and fences to jump over or climb4 ,heather grew in purple masses under foot1 and the growth of trees varied from oak to chestnut1 till it left the higher and more barren ground to the pines alone4 ,after two or three hours' good walking1 we reached the chapel1 which is only one level lower than the uncovered mountain top4 ,it had grown quite chilly despite the sun which was advancing on his way4 ,we were just in time to hear ,mass1 if we remember right1 and had but little time to spare for refreshment4 ,there is a ,gasthaus opposite the church1 a little solitary1 whitewashed1 low-roofed cottage1 very clean and comfortable4 ,it is pretty full all the summer1 but entirely deserted1 even by its keeper1 during the winter4 ,we asked to see the priest4 ,he turned out to be a ,servite1 and told us that the church belonged to his order4 ,there was next to it a bare-looking house with one 7and the larger7 portion in ruins1 a gaunt shell with no roof and full of dbris inside4 ,it had been a monastery1 but circumstances1 chiefly of a persecuting nature1 had obliged the monks to abandon the place4 ,one of their community1 however1 was always there1 to attend to the shrine and receive the still numerous pilgrims2 he himself had never left the place for ten years1 and1 saving the visitors to the shrine1 never saw a human being4 ,during six months out of twelve he could safely say he was a hermit4 ,we asked him how he spent his time4 8,i have a small library10 he answered1 8and read a great deal1 but when ,i have more time than ,i can fill by reading1 or my office1 or even the work of the church1 ,i turn carpenter40 ,and he took us into a workshop1 littered over with shavings and sawdust1 where among planks and rough logs of wood were various useful things of his own making4 ,we particularly noticed a little wooden sleigh1 and asked him its use4 8,i use it in the winter10 he said1 8to take me down to the village1 to buy necessaries every week2 and1 when there is plenty of snow to cover the inequalities of the path1 it works very well4 ,coming back1 however1 ,i have to load my purchases on it1 and drag it up after me4 ,it is good exercise10 he added1 with a good-humored laugh1 8and keeps me warm40 ,he led us into the church1 and told us the story of the apparition4 ,this image was not so old as that of ,absam1 although it could boast of three centuries' antiquity at least4 ,it had been found by a woodman while chopping a tree on the mountain very near the spot where the church now stands4 ,the figure suddenly appeared1 surrounded by a marvellous light1 in the cleft made by his axe in the wood4 ,years of suspense followed1 during which authentications of this wonderful occurrence were severely tested1 the devotion of the villagers preceding1 however1 the permission of the church to venerate the image as miraculous4 ,during this time it was housed in the hamlet at the foot of the mountain1 where crowds flocked to visit it4 ,when it was removed to the ,servite church and monastery1 built expressly for its reception1 on the spot where it had first appeared1 its translation was a cause of grief as well as joy1 those who had guarded it till then loudly lamenting their loss4 ,the monastery1 we believe1 was reduced to its present condition through the decrees against monastic orders issued during the unhappy reign of the infidel ,emperor ,joseph4 ,the church was never1 however1 without its chaplain4 ,it is a plain1 whitewashed building1 with a flat frontage1 irregularly pierced with a great many windows1 while to the back rises one of those extraordinary steeples so often seen in the ,tyrol1 suggestive of a farm-house rather than a church4 ,often and often have we come upon such1 sometimes of red tiles and not unfrequently of green1 so that we were forcibly reminded of ,st4 ,george and his scaly dragon4 ,the interior of ,waldrast church corresponds to the exterior1 and is very plain and inartistic4 ,the image itself is of wood1 and peculiarly ,german in its cut4 ,our ,lady is covered with a stiff1 heavy mantle1 and bears her ,divine ,son1 also robed in the same kind of garment1 absolutely shapeless except where his hand comes forth4 ,the ,virgin bears a globe in her hand1 and both she and the ,divine ,infant are crowned4 ,the crowns1 however1 and the chains and ornaments on the figures1 are due to the devotion of the faithful4 ,the ,servite father who kindly showed us over the church was still a young man1 and seemed very quiet and refined4 ,his ten years' solitude had not taken any of the grace of civilization--ought we not rather to say of charity8--from his manner1 nor given him in any way the air of a ,nabuchodonosor4 ,he wore his black habit and a long black beard4 ,we were sorry to be able to see so little of him1 for we had a long journey home before us1 and the greater part had to be performed on foot4 ,we left ,waldrast at midday1 feeling that in these out-of-the-way nooks more can be learnt of the inner life of a people than in larger centres of bustle and activity4 ,the way down the other side of the mountain led through sparse forests of pine1 where workmen were felling the trees and piling them in heaps as high as houses along the path4 ,glimpses might be caught now and then of far-off precipices1 walls of rock or of snow with the intense golden white of the noonday sun glorifying their stern beauty1 and reminding one of those still more difficult ascents to virtue1 seemingly so inaccessible1 yet so gloriously transfigured in the light of ,god's help and ,god's promises4 ,wild flowers abounded through the wood1 and mosses and ferns grew in great tangles of greenery by the brooks which their growth overshadowed4 ,it was a delightful expedition1 and one that we should very much like to repeat4 ,but nothing in this world ever duplicates itself2 the places we once visited with such confident hopes of returning to enjoy them the next year1 have we ever seen them again1 or if we have1 has it ever been with the same feelings1 the same hopes1 the same companions1 nay1 even the same self8 ,in this law of change lies1 to our mind1 the sad side of travel4 ,we go to a place1 we learn to admire it1 we remember it with pleasure1 we almost begin to have associations with it and its surroundings1 it grows in fact into our soul's history1 and makes itself a place in our life4 ,we leave it1 and never see it again4 ,we have the regret of having seen and felt beauty that is not for us1 we have longed for what we could not have1 we have dreamed of utopias that were never to be realized1 and we have prepared for ourselves a nest of disappointments for the future4 ,is not this so much time and energy lost8 so much vitality taken out of our life which might have been usefully employed at home8 ,but if the place we have visited once becomes a frequent resort1 if we go back to it again and again and find ties and duties to bind us there1 the charm of life is doubled1 and the happiness of home reproduced under a different set of circumstances4 ,no one knows a place if he have not lived there in all seasons and spent quiet months in finding out its hidden beauties4 ,places1 like people1 grow upon you2 and what once seemed bare will1 by long acquaintance1 appear as full of interest as it was once devoid of it4 ,it happened thus to ourselves in a seaside town in ,england1 where the coast is rather bare of trees1 and the country mostly flat and divided without hedges into com and hay fields4 ,again1 the country round ,milan1 which is always conventionally styled 8the fertile plain of ,lombardy10 is of this nature4 ,wide fields of rice1 half-flooded1 and a network of roads fringed by pollard willows or low hedges1 with here and there a neat little farm-house1 do not at first sight constitute a beautiful country4 ,but after three or four weeks' constant driving through these lanes1 you discover the loveliest bits of 8,pre-,raphaelite0 nature1 small triangular patches of luxuriant grass1 with flowers of brilliant hue and starry shape2 tiny brooks running through meadows with fire-flies making movable illuminations on their banks by night1 and many more beautiful and minute details that naturally enough escape the first glance4 ,the ,roman ,campagna1 even with its desolate1 ,niobe-like grandeur1 is susceptible of this alchemy of habit4 ,to the unaccustomed eye of a stranger it may look grand1 but scarcely beautiful2 to one who has walked1 ridden1 and driven through it in all directions1 it reveals secrets of pastoral beauty1 soft vales hidden by groves of ilex or cork1 with violets growing plentifully in their recesses1 and rivulets trickling through their rocky crevices4 ,even cities are better known when seen gradually1 after the manner of a peaceable resident rather than that of a hurrying tourist4 ,what do we know1 to take our own case1 of the ,campo ,santo of ,pisa1 which we visited between the arrival and departure of the two trains from ,leghorn1 compared to what we learnt of ,st4 ,mark's at ,venice1 where we heard ,mass every day for five months8 ,and this feeling is surely enough to breed a weariness of mere travel1 however instructive it may be4 ,the only places we should care to revisit are those where we stayed long enough to make them feel like home4 ,innsbruck is certainly one that recalls many touching domestic scenes1 many of those little memories which1 like a daisy-chain1 bind life together1 childhood and youth1 sickness and health1 trouble and joy--frail links1 but so fair1 begun in early childhood and winding themselves round the heart1 through the vicissitudes of many years1 the wanderings in many lands1 and1 above all1 through the intangible changes of a restless mind and soul4 ,for the general reader1 this sketch may perhaps have no further interest than to make him acquainted with some of the local traits of a country not so well known as other ,european fields of travel2 for the ,catholic1 it ought to possess the additional interest of an effort meant to show how thoroughly this country is still imbued with the faith4 ,its patriotism1 too1 ever closely bound to faith1 was conspicuous in the wars against ,napoleon and in the ,tyrol4 ,the first decade of this century is noted chiefly for the name1 not of the resistless invader ,bonaparte1 but of the stubborn defender of mountain freedom1 ,andreas ,hofer4 ,here and there are his relics--his gun1 or his cap1 or the cup out of which he drank4 ,every other inn has his figure for a sign1 and every other child bears his name in memory of his gallantry4 ,his descendants1 poor and simple peasants as he was himself1 are as proud of their ancestry as the haughtiest ,montmorency or the oldest ,colonna2 and no ,tyrolese mountaineer can talk for half an hour without mentioning some of ,hofer's exploits against the ,french4 ,we cannot conclude without again speaking of that weird jdel or herd-song peculiar to the ,tyrol4 ,we have never heard it as performed by the hired companies of 8minstrels0 so often advertised in large towns1 but we had the opportunity of listening to it under very pleasant circumstances at ,innsbruck4 ,in the beginning of ,september1 just before our pilgrimage to ,waldrast1 a rural fte was given in honor of one of our party whose birthday it was4 ,the open court-yard behind our house served as an al fresco dining-hall1 a band was engaged1 and fireworks and illuminations prepared4 ,in this primitive assemblage1 speeches were actually made1 and1 as it was not easy for the ,english and ,tyrolese to understand each other1 an interpreter was found in the bright and quick-witted courier who had superintended the whole thing4 ,after this cordial display of mutual friendship1 and a few songs and pieces1 the people were left to their private enjoyments1 the priest from the nearest parish being present among them4 ,about an hour afterwards1 and before the party of mountaineers dispersed1 they begged leave to sing us their jdel1 thinking it was the most interesting thing for strangers to hear well done4 ,thirty men in rugged costumes1 whose ornamentation chiefly consisted in silver buttons1 were then brought into the great ,saal1 and the chorus began4 ,suddenly a single voice broke in with the marvellous jdel2 all the others dropping into silence1 and then again joining in the national song4 ,it was indeed strange and weird-like1 the echoes seemed to break again and again in renewed bursts of plaintive sound2 it was not like the cry of a bird or of any animal1 nor yet was it suggestive of a human voice2 it had in it something of what1 were we ,pantheists1 we might call the 8voice of nature40 ,the effect was indescribable1 and1 because so beautiful1 saddening4 ,we should not wish to hear it again on the stage or in the concert-room2 the effect would be lost1 and merged into a dramatic trick4 ,sung by those thirty strong voices1 used to no concert hall but the open air and the mountain passes1 the jdel was one of those things that one likes to look back upon and place among the fresh1 healthy remembrances of the past4 ,sung before those who have always been at our side through weal or woe1 this ,tyrolese song becomes more than a mere remembrance1 and remains a sacred memory1 shared with the dead and the absent1 the ever beloved and unforgotten ones of our heart4 ,so true is it that a thing unconnected with love1 however brilliant it may be in the field of art or literature1 is a failure as far as our individual appreciation of it is concerned--that this simple mountain song1 vigorously but hardly skilfully performed1 is far dearer to our remembrance than the perfect strains heard at other times from the lips of finished artists4 ,the ,tyrol1 no doubt1 is fast putting off its early garb of faith and simple honesty2 with ,manchester prints and chignons1 the free grace of its peasant women will vanish1 and with the poisonous teaching of the ,international1 the frankness and charm of its men will go4 ,already we have heard of the earnest workers of the ,jesuit church being annoyed and insulted1 and it may not be long before the cupidity of public officials will rob the shrines of many of their votive treasures4 ,in these days of ruthless destruction1 even the ,tyrol may be dechristianized and made over to a worse barbarism than that of its savage bands of early settlers1 and a worse slavery than that against which ,andreas ,hofer so ably and successfully fought4 ,still1 it will always be a pleasure to us to think that we visited it in the days of its ,catholic prosperity1 and saw there the remains of that state of peace and public safety which everywhere characterizes a truly ,christian land4 ,,footnotes3 #agg ,falsely called rose des ,alps by the ,french4 #agh ,the real 8,alpenrose0 of the ,tyrolese is a strange-looking growth1 a starry flower of a dull white1 with thick velvety petals1 five in number4 ,it grows only in very inaccessible places1 and is considered a great prize4 ,,the ,,roman ,,empire ,,and ,,the ,,mission ,,of ,,the ,,barbarians4 ,,second ,,article4 ,during the centuries of persecution1 then1 the ,northern heavens grew darker and darker1 and the storm-clouds thickened on the horizon4 ,god was at work behind that dark and heavy cloud-wall planning the most terrible campaign that was ever executed4 ,the heedless1 sinning empire little thought what fire and tempest would sweep over it when that storm-cloud should burst4 ,it considered itself a veritable part of the rock-built earth1 and immovable while the world lasted2 that it would only perish when the universe should cease to exist4 ,but behind that fiery storm-cloud that hangs heavy and threatening in the ,northern skies1 there is a mightier ,god than paganism knows of1 who will sweep the ,roman power away as the leaves are swept by the autumn blasts4 ,the moment of vengeance is fixed4 ,whilst the cry of the martyrs' blood has been sounding in the ears of ,god1 he has been preparing for that moment of wrath4 ,but there was another cry1 too1 rising up to heaven from the length and breadth of the empire1 and calling down vengeance and wrath4 ,it was the cry of sin--a never-ceasing1 clamorous1 many-voiced cry--going up night and day from city and town and hamlet over the wide area of ,roman dominion4 ,the corruption1 then1 deep and universal1 of the ,roman ,empire was the second cause of the barbarian invasion4 ,of this we have still to speak4 ,we must remark at the outset that1 when we speak of the corruption of the ,roman ,empire1 we are not referring to that period of history which preceded ,christ4 ,we wish to speak of that period which immediately preceded the great invasion of the ,northern barbarians in the fifth century4 ,we are about to point out another object which ,god evidently had in view in sending down his wild warriors1 and why their course was one of fire and devastation4 ,in a word1 we are about to speak of that moral rottenness which had eaten through the very vitals of the ,roman ,colossus1 and which ,god1 unable to bear it longer before his high heaven1 infecting1 as it was1 the very universe with its pestilent stench1 sent his messengers of wrath with flaming sword and fiery torch to cleanse away from the afflicted earth4 ,we must insist upon ,god being an active power in the world4 ,we are no followers of ,professor ,seeley1 who lectures to the young men of ,cambridge on the ,fall of the ,roman ,empire as if ,god had had no hand in it4 ,however ingenious ,prof4 ,seeley may be1 he will never convince us that ,god does not make and unmake empires4 ,we want no new theory of the ,fall of the ,roman ,empire and the ,invasion of the ,barbarians4 ,the grandest and the truest was given us long ages ago by ,st4 ,augustine in his immortal work ,de ,civitate ,dei1 and it has satisfied all ,christian thinkers up to the present day4 ,prof4 ,seeley asks what is the cause of the decaying condition of the empire8 8,it has been common10 he says1 8to suppose a moral degradation in the ,romans1 caused by luxury and excessive good fortune4 ,to support this1 it is easy to quote the satirists and cynics of the imperial times1 and to refer to such accounts as ,ammianus gives of the mingled effeminacy and brutality of the aristocracy of the capital in the fourth century4 ,but the history of the wars between ,rome and the barbaric world does not show us the proofs we might expect of this decay of spirit4 ,we do not find the ,romans ceasing to be victorious in the field and beginning to show themselves inferior in valor to their enemies4 ,the luxury of the capital could not affect the army1 which had no connection with the capital1 but was levied from the peasantry of the whole empire1 a class into which luxury can never penetrate4 ,nor can it be said the luxury corrupted the generals1 and through them the army4444 ,whatever the remote and ultimate cause may have been1 the immediate cause to which the fall of the empire can be traced is a physical1 not a moral1 decay40#agi ,this specimen of ,mr4 ,seeley's philosophy of history gives us a very low opinion of his powers of penetration4 ,if the professor could see a little further below the surface1 he would surely discover that a frightful moral decay was the underlying cause of the physical decay4 ,he cannot persuade us that1 if the capital were so corrupt1 the generals and the army would still maintain a manly and a vigorous character4 ,if the central heart be corrupt1 a corrupting influence will flow out over the whole body4 ,it was so1 beyond doubt1 with the ,roman ,empire in past days2 it has been so with another mighty empire in our own times4 ,moral corruption flowed out from the capitals of both empires1 and destroyed the vigor1 courage1 and all the manly virtues of their peoples4 ,and then the messengers of ,god came4 ,they came from the ,north in both cases1 and terrible was the devastation which ,god gave them power to effect4 ,in both cases they were irresistible1 simply because he who beckoned them on and was hid in the smoke of battle was the ,god of battles himself4 ,this is the theory which a ,christian professor at least will naturally follow4 ,there is something far more satisfactory in this1 both to the intellect and to faith1 than in any theory that can be suggested by the naturalistic views of men of ,mr4 ,seeley's school4 ,we wonder if the young men who sat under ,mr4 ,seeley at ,cambridge were satisfied when the professor summed up his theory of the fall of the empire in these words3 8,men were wanting2 the empire perished for want of men08 ,to go no further than that seems to us pitiably shallow indeed4 ,we are not at all captivated by ,mr4 ,seeley's view4 ,we feel far more satisfied in believing the grand1 old ,christian theory1 viz41 that the empire perished at the hands of ,god for its savage cruelty to the holy martyrs and for its widespread corruption and revolting crimes4 ,we have already endeavored to sketch out the history of the age of blood3 it now remains for us to give a picture of the corruption in which the empire lay steeped at the period previous to the descent of the barbaric hordes4 ,but we most honestly state that we cannot do more than give a faint portraiture of what is so offensive to ,christian purity of mind4 ,to point to the life in this case1 even if we were able to do so1 would be too painful for ,catholic ideas4 ,the picture would necessarily be too frightful for the eye of modesty to gaze upon4 ,it would be a dreadful exposure to the light of day of the blackest and the most shameful side of fallen human nature4 ,of necessity1 then1 must the painting be in somewhat dim outlines4 ,but even so1 it will sufficiently answer our present purpose4 ,for well-nigh five centuries1 then1 had ,christianity been at work over the length and breadth of the ,roman ,empire1 and yet paganism and its demoralizing influence were not dead4 ,we know well how boldly and triumphantly the apostles went from the ,cenacle to the conversion of the pagan world4 ,the heavenly fire that had come down upon them had lodged itself in their hearts4 ,it shot its wondrous power through their whole bodies1 darting forth from their eyes in living light1 issuing from their mouths in burning words1 nerving them up to brave tortures and racks4 ,they went forth1 did that little band from the ,cenacle1 fire-girt and heaven-inspired1 to the most arduous task ever confided to mortal men4 ,their wondrous success we need not here recount4 ,it was such as only men with ,god in their midst could effect4 ,they no longer knew fear of earthly powers2 they quailed not in the presence of the terrors of death4 ,nothing could withstand them in their course4 ,the demons of paganism fled before them2 a thrill of horror ran through the vast ,pantheon of pagan worship1 and the idols trembled on their pedestals4 ,like the ,titans of old1 those messengers of the ,crucified scaled the ,olympus of paganism1 and hurled down the false gods that were enthroned there4 ,hell and ,olympus mingled their groans at the sounding blows which were levelling the idols of false worship and shaking the universe4 ,but was1 then1 paganism utterly destroyed8 ,did it never recover from the shock which it received at the hands of the apostles of ,christ8 ,did the darkness flee away before the bright torches of light which ,christians held up in the midst of cities and towns and on every hill-top1 and never return8 ,did the demons who lurked in the pagan temples and spoke by the mouths of the idols plunge into the deep abyss at the approach of ,christ's preachers1 and never come back again8 ,it is usual to think that something like this was the case4 ,but it is far from the historic truth4 ,we must admit1 indeed1 that the success of the first apostles of ,christianity was the most amazing fact which we have ever read of in history4 ,the light of divine truth flashed with miraculous swiftness through the world4 ,thousands of persons abandoned the idols of paganism1 and joined the strange1 new standard of the ,cross4 ,but yet paganism1 continued to exist and to spread its baneful influence--it was not a dead thing4 ,it had become welded into the very substance of the empire4 ,it was associated with so much of the grand historic past4 ,the ,roman could not read of the warlike glories of his country without finding them mingled with the worship of ,jupiter and ,mars4 ,he could not take up the verses of his immortal poets without meeting at every page with the gods and goddesses of ,olympus4 ,the laws of the empire recalled pagan gods2 the customs and festivals and games kept their remembrance fresh in the mind4 ,we do not wonder1 then1 that paganism was not easily destroyed4 ,it would almost seem that the life of the empire and the life of paganism were one2 that the pillars of the pagan temples were1 so to speak1 identical with the pillars of the state4 ,when we bear all this in mind1 we are not so much surprised to find that paganism was still a living thing more than eighty years after the first ,christian emperor had taken the ,labarum for his military standard1 and had lifted ,christianity out of the dark caves of the ,catacombs to place it on the throne of the ,csars4 ,we are also more prepared for what we read regarding the ,emperor ,honorius4 ,when in #djd he visited ,rome1 in order to celebrate his sixth consulate1 pagan temples still surrounded the imperial palace1 the sanctuary of ,jupiter ,tarpeius still crowned the capital1 and from sacred edifices still standing on every side a whole host of pagan gods yet looked down1 as of old1 on ,rome and the world4 ,so real a thing was paganism still even in the fifth century that the pagan poet ,claudian1 who had been appointed to celebrate in verse the occasion just referred to1 could with impunity and1 we suppose1 with apparent propriety1 point out the gods as seeming to guard the imperial palace by their divine presence and smile propitiously upon one who was the heir of so many ,christian emperors4#ahj ,some years later a work was written by an unknown author who lived in the time of ,honorius or of ,valentinian ,,iii41 giving a topographical description of ,rome1 and mentioning those monuments which had been spared by the fire and sword of the ,goths4 ,the writer enumerates as still existing #dc pagan temples and #dhj cedicul4 ,the ,colossus of the ,sun1 a hundred feet high1 still towered aloft close by the ,coliseum1 where so many holy martyrs had poured out their blood for ,christ4 ,the statues of ,apollo1 of ,hercules and ,minerva still stood1 as of old1 at the crossings and in the public squares4 ,still the fountains flowed under the invocation of nymphs4 ,and this1 though ,constantine and ,theodosius had wielded the sceptre of the empire1 and ,,ss4 ,sylvester and ,damasus had sat in the midst on the throne of ,peter4 ,time passes on1 and with it the age of the great fathers of the church4 ,those days which ,christianity filled with its spirit1 when ,gregory and ,chrysostom and ,basil and ,jerome and mighty ,augustine preached and taught1 go by with their brightness and their glory1 and yet in #dai1 in the time of ,valentinian ,,iii41 we find ,rutilius ,numatianus celebrating the greatness of pagan ,rome1 the mother of gods and heroes4 ,christianity had been throwing bright gleams of light over the whole world for these #djj years1 the voices of the great fathers of the church had been thundering in the principal cities of the empire1 yet ,claudian and ,rutilius ,numatianus were as though they had caught no glimpse of the light which shone around them nor heard a sound from ,hippo or ,milan4 ,claudian had found a cord of that ,latin lyre which was broken to pieces on the day when ,lucan opened his own veins in the bath4 ,though living in ,christian times1 he was as pagan as his great model1 and his imagination revelled amid the fabled splendors of ,olympus and the baseless fictions of mythology4 ,he can sing of the rape of ,proserpine whilst the cultus of our ,blessed ,lady is taking possession of the temple of ,ceres at ,catana4 ,he invites the graces1 the nymphs1 and the hours to prepare their garlands for the fair spouse of ,stilico1 though she had1 in hatred and contempt of the gods of paganism1 snatched the golden collar from the neck of the statue of ,cybele4 ,his genius takes even a more daring flight when he introduces ,christian princes into the abodes of the immortals1 and represents ,theodosius1 the greatest hater of the gods1 as holding familiar converse with ,jupiter4 ,rutilius ,numatianus1 on the other hand1 pours out his soul in passionate words of patriotism upon ,rome herself1 the last and the greatest divinity of the ancient world4 ,to him ,rome is the ever beautiful queen of the universe1 whose dominion she holds for all ages4 ,to him she is the mother of men and of gods4 8,when we pray in thy temples10 he exclaims in his burning ardor1 8we are not far from heaven4 ,of all nations she has made one country1 of a whole world one city4 ,her trophies are countless as the stars of heaven1 her temples too dazzling for the eyes to look upon4 ,spread yet further thy laws2 they shall govern ages yet unborn which shall become ,roman despite themselves1 and thou alone1 of all earthly things1 shalt not fear the power of the fates40#aha ,we might easily imagine on reading these two writers that ,christianity had not yet dawned upon the world1 yet we are in the fifth century4 ,we naturally ask if the ,christian emperors used their power to crush out paganism4 ,history tells us of many imperial edicts which ordered the pagan temples to be closed and the sacrifices to be discontinued4 ,we find those edicts often renewed1 and hence1 we argue1 often disobeyed4 ,nothing1 however1 surprises us so much as to find that in the middle of the fifth century the sacred chickens were still kept at the capital1 and the consuls1 on their appointment to office1 went to seek from them the auspices which they were supposed to be able to give4 ,at this date also the public calendar indicated the feasts of the false gods by the side of those in honor of ,christ and his saints4 ,in a word1 paganism is yet a living power1 with its temples and idols1 and sacrifices and sacred groves4 ,in ,rome itself1 where the smoke of incense ascends to the only true ,god1 the smoke of sacrifice also rises to the false gods of ,olympus4 ,and beyond ,rome1 over ,italy and ,gaul and throughout the whole of ,western ,christendom1 there are still symbols of pagan worship2 still undoubted indications of its enduring influence over thousands who believe that the empire and the pagan gods are equally eternal1 and will still be in existence when men here become tired of the folly of the cross and the name of the crucified ,nazarene has faded from their minds4 ,how true1 then1 does it appear that paganism continues to hold its ground to a far greater extent than is commonly imagined6 ,it was a fearful task for ,christianity1 divine though it was1 to level to the ground the temples and idols of pagan worship4 ,paganism seemed to hold on to the empire with unrelaxing tenacity2 it was bound up with its institutions2 it seemed built with the very stones into the walls of the great capital4 ,the incontrovertible fact1 then1 that paganism still existed and retained a stout hold upon the empire even so late as the fifth century will prepare the reader to believe that its demoralizing principles were still working their natural results4 ,we will not maintain that human sacrifices were as common at this date as they had been some centuries before2 but we do not feel sure that they were altogether abandoned4 ,we know that in the time of ,constantine1 when ,christianity was looking down from the throne of the ,csars over the empire1 pagan priests poured out each year a patera of human blood to ,jupiter ,latial4 ,the example which the ,romans themselves had set was followed by the conquered nations1 and those dreadful horrors long continued to be practised among them in spite of imperial decrees and prohibitions4 8,all the laws of civilization10 says ,f4 ,ozanam in his striking way1 8could not smother the instincts of that savage beast which paganism had unmuzzled in the heart of fallen humanity40 ,but even if human sacrifices had altogether ceased1 yet the essential principles of paganism were still at work4 ,the direct tendency of pagan worship was to enslave man to his senses4 ,the fearful degradation to which mankind were thus brought1 it is almost impossible for ,christian minds to credit4 ,st4 ,augustine1 in the seventh book of his ,city of ,god1 tells us of horrors which we cannot read without a sense of shame and disgust for our race4 ,those processions through the towns and fields of ,latium on the feast of ,bacchus are too shocking to describe4 ,we know1 also1 that unnamable crimes were honored with a religious cultus1 and had temples dedicated to their worship at ,cyprus1 ,samos1 at ,corinth1 and on ,mount ,eryx4 ,when we read of this utter degradation to which paganism reduces human nature1 we wonder how such a religion could endure4 ,but it was precisely because it ministered so readily and so generously to the worst passions of human nature that it maintained its influence so long4 ,when in course of time1 and1 by the repeated pressure of imperial edicts1 the priests of ,cybele and the priestesses of ,venus were dispersed1 paganism still had its temples and its thousands of worshippers in the circus1 the theatre1 and the amphitheatre4 ,in these centres of resort1 where the most reckless and the most unholy passions had full play1 the gods were in their strongholds4 ,st4 ,cyprian had understood the true nature of paganism well when he said that it was 8the mother of the games40 ,nothing could have seized upon human nature with a more powerful grasp than paganism did by making pleasure into a religious worship4 ,the two strong tendencies of mankind1 viz41 the religious sentiment and the intense love of pleasure1 were thus directed to one and the same object4 ,the combats of the gladiators1 which exercised such a fascination on the ,romans for so many years1 were supposed to appease the spirits of the departed2 the dances of the stage were thought to avert the anger of heaven4 ,the symbolism which covered all lent an air of mystery and solemnity to these exciting entertainments4 ,we are told that the courses of the circus represented the evolutions of the stars1 the dances of the theatre symbolized the voluptuous whirl of pleasure in which all living beings were hurried along1 and the combats of the amphitheatre were a type of the struggles in which the human race is ever engaged4 ,the circus1 theatre1 and amphitheatre were1 then1 so many temples of worship1 and1 as we may well believe1 the most popular and the best frequented temples that paganism ever consecrated to its false and corrupting rites4 ,the other religious temples of the ,roman were notoriously small and poor1 but on these he lavished his gold1 his marble1 and all that he held most precious1 so that he has left behind him nothing grander or richer than the monuments of his pleasures1 and1 we may add1 nothing more defiled1 more foul or more bloody4 ,the circus was dedicated to the sun2 so proclaimed the obelisk which rose in stately height in the centre of the arena4 ,everything about the circus breathed idolatry4 ,if we accept the view of the ,greeks1 its very name was taken from ,circe1 the daughter of the sun4 ,if we take up the scathing work of ,tertullian1 ,de ,spectaculis1 we shall be told that 8every ornament of the circus was in itself a temple4 ,the eggs those assign to ,castor and ,pollux1 who blush not in believing that these were born an egg from a swan which was ,jupiter4 ,the pillars vomit forth their dolphins in honor of ,neptune2 they support their ,sessi1 so-called from the sowing of the seed2 their ,messi1 from the harvest2 their ,tutelin1 from the protection of the fruits4 ,in front of these appear three altars to three gods1 mighty and powerful2 these they consider to be of ,samothrace4 ,the enormous obelisk1 as ,hermatetes affirmeth1 is publicly exposed in honor of the ,sun2 its inscription is a superstition from ,egypt4 ,the council of the gods were dull without their great mother2 she therefore presideth there over the ,euripus4 ,consus1 as we have said1 lieth buried beneath the earth of the ,marcian ,jail2 even this jail he maketh an idol4 ,think1 ,o ,christian6 how many unclean names possess the circus4 ,foreign to thee is that religion which so many spirits of the devil have taken unto themselves60#ahb ,it would seem that the circus was a sort of ,pantheon1 where almost every god received his tribute of worship4 ,if the pagan deities had lost some of their temples in the onward advance of ,christianity1 they still retained a shrine where they were worshipped all at once4 ,and no opportunity was lost when an act of religious worship could be brought in4 ,before the courses were opened1 the gods were carried on rich litters round the circus by a grand cortge of priests4 ,tertullian speaks of the dazzling pompa which preceded the games1 8the long line of images1 the host of statues1 the chariots1 the sacred images1 the cars1 the chairs1 and the robes0 with which the gods were clothed4 8,how many colleges10 he says1 8how many priesthoods1 how many offices are set in motion1 the men of that city know in which the council of the demons sitteth40#ahc ,sacrifices without number were celebrated in the course of the performances4 ,they preceded1 they came between1 they followed them4 ,and it is difficult to conceive the height of frenzy to which the people were excited by these games4 8,on the longed-for day of the equestrian games10 ,ammianus ,marcellinus tells us1 8ere the clear rays of the sun yet shine1 all hurry headlong1 outpoured1 as though they would outspeed the very chariots which are to contend40 ,before the races began1 all eyes1 wild with the fire of excited passions1 were fixed on the magistrate1 who held in his hand the handkerchief whose falling was to signal the commencement of the sports4 ,as that handkerchief fell1 there came rushing into view those charioteers who were the delight of the ,roman people4 ,the crowd raised a wild cry of joy1 and then1 breathless with suspense1 followed with their glaring eyes the rushing horses and the rattling cars as they dashed along the course4 ,as the horses bounded over the ground1 now losing1 now gaining1 on one another1 and the dust-clouds rose from beneath the rattling chariot-wheels1 louder and wilder rang the shouts of the spectators1 and passion rose to its height in ,roman hearts4 ,furious factions were formed1 which soon developed into violence and internecine battle4 ,this was the grand climax1 sought for and expected4 ,the gods were appeased2 ,romulus now recognized his people4 ,from this state of wild excitement we naturally expect cruelty and bloodshed4 ,we are quite prepared to believe what ,suetonius tells us4 ,he records that ,vitellius massacred some of the people because they cursed the faction which he favored4 ,caracalla is said to have done the same for some jest on a favorite charioteer4 ,but to add more vivid coloring to the picture1 we will borrow the striking language of ,tertullian4 8,behold the people10 he says1 8coming to the show already full of madness1 already tumultuous1 already blind1 already agitated about their wagers4 ,the prtor is too slow for them4 ,their eyes are ever rolling with their lots within his urn4 ,then they are in anxious suspense for the signal4 ,the common madness hath a common voice4 ,i perceive their madness from their trifling4 #8,he hath thrown it1' they say1 and announce to each other what was seen at once by all4 ,i possess the evidence of their blindness4 ,they see not what is thrown2 they think it a handkerchief1 but it is the gullet of the devil cast down from on high40#ahd ,thus1 then1 in the stormy days of the fifth century did the great ,roman people forget their troubles and their dangers in the excitement of the circus4 ,what was so vividly described by ,tertullian went on through the centuries that came after him4 ,the ,roman people had1 in truth1 lost the empire of the world2 it had purchased its capital out of the hands of savage hordes by heavy sums of gold2 but it forgot all in the delirium of the circensian games4 ,there1 as has been said1 it found its temple1 its forum1 its country1 and the term of its hopes4 ,through the storms of war against barbarians1 in spite of the thunders of ,christian eloquence1 under the dazzling light of the ,christian ,gospel1 still the circus stood1 and its multitudinous gods received their tribute of worship1 and the maddened crowds thronged to the games1 as of old4 ,in the year #ddh1 the calendar marks #eh days for the public games4 ,we may well be amazed as we read it4 ,fifty-eight days still dedicated to this wild self-abandonment1 whilst on the ,northern borders of the empire the threatening armies of ,genseric and ,attila were amassed1 with the sword of fire and vengeance in their hands1 awaiting the signal of ,god6 ,the theatre was another temple where paganism still retained a terrible hold4 ,it was dedicated to ,venus1 the unholy goddess who swayed the hearts of almost all mankind4 ,if we would see the great ,roman people at its lowest1 we must look upon it as it lies in prostrate adoration in this temple of ,venus4 ,here it is grovelling in the veriest mire of abasement4 ,here1 more than anywhere else1 it forgets its dignity1 and plunges into the deepest depths of sensuality and degradation4 ,but we cannot paint the scene in bold colors4 ,the picture would shock by its startling horror and deformity4 ,the eye of ,christian modesty would turn away in disgust and pain4 ,we must let the outlines even be faint1 lest they should offend the delicate sensitiveness of pure minds4 ,in the midst of the theatre stood the altar of the unholy goddess1 crowned with garlands4 ,before this altar were represented the shameful histories of the pagan gods4 ,there the wretched mimes1 by look1 and gesture1 and suggestive attitude1 displayed before the lascivious eyes of the multitude the loves of ,jupiter and the fury of ,pasipha4 ,but as time went on1 and the passions of the people became more and more inflamed1 the mute language of look and gesture did not satisfy4 ,far worse horrors were demanded4 ,shadows and unrealities were not enough for the hungry fire of unrestrained passion4 ,realities1 revolting1 shameless1 and unnamable1 must be enacted before the eyes of a vast multitude1 composed of old and young of both sexes4 ,he who played the part of ,hercules must be burned in the presence of a maddened throng2 the horrid history of ,atys must have a reality answering to it1 and be carried into effect before the full gaze of the people4 ,we can conceive nothing more pitiable than the sight of the great ,roman people1 so sadly fallen into baseness1 so completely abandoned to shameful sensualities1 and lying prostrate before the foul goddess of unholy passions in the theatre4 ,the empire might perish and the heavens fall upon their heads1 but the people must have their pleasures4 ,this was their madness and their worship4 ,three thousand dancers ministered1 like so many priestesses1 in the theatre-worship of ,rome4 ,for these panderers to their vile pleasures1 the ,romans were willing to sacrifice all that was dear to them4 ,these favorites they crowned with flowers1 and flattered by their manifestations of applause4 ,they retained them in the city1 as ,ammianus ,marcellinus tells us1 at a time of severe famine1 where a decree was passed which expelled men of letters and those who exercised the liberal professions4 ,old ,ammianus1 though a pagan1 is filled with wrath at this shameful abandonment of his countrymen1 and pours out his indignation in vehement1 fiery words4 ,but what hope was there8 ,corruption had affected every class4 ,the dancers were the favorites of all1 and even the senators of ,rome were not ashamed to sit in the first seats of the theatre gazing upon the nudity of these priestesses of ,venus4 ,thus had the ,romans fallen below even the most fallen of other nations1 which had once been great1 but had perished for their crimes4 ,egypt had deified its agricultural products and domestic animals1 ,phnicia its commerce1 ,assyria its sciences1 ,persia the elements1 ,greece its arts4#ahe ,but ,rome had gone down far deeper than all into folly and idolatry2 it had raised altars to its own base passions4 ,and this theatre-worship was existing in its full life in the latter days of the empire4 ,christianity had not abolished it4 ,the demons held their own in their temples of sinful pleasure1 and the people came and adored in countless multitudes1 and their passions were kept alive and burned wildly with unholy fire--and all under the dark1 bodeful shadow of the storm-cloud which hung so black and threatening in the ,northern skies4 ,but we have yet to speak of another great centre of paganism and moral corruption--the amphitheatre4 8,this10 says ,f4 ,ozanam1 8was the greatest school which was ever opened for the demoralization of men40 ,it exercised a power of fascination beyond all conception1 and was irresistible4 ,the people rushed there in countless thousands1 frantic with excitement4 ,the thirst for blood maddened them like a wild indwelling demon4 ,the games of the circus were tame in comparison with the sight of wild beasts engaged in death-struggle or the savage conflict of well-matched gladiators4 ,there the emperors presided under the shadow of their pagan gods2 there were gathered together the senators and the great ones of ,rome2 there rose tier upon tier round the vast arena the waving mass of countless human heads4 ,there all ,rome assembled for brutal pleasure and pagan worship1 for the amphitheatre was a temple4 ,tertullian tells us this in his characteristic way4 8,the amphitheatre10 he says1 8is consecrated to deities more numerous and more barbarous than the capitol4 ,it is the temple of all demons4 ,as many unclean spirits sit together as the place containeth men40#ahf ,under the shadow1 then1 of so many pagan gods1 breathed upon by so many devils1 we can picture to ourselves the wild excitement of these thousands of spectators1 as they assemble on occasion of a ,roman holiday4 ,they have caught a rumor1 perhaps1 of what is prepared that day1 by a subservient emperor1 for the amusement of his people4 ,it may be that hundreds of ferocious beasts are to tear one another to pieces before them1 as often happened in the time of ,septimius ,severus2 or it may be that two hundred lions are to die in a horrid1 bloody affray1 as took place in the reign of one of his successors4 ,or1 perhaps1 ,roman senators are to descend into the arena1 to sacrifice their lives for the amusement of their fellow-citizens1 as was the custom from the time of the first ,csars4 ,perhaps it is near mid-day1 and the crowd has been thronging in for hours4 ,the sun is pouring down his blazing rays over the scene1 though their heat is tempered by the canvas awnings which stretch a kind protecting shade wherever it is possible4 ,but the bright light penetrates every nook and corner1 and makes every figure stand forth to view4 ,it flashes off the shining armor of ,roman knights1 dances and glistens in many a dark young eye1 falls with a flood of glory upon ,csar's throne1 and plays around the imperial robes which gold and precious stones so gorgeously bedeck4 ,the brightness of the day adds to the excitement of the people4 ,they talk with vivacity upon the nature of the expected conflicts2 they lay their wagers1 and become more excited as time flies on4 ,they are impatient for the 8shows0 to begin2 they clamor2 they can wait no longer4 ,we will here let a more brilliant pen than ours help to complete the picture4 8,and now1 with peal of trumpets and clash of cymbals1 a burst of wild martial music rises above the hum and murmur of the seething crowd4 ,under a spacious archway1 supported by marble pillars1 wide folding-doors are flung open1 and two by two1 with stately step and slow1 march in the gladiators1 armed with the different weapons of their deadly trade4 ,four hundred men are they1 in all the pride of perfect strength and symmetry1 and high training and practised skill4 ,with head erect and haughty bearing1 they defile once round the arena1 as though to give the spectators an opportunity of closely scanning their appearance1 and halt with military precision to range themselves in line under ,csar's throne4 ,for a moment there is a pause and hush of expectation over the multitude1 while the devoted champions stand motionless as statues in the full glow of noon2 then1 bursting suddenly into action1 they brandish their gleaming weapons over their heads1 and higher1 fuller1 fiercer rises the terrible chant that seems to combine the shout of triumph with the wail of suffering1 and to bid a long and hopeless farewell to upper earth1 even in the very recklessness and defiance of its despair3 8#8,ave ,csar6 ,morituri te salutant6' 8,then they wheel out once more1 and range themselves on either side of the arena3 all but a chosen band who occupy the central place of honor1 and of whom every second man at least is doomed to die40#ahg ,we can imagine how the thousands who had come to feast their eyes on the cruel spectacle would now be frantic for the real work to begin4 ,we can picture to ourselves how all would proceed4 ,we see the huge rhinoceros with his overlapping plates of armor led forth into the arena4 ,he rolls his glowing eyes around in the fury of his hunger1 but sees only the smooth white sand4 ,he stamps with his large flat foot1 and digs madly into the earth with his 8horned muzzle40 ,we see1 too1 his enemy come sneaking in--the ,lybian tiger1 with his sleek1 striped coat and glaring eyes4 ,they approach each other4 ,the spring is made2 they are in a death-struggle4 ,and now that blood is seen1 a maddened shout of savage joy from the gratified spectators rends the air4 ,more blood is wanted4 ,the trumpets ring out again4 ,the gladiators step forth and range themselves in opposing ranks4 ,they are 8all armed alike with a deep1 concave buckler1 and a short1 stabbing1 two-edged blade40 ,then is heard the sharp clash of meeting steel4 ,men's breath is hushed2 their hearts beat quick2 their eyes glare with a wild fire and are riveted on the struggling athletes4 ,then the ranks of the combatants waver and are broken2 blood is seen upon the white sand3 it flows from large gashes in the gladiators' sinking forms4 ,the huge giants fall one after another1 hard and brave to the last4 ,and this is the hideous sight which day after day delights and never satisfies the ,roman public4 ,it is sad to think of so much noble strength and magnificent bravery sacrificed so ignobly4 ,it sickens the heart to dwell on the brutal1 reckless destruction of manly life perpetrated to amuse a blood-thirsty populace in 8those ,roman shambles40 ,yet 8so inured were the people to such exhibitions1 so completely imbued with a taste for the horrible1 and so careless of human life1 that scarcely an eye was turned away1 scarcely a cheek grew paler1 when a disabling gash was received or a mortal blow driven home1 and mothers with babies in their arms would bid the child turn its head to watch the death-pang on the pale1 stern face of some prostrate gladiator40#ahh ,we have now said enough to show the reader the corrupting influence of those three mighty powers of paganism--the circus1 the theatre1 and the amphitheatre4 ,many pagan temples had no doubt fallen under the crushing arm of ,christian teaching1 but these three1 in which so many gods and goddesses had taken refuge1 stood their ground4 ,they were found in every province of the empire1 and everywhere were well frequented4 ,the demoralizing effect produced by them it is not easy to estimate--it was simply never-ceasing and universal4 ,and when the persecutors had passed away1 and there was no longer the constant presence of cruel death to keep alive the fervor of ,christians1 we find that they too came under the demoralizing influence of these mighty powers of evil4 ,this is the cause of that bitter cry of grief which bursts forth from every page of the writings of the great saints of the fourth and fifth centuries4 ,pagan corruption was rushing upon them like a strong flood on every side4 ,they found themselves overpowered and engulfed4 ,listen to the plaintive words of ,,ss4 ,jerome1 ,chrysostom1 and ,augustine1 laden with the sobs and groans of grief-stricken hearts4 ,open the pages of ,salvian1 and you will soon be convinced that mortal degradation has invaded every city and town1 and that all classes of society are grovelling in the lowest depths of corruption4 ,the holy bishop pours out his soul in the most moving language4 ,his words sometimes flash with holy wrath and indignation2 sometimes they are the wailing cry of despair2 sometimes1 again1 they are the tears of deepest sorrow1 flowing out of his inmost soul4 8,how different10 he exclaims1 8is now the ,christian people from itself1 that is1 from what it formerly was6444 ,what is now every assembly of ,christians but a sink of vices8444 ,we make it our study not only not to accomplish the precepts1 but even to do the contrary4 ,god commands us to love one another2 we tear one another to pieces in mutual hatred4 ,god commands us to help the poor2 and we all rob others of what belongs to them4 ,god commands every ,christian to be chaste even in look2 and who is he who does not grovel in the mire8 ,i appeal to the conscience of those to whom ,i speak4 ,who is the person who has not to reproach himself with some of these crimes1 or1 rather1 who is the man who is not guilty of all8 ,it is easier to find ,christians guilty of all these crimes than to meet with any exempt from some of them2 it is easier to find great criminals than ordinary sinners4 ,many of the ,romans who have been baptized have arrived at such a laxity of morals that it is a kind of sanctity amongst the faithful to be less vicious4 ,audacious criminals rush into the temples of the true ,god without any respect for the ,divine ,majesty4 ,they go there to meditate in silence upon some fresh iniquity4 ,scarcely are the divine mysteries concluded than some return to their thefts1 others to drunkenness2 these to their bad habits1 those to their deeds of violence4 ,what is the life of courtiers8 ,injustice and iniquity4 ,what is the life of public officers8 ,lies and calumny4 ,what is the life of soldiers8 ,violence and rapine4 ,what is the life of merchants8 ,fraud and deceit4 ,alas6 our vices disinherit us of the beautiful name of ,christians2 for the depravity of our morals renders us unworthy of the privileges of our birth4 ,base behavior destroys the glory of an honorable title4 ,as there is no condition which is not disgraced1 no place which is not filled with the crimes of ,christians1 let us no longer glory in this beautiful name4 ,it will only serve to render us more culpable1 and to aggravate our offences40#ahi ,we think the picture sufficiently complete4 ,over this huge mass of moral rottenness2 over the heads of pagan gods yet standing erect in the midst of this foul corruption2 over the great sinning empire1 pagan still in its vices and its tastes1 the threatening storm-cloud hangs1 waiting the moment when ,god shall bid it belch forth its hidden terrors of fire and flame4 ,that moment is close at hand4 ,then shall the martyrs be avenged1 and this universal crime be punished4 ,,footnotes3 #agi ,lectures and ,essays1 p4 #dh4 #ahj ,see ,claudian1 ,de ,sexto ,consulatu ,honorii1 v4 #dc4 #aha ,see ,ozanam1 ,civil4 au #eme ,sicle1 p4 #hb4 #ahb ,de ,spectaculis1 viii4 #ahc ,de ,spectaculis1 vii4 #ahd ,de ,spectaculis1 xvi4 #ahe ,leroy1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dej4 #ahf ,de ,spectaculis1 xii4 #ahg ,the ,gladiators1 by ,whyte ,melville1 p4 #ace4 #ahh ,the ,gladiators1 p4 #adj4 #ahi ,salvianus1 ,de ,gubernatione ,mundi1 lib4 iii4 passim4 ,,the ,,last ,,days ,,before ,,the ,,siege4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,excelsior6 8,great news6 ,extra6 ,three sous60 ,the newsvender1 a ragged little urchin who nearly collapsed under the weight and volume of his extras1 was shouting out these three startling facts at the top of his voice as ,i went out early in the morning4 ,two rheumatic old rag-women1 immediately suspending their investigation of the dust-heaps1 dropped their crooks1 and cried out to him to know the news4 ,was it a victory or a defeat1 or was it anything about the siege8 ,but the urchin1 as hard-hearted as any editor1 waved the momentous sheet majestically with one hand1 and answered1 8,three sous60 ,to the renewed entreaties of the rag-women he condescended so far as to say that it was well worth the money1 that they never spent three sous more advantageously1 for the news was wonderful news1 but for less than three sous they should not have it4 ,i did not altogether believe either in the extra or in the wonderful news1 but the newspaper fever was on me like the rest of the world1 so ,i produced the inexorable three sous and took the paper4 ,the moment the two women saw this they came up to me1 and1 evidently taking for granted that ,i was going to give them the benefit of my extravagance1 stood to hear the news4 ,i read it aloud for them1 as well as to a milk-boy who was passing at the moment and stood also to get his share of the three sous1 and a remarkably sympathetic audience the three made4 ,the news was none of the best4 ,the ,prussians were at ,chalons1 and they might be at the gates of ,paris before another week4 8,that was ,mac,mahon's plan from the first10 observed the milk-boy1 8and1 if the ,prussians fall into the trap1 the game is ours40 ,the rag-women1 not being so well up in military tactics and technicalities1 meekly begged to be enlightened as to the nature and aim of the trap in question1 and the young politician was so kind as to explain to them that the marshal had all along been luring on the ,prussians to ,paris1 which was to be their pitfall2 ,mont ,valrien and the fortifications would annihilate them like flies2 not a man of them would go back alive2 the only fear was that that rascally ,bismarck would be too many guns for the marshal1 and make him fight before ,chalons1 in which case1 he observed1 8it was all up with the marshal1 and consequently with ,france40 ,having delivered himself of this masterly exposition of the case1 the milk-boy swung his cans1 touched his cap to me1 and1 having achieved the most preternaturally knowing wink ,i ever beheld1 strode off without waiting to see the effect of his words on the two old women4 ,they looked after him aghast4 ,had they been talking to a confidential agent of the ,war ,office1 or to an emissary of the rascally ,bismarck himself8 ,a spy1 in fact8 8,one ought to have one's mouth sewed up these times10 observed the more ancient of the beldames1 casting a half-suspicious glance at me as ,i folded my newspaper and put it into my pocket4 8,one never knows whom one may be speaking to40 ,this remark was too deep and too fearfully suggestive to admit of any commentary from her companion2 the only thing to be done in such a crisis was to take refuge in professional pursuits that offered no ground for suspicion1 so seizing her crook the rag-woman plunged prudently once more into her rubbish4 ,a little further on1 turning the corner of a street1 ,i came on two gentlemen whom ,i knew1 standing in animated conversation4 ,i stopped to ask what news8 ,none1 except that the horizon was growing darker from hour to hour4 ,the despatches from the frontier were as bad as could well be4 ,as to pooh-poohing the siege now it was sheer stupidity1 one of them declared1 and1 for his part1 he only wished it were already begun3 it was the last chance left us of rejecting the disasters of the campaign and crushing the remains of the enemy4 ,his companion indignantly scouted both the certainty of the siege and the desirability of it4 ,the city was not to be trusted2 no great city ever was2 there were hundreds of traitors only too ready to open the gates to the enemy at his own price4 ,look at the proprietors6 ,did any one suppose there were fifty proprietors in ,paris who would not cry ,capitulons6 before one week was out8 8,well1 let the proprietors be taken down to their own cellars1 and kept there under lock and key1 and let them sit on their money-bags till the siege is over60 suggested the advocate of the siege4 8,then you must lock up half the ,national ,guard and the ,mobiles10 resumed the other1 8for they are full of those money-loving traitors40 ,this was not very reassuring4 ,i kept repeating to myself that public opinion at a moment like this was always an alarmist1 and that the wisest plan would be to read no papers and to consult nobody1 but just wait till events resolved themselves1 as they infallibly do1 sooner or later1 to those who have patience to wait for them1 and then act as they decided2 but it was no use4 ,i went home in dire perplexity1 and began to wish myself in ,timbuctoo or the ,fiji ,islands1 or anywhere out of the centre of civilization and the fashions and chronic alarm and discontent4 ,things went on in this way for another week1 the tide advancing rapidly1 but so gradually that it was difficult for those on shore to note its progress and be guided by it4 ,no one would own to being frightened1 but it was impossible to see the scared faces of the people1 as they stood in groups before every new placard setting forth either a fresh order from the ,htel de ,ville or some dubious and disheartening despatch from the seat of war1 without feeling that the panic was upon them1 and that the complicated problems of the great national struggle had resolved themselves into the immediate question3 ,shall we stay1 or must we fly8 ,when you met a friend in the street1 the first1 the sole1 the supreme salutation was3 8,do you believe in the siege8 ,are you going to stay80 ,the obduracy of the ,parisians in refusing to believe in the siege up to the very last moment was certainly one of the strangest phases of the siege itself4 ,they were possessed by a blind faith in the sacredness and inviolability of their capital1 and they could not bring themselves to believe that all ,europe did not look upon it with the same eyes2 they thought that ,prussia might indeed push audacity so far as to come and sit down before the gates1 but beyond that ,bismarck would not go2 he would not dare2 all ,europe would stand up and cry shame on him1 not out of sympathy for ,france1 but out of sheer selfishness1 for ,paris was not the capital of ,france1 but of ,europe4 ,so the walls were white with proclamations and advertisements and invitations to non-combatants to withdraw1 and practical advice to the patriotic citizens whose glorious duty it was soon to be to defend the city2 and the great exodus of the so-called poltroons and strangers had begun to pour out1 and the much more inconvenient sort of non-combatants1 the homeless population of the neighboring villages1 poured in--a sorry sight it was to see the poor little mnages1 the husband trundling the few sticks of furniture on a hand-cart1 with the household cat perched on the top of the pile1 while the wife carried a baby and bundle1 and a little one trotted on by her side1 carrying the canary bird in its painted cage--and still the real1 born ,parisian said in the bottom of his heart3 8,it will never come to a siege1 they will never dare2 ,england will interfere1 ,europe will not allow it40 ,on the morning of the third of ,september ,i went out to make some purchases on the ,boulevards4 ,coming back1 ,i saw the ,madeleine draped in black1 and a number of mourning-coaches drawn up in ghastly array on the ,place4 ,the solemn cortge was descending the last steps4 ,i stood to let it pass1 and then cast a glance round to see if there was any one ,i knew in the crowd4 ,to my surprise ,i saw ,berthe in the midst of a group of several persons who had broken away from the stream1 and were standing apart in the space inside the rails2 she was talking very emphatically1 and the others were listening to her apparently with great interest1 and seemed excited by whatever she was telling them4 ,when the crowd had nearly cleared away1 ,i beckoned to her4 ,she ran out to me at once4 8,you are the very person ,i wanted to see10 she said1 clutching me by the arm in her vehement way4 8,i was going straight to your house4 ,i have just been to the ,etat ,major1 and met ,general ,trochu there4 ,he came down on account of despatches that had just come in1 and have put them all in a state of terrible consternation4 ,there is not a doubt of it now2 the city will be blockaded in ten days from this4 ,the ,prussians are within as many days' march from us4 ,i thought of you immediately1 and ,i asked the general what you ought to do2 he said by all means to go1 and within forty-eight hours2 after that the rails may be cut from one moment to another2 he was very emphatic about it1 and said it would be the maddest imprudence of you to remain2 there is a terrible time before us1 and no one should stay in ,paris who could leave4 ,of course1 you will leave at once40 ,i was too much taken aback to say what ,i would do4 ,the news was so bewildering4 ,i had never looked upon the siege as the impossible joke it had been so long considered1 neither did ,i share the infatuation of the ,parisians about the inviolability of ,paris in the eyes of ,europe1 and for the last fortnight we had come to expect the siege as almost a certainty1 that was now only a question of time1 and yet we were as much startled by this cool official announcement of it as if the thing had never been seriously mentioned before4 8,i don't know what ,i will do10 ,i said2 8if we had nerves equal to it1 it would be the most fearfully interesting experience to go through40 8,no doubt10 assented ,berthe2 8but it is an experience that will tax the strongest nerves2 of that you may be sure2 and unless one has duties to keep one here1 ,i think it would be mad imprudence1 as the general said1 to run the risk40 8,you mean to leave1 of course80 ,i said4 8,no2 ,i mean to stay4 ,i am pretty sure of my nerves2 besides1 as a ,frenchwoman1 ,i have a duty to perform2 ,i must bear my share of the common danger2 it would be cowardly to fly2 but with you it is different4 ,i don't think you would be justified in remaining for the interest of the thing4 ,only if you mean to go1 you must set about it at once4 ,have you got your passport80 8,no2 ,i had not gone that far in believing in the siege40 8,it was very foolish10 said ,berthe2 8all the foreigners we know have got theirs40 8,i will go for it now10 ,i said4 8,come on with me1 and let us talk it all over4 ,are you on foot80 8,no2 but ,i shall be glad of the walk home2 ,i will send away the carriage40 ,she did so1 and we went on together4 8,it is like death10 ,i said2 8no matter how long one is expecting it1 it comes like a blow at the last2 ,i can hardly realize even now that the siege is so near4 ,why1 it was only the other day we were listening to those people joking about it all60 8,it was a sorry joke10 said ,berthe2 8but that is always the way with us2 we go on joking to the end4 ,i believe a ,frenchman would joke in his coffin if he could speak40 8,and you really mean to stay1 ,berthe80 8,i do4 ,i shall be of some use1 ,i hope2 at any rate1 ,i will try my best4 ,but we can talk of that presently4 ,first about you2 are you decided80 8,i cannot say2 ,i feel bewildered10 ,i replied4 8,i long to stay1 and yet ,i fear it2 it is not the horrors of the siege that would deter me1 at least ,i don't think it is that2 it is the dread of being taken up as a spy40 ,she burst out into one of her loud1 merry laughs4 8,what a ridiculous idea6 ,why on earth should you be taken for a spy80 8,there is no why or wherefore in the case10 ,i said1 8that is just the alarming part of it2 the people are simply mad on the point2 they have barked themselves rabid about it1 and they are ready to bite every one that comes in their way4 ,twice on my way into town this morning ,i heard a hue and cry raised somewhere near1 and when ,i asked what was the matter1 a mad dog1 or a house on fire1 the answer was1 #8,oh1 no2 it's an espion they've started1 and he's giving them chase6' ,one man said to me1 half in joke1 half in earnest3 #8,madame would do well to hide her fair hair under a wig2 it's dangerous to wear fair hair these times4' ,i own it made me feel a little uncomfortable40 8,well1 that is not very comforting for me10 said ,berthe1 laughing1 8my hair is blond enough to excite suspicion40 8,oh6 your nationality is written on your face10 ,i said2 8there is no fear of you ever being mistaken for anything but a ,frenchwoman40 ,on arriving at the ,embassy1 we found a throng of ,british subjects waiting for their passports1 and considerably surprised at being kept waiting1 and expressing their surprise in no measured terms4 ,surely they paid dear enough for the maintenance of their embassies abroad to be entitled to prompt and proper attendance when once in a way they called on their representatives for a service of this kind6 ,the attachs were so overworked that it was impossible to avoid the delay8 ,then why were there not special attachs put on for the extra press of work8 ,and so on4 ,some nervous old couples were anxious to have the benefit of his excellency's personal opinion as to the prudence of leaving their plate behind them1 and1 if he really thought there was a risk in so doing1 would he be so kind as to suggest the safest mode of conveying it to ,london8 ,also1 whether it was quite prudent to leave their money in the ,bank of ,france and other ,french securities1 or whether it would be advisable to withdraw it at once at a loss8 ,also1 whether it would be a wise precaution to hang the ,union ,jack out of the window1 those who had furnished apartments in ,paris1 or whether the present state of feeling between ,england and ,france was such as to make such a step rather dangerous than otherwise8 ,it was not for outsiders to know how things stood between the two countries so as to be able to guide their course in the present crisis1 but his excellency being a diplomatist was well informed on the subject1 and they would rely implicitly on his judgment and advice1 etc4 ,berthe and ,i were so highly entertained by the nave egotism and infantine stupidity displayed by the various specimens of ,british nature around us1 that we did not find it in our hearts to grumble at being kept waiting nearly two hours4 ,on reaching the ,rond ,point of the ,champs ,elyses1 our curiosity was attracted by a silent1 scared-looking crowd collected on the sidewalk in front of the ,htel ,meyerbeer4 ,the blinds of the house were closed as if there were a death within1 and a few sergents-de-ville were standing at intervals with arms crossed1 staring up at the windows4 ,the owner of the hotel had been arrested with great noise the night before1 on the strength of some foolish words which had escaped him about the possible entry of the ,germans into ,paris2 but we neither of us knew anything of this1 and ,i asked the nearest sergeant if anything had happened4 ,the man turned round1 and1 without uncrossing his arms1 bent two piercing eyes upon me--piercing is not a figure of speech1 they literally stabbed us through like a pair of blades--and1 after taking a deliberate view of my person from head to foot1 he growled out3 8,yes1 something has happened4 ,a spy has been found60 ,there was something so diabolical in the tone of his voice and his expression that it terrified me1 and ,i suppose my terror got into my face and gave it a guilty hue1 for another sergent-de-ville who had turned round on hearing his colleague speak1 strode up to me1 and said nothing1 but drove another pair of eyes into me with fierce suspicion4 ,the crowd1 attracted by the incident1 turned round and stared at me1 and ,i felt as if ,i had that morning posted a despatch to ,bismarck or ,bismarck's master betraying every state secret in ,france4 ,despair1 however1 that makes cowards brave1 came to my rescue1 and1 putting a bold face on it1 ,i said1 with extraordinary pluck and coolness3 8,has he been arrested80 8,he has40 8,ah1 it is well60 ,i observed4 ,and in abject fear of being pounced upon there and then1 and done equally well by1 ,i walked away4 ,when we had got to a safe distance1 ,i looked at ,berthe4 ,she was as white as ashes4 ,indeed1 if ,i looked half as guilty1 it is nothing short of a miracle that we were not both seized on the spot and carried off to the ,prfecture de ,police4 8,let this be a lesson to us never to speak to any one in the street while things are in this state10 said ,berthe4 8,indeed1 the safest way would be not to speak at all1 especially in a foreign language1 for whatever they don't understand they set down as ,german1 and to be a ,german is of course to be a spy40 ,after this we walked on in silence4 ,evidently ,berthe no longer looked on my fears as chimerical or matter for laughter1 and1 puerile as the incident was1 ,i believe it put an end to my hesitation1 and decided me to leave ,paris with as little delay as possible4 ,she had not realized as much as ,i had1 but the spy-fever had spread so alarmingly within the last few days that what had first been merely a recurring panic was now a fixed idea that had grown to insanity4 ,you might read suspicion and fear written on the faces of the people as you went along4 ,they walked in twos and threes without speaking1 glancing timidly on every side1 and trying to carry it off with an air of indifference or preoccupation4 ,every one was in mortal fear of being pointed at and hooted off to the nearest poste4 ,no nationality was safe4 ,a few ,englishmen who had fallen victims to the popular mania1 and been subjected to a night's hospitality at the expense of the government1 had published their experiences1 and described the sort of entertainment prepared for casual visitors1 and it was anything but enticing3 a salle crammed full of every kind and degree of sinner1 from the imaginary spy whipped up on the pavement without proof or witness1 to the lowest vagrants of the worst character1 all put in for the same offence1 and huddled up together without a chair to sit on or air to breathe4 ,those who were lucky enough to be set free after a short term of durance vile were warmly congratulated by their friends1 and retired into private life without further clat4 ,some ,english subjects were simple enough to venture a protest against the unceremonious proceeding on the part of the police1 and were politely reminded that the gates of the city were still open and trains ready to convey them to many places of more agreeable manners where the sacred person of a ,british subject ran no risk of being mistaken for a common mortal1 but that1 while they choose to remain within the gates1 they must take the consequences4 ,and this was1 after all1 the best answer they could make1 and it behooved all sensible ,british subjects to abide by it4 ,i parted from ,berthe at the corner of her own street1 and went home to pack up and start the next day by the twelve o'clock train4 ,i stopped on my way to the station to take leave of her4 ,it was near eleven o'clock4 ,contrary to my expectations1 ,i found her up and dressed1 instead of lolling in dishabille on her couch4 ,but this was not the only surprise awaiting me4 ,the whole appearance of the house was changed4 ,the portires and curtains were taken down2 the two salons were emptied of their furniture1 and four iron beds placed in the large one and two in the small one4 ,a young woman was busy cutting out bandages with a great basket of linen beside her in ,berthe's room--that soft1 ,sybarite room1 so unused to such company and such occupation4 ,her face was concealed by a broad-frilled ,vendean cap1 but on hearing us enter she turned round1 and ,i recognized the bride-widow of the ,brton volunteer4 8,we are going to work very hard together10 said ,berthe1 putting her hand on the girl's shoulder4 8,jeannette is to teach me to make poultices1 and to dress wounds1 and to do all kinds of useful things that one wants to know how to do for the wounded4 ,she is quite an adept in the service1 it seems1 so ,i hope our little ambulance will be well managed and comfortable for the dear soldiers40 ,jeannette's eyes filled with tears1 and she took ,berthe's hand and kissed it4 ,just at this moment ,franois came in to say there were some ,surs de ,charit who wanted to speak to madame4 ,berthe and ,jeannette went out to meet them1 and as they left the room ,antoinette came in through the dressing-room4 ,she threw up her arms when she perceived me1 and looked toward the salon with blank despair in her face4 8,the world is upside down10 she said1 8everything is going topsy-turvy2 what between the war1 and the siege1 and the rest of it1 one doesn't know what to expect next2 but of all the queer things going1 the queerest is what is happening in this house4 ,to think of le salon de la comtesse being turned into a hospital6 ,that ,i should live to see such things6 ,madame does well to go away2 people are all going crazy in this country1 and they say it's catching40 8,so it is1 ,antoinette10 ,i said1 8and the best thing ,i can wish you is that you may catch it yourself40 ,berthe wanted to come with me to the station1 but ,i would not let her4 ,i preferred to carry away my last impression of her as ,i saw her now4 ,she was dressed in a plain dark silk1 with a white apron before her1 and a soft cambric handkerchief tied loosely round her head2 the quaint1 half-nunlike dress seemed to me to become her more than the most artistic of ,m4 ,grandhomme's combinations1 and as ,i watched her going from room to room with a duster in her hand1 changing the chairs and tables1 and working as deftly as an accomplished housemaid1 her face flushed with the exercise and bright with a new-found joy1 ,i thought ,i had never seen her look so beautiful4 ,so we parted in that blue chamber that was henceforth to have a new memory of its own to both of us4 ,before ,i had started from my own house1 the news of ,sedan had come in1 and spread like wild-fire4 ,all that ,i had previously witnessed of popular excitement was cold and calm compared with what ,i beheld on my way to the station4 ,the city was like a galvanized nightmare1 electrifying and electrified into hubbub and madness4 ,rage and despair were riding the whirlwind with suspicion tied like a bandage on their eyes4 ,the cry of ,treason6 out-topped all other cries2 every man suspected his brother and accused him2 the air was filled with curses and threats1 and there was no voice strong enough to rise above the popular tumult and subdue it4 ,if there had been1 what might not have come of it8 ,if at that moment there had been a voice loud enough to speak to the hurricane1 and compel those millions of tongues to be silent and listen to the truth1 and then gather them into one great voice that would lift itself up in a unit of harmony and power that would have been heard1 not only to the ends of ,paris1 but to the ends of ,france1 ,what might not have been done8 what might not have been saved8 ,but it was not to be4 ,nothing came of the discord but discord4 ,the strong hand that might even then have welded all these suicidal elements of hate1 and fury1 and suspicion into a vigorous bond of action was not forthcoming2 the strife was to go on to the bitter end1 till the soil of fair ,france was drenched with blood1 and all her energies spent1 and her youth and chivalry laid low in bootless butchery4 ,the blocks that stopped our progress in every street made it a difficult matter to get to the railway1 and when we eventually did get there we were a quarter of an hour behind our time4 ,but1 as it happened1 this was of no consequence2 we had to wait another hour before the train started4 ,meantime the confusion was indescribable4 ,several wagons full of wounded had arrived by the last train1 and a regiment of the line was waiting to start by the next4 ,the ,place was filled with soldiers1 some were lying at full length fast asleep under the hot noon sun1 others were smoking and chatting near their arms that were stacked here and there2 some of the poor fellows had been out before1 and were only just recovering from their wounds2 they looked worn and weak as if hardly able to bear themselves2 women were clinging to them1 weeping and lamenting2 inside the station1 travellers were rushing frantically from bureau to bureau2 then in despair at ever getting through the crowd that besieged every wicket1 they would seize some unlucky porter with a band on his hat1 and implore him in heart-rending tones to help them to a ticket1 and1 when he protested that such a service was not in his power they would belabor him vindictively with hard words1 and make another rush at the bureau4 ,at last we were off4 ,it was an exciting journey1 such as ,i hope never to make again4 ,the lines were encumbered with trains full of wounded coming and troops going1 and our pace was regulated with a view to avoid running into those ahead or being run into by those behind4 ,now we darted on at a terrific speed1 the engine wriggling from rail to rail like a snake gone mad2 then we would pull up spasmodically and crawl almost at a foot-pace1 then off we flew again like a telegram4 ,trains flashed past us on either side every now and then with a tremendous roar1 and soldiers sang out snatches of war-songs1 and we cheered them and waved hands and handkerchiefs to them in return4 ,we had started an hour and a quarter behind our time1 and we arrived three hours after we were due4 ,for two hours before we reached ,boulogne1 the danger lights were flashing ahead1 red and lurid in the darkness1 and it was with something like the feeling of being rescued from a house on fire that we set foot at last on the platform4 ,once in safety1 ,i was able to look back more calmly on the history of the last fortnight4 ,it seemed to me that ,i had been standing on a rock1 watching the tide roll in1 creeping gradually higher and nearer to my standpoint till ,i felt the cold touch of the water on my feet1 and leaped ashore4 ,and ,berthe8 ,she stood out like a bright star transfiguring the dense darkness of the picture4 ,the change ,i had witnessed in her appeared to me like the promise of other changes1 wider1 deeper1 universal4 ,i had ceased to wonder at the choice she had made2 the more ,i thought of it1 the more ,i felt that she was worthy of it as it was of her1 and the only wish ,i could form for her now was1 that she might be strong to persevere unto the end4 ,the course she had adopted was the noblest and the only true one for a ,frenchwoman while ,france was suffering1 and struggling1 and bleeding to death4 ,while the war-cry and the battle psalm were clanging around1 it was not meant for the women of ,france to sit idly in luxurious ease1 and watch the death-struggle of the nation in indifference or mere passive sympathy4 ,we may none of us stand aloof from our brethren in such a crisis1 or take refuge in cowardly neutrality4 ,neutrality in the brotherhood of ,freedom is desertion1 treachery4 ,we have each our appointed post in the battle1 and we cannot desert it without being traitors4 ,we must all fight somehow4 ,not of necessity with iron or steel1 but we must fight4 ,moses had neither bow nor arrow nor javelin when he got up on the mountain and watched with uplifted arms the conflict in the valley below1 but yet he was not neutral4 ,so to the end of time it must be with all of us4 ,we must fight somehow2 we may never abide in selfish peace or a sense of isolated security while the brethren around are at war2 whithersoever the battle goes1 to victory or defeat1 to glory or humiliation1 we must take our share in it1 and let our hearts go on fighting faithfully to the end4 ,we must love the combatants through good and evil alike2 through the smoke and din we must discern every ennobling incident of the struggle1 such as there abounds on every battle-field in every land1 seeing all things in their true proportions1 shutting our hearts inexorably to despair1 making them wide to endless sympathy with the good1 to inexhaustible pity for the wicked4 ,the smoke must not blind us2 the crash and the roar must not deafen us2 through the agony of souls1 despair1 and hate1 and sin1 we must have our vision clear and strong to recognize the loveliness of virtue1 the divine beauty of sacrifice1 the infinite possibilities of repentance1 the joy of the conquerors1 the sweetness of the kiss of peace4 ,loving all love4 ,hating all hate4 ,we must see angels outnumbering fiends in incalculable degree1 light triumphing over darkness1 and the breath of purity healing the blue corruption of the world4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,clerke ,,of ,,oxenforde4 ,at his beddes hed ,twenty bokes clothed in blake or red1 ,of ,aristotle and his philosophie1 ,than robes riche1 fidel or sautrie1 ,for al be that he was a philosopher ,yet hadde he but litel gold in coffer1 ,and all that he might of his frendes hente ,on bokes and on learning he it spente1 ,and besily gan for the soules praie ,of them that gave him wherewith to scholaie4 --,chaucer4 ,a ,,bad ,,beginning ,,for ,a ,,saint2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,early ,,life ,,of ,,father ,,chaumonot1 ,a ,,celebrated ,,missionary ,,in ,,canada4 ,lives of saints are somewhat discouraging reading at times to poor mortals1 who feel that they have a good deal of human nature in them1 and that somehow human nature is more disposed to play the part of mistress than of handmaiden to grace4 ,these holy souls seem from the cradle so innocent1 so faithful1 that they appear a higher creation than ourselves1 and accordingly it is no less consoling than encouraging at times to find early shortcomings overcome by a tardy fidelity to grace1 and sanctity attained4 ,in the early annals of ,canada1 there are few names more revered than that of ,father ,peter ,mary ,joseph ,chaumonot1 whose impassioned eloquence gathered round him at ,onondaga the braves and sachems of the ,iroquois1 wondering to hear their unlabial language flow so smoothly from the lips of a white man--who founded at ,montreal the ,society of the ,holy ,family1 which has been such a potent instrument in maintaining in ,canadian homes the true family spirit of ,catholicity and devotion--and who founded near ,quebec a new ,loretto in this ,western world for the ,huron ,indians1 whom he so long directed and guided1 after he saw himself deprived of the martyr's crown which so many of his fellow-laborers won near the shores of ,lake ,huron4 ,yet good ,father ,chaumonot1 we are sorry to say1 began life as a young scamp2 and to encourage those who sometimes despair of mauvais sujets whom ,providence has placed under their charge1 we will give the story of his early years in ,chaumonot's own inimitable language4 ,late in life1 by command of his superiors1 he wrote an autobiographical account1 and from it we extract3 8,for my father ,i had a poor vine-dresser and for mother a poor schoolmaster's daughter4 ,at the age of six1 they placed me with my grandfather1 five or six leagues from our village1 that ,i might learn to read and write4 ,they then took me home1 but only for a short time1 one of my uncles1 a priest residing at ,chtillon-sur-,seine1 having had the kindness to take me to his house1 so that ,i might study in the college in that place4 8,when ,i had made some progress in ,latin1 my uncle wished me to learn plain chant1 under one of my class who was a musician4 ,this fellow persuaded me to leave ,chtillon and follow him to ,beaune1 where we were to study under the ,fathers of the ,oratory4 ,as ,i did not wish to undertake this journey without funds1 ,i stole about a hundred sous from my uncle while he was in the church4 ,with this we took flight4 8,we travelled by by-ways to ,dijon1 whence we made our way to ,beaune4 ,there we put up with a townsman1 but as my finances were short1 ,i wrote to ask my mother to have the goodness to supply me with money and clothes1 so that ,i might pursue my studies at ,beaune1 where ,i hoped to make more rapid progress than at ,chtillon4 ,the letter fell into my father's hands1 and he answered me that he would send me nothing2 that ,i must return2 and that he would make peace with my uncle for me4 8,this reply filled me with dismay4 ,to return to my uncle was to expose myself to be pointed at as a thief1 and yet to stay any longer at ,beaune was out of the question4 ,so ,i resolved to run around the world as a vagabond1 rather than bear the shame my rascality deserved4 ,i started from ,beaune with the intention of going to ,rome1 though ,i had not a sou or a change4 ,i travelled alone for half a day2 then ,i fell in with two young men of ,lorraine1 who saluted me and asked me whither ,i was going4 8,to ,rome10 quoth ,i1 8to gain the pardons40 ,they applauded my design1 and entertained me with the object of their own journey to ,lyons4 8,meanwhile ,i was thinking what was to become of me1 and what ,i was to live on1 if ,i continued my journey4 ,begging was in my ideas too degrading1 ,i could not bring myself to work for my living1 and there was little chance of my doing it1 for ,i was unaccustomed to labor and knew no trade4 ,fortunately1 my two ,lorrainers1 who were no better stocked with money than ,i was1 began to beg from door to door in the first town we came to4 ,who was dumfounded to see them ply this trade8 ,myself1 who1 after some deliberation1 concluded to imitate them rather than starve1 so powerfully had their example made easy what had previously appeared impossible4 ,such was my apprenticeship as a beggar1 but as ,i was only a beginner at the trade1 ,i gained but a wretched livelihood4 ,however1 ,i flattered myself that on reaching a city so large as ,lyons1 some good fortune would turn up4 ,but1 alas6 ,i was astonished to find myself arrested by the sentinels1 who let my companions pass on account of their passports1 and detained me because ,i had none4 8,i did not know what was to become of me1 or even where ,i was to get shelter4 ,i saw many large buildings1 but ,i durst not ask the least corner there to pass the night in4 ,at last1 spying a wretched shed opposite a glass furnace1 ,i crept under it4 ,would to heaven ,i had then had sense enough to take my sufferings as an expiation of my sins1 and united my poverty to that of my ,saviour lying in a stable6 8,next morning1 seeing at the river-side a boat where people were embarking to cross the ,rhone1 ,i begged the boatman to give me a passage out of charity4 ,this he did1 because in fact the city paid him to carry beyond the river all the beggars who were refused entrance into the city4 8,when ,i got to the other side1 ,i met a young man who promised to make the tour to ,italy with me4 8,we had just started off together when we met a priest returning from ,rome4 ,he did his best to persuade us to forego our projected pilgrimage and return home4 ,among other reasons1 he told us that our want of passports would prevent our getting entrance into any city on our way4 ,i asked him whether he had one1 and he had no sooner shown it to me than ,i begged him to allow me to make a copy of it1 which ,i did on the spot1 inserting my own name and my companion's instead of his4 8,oh6 why did ,i not then offer to ,god the hardships of nakedness1 fatigue1 heat1 cold1 and the thousand other miseries ,i suffered on that journey6 ,i should have had the happiness of drawing down upon me the blessings of heaven4 ,our common ,father would not have refused them to me1 beholding in me some traits of the poverty and sufferings of his ,son1 but alas6 my pride and other sins1 which rendered me more like the devil than ,i was to our ,lord by my poverty1 were great obstacles to grace in me4 ,yet1 ,o my ,god6 thou hadst thy views in permitting me to commit fault on fault1 folly on folly6 ,thou didst deign to set me free from all inordinate love to my parents1 which1 had ,i remained always with them1 would have prevented my consecrating myself entirely to thee4 ,thou didst design that when ,i grew up the remembrance of my trials should make me sympathize with more love and gratitude in the sufferings of thy ,son4 8,but ,i should be tedious were ,i to recount all the faults ,i committed1 and all the miseries that befel me on my way4 ,i shall give only the principal adventures4 8,the first that occurs to my mind is that1 when in ,savoy1 ,i entered the court of our college at ,chambry1 where ,i asked in ,latin for alms4 ,one of the fathers was so touched at my wretched state that he gave me supper1 and even promised to take me back to ,lyons1 whither he was about to go1 and send me from that point to ,chtillon4 ,at first ,i thanked him as well as ,i could1 and promised to follow him1 but as soon as he left me ,i took flight1 my money always terrifying me from the thought of returning to my parents4 ,was ,i not out of my senses1 and did ,i not well deserve all the evils that befel me1 when ,i refused such kind offers for my own quiet1 and the comfort of my poor family8 ,how deplorable was the blindness of my proud spirit1 to choose to face countless dangers and hardships1 rather than undergo a wholesome reprimand6 8,in a village in ,savoy we met a good parish priest1 who took us to his house1 and1 after giving us supper1 allowed us to sleep on the bed of his servant1 whom he had sent to ,chambry4 ,this gentleman slept in a room over his valet's1 which was entered by a ladder1 at the top of which was a trap-door1 which our host neglected to close properly1 so that about midnight a cat pursuing her prey threw it down4 ,the noise was sufficient to awake the priest1 who imagined that we were trying to enter his room for no good purpose4 ,so he jumped out of bed and1 attired as he was1 rushed out on a balcony1 crying ,murder6 murder6 murder6 at the top of his voice4 ,no less alarmed1 ,i ran up the ladder and reassured him by explaining the innocent cause of all the trouble4 ,fortunately for us1 the neighbors were not awakened by their pastor's voice4 8,here is another adventure where we ran greater risk4 ,in a town in the ,valteline we found a ,french garrison reduced to a very small number of soldiers1 so that the officers urged us strongly to enlist4 ,i would have consented to get my bread every day in this manner1 in the hunger ,i suffered1 but my wiser comrade would hear nothing of it4 ,all they got from us was our consent to await the arrival of the commissary1 who was daily expected4 ,they led us to hope that we should receive the same pay as real soldiers4 ,meanwhile1 they wished to see what figure we would cut on parade4 ,it was easy enough to travesty into a soldier my comrade1 who was a big fellow2 but as ,i appeared a mere boy1 from my youth and small body1 there was some difficulty in finding a sword to suit me4 ,that which they judged best suited to my size had an eel or snake skin scabbard1 and for want of belt or baldric they tied it around with an ass' halter4 ,i appeared so ridiculous in this that they resolved to put me to bed as sick when the commissary came4 ,while awaiting that event1 we lived on the king's bread1 and my comrade was in a constant shiver lest we should be regarded as interlopers or be detained there in spite of ourselves4 ,he made the danger out so great that ,i yielded to his urging4 ,bent on pursuing our pilgrimage to ,rome1 we started one fine morning1 but had not travelled more than a mile and a half when we were arrested by some soldiers1 who had orders to seize all deserters they found and take them back to their officers4 #8,alas6' ,i cried with tears1 #8have ,i the look of a military man8 ,i am a poor student1 who has taken a vow to go to ,rome4' ,so pathetic was my accent that it touched them1 and they let us go4 ,if ,god had not given them compassion for us1 what would have become of us8 ,he saved us from another danger after we had entered ,italy4 8,towards nightfall we reached a hostelry by the roadside1 where we proposed to sleep1 but we counted without our host4 ,we had scarcely eaten our wretched supper1 which he made us pay for as dearly as he wished1 when1 in spite of all our demands that he would at least give us shelter in one of his stables1 he barbarously drove us out4 ,it would not have been so bad could we have slept by the light of the stars1 but there were none1 and the weather1 which was overcast1 soon poured down on us a drenching rain4 ,our clothes were all soaked1 and1 to cap the climax1 the road was full of holes and ditches that we did not see1 so that we made almost as many tumbles as steps4 8,we were well-nigh used up when a gleam of light enabled us to make out a stable4 ,as we crawled towards it1 we found a great stack of straw quite near it4 ,we climbed up on it and made a hole in the top to creep in4 ,as we were chilled through1 especially our feet1 we put them under each other's arm-pits1 lying so that my head was opposite my companion's4 ,we were just beginning to get warm when some large dogs1 scenting us1 came running up barking furiously4 ,at this noise the people ran out of the farm-house and tried to drive us off with stones4 ,this new kind of hail did not suffer us to remain in our quarters1 and fear of the dogs prevented our leaving them4 ,i then thought it high time to speak1 and my skill in getting up tears served my turn here as it had already done in getting us off when arrested as deserters4 ,so ,i began to shout out in ,latin3 ,nos sumus pauperes peregrini4 ,as the last word is ,italian also1 it informed these good people who we were4 ,they took pity on us1 called off their dogs1 and left us to pass the rest of the night in peace4 8,after many hardships and sufferings we reached ,ancona4 ,alas6 who can express the wretched condition to which my vagabond life had reduced me6 ,from head to foot1 everything about me inspired horror4 ,i was barefooted1 having been obliged to throw away my shoes1 which were broken and galled me4 ,my shirt was rotting1 my tattered clothes swarmed with vermin1 my uncombed head was filled with so horrible a disease that it swarmed with worms and matter of most loathsome stench4444 ,it was only at ,ancona that ,i was aware of the extent of this disease1 when on scratching it ,i found a worm on my hand4 ,at the sight of this my consternation was unspeakable4 #8,must ,i1 then1' ,i said to myself1 #8in punishment of my villanies1 be eaten alive by worms and vermin8 ,i no longer wonder that when ,i take off my hat before people1 they show wonder and horror at the sight4 ,what is to become of me8 ,am ,i not a sickening sight to all the world8 ,o sad chastisement of my pride6' 8,after all1 ,i resumed courage as ,i approached the ,holy ,house of ,loretto4 ,perhaps the ,blessed ,virgin1 who performs so many miracles in this sacred spot in favor of the wretched1 will take pity on my misery6 ,ah6 why had ,i not then the knowledge ,i subsequently acquired of the wonders wrought by her in that sanctuary in favor of soul and body8 ,i should have had a far different confidence in her power and goodness6 8,although ,i invoked her coldly enough1 she showed me that1 independently of our merit and disposition1 she is pleased to exercise towards us the duties of a real mother2 and as one of these duties is to see to the cleanliness of their children1 thou didst regard me in that light1 ,o ,blessed ,virgin6 unworthy as ,i was and am to be adopted by thee as thy son4 ,thou didst inspire a young man whom ,i was never able to discover with the will and power to heal my head4 ,thou knowest better than ,i how it was accomplished4 ,yet ,i will not omit in token of gratitude to set down what ,i know4 8,on leaving the ,holy ,house of ,mary1 an unknown person1 who seemed to be a young man and who was perhaps an angel1 said to me with an air and tone of pity3 #8,my dear boy1 what a wretched head you have6 ,come1 follow me1 ,i will try to apply some remedy4' ,i followed him3 he took me outside the church1 behind a large pillar1 where no one passed4 ,having reached this retired spot1 he made me sit down1 and bade me remove my hat4 ,i obeyed4 ,he cut off all my hair with scissors1 rubbed my poor head with a white cloth1 and1 without my feeling any pain1 entirely removed all trace of the disease and its hideous accompaniments4 ,he then put my hat on again4 ,i thanked him for his charity2 he left me1 and ,i am yet to see a better physician or experience a more wretched disease4 8,if the least lady had done me this service by her lowest valet1 should ,i not render her all possible thanks8 ,and if1 after such a charity1 she had offered always to serve me in the same way1 how should ,i not feel bound to honor1 obey1 and love her all my life6 ,pardon1 ,queen of angels and of men6 pardon me1 that after receiving from thee so many marks convincing me that thou hast adopted me as thy son1 ,i have been so ungrateful as for whole years to act more as a slave of ,satan than the child of a ,virgin ,mother4 ,oh6 how good and charitable art thou1 since1 in spite of the obstacles my sins have raised to thy graces1 thou hast never ceased to draw me towards good2 till thou hast caused me to be admitted into the holy ,society of ,jesus1 thy ,son4 8,my comrade and ,i resumed the road to ,rome1 after spending three days at ,loretto2 but ,god stopped me at ,terni1 in ,umbria1 to change my beggar life for a place as valet4 ,i was begging from door to door as usual1 when a venerable old man1 a doctor of laws1 invited me to stay with him to attend him in the house and accompany him to town4 ,i was so weary of my beggar's trade that ,i readily accepted the citizen's offer to become his lackey2 ,i even did the lowest tasks1 for there was nothing that did not seem sweet and honorable compared to the hardships and humiliations which had made me loathe my mendicant life4 8,i had been some time at ,terni1 but as ,i had not picked up enough ,italian to confess in that language1 ,i made my confession in ,latin to a father of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,after my confession1 he questioned me as to my studies4 ,i told him that ,i was in rhetoric when ,i allowed myself to be led astray4 ,he manifested the regret he felt to see me reduced to so low a condition after starting so well in my education4 ,he urged me to resume my studies2 and to facilitate this he proposed1 if ,i chose1 to have me received into the college1 where ,i would advance in science and virtue4 ,i took his proposal ill1 imagining he wished to make a ,jesuit of me2 but in the sequel ,i had every reason to believe that this wise religious merely wished to give me at first the place of a young secular who taught the lowest class in the college4 ,would to ,god ,i had then commenced to do so6 ,how many sins ,i should have avoided6 ,i did indeed go two days after to see the father and remind him of it1 but as ,i did not know his name1 ,i was stupid enough to ask for #8the father who heard my confession4' ,the scholars in the college yard to whom ,i put this question roared at my folly1 and that was enough to send me back quicker than ,i came4 ,however1 ,i asked the doctor whom ,i served what kind of people the ,jesuits were4 ,he answered me carelessly that they received only persons of rank and talent1 that their order was less austere than others1 and that you could leave it even after taking the vows4 ,these last traits with which he described them did not displease me4 ,i would willingly have entered among them for a time4 ,i was not yet fit for the kingdom of ,god1 as ,i looked behind me before putting my hand to the plough4 8,as ,i began to understand ,italian1 ,i read devotional books in that language1 and among the rest one1 ,the ,lives of the ,fathers of the ,desert1 inspired me with the desire of becoming a hermit4 ,thereupon1 without consulting any one1 ,i left my master's house with the view of going to bury myself in some wilderness in ,france after ,i had visited ,rome4 8,as ,i left the city ,i met my doctor's daughter1 and explained my intention to her1 so that they should not be alarmed at my sudden disappearance4 ,after ,i had travelled a few leagues1 ,i thought ,i would try whether ,i could live on herbs like the anchorites4 ,i took some growing wheat1 put it in my mouth1 chewed it1 but could not swallow it1 so ,i fell back on my trade of beggar1 which did not prevent my suffering considerably from hunger1 even in ,rome1 for ,i did not know the religious houses where alms were given at stated days and hours4 ,the novitiate of the ,jesuits at ,st4 ,andrew's is one of these charitable places1 and the only one ,i knew4 ,although my would-be vocation to the eremitical life was somewhat shaken1 ,i started from ,rome intending to return to ,france4 ,retracing the same road ,i came by1 ,i reached ,terni1 but not daring to return to my master1 ,i retired to a soap-maker of my acquaintance1 where ,i spent the night4 ,the next morning he told the doctor1 who was good enough to invite me back to his service4 ,i at once accepted his offer1 renouncing for ever beggary1 for which ,i had now a greater horror than ever4 8,my good master had an intimate friend called ,il ,signore ,capitone1 who some time after my return to ,terni told my doctor that he would like to have me at his house as tutor to his two sons1 who were studying at the college of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,my master consented1 and1 after speaking to me1 sent me to his friend4 ,i was received with open arms1 and presented the next day to our fathers1 who put me in rhetoric4 ,i was not long studying under them without feeling stimulated to imitate the virtues which ,i admired in these worthy servants of ,god4 ,one thing prevented openness with my confessor1 and it was that ,i could not bring myself to acknowledge my low birth1 for up to this time ,i had boasted that my father was a procureur du roi 7district attorney71 and ,i was ashamed to unsay it or keep on saying it4 ,several months rolled on in this combat of nature and grace1 the latter pressing me to declare my vocation1 the former preventing it4 ,however1 ,god1 wishing me to be received into the ,society1 prepared the occasion4 8,a young ecclesiastic paid by the fathers taught one of the lower classes1 but1 getting tired of it1 asked to be relieved4 ,they cast their eyes on me1 and promised me the same salary4 ,the gentleman with whom ,i dwelt consenting1 ,i became regent or teacher4 ,god gave me grace to economize my earnings1 and when ,i had a pretty good sum ,i divided it between the churches and the poor4 ,i even tried to imitate at least in something the great ,st4 ,nicholas1 by throwing some money one night into a house where there was a girl in want4 8,our ,lord rewarded me well for these liberalities by the great grace he did me by calling me strongly to the religious state4 ,one day among others1 while they were celebrating in the church the feast of ,blessed ,francis ,borgia1 not then canonized1 ,i was so touched by the sermon of the ,jesuit father that1 to follow as far as ,i could the example of the blessed ,francis1 ,i made a vow to leave the world and enter religion either among the ,jesuits1 if they were willing to receive me1 or1 in case they deemed me unworthy of that favor1 among the ,capuchins or ,recollects40 ,we will not follow his account of some interior struggles that followed4 ,when the provincial of the order arrived at ,terni1 the accounts given were so favorable that ,chaumonot was received and sent with good letters to the novitiate of ,st4 ,andrew's at ,rome4 8,i was twenty-one years old10 says he1 8when ,i entered the novitiate ,may #ah1 #afcb40 ,but he did not finish it there4 ,a nobleman had founded a novitiate at ,florence1 and young ,chaumonot with others was sent there six months after his entrance4 ,the master of novices here1 less austere than his former one1 encouraged him to reveal the great deception that troubled his conscience4 8,one of the first things ,i asked this second master of novices was that1 to punish my pride1 he should question me in public as to the condition of my parents1 my coming into ,italy1 and how ,i had been employed4 ,i hoped thus to expiate to some extent my faults1 and especially the falsehood ,i had uttered to conceal my low birth4 ,he consented4 ,one day1 when all the novitiate was assembled1 he questioned me on all these points4 ,god gave me grace to practise the humiliation which he had inspired1 and ,i publicly declared who ,i was1 how and why ,i had left ,france1 and what had been my adventures in ,italy4 ,the holy man added to my avowal as ,i had proposed making it1 another act of mortification that ,i had not counted on4 ,he told me to sing one of my village songs1 and for this purpose made me mount on a trunk as my stage4 ,i tried to obey1 but the music was not long4 ,my memory could bring up only a dancing tune4 ,i started it4 ,after the first couplet1 the father stopped me1 crying3 #8,shame6 what a ridiculous song6 ,if you don't know a better one1 never sing again4'0 ,his joy in the abode of religion was unbounded4 ,to find himself admitted among young men so far superior to him in all that the world esteems1 gave him constant occasions for zeal and fervor4 ,yet his trials were not ended4 ,the health which had stood the hardships of his gipsy life now became so impaired that there was some hesitation whether he should be allowed to take his vows4 ,but heaven favored his desires4 ,he returned to ,rome1 and was thence sent to the college at ,fermo1 to his intense delight2 for it was but a short distance from that ,holy ,house which was to his last breath the one beloved spot of earth to his warm heart1 throbbing with love for the ,holy ,family4 ,he easily won permission to make a pilgrimage to that shrine2 and the young ,french runaway of former days1 a spectacle to excite pity and horror1 would not now be recognized in the talented young ,italian ,jesuit1 ,calmanotti4 ,his mother tongue even was lost1 but a ,french father at ,loretto gave him some books in his native language1 and urged him to recover it4 ,after a time it came back1 and he could read with ease4 ,as a teacher1 he won the favor of his pupils and his superiors1 for he seemed to possess the donum fam1 that singular gift which constitutes popularity1 and wins its way with men of all nations and places4 ,while pursuing his theology at ,rome1 he became acquainted with ,father ,poncet de la ,rivire1 a ,parisian ,jesuit just completing his divinity course in the ,holy ,city1 destined at a later day to be hurried through ,northern ,new ,york by savage captors and to reach the ,mohawk amid torture and suffering4 ,one day this father placed in the hands of his young and brilliant countryman one of those ,jesuit ,relations our bibliomaniacs now prize so highly4 ,chaumonot read with wonder and excited interest the narrative of the heroic ,brbeuf and his call for religious to labor with him in converting the ,indians of ,new ,france4 ,to him it was a personal call1 and he responded4 ,there were obstacles1 but he applied for everything1 permission to abridge his course of study1 permission to be ordained1 permission to start as early as possible for ,france to catch the ships on their annual voyage4 ,yet with all his eagerness and haste1 he clung to one spot of ,italy4 ,he could not leave it without kneeling once more as a pilgrim in the ,santa ,casa1 and bearing it in his heart of hearts to the ,new ,world1 till he could erect there a ,loretto on the model of that he so revered4 ,his devotion to the ,holy ,family led him to adopt the name of ,joseph and ,mary1 and to choose for saying his first ,mass the ,loretto ,chapel1 erected after the model of the ,santa ,casa by ,cardinal ,pallotti4 ,an unfortunate hiatus in his autobiography prevents our following him through ,france1 and witnessing his meeting with his family and his long farewell4 ,the uncle1 we can well believe1 readily pardoned the escapade of one who was now showing such devotion and self-sacrifice2 while the mother must have pressed to her heart the son now more than ever dear to her4 ,the ,canada fleet sailed from ,dieppe1 and thither ,chaumonot and ,poncet bent their way4 ,the fleet and its voyage are historical4 ,as the old chronicle remarks1 it bore 8a ,college of ,jesuits1 a ,house of ,hospital ,nuns1 and an ,ursuline ,convent10 the last accompanied by ,madame de la ,peltrie1 the foundress and ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation1 as first superior4 ,of the ,hospital ,nuns--whose contemplated establishment was endowed by ,richelieu's niece1 the ,duchess d',aiguillon1 and the great cardinal himself--,mary ,guenet of ,st4 ,ignatius had in chapter been appointed to assume direction4 ,the passage of the ocean was not without its risks4 ,richelieu's attempt to create a ,french navy1 and his motto1 so adroitly alluding to the arms of ,france3 8,florent quoque lilia pronto0 7,e'en on the waters lilies bloom71 had excited jealousy1 and cruisers1 privateers of all kinds1 were ready to sweep away the cargoes destined for the colonies the far-sighted minister sought to create4 ,but fearless of this danger the fleet swept out of ,dieppe on the #dth of ,may1 #afci1 and the convent life1 with almost daily ,masses1 made the flagship vie in its regularity with the time-honored monasteries of the ,old ,world4 ,but if the danger of hostile cruisers did not alarm them1 the feast of the ,holy ,trinity came with a new peril4 ,dense fogs hung over the bosom of the ocean while the ,masses were offered4 ,just as they had risen from their adoration1 a sailor on the deck shrieked3 8,mercy6 mercy6 we are all lost60 ,through the lifting vapors he caught1 within two fathoms of the ship's side1 the flash and the glitter of ice4 ,while all sank in prayer1 offering vows and ,masses1 and the ,ursuline ,sister ,st4 ,joseph began to chant the ,litany of ,loretto1 the vanishing mist showed them the fearful extent of their danger4 ,the iceberg towered high above their topmast1 its summit still wreathed in a cloud of mist1 while far and wide it extended over the sea4 8,you would have called it a city10 says ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation1 8and there are cities which are far less extensive than this berg10 with turrets and spires1 streets and dwellings1 as it were of crystal4 ,the sails were straining1 the wind being full in their favor1 and the iceberg advancing4 ,all passed in a moment4 ,captain ,bontems' voice rang out1 but providentially the man at the wheel1 appalled by terror1 gave a wrong movement1 the wind suddenly changed1 and the vessel was saved1 as the ice fairly grazed it1 and bore away from the magnificent object that so recently sent a thrill through every heart--even the best pilots averring that it was a miracle1 as no human skill could have saved them4 ,still storms and fogs delayed the ships1 and it was not till the #aeth of ,july that they entered the port of ,tadoussac on the lower ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,transferred to a fishing-smack1 the whole party were here detained several days1 but at last on the #ast of ,august reached the lower town of ,quebec4 ,the gallant ,knight of ,malta1 ,huault de ,montmagny1 ,governor-,general of ,canada1 received them at the wharf1 and the city made it a general holiday4 ,as the nuns stepped on the ,american soil which was to be the scene of their labors for ,god and the ,indians1 they knelt to kiss the earth4 ,all then proceeded to the church1 where a ,te ,deum was chanted4 ,father ,chaumonot was not to linger long at ,quebec4 ,a letter of ,august #gth announces that he with three other fathers was about to start for the ,huron country4 ,his stormy sea voyage of three months was followed by a month's journey over the rivers and lakes and through the vast forests of the ,new ,world4 ,on the #ajth of ,september1 the six ,hurons ran their bark canoe ashore at the end of ,lake ,tsirorgi1 where ,father ,jerome ,lalemant was at the moment in a rude cabin he had recently thrown up4 ,chaumonot was on the field of his labor4 ,strange indeed was all around him4 8,our dwellings are of bark1 like those of the ,indians1 with no partitions except for the chapel4 ,for want of table and furniture1 we eat on the ground and drink out of bark4 ,our kitchen and refectory furniture consists of a great wooden dish full of sagamity1 which ,i can compare to nothing but the paste used for wall paper4 ,our bed is bark with a thin blanket2 sheets we have none1 even in sickness2 but the greatest inconvenience is the smoke1 which1 for want of a chimney1 fills the whole cabin40 8,our manner of announcing the ,word of ,god to the ,indians is not to go up into a pulpit and preach in a public place2 we must visit each house separately1 and by the fire explain the mysteries of our holy faith to those who choose to listen to it40 ,the superior soon recognized in the young father--to whom the ,hurons gave the name of ,oronhiaguehee 7the ,bearer of ,heaven7--a great facility for languages1 as well as zeal1 courage1 and perseverance4 ,father ,chaumonot began his ,huron labors at a critical moment4 ,the mission among the ,wyandot tribes1 renewed by the great apostle ,brbeuf soon after the restoration of ,canada to ,france1 had been fruitful in crosses and gave little to encourage the ministers of religion4 ,most of these ,indians1 obdurate in their errors and superstitions1 not only turned a deaf ear to the teachings of the missionaries1 but1 regarding them as powerful sorcerers1 attributed to them every misfortune that befel the tribe or any individual4 ,in those wild communities1 every one rights his own wrongs1 real or imaginary4 ,hence the fearless ,jesuits actually carried their lives in their hands1 never free from danger1 or without the probability of being tomahawked4 ,the flotilla that brought up ,father ,chaumonot and ,poncet carried also the deadly small-pox4 ,as it devastated town after town1 the missionaries were compelled to bear the responsibility of this new scourge4 ,their very efforts to reach the sick1 to baptize and instruct1 were resisted with superstitious terror2 they were driven from cabins2 and often1 on reaching a town1 would find every lodge closed against them4 ,their crosses were cut down1 the crucifix torn from their necks1 the tomahawk often menaced their lives while on their errands of mercy or at prayer in their cabins4 ,it was a position to appall the stoutest heart4 ,yet ,chaumonot entered on his work with alacrity and courage1 fit associate for those who had already braved all the risks and perils4 ,none faltered or hesitated4 ,they took1 however1 at this time an important step4 ,to enable them to act more independently and give them at all times a place for retreats1 as well as a centre of mission work1 they established ,st4 ,mary's1 the first mission settlement in the ,west4 ,it was on the river ,wye1 easy of access from all the towns where they had been laboring4 ,from it the fathers1 generally two together1 proceeded to the towns assigned as their field of labor4 ,the large fortified town of ,ossossane was entrusted to ,father ,ragueneau1 and ,chaumonot was named his assistant4 ,here the opposition and obduracy were such that they had actually driven out the missionaries4 ,the young ,jesuit went forth bravely into this hardened field--,ossossane and twelve neighboring towns4 ,in ,st4 ,teresa1 as the missionaries styled one of these villages1 a young man solicited instruction and seemed to hear it with pleasure4 ,while ,father ,ragueneau was speaking1 another ,indian rushed furiously in and ordered the two missionaries to be gone4 ,as ,father ,ragueneau rose1 the young man whom he had been instructing sprang upon him1 tore his crucifix violently from his neck1 and1 brandishing his tomahawk1 bade him prepare to die4 8,i fear not death10 said ,ragueneau2 8you should thank me for what ,i have just taught you4 ,if you wish to kill me ,i shall not fly1 for death will place me in heaven40 ,his tomahawk was raised1 and he dealt the blow4 8,father ,chaumonot and ,i thought that we that moment beheld our long-cherished desire gratified10 but the blow was averted--how they knew not4 ,as he raised his hatchet again his arm was caught4 ,one day the two fathers were passing near a cabin full of sick ,hurons1 whom they were not permitted to see4 ,a bright little boy ran out and welcomed them with kind words4 ,his danger of taking the epidemic touched them4 ,father ,ragueneau felt impelled not to lose the opportunity which ,providence seemed to offer them to baptize him1 and he asked our young missionary to baptize him secretly4 ,father ,chaumonot took up a handful of snow1 and1 melting it in his hand1 poured it upon his head4 ,the little fellow smiled1 and then1 as though he had accomplished his errand1 ran back to his death-stricken home4 ,a few days later they heard that he had sunk under the fatal malady4 ,the next year he was sent to the ,arendaenronnon with ,father ,daniel4 ,as the great object was to learn the language1 his experienced companion made him daily visit a certain number of cabins and pick up all the words he could1 writing them down4 8,so great a repugnance had ,i to making these visits10 he tells us1 8that every time ,i entered a cabin ,i seemed to be going to the torture1 so much did ,i shrink from the railleries to which ,i was subjected40 ,after this rude apprenticeship he set out with the great ,father ,brbeuf to attempt to establish a mission among the ,attiwandaronk1 a tribe lying on both sides of the ,niagara1 or1 as they called it and one of their towns near the ,senecas1 ,onguiaahra4 ,this tribe1 fiercer and more brutal than the ,hurons1 had hitherto observed a neutrality between them and the ,iroquois--a fact which led the ,french to call them the ,neutral ,nation4 ,a journey of four days and nights through the woods from ,teananstayae on the ,huron frontier brought them to ,kandoucho1 the first of the ,neuter towns4 ,in the beginning they were well received1 and all awaited the return of the great chief ,tsohahissen from war1 there being no one in his absence to treat with them2 but gradually pagan ,hurons came1 and represented the missionaries as great magicians who sought their ruin4 ,then every door was closed against them1 and they often nearly perished at night1 deprived of all shelter4 ,after visiting eighteen towns1 they sadly turned back towards ,kandoucho1 but the snow came on so rapidly that they could not proceed beyond ,teotongniaton4 ,there they found a charitable woman who not only welcomed them to her cabin1 but during their twenty-five days' stay was their patient and intelligent instructor in her language1 enabling them to adapt the dictionary and grammar of the ,huron language to that of this nation4 ,yet even this good woman could not protect her guests from all injury4 ,a crazy fellow in her cabin spat upon ,father ,chaumonot1 tore his cassock1 and kept up such a din that they could not sleep1 and tore from their persons any object that took his fancy4 ,after a stay of four months and a half they finally abandoned this field1 and the ,neuter ,nation rejected its last call1 for it was soon after destroyed by the ,iroquois4 ,still greater suffering awaited him4 ,with the early summer he joined ,father ,daniel once more4 ,they entered the cabin of a dying woman in the town of ,st4 ,michael to baptize her2 one of her relatives1 incensed at this1 awaited them without1 and as ,father ,chaumonot issued forth tore off his hat with one hand1 and with the other dealt him a terrible blow with a stone4 8,i was stunned by the blow10 says he1 8and the assassin seized his tomahawk to finish me1 but ,father ,daniel wrested it from his hands4 ,i was taken to our host's cabin1 where another ,indian was my charitable physician4 ,seeing the large tumor ,i had on my head1 he took another sharp stone to make some incision1 through which he endeavored to press out all the extravasated blood1 and then bathed the top of my head with cold water1 in which some pounded roots were steeped4 ,he took some of this infusion into his mouth and squirted it into the incisions4 ,this treatment was so successful that ,i was soon well4 ,god was satisfied with my desire of martyrdom1 or rather deemed me unworthy to die a victim to the hatred of the first of our sacraments40 ,amid such men1 with all the horrors of war--for the ,iroquois from ,new ,york were gradually conquering the land--,chaumonot labored on1 suffering in health but undaunted and unappalled1 even when1 in #afdh1 ,father ,daniel perished in his village1 and in the following ,march ,father ,brbeuf and his young associate ,gabriel ,lalemant underwent the fearful torture which gave them the highest crown among our martyrs4 ,a general panic seized the ,hurons after this last blow4 8,at the time of this greatest defeat of the ,huron nation10 says ,father ,chaumonot1 8,i had charge of a town almost entirely ,christian4 ,the ,iroquois1 having attacked the villages about ten miles off1 gave our braves a chance to sally out and attack them2 but the enemy were in greater force than they supposed1 and our men were defeated4 ,two days after their defeat news came that all our warriors were killed or taken4 ,it was midnight when the intelligence came1 and at once every cabin resounded with wailing1 sobs1 and piteous cries4 ,you could hear nothing but wives bewailing their husbands1 mothers mourning for their sons1 and relatives lamenting the death or captivity of those nearest to them4 ,thereupon an old man1 justly fearing lest the ,iroquois might dash on the town1 now deprived of its defenders1 began to run through the town crying3 #8,fly6 fly6 let us escape2 the hostile army is coming to take us4' 8,at this cry ,i ran out and hastened from cabin to cabin to baptize the catechumens1 confess the neophytes1 and1 arm all with prayer4 ,as ,i made my round ,i saw that they were all abandoning the place1 to take refuge with a nation about thirty-three miles distant4 ,i followed these poor fugitives with the view of giving them spiritual aid1 and as ,i did not even think of taking any provisions1 ,i made the whole journey without eating or drinking or ever feeling any fatigue4 ,while marching on1 ,i thought only and busied myself only with administering consolation to my flock1 instructing some1 confessing others1 baptizing those who had not yet received that sacrament4 ,as it was still winter1 ,i was forced to administer baptism with snow-water melted in my hands4 ,what showed me clearly that my strength in flight was given me from on high1 is that a ,frenchman in the party1 a man incomparably stronger in constitution than ,i1 almost perished on the way1 spent with weariness and overexertion40 ,he was with the surviving missionaries when they committed to the grave at ,st4 ,mary's the bodies of ,brbeuf and ,lalemant2 and when tidings came of ,garnier's heroic death1 and of ,chabanel's disappearance1 he accompanied the ,hurons who fled to ,st4 ,joseph's ,island in ,lake ,huron4 ,there is nothing in the annals of the missions more touching than ,father ,chaumonot's letters describing the fearful sufferings of the fugitives there4 ,when they at last resolved to seek a refuge at ,quebec with their allies the ,french1 ,father ,chaumonot bore them company1 bidding adieu to the land which for eleven years had been the constant scene of his labors4 ,no missionary had more thoroughly entered into the ,indian character or identified himself with them in thought4 ,to him1 therefore1 they gave the name which the illustrious ,brbeuf had borne1 that of ,hechon2 and he was naturally the one to whose direction they were committed on ,isle ,orleans4 ,his labors on the ,huron language were now probably completed4 ,he had thoroughly mastered it1 and drew up a grammar and dictionary1 which continued for years to be the guide1 not only for ,huron1 but for all the kindred ,iroquois languages4 8,it pleased ,god10 he says1 8to give my work so much benediction1 that there is no turn or subtlety in ,huron1 nor manner of expression1 that ,i am not acquainted with1 or have not1 so to say1 discovered40 ,this knowledge he attributed as much to prayer as to his natural talent and assiduity4 ,his grammar was published some years since in the second volume of the ,collections of the ,quebec ,literary and ,historical ,society1 and is one of the most important of those linguistic treasures which ,american ethnology owes to the early ,catholic missionaries4 ,father ,chaumonot had scarcely organized his ,huron church on ,isle ,orleans when he was summoned to a new field4 ,the ,iroquois1 their hands reeking with the blood of ,goupil1 ,jogues1 ,daniel1 ,brbeuf1 ,lalemant1 ,garnier1 asked for missionaries4 ,they began to respect the faith which gave such heroes1 able to read the grandeur of ,christianity in the virtues of its apostles4 ,father le ,moyne had led the way to ,onondaga4 ,dablon and ,chaumonot followed4 ,in a general assembly of the cantons1 ,father ,chaumonot proclaimed the faith with such eloquence1 and in a style so adapted to reach the ,indian mind1 that the ,indians lost their cold indifference1 and applauded loudly1 while ,father ,dablon himself listened in wonder to the language of his fellow-missioner4 ,the mission was established4 ,huron captives formed a nucleus1 around which gathered ,iroquois converts1 warriors and matrons1 sachems and orators4 ,there was no sparing of vice4 ,amid all the suspicion that lurked in the ,indian mind against the motives of the missionaries1 and compelled constant discourses and apologies1 the fearless missionaries rebuked them for their evil life4 ,once1 when accusations were made that the blackgowns came to diminish their numbers and blight their race1 ,father ,chaumonot boldly retorted the charge on the men1 and showed them that1 by their infidelity and harshness to their wives1 their divorces1 abandoning them1 and overtasking their strength1 they caused the death of their children1 and were forced to adopt captives to fill their cabins4 ,christian marriage alone1 he showed them1 could save the race from extermination4 ,this advocacy of woman's real rights closed the mouths of his assailants1 and so won the women of ,onondaga to the cause of ,christianity that they wished to render public thanks to the fearless missionary4 ,they gave him a great banquet1 to which they came adorned in all their finest ornaments1 to dance to the cadence of two native minstrels1 while they sang his praises and thanked him for his advocacy4 ,strange that alarmed statisticians in this country point now to the same causes as producing the rapid decline in the birth-rate of the ,americans as a people1 while the church1 echoing ,chaumonot's sermon of two centuries ago1 points to the sacrament of matrimony as the only sure hope for the country4 ,the ,onondaga mission of #afee is full of beautiful details4 ,its end was strange and romantic4 ,a plot formed for the destruction of all the ,french was baffled by a secret flight1 so adroitly managed that the ,indians believed that the ,french had become invisible4 ,montreal was the next field of our missionary4 ,here1 in #affc1 with the aid of ,madame d',ailleboust1 ,margaret ,bourgeoys1 foundress of the ,congregation ,sisters1 ,mother de ,brsoles1 of the ,htel ,dieu1 and other pious persons1 he founded a society which has for its model the ,holy ,house of ,nazareth1 to which he was so devoted1 and which has for two hundred years been the instrument of incalculable good in ,canada--one of the mighty aids in maintaining the family faith and family piety--the ,society of the ,holy ,family4 ,amid our great wants is such a society1 to sanctify ,christian families1 by modelling them on that of ,jesus1 ,mary1 and ,joseph4 ,the remnant of his ,huron flock had gathered beneath the fort of ,quebec1 but before he returned permanently to them he was sent as chaplain to ,fort ,richelieu1 at the mouth of the ,sorel4 ,adapting himself to any life1 he labored among those committed to him with his habitual zeal4 ,he soon gained the hearts1 not only of the private soldiers1 but of the officers2 and established among them regular practices of piety4 ,one officer1 touched by his words and example1 hung up his sword at the altar1 and1 receiving in due time holy orders1 was for many years a devoted missionary in ,nova ,scotia2 while a soldier1 formed by ,father ,chaumonot1 devoted himself to the service of the missionaries1 and became an excellent teacher4 ,at last he is with his ,hurons1 never to leave them4 ,he reared for them the ,chapel of ,notre ,dame de ,foye1 so called after a celebrated shrine of ,mary near ,dinan4 ,a copy of the miraculous statue there venerated excited the devotion of his flock1 and was the instrument of ,god's blessings and favors4 ,to commemorate these1 the ,hurons1 through ,father ,chaumonot1 sent to the ,old ,world shrine a wampum belt with the inscription1 8,beata qu credidisti10 and this token of ,indian homage was laid before the altar of ,our ,lady with the offerings of kings and princes4 ,others followed the example1 and to this day celebrated shrines in ,belgium1 ,france1 and ,italy preserve the wampum belts sent from the depths of our forests by the converts of our early missionaries4 ,six years later1 the wants of the ,indians compelled them to select a new site1 where unbroken land and fuel were abundant4 ,when it was chosen1 ,father ,chaumonot carried out a long-cherished design1 and with the alms of the ,children of ,mary in ,europe and ,america erected a brick chapel of the exact dimensions and arrangement of the ,santa ,casa of ,loretto4 ,it soon became a renowned pilgrimage for the supernatural favors obtained there4 ,and here in this favored sanctuary the servant of ,mary spent nearly a quarter of a century1 giving his time to ,god and his neighbor4 ,he rose at two1 spent four or five hours in prayer or contemplation1 recited his office1 said ,mass1 preaching almost daily1 then attended to the affairs of the mission1 instructing some of his colleagues in ,huron1 catechising children2 after a slight repast at noon1 he again spent some time in prayer1 and visited some cabins to give special instructions4 ,at nightfall1 his chapel was filled for evening prayer1 and with his private devotions he closed his day4 ,in #afhi1 he celebrated at the ,cathedral of ,quebec the fiftieth anniversary of his first ,mass1 being the first one who had ever there attained such years of ministry4 ,the ,governor and ,intendant1 with many other persons of distinction1 sought the privilege of receiving at the hands of the venerable priest on this day4 ,at the close of the year #afib1 he began to sink under a complication of disorders1 and was conveyed to ,quebec4 ,he rallied for a time1 but after suffering intense pains1 which he bore with unshaken patience and admirable piety1 he died the death of a saint4 ,as such1 his austerities1 his mortifications1 his uninterrupted union with ,god1 his zeal and love for his neighbor1 had long caused him to be regarded4 ,all gathered around his venerated remains seeking some relic1 and many afflicted in soul or body sought his intercession--as documents show1 not without effect4 ,his funeral was the most imposing yet seen in ,canada4 ,such was the repute of his sanctity that even ,frontenac1 the ,governor-,general1 bitter and fanatical in his hostility to the ,jesuits1 attended1 as well as the ,bishop of ,quebec1 who had long revered the aged missionary4 ,none who beheld his unpromising start in life could have dreamed of such a career or of such a close4 ,,protestant ,,missions ,,in ,,india4#aij ,the contents of this book1 put forward with all the apparent sanction possible of the sect that employs ,mr4 ,butler1 may be looked upon as the quintessence of all that has been or can be said on the subject of missions in ,hindostan1 by a writer who feels that he has a claim to challenge our attention and command our belief4 ,that it is orthodox in character1 according to the notions of his class1 cannot be doubted in view of the official position of the author1 and the innumerable extracts from the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 particularly the former1 with which its pages are interspersed2 quotations the frequency of which1 if not reflecting much credit on the reverend doctor by their charity or appositeness1 give to the work an air of ponderous learning and holiness that must be highly relished by his brother ,methodists4 ,but in justice to the author1 it must be said that he does not altogether confine himself to the sacred writers4 ,when the grandeur of the pagan temples or the horrors of ,mohammedanism become too great even for his descriptive powers1 he freely draws on that profane child of the muses1 ,tom ,moore1 whose merits1 however1 he is careful1 in his clerical capacity1 to depreciate by assuring us that the author of ,lalla ,rookh 8was for a good part of his life a ,romanist02 an objection which he seems to forget might be urged with equal truthfulness against the majority of the gifted minds of the past eighteen centuries1 and even against the inspired penmen of the ,new ,testament and the fathers of the church4 ,however1 aside from the attractions of the work in an artistic point of view1 we do no injustice in selecting it as a very favorable specimen of this sort of literature1 and1 recognizing its author as a tried and approved servant of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 we shall proceed to gather from its veritable pages a history of his labors1 sufferings1 and triumphs in the cause of ,protestant ,christianity4 ,india1 as our readers are aware1 is one of the most densely peopled and1 in one sense1 highly civilized of ,asiatic countries4 ,its population numbers considerably more than two hundred millions1 or about one-sixth of the whole human race1 speaking many languages and professing various forms of faith4 ,the ,hindoos1 the original inhabitants1 forming the mass of the people1 are polytheists1 worshipping according to the ,vedas and other books considered sacred1 their priests being known to the ,western world as ,brahmins--an hereditary religio-social aristocracy1 the most ancient1 and at one time considered the most learned1 body of men in existence4 ,the ,mohammedans1 who are said to amount to some twenty-five millions1 are the descendants of the conquerors of the eleventh century1 and follow more or less strictly the teachings of the ,koran4 ,the ,brahminical classes or castes1 which are numerous1 though not enjoying their full immunities since the advent of ,europeans on their shores1 are still ardently devoted to learning1 and indeed1 in common with all their countrymen1 may be said to develop remarkable mental acuteness and quick perception1 though still unfortunately strongly attached to the grossest forms of idolatry4 ,to wean them from these degrading practices1 and to introduce in their stead the pure teaching of the ,gospel1 has been the professed object of the ,protestant sects of ,europe in sending out crowds of missionaries and innumerable ,bibles since the commencement of the century--a work in which some of their brothers in this country have not been behindhand4 ,but ,american ,methodism1 until #ahef1 had no representative in the 8land of the ,veda10 and the ,indians up to that time were ignorant of its peculiar and manifold blessings till ,dr4 ,butler was despatched from ,boston to enlighten them4 ,he sailed in ,april1 and arrived at ,bareilly in the autumn of that year1 where1 as he tells us1 8his appearance caused a great deal of talk and excitement40 ,he was accompanied from ,allahabad by a native named ,joel1 wife and child1 and1 having his own wife and two of his children with him1 he commenced his labors4 ,this ,joel1 who is frequently mentioned in the book1 was1 it seems1 already converted1 and when transferred to ,dr4 ,butler by his spiritual guardians they 8playfully intimated that ,joel had been trained a ,presbyterian1 knew the ,westminster ,catechism1 and was sound on the five points of ,calvinism1 and that they would naturally expect him to continue in the faith even though he was going with a ,methodist missionary2 but10 continues the sly doctor1 8,i felt assured that these things would regulate themselves hereafter0--and he was right1 for1 as he tells us in another place1 his faithful helper 8was destined to become the first native minister of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church in ,india40 ,he became in a manner the corner-stone of the vast edifice that was about to be erected on the ruins of heathenism4 ,we have often heard the anecdote of lending a congregation1 but this is the first instance1 within our knowledge1 of borrowing1 not to use a harsher term1 a convert2 still1 we can sympathize with honest ,joel in the confusion of mind he must have experienced in discriminating between the ,christianity of ,john ,calvin and that of ,john ,wesley1 and his mystification at receiving as the ,word of ,god two different and distinct versions of the same law1 not to speak of his trying to expound them to his audience in his capacity of first native pastor4 ,still1 he was a beginning1 the nucleus of that great conglomeration of religion and intelligence about to be called into existence by the potent spells of the grand magician4 ,nor was he long left alone4 ,there was a ,christian girl1 it seems1 named ,maria1 who had formerly been converted by the ,madras ,baptists1 but whom ,dr4 ,butler speedily reconverted to ,methodism4 8,this precious girl10 says the author1 8who1 of her race and sex in ,bareilly1 alone loved us for the ,gospel's sake1 seemed raised up to encourage and aid us in our new mission20 and with this encouragement1 and two such followers1 he forthwith set about the conversion of ,rohilcund1 having first secured 8a furnished house1 and began to study the language40 ,if there is something absurd in the commencement of a ,methodist church with only a ,presbyterian and a ,baptist1 the idea conveyed in the last sentence is excessively ridiculous4 ,can we imagine a heaven-appointed minister1 filled with holy energy1 so eager to christianize the heathen and elevate his mind that he leaves his distant home and two of his 7four7 children in tears1 penetrates into the heart of the enemy's country1 and1 having made his 8comfortable arrangements10 established his wife and family1 and procured two ready-made helpers1 quietly sits down for the first time to learn the language of the highly astute and observant people to whom he is sent to preach1 and consequently ignorant of the prejudices and doctrines against which he would have to combat8 ,we are not surprised therefore to hear that for several months after the establishment of the mission ,mr4 ,butler's congregation1 as he delights to call it1 did not increase perceptibly4 ,says ,dr4 ,russell1 a ,protestant and the correspondent of ,england's leading journal3 8,so long as a ,christian minister can argue with a ,moulvie or a pundit with patience and ingenuity1 he will be listened to with interest and respect2 he will be permitted to expound the ,scriptures1 and to warn his hearers against the errors of their faith1 provided that he refrains from insulting1 contemptuous1 and irritating language2 but if he be a mere ignorant1 illiterate zealot1 without any qualification 7temporally speaking7 except a knowledge of ,hindostanee and good intentions1 he may be exposed to the laughter1 scorn1 and even abuse of the crowded bazaar in consequence of his manifest inability to meet the subtle objections of his keen and practised opponent4 ,from what ,i have heard ,i regret to state my conviction is1 that no considerable success1 so far as human means are concerned1 can be expected from the efforts of those who are like the ancient apostles in all things but their inspiration and heavenly help40#aia ,in ,may1 #aheg1 the ,sepoy rebellion1 caused to a great extent by the conduct of just such 8illiterate zealots0 and the criminal neglect of the ,east ,india ,company1 broke out1 and the terror extending to ,bareilly1 the foreign women and children were ordered to be sent to the mountains for safety1 ,dr4 ,butler being advised to accompany them4 ,after 8prayerfully considering0 this message1 he resolved not to go1 not to abandon his post in the hour of danger2 but1 with the inconsistency of poor weak human nature1 from which even missionaries1 it would appear1 are not exempt1 he tells us that 8before going to bed we arranged our clothes for a hasty flight should any alarm be given40 ,as the doctor is an advocate of the superiority of married over single missionaries1 we give literally his own account of the domestic scene that followed the warning1 which1 to say the least1 is very complimentary to his amiable spouse3 8,as soon as the adjutant had gone1 ,i communicated the message to ,mrs4 ,butler4 ,she received it with calmness1 and we retired to our room to pray together for divine direction4 ,after ,i had concluded my prayer1 she began1 and ,i may be excused in saying that such a prayer ,i think ,i never heard2 a martyr might worthily have uttered it1 it was so full of trust in ,god and calm submission to his will4 ,but when she came to plead for the preservation of #8these innocent little ones1' she broke down completely4 ,we both felt we could die1 if such were the will of ,god2 but it seemed too hard for poor human nature to leave these little ones in such dreadful hands or perhaps to see them butchered before our eyes6 ,we knew that all this had been done on ,sunday last at ,meerut1 and we had no reason to expect more mercy from those in whose power we were should they rise and mutiny4 ,but we tried hard to place them and ourselves1 and the mission of our beloved church1 in the hands of ,god1 and he did calm our minds and enable us to confide in him4 ,on arising from our knees1 ,i asked her what she thought we ought to do8 ,her reply was that she could not see our way clear to leave our post2 she thought our going would concede too much to ,satan and to these wretched men2 that it would rather increase the panic2 that it might be difficult to collect again our little congregation if we suspended our services2 and1 in fact1 that we ought to remain and trust in ,god4 ,i immediately concurred1 and wrote word to the commanding officer40 ,but all flesh is weak4 ,notwithstanding the result of this combined appeal for 8divine direction10 the doctor knew better1 and1 instead of imitating his wife's brave determination in that trying hour1 he hearkened to the counsel of a ,moonshee1 and ,methodism1 while it retained its missionary1 lost its first and1 it may be surmised1 its only chance of having a martyr4 8,being a ,mohammedan10 he says1 8with more worldly wisdom than consistency1 and having a pecuniary loss in the suspension of my lessons in the language1 his warning had much weight with me4 ,i had then to settle the question raised by the commanding officer whether our resistance to going1 under those circumstances1 was not more a tempting of1 rather than a trusting in1 ,providence8 ,i hated to leave my post1 even for a limited time4 ,yet to remain looked1 as he argued1 should an insurrection occur and ,i become a victim1 like throwing away my life without being able to do any good by it2 and the ,missionary ,board would probably have blamed me for not taking advice and acting on the prudence which foreseeth the evil and takes refuge #8till the indignation is overpast4'0 ,was there ever as prudent an apostle or one so entirely anxious to avoid 7after death7 the reproach of his superiors by the exhibition of too much courage8 ,not that he cared for his personal safety1 by no means1 but the thought of the censure he would have incurred for not having taken more care of his precious life could not be endured4 8,still10 continues this intrepid contemner of #8wifeless priests1' 8had ,i been alone1 or could ,i have induced ,mrs4 ,b4 to take the children and go without me 7a proposition she met by declaring that she would never consent to it1 but would cling to her husband and cheerfully share his fate1 whatever it might be71 ,i would have remained4 ,but then1 to all the preceding reasons1 the reflection was added that ,mrs4 ,b4's situation required that if moved at all it must be then1 as a little later flight would be impossible1 and she and the children and myself must remain and take whatever doom the mutineers chose to give us40 ,what one of the 8wifeless priests0 would have done amid similar circumstances1 those at all conversant with the history of ,catholic missions in every portion of the world--and there is no part of it but has been hallowed by their footsteps--can be at a loss to determine2 but then1 those short-sighted celibates have never allowed family or other human ties to come between them and their manifest duty to their ,master4 ,the result of the lady's sickness1 so indelicately introduced1 we think1 as a cloak for her husband's cowardice and hypocrisy1 was1 we subsequently learn1 the increase of the ,methodist 8congregation0 of ,india by one member known by the sobriquet of the 8mutiny baby10 and it is pleasant to consider that1 despite the disasters of the times1 the conversion of the country was thus progressing1 even though slowly4 ,moved by all these considerations1 the author left ,bareilly with his family1 and proceeded to the assigned refuge in the mountains1 some seventy miles distant1 with surprising alacrity1 considering that for many days after everything remained quiet in the neighborhood4 ,but what a hegira was that1 so full of perils1 adventures1 and even miracles1 performed1 of course1 by him alone6 ,in his narration of the journey he rises above himself1 and becomes almost apocalyptic in style4 ,at one time1 when the bearers showed an unwillingness to carry ,mrs4 ,b4 and the children further1 this was his noble device3 8,but in spite of urging1 there stood my men4 ,it was an awful moment4 ,for a few minutes my agony was unutterable2 ,i thought ,i had done all ,i could1 but now everything was on the brink of failure4 ,i saw how #8vain' was the #8help of man1' and ,i turned aside into the dark jungle1 took off my hat1 and lifted my heart to ,god4 ,if ever ,i prayed1 ,i prayed then4 ,i besought ,god in mercy to influence the hearts of these men1 and decide for me in that solemn hour4 ,i reminded him of the mercies that had hitherto followed us1 and implored his interference in this emergency4 ,my prayer did not last two minutes1 but how much ,i prayed in that time60 ,no wonder that his heart was glad at the result1 particularly at the fact that the men not only took up their valuable burden cheerfully1 but forgot to ask for their hire when their task was accomplished1 which to any one acquainted with that class of men in the ,east certainly savors of the supernatural4 8,the divine interposition in the case will appear more manifest10 he modestly continues1 8when ,i add that even the #8bucksheesh' for which the bearers were contending they started off without staying to ask for or receive40 ,the ladies who met the party at the first halting-place were astonished1 and one of them1 ,miss ,y41 asked3 8,why1 what could have happened to ,mrs4 ,butler's bearers that they started so cheerfully1 and arrived here so soon without giving her the least trouble80 8,ah6 she knew not10 ejaculates the self-contained missionary1 8but ,i knew1 there is a ,god who heareth and answereth prayer60 ,but let not this remark be misunderstood4 ,that initial lady1 if at all in the flesh1 was a ,christian1 and must have believed in the efficacy of prayer4 ,the true meaning is that she did not know what a holy man ,dr4 ,butler really was1 and of what special graces he had became the favored recipient4 ,poor ,miss ,y41 how we commiserate her ignorance6 ,while the civil war lasted1 the refugees remained in the mountains at ,nynee ,tal1 a pleasant summer resort1 where1 for a rent of #bbe1 our missionary and family had no difficulty in securing the inevitable 8furnished house10 and1 save an occasional scarcity of milk for the baby1 suffered no great inconvenience from want of the necessaries and even luxuries of life4 ,food was readily and cheaply supplied by the natives1 and the ,nawab of ,rampore1 though an infidel1 generously furnished them with food and money4 ,still1 in this comfortable shelter1 and while his brother missionaries were exposed to all sorts of dangers1 our hero was rivalling ,nana ,sahib in the fierceness of his denunciation and maledictions2 for1 while the rebellious ,peishwa was petitioning his tutelary gods to destroy the ,english1 and send them en masse to the infernal regions1 the ,american ,christian was invoking the ,deity1 in all the forms peculiar to ,methodist camp-meeting exhorters1 to weed out1 root and branch1 the very people to whom he had been commissioned1 and upon whose hospitality and forbearance so many of his co-religionists depended for safety4 ,the utter want of decency and common humanity exhibited by many of the ,protestant ministers during and subsequent to the war cannot better be illustrated than by transcribing the following gratuitous account given in this book of a visit to the deposed ,emperor of ,delhi while in prison3 8,a day or two previously1 my friend1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,woodside1 missionary of the ,american ,presbyterian ,church1 was here4 ,he went to see the emperor1 and took the opportunity of conversing with him about ,christianity4 ,the old man assented to the general excellence of the ,gospel1 but stoutly declared that it was abrogated by the ,koran--as ,moses and the law were abolished by ,christ and the ,gospel--so1 he argued1 ,mohammed and the ,koran had superseded ,christ and every previous revelation4 ,brother ,woodside calmly but firmly told him that1 so far from this being the case1 ,mohammed was an impostor and the ,koran a lie1 and that1 unless he repented and believed in ,christ alone1 without doubt he must perish in his sins4 ,he then proceeded to enforce upon his bigoted hearer the only ,gospel sermon which he had ever heard2 and ,brother ,woodside was the very man to utter it60 ,surely this ,woodside1 who could thus wantonly insult a feeble old man1 the fallen monarch of two hundred millions of subjects1 heathen though he was1 must have been one of the ignorant zealots alluded to by ,mr4 ,russell2 and the writer who could mention him with unctuous satisfaction runs the risk of being considered little better4 ,for nearly a year the missionary toils of ,dr4 ,butler were suspended2 but when all danger was passed1 he returned to his former scene of action1 or rather inaction1 this time reinforced by two 8brothers0 from ,america1 who1 having been lately ordained1 knew as little of the language1 religion1 and disposition of the natives as he did on his arrival4 ,the reunion took place at ,agra1 and the trio1 with their respective families1 of course1 proceeded to ,nynee ,tal1 8as we could there best devote ourselves10 says the author1 8to the acquisition of the language1 and be ready to descend to ,bareilly and our other stations1 where ,god had prepared our way1 after the reoccupation of ,rohilcund by the ,english ,government0--rather a strange precursor1 we should suppose1 for the servants of the ,prince of ,peace2 but tastes1 particularly ,methodist tastes1 cannot always be accounted for4 ,the 8,church in ,india0 also received at this time another valuable member 7number four7 in the person of a small boy1 the orphan of a deceased sepoy officer1 who had been found on the battle-field by ,lieutenant ,gowan1 and 8made over0--to use his own expression to the superintendent--by that officer4 8,no man in the ,east or in ,america10 observes the matter-of-fact missionary1 8has given half as much money to develop our work in ,india as ,colonel ,gowan has contributed4444 ,his liberality to our mission work1 up to the present1 cannot be much less than #ae1jjj40 ,encouragement also came from other official sources4 ,his next step was taken in the direction of ,lucknow1 8where he was assured that houses could at once be obtained by the assistance of ,sir ,robert ,montgomery10 ,governor of ,oude1 and thither he bent his steps1 8escorted by relays of sowars 7cavalry71 the general considering the precaution necessary40 ,of the subsequent history of the missions established in that city1 ,meradabad1 near ,nynee ,tal1 and the old one at ,bareilly1 the book before us relates little4 ,war1 famine1 and pestilence1 the three great scourges of mankind1 seem to have been more effectual proselytizing agencies than the ,bible and preaching4 ,the first child in the orphanage established at the latter place was1 as we have seen1 a waif from the rebellion1 and when1 in #ahfj1 a dreadful famine occurred in ,northern ,india1 8so decided and quick was the calamity1 that before the ,english ,government ascertained its extent1 and could originate public works to arrest its severity1 large numbers of the people had died of want10 and their children were left an easy prey to whoever cared to snatch them up4 ,this specious excuse for the government brings to our mind the history of another famine which happened some years previously nearer home1 and which the same rulers failed to alleviate even to the extent of affording free transport for the food provided for the sufferers by the generous people of this country4 ,though in the latter-mentioned case the victims were ,catholics1 not ,hindoos1 the advantage sought to be taken of the calamity by a similar class of men was the same4 8,the idea came to us10 says ,dr4 ,butler1 8that this emergency might be turned to good account by our missionaries seizing on the opportunity thus presented10 and it was therefore agreed among them to solicit the bodily possession of three hundred boys and girls4 8,i wrote10 he continues1 8to the ,government2 they were only too glad to consent and have the children off their hands40 ,of course they were1 and doubtless if he had asked for as many thousands1 he would have got them as readily4 ,nor was money wanting for the support of these new protgs4 8,responses came pouring in from schools and individuals in ,america4444 ,individuals in ,india also1 and government itself10 says the doctor1 8came to our help40 ,even the ,nawab of ,rampore1 8a ,mohammedan sovereign in the vicinity0--who1 by the way1 owed his position to the ,english authorities--was put under contribution to the amount of five hundred dollars4 ,still it was found difficult to introduce ,methodism even among these destitute children2 for elsewhere he acknowledges that out of nearly one hundred and fifty girls1 only about forty have been 8soundly converted40 ,but no effect whatever could be produced on the children not actually starving1 even by the free use of money4 ,here is his own emphatic acknowledgment of the fact1 on page #ebj3 8,every effort was made by our missionary ladies to obtain even day-scholars from among the people1 but such was then their bitter prejudice against educating girls that they generally treated the proposal with scorn4 ,the ladies of our ,bareilly mission made a vigorous effort in that city to obtain even a few scholars4 ,they went from house to house1 hired a suitable place in which to hold a school1 bought mats and necessary equipments1 offered even to pay the girls some compensation for the time expended1 if they would only attend2 but at the end of three months they had only succeeded in inducing two children to come1 and one of these was unreliable4 ,at length1 tired out1 they had to abandon the effort as hopeless1 until some change would come over the minds of the people in favor of female education40 ,the system adopted towards the adult population was more questionable1 though equally unsuccessful4 ,rohilcund and ,oude1 the scenes of the labors of the ,american ,methodists1 were also1 it appears1 great recruiting depots for the company's officers1 who1 as the term of their sepoys expired1 formerly allowed them to return home and enjoy liberal pensions1 so that a large portion of the male population of those provinces were actually dependent on the company for the necessaries of life4 ,the failure of the rebellion not only caused the breaking up of the sepoy army1 but the innocent were made to suffer with the guilty1 for the allowance that was paid to the superannuated soldiers for past services ceased and general destitution prevailed4 ,of this circumstance1 the result of base ingratitude1 the worthy missionaries were not slow in taking advantage1 hoping that1 since prayer and exhortation had failed1 the more tangible arguments of meat and dollars might at least partially succeed4 ,previous to the war the 8converted0 native held1 and as we shall presently see for good reasons1 a very unenviable position in the community4 ,according to the author1 8he was cut off and proscribed by his friends1 looked down upon too often by ,european officials10 and 8refused all employment under government40 ,but this was all changed by ,montgomery1 the local ruler of ,oude1 and ,governor-,general ,lawrence1 who were favorable to the encouragement of native ,christians4 8,other officials10 we are told1 8did the same4 ,merchants and traders also sought them1 for they saw they could be trusted4 ,their value rose at once40 8,and10 adds ,dr4 ,butler1 8the rapid growth of the ,christian church in ,india since that time1 and especially of the native ministry1 will be fully exhibited in the statistical tables which follow the next chapter40 ,we regret that he has not favored us with the details of this astonishing increase in the number of the faithful which so closely followed the distribution of government patronage and pecuniary rewards2 but to our chagrin the indefatigable and sanguine missionary1 whom we have followed from ,boston to the ,himalayas1 prayed with1 in spirit1 in the 8dark jungles10 and moaned with in unison over the combined sins of the heathen and the ,romanist1 parts from us abruptly1 leaving us the prey of a cruel suspicion that1 notwithstanding the generous donations of ,american friends1 the efficient aid of ,british officials1 and1 above all1 his own sanctified character and wonderful intrepidity1 his mission1 like so many others undertaken in the same spirit1 was1 after all1 a melancholy failure4 ,in winding up his long history1 he tells us3 8,the organization of the missions into an annual conference1 at the close of #ahfd1 terminated my superintendency1 while the toil and care to which body and mind were subject during these scenes1 and in such a climate1 were so exhausting that release from further service there became indispensable4 ,this release was kindly granted by the bishop and the missionary board40 ,now1 what were our reverend friend and his co-laborers doing during the six years that followed the establishment of the three missions which still manage to exist in ,india8 ,surely a lively and scriptural account of those toils and cares of which he speaks would1 particularly when told in his glowing style1 be highly interesting to the public4 ,chapters of his voluminous book are devoted to descriptions of temples and tombs of the past ages1 and some hundreds of pages to a detailed account of the massacres1 battles and disasters incident to the civil war1 but not a line do we find in which may be traced the efficacy of the gospel as preached by such pious expounders1 nor is mention made of a single grown-up convert won to ,methodism during the whole time1 save through the agency of filthy lucre1 the root of all evil4 ,for our further information1 it is true1 he refers us to certain tables with which he supplements his work1 but that is small consolation1 for1 though we believe in the old saying that figures cannot lie1 we are satisfied from an examination of the tables referred to that this veracious character does not strictly apply to those who collated them4 ,from ,table ,i4 we gather that the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church in ,india1 in #ahgb1 had no less than eighteen male and nineteen female missionaries of foreign birth in ,rohilcund and ,oude1 and eighty-six native assistants1 with church-members1 amounting in the aggregate to five hundred and forty-one1 so that every fourteen and a half members had one foreign missionary1 or1 counting the local preachers and exhorters1 every four converts may now enjoy the sole solicitude of one spiritual guide at least6 ,but in ,table ,,ii41 on the next page1 the foreign missionaries are increased to forty-six1 or one to every dozen actual ,christians1 and1 taking the entire force of foreign missionaries1 native pastors1 local preachers1 exhorters1 and teachers1 the whole number of 8laborers10 more or less dependent on the missionary fund for a livelihood1 are reported at the handsome figure of three hundred and sixty-six1 two laborers for every three members6 ,but if we deduct the number of teachers returned at two hundred and thirty-four in ,table ,,ii4 from the whole number of members1 we find that for every thirty members who are not laborers1 and consequently derive no official benefit from the church connection1 there are twenty-three who do4 ,should matters go on as prosperously as they seem to have done for a few years more1 we hope to hear that every native convert who is not a pastor1 exhorter1 or teacher himself will be able to have the sole and separate use of a missionary or an assistant for his own benefit4 ,we expect1 also1 to find that the exhausting duties of the foreign missionaries in taking charge each of at least one dozen of converts1 including the native preachers1 exhorters1 and teachers aforesaid1 will be duly considered by the board1 and that reinforcements will be sent to them forthwith4 ,what the eighty-six native pastors and catechists1 as returned in ,table ,,ii41 find to do except to preach to each other1 we are at a loss to surmise4 ,perhaps1 however1 they look after certain individuals classified as probationers and non-communicant adherents1 and by the help of which1 and the children of the schools1 the compiler endeavors to make out a show of figures4 ,the former class he counts at five hundred and twenty1 and the latter at seven hundred and thirty-five1 which1 with nearly twelve hundred children and the helpers1 make the sum-total of the officers and rank and file of the church three thousand and sixty-five1 8all won for ,christ since the rebellion closed40 ,now1 taking these figures as correct in every particular1 we arrive at the following curious calculation1 to which we respectfully call the attention of the admirers of ,protestant1 and particularly ,methodist1 missions4 ,according to their own showing1 there is in ,india one missionary for every seventy-seven men1 women1 and children in the remotest degree connected with the ,methodist ,church2 leaving out the children1 there is a foreign missionary for every forty native adults1 and taking the bona-fide church-members there is one duly commissioned ,american missionary for every twelve converts6 ,taking the whole number of ,christians at three thousand1 we find the annual conversions to have averaged two hundred and thirty1 which amount being divided by forty-six makes the exact number of five persons converted every year by each of our countrymen in ,india4 ,if we leave out the children who as we have already seen1 are simply given away by the authorities1#aib we reduce the whole number of yearly gains to one hundred and forty-five1 or an average of three annual converts for each foreign missionary2 but when we only count the actual church-members1 we discover that forty-two native persons are actually converted every year by forty-six ,american missionaries1 and this calculation agrees very nearly with the statement of ,dr4 ,butler1 who says in a note to the very table to which he calls our attention1 8,conversions during last year1 #ef40 ,how many years1 missionaries1 native pastors1 and catechists would be required at this rate to christianize the two hundred millions of heathens in ,hindostan is a problem too difficult for our solution4 ,so much for the wonderful progress of ,methodism in ,india4 ,let us now glance for a moment at the personelle of the brands thus snatched from the burning4 ,the ingenious attempt to make the public believe that any form of ,protestantism has at length gained a foothold in ,asia is more common than honest1 and has been repeatedly exposed and censured by sectarian writers of all classes and degrees1 many of whom have lived as missionaries in ,india1 and know the truth by painful experience4 ,a few extracts from their works and speeches will suffice to show at once the deficiencies of the would-be apostles1 the character of their neophytes1 and the absolute falsity of such statistics as we find in ,butler's tables3 8,missionaries have gone out from this country 7,england7 who have dishonored their great cause1 and rather confirmed than shaken the superstitions of the people they visited40--,cunningham's ,christianity in ,india1 p4 #adg4 8,from the want of superintendence1 it is painful to observe that the characters of too many of the clergy are by no means creditable to the doctrines they profess1 which1 together with the unedifying contests that prevail among them even in the pulpit1 tend to lower the religion and its followers in the eyes of the natives of every description40--,lord ,valentia's ,travels1 vol4 i4 p4 #aii4 8,a large portion of the sterility of our missions may be attributed to that discord which ,christianity 7,protestantism7 exhibits in the very sight of the unbeliever40--,rev4 ,dr4 ,grant's ,brompton ,lectures4 8,the numerous missionaries1 although they waste years and words1 and even money1 have converted very few2 yet when they have induced one or two apparently to adopt their particular tenets1 it is their fashion to make a clamor in the newspapers and by pamphlets1 although too frequently they are not sure of their new converts for any length of time40--,mackenna's ,ancient and ,modern ,india1 p4 #eaf4 8,missionaries announcing the conversion of a solitary ,hindoo among thousands of unbelievers are themselves frequently members of some straggling sect1 and too often the instruments of fanatical bigotry40--,travels in ,india and ,kashmir1 p4 #aie4 ,it is needless to multiply further such sketches of the unfitness of the shepherds1 for the reader will easily find them1 and generally much more strongly drawn1 in any impartial work on ,british ,india4 ,let us1 however1 take a glance at the moral and social status of the spiritual flocks1 whose members1 before the arrival of ,montgomery and ,lawrence1 found it so difficult to obtain situations4 ,captain ,hervey1 in his ,ten ,years in ,india1 tells us that1 whenever a native convert wishes employment as a servant1 8he is not taken1 because all ,christians1 with but few exceptions1 are looked upon as great vagabonds1 drunkards1 thieves1 and reprobates40 ,a writer in the ,edinburgh ,review1 vol4 xii41 assures us that 8whoever has seen much of ,christian ,hindoos must perceive that the man who bears that name is very commonly nothing more than a drunken reprobate who conceives himself at liberty to eat or drink anything he pleases40 ,the ,baptist 8converts10 we are assured by ,rev4 ,john ,bowen1 in his ,missionary ,incitement1 etc41 are accused of wallowing in every crime that 8degrades human nature10 and deserve the accusation4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,schneider1 writing from ,agra1 in ,dr4 ,butler's neighborhood1 assures us that the 8motives of the ,hindoos for embracing ,christianity were chiefly the desire of employment and to have their bodily wants provided for40 8,it is a fact10 he adds1 8that many new converts have1 after their baptism1 not adorned their ,christian profession1 and so have ever proved great offences and stumbling-blocks to the cause of ,christ40 ,of the ,baptist converts in the same place1 we learn from their seventieth report 7#ahfb71 that 8what with members who have left the station1 and others 7including paid catechists7 who have been cut off for immoral conduct1 our loss has been heavy2 while in the city of ,delhi in the same year sixty-six persons were baptized and seventy-five excluded from the churches40 ,the author of ,india and the ,gospel1 a ,protestant missionary of ,central ,india1 candidly says3 8,i have met with native ,christians who have been baptized1 some on the eastern1 some on the western coast1 and others at some southern stations--lamentable to say1 they were not to be known from the heathen but in name40 ,mr4 ,marsh declared some years ago in the ,english ,house of ,commons1 speaking of ,indian converts generally3 8,they are drawn from the ,chandalahs1 or ,pariahs1 or outcasts--a portion of the population who are shut out from the ,hindoo religion1 and who1 being condemned to the lowest poverty and most sordid occupations1 are glad to procure by what the missionaries call conversion whatever pittance they are enabled to dole out for their subsistence40 ,but it appears that the bad character of the ,protestant converts has even a more disastrous effect than that produced on the reputation of their sponsors4 ,mr4 ,david ,hopkins1 of the ,bengal ,medical ,establishment1 in his work on ,india1 asserts1 in reply to some overzealous advocate of ,protestantism1 8the outcasts have indeed joined the missionaries1 and have appeared as of their faith2 but the conduct of these outcasts has generally proved that they professed what they did not feel1 and has considerably influenced the higher orders in their prejudices against ,christianity40 ,if we proceed still further1 we will find from these reiterated complaints of the influence of ,protestantism in the ,east1 how much it perverts whatever sense of natural justice may remain in the heathen1 and1 by appealing to his basest passions1 renders him an object of contempt and mistrust even to his less enlightened fellows--for there are few of the ,indian population so mentally obtuse as not to recognize the rankest hypocrisy and mendacity1 though they be covered with the garb of religion4 ,how far such men as ,dr4 ,butler is justified in claiming three hundred and fifty thousand native ,christians 7,protestants7 as the result of sectarian teaching and zeal in ,india is not easily determined4 ,in #ahej1 ,general ,briggs noticed that the missionaries reckoned but one in every six nominal converts as church members2 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,ward1 a missionary1 states that of the number of converts of every sort reported to the home societies not one in ten is actually converted4#aic ,a writer in the ,united ,service ,gazette1 who had served as an officer in ,india in #ahef1 declared that1 though the missionaries reported their disciples by thousands1 an omnibus would hold all the sincere native ,protestants then in the peninsula1 while a later authority1 ,rev4 ,e4 ,storrow1 in his book on ,indian ,missions1 etc41 is not willing to claim more than one-fifth of all the so-called converts as ,christians even in his indefinite sense of that term4 ,following the ,storrow method of computation1 therefore1 and applying it to the doctor's tables1 we arrive at the following results3 ,there are at the present day three hundred and fifty thousand men1 women1 and children in ,india claimed to belong to the various denominations1 seventy thousand of whom ,mr4 ,minturn1 in his ,from ,new ,york to ,delhi1 emphatically says 8are mostly of the most degraded classes10 and no less than two hundred and eighty thousand who disgrace the name of ,christianity by debauchery1 theft1 hypocrisy1 and immorality of every sort in its most degrading shapes4 ,of the former we freely accord to ,methodism six hundred1 and of the latter four times the number4 ,but ,dr4 ,butler has many arrows in his quiver to be discharged against that target of sectarian animosity1 ,romanism1 and other claims to public sympathy and patronage broadly set forth in his manifold tables4 ,it is the question of education1 and on this his figures assume a prodigious magnitude4 ,the ,methodist day-schools in ,india1 he tells us1 number one hundred and sixteen1 the teachers two hundred and thirty-four1 and the pupils four thousand four hundred and sixty-two4 ,if these children were all ,protestants1 it might indeed be a source of some congratulation to his friends1 but unfortunately only a little over a thousand of them attend ,sunday-school1 and the balance1 considerably over three thousand1 are being 8educated0 to stigmatize the ,methodists themselves as infidels1 and to deny the first principles upon which all religion is founded4 ,that this1 though a startling view to some persons1 is nevertheless a correct one1 we have the most indisputable ,protestant evidence1 and what applies to the ,methodists in particular1 is general to all the sects in ,hindostan2 who1 collectively1 are said in ,table ,,ii4 to be educating one hundred and thirty-seven thousand children1 of whom more than one hundred thousand are not brought up in any form of faith known to ,christianity4 8,the colleges of ,india10 says ,major ,h4 ,bevan1 8receive fanatical idolaters1 they disgorge only hypocrites40#aid ,the author of ,tropical ,sketches avers1 in allusion to the same institutions1 8the results have been great intellectual acuteness and total want of moral principle2 utter infidelity in religion1 etc40 ,according to the ,parliamentary reports1 out of over seventeen thousand pupils educated at the public expense1 only three hundred even professed the religion of the state4 ,at ,benares1 where there are fourteen missionary schools1 not one conversion is reported2 and the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,percival1 in his ,land of the ,veda1 goes the length of saying that 8in almost every part of ,india the spread of the ,english language and literature is rapidly altering the phases of the ,hindoo mind1 giving it a sceptical1 infidel cast10 while the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,clarkson goes further1 and adds3 8,some have argued that the ,indians1 by receiving an education which undermines their superstitions1 are being prepared for the reception of ,christianity4 ,we believe that they are being prepared for occupying a position directly antagonistic to it4 ,several documents from missionaries at ,bombay1 ,poonah1 ,surat1 ,calcutta1 ,delhi1 ,madras1 and ,benares corroborate all that ,i have stated4444 ,none can doubt that infidelity in its most absolute sense is on the increase4 ,there is no connection between the natives ceasing to be ,hindoos and becoming ,christians40#aie ,dr4 ,grant also gives his testimony of the effects of missionary schools3 8,it is the universal confession10 he says1 speaking for his brother missionaries1 8that but very few of the children so educated embrace the ,christian faith02 and even the orphans1 we are told by ,count ,warren1 8when they grow up1 all return to the religion of their ancestors40 ,lastly1 the ,indian correspondent of the leading organ of public opinion in ,england thus sums up the whole question3 8,missionary schools do not make more converts to ,christianity than ,government schools4 ,a most zealous missionary in ,india assured me1 with tears in his eyes1 that1 after twenty-five years' experience1 he looked upon the conversion of the ,hindoos under present circumstances to be hopeless1 without the interposition of a miracle40#aif ,we pause here1 for the subject becomes too deeply painful for contemplation1 even at a distance4 ,to think that1 in this age of boasted civilization and religious progress1 one of the fairest portions of the habitable globe1 filled with millions and millions of our fellow-men1 in many respects at least our equals in natural gifts1 should still not only be ignorant of the worship of the true ,god1 but that1 through the instrumentality of the ministers of the discordant1 jarring ,protestant sects1 and from their desire to forward their own selfish ends1 the natives1 instead of being taught the beauties of ,christianity1 are actually led to deny even the existence of a superior power1 and by the miserable examples set before them1 are forced to despise and hate the very name of ,christ's followers4 ,we arraign ,protestantism of this great crime1 and we ask the serious attention of every candid man1 no matter what may be his religious opinions1 to the authorities above cited in support of our indictment4 ,the ,british ,government1 through its armed mercenaries and no less corrupt civil officials1 have doubtless inflicted dire and manifold cruelties on the ,indians1 but the evils perpetrated by the sectarian missionaries of this country and ,europe on those unfortunate people are beyond all comparison greater1 for they are more far-searching and permanent4 ,human laws and agencies may strip a conquered nation of its wealth and liberties1 but it requires the aid of the missionary and colporteur to rob it of even the semblance of religion and morality1 and by the means of what is so falsely called 8education10 to plunge it into the depths of unbelief and complete spiritual degradation4 ,this is what ,protestant ,england is endeavoring1 and1 as we have seen1 with some success1 to do in ,hindostan1 and in what the generous but easily-duped people of ,america are endeavoring to rival it4 ,to christianize1 in any sense1 the ,hindoos has been found an impossibility by the well-paid and well-fed sectarian missionaries1 so they are now trying to earn their salaries by utterly demoralizing the people they have failed to convert4 ,they are aided in this by the active countenance of the dominant power1 by no less than twenty-seven distinct societies1 and have at their disposal unlimited funds2 a great portion of which is made up of the annual contributions of the people of the ,united ,states4 ,of the five and a quarter millions subscribed by the various ,protestant societies of the world in #ahga1 considerably over a million and a half of dollars came out of the pockets of ,americans1 as we learn from ,table ,,iv41 and doubtless money will continue to flow into the coffers of these organizations as long as they can continue to delude the charitable by false hopes and bombastic reports of missionary successes4 ,we are not of those who are disposed to consider the conversion of souls from a commercial point of view2 on the contrary1 we are rather in favor even of the lavish expenditure of money1 if by that means we can win men to ,christ and to the inheritance of his kingdom2 but when it becomes an instrument to rob the parent of his child1 to convert the heathen not through his mind but his stomach1 to bring ,christianity into disrepute by sustaining the dissolute and degraded1 to pervert the mental gifts of ,providence by teaching the heathen that all religion is imposture1#aig and by supporting and sustaining thousands of lay and clerical officials who are as destitute of real sympathy for the pagan as they are ignorant of the first principles of ,christian charity and responsibility--all of which it has done and is doing in ,india--we consider that it may justly be asserted that what was meant for a blessing becomes a curse to the donor as well as the recipient4 ,dr4 ,butler in one of his tables shows that the ,catholic ,church missions1 embracing nearly nine millions of ,christians1 expend less than a million dollars annually1 while those of the ,protestant sects1 ostensibly counting about a third of that number1 cost five and a half times that amount1 and would have us believe from this that ,protestantism exhibits more vitality and zeal in the cause of religion than does the church4 ,but the contrary is the fact4 ,unlike the sectarian1 whose inducement arises out of and is in proportion to the amount of his salary1 the ,catholic missionary goes forth into the pagan world1 without money1 friends1 or family encumbrances2 he forsakes all comforts and material pleasures to preach ,christ crucified2 his energy is not of the earth1 earthy1 his inspiration is from a power higher than that of man1 and as his life is one long-continued sermon on temperance1 forgiveness1 and self-abnegation1 his success is always in proportion1 not to the money employed1 but to the sanctity of the preacher4 ,he does not distribute badly translated and often unreadable copies of the ,word of ,god1 8in thirty-seven languages0 as claimed for the ,protestants by ,dr4 ,butler1 to persons who can neither read nor appreciate them2 but1 living sparingly1 dressing humbly1 and conforming in all respects his daily practice to his clerical professions1 he wins to the standard of ,christ the rich as well as the poor1 the ignorant pariah as well as the learned and disputatious pundit4 ,even ,protestants1 missionaries at that1 have seen through their prejudices1 the uniform success of the ,catholic teachers1 and while their system does not allow them to imitate their example1 they have nevertheless borne unwilling testimony1 and therefore more valuable1 to the superiority in point of morality and ability of the servants of the church4 ,in ,india to-day1 even ,dr4 ,butler is forced to admit there are close on a million actual practical ,catholics1 with hundreds of churches1 and a ministry of foreign and native priests amounting to seven hundred and seventy-nine1 who are supported at an expense to the ,society de ,propaganda ,fide of twenty-eight thousand dollars1 while their schools1 numbering according to the ,catholic ,register of #ahfi one thousand1 contain over thirty thousand native pupils4 ,dr4 ,butler has called our attention to his tables1 we have given them serious attention1 and have even taken his own figures as thoroughly exact1 and we have come to the conclusion that he must either have had a very limited appreciation of the perspicacity of his readers1 or recklessness of character in thus exposing the hollowness of ,protestant professions of progress1 superinduced by the complete failure of himself and his co-laborers to vitalize in the far ,east the decaying body of ,protestantism1 which is so fast degenerating into materialism and scepticism in the ,west4 ,there are one or two points more1 overlooked in passing1 of which we wish to take note4 ,dr4 ,butler has included that part of ,farther ,india in his tables1 which will help him to swell the number of his converts1 and excluded that part of it in which the ,catholic religion flourishes4 ,include the whole1 and you add #ejj1jjj to the number of native ,catholics in ,india4 ,again1 he repeats the unmeaning1 silly twaddle which we hear without ceasing from writers of the same sort1 that ,protestant missionaries make real ,christians1 ,catholic missionaries only nominal ones4 ,methodist religion consists in emotion and excitement1 the most unreal of all things4 ,so far as it is worth anything1 there is far more sensible devotion1 although of a more quiet and sober kind1 among ,catholics than among any class of ,protestants4 ,but this is not the essence of religion4 ,to be a ,christian is to believe the revelation and keep the commandments of ,god4 ,whoever says that ,catholic missionaries do not carefully instruct their converts in the doctrines of the faith and in sound morals1 and endeavor to make them both pious and virtuous1 is either a slanderer or the dupe of some slanderer4 ,let every one who wishes to know the truth read the work of ,dr4 ,marshall1 and ponder the evidence he has collected4 ,dr4 ,butler's effort to weaken its influence1 like every other attempt of the same sort1 has proved abortive4 ,,footnotes3 #aij ,the ,land of the ,veda4 ,being ,personal ,reminiscences of ,india1 etc4 ,by ,rev4 ,william ,butler1 ,d4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,carlton ,lanahan4 #ahgb4 #aia ,the 7,london7 ,times1 ,march #ag1 #ahei4 #aib ,alluding to the famine season1 ,baron von ,schonberg says3 8,six hundred children were purchased for eighteen hundred rupees1 which certainly was not an exorbitant price40--,travels in ,india and ,kashmir1 vol4 i4 p4 #aic4 ,this was at the rate of a dollar and a half a head4 #aic ,india and the ,hindoos1 p4 #ccg4 #aid ,thirty ,years in ,india1 p4 #bci4 #aie ,india and the ,gospel1 p4 #bgi4 #aif ,the 7,london7 ,times1 #aheh4 #aig 8,they the pupils of the secular and missionary schools have no more faith in ,jesus ,christ than in their own religion4 ,they believe the ,jesus of the ,english and the ,krishna of the ,hindoos to be alike impostors40--,six ,years in ,india1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bgg4 ,,on ,,the ,,misty ,,mountain4 ,,route ,i4 ,it was in the by-gone days of the ,misty ,mountain ,stage and ,express ,company--only a few years ago by actual chronological computation1 it is true2 but at least a half a century by the change effected in the less than demi-decade which has passed4 ,do you know that at times1 when ,i contemplate this change1 ,i can scarcely realize that ,i have lived long enough to have lived through it8 ,i often feel as if the memory of the things that were is the reflection of experiences in a former state of existence1 so different is the what is from the what was4 ,i feel burdened by great personal antiquity1 and cannot help considering myself a sort of ,methusalem le ,petit4 ,i have seen the great plains spanned by the rail and the wire4 ,the smoking1 shrieking steed of steam drinks the waters of the fork of the ,misty ,mountain1 sacred but a year or two ago to the pony of the red man4 ,the journey which occupied weeks to accomplish ten years past is now made in a few hours1 and lightning whispers are interchanged between the ,atlantic and the ,pacific4 ,my good old ,uncle ,joe1 an old-time leather-dealer in the 8,swamp0 in ,new ,york ,city--who1 a bachelor1 had adopted me1 an orphan1 and1 having educated me1 had assigned me a desk in the dingy old office with the leathery smell--told me one day1 without any previous warning1 that he wished me to start without delay for the ,stony ,sierra to look after some of his business interests in that region4 ,that was my ,uncle ,joe's way of doing things4 ,his engagements did not permit his leaving ,new ,york at the time4 ,besides1 he had crossed the great plains more than twice or thrice1 and had had enough of them4 ,but as ,i had not had any of them1 a little1 he thought1 would do me good1 and he proposed to give it me4 ,my journey to the 7then7 end of railroad communication was remarkable only for the general railway decadence which1 commencing at ,chicago1 increased 8in inverse ratio to the square of the distance from our objective point10 as the elegant ,english of the telegraph would phrase it4 ,the conductor grew familiar with the passengers1 who grew fewer4 ,the various characters of the 8newspaper boy10 the vegetable-ivory notion vender1 the 8ice-cold lemonade0 boy1 the candy-seller1 the cigar boy1 the bookseller1 the apple and orange boy1 were all performed by one and the same protean youngster4 ,the passengers had dwindled so that it would not pay to invest two boys in that dramatic business4 ,at length1 the ,thespian youth1 tired of playing a dozen different characters to empty cars1 threw off all his disguises at once1 and subsided into a mere passenger like the rest of us4 ,a sudden shock brought a slight nap in which ,i was indulging to a timely end4 ,the train had stopped4 ,the pitiful account of passengers were on their feet1 some leaving the car1 others looking about them with an expression of interrogative imbecility1 when the brakeman shouted out3 8,devil's ,landing--end o' track60 ,no danger of taking a wrong train now4 ,so we passengers1 four in number1 left the car4 ,we concluded a hasty agreement to stick to each other as fellow-men and fellow-passengers1 we four waifs washed on the shore of barbarism by the advancing tide of civilization4 ,a fellow-feeling of lost-sheepiness made us wondrous kind to each other4 ,i accosted a small1 dried-up1 hard-featured old fellow of eighteen or nineteen3 8,any hotels here80 ,answer 7in an intensely contemptuous manner73 8,no60 8,any restaurants--eating-houses80 8,yes1 four on 'em3 the ',merik'n ,house1 the ,mansh'n ,house1 the ,pacific ,s'loon1 and ,jack ,langford's dug-out40 ,finding the old juvenile so communicative1 and having more questions to propound1 we propitiate him by offering a cigar in recognition of his social and chronological equality1 and in proof that we are not 8stuck-up snobs from the ,east40 ,he takes the cigar brusquely without oral signification of acceptance or expression of thanks4 ,he bites the end off wolfishly1 and places the cigar as near his ear as possible4 ,we offer him a match4 ,he takes it1 puts it into his vest-pocket1 saying3 8,guess ,i'll take a dry smoke40 8,which is the best of the hotels or eating-houses80 8,all doggoned bad40 8,which is the cleanest80 8,all doggoned dirty40 8,which is the cheapest80 8,all doggoned dear40 8,which is the quietest80 8,doggoned row goin' on in all of 'em most o' the time4 ,man killed at some one on 'em 'most every night1 and a brace or more on dance-nights40 ,we requested him to direct us to the 8,american0 or the 8,mansion ,house40 8,don't need to go far4 ,that10 said he1 indicating by a movement of his cigar and his lower jaw a partially finished 8balloon-frame0 house about thirty yards to the right1 8is the ',merik'n2 and that10 indicating in like manner a canvas shed to the left1 8is the ,mansh'n ,house40 ,devil's ,landing consisted of about a dozen mushroom edifices and about as many 8dug-outs40 ,on reflection1 we concluded to try the 8,american ,house40 ,a small space cut off by an unpainted counter served for an office1 but no 8register0 was displayed4 ,the establishment had only very recently been moved up1 the official behind the counter informed us1 from the last resting-place by the way of runners with the rails4 ,a look at the 8sleeping apartments0 was sufficient for me4 ,i determined not to sleep in any of them if ,i could possibly help it4 ,i went back to the functionary at the counter1 and asked the time of departure of the ,misty ,mountain coach1 and learned that a coach left the same afternoon1 and that there was one place vacant4 ,i engaged the seat at once1 glad to escape the horrors of a night in the ,american ,house and ,devil's ,landing4 ,my fellow-passengers wished me to wait for the next day's coach1 but ,i declined4 ,when we agreed to stick together1 ,i knew nothing of the ,american ,house4 ,we had dinner4 ,it consisted of very fat and very rusty bacon1 putty biscuits1 and mud coffee without milk4 8,the cows have not come in10 said one of the greasy waiters1 when ,i asked for milk4 8,the cows never do come home here10 whispered a neighbor1 evidently an habitu4 ,it was toward the close of ,august1 and the heat was excessive4 ,the sun shone mercilessly on us through the partially glazed and wholly uncurtained windows4 ,yet we ate and perspired1 and perspired and drank mud coffee1 with a persistency which astonished me when after thinking on these matters4 ,the flies were terrible4 ,they swept around the room in buzzing clouds4 ,some of them were nearly large enough to offer a fair mark for a shot-gun2 the smaller ones insinuated themselves everywhere--into your nose1 ears1 eyes--aye1 even into your mouth4 ,they immolated themselves in the frowzy1 oily butter2 and their remains studded the reeking mass like currants in a pudding4 ,such a wonderful effect has the pure prairie air--it doth so whet the edge of appetite--that1 though our eyes were shocked1 we ate and ate1 and our sense of taste was not offended4 ,the meal only cost us two dollars apiece4 ,after dinner1 ,i lit a fifty-cent ,devil's ,landing cigar1 and walked 7literally7 around town--a perambulation which did not quite occupy five minutes4 ,as ,i finished my walk1 a shot was fired at the other end of town--that is1 within fifteen or twenty rods4 ,other shots followed4 ,a long-haired1 slouched-hatted1 and red-legginged individual dashed past on a pretty good horse4 ,evidently he was the mark at which the firing was directed4 ,as he passed1 an armed man or two rushed out of every house and shot at him4 ,the proprietor of the ,oriental ,saloon came forth1 armed with a ,henry rifle1 and deliberately blazed away at the long-haired fugitive4 ,the latter1 finding bullets in front of him1 bullets to left of him1 bullets behind him1 after several miraculous escapes from close shots1 had no course open but to turn to right of him1 around the corner of the ,american ,house1 which would afford him some cover4 ,but just as he turned1 his horse was hit in the off fore-leg and brought to in a moment4 ,immediately he was hemmed in by the muzzles of twenty repeating-rifles4 ,he had emptied his six-shooter4 ,flight was impossible4 ,there was no course but surrender--not even suicide--left4 ,he jumped from his horse1 and sat down cross-legged on the ground4 ,he was quickly seized and pinioned4 ,his horse was taken in charge by a citizen4 ,no words were wasted on either side4 ,his lariat of horse-hair furnished a deadly loop1 which was placed around his neck4 ,he was marched about a mile to the only tree in sight--an old cottonwood4 ,while the crowd was going to the tree1 the clerk of the ,american ,house told me in a few words the history of the long-haired victim4 ,he was a half-breed ,choctaw1 frequently employed as a scout by the government4 ,there were several of these scouts in the region4 ,they called themselves 8wolves10 and prided themselves on their destruction of human life4 ,when any of them came into town citizens were sure to be shot at4 ,their favorite way of leaving town was1 having first filled themselves with 8fighting whiskey10 to dash through at full speed1 discharging their revolvers at anything human that chanced to appear in their path4 ,the citizens had determined not to stand this sort of thing any longer4 8,johnny ,henshaw0--so our 8wolf0 was called--had been drinking rather freely of late4 ,he had declared his intention of shooting three prominent men of the town1 mentioning them by name4 ,hence the measures about to be taken4 ,johnny ,henshaw seemed to be about twenty years old--indeed rather under than over that age4 ,there was nothing in his features to show a trace of ,indian blood4 ,his hair was light brown1 his eyes a soft1 light blue1 his skin fair1 and his cheeks rosy4 ,the expression of his face was gentle and pleasing4 ,it made me heart-sick to look at the young fellow1 even though he was a wolf and deserved a wolf's fate1 and to think that in the midst of health and strength and youth he was marching to a speedy death4 ,as we came near the fatal tree1 ,i tried to imagine what thoughts were passing in the outlaw's mind by mentally putting myself in his place4 ,the effort made me dizzy and sick4 ,i felt as if ,i were about to fall senseless4 ,when we had reached the cottonwood tree1 the cortge halted4 ,a wagon was hauled up to the tree1 and ,johnny caused to mount it4 ,one end of his lariat was made fast to a branch of the tree4 ,three or four men jumped on the wagon4 ,some confusion occurred in properly adjusting the noose about the victim's neck4 ,johnny pushed the men from him1 saying3 8,get out o' here6 ,i'll show ye how a man can die60 ,and1 fixing with his own hands the noose about his neck1 he jumped into eternity6 ,,route ,,ii4 ,poor wolf6 ,his time to howl was over4 ,i felt sick and faint from witnessing the scene1 and had to take some of the 8fighting whiskey0 of ,devil's ,landing to keep me from fainting4 ,it did so4 ,it was as good--or as bad--as a galvanic shock4 ,i was glad1 therefore1 when the ,misty ,mountain coach drove in front of the ,american ,hotel to take up its passengers4 ,the stage had seven inside3 a congressman1 a divine1 an ,indian agent1 three ladies1 and a small boy4 ,the gentlemen looked at me in such a dog-in-the-mangerish fashion when ,i popped my head in at the door to see what prospect there was of an inside seat1 that ,i immediately withdrew it and took my seat on the box between the driver and the conductor4 8,passengers for the ,stony ,sierra6 ,all aboard60 ,and off we go behind six good mules4 ,the country we travelled through was flat and uninteresting4 ,not a tree or shrub within the circular boundary of the horizon4 ,little of life1 animal or vegetable1 to be seen2 only a stray hare--vulgo1 jackass rabbit--a prairie-dog1 with its sentinel owl1 a prairie wolf or coyote1 and an occasional hawk4 ,after a run of nine or ten miles1 we stopped at a 8dug-out0 to change animals4 ,while the change was being effected1 a man in a red buggy with a white horse arrived from the west4 ,he was evidently excited1 and his horse was covered with foam4 8,how d'e do1 general8 ,you seem kinder flurried4 ,anything happened80 asked the stage-driver4 8,well10 said the person addressed as 8general0 7by the way1 you could have bought generals there as they buy hobnails7 8,i have had a pretty sharp run4 ,ten or fifteen ,indians began running me after crossing the ,blue ,fork4 ,they fired three or four shots at me4 ,here's the mark of one10 he continued1 pointing to a bullet-hole in the body of the red buggy4 8,they came mighty near getting me4 ,and they would have got me were it not for ,old ,whity here40 ,and he patted the white horse affectionately4 ,thus the ,,indian ,,question1 at the very outset1 was brought home to the bosoms of the passengers by the ,misty ,mountain coach4 ,they asked many questions of the 8general40 ,the ,indian agent--who had never seen an ,indian of the wild tribes in his life--made a pretence of experience1 and offered a few suggestions4 ,but a few remarks from the stock-tenders at the dug-out stable raised a laugh at his expense1 and he 8was squelched for the rest of the trip10 as the conductor expressed it4 ,the conductor and the driver looked to their ,henry rifles1 and hurriedly inventoried the arms in the party4 ,the ,indian agent had a double-barrelled shot-gun--both barrels unloaded--no ammunition2 the congressman had a diminutive five-shooter which would scarcely have tickled a papoose--five barrels unloaded1 one round of cartridges on hand1 no reserve ammunition2 the divine1 the ladies1 and the small boy were unarmed2 the reader's humble servant had one six-shooter--,colt's navy pattern--with half-a-dozen rounds of ammunition for the same4 ,this weapon he had never yet used4 ,he was not fully enlightened as to the modus of loading it4 ,it was in the reader's humble servant's trunk at the bottom of the pile of baggage which towered behind the coach4 ,of course1 he didn't wish to give the conductor or the driver the trouble of changing the luggage4 ,with remarkable good nature1 he preferred going out defenceless to troubling these gentlemen4 ,like most human feelings1 however1 this one was perhaps not quite pure4 ,it must be owned the idea crossed his mind that it was as well not to introduce the factor of premature explosion into the quantity of danger to which he was about to be exposed4 ,we changed mules and started4 ,everybody saw ,indians for the first few miles4 ,but the objects appearing as ,indians to our excited vision had been so often pronounced by the conductor to be 8soap-weeds10 8old buffalo carcasses10 etc41 that the number seen began greatly to diminish4 ,once we thought there was no doubt about it4 ,they came dashing along in 8,indian file10 fifteen or twenty in number1 directly toward us4 ,i felt 8very queer40 ,here were ,indians now1 not a doubt about it4 ,i was seized by a sudden desire to have something to shoot with4 ,i mentally resolved1 if ,i got out of this scrape alive1 never again to travel unarmed in an ,indian country4 8,antelope10 remarked the conductor4 ,antelope it was2 a herd of fifteen or twenty4 ,they crossed the road a few hundred yards in front of us4 ,we had travelled about five miles without an incident or a sight to break the monotony of the waste around us1 when above a rising ground before us the ,stars and ,stripes1 relieved against the sky1 gladdened our eyes4 ,how that sight revived us6 ,we remembered that 8the home of the brave0 was our home2 and ,i think that1 if ,indians had appeared at that moment1 or within five minutes thereafter1 we would have received them in heroic attitudes4 ,but they did not appear4 ,as we ascended the ridge between us and ,fort ,jones1 that post came gradually into view4 ,it looked to us like a collection of very miserable 8shanties0 dropped down haphazard on the prairie4 ,a large stone building--the hospital1 the conductor informed me--was in course of erection4 ,it seemed larger than all the rest of the post put together4 ,the officers' quarters were such constructions as we have seen inhabited by the squatters on the vacant lots up-town in ,new ,york or in 8,jackson's ,hollow0 in ,brooklyn4 ,the 8,fort0 disappointed me very much4 ,i expected to enter the guarded precincts over a drawbridge and under an arched portcullis4 ,but ,fort ,jones was destitute of ditch1 rampart1 or parapet1 and uninclosed by stockade1 palisade1 or even by a common board fence4 ,the coach drove up to the sutler's store--there the post-office was established--without let or hindrance from warder or sentinel4 ,some half-dozen officers were in the store awaiting the distribution of the mail4 ,the congressman1 the ,indian agent1 and the divine soon discovered who was the officer in command of the fort4 ,they immediately approached him on the subject of an escort4 ,the officer said he had comparatively few men2 his small force was scattered along the stage-road for two hundred miles2 he had only twenty men present for duty2 but he would try to furnish three or four men4 8,an officer and a sergeant10 he said1 8were going up on the coach to see to the defences of the station-guards along the road40 ,the conductor here put in his oar1 and said it would be impossible for him to take four men more4 ,this settled the question of an escort4 ,the congressman1 the divine1 and the ,indian agent1 having ascertained that they could be accommodated with bed and board at the sutler's1 concluded 8to stay over for the present40 ,the conductor and the driver did not seem to regret this determination4 ,the former remarked that this lightening of our load helped us much1 and we should now be able 8to pull through0 in good time4 ,while we were waiting to have the mail made up1 a mounted man came in at full speed with news that a government wagon train had been attacked by ,indians on one of the roads leading to the post--that the teams were very much scattered--that some of the mules were already in the hands of the ,indians4 ,this caused a flutter among the officers4 ,a company of infantry was ordered at once to the relief of the train4 ,as we left the fort we could see the infantry going over the rise at a double-quick and in skirmish order4 ,we stopped for a moment1 in rear of the officers' quarters1 to take up the officer and the sergeant4 ,the officer's wife and little child came out to see him off4 ,he kissed them both affectionately1 and took his seat with us on top of the coach4 ,the sergeant1 also1 rode on the roof4 ,both were well armed4 ,much to my delight1 the officer1 finding me unarmed1 furnished me with a spare musket he had brought with him4 ,at first1 ,i was rather disappointed in this officer4 ,he was very plainly dressed4 ,he had just enough gold lace about him to indicate his rank1 and no more4 ,i had supposed that regular officers always wore epaulets and white kid gloves4 ,however1 the lieutenant--for such was our new passenger's rank--was evidently a gentleman4 ,he had a certain quiet1 unobtrusive affability which charmed me very much4 ,i was glad he had come4 ,his easy self-possession inspired me with confidence4 8,if we meet any ,indians1 lieutenant10 said the conductor1 an old hand who had driven stage for ten years along the ,great ,sandy1 8we'll have to do the work from out here2 there's nobody below 7pointing downwards7 to help us40 8,do you think we may be attacked by ,indians80 ,i ventured to ask4 8,think it most probable we shall see some1 at the least10 answered the officer4 8,they have shown themselves at several points along the line4 ,the ,great ,alamos1 which we have to pass1 is a favorite crossing-place1 when they go south in the spring or north in the fall40 8,it is about as bad a place for ,injuns as there is in the whole route10 said the conductor4 8,yes10 said ,george1 the driver2 8and though ,i'm a white man1 an' agin an ,injun all the time1 ,i must say that we owe the badness of that there place to a white man40 8,how80 ,i asked4 8,the ,great ,alamos10 answered the driver1 8was a great buryin'-place of the ,flat ,noses4 ,it was quite a large grove once--considerable of a rarity on these here plains4 ,you know10 he continued1 8that the ,flat ,noses bury their dead high up in the trees1 or1 where there are no trees1 stick 'em up on trestles made with long poles40 8,they bury them in the air instead of in the ground10 ,i said1 intending the remark as a sort of semi-joke1 at which ,i designed smiling if any one else smiled1 and1 if not1 to let it go for a serious observation4 ,it was probably not new in either phase to my companions1 who took no notice of it4 ,so to break silence1 ,i asked why the ,indians of the plains sought these elevated resting-places for their dead4 8,to keep 'em from being eaten up by the ki-o-tees40 8,do the ki-o-tees devour the dead of other tribes80 ,i asked1 horrified at the thought4 8,the ki-o-tees is the wolves10 the conductor explained4 ,the lieutenant informed me of the orthography of the word--coyote4 ,about sunset we reached a house built of loose stones1 and therefore known as 8,the ,stone ,ranch40 ,there were fifteen or twenty men about the ranch--all of them armed4 ,george pulled up before the door--there was only one1 by the bye1 and no windows--and exchanged a friendly greeting with ,jake1 ,ike1 ,ed1 et hoc genus omne4 8,what's the word80 asked ,george4 8,how is hay-cutting comin' on80 8,we ain't cut a blade of hay to-day10 said one of the men4 8,them cussed ,injuns kep' us corralled here all day40 8,whew60 whistled ,george4 8,how many were they80 the lieutenant inquired4 8,somewhere's about thirty or forty40 8,many guns among 'em80 asked the conductor4 8,some of 'em had rifles2 all of 'em as ,i seen had six-shooters40 8,how long did they remain about80 8,pretty nigh all day4 ,they kep' shootin' at us at long range1 and we returnin' their fire1 until about ten minnits before the coach kem40 8,did yer git any on 'em80 8,jake thinks as he hit one1 and ,mac says he saw another fall sure40 8,well6 we must be goin'4 ,git-e-p60 8,keep yer eye skinned1 ,george40 8,hold on to that old skelp o' yourn60 8,you bet6 ,i'll freeze to it40 ,a mile further on we reached the ,great ,alamos4 ,darkness was overcoming the twilight as we struck a deep sandy hollow which extended for five or six miles4 ,a slow walk was the only gait possible here4 ,the road for miles ran close under a ridge about twenty feet in perpendicular height4 ,it seemed to me about as bad an 8,indian place0 as it was possible to find4 ,my ,indian weakness came on again as in the morning4 ,the snail-like pace at which we were compelled to move was almost intolerable4 ,there is some sensation of security1 or1 rather1 some suggestion of escape1 in a fast gait when danger is impending4 ,its source is probably the initial instinct of the human breast when danger first threatens--to run from it4 ,i consulted my companion1 the lieutenant1 on the possibilities or probabilities of an attack4 8,an attack10 he answered1 8is possible4 ,it is very probable that there are ,indians watching us now4 ,they may fire into us at any moment1 as in our position they have the chance of hurting us without being exposed to hurt themselves2 for your ,indian always runs from a fair fight4 ,he is only #8brave' when he has his enemy at a disadvantage1 and sees1 or thinks he sees1 what is called out here #8a sure thing4' ,it is only their very recent presence1 however1 that causes me to apprehend trouble1 as ordinarily they do not attack at night1 and they rarely attack a stage-coach3 for the reason that they are sure to get a pretty tough fight4 ,even if successful1 their gain is very small2 three or four mules at most1 perhaps a gun or two4 ,they do not consider the investment a paying one1 as a general thing4 ,in any event10 he concluded1 8if ,i were you1 ,i should take off that white duster4 ,it offers quite a shining mark for them1 if they feel like shooting40 ,the rapidity with which ,i followed this friend's advice must have given him a pleasing proof of my confidence in his counsels4 ,we had now entered the bed of the ,great ,alamos4 ,it was quite dark4 ,silence fell upon us4 ,every man held his loaded rifle1 full-cocked1 and finger on trigger--peering into the darkness1 and seeking in every sage-bush an ,indian contour4 ,every now and then the conductor's rifle went up and down with a nervous twitch4 ,the evening had become quite cold4 ,i had felt it keenly before we reached the ,stone ,ranch2 but as we crept along in the heavy sand1 through the darkness1 looking every moment for the flash of an ,indian rifle1 ,i felt all in a glow4 ,i did not think of cold4 ,no doubt1 the reason was that ,i could think only of ,indians1 and felt that ,i was in a pretty warm place4 ,at last6 ,we are out of the sand4 ,the mules strike a good trot4 ,it is only four miles now to ,artesian ,wells1 and then we shall have supper1 ,i am informed4 ,i feel quite light-hearted over the recent past and the close future4 ,strange to say1 with the decrease of my fear of ,indians1 the glow subsides and ,i feel cold again4 ,the strain is over2 we begin to talk once more4 ,george1 the driver1 has won my admiration by his cool and calm attention to his team while we passed through the 8bad ,injun place40 8,if we're attacked10 ,george had said1 8you others must do the shootin'4 ,i'll have all ,i can do to manage this team40 ,george was the beau ideal of a good stage-driver in an ,indian country--so the lieutenant told me4 8,it is a driver's duty to attend to his team under fire1 as ,george very properly says1 as much as it is a surgeon's to cure the wounded1 when necessary1 under like circumstances4 ,it requires a good deal more coolness1 and it is much harder for him to watch and control his team while bullets are grazing him1 than it would be to throw down the reins and begin firing4 ,it takes all his strength and coolness to manage the excited and terrified animals4 ,shooting gives needed excitement at such a time1 but then the mules run off1 the stage is upset1 and broken legs or necks and certain capture are the result4 ,george is a good driver1 and1 had he not one great defect1 would be a very good man40 8,what is the defect80 ,i asked4 8,drinking10 whispered the lieutenant4 8,he does not look in the least like a drinking man40 8,true2 yet he is as drunk as he can be now4 ,he has not been sober for years4 ,george is one of your white-faced drinkers4 ,he is always as you see him now4 ,i have been two years on this line1 and ,i have not seen ,george sober yet4 ,look at his eyes when we get to supper1 and you will see they are not the eyes of a man in his normal condition40 8,i heard him refuse a pull at the ,indian agent's flask1 between ,devil's ,landing and ,fort ,jones40 8,no doubt4 ,that is ,george's gnat4 ,he makes it a point never to drink while driving4 ,but he had swallowed his camel before he took the ribbons at ,devil's ,landing1 and he will swallow another when he reaches ,artesian ,wells1 where his route ends4 ,aye6 and keep swallowing camels every time he wakes up during the night1 and until he mounts the box for his return trip to-morrow40 8,what a fearful life for a man to lead60 ,i said4 8,yes1 indeed10 said the lieutenant1 8and the ending is still more fearful4 ,george's team will bring him in some fine morning stone-dead on the box1 with the ribbons still in his stiffened fingers40 8,i can imagine10 ,i answered1 8how a man who is excited by strong drink may find pleasure in it1 though it may tempt him to break things and get him into many a fight4 ,but ,i cannot for the life of me imagine why those dead-alive drinkers continue the habit40 8,i suppose they can't stop it10 said the lieutenant4 8,they have gone too far to turn back4 ,death is behind them as well as before40 ,our conversation was interrupted by a series of prolonged howls from ,george3 8,hi-hi-hi-hi10 etc41 ad libitum4 ,i was very much startled by these vocal efforts4 ,i thought 8it was ,indians40 ,next it struck me that ,george's last fit of delirium tremens had commenced1 and he was about to become dangerous4 ,my military companion1 noticing my astonishment1 kindly explained that this was the usual signal to the station-keeper4 ,the drivers commence their howls of warning when they arrive within a mile or so of the station4 ,their peculiar cry can be heard quite a long way off4 ,when we were quite near the station1 we overtook an ox-wagon with its solitary driver walking by the side of his animals1 and giving the talismanic 8whoa haws60 and 8gees0 by which the movements of these clumsy beasts of draught are directed4 8,hallo6 ,tommy ,john60 said the driver1 bringing his team down to a walk4 8,that you1 ,george80 8,what is left of me1 my son4 ,where are you bound for1 ,tommy80 8,the old ,sandy1 as usual40 8,how far did you come to-day1 ,tommy80 8,from the ,stone ,ranch40 8,you must have left there mighty early40 8,yes6 ,i started afore daylight4 ,i nooned at the ,wala ,hole1 and watered my stock and cooked my supper at the ,great ,alamos40 ,the conductor then informed 8,tommy ,john10 whose real name was ,john ,thompson1 as ,i learned1 of the state of things at the ,stone ,ranch when the coach passed there4 8,so1 friend ,tommy10 he concluded1 8you have got through by a scratch40 8,oh6 pshaw60 said ,tommy ,john1 laughing2 8,injuns won't hurt me4 ,i've been through the mill too often to be scared40 8,well10 said the lieutenant1 8as you have been fortunate enough to get thus far safely1 you had better remain at the ,wells until some government train with an escort comes up40 8,that you1 lieutenant8 ,how d'e do8 ,much obliged4 ,but ,i'm agoin' to ,snake ,spring before my next stoppage4 ,i want to get on home as soon as ,i can4 ,it's some time since ,i've seen the old lady and my half-dozen babies over on the ,sandy40 8,i tell you1 ,tommy10 said the lieutenant1 8you are very foolish to go on from the ,wells alone40 8,oh6 no ,injuns will trouble me1 lieutenant4 ,there's nothing to take4 ,the investment wouldn't pay40 8,there's your scalp to take10 said ,george1 8and ,i shouldn't wonder if you lost it40 8,don't be afeard about my scalp1 ,george10 said ,tommy ,john1 good-humoredly4 8,i have a notion to go after some ha'r myself this trip40 8,good-night60 8,good-night1 my son60 8,gee60 8,get aup6 ye critters40 ,and off we go1 leaving poor ,tommy ,john to pursue his lonely route4 8,that thar ,tommy10 said ,george1 8is one of the kind-heartedest1 good-naturedest fellows as travels this road4 ,an' he's churful1 too2 always in for a joke and a laugh4 ,he's drove team--ox and mule--on this line for nigh on to four year4 ,he never carries no arms1 and always travels alone4 ,he's had some mighty close shaves has ,tommy1 but ,i shouldn't wonder if they got him yet4 ,he takes too big risks40 8,does it often happen that you have no passengers1 ,george80 ,i asked4 8,once in a while10 said ,george4 8,it seems to me that on those occasions you take as big a risk as your friend ,tommy40 8,not by a durned sight10 replied ,george4 8,i have a good team1 and can give a party of ,indians a lively run at any time4 ,i have generally a conductor or express-messenger with me1 and a good rifle well handled will keep off a power of ,indians for awhile4 ,while he amuses them1 ,i keep lightin' out for the next station4 ,before the company got stingy--when there was a swing-station every dozen miles where you got a fresh team--,i could have got away from ,injuns all the time1 either by runnin' back to the station ,i had left or pushin' out for the one ahead of me1 accordin' to whichever was the nearest4 ,i takes no risk that ,i ain't obliged to40 8,what do you call a #8swing-station'80 ,i asked4 ,george looked at me with an expression of mixed pity and contempt1 and replied3 8,a swing-station is where you changes teams2 a home-station is the end of a route1 where you gits meals40 ,it was after midnight when we reached the ,artesian ,wells4 ,i had found the ,sandy ,hollow of the ,great ,alamos a pretty warm place1 but after ,i got out of it ,i felt cold again1 and when ,i reached the wells ,i was chilled through4 ,notwithstanding ,george's warning cry1 everybody was asleep at the station4 ,it took some time to wake the people up1 to get a fire kindled1 and a meal prepared4 ,i took advantage of the delay to get at my trunk1 whence ,i took my revolver and some woollen clothing4 ,the latter1 with the consent of the cook 7a male specimen of the culinary tribe71 ,i put on in the kitchen4 ,the station was out of fire-wood1 and was now endeavoring to effect its cooking with the remaining chips of departed logs and the chips of the passing buffalo4 ,it took a long time to get biscuits baked and meat stewed1 thus ,i had a good nap by the not very bright1 though very aromatic1 fire4 ,the lieutenant1 as soon as the door was opened1 had thrown his blankets on the floor and himself upon the blankets2 and slept the sleep of the brave until he was waked for supper1 or breakfast1 as you please4 ,it was about half-past three o'clock in the morning when we started again4 ,the poor ladies and the child had remained in the coach all this time1 notwithstanding our efforts to induce them to alight4 ,nor could they be induced to accept even a cup of tea or coffee4 ,with what a power of endurance these weak1 gentle creatures--our sisters--are endowed6 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,decision ,,against ,,the ,,st4 ,,james' ,,mission ,,claim ,,at ,,vancouver--,,its ,,appreciation4 ,we reprint1 at the request of ,bishop ,blanchet1 the following article on this subject1 taken from the ,catholic ,sentinel of ,may #be4 ,for a further exposition of the attitude assumed by the government towards our struggling missionary church in that region1 we refer the reader to the ,february 7#ahgb7 number of this magazine3 ,editor ,catholic ,sentinel3 ,the case of the ,st4 ,james' ,mission ,claim1 which for the last twelve years has been pending in the office of the ,general ,land ,department1 and that of the ,secretary of the ,interior1 has at last been taken into consideration1 and decided1 as reported a few weeks since4 ,to ,hon4 ,w4 ,h4 ,smith1 ,assistant ,attorney-,general1 was given the commission to examine the case and give his opinion4 ,he did so in a document dated ,january #bi last4 ,in his report1 transmitted to the ,department of the ,interior1 we see that he had to solve these two questions3 #a4 ,who are included within the proviso of the first section of the act of ,congress of the #adth of ,august1 #ahdh1 which proviso is in the following language3 8,that the title to land1 not exceeding #fdj acres1 now occupied as missionary stations among the ,indian tribes in said ,territory 7,oregon ,ty471 together with the improvements thereon1 be confirmed and established in the several religious societies to which such missionary stations respectively belong08 #b4 ,what is confirmed by said proviso to missionary stations8 ,the hon4 gentleman1 after an attentive examination of the first question1 says3 8,i am of opinion that the proviso of the first section of the act of #ahdh conferred an immediate title right upon all the societies then within its provisions4 ,here is a confirmation of title immediately operating proprio vigore for the benefit of all who should at that date be within its provisions40 ,for the construction of the law he refers to the opinion of ,attorney-,general ,bates1 ,may #bg1 #ahfd1 of ,secretary ,harlan1 and the ,commissioner of the ,general ,land ,office in his instructions to the ,surveyor-,general1 which opinion has never been anywhere seriously questioned4 ,his final conclusion is3 8,i am satisfied that on the #adth of ,august1 #ahdh1 there was existing a missionary station of ,st4 ,james40 ,this opinion is so well established by the documentary evidence and the opinion of the gentlemen above quoted that there cannot reasonably be the least doubt in the mind of any candid man as to the existence of the ,st4 ,james' ,mission on the #adth of ,august1 #ahdh--;a fact acknowledged by all1 irrespective of party or creed4 ,let us now come to the second question1 about what is confirmed by the proviso4 ,here the hon4 gentleman experiences some uneasiness in regard to the words land now occupied of the proviso4 ,he knows not exactly what they mean4 ,he is not ready to say whether in every case 8all the land claimed ought to have been enclosed1 cultivated1 built upon1 or the like40 ,then he speaks of 8stakes or other marks10 and says that 8for the liberal purposes of the proviso 787 he would give the language the most liberal construction1 but knows of no rule so liberal as to hold land occupied which has never been included in any inclosure1 etc40 7,he had a little before said he was not ready to require in every case enclosure of the land2 it is only a trifling contradiction67 ,why should he be so troubled about 8enclosure1 stakes1 etc408 ,had he not before his eyes the following rules1 given by the ,commissioner of the ,general ,land ,office to the ,surveyor-,general in #ahec1 to direct him8 8#a4 ,such provision is understood to grant #fdj acres to each separate and distinct missionary station referred to4 8#b4 ,in order to comply with the terms of the grants1 444 it will become necessary to cause to be made a special survey of a square mile1 which shall include the land occupied with the buildings1 and improvements in the centre1 as nearly as may be40 ,these rules are undoubtedly plain and clear1 and no candid man can deny that the intentions of ,congress in granting #fdj acres to each missionary station were as well1 if not better1 known to the commissioner in #ahec1 as they can now be known after twenty years4 ,he knew that it was not as an alms1 but in consideration of the services rendered by the missionaries in laboring to civilize and christianize the ,indians1 that the grant was made by ,congress4 ,the same view has been invariably taken by all his successors in office1 by all the occupants of the ,department of the ,interior1 and all the ,attorney-,generals from #ahec to #ahgb4 ,accordingly1 all cases of missionary stations have been settled whether they were fenced or not4 ,the ,methodist ,mission at the ,dalles in ,oregon1 received from the government #bj1jjj for a portion of its claim1 which was not fenced in #ahdi1 and had never been before4 ,the title of the ,presbyterian ,mission at ,walla ,walla1 and many others which were in the same condition1 were readily acknowledged and granted4 ,should not all these incontrovertible facts have convinced the ,hon4 ,assistant ,attorney of the true meaning of the words 8the land now occupied08 ,but they did not4 ,yet notwithstanding his apparent disposition 8for the charitable purpose of the proviso to give the language the most liberal construction10 he cannot go so far as went all the secretaries1 the attorney-generals1 and the commissioners in office during the course of the twenty previous years4 ,he seems to have been sent to teach them that they all have erred in the interpretation they have given to the proviso1 and accordingly he sets himself up as a reformer4 ,therefore1 grounded on his far superior legal acquirements1 he hesitates not to say3 8,i am unable to see how ,commissioner ,wilson reached the conclusion in his instructions to the ,surveyor-,general4 ,it is in my opinion an erroneous construction of the proviso40 ,the ,hon4 ,mr4 ,wilson1 as well as all the other hon4 gentlemen who approved his construction1 will no doubt be much flattered by the compliment4 ,the ,hon4 ,assistant ,attorney-,general continues3 8,on the #adth day of ,august1 #ahdh1 the mission of ,st4 ,james was in actual possession of a small piece of land upon which had been erected a church1 in which the priests there stationed held religious worship4 ,the mission at that date had never asserted any claim whatever0 7would the ,hudson ,bay ,company1 wrongfully claiming possessory rights to the land1 have allowed it87 8had no enclosure1 and was therefore only in occupancy of the land covered by the church edifice1 and such land as was appendant to it4 ,this it occupied in my opinion as a missionary station among the ,indians4 ,the society to which said mission belongs has therefore a vested title in the land upon which the church edifice extends1 and as much appurtenant thereto as at the passage of the act was within the enclosure or used for church purposes40 ,such1 therefore1 has been the generosity of the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 in his opinion6 ,as an acknowledgment of the previous efforts of the missionaries to civilize and christianize the ,indians1 ,congress grants the land covered by the church1 and a few feet more4 ,what wonderful liberality6 ,obstupescite coeli super hoc6 ,this opinion has been submitted to the ,hon4 ,attorney-,general ,williams1 although he has an interest in a portion of the claim4 ,he has written a letter on the subject which may be considered as approving it1 from the fact that the ,hon4 ,mr4 ,cowen1 acting ,secretary1 has declared that he himself concurs in the opinion of the ,hon4 ,mr4 ,smith4 ,the legists will here please remember that the old axiom1 favores sunt ampliandi1 is no longer in fashion6 ,hereafter they must say3 ,favores sunt restringendi2 and1 odiosa amplianda1 as in the present case4 ,by such a decision1 if it could stand1 the first ,catholic mission established among the ,indians in ,washington ,territory1 the mission which before #ahdh incontestably labored more than any other for the civilization of the ,indians1 would have only a few feet of land1 while all other similar missions have received #fdj acres1 and one #bj1jjj for the land occupied by the government for a military post4 ,why such glaring partiality in the administration8 ,there cannot be any other reason for such a decision but that the land claimed is considered as of too great a value1 and that some military officers but already too well known here covet the land in whole or in part4 ,there is no doubt that by their influence they have been in a great measure the cause of this long procrastination on the part of the government in the past1 and have in the present contributed their share in the rendering of the foregoing adverse decision4 ,we have now1 ,mr4 ,editor1 given a true report of the decision and the ground upon which it is founded4 ,we therefore present it to an enlightened public in order that it may form its opinion upon the merits and demerits of the case1 and that it may know that all the religious societies do not stand on the same footing of equality in the eyes of the liberal government of the ,united ,states in the year of grace #ahgb4 ,a ,,catholic4 ,,vancouver1 ,w4 ,t41 ,may #bc1 ,papers whose motto is 8equal justice to all0 are requested to reproduce the above4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,abraham ,,lincoln4 ,by ,ward ,h4 ,lamon4 ,illustrated4 ,boston3 ,james ,r4 ,osgood ,co4 #ahgb4 ,pp4 #edg4 ,this newest biography of the late ,president1 in which are related all the incidents of his career 8from his birth to his inauguration10 is simply one of the multitudinous dull books of the period1 the design or necessity of which is far from obvious to any person other than the author and bookseller4 ,compiled by 8an admirer0 mainly from materials supplied by a quondam partner of the deceased1 it sadly realizes the truthfulness of the old saying that an indiscreet friend is more dangerous than an avowed enemy4 ,we defy any one1 no matter how charitable1 who may have the patience to wade through its exaggerated accounts of the family1 friends1 boyhood1 and manhood of ,mr4 ,lincoln1 not to feel1 on closing the book1 a tinge of that self-abasement which usually follows association with vulgar and commonplace characters4 ,what has the world got to do with the private history of the 8,hanks0 family or the disgraceful bar-room and 8lick0 fights of a semi-barbarous settlement1 in which the young man was no doubt but an involuntary and disgusted participant8 ,then1 as to his religious views1 though important as an index to his mental and moral qualities1 we consider it bad taste and worse judgment to expatiate on his unbelief with all the minuteness and unction which distinguish the long chapter devoted to their discussion4 ,a cloud of witnesses and documents are brought up to prove what8--that he did not frequent churches or meeting-houses1 and that the expressions of devotion and reverence in his speeches and public correspondence were used only to gratify his supporters4 ,this may be true or it may not be1 but we 8hold it not well to be so set down10 particularly by a friend4 ,it is generally acknowledged that ,lincoln was a temperate and merciful man1 a warm friend1 patient1 if not affectionate1 in his family relations1 and devotedly attached to his children2 but having strong intuitive powers and a keen sense of the ridiculous1 he could not help despising and laughing at the narrow-minded and ignorant 8hard-shell0 ,baptist and ,methodist preachers of his day and neighborhood4 ,though by no means of a very profound mind1 he was too good a lawyer not to know that there was no logical medium between implicit obedience to an infallible authority and a denial of all revelation4 ,had he enjoyed in early life the advantages of a proper religious training1 there can be little doubt but that1 humanly speaking1 he would have added to his domestic virtues those cardinal ones which the church inculcates4 ,we are sorry for his own sake that he did not2 and we regret1 for the honor of the republic whose chief magistrate he once was1 that his memory should thus be held up to the reprobation of his and our countrymen1 without1 so far as we can see1 any adequate resulting good4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,russian ,,clergy4 ,translated from the ,french of ,f4 ,gagarin1 ,s4,j4 ,by ,c4 ,d4 ,makepeace1 ,m4,a4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgb4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,f4 ,gagarin is a ,russian prince1 and1 of course1 knows what he is writing about4 ,this book is a very curious one1 and will make some people open their eyes if they read it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,christian ,,sop4 ,ancient ,fables teaching ,eternal ,truths4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,anderdon1 ,d4,d4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,dr4 ,anderdon in this little book teaches us spiritual truths by means of the old and familiar fables that for years have been used to teach the world natural truths2 and it is a beautiful thought1 for truth cannot be presented in too many ways1 and this mingling of the homely lessons of the fables with spiritual instruction gives a peculiar charm to the book that will not be found in other spiritual writings4 ,the many quotations from the ,holy ,scriptures1 too1 give it a special interest4 ,the fables are all beautifully illustrated4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,cure ,d',,ars4 ,from the ,french of the ,abb ,monnin4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahgb4 ,we welcome most kindly a new edition of the charming life of this most wonderful man1 and take occasion to recommend it again to all our readers4 ,mr4 ,o',shea has purchased the plates from the former publishers1 and1 we trust1 will find a ready sale for his edition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,legends ,,of ,,st4 ,,joseph4 ,translated by ,mrs4 ,sadlier4 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier4 #ahgb4 ,this collection of historical narratives and pious legends makes a pleasing volume1 and is published in a pretty style4 ,it is a book likely to be especially interesting to young people1 for whom the accomplished authoress has a particular gift of making her instructive and pious writings entertaining4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,saunterings4 ,by ,charles ,d4 ,warner1 author of ,my ,summer in a ,garden4 ,boston3 ,james ,r4 ,osgood ,co4 ,time was1 in the ,united ,states1 and within the memory of man too1 that to have travelled in ,europe entitled the ,american tourist to set up for a lion in his native town4 ,it was once something to have seen ,london and ,paris1 which are now mere ,american starting-points for the grand tour of to-day4 ,england1 ,france1 ,germany1 and ,italy no longer count4 ,every one has seen them1 and even little ,new ,york and ,boston boys and girls yet at school1 or who ought to be there1 have their own discussions as to the relative merits of ,london and ,paris1 ,berlin and ,vienna4 ,in short1 the old ordinary ,european tour no longer counts4 ,its tracks are all beaten until they are dusty1 and one must now do ,spain1 ,russia1 ,palestine1 and ,egypt1 at least1 to obtain the smallest capital wherewith to set up as a tourist4 ,mr4 ,warner's ,saunterings take us among the well-known paths1 chatting and gossiping at random concerning what strikes him1 and1 as the subject-matter is already an old story to every one1 it is merely a pleasant way of reviving pleasant reminiscences4 ,saving and excepting a few of the usual ,protestant misconceptions repeated by the author1 most probably without malice1 the book makes very agreeable summer reading4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes ,,on ,,england4 ,by ,h4 ,taine4 ,translated with an ,introductory ,chapter by ,w4 ,f4 ,rae4 ,new ,york3 ,holt ,williams4 ,mr4 ,rae's introduction is a well-written chapter4 ,mr4 ,taine's notes are the recorded impressions of a traveller in ,england4 ,they are characteristically vivacious1 picturesque1 and frequently amusing1 with a tendency to be as often wrong as right in the judgments he pronounces4 ,the author discusses all the subjects that usually fall under the observation of an intelligent visitor in a strange country--government1 religion1 amusements1 schools1 universities1 homes1 hospitals1 manners1 morals1 the clubs1 the family1 etc41 etc4 ,here is a passage which we can commend as being as applicable to the latitude of ,washington as that of ,greenwich3 8,in ,hyde ,park1 on ,sunday1 the exaggeration of the dresses of the ladies or young girls belonging to the wealthy middle class is offensive2 bonnets resembling piled-up bunches of rhododendrons1 or as white as snow1 of extraordinary smallness1 with baskets of red flowers or of enormous ribbons2 gowns of shiny violet silk with dazzling reflections1 or of starched tulle upon an expanse of petticoats stiff with embroidery2 immense shawls of black lace1 reaching down to the heels2 gloves of immaculate whiteness or bright violet2 gold chains2 golden zones with golden clasps2 hair falling over the neck in shining masses4 ,the glare is terrible4 ,they seem to have stepped out of a wardrobe1 and to march past to advertise a magazine of novelties--not that even2 for they do not know how to show off their dresses40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,indulgences1 ,,absolutions1 ,,tax ,,tables1 ,,etc4 ,by ,rev4 ,t4 ,l4 ,green1 ,d4,d4 ,london3 ,longmans4 #ahgb4 ,some low1 dirty fellow in ,london1 named ,collette1 has been serving up the disgusting mess of lies about the topics designated in the title of ,dr4 ,green's book1 of which even the most unscrupulous enemies of the church in this country1 who have any regard for their reputation1 are ashamed to avail themselves4 ,dr4 ,green has exposed him and brought him to deep and inconsolable grief without difficulty1 and in an able and lively manner4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,divine ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,holy ,,virgin ,,mary4 ,being an ,abridgment of the ,mystical ,city of ,god4 ,by ,mary of ,jesus of ,agreda4 ,by ,f4 ,b4 ,a4 ,de ,csare1 ,n4,m4,c41 ,cons4 ,sac4 ,cong4 ,index4 ,translated from the ,french of the ,abb ,j4 ,a4 ,boullan1 ,d4,d4 ,philadelphia3 ,cunningham4 #ahgb4 ,with the imprimatur of the ,bishop of ,philadelphia4 ,at length we have this celebrated and remarkable book in ,english4 ,the abridgment is even preferable to the original1 which is tediously prolix in style4 ,among many ,catholic books recently published in very attractive style1 this one is among the most tasteful and beautiful4 ,the work itself is both edifying and delightful to those who have the spirit of ,catholic devotion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,merchant ,,of ,,antwerp4 ,a ,tale from the ,flemish of ,hendrick ,conscience4 ,translated by ,revin ,lyle4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahgb4 ,the merits of ,hendrick ,conscience as a natural1 graceful1 and original writer of fiction are so generally recognized1 that it is almost needless to say we welcome the appearance of this book with great satisfaction4 ,in design it is artistic1 in moral unexceptionable1 and its characters have the rare merit of being few1 distinctly drawn1 and lifelike4 ,the book itself is well and neatly bound1 and the paper is excellent1 but here its mechanical attractions1 we regret to be obliged to say1 end4 ,the type1 the printing1 and the ink are simply execrable2 and the presswork seems to have been done on one of those old-fashioned cylinder presses now generally devoted to 8striking off0 street ballads and play-bills4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,witch ,,of ,,rosenburg4 ,a drama in three acts4 ,by ,his ,eminence ,cardinal ,wiseman4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 ,long and favorably known1 this charming drama requires no eulogy from our pen4 ,we merely note the appearance of this new edition to chronicle the change of proprietorship from ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 to the present publisher4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xv41 ,no4 #ij4--,,september1 #ahgb4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgb1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,intellectual ,,centres4 ,a thought struck us the other day--a thought that was half a memory--of the interest we should feel in ,geneva at the present moment were we to be there as long as the ,treaty arbitration lasts4 ,this led us to reflect upon ,geneva as we knew it--one of the most delightful1 intellectual1 and interesting places we ever came across4 ,thought1 like art1 has its centres1 its headquarters1 and1 like politics1 its changes of dynasties and capitals4 ,in these centres1 a person might live undisturbedly a whole generation1 and1 never stirring ten miles beyond the city gates1 not miss any one novelty1 person1 discovery1 or theory worth hearing or seeing4 ,all great personages1 whether of royal birth or1 what is more important1 of intellectual fame1 will sooner or later pass through this favored place2 all new modes of thought1 from theology to unbelief1 from ,spiritism to ,darwinism1 will find there a ready field of battle4 ,of these centres of thought in modern times1 ,geneva is not the least4 ,we can speak from experience of the quiet1 unpretending old town1 standing1 in the pride of its antiquity and of its superior taste1 aloof from the more frivolous ,parisian suburb that commercial enterprise has caused to grow up beside it on the opposite side of the ,rhone4 ,it has a population of savants and dilettanti2 its salons are 8blue-stocking10 and its young men not mere butterflies1 but men with a work to do or perchance already begun4 ,music has a home there1 too--grave1 classical1 instrumental music1 such as you can fancy the dlassement of a nation of sages should be4 ,conversation is hardly brilliant among the ,genevese 7though the use of the ,french language renders it far from heavy71 but it is solid1 and words are put for ideas1 not strung together to hide nonsense4 ,theatres are feebly patronized1 and are left to the summer visitors of foreign countries1 whose exclusive society creates another ,geneva by the side of the old historical town--a ,geneva that has nothing ,genevese about it but the name4 ,lectures are very prominent1 almost as much so as in ,america1 and they are generally upon scientific subjects4 ,men of fortune give a course of them free1 for the enlightenment of the humbler classes1 and young men of good family and position spend their time in literary trials1 hunting up references and studying abstruse systems of forgotten philosophy4 ,to be uneducated in ,geneva brands a man with a worse mark than to be poor among mercantile communities4 ,frivolity in man or woman is equivalent to dishonor4 ,there is little display in ,genevese society--a simplicity far more republican than anything ,america can point to reigns in domestic affairs2 and the people do not court nor take any pains to allure the pot-pourri of foreign princes1 merchants1 gentlemen1 and gamblers that fill the gay quays on the modern side of the river4 ,it is told of one of the highest civil dignitaries of ,geneva in the last century--a man of good descent and comfortable means--that he received the envoy of the ,king of ,france 7it was before the ,french ,revolution71 on some diplomatic mission1 with one maid-servant holding a lantern4 ,the guest having alighted from his state-coach1 and groped his way into the modest house1 inquired in surprise3 8,mais1 monsieur1 o sont vos gens80 78,but1 sir1 where is your household807 8,mes gens60 repeated the ,genevese1 with undismayed good-nature2 8c'est ,jeanne60 78,my household consists of ,jane607 ,the ,french magnifico1 whose only idea of power lay in profuse display1 and who counted his lackeys by the score1 was dumfounded at these ,spartan barbarians1 whose chief unblushingly declared that a kitchen-maid was all his retinue6 ,yet the chief was probably a savant1 while the ,frenchman at best was most likely nothing more than a wit4 ,the writer of this article1 eager to see something of the home-life of the ,genevese1 succeeded in making a few acquaintances among these most exclusive of literati4 ,on one occasion we were dining at the primitive hour of five with a charming family1 the ,de la ,rives1 people of the most polished manners1 quick perceptions1 and inexhaustible fund of interesting conversation4 ,the meal was plain and frugal1 well cooked1 yet without a trace of art--what one might have expected at a farmer's or tradesman's table2 but what in the most modest of gentlemen's houses in ,france1 ,england1 or ,germany would have been an impossibility4 ,the governess and the little children dined with us1 the former joining heartily and cleverly in the conversation1 which never by any chance fell upon trivialities4 ,the knives and forks were not changed throughout dinner1 to our great perplexity2 and for the purpose of keeping them from soiling the table during the change of plates1 there were provided little glass rests1 like thick1 short bars4 ,these quaint details seemed quite matters of course1 and1 strange to say1 there was nothing vulgar or repulsive about them1 the personnel of the hosts being enough to stamp all belonging to them with the hall-mark of true and unostentatious refinement4 ,there was no dressing for this family dinner1 as there would have been in ,england1 nor1 indeed1 is there much dressing at all among the ,genevese women4 ,to tell the truth1 they are rather what our fastidious taste would call dowdy in their toilette and appearance2 but then1 what a solid background of true and deep education lies behind their exterior carelessness6 ,it is the same with their parties1 which are rather like family gatherings1 and where the old-fashioned habit is still kept up of having the tea served on a large table1 round which the guests unceremoniously seat themselves4 ,men of mark in the literary world are there2 inventors of machines that have changed the destiny of commerce1 and originated or obliterated this or that trade2 botanists who have inherited their talent with their fathers' name and experience2 women who have written treatises that men of science read with approval--and all of them so unaffectedly enjoying themselves1 all of them so truly refined and so childlike in their simple manners4 ,looking at this kind of assemblage1 is it wonderful that it should have made its native city a capital of the world of thought8 ,bad men as well as good pass through it2 ,mazzinist and ,international fraternize and plot2 ,legitimist and ,catholic meet1 and hold congresses2 outsiders from another continent1 as at this moment1 agree to settle their disputes on its neutral soil4 ,all philosophies1 from ,de ,maistre and ,cousin down to ,darwin and ,renan1 find their exponents there2 their upholders lecture there2 their theories are more closely looked into if they start from there4 ,the church is more active at ,geneva than almost anywhere in ,europe2 unbelief is more rampant and more unblushing2 dissent more earnest1 and1 if blinded1 yet more sincere4 ,thirty or forty years ago1 a body of ,genevese ministers of the 8,national ,church0 did what no other ,protestant body corresponding in numbers and influence has ever done in modern times--they voluntarily gave up their benefices1 and threw themselves with their families1 utterly destitute1 on the generosity of such among their flocks as would follow their conscience4 ,and why8 ,because the ,national ,church was becoming more and more ,socinian1 and dechristianizing the population of ,geneva4 ,these dissenters1 headed by the ,malan family1 persevered in their sacrifice1 and succeeded in founding a 8,free ,church10 which is now very prosperous1 and counts among its members all the best people of the town4 ,outside the ,catholic ,church1 it would be difficult to find a parallel to this act of renunciation for the sake of principle4 ,speaking of ,geneva from a religious point of view1 we do not know but what we might most decidedly call it a centre of active religion1 since its bishop1 ,mgr4 ,mermillod1 is one of its best known and most distinguished native citizens1 and the church under his guidance is making rapid conquests in the former stronghold of ,calvinism2 but this is beside our subject1 which is simply to reckon ,geneva as first and foremost in the present tournament of restless intellect4 ,rome naturally suggests itself as another of these centres4 ,we put it second in the intellectual scale and in the wide sense in which we are speaking1 although in religion it stands more than first1 that is1 perfectly unequalled4 ,still1 when ,byron called it 8city of the soul10 he made that delicate shade of a distinction that marked it as a spiritual capital more than an intellectual centre4 ,for the spirit of ,rome is too calm for agitation1 too conservative for creation4 ,yet in a secondary sense to volcanic ,geneva1 and in a contrasting sense too1 ,rome is a wonderful rendezvous of the talent and thought of ,europe4 ,a life spent in ,rome would include a sight of almost all the distinguished men and women of both hemispheres4 ,unbelievers go to ,rome to scoff1 and often remain to pray2 curious idlers go to see the old man of the ,vatican1 and often stay to ask his blessing2 antiquarians find enough work for a lifetime in digging up a few square feet of ground2 artists have a range of subjects before them so vast that1 if they had a thousand lives to live1 they could not exhaust it2 men of science go to meet their kin and discuss things in quiet congresses1 which it is impossible to end otherwise than peaceably1 for the curious and unique charm of ,rome is its subtle power of harmonizing the minds of its guests with the traditions of its own mysterious existence4 ,it has a faculty of spiritual alchemy1 and changes the visitor for the time being into a different creature4 ,all its lessons seem to be taught in silence1 and for argument it has but little sympathy4 ,intrinsically1 it is a centre of love2 accidentally1 a centre of thought4 ,men with wearied hearts are its 8chosen few10 for its power is rather recuperative than creative4 ,it is most difficult to say what we mean1 and yet not to seem to speak in disparagement of this wonderful 8city of the soul02 and perhaps a description of its society1 though that would be the easiest way to make our meaning clear1 would be tedious1 because so familiar4 ,we all of us seem to know ,rome as if each one had been there2 and so perhaps after all we may trust to be better understood than we had hoped to be at first4 ,a short walk on the 8,pincio0 will show us the utmost cosmopolitanism possible2 the ,polish exile secure while within a few paces of the ,russian official2 the ,anglican minister1 with his trained ,oxford refinement1 calmly discussing with the energetic1 passionate1 and voluble ,italian ecclesiastic2 the ,mazzinist bowing involuntarily to the cardinal whose generosity raised him from the poor-house2 the ,french philosopher and the ,german artist2 the ,american sculptor1 with his prejudiced yet not unkindly view of ,rome2 the ,english convert1 enthusiastic and interested2 and the languid ,italian1 taking everything as a matter of course--such are a few of the common types one jostles against every minute4 ,these things1 however1 are too well known2 and from this strange1 perplexing city1 so dearly loved and so well hated1 so prominent in the world's annals that no dark future can obscure her ever-real and ever the same present--this city whose ,christian fame overrides even her glorious heathen past of unlimited power and unchecked ,csarism--we will go forward to the land of those 8barbarians0 who regenerated ,europe and materially helped to build the church4 ,but how changed is the brightest city of that land1 ,munich1 the undoubted centre of the highest intellect1 but now also the unhappy cradle of a new perversion of that very intellect6 ,though we are less conversant with ,munich than with the two foregoing places1 we shall yet attempt to say a few words on its influence in modern times4 ,it is perhaps a more recent focus of thought than any other of the present day1 yet it is none the less powerful for that4 ,the ,bavarian royal family has preserved for two or three generations the traditions of a modern ,medici dynasty2 they are the declared champions of talent1 the protectors of innovations of any kind4 ,as long as there is genius1 originality1 vitality1 in a thing or idea1 no matter what its tendency1 good or bad1 it is sure of patronage and help4 ,intensely national in its leanings1 ,munich aspires to make ,germany paramount1 to impose her ways of thought upon the world1 to mould ,europe according to a ,german standard1 and set up in a new ,rome of the north a new ideal that might be expressed in these words1 ,le gnie c'est moi4 ,if ,christianity had not yet appeared1 the plan would have been magnificent1 and this ,roman ,empire of absolute intellect a far grander conception than ,plato's ,republic1 but now ,god has reserved universality as a mark of his church alone2 and the power that would tear this badge from her to crown itself therewith1 in opposition to her1 cannot hope to succeed any better than the great angel of light succeeded in his gigantic rebellion4 ,still1 notwithstanding this blot upon the otherwise fair system of intellectual supremacy of which ,munich is the headquarters1 the fact of this practical supremacy remains1 and is the more felt and the better tested now since ,prussia has attempted to establish herself in opposition to it4 ,the story of ancient ,greece and ,rome is being enacted anew--matter and mind are face to face2 and the military machine which is called the ,north ,german ,empire1 and which has proved itself so politically resistless1 stands baffled before the more ,attic and refined organization of the capital of thought and art4 ,impossible to transplant to the alien atmosphere of iron-bound ,berlin the delicate grace and play of intellect that distinguishes ,munich2 impossible to make philosophy accept the trammels of officialism1 or persuade artists to wait the nod of bureaucrats4 ,the intangible charm of cosmopolitan life belongs to the ,bavarian city1 the freemasonry of intellectual activity vivifies it4 ,napoleon carried half the marbles of ,rome to his palace of the ,louvre1 and yet he could not make the ,louvre a ,vatican1 and ,belshazzar1 though he robbed the temple of its golden cups and drank from them at his banquets1 could not make himself high-priest of the ,hebrew faith4 ,the world goes to ,munich for art1 instruction1 and artistic models2 ,germany goes there for philosophical and scientific theories4 ,foreigners would rather leave ,berlin and ,vienna unvisited than miss a week at ,munich2 and a stay among its galleries1 libraries1 and museums1 is part of the education of every travelled man4 ,it has its literary1 its fashionable1 and its diplomatic circles1 and1 strangely enough1 each of these pronounces it an equally agreeable resort4 ,the cultivated world filters through it all the year round1 and1 like ,geneva and ,rome1 though perhaps in a lesser degree than either1 one might stay there a lifetime and yet see the whole panorama of intellectual ,europe unrolled at intervals before one's eyes4 ,although ,munich possesses a learned and important university1 it is not to that alone she owes her supremacy1 for it is a fact worthy of notice that in our days the sovereignty of thought is more the attribute of an aggregate of independent thinkers1 than the exclusive privilege of certain bodies trained in the same traditions1 and cast in much the same mould4 ,whether or no this is an advantage1 is a question we need not enter into here2 it is beside our subject4 ,we hope subsequently to be able to draw a companion picture of that ancient state of things which made the intellectual centres of the past1 both in their growth and in their influence1 so widely different from our own4 ,certain it is1 however1 that that influence was less ephemeral formerly than now4 ,from ,munich we have not far to go to another of the world's volcanoes1 ,paris1 the modern enigma4 ,like a witch's cauldron1 always seething1 never safe1 ,paris is playing an uninterrupted game of political conjuring4 ,unlike other cities whose intellect is distinct from their politics1 ,paris cannot help giving a political tinge to its literary and philosophical creations4 ,social questions are violently joined to intellectual problems2 and savants or beaux-esprits will eschew a brother philosopher or wit who wears alien colors and belongs to another camp4 ,the talent that rides uppermost in ,paris is identified with socialism1 and from literary ,bohemianism soon lapses into political outlawry4 ,victor ,hugo is its apostle1 ,alfred de ,musset its poet4 ,on the one hand1 a frantic1 destructive vigor urges it to assert its self-assumed and imperious sovereignty2 on the other1 a maudlin1 opium-like languor soothes its sensuality and bids it revel in momentary luxury4 ,sybarites are always tyrants2 ,nero crowned with roses and singing to his lute while ,rome was helplessly burning by his orders1 is a fit image of modern ,paris displaying her world-alluring softness while ,europe is in flames through her baneful principles4 ,we speak of ,paris in her zenith2 but it is to be feared that the spirit which made her the rose-entwined firebrand of the world1 will not long be quelled even by her own unparalleled misfortunes4 ,in her deepest humiliation1 when the sympathy of the universe was hers1 did she not find strength enough to turn on her true friends1 and1 by her fiendish attempts on law and order1 to alienate the shocked and insulted instincts of a world that had been ready to take up arms in her defence8 ,it may be said that that ,paris was not the real one2 yet it is the one that rules--rules sourdement1 as the ,french so expressively say1 when she is herself ruled by an iron hand1 rules through her infidel press1 her immoral literature1 her unwholesome poetry1 her rotten philosophy1 her frivolous and heedless society4 ,true it is that in ,paris1 which proudly calls itself 8the capital of the world and the heart of humanity10 there are circles of quiet literary men--coteries of harmless exiles from other lands2 men whose lives are bounded by the ,bibliothque ,impriale and the ,thtre ,franais2 and men1 too1 whose one aim is charity and one ambition1 heaven4 ,true1 ,france can boast as many missionaries as communists1 as many martyrs as soldiers1 almost as many religious as unhung miscreants4 ,but how many ,montalemberts1 how many ,dupanloups1 how many ,lacordaires1 beside the innumerable spawn of ,dumases1 ,george ,sands1 ,balzacs1 ,michelets1 ,taines1 and ,renans8 ,no doubt in the records of the ,almighty there are to be found in this modern ,sodom the ten just men that will save it from spiritual destruction1 but we are speaking of it principally in the intellectual sense1 and surely1 from this point of view1 where are its saviors8 ,a centre of intellect it is most undoubtedly and most unfortunately1 but a centre such as a powder magazine might be4 ,the streams it pours over ,europe's world of thought are lava-streams1 scorching the purer air of principle to make way for the poisonous gases of self-indulgence4 ,if ,paris were sovereign1 peace would be no more1 and truth would leave the earth1 dismayed4 ,the very opposite1 of ,rome1 its spirit is one of fever1 catching even to the calmest pulse of a law-abiding and metaphysical northerner--a spirit that broods over one like the blast of a furnace1 and bewilders like the breath of a coming simoom4 ,we have experienced it ourselves in days long before the last great judgment that has crushed the unhappy city2 we have marvelled at its obtrusive activity1 so fatiguing to the eye1 because1 unlike that of ,london or ,new ,york1 it denotes only the frivolous search after empty pleasure1 not the calm plodding after necessary business2 we have wondered at its frothy show1 where the greatest display is a sure sign of the worst depravity2 we have longed to be out of its unwholesome1 oppresive spell1 that seemed to paralyze the mind and darken the understanding4 ,to think that this possessed city should be the pioneer of the nineteenth century1 and have more influence over the moral destinies of the world than ,napoleon ever had over the kingdoms of ,europe1 or than ,bismarck can ever have over the future of ,paris itself6 ,what have we done to deserve it8 ,what has brought this ,egyptian plague upon us1 the ,nile of the intellect turned into blood1 the fertilizer become poison8 ,there is a wider difference than the mere width of the ,channel between ,paris and ,oxford4 ,what calm1 scholarly1 refined associations come to our mind when we name the ,alma ,mater of so many of ,england's greatest men6 ,it is like a refreshing ocean breeze after the scorching blast of a volcano4 ,we feel at home here4 ,gladstone1 ,pusey1 ,keble1 ,newman1 were sons of this ,english centre of thought--,stanley for a long time was identified with it1 all the intellectual movements of this century sprang from it1 and to represent it in ,parliament is accounted the highest political honor4 ,all schools of thought have started from it2 8,high ,church10 8,low ,church10 and 8,broad ,church0 have all found their headquarters there1 and recruits from these several camps have left it to bring their various gifts to that other and wider university over which the ,holy ,ghost presides everlastingly4 ,if one might use words that must seem a paradox1 ,oxford1 once made and fashioned by the church1 has in our days herself influenced the church4 ,we mean that the university has given to the ,catholics of ,england that unrivalled body of priests who stand alone in ,europe for their indomitable energy1 their self-sacrificing earnestness1 and their gentle and truly ,christian refinement4 ,among ,protestants1 it is only the strict truth to say that ,oxford has created the ,church of ,england1 and vivifies her now even more than state protection1 or the universal adoption extended to her by usage and courtesy among the educated classes4 ,most truly has ,oxford been called the ,rome of ,english ,protestantism4 ,it is sad for us to think of the perverted influence of a system essentially ,catholic1 of traditions and customs that have lost their meaning while they have kept their form1 and yet it is also a proud thought to dwell upon1 that such as this matchless seat of intellect is1 and such as its absolute identification with ,english national thought and national character makes it certain ever to be1 it owes it to the church of ,alfred1 of ,langton1 of ,scotus--the church of ,peter--alone4 ,we have said that1 in modern times1 universities as such have less influence than the aggregate of independent thinkers4 ,this1 however1 hardly applies to ,england1 for the mass of enlightened men in that country forms1 practically1 the true university4 ,cambridge1 as a seat of equal learning1 yet scarcely of equal brilliancy or influence1 is of course included4 ,the social and intellectual training of both is the same1 the traditions practically so4 ,the whole body of able men in ,england belongs to either one or the other of these universities1 and1 never unlearning their modes of thought and unconsciously stamping their impress deeper on each succeeding work undertaken or effort accomplished1 therefore never cease to belong to them4 ,england is thus one university1 and ,oxford is the epitome of educated ,england4 ,very national and jealous of foreign irruption is this vast and compact body2 its members will taste and examine very closely before an alien theory be admitted among them1 but1 once admitted1 it is adopted with eagerness1 nationalized1 and so embodied in a thoroughly ,english shape that its origin becomes undistinguishable4 ,the spirit of ,oxford1 unlike that of ,paris1 is the very reverse of cosmopolitan2 there is no versatility in its essence1 no straining after effect1 novelty1 nor even domination2 it does not care to impose itself on others1 and thus it differs ever from the national-minded spirit of ,munich1 but it vigorously resents anything being imposed upon it4 ,ideas grow slowly1 and systems ripen there before they are tried2 a school of thought goes out whole and calm1 not upon tentative excursions1 but to certain conquest4 ,foreigners are more curious to see ,oxford than they are to examine any other ,english institution2 foreign savants look with pride or longing on the rare gift of its honorary degrees4 ,its buildings are the only palaces known in ,england1 and excel in nobility of architecture every modern public erection and almost every private residence4 ,it keeps up customs of hospitality1 of generosity1 of courtesy1 that seem lost amid the dwarfishness of modern politeness2 its grand solemnity of demeanor and stateliness of etiquette shame our puny and impudent code of manners2 the freedom of later behavior seems by its side a stunted pollard when compared to the magnificent oak of bygone centuries4 ,oxford keeps up the ideal among ,englishmen1 or rather it is the ideal personified4 ,it is a standing protest against the levity of modern and fast life--a city of sanctuary for learning1 art1 ecclesiasticism1 sthetics1 philosophy1 and taste4 ,those who have lived all their lives in it as fellow-tutors or professors1 love it to idolatry2 those who have gone forth to their several professions and been knocked about by the vicissitudes of the world1 love it as the ,garden of ,eden of their lost peace2 those who have left it for the ,catholic ,church1 love it with the most mournful and deepest of loves1 even as ,gregory loved the fair-haired heathen boys that were ,angles1 but whom he longed to see angels4 ,the greatest mind in ,england--,john ,henry ,newman--loves it with this sorrowful love1 which has prevented him from ever seeing it again since he severed himself from it1 and suffered more in this severing than the loss of friends or the wilful misconception of enemies2 and in his room at ,edgbaston1 where his retired life is now entirely spent1 there hangs a view of the beautiful ,english university town1 with this significant motto in illuminated characters beneath3 8,son of man1 dost thou think these dry bones shall live80 7,ez4 xxxvii4 #c74 ,from ,oxford we must cross the ,atlantic to find our last intellectual centre in this age4 ,it is the youngest1 though not the least vigorous1 and it stands alone on the ,western continent1 where it has not inaptly been called--as ,edinburgh once was--the ,modern ,athens4 ,boston is also more or less the product of a university1 but here1 as elsewhere1 the taint is on the fruit of the tree of knowledge4 ,infidelity and cynicism make their home there in the midst of the luxuriant growth of intellect4 ,pride of mind has ended in riot of soul1 and amid the intoxicating creations of its own strong vitality1 the genius of ,new ,england has spiritually lost its way4 ,but humanly speaking1 what a fair field of intellect is here displayed6 ,it is through ,boston that ,america is best known to ,europe4 ,longfellow1 ,emerson1 ,hawthorne1 ,whittier1 ,holmes1 are household words wherever the ,english language is spoken2 and the dignified history of ,new ,england1 no less than her weird and fascinating literature1 is as interestingly familiar to ,english as to ,american minds4 ,boston is ,new ,england crystallized1 the representative city of ,america1 the channel of communication between the ,old and the ,new ,world1 the crucible of every new theory and the test the successful passing of which is1 as it were1 a 8degree0 in itself4 ,boston stands forth as the champion of science against commerce1 and the breakwater which strives to save ,america from the imputation--thrown on ,england by the ,french--of being 8a nation of shopkeepers40 ,the ,west1 with its gigantic future roughly mapped out1 and its raw material inconveniently spread over the whole land1 looks with uneasy and half-dismayed contempt at the scholarly capital of ,new ,england2 the ,north1 with its sleek prosperity and organized system of elegant life1 steals a look askance1 in which envy is but thinly concealed behind an affectation of patronage4 ,of the ,south we cannot speak1 since its naturally true instincts of appreciation and intellectual discernment have been cruelly and rudely shaken by the great convulsion whose effects will long remain but too prominent2 but if ever there rises a rival1 friendly yet altogether dissimilar1 to the ,new ,england ,athens1 it will be in the gifted ,south1 among the descendants of the cavaliers1 that we shall turn to look for it4 ,such a one there should be1 for this vast continent1 in whose bosom the whole of ,europe would lie like an island1 must have more than one species of intellectual life1 and ought to have more than one acknowledged exponent of it4 ,in the ,south we should find the ardor of ,paris1 the ambition of ,munich1 and the refinement of ,oxford1 mingled and harmonized2 and let us trust that in the lands discovered by ,catholic missionaries1 and colonized by ,catholic gentlemen1 we might at least escape the ban that clings to the older centres of intellectual life in ,europe1 the revolutionary and antichristian tendencies of ,france1 and the unhappy heresies of ,england and ,germany4 ,,old ,,books4 ,for out of old fields1 as men sayth1 ,cometh all this new corn from yere to yere1 ,and out of old books1 in good faith ,cometh all this new lore that men lere4 --,chaucer4 ,,dante',s ,,purgatorio4 ,,canto ,,third4 7,for ,cantos ,i4 and ,,ii4 of this ,translation1 see ,,catholic ,,world for ,november1 #ahgj1 and ,january1 #ahgb47 ,though round the plain their quick flight scattered them1 ,bent for that ,hill where reason turns our tread1#aih ,my faithful mate close at my garment's hem ,i kept3 how could ,i without him have sped8 ,who else had o'er that mountain marshalled me8 ,he seemed1 methought1 as inly touched with shame3 ,o noble conscience1 void of stain1 to thee ,how sharp a morsel is the smallest blame6 ,soon as his feet the hurried movement checked ,which every action's dignity destroys1 ,my mind1 till now restrained and circumspect1 ,expanded with new strength1 as 'twere of joy's4 ,my face ,i fixed upon that ,hill to gaze ,towards highest heaven which springeth from the wave4 ,the sun behind me redly flamed2 its rays ,broke by the shadow which my figure gave4 ,when ,i perceived before me that the ground ,was darkened only by myself1 in dread ,of being there deserted1 ,i looked round ,and fronting me in full1 my ,comfort said3 8,why this distrust8 believ'st thou not that ,i ,am with thee still1 thy leader to the last8 ',tis evening now already where on high ,my body lies1 which once a shadow cast1 ,buried at ,naples1 from ,brundusium brought4 ,now1 if no shade before me meet thy sight ,it need wake no more wonder in thy thought ,than why one heaven checks not another's light4 ,omnipotence to such forms hath assigned ,the power of suffering torments--cold and heat-- ,but how1 reveals not to created kind4 ,he is but mad who hopes this incomplete ,reason of ours may track the ,infinite way ,which of three persons holds the substance one4 ,rest1 human race6 contented when you say ,simply because3 could ye the whole have known ,no need had been for ,mary to have borne2 ,and ye have seen in hopeless longing those ,who now to all eternity must mourn ,desire for which they vainly sought repose4 ,of ,aristotle and of ,plato now ,i speak1 and many others03 he remained ,silent at this1 and stood with bended brow ,and troubled look3 meantime the ,hill we gained4 ,we found the cliff here sloping so steep down ,that nimblest legs had there been useless quite4 ,the wildest way betwixt ,turba's town ,and ,lrici1 the roughest1 were a flight ,compared with this1 of open1 easy stairs4 8,who knows10 my ,master said--and stayed his pace-- 8,where this ,hill slopeth1 so that one who wears ,no wings may climb it80 ,then his earnest face ,directed closely to the ground as if ,making in mind a study of the way4 ,meantime ,i gazed up round about the cliff1 ,and on the left hand came to my survey ,a band of spirits1 moving on towards us1 ,that seemed not moving for they came so slow4 8,lift up thine eyes0--,i to the ,master thus-- 8,if of thyself thou art not certain1 lo6 ,yon souls our footsteps may direct perchance40 ,thereat he looked1 then frankly made reply3 8,go we tow'rds them--so gently they advance-- ,and thou1 my sweet son6 keep thy hope up high40 ,that people seemed as far1 when we had gone ,a thousand steps1 ,i say1 or thereabout1 ,as a good flinger might have cast a stone2 ,when all at once1 like one who goes in doubt ,and stops to look1 their moderate march they checked ,and close to that high bank's hard masses drew4 8,o ye peace-parted6 ,o ye spirits elect6 ,ev'n by that peace which waits for each of you ,as ,i believe0--thus ,virgil them bespake3 8,inform us where this mountain slopeth so ,that its ascent we may essay to make2 ,for they mourn ,time's loss most1 the most who know40 ,like lambs that issue from their fold--one--two-- ,then three at once 7the rest all standing shy1 ,with eye and nostril to the ground7--then do ,just what the foremost doth1 unknowing why1 ,and crowd upon her back if she but stand1 ,quiet and simple creatures1 thus the head ,i saw move towards us of that happy band1 ,modest in face1 and of a comely tread4 ,soon as their leaders noticed that the light ,on my right side lay broken at my feet1 ,so that my shadow reached the rocky height1 ,they stopped and drew a little in retreat4 ,and all the others following1 though they knew ,not why they did so1 did the very same4 8,without your question ,i confess to you ,that here you see a living human frame3 ,hence on the ground the sunlight thus is riven3 ,marvel not at it1 but believe ye all ,not without virtue by the ,most ,high given ,this man hath come to scale your ,mountain's wall40 ,my ,master thus1 and thus that gracious band3 8,turn then and join us1 and before us go03 ,and while some beckoned us with bended hand ,one called--8,whoe'er thou art there journeying so1 ,turn6 ,think--hast ever looked on me before80 ,i turned and gazed upon the one who spoke4 ,handsome and blond1 he looked high-born1 but o'er ,one brow appeared the severance of a stroke4 ,when ,i had humbly answered him that ne'er ,had ,i beheld him--8,look60 he said1 and high ,up on his breast showed me a wound he bare2 ,then added smilingly1 8,manfred am ,i1 ,the ,empress ,constance' grandson3 in such name ,do ,i entreat1 when back thou shalt have gone1 ,to my fair daughter hie1 of whose womb came ,sicily's boast and ,aragon's renown1 ,and tell her this--if aught but truth be said ,that after two stabs--each of power to kill-- ,i gave my soul back weeping ere it fled ,to ,him who pardoneth of ,his own free will ,my sins were horrible3 but large embrace ,infinite ,goodness hath whose arms will ope ,for every child who turneth back to ,grace2 ,and if ,cosenza's bishop1 by the ,pope ,clement set on to hound me to the last1 ,that page of ,holy ,writ had better read1 ,my bones had still been sheltered from the blast ,near ,benevento1 by the bridge's head1 ,under their load of stones3 but now without ,the realm they lie1 by ,verde's river--bare-- ,for winds and rains to beat and blow about1 ,dragged with quench'd candles and with curses there4 ,yet not by their poor malediction can ,souls be so lost but that ,eternal ,love ,may be brought back while hope hath life in man4 ',tis true that one who sets himself above ,the ,holy ,church1 and dies beneath its ban 7,even though he had repented at the last71 ,outside this ,mount must unadmitted rove ,thirty times longer than the term had been ,of his presumptuous contumacy past1 ,unless good prayers a shorter penance win4 ,see now what power thou hast to make me glad3 ,report of me to my good ,constance bear1 ,how thou saw'st me1 and what ,i've told thee add2 ,for much it profits us what they do there40 ,,footnote3 #aih ,dante means the ,hill of ,purgatory1 to the ascent of which we are turned no less by the right reason that is in us than by our contrition for an erroneous course1 from which we are happily passing4 ,,on ,,music4 ,harmony and melody--which have an equal share in the effects produced by sound--find their original type1 it may be1 in the double nature of the universe1 and of human destiny considered socially and individually4 ,harmony1 like the external world and its moving masses1 presents us with various parts1 linked together and arranged so as to subserve one and the same end4 ,regular and measured in its movement as the celestial orbs1 no deviation is allowable even in its boldest flight4 ,an almighty will seems to have bound it to magnificence and grandeur1 restricting its freedom to the latitude of the laws whose expression it is4 ,but melody is thoroughly moral1 and consequently free4 ,it is the heart's utterance1 and follows and renders its emotions faithfully4 ,when brilliant1 it recalls our joys2 when sweet and lingering1 it portrays our rare and delicious intervals of repose4 ,it sighs for our disquietudes and sways beneath our sorrows1 like a friend who shares them4 ,would it reproduce the sad and vague yearnings which by turns agitate and soothe the soul of man8--its songs are as dreamy as his chimeras4 ,melody is but one thought at a time1 but--mobile and rapid--it renders all thoughts in succession and tells the tale of a complete destiny4 ,harmony1 with its grand effects1 seems made to appeal to assembled men2 melody1 to transport the memory in solitude4 ,words may of course be adapted to a piece of pure harmony2 but they are only accessory4 ,when melody is associated with human speech1 they rival one another in charm and in power4 ,speech is1 indeed1 the heart's expression2 but melody remains its accent4--,madame ,swetchine4 ,,fleurange4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,craven1 ,,author ,,of 8,a ,,sister',s ,,story40 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,french1 ,,with ,,permission4 ,,part ,,second ,,the ,,trial4 ,,xxviii4 ,more than twenty-four hours had elapsed4 ,fleurange was already far away1 and the incidents of the preceding days only seemed like a succession of troubled dreams4 ,the conversation she heard on the terrace between the count and his mother1 that which she herself had with the latter1 her interview with ,george at ,san ,miniato1 the mysterious bouquet in the evening1 and the sudden reappearance of ,felix the next day--all these remembrances came back1 one by one1 but were all effaced by that of the farewell which succeeded them4 ,yes1 she had bidden him adieu for ever2 whereas he smilingly said1 8,a rivederla60 and his mother1 giving her hand graciously to her young protge1 continued to the last to play her part in this drama of two characters1 which she and ,fleurange alone understood4 ,the young girl also sustained hers without exhibiting any weakness2 but in kissing the princess' hand she gave to the words 8,addio1 principssa60 an accent the latter fully comprehended the meaning of4 ,she embraced her in return with involuntary tenderness1 and even with an emotion that might have been considered surprising for so short an absence4 ,george observed it1 and felt more reassured than ever4 ,therefore1 after ,fleurange's departure1 what he felt was not so much sadness1 as the need of some distraction powerful enough to relieve the insupportable ennui caused by her absence4 ,as to her1 alone with ,julian in the coup of the vetturino1 while ,clara1 her child1 and a young ,italian waiting-maid occupied the interior1 she could not give herself up to the thoughts that were suffocating her4 ,she must still continue the effort of concealment1 and assume a cheerfulness she was far from feeling1 which was more antipathic to her nature than anything else4 ,she was to turn off to ,santa ,maria at the small village of ,passignano1 where they expected to arrive on the morning of the third day1 and she did not intend announcing to the ,steinbergs her intention of accompanying them to ,germany till they stopped at the monastery on their way back from ,perugia4 ,by that time all her plans for the future would be more definitely arranged4 ,there were some vague intentions floating in her mind as well as some irresolution1 which she scarcely comprehended herself4 ,she wished for the penetrating eye of her maternal friend to aid her in deciphering the confused condition of her mind and soul4 ,until then she was resolved to remain silent4 ,her conversation with ,julian dwelt principally on their unexpected meeting with their unhappy cousin4 8,after serious reflection10 said ,steinberg1 8it seems to me impossible to do anything without running the risk of injuring the unfortunate man40 8,it appears he is now leading a respectable life10 said ,fleurange4 8,yes2 and for that very reason it is important to him that the past should not be made public4 ,as ,count ,george avails himself of his services1 he must1 ,i suppose1 have had good recommendations40 ,fleurange made no reply4 ,she did not venture to say she had often heard ,george reproached for his indifference to the position or reputation of many he employed in his collections1 or the researches in which he was interested4 8,what have ,i to do with their private lives10 he would sometimes say1 8in the kind of work ,i require of them8 ,if they are intelligent and capable1 that is sufficient4 ,when ,i have an inscription to be copied1 or a passage in a manuscript to be transcribed1 ,i rather employ a capable rogue than an honest blockhead40 ,without knowing precisely why1 this connection between ,felix and ,george inspired ,fleurange with involuntary terror1 and1 much as she wished it1 she could not put the latter on his guard without betraying ,felix's real name and position4 ,in short1 the fatal remembrances connected with the cousin were now changed into a painful presentiment which added a darker shade to the sadness she sought to conceal4 ,after a long silence she resumed3 8,the ,marquis ,adelardi seemed to know the person who was with ,felix the evening we met him80 8,yes2 and to have a poor opinion of him40 8,did you question him afterwards on the subject80 8,i was desirous of doing so1 and in the course of that evening at the princess' ,i tried to introduce the subject4 ,but he appeared to answer with repugnance4 ,i was also cautious in my questions1 so ,i was able to obtain very little information40 ,julian stopped1 but after a moment's reflection continued3 8,the ,marquis ,adelardi1 from what ,i learned at ,bologna1 was once connected with a conspiracy40 8,conspiracy60--exclaimed ,fleurange with alarm4 8,the excellent and agreeable marquis8 ,what are you saying1 ,julian80 ,julian smiled4 8,come1 ,gabrielle1 you need not be so frightened4 ,i do not mean to imply he is a criminal1 but ,i think that during one period of his life he was connected with some revolutionary agitation in ,italy1 and was brought in contact with more than one suspicious character1 and ,felix's companion was probably one of them40 ,the conversation was not prolonged1 and ,fleurange remained silent for a time4 ,julian's last words added a new fear to all the painful impressions--some definite and others vague--which already weighed on her mind and heart4 ,she pitied ,felix1 but she was more afraid of him4 ,she now regarded his strange billet as a bold attempt to frighten her or excite her interest--an irresistible temptation to aim at effect1 which he yielded to at the risk of being discovered4 ,george's connection with this bold and restless spirit filled her with greater anxiety than ever4 ,it seemed at last as if so many things at once had never weighed upon her young heart1 and that clouds were gathering on all sides around her4 ,at ,passignano she left her travelling companions1 and took a small vehicle for the monastery4 ,all the dresses and ornaments the princess had added to her modest wardrobe were left in ,barbara's care during her supposed short absence1 and the only luggage she brought with her from ,florence was a small valise4 ,this was at once deposited beside the driver1 and1 as soon as the young girl was seated1 the calche immediately started off4 ,the road gradually ascended1 but this was only perceptible from the increasing beauty of the prospect which became more and more extensive4 ,afar off lay ,lake ,thrasimene1 gleaming in the sun like a brilliant sheet of silver2 nearer1 a small stream1 whose name1 after twenty-two centuries1 still recalls the memorable battle that ensanguined its waters1 wound through the plain where it was fought4#aii ,it is stated in history that1 during that famous day1 neither the ,romans nor ,hannibal's soldiers noticed the earthquake which rocked the ground beneath their feet4 ,it might have trembled anew1 and our poor ,fleurange would perhaps have been equally insensible1 so greatly absorbed was she in a struggle of another kind--between her will to do right and the violent inclinations of her heart4 ,she was now completely alone for the first time for a long period1 and seemed to have regained her liberty of thought4 ,freed from the necessity of struggling against the softening emotions that would have enfeebled her courage1 she could now yield without restraint to the pleasure of living over the past six months of her life4 ,she leaned her weary head back1 closed her eyes1 and allowed her memory to recall all those dear but vain remembrances4 ,she saw him once more whom she never expected to behold again2 she listened anew to the voice she would hear no more2 she allowed herself to tell him all she had so often repressed4 ,it was a prolonged and dangerous dream1 followed by a sorrowful awakening4 ,and it profoundly troubled the peace of her soul1 which1 with her firmness1 she had preserved only by a constant effort during the period of trial her youth had just passed through4 8,and it is ended6--ended60 she exclaimed1 with a cry almost of despair1 hiding her face in her hands4 8,i shall never behold him again60 ,suddenly she heard the mellow sound of a distant bell which revived a whole world of past impressions4 ,she hastily raised her head and looked around4 ,she was passing through a grove of acacias that shaded the winding road4 ,beyond were some large pines and a few rustic dwellings4 ,passing by one of them1 she heard a voice exclaim1 8,evviva la ,signorina60--and further on3 8,la ,madonna vi accompagna60 ,shortly after she passed under a half-ruined arcade which looked like a vestige of antiquity4 ,the bell was still ringing1 but its sound was more distinct1 for they were approaching the chapel4 8,what1 so soon60 she cried1 clasping her hands4 8,have we arrived80 ,at the end of the avenue the carriage turned to the left1 passed by the chapel1 and at length stopped before a small gate-way of sculptured stone1 surmounted by a statue of our ,saviour1 at whose feet the following words in relief were distinctly legible3 ,,venite ,,ad ,,me ,,omnes ,,qui ,,laboratis ,,et ,,onerati ,,estis1 ,,et ,,ego ,,reficiam ,,vos4 ,fleurange sprang from the carriage and eagerly rang4 ,the gate opened3 a soft expression of surprise and welcome greeted her4 ,she replied with a smile1 but did not stop1 for at the farther end of the cloister she perceived her whom she sought4 ,it was noon3 the children were just being dismissed from school1 and ,madre ,maddalena stood looking at them as they went out1 now and then saying some kind word4 ,fleurange1 suddenly appearing in their midst1 threw the little procession into disorder4 ,mother ,maddalena1 astonished1 looked reprovingly towards the person who had unexpectedly disturbed the order of the time and place4 ,she looked again--again hesitated--then at length her arms opened with an exclamation of joy3 8,fior angela mia6--,dear lamb returned to the fold60 ,and the returned wanderer1 falling into the arms of her mother1 forgot in a moment all the fatigue1 the dangers1 the sufferings she had endured on the way1 and all the thorns that had left their traces on her wounded feet4 ,,xxix4 ,the chapel was dim1 cool1 and filled with the odor of the fresh flowers on the altar and the incense used at the morning service4 ,the nun and the young girl knelt for a few moments to offer up thanks to ,god as the preliminary obligation of their reunion1 and invoke the ,friend above all others who is not only the great ,i am1 but ,,love itself4 ,fleurange soon rose up at a sign from the mother1 and followed her into a well-known apartment on the ground floor called the garden parlor4 ,like all convent parlors1 it had no other furniture but a square table in the middle of the room1 some straw-bottomed chairs ranged around1 a book-case with a large crucifix on the top1 and a statue of the holy ,madonna on the other side1 at the foot of which stood a vase full of flowers4 ,what distinguished this parlor from all others of the kind was the view through the broad arched window on one side1 and on the other through the open garden door4 ,the beautiful landscape we have already described1 bounded on the distant horizon by the sublime but graceful outline of the mountains1 had in the foreground an abundance of flowers more carefully cultivated than is usually the case in convent gardens4 ,at the right1 the eye caught a glimpse of the arches of the cloister1 and on the left the dense shade of a small grove of orange-trees now in bloom1 beyond which was an orchard with vines interlacing the fruit-trees1 and a carefully cultivated vegetable garden--the principal resource of the convent larder4 ,some doves were flying between the cloister and the garden1 and during the hours of conventual silence there was no other sound within the peaceful enclosure but the noise of their cooing4 ,but at recreation time the cloister1 as well as the garden1 resounded with the voices and laughter of the children1 and ,mother ,maddalena's parlor was not always as quiet as when she ushered ,fleurange into it4 ,the door was scarcely closed when the nun took the young girl's face between her hands1 and attentively examined it1 as if she would read the depths of her soul4 ,mother ,maddalena was about fifty years of age at this time4 ,she had been uncommonly beautiful in her youth1 and there was still a regularity and nobleness in her time-worn features which were set off by the white bandeau and guimpe that encircled her face like a frame to a picture4 ,a long black veil fell in deep folds nearly to the ground4 ,her black eyes were uncommonly large and mild1 and had an extraordinary expression sometimes seen in eyes devoid of any other beauty1 and is exclusively peculiar to those which reflect that mysterious and ineffable joy which ,bossuet calls 8incompatible10 and says1 to be tasted1 8il faut qu'elle soit got seule40 ,such was the look1 full of divine joy and superhuman peace1 now fastened on ,fleurange1 whose limpid eyes did not avoid the scrutiny1 but remained fastened on those of the ,madre4 ,only her pale face flushed and then grew paler than before4 8,poor child6 poor child60 said ,mother ,maddalena at length after a long and silent examination4 8,alas6 how much she has suffered4--,but no evil has tarnished her heart40 ,with her right hand she made the sign of the cross on ,fleurange's pure brow1 and then pressed her lips to the same spot1 adding1 with a smile of satisfaction3 8,the ,angel ,gabriel1 to whom ,i confided her at parting1 has restored her to me1 like a faithful guardian whose inspirations have been obeyed40 ,whether ,fleurange now lost her customary self-control1 or did not try to conceal her feelings in ,mother ,maddalena's presence1 while the latter stood looking at her silently1 she burst into tears4 8,yes1 ,i understand10 said the mother--8a great effort was required to overcome the natural tendencies of the heart1 to act and to speak without the relief of weeping6--,but my poor child succeeded1 and is weary from the exertion--0 ,she continued in a softer tone3 8,but it is the weary and heavy laden that have the promise of finding rest1 and it is in this house especially that this rest awaits those who ask it of him who has promised it1 and who alone can give it6--,come10 continued she in a firmer tone1 after allowing ,fleurange to weep some time in silence--8come1 my dear ,gabrielle1 lift up your heart--the heart so susceptible of pain6 ,try to rise a little above your sufferings--sufferings which enfold the germ of so great a joy60 murmured she to herself1 8whereas the joys of the world contain the germ of so much suffering6--,come1 my child1 come with me40 ,the last words were uttered in a tone of mild authority4 ,fleurange unhesitatingly rose1 and followed her across the garden1 now exposed to the ardor of the sun's says1 into the small grove where the foliage was so dense that it was cool at mid-day4 ,a flight of steps led to a little oratory in this peaceful solitude1 where the pupils assembled towards sunset for prayers2 but now it was entirely empty4 ,mother ,maddalena seated herself on a bench in front of the oratory1 and ,fleurange took a place near her4 8,now tell me1 not only what ,i already know1 but what ,i am still ignorant of40 ,it was hardly necessary to articulate these words1 for ,fleurange had not come with the intention of concealing a single thought4 ,she therefore began her account1 and1 at the mother's request1 went back to the very day she left the monastery with her father4 ,she gave an account of her travels in ,italy1 with all her first impressions3 her residence at ,paris1 and all her sufferings there2 her life in ,germany1 with all its pleasures3 then the ruin of her family and their separation2 and1 finally1 of ,florence--,florence with all its emotions1 its joys1 its dangers1 its acute pains1 and its fearful temptations4 ,for the first time in her life she uttered ,count ,george's name without hesitating1 and related without any reticence or circumlocution all his name revived--everything6 from the wild dreams that preceded their first interview to the reverie of the present day from which the convent bell roused her4 ,she related everything simply1 clearly1 firmly1 and in a tone which1 as she proceeded1 revealed more and more clearly to the ear attentively listening that her rectitude of soul was not changed or its vigor enfeebled4 ,clearness of perception and energy of action were the two germs1 as we have already said1 that induced ,madre ,maddalena to believe1 if sown in the heart and watered by the dews of divine grace1 without which all our perceptions become dim and all strength fails1 would enable this child1 in spite of her youth1 her beauty1 and all the tendencies of a tender heart and an ardent temperament1 to walk with a firm and sure step in the path of life4 ,she now saw her hopes realized1 and thanked ,god for it4 ,but she looked1 nevertheless1 with inexpressible compassion at ,fleurange's youthful face4 ,life was still so long before her1 and from the very beginning the combat had been so arduous6 ,it is true1 her courage had thereby been tempered1 but the day of rest was yet so far off6 so many storms might yet rise1 so many perils gather around her6 ,from the safe port that sheltered her own life1 she looked off over the sea of the world1 on which floated this frail bark1 praying in her heart to ,him who commandeth the ocean and ruleth the storm to snatch her from the threatening waves and land her safely on the shore4 8,i was not deceived10 said she1 when the account was ended4 8,no1 my child1 you have not mistaken the path of duty1 but have courageously followed its leadings4 ,i could not be otherwise than satisfied with you4 ,fleurange1 ,i give you my blessing1 and ,god will bless you also40 ,saying these simple words1 she softly laid her hand on the young girl's head4 ,this act1 and the words accompanying it1 increased the sensation of inexpressible comfort and solace1 which was the natural effect of the complete unburdening of her mind4 ,a divine peace1 as it were1 descended upon her1 and enveloped her as a garment4 8,oh6 madre mia60 she exclaimed1 8let me abide here with you--never leave you again1 nor this peaceful asylum60 ,mother ,maddalena smiled1 and was about to reply when the bell gave four strokes4 8,we will talk about this another time10 said she4 8,the bell calls me away now1 and ,i must leave you4 ,we shall see each other again at the evening hour of recreation4 ,i suppose you have not forgotten the way to your room4 ,and you still remember the rule1 ,i hope1 and how the day here is divided4 ,the bell rings at the same hours as before4 ,nothing is changed here40 ,,xxx4 ,it would not be easy for those who have never had this sweet experience1 to realize the effect of being suddenly transported from the affairs and pleasures of the world1 with all its cares and sorrows1 to such an atmosphere as now surrounded ,fleurange4 ,but if every one does not feel the need of pausing thus on the way through life1 we cannot understand the astonishment and ironical disdain with which some1 unwilling to make the trial1 speak of these temporary retreats from the world1 so customary in former times1 and somewhat so in ours4 ,do they find life1 then1 always so pleasant and easy to bear8 ,does joy succeed so surely to joy in the happy succession of their days8 and have these days so assured a duration that it would be useless to regulate their course or reflect on their end8 ,or have these persons such perfect control over their thoughts that no distraction ever disturbs their equilibrium1 and the need of pausing for reflection and rest is never felt8 ,we do not know4 ,but what seems indubitable to us is that1 for a great number1 this rest is as refreshing as pure water and a shady spot of repose to the weary and thirsty traveller4 ,and there is no doubt that our poor heroine belonged to this number4 ,and this is why1 in leaving ,madre ,maddalena1 she returned to the chapel instead of going up to her room1 and there1 in the profound silence of the sanctuary1 passed a whole hour in tasting the sweetness of an unburdened heart1 and the sense of divine security which does not depend solely on the temporary shelter of the body1 but on that deeper feeling of a permanent shelter of the soul which nothing earthly can affect4 ,if we consider all the sufferings this young girl had so recently passed through--if we remember that the enthralling influences of love had surrounded without tarnishing her1 but still not without lending a disenchantment to every other but the object of her love1 we shall not find it very surprising that in this spot1 at this hour1 she should have thought of cutting short her worldly life1 and1 without going any further in search of happiness1 henceforth impossible1 or a destiny that must ever remain imperfect1 of devoting herself to the highest of all aims--that whose object is ,god alone1 and the welfare of those whom he loved most while on earth--children and the poor4 ,even at ,florence1 during the period of so much anguish1 the cloister of ,santa ,maria appeared like a refuge1 and more than once the idea of never leaving it had occurred to her then1 as well as while listening to ,madre ,maddalena4 ,but now the idea became more decided1 and took possession of her imagination with an intensity stronger than ever before4 ,she welcomed it1 and gave herself up to it with a kind of pious intoxication4 ,she tasted beforehand the bitter pleasure of sacrifice2 she accepted with interior transport the perspective of absolute renunciation of all the joys of life2 and when at length she brought her long meditation to an end1 and prepared to leave the chapel1 it seemed to her as if she had just received a supernatural inspiration4 ,she would have sought an interview with ,mother ,maddalena at once1 but she knew it was a time when she was occupied in the school-room1 after which she devoted a whole hour1 towards the close of the day1 to the poor who from far and near came to consult her about their affairs or relate their sorrows4 ,the morning was given to the distribution of food1 medicine1 and assistance of all kinds of material wants1 and the evening was consecrated to the exercise of charity under another form1 the recipients of which were often more numerous than the others4 ,fleurange was not unaware of this1 and she decided to remain quietly in her room without attempting to see the superior again till after supper4 ,but when1 at the close of school1 she saw two nuns taking the children to the oratory in the grove of orange-trees1 she went down to join in the prayers that ended their day4 ,the vine blossoms in the orchard united their sweet and delicate odor to that of the orange-trees1 and1 when this little perfumed grove resounded with the hymns of the children1 it seemed as if all nature united with them in offering heaven the incense of praise4 ,prayers over1 ,fleurange joined the nuns and their pupils1 and for awhile it seemed as if the peaceful days of her childhood had returned4 ,then came the silence of the refectory4 ,but when supper at length was ended1 she went in pursuit of ,madre ,maddalena4 ,she knew she should not find her in her parlor1 but on the terrace over the cloister which commanded a view of the country around4 ,it was there she loved to remain in fine weather till the very close of day4 ,what ,fleurange was so eager to say we know already4 ,to think aloud was natural to her1 and required no effort with ,madre ,maddalena especially4 ,besides1 she only wished to resume the conversation interrupted in the morning1 and make known all she had thought1 and felt1 and resolved upon during the time she passed in the chapel4 ,mother ,maddalena stood with her arms folded1 and listened this time without interrupting her4 ,standing thus motionless in this place1 at this evening hour1 the noble outlines of her countenance and the long folds of her robe clearly defined against the blue mountains in the distance1 and the violet heavens above1 she might easily have been taken for one of the visions of that country which have been depicted for us and all generations4 ,the illusion would not have been dispelled by the aspect of her who1 seated on the low wall of the terrace1 was talking with her eyes raised1 and with an expression and attitude perfectly adapted to one of those young saints often represented by the inspired artist before the divine and majestic form of the ,mother of ,god4 8,well1 my dear mother1 what do you say80 asked ,fleurange1 after waiting a long time1 and seeing the ,madre looking at her and gently shaking her head without any other reply4 8,before answering you10 replied she at last1 8let me ask this question3 ,do you think it allowable to consecrate one's self to ,god in the religious life without a vocation80 8,assuredly not40 8,and do you know what a vocation is80 said she very slowly4 ,fleurange hesitated4 8,i thought ,i knew1 but you ask in such a way as to make me feel now ,i do not40 8,i am going to tell you3 a vocation10 said the ,madre1 as her eyes lit up with an expression ,fleurange had never seen before--8a vocation to the religious life is to love ,god more than we love any creature in the world1 however dear2 it is to be unable to give anything or any person on earth a love comparable to that2 to feel the tendency of all our faculties incline us towards him alone2 finally10 pursued she1 while her eyes seemed looking beyond the visible heavens on which they were fastened1 8it is the full persuasion1 even in this life1 that he is all--our all--in the past1 the present1 and the future2 in this world and in another1 for ever1 and to the exclusion of everything besides6--0 ,fleurange1 accustomed to ,madre ,maddalena's habitual simplicity of language1 looked at her with surprise1 and was speechless for a moment1 struck by her tone and her unusual expression1 no less than the words she had just uttered4 ,a deep blush suffused the young girl's cheeks and mounted to her forehead4 8,my dear mother10 said she at length1 casting down her eyes1 8doubtless it is not given to all to feel such love for ,god2 especially to love him thus to the utter exclusion of all else here below2 but10 she continued with emotion1 8is not the voluntary sacrifice of all the affections and joys of the world a holocaust likewise worthy of being offered him80 ,mother ,maddalena's eyes resumed their usual expression of mildness3 8,yes1 assuredly1 my poor child4 ,i did not wish to insinuate a doubt as to that4 ,how could ,i1 in this house1 open to all who suffer1 and where among our sisters--and not the least holy--are several who have brought hearts crushed by the sorrows of life8 ,but still1 that is not the irresistible call of ,god which we consider a genuine vocation4 ,and what ,i wish you to understand1 my dear ,gabrielle1 is this3 if ,i know you--and who knows you as well8--you are one of those whom ,god would have called thus1 had it been his will your life should be consecrated to him in the cloister4 ,it is not for one like you to vow yourself to him through discouragement or disgust of the world1 or because its happiness has lost its enchantment4 ,the struggle has been severe1 ,i know1 but on that account would you have it ended8 ,no4 ,gabrielle1 on the contrary1 you must resume your strength to continue the contest40 ,tears came into ,fleurange's eyes1 and she bent down her head with an expression of sadness4 8,oh6 my poor child10 resumed the mother1 8it would be much easier for me to tell you to remain and never leave us again6 ,it would be sweeter for me to preserve you thus from all the sufferings that yet await you4 ,but believe me1 the day will come when you will rejoice you were not spared these sufferings2 and you will acknowledge that she who is now speaking to you knew you better than you knew yourself40 ,the stars were now beginning to appear in the dim azure of the heavens1 and the last gleams of daylight were fading away4 ,it was the hour of the ,ave ,maria4 ,the bell soon announced it1 and they said the familiar prayer together before going down to the cloister4 ,,xxxi4 ,after this conversation1 ,fleurange resolved not to reconsider the subject1 but to renounce for ever the thought she had clung to for a moment with so much ardor4 ,this submission1 the effect of her simplicity and decision of character1 did not prevent her from feeling it would require a great effort to begin a new life once more4 ,and life would seem new to her1 even in the ,old ,mansion1 for she was no longer the same4 ,an abyss separated her from the peaceful1 happy days she passed there4 ,but the ,old ,mansion was now like a dream that had vanished1 and it was to an unknown place she was to direct her steps4 ,the friends who would welcome her were certainly dear1 and sometimes the thought of seeing them again made her heart beat with joy2 but this feeling was frequently overpowered by stronger and more recent remembrances1 and1 in spite of all her efforts1 regret--a continual1 poignant regret--made her indifferent to everything except this great sacrifice1 which would have been a sublime consolation1 but which henceforth she was forbidden to think of4 ,the days did not pass1 however1 one by one1 without infusing into her soul the benefit of retirement4 ,it seemed to her as if the past and the future were suspended4 ,recollections and anticipations ceased to preoccupy her1 and1 as if in a bark equally remote from these two shores--too far off to hear a sound from either side--she allowed herself to be rocked on the waves as on the ocean in serene weather1 giving herself up to the calmness and silence of her present life1 with no other feeling but the infinite peace that surrounded her1 and seeing nothing above her but the ever smiling heavens6 ,such days cannot last1 but they do not pass away without leaving some trace1 were it only a remembrance full1 not of regret1 but of encouragement4 ,the momentary sense of exquisite sweetness soon evaporates2 but its strengthening influences remain1 and develop in the soul that has tasted it once--even for an instant in life6 ,it was necessary1 however1 to begin to think of her departure1 and of some pretext to offer the princess which would not appear like an arrangement4 ,for this she awaited the return of the ,steinbergs4 ,though it would be painful to reveal to them the real motive of her decision1 she preferred to do it rather than give them also an imaginary reason4 ,but a sad1 unforeseen event occurred which spared her any concealment or such an act of frankness4 ,she had been at the convent about ten days when she was informed that the travellers had arrived an hour before at a neighboring inn1 and her cousin was waiting in the garden parlor to see her4 ,the sight of ,clara's charming face always afforded her pleasure1 and it was now increased by the satisfaction of presenting to ,madre ,maddalena one of the daughters of ,ludwig ,dornthal1 whose opportune appearance in her life was regarded by the mother as a striking proof of the intervention of the glorious archangel whom she had given her as a protector1 and ,clara ,steinberg's arrival at the convent had been anticipated as a festa4 ,but this festival was destined to be saddened4 ,fleurange was to learn sad news from the letters awaiting her cousin at ,santa ,maria4 ,the young girl's friend--so faithful and ready to aid her--the excellent ,dr4 ,leblanc1 was no more6 ,he had sunk under the effects of an accident met with while taking a drive with ,professor ,dornthal in the environs of ,heidelberg4 ,when ,madre ,maddalena appeared1 she found the two cousins in tears1 and her sweet smile of welcome was changed into anxious inquiries4 ,some moments were necessary for the explanations she asked for1 and it was only after her soothing words and the peace that emanated from her presence had somewhat calmed ,fleurange's agitation that she had courage enough to open a letter from ,clement containing the details of the cruel accident that had cost her old friend his life--the friend to whom her thoughts had so often turned during her recent perplexities1 and who was taken from her in the very hour of her life when his aid and advice seemed most essential4 ,clement wrote3 8,in returning from a drive to ,stift-,neuburg1 the carriage was upset and broken1 and they were thrown violently to the ground4 ,at first my father seemed the more injured of the two4 ,he was entirely unconscious1 and did not recover his senses for some hours4 ,we are now1 however1 relieved from nearly all anxiety concerning him4 ,his friend1 whose senses never left him for a moment1 declared from the first he had received some grave1 internal injury from which he could not recover4 ,nevertheless1 he prescribed all the necessary remedies himself1 but at the same time made all his arrangements with admirable firmness3 wrote to his sister1 sent for a priest1 and this at a time when we did not think him in danger4 ,but on the third day his anticipations were verified--his case grew more serious4 ,his poor sister had just arrived the day before yesterday1 when he died in her arms4-- 8,dear cousin10 ,clement continued1 8,i have one request to make before ,i close1 and this not in my own name1 but on the part of my mother3 ,return1 ,gabrielle2 if possible1 return at once2 at all events come soon4 ,the sacrifice you imposed on yourself is no longer necessary1 and your presence here is indispensable4 ,my poor father is continually asking for you1 and cannot be made to understand your absence4 ,no wish to convince you1 my dear cousin1 would make me think deception excusable4 ,you may believe me1 then1 when ,i repeat that the aid you so generously afforded us is now superfluous4 ,you can without any scruple return home--your home1 unless1 which ,god forbid6 your own choice leads you to prefer another4 ,poor ,mademoiselle ,josephine has but one wish--to see you again4 ,she says it is the only consolation she looks forward to4 ,hilda is now with us2 it is unnecessary to say she desires your return1 and equally so to tell you your brothers beg and expect it4--0 ,fleurange no longer needed a pretext4 ,she would neither be obliged to reveal nor conceal anything--everything was arranged for her by the overruling force of circumstances1 and her letter to the ,princess ,catherine became all at once easy to write4 ,it was despatched that very day1 and as soon as the sun began to gild the mountain-tops the next day but one1 ,madre ,maddalena for the second time saw the child she so truly loved cross the threshold of her convent home to encounter once more the dangers of the world4 ,would she again return8--return like the dove1 beaten by the tempest1 who has found no rest for the sole of her foot1 to take refuge once more in this asylum of peace8 ,or was she gone to return no more8 and would she now find the world smiling1 and its freshness renewed1 and her pathway smoothed before her and strewn with flowers8 ,she did not seek to know4 ,mother ,maddalena1 as we are aware1 did not consider such anticipations very important4 ,she only hoped her feet might be guided by light from on high1 and her courage in pursuing life's journey unfaltering4 ,she asked no more4 ,besides1 the ardor of the sun has its dangers as well as the storm1 and the clearness of the soul's heaven may be obscured in pleasant as well as in tempestuous weather4 ,let us1 therefore1 leave to ,god the appointment of every incident of our lives1 and be solely solicitous of fulfilling our course well1 without being anxious as to the way4 8,and then--the way is short1 however long it may seem1 and it leads to that true life where we shall for ever live together1 dear ,gabrielle--where all your poor heart has vainly wished1 sought1 and hoped for here below will be given in full measure1 pressed down1 and running over2 where all it has suffered here will bear no comparison with the radiant joys of eternal life6 ,god is faithful4 ,let us wait4 ,and what is it to wait--to wait thus1 with sure faith in his promises for eternal reunion with ,god80 ,such were the last words of ,mother ,maddalena4 ,she gave her blessing to ,fleurange1 who knelt to receive it1 closed the convent gate behind her1 and ascended to the terrace to follow her as long as she could with her eyes4 ,then she went down to the chapel1 and there on her knees tenderly wept and prayed for her4 ,for there is no affection equal to that of such large hearts expanded and filled with the love of ,god4 ,and we shall be convinced of this if we recall the excessive devotedness of which they are capable--and they alone--through love for the most unknown of their brethren4 ,then we shall see what such hearts are to the objects of their affection1 that they are kindled with a flame which purifies and tempers all that is noble and worthy of being developed1 but prompt to extinguish and consume all that is frail1 frivolous1 impure1 and of no permanent value4 ,,xxxiii4 ,the ,princess ,catherine1 in an elegant morning nglig1 was alone with the ,marquis ,adelardi in her small salon when a letter was brought her on a silver salver4 ,she glanced at the address4 8,ah6 from ,gabrielle10 she exclaimed4 8,the very letter ,i was expecting to-day40 ,she opened it and hastily ran over its contents4 8,very well done1 very10 she said4 8,nothing could be more natural4 ,she hit upon the very best thing to say4 ,it would be impossible for me to refuse without cruelty1 as ,george himself would acknowledge4 ,here1 ,adelardi10 continued she1 throwing him the letter1 8read it4 ,it must be owned that this ,gabrielle is reliable and true to her word4 ,moreover1 she has a good deal of wit40 ,adelardi attentively read the letter4 8,what you have just remarked1 princess1 is very true1 but this time circumstances have favored you4 ,this letter was not written for the occasion2 it is sincere from beginning to end4 ,this young girl can keep a secret1 but is incapable of prevarication4 ,this is not the kind of a letter she would have written1 if the contents were not absolutely true40 8,do you think so80 said the princess4 8,it is of no consequence1 however1 as to that1 though it would simplify everything still more4 ,but in that case--,ah6 ciel6 let me look at the letter again40 ,she now read it entirely through1 instead of merely glancing at the contents4 8,but in that case ,i have lost my physician--and the only one who ever understood my case4 ,this1 par exemple6 is a real misfortune4 ,if he had had time1 at least1 to answer my last letter1 and tell me what springs ,i should go to this year6 ,whom shall ,i consult now8 ,may is nearly gone1 and next month ,i ought to be there4 ,really1 ,i am unlucky60 8,what do you expect1 princess80 said the marquis in a tone imperceptibly ironical4 8,one cannot always have good luck4 ,on the other hand1 you have just had your very wish60 8,i acknowledge it1 and1 to come back to ,gabrielle1 ,i must confess ,i have no reason to be otherwise than satisfied with her4 ,yes1 we have had a lucky escape1 ,adelardi4 ,but ,i can hardly forgive her for the fears she caused me1 and the anxiety ,i still have4--,what of ,george since yesterday8 ,what humor will he be in for the news ,i have for him8--,but what are you brooding over1 ,adelardi8 ,you make me uneasy with your look of anxiety4 ,i hope you do not think he is in danger of any new folly80 8,what kind of folly80 8,you know very well--the only one to be dreaded at present4 ,are we to have another of the scenes we have already witnessed8--,will he elude us1 and follow her8--,or--how shall ,i express it8--will he1 by way of diversion1 do worse1 and go from ,scylla into ,charybdis8 ,one never knows what to expect from him40 8,well1 princess1 ,i acknowledge ,i wish ,i were sure this young girl1 in sacrificing herself--for you do not imagine1 ,i suppose1 that she is indifferent to ,george's attractions--0 8,it does not seem very probable10 said the princess2 8but ,i hope you do not imagine ,i take into consideration the effect ,george would naturally produce when he takes pains to captivate a young girl of twenty1 and especially one in ,gabrielle's position40 ,adelardi made no reply1 but his face1 already grave1 grew still darker4 8,once more1 ,adelardi1 what is the matter8 ,one would really think you in love with her yourself40 8,by no means1 though ,i fancy she might1 in her turn1 easily captivate anybody4 ,nevertheless1 ,i have used all my efforts to withdraw ,george from the charm ,i fully saw the danger of before you4 ,but to return to what ,i was saying3 ,i wish ,i felt sure of never regretting the time when this noble girl's influence seemed so formidable40 8,what do you mean80 8,well1 princess1 ,i assure you ,i wish she were here to-day1 that the charm of her presence might retain him every evening in this salon1 from which1 without speaking to her1 or scarcely looking at her1 he could not tear himself away when she was present4 ,you see how different it is already1 now she is gone2 and why8 ,because these days1 that seem so long1 and the evenings so dreary and vacant1 have revived a passion as dangerous to him as play or love4 ,pardon me1 princess1 ,i know his affection for you and his friendship for me2 but we are both aware he cannot endure ennui1 and should not be astonished that ,gabrielle's absence has left a void in his existence whose effect produces the greatest1 the most intolerable ennui in the world4 ,i feel it myself1 and1 were it not for the absorbing interests that preoccupy you1 you yourself would endure with ill grace the sudden disappearance of this ravishing creature1 the very sight of whom--0 8,come1 come1 ,adelardi1 be calm1 or ,i shall again say--0 8,no1 princess1 ,i am not in love with her1 you may rest assured2 but as for ,george1 ,i doubt this moment if it were not better for him to be1 and remain so1 whatever might be the result1 rather than--0 8,well1 do finish2 you terrify me to death40 8,rather than be again seized with this mania for politics--a passion fatal to him1 you know1 and which may lead to the greatest imprudence40 ,the princess became thoughtful4 8,yes1 ,i am indeed aware of it4 ,i know it but too well2 but since his return ,i have found him so much calmer on this subject that it has not worried me40 8,it was because he was taken up with something else2 but1 owing to an encounter which unfortunately coincided with ,gabrielle's departure1 and diverted his attention at the very moment he had absolute need of distraction1 he is now so absorbed and led away that ,i truly regret1 instead of her indefinite absence1 we cannot announce the immediate return of her who1 better than any one else--perhaps the only one in the world--could really save him from this new danger40 8,thank you1 my dear friend4 ,that1 par exemple1 is a regret ,i can hardly sympathize in40 8,i venture to say1 moreover10 said ,adelardi1 8that1 sure of the future as he believes himself to be1 thanks to your admirable diplomacy1 we shall find him much more resigned to this news than might have been supposed40 8,i really hope so10 replied the princess1 smiling1 8especially as another fancy has taken possession of his mind1 as to which1 ,i must confess1 ,i do not feel very anxious at present4 #8,un' alla volta per ,carit6'--,we had to rally to the weakest point first2 the enemy was at hand1 and that enemy--love6 ,every means had to be used to rout him4 ,now the subject of politics is threatening to engross him4 ,we will take that in hand later4 ,the only thing that seems to me of real importance at present is to efface as fully as possible the remembrance of this beautiful ,fleurange1 for1 among other discoveries1 ,i find that to be ,gabrielle's real name4 ,to this end ,i even welcome politics as an ally to be accepted for a time for certain reasons1 but to be turned upon as an enemy the moment its services are no longer required40 ,at this moment a servant appeared to ask the princess' wishes respecting a picture just brought4 ,she left the room a moment1 and returned laughing4 8,guess what picture it was80 said she4 8,probably some new acquisition2 some wonderful discovery you have made in your rounds1 like that picture by ,cigoli you got thrown into the bargain the other day when you bought the frame it was in40 8,by no means2 this is a modern picture representing ,cordelia at the feet of her father1 and the original--0 8,come1 princess1 are you in earnest8 ,has ,george really given you that picture80 8,given80 said the princess1 her eyes twinkling as she played with her long necklace of pearls4 8,no2 at least that was not his intention4 ,but could he refuse to lend a picture that affords me so much pleasure during the absence of--,cordelia8 ,it was the whim of an invalid suddenly deprived of her nurse6 which1 with some persistence on my part1 could not be refused6 and after giving1 moreover1 such a proof of indulgence to him and of condescension towards her6--0 8,ah6 princess1 what a consummate diplomatist you are60 8,to be serious10 said she1 8do you know ,i had never noticed this resemblance at all1 having seen the picture only once1 then ,i did not examine it particularly1 and ,i had never seen ,gabrielle8 ,you know ,george's cabinet is a sanctuary ,i rarely invade1 and1 besides1 the picture has had a curtain over it the past year40 8,and what inspired you with the idea of looking at it now80 8,he himself by the delightful tale he related to me the other evening40 8,and where have you hung it now80 8,in my dressing-room1 where he never steps his foot10 replied the princess with a peal of laughter4 ,marquis ,adelardi1 as we are aware1 had deplored ,george's infatuation as much as the princess herself1 but he now felt dissatisfied with her and himself1 and he soon left her to go in search of his friend4 ,he felt anxious about him1 for he knew he was tempted by a dangerous curiosity and was unwilling to lose sight of him4 ,they had made arrangements to meet and dine together at a kind of casino then popular1 and he hoped to retain him the remainder of the evening4 ,but arriving at the place of rendezvous he did not find him as he expected4 ,george was gone1 but had left a note which drew from ,adelardi an energetic exclamation of disappointment4 ,the note ran thus3 8,once is not a habit4 ,i have accepted ,lasko's invitation for this evening4 ,dini will accompany me4 ,but be easy1 ,i am not going under my own name1 and shall not be known by any one40 8,lasko60 muttered the marquis1 stamping his foot4 8,that is his name now6 ,confound him6 why is he not still in the dungeons of ,spielberg--the only place fit for him60 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnote3 #aii ,this stream is called the ,sanguinetto4 8,but a brook hath ta'en-- --,a name of blood from that day's sanguine rain1 ,and ,sanguinetto tells ye where the dead ,made the earth wet1 and turned the unwilling waters red40 ,,the ,,papacy4 ,that such a power should live and breathe1 doth seem ,a thought from which men fain would be relieved1 ,a grandeur not to be endured1 a dream ,darkening the soul1 though it be unbelieved4 ,august conception6 far above king1 law1 ,or popular right2 how calmly dost thou draw ,under thine awful shadow mortal pain1 ,and joy not mortal6 ,witness of a need ,deep laid in man1 and therefore pierced in vain1 ,as though thou wert no form that thou shouldst bleed6 ,while such a power there lives in old man's shape1 ,such and so dread1 should not his mighty will ,and supernatural presence1 ,godlike1 fill ,the air we breathe1 and leave us no escape8 --,faber ,,the ,,catholic ,,church ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states3 ,a ,,retrospect--,,concluded4 ,the inveterate hostility of the ,florida ,indians to the whites was further illustrated a few years later1 when a vessel bound from ,vera ,cruz to ,spain struck upon their shores1 and the survivors1 three hundred in number1 including five ,dominican religious1 endeavored to escape through that territory to ,mexico4 ,they were so unrelentingly pursued by the natives1 and suffered so many hardships on the route besides1 that only one reached ,tampico alive to tell the story of their fate4 ,father ,john ,ferrer1 however1 one of the ,dominicans1 and a most holy man1 who had predicted this fate of himself before he had even set sail from ,vera ,cruz1 was captured by the ,indians west of the ,rio del ,norte4 ,if the remainder of his prediction held equally good1 he must have survived among them in good health for several years2 but nothing was ever heard of him afterwards4 ,the bearer of these tidings1 and the sole representative of the thousand souls who had set forth from ,vera ,cruz a few months before1 was the ,dominican lay-brother1 ,mark de ,mena1 whose escape1 though he had been terribly wounded1 and left to die on the road1 was truly marvellous4 ,such persistent barbarity needed a check1 and ,don ,tristan de ,luna was sent in #aeei to subdue the country4 ,the expedition under his command numbered fifteen hundred men in thirteen vessels3 missionaries1 as usual1 accompanied him4 ,again they were ,dominicans1 six in number4 ,again1 also1 storms and shipwrecks on those difficult shores played their part1 and many lives were lost1 among them one of the ,dominicans4 ,the aggressive character of the expedition was doubtless seriously affected by this early mishap1 for but one portion of the survivors settled down at ,pensacola ,bay1 calling their colony the mission of ,santa ,cruz1 while the remainder1 attended by two of the fathers1 accompanied ,don ,tristan into 8,coosa10 the territory of the ,creeks4 ,don ,tristan was kindly received by these ,indians1 formed an alliance with them1 marched with them against their enemies1 the ,natchez tribe1 and remained with them about two years4 ,in this interval1 however1 the zeal of the two missionaries was rewarded only by the baptism of a few dying infants and adults4 ,don ,tristan returned to ,pensacola ,bay1 where the new governor arrived from ,mexico shortly after1 with eight more ,dominicans4 ,when the governor beheld how little had been accomplished1 and heard the discouraging accounts of the missionaries besides1 he resolved to abandon ,florida1 and to take the whole party back with him to ,mexico4 ,don ,tristan1 however1 persisted in remaining1 and ,father ,dominic de ,salazar1 one of those who had been with him among the ,creeks1 together with ,matthew1 a lay-brother1 and a few men besides1 shared his solitude4 ,but this courageous persistence was not destined to be crowned with any permanent result1 for the ,viceroy of ,mexico despatched a vessel to the little colony with peremptory orders for all its members to return4 ,thus ,florida was again left without the succors of a ,christian mission4 ,father ,dominic ended his life of zeal and labor as ,bishop of ,manila1 in the ,philippines4 ,at last1 ,pedro ,melendez de ,aviles1 the first naval commander of his day1 received from ,philip ,,ii41 together with the title of ,adelantado of ,florida1 the command of a fleet of #cd vessels1 conveying #b1fdf men4 ,melendez had also a personal interest in this expedition1 inasmuch as he hoped to recover a son1 who1 having been shipwrecked on the ,florida coast1 might still be alive and in the hands of the ,indians1 or have been captured by ,french cruisers1 ,france and ,spain being then at enmity with one another4 ,he carried missionaries with him1 chiefly ,franciscans and ,jesuits4 ,the usual storms and shipwrecks intervened1 and one vessel was captured by ,french cruisers1 so that only a small force came to anchor off the mouth of the ,st4 ,john's ,river4 ,here a ,french fleet was found already riding1 and a fort had been erected on shore4 ,melendez pursued the ,french vessel to sea1 was in turn pursued by them1 entered ,st4 ,augustine's ,river while the ,french were wrecked outside1 attacked their fort1 and put all to the sword--a proceeding which the usages of war at that time might have palliated1 but could never justify4 ,st4 ,augustine1 the oldest of our ,american cities1 was now 7#aefe7 founded by ,melendez1 and detachments were sent out to throw up forts along the coast4 ,at his solicitation1 ,st4 ,francis ,borgia1 then ,general of the ,society of ,jesus1 sent three other ,jesuits1 one of whom1 ,f4 ,peter ,martinez1 the superior1 was killed by the natives1 into whose hands he fell in consequence of having been shipwrecked4 ,others of the ,society were afterwards sent1 and the mission was erected into a vice-province1 with ,f4 ,john ,baptist ,segura as superior4 ,it is impossible1 in reading ,mr4 ,shea's ,history of the ,missions1 to follow the exact order of events4 ,suffice it to say--not to linger upon details at this point--that many ,indian youths were taken to ,havana and instructed by ,father ,john ,roger and ,brother ,villareal1 the two companions of ,father ,martinez2 that the vice-provincial and the other ,jesuits sent with him were stationed at various points within the thus extensive limits comprehended as ,florida2 that missions were established among the ,creeks and among another tribe superior to them 7and supposed to have been the ,cherokees71 all of which were most meagre in result2 that the ,pope ,st4 ,pius ,v4 addressed a letter 7#aefi7 to the governor of ,florida1 urging the repression of scandals among the whites1 so that no obstruction should be offered to the work of conversion among the ,indians2 and that1 finally1 the working force of the ,society was most seriously reduced1 first1 by the loss of ,father ,martinez1 already mentioned1 next by that of ,brother ,baez1 who died from the effects of the climate1 at his station on ,amelia ,island1 and subsequently by the massacre in ,virginia 7or possibly ,maryland7 of ,fathers ,segura and ,quiros1 with four lay-brothers1 at the instigation of a pretended ,indian convert who had inveigled them thither4 ,father ,segura's party on this occasion included also several ,indian youths who had been educated in ,havana1 and of these only one escaped with his life4 ,from him the details of the martyrdom of his companions were gathered4 ,thus as early as #aegj was the region bordering on the ,chesapeake1 which was then called ,st4 ,mary's ,bay1 sanctified by the blood of its martyrs4 ,the loss of so many valuable members in a field so sterile of fruit forced the ,jesuits1 in a manner1 to abandon it1 8to abandon it as they had abandoned no other1 without being driven from it10 remarks ,shea1 and in the following year the survivors were recalled to the more inviting field of ,mexico4 ,in #aegb1 ,melendez1 who had visited ,spain meanwhile1 set out thence to make pursuit for the murderers of ,father ,segura and his companions4 ,he captured eight of them1 and these1 under the instructions of ,father ,roger1 who accompanied ,melendez1 embraced ,christianity before their execution and died in the best dispositions4 ,the apostate 8chief of ,axican10 who had promoted the massacre1 had escaped to the woods and could not be taken4 ,melendez1 on his return to ,spain1 was appointed to command the great ,armada1 which ,philip was then preparing for the invasion of ,england1 but he died before its completion4 ,after his death1 the northern limits of ,spanish colonization in ,florida were gradually pushed south to the line of ,st4 ,mary's ,river4 ,the missions of ,florida were now left entirely to the ,franciscans1 whose headquarters were at the convent of ,st4 ,helena1 at ,st4 ,augustine1 the venerable walls of which are still standing4 ,besides some who arrived in #aegc1 twelve ,franciscans were sent thither in #aeib4 ,the accession of so considerable a number enabled the father guardian of ,st4 ,helena's to station missionaries at various points where1 from information received1 there was a prospect of some success2 and indeed1 for the first time in the history of the missions of ,florida1 villages of ,christian neophytes began to be formed4 ,for the ,yemassees1 ,father ,francis de ,pareja1 a native of ,mexico1 drew up in their language his abridgment of ,christian doctrine1 the first work in any of our ,indian languages that was ever issued from the press4 ,the missions made peaceful progress for two years1 when1 in #aeig1 a sudden outbreak of ,indian fickleness and perfidy occurred which spread havoc far and wide among them4 ,father ,peter de ,corpa1 whose mission of ,tolemato occupied the present site of the cemetery at ,st4 ,augustine1 had found himself obliged to administer a public rebuke to the cacique's son1 who1 from having been a fervent convert1 fell at last into most vicious courses4 ,the latter1 filled with resentment1 appealed to the national and religious prejudices of his followers1 and1 assembling a body of them1 rushed to the chapel of ,father ,corpa1 and slew him while he was on his knees before the altar4 ,thence they repaired to the mission of ,father ,blas ,rodriguez at ,topoqui1 and1 warning him of his fate1 bade him prepare for death4 ,he entreated that he might be allowed first to say ,mass1 and by a strange condescension his murderers quietly awaited the termination of the holy sacrifice1 and then despatched him as he knelt to make his thanksgiving4 ,fathers ,badajoz and ,aunon at ,guale or ,amelia ,island were the next victims2 but the latter1 made aware of their approach and of their designs1 had time to say ,mass and communicate his companion4 ,then followed the massacre of ,father ,francis de ,velascola1 the most distinguished of the missionaries1 at ,asao4 ,the assailants met with a repulse at ,st4 ,peter's ,isle1 the seat of another mission1 against which they had advanced with a flotilla of forty war-canoes2 but before attacking this point they had fallen upon the mission of ,father ,francis de ,avila at ,ospa4 ,he fled1 was captured1 grievously wounded1 and was condemned to die4 ,they finally concluded to sell him into a heathen village as a slave1 and here for a whole year he was compelled to perform the most menial offices4 ,at the end of this time his task-masters1 growing weary of him1 resolved to put him to death4 ,he was fastened to a stake1 the fagots were piled around him1 and he was offered his life on condition that he should renounce his ,god and marry into their tribe4 ,spurning the proposal1 he looked to receive the martyr's crown1 but on the demand of an old woman he was released1 and given to her that she might exchange him against her son who was held a prisoner at ,st4 ,augustine4 ,the exchange was effected1 and the father was restored1 but so changed in appearance from the effects of his hardships that he was not recognized by his friends4 ,the missions were now reduced to a feeble state indeed1 and the governor of ,florida applied himself to their restoration1 in conjunction with the ,bishop of ,cuba1 who visited the colony for the purpose4 ,they began to revive from the year #afja1 and in a few years the increase was very rapid1 no less than forty-three ,franciscans being sent thither in the three years #afab1 #afac1 and #afae1 who aided in establishing on the coast and in the interior as many as twenty convents or residences4 ,during the hundred years of peace that followed the revival of the missions under the ,franciscans1 towns of converts grew up along the ,appalachicola1 ,flint1 and other rivers2 and the ,appalaches1 ,creeks1 ,cherokees1 ,atimucas1 and ,yemassees responded to the cares bestowed upon them4 ,pensacola was founded in #afic4 ,at last1 however1 the encroachments of the colonists of ,carolina began to grow serious4 ,under the auspices of the ,english government1 a body of colonists heterogeneous in character1 but of one mind in their hatred of the ,spaniards and their religion1 had been drawn to the shores claimed by the latter as belonging to ,florida4 ,they were composed of immigrants from ,old and ,new ,england and the ,low ,countries1 of ,french ,huguenots1 ,scotch1 and others4 ,charleston was founded by them in #afhj1 and they penetrated the country in various directions4 ,they gained over the ,yemassees from the ,spanish2 and in conjunction with them plundered and destroyed the mission of ,st4 ,catharine's1 as early as #afhd4 ,all the stations between the ,altamaha and ,savannah rivers1 now a portion of ,georgia1 were broken up1 and the ,indians were killed1 or captured and carried off by hundreds1 the survivors taking refuge in the peninsula4 ,in #agjb1 the animosities of the ,european war of the ,spanish succession extended hither1 and war aggravated the hostility of the ,english colonists4 ,in that year they made an attack on ,st4 ,augustine1 but without capturing its fort1 and fell upon the 8,indian converts of the ,spanish priests10 on ,flint ,river1 killing or capturing six hundred of them2 and all captives of the ,english at this time suffered the hard fate of being sold as slaves in ,charleston and other ports4 ,the principal mission of the ,appalaches at ,st4 ,mark's was destroyed1 and three ,franciscans taken there were put to a cruel death4 ,this tribe1 in fact1 was reduced within four years from seven thousand to four hundred4 ,the ,atimucas on the ,appalachicola were invaded1 and driven east of the ,st4 ,john's ,river4 ,in short1 ruin and desolation were spread on every side4 ,in #agcj1 the ,yemassees turned upon their recent allies1 the ,english1 and were joined by the ,creeks1 ,cherokees1 and other tribes4 ,they were defeated1 as the ,tuscaroras had been the year before2 but while the latter were driven north and united themselves with the ,five ,nations1 the former were compelled to take refuge in the peninsula4 ,the treaty of ,utrecht1 the same year1 at the close of the war of the ,spanish succession1 while it contracted the limits of the ,spanish possessions in ,florida1 had also its effect in lessening the acts of hostility from which they had suffered4 ,but the missions remained a mere shadow of what they had formerly been1 and ,spain was too feeble to guarantee the complete protection even of those that subsisted4 ,finally1 the cession of ,florida to ,england by the treaty of ,paris in #agfc proved the death-blow of all of them4 ,most of the ,spanish settlers left1 and the ,franciscans departed with them4 ,england restored the country to ,spain twenty years after2 but1 meanwhile1 the ,christian ,indians had been expelled from the two towns they occupied under the walls of ,st4 ,augustine1 and deprived of the soil they had cultivated and the church they had erected4 ,they became ,seminoles1 which in their language signifies 8wanderers40 ,under ,catholic influence1 they had become a quiet1 orderly1 industrious race1 living side by side with the ,spaniards in peace and comfort4 ,the ,english drove them back into barbarism and paganism4 ,even in their everglades they were not left in peace1 for the government of the ,united ,states1 which acquired ,florida by purchase in #ahba1 expelled them from their wretched patrimony1 but at a cost to the country of a thousand lives and fifteen millions of dollars4 ,its troops have1 ever since the acquisition of ,florida1 made use of the ancient convent of ,st4 ,helena1 at ,st4 ,augustine1 as barracks4 ,a remnant of the ,indians is still left1 and measures have been recently taken by the ,bishop of ,st4 ,augustine1 whose see was erected only in #ahgj1 to revive the faith among them4 ,as in ,florida1 so in ,new ,mexico1 the missionaries were chiefly if not entirely ,franciscans4 ,we have already referred to the expedition of ,coronado1 and to the two missionaries1 ,f4 ,padillo1 and the lay-brother1 his companion1 who were left behind at their own request1 and who became the first martyrs of the missions of ,new ,mexico 7#aeda74 ,little inducement presented itself for sending new missionaries in the field1 but in #aeha the solicitations of a pious lay-brother1 ,augustin ,rodriguez1 engaged in the ,mexican missions1 caused the formation of a party consisting of ,fathers ,francis ,lopez and ,john de ,santa ,maria1 and himself1 attended by ten soldiers and six ,mexican ,indians4 ,after proceeding seven hundred miles1 they found themselves among the tribe of ,tehuas1 who1 unlike the ,indians of the plains1 lived in houses and dressed in cotton mantles4 ,the soldiers now persisted in returning1 but their departure seemed a less serious misfortune since the mission gave promise of success4 ,so much so1 indeed1 that ,f4 de ,santa ,maria was despatched to ,mexico for auxiliaries1 but on the third day out was surprised and killed by roving ,indians4 ,in an attack made on the ,tehuas by their enemies not long after1 ,f4 ,lopez fell by the hand of the assailants4 ,brother ,rodriguez1 left alone1 subsequently fell a victim to his zeal in inveighing against the vices of those for whose conversion he was laboring2 growing weary of his reproaches1 they put him to death4 ,two other ,franciscans in attendance on a subsequent expedition suffered the fate of martyrs1 and thus the foundations of the ,new ,mexican missions were laid in blood4 ,in #aeig1 ,juan de ,oate led a colony to the ,northern ,rio ,grande4 ,several ,franciscans accompanied him1 and the first ,spanish post in this region1 that of ,san ,gabriel1 was established4 ,after a year1 the commander sent a favorable report by the hands of two fathers and a lay-brother1 who were returning to ,mexico to solicit additional missionaries4 ,one of the three1 ,f4 ,christopher ,salazar1 died on the way1 and was buried in the wilderness4 ,the missionaries asked for were sent1 five or six at one time1 and six at another4 ,so great was the success subsequently achieved that by the year #afjh eight thousand of the ,indians of ,new ,mexico had been baptized1 and many of them were taught to read and write1 before the ,puritans set foot in ,new ,england 7#afbj74 ,a report made to the crown in #afbf enumerates twenty-seven missions that had been established up to that time1 six convents or residences1 and four sumptuous churches built4 ,many of of these missions and residences1 and three of the churches 7those at ,santa ,f1 ,pecos1 and ,jemez71 are recognizable in the account of the diocese furnished in ,sadliers' ,catholic ,almanac for #ahgb4 ,one of the missions was among the ,zui1 over against whose town of ,cibola ,friar ,mark had planted his prophetic cross in #aeci4 ,the missionary at this post1 ,f4 ,john ,letrado1 lost his life in endeavoring to evangelize a neighboring tribe4 ,f4 ,martin de ,arbide perished in a like attempt4 ,heaven itself seemed to come to the assistance of the missionaries by a miraculous intervention1#bjj for a tribe which none of the fathers had previously met or visited was found fully instructed in ,christian doctrine4 ,some reverses occurred1 owing to causes not clearly stated by ,mr4 ,shea4 ,they were probably due to the persistent hostility of the pagan portion of the population4 ,in #afhj1 great devastations were committed by them1 many missionaries were killed1 and some churches destroyed which were never after rebuilt2 but a period of comparative peace succeeded1 which was disturbed finally only by the incursions of the ,apaches4 ,a mission was established among the latter in #agcc1 but without fruit4 ,nine years afterwards1 some converts were made among the ,moquis and ,navojoes4 ,a report among the ,united ,states ,executive documents of #ahed--;and which corresponds with the statements published by ,villaseor1 so long ago as #agdh--;bears testimony to the happy moral and industrial condition of the ,christian ,indians of ,new ,mexico4 ,the ,puebla ,indians1 as they are now called1 number in the diocese of ,santa ,f #ab1jjj4 ,the history of the missions of ,texas need not greatly prolong our narrative4 ,shortly after the discovery of the mouth of the ,mississippi by ,la ,salle in #afia1 who made no permanent settlement in ,texas1 the ,spanish authorities sent thither a number of ,franciscans4 ,by them1 eight missions were established1 which prospered until a failure occurred in the crops which the ,indians had been taught to raise4 ,the cattle with which the missions had been stocked died at the same time1 and moreover the soldiers1 of whom there was a small guard at each post1 had rendered themselves obnoxious to the natives4 ,in consequence1 the missions fell into decay4 ,their restoration began in #agag1 and by #agdf they embraced posts among five different tribes4 ,visits were also made to the ,osages and ,missouris1 in one of which expeditions a father lost his life and another was long retained as a prisoner4 ,the missions subsisted and flourished until #ahab1 when they were suppressed by the ,spanish government4 ,even then1 the ,indians1 though deprived of spiritual succor1 remained faithful to the religious teachings they had received4 ,father ,diaz was sent to them by the ,bishop of ,monterey1 in #ahcb1 and after laboring for a year at ,nacogdoches1 was killed by wandering ,indians4 ,soon after this the whites began to pour into ,texas1 and by #ahcf grew powerful enough to declare and to maintain the independence of the state4 ,the demoralization and dispersion of the ,indians followed1 as a natural consequence4 ,father ,timon1 afterwards ,bishop of ,buffalo1 was appointed in #ahdj ,prefect ,apostolic of ,texas1 and1 despatching thither ,father ,odin as ,vice-,prefect1 followed him shortly after4 ,by an act of justice1 of which modern governments rarely afford so striking an example1 the old ecclesiastical property was restored to the church by the ,texan legislature4 ,father ,odin was made bishop in #ahdb1 and his see became the diocese of ,galveston in #ahdg1 two years after the annexation of ,texas to the ,united ,states4 ,the biography of this eminent prelate 7who subsequently became ,archbishop of ,new ,orleans71 in ,clarke's ,deceased ,bishops1 furnishes much interesting matter regarding the history of the church in ,texas4 ,the report of the diocese for #ahga supplies no information in regard to the ,indian population1 if indeed any ,christians are still to be found among them within the limits of the state4 ,many relics remain of the churches1 aqueducts1 and other public works erected by the ,franciscans and their neophytes during the prosperous period of the missions4 ,the first expedition to any portion of ,california1 which was accompanied by missionaries1 was that under ,vizcaino1 in #aeif1 to the peninsula1 but no permanent footing was made at the time4 ,in #afja1 three ,carmelite fathers visited that portion now included in the ,united ,states1 and made a temporary stay1 and no more1 at what are now ,santa ,barbara1 ,monterey1 and ,san ,francisco4 ,the ,jesuits began their missions south of the ,gila in #afdb1 and gradually extended them north1 until1 in #afig1 they had entered the limits of our present territory4 ,the success characteristic of their missions everywhere--for their failure in ,florida was something abnormal--followed them here4 ,all was proceeding well1 when that extensive conspiracy arose in ,europe against the ,society which the history of the age subsequently shows to have been directed quite as much against the church as against the ,jesuits4 ,the ,king of ,spain1 having been drawn into the plot as other sovereigns were1 ordered the ,jesuits to be torn in a single day from all their missions throughout his wide domains4 ,on the #c;d of ,february1 #agfh1 every ,jesuit was carried off from ,california a prisoner4 ,accused of no crime1 condemned without a trial1 the missionaries were dragged from amid their neophytes1 who in grief and consternation deplored their loss4 ,spain was1 however1 not yet prepared to cut loose entirely from her religious traditions1 and she sent ,franciscans to take the place of the banished ,jesuits4 ,the vessel that landed the latter at ,san ,blas returned to ,california with twelve ,franciscans1 at the head of whom was ,father ,junipero ,serra1 an experienced ,indian missionary4 ,after placing priests at the vacated missions1 ,father ,serra went on to found others1 ,san ,ferdinand1 ,san ,bonaventura1 and ,san ,diego being established in #agfi1 that at ,monterey in #aggj--;at the news of which foundations all the bells in the city of ,mexico were rung--,san ,gabriel the same year1 ,st4 ,anthony of ,padua in #agga1 ,san ,luis ,obispo in #aggb1 ,san ,juan ,capistrano in #aggd1 ,san ,francisco in #aggf1 ,santa ,clara in #aggg4 ,in this interval many more of the sons of ,st4 ,francis came to join in the labors of their brethren1 or to replace those who were worn out with toil4 ,at ,monterey1 in #agga1 when the feast of ,corpus ,christi was celebrated with a pomp such as the wilderness had never before seen1 twelve priests joined in the sacred procession4 ,the ,dominicans1 moreover1 applied for a share in the work of the missions1 and in #aggd were assigned to all those stations formerly served by the ,jesuits1 the ,franciscans retaining only those that had been founded by themselves1 except ,san ,ferdinand1 which was also given to the ,dominicans4 ,as the missions thus transferred were chiefly in ,old ,california 7the peninsula71 their history does not enter within the scope of this narrative4 ,in #agge1 the mission at ,san ,diego was attacked by a large force of pagan ,indians1 led on by two apostates of their own race4 ,father ,louis ,jayme1 one of the two priests stationed here1 was awakened by the flames1 and1 supposing the fire to be accidental1 came to the door with his usual salutation1 8,love ,god1 my children40 ,he was immediately seized1 dragged off1 pierced with arrows1 and hacked to death by blows with swords made of hardened wood4 ,the other father happily escaped4 ,when ,father ,serra heard what had occurred1 he exclaimed1 8,thank ,god1 that field is watered10 rebuilt the mission1 after some opposition from the civil authorities1 and went on with his labors in founding others4 ,father ,crespi1 the principal assistant of ,father ,serra1 died in #aghb1 after a missionary career of thirty years1 of which fourteen had been spent in ,california4 ,father ,serra himself expired two years after4 ,although seventy-one years of age at the time of his death1 his zeal was undiminished and his faculties were unimpaired4 ,under his administration1 as ,prefect ,apostolic of ,california1 ten new missions had been established1 and ten thousand ,indians baptized4 ,yet death found him busy with plans of still other foundations4 ,by a ,papal ,bull of ,june #afth1 #aggd1 the power of administering confirmation was granted to the prefect apostolic4 ,this privilege was of course shared by ,father ,serra's successors in the same office4 ,the first of these was ,father ,palou1 under whom the following new missions were founded3 ,santa ,barbara in #aghf1 ,la ,purisima ,concepcion1 near ,san ,luis ,obispo1 in #aghg1 ,santa ,cruz near ,branciforte1 and ,nuestra ,seora de ,soledad1 near ,monterey1 in #agia4 ,father ,palou then returned to ,mexico1 where he became superior of the convent of ,san ,fernando4 ,he was succeeded as prefect by ,father ,lazven1 who remained in office until his death in #ahjc4 ,in the interval1 ,father ,lazven founded three great missions1 ,san ,jos1 ,san ,miguel1 and ,san ,fernando1 all in the year #agig4 ,san ,luis1 ,rey de ,francia1 was founded in the following year4 ,st4 ,louis of ,france was thus honored in this remote wilderness at a time when the nation over which he had ruled rejected alike his faith1 his institutions1 and his family4 ,the celebrated ,father ,peyri1 whose portrait is given in ,mr4 ,shea's ,history of the ,missions1 superintended the foundation of this greatest of the ,californian reductions4 ,in front of the church1 which is ninety feet in length1 of stone1 and rises at one end in a beautiful tower and dome 7says ,mr4 ,shea71 8extends a colonnade not without architectural beauty1 and nearly five hundred feet long1 while in depth it is almost of equal proportions40 ,three thousand five hundred ,indian converts were soon gathered together1 occupying twenty ranches around this abode of peace and plenty4 ,father ,mariano ,payeras succeeded ,father ,lazven as prefect1 and founded the mission of ,santa ,inez in #ahjd4 ,at this time ,spain became unable1 amid the distractions which arose from the ,french ,revolution--for which she herself had assisted in preparing the way by the share she took in the persecution of the ,jesuits--to extend the aid which new foundations required1 and1 therefore1 none were made4 ,the missions already in existence were not affected to any great extent by the difficulties of the mother country1 for they were self-supporting4 ,in #ahag1 however1 it became possible to found the mission of ,san ,rafael1 and this proved to be the last foundation under ,spanish auspices4 ,others were projected1 but the power of ,spain in the western world was already tottering to its fall4 ,in #ahba1 ,iturbide's short-lived empire replaced the authority of the ,spanish crown in ,mexico1 and two years after1 ,santa ,anna's successful revolt changed the empire into a republic4 ,father ,sanchez was now prefect1 and in #ahbc established the mission of ,san ,francisco ,solano1 the first and last erected under ,mexican rule4 ,echandia1 the governor sent out by the ,mexican authorities1 arrived in ,california in #ahbd4 ,then began the robbery and destruction of the missions1 the first step in which was the substitution of government agents in the temporal rule of the missions for that of the fathers1 who had always exercised this authority to the great advantage of the ,indians1 and without drawing thence any profit for themselves1 since they were both by habit of life and by religious vow poor men4 ,father ,peyri was driven from his mission of ,san ,luis ,rey which he had founded more than thirty years before1 and had directed ever since with admirable skill2 nor could the tears and entreaties of his neophytes move the stony-hearted governor to retain him4 ,at this populous mission1 many of the ,indians had been taught the trades1 and were blacksmiths1 carpenters1 and mechanics in various departments2 they also owned sixty thousand head of cattle1 and raised thirteen thousand bushels of grain yearly4 ,at ,san ,luis ,obispo1 ,father ,martinez had in like manner formed his flock to industry2 they wove and dyed ordinary cloth and fine cotton fabrics1 and could have always maintained a state of prosperity and happiness had their possessions and their beloved director been left to them1 but the former were wrecked1 and the latter was brutally expelled4 ,five other fathers were driven from their missions1 and a regular system of robbery commenced3 ranch after ranch was taken1 cattle were swept off1 and the minds of the ,indians were endeavored to be poisoned against the missionaries by ,echandia1 through wilful representations1 so that in one case they attempted to take the life of a priest4 ,other missionaries1 after having spent thirty or forty years in civilizing the ,indians1 and raising them to a state of comfort and plenty1 found themselves obliged1 by the ill-treatment they suffered1 to leave the country4 ,the prefect1 ,father ,sanchez1 was the special object of this persecution on the part of ,echandia1 and died of grief in #ahca1 consoled only by the momentary peace which reigned at the time under ,echandia's successor1 ,don ,manuel ,victoria1 who during the few months he was in office restored the missions so far as he was able2 but after his removal the pillage progressed as before4 ,father ,francisco ,garcia ,diego was appointed prefect in #ahcb1 and arrived in ,california in ,january of the following year1 taking up his residence at ,santa ,clara4 ,the number of missionaries was now so reduced that ,father ,garcia found it necessary to take with him ten fathers to recruit their ranks4 ,the new prefect did what he could to ward off the ruin which threatened the missions1 but they were doomed1 and the decree of secularization passed by the ,mexican ,congress in #ahcd and enforced in #ahcg only completed their destruction4 ,thus1 this wretched republic1 which is and always has been unable amidst the contentions of its rival chiefs1 with their ever recurring pronunciamentos1 to preserve domestic peace1 and which has suffered the great public works erected in ,mexico by the crown to fall into decay1 carried spiritual and temporal ruin to the fair regions which had been consecrated to religion and peace1 to industry and innocence1 and overthrew the noblest monuments which the zeal and the faith of ,spain had bequeathed to her colonies4 ,father ,garcia's heart was wrung with anguish at the spectacle of desolation which surrounded him1 and to which1 with all his efforts1 he was able to interpose only a feeble barrier4 ,he repaired to ,mexico to intercede with the government in behalf of his oppressed and helpless people4 ,through his influence the law of secularization was repealed1 and an act passed restoring the property of the missions4 ,but the reparation came too late2 the plunderers were in full possession of their ill-gotten property1 and no power could wrest it from them4 ,meanwhile1 a severe illness at the capital1 and the affairs of his order in ,zacatecas1 retained him in ,mexico1 where1 in #ahdj1 he received notice of his appointment to the bishopric of the ,californias4 ,he was consecrated in the same year1 but was unable to take possession of his diocese until ,december1 #ahda4 ,on arriving at ,san ,diego1 he found the mission and the church in ruins4 ,at ,san ,gabriel1 where extensive vineyards had been in full bearing1 and to protect which the father was in negotiation with an ,american house for iron fences1 even the vines were pulled up4 ,this mission had loaded ships with its products1 which were despatched regularly to ,san ,blas and ,lima4 ,amid its ruins1 a traveller 7,duflot de ,mofras7 describes in #ahdb seeing the missionary ,father ,estenega seated in a field before a large table1 with his sleeves rolled up kneading clay and teaching his ,indians to make bricks4 ,san ,luis ,obispo was in the same condition1 and ,father ,abella1 the oldest missionary in the country1 whom ,la ,perouse had seen here in #aghg1 still survived in #ahdb4 ,his only bed was a hide1 his only food dried beef1 and he divided among his poor and plundered ,indians the alms he received4 ,at ,san ,jos1 ,father ,gonzalez1 prefect of the northern missions1 subsisted on the scanty rations furnished him by the officials4 ,la ,soledad1 from having been an earthly paradise1 was now a wilderness of ruin and desolation4 ,its missionary1 ,father ,serra1 of whom an ,american says 8it was a happiness indeed to have known him10 had died of hunger and wretchedness in #ahch on the spot where thousands had enjoyed his hospitality4 ,he expired in the arms of the ,indians whom he had spent thirty years in instructing and protecting1 falling at the foot of the altar just as he had begun ,mass4 ,at ,san ,francisco ,solano1 everything had been destroyed1 and the materials of the mission-house and chapel sacrilegiously used in building the palace of ,don ,mariano ,vallejo4 ,santa ,barbara still possessed its missions1 the residence of the devoted prefect of the southern missions1 ,father ,narcisso ,duran1 and at ,san ,fernando1 ,santa ,clara1 and ,santa ,inez 7where ,bishop ,garcia afterwards erected a seminary7 the missionaries had succeeded in saving much4 ,everywhere else1 ruin and desolation had overtaken the missions4 ,the ,indian population of the missions was reduced from #cj1fej to #d1dej1 their cattle dwindled from #dbd1jjj to #bh1jjj1 and their other stock in proportion1 for they had owned #fb1ejj horses and #cba1ejj sheep besides4 ,they had raised annually #abb1ejj bushels of wheat and corn4 ,their agriculture was now destroyed1 and they themselves were mostly scattered and demoralized4 8,bishop ,garcia ,diego y ,moreno10 says ,mr4 ,clarke in his ,lives of ,deceased ,bishops1 8stood in the midst of desolation1 and but for his apostolic zeal and robust courage would have despaired40 ,he saved what he could of the missions1 and rescued many souls from crime and barbarism2 he made long1 difficult journeys throughout his devastated diocese1 and addressed the most moving appeals to the ,mexican government4 ,at last1 after wearing himself out with labors that were far from fruitless1 and which certainly stayed for a time the progress of disintegration1 he retired to ,santa ,barbara to die1 and there peacefully gave up his soul to ,god1 ,april #ac1 #ahdf4 ,thirteen missionaries still survived amidst the relics of the great works of charity and beneficence they had created or sustained1 when in #ahdh the soil of ,upper ,california changed owners1 and became attached to the domains of the ,united ,states4 ,a new population overran the land1 and the ,indians of the missions have entirely disappeared4 ,what is worse1 they have been driven by the hostility of the ,americans to the mountains1 and provoked into acts of reprisal1 the result of which will be that at no distant day the career of plunder and outrage of which they have been the victims1 will be crowned by their total extermination4 ,we shall give in a note an account collated from ,mr4 ,shea's ,history of the ,catholic ,missions in the ,united ,states1 of the manner of living followed in the mission establishments of ,california1 by the ,indians1 under the direction of the fathers4 ,in the history of the missions of ,maryland we are presented with a remarkable example of the influence of pure bigotry in arresting the most beneficent ministrations of religion towards both the white and ,indian races4 ,under the mild and paternal administration of ,lord ,baltimore1 the settlement1 made so auspiciously on the feast of the ,annunciation1 ,march #be1 #afcd1 soon attached to it the native tribes2 for they were fairly dealt with1 and were paid for whatever lands were required of them4 ,father ,andrew ,white1 an ,english ,jesuit1 and a confessor of the faith--for he had suffered exile abroad and imprisonment at home on account of it--was the spiritual director of the mission4 ,although fifty-five years of age1 he had no sooner landed than he applied himself to the study of the ,indian tongue4 ,he and his companions then established themselves at the more advanced posts1 prepared catechisms1 etc41 in the ,indian language1 and made good progress in the conversion of the natives1 the principal chief and his family being the first to demand baptism4 ,in #afdd1 ,claiborne1 the persecuting agent of the persecuting colony of ,virginia1 swooped down upon the peaceful settlements of ,maryland1 and among other outrages carried off the ,jesuits as prisoners to ,england4 ,father ,white was never able to return1 but ,father ,fisher and others did after three years1 and resumed the work of the missions4 ,the rise of the ,puritan party in #afeb after the usurpation of ,cromwell1 and the subsequent accession to power of the ,anglicans1 who in #afib made their religion the state church1 effectually extinguished the ,indian missions4 ,what became of the poor ,indians1 we know not2 but1 judging from what this class of religionists have done elsewhere1 their fate must have been first to be robbed1 then demoralized1 and finally to be exiled or exterminated4 ,thenceforward1 not only were the ,catholics who had planted the colony and who had invited thither the persecuted of other colonies to share with themselves in all the privileges of government and of perfect freedom of religion--not only were the ,catholics deprived of all share in the administration of public affairs1 but their religion was proscribed and their priests were hunted down4 ,grasping and domineering as the ,puritans have shown themselves to be everywhere1 never did they or their ,anglican abettors display a blacker ingratitude than in their transactions on the soil of ,maryland1 where those who bestowed upon them an exceptional religious liberty were excluded from all share in its benefits4 ,the faith1 though persecuted1 was kept alive among the whites by the ,maryland ,jesuits1 who continued to adhere to their flocks4 ,nor did the suppression of their ,society in #aggc dissolve this bond1 for by an association among themselves they retained their missions2 and as their property was not confiscated here as was everywhere done in ,europe1 they retained that also4 ,in #ahje1 ,bishop ,carroll1 himself an ex-,jesuit1 obtained from the superior in ,russia1 where the ,society still subsisted1 the privilege of affiliation with it for the late members of the order in ,maryland4 ,the bishop then confirmed them in the possession of their missions1 and thus the ,society resumed its footing in ,maryland nine years before it had been restored all over the world by ,pius ,,vii4 ,among the young men who joined it in #ahjf was the now venerable ,father ,mc,elroy1 who1 in his ninetieth year1 retains the zeal and energy of younger days4 ,the ,jesuit province of ,missouri was1 as before stated1 an offshoot from that of ,maryland1 and some fathers of the western province are still living who made their novitiate in ,maryland4 ,bishop ,vandevelde1 of ,chicago1 and subsequently of ,natchez1 where he died in #ahee1 was one of these4 ,the present ,vicar ,apostolic of ,kansas1 a ,jesuit from ,missouri1 perpetuates amidst his ,indians the traditions of the mother province4 ,the old ,catholic families of ,maryland1 sustained and encouraged by their pastors1 and preserving the faith amidst obloquy and disfranchisement1 have contributed their full share to the distinguished laity of their country1 to the ranks of the religious of various orders1 male and female1 the secular clergy1 and the episcopate4 ,their honorable record is too full to admit of a reference to individuals1 were this even the place for it2 but we might recall1 among prelates1 the names of ,archbishops ,carroll and ,neale of ,baltimore1 and ,bishops ,fenwick of ,boston1 ,fenwick of ,cincinnati1 and ,miles of ,nashville4 ,archbishop ,eccleston of ,baltimore1 although a ,marylander by birth1 was of ,protestant family1 and was himself a convert4 ,bishop ,chanche of ,natchez was also a ,marylander1 but the child of refugees from ,san ,domingo4 ,the sees of ,wheeling1 ,natchez1 ,chicago1 and ,north ,carolina are filled by sons of ,maryland1 the descendants of a later immigration4 ,even in colonizing other states1 the faithful children of ,maryland formed a nucleus of ,catholicity1 as in ,kentucky1 wherever they went4 ,by a happy dispensation1 this colony1 grown into a diocese1 and governed by a scion of one of these old families1 the late eminent and beloved ,spalding--gave him back to the archiepiscopal chair of his ancestral state4 ,in later1 as in former times1 ,maryland has been the 8land of the sanctuary0 for the oppressed of other lands1 and the trials and triumphs in which her own children have borne part have been shared by the strangers who have taken refuge within her borders4 ,when1 in #aggj1 a solitary ,jesuit from ,whitemarsh in ,lower ,maryland visited ,baltimore1 then an insignificant settlement1 and so poorly provided as to ,catholic worship that the priest brought his own altar-furniture1 and had to say ,mass in a private house1 a large part of the flock in attendance was composed of ,acadians who had been cruelly transported from their homes by the ,british government4 ,still later1 the ,french ,revolution threw upon her shores those devoted clergymen whose virtues and whose labors have shed so much honor on the church of their adopted country4 ,the institutions of religion and of learning which they founded in ,maryland have educated for civil life or for the church men who have attained the highest eminence in one or the other4 ,the founders of or the preceptors in these institutions have filled sees in various portions of the country--,dubois at ,new ,york1 ,david at ,bardstown1 ,flaget at ,louisville1 ,dubourg at ,new ,orleans1 ,marchal at ,baltimore1 and ,brut at ,vincennes1 all now deceased1 besides the present ,bishop of ,st4 ,augustine1 among living prelates4 ,st4 ,mary's ,seminary at ,baltimore has seen advanced to the mitre1 from among her ,levites1 ,bishops ,reynolds of ,charleston1 ,o',reilly of ,hartford1 and ,portier of ,mobile2 while ,mount ,st4 ,mary's1 the 8mother of bishops10 has given to the ,american hierarchy from among hers1 ,archbishop ,hughes of ,new ,york1 ,bishops ,quarter of ,chicago1 ,gartland of ,savannah1 ,carrell of ,covington1 ,young of ,erie1 and the living archbishops of ,new ,york and ,cincinnati--probably others4 ,the subsequent revolution in ,san ,domingo drove hither also whites who escaped with little more than life1 and blacks whose fidelity to their masters and to their religion withstood the shock of those terrible times4 ,among the former were the parents of ,bishop ,chanche2 also1 young ,joubert1 who1 after becoming a priest1 devoted himself to the blacks1 that he might overcome his horror for the race that had massacred his parents2 in furtherance of this lofty act of self-renunciation1 he formed a community of religious women of color1 whose first members were creoles of ,san ,domingo4 ,the ,oblate ,sisters of ,providence still flourish1 and impart the blessings of secular and religious education to the young of their sex and color4 ,finally--for we must hasten to a close--it is a noticeable fact that ,new ,england1 which sent forth its ,puritan colonists to harass the ,marylanders and persecute the ,jesuits1 is now a portion of the ,jesuit province of ,maryland4 ,the great length to which this paper has expanded will preclude the possibility of giving any space to the history of the missions of ,france in ,louisiana1 and those extending from ,canada into what is now ,new ,york and into the regions west of that state4 ,this omission will be the more pardonable inasmuch as the history of the ,french missions is better known to ,catholic readers than much of our other remote ecclesiastical history4 ,there is one page1 however1 in these annals1 touching the ,christian settlements on our northeastern border1 that we cannot pass over without notice4 ,the town in the ,british ,provinces now known as ,annapolis was the point where ,catholicity made its first foothold in any portion of the region north of us1 at least the first since the time of the ,northmen4 ,here1 in #afjh1 two ,jesuit missionaries arrived1 who in #afac were to be the pioneers of the ,abnaki mission in ,maine4 ,the ,recollects1 a branch of the ,franciscans1 began their labors in ,quebec in #afae4 ,other religious men1 and some communities of pious women1 came to their assistance4 ,notwithstanding wars between the various tribes1 in the course of which the once powerful ,hurons were almost annihilated1 the missionaries had gathered together1 by #afhe1 a number of ,christian villages of ,indians on the ,st4 ,lawrence1 of which three still exist4 ,thence1 missionaries were sent to the shores of ,lake ,superior1 to the tribes south of the lakes1 to ,arkansas1 and to the lower ,mississippi4 ,the heroic lives1 the sufferings1 and the death of ,jogues1 ,brbeuf1 and ,lalemant1 and so many other holy men who consecrated their lives to these missions1 are almost familiar themes4 ,of the ,abnaki mission referred to above1 and which was established on ,mount ,desert ,island at the mouth of the ,penobscot1 nothing remained after a few years except a solitary cross guarding the grave of a ,french lay-brother1 who died from wounds received in an attack made on the mission by the ,english from ,virginia4 ,the fathers were carried off by them on this occasion1 and narrowly escaped being put to death by the authorities of ,virginia4 ,thus1 as ,mr4 ,shea remarks1 the first ,abnaki mission was crushed in its very cradle by men who founded a colony in which the ,gospel was never announced to the aborigines4 ,in #afdb1 an ,abnaki who had been rescued from death by a ,christian ,indian1 in one of the forays made by the pagan ,iroquois on their neighbors1 extolled the virtues of the ,christians so highly on his return home that his people sent for black-gowns4 ,father ,druillettes was sent to them in #afdf1 and the wonderful change effected by him in the few months of his stay excited even the admiration of the ,english1 whose countrymen in ,massachusetts were at this time enacting cruel laws against the religion and the order to which ,f4 ,druillettes belonged4 ,in #afej1 he returned to the ,abnakis1 and was received by them at ,norridgewock1 their principal village1 amidst volleys of firearms1 and with every demonstration of delight4 ,a banquet was spread in every cabin1 and he was forced to visit all4 8,we have thee at last10 they cried2 8thou art our father1 our patriarch1 our countryman4 ,thou livest like us1 thou dwellest with us1 thou art an ,abnaki like us4 ,thou bringest back joy to all the country4 ,we had thought of leaving this land to seek thee1 for many have died in thy absence4 ,we were losing all hopes of reaching heaven4 ,those whom thou didst instruct performed all that they had learned1 but their heart was weary1 for it sought and could not find thee40 ,at the same time that ,druillettes was planting the faith among the ,abnakis--who have preserved to this day the precious legacy bequeathed to them--,rev4 ,john ,eliot of ,roxbury1 certainly a well-meaning man and a credit to the times and to the people among whom he lived1 was endeavoring to christianize the ,indians of ,massachusetts--an attempt which the cruelty and rapacity of his countrymen would have rendered abortive1 even if his barren theology had been able to affect anything in their behalf4 ,so ,drake1 the ,indian historian1 admits that even among ,eliot's nominal disciples there was not the least probability that one-fourth of them were sincere believers in ,christianity4 ,eliot himself said1 before his death1 8,there is a dark cloud upon the work of the ,gospel among the poor ,indians40 ,in ,king ,philip's war even the ,indian ministers threw off all disguise and took up arms against their white ,christian neighbors4 ,this last struggle against their destroyers resulted in a total ruin of the ,indians4 ,the ,puritan1 imagining himself the chosen of ,god1 and regarding the ,indians as ,amalekites and ,canaanites whom he was to exterminate out of the promised land1 fell upon them with fire and sword4 ,even the innocent son of ,king ,philip1 the last of the family of ,massasoit1 was sold into slavery to ,bermuda by the men whose children have since lifted the finger of scorn at the population of the ,south1 among whom ,england forced the institution that lately perished amid the throes of civil war--forced it by the aid1 in part1 of the vessels and the means of the pious fathers of ,new ,england4 ,father ,druillettes1 strange to say1 visited ,eliot1 by whom he was hospitably received and entertained1 and who invited him to pass the winter under his roof4 ,but this visit to ,new ,england was probably one of business1 and the father was soon with his beloved ,indians again4 ,father ,rale was among the successors of ,druillettes4 ,an expedition of ,new ,englanders destroyed his church and village in #agje1 but the cession of the territory to ,england by ,france in #agac restored temporary peace to the ,abnaki mission4 ,a deputation of their chiefs therefore visited ,boston1 and called upon the governor to solicit means for the rebuilding of their church4 ,as ,protestantism is always ready to interfere with religious enterprises which it could never itself have succeeded in1 this exponent of the religion of ,new ,england offered to rebuild their church at his own expense if they would dismiss their missionary and take a minister of his own choice4 ,the reply of the indignant spokesman of the ,indians is worth quoting3 8,when you first came here10 said he1 8you saw me long before the ,french governors1 but neither your predecessors nor your ministers ever spoke to me of prayer or the ,great ,spirit4 ,they saw my furs1 my beaver and moose skins1 and of this alone they thought2 these alone they sought1 and so eagerly that ,i have been unable to supply them with enough4 ,when ,i had much1 they were my friends1 and only then4 ,one day my canoe missed the route2 ,i lost my path1 and wandered a long way at random1 until at last ,i landed near ,quebec1 in a great village of the ,algonquins1 where the black-gowns were teaching4 ,scarcely had ,i arrived1 when one of them came to see me4 ,i was loaded with furs1 but the black-gown of ,france disdained to look at them2 he spoke to me of the ,great ,spirit1 of heaven1 of hell1 of the prayer which is the only way to reach heaven4 ,i heard him with pleasure1 and was so delighted by his words that ,i remained in the village near him4 ,at last the prayer pleased me1 and ,i asked to be instructed3 ,i solicited baptism1 and received it4 ,then ,i returned to the lodges of my tribe1 and related all that had happened4 ,all envied my happiness1 and wished to partake it2 they too went to the black-gown to be baptized4 ,thus have the ,french acted4 ,had you spoken to me of the prayer as soon as we met1 ,i should now be so unhappy as to pray like you1 for ,i could not have told whether your prayer was good or bad4 ,now ,i hold to the prayer of the ,french2 ,i agree to it2 ,i shall be faithful to it1 even until the earth is burned and destroyed4 ,keep your men1 your gold1 and your minister3 ,i will go to my ,french father40 ,in the unsettled condition of the boundaries1 the ,new ,englanders continued to make incursions upon the territory of the ,abnakis4 ,in one of these expeditions1 ,father ,rale barely escaped capture1 but his celebrated ,abnaki dictionary was pounced upon and carried off1 and now forms one of the treasures of the library of ,harvard ,university4 ,in #agbd1 he fell a victim to the persistence of his enemies4 ,notwithstanding these cruelties1 the ,abnakis1 in the war of the ,revolution1 took part in the defence of the soil against ,england with the people who had desolated their home and put to death their beloved pastor4 ,orono1 the ,penobscot chief1 bore a commission throughout the ,revolution1 and distinguished himself during the war as much by his bravery as by his attachment to his religion1 never consenting to frequent ,protestant places of worship4 ,these sketches1 grown so much more lengthy than we had expected1 and yet restrained with difficulty within their present bounds1 must now close4 ,may they be read with the attention the subject deserves1 and thus serve to awaken the honest pride of our fellow-,catholics in the past history of their church on the soil of the ,united ,states4 ,may our men of culture1 stimulated by the appeal that shall be made to them by the reading classes1 spread far and wide the affecting story of the church's triumphs and reverses in our land1 with all the glorious details of the lives and deaths of its heroes and martyrs6 ,may this history grow to be a familiar one to the generation that is rising and the generations that shall succeed it4 ,we love our country1 and none dare question our love but they who would have the statute-books bristle with laws against us such as the genius of our institutions forbids and the fathers of the ,republic rejected4 ,let us show our love for it by mingling the memories of all that is dear to us in the career of our religion with all that is noble and inspiring in the civil history of our land1 our fair heritage of political and religious freedom4 ,,note4 ,,the ,,mission ,,establishments ,,of ,,california4--,the plan of the early missionaries in ,florida and ,new ,mexico had been to form the converts into villages near the ,spanish settlements1 in which they were trained to the usages of civilized life4 ,in the numerous ,christian villages thus spread over the country1 all civil functions were exercised by the chiefs1 the missionaries confining themselves to those of a spiritual nature only4 ,the progress of the ,indians under this system was slower than was desirable1 and experience led to an improvement in the manner of conducting the missions that were subsequently established in ,new ,mexico and ,california4 ,in the latter1 the missionary went in the first place attended by a small guard1 with a colony of ,indian converts1 herds of cattle1 and a plentiful supply of agricultural and other implements4 ,chiefly through the converted ,indians1 the surrounding natives were drawn to the mission4 ,the next step was to proceed to the erection of the mission building1 a rectangular structure eighty or ninety yards square1 with a court-yard in the centre1 which was adorned with trees and fountains4 ,the church and the pastor's residence occupied one side1 and galleries surrounded the court1 opening upon the rooms of the missionaries1 stewards1 and travellers1 the shops1 schools1 store-rooms1 infirmaries1 and the granary4 ,a part of the buildings entirely separated from the rest1 and called the monastery1 was reserved for the ,indian girls1 where they were taught by native women to spin and weave1 and received such other instruction as was suited to their sex4 ,the boys learned trades1 and those who excelled were promoted to the rank of chiefs1 thus giving a dignity to labor which impelled all to embrace it4 ,once in the mission1 the native was instructed in ,christianity1 and constrained to labor4 ,many of the missionaries being skilled in mechanical art1 the ,indians were formed to every trade1 and the surplus products of their industry were exported yearly in exchange for necessary ,european goods4 ,the ,indians were apportioned into sections1 each under a chief who led his party to church or to labor1 and who was not backward in enforcing promptness4 ,against this the ,indian at first rebelled3 but1 as all his wants were satisfied1 he soon became attached to his manner of life1 and would draw others of his countrymen in1 whom he easily persuaded to submit to the routine4 ,many learned ,spanish thoroughly1 and all acquired a knowledge of the ,christian religion1 which they faithfully practised4 ,thus they gained two great benefits--peace and comfort in this life1 and means of attaining happiness in the next4 ,those who visited the missions were amazed to see that with such petty resources--most frequently without the aid of white mechanics--the missionaries accomplished so much1 not only in agriculture1 but in architecture and mechanics2 in mills1 machines1 bridges1 roads1 and canals for irrigation2 and accomplished it all by transforming hostile and indolent savages into laborious carpenters1 masons1 coopers1 saddlers1 shoemakers1 weavers1 stone-cutters1 brickmakers1 and lime-burners4 ,around the mission building arose the houses of the ,indians and of a few white settlers2 at various distances were ranches or hamlets1 each with its chapel4 ,in a little building near the mission-house was a picket of five horsemen1 who were at once soldiers and couriers4 ,the regulations of the mission were uniform4 ,at daybreak1 the ,angelus summoned all to the church for prayers and ,mass1 after which they went to breakfast4 ,then all joined their respective bands1 and proceeded to their regular labors4 ,at eleven1 they returned to dine1 and rested till two1 when labor recommenced1 and continued until the ringing of the ,angelus bell1 an hour before sunset4 ,after prayers and beads1 they supped1 and spent the evening in innocent amusements4 ,their food was the fresh beef and mutton plentifully supplied by their herds and flocks1 cakes of wheat and ,indian corn1 peas1 beans1 and such vegetables as they chose to raise4 ,the missionaries themselves1 bound by vows of poverty1 received only food and clothing4 ,the ,indians of a mission were not all of the same tribe1 but perfect harmony prevailed1 and when the season of work was over1 many paid visits to their countrymen1 and seldom returned alone4 ,sometimes a zealous ,christian would visit his own tribe as an apostle1 to announce the happiness which was attainable under the mild rule of the ,gospel4 ,in this way the missions constantly received new accessions1 for the good missionaries had the art of making labor attractive4 ,all the men and women in the mission were1 moreover1 well and completely dressed4 ,it will be seen that this discipline was strict1 and the ,spanish government1 at the time of the forcible withdrawal of the ,jesuits1 wished to bring odium upon them in connection with this system of administration of their origination4 ,the ,franciscans1 however1 who succeeded the ,jesuits1 continued the method of their predecessors1 convinced of its expediency4 ,an attempt on the part of the government to alter it1 in the establishment of a mission near the mouth of the ,colorado1 on its own principles1 a few years after the expulsion of the ,jesuits1 only resulted in cruel outrages upon the ,indians by those who were placed in the temporal administration in lieu of the ,franciscans4 ,these outrages provoked rebellion1 and led to the massacre of the civil functionaries1 and of the religious as well4 ,the government did not repeat the experiment4 ,forbes1 the author of a work on ,california1 after commending the labors of the ,california ,jesuits1 says of their successors1 8,the best and most unequivocal proof of the good conduct of the ,franciscan fathers is to be found in the unbounded affection and devotion invariably shown towards them by their ,indian subjects4 ,they venerate them not merely as friends and fathers1 but with a degree of devotedness approaching to adoration40 ,he adds1 8,experience has shown how infinitely more successful the ,catholic missionaries have been than the ,protestant40 ,these and many other testimonies from unprejudiced sources might be given to show the state of happiness in which the ,indians formerly lived4 ,an ,american traveller1 ,bartlett1 who in #ahed visited the mission of ,san ,gabriel1 to which at one time five thousand ,indians were attached1 says1 8,humanity cannot refrain from wishing that the dilapidated mission of ,san ,gabriel should be renovated and its broken walls be rebuilt1 its roofless houses be covered1 and its deserted halls be again filled with its ancient industrious1 happy1 and contented population40 ,two classes of persons1 therefore--as ,marshal remarks in his ,history of ,catholic ,missions--8have been instrumental in the irreparable injury inflicted on the ,indian tribes3 ,mexicans who had forfeited their birthright as ,catholics1 and ,protestants who had never possessed it4 ,affecting to follow the precedents of modern ,european policy1 of which the chief maxim seems to be the exclusion of all ecclesiastical influence in the government of human society1 the ,mexican civil authorities resolved to secularize all the missions4 ,the result has been as in every land where the same experiment has been tried1 a swift relapse into barbarism1 from which the church alone has saved the world1 the immediate decay of material prosperity1 and a vast augmentation of human suffering4 8,history might have taught the ,mexicans to anticipate these inevitable fruits4 ,when ,england laid her hand on the possessions of the church1 which had been for centuries the patrimony of the poor1 she took her first step towards her present social condition4 ,prisons and workhouses became the dismal substitutes for monasteries1 and jailers supplanted monks4 ,england has not profited much by the change4 ,the new institutions are at least ten times more costly than the old1 and the benefits derived from them have been in inverse proportion4 ,they now receive only prisoners1 and disgorge only criminals2 while a whole nation of heathen poor1 a burden on the present resources of the country and a menace for her future destiny1 have sunk down1 as even ,english writers will tell us1 to the level of the most degraded tribes of ,africa or ,america1 and are as utterly void of religion or of the knowledge of ,god as the ,sioux1 the ,carib1 or the ,dahoman40 ,,footnote3 #bjj ,those who are curious on this point are referred to the ,mystic ,city of ,god1 by the ,ven4 ,maria de ,agreda1 a ,spanish ,carmelite nun4 ,,the ,,progressionists4 ,,from ,,the ,,german ,,of ,,conrad ,,von ,,bolanden4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,hans ,,shund4 ,hans ,shund returned home from business in high feather4 ,something unusual must have happened him1 for his behavior was exceptional4 ,standing before his desk1 he mechanically drew various papers from his pockets1 and laid them in different drawers and pigeon-holes4 ,the mechanical manner of his behavior was what was exceptional1 for usually ,hans ,shund bestowed particular attention upon certain papers2 his soul's life was in those papers4 ,moreover1 on the present occasion1 he kept shaking his head as if astonishment would not suffer him to remain quiet4 ,yet habitually ,hans ,shund never shook his head1 for that proceeding betrays interior emotion1 and ,shund's neck was as hardened and stiff as his usurer's soul4 ,the other exceptional feature of his behavior was a continuous growling1 which at length waxed into a genuine soliloquy4 ,but ,hans ,shund was never known to talk to himself1 for talking to one's self indicates a kindly disposition1 whilst ,shund had no disposition whatever1 as they maintain who knew him2 or1 if he had ever had one1 it had smouldered into a hard1 impenetrable crust of slag4 8,strange--remarkably strange60 said he4 8,hem6 what can it mean8 ,how am ,i to account for it8 ,has the usurer undergone a transformation during the night80 ,and a hideous grin distorted his face4 8,am ,i metamorphosed1 am ,i enchanted1 or am ,i myself an enchanter8 ,unaccountable1 marvellous1 unheard of60 ,the papers had been locked up in the desk4 ,a secret power urged him up and down the room1 and finally into the adjoining sitting-room1 where ,mrs4 ,shund1 a pale1 careworn lady1 sat near a sewing-stand1 intent on her lonely occupation4 8,wife1 queer things have befallen me4 ,only think1 all the city notables have raised their hats to your humble servant1 and have saluted me in a friendly1 almost an obsequious manner4 ,and this has happened to me to-day--to me1 the hated and despised usurer6 ,isn't that quite amazing8 ,even the city regent1 ,schwefel's son1 took off his hat1 and bowed as if ,i were some live grandee4 ,how do you explain that prodigy80 ,the careworn woman kept on sewing without raising her head4 8,why don't you answer me1 wife8 ,don't you find that most astonishing80 8,i am incapable of being astonished1 since grief and care have so filled my heart that no room is left in it for feelings of any other kind40 8,well1 well6 what is up again80 asked he1 with curiosity4 ,she drew a letter written in a female hand from one of the drawers of the sewing-stand4 8,read this1 villain60 ,hastily snatching the letter1 he began to read4 8,hem10 growled he indifferently4 8,the drab complains of being neglected1 of not getting any money from me4 ,that should not be a cause of rage for you1 ,i should think4 ,the drab is brazen enough to write to you to reveal my weaknesses1 all with the amicable intention of getting up a thundergust in our matrimonial heaven4 ,do learn sense1 wife1 and stop noticing my secret enjoyments40 8,fie1 villain4 ,fie upon you1 shameless wretch60 cried she1 trembling in every limb4 8,listen to me1 wife6 ,above all things1 let us not have a scene1 an unnecessary row10 interrupted he4 8,you know how fruitless are your censures4 ,don't pester me with your stale lectures on morals40 8,nearly every month ,i get a letter of that sort written in the most disreputable purlieus of the town1 and addressed to my husband4 ,it is revolting6 ,am ,i to keep silent1 shameless man--,i1 your wedded wife8 ,am ,i to be silent in presence of such infamous deeds80 8,rather too pathetic1 wife6 ,save your breath4 ,don't grieve at the liberties which ,i take4 ,try and accustom yourself to pay as little attention to my conduct as ,i bestow upon yours4 ,when years ago ,i entered the contract with you vulgarly denominated marriage1 ,i did it with the understanding that ,i was uniting myself to a subject that was willing to share with me a life free from restraints2 ,i mean1 a life free from the odor of so-called hereditary moral considerations and of religious restrictions4 ,accustom yourself to this view of the matter1 rise to my level1 enjoy an emancipated existence40 ,he spoke and left the room4 ,in his office he read the letter over4 8,this creature is insatiable60 murmured he to himself4 8,i shall have to turn her off and enter into less expensive connections4 ,i am talking with myself to-day--queer1 very queer60 ,a heavy knock was heard at the door4 8,come in60 ,a man and woman scantily clad entered the room4 ,the sight of the wretched couple brought a fierce passion into the usurer's countenance4 ,he seemed suddenly transformed into a tiger1 bloodthirstily crouching to seize his prey4 8,what is the matter1 ,holt80 8,mr4 ,shund10 began the man in a dejected tone1 8the officer of the law has served the writ upon us3 it is to take effect in ten days40 8,that is1 unless you make payment10 interrupted ,shund4 8,we are not able to pay just now1 ,mr4 ,shund1 it is impossible4 ,i wished therefore to entreat you very earnestly to have patience with us poor people40 ,the woman seconded her husband's petition by weeping bitterly1 wringing her hands piteously4 ,the usurer shook his head relentlessly4 8,patience1 patience1 you say4 ,for eight years ,i have been using patience with you2 my patience is exhausted now4 ,there must be limits to everything4 ,there is a limit to patience also4 ,i insist upon your paying40 8,consider1 ,mr4 ,shund1 ,i am the father ,of eight children4 ,if you insist on payment now and permit the law to take its course1 you will ruin a family of ten persons4 ,surely your conscience will not permit you to do this80 8,conscience6 ,what do you mean8 ,do not trouble me with your nonsense4 ,for me1 conscience means to have2 for you1 it means you must4 ,therefore1 pay40 8,mr4 ,shund1 you know it is yourself that have reduced us to this wretched condition60 8,you don't say ,i did6 ,how so80 8,may ,i remind you1 ,mr4 ,shund1 may ,i remind you of all the circumstances by which this was brought about8 ,how it happened that from a man of means ,i have been brought to poverty80 8,go on1 dearest ,holt--go on2 it will be interesting to me60 ,the usurer settled himself comfortably to hear the summary of his successful villanies from the mouth of the unfortunate man with the same satisfaction with which a tiger regales itself on the tortures of its victim4 8,nine years ago1 ,mr4 ,shund1 ,i was not in debt1 as you know4 ,i labored and supported my family honestly1 without any extraordinary exertion4 ,a field was for sale next to my field at the ,rothenbush4 ,you came at the time--it is now upwards of eight years1 and said in a friendly way1 #8,holt1 my good man1 buy that field4 ,it lies next to yours1 and you ought not to let the chance slip4' ,i wanted the field1 but had no money4 ,this ,i told you4 ,you encouraged me1 saying1 #8,holt1 my good man1 ,i will let you have the money--on interest1 of course2 for ,i am a man doing business1 and ,i make my living off my money4 ,i will never push you for the amount4 ,you may pay it whenever and in what way you wish4 ,suit yourself4' ,you gave me this encouragement at the time4 ,you loaned me nine hundred and fifty florins--in the note1 however1 you wrote one thousand and fifty1 and1 besides1 at five per cent4 ,for three years ,i paid interest on one thousand and fifty1 although you had loaned me only nine hundred and fifty4 ,all of a sudden--,i was just in trouble at the time1 for one of my draught-cattle had been crippled1 and the harvest had turned out poorly1 you came and demanded your money4 ,i had none4 #8,i am sorry1' said you1 #8,i need my money1 and could put it out at much higher interest4' ,i begged and begged4 ,you threatened to sue me4 ,finally1 after much begging1 you proposed that ,i should sell you the field1 for which three years previous ,i had paid nine hundred and fifty florins1 for seven hundred florins1 alleging that land was no longer as valuable as it had been4 ,you were willing to rent me the field at a high rate4 ,and to enable me to get along1 you offered to lend me another thousand1 but drew up a note for eleven hundred florins at ten per cent41 because1 as you pretended1 money was now bringing ten per cent4 since the law regulating interest had been abrogated4 ,for a long while ,i objected to the proposal1 but found myself forced at last to yield because you threatened to attach my effects4 ,from this time ,i began to go downhill1 ,i could no longer meet expenses1 my family was large1 and ,i had to work for you to pay up the interest and rent4 ,but for some time back ,i had been unable to do as ,i wished4 ,i could not even sell any of my own property2 for you were holding me fast1 and ,i was obliged to mortgage everything to you for a merely nominal price4 ,my cottage1 my barn1 my garden1 and the field in front of my house--worth at least two thousand florins--,i had to give you a mortgage upon for one thousand4 ,the rest of my immovable property1 fields and meadows1 you took4 ,nothing was left to me but the little hut and what adjoined it4 ,with respects1 ,mr4 ,shund1 you had long since sucked the very marrow from my bones1 next you put the rope about my neck1 and now you are about to hang me40 8,hang you8 ,ha-ha6 ,that's good1 ,holt6 ,you are in fine humor10 cried the usurer1 after hearing with a relish the simple account of his atrocious deeds4 8,i have no hankering for your neck4 ,pay up1 ,holt1 pay up1 that is all ,i want4 ,pay me over the trifle of a thousand florins and the interest1 and the house with everything pertaining to it shall be yours4 ,but if you cannot pay up1 it will have to be sold at auction1 so that ,i may get my money40 8,for heaven's sake1 ,mr4 ,shund1 be merciful10 entreated the wife4 8,we have saved up the interest with much trouble2 every farthing of it you are to receive4 ,for ,god's sake1 do not drive us from our home1 ,mr4 ,shund1 we will gladly toil for you day and night4 ,take pity1 ,mr4 ,shund1 do take pity on my poor children60 8,stop your whining4 ,pay up1 money alone has any value in my estimation--pay1 all the rest is fudge4 ,pay up60 8,god knows1 ,mr4 ,shund10 sobbed the woman1 wringing her hands1 8,i would give my heart's blood to keep my poor children out of misery--with my life ,i would be willing to pay you4 ,oh6 do have some commiseration1 do be merciful6 ,almighty ,god will requite you for it40 8,almighty ,god1 nonsense6 ,don't mention such stuff to me4 ,stupid palaver like that might go down with some bigoted fool1 but it will not affect a man of enlightenment4 ,pay up1 and there's an end of it60 8,is it your determination then1 ,mr4 ,shund1 to cast us out mercilessly under the open sky80 inquired the countryman with deep earnestness4 8,i only want what belongs to me4 ,pay over the thousand florins with the interest1 and we shall be quits4 ,that's my position1 you may go40 ,in feeling words the woman once more appealed to ,hans ,shund4 ,he remained indifferent to her pleading1 and smiled scornfully whenever she adduced religious considerations to support her petition4 ,suddenly ,holt took her by the arm and drew her towards the door4 8,say no more1 wife1 say no more1 but come away4 ,you could more easily soften stones than a man who has no conscience and does not believe in ,god40 8,there you have spoken the truth10 sneered ,shund4 8,you sneer1 ,mr4 ,shund10 and the man's eyes glared4 8,do you know to whom you owe it that your head is not broken80 8,what sort of language is that80 8,it is the language of a father driven to despair4 ,i tell you0--and the countryman raised his clenched fists--8it is to the good ,god that you are indebted for you life2 for1 if ,i believed as little in an almighty and just ,god as you1 with this pair of strong hands ,i would wring your neck4 ,yes1 stare at me6 ,with these hands ,i would strangle ,shund1 who has brought want upon my children and misery upon me4 ,come away1 wife1 come away4 ,he is resolved to reduce us to beggary as he has done to so many others4 ,do your worst1 ,mr4 ,shund1 but there above we shall have a reckoning with each other40 ,he dragged his wife out of the room1 and went away without saluting1 but casting a terrible scowl back upon ,hans ,shund4 ,for a long while the usurer sat thoughtfully1 impressed by the ominous scowl and threat1 which were not empty ones1 for rage and despair swept like a rack over the man's countenance4 ,mr4 ,shund felt distinctly that but for the ,god of ,christians he would have been murdered by the infuriated man4 ,he discovered1 moreover1 that religious belief is to be recommended as a safeguard against the fury of the mob4 ,on the other hand1 he found this belief repugnant to a usurer's conscience and a hindrance to the free enjoyment of life4 ,hans ,shund thus sat making reflections on religion1 and endeavoring to drown the echo which ,holt's summons before the supreme tribunal had awakened in a secret recess of his soul1 when hasty steps resounded from the front yard and the door was suddenly burst open4 ,hans' agent rushed in breathless1 sank upon the nearest chair1 and1 opening his mouth widely1 gasped for breath4 8,what is the matter1 ,braun80 inquired ,shund in surprise4 8,what has happened80 ,braun flung his arms about1 rolled his eyes wildly1 and labored to get breath1 like a person that is being smothered4 8,get your breath1 you fool60 growled the usurer4 8,what business had you running like a maniac8 ,something very extraordinary must be the matter1 is it not80 ,braun assented with violent nodding4 8,anything terrible80 asked he further4 ,more nodding from ,braun4 ,the usurer began to feel uneasy4 ,many a nefarious deed stuck to his hands1 but not one that had not been committed with all possible caution and secured against any afterclaps of the law4 ,yet might he not for once have been off his guard8 8,what has been detected8 ,speak60 urged the conscience-stricken villain anxiously4 8,mr4 ,shund1 you are to be--in this place--0 8,arrested80 suggested the other1 appalled1 as the agent's breath failed him again4 8,no--mayor60 ,shund straightened himself1 and raised his hands to feel his ears4 8,i am surely in possession of my hearing6 ,are you gone mad1 fellow80 8,mr4 ,shund1 you are to be mayor and member of the legislature4 ,it is a settled fact60 8,indeed1 'tis quite a settled fact that you have lost your wits4 ,it is a pity1 poor devil6 ,you once were useful1 now you are insane2 quite a loss for me6 ,where am ,i to get another bloodhound as good as you8 ,your scent was keen1 you drove many a nice bit of game into my nets4 ,hem--so many instances of insanity in these enlightened times of ours are really something peculiar4 ,braun1 dearest ,braun1 have you really lost your mind entirely8 ,completely deranged80 8,i am not insane1 ,mr4 ,shund4 ,i have been assured from various sources that you are to be elected mayor and delegate to the legislative assembly40 8,well1 then1 various persons have been running a rig upon you40 8,running a rig upon me1 ,mr4 ,shund8 ,bamboozle me--me who understand and have practised bamboozling others for so long80 8,still1 ,i maintain that people have been playing off a hoax on you--and what an outrageous hoax it is1 too60 8,i believe a hoax8 ,just listen to me4 ,i have never been more clear-headed than ,i am to-day4 ,acquaintances and strangers in different quarters of the town have assured me that it is a fixed fact that you are to be mayor of this city and member of the legislative assembly4 ,now1 were it a hoax1 would you not have to presuppose that both acquaintances and strangers conspired to make a fool of me8 ,yet such a supposition is most improbable40 8,your reasoning is correct1 ,braun4 ,still1 such a conspiracy must really have been gotten up4 ,i mayor of this city8 ,i8 ,reflect for an instant1 ,braun4 ,you know what an enviable reputation ,i bear throughout the city4 ,many persons would go a hundred paces out of their direction to avoid me1 specially they who owe or have owed me anything4 ,moreover1 who appoints the mayor8 ,the men who give the keynote1 the leaders of the town4 ,now1 these men would consider themselves defiled by the slightest contact with the outlawed usurer--which1 of course1 is very unjust and inconsistent on the part of those gentlemen--for my views are the same as theirs40 8,spite of all that1 ,i put faith in the report1 ,mr4 ,shund4 ,schwefel's bookkeeper also1 when ,i met him1 smiled significantly1 and even raised his hat40 8,hold on1 ,braun1 hold6 ,the deuce--it just now occurs to me--you might not be so much mistaken after all4 ,strange things have happened to me also4 ,gentlemen who are intimate with our city magnates have saluted me and nodded to me quite confidentially4 ,i was unable to solve this riddle1 now it's clear4 ,braun1 you are right1 your information is perfectly true40 ,and ,mr4 ,shund rubbed his hands4 8,don't forget1 ,mr4 ,shund1 that ,i first brought you the astounding intelligence1 the joyful tidings1 the information on which the very best sort of speculations may be based40 8,you shall be recompensed1 ,braun6 ,go over to the sign of the ,bear1 and drink a bottle of the best1 and ,i will pay for it40 8,at a thaler a bottle80 8,that quality isn't good for the health1 my dear fellow6 ,you may drink a bottle at forty-eight kreutzers on my credit4 ,but no--,i don't wish to occasion you an injury1 nor do ,i wish to see you disgraced4 ,you shall not acquire the name of a toper in my employ4 ,you may therefore call for a pint glass at twelve kreutzers a glass4 ,go1 now1 and leave me to myself40 ,when the agent was gone1 ,hans ,shund rushed about the room as if out of his mind4 8,don't tell me that miracles no longer occur60 cried he4 8,i1 the discharged treasurer--,i1 the thief1 usurer1 and profligate1 at the mere sight of whom every young miss and respectable lady turn up their noses a thousand paces off--,i am chosen to be mayor and assemblyman6 ,how has this come to pass8 ,where lie the secret springs of this astonishing event80 ,and he laid his finger against his nose in a brown study4 8,here it is--yes1 here6 ,the thinkers of progress have at length discovered that a man who from small beginnings has risen to an independent fortune1 whose shrewdness and energy have amassed enormous sums1 ought to be placed at the head of the city administration in order to convert the tide of public debt into a tide of prosperity4 ,yes1 herein lies the secret4 ,nor are the gentlemen entirely mistaken4 ,there are ways and means of making plus out of minus1 of converting stones into money4 ,but the gentlemen have taken the liberty of disposing of me without my previous knowledge and consent4 ,i have not even been asked4 ,quite natural1 of course4 ,who asks a dog for permission to stroke him8 ,this is1 ,i own1 an unpleasant aftertaste4 ,hem1 suppose ,i were too proud to accept1 suppose ,i wanted to bestow my abilities and energies on my own personal interests4 ,come1 now1 old ,hans1 don't be sensitive6 ,pride1 self-respect1 character1 sense of honor1 and such things are valuable only when they bring emolument4 ,now1 the mayor of a great city has it in his power to direct many a measure eminently to his own interest40 ,another knock was heard at the door1 and the usurer1 taken by surprise1 saw before him the leader ,erdblatt4 8,have you been informed of a fact that is very flattering to you80 began the tobacco manufacturer4 8,not the slightest intimation of a fact of that nature has reached me10 answered ,shund with reserve4 8,then ,i am very happy to be the first to give you the news10 assured ,erdblatt4 8,it has been decided to promote you at the next election to the office of mayor and of delegate to the legislative assembly40 ,a malignant smile flitted athwart ,shund's face4 ,he shook his sandy head in feigned astonishment1 and fixed upon the other a look that was the next thing to a sneer4 8,there are almost as many marvels in your announcement as words4 ,you speak of a decision and of a fact which1 however1 without my humble co-operation1 are hardly practicable4 ,i thought all along that the disposition of my person belonged to myself4 ,how could anything be resolved upon or become a fact in which ,i myself happen to have the casting vote80 8,your cordial correspondence with the flattering intention of your fellow-citizens was presumed upon2 moreover1 you were to be agreeably surprised10 explained the progressionist leader4 8,that1 sir1 was a very violent presumption6 ,i am a free citizen1 and am at liberty to dispose of my time and faculties as ,i please4 ,in the capacity of mayor1 ,i should find myself trammelled and no longer independent on account of the office4 ,moreover1 a weighty responsibility would then rest upon my shoulders1 especially in the present deplorable circumstances of the administration4 ,could ,i prevail on myself to accept the proffered situation1 it would become my duty to attempt a thorough reform in the thoughtless and extravagant management of city affairs4 ,you certainly cannot fail to perceive that a reformer in this department would be the aim of dangerous machinations4 ,and lastly1 sir1 why is it that ,i individually have been selected for appointments which are universally regarded as honorable distinctions in public life8 ,i repeat1 why are they to be conferred upon me in particular who cannot flatter myself with enjoying very high favor among the people of this city80 ,and there glistened something like revengeful triumph in ,shund's feline eyes4 8,when you will have given a satisfactory solution to these reflections and questions1 it may become possible for me to think of assenting to your proposal40 ,erdblatt had not anticipated a reception of this nature1 and for a moment he sat nonplussed4 8,i ask your pardon1 ,mr4 ,shund1 you have taken the words fact and decision in too positive a sense4 ,what is a decided fact is that the leaders of progress assign the honorable positions mentioned to you4 ,of course it rests with you to accept or decline them4 ,the motive of our decision was1 if you will pardon my candor1 your distinguished talent for economizing4 ,it is plain to us that a man of your abilities and thorough knowledge of local circumstances could by prudent management and1 by eliminating unnecessary expenditure1 do much towards relieving the deplorable condition of the city budget4 ,we thought1 moreover1 that your well-known philanthropy would not refuse the sacrifices of personal exertion and unremitting activity for the public good4 ,finally1 as regards the disrespect to which you have alluded1 ,i assure you ,i knew nothing of it4 ,the stupid and mad rabble may perhaps have cast stones at you1 but can or will you hold respectable men responsible for their deeds8 ,progress has ever proudly counted you in its ranks4 ,we have always found you living according to the principles of progress1 despising the impotent yelping of a religiously besotted mob4 ,be pleased to consider the tendered honors as amends for the insults of intolerant fanatics in this city40 8,your explanation1 sir1 is satisfactory4 ,i shall accept4 ,i am particularly pleased to know that my conduct and principles are in perfect accord with the spirit of progress4 ,i am touched by the flattering recognition of my greatly misconstrued position40 ,the leader bowed graciously4 8,there now remains for me the pleasant duty10 said he1 8of requesting you to honor with your presence a meeting of influential men who are to assemble this evening in ,mr4 ,schwefel's drawing-room4 ,particulars are to be discussed there4 ,the ultramontanes and democrats are turbulent beyond all anticipation4 ,we shall have to proceed with the greatest caution about the delegate elections40 8,i shall be there without fail1 sir6 ,now that ,i have made up my mind to devote my experience to the interests of city and state1 ,i cheerfully enter into every measure which it lies in my power to further40 8,as you are out for the first time as candidate for the assembly10 said ,erdblatt1 8a declaration of your political creed addressed to a meeting of the constituents would not fail of a good effect40 8,agreed1 sir6 ,i shall take pleasure in making known my views in a public speech40 ,erdblatt rose1 and ,mr4 ,hans ,shund was condescending enough to reach the mighty chieftain his hand as the latter took his leave4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,electioneering4 ,the four millions of the balcony are at present standing before two suits of male apparel of the kind worn by the working class1 contemplating them with an interest one would scarcely expect from millionaires in materials of so ordinary a quality4 ,spread out on the elegant and costly table cover are two blouses of striped gray at fifteen kreutzers a yard4 ,there are1 besides1 two pairs of trowsers of a texture well adapted to the temperature of the month of ,july4 ,there are also two neckties1 sold at fairs for six kreutzers apiece4 ,and1 lastly1 two cheap caps with long broad peaks4 ,these suits were intended to serve as disguises for ,seraphin and ,carl on this evening1 for the banker did not consider it becoming gentlemen to visit electioneering meetings1 dressed in a costume in which they might be recognized4 ,as ,greifmann's face was familiar to every street-boy1 he had provided himself with a false beard of sandy hue to complete his incognito4 ,for ,seraphin this last adjunct was unnecessary1 for he was a stranger1 and he was thus left free to exhibit his innocent countenance unmasked for the gratification of curious starers4 8,this will be a pleasant change from the monotony of a banking house existence10 said the banker gleefully4 8,i enjoy this masquerade3 it enables me to mingle without constraint among the unconstrained4 ,you are going to see marvellous things to-night1 friend ,seraphin4 ,if your organs of hearing are not very sound1 ,i advise you to provide yourself with some cotton1 so that the drums of your ears may not be endangered from the noise of the election skirmish40 8,your caution is far from inspiring confidence10 said ,louise with some humor4 8,i charge it upon your soul that you bring back ,mr4 ,gerlach safe and sound1 for ,i too am responsible for our guest40 8,and ,i1 it seems1 am less near to you than the guest1 for you feel no anxiety about me10 said the brother archly4 8,eight o'clock--it is our time40 ,he pulled the bell4 ,a servant carried off the suits to the gentlemen's rooms4 8,may ,i beseech the men in blouses for the honor of a visit before they go80 8,you shall have an opportunity to admire us10 said ,carl4 ,the transformation of the young men was more rapidly effected than the self-satisfied mustering of ,louise before the large mirror which reflected her elegant form entire4 ,she laughingly welcomed her brother in his sandy beard1 and fixed a look of surprise upon ,seraphin1 whose innocent person appeared to great advantage in the simple costume4 8,impossible to recognize you10 decided the young lady4 8,you1 brother ,redbeard1 look for all the world like a cattle dealer40 8,the gracious lady has hit it exactly10 said the banker with an assumed voice4 8,i am a horse jockey1 bent on euchreing this young gentleman out of a splendid pair of horses40 8,friend ,seraphin is most lovely10 said she in an undertone4 8,how well the country costume becomes him60 ,and her sparkling eyes darted expressive glances at the subject of her compliments4 ,for the first time she had called him friend1 and the word friend made him more happy than titles and honors that a prince might have bestowed4 ,he felt his soul kindle at the sight of the lovely being whose delicate and bewitching coquetry the inexperienced youth failed to detect1 but the influence of which he was surely undergoing4 ,his cheeks glowed still more highly1 and he became uneasy and embarrassed4 8,your indulgent criticism is encouraging1 ,miss ,louise10 replied he4 8,i have merely told the truth10 replied she4 8,but our hands--what are we to do with our hands80 interposed ,carl4 8,soft white hands like these do not belong to drovers4 ,first of all1 away with diamonds and rubies4 ,gold rings and precious stones are not in keeping with blouses4 ,nor will it do1 in hot weather like this1 to bring gloves to our aid--that's too bad6 ,what are we to do80 8,nobody will notice our hands10 thought ,seraphin4 8,my good fellow1 you do not understand the situation4 ,we are on the eve of the election4 ,everybody is out electioneering4 ,whoever to-day visits a public place must expect to be hailed by a thousand eyes1 stared at1 criticised1 estimated1 appraised1 and weighed4 ,the deuce take these hands6 ,good advice would really be worth something in this instance40 8,to a powerful imagination like your own10 added ,louise playfully4 ,she disappeared for a moment and then returned with a washbowl4 ,pouring the contents of her inkstand into the water1 she laughingly pointed them to the dark mass4 8,dip your precious hands in here1 and you will make them correspond with your blouses in color and appearance40 8,how ingenious she is60 cried ,carl1 following her direction4 8,most assuredly nothing comes up to the ingenuity of women4 ,we are beautifully tattooed1 our hands are horrible6 ,we must give the stuff time to dry4 ,had ,i only thought of it sooner1 ,louise1 you should have accompanied us disguised as a drover's daughter1 and have drunk a bumper of wine with us4 ,the adventure might have proved useful to you1 and served as an addition to the sum of your experiences in life40 8,i will content myself with looking on from a distance10 answered she gaily4 8,the extraordinary progressionist movement that is going on to-day might make it a difficult task even for a drover's daughter to keep her footing40 ,the two millionaires sallied forth1 ,carl making tremendous strides4 ,seraphin followed mechanically1 the potent charm of her parting glances hovering around him4 8,we shall first steer for the sign of the #8,green ,hat1'0 said ,greifmann4 8,there you will hear a full orchestra of progressionist music1 especially trumpets and drums1 playing flourishes on ,hans ,shund4 #8,the ,green ,hat' is the largest beer cellar in the town1 and the proprietor ranks among the leaders next after housebuilder ,sand4 ,all the representatives of the city rgime gather to-day at the establishment of ,mr4 ,belladonna--that's the name of the gentleman of the #8,green ,hat4' ,besides the leaders1 there will be upward of a thousand citizens1 big and small1 to hold a preliminary celebration of election day4 ,there will also be #8wild men' on hand10 proceeded ,carl1 explaining4 8,these are citizens who in a manner float about like atoms in the bright atmosphere of the times without being incorporated in any brilliant body of progress4 ,the main object of the leaders this evening is to secure these so-called #8wild men' in favor of their ticket for the city council4 ,glib-tongued agents will be employed to spread their nets to catch the floating atoms--to tame these savages by means of smart witticisms4 ,when1 at length1 a prize is captured and the tide of favorable votes runs high1 it is towed into the safe haven of agreement with the majority4 ,resistance would turn out a serious matter for a mechanic1 trader1 shopkeeper1 or any man whose position condemns him to obtain his livelihood from others4 ,opposition to progress dooms every man that is in a dependent condition to certain ruin4 ,for these reasons ,i have no misgivings about being able to convince you that elections are a folly wherever the banner of progress waves triumphant40 8,the conviction with which you threaten me would be anything but gratifying1 for ,i abhor every form of terrorism10 rejoined ,seraphin4 8,very well1 my good fellow6 ,but we must accustom ourselves to take things as they are and not as they ought to be4 ,therefore1 my youthful ,telemachus1 you are under everlasting obligations to me1 your experienced ,mentor1 for procuring you an opportunity of becoming acquainted with the world1 and constraining you to think less well of men than your generous heart would incline you to do40 ,they had reached the outskirts of the city4 ,a distant roaring1 resembling the sound of shallow waters falling1 struck upon the ears of the maskers4 ,the noise grew more distinct as they advanced1 and finally swelled into the brawling and hum of many voices4 ,passing through a wide gate-way1 the millionaires entered a square ornamented with maple-trees4 ,under the trees1 stretching away into the distance1 were long rows of tables lit up by gaslights1 and densely crowded with men drinking beer and talking noisily4 ,the middle of the square was occupied by a rotunda elevated on columns1 with a zinc roof1 and bestuck in the barbarous taste of the age with a profusion of tin figures and plaster-of-paris ornaments4 ,beneath the rotunda1 around a circular table1 sat the leaders and chieftains of progress1 conspicuous to all1 and with a flood of light from numerous large gas-burners streaming upon them4 ,between ,sand and ,schwefel was throned ,hans ,shund1 extravagantly dressed1 and proving by his manner that he was quite at his ease4 ,nothing in his deportment indicated that he had so suddenly risen from general contempt to universal homage4 ,mr4 ,shund frequently monopolized the conversation1 and1 when this was the case1 the company listened to his sententious words with breathless attention and many marks of approbation4 ,mentor ,greifmann conducted his ward to a retired corner1 into which the rays of light1 intercepted by low branches1 penetrated but faintly1 and from which a good view of the whole scene could be enjoyed4 8,do you observe ,hans there under the baldachin surrounded by his vassals80 rouned ,carl into his companion's ear4 8,even you will be made to feel that progress can lay claim to a touching spirit of magnanimity and forgiveness4 ,it is disposed to raise the degraded from the dust4 ,the man who only yesterday was engaged in shoving a car1 sweeping streets1 or even worse1 to-day may preside over the great council1 provided only he has the luck to secure the good graces of the princes of progress4 ,hans ,shund1 thief1 usurer1 and nightwalker1 is a most striking illustration of my assertion40 8,what particularly disgusts and incenses me10 replied the double millionaire gravely1 8is that1 under the rgime of progress1 they who are degraded1 immoral1 and criminal1 may rise to power without any reformation of conduct and principles40 8,what you say is so much philosophy1 my dear fellow1 and philosophy is an antique1 obsolete kind of thing that has no weight in times when continents are being cut asunder and threads of iron laid around the globe4 ,moreover1 such has ever been the state of things4 ,in the dark ages1 also1 criminals attained to power4 ,just think of those bloody monarchs who trifled with human heads1 and whose ministers1 for the sake of a patch of territory1 stirred up horrible wars4 ,compared with such monsters1 ,hans ,shund is spotless innocence40 8,quite right1 sir10 rejoined the landholder1 with a smile4 8,those bloody kings and their satanic ministers were monsters--but only--and ,i beg you to mark this well--only when judged by principles which modern progress sneers at as stupid morality and senseless dogma4 ,i even find that those princely monsters and their conscienceless ministers shared the species of enlightenment that prides itself on repudiating all positive religion and moral obligations40 8,thunder and lightning1 ,seraphin6 were not you sitting bodily before me1 ,i should believe ,i was actually listening to a ,jesuit4 ,but be quiet6 ,it will not do to attract notice4 ,ah6 splendid4 ,there you see some of the #8wild men1'0 continued he1 pointing to a table opposite4 8,the fellow with the bald head and fox's face is an agent1 a salaried bellwether1 a polished electioneer4 ,he has the #8wild men' already half-tamed4 ,watch how cleverly he will decoy them into the progressionist camp4 ,let us listen to what he has to say2 it will amuse you1 and add to your knowledge of the developments of progress40 8,we want men for the city council10 spoke he of the bald head1 8that are accurately and thoroughly informed upon the condition and circumstances of the city4 ,of what use would blockheads be but to fuss and grope about blindly8 ,what need have we of fellows whose stupidity would compromise the public welfare8 ,the men we want in our city council must understand what measures the social1 commercial1 and industrial interests of a city of thirty thousand inhabitants require in order that the greatest good of the largest portion of the community may be secured4 ,nor is this enough10 proceeded he with increasing enthusiasm4 8,besides knowledge1 experience1 and judgment1 they must also be gifted with the necessary amount of energy to carry out whatever orders the council has thought fit to pass4 ,they must be resolute enough to break down every obstacle that stands in the way of the public good4 ,now1 who are the men to render these services8 ,none but independent men who by their position need have no regard to others placed above them--free-spirited and sensible men1 who have a heart for the people4 ,now1 gentlemen1 have you any objections to urge against my views80 8,none1 ,mr4 ,spitzkopf6 ,your views are perfectly sound10 lauded a semi-barbarian4 8,we have read exactly what you have been telling us in the evening paper40 8,of course1 of course60 cried ,mr4 ,spitzkopf4 8,my views are so evidently correct that a thinking man cannot help stumbling upon them4 ,none but the slaves of priests1 the wily brood of ,jesuits1 refuse to accept these views10 thundered the orator with the bald head4 8,and why do they refuse to accept them8 ,because they are hostile to enlightenment1 opposed to the common good1 opposed to the prosperity of mankind1 in a word1 because they are the bitter enemies of progress4 ,but take my word for it1 gentlemen1 our city contains but a small number of these creatures of darkness1 and those few are spotted10 emphasized he threateningly4 8,therefore1 gentlemen10 proceeded he insinuatingly1 8,i am convinced1 and every man of intelligence shares my conviction1 that ,mr4 ,shund is eminently fitted for the city council--eminently6 ,he would be a splendid acquisition in behalf of the public interests6 ,he understands our local concerns thoroughly1 possesses the experience of many years1 is conversant with business1 knows what industrial pursuits and social life require1 and1 what is better still1 he maintains an independent standing to which he unites a rare degree of activity4 ,were it possible to prevail on ,mr4 ,shund to take upon himself the cares of the mayoralty1 the deficit of the city treasury would soon be wiped out4 ,we would all have reason to consider ourselves fortunate in seeing the interests of our city confided to such a man40 ,the 8wild men0 looked perplexed4 8,right enough1 ,mr4 ,spitzkopf10 explained a timid coppersmith4 8,shund is a clever1 well-informed man4 ,nobody denies this4 ,but do you know that it is a question whether1 besides his clever head1 he also possesses a conscience in behalf of the commonwealth80 8,the most enlarged sort of a conscience1 gentlemen--the warmest kind of a heart60 exclaimed the bald man in a convincing tone4 8,don't listen to stories that circulate concerning ,shund4 ,there is not a word of truth in them4 ,they are sheer misconstructions--inventions of the priests and of their helots40 8,i beg your pardon1 ,mr4 ,spitzkopf1 they are not all inventions10 opposed the coppersmith4 8,in the street where ,i live1 ,shund keeps up a certain connection that would not be proper for any decent person1 not to say for a married man40 8,and does that scandalize you80 exclaimed the bald-headed agent merrily4 8,mr4 ,shund is a jovial fellow1 he enjoys life1 and is rich4 ,mr4 ,shund will not permit religious rigorism to put restraints upon his enjoyments4 ,his liberal and independent spirit scorns to lead a miserable existence under the rod of priestly bigotry4 ,and1 mark ye1 gentlemen1 this is just what recommends him to all who are not priest-ridden or leagued with the hirelings of ,rome10 concluded the electioneer1 casting a sharp look upon the coppersmith4 8,but ,i am a ,lutheran1 ,mr4 ,spitzkopf10 protested the coppersmith4 8,there are hypocrites among the ,lutherans who are even worse than the ,romish ,jesuits10 retorted the man with the bald head4 8,consider1 gentlemen1 that the leading men of our city have1 in consideration of his abilities1 concluded to place ,mr4 ,shund in the position which he ought to occupy4 ,are you going1 on to-morrow1 to vote against the decision of the leading men8 ,are you actually going to make yourselves guilty of such an absurdity8 ,you may1 of course1 if you wish1 for every citizen is free to do as he pleases4 ,but the men of influence are also at liberty to do as they please4 ,i will explain my meaning more fully4 ,you1 gentlemen1 are1 all of you1 mechanics--shoemakers1 tailors1 blacksmiths1 carpenters1 etc4 ,from whom do you get your living8 ,do you get it from the handful of hypocrites and men of darkness8 ,no2 you get your living from the liberals1 for they are the moneyed men1 the men of power and authority4 ,it is they who scatter money among the people4 ,you obtain employment1 you get bread and meat1 from the liberals4 ,and now to whom1 do you think1 will the liberals give employment8 ,they will give it to such as hold their views1 and not--mark my word--to such as are opposed to them4 ,the man1 therefore1 that is prepared recklessly to ruin his business has only to vote against ,mr4 ,shund40 8,that will do the business1 that will fetch them10 said ,greifmann4 8,just look how dumfounded the poor savages appear60 8,it is brutal terrorism60 protested ,seraphin indignantly4 8,but don't misunderstand me1 ,mr4 ,spitzkopf6 ,i am neither a hypocritical devotee nor a ,jesuit60 exclaimed the coppersmith deprecatingly4 8,if ,shund is good enough for them10 pointing to the leaders under the rotunda1 8he is good enough for me40 8,for me1 too60 exclaimed a tailor4 8,there isn't a worthier man than ,shund10 declared a shopkeeper4 8,and not a cleverer10 said a carpenter4 8,and none more demoralized10 lauded a joiner1 unconscious of the import of his encomium4 8,that's so1 and therefore ,i am satisfied with him10 assured a shoemaker4 8,so am ,i--so am ,i10 chorussed the others eagerly4 8,that is sensible1 gentlemen10 approved the bald man4 8,just keep in harmony with liberalism and progress1 and you will never be the worse for it1 gentlemen4 ,above all1 beware of reaction--do not fall back into the immoral morasses of the middle ages4 ,let us guard the light and liberty of our beautiful age4 ,vote for these men10 and he produced a package of printed tickets1 8and you will enjoy the delightful consciousness of having disposed of your vote in the interests of the common good40 ,spitzkopf distributed the tickets on which were the names of the councilmen elect4 ,at the head of the list appeared in large characters the name of ,mr4 ,hans ,shund4 8,the curtain falls1 the farce is ended10 said ,greifmann4 8,what you have here heard and seen has been repeated at every table where #8wild men' chanced to make their appearance4 ,everywhere the same arguments1 the same grounds of conviction40 ,seraphin had become quite grave1 and cast his eyes to the ground in silence4 8,by ,jove1 the rogue is going to try his hand on us60 said ,carl1 nudging the thoughtful young man4 8,the bald-headed fellow has spied us1 and is getting ready to bag a couple of what he takes to be #8wild men4' ,come1 let us be off40 ,they left the beer cellar and took the direction of the city4 8,now let us descend a little lower1 to what ,i might call the amphibia of society10 said ,greifmann4 8,we are going to visit a place where masons1 sawyers1 cobblers1 laborers1 and other small fry are in the habit of slaking their thirst4 ,you will there find going on the same sort of electioneering1 or1 as you call it1 the same sort of terrorism1 only in a rougher style4 ,there beer-jugs occasionally go flying about1 and bloody heads and rough-and-tumble1 fights may be witnessed40 8,i have no stomach for fisticuffs and whizzing beer-mugs10 said ,gerlach4 8,never mind1 come along4 ,i have undertaken to initiate you into the mysteries of elections1 and you are to get a correct idea of the life action of a cultivated state40 ,they entered an obscure alley where a fetid1 sultry atmosphere assailed them4 ,greifmann stopped before a lofty house1 and pointed to a transparency on which a brimming beer-tankard was represented4 ,a wild tumult was audible through the windows1 through which the cry of 8,shund60 rose at times like the swell of a great wave from the midst of corrupted waters4 ,as they were passing the doorway a dense fog of tobacco smoke mingled with divers filthy odors assailed their nostrils4 ,seraphin1 who was accustomed to inhaling the pure atmosphere of the country1 showed an inclination to retreat1 and had already half-way faced about when his companion seized and held him4 8,courage1 my friend6 wade into the slough boldly10 cried he into the struggling youth's ear4 8,hereafter1 when you will be riding through woodland and meadows1 the recollection of this subterranean den will enable you to appreciate the pure atmosphere of the country twice as well4 ,look at those sodden faces and swollen heads4 ,those fellows are literally wallowing and seething in beer1 and they feel as comfortable as ten thousand cannibals4 ,it is really a joy to be among men who are natural40 ,the millionaires1 having with no little difficulty succeeded in finding seats1 were accosted by a female waiter4 8,do the gentlemen wish to have election beer80 8,no10 replied ,gerlach4 ,his abrupt tone in declining excited the surprise of the fellows who sat next to them4 ,several of them stared at the landholder4 8,so you don't want any election beer80 cried a fellow who was pretty well fired4 8,why not8 ,may be it isn't good enough for you80 8,oh1 yes6 oh1 yes60 replied the banker hastily4 8,you see1 ,mr4 ,shund0-- 8,that's good6 ,you call me ,shund10 interrupted the fellow with a coarse laugh4 8,my name isn't ,shund--my name is ,koenig--yes1 ,koenig--with all due respect to you40 8,well1 ,mr4 ,koenig--you see1 ,mr4 ,koenig1 we decline drinking election beer because we are not entitled to it--we do not belong to this place40 8,ah1 yes--well1 that's honest60 lauded ,koenig4 8,being that you are a couple of honest fellows1 you must partake of some of the good things of our feast4 ,i say1 ,kate10 cried he to the female waiter1 8bring these gentlemen some of the election sausages40 ,greifmann1 perceiving that ,seraphin was about putting in a protest1 nudged him4 8,what feast are you celebrating to-day80 inquired the banker4 8,that ,i will explain to you4 ,we are to have an election here to-morrow2 these men on the ticket1 you see1 are to be elected40 ,and he drew forth one of ,spitzkopf's tickets4 8,every one of us has received a ticket like this1 and we are all going to vote according to the ticket--of course1 you know1 we don't do it for nothing4 ,to-day and to-morrow1 what we eat and drink is free of charge4 ,and if ,satan's own grandmother were on the ticket1 ,i would vote for her40 8,the first one on the list is ,mr4 ,hans ,shund4 ,what sort of a man is he80 asked ,seraphin4 8,no doubt he is the most honorable and most respectable man in the place60 8,ha6 ha6 that's funny6 ,the most honorable man in the place6 ,really you make me laugh4 ,never mind1 however1 ,i don't mean to be impolite4 ,you are a stranger hereabout1 and cannot1 of course1 be expected to know anything of it4 ,shund1 you see1 was formerly--that1 is a couple of days ago--,shund was a man of whom nobody knew any good4 ,for my part1 ,i wouldn't just like to be sticking in ,shund's hide4 ,well1 that's the way things are3 you know it won't do to babble it all just as it is4 ,but you understand me4 ,to make a long story short1 since day before yesterday ,shund is the honestest man in the world4 ,our men of money have made him that1 you know10 giving a sly wink4 8,what the men of money do1 is well done1 of course1 for the proverb says1 #8,whose bread ,i eat1 his song ,i sing4'0 8,shut your mouth1 ,koenig6 ,what stuff is that you are talking there80 said another fellow roughly4 8,hans ,shund is a free-spirited1 clever1 first-class1 distinguished man4 ,taken altogether1 he is a liberal man4 ,for this reason he will be elected councilman to-morrow1 then mayor of the city1 and finally member of the assembly40 8,that's so1 that's so1 my partner is right10 confirmed ,koenig4 8,but listen1 ,flachsen1 you will agree that formerly--you know1 formerly--he was an arrant scoundrel40 8,why was he8 ,why80 inquired ,flachsen4 8,why8 ,ha1 ha6 ,i say1 ,flachsen1 go to ,shund's wife1 she can tell you best4 ,go to those whom he has reduced to beggary1 for instance1 to ,holt over there4 ,they all can tell you what ,shund is1 or rather what he has been4 ,but don't get mad1 brother ,flachsen6 ,spite of all that1 ,i shall vote for ,shund4 ,that's settled40 ,and he poured the contents of his beer-pot down his throat4 8,as you gentlemen are strangers1 ,i will undertake to explain this business for you10 said ,flachsen1 who evidently was an agent for the lower classes1 and who did his best to put on an appearance of learning by affecting high-sounding words of foreign origin4 8,shund is quite a rational man1 learned and full of intelligence4 ,but the priests have calumniated him horribly because he will not howl with them4 ,for this reason we intend to elect him1 not for the sake of the free beer4 ,when ,shund will have been elected1 a system of economy will be inaugurated1 taxes will be removed1 and the encyclical letter with which the ,pope has tried to stultify the people1 together with the syllabus1 will be sent to the dogs4 ,and in the legislative assembly the liberal-minded ,shund will manage to have the priests excluded from the schools1 and we will have none but secular schools4 ,in short1 the dismal rule of the priesthood that would like to keep the people in leading-strings will be put an end to1 and liberal views will control our affairs4 ,as for ,shund's doings outside of legitimate wedlock1 that is one of the boons of liberty--it is a right of humanity2 and when ,koenig lets loose against ,shund's money speculations1 he is only talking so much bigoted nonsense40 ,flachsen's apologetic discourse was interrupted by a row that took place at the next table4 ,there sat a victim of ,shund's usury1 the land-cultivator ,holt4 ,he drank no beer1 but wine1 to dispel gloomy thoughts and the temptations of desperation4 ,it had cost him no ordinary struggle to listen quietly to eulogies passed on ,shund4 ,he had maintained silence1 and had at times smiled a very peculiar smile4 ,his bruised heart must have suffered a fearful contraction as he heard men sounding the praises of a wretch whom he knew to be wicked and devoid of conscience4 ,for a long time he succeeded in restraining himself4 ,but the wine he had drunk at last fanned his smouldering passion into a hot flame of rage1 and1 clenching his fist1 he struck the table violently4 8,the fellow whom you extol is a scoundrel60 cried he4 8,who is a scoundrel80 roared several voices4 8,your man1 your councilman1 your mayor1 is a scoundrel6 ,shund is a scoundrel60 cried the ruined countryman passionately4 8,and you1 ,holt1 are a fool60 8,you are drunk1 ,holt60 8,holt is an ass10 maintained ,flachsen4 8,he cannot read1 otherwise he would have seen in the ,evening ,gazette that ,shund is a man of honor1 a friend of the people1 a progressive man1 a liberal man1 a brilliant genius1 a despiser of religion1 a death-dealer to superstition1 a--a--,i don't remember what all besides4 ,had you read all that in the evening paper1 you fool1 you wouldn't presume to open your foul mouth against a man of honor like ,hans ,shund4 ,yes1 stare2 if you had read the evening paper1 you would have seen the enumeration of the great qualities and deeds of ,hans ,shund in black and white40 8,the evening paper1 indeed60 cried ,holt contemptuously4 8,does the evening paper also mention how ,shund brought about the ruin of the father of a family of eight children80 8,what's that you say1 you dog80 yelled a furious fellow4 8,that's a lie against ,shund60 8,easy1 ,graeulich1 easy10 replied ,holt to the last speaker1 who was about to set upon him4 8,it is not a lie1 for ,i am the man whom ,shund has strangled with his usurer's clutches4 ,he has reduced me to beggary--me and my wife and my children40 ,graeulich lowered his fists1 for ,holt spoke so convincingly1 and the anguish in his face appealed so touchingly1 that the man's fury was in an instant changed to sympathy4 ,holt had stood up4 ,he related at length the wily and unscrupulous proceedings through which he had been brought to ruin4 ,the company listened to his story1 many nodded in token of sympathy1 for everybody was acquainted with the ways of the hero of the day4 8,that's the way ,shund has made a beggar of me10 concluded ,holt4 8,and ,i am not the only one1 you know it well4 ,if1 then1 ,i call ,shund a usurer1 a scoundrel1 a villain1 you cannot help agreeing with me40 ,flachsen noticed with alarm that the feeling of the company was becoming hostile to his cause4 ,he approached the table1 where he was met by perplexed looks from his aids4 8,don't you perceive10 cried he1 8that ,holt is a hireling of the priests8 ,will you permit yourselves to be imposed upon by this salaried slave8 ,hear me1 you scapegrace1 you rascal1 you ass1 listen to what ,i have to tell you6 ,hans ,shund is the lion of the day--the greatest man of this century6 ,hans ,shund is greater than ,bismarck1 sharper than ,napoleon4 ,out of nothing ,god made the universe3 from nothing ,hans ,shund has got to be a rich man4 ,shund has a mouthpiece that moves like a mill-wheel on which entire streams fall4 ,in the assembly ,shund will talk down all opposition4 ,he will talk even better than that fellow ,voelk1 over in ,bavaria1 who is merely a lawyer1 but talks upon everything1 even things he knows nothing about4 ,and do you1 lousy beggar1 presume to malign a man of this kind8 ,if you open that filthy mouth of yours once more1 ,i will stop it for you with paving-stones40 8,hold1 ,flachsen1 hold6 ,i am not the man that is paid2 you are the one that is paid10 retorted the countryman indignantly4 8,my mouth has not been honey-fed like yours4 ,nor do ,i drink your election beer or eat your election sausages4 ,but with my last breath ,i will maintain that ,shund is a scoundrel1 a usurer1 a villain40 8,out with the fellow60 cried ,flachsen4 8,he has insulted us all1 for we have all been drinking election beer4 ,out with the helot of the priests60 ,the progressionist mob fell upon the unhappy man1 throttled him1 beat him1 and drove him into the street4 8,let us leave this den of cutthroats10 said ,gerlach1 rising4 ,outside they found ,holt leaning against a wall1 wiping the blood from his face4 ,seraphin approached him4 8,are you badly hurt1 my good man80 asked he kindly4 ,the wounded man1 looking up1 saw a noble countenance before him1 and1 whilst he continued to gaze hard at ,seraphin's fine features1 tears began to roll from his eyes4 8,o ,god6 ,o ,god60 sighed he1 and then relapsed into silence4 ,but in the tone of his words could be noticed the terrible agony he was suffering4 8,is the wound deep--is it dangerous80 asked the young man4 8,no1 sir1 no6 ,the wound on my forehead is nothing--signifies nothing2 but in here10 pointing to his breast--8in here are care1 anxiety1 despair4 ,i am thankful1 sir1 for your sympathy2 it is soothing4 ,but you may go your way2 the blows signify nothing40 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,spaniards ,,at ,,home4 ,there is something very pleasant in waking some morning in a strange country1 with strange faces around us1 a strange language ringing in our ears1 strange costumes1 strange institutions1 strange everything--something1 we fancy1 half akin to what ,byron felt when he woke one morning to find himself famous4 ,it is pleasant to step from ,new ,york to ,cadiz1 from the heart of the ,new ,world into an historic city1 that was as historic before our nation was born as it is to-day2 that has not cared to march overmuch with the age1 yet has never drifted backward1 and still stands there1 as it did long ago1 the 8white-walled ,cadiz10 rising sheer out of the waters1 with its long1 straight streets and tall houses sleeping by the golden bay4 ,it is pleasant1 we say1 to find ourselves here breathing awhile from the heat of the strife that beats over there for ever and knows no rest2 to open our eyes upon 8something new and strange02 to miss for once the eternal stages and the rumble and the jingle of the cars1 and the multiplicity of signs1 and names1 and glaring advertisements1 crowding in upon us at all times and in all places4 ,it is not unpleasant even to miss our dames for awhile with their exaggeration of wealth and extravagance1 resting our eyes instead on the modest black robes1 nunlike in simplicity1 crowned by the bewitching mantilla of the beauties whom ,byron sang4 ,as you look into the street1 the feeling grows upon you that you are gazing on a moving panorama pencilled by the old ,spanish painters4 ,there pass the blooming seorita1 fresh as a rosebud1 side by side with the duenna1 yellow and puckered3 how they resemble la ,joven and la ,vieja of ,goya4 ,that little beggar-boy1 with those beautiful black eyes and a carnation in the olive cheek1 sprawling in his picturesque rags on the pavement1 is surely a brother to that of ,murillo1 so studiously engaged in performing an operation on his person more necessary than elegant4 ,here saunters a lazy soldier smoking his cigarette2 there an old padre totters with bended head hidden under the large hat1 snuff-box in hand1 and an old calf-skin volume under his arm2 he has just stepped out of his gilded frame4 ,the trappings of the mules1 the brown faces and merry eye of the muleteer1 were known to us long ago on canvas4 ,nor are there wanting those pale ascetic countenances where religion1 and intellect1 and inspiration are so marvellously blended3 you see them in the pulpit and on the altar1 in the cloister and the convent walls4 ,in our last article1#bja we ventured to assert that the ,spaniards were the purest race in ,europe2 and not the meanest proof of the truth of this assertion might be furnished by their paintings4 ,those who pride themselves on the blue blood that runs in their veins have their galleries filled with portraits of the family1 where you may trace the same lineaments handed down from sire to son for generations1 which no change of time or costume can efface4 ,the ,spanish painters have furnished us with the portraits of their nation1 and a beggar to-day might point with pride to his progenitor on the canvas of ,murillo4 ,how different is the life here from ours6 ,there are only two meals1 unless you choose to take what the ,spaniards call 8lonch40 ,on rising1 the boy brings you your bath1 and1 if you care for it1 as you are sure to do1 a cup of coffee4 ,if you have business to transact1 you go to your office3 if not1 you take a book or a newspaper1 and saunter into the garden1 while the morning is fresh and a thousand delicious odors are around you4 ,at half-past ten or eleven the household meet at breakfast1 when you pay your respects to the 8seorita10 the dear little lady1 as the servants entitle your hostess1 and inquire if she has passed the night well4 ,the breakfast is similar to the ,french dejeuner3 a variety of courses1 with perhaps some delicious fruits1 and a cup of cafe con leche at the end4 ,while we are breakfasting1 a friend or relative of the family may enter1 and1 as he sits and jokes1 he produces his cigarette1 ignites and smokes away as only a ,spaniard can1 with an ease and a grace and a thorough enjoyment that are enviable4 ,this may startle our lady readers1 but remember we are in ,spain2 the dining-room is spacious and lofty1 the windows open1 and the pure clear air flower-scented1 or1 if in season1 loaded with the breath of the orange blossom1 gains rather than loses by the transient odor so faintly discerned of the delicious ,havana leaf4 ,the breakfast ended1 your host hands a cigar around to each of the gentlemen3 the ladies remain to chat them out1 and then everybody goes about his business4 ,and here let us answer once for all a ridiculous question that has often been put to us4 ,ladies when speaking of their ,spanish sisters are apt to say3 8,oh6 yes1 ,i know they are very charming and graceful1 and the mantilla is a love of a costume1 and so becoming to a dark complexion2 but tell me1 now1 is it not true that--they smoke80 ,the astonishment of a ,spanish gentleman on being asked by every foreigner he meets if his wife and daughters--for to such the question really reduces itself--indulge in 8the weed10 is just as great as our own would be on a similar query being put to us regarding our ladies4 ,we meet again at dinner at six or seven o'clock4 ,your host may possess a ,french cook--we beg his pardon--artiste2 if not1 you will have a ,spanish dinner unflavored1 since we must confess it1 by the too fragrant garlic1 which is confined to the mountaineers up in the ,basque ,provinces4 ,you have some dishes cooked in oil1 and it is so pure and good that you very soon get to like it4 ,there is genuine 8,vino de ,jerez0 on the table1 undoctored for the market1 clear as amber1 ambrosial as nectar1 delicious in bouquet and flavor4 ,you will be astonished at the ,spaniards taking so little of it2 many never touch it at all4 ,they prefer claret or pure water1 the climate not admitting of stronger drinks4 8,borracho10 drunkard1 in ,spain1 as in most southern countries of ,europe1 is the vilest title you can give a man4 ,there are splendid olives and rare fruits1 preserved1 or as they dropped from the hand of nature4 ,more friends may call during dinner1 ladies1 perhaps1 this time1 and your hostess never disturbs herself with the thought that they have come to see what is on the table4 8,seor don ,rafael1 beso a ,usted la mano10 says the lady to her visitor--8,i kiss my hand to you40 8,beso a ,usted los pies1 seorita10 responds the cavalier with a bow--8,i kiss your feet1 my dear lady40 ,dinner over1 cigars are again produced1 and we all adjourn to the patio1 it being too warm for music or cards4 ,the elders assemble and discuss the funds1 or times1 or the state of the country4 ,politics are very rife at present1 and the fire and animation of the speakers1 the variation of their tones1 the free and striking gesture--for with a ,spaniard the whole body speaks--are a pleasing novelty to us1 accustomed to a tamer mode of conversation4 ,the ladies nestle together1 and are deep in the mysteries best known to themselves4 ,the younger gentlemen gradually detach themselves from their elders1 and leave the country to go to ruin1 while they indulge in less momentous but far more interesting topics with the ladies1 and give vent to their ,andalusian wit4 ,the patio is a feature in a ,spanish house4 ,it is a species of court1 large or small1 according to the dimensions of the mansion1 paved with flags or marble1 with perhaps a fountain playing in the middle and cooling the atmosphere2 in the marble basin silver and gold fish leap1 and a few rare plants freshen around it4 ,high overhead is a roof of glass1 where a canvas screen keeps out the sun when his rays are too powerful4 ,the house1 generally of two stories in the south1 but very lofty1 is built around this quadrangle1 the upper floor reaching partly over it1 supported by pillars1 sometimes richly wrought and adorned4 ,paintings or engravings relieve the bare white walls4 ,on the one side a doorway1 with a little convent grating to peer from1 completely shuts out the view of the street2 on the other1 an iron gate opens to the garden1 where you see the yellowing oranges clustering bright in their dark-leaved recesses1 and brilliant flowers and odor-bearing shrubs gladden the eye and soothe the senses4 ,from the patio we proceed to the ,alameda or paseo--park or promenade as we should call them4 ,here all the world assembles1 seated in groups1 sauntering up and down in little bands1 small knots standing a little aloof to discuss some grave topic--nobody alone4 ,laughter resounds on all sides--laughter and the ,castilian tongue everywhere3 ringing out in music from the mouths of the dames1 swelling and falling and adapting itself to every changing emotion in the very emotional breasts of those men1 rippling over and enchanting our ears in the tiny mouths of these children4 ,to a stranger the scene is bewitching2 the softness of the air and the perfume that lingers on it2 the animation in the countenances and gestures of all2 the grace of the ladies' costume1 the ever-fluttering fan which only a ,spanish woman knows how to use2 the sallies of wit in tones that mock the best comedian2 a free-heartedness and union among all1 springing undoubtedly from the religion which makes all men brethren4 ,at the very entrance of the ,alameda there is probably a tiny chapel of the ,virgen ,santissima1 with ever-burning light1 where men and women pause to drop a prayer as they go to and from their diversion4 ,imagine such a thing in ,central ,park6 ,we are in ,andalusia1 and of all the lovely spots in this lovely land we think it bears off the palm4 ,columbus1 when the glories of the ,antilles burst upon him after that dreary and momentous voyage1 compared the climate more than once to an ,april day in ,andalusia4 ,everything it produces is of the best--corn1 wine1 fruits1 cattle4 ,the bread is the most delicious and whitest we have ever tasted or seen4 ,the nights are most lovely4 ,the sky deep and clear2 all the stars of heaven seem to cluster above us1 and the moon shines with a startling brilliancy on the white houses of the sleeping town1 on the brown cathedral that towers above all1 on the dark thick clustering leaves of the orange-trees1 on the silent streets1 narrow and straggling1 showing every stone and pebble on the one side with minute distinctness1 while the other is buried in mysterious shadow4 ,not a sound is heard save the cry of the sereno calling out the hour as he passes his lonely rounds4 ,the ,andaluz is the embodiment of his climate4 ,a child of the sun1 of the clear free air1 with wealth in his fields and the great ocean smiling all around his coast1 where the ships of all nations come to lade and unlade1 he yearns for the freedom which strangers hold so carelessly1 and is ready to fight and to die for it4 ,so ,andalusia is the hotbed of revolution4 ,as the ,biscayan is famed for his unyielding nature1 the ,gallego for his stupidity1 so is the ,andaluz for his wit4 ,he speaks rapidly and with many gestures1 clipping his words--a grave sin against the sonorous ,castilian4 ,he is handsome1 quick1 fiery1 with a keen eye for ridicule1 but a good nature that can never resist a joke even if it be at his own expense4 ,people say that he derives his comely form and graceful extremities from the ,moors1 but he would not thank you to tell him so4 ,the ,andaluza is worthy of such a partner1 if she does not surpass him4 ,if he is a ,republican1 she is a ,carlina1 for ,don ,carlos with her means religion1 and religion means everything4 ,byron has painted her1 and very faithfully4 ,his remarks on the state of the country might be written to-day4 ,he moralizes over the barbarity of the bull-fights1 too4 ,they are dying out now in exact proportion as man-fights are gaining ground with us4 ,of the two1 we must say we infinitely prefer the bull-fight4 ,it is amusing to hear ,englishmen and ,americans virtuously indignant on the immorality and barbarism of such an exhibition1 as they bury themselves next moment in a three-column description of the latest feat of the fancy1 or the glorious contest for hours between two miserable dogs or wretched cocks4 ,we are lovers of fair play1 manliness1 and good-fellowship4 ,we do things in an honest1 straightforward fashion1 and the hand that shakes another's preparatory to the combat quite takes the sting from the blow that maims his fellow-man for life or beats that life out of him4 ,so we look on and applaud and make our bets on the contest1 and curse the wretch who has lost his own miserable life and our money4 ,but we are straying into civilization2 let us go back to barbarism and ,andalusia4 ,the vineyards are decidedly unpicturesque2 the vines low1 the soil yellow4 ,but the life at vintage season is 8,full of the warm ,south1 ,dance1 and ,provenal song1 and sunburnt mirth40 ,the agricultural laborers are very well paid in ,spain1 getting as much as one dollar a day or even more4 ,the work is terrible2 out the whole day under a burning sun1 delving and cutting and trenching a dusty soil1 with a pick instead of a spade to penetrate below the upper stratum of dust4 ,they are tall wiry fellows1 most of them from the mountains1 brown as the soil1 and sinewy1 with dark eyes and crisp1 close-cut black hair4 ,a quarter of an hour spent in merely looking on overpowers us2 but they seem made for the sun4 ,the food that supports them under such toil is composed chiefly of a single dish called gazpacho1 and gazpacho merits special mention4 ,fill a large bowl with water and vinegar1 we do not know the exact proportions1 but there is a great deal of vinegar1 and1 so far as we recollect1 oil is added4 ,a quantity of bread is thrown in to soak1 and some herbs1 with1 perhaps1 a slight flavor of garlic2 and there you have gazpacho1 the staple food of these men in the hot months4 ,you eat a small piece of some light meat and a salad before it2 a piece of toast fried in oil is not bad2 drink a glass of water or two after2 light the never-failing cigarette1 and you are cool and refreshed4 ,it may not seem a very delicate diet to us2 but when the ,levante1 the hot desert wind laden with the finest of the burning sands1 comes choking the atmosphere1 and penetrating every crevice with a furnace heat all the day and all the night1 burning the blood in the veins till it reaches fever-heat1 and leaving you weak and utterly prostrate1 8with just strength enough to thank ,god that breathing is an involuntary action0--as a gentleman aptly described to me the effects of the sirocco1 the ,italian equivalent--then place before a man in such a state of lassitude a steaming joint of roast beef with the heavy incidentals1 and he will turn from it with disgust4 ,at such moments the gazpacho seems the most delicious dish under the sun4 ,the houses and furniture of these laborers are the neatest and cleanest in the world4 ,the same feeling runs through high and low in ,spain2 their houses are models of freshness and purity4 ,and ,jacobo or ,perico turns out on the ,sunday in linen fine as his master's1 in jacket of velvet with buttons or bells of gold1 a crimson scarf round his waist1 and patent-leather shoes shining on his feet4 ,he can joke and chat with his master with an easy freedom that never passes beyond the bounds of respect and never sinks into servility4 ,as you pass him on the road alone or with any number of his companions1 they all lift their sombreros with an inborn grace1 and a genial buenos dias or buenas tardes1 seor4 ,but the new order is trying1 and with some success1 to change all that2 though a stranger still meets in ,spain with that rare yet most ,christian thing1 unbought courtesy4 ,the ,gallego is the very opposite of the ,andaluz--a rude1 simple mountaineer1 he is the hewer of wood and drawer of water to his countrymen4 ,he is honest and open as the day1 with a childlike affection for his master1 and is particularly happy at a blunder4 ,rare are the stories told in ,andalusia of the ,gallegos4 ,we give two1 rather as indicating the estimation in which they are held than as happy specimens of the ,andalusian broma4 ,when the post was first introduced into ,spain1 the postmaster of a small town in the north was astonished1 one day1 by a ,gallego bursting in on him with the query1 delivered in stentorian tones3 8,is there a letter here for me from my father80 8,i do not know1 sir2 who is your father80 ,this was too much for the ,gallego2 the idea of anybody in this world being unacquainted with his parent was so overpowering that1 not being able to restrain his feelings1 he rushed from the spot1 and was not heard of for some time afterwards4 ,meanwhile1 a letter arrived directed in a style of calligraphy that might have done credit to ,mr4 ,weller1 ,senior1 addressed ,to my ,son ,at ,san ,juan4 ,having sufficiently recovered from the violent shock given to his feelings1 the ,gallego once more presented himself at the post-office with the same question1 8,is there a letter here from my father80 8,oh6 yes10 said the official1 immediately producing the mysteriously addressed missive2 8here1 this is from your father4 ,take this one10 and delivered it without the slightest doubt as to the accuracy of its destination4 ,another1 on finding himself for the first time in a city1 as he stood gaping and wondering at the sights around him1 suddenly heard a shrill voice cry out1 8,i don't want to go to school2 the master beats me40 ,he looked around for the child1 but the only object that met his gaze was a parrot1 mowing and chattering in a cage1 and bobbing1 wriggling1 and looking at the ,gallego with its cunning old eye forty different ways at once4 8,i don't want to go to school2 the master beats me40 ,the bewildered ,gallego stared1 and pondered1 and1 after a deep consultation with himself1 came to the conclusion that the voice must proceed from the cage2 from the strange specimen of humanity before him1 so marvellously resembling a bird2 but a bird talking the purest ,castilian1 though with something of a sharp accent1 was a clear impossibility4 ,his simple1 good-nature was hurt at the idea of having wronged a fellow-creature even in his thoughts4 ,so turning he excused himself3 8,pardon me1 child2 ,i thought it was a bird40 ,of all traits in the national character1 their universal civility astonishes an ,american or ,englishman1 accustomed as we are to the every-man-for-himself principle2 yet how few we meet who do not consider the ,spaniards as a treacherous1 revengeful1 and bloodthirsty race6 ,our own statistics1 we fear1 would furnish but a sorry set-off against theirs for crime in every phase2 and particularly for the most cowardly1 brutal1 and premeditated assaults and assassinations1 ending too often with the escape of the culprit4 ,the quarrels in ,spain between man and man arise generally from some love affair or political difference1 very rarely from money4 ,two peasants are drinking in a tavern1 the wine excites their fiery blood2 one has lost his novia1 the other has won her2 a blow or an insult is given2 they draw their knives1 and adjourn to fight--8just like gentlemen40 ,it is1 in fact1 a duel1 which common-sense has not yet been able to laugh out of ,spain4 ,no pecuniary damages1 won by the cold arguments that sway a court of law1 can heal the wound of honor in the chivalrous breast of the ,spaniard2 and not a few examples have we lately had of lives lost in this way4 ,one was most tragic in its end as in all its bearings2 ,i allude to the duel between ,don ,enrique de ,bourbon and ,montpensier4 ,and surely never was presented on the stage a scene more dramatic or striking4 ,don ,enrique was by profession a naval officer1 high in the service of his royal relative1 ,queen ,isabella1 a young1 gallant1 and efficient sailor1 with a promising future opening before him4 ,he was happy in the love of a lady destined as all understood to be his2 when suddenly ,montpensier stepped in and won her1 scarcely by force of personal attractions1 for he was already well advanced in years2 but the marriage was a closer link to the throne4 ,don ,enrique vowed the death of the man who had crossed his life at the threshold4 ,but his schemes of vengeance were baffled2 an order came to quit the country1 ostensibly for having joined in conspiracy against the throne4 ,deprived at once of his love1 his command1 and his country1 life was closed to him4 ,from his retirement he sent challenge after challenge to ,montpensier1 and vilified him even in the public press1 as he could not force a response from him2 but to no purpose4 ,montpensier1 high in favor at court1 secure in possession and in power1 could safely affect to despise the ravings of a madman4 ,by-and-by came the revolution which drove ,isabella out4 ,now was ,don ,enrique's chance1 and he hastened to seize it4 ,as expulsion under the queen's reign was a virtue in the eyes of the new government1 he applied for restoration to his country and his rank in the navy4 ,the first request was granted1 the second denied2 as the government had proclaimed an end to the ,bourbon race1 no member of that race could take rank under them1 unless he renounced his title4 ,here again he traced the hand of ,montpensier4 ,if he could have nothing else1 at least he would have revenge1 being now in the same city with the man who had crossed him at every step of his career4 ,he sent his last challenge1 publishing it at the same time in the press1 enumerating the occasions on which he had sent similar messages1 which had ever been met by the silence of fear4 ,he heaped insults upon him1 apostrophizing him as a 8pastillero frances10 a fellow ready to soil his hands with the pettiest and meanest intrigue4 ,montpensier was at the time a candidate for the ,spanish throne2 for the kingship of a people in whose eyes honor was ever dearer than life2 further silence would ruin his prospects2 so at last he was forced out of his reserve1 and1 in a letter that sounded well1 accepted the challenge as one which a man of honor could not pass over in silence1 disclaiming at the same time any antagonism to its author personally2 if there was any justice in what he said1 it was the result of accident2 in fact1 leaving people to understand that he never troubled his head about the man4 ,they met on a cold gray morning1 and the chances of success leaned decidedly on the side of ,don ,enrique4 ,a young1 bold man1 to whom deadly weapons had been playthings from his infancy1 he was urged on by a life of hate to slay the man who had blighted that life and darkened its promising opening2 his opponent was a middle-aged man1 near-sighted1 who bore the reputation of a littrateur rather than a fighter4 ,both felt that perhaps a crown as well as a life hung on the trigger4 ,scarce was the word given to fire when the bullet of ,don ,enrique brushed his foe1 and ,montpensier's lost itself in the air4 ,a second shot1 and they still stood face to face uninjured4 8,est afinando0--8,he is getting closer10 whispered the prince to his second1 as he took the last pistol from his hand4 ,the words are remarkable as expressing the coolness of the man1 whose eye took in everything at such a moment1 and perhaps something more4 ,at the next discharge1 the bullet of the man who1 whether designedly or not1 had met him and beaten him at all points1 pierced his breast2 he sprang into the air1 fell forward1 and rolled contorted on the ground1 a corpse--a theme for novelist as well as moralist3 it looked like fatality4 ,but from such sad scenes we are happy to turn to others more worthy of our attention and more characteristic of the nation at large4 ,the thing that of all others cannot fail to strike the visitor is the intense religion displayed everywhere4 8,ay1 ,maria60 8,por ,dios60--8,for ,god's sake0--8,ay1 ,dios mio10 are the expressions that buzz around our ears all day4 ,the holy name is a household word with them1 pronounced at all times and on all occasions1 but with a reverence that never shocks4 ,when they wish something done1 they say 8,dios quiere0--8,god grant it02 when they bid you good-by1 8,adios--,vaya ,usted con ,dios--,queda ,usted con ,dios--,que ,dios te guarda0--8,go with ,god--,rest with ,god--,may ,god guard thee40 ,they speak of the blessed sacrament as 8,su ,majestad0--8his majesty10 of the ,blessed ,virgin always as 8la ,santissima ,virgen0--8the most ,holy ,virgin40 ,the graveyard is 8el campo santo0--8the holy field03 so like the old ,catholic 8,god's acre0 that ,longfellow loves4 ,when they wish to express intense horror of a thing1 they make the sign of the cross on their foreheads1 lips1 and breast1 and then in the air1 as though to place that invincible sign between them and the object of their abhorrence4 ,the vast majority of the towns and villages are named after the saints1 and each one has its special patron as well as the patron of the district4 ,and that intense faith in intercessory prayer to some special saint which holy writers urge us to cultivate is born in them4 ,on the festival of ,good ,friday throughout ,spain1 the municipality and gentlemen of the towns walk dressed in evening costume side by side with the poor4 ,not a vehicle is to be seen in the street3 all the world is there to watch and pray4 ,the new government1 ,prim's1 gave the order for coaches to run as usual on ,good ,friday1 in outrage of a custom immemorial in the nation1 and an honor to them as to all ,christendom of whatever creed4 ,but the coachmen as well as their masters proved better ,christians than their rulers2 and on the day in question not a conveyance was to be seen1 save a solitary coach1 which the populace immediately seized1 compelling its occupant to descend1 who proved to be a scared member of the diplomatic body4 ,the celebration of ,holy ,week in ,seville attracts the world thither4 ,the modern churches in ,spain1 particularly in ,madrid1 though for the most part spacious and lofty1 do not impress one with their beauty4 ,to those accustomed to associate their ideas of religion with the ,gothic style of architecture1 the altars will not be pleasing4 ,spiral pillars wriggle to the roof1 inwrought and gorgeously painted4 ,the vases are filled with silver and gold filigree work wrought to imitate flowers4 ,there are many figures1 small or large1 of el nio ,jesu1 or la ,santissima ,virgen1 or the saints1 not always displaying the most finished art1 decked out with a costume of sober black or gorgeous color and texture1 glittering with gold and precious stones and ornaments of choice and antique workmanship4 ,little thanksgiving offerings surround them4 ,such things as these look like superstition to the cold eye of a man to whom faith is folly and reverence ignorance4 ,but there is something powerful in the simple1 earnest belief of the people who pray before them1 and are content to be thus reminded of the great and good ,god and ,virgin ,mother1 who are willing to receive the offerings of the meanest2 a reverend familiarity with ,god is thus created which those people bear about with them4 ,these men and women go into the church to pray3 their very costume is befitting the sanctuary2 and there is very little of that newspaper religion which some of our weekly journals piously advocate by so carefully announcing 8where the best dresses and prettiest faces are to be seen40 ,on the walls hang magnificent paintings4 ,the treasures of ,murillo are in the cathedral of ,seville4 ,they were placed there by his own hand1 having been painted for their several positions that the light might fall on them in such or such a manner4 ,and it is not unpleasant to think of the sun rising and falling day after day as though in obedience to the great master who has passed away1 bringing out their beauties faithfully in accordance with his wish4 ,the construction of the cathedral itself is a triumph of architecture4 ,not a stone has shifted from its place since it was first laid there3 there is no sinking or rising in the floor3 and to-day you may pass your cane over the surface and not a joint offers the slightest obstruction4 ,the very names of the people are taken from religion and the mysteries of religion in the same spirit with which they named their discoveries after ,santa ,cruz1 ,san ,domingo1 ,san ,jos1 ,trinidad4 ,among men's ,christian and surnames we continually find ,jesu1 ,jesu ,maria1 ,juan de ,dios1 ,santa ,cruz1 ,salvador2 among the women1 ,concepcion1 ,dolores--a sweet name after the ,mother of ,sorrows1 ,maria de los ,angeles1 and the like4 ,the very streets and the public places are christened in the same way2 and the ships baptized and launched with religious ceremonies1 a custom that prevails also in ,france4 ,they preserve the old gospel use of the word woman4 ,that is the title by which the husband addresses his wife as often as any other4 ,she calls him hijo1 son1 or hombre1 man4 8,hija de mi alma10 daughter of my soul1 is also very common4 ,ceremony is only employed with strangers2 tu1 thou1 is the form in which intimate friends are always addressed4 ,after becoming acquainted1 you call the lady of the house and her daughters1 whether grown up or young1 by their maiden names simply4 ,it is amusing to hear little ones who can scarcely lisp address each as seor and seora4 ,they have a fair supply of newspapers1 and very able ones1 in ,spain2 though1 as usual1 those that enjoy the widest circulation at present are devoted to the dissemination of false principles4 ,they are cried out in the streets not by newsboys as with us1 but principally by old blind men1 who stand in the most public places with a tablet of the latest news on their breasts1 and having got their lesson by rote spout away untiringly4 ,the club is becoming a very favorite institution1 and is1 in fact1 the stronghold and rendezvous of political parties4 ,there is a very famous one in ,madrid1 which numbers among its members such men as ,castelar1 ,moret1 and others4 ,they meet sometimes for public discussion2 and those great orators rise there to propound their theories as earnestly as in the ,cortes4 ,they have a code of intercourse worthy of imitation4 ,when a ,spanish family takes up its quarters at a hotel or in a new place1 the neighbors1 though perfect strangers1 call1 leave their cards1 and go away4 ,if their acquaintance is desired1 they are waited upon and conversation ensues2 if not1 the stranger simply returns his card in the same manner as the other was received2 and no slight or grievance is felt or intended4 ,the amusements are various4 ,apart from the opera1 theatre1 and those common to all nations1 they are very fond of an indoor game called volante1 which is simply battledoor and shuttlecock2 ladies and gentlemen play at it together4 ,there is also a very favorite game of cards1 tresillo1 to which we have no equivalent4 ,the climate compels the ,spanish women to lead a more indoor life than with us4 ,the men are fond of riding1 hunting1 and shooting4 ,they sit as erect on horseback as statues2 and the army officers are very fond of displaying the motions rather than the speed of their steeds4 ,mules are in great demand2 for the roads in ,spain1 except in the neighborhood of the great towns1 are very bad2 mere bridle-paths most of them4 ,seated in a vehicle that would be a treasure in an art museum for antiquity1 construction1 and shape1 with a team of six or eight of these animals to jolt you anywhere1 is a position more than pleasant4 ,the jingle of the little bells with which the harness is adorned1 the cracking of the driver's whip1 the tones in which he endeavors to animate the vicious brutes1 now cajoling them in accents that might win the heart of a maiden1 again pouring forth a volley of imprecations on their heads and tails and pedigree1 as though they were human1 is a study4 ,you can never trust these animals1 and it is always the safer plan to give their hoofs what a sailor would call sea-room4 ,an archbishop1 passing along the streets one day1 suddenly came upon a string of them1 and as suddenly crossed to the other side of the street4 8,o ,seor ,arzobispo10 said the muleteer1 8you need not be frightened4 ,these are harmless animalitos40 8,yes1 ,i know they are harmless10 replied his grace1 8and that is the reason ,i cross here2 if they were not1 ,i should go to the next street40 ,this fact of the roads being so bad and the intercommunication so deficient1 coupled with tales of brigandage1 gives strangers the idea that travelling in ,spain is very insecure4 ,we might pass from end to end of the land1 unknown and unarmed1 with far greater safety than during a five minutes' walk through many a street in ,new ,york or ,london after nightfall4 ,we had an instance of brigandage and its treatment in ,spain during ,prim's rgime1 a time when the country was as convulsed as at present4 ,encouraged1 no doubt1 by the lamentable success of a similar exploit in ,greece1 some miscreants carried off a merchant from ,gibraltar1 and demanded a round ransom as the forfeit of his life4 ,prim1 without a moment's hesitation as to the nice question of treating with brigands1 or a thought of where the ransom was to come from1 paid it1 and sent four of the civil guard to follow up the robbers1 which they did so successfully that they shot them all and retook their booty4 ,we have not heard of brigandage since in ,spain1 notwithstanding the highly touched pictures presented1 the other day1 of an attack on a railway train1 accompanied by smoke and powder1 and brigands in the stage costume of centuries back4 ,this civil guard is an excellent institution4 ,the body is recruited from the best ranks of the soldiery4 ,it is a distinction to be admitted among them1 which engenders an esprit de corps that makes them the terror of the wrong-doer and the right arm of order4 ,we ourselves might take a lesson from the incident mentioned above1 if we are to credit the reports of the ,lowery gang4 ,they have but one great line of railroad in ,spain1 which runs through the country from north to south4 ,the train creeps along at a steady thirty miles an hour1 without a moment's variation4 ,to a stranger1 wishing to catch a glimpse of the country1 this is highly advantageous2 as he is not whirled away at a rate that presents to his anxious eye trees1 houses1 mountains1 streams1 in a phrenzied panorama4 ,for our present notions of commerce it may be too slow1 and a man in a hurry feels half inclined to get out and walk2 but as a set-off against this1 the ,spaniards pride themselves on not having had a single accident accompanied by loss of life since the railroad was first started4 ,you are rolled through the fertile plains and swelling uplands of ,andalusia1 rich in corn and wine and oil2 through fields1 and orange and olive groves1 dotted with white towns and modest villages1 where the church-tower ever soars above all as a landmark4 ,you pass ,seville2 and as its associations crowd upon you1 fain would you linger amid the gay society of the lovely city smiling amid its groves and gardens2 dreaming day by day in las delicias2 lost amid the treasures of art that make every boy in the street an efficient critic1 so accustomed is his eye to the beautiful and the true4 ,famous spots and historic cities greet you as you go4 ,the ,escurial looms up1 a white1 silent palace with deserted windows1 standing out in startling relief from a semi-circle of bare mountains4 ,not a soul was to be seen around it2 the monks had been just expelled2 not a sound to break the painful silence that seemed to emanate from the gloomy pile4 ,it stood there as the great king left it1 a type of himself1 out of the world in a grandeur of isolation2 a something that ought to have passed away1 unknown in these days4 ,had a troop of cavaliers with pennon and plume and glistening mail shone out a moment on the mountain-side1 it would have seemed in keeping with the place rather than strange4 ,there is almost a contrast between the ages as our little engine puffs and snorts and fumes1 fretting to 8go ahead0 and leave it1 staring out of its silent windows1 unmoved1 untouched by the age1 which busies itself with things and not with ideas4 ,before arriving at ,madrid1 where the train stops for a few hours1 we pass through ,aranjuez1 the beautiful summer-palace of the late queen2 with its woods and magnificent vistas and lengthening avenues1 full of lovely recesses and places of cool shade4 ,at last we are in the heart of the kingdom4 ,madrid1 though not very large1 is a brilliant city4 ,its prado where fashion saunters is beautifully laid out4 ,it has a splendid museum1 many churches1 though none of them remarkable for beauty1 and the vast palace of royalty1 rich in furniture and objects of art4 ,the houses and public buildings are lofty1 the hotels many and excellent4 ,fountains spout in the open squares2 crowds are buzzing through the streets or discussing at the cafs1 for politics absorb the life in ,madrid4 ,the weather is treacherous1 and many are carried off in a few hours by a pulmonia1 for1 as their proverb says1 8,the air of ,madrid will not cause a leaf to flutter from the tree1 but will kill a man40 ,though the sky is clear and blue1 and the sun shines out royally1 a breeze comes down from the neighboring sierras1 frost-laden1 that pierces you through and through1 and searches all your bones1 and the very marrow in them2 there is death in its breath4 ,for all that1 the ,madrileos live a very gay life2 retiring to rest generally at the small hours1 and rising when they please4 ,in the summer the city is empty1 even the shopkeepers flit2 for the heat is then intolerable1 and they wander to ,san ,sebastian or the south of ,france1 or to their own watering-places1 which are numerous and inferior to none4 ,as the train bears us further north1 the scene ever varying grows more and more deserted4 ,you close the curtains of the carriage to keep out the heat during the day1 while at night you may wake amid frost and snow4 ,the villagers and mountaineers crowd to the carriage windows at every station2 old men1 and dark-eyed boys1 and graceful girls1 with fruits and wines1 and water1 and milk4 8,quien quiere agua8 ,agua fresca8 ,quien quiere leche8 ,agua como la nieve60--8,who wants water--cool water8 ,who wants milk8 ,water cool as snow10 is the shrill cry from many throats on all sides4 8,seorito1 un quartito por el amor de ,dios0--8,a farthing1 my dear little sir1 for the love of ,god40 8,teno lastima de1 un pobrescito1 seorito mio1 y ,dios te lo pagara0--8,have pity on a poor little one1 and ,god will repay thee10 snivels an old beggar in pitiful rags4 ,if you listened to him for five minutes1 he would treat you to a sermon on the evil of poverty and the eternal rewards of generosity1 that would rival the most eloquent of preachers and charm the money out of your pockets4 ,through the ,pyrenees1 the scenery grows wilder still and more picturesque2 the construction of the railway here is a marvel of skill and enterprise4 ,you are shot through tunnels bored through the solid rock1 numbers of them of considerable length4 ,you skirt dizzy precipices with scarce a straw between you and the dim hollows or ominous pools that sleep hundreds of feet below4 ,quaint little hamlets with quaint people are perched on mountain-tops or buried in pastoral nooks far away down4 ,tiny streamlets start out of the mountain and accompany you as you go4 ,you can trace them as they tumble and fall1 and lose themselves1 and reappear with gathering volume and widening channel1 till you cross them on a bridge lower down1 and find them broad and powerful rivers1 turning mills and humming onward to the sea4 ,this is a great district for paper mills2 you see them on every side4 ,san ,sebastian is up here1 with its beautiful villas and pleasant strand at the foot of the mountain1 skirted by a town increasing in wealth and importance every year4 ,the favorite promenade is called the ,paseo de las ,conchas1 8,the ,walk of the ,shells10 a very beautiful one4 ,it is becoming a very favorite and fashionable resort during the summer months2 so much so that gamblers tried to obtain permission from the government to establish here the gambling-tables which have been banished from their own ,baden ,baden4 ,fine hotels are springing up1 and there is no summer residence in ,europe that would better repay a visit than this1 uniting as it does the air of the sea and the mountains1 where you may turn from the strand to the most pastoral of scenery1 from the conventionalities of life to the rude simplicity of the ,basque mountaineer4 ,this brings us to the frontier1 and here we stop1 with the consciousness of having thrown but a very fleeting glance over so vast a field1 with its mines of historic wealth and troublous problems of to-day4 ,our object has been to display in their truer colors a people as little understood as it is studiously misrepresented by a host of writers1 who forget that the pen is the handmaiden of truth4 ,,footnote3 #bja ,,catholic ,,world1 ,june1 #ahgb4 ,,aix-,,la-,,chapelle4 ,every summer the fashionable world must go to the baths1 must drink the waters1 must be refreshed after the arduous winter campaign of dining and wining1 of dancing and talking1 of matines and soires4 ,in ,america1 we recover our strength at ,saratoga and ,newport1 hunt in the ,adirondacks1 freeze on top of the ,white ,mountains1 listen to the roar of ,niagara1 drink sulphur at ,sharon and the ,virginia ,springs1 and shortly1 when the magnificent ,national ,park1 at the headwaters of the ,yellowstone1 is fenced in1 we will go to sleep in a palace-car in ,new ,york1 and wake up at the foot or on the top of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,i believe the park1 so generously voted to a grateful country by our patriotic ,congress1 is in that charming vicinity4 ,human nature is the same everywhere2 old ,europe and young ,america live1 think1 talk1 have their being1 in one and the same way4 ,london and ,paris1 ,berlin and ,vienna1 get tired and worn out just like ,washington and ,new ,york1 ,boston and ,new ,orleans4 ,people must travel1 people must have somewhere to go4 ,some go to ,brighton1 some go to ,boulogne-sur-,mer1 some to ,ostend2 lately1 it is very fashionable to go to ,norway1 the lakes are so blue1 the trees are so green1 nature is so grand and beautiful2 and if the trip is only continued to ,lapland1 the midnight sun can be seen to the greatest advantage4 ,but for its being a little too near ,spain and its weekly--that is to say1 daily--revolutions1 ,biarritz is charming2 so is ,vichy1 so is ,wiesbaden1 so is ,spa1 so is ,hombourg1 so is ,aix-la-,chapelle1 where there are the hottest of hot sulphur springs1 as hot as when ,charlemagne loved to bathe and drink2 and loved the place so well that he made it the capital of his dominions north of the ,alps1 raised it to the rank of second city of his empire1 and built the noble cathedral which ,leo ,,iii4 was kind enough to come all the way from ,rome to consecrate4 ,and in #hjd1 when ,leo ,,iii4 dedicated it1 according to the wish of ,charlemagne1 to the ,blessed ,virgin1 in the presence of many cardinals1 of #cfc bishops1 and numerous princes1 travelling was not made easy as nowadays4 ,there was no tunnel through ,mont ,cenis1 but people climbed up and slid down mountains as best they could1 forded rivers1 and jogged along on horses or mules1 or any other beast of burden that could be made to answer the purpose4 ,of course1 society was the same then as now2 there were good and bad men and women1 just as now2 but1 judging by what we see and read of the past1 there was a strong living faith1 that was fonder of building up than of pulling down4 ,charlemagne could invite the ,pope to visit him1 and consecrate his cathedral2 he could look the ,pope honestly in the eyes1 and ask his blessing4 ,strong1 mighty1 powerful1 he was an humble1 obedient son of the church2 his strength and might and power were used in support1 in defence of that glorious ,mother ,church to whom he owed all that was good and great in his life4 ,he gave to the ,pope1 that he might be independent of all human control2 he did not steal and insult1 as a present reigning sovereign delights in doing2 he did not1 like a modern emperor of the ,french1 use religion as an instrument for gaining popularity--send soldiers to ,rome one day1 and order them back the next1 make a convention in ,september with a robber-king1 and in ,october hurry off ,frenchmen to retrieve the day at ,mentana2 but he believed and acted up to his belief4 ,he had his faults1 as all men have1 but he was true to his principles1 and1 like all true men1 died in the peace of ,god4 ,for him there was no ,sedan1 no ,waterloo1 but a glorious tomb in his own grand cathedral1 and grand it is--an octagon in the ,byzantine style1 surrounded by numerous chapels4 ,the rotunda is supported by pillars of polished ,ravenna marble1 presented by ,leo ,,iii41 dividing the galleries into arcades4 ,the church was commenced in #gif1 and finished in #hjd2 the works were superintended by ,eginhard1 the biographer of ,charlemagne4 ,all that ,rome and ,ravenna could furnish of most beautiful in marble was employed in the decoration4 ,the dome was surmounted by a globe of massive gold1 the doors and balustrades were of bronze1 the vases and ornaments of unparalleled magnificence4 ,the railings of the eight arcades of the triforium1 cast in bronze of four different patterns1 and the doors1 adorned with lions' heads of the same material1 which no longer occupy their original position1 but are attached to a porch of the seventeenth century1 convey a perfect idea of the state of art in the eighth century4 ,on the right of the porch is the figure of a she-wolf1 which has served as a foundation for many popular legends1 but the real origin is unknown4 ,the arches of the gallery are adorned with thirty-two pillars of marble1 granite1 and porphyry1 brought by ,charlemagne from the ,exarch's palace at ,ravenna and from ,rome4 ,the finest of these1 removed by the ,french in #agid1 were brought back in #ahae1 and have been repolished and replaced at the expense of the ,emperor of ,germany4 ,the interior of the dome was originally adorned with mosaics1 remains of which may still be seen4 ,the cathedral was pillaged by the ,normans in #hha1 restored by ,otho ,,iii4 in #ihc1 but in all essential respects is still the church of ,charlemagne4 ,eastward of the old apse1 ,otho ,,iii4 built a chapel1 in which he was buried2 both of these were pulled down in the fourteenth century1 when the present choir1 which has preserved the plan of ,otho's chapel1 was erected2 and his tomb is exactly beneath the present high altar4 ,the choir is ,gothic1 one hundred and fourteen feet high2 nothing can be more striking than the contrast between the octagon nave and the ,gothic choir--so totally unlike1 and still harmonizing4 ,it is the ,christian religion subduing and dominating the proud ,roman ,empire4 ,thirty-seven emperors and eleven empresses have been crowned in this cathedral1 from #hca to #aeca4 ,ferdinand ,i41 brother of ,charles ,v41 was the last4 ,since then1 they were crowned at ,frankfort1 where the election was held4 ,from the centre of the dome hangs a massive ,gothic lustre1 presented by the ,emperor ,frederick ,barbarossa in souvenir of his coronation4 ,the bases of the circles are engraved with groups1 representing the ,annunciation1 ,nativity1 ,adoration of the ,magi1 ,crucifixion1 ,three ,marys at the ,tomb1 ,ascension1 ,descent of the ,holy ,ghost1 and the ,last ,judgment4 ,the lustre is suspended by four chains1 richly chased1 and united in a brass plate1 on the lower side of which is engraved a figure of ,st4 ,michael4 ,immediately beneath the lustre a large slab of marble bears the simple inscription1 ,carolo ,magno1 which covered the vault where once reposed the remains of ,charlemagne4 ,the vault below was opened by ,otho ,,iii4 in #iig1 and again by ,frederick in #aafe4 ,charlemagne1 who died at ,aix-la-,chapelle in #had1 did not designate his burial-place1 but it was thought there could be no more appropriate spot than the magnificent church which he had built in his chosen city4 ,his body was found seated on a throne as if alive1 clothed in the imperial robes2 his crown on his head1 his manuscript of the ,gospels on his knees1 his sword1 ,joyeuse1 was placed by his side1 and his pilgrim's pouch1 which he always wore on his journeys to ,rome1 was suspended to his girdle4 ,his sceptre and shield1 which were of gold1 and had been blessed by ,leo ,,iii41 were at his feet4 ,over all was thrown the imperial mantle1 and above was erected a superb triumphal arch1 on which was this epitaph3 8,ici repose le corps de ,charles1 grand et orthodoxe empereur1 qui tendit glorieusement le royaume des ,francs1 et le gouverna heureusement pendant #dg ans40 ,the body of ,charlemagne was enshrined by order of ,frederick1 and the throne of white marble on which he was seated is now kept in the upper gallery of the nave1 directly facing the choir2 the other relics were carefully preserved1 and used in the coronation of succeeding emperors of ,germany4 ,towards the end of the last century1 at the approach of the ,french army1 they were removed to ,paderborn1 and returned in #ahjd1 but not complete1 as the ,emperor of ,germany had kept three articles which were regarded as indispensable at a coronation4 ,these articles were a shrine1 enclosing some of the earth watered by the blood of the proto-martyr ,st4 ,stephen2 the book of ,gospels1 found on the knees of ,charlemagne1 which is written on bluish bark1 in characters of gold4 ,it was with the hand on this book1 and upon the shrine of ,st4 ,stephen1 that the emperor made his coronation oath4 ,the third article was the sword of ,charlemagne1 ,joyeuse1 a present from ,haroun-al-,raschid1 which was the sword of coronation4 ,it was presented to the emperor by the ,elector of ,trves1 who invested him with it with these word3 8,accipe gladium per manus ,episcoporum40 ,at the words1 8,accingere gladio tuo10 the ,elector of ,saxe placed it in the scabbard1 and1 assisted by the ,elector of ,cologne1 girded it around the new emperor4 ,the emperor was by right a canon of the chapter of the cathedral1 whose members obtained from ,gregory ,v41 when he visited ,aix-la-,chapelle in #iig1 the title of cardinal-priests4 ,in the ages of faith1 the imperial dignity was semi-priestly2 the emperor was considered as having charge of souls4 ,before the emblems of sovereign dignity were placed in his hands1 he swore1 with his hand upon the ,gospels1 fidelity to the church which had just consecrated him4 ,the archbishop gave him the sword 8to combat the enemies of ,christ0--the imperial purple symbolized 8the zeal with which he should endeavor to consolidate in the empire the reign of faith and of peace0--and with the sceptre he was exhorted to become 8the father of his people1 the protector of the ministers of ,god1 the defender of the widow and the orphan40 ,and1 last of all1 to seal the alliance contracted with the ,holy ,church1 he received a portion of the sacred ,host1 consecrated in the pontifical ,mass1 the other half of which was consumed by the priest of ,god4 ,after the election of the emperor at ,frankfort1 the electors and the emperor elect proceeded to ,aix-la-,chapelle1 where the coronation took place4 ,the emperor heard ,mass in the choir of the cathedral1 surrounded by his court2 the people were in the nave--the octagon1 built by ,charlemagne2 after the ,mass1 he was conducted up the staircase1 temporarily erected from directly beneath the lustre in the centre1 to the throne of ,charlemagne4 ,the electors and their suites occupied the arcades in the gallery2 and there1 surrounded by priests1 princes1 and people1 the ,christian emperor swore to maintain the laws of ,god and man4 ,before signing the act of his election1 the emperor confirmed all the privileges given by his predecessors to the ,cathedral of ,notre ,dame2 and then the cortge proceeded to the ,htel de ,ville1 where the coronation banquet was held in the splendid hall1 so beautifully restored by the ,king of ,prussia--we beg pardon1 ,emperor of ,germany4 ,the ,cathedral of ,notre ,dame was formerly exempt from ordinary episcopal jurisdiction1 and from its foundation was directly under the ,holy ,see1 which privilege was confirmed in #aaeg by ,pope ,adrian ,,iv4 ,aix-la-,chapelle is very old2 it was known to the ,romans under the name of ,aquis ,granum1 and is said to have been founded in the second century4 ,remains of ,roman baths have been discovered near the cathedral and the ,elisenbrunnen4 ,burnt by the ,huns in #dea1 it was rebuilt1 and became a favorite residence of the ,frankish kings4 ,here was ,charlemagne born1 ,april #b1 #gdb1 and here he died1 ,january #bh1 #had4 ,in #hha1 the town was sacked by the ,normans1 and at the end of the tenth century restored and enlarged by ,otho ,,iii41 who died here in #ajjb4 ,charlemagne surrounded the city with a wall1 pierced by ten gates1 which ,frederick ,barbarossa rebuilt and strengthened in #aahg4 ,the good old city has seen stormy days1 as in #aaih it was besieged by ,otho of ,brunswick1 and in #abdg by ,william of ,holland1 to whom it surrendered after a siege of six months4 ,during the middle ages1 it attained great wealth by its manufacture of cloth2 agencies for the sale of which were established at ,venice and ,antwerp in the fourteenth century4 ,many diets of the empire were held here2 and three times1 in #affh1 #agdh1 and #ahah1 the diplomats of ,europe met in the ,htel de ,ville to settle terms of peace and heal the wounds of war4 ,the conferences of the congress were held in the ,krnungsaal1 a spacious saloon occupying the whole of the third floor2 the former banqueting-hall after the coronations4 ,the ,htel de ,ville was erected on the site of the palace of the ,frankish kings1 in which ,charlemagne was born1 and the famous banqueting-hall has been adorned with splendid frescoes1 done by the best artists of the ,dsseldorf school1 depicting scenes in the life of ,charlemagne4 ,they were painted at the command of the ,emperor of ,germany1 and the nine frescoes represent3 ,the ,destruction of the ,saxon ,idols2 ,the ,battle of ,cordova2 ,the ,baptism of ,witikind2 ,a ,diet of the ,empire2 ,the ,coronation of ,charlemagne2 ,the ,coronation of his son ,louis2 ,the ,taking of ,pavia2 ,the ,opening of the ,tomb of ,charlemagne2 ,the ,foundation of the ,cathedral4 ,since the time of the ,romans1 ,aix-la-,chapelle has been celebrated as a watering-place2 and modern ,europe fully appreciates the delicious baths and bubbling springs4 ,every seven years the ,exposition of the ,great ,relics takes place2 and then the pilgrims1 drawn by faith1 are added to the thousands of votaries at the shrine of fashion who annually flock to the dear old city4 ,the four ,great ,relics1 which are exposed every seven years1 from the #ajth to the #bdth of ,july1 are3 ,the dress of the ,blessed ,virgin2 ,the swaddling-clothes of the ,infant ,jesus at ,bethlehem2 ,the cloth that encircled the loins of our dear ,lord on the cross2 ,the cloth in which the head of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist was enveloped after his decapitation4 ,charlemagne obtained these relics from ,rome1 ,constantinople1 and ,jerusalem4 ,his intimate relations with the ,popes ,adrian1 who died in #gie1 and ,leo ,,iii41 are well known3 his influence was unbounded with the ,byzantine emperors1 who sent ambassadors with the relics as presents2 and in the ,east he had control over the holy places in ,palestine4 ,these sovereigns1 who contributed to enrich his church of ,notre ,dame with treasures from their own sanctuaries1 would not have dared incur the wrath of the great warrior by sending him false relics4 ,in #djh1 the ,empress ,pulcheria1 the sister of ,theodosius and wife of ,marcian1 built churches to contain the swaddling-clothes of the ,infant ,jesus and the cincture of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,the septennial exposition dates from the ninth century2 and since then1 historical testimony abounds1 public facts attest1 without interruption to our day1 the authenticity of the relics venerated at ,aix-la-,chapelle4 ,among the lesser relics are the cingulum or leathern belt of our ,lord1 the extremities of which are united and stamped with the seal of ,constantine2 a piece of the cord with which the hands of our ,lord were bound during his ,passion2 a piece of the sponge which was dipped in vinegar and gall and presented to our ,lord on the cross2 and a rib of ,st4 ,stephen1 the first martyr4 ,the last exposition was in #ahfg1 and the crowds that assisted bore witness to the living faith that makes the people of the ,rhenish ,provinces such admirable ,catholics4 ,aix-la-,chapelle looked beautifully2 from the high towers and dome of the cathedral1 from every church and house1 from the spires of the ,htel de ,ville1 the banners and flags were flying4 ,the black and white flag of ,prussia1 the red-and-white and blue-and-white banners of the churches1 mingled with the ,papal colors4 ,sixty thousand pilgrims came every day afoot to ,aix2 every avenue leading to the cathedral was crowded1 people standing in close file waiting their turn to enter4 ,but in those serried ranks there was no noise1 no confusion2 profound1 earnest devotion attested their faith and piety4 ,the ,rosary was recited in bands2 a man's voice would say alone the 8,hail ,mary10 and the 8,holy ,mary1 ,mother of ,god0 was taken up by all4 ,from #a to #h ,p4,m4 the cathedral was opened for the procession of pilgrims1 but it was impossible to think of entering during that time1 as it was an affair of hours4 ,after #h ,p4,m41 the canons allowed a few1 some hundreds1 to enter by a private door2 and then we first saw the interior of the superb old cathedral4 ,we passed along through the arches and vaults of the basement story1 ascended and descended staircases1 and finally reached a vestibule1 leading directly to the octagon1 the centre of the cathedral4 ,the grated doors were closed1 as the pilgrims were still in the body of the church2 in the dim light1 we could see the glimmer of tapers in the choir2 and the voices of the kneeling crowd reciting the litanies rose to heaven1 the very incense of prayer4 ,soon the doors were opened1 and the favored ones passed slowly through4 ,how grand and majestic the cathedral looked6 ,the octagon in darkness1 the choir illuminated4 ,in single file1 we made the tour around the relics2 then all knelt down--the priests who were strangers in the stalls of the clergy1 the laity outside4 ,the canons walked in procession1 each holding one of the precious relics1 which we were allowed to kiss4 ,after all was over1 we looked around2 we were kneeling in the superb choir1 said to be the highest in ,europe--higher than the choir in the cathedral of ,cologne1 which is lower than the nave4 ,as we gazed upwards1 and beheld the grand arches which rose so high above our heads1 our thoughts were raised to heaven1 and made us glorify ,god1 who gives power to man to conceive and execute such works4 ,the stained-glass windows are exquisite1 and in the dim1 religious light all looked bewilderingly beautiful4 ,the next morning1 at #aj ,a4,m41 we took our position in front of the cathedral1 where benches were erected temporarily to accommodate those who preferred sitting to standing4 ,the crowds were reverentially silent and recollected1 reciting the ,rosary and the ,litany of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,the relics were exposed from five points4 ,when the priests appeared in the tower opposite us1 the brass band in the gallery which connects the towers broke forth in grand harmony2 the people singing as one voice the superb ,german choral music4 ,it was overpowering6 ,high up in the old gallery the canons holding the precious relics1 the cross glittering1 the light blazing around them1 the splendid music resounding in triumph in the open air6 ,the ages of faith are not past1 as we all felt that day at ,aix4 ,at #ab ,m4 we joined the procession waiting for the doors of the cathedral to open1 that we might enter the golden chamber4 ,this was a select crowd1 as we had to pay two francs for a card4 ,the ,prussian cavalry rode up and down to keep the ranks straight2 and after we had been jammed outside1 we received a final mash inside1 and1 by the time we were jelly1 we shoved ourselves into the golden treasury1 where a canon explained everything in ,german and ,french2 then the procession passed again through the choir1 around the octagon1 and out another door4 ,the last day of the exposition was distinguished by a procession in the streets3 the first that had taken place since the ,french ,revolution4 ,it was very solemn and grand2 the ,great ,relics were borne in their superb shrines by the canons of the cathedral1 the ,archbishop of ,cologne carried the reliquary containing the cingulum of our ,lord1 the ,bishop of ,luxembourg the cincture of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,of course these great crowds1 with the usual amount of dust and dirt1 rather fatigued us1 even though we were immensely impressed2 so we sought the refreshing waters1 and continued our meditations in the ,kaiserbad2 or1 rather1 we would commence our morning devotions by making ourselves comfortable4 ,the ,kaiserbad is the finest in ,europe2 long corridors1 arched roofs lighted from above1 encaustic-tiled floors1 beautiful dressing-rooms1 each one opening into a delicious bath of white marble1 into which you descend by six white marble steps into the pure white sulphur water4 ,twenty minutes is the time advised for well people2 invalids stay in an hour sometimes2 after the twenty minutes1 the attendants brought in hot sheets1 in which we were enveloped4 ,it was ,elysium--the perfection of material enjoyment4 ,from the ,kaiserbad we adjourned to the cathedral1 heard ,mass1 and then strolled through the ,elisengarten1 the grounds around the spring2 the ,prussian military band played delightfully every morning1 and we listened1 drank occasional glasses of hot sulphur water1 and then1 refreshed and invigorated1 were ready for any performance4 ,in the afternoon1 people drive to the heights of ,louisberg1 formerly a great fortress that commanded ,aix1 famous in the wars of the middle ages1 and demolished after some treaty1 to keep the peace of ,europe4 ,the view from the height is superb4 ,aix-la-,chapelle was the favorite resort of ,pauline ,bonaparte1 and ,louisberg her pet promenade2 so1 after her death1 the city of ,aix erected a monument to her memory4 ,there is also a ,belvidere1 where they have musical reunions and balls1 and people drink coffee and ,seltzer water1 in which we indulged4 ,after ,louisberg1 we drove around the old ramparts1 visited the beautiful cemetery and the ,burtscheid1 the hottest of the springs1 where the water is boiling--cooks an egg in a few seconds4 ,besides the cathedral1 there are several beautiful churches4 ,the ,jesuit church of the ,immaculate ,conception is very fine1 built in the severest ,gothic style1 of solid stone4 ,in the convent of the ,sisters of the ,infant ,jesus1 they make the most magnificent embroideries1 one ,gothic chasuble1 just finished for an ,english bishop1 was worth #ae1jjj francs2 and the benediction veils1 stoles1 and capes were exquisite4 ,in the cathedral are preserved some fine chalices and vestments2 amongst the latter a chasuble said to have been used by ,st4 ,bernard--it is of purple1 adorned with pearls2 a cape1 with small bells attached to the lower edge1 worn by ,leo ,,iii4 at the consecration of the church2 a set of vestments of cloth-of-gold1 ornamented with pearls1 presented by ,charles ,v42 and a chasuble1 given in #aeii by ,isabella1 ,infanta of ,spain4 ,among the treasures of the cathedral is a manuscript of the ,gospels1 beautifully written in letters of gold on purple vellum2 its binding is covered with plates of silver-gilt1 richly enamelled4 ,in addition to the pious crowd1 there was more than the usual influx of fashionable people4 ,we had the pleasure of contemplating the ,prince and ,princess ,frederick ,charles of ,prussia while they stood on the balcony of the ,htel de ,ville4 ,prince ,frederick ,charles1 the ,red ,prince1 is one of the great ,prussian captains1 and of course there was immense excitement4 ,the place before the ,htel de ,ville is the vegetable and flower market1 and the peasants1 in their quaint caps and bonnets1 were enchanted either with their royal highnesses or with the soldiers1 who strolled among them1 and bought up their wares4 ,dremel's1 the hotel of ,aix1 was entirely devoted to the ,sultan and his suite1 who were on their way from ,paris to ,constantinople1 after the ,exposition4 ,they were a splendid set of men4 ,in the morning1 on our way to the ,kaiserbad1 we passed ,dremel's1 and1 as they were always lounging around1 we had a fine view of them4 ,the ,sultan kept himself secluded from the vulgar gaze1 and was only seen the morning of his departure4 ,every one was on hand to see the commander of the faithful2 at last1 a great lumbering ,prussian state carriage appeared1 and there was the ,sultan leaning back1 eyes half-closed1 arms folded on his breast1 as if he were the sovereign of the world4 ,his impassible face never changed expression2 he looked the miserable fatalist he is4 ,in our ,german hotel1 the ,belle ,vue1 there was no reading-room1 no drawing-room2 everybody sat in the dining-room1 chattering and talking away4 ,frank1 the jolly landlord1 made merry with a chosen band of friends1 among whom was the ,burgomaster1 at the end of one table2 all smoking1 each man's bottle of wine standing before him4 ,a ,german friend assured us all ,germany passed the evening in the same way2 the professors at the universities think it absolutely necessary to drink as many bottles of wine in the evening as they have studied hours during the day4 ,we mildly suggested it was not strange that ,german philosophy was rather cloudy sometimes1 as the smoke of the evening might befog the learned professors2 but our friend maintained it was healthy for mind and body4 ,charming1 delightful ,aix6 ,it was with regret we left it2 we looked with longing eyes at the dome of the grand cathedral as it receded in the distance1 and sighed for the delicious ,kaiserbad as we were whirled through the dust and smoke4 ,however1 we had the happiness of making one person enjoy what we had so fully appreciated2 on our return home we had the pleasure of seeing once again one whose name is dear to the heart of every ,american ,catholic1 the late illustrious ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 ,he was suffering from rheumatism1 and we told him such wonderful things of the baths at ,aix1 he changed his mind1 and1 instead of going to ,paris1 went to ,aix2 with what result1 the following charming note will tell3 ,,aix-,,la-,,chapelle1 ,august #d1 #ahfg1 ,htel de ,belle ,vue4 ,,dear ,,madame3 ,i drop you a few lines1 to return my sincere thanks for having so effectually called my attention to the baths and waters of this celebrated city4 ,i find that all you said and promised has been fully realized2 and when1 hereafter1 any one will dare tell me that your amiable sex is accustomed to draw upon its imagination for its facts1 or at least to color extravagantly what has proved pleasing1 ,i shall point to your recommendation of these waters as a sufficient refutation1 or at any rate a most noted and brilliant exception to the remark4 ,the baths are all you said1 and more2 they are really superb1 and just what ,i needed4 ,in fact1 ,i consider it a special providence that ,i met you in ,brussels1 or otherwise ,i should have gone to ,paris instead of ,aix4 ,already ,i am quite relieved1 and in another week ,i expect to be as young and supple as ever4 ,i am at the ,belle ,vue1 but1 after taking one bath at the ,kaiserbad1 ,i have taken the rest at the ,rosebad2 the latter are fully equal to the former in sumptuousness1 and the attendance is probably better4 ,i expect to return to ,paris before or about the #aeth inst41 and if ,i can be of any service to you in ,europe or ,america1 you may freely command me4 ,though ,i have not yet taken any excursion to the country1 ,i have visited the relics and curiosities of the grand old cathedral1 and also the ,htel de ,ville4 ,this is one of the oldest cities in ,europe1 and its inhabitants say with pride1 8,after ,rome1 ,aix-la-,chapelle60 ,the city with its monuments carries us back a thousand years to the brilliant days of ,charlemagne1 who was a giant not only morally and intellectually1 but physically1 for he was over seven feet two inches tall4 ,best regards and blessing to your family1 and compliments to the dean4 ,yours truly1 ,m4 ,j4 ,,spalding1 ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 ,,ambrosia ,a ,,legend ,,of ,,augsburg4 ,we were talking of our travels1 my friend ,archer and ,i1 and of the lessons travelling brings to those who go a little out of ,murray's beaten track4 ,and especially1 so we were pleased to think1 these lessons might be learnt in little out-of-the-way nooks1 hidden centres of ignored life1 none the less busy for that1 and none the less full of exciting life-dramas4 ,i was telling him of ,pavia--for my wanderings had led me chiefly through ,italy--of the desolate1 enchanted look of the wall-enclosed court-yards round the gloomy and picturesque palaces2 of the lonely walk on the former ramparts1 now planted with fine horse-chestnuts2 of the many tapestries of romance ,i had woven in my mind about the silent-looking houses and the dark-eyed maidens ,i occasionally met in the streets4 ,it was while ,pavia was in ,austrian hands that ,i passed through it1 and perhaps the military occupation tended to make the sleepy city still more sombre and dull4 ,yet what additional elements of romance that circumstance contributed6 ,for it was not impossible that some fair1 mild ,german1 with his dreamy sentimentality1 yet fresh from college1 might have been drawn to feel a holy1 wondering love for the bright southern beauty whose childhood had been fostered in indignant hatred of his land and race2 and between these two how many complications of pathetic interest might we not imagine1 how many shades of feeling and degrees of circumstances might we not conjure up6 8,but10 said ,archer1 interrupting my fine flow of language about the joys and sorrows of the town of the ,certosa1 8you know ,italy1 strictly speaking1 is rather the land of passion than of romance4 ,could you think of an ,italian #8,gretchen'8 ,the one character most like her1 the ,cenci1 is so different despite the likeness6 ,religion seems more spiritual in ,germany2 in ,italy they do as the ,greeks of old1 put their own human feelings into heavenly representatives and then pay homage to them1 thinking unconsciously that they are honoring supernatural attributes4 ,there is too much earthliness about their ideal--in fact1 ,i do not believe they have an ideal at all40 8,come1 come10 ,i answered1 8you are too hard on the southern temperament4 ,you do not know ,italy well enough to speak with authority on the subject4 ,after all1 as long as their way of feeling religion does them good1 the ,italians are quite as well off1 spiritually1 as your ,teutonic ideals4 ,i am not sure but what ,i prefer warmth and impulse to passive tenderness1 however reliable the latter may be throughout a lifetime4 ,but this question of the relative merits of various races will always be an open one1 and no one wishes to leave it so more than the church herself1 for she wisely sees how much the glory of ,god gains through this blending of various natures in his service40 8,no doubt10 answered my enthusiastic ,teutomane1 8as far as that side of the question is concerned4 ,you have been saying something equivalent to telling me that the orchestra is preferable to a single violin or cornet1 while ,i was speaking of the intrinsic merit of each of those individual instruments40 8,well10 ,i said1 8now tell me something about the tone of these instruments4 ,you know ,i have been very little in ,germany1 and ,i should be glad to hear something worth hearing1 something that one would not find in the guide-book1 nor in the volume of self-important nonsense occasionally thrust upon the public by a gushing sister or a city alderman40 8,you are very caustic10 said my friend with a laugh4 8,if ,i must travel so far out of the beaten track to please you1 why not plunge at once into a volume of medival legends80 8,is it in print8 ,because in that case ,i could see for myself1 and therefore would not care to hear it10 ,i answered teasingly4 8,it is not in print1 ,sir ,doubter1 and1 what is more1 it is not even in manuscript40 ,i began to feel interested4 8,a popular tradition1 then80 ,i asked4 8,exactly4 ,it is not worth much1 only ,i happened to see the places mentioned1 the quaint house that is standing yet1 though very much disguised of course1 and the dark street leading to the cathedral4 ,it happened in ,augsburg1 and the cathedral1 as you know1 is ,protestantized1 though still very well kept4 ,i was only in the town for two days1 so you may imagine ,i know little of it beyond what my narrator told me40 8,and pray who was your narrator80 ,the father of a girl in an old book-stall1 where ,i had stopped attracted by some rare copy of a ,catholic work1 of which she did not seem to know the value4 ,equally surprised at seeing the book there and at finding her ignorant of its worth1 ,i asked her how she got it4 ,she lifted up her head1 which had been bent on some mysterious turning-point of her knitting1 and said smilingly3 8,mein ,herr is a ,catholic1 then80 ,i answered that ,i was1 and repeated my former question4 8,it must have been one of my great-uncle's books10 she said1 8he was going to be a priest1 but he died before being ordained4 ,we were always ,catholics40 8,and how came you to keep this stall1 child80 ,i asked1 becoming interested4 8,it is my father's10 she answered quickly2 8and he has been ill for two months1 so ,i keep it for him4 ,his uncle left him all his books40 8,and is your father so poor1 then80 8,very poor1 mein ,herr10 said the girl1 with a longing glance at the book ,i still held in my hand1 as if she were thinking of the price a connoisseur might be tempted to give for it4 8,his father and grandfather were booksellers10 she continued1 8but not like him2 they had large libraries and plenty of men working under them4 ,that was long before ,i was born1 mein ,herr40 8,and ,i suppose your father got into difficulties4 ,but anything would have paid better than this1 my poor child40 8,my father would not go to work for any other bookseller1 not if he were the king10 laughed the girl1 more merrily than ,i thought the case warranted2 8and he is a regular student4 ,my mother used to earn money in many ways1 teaching1 writing1 sewing2 and ,i did the housework4 ,she died two years ago1 and we have nothing but the book-stall now to keep my sick father and my little crippled brother40 ,i thought to myself1 ,why1 here is a regular romance2 perhaps the inevitable lover of ,german stories is going to peep out next1 from the frank revelations of my new friend4 ,at any rate1 let us follow it up4 ,so ,i said aloud3 8,if your father is willing to part with this book1 ,i should like to buy it4 ,but ,i should be very glad to see him and chat with him about it4 ,do you think he could see me80 8,oh6 yes1 of course10 answered the girl with a hearty smile2 and for the first time ,i noticed her features and expression4 ,she was not beautiful--,i hope you did not expect the romance to be perfect8--but there was a pure1 calm steadiness in her look1 and an air of unconscious dignity about her that made her striking to the eye4 ,she seemed made for fidelity and helpfulness1 and as to external charms1 if you admire hair1 she simply had superabundant masses of it4 ,german-like1 it was put up in broad plaits1 tightly coiled round the head1 without a shadow of coquettishness1 and just as if she thought it no ornament at all4 ,now ,i have noticed your ,italian girls know how to make a good deal more of their advantages4 ,i have seen poor girls in ,venice with as elaborate a coiffure--ringlets1 puffs1 plaits1 and wavings--as any ,parisian hair-dresser could exhibit on his waxen models4 8,libels again60 ,i answered4 8,i have seen the very contrary at ,naples1 and there are women there like ,grecian statues4 ,venice is half ,eastern1 you know4 ,but to go on with your impromptu romance40 ,well1 when evening came1 ,i went to the address the young girl had given me1 and as you may imagine1 it was not a palace that ,i entered4 ,the neighborhood was as commonplace as any in an old ,german city can be1 that is1 picturesqueness itself compared with our modern 8back slums40 ,still1 through the picturesqueness1 there stared the most unmistakable poverty4 ,i went up a good many flights of steep1 narrow stairs1 with curious balusters that would have driven a dealer in old carving wild with delight1 and knocked at a door that ,i recognized by the rude cross and bit of palm over the archway4 ,there was just such another cross and sprig of green inside the door1 and a little holy-water vessel in stamped brass hung at the side nearest the door-handle4 ,there was nothing very peculiar about the room1 except that it had an air of freshness and cleanliness1 which1 considering its sick inmates and its cramped locality1 was the more pleasant because it was a surprise4 ,a great ,german bed1 with a feather-bed of traditional height1 filled one side of the room1 and there was a stove in the middle4 ,the remains of the supper were on a side-table1 and a lamp drawn close to the father's arm-chair stood on a centre-table laden with domestic 8mending40 ,the little crippled brother sat in a low easy-chair by the stove1 which chair was the only luxury in the room3 ,my friend1 the young girl1 came quickly forward and said3 8,my father is so glad you have come1 mein ,herr40 ,i sat down beside him1 and soon got into conversation with the old scholar4 ,he was still very weak1 but seemed to feel better when excited4 ,i found him a thorough bookworm1 full of knowledge that1 in another man's hands1 would have made his fortune4 ,i discovered1 or rather forced him to tell me1 that in that press 7pointing to a common painted chest of drawers7 were manuscripts ready to be published1 if a publisher could be found to undertake the risk1 but the author had no ambition1 though he was full to the brim of literary enthusiasm4 ,his researches had lain chiefly among works of medival ecclesiastical lore1 legends and poems1 etc4 ,the emblems borne by the various saints were a favorite subject of his4 ,his uncle's theological collection and the libraries in which he had spent his youth1 had furnished him with means to prosecute his studies even after his father's reverses in fortune--the public libraries had done the rest4 ,his wife's help had been very important1 and piles of her notes and references lay among his own manuscripts4 ,he spoke with pride of his little crippled son1 whom he said he had made as good a scholar as if the poor boy had been to the universities2 and as to his daughter1 his looks said more than his words1 as he gazed at her across the table1 she sitting so calmly there amid her heap of 8mending10 her dark-blue dress reminding me of the coloring of a medival virgin martyr in the stained-glass window of some old cathedral4 ,she was more queenly than slender in figure1 and neither her face nor her hands were small1 though they were perfectly shaped2 there was more majesty than grace in her whole air1 yet she was thoroughly girl-like4 ,i unconsciously invested her in my mind with royal robes1 heavily jewelled1 like the ,byzantine saints1 or with the ample cloak of the brave and learned ,portia4 ,presently she went into a smaller room1 opening into the one where we were sitting1 and during her absence ,i ventured to hint to the father that for her sake he should try to make those literary treasures of his more remunerative4 ,he smiled2 ,i asked him if she were already provided for1 or if he did not feel it his duty to put by some kind of fortune for her4 8,my child is watched over from heaven10 he said2 8she will never come to harm40 8,what is her name80 ,i asked4 ,i had already ascertained his family name to be ,reinhold4 8,ambrosia10 he answered4 8,rather an uncommon name10 ,i remarked1 well pleased1 somehow1 that it should be so4 8,yes10 said the father1 8and ,i dare say it will interest you to hear the reason why she has that name4 ,she was born on the anniversary of the day that a young girl called ,ambrosia came to life here in the sixteenth century4 ,this was how it happened4 ,the troubles of the ,reformation were just beginning1 and this young girl1 who was the burgomaster's daughter1 was famous through the town for her holiness and modesty4 ,she was betrothed to a young merchant who had been her playmate in childhood4 ,did you notice that great building on the corner of the street to the right of the cathedral8 ,that was her father's house2 it is a hotel now4 ,her bridegroom lived two or three streets further off1 on a corner too2 and under the corner window1 which was beautifully carved and painted1 stood a wooden image of the ,mother of ,god1 with a lamp before it which was never allowed to go out4 ,it began to be whispered about that ,engelbrecht1 the young lady's betrothed1 and a very handsome1 dashing young fellow1 was rather inclined to the new doctrines which ,luther was then preaching all over ,germany4 ,every one wondered how ,ambrosia would take this1 but no one knew anything positive until it became the talk of the city that one night ,engelbrecht and a few companions1 heated with wine and singing profane songs1 had broken and extinguished the votive lamp before the image under his window1 and thrown the image itself into the gutter4 ,the next day it was known that ,ambrosia was very ill1 and had sent for her lover4 ,he came1 and1 as he really was very fond of her1 the sudden alteration in her looks frightened and subdued him for the moment4 ,she took off the betrothal ring he had put upon her finger1 and very gravely and sweetly told him that she could never be his bride on earth1 but that she fervently hoped that she had indeed won his soul's final salvation1 through the joyful and willing sacrifice of her own life4 ,she said she should die on the day that was fixed for their wedding1 but that from the dead she would speak to him yet1 and in public4 ,then a year would go by1 and she told him that it was not given to her to know if he would repent or not during that time1 but that on the anniversary of her death she would come to life again and walk from her tomb to the cathedral and back2 and she summoned him to meet her there4 ,it was her hope that1 after that second call1 he would surely be won back to ,god4 ,so when her wedding day came1 although she seemed happy and looked only very grave and pale1 she called her father and mother and her lover to her1 and there1 sitting by the window that looked on the cathedral1 she passed away without agony1 and just as the hour struck which should have seen her a new-made wife4 ,she was not buried for several days1 for the scoffers said she was deceiving the people and simulating death4 ,doctors and priests watched the body for a week1 and ,mass was said in the room where she lay1 surrounded with flowers and tall tapers4 ,exorcisms were even read over her1 but the placid expression of her alabaster face seemed to grow only more heavenly day by day4 ,at last signs of decomposition appeared1 as if to make the marvel more certain1 and those who had watched the body drew up a legal declaration of her undoubted death4 ,she was brought to the churchyard1 the family vault was opened1 and the coffin1 which was still uncovered1 was just going to be finally closed1 when she raised herself suddenly to a sitting posture1 and1 seemingly transfigured into greater beauty than had ever been hers in life1 she gazed slowly round the crowd and beckoned to her lover4 ,he stood transfixed1 and the people fell back from him and left him face to face with his bride4 ,she only said in a clear1 pitying voice that was heard by all1 #8,remember1 ,engelbrecht1 thy tryst with me one year from this day4 ,god be with thee until then4' 8,she fell slowly backwards into her narrow couch1 and when the people had taken courage again1 they came hurriedly and closed the coffin in great awe4 ,a year went by1 and ,engelbrecht1 uneasy and remorseful1 plunged into worse excesses than ever1 went heart and soul1 at least outwardly1 into the ,lutheran movement1 and became the head of a band of young men whose dissoluteness was spoken of with disgust by the licentious reformers themselves4 ,the day came1 and with it crowds flocked to the grave of ,ambrosia4 ,those who had gone at sunrise found a white-robed figure kneeling there1 its face hidden in its hands1 and two long plaits of golden hair streaking its drapery4 ,those who had watched all night and gone there the evening previous after dusk1 could tell nothing save that the grave had been the same as ever1 but they thought they must have slept for a few minutes before midnight1 since they had heard the quarter strike from the cathedral1 and had looked at their timepieces directly after1 and found it was half an hour after midnight4 ,the radiant1 silent figure was there then1 and an odor as of incense filled the night air4 ,as soon as the cathedral doors were open 7it was in ,june71 ,ambrosia rose and turned towards the church4 ,some sceptics who saw the strange procession1 rushed at once to the grave1 and1 hastily disinterring the coffin1 found it empty4 ,crowds joined the procession to the cathedral1 which the young girl reached during the first ,mass1 for the priests still had possession of it then4 ,every one wondered if her lover would meet her1 but no sign of him appeared4 ,ambrosia looked incomparably more beautiful than in life2 her eyes were cast down1 and she wore a golden betrothal ring on her finger4 ,she moved like a spirit1 yet there was no doubting the reality and substance of her presence4 ,there were many in the crowd who were scoffers and libertines1 men whom no virtuous maiden's eye would as much as glance upon1 yet even they were silenced1 and the marvellous beauty of ,ambrosia seemed to have no other effect upon them than one of awe and unconscious restraint4 ,the people followed her in and lined the aisles through which they knew she would walk on leaving the cathedral4 ,she knelt for a moment before the high carved tabernacle1 with a lovely miniature spire1 quite in a separate corner from the altar--you have seen those tabernacles of ours in old ,catholic churches in other parts of ,germany1 mein ,herr8--and then she turned slowly back4 ,there was no hurry1 no anxiety nor expectancy1 in her manner2 still ,engelbrecht had not been seen4 ,she had come to the middle of the left aisle1 still with her eyes persistently cast down1 and though the people had all asked her many questions as to their future spiritual fate and that of others dear to them1 yet she had never answered a word4 ,now1 she stopped deliberately1 yet never raising her eyes4 ,a sob was heard in the crowd1 and the serried masses heaved to and fro as a young man forced his way violently through4 ,it was ,engelbrecht1 but he was unrecognizable4 ,a cloak covered him from head to foot--evidently a studied disguise--yet what was more unlike him was his agitated1 humble manner1 the look of passionate self-accusation in his drawn features1 and his impetuous disregard for appearances4 ,as ,ambrosia stopped1 he rushed forward with his arms extended1 but some unseen power stayed his progress1 and though she was not a foot distant from him1 he could not touch her4 ,for the first time she lifted her head1 and a look of love1 pure as an angel's over a repentant sinner1 lighted up her ethereal face and mingled with an expression of deepest gratitude4 ,she pointed to the betrothal ring on her finger1 and then glanced upward without uttering one word4 ,this second warning from the world of souls was of too solemn a nature to admit of even the holy yet too human expression that her words had given to the first1 but it was unmistakably borne in upon the mind of her lover that as long as he kept true to the faith1 he might hope to claim her as his spiritual bride in the kingdom of ,god4 ,and1 as she continued her journey toward her grave1 he did not even follow her1 but went straight to the ,dominican convent and asked for the habit of the order4 ,those who accompanied ,ambrosia to the churchyard could tell nothing as to the manner of her disappearance2 all they knew was that they saw her one moment1 and the next they saw nothing4 ,engelbrecht gave all his riches to the church to found a seminary somewhere beyond the bounds of the heretical countries of ,germany1 for the instruction of missionaries2 the foundation eventually became a house of his order4 ,he wished his own dwelling to be used for monastic or hospital purposes1 should religion again revive in ,augsburg2 but his wish was not fulfilled4 ,the house was forfeited to the state1 and became successively a warehouse1 a barrack1 a prison1 and a factory4 ,now1 it is a great printing-office1 and plenty of lies are coined into money within its walls1 through the partisan newspapers that issue from it4 ,you can see the corner window still1 with its beautiful carving hardly injured by time1 and the empty niche beneath it where the image of the ,mother of ,god once stood4 ,have you noticed it1 mein ,herr80 8,no10 ,i said1 hardly liking to answer1 for fear of losing some further detail4 8,but what of ,engelbrecht80 ,the old ,german looked surprised4 8,why1 ,i have told you he became a monk40 8,but did he distinguish himself against the reformers80 8,ah60 said ,reinhold1 reverentially1 8,god knows1 and his bride1 but he left no record for the world to read4 ,no doubt he worked out the will of ,god40 ,i was silent1 for ,i was ashamed of myself in the presence of this man1 to whom the hidden life of the soul seemed so all-sufficient a history4 ,ambrosia1 his daughter1 had come back long before this story was finished1 and was sitting sewing diligently1 and listening to it with all her father's pride and personal enthusiasm in the matter4 8,so10 continued ,reinhold1 8the day of this wonder was remembered1 and among those who remained ,catholics1 it became a custom to christen girls born on that day by the name of the holy maiden ,ambrosia4 ,my child1 thank ,god1 was one of them40 ,after listening to this peculiar and interesting legend1 ,i led the conversation to the book ,i wished to purchase1 and which ,ambrosia had brought home with her on purpose4 ,reinhold knew the value of it perfectly well1 and firmly resisted my well-meant attempts to fix a price upon it beyond what even its merits warranted4 ,i was hardly able to indulge in such extravagance1 yet bibliomania had always been my besetting sin1 and ,i had curtailed our little household in many ways to feed my library4 ,besides1 here was a charity as well-deserved as it seemed well-placed2 how else1 with my limited means1 could ,i help my poor friends8 ,but my fellow-bookworm was proof against all such artifices1 and ,i was reduced to ask him1 point-blank1 was there anything which he would allow me to do for him8 ,without the least show of fussy pride1 but with a quiet1 manly gratitude that was immeasurably more dignified1 he answered at once1 his voice shaking as he looked at his little son3 8,a very little would make my child's life happy and useful1 and1 lieber ,herr1 that little ,i have it not40 8,how stupid of me60 ,i exclaimed4 8,i might have thought of that myself4 ,is he to be a scholar1 or an artist1 or what80 ,i said1 stroking his hair1 while his great eyes were fixed hungrily on mine4 8,books are his passion10 said his father1 8and he knows all our poets by heart4 ,he should have a literary education1 ,i think40 8,but10 said ,i1 8he could not go alone to the university1 and if you do not mind leaving ,augsburg1 would it not be best for you all to go together8 ,i have some ,english friends at ,bonn1 ,catholics and rich people2 they will do much for your child that ,i cannot do1 though my heart would rejoice to do it1 so suppose we start to-morrow80 ,reinhold looked up incredulously4 ,ambrosia laughed1 and the poor little cripple clapped his hands in ecstasy4 ,i watched the girl to see whether a shade of regret denoted ties of a tenderer or more passionate nature than her strong1 calm family affections2 but there was no sign of anything save quiet joy and a gratitude that in its fulness made me feel quite ashamed4 ,i kept thinking of what could be done for her2 whether my ,english friends at ,bonn could or would be kind to her in any practical way1 and whether in that case she and her father would ever submit to being provided for by the kindness of strangers4 ,she seemed too self-reliant for that2 and although she evidently longed for the same education her brother was to have1 and had1 indeed1 already amassed in the intervals of her active work such miscellaneous knowledge as mere reading could give her1 yet ,i felt sure that she would insist on earning her bread and helping to support her father4 ,i decided on introducing the old man to the notice of some great publisher1 with whom an arrangement about his manuscripts might perhaps be made2 but of this we did not speak just now4 ,i left the room full of our new projects1 and spent the early part of the next day in carefully visiting the scenes of ,ambrosia's life1 death1 and marvellous resurrection4 ,in the afternoon ,i went back to ,reinhold's old-fashioned abode1 and found everything nearly ready4 ,the books were packed in a curious old chest1 which was certainly a quaint contrast to the trunks and valises of modern tourists2 this and some of the old furniture1 endeared to ,reinhold and his daughter by the associations of a lifetime1 were to be forwarded to their new destination through the care of the good 8,pfarrer0 7parish-priest71 and a few little necessaries 7a very slender amount in the eyes of our 8girls of the period10 ,i fancy67 together with the precious manuscripts1 were to go with us in a large leather hand-bag1 which ,i volunteered to carry4 ,i asked to be allowed to take charge of the little brother too1 as we were too near the railway to need a carriage1 but ,ambrosia laughingly caught him up1 and1 with gentle deftness1 insisted on carrying him1 telling me to give my disengaged arm to her invalid father4 ,as soon as we were seated in the train1 ,ambrosia began to tell me that she had never been in one before4 ,i asked if she were sorry to leave the old town4 8,oh6 no10 she said1 8,i know ,i shall go back there one day1 when ,i know more than ,i do now40 ,i wondered if there were any hidden meaning in the words4 ,reinhold and ,i talked 8shop0 all the way1 till our fellow-passengers must have been bored with our enthusiastic bibliomania4 ,ambrosia sat chatting gayly to her little brother1 whose glee and wonder were sometimes gravely expressed in questions that made our neighbors laugh4 ,when we got to ,bonn1 and were comfortably settled at a quiet1 old-fashioned hotel1 absolutely perfect in its appointments1 but as unobtrusive of its merits as its gaudy1 noisy rivals were shrilly eager about theirs1 ,i set out to find my friends4 ,they were out of town4 ,without their influence ,i was powerless1 so ,i had to wait a few days for their return4 ,they took up the matter as warmly as ,i could have wished1 and were particularly anxious to do something for ,ambrosia2 the difficulty was to find something she would accept4 ,in the meantime1 the crippled child was recommended to the college authorities with plenty of guarantees1 seen to by the priest1 who was my friend's adviser and fellow-worker in all his good schemes1 and ,reinhold was quietly put in the way of good opportunities for the publication of some of his accumulated writings4 ,the little boy promised well1 and ,i was more anxious about ,ambrosia1 who wanted to support herself by needlework4 8,you see10 she said to me1 a week after our arrival1 8some of the work will be knitting1 and ,i can read as ,i knit2 then ,i will go to school at night and on ,sundays1 and pick up what ,i can1 and twice a week ,i will make time for the singing-class4 ,there is a very good one1 and so cheap1 attached to our church here1 and the master is a really great artist1 though he is old and very poor now4 ,he and my father will be friends1 ,i know1 so you see ,i shall be as well off as it is possible40 ,nothing could move her from her resolve1 and as ,i had to leave ,bonn shortly after1 ,i was obliged to take things as they were4 ,i received monthly bulletins of my little protg's conduct and progress1 and sometimes heard from ,ambrosia and ,reinhold1 through their rare but warm letters1 though oftener from my friends established at ,bonn4 ,after awhile1 ,i heard that the girl had consented to take music lessons twice a week1 in the evening1 with ,miss ,l41 my friend's niece1 and sometimes to share her ,french and ,latin lessons4 ,english she already knew4 ,the needlework was not abandoned1 however1 and ,ambrosia1 ,i was told1 seemed to gain new energy with each new pursuit she undertook4 ,reinhold's works were in a fair way of being successfully published1 and his circumstances were actually beginning to mend4 ,i never heard of such a lucky venture as that hurriedly made at the ,augsburg book-stall6 ,everything and everybody favored it1 and my quiet old sister at home used to make me tell the story over and over again1 as we turned over the pages of the book that had been the first deus ex machin of the romance4 ,she was certainly disappointed in the want of a lover for ,ambrosia1 and1 to console herself1 would sometimes so arrange the little we knew as to make it the frame of a possible love-story that we did not1 and never might1 know4 ,a year passed by in this way1 when business called me up from my cottage in the ,isle of ,wight to ,london4 ,it was ,may1 and the exhibitions were just open4 ,i went to ,burlington ,house1 and saw very little that was worth seeing2 then to ,pall ,mall1 to some of the minor galleries4 ,the ,french collection of paintings was pretty upon the whole1 but suddenly ,i came upon a picture that was really striking4 ,an old ,german town and a cathedral painted to the very life formed a most varied background1 upon which a conventional 8crowd10 that is1 a few picturesque groups of burghers and peasants in the costume 7accurate to the slightest detail7 of the early part of the sixteenth century1 was represented1 gazing at the central figure1 a maiden dressed in white1 with two thick cords of golden hair streaking the snowy robe4 ,i looked at once for ,mephistopheles and his victim ,faust1 taking this for a novel and very artistic representation of ,goethe's masterpiece2 and turning to the catalogue ,i looked for the name of the painter--8,franz ,eichenthal40 ,but the painting itself was marked 8,ambrosia1 a ,legend of ,augsburg10 and in a few brief words beneath the story was told as ,reinhold had told it to me4 ,strangely interested1 ,i looked at the white figure2 ,i saw the likeness which had before escaped me2 it was ,ambrosia's face1 her abundant hair1 her grand form2 the repose1 the dignity that ,i so well remembered were there1 but over the whole was thrown an air of etherealized peace and beauty which was a fitting tribute to the entirely spiritual essence of the story4 ,i looked to see if ,engelbrecht were anywhere represented1 and thought ,i could discover him in a corner1 half hidden by the shadow from a buttress of the cathedral4 ,there was a wonderfully energetic expression about this face1 which made me single it out from the rest as being probably meant for the unhappy lover4 ,there was strength and nobility in the features1 and an almost feminine grace in the figure1 while the look of horror and remorse struggling with unbelief was in painful contrast with this courtly exterior4 ,underneath1 on the buttress1 was carved1 in antique characters1 the name of the painter1 8,franciscus ,eichenthal1 pinxit40 ,it certainly happened to be the most obvious place for this traditional signature of the artist1 yet ,i could not help fancying1 almost hoping1 that there was more in it than a mere chance1 and that 8,engelbrecht0 was1 in fact1 the portrait of the painter himself4 ,ambrosia's face drew me to it again2 the likeness was life itself1 yet such as an ,american authoress describes as 8not the man that we are1 but the angel that we may be40 ,she says that 8as to every leaf and flower there is an ideal to which the growth of the plant is constantly urging1 so there is an ideal to every human being1 a perfect form in which it might appear1 were every defect removed and every characteristic excellence stimulated to the highest point40 ,she likens this to the image of ,st4 ,augustine1 as his mother1 with her spiritual prophetic sight1 saw him all through his reckless youth1 and then says3 8,could a mysterious foresight unveil to us this resurrection form of the friends with whom we daily walk1 compassed about with mortal infirmity1 we should follow them with faith and reverence1 through all the disguises of human faults and weaknesses1 waiting for the manifestation of the sons of ,god40#bjb ,the ,german artist seemed to have had some such revelation vouchsafed to him concerning ,ambrosia4 ,the picture was unspeakably beautiful1 and ,i felt instinctively that in the future it would become literally true4 ,and yet the girl had never before struck me as having so exalted a nature2 perhaps it was that she was so utterly unlike the usual ideal of a perfect woman4 ,i made inquiries as to whether the picture was an 8order10 or simply a speculation1 and learned that it had been the latter1 but was now destined for the hall of the 8,young ,men's ,catholic ,society0 at ,augsburg4 ,an ,english nobleman had been so struck with it abroad that he had induced the artist to have it exhibited in ,london1 and had himself ordered engravings and photographs from it4 ,i felt very much inclined to go in for another extravagance1 and have it copied on a reduced scale for my library1 but ,i thought it most prudent to consult my sister first4 ,i went home full of my discovery1 and at once wrote to ,reinhold for an explanation4 ,i received a very happy letter from ,ambrosia herself in return1 telling me of her engagement to the painter ,eichenthal1 who was an ,augsburg man1 and had lived for many years quite close to their old home1 without either family having the remotest knowledge of each other4 ,at the singing-class these two had met1 their fellow-citizenship had first drawn them together1 and the old master1 whose favorite pupil the artist was1 had brought him to see ,reinhold4 ,the result was natural1 and my sister was innocently enthusiastic over the ending in so pleasant a reality of the romance she had begun in imagination many months before4 ,there was a quiet wedding at ,bonn1 and my friend's niece1 ,ambrosia's companion in her studies1 was bridesmaid4 ,my sister and ,i went over to be present1 and the dear old father1 now quite strong again1 gave his daughter a copy of his first published work for a wedding gift4 ,next to the dedication leaf1 which was addressed to your humble servant1 and overflowing with affectionate expressions1 there was a cheque for half the proceeds of the work 7and the sum was not to be sneered at1 ,i can assure you74 ,ambrosia and her husband then went to ,rome1 where ,eichenthal identified himself with the school of ,overbeck1 and became very popular among the foreign visitors and patrons of art4 ,the ,englishman who had taken such a fancy to his picture of the ,augsburg legend chanced to come across him again in ,rome1 and1 having succeeded to his father's property1 lavishly encouraged his artist friend4 ,a replica1 full size1 of the original 8,ambrosia0 was painted for his chapel in ,england1 and a large picture1 representing a group of the patron saints of his family clustering round the throne of the ,virgin and ,child1 was also ordered4 ,the painter's wife was the model for a ,st4 ,catharine of ,sienna1 and the ,englishman himself1 a thorough ,saxon in build and features1 made a magnificent ,st4 ,edward the ,confessor4 ,several years later1 the young couple settled in ,augsburg1 where ,eichenthal established a flourishing school of ,christian art1 and used to give lectures on the subject in the very hall where his first successful work was hung4 ,ambrosia's brother got on so wonderfully that at twenty he was made professor of belles-lettres at ,bonn1 and was famous for writing the most beautiful religious poetry that had been known for many years4 ,ambrosia's children gather round their young crippled uncle in the spacious1 old-fashioned house where ,reinhold lives with his daughter1 and make him repeat wonderful medival legends clothed in verse of his own4 ,this is how he spends his vacation4 ,reinhold is always at his manuscripts1 and the same books that used to be his pitiful stock in trade are now the cherished ornaments of his large library4 ,the ,christmas-tree gathering in that house is a poem in itself4 ,the children of ,ambrosia's friend1 the ,english girl of ,bonn1 are often there playing with the artist's beautiful boys1 for there is no ,ambrosia the younger among ,eichenthal's children4 ,the best society of ,augsburg1 ,protestant and ,catholic alike1 delight to honor the successful artist2 the musical soires given in his house are as perfect in their way as each of his own paintings1 and never is anything purely worldly allowed to appear under his roof4 8,when ,i first saw my wife10 he says1 8,i was a ,lutheran or rather a so-called philosopher1 but since ,i won her1 ,i vowed to make her my arbiter and my conscience2 you see the result4 #8,seek first the kingdom of ,god1 and his justice1 and all these things shall be added unto you4'0 8,and this is the end80 ,i said regretfully1 as ,archer paused4 8,not quite10 he answered with a peculiar smile2 8the end will not really come till ,ambrosia has grown to be the counterpart of her spiritual portrait4 ,but she is growing towards that standard every day4 ,would that you and ,i were1 old friend60 8,there is time yet10 ,i said2 8let us try40 ,,the ,,church4 ,it is of her womb that we are born2 our nourishing is from her milk2 our quickening from her breath4444 ,she it is who keeps us for ,god1 and appoints unto the kingdom the sons she has borne4444 ,he who leaves the church of ,christ attains not to ,christ's rewards4 ,he is an alien1 an outcast1 an enemy4 ,he can no longer have ,god for a father who has not the church for a mother4 ,if any man was able to escape who remained without the ark of ,noah1 then will that man escape who is out of doors beyond the church4 ,the ,lord warns us1 and says3 8,he who is not with me is against me2 and he who gathereth not with me scattereth40 444 ,he who gathereth elsewhere but in the church1 scatters the church of ,christ4--,st4 ,cyprian4 ,,the ,,necessity ,,of ,,philosophy ,,as ,a ,,basis ,,of ,,higher ,,education4 ,,by ,f4 ,,ramiere1 ,s4,j4 ,,from ,,the ,,etudes ,,religieuses4 ,,concluded4 ,,utility ,,of ,,philosophy ,,for ,,the ,,formation ,,of ,,the ,,poet ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,orator4 ,the foregoing considerations have borne us up to those luminous heights where philosophy1 poetry1 and eloquence1 separated in their lower regions1 mingle and become one4 ,would to ,god that the poets frequented more assiduously these sublime regions6 ,how their inspirations would gain in nobleness as well as in purity2 how much ignominy would they spare themselves2 how many scandals to society6 ,we should not then see them separate beauty from truth1 as they too often do1 place all the perfection of art in an empty form1 and make their independence consist in placing themselves under the hateful yoke of error and of vice4 ,such is the ignoble theory which one is compelled to sustain if he deny that the study of philosophy is of the greatest utility for the poet4 ,unfortunately1 this theory has found in our days only too many defenders4 ,how much more numerous still are those who put it in practice6 ,it is in vain1 ,i know1 for me to endeavor to bring back to a sounder and nobler conception of the most beautiful of all arts those poets who debase it by their very idolatry4 ,but1 though they may despise the voice of a ,christian1 let them listen at least to a pagan--a poet like themselves4 ,it is a disciple of ,epicurus1 it is ,horace who tells them to what a shameful barrenness they condemn themselves in refusing to draw from those sources which philosophy opens up to them4 ,this great master of the poetic art declares to them plainly enough that 8unless they first learn to think well1 it is vain for them to hope to write well2 that it is from philosophy they must borrow the subjects which it is for poetry to adorn with her rich ornaments2 that beauty of style can only be the result of beauty of things2 and that a work which contains solid truths under an inelegant form1 has far more legitimate titles to real success than verses bare of thought and resonant with trifles40 8,scribendi recte sapere est et principium et fons4 ,rem tibi ,socratic poterunt ostendere chart2 ,verbaque provisam rem non invita sequentur4444 ,interdum speciosa locis morataque recte ,fabula1 nullius veneris1 sine pondere et arte1 ,valdius oblectat populum meliusque moratur1 ,quam versus inopes rerum nugque canor40 ,if ,horace returned among us1 he would have no cause to congratulate us on our fidelity in following those precepts1 which good sense dictated to him1 and which all of us have learned by heart from our childhood4 ,modern poetry has something far different to do than demand of wisdom the theme of its song4 ,it drinks1 generally at least1 at founts of beauty of quite another character2 the ideal is nothing to it2 the living expression of reality in its every imperfection1 of the revolting1 of the hideous1 such is the task which it imposes on itself2 emotion1 such its aim--a surprising strangeness of imagery1 novelty of expression1 peculiarity of character1 harshness of pictures1 harmony of rhyme replacing harmony of thought--behold its means of success4 ,behold the merits which an effete society looks for in those whose mission is to amuse it1 and to which these easy-going poets sacrifice the most magnificent gifts of the ,creator4 ,dante places in one of the circles of his hell a lost one whose crime consisted in having1 by vileness of heart1 made a great abdication 7,che fece per viltade il gran rifiuto74 ,it is difficult to recognize this criminal1 on whose brow inexorable justice or the political rancor of the ,florentine poet branded this burning stigma4 ,but to whom can it be applied more justly than to these kings of poetry whom we see in our own days making themselves slaves of a vile popularity2 to these prophets of the natural order1 who prostitute to error the power which was given them to embellish truth1 and who employ the creative force which makes them participators of the most noble attribute of ,almighty ,god1 in order to form the idols which draw away the crowd from the altars of ,jehovah8 ,o traitor poets6 veritable apostates of genius1 what gain is yours in debasing thus the most beautiful of arts6 ,in place of profaning your lyre by songs which awake in hearts nothing but the lowest desires and most guilty passions1 would it not be worthier of you to avail yourselves of this irresistible power of seduction which you exercise over your brothers1 in drawing them in your train to the pursuit of true beauty8 ,do you alone fail to perceive the forfeiture which threatens your genius from the moment that it denies to truth the glorious testimony which truth demands of it8 ,do you not see that the beauty of forms fails you from the time that you seek it outside of the beauty of thoughts8 ,can you be astonished that your influence over souls is null1 when you are pleased to destroy it with your own hands8 ,is it not you who1 in denying the philosophy which would elevate your art to the height of a priesthood1 reduce it to nothing more than a frivolous pastime for the idle1 unless1 indeed1 you place it as an incendiary torch in the hands of the factious8 ,still less than poetry may eloquence consent to lower its dignity to the botching up of incoherent images and the nice balancing of periods as empty as they are sonorous4 ,more serious in its aim1 more positive in the immediate results which it has in view1 it can still less dispense with the assistance of philosophy4 ,listen to one of its princes1 who is at the same time the chief of its lawgivers1 while he proclaims loudly this dependence4 8,let us lay down in the beginning10 says ,cicero1 in the book ,de ,oratore1 8that the aid of philosophy is indispensable for the formation of the perfect orator whom we seek4 ,it alone can open up to him an inexhaustible source of great thoughts and developments as large as they are varied4 ,it is to it that ,pericles owed1 according to the testimony of ,plato1 his superiority over all his rivals4 ,the lessons of ,anaxagoras developed the fecundity of his genius2 they taught him1 among other things1 the great secret of eloquence1 the art of discerning the proper incentives for moving the passions and the different faculties of the soul4 ,plato rendered the same service to ,demosthenes4 ,and how10 continues ,cicero1 8how can we without philosophy know the properties of things1 whether generic or specific1 how can we define them1 divide them1 discern the true from the false1 deduce consequences1 refute that which is repugnant1 distinguish that which is ambiguous8 ,how can we penetrate into the nature of things1 a knowledge of which imparts its chief richness to the discourse8 ,how can we speak pertinently of the moral life1 of duties1 of virtues1 if we have not searched deeply into these truths1 aided by the light of philosophy80 ,in these words1 ,cicero displays admirably the superiority of the philosophic orator over the one who depends for the guarantee of success on the facility of his memory1 the wealth of his imagination1 or the vehemence of his feeling4 ,such a one without doubt can carry off triumphs2 he may reap the applause of the crowd1 and drag the masses in his train4 ,the masses1 who live much more by imagination than by intelligence1 scarcely perceive the want of depth1 and allow themselves to be captivated by the splendor of imagery and the rush of movements4 ,but he who would seek a success more real than passing applause1 he who would understand that the aim of eloquence is to render men better1 and that imagery and feelings are for it but the instruments destined to make truth triumph--such a man will strive above all to place himself in possession of that truth which he is called upon to communicate to his fellows1 to know the nature and extent of the duties whose observance he must inculcate1 to acquire1 in order to communicate it to them1 the true science of good and evil4 ,besides this1 he will study the nature of the souls over whom ,god destines him to hold sway1 by the all-powerful sceptre of speech2 he will inquire into the conditions and the requirements of each one of those faculties and passions1 which he ought alternately to move like an obedient army1 and push forward to the conquest of good and the banishment of evil4 ,when philosophy shall have given him this knowledge1 when it shall have arranged it in his mind in luminous order1 then the orator will be a priest4 ,he will have nothing more to do than1 following the circumstances1 to give to each of his teeming thoughts the form which befits it3 on whatever subject he has to speak1 the great principles will offer themselves1 his plan will be all arranged beforehand1 the framework of his discourse all laid out2 his march will be firm1 his divisions clear1 his advance irresistible2 and1 while the orator of imagination will go on groping1 without order and without light1 contenting himself with flowering the surface of the soul1 the philosophic orator will penetrate into the depths of the intellect1 and will establish therein1 on convictions which cannot be broken down1 the motives of which he will avail himself victoriously to persuade the will4 ,,vi4 ,,necessity ,,of ,,philosophy ,,for ,,the ,,formation ,,of ,,the ,,theologian4 ,that we may comprehend in all its extent the utility of philosophy1 there remains still to be examined its relation with the divine science--theology4 ,a single glance will suffice to convince us that there is no science with which it should be more intimately bound up than with this queen of sciences1 which occupies uncontested the first place in the hierarchy of knowledge4 ,this first rank would have belonged of right to philosophy1 had not ,god thought it good to make us acquainted by his ,word with the treasures of his own science4 ,but far from revelation having lowered our reason by adding to its light a higher light2 far from philosophy being abased in receiving from the sovereign truth illuminations which of itself it could never have attained1 it has on the contrary acquired thereby a wealth and an elevation incomparable2 for1 in allying itself with the word of ,god1 in uniting its gifts with the gifts of faith1 in applying its principles and processes to the dogmas revealed1 it has produced a science greater than itself1 though born in its bosom--a science divine in its object1 like the ,word who is its father1 although it remains human in form1 like the philosophy of which it has this form--the scholastic theology4 ,there is1 then1 between theology and philosophy a connection of dependence1 which renders the study of the first of these sciences impossible without the preliminary study of the second4 ,it is not with theology as it is with faith3 faith is entirely supernatural1 and consequently it cannot depend directly on any natural cause4 ,thus we have established above that the utility of philosophy for the acquirement and keeping of faith can only be a negative utility4 ,theology1 on the contrary1 supernatural in its object1 is natural in its essence1 since it consists in the rational analysis of the data of faith4 ,there is1 then1 nothing repugnant in admitting the very direct and very positive influence which the study of philosophy exercises over its acquisition4 ,this influence extends itself to every branch of theology--to dogmatic theology first2 for this branch of sacred science1 as we have shown in a preceding article1 borrows from philosophy the processes which it uses1 the method which it follows1 and the greatest part of the definitions and axioms on which it depends4 ,god1 having made use of human language in order to reveal to us his mysteries1 has laid us thereby under an obligation of applying1 in a just measure1 to the supernatural order the ideas of the natural order expressed by this language4 ,we must therefore analyze with the greatest care those ideas1 under pain of comprehending nothing of revelation1 and of falling into the most fatal errors2 and this analysis ought to be proportionately more delicate when it applies itself to ideas involved in the dogmas of faith1 since it ought to discern in those ideas that which is proper to the supernatural order from that which belongs to the universal essence of things4 ,the study of dogmatic theology is then impossible if it does not depend upon an exact and profound study of metaphysics4 ,there is not a single one of those general notions which the science of metaphysics tries in its crucible that does not show itself again in the different treatises of theology1 and present itself before us under all its forms4 ,he who has not beforehand penetrated into the depths of these notions will walk in darkness2 he will hesitate and be in constant doubt1 and will have no means of protecting himself from the grossest blunders save by imposing on himself the rigorous task of studying philosophy in proportion as he advances in the study of theology4 ,the same connection which exists between speculative philosophy and dogmatic theology exists between practical philosophy1 moral theology1 and canon law4 ,perhaps this latter connection is still more intimate than the former2 for in moral questions there is much less of revealed truth than in dogmatic4 ,the moral theologian1 then1 will apply most often to reason for the principles which ought to guide him4 ,it is therefore by the aid of this torch that he will solve the difficulties which present themselves in the application of those principles4 ,the greatest part of the duties which man has to fulfil1 whether towards ,god1 towards his fellows1 or himself1 pertain to the essential order1 and are therefore under the domain of philosophy4 ,to it1 in fine1 belong those fundamental theories on human actions and conscience which form as it were the pivot of moral theology4 ,as for canon law1 its study presupposes general notions on law and on the conditions of social authority no less than the study of civil jurisprudence4 ,natural right is the necessary preamble of both2 it establishes the base whereon is founded the legislation of the church as well as of the state2 it lays down the general formulas which the positive laws apply to particular cases2 it is then to positive right1 whether canonical or civil1 what algebra is to geometry4 ,he who is possessed of it will have no difficulty in generalizing particular data1 and enlarging by simplifying them1 as he who ignores it will only acquire a far more imperfect knowledge at the cost of a far greater amount of labor4 ,these considerations will aid us in comprehending the importance which the church has attached from all time to the teachings of philosophy in her universities1 and the efforts she has made to lift it up when she has seen it threatened by a disastrous decline4 ,if we have caught the straight line which connects this teaching with that of sacred science1 we shall no longer be astonished at seeing a great ,pope publish a bull in order to give to philosophy the favor which the emoluments attached to the study of jurisprudence tended to snatch from it4 ,the church knew that philosophy could not fall without theology falling with it4 ,would that we could understand it thus1 and apply to the restoration of philosophy all the zeal which we ought to have for the resurrection of the high ecclesiastical studies6 ,it is here--let us understand it well--that we must commence4 ,if you take ,st4 ,augustine or ,st4 ,thomas as the type of a great theologian1 you cannot fail to set upon his brow the aureola of philosophy4 ,a theology which1 to the exposition of dogma1 did not unite its philosophic analysis1 would be nothing more than a catechism2 it would have nothing in common with that magnificent science1 the materials of which the holy fathers have furnished1 and whose majestic edifice the scholastic doctors have built up4 ,never will the priest be able to fulfil1 in all its extent1 the function of doctor1 unaided by a profound study of philosophy2 never1 above all1 will he be able to defend revealed truth against the attacks of its enemies2 for ,i ask1 against what points are these attacks directed to-day above all8 ,is it not against those truths which belong at once to the natural and supernatural order--to philosophy and theology8 ,and of what arms do our enemies avail themselves to effect a breach in these fundamental dogmas8 ,are they not almost exclusively those with which a false philosophy supplies them8 ,what shall we do then1 we1 the defenders of truth8 ,what is our sacred1 indispensable duty in the face of these attacks1 which day by day tear away one or other of the sheep from the flock of the church8 ,are we to content ourselves with groaning over the abuse of reason8 ,shall we give pretext to the ignorant to conclude from our invectives that there is a contradiction between our faith and true philosophy8 ,no2 we will mount the breach boldly2 we will capture the weapon which our enemy uses in his attack4 ,our fathers in the faith have taught us how to wield it4 ,let us demonstrate that true philosophy is on our side1 and that our adversaries can only attack our faith by denying their own reason4 ,thus the ignorant will be enlightened2 the wavering minds strengthened2 come what may1 we shall have done our duty in rendering to the ,word of ,god the testimony which the necessities of the time in which we live demand of us4 ,i trust ,i have said enough to disabuse those of their dangerous error who believe that they glorify theology by vilifying with all their power philosophy4 ,undoubtedly the philosophy which they pursue with their invective is the philosophy which is separate from faith1 the philosophy of doubt1 of revolt1 that is to say1 the very opposite of true philosophy4 ,but to hear them speak1 one would say1 sometimes1 that they recognized no other philosophy than that1 and conceded to their adversaries the absurd and insolent pretension which they assume of being the representatives of reason4 ,thank ,god1 this pretension was never less defensible than in our days2 never has revolted reason done better the work of faith by its monstrous excesses1 and made more advantageous the ground of the champions of the cause of ,god4 ,never was it more manifest that there are no true defenders of human dignity except the defenders of divine authority4 ,let us know how to profit by our advantages4 ,all of us who love the church and the doctrine of heaven1 whose depository is the church--we who groan under the darkness which gathers round intelligence1 and seems to thicken day by day1 let us unite our efforts1 and employ every influence we possess toward that restoration of true philosophy which is so desirable4 ,thereby we render a service equally signal to society and to the church3 to society1 which is being lost1 because the love of truth is extinguished in the hearts of men2 to the church1 the mistress of truth1 which has no longer a hold upon souls to whom truth is nothing4 ,nay1 more2 to the divine ,word himself we render the greatest service he can expect from his creatures1 by re-establishing in their integrity the two channels whereby he pours his light into our intelligence--the science of natural and supernatural truths4 ,we must1 in fact1 lift ourselves up to the divine ,word in order to form an idea of the destination of philosophy1 and to appreciate exactly its dignity and importance4 ,is not he indeed the common source of natural and supernatural truth8 ,different in their mode of manifesting themselves to us1 are they not identical in their beginning8 ,whence comes it that1 in perceiving the essential properties of my soul1 the laws of numbers and of figures1 ,i am absolutely certain that all minds which judge rightly must perceive them in the same manner1 and that never1 at any moment of time or eternity1 can they perceive them otherwise8 ,this necessity1 this immensity1 this eternity1 which our intelligence embraces1 proves to us manifestly that these essential laws which we perceive in contingent beings are but the reproduction of a necessary and infinite type4 ,it is then the splendor of ,god1 it is his ,word1 who reveals himself to our reason1 by the medium of his creatures1 before revealing himself to us by himself4 ,philosophy is1 then1 truly a way which ,god has opened up for us of journeying to him1 and should we disdain to enter thereon8 ,should not we traverse it with the same reverence with which ,moses approached the burning bush8 ,and when1 guided by ,augustine and ,thomas1 we behold appear before our eyes the great light of the idea of the infinite2 when that name ,jehovah1 ,he who is1 graven in our soul by the hand of ,god himself1 and involved in the idea of being in all our intellectual acts1 shall unfold itself little by little and grow in splendor1 like the flame of the aurora1 and reveal to us at last in their infinite simplicity the multiplicity of the divine attributes and the laws of all creation1 shall we not bow ourselves down before him with the prophet and intone a canticle of acts of praise8 ,and should we permit one to speak with contempt of a science whereby ,god is manifested to us8 ,let one say all the evil he wishes of that proud philosophy which seeks in the natural light of reason a means of obscuring the supernatural light of faith4 ,nothing1 ,i acknowledge1 is so revolting1 nothing so satanic1 as this transformation of light into darkness which a systematic incredulity effects in a rebellious intelligence4 ,but1 in like manner1 nothing is so beautiful1 nothing so divine1 as the fusion of natural with supernatural light1 of philosophy with faith1 which is effected in the intellect of a ,christian4 ,read the ,summa of ,st4 ,thomas1 the ,confessions and the other works of ,st4 ,augustine1 the ,itinerarium of the ,soul to ,god of ,st4 ,bonaventure1 and try1 if you can1 to separate one from another the thoughts and the sentiments which these great doctors have borrowed from faith1 from those which they have borrowed from philosophy4 ,this separation you will find impossible--the rays of these two torches are so intersected1 united1 and mingled in these splendid intellects4 ,starting from the same focus1 after traversing diverse routes1 they find themselves reunited in acting together on souls as eager for science as they are docile to the teachings of faith2 and together they have worked in the soul to fulfil their common mission1 in producing in them the created image of the uncreated ,word4 ,this union with the light of faith in the intellect of the ,christian is the end to which philosophy aspires1 in the same way as faith1 penetrating into this intellect1 seeks to unite itself therein with science4 8,faith seeking understanding40 ,oh6 how ill do those understand the interests of philosophy who are ever prating of its independence1 and who by independence understand an absolute separation between its teachings and those of revelation6 ,how can light tend to separate itself from light8 ,no1 not in this separation does the dignity of philosophy consist2 it consists1 on the contrary1 in producing here below in the soul of its true disciples a reflection and an outline of that splendor which the clear vision of the divine essence produces in the intelligence of the blessed1 to make them comprehend what they believe in order to make them love it the more4 ,,vii4 ,but it is time to pause4 ,however incomplete may have been the development of the thesis ,i undertook to prove1 ,i have said enough1 ,i think1 to make obvious the capital importance of philosophy1 its necessity for the formation of the man and the ,christian1 of the influential citizen and the defender of the church4 ,hence ,i have a right to conclude that the far too narrow corner allotted by us to this study in the framework of a liberal education is a very great misfortune1 and constitutes one of the gravest dangers of the actual state of things4 ,a society which neglects to form the intellect of the new generation is evidently a society condemned to an inevitable decay4 ,independently of this common peril1 very capable it seems of awakening our solicitude1 ,i have demonstrated that for the unfortunate youth launched into the midst of the mle of errors without having been prepared by a deep study of truth1 there was a danger of disaster1 from which he could only escape by miracle4 ,on whom1 ,i ask1 falls the responsibility of this disaster1 save on those who1 with the power and obligation of giving this youth the preparation whose necessity has been pointed out to them1 shall have neglected to acquit themselves of this duty8 ,it is not for me to say more4 ,i know all the excuses that one may justly allege to throw off this terrible responsibility4 ,the masters are hindered by the parents1 the parents themselves are hindered by social necessities4 ,the anti-rational spirit of this age of rationalism is like an impetuous wind which whirls away youth far from serious reflection1 and which neutralizes the best directed teaching4 ,these excuses may quiet our consciences for the past1 but they can in no wise lessen our fears for the future4 ,the evil exists in all its gravity1 and it is necessary at any cost to remedy it4 ,the first thing to do is clearly to use all our means of persuasion1 in order to make parents and youth themselves comprehend the essential importance of philosophy4 ,it is necessary to accustom them from the earliest period of life to regard this study as the indispensable completion of their education2 the most solid guarantee for their future success1 the act of emancipation of their manhood1 the taking complete possession of their dignity as men1 and the most powerful instrument which they are called upon to hold of influencing their fellows4 ,if from the moment of entering upon this laborious career of education1 we do not accustom them to consider the science of things as the reward most to be desired of all the labors they undertake in acquiring the science of words1 we cannot expect that at the moment when custom authorizes them to reclaim their liberty1 they will submit themselves willingly to bear two years longer the yoke of dependence4 ,here we have the first thing necessary to do in order to ward off the immense danger with which the decline of philosophy threatens us4 ,but there is a remedy still more efficacious and still more necessary against this evil4 ,if we wish philosophy to be esteemed and studied1 let us render it worthy of the esteem we claim for it1 and of the sacrifices at the cost of which it must be acquired4 ,let us lift it up from its fall2 let us prove1 not by a priori arguments1 but by the very reality1 that it is worthy of its name4 ,let it appear in our books and in our hearts no longer as we find it satirically represented in certain ancient pictures1 as the combat between a lizard and a scorpion1 but like that bee of which the church speaks to us in the beautiful ,office of ,st4 ,cecilia1 which1 reserving for the enemies of truth its piercing sting1 goes to place in the bottom of the chalice the most odorous essence of all the flowers to compose for it its honey1 quasi apis argumentosa4 ,let us acknowledge1 then1 if philosophy is too neglected and so profoundly despised in our days1 it is above all to those who have abused it that it ought to impute its disgrace4 ,christianity had made philosophy divine1 as it made divine everything that it touched4 ,it was a virgin as beautiful as she was pure whose earthly form was surrounded by a halo of heaven4 ,impure lovers of her human beauty have endeavored to force her to apostasy1 in order to be able to make her the toy of their swollen pride4 ,alas6 they have only been too successful4 ,with its divine beauty its very human form has passed away1 and nothing is left in their hands save a disfigured corpse4 ,but ,god has made sciences curable as well as nations4 ,he only waits for us to lift up philosophy from where she lies1 and restore her to life and dignity4 ,let us put an end to this senseless and fatal contest which during two centuries reason has waged against faith2 let us cease from using against ,god the most noble gift with which he has endowed our nature2 let us cease to oppose light to light1 natural to supernatural truth2 let us desist from converting the ray which illumines our soul into a veil to hide us from the sun1 and taking the waters of the stream made turbid by our pride to trouble the source4 ,let us1 in a word1 understand the true conditions of the liberty and greatness of the creature3 nothing of itself1 it can rise even to the infinite1 to the condition of union with it1 and of leaning upon its strength4 ,let reason understand this law which is so rational1 and philosophy by that same law take back the glorious place which ,god marked out for it2 it will remount the throne whence its revolt hurled it1 and acquire anew the right of dictating to the other sciences the eternal principles and immutable laws on which the natural order depends4 ,,footnote3 #bjb ,mrs4 ,beecher ,stowe1 ,minister's ,wooing4 ,,on ,,the ,,misty ,,mountain4 ,,concluded4 ,,route ,,iii4 ,one does not feel particularly festive starting out in the rain and the dim uncertain light of the hour before day4 ,the best thing to be done under these circumstances is to go to sleep1 if you can sleep staging4 ,the 8front boot0 affords a very comfortable berth1 of which the lieutenant took possession4 ,i concluded to go inside1 and endeavor to snatch the shaky sleep of a coach4 ,i felt as though ,i could not keep awake if the road were picketed by hostile redskins4 ,the ladies--bless their kind souls6--sat close to make room4 ,i sank into a corner1 and was soon jolted into a sleep4 ,i was aroused by a sudden stoppage4 ,the day had dawned4 ,i looked out of the stage1 and saw a wagon overturned in the road4 ,seeing the conductor and the lieutenant alight1 ,i alighted4 ,the body of a man lay by the upturned wagon4 8,it's poor ,tommy60 said the lieutenant4 8,i thought the thievin'1 cowardly devils would git him at last10 said the conductor4 8,poor old ,tommy6 ,it will be an awful blow for his wife and her six poor orphans40 ,yes6 there lay poor ,tommy in the early sunlight--dead1 stripped1 and scalped4 ,his clothes had been torn from his body1 which was gashed in every limb4 ,every gash1 the lieutenant told me1 was the sign of a different tribe4 ,the number on poor ,tommy's body showed that representatives of seven tribes assisted at his murder4 ,his throat was cut across--the sign of the 8,cut-throats40 ,his arms and his thighs were crossed by deep transverse gashes4 ,his abdomen was scored by two long gashes meeting in a point4 ,the lieutenant told me the names of the tribes whose devilish signs-manual were written in the blood and on the flesh of poor 8,tommy ,john10 but ,i have memory only of one in the horrid sight then before me4 ,the oxen lay with their throats cut and large pieces hacked out of their still quivering flanks4 ,the ,indians had taken everything they could use4 ,what they did not take1 with savage malignity they had broken into atoms or torn into shreds4 ,a baby's crib and a child's chair which the poor fond father was taking to his little ones on the 8,sandy0 were broken into very chips4 ,we remained for some time gazing on this horrid sight4 ,no one spoke4 ,at length the lieutenant and sergeant decently covered the mangled body with a blanket4 ,as we were already behind time1 the conductor said he could not take back to the station the body of the murdered man4 ,we concluded to remain by it until the arrival of the stage from the ,west1 which was already due at that point4 ,it was a sad vigil--fortunately not a prolonged one4 ,the stage from the ,west arrived4 ,it had no passengers4 ,we wrapped poor ,tommy in an additional blanket1 and the coach drove off1 taking him away for ever on this earth from his 8old lady and his half-dozen babies over on the ,sandy40 ,after having examined the 8signs0 about the place of the murder1 the lieutenant and the conductor estimated the number of ,indians engaged in the bloody deed at about fifty4 ,matters became critical4 ,i could not stay inside the stage any longer4 ,i mounted the roof once more1 feeling that if ,i were to be killed by ,indians--a fate to which ,i did not in the least aspire--,i wanted to see whence my death-bolt came1 and have plenty of room to die in4 ,the party on top of the stage seemed quite cool1 but by no means conversationally inclined4 ,i could see their keen eyes continually making the circuit of the horizon1 which traced around us a perfect circle unbroken by mound or shrub4 ,we reached the ,lone ,hollow ,station1 a 8swing10 twenty-eight miles from ,artesian ,wells1 without seeing any more signs of ,indians4 ,here we found yesterday's ,western-bound stage4 ,it had started at the usual time1 but when within a mile or so of ,cypress ,spring1 an abandoned intermediate or 8swing0 station1 the driver saw the buildings in flames4 ,with a glass he could discern ,indians about the burning structures4 ,he had wisely concluded to turn back to the station he had left1 and there we found him4 ,he had no passengers4 ,lone ,hollow ,station was kept by a solitary stock-tender--an old fellow who received 8#ge per month and found10 for offering himself as a perpetual candidate for immolation by his red brethren4 ,when we arrived at the ,lone ,hollow1 ,i felt an unaccountable buoyancy and a rather humiliating craving for food--animal or vegetable4 ,fortunately1 the old stock-trader had some biscuit and a large panful of dried apples4 ,tea was soon made1 and ,i ate an immense meal4 ,i was not alone in this1 however2 the lieutenant1 the conductor1 in short everybody1 ate voraciously1 except the women1 who still clung to the coach1 and could not be prevailed upon to change their position for a moment4 ,the men were all in high spirits1 and there seemed to be no more trace of ,tommy ,john's memory than if he had never been4 8,how do you find it here now80 asked the lieutenant of the old stock-tender4 8,pretty lonely80 8,well10 answered ,john1 8rather4 ,before they sent away the hosses and tuk to mules1 things wuz more sociable-like4 ,i got fond of them hosses1 and them hosses got fond of me4 ,but a mule ain't got no feelin' for nobody4 ,you can't trust 'em4 ,they're too tricky4 ,i didn't feel near so lonesome last year4 ,i had a big yellow dog that was the best companion ,i ever had4 ,but he got pisoned1 by eatin' wolf-bait most likely2 and now ,i ain't got nothin' but two small pups1 and they ain't no society for a man40 8,i should think not10 said the lieutenant4 ,with an abominable want of savoir-faire1 ,i must strike in at this point with the following3 8,being alone here1 are you not afraid of ,indians80 ,the question was one which evidently disturbed the old fellow4 ,i saw it was a sore subject with him1 and regretted having touched upon it4 ,it was plain he wished to keep it out of his thoughts4 8,the ,injuns won't bother me10 he said nervously and impatiently1 as if hastily thrusting the skeleton out of sight4 ,the 8dug-out0 has its skeleton-closet as well as the palace4 8,what do you do to pass the time1 ,john80 asked the conductor4 8,well10 replied ,john1 8,i cook--look after the mules--promenade up to the crest of the ridge4 ,when all my work is done1 and ,i want something to keep my mind occupied1 ,i mend old clothes40 ,our colloquy was cut short1 by the warning cry of 8,all aboard60 ,both coaches were ready to start4 ,the conductors had concluded to unite their forces4 ,this arrangement gave more room4 ,we divided our party2 the lieutenant and ,i mounted the empty coach1 which now took the lead1 followed at about fifty yards by the other4 ,the flash of good spirits which blazed momentarily at the station soon died out4 ,everybody seemed disposed to silence4 ,we were all busy1 straining our eyes1 watching for ,indians4 ,ten miles passed thus without other conversation than monosyllabic remarks4 ,from the top of a 8divide10 we now looked upon the charred and smouldering relics of ,cypress ,station4 ,we stopped and reconnoitred carefully before descending4 ,there were no ,indians to be seen4 ,having descended the ,hollow in which the station had stood1 we found the tracks very fresh4 ,the lieutenant1 the sergeant1 and the conductor1 attended by the writer 7through curiosity rather than bravery71 alighted and examined the ground4 ,the ,indians had destroyed everything they could lay hands on outside of the redoubts or 8dug-outs40 ,these they had not dared to enter4 ,the rough 8bunks0 of undressed timber used by the guards were untouched4 ,in one was found a water-keg1 and in the other a woollen blanket1 left in the hurry of departure1 but which no ,indian could have seen and not appropriated to his own use and benefit4 8,the ,indians are afraid of those #8dug-outs' even when unoccupied10 said the lieutenant4 8,they do not like to go near them--much less enter them4 ,they fear a trap of some kind4 ,an ,indian always strives to keep his lines of retreat open2 he wants a good chance to run away4 ,indians have been known to watch about abandoned stations for days before daring to go within rifle-range of the #8dug-outs4'0 ,within four miles of ,sandy ,station1 a spur sweeping semicircularly from a high bluff to the north nearly touches the road on that side1 while the great bend of the ,big ,dryasdust cuts into it on the south4 ,the lowland to the west of the spur is entirely concealed from the view of the traveller4 ,this was a favorite place for ,indian ambuscades1 and we approached it with great caution4 ,after crossing the bridge the driver said to the conductor3 8,ain't that ,mac's pony out yonder80 8,let's see60 said the conductor1 taking the field-glass and adjusting it4 8,pull up a minute1 ,joe6 ,i can't see with this outfit while the coach is moving4 ,now1 then6 ,by the law1 sir1 that there's ,mac's pony6 ,he acts mighty strange1 too4 ,he is either lamed or hobbled4 ,no6 by gracious6 he's not hobbled4 ,he's saddled1 too6 ,he's wounded1 sir6 ,you may bet your bottom dollar60 8,drive over to him and see10 said the lieutenant4 ,the coaches were driven to where the pony was on the prairie1 about a mile from the road4 ,the lieutenant jumped out4 8,gentlemen60 said he1 8this is more ,indian work40 ,and so it was4 ,the pony had one bullet-hole through the near foreshoulder4 ,a second ball had struck it on the lower jaw1 and turned a portion of it with the teeth over on the tongue1 which was held as in a vice4 ,the poor animal seemed to suffer intensely4 ,it was proposed to shoot it to end its suffering1 but the proposition was not agreed to4 8,let's try and prise back his teeth so that he can eat1 and he'll find his way back to the station40 ,with a 8king-bolt0 for a lever1 by the united efforts of four men the teeth with the portion of the lower jaw containing them were turned back1 and resumed their natural position with a snap like that of a spring-lock4 ,the poor animal1 relieved1 at once began grazing4 8,come1 gentlemen10 said the driver1 8get aboard1 and let's make for the station4 ,there's been trouble1 sure40 ,when we reached the road again the conductor of our coach said he heard a shot in the direction of the station4 ,the lieutenant said he thought he had heard it1 but it might be imagination1 our thoughts being occupied by such anticipations4 ,all doubts were soon at an end1 however1 for we all heard the next shot1 and then another and another4 ,you get within half a mile of ,sandy ,station before you see it4 ,as soon as we reached the point from which it is visible1 we could see that a pretty lively fight was going on between the men at the station and a mounted party on the opposite bank of the stream4 ,the attacking party were about fifty in number1 all mounted1 some having remounts which they led4 ,they rode at full speed in single file1 at intervals of some paces1 in a circle whose circumference at the point opposite to the station nearly reached the stream4 ,each horseman fired as he reached this point4 ,the party at the station were well covered by the roof of a 8dug-out0 stable cut in the bank4 ,the attacking party looked more like ,mexicans than ,indians4 ,they wore wide-brimmed straw hats1 and their body-covering was of a dark color4 ,the conductor1 however1 pronounced them ,indians4 8,they have10 said he1 8the broad-brimmed straw hats1 uniform coats1 and six-shooters given them by the ,peace ,commissioners last spring40 ,the drivers now dashed on with all the speed of their animals1 8to have a little piece of the fight10 they said2 but1 no doubt1 also to escape being cut off by a party who were evidently preparing to cross the creek for that purpose4 ,fortunately1 though there was very little water in the stream1 it was very wide1 and full of soft1 wet1 treacherous sand4 ,half a dozen ,indians galloped to the bank when they saw us1 and rode up and down seeking for a crossing4 ,one of them dashed in1 and his pony soon went down to its flanks4 ,two snap-shots from our stage as we dashed by grazed him pretty closely4 ,a third wounded him and caused him to abandon his pony4 ,he was helped up the bank by the others1 put on a spare pony1 and1 supported by an ,indian on either side1 was carried at full speed out of range4 ,luckily for the other ,indians1 they succeeded in doing this while we were getting out of the stage1 which we did as quickly as possible after getting the ladies' coach under the lee of the stable4 ,we were all anxious1 of course1 8to get a shot in the fight40 ,i was in a state of intense excitement4 ,i received a pretty lively shock from the unexpected discharge of my gun while ,i was in the act of cocking it4 ,its position was fortunately1 however1 a vertical one4 ,my friends1 hearing the fire in the rear1 swore1 started1 turned round1 as if each and every one of them had received a bullet4 ,seeing the source of the firing1 and finding nobody hurt1 they laughed1 but insisted ,i should henceforth move in advance1 as they could not stand such firing as mine4 ,after this little episode1 ,i 8got in0 a couple of shots2 ,i cannot say with what success1 as for the life of me ,i could not tell where my bullets struck4 ,there were now on our side ten men and a non-commissioned officer of regular infantry1 two or three station men1 and our reinforcement of two drivers1 two conductors1 the lieutenant1 the sergeant1 and myself4 ,one or two good volleys from our party soon put an end to the circus performances of the 8friendly ,indians40 ,they scattered and disappeared as if by magic4 ,they sent us their ,p4,p4,c4 compliments in some stray shots1 the flash and smoke revealing whence they came1 not an ,indian being in sight4 8,now1 gentlemen60 said ,mr4 ,bunter1 the station-keeper1 8,i think we can take a bite o' dinner40 ,the worthy landlady1 ,mrs4 ,bunter1 furnished a notable instance of the susceptibility and indifference to externals of the lovers of the plains4 ,she was known1 ,i was informed1 as the 8widow10 though her husband1 a tall1 broad-chested1 intelligent-looking man of about thirty-three or thirty-four1 was 8alive10 and probably capable of a good deal of vigorous 8kicking40 ,the sobriquet had clung to the lady from her very general appearance in the character indicated by it4 ,her present husband was the fourth or fifth occupant of the position4 ,notwithstanding the number of her husbands1 her terms of wedded bliss were very brief4 ,widowhood was the rule1 connubial felicity the exception4 ,hence was it that1 though married1 she was still universally spoken of as 8the widow10 and some not very intimate acquaintances already knew her as the ,widow ,bunter4 ,the stalwart husband did not appear to see any unpleasant significance in the title given his fair spouse4 ,he was jovial1 and seemed contented4 8,the widow0 did the service of the table1 and very well served and supplied it was4 ,a good antelope stew1 with cabbage and potatoes 7luxuries in the then uncultivated world of the plains71 good bread and butter1 pies1 and an excellent cup of tea1 made us all feel1 as our driver expressed it1 8mighty good40 ,mrs4 ,bunter evidently made pretensions to personal attractiveness4 ,she was a woman of thirty--perhaps past that proverbially captivating age--very tall1 lank1 concave-chested1 with great projecting teeth and bony1 clawlike fingers4 ,her long1 thin visage was thickly coated with rice powder 7or flour71 which stood out in bold ridges on her high cheek-bones1 while pools of rouge shone in the cavities of her hollow cheeks4 ,she had a clear1 cold1 steady eye1 however1 which showed that1 if she was devoid of heart1 as was commonly supposed1 she was not without a will of her own4 ,in her time1 she had created quite a flutter among the gentlemen of the stage-driving and stock-tending professions4 ,the dread of relicts which embittered the maturer years of the elder ,weller had no place in the bold bosoms of the 8whips0 of the desert4 ,more than one man 7not including her four dear departed7 had died 8for her sake40 ,the shooting of one suitor only had the effect which hanging a ,british admiral formerly was supposed to have--that of 8encouraging the others40 ,swift and ample justice was done to the 8squarest meal10 as the driver termed it1 we had upon the road4 ,a very few minutes sufficed us to make a hearty dinner1 and we were seated in the porch1 pipes were being filled and lighted1 preparatory to a discussion of the various incidents of the fight1 when the wounded pony we had seen upon the road limped into the station4 ,his master had not been dead more than a few hours1 but he was completely forgotten until the arrival of his wounded horse brought him to mind again4 ,so ordinary an event was the killing of a man by ,indians1 at that time1 on the ,misty ,mountain4 8,where's ,mac80 asked the driver4 8,in yonder10 answered our host1 nodding toward the granary4 8,hurt80 8,killed40 8,how80 8,the fust we knew there wuz ,injuns around wuz when ,mac was attacked4 ,he rode down to the ,butte to bring in a horse from the herd4 ,we heard shootin' down that way4 ,jim and ,i and the blacksmith took our arms and rode toward the firin'4 ,when we got near the ,butte1 we seen three our four ,injuns circlin' round ,mac1 whose pony was wounded1 firin' at him from all directions4 ,i think he wuz already dead when we first seen him4 ,we made all the haste we could1 and druv them from the body1 but we wuz too late to stop #8em from playin' some o' their usual tricks4 ,we got the body on to one of the horses1 and started back for the station at an easy pace1 drivin' in the loose stock afore us4 ,when we'd come within about three-quarters of a mile of the station1 we seen the soldiers runnin' towards us with their muskets in their hands and makin' signs to us4 ,i looked back and seen the durned ,injuns with twenty or thirty more comin' for us4 ,i hollered to ,jim and the smith to light out for the station4 ,we separated1 to give the soldiers a chance to git in their fire on 'em1 which they did4 ,this staggered 'em somewhat and saved us4 ,they got two of our animals1 though60 ,some one proposed going to the granary to look at poor ,mac's remains4 ,the body lay among corn-sacks and miscellaneous stores4 ,mac was a tall1 well-shaped young fellow of twenty-three or twenty-four4 ,he had evidently made the best fight he could4 ,when he left the station1 his revolver had but two loads4 ,he fired them both at his savage foes4 ,bunter said1 had it not been for the wounding of his pony1 8the ,indians would not have got him40 ,the ,indians had raised ,mac's entire scalp1 slitting it through the centre and turning it down over his face4 ,this sight was not beheld unmoved by even the most hardened frontierman in the party4 ,had one of those worthy and humane gentlemen1 the ,peace ,commissioners1 unfortunately dropped in at that moment1 ,i fear he might have been the recipient of much personal indignity1 if not of serious bodily harm4 ,the presence of a regular officer with the station-guard would have saved him from falling a martyr to his humanitarian convictions4 ,without the soldiers he might even attain the crown of martyrdom4 8,as we're here1 boys10 said the driver1 with a view to economy of time1 8let's fix him out like a ,christian40 ,rough in speech1 yet tender in action1 they set to work to make ready poor ,mac's remains for the grave4 ,his scalp was returned to its proper place and sewed together1 his hair combed1 and his blood-stained face cleansed of its gory marks4 ,he was shrouded in a pair of soldier's drawers and an under-shirt4 ,several empty chests in the room were measured1 but proved too short for a coffin4 ,a large arms-chest was furnished by the soldiers1 which1 with a slight addition to its length1 supplied the improvised bier on which we laid 8poor ,mac40 ,scarcely had these sad offices been performed when the sentinel without shouted3 8,indians in sight60 ,there was a rush for the outside4 ,every man picked up his gun4 ,with the glass the ,indians could be seen crossing the stream near where they had murdered ,mac,sorley4 ,the party was increased to a hundred and fifty or two hundred4 ,they moved to the top of the bluff1 and remained there for some time1 apparently holding a council as to their future movements4 ,the lieutenant1 after instructing the commander of the station-guard to wake him as soon as the ,indians showed a disposition to move1 spread out his blankets1 lay down1 and fell asleep over a novel4 ,the driver and conductor followed his example2 and the latter was soon in the arms of ,morpheus4 ,but ,i could not sleep4 ,i was too much excited by the unusual events ,i had witnessed during the past twenty-four hours4 ,so ,i fraternized with the soldiers of the guard1 and listened to their opinions on ,indian matters1 and their tales of ,indian adventure4 ,about sunset the ,indians began to move4 ,unanimity of action was not the result of their council2 they separated into two parties1 one of which went due east1 the other to the northwest1 passing in rear of the station1 but at the respectful distance of three or four miles from it4 ,night fell at last4 ,sentinels having been properly posted1 all who were not on guard1 except the lieutenant and the writer1 went to bed1 or1 rather1 to a blanket on the floor4 ,i sat up to write some letters by a dirty1 sputtering candle on a lame1 old table1 the only furniture in the room1 except a greasy1 rickety chair4 ,the lieutenant read his novel by the better light of a civilized candle which1 knowing the customs of the region1 he had had the good sense to bring with him4 ,the savage stillness of night on the plains fell upon the place4 ,no sound was heard save the occasional wailing of the hungry wolves1 that thronged around the barn where the dead man lay4 8,confound that horrible noise60 said the lieutenant1 at last jumping up and shutting his novel with a bang4 8,it sets my teeth on edge1 and rasps every nerve in my body4 ,let us go out and smoke in the open air before turning in60 ,we lighted our pipes and went forth1 turning our steps toward the barn4 ,half a dozen wolves sat around the building1 looking like professional mourners1 and moaning their hunger-melancholy moans4 ,we were close to them before they would move4 ,one of them was so hunger-bold that he stood at bay for a moment1 and the lieutenant thought it necessary to draw his pistol and cock it4 ,the click was enough for the wolf1 who dashed off at once1 growling with head still turned towards us1 and teeth shining in a parting snarl4 ,after smoking we proceeded upstairs1 to a cold1 cheerless1 unfurnished room1 and betook us to our blankets4 ,the wind howled dismally through the unglazed sashes4 ,we sought positions the least exposed to cross-draughts4 ,spreading our blankets on the floor1 unswept except by the wind1 we lay down to such rest as excitement1 fatigue1 and youth can bring4 ,we did not rise so early next morning as might be supposed from a calm consideration of our sleeping accommodations4 ,we were up in time for breakfast1 however4 ,it was a good one1 and we enjoyed it4 ,after its conclusion arrangements were made for the burial of ,mac,sorley4 ,it was decided that he should be buried on the top of a high mound within about a thousand yards of the station4 ,the funeral cortge was neither large nor imposing4 ,it consisted of ,mr4 ,bunter1 two or three stage drivers and stock-tenders1 the lieutenant1 the sergeant1 and the writer4 ,the guards1 excepting those necessary to protect the station1 were out1 posted around on commanding eminences to prevent a surprise4 ,the grave was already dug4 ,the rough substitute for a coffin1 drawn to the place of interment on a hayrack1 was covered with its earthy bed as tenderly as possible4 ,bunter had asked the lieutenant to read prayers at the grave2 and the latter had consented4 ,but there was no prayer-book to be found at the station4 ,bunter requested the lieutenant to improvise a prayer for the dead1 when one of the men began shovelling the earth into the grave4 8,hold on1 ,jack60 said ,bunter1 8the lieutenant's goin' to say a prayer40 ,jack 8held on10 looking rather astonished at this unusual delay4 ,the lieutenant threw earth upon the coffin1 repeating1 with a voice full of emotion1 such devotional passages1 appropriate to the occasion1 as occurred to him1 ending with the simple but all-including words of the church3 8,may ,god have mercy on his soul60 ,jack1 supposing it unnecessary to 8hold on0 any longer1 commenced pitching in the clay with the rather out-of-place energy usually displayed in the performance of that last duty4 8,hold on1 ,jack60 cried ,mr4 ,bunter a second time1 8the lieutenant ain't through yet40 ,and ,jack unwillingly ceased his labors for awhile4 8,i have finished10 said the lieutenant4 8,i am but a poor hand at public praying2 but if ,i spoke for an hour it would amount to no more than what ,i have said40 8,we don't know whose turn it may be next10 said a young driver1 feeling it proper to indulge in the hackneyed morality of such occasions--words given forth1 perhaps1 as mere conversational small change2 but their truth was made terribly manifest shortly after4 ,it was the young driver's turn next4 ,a month had not elapsed before he was killed and scalped within a mile of the station4 ,when ,i passed there at a later period1 they recalled what he had said1 and showed me his grave by the side of ,mac,sorley's4 ,,route ,,iv4 ,the ,big ,sandy ,station soon became terribly dull4 ,i felt ,i would rather risk being scalped than stay there any longer4 ,learning that some emigrants with their families1 two wagons1 etc41 were about to push westward1 and that the lieutenant had determined to go to the next station with them1 though they set out against his advice1 ,i concluded to go on with him4 ,we made an early start next morning4 ,we had two government wagons and some half a dozen men besides the emigrant contingent4 ,when we had reached a point about a mile and a half from ,big ,sandy ,station1 the sergeant said to the lieutenant in a low tone3 8,lieutenant1 there are ,indians on that hill in front of us40 ,the hill was about fifteen hundred yards distant4 ,the lieutenant called a halt1 and examined the redskins through a field-glass4 8,they are ,indians10 he said1 8and in pretty strong force10 at the same time handing me the glass4 ,the hillside literally swarmed with mounted ,indians1 moving incessantly1 like ants crawling up and down an ant-hill4 ,the dust of two parties--each about fifty strong1 judging by that indication--could be seen rising from a ravine which ran along the base of the hill and across the road over which lay our route4 ,it was also noticed that the dust aforesaid ceased at the road4 ,the move was evident4 ,they lay in ambuscade to capture us4 ,we got out our arms1 but eight or nine weapons in all1 the emigrants being unarmed1 and began withdrawing slowly to ,big ,sandy4 ,the children wept and screamed4 ,the women howled that they would be taken by the ,indians4 ,they scolded and lamented by turns4 ,the men said nothing4 ,they were not in a talking mood1 nor was anybody just then--except the ladies4 ,we effected our retreat in good order1 the unarmed men driving the teams1 the armed protecting 8the movement40 ,some ,indians followed us1 just out of range1 and one whom ,i shall always see in my mind's eye1 on a white pony1 followed on at the same distance until we reached ,big ,sandy ,station once more4 ,the next day we again got tired of smoking1 talking1 and reading novels4 ,the lieutenant succeeded in getting a coach1 and he and ,i with three men and the sergeant1 all armed this time1 started once more for ,welcome ,spring ,station--the next on our route ,west4 ,we had a good driver and a splendid team of mules4 ,arrived at about six miles west of ,big ,sandy1 we saw some ,indians1 twelve or fifteen1 coming toward us from a distance4 ,a judicious use of mule power soon put them out of sight4 ,we had no further trouble until we came within five or six miles of ,welcome ,station4 ,there1 after we had almost entirely dismissed ,indian dangers from our minds1 we suddenly discovered three parties in uncomfortably close proximity4 ,they were coming towards us at a good round pace4 ,two of the parties numbered about fifty each1 the third about half that number4 ,the last mentioned was evidently trying to cut us off from the station1 while the other two were closing in upon us from the right and left4 ,the curtains were thrown up4 ,the coach bristled with needle-guns on every side4 8,,now ,,go ,,it10 said the lieutenant4 ,and we went it6 8,if the wheels don't take fire10 said the driver tremulously1 8we may make it60 ,on we went6--good ,springfield breech-loaders1 loaded and cocked1 thrust out behind1 before1 and on each side of the coach4 ,on came the ,indians6 ,rather chary1 however1 of the breech-loaders1 but looking for something to turn up4 ,their sudden dash had failed4 ,there was now the chance of our being cut off by the third party4 ,the driver plied whip and voice4 ,the mules almost flew to gain the turning-point4 ,we passed the important point without breaking anything4 ,then our mules were brought down to a less expeditious1 though by no means contemptible pace4 ,the ,indians slackened their speed and gave up the job4 ,they still followed us1 however1 at a respectful distance1 until we came in sight of the station4 ,welcome ,spring ,station was a welcome station to us4 ,i felt so happy that ,i jumped out through the coach window1 disdaining the commonplace convenience of a door4 ,what appetites we had6 ,what a dinner we ate6 ,and what a glorious sleep we had on some corn-sacks in the stable6 ,our route henceforth lay through a more settled country4 ,no further danger from ,indians was to be feared4 ,we enjoyed the ride4 ,the sight of mountains in the distance and soon1 of tall pines all around us had a cheering influence on me4 ,the lieutenant1 who was in the very best humor1 said he was so much accustomed to life on the plains that he had acquired a dislike to wooded countries4 ,even when on leave of absence in the ,east1 where there was not the ghost of an ,indian to be feared1 he experienced a feeling of insecurity when in woodland4 ,he wanted to have plenty of elbow room1 he said1 and to see all around him for miles4 ,we reached ,sierra ,city without further incident next morning4 ,the lieutenant and ,i parted1 with many kind wishes on both sides and hope of meeting again4 ,i have not since met my military friend4 ,i have even forgotten his name4 ,my memory never was much better than a waste1 and names were the very last things that would take root in it4 ,i hope yet to meet my old ,misty ,mountain companion4 ,when ,i do1 may he be1 at least1 a major6 ,i returned over the same route4 ,all was then quiet on the ,misty ,mountain4 ,the only change ,i saw was that two more graves had been made by the side of ,mac,sorley's1 on the high mound near the ,big ,sandy--8killed by ,indians40 ,before ,i made my ,misty ,mountain trip1 ,i had a boy's usual desire for a soldier's life4 ,that trip was the turning-point in my desires4 ,i have 8seen ,indians0 since1 and in my summer vacations have occasionally accompanied scouting parties against the hostile tribes4 ,my further experience completed the change in my tastes4 ,the life of a soldier on the frontier has no charms for me4 ,fighting ,indians is far harder work than fighting a civilized foe4 ,it is continued privation1 suffering1 and danger4 ,even success1 so difficult of achievement in this species of warfare1 is generally repaid1 not by glory1 but by misrepresentation and ingratitude4 ,i am content with my old desk in the dingy old office in the leathery old ,swamp4 ,the smell of the leather is more grateful to me than the purest of prairie breezes1 which1 when it plays with your locks1 is unpleasantly suggestive1 to those acquainted with the usages of ,indian warfare4 ,,orl,,ans ,,and ,,its ,,clergy4 ,in the outskirts of ,orlans1 between the roads leading to ,paris and ,chartres1 stands an antique chapel under the invocation of ,notre ,dame des ,aydes--the remains of a former hospital4 ,thousands of pilgrims have been here to pray1 from age to age3 among them the last of the ,valois1 the indolent ,henry ,,iii4 ,a small statue of ,our ,lady of ,aid on one of the gables seems to welcome and bless the traveller4 ,to this sacred spot1 that for ages had known no other sound but the voice of prayer and praise1 and no other smoke but that of holy incense1 came the din of war and the smoke of cannon4 ,around this asylum of peace took place one of the most thrilling scenes of the late war4 ,the battalion of foreign legions held the place for a time under a frightful cannonading on the part of the ,prussian forces4 ,m4 ,arago1 the commander1 perished gloriously on the field of battle4 ,the thirteen hundred men under him were of all races and climes4 ,the ,austrian mingled with the ,italian2 the negro of the desert with the ,polish exile2 the ,chinese with the ,servian prince4 ,of these1 six hundred were killed or wounded2 three hundred made prisoners2 the remainder escaped to recommence the combat elsewhere4 ,the ,germans pressed on1 leaving behind them the flaming houses of the faubourgs to record their triumph4 ,they pushed into the very heart of the city--to the statue of ,joan of ,arc1 which must have wept out its very heart of stone at its powerlessness to drive out this new invader--to the steps of the church where the holy maid once worshipped1 or1 if not the same1 to one on the same spot1 for the ancient church of ,ste4 ,croix was destroyed by those ,brise-,moutiers1 the ,calvinists1 and rebuilt by ,henry ,,iv4 ,among the inhabitants of ,orlans1 one man of sacred character and ,european reputation stands out prominently at the time of this invasion--the illustrious ,bishop ,dupanloup4 ,this eminent prelate has had the unique privilege of displaying his eloquence before a very unusual variety of audiences--at the ,sorbonne1 the ,french ,academy1 the ,palais de ,justice1 the ,national ,assemblies1 the pulpit of ,notre ,dame de ,paris1 and the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,he has also pleaded the cause of weakness1 justice1 and patriotism before an arrogant conqueror4 ,in this time of universal alarm1 the ,bishop of ,orlans proved himself a worthy successor of the bishops in the times of the invasions of the barbarians1 around whom gathered the multitude with a feeling of security4 ,wherever there was severity to be tempered1 crime to be denounced1 wounded to be rescued1 or condemned to be saved1 he was brought to interpose4 ,the panic-struck women from the smoking ruins of ,chteaudun betook themselves to him4 ,he was a refuge when every other hope failed4 ,the august function of ,defensor ,civitatis1 ,defender of the ,city1 which the popular voice once bestowed on the bishops1 had come down from the ages of faith4 ,st4 ,agnan's holy prayers are said to have delivered ,orlans from ,attila1 who besieged it in the fifth century4 ,hence1 every bishop of ,orlans1 when he took possession of his see1 enjoyed for ages the privilege of delivering all prisoners4 ,when the new bishop approached the city1 all the prisoners came out in procession with ropes around their necks1 and knelt before him to implore release4 ,then they went back to the city1 and heard ,mass in the church of ,st4 ,yves4 ,at a later hour they assembled in the court of the vch to listen to an address from the bishop1 who1 from a window1 exhorted them to atone for their previous misdeeds by their penitential lives4 ,he then gave them his blessing1 a dinner was provided for them1 after which they all went where they pleased4 ,this was only one of the results of the moral power of the first bishop of the country4 ,what the popular voice at first bestowed1 afterwards merged into political power when the time of peril was past1 and the burden accepted as a possible duty to their flock became a source of reproach1 as if it were usurped4 ,bishop ,dupanloup was worthy the old title ,defensor ,civitatis4 ,he filled the office simply and generously1 with a devotedness nothing could exhaust and a firmness nothing could bend4 ,at the second occupation of ,orlans1 when the ,prussians had replaced the ,bavarians1 the kind of ,truce of ,god that naturally established itself around the servant of the ,most ,high was done away with4 ,the bishop was an object of severity in his turn2 he was imprisoned in a corner of his own palace and strictly guarded4 ,prince ,frederick ,charles was impolitic4 ,he should have been mindful of a great captain of loftier genius than his--,prince ,eugene1 whom history honors for honoring ,fnelon at ,cambrai4 ,in speaking of the ,bishop of ,orleans1 we must not forget the priests that everywhere1 in town as well as hamlet1 walked in his noble footsteps4 ,in the engagements at ,notre ,dame des ,aydes and ,coulmiers1 as well as elsewhere1 the priests1 both cur and vicar1 were at their posts1 going to and fro among the wounded1 with hands not raised with murderous weapons1 but uplifted to bless2 not inflicting death1 but braving it1 and consoling the dying4 ,the ,moniteur ,officiel at ,berlin has reproached the clergy of ,orlans for what is really their glory4 8,at the approach of our troops10 says the ,prussian journal1 8the solitary laborer threw down his spade1 seized his musket on the ground beside him1 and fired4 ,every day such opponents were brought to headquarters and shot according to martial law4 ,priests were often brought with them who had abetted or been actors in some instance of bold resistance40 ,such was the touching emulation of all classes in rallying to defence against the invader4 ,in the ,arme du ,nord1 ,general ,faidherbe also testifies to the same devotedness on the part of the clergy1 and mentions with special gratitude the bold stand of the ,archbishop of ,cambrai1 the ,bishop of ,arras1 the hospital sisters at ,corbie1 and the clergy generally4 ,he especially holds up one brave ,dominican monk for admiration--doubtless a disciple of ,lacordaire1 or one of the companions of the ,martyrs of ,arcueil--the ,pre ,mercier1 8who received four wounds at the battle of ,amiens1 where he displayed remarkable courage40 ,the bravery and patriotism of the priesthood is no new thing4 ,how constantly were they evinced during the middle ages6 ,if their sacred character did not allow them to participate actively in the fray1 they were there to animate and encourage1 and especially to succor the dying4 ,among a thousand instances1 we read that1 at the battle of ,neville's ,cross1 the ,prior of ,durham1 ,england1 and his monks1 took the sacred banner of ,st4 ,cuthbert1 and repaired to a hillock in sight of both armies1 hoisted it1 knelt around it1 and prayed4 ,other brethren from the belfry of the cathedral sang hymns of praise and triumph1 which were heard afar off in a most miraculous manner4 ,yes3 ,orlans has reason to be proud of its clergy1 with its hereditary spirit4 8,the heart of ,france0 has not lost its ancient courage4 ,the service its people rendered the crown in ancient times induced ,louis ,,xi4 to give it as its arms an open heart1 showing the lilies of ,france within4 ,above this blason is the quatrain 8,orlans1 ville de renom1 ,de haut pris1 de grand' excellence1 ,eut pour blazon le cur de ,france ,de ,loueys1 onzime du nom40 ,and another poet has said3 8,non potuit regni caput esse ,aurelia magni ,ergo quod superest1 corque1 animusque fuit0-- ,orlans being so-called from the ,emperor ,aurelian1 who enlarged the city towards the end of the third century1 and gave it the name of ,aurelianum1 from which ,aurliens1 and finally ,orlans4 ,perhaps ,orlanais has had the glorious privilege of suffering more than any other part of ,france for its country4 ,it has been a battle-field on which some of the most famous personages in history have figured4 ,csar ran over the country as a conqueror2 ,attila withdrew from it conquered and humiliated2 here the ,maid of ,orlans delivered ,france2 here ,francis de ,guise died after forcing ,charles ,v4 to give up ,metz2 and here ,turenne saved the country threatened by the ,fronde4 ,for two centuries the valley of the ,loire had not been disturbed by the noise of arms1 but ,orlans1 ,coulmiers1 ,villepion1 etc41 now testify how the open heart of ,france has again bled and suffered4 ,,use ,,and ,,abuse ,,of ,,the ,,stage4 ,we are a very theatrical people4 ,the old unbending ,puritan stuff has almost died out amongst us2 whether for better or worse1 such is the fact4 ,if a ,brutus appeared in our midst to-day1 he would be dubbed a 8rowdy02 a ,cato1 a decided bore4 ,where we would not turn to look at them1 we rush pell-mell to catch the first glimpse of a prince2 even a lord finds a following here that must rather surprise him in a nation where he only expected to meet with the stern virtues of republicanism4 ,we crowd in the same way to see a new 8star0 in the theatrical firmament1 whether that star's radiance consist in a melodious voice1 or a dexterous use of the limbs1 or a display of physical charms1 so artistically concealed that not one of them is missed4 ,so we throng to hear a great preacher or a loud one1 provided he is 8puffed0 enough4 ,our politics have degenerated into a money-making concern2 our religion1 almost to a fashion4 ,as it was a fashion in the old days when the ,pharisee went up to the temple to pray1 and his prayer consisted in thanking ,god that he was so far above the poor publican1 together with a grand recital of his fastings and self-flagellations1 and alms given to the poor2 as it was a fashion later on1 in the time of the ,puritans and the ,scotch under right ,john ,knox1 as ,carlyle would call his hero--when the godly sat out their two hours' sermon1 and at the end applauded1 and begged the preacher to continue1 and sat them grimly a two hours more2 going their way1 comforted at heart1 to murder ,cavalier and ,catholic1 and all who wore the mark of the beast and the color of the scarlet woman4 ,we have touched on religion1 for it is inwoven with our theme1 the theatre1 which sprang from religion1 and1 could it be made to preach as it has done1 would1 without lack of amusement or attraction1 become a house of prayer1 and not1 as it now is1 a home of corruption4 ,the ,greeks used it for a twofold purpose3 to lash vice or as a political weapon4 ,and nothing pierced so fatally the thick hide of the low demagogue1 ,cleon1 as the barbed shafts of ,aristophanes1 scattered with all the great master's skill among the keen-witted and appreciative ,athenians4 ,we see a similar instance to-day in the attack by one of the leaders of the modern ,french drama on a much greater man than ,cleon4 ,the ,rabagas of ,sardou has tended to demoralize ,gambetta more than the holocaust he sacrificed1 in his unwise and inopportune zeal1 to the glory of ,france1 as he would claim2 in reality to its ruin4 ,it has done more to lower him in the eyes of the people than the terrible logic of events4 ,why have not we a man to do the like for the rings and the political immorality that inundates us2 from which we are only just beginning to emerge1 without the certainty of not sinking beneath it again8 ,the stage with the ,greeks was1 moreover1 a preacher4 ,it held up lofty thoughts in language worthy of them4 ,it preached the virtue of self-sacrifice and its nobleness in tones that could not fail to be heard4 ,it did not mock the false with puny laughter and weak travestie2 but laid it bare in all its ugliness1 cutting deep into it and round about it1 probing the soil that it grew in1 piercing its thick rind with a weapon whose wound was death4 ,and there stands out that wonderful play of the ,prometheus ,vinctus3 the bold story of the god-born man1 who1 with the insight of the god-nature that was in him1 saw the misery of his brethren1 and dared to filch the sacred fire from heaven that he might lift them up from their degradation2 who suffered on an eternity of woe1 with the relentless bird ever gnawing at his vitals2 and1 as the curtain fell upon the convulsion of nature1 foretold1 in words indeed prophetic1 the fall of ,jove and of his false heaven4 ,we read and stand amazed2 wondering1 now at the grace1 now at the terrible power of the words2 pitying the great and tameless soul enduring an agony unspeakable for his kind1 chained there to the bare rock with the pitiless heavens above him1 the starry-curtained night1 and the ever-dimpling ocean smiling beneath him4 ,we see ,calvary and the ,saviour there2 and marvel at the boldness of the conception1 the magnificence and prophetic truth of its carrying out4 ,from this story of a pagan ,greek1 told to pagans before ,christ came into the world1 bearing the fire that he willed only to be kindled1 we turn with shame and sickness at heart to the things of this day1 of this era of civilization and enlightenment4 ,but first let us trace the course of the drama when it fell into ,christian hands4 ,that fierce ,northern blast which overthrew for ever the gorgeous fabric of the ,roman ,empire1 withered and blighted everything that could be called intellectual or refined4 ,the civilization1 the literature1 the very language of ,greece and ,rome1 were extinguished1 and the world had to begin its intellectual schooling anew4 ,then the church stepped in1 and moulded those rough elements into a nobler race than that which had been swept away4 ,the ,roman had been taught to live for the state2 the ,christian was taught to live for ,christ4 ,the church filled their rugged minds with great ideas and noble purposes2 she laid the foundation of a great faith1 and on that built up everything4 ,a belief in one ,supreme ,god1 in eternal joy for the good1 eternal pain for the wicked3 such was the doctrine1 easily learned1 easily understood1 which she unceasingly poured into their untutored minds4 ,it was a hard task4 ,there was no press then2 there were no newspapers1 no telegraph wires flashing thought from world to world in less time than it takes to conceive it4 ,men were taught by word of mouth4 ,and when we contemplate the magnitude of the work--the education and conversion of an illiterate world--we can only wonder at its success1 and see therein the finger of ,god1 guiding and directing his daughter--the one stumbling-block to the march of reason1 according to our modern notions4 ,then came up those quaint old miracle plays1 performed at fairs and festivals1 and sometimes even in the cathedrals and churches4 ,they clothed the mysteries of religion in simple language1 well adapted for simple minds1 and brought home to the crowds assembled great and impressive truths4 ,a relic of them to-day attracts the fashionable world1 ennuy of the opera1 the conventional stage1 and an existence weary of itself and its emptiness4 ,it takes its opera-glasses and scent-bottles and flirtation to the rude rocks of the ,tyrol to behold the ,ammergau ,passion ,play4 ,it is a novelty4 ,we wonder that no enterprising manager has offered fabulous sums to bring the performers out here to us4 ,they would certainly 8draw40 ,to be sure1 he could scarcely transport the ,tyrol1 but then the scene-painter and machinist could manage that4 ,if the butterflies of fashion can find motive enough to brave the terrors of sea-sickness and flit out thither to behold a novelty1 can sit it out without a yawn1 and be struck by the reverence of the performance and its effect on the grave mountaineers1 surely something far less taxing on our conventional notions1 but bearing the germ of a great truth within it1 might send the thousands who flock nightly to our theatres home with a thought in their heads and a more earnest feeling in their hearts4 ,the stage grew with the growth of time and the spread of education1 till1 at the close of the sixteenth century1 we find it at its zenith in ,spain and in ,england4 ,the ,french and ,italians never possessed a great stage--a stage1 that is1 for all time and all nations2 the ,german is of recent growth4 ,at this point the stage was great2 was in the broad sense moral1 elevating1 high4 ,it towered above men1 above the times2 it educated while it attracted them4 ,in plot1 in action1 in delineation of character1 in thrilling scenes and happy conceptions1 the plays of the sixteenth century are unrivalled1 while their language makes of them classics4 ,dr4 ,arnold of ,rugby proposed that the ,english classics should be made one of the principal studies of boys at school4 ,we wonder what benefit boys would derive from the study of the trash we listen to and applaud in these days--whether it would be better calculated to improve their morals than a close application to the pages of the ,newgate ,calendar or the columns of the ,police ,news8 ,from that period the course of the stage has been a downward one passing from bad to worse1 till it has been our fortune1 with a solitary exception here and there1 to light upon the worst2 for the plays of the time of ,charles ,,ii41 bad as they are and revolting1 are safer from their very outspokenness than the gilded licentiousness that allures us4 ,we rival them in obscenity1 as we fall immeasurably below them in wit4 ,the reason of this decline1 at a time when the discovery of the art of printing gave a new impetus to the spread of education1 is foreign to our present purpose4 ,with a glance at the past1 at what the theatre was1 and what it might become1 we turn to that which immediately concerns us1 the present3 what the theatre now is1 and why--restricting our remarks principally to ,new ,york4 ,now the dramatic season has just drawn to a close1#bjc so it is a fair time to indulge in a retrospect4 ,we believe it has been on the whole what managers might term a fairly good season2 that is1 people have gone to the theatres1 paid their money1 and endorsed1 by their presence and applause1 the various species of entertainments which the managers1 in their capacity of public caterers1 have provided for them4 ,our question is1 ,what have we endorsed8 ,what have been the theatrical 8hits0 of the season8 ,what are the plays which have brought crowds to the theatre1 money to the manager1 and delight to the public at large8 ,the answer1 looked at soberly and honestly1 is startling4 ,with the exception of the ,shakespearian and a few other classical plays at one of the theatres1 some transitory pieces got up occasionally for 8stars10 and ,french adaptations1 which we shall refer to after1 we have not had a single play worthy of the name1 worthy of the actors who performed them1 worthy1 we sincerely hope1 of the audiences who witnessed them4 ,it may be as well to explain that by actors we mean ladies and gentlemen who are equal to the very difficult position they have taken upon themselves2 who can speak pure ,english in a manner we can all understand--a slight qualification seemingly1 yet in these days one of the rarest2 who can portray emotions with fidelity2 who can forget1 first of all1 themselves2 secondly1 the audience1 in the character they have assumed4 ,we do not mean those with whom vulgarity passes for wit1 coarseness for humor1 or a liberal display of the person for all that is needed4 ,the name of the latter class is legion2 the individuals who compose the former1 exclusive of passing stars1 might be almost counted on our fingers4 ,and now for the performances we have endorsed4 ,the great attractions1 the 8hits0 of the season1 beyond ,humpty ,dumpty1 which is no play at all1 but a display of the antics of the cleverest mime who has appeared on our stage1 have been the ,black ,crook and ,lalla ,rookh4 ,these two pieces drew the largest crowds for the longest time2 one of them is an old favorite1 and vies with ,humpty ,dumpty in duration2 the other1 but for its untimely end by fire1 was as likely to become so1 and may yet1 for all we know to the contrary4 ,we wish to place this well before the public2 the chief theatrical attractions in ,new ,york1 the commercial capital of our ,republic and the ,new ,world1 during the past year1 have been ,humpty ,dumpty1 the ,black ,crook1 and ,lalla ,rookh6 ,what are these two latter things8 ,are they plays8 ,is there any acting in them at all8 ,is there a single good thought inculcated1 good feeling stirred1 good end attained by their presentation8 ,are they fit to place before a public composed of ladies and gentlemen1 of virtuous men and women1 above all before the young1 the pleasure-seekers1 of both sexes8 ,to all these questions we answer an emphatic no2 and we are certain that the managers who got them up would agree with us4 ,yet all ,new ,york--speaking generally--crowded to see them4 ,the expense in producing them was enormous4 ,actresses1 scenery1 dresses1 machinery1 were purchased and brought from over the sea2 and all for what8 ,a display of brilliant costumes1 or rather an absence of them2 crowds of girls set in array1 and posturing so as to bring out every turn and play of the limbs4 ,throughout it was simply a parade of indecency artistically placed upon the stage1 with garish lights and intoxicating music to quicken the senses and inflame the passions4 ,the very advertisements in the streets and in the public press set forth as their crowning attraction the crowds of 8ladies0 and their scanty raiment4 ,how women with any pretensions to modesty could sit out such an exhibition without a blush--how men could take women for whom they had any respect to witness it1 are things we cannot understand4 ,that such things can succeed at all1 can succeed so well1 can beat everything else from the field1 among us1 speaks ill for us2 speaks ill for our taste1 our morality1 our civilization4 ,to ,protestants and ,catholics alike we say3 ,cry down1 with all the power that is in you1 public exhibitions that are daily undermining and uprooting the morality of this great nation1 which affects1 as it must continue to affect more and more day by day1 the destiny of the world4 ,they influence the fashions2 they fill the public streets with impurity4 ,their effect is in the very air we breathe1 the press we read1 the pictures that meet our eyes on every stand4 ,to the recognition and open admiration we display for such performances on the public stage1 we owe those lower dens of infamy that corrupt our youth1 poison their life1 and cause the whole race to degenerate2 and the bloody tragedies in real life which have from their frequency almost ceased to create a sensation4 ,they are a blot upon our institutions1 a stain upon our morality1 a scandal to every decent eye4 ,but who is to blame8 ,the public deplores the depravity of the taste of the age1 and carries its opera-glass to the theatre so as not to miss an iota4 ,the manager blames the actor1 the actor the author1 and the author the manager4 ,perhaps all are to blame more or less2 but undoubtedly the onus of it rests with us who pay for and go to see such things4 ,the manager whom we blame so much objects very properly3 ,the people want to be amused1 and we must find something to amuse them4 ,good plays that are presentable are almost as rare as good actors to interpret them1 as an appreciative audience to come and admire them4 ,if the public did not demand such sights1 you may be perfectly certain we should not present them4 ,our interest in the whole matter is merely one of dollars4 ,love of art1 and educating the public taste1 and so forth1 sound very well in the abstract1 but they do not pay4 ,these things are of enormous cost in the scenery1 the putting on the stage1 the costumes1 and1 as far as the actors are concerned1 to-day we are compelled to pay a higher price for limbs than for genius4 ,now1 this sounds very plausible1 and there is1 no doubt1 a vast amount of reason in it4 ,certain it is that1 if the public kept away from such exhibitions1 the manager would scarcely ruin himself by presenting them to empty houses4 ,but are good plays so scarce1 and why8 ,shakespeare1 we fear1 is almost out of the question4 ,we confess1 in common with very many1 a secret misgiving1 almost amounting to horror1 at the idea of going to see ,desdemona or ,banquo doubly murdered4 ,the education of the vast majority of our actors renders them incapable of catching the meaning of the great master's words1 far less of interpreting them in a manner to enchain our attention or enthrall our senses3 the invariable result when we sit down to read them4 ,we generally find one or two characters ably sustained1 and the rest1 as a rule1 rendered absolutely ridiculous4 ,notwithstanding1 we take it as a very encouraging thing1 and a great sign of advancement in intelligence and education1 to see in one instance1 at least1 this class of drama drawing houses the whole year through4 ,the more we have of such plays1 the less we shall see of ,black ,crooks and ,lalla ,rookhs4 ,sheridan1 again1 and ,colman are almost beyond our actors1 though they are scarcely a hundred years old4 ,an actor undertaking a character must understand not merely the words he utters1 but the character he represents1 the position it holds in the play1 its bearings on the others2 for our modern actors are too apt to consider that there is only one character in every play1 and that their own4 ,the costume1 mode of life1 look1 gait1 air1 tout ensemble1 should fit the person to the age in which he lived4 ,now1 how many of those employed to personate the fops1 or fools1 or men about town of ,sheridan1 know the age in which those characters lived1 the mode of conversation1 the walk1 8the nice conduct of the clouded cane10 the way of passing the time1 the affected laugh and pronunciation of certain letters1 the ceremony thrown into a bow or a proffer of a pinch of snuff1 with a thousand other little things only to be found in a close study of the writers of the time8 ,yet1 without this intimate knowledge1 our modern actor must trust to his wig and antique coat and ruffles to give us an idea of ,charles ,surface or ,sir ,peter ,teasle4 ,passing regretfully by these1 then1 we come to the question before us1 the drama of to-day1 where we atone for lack of genius by sensation2 where words give place to 8business02 where for a good author we substitute a good carpenter1 aided by a good scene-painter2 where a conflagration1 or a shipwreck1 or a cab1 drive ,shakespeare and the rest off the boards4 ,wherein lies the excellence of the sensational school of playwrights8 ,strip them of their drowning scenes1 fires1 chloroform1 and slang phrases1 and what have we left8 ,simply nothing4 ,not a single conception of a great idea or a great character2 no noble purpose to fire the soul2 no keen wit to scorch the age and purify while it burns2 but in their stead sorry jokes1 and the meanest and most ordinary characters speaking bad grammar2 with plenty of howling1 and climbing1 and swimming1 and water and fire and limelight1 and a stirring song that is not the author's1 all interspersed with stray spars of wit floating about here and there in the heterogeneous mass1 and turning up at happy places--wit1 by the way1 which is generally stolen from the ,french or from some well-known story1 all adjusted to slow music1 set to magnificent scenery1 with mechanism enough to construct a city2 and the audience1 wheedled there by puff1 is amazed and overcome1 and1 going away1 tells its friends that there is not much in it1 but the scenery alone is well worth the money4 ,this is undoubtedly the ,english drama of the day1 dividing the palm with the anatomical exhibitions we have previously referred to1 and almost as prolific of good results to the public4 ,eileen ,oge1 one of the latest and best plays of this class1 was the only one which attracted audiences to that splendid failure1 the ,grand ,opera ,house4 ,there is another class of play to which we promised to refer--the modern ,french school--which finds its home in one of our theatres1 and which1 by lavish expenditure1 the splendor of costume1 excellence of mounting1 and general efficiency of the cast1 has proved more or less a success4 ,they pass among us as dramas of society4 ,let us examine the most recent of these 8society plays10 and see if they are worthy of their name4 ,article #dg runs as follows3 ,a lover1 in a moment of jealousy1 shoots his mistress1 attempting at the time to gain possession of a casket belonging to her4 ,she escapes with life1 but that life is dead to her1 for her beauty1 though not destroyed1 is for ever marred4 ,her love changes to hate4 ,she appears as a witness against her lover on a charge of attempted murder and robbery4 ,he is acquitted of wilful attempt to kill1 but condemned to five years at the galleys1 and placed for ever1 by ,article #dg of the penal code1 under police surveillance4 ,both lives are embittered1 the one with the consciousness of a wrong done to the woman he loved1 but loves no longer2 the other from the consciousness of1 to her1 an irreparable loss sustained1 a beauty marred in the dawn of life1 and a love contending with hate for the man who once loved her1 and whom she still1 in her sane moments--for the crash of contending emotions and the brooding over her lost life are goading her to madness--loves4 ,the term of his confinement ended1 the lover changes his name1 flies to ,paris1 and hopes thus to escape the surveillance of the police4 ,he enters society again1 and falls in love with an old acquaintance who has ever loved him4 ,they are married4 ,in society he meets with the old love4 ,she recognizes him1 and1 finding that his love is turned to abhorrence1 hate again strives for mastery1 and she compels him to frequent the salon where she is to be seen1 and spend a certain time of each day in her society1 on pain of disclosing to his wife that he is a convicted felon1 and the whole story of her wrong4 ,in a moment of despair he unfolds all to his wife in her presence2 they determine to fly4 ,the madness has been working all this time in the other's blood4 ,she retains enough reason to send a message to the prefect of police1 disclosing the person and whereabouts of the ex-prisoner4 ,the letter is intercepted1 and she finally dies at his feet1 still mad1 and thinking that he loves her4 ,the play is a powerful one1 but revolting4 ,the gradual growth of the madness in the woman is well worked up4 ,but the woman is a fiend1 and her fiendishness is the whole point of the play4 ,we have women as bad or worse in plays that are infinitely superior1 ,lady ,macbeth1 for instance2 but the mastermind that conceived that character conceived it aright--laid it bare in all its hideousness1 and surrounded it with such moral strength and contrasts that we hate it4 ,the ,french writer enlists a forced sympathy for his heroine4 ,everybody is in a chronic state of misery all the way through2 the vice of the thing is condoned or glossed over1 and the character most to be pitied at the end is the hideous thing that is called a woman4 ,it is a delineation and upholding of a false principle from beginning to end2 and1 if such is society1 we can only pity it4 ,while there are such things as truth1 honor1 womanly nature1 and manly strength among us1 such a play should hold no place in our midst2 and the writer debases his talents when he can turn them to so much better account4 ,most ,french plays of the modern school come to us in this fashion4 ,they are all unhealthy1 morbid1 false to ,god and man2 and though they are well written1 abounding in felicitous repartee1 clever tirades against society1 witty mockery of characters that go down among us1 and in their ,english dress are stripped of the dangerous quivoque and double entendre1 it is better for us either to let them alone1 or so change them that we do not recognize them1 as the late ,mr4 ,robertson succeeded in doing4 ,all1 or nearly all1 of his comedies were originally founded on the ,french4 ,but he did not reproduce2 he adapted4 ,and his plays1 the most charming1 as they are by far the wittiest and most brilliant1 of the day1 are always presentable1 always enjoyable1 though they strike out no great thought1 nor1 indeed1 aim at it1 but are clever satires on society as we find it1 as it comes and goes4 ,we should very much like to see them produced oftener here4 ,there is only one house which1 as a rule1 attempts this class of play2 and its programme has to be changed so often that it looks very much as though the public did not appreciate its efforts4 ,yet we have never met with a single person who has witnessed one of ,mr4 ,robertson's plays and would not be very happy to witness another4 ,we think the fault lies chiefly with the company4 ,the rank and file are not adequate4 ,at the ,prince of ,wales' theatre in ,london the same company performs still that performed when ,mr4 ,robertson first produced his plays2 and each one of them1 from first to last1 is a thorough actor4 ,we hear a great deal about people1 immediately they make a hit1 demanding an enormous increase of salary2 and1 if their demands are not conceded1 rushing off to 8star it in the provinces40 ,in ,england it is just the reverse4 ,if actors can obtain a footing at all in ,london1 they abide there4 ,and we cannot but think that1 if fair inducements were held out here1 a stock company of excellent actors could be organized who might form a school2 and the manager would not be compelled to hunt ,europe for a name1 and spend a small fortune nightly on a single individual1 which he might much more judiciously divide among his own staff1 and keep his house well filled in spite of all the stars of the firmament4 ,but good plays are needed as much as good actors2 and good plays we shall never have so long as managers can procure gratis the latest ,london success1 which ,london itself has generally derived from a ,french source4 ,managers are cautious of new playwrights1 and wisely so4 ,but this caution may be1 is carried a little too far4 ,we have a society of our own1 and a history of our own4 ,we have already a host of clever and even brilliant writers4 ,we have had a great war and a great convulsion4 ,we have plenty to attack1 and plenty to uphold4 ,our society1 political1 social1 and religious1 is scarcely what it might be4 ,there is many a foul thing to sweep away2 there is a meeting of many elements in this land of ours2 there is a history to look back upon1 and a glorious history to build up1 if we build rightly4 ,at the same time1 there is a licentiousness1 outspoken1 scornful1 and gaining ground day by day1 which it is our duty to withstand by every force in our power4 ,there is that aping1 too1 of the worst imported fashions1 that running after wealth and rank1 when they come among us1 that betokens a wandering from the sturdy ways of our fathers4 ,there is a widespread corruption in the administration of the law1 a venality in political life1 which it would be well to crush4 ,there is here field enough for the native dramatist1 without looking abroad for the 8cheap and nasty40 ,could a ,sheridan rise up among us now1 he would find no lack of subjects for his pen in the extravagance1 the contradictions1 the licentiousness of this age and this great ,republic4 ,at all events1 if we must import1 let us import the best1 and not things which poison our life1 and stop our intellectual and natural as well as our moral growth1 and make us a laughing-stock to the outer world4 ,,footnote3 #bjc ,at the time of writing this article4 ,,how ,i ,,learned ,,latin4 ,when ,i was young1 ,i travelled a good deal1 but travel then was very different from what it is now4 ,my travelling was all obligatory1 it was on business1 and ,i sometimes found myself detained in places from which ,i would gladly have taken a quick departure4 ,it happened once that1 during my tour through ,france1 ,i had to stay a ,sunday at ,lyons4 ,the stages on ,saturday were few1 and did not suit me1 and of course it was against my principles to travel on the 8,sabbath40 ,i had been brought up a very strict ,presbyterian1 and was very particular1 especially in a foreign country1 about attending service4 ,i could hardly speak any ,french1 which perhaps you will think strange1 since ,i had business to transact in ,france1 but my business was with ,english and ,american houses and their agents4 ,you know1 too1 in my time young people did not learn ,french as they do now1 any more than young ladies learned to play on the piano4 ,but ,i was determined ,i would go to church1 and so set about finding out whether there was any ,english-speaking clergyman in ,lyons4 ,i could not find any1 and1 when ,i inquired after a church1 ,i was deafened and confused by the number of ,st4 ,marys'1 ,st4 ,monicas'1 ,st4 ,vincents'1 ,st4 ,josephs'1 that were pointed out to me4 ,if it had not been the 8,sabbath10 ,i think ,i should have been tempted to swear at the whole calendar and its ,lyons representatives4 ,i asked for a ,protestant church4 8,oh6 yes10 said one 7all the others looked blank71 8there is a #8temple' 7so they call them in ,france7 in such and such a street10 naming it1 and giving me directions by which ,i could not fail to discover it4 ,i started1 fearing ,i should be late4 ,i had heard that the ,french ,protestant religion was not unlike the ,presbyterian1 but ,i had never been to one of its churches before1 having always been luckily within reach of some church where my own tongue was used4 ,at last ,i found my 8temple10 and got in1 rather behind time1 to be sure4 ,the people were singing4 ,the church--meeting-house1 ,i should say--was bare and whitewashed1 large square windows lighted it with a painful exuberance of brightness1 the seats were stiff and uncomfortable4 ,i could not understand one word1 and thought the voices rather nasal4 ,the congregation sat down and the minister got up4 ,this evidently meant a sermon4 ,i tried hard to fix my mind on some ,bible texts ,i knew by heart1 so as to prevent my thoughts from wandering4 ,as the preacher went on1 his voice droning into my ear1 ,i caught myself wondering whether ,i were in the right place after all1 and whether his doctrine was the same as mine4 ,i could not tell what he might be saying1 but1 of course1 the hymns must be all right4 ,i took up a hymn-book1 and tried to make out from their analogy to some ,english words what these ,french words could mean4 ,i could see the name of 8,jesus0 pretty often1 and could make out 8,saviour0 too1 but that was about all4 ,the sermon was very long1 and ,i was hardly quite awake at the end4 ,then the people sang again1 and a harmonium joined in from somewhere4 ,when it was all over1 ,i felt very dissatisfied1 and somehow it did not seem to me as if ,i had been to church at all4 ,i lost my way going back to my hotel1 and happened to pass one of the 8saints'0 multitudinous shrines1 just as the ,catholic congregation were coming out4 ,an acquaintance of mine1 a young ,englishman1 was among them4 ,he came across the street and shook hands4 8,why1 where have you dropped from80 he said4 8,from church10 ,i answered4 8,what church80 he asked1 rather blankly4 8,the ,protestant #8temple1' of whatever religion that may be10 ,i said1 not in the best of humors4 ,i told him my whole adventure1 whereat he seemed very serious4 8,my dear fellow10 he said at last1 8have you not often heard us ,catholics abused for all sorts of mummeries1 for muttering and mumbling in an unknown tongue1 for bowing and scraping1 and popping down1 suddenly on one knee1 and so forth80 8,of course ,i have10 ,i said4 8,well1 and what do you think of what you saw in the ,french ,presbyterian church1 this morning80 8,think6 ,i simply think it was unintelligible40 8,well1 say1 quite as unintelligible as our ,latin1 for instance80 8,yes1 but not for the ,frenchmen who were there40 8,but if those ,frenchmen had been in a ,presbyterian church in ,america1 they would have been as badly off as you were this morning4 ,and if both you and they went to a ,german church1 as ,calvinistic as you could wish and as like your own in belief1 would not you and your ,french friends be all at sea1 as the saying is80 8,exactly so2 but what are you driving at80 8,only this3 that1 when you go to the church1 and know that the people believe pretty much as you do1 you would like1 ,i think1 to be able to join in their devotions1 and not feel yourself left out in the cold1 as if you were a heathen or a ,mormon1 wouldn't you80 8,of course2 but it can't be helped40 8,i tell you it can1 my dear fellow4 ,look at us1 millions and millions of ,catholics1 all believing the same doctrine1 all going to the same ceremonies1 and taking part in the same devotions1 because we have only one language for our services1 one language that is spoken in ,canton1 in ,san ,francisco1 in ,london1 in ,africa1 everywhere where a ,catholic altar is put up and a ,catholic priest says ,mass40 8,there is some convenience in that1 ,i'll grant you40 8,i tell you1 my friend1 when ,i come to a foreign city and find everything strange and feel very lonely in the hurrying crowd that has not one idea in common with me1 ,i just find out a ,catholic church as quick as ,i can1 and hear ,mass4 ,see if every worshipper does not become a brother then1 and if one's feelings don't change6 ,i take my chair1 put it where ,i like1 open my book1 and follow the same old prayers that ,i heard long ago in little poky chapels in ,england4 ,i feel quite at home40 8,well1 it is pleasant3 but that is not all one wants40 8,but is it not a great deal8 ,what do you think of a religion that meets you everywhere1 just the same1 dear old familiar faith1 never changing among the mandarins of ,china1 the ,red ,indians of your own territories1 the blacks of ,south ,africa1 and the traders of ,london and ,birmingham8 ,don't you call it comfortable1 homely1 to say the least80 8,yes1 but ,i suspect it is all sentimentalism3 you like the sound of the old words1 but you don't really understand them4 ,a baby would like the same cooing it was used to at home1 supposing it got lost and picked up somewhere1 but there would be no sense in the cooing1 for all that40 8,but1 my dear fellow1 we do understand our ,latin4 ,all of us who can read have the translation of it plainly printed alongside of the text in our books of devotion1 and the greater part we are already familiar with on account of its being taken from the ,gospels and the ,psalms40 8,no1 really8 ,is that so indeed80 8,indeed it is4 ,and1 now1 what do you think of this8 ,you see the priest #8pop down suddenly on one knee1 and pop up again1' as you would put it4 ,well1 he has been saying1 #8,the ,word was made flesh and dwelt among us4' ,is not that in the ,bible1 in ,st4 ,john's ,gospel8 ,of course you are well up in texts1 you know where that is4 ,and1 again1 when you see the priest beat his breast three times1 and you call out #8,superstition6' do you know what he is saying8 #8,lord1 ,i am not worthy that thou shouldst enter under my roof2 but say the word1 and my soul shall be healed4' ,is not that in the ,bible 7with the substitution of #8soul' for #8servant'71 where the centurion begs our ,lord to cure his servant8 ,and so on through the greater part of the ,mass4 ,when you see the priest wash his hands1 he repeats a whole ,psalm1 the ,twenty-fifth2 and at the very beginning1 when you see him stand at the foot of the steps1 he is also repeating a ,psalm1 the ,forty-third4 ,further on he repeats the #8,our ,father1' and there are other parts of the ,mass1 whose names would only confuse you1 which change according to the ecclesiastical seasons1 but are always exclusively composed of ,scripture texts1 aptly chosen for the different solemnities of the year4 ,so1 you see1 we know all about what we hear said in ,latin40 8,well1 you surprise me2 all that mumbling seemed to me so childish40 8,do you think these ,frenchmen childish when they speak their own tongue1 and do their business in it1 and their courting1 and their literature80 8,well1 no1 of course that would be absurd40 8,and the ,italians1 the ,germans1 the ,greeks1 the ,spaniards1 don't they all talk foreign languages1 yet you don't think them childish1 or call their conversation mumbling80 8,no2 ,i simply say ,i am sorry ,i cannot understand them40 8,then don't you see that as a ,catholic you would be even better off1 for though the ,latin would be a foreign language1 yet you would understand it80 8,certainly1 if all you say is true1 the ,latin is by no means a bad contrivance40 8,do you know that1 up to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries at least1 most books were written in ,latin1 no matter to what country the author might belong1 and that till even later than that all law business was transacted in ,latin all over the civilized world80 8,was it indeed8 ,well1 ,i have learnt something this morning1 and it is really worth thinking over40 8,come this afternoon to ,st4 ,vincent's1 and ,i will show you at ,vespers how well every one understands the service40 8,all right6 agreed40 ,and so we parted1 and in the afternoon my ,english friend and ,i went to a ,catholic church1 and sat down among a crowd of very attentive worshippers1 all of whom were reading their prayer-books4 ,my friend opened his1 and pointed out the ,psalm the choir was singing2 it was one ,i knew very well3 8,the ,lord said to my ,lord40 ,the people about us were all ,french2 their books had the same ,latin ,psalm on one column as my friend's book showed1 while the ,french translation was in the place of the ,english one which he had on the opposite page4 ,many of the congregation were singing alternately with the choristers at the altar4 ,my friend sang too2 he did not mumble1 but said the words distinctly1 so that ,i heard each syllable1 though ,i could not understand the meaning4 ,he gave me his book presently1 and chanted by heart4 ,as we came out1 there was a group of dark-skinned men1 talking eagerly near the door4 ,they were ,spaniards2 they too seemed quite at home4 ,the next day1 ,i was curious enough to go to ,low ,mass with my friend2 as the ceremony went on1 he showed me every word1 and made me follow everything1 even the introit1 collects1 gradual1 communion1 which he looked out for me in a missal he had with him4 ,i was puzzled by all these names then1 though they are ,a ,b ,c to me now4 ,my friend had to leave in a day or two1 but ,i had bought a book like his in the meanwhile at an ,english library1 and continued through curiosity to go to the different ,catholic services1 just to assure myself that the ,latin was not gibberish4 ,it struck me as strange that three-quarters of the prayers should be my own ,bible texts6 ,well1 to make a long story short1 ,i left ,lyons soon after1 and travelled to many other places1 ,european and ,asiatic4 ,at last one day ,i was in ,canton1 in high spirits1 for ,i was to go home soon and be a partner in the firm whose foreign business ,i had been managing4 ,sunday came1 and ,i went to church2 ,i was just as anxious as ever about my ,sunday duties1 but somehow it was not for a ,presbyterian church that ,i was looking4 ,i knew my way very well to my church1 and my church had a cross on its gable end1 and was called 8,the ,church of the ,holy ,childhood40 ,there were plenty of ,chinese there1 a few ,english1 a few ,americans1 and a good many ,french people4 ,they all had the ,latin on one page of their books1 and their respective languages on the opposite page4 ,but ,i did not need to look at my ,english translation1 for ,i knew the ,latin by heart now4 ,i am sorry to say ,i had distractions1 and during one of them ,i suddenly perceived my old friend of ,lyons4 ,when ,mass was over1 ,i went to him and called him by name2 he stared and did not recognize me2 we had never met since1 and ,i had a beard of many years' growth4 ,i told him my name1 and asked him if he had forgotten ,st4 ,vincent's ,church at ,lyons8 ,i can tell you we had a good long talk over the past1 and he congratulated me heartily1 while ,i thanked him eagerly for the best lesson ,i ever learned in my life4 ,and that1 boys1 was how ,i learned ,latin4 ,but ,i have only told you about one reason which our church has for keeping to the ,latin tongue2 that particular reason struck me most1 because it was through that ,i was converted2 but of course1 when ,i came to examine things thoroughly1 ,i learnt all about the other very good reasons assigned by the church for this practice4 ,you know how modern languages are always changing1 and how the same word will mean a different thing in two separate centuries2 there is the word 8prevent10 for instance1 which now means to hinder1 but which formerly was used in the ,anglican liturgy in its ,latin sense1 to succor and to help4 ,well1 it would not do for the dogmas or the rites of the church to be subject to these apparent changes1 which would lead most likely to misunderstandings and perhaps heresies1 so the church chose to fix her liturgy in a language whose rules and construction undergo no alteration from century to century4 ,you know the law1 also1 has ,latin terms1 probably used for the same reason4 ,then1 besides1 it is not necessary for the people to be able to join in the absolute words of the ,mass and other services1 provided they join heartily in the intention of the sacrifice and prayers4 ,as ,i have told you already1 the fact is that most ,catholics do understand the words themselves1 and not very imperfectly2 still1 the theory remains that such comprehension 7which after all is more a grammatical accomplishment than a devout necessity7 is not absolutely required4 ,if it were otherwise1 you see1 the doctrine of intention would suffer4 ,in the old days1 the ,hebrews--on whose ritual all non-,catholics claim to take their stand1 or by which at least they measure their standard of adequate worship--used to stand outside the temple1 where they could neither see nor hear1 though they knew that by their presence alone they were participating in the sacrifice and receiving the blessing attached to it4 ,then1 again1 we forgot1 when as ,protestants we used to object to the ,latin liturgy1 that the ,catholic ceremony of ,mass is essentially a sacrifice offered to ,god for the people1 the priest being the sole representative of the people and interceding in their name4 ,long ago1 at the ,english court of the ,plantagenet kings4 ,french was the language universally spoken1 while the ,saxons1 the subjects1 adhered to their own tongue4 ,the petitions of the people were offered to the king in the language of the court1 that is1 ,french2 but the result was identical with that which would have been the consequence had the prayer been in a tongue the people could understand4 ,so in the church it is sufficient for ,god to hear the petition of his children2 they themselves would not be benefited the more for understanding every word of the pleading of the priest4 ,the things that are said to us1 not for us1 the sermons and instructions which are to explain ,god's will and our duty to us1 are always in the tongue common to each particular country2 and when there is a large foreign settlement in a town1 it has a church of its own where such instruction is administered4 ,look at this large city of ,new ,york3 have we not ,german churches and a ,french church besides our ,english-speaking churches8 ,the ,mass is identically the same in each1 but for those who are to be taught the language is varied according to their nationality4 ,and so for all offices which the priests perform toward us1 as1 for instance1 confession4 ,in the great church of which you have all heard1 ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome1 there are confessionals where priests of every nation are ever ready to receive and console the sinners of every clime1 while above each box is plainly written 8,for the ,english10 8,for the ,spaniards10 8,for the ,french10 8,for the ,germans10 8,for the ,greeks10 8,for the ,poles10 etc41 etc4 ,so1 you see1 the church1 after all1 is quite as wise as she is loving1 and indicates her claim to be our mother in every way4 ,take my advice1 and always look well into things before you condemn them2 for1 if ,i had done so when a boy1 ,i should have saved myself a great deal of trouble in getting rid of prejudices which every year increased and deepened1 till it needed a miracle of the grace of ,god to strip the tightening garment they were wrapping round my fettered soul4 ,,the ,,handkerchief4 ,if there is one article of the toilette that1 more than another1 appeals particularly to the imagination1 it is certainly the handkerchief4 ,the favored glove that has encased a fair hand is often treasured up by a sentimental admirer2 a broidered scarf or a knot of ribbon has been worn by many a gallant knight as the colors of the lady of his choice2 the collar encircling some ivory neck is envied to such a degree as to almost warrant the ambition of ,winnifred ,jenkins3 8,god he nose what havoc ,i shall make among the mail sects when ,i make my first appearance in this killing collar02 but a thousand killing collars bear no comparison to that delicate fabric of muslin and lace which plays as important a part in the flirtations of fashionable life here as the fan among the ladies of ,spain4 ,who could imagine so small a square of cloth--if it be not profanity to apply so common a term to so wondrous a tissue--could be made to express or conceal so much in the hands of its fair owner8 ,such an expressive toss or whisk could only be the result of the profoundest study4 ,and what a delicate attractive odor it gives out1 suggestive of roses1 and violets1 and all the flora of occidental as well as oriental gallantry4 ,and then the touching rle it plays in the pathetic--it is the recipient of some timely tear--perhaps too1 vain coxcomb1 a screen for many a yawn4 ,we can never be too sure of what is confided to this bosom companion4 ,the sacredness imputed to the handkerchief is no modern idea4 ,it came to us from the ,east1 whence sprang religion1 science1 and romance itself4 ,ages ago the handkerchief was regarded in ,egypt as a kind of amulet4 ,the fair one of later days1 who interweaves a thread of her own life into the handkerchief she intends for some favored knight1 hopes it may prove like the magic handkerchief given by the ,egyptian charmer to ,othello's mother1 endued with a power to subdue him 8entirely to her love40 8,there's magic in the web of it3 ,a sibyl that had number'd in the world ,the sun to make two hundred compasses ,in her prophetic fury sew'd the work3 ,the worms were hallow'd that did breed the silk3 ,and it was dyed in mummy1 which the skilful ,conserved of maidens' hearts40 ,the handkerchief is the strongest proof of love1 not only among the ,moors1 but among all ,eastern nations1 says ,byron1 who approved of ,shakespeare's making the jealousy of ,othello turn on this point4 ,but poor ,desdemona found the inherited talisman she 8kissed and talked to0 a fatal gift4 ,perhaps the handkerchief immortalized by ,drummond of ,hawthornden1 embroidered for him by the beautiful ,lesbia to whom he was betrothed1 was likewise ominous1 for she died 8in the fresh ,april of her years10 and the handkerchief she gave him was steeped in tears at her loss4 ,calderon says3 8,she gave me too a handkerchief--a spell-- ,a flattering pledge1 my hopes to animate1 ,an astrologic favor1 fatal prize ,that told too true what tears must wipe these eyes40 ,the significance of the handkerchief is referred to in ,horace ,walpole's letters3 8,lord ,tavistock has flung his handkerchief to ,lady ,elizabeth ,keppel4 ,they all go to ,woburn on ,thursday1 and the ceremony is to be performed as soon as her brother1 the bishop1 can arrive from ,exeter40 ,miss ,strickland tells us that when ,anne ,boleyn dropped her handkerchief from the balcony at the feet of ,henry ,norris1 the latter1 heated from the part he had just been taking in the jousts1 took it up1 presumptuously wiped his face with it1 and then returned it to the queen on the point of his lance4 ,at this1 ,king ,henry changed color1 abruptly retired in a fury of jealousy1 and gave orders for the arrest of the queen and of all who were suspected of being favored by her4 ,it proved a fatal handkerchief to him also1 for he was soon after executed4 ,the handkerchief may be regarded as one of the great indications of civilization4 ,though the ,celestials have not yet arrived at this climax1 and still carry their small sheets of delicate paper as a substitute1 but which possess no moral significance whatever1 so far as we know1 more refined nations have made its use universal4 ,even the poorest may whip out of his pocket1 in these days1 not that red cotton flag of abomination that used to offend the sight1 but one of pure white linen1 betokening a higher state of cultivation4 ,we are quite well aware that the handkerchief is1 notwithstanding1 a luxury some of the laboring classes reserve for ,sundays and high festivals1 which alone should invest the article with a quasi sanctity1 associated as it is with religious observances4 ,with what careful deliberation such an one draws it forth from the receptacle devoted to its use6 ,with what a tremulous awkwardness he applies it1 as though he were making an unaccustomed experiment2 or losing his caution1 perhaps he charges with desperation1 like ,miss ,wix1 one of whose peculiarities was that she always blew her nose as if it belonged to an enemy6 ,and how carefully it is refolded and returned to the secret depository4 ,what heaps of 8wipes0 the astonished ,oliver ,twist saw in the ,jew's den1 and all so badly marked1 too1 that the stitches had to be picked out6 ,we cannot help rejoicing over the handkerchief the ,artful ,dodger drew from ,mr4 ,brownlow's pocket which led to such a change in ,oliver's fortunes4 ,the handkerchief is an important article in many a romance1 as well as in real life4 ,tears more touching than those of ,mr4 ,mantalini have brought it into requisition4 ,if all the handkerchiefs in the world could tell their experience1 how many a sad tale they would unfold6--,we cannot help regarding ,adam and ,eve with the deepest commiseration without a handkerchief between them1 as hand in hand through ,eden they took their solitary way4 ,what bitter tears poor ,eve shed6--but those that fell on the ground were turned into roses1 and those that dropped into the water were changed into pearls1 as ours too will be shown not wholly lost at some future day4 ,many a hero's bleeding wounds have been bound up by the handkerchief of some ,sister of ,charity on the battle-field1 and many such handkerchiefs have been sent as sacred remembrances to dear ones at home1 ensanguined like that ,orlando sent his ,rosalind1 but1 alas6 not always so happy an omen4 ,the handkerchief has been made a signal of distress from more than one watch-tower besides that we used to linger by in our childhood with fear and trembling1 waiting anxiously till ,sister ,ann's fluttering kerchief brought deliverance to ,bluebeard's fearful hold4 ,we will not pass over the handkerchiefs1 or aprons1 mentioned in the ,acts of the ,apostles1 that received a virtue from the very touch of the holy ,apostle ,paul to heal the sick--the first intimation1 perhaps1 of the wonder-working scapular2 nor of that other handkerchief over which have been shed the tears of the whole ,christian world--the sudarium of ,veronica1 sometimes called her veil1 and again a napkin 7,othello's handkerchief is called a little napkin71 which has been enshrined by tradition1 and to which artists and poets have paid tribute1 ,dante himself mentioning it in his ,paradiso--the handkerchief that wiped the dust and sweat from the face of the ,divine ,sufferer and bore away the impress of his wondrous face4 ,to those of our readers who think every article in a magazine of this character should have a direct moral bearing1 and can see none in what has just been said1 we will mention an important instance of the possible power so humble an article as the handkerchief may exert in the spiritual world4 ,we beg leave to refer them to the noble society so solemnly recommended by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,stiggins1 for providing the infant negroes in the ,west ,indies with moral pocket-handkerchiefs4 8,what's a moral pocket-ankercher80 said ,sam4 8,i never see one o' them articles of furniter40 8,those which combine amusement with instruction1 my young friend10 replied ,mr4 ,stiggins1 8blending select tales with wood-cuts40 8,oh6 ,i know10 said ,sam1 8them as hangs up in the linen-drapers' shops with the beggars' petitions and all that 'ere upon 'em80 ,mr4 ,stiggins began a third round of toast1 and nodded assent4 ,so do we4 ,and it is not difficult to imagine the budding ,othellos contending loudly for their share of the didactic 8ankerchers40 8,not fierce ,othello in so loud a strain ,roared for the handkerchief that caused his pain60 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,lectures ,,and ,,sermons4 ,by the ,very ,rev4 ,thomas ,n4 ,burke1 ,o4,p4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,m4 ,haverty1 #e ,barclay ,street4 #ahgb4 pp4 #fdd4 ,mr4 ,haverty has brought out this eagerly expected volume in splendid style1 and1 what is better still1 in a style which is tasteful and appropriate4 ,the title-page1 adorned with the ,dominican coat-of-arms1 is especially beautiful1 and the portrait of ,f4 ,burke is both an excellent engraving and a good likeness4 ,we are also pleased to notice that there are but few typographical errors1 and1 in general1 that the care and pains which were due from courtesy and gratitude to the immense labors which the author of these lectures and sermons has performed for our profit and pleasure1 have been diligently bestowed in making his first published work worthy of his high character and reputation4 ,the cost of the volume will not1 we trust1 deter any who can possibly afford it from adding this rich legacy of instructive and eloquent teaching to the ,catholics of the ,united ,states to their libraries1 and thus1 at the same time1 contributing some trifling offering to the ,order with which the author is identified1 and which is itself wholly identified with the good of the poor ,catholic people of ,ireland for seven long centuries of labor and martyrdom4 ,it is much to be desired1 however1 that as soon as the first costly edition is disposed of1 a cheap one should be issued for the vast body of people who cannot afford to buy an expensive book4 ,we hope1 however1 for the credit of our country1 that no publisher will so far forget himself as to publish any such edition without ,f4 ,burke's permission and full sanction4 ,the contents of the volume1 which is a large royal octavo1 comprise thirty-eight lectures and sermons on a great variety of the most important and interesting topics of the ,catholic religion1 and ,irish history in its relation to religion1 although there are sometimes several lectures on the same or very similar topics4 ,only a few of these were written out for the press by the author1 most of them being extemporaneous discourses which were taken down by reporters1 and only hastily revised by the father in the short and broken intervals of his incessant labors4 ,it is due to the reporters1 however1 to say that their work has been performed with the utmost diligence and accuracy1 and that they have reproduced1 with almost literal fidelity1 everything which fell from the lips of the orator--a service to religion and literature for which we tender them our most sincere thanks4 ,f4 ,burke1 with characteristic modesty1 apologizes for the publication of his discourses1 which1 he tells us1 he would have prevented if possible4 ,we are very glad that it was not possible1 for we have gained in this volume a new and rich casket of real jewels of truth and beauty4 ,it is true that it is necessary to hear ,f4 ,burke in order to appreciate and enjoy fully the power of his word1 which is emphatically a spoken word1 and not a mere written and readable expression of thought in language4 ,his voice1 with its baritone richness2 his action2 his ,dominican habit1 so beautiful and graceful a dress for a sacred orator in itself1 and so sacredly impressive from its associations2 and1 above all1 the magnetic power of his vivid faith and noble enthusiasm for truth and justice1 together with the surrounding circumstances of the scene and audience1 all enter into the correlation of causes producing the convincing1 persuasive1 inspiring1 and captivating effect of his eloquence4 ,the power of producing the effect which he does produce1 and that generally and continually1 would prove ,f4 ,burke to be an orator of a high order1 even if his discourses1 written out and read1 like those of ,massillon and ,henry ,clay1 were incapable of producing a similar effect upon a cultivated reader4 ,but ,f4 ,burke's discourses will bear reading1 and their publication will enhance instead of diminishing his fame4 ,their intrinsic merits as products of learning1 intellect1 and imagination1 prove him to be something more than an orator3 they prove him to be a theologian1 a philosopher1 and a poet1 although he is all these in subservience to his distinctive and specific character and vocation as a popular preacher and orator4 ,f4 ,burke is a master of the most profound ,catholic theology1 a true disciple of ,st4 ,thomas4 ,his logical and argumentative ability in proving the ,catholic doctrines1 especially those relating to the constitution of the church1 is equal to that of our best controversialists2 he is a scholar and a historian of rich and varied acquisitions1 and he has the sentiment of the beautiful in nature and art to a high degree1 joined to a happy descriptive faculty which belongs to his oratorical gifts4 ,he has also an abundance of wit and humor4 ,but1 beyond and above all this1 ,f4 ,burke is a man of faith2 pure1 intelligent1 uncompromising1 ,catholic faith and loyalty to the ,vicar and the ,church of ,christ2 an apostolic preacher and champion of the truth and law and cause of ,god4 ,all his gifts are placed in the censer1 and made to send up the incense of praise to ,god2 they are laid on the altar and consecrated to our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,the great aim and effort of his sermons and lectures has been to revive and strengthen faith and virtue in the breasts of the people1 to arouse their devotion to the ,holy ,see1 and enlighten them on the duty of obedience and loyalty to the teaching and the cause of the ,holy ,father4 ,as an instance of the effect which he has produced on the minds of the people1 we may relate an incident which came to our knowledge a few days ago4 ,a longshoreman1 who had come to a priest to take the pledge1 said to him3 8,you see1 father1 that since we heard ,f4 ,burke1 we have been talking among ourselves a great deal about penance and putting ourselves all right1 and so ,i have just come up to your reverence to begin by taking the pledge40 ,these are the best triumphs of the ,catholic priest1 and of far more value to him than the applause of listening thousands4 ,there is no one who has such an empire over the hearts of his countrymen at present in ,new ,york as ,f4 ,burke4 ,we think there is a greater work for him here than anywhere else in the world1 and we therefore conclude by expressing the hope that he may remain here to do it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,memoir ,,of ,,roger ,b4 ,,taney1 ,,ll4,d41 ,chief-,justice of the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states4 ,by ,samuel ,tyler1 ,,ll4,d41 of the ,maryland ,bar4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 #ahgb4 ,this long-expected and important book has just appeared4 ,it was known that ,chief-,justice ,taney had1 in his lifetime1 selected ,mr4 ,tyler to write his biography1 a fact well calculated to prepossess the public favorably towards the author and his work4 ,it inspired1 also1 the hope that ample materials were placed within his reach1 and that he would be peculiarly favored in his labors4 ,but as the ,chief-,justice1 with characteristic modesty1 preserved but little of his own writings1 and was in the habit of destroying most of the letters he received1 and of retaining no copies of those he wrote1 it appears that ,mr4 ,tyler labored under great difficulties in accomplishing his appointed duty4 ,towards the close of his life1 when in his seventy-eighth year1 the ,chief-,justice was reminded1 by seeing his biography in ,van ,santvoord's ,lives of the ,chief-,justices1 that his life would form a part of the history of his country1 and he commenced then a memoir of himself1 ending with the account of his early life and education1 which now forms the first and an extremely interesting chapter of ,mr4 ,tyler's ,memoir4 ,it seems that the author had to rely1 beyond this1 chiefly upon his own industry and researches4 ,he has done his work well and faithfully1 not as an allotted task1 but as a labor of love1 a tribute of manly friendship4 ,he has collected a vast amount of historical matter relating to the scenes and times in which the ,chief-,justice's lot was cast1 to the great lawyers and judges of the past1 most of whom ,judge ,taney survived1 to the public men and statesmen who have shaped the destiny and made the history of our country for the last fifty years1 and to the great constitutional questions which1 during that period1 have agitated the public mind4 ,in order to vindicate the memory of the eminent jurist1 he has1 from necessity1 introduced into his book issues that are now dead2 he does not do this in a partisan or aggressive spirit1 but treats them rather historically1 and with the view of showing what were ,judge ,taney's sentiments and what the motives of his action4 ,in the ,appendix he gives at length the opinions of the ,chief-,justice in the celebrated ,dred ,scott case1 in the cases of ,ableman vs4 ,booth and ,kentucky vs4 ,ohio1 both relating to the same subject1 and in the noted ,merryman habeas corpus case1 and has done well in doing so1 because these remarkable papers are thus brought within the reach of many not in the habit of reading the law-books4 ,mr4 ,tyler's style is easy and fluent1 though not of a high literary order4 ,the book must prove very interesting and instructive to all connected with the law and the administration of justice4 ,perhaps the subject has been treated too much from a professional standpoint1 and for this reason may not prove as interesting to the general reader as such a theme might have been made4 ,there is one respect in which we regard this work with regret4 ,chief-,justice ,taney was a ,catholic and his biographer is a ,protestant4 ,it was1 then1 impossible for ,mr4 ,tyler1 even with the best intentions1 to do full justice to the character of the ,chief-,justice1 to his interior life1 to his ,catholic virtues1 and1 consequently1 to the motives which governed his public actions4 ,we find no fault with ,mr4 ,tyler for this1 for he has shown an earnest desire to be fair and just1 and has done his best in this as in every other respect4 ,but that best does not meet the necessities of the subject4 ,mr4 ,tyler1 himself a lawyer1 was selected to write the life of a great lawyer and judge1 and he has performed his work with ability and zeal1 but he has performed it as a lawyer--he could not perform it as a ,catholic4 ,to the eyes of ,catholics the faith and piety of ,chief-,justice ,taney were more beautiful and more precious than even his transcendent abilities and profound learning4 ,we think they were the glory of his life and the motive power which made him superior to fear and to all human respect4 ,we think they constituted the charm of his public and private life2 and had they been handled by a ,catholic1 and as none but a ,catholic can handle them1 the work would have been far more valuable4 ,there were points in the ,chief-,justice's life as a ,catholic which remain to this day undeveloped and unelucidated1 and for this reason1 while ,mr4 ,tyler's memoir will prove invaluable to the legal profession and general reader1 it will disappoint the expectations of his ,catholic readers4 ,no ,protestant writer could be more free from bigotry than ,mr4 ,tyler1 and none could have written ,chief-,justice ,taney's life as well4 ,we impute no blame2 on the contrary1 we thank him for the admiration he expresses of the ,chief-,justice's religion and piety4 ,but the subject was deeper and more fruitful than any ,protestant eye could perceive or pen portray4 ,notwithstanding this1 we can and do earnestly commend the work to all ,catholics4 ,it is a noble tribute to one of the purest and greatest men of our age4 ,no one1 be his faith or politics what they may1 can read it without instruction and improvement4 ,indeed1 no one can fairly read it without conceiving a greater respect for that ancient church of which its hero was so devoted a son4 ,our duty obliges us1 however1 to add that ,catholics should also take warning from his life of the fatal effects flowing from early disobedience to the precepts and counsels of the church1 which subsequent penance is frequently unavailing to remove4 ,all the children of the ,chief-,justice were ,protestants--a sad fact which is its own best comment4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,historical ,,sketches4 ,rise and ,progress of ,universities1 ,northmen and ,normans in ,england and ,ireland1 ,medival ,oxford1 ,convocation of ,canterbury4 ,by ,john ,henry ,newman1 of the ,orator1 sometime ,fellow of ,oriel ,college4 ,london3 ,basil ,montagu ,pickering4 #ahgb4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,mr4 ,pickering1 who is the very pink of elegant and aristocratic publishers1 edits ,dr4 ,newman's works in just the style most suitable to the classic productions of that thoroughly ,english gentleman and scholar4 ,we cannot give a better or more attractive description of this new volume in the series of the ,newman republications1 than by simply copying the table of contents3 8#a4 ,introductory2 #b4 ,what is a ,university8 #c4 ,site of a ,university2 #d4 ,university ,life3 ,athens2 #e4 ,free ,trade in ,knowledge3 ,the ,sophists2 #f4 ,discipline and ,influence2 #g4 ,influence3 ,athenian ,schools2 #h4 ,discipline3 ,macedonian and ,roman ,schools2 #i4 ,downfall and ,refuge of ,ancient ,civilization3 ,the ,lombards2 #aj4 ,the ,tradition of ,civilization3 ,the ,isles of the ,north2 #aa4 ,a ,characteristic of the ,popes3 ,st4 ,gregory the ,great2 #ab4 ,moral of that ,characteristic of the ,popes3 ,pius the ,ninth2 #ac4 ,schools of ,charlemagne3 ,paris2 #ad4 ,supply and ,demand3 ,the ,schoolmen2 #ae4 ,professors and ,tutors2 #af4 ,the ,strength and ,weakness of ,universities3 ,abelard2 #ag4 ,the ,ancient ,university of ,dublin2 #ah4 ,colleges the ,corrective of ,universities3 ,oxford2 #ai4 ,abuses of the ,colleges3 ,oxford2 #bj4 ,universities and ,seminaries3 ,l',ecole des ,hautes ,etudes40 ,every scholar will eagerly desire to read these essays on such interesting topics1 handled by the masterly pen of ,newman4 ,the subject of universities is one just now of great practical importance1 and ,dr4 ,newman's long experience qualifies him in a special manner to write about it4 ,we can only hope that we may not much longer confine ourselves to writing and reading about the matter1 but may soon be up and doing1 both in ,england and in the ,united ,states4 99 99 99 99 99 7#a47 ,,the ,,divine ,,teacher4 ,with a ,preface1 in ,reply to ,no4 #c of the 8,english ,church ,defence ,tracts10 entitled 8,papal ,infallibility40 ,by ,wm4 ,humphrey1 of the ,oblates of ,st4 ,charles4 7#b47 ,,anglican ,,misrepresentations3 ,a ,reply to 8,roman ,misquotations40 ,by ,w4 ,e4 ,addis1 of the ,oratory4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgb4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the polemical writers of the ,high ,church party have taken to the swamp1 like the old moss-troopers1 where it is vexatious to follow them4 ,the rehashing of old1 stale lies1 calumnies1 and misrepresentations1 interspersed with a good deal of impudent abuse1 has become1 alas6 the tactics of a party once so remarkable for calm reasoning1 conscientious adhesion to truth1 so far as known1 and courtesy4 ,it is a sign that their cause is nearly desperate4 ,meanwhile1 they dupe and mislead1 or at least perplex and distress1 for a time1 some very sincere inquirers after truth4 ,it is necessary1 therefore1 although very vexatious1 to chase them out of their morass4 ,happily1 there are some ,englishmen who have a talent and a liking for this work4 ,they are cool and quiet1 patient and minute1 accurate1 logical1 and clear in their statements and arguments4 ,they enjoy hunting such writers as the ,canons ,liddon and ,bright out of their hiding-places1 as much as ,grahame of ,claverhouse did beating up the quarters of the ,covenanters4 ,the two young and chivalrous knights of the faith whose names stand at the head of this notice are of this sort1 and their raid has been performed gallantly and well4 ,the essay first on the list1 in particular1 is an excellent little treatise on ,papal ,infallibility1 which we commend to our readers who like something short and sweet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,great ,,truths ,,in ,,little ,,words4 ,by the ,rev4 ,father ,rawes1 ,o4,s4,c4 ,third ,edition4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #abmo4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,a well-printed book of modest pretensions1 and not devoid of merit1 containing in its two hundred and sixty pages thirty chapters on various religious topics1 both of controversy and devotion1 and a good deal of simple1 practical instruction4 ,,the ,,old ,,god3 ,a ,narrative for the ,people4 ,translated from the ,german of ,conrad von ,bolanden4 ,by the ,very ,rev4 ,theodore ,noethen4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahgb4 ,some time ago1 we published one of ,bolanden's longer and more elaborate novels1 entitled 8,angela10 in this magazine4 ,he has written a number of these1 and particularly a series of historical romances on the ,thirty ,years' ,war1 of the first order of merit2 all of which we hope to see translated4 ,we are now publishing one of his short popular novels1 entitled 8,the ,progressionists10 and the present volume is another of the same class4 ,the subject of it is the imprisonment of ,pius ,,vii4 in ,france4 ,there are several more of the same series1 8,the ,new ,god10 8,the ,infallibilists10 8,the ,marvel of the ,cross10 etc4 ,they are very popular in ,germany1 where they sell at the rate of #he1jjj copies of a single story4 ,they are capital for their purpose1 and we are glad to see the indefatigable ,father ,noethen giving them to the public in an ,english dress4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,order ,,and ,,ceremonial ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,holy ,,and ,,adorable ,,sacrifice ,,of ,,the ,,mass ,,explained1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,by ,frederick ,oakeley1 ,canon of the ,metropolitan ,church4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,we take great pleasure in announcing1 in behalf of ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 a new edition of ,canon ,oakeley's well-known and admirable little book on the ceremonies of ,holy ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pontificate ,,of ,,pius ,,ix4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,maguire1 ,m4,p4 ,london3 ,longmans4 #ahgj4 7,from the author47 ,mr4 ,maguire is well known on both sides of the ,atlantic as an able and upright member of the ,british ,parliament1 representing an ,irish constituency1 as the editor of one of the best ,catholic newspapers in the ,english language--the ,cork ,examiner--and as the author of several interesting books4 ,the present volume1 published two years ago1 has just been sent to the editor of this magazine by the author1 for which courtesy he will please accept our thanks4 ,it is a revised and enlarged edition of a work already well known and extensively read in this country1 under the title 8,rome and its ,ruler40 ,the author has made many additions to it1 and has brought it down to the year #ahgj1 so that its value is1 we may say1 trebled1 so great are the events which have crowded these later years of our glorious ,pontiff now happily reigning4 ,it is impossible to exaggerate the value and importance of a work like this4 ,in momentous interest1 the topics of which it treats are on a level with those of the ,sacred ,history itself4 ,the means of information for ,english readers are scanty4 ,mr4 ,maguire is a loyal and devout ,catholic1 an able1 well-informed1 and conscientious statesman and historian4 ,it is therefore of the utmost consequence that his book should be circulated and read extensively4 ,we trust the demand for it will be such as to induce ,american publishers to make ample provisions for supplying the ,american public with this most necessary and valuable work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,travels ,,in ,,europe ,,and ,,the ,,east4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,vetromile1 ,d4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahgb4 ,this is a volume of quite large size1 handsomely printed1 and ornamented with a fine portrait of the reverend author1 who is an ,italian priest1 for many years laboring as a missionary among the ,indians of the ,state of ,maine4 ,the style is easy1 agreeable1 and entertaining1 and the book is very much like a cosy afternoon chat with an intelligent and travelled gentleman about the scenes and countries he has visited4 ,reading the description of the pleasant home and delightful circle of friends which the author has left1 we can better appreciate the great sacrifice he has made in banishing himself to the ,indian settlements of ,maine1 and we are sure he will make a friend of every reader of his book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,memoirs ,,of ,,the ,,establishment ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,in ,,new ,,england4 ,by ,rev4 ,james ,fitton4 ,boston3 ,p4 ,donahoe4 #ahgb4 ,father ,fitton is the oldest priest in ,new ,england1 having exercised his sacerdotal ministry there during forty-seven years4 ,at the time when1 in company with one other young deacon1 he was ordained priest by ,bishop ,fenwick1 there were only three other priests in that prelate's diocese1 which embraced all ,new ,england4 ,father ,fitton is entitled to the reverence and gratitude of all the ,catholics of ,new ,england1 as one who has been an apostolic missionary and a laborious parish priest for almost half a century4 ,he is also worthy of confidence and credence as a competent and truthful witness and annalist of the principal facts and events in the history of the ,catholic religion in ,new ,england4 ,he has prefaced his history of the church as existing in modern times by an interesting account of the ancient mission in ,rhode ,island during the residence of the ,northmen at ,newport1 and of the early ,indian missions4 ,this is the romantic part of the history4 ,the rest of it is prosaic and commonplace1 and yet of great value1 and made interesting by the great results which have come from small and humble beginnings4 ,every priest and layman in ,new ,england ought to have this book and read it attentively1 and it is worth the perusal of all those out of ,new ,england who take an interest in the progress of the ,catholic religion in the ,united ,states of ,america4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hornehurst ,,rectory4 ,by ,sister ,mary ,frances ,clare4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahgb4 ,the appearance of a novel from this distinguished writer will be an agreeable surprise to her numerous admirers in this country1 who have read with so much pleasure and profit her graver historical and biographical works4 ,hornehurst is an ,english tale illustrative of the movement in the ranks of the ,english ,church towards ,catholicity1 inaugurated some forty years ago by ,dr4 ,newman and the ,tractarians4 ,the characters throughout are well drawn1 the writer being of course thoroughly acquainted with the expressions1 modes of thought1 and arguments of the class she portrays4 ,the book presents a handsome appearance1 and we anticipate for it an extensive patronage1 and a permanent place in our ,catholic libraries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,going ,,home4 ,by ,eliza ,martin4 ,philadelphia3 ,eugene ,cummiskey4 #ahgb4 ,we are glad to see that this novel1 which has already appeared serially in a ,philadelphia ,catholic newspaper1 has been published in a more portable and permanent form4 ,it is a work of very considerable merit1 combining amusing and exciting incidents with sound instruction2 and from its latent power and partially developed dramatic strength we judge that it is not the last nor the ablest of the productions with which the authoress is likely to favor the public4 ,we are sadly in need of books of its refined and humanizing character1 for1 if our young people must read fiction1 they ought to be supplied with the very best attainable in temper and tendency4 ,the plot of the tale is not complicated1 the leading characters are well and clearly delineated1 the moral obvious1 and the scene confined to our own country1 not overdrawn4 ,as a whole1 its tone is sad1 sometimes even painfully so1 and in our opinion the contrasts between abject poverty and unlimited affluence1 virtue almost superhuman and unmitigated villany--though all drawn with great vigor--are too violent to be thoroughly artistic4 ,a novel should be like a well-finished painting1 with a middle distance softening and blending the more prominent lights and shadows of the picture4 ,it might be objected1 also1 that the physical beauty of ,mrs4 ,martin's heroines1 of whom there are three1 is too highly colored1 too elaborately depicted1 for actual life2 but as this is a fault which carries with it its own palliation1 we presume it will not be considered a very great blemish by most of her readers4 ,for the sake of the authoress1 who doubtless has devoted much time and labor to her work1 as well as from the respect in which we hold her publisher1 we would be glad to be able to extend our praise from the literary qualities of ,going ,home to its mechanical execution1 but in common justice we find it impossible to do so4 ,on the contrary1 it must be admitted that the paper upon which it is printed1 the type1 ink1 and presswork1 are all of the most inferior sort--carelessness or want of ordinary taste1 for we cannot attribute it to design1 is evident on every page1 lessening in no slight degree the unalloyed pleasure one might otherwise feel in reading so interesting a story4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,plebiscite4 ,by ,erckmann-,chatrian4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgb4 ,this prettily bound and printed book is the combined effort of the authors of the ,conscript and other tales well known by ,english translations on this side of the water4 ,its object is to give1 in the form of a tale1 a picture of ,french peasant manners and opinions immediately before and during the late ,franco-,german war2 and to a certain extent it may be considered a success4 ,a vein of irony and sly humor1 at which our 8volatile neighbors0 are such adepts1 runs through every page1 and1 ,napoleon ,,iii4 having been unfortunate1 of course it is directed against him and his line of policy4 ,there is nothing1 it is said1 so successful as success1 and1 now that the mighty ,empire has failed1 every good ,frenchman with brains enough to write a pamphlet or a song considers that he is perfectly justified in heaping obloquy on everything connected with the late order of things4 ,the authors of the ,plebiscite are foremost among this army of ingrates1 but they go even further than politics1 and venture their ridicule on more sacred matters1 a step which much greater men than ,erckmann-,chatrian have attempted before now1 and for which they have repented when too late4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,baker',s ,,dozen4 ,original ,humorous ,dialogues4 ,by ,george ,m4 ,baker4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 #ahgb4 ,the dialogues contained in this neat little volume1 first appeared in ,oliver ,optic's ,magazine4 ,they are well adapted to school exhibitions1 etc41 and will meet a very general and urgent demand4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,marion ,,howard2 ,,or1 ,,trials ,,and ,,triumphs4 ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,philadelphia3 ,peter ,f4 ,cunningham4 ,in the modest preface to this volume1 we have the reason for its appearance before the public1 which is most praiseworthy--#8the dearth of ,catholic light literature4' ,while the majority of readers will seek light reading1 it is certainly to be regretted that there is so little that can be read without injury to faith or morals4 ,the author of ,marion ,howard has given us a pleasing story of ,english life1 into which she has skilfully introduced conversations on various ,catholic dogmas1 which are well sustained1 and in which the principles of the faith are given in a form that may attract the attention of numbers who would never look into a controversial work4 ,it is doubtful if ,protestants can be persuaded to any great extent to read even the light literature of ,catholics1 but such a work as ,marion ,howard will bring pleasure and help to many a young ,catholic1 in need of a pleasing answer to the common objections of ,protestants to the ,catholic faith4 ,the youth of the church in this country1 surrounded by and mingled with those who have a false faith or no faith1 should be prepared to meet the assaults they are sure to receive1 and books like the one under notice will be a great assistance to them4 ,we surmise that the author is a convert1 from the multiplicity and variety of the conversions related in the book4 ,we only wish this were true to life1 and that friends would follow each other into the church in such rapid succession4 ,there are carelessly written sentences scattered here and there through the story1 but the narrative is interesting to the end1 and we find a loving1 tender devotion to our mother the church1 like a golden thread woven into beautiful thoughts of our holy religion1 that could only have been wrought by one who has the eye of faith4 ,the type is large and clear1 and the volume presents an attractive exterior4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,the ,,seaside4 ,by a ,member of the ,order of ,mercy1 authoress of 8,the ,life of ,catherine ,mc,cauley10 8,glimpses of ,pleasant ,homes10 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahgb4 ,this is a prettily got up book1 written by one who has heretofore shown her capacity to interest and benefit the young folk4 ,we are glad to see attractive books of a healthful tone1 suited to the rising generation1 thus multiplying on our publishers' lists1 as a necessary antidote to the baneful literature with which those addressed are frequently assailed4 ,the church is the home of beauty as it is of goodness and truth1 and we should not allow those who do not possess either1 except in fragments1 to excel us in the artistic features of their publications1 any more than in what relates to ethical proprieties4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,christian ,,counsels1 selected from the ,devotional ,works of ,fnelon4 ,translated by ,a4 ,m4 ,james4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,greene ,co4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,our ,protestant friends have1 of late years1 set to work very industriously in translating ,catholic books and in writing original works on ,catholic subjects4 ,besides the ,edinburgh edition of the ,ante-,nicene ,fathers1 just completed1 and individual and collective lives of the saints we could once enumerate1 the ,english versions of ,continental devotional works have increased so rapidly as to alarm those ,high ,churchmen who are averse to any further investigation4 ,of course we can only augur favorably of such enterprises when undertaken in the right spirit1 though we may fear lest formulas be adopted without the necessary accompaniments of faith and obedience4 ,their 8starved imaginations and suppressed devotional instincts10 as ,dr4 ,bellows once phrased it1 cannot long be satisfied with words only1 one would think4 ,the writings of the ,archbishop of ,cambrai have been too long before the ,english-speaking public to need any characterization at our hands1 and we therefore simply chronicle the appearance of a new edition of the ,christian ,counsels under ,protestant auspices4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,public ,,school ,,education4 ,by ,michael ,mller1 ,c4,,ss4,r4 ,boston3 ,p4 ,donahoe4 #ahgb4 ,this is ,father ,mller's contribution to the literature of one of the great questions of the day4 ,it will have attained its end if it awakens ,catholics to the importance of the general theme and their duty in its regard2 and also enables judicious ,protestants to comprehend why we are so solicitous that our children should receive their religious training at the same time that they acquire secular knowledge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sir ,,humphrey',s ,,trial3 ,a ,book of ,tales1 ,legends1 and ,sketches1 in ,prose and ,verse4 ,by ,rev4 ,thomas ,j4 ,potter4 ,boston3 ,p4 ,donahoe4 #ahgb4 ,father ,potter seems equally at home in addressing the young and the mature1 priests and people2 as witness his works on homiletics and those of a miscellaneous character adapted to different ages4 ,he evidently believes that variety is the spice of books as well as of life1 as will be seen by the title of the present volume2 and readers indisposed to take up a more serious book will find this an agreeable substitute4 ,the ,catholic ,review of ,brooklyn has already established its position among our best weekly papers4 ,its sound principles1 and the tact and liveliness with which it is edited make it well worthy of support4 ,we trust that it will soon attain a sufficient circulation to furnish the means of still further increasing its value and interest1 and that it will prove to be permanently successful4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,society will publish at an early day a new work1 now in preparation1 by the author of ,the ,comedy of ,convocation1 entitled ,my ,clerical ,friends4 ,it will be published with the consent and approval of the author4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wanted4--,numbers #did1 #eja1 #ejb1 #ejd1 #eje of the ,civilta ,cattolica1 for which a fair price will be paid4 ,address the editor of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 #i ,warren ,street1 or corner of ,ninth ,avenue and ,fifty-ninth ,street4 ,,books ,,and ,,pamphlets ,,received4 ,from ,,kelly1 ,,piet ,,co41 ,baltimore3 ,excelsior2 or1 ,essays on ,politeness1 ,education1 and the ,means of ,attaining ,success in ,life4 ,part ,i4 for ,young ,gentlemen1 by ,t4 ,e4 ,howard2 ,part ,,ii4 for ,young ,ladies1 by ,a ,lady 7,r4 ,v4 ,r47 #abmo1 pp4 #cah4--,the ,gold-,diggers and other ,verses4 ,by ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton4 #abmo1 pp4 xi41 #ahg4--;,dramas3 ,the ,witch of ,rosenburg4--,the ,hidden ,gem4 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,cardinal ,wiseman4 #abmo1 pp4 #gf1 #aje4--,lectures by the ,most ,rev4 ,henry ,edward ,manning3 ,the ,four ,great ,evils of the ,day2 ,the ,fourfold ,sovereignty of ,god2 ,the ,grounds of ,faith4 #ahmo1 pp4 #acc1 #agj1 #aja4--,st4 ,helena4 ,a ,drama for ,girls4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,bergrath4 ,paper1 #abmo1 pp4 #dc4 ,from ,p4 ,,donahoe1 ,boston3 ,devotions for the ,ecclesiastical ,year4 ,by the author of 8,jesus and ,jerusalem10 etc4 ,from ,p4 ,o',,shea1 ,new ,york3 ,meditations on the ,passion of ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,by ,brother ,philip4 #abmo1 pp4 ix41 #dhc4--,the ,profits and ,delights of ,devotion to ,mary4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,o',reilly1 ,d4,d4 #abmo1 pp4 #aec4--,the ,crown of ,mary4 ,by a ,dominican ,father4 #bdmo1 pp4 #aja4--,the ,agnus ,dei3 ,its ,origin and ,history4 #cbmo1 pp4 #gh4--;,evaline4 ,by ,p4 ,j4 ,cohen4 #abmo1 pp4 #bbe4--,spiritual ,retreat of ,eight ,days3 ,extracted from the ,works of ,st4 ,alphonsus ,liguori4 #abmo1 pp4 viii41 #afj4 ,from ,,scribner1 ,,armstrong ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,within and ,without4 ,by ,george ,mac,donald1 ,,ll4,d4 #abmo1 pp4 #bai4--;,easy ,experiments in ,practical ,science4 ,by ,l4 ,r4 ,c4 ,cooley1 ,ph4,d4 #abmo1 pp4 #he4--,natural ,philosophy4 ,by ,l4 ,r4 ,c4 ,cooley1 ,ph4,d4 #abmo1 pp4 #aib4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors have been repaired4 ,common alternate spellings were retained4 ,hyphenation is not necessarily consistent from author to author1 and was retained as written4 ,it appears that 8,sand0 was used where 8,shund0 was meant on page #fbd1 but the text has been left as printed4 7,how come you1 then1 to call ,mr4 ,sand a good-for-nothing scoundrel7 8,voltarian0 changed to 8,voltairian0 on page #ag4 7you will find under it a ,voltairian7 ,repeated word 8the0 removed on page #bg4 7the diary of the first ,mrs4 ,williams7 8,honi0 changed to 8,honni0 on age #cb4 7,honni soit qui mal y pense7 8,amecan0 changed to 8,american0 on page #ce4 7,an ,american best understands the ,american mind47 8felfow0 changed to 8fellow0 on page #da4 7doing good to his fellow-men7 8has0 changed to 8have0 on page #ej4 7the principles which have always guided them7 8,cathoolic0 changed to 8,catholic0 on page #ea4 7by which ,catholic life7 8inpired0 changed to 8inspired0 on page #ga4 7,felix had always inspired her7 ,extra word 8to0 removed on page #gc4 7,but their claims are not equal to his7 8,marceliinus0 changed to 8,marcellinus0 on page #ha4 7,alexander1 ,marcellinus1 and ,peter7 8migh0 changed to 8might0 on page #aje4 7might go on indefinitely7 8,castel-,gaudolfo0 changed to 8,castel-,gandolfo0 on page #ajh4 7the pleasant hamlets of ,castel-,gandolfo7 80 changed to 80 on page #ach4 7,demander tes champs leurs antiques ombrages7 8,engnie0 changed to 8,eugnie0 on page #ach4 7,eugnie de ,gurin's library7 8orgin0 changed to 8origin0 on page #adj4 7origin of the ,greek people7 8ehurch0 changed to 8church0 on page #adb4 7the church honors real reformer7 8glace0 changed to 8glance0 on page #afa4 7cast an indignant glance on her sister7 ,repeated word 8to0 removed on page #ahe4 7it amounted to any reproach to be a new man7 8fel-asleep0 changed to 8fell asleep0 on page #ahh4 7,i fell asleep and actually dreamed7 8,gallaic's0 changed to 8,galliac's0 on page #bjf4 7at ,madame de ,galliac's7 ,repeated word 8at0 removed from page #bjg4 7,they were both sound at heart7 8abandantly0 changed to 8abundantly0 on page #bcd4 7perhaps more abundantly accorded7 8step0 changed to 8stept0 on page #bdg4 7,her bosom heaved1 she stept aside7 8copmanions0 changed to 8companions0 on page #bfj4 7,melania and her companions7 ,extra word 8of0 removed from page #bff4 7the wife of ,king ,ethelbert7 8,captains0 changed to 8,captain0 on page #cja4 7,captain ,cary's way of expressing the fact7 8familar0 changed to 8familiar0 on page #cag4 7a familiar swing and freedom7 8,elyses0 changed to 8,elyses0 on page #cbd4 7drive home by the ,champs ,elyses7 8btises0 changed to 8btises0 on page #cbf4 7,edgar a fait des btises7 8formulalation0 changed to 8formulation0 on page #ccd4 7its precise formulation7 8where0 changed to 8were0 on page #cfg4 7were shamed into less inhuman ways7 ,extra word 8to0 remove on age #cfh4 7she had it placed in a shrine1 to which it was carried7 8,bulter0 changed to 8,butler0 on page #cgf4 7,after her husband's death1 ,adelaide1 says ,butler7 8illustrous0 changed to 8illustrious0 on page #cgi4 7the merits of its illustrious foundress7 8surrended0 changed to 8surrendered0 on page #cgi4 7voluntarily surrendered itself7 8seventeeth0 changed to 8seventeenth0 on page #chb4 7the beginning of the seventeenth century7 8succcessful0 changed to 8successful0 on page #chd4 7more successful than ,lord ,derby7 80 changed to 80 on page #che4 80 changed to 80 on page #che4 80 changed to 80 on page #che4 8-0 changed to 8-0 on page #che4 8,byrant0 changed to 8,bryant0 on page #chi4 7reproduced by ,mr4 ,bryant7 80 changed to 8 0 on page #chi4 80 changed to 80 on page #cij4 8,byrant0 changed to 8,bryant0 on page #cib4 7,then ,mr4 ,bryant37 8,byrant0 changed to 8,bryant0 on page #cib4 7,voss and ,mr4 ,bryant7 8know0 changed to 8known0 on page on page #dca4 7discovery known as7 8becauuse0 changed to 8because0 on page #dcd4 7because ,streichein has lavishly greased their palms7 8dedeprive0 changed to 8deprive0 on page #dde4 7combine not only to deprive the building of scale7 8picturesqe0 changed to 8picturesque0 on page #ddi4 7part of a picturesque whole7 8freqently0 changed to 8frequently0 on page #dej4 7frequently supplied the place7 8remaing0 changed to 8remaining0 on page #deb4 7the richness of our remaining material7 8cenventionality0 changed to 8conventionality0 on #dee4 7,an utter absence of conventionality7 80 changed to 80 on page #dei4 7,a l'eau6 la lanterne67 8sufficent0 changed to 8sufficient0 on page #dgh4 7having sufficient control7 8equilibrum0 changed to 8equilibrium0 on page #edd4 7poised in rational equilibrium7 8eradiate0 changed to 8eradicate0 on page #edd4 7,it seeks to eradicate7 8inflnences0 changed to 8influences0 on page #egf4 7correct these literary influences7 8wordly0 changed to 8worldly0 on page #eih4 7sagacity as of worldly ambition7 8importanc0 changed to 8importance0 on page #fab4 7which gives them their importance7 8sieze0 changed to 8seize0 on page #fgc4 7seize some unlucky porter7 8beggers0 changed to 8beggars0 on page #fgf4 7all the beggars who were refused entrance7 8envv0 changed to 8envy0 on page #gbi4 7envy is but thinly concealed7 8unburbened0 changed to 8unburdened0 on page #gdj4 7the sweetness of an unburdened heart7 8,adelentado0 changed to 8,adelantado0 on page #gej4 7the title of ,adelantado of ,florida7 ,extra word 8of0 removed from page #ged4 7,many of these missions and residences7 8westtern0 changed to 8western0 on page #geg4 7the power of ,spain in the western world7 8,lallemant0 changed to 8,lalemant0 on page #gfb4 7,jogues1 ,brbeuf1 and ,lalemant7 8,christain0 changed to 8,christian0 on page #gfc4 7their white ,christian neighbors7 ,extra word 8my0 removed on page #ggb4 7,i prevail on myself7 8descending0 changed to 8descended0 on page #hbe4 7,having descended the ,hollow7 8posisition0 changed to 8position0 on page #hbg4 7fourth or fifth occupant of the position7