,transcriber's ,note3 ,italic text is   
denoted by underscores4    ,small       
capital text has been replaced with all 
capitals4    ,minor typographical and   
punctuation errors have been corrected  
without note4 ,irregularities and       
inconsistencies in the text have  been  
retained as printed4    ,mismatched     
quotes are not fixed if it's not        
sufficiently clear where  the missing   
quote should be placed4    ,the cover   
for the e,book version of this book was 
created by the  transcriber and is      
placed in the public domain4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,,the      ,,rural ,,magazine1          
,,and      ,,literary ,,evening         
,,fire-,,side4      ,,vol4 ,i4          
,,philadelphia1 ,eighth ,month1 #ahbj4  
,no4 #h4          ,a ,,friend ,,of ,,the
 ,,rural ,,magazine ,,to ,,its          
,,readers4      ,there is nothing in    
which the honourable fame and steady    
prosperity  of our country1 and the best
 interests of its inhabitants1 are more 

deeply involved1 than in the promotion  
of agriculture4 ,with one  hundred and  
twenty millions of acres of cleared1 or 
natural1  strong1 unwooded land1 and a  
population computed at nine millions  of
 persons1 we have more soil already     
prepared for plantations1  farms and    
grazing1 in proportion to our numbers1  
than any other  civilized people2 and   
our capacities to add to our quantity of
  cleared or unwooded land1 extend to   
ten times the number of acres4  ,from   
the productions of these lands have our 
former happiness and  wealth arisen1 and
 from the commerce and fabrication of   
these  productions1 have our foreign and
 domestic trade1 and all our home       
manufactures1 worth above two hundred   
millions of dollars1 sprung  up4 ,the   
merchants and manufacturers actually    
hold so real and great  a competition   
for the natural and agricultural        
productions of the  land1 that none of  
these productions1 capable of           
manufacture1 were  exported even in the 

last year1 except cotton1 in the        
manufacture  of which we had made very  
great progress1 in #ahaj2 even without  
the  double and war duties1 or those    
existing at this time4 ,they were       
supposed to be worth #ae1jjj1jjj of     
dollars in that year4 ,the present      
crisis1 when all nations are revising   
and improving their systems of          
agriculture1 commerce and manufactures1 
appears to be a fit season  for         
increased attention1 consideration and  
exertion on our part2  and first in the 
culture of the soil4 ,it is proposed1 as
 a suitable  object for such a work as  
,the ,rural ,magazine1 to make some of  
those exertions in relation to          
agriculture and the connected  subjects1
 which are often demanded by those      
strong tides in human  life1 which are  
dispensed to us in the course of divine 
,providence4  ,pennsylvania1 and the    
five other states which are contiguous  
to her1  making six in their whole      
number1 contain about one hundred and   

forty millions of acres of land in the  
most temperate and genial  farming      
climates of our country4 ,the southern  
parts of that noble  farming district   
even favours the cotton1 the vine and   
the fig tree2  and every species of     
production1 requiring the tone of the   
northern  part of the temperate zone for
 its growth or the fabrication of  those
 productions1 is adapted to the higher  
latitudes of that  region of our        
country4 ,the best culture of the       
eastern states is  comprehended in the  
proper farming of that district4 ,the   
effectual  bearing of the productions of
 the south upon the profits of the      
farming of the middle1 northern and     
eastern states1 will always  render the 
actual or new culture of our great      
southern district of  sugar1 rice1      
indigo1 cotton and grape vines1 deeply  
important us2  because the cultivation  
of those and other productions1 adapted 
to  their climates1 will prevent their  
attention1 as principal objects1  to    

those things which must always be       
produced by our cattle1 grass1  apple1  
vegetable and grain farms4 ,the cider   
and apple brandy1 for  example1 of the  
county of ,morris1 in ,new ,jersey1     
which far exceeds  the general belief1  
the superfine flour of the white wheat  
country  of this middle district1 and   
the fabrications of the dairy of the    
eastern states1 sustain no interference 
at home or abroad1 from  the productions
 of those southern labourers who are    
employed on  sugar1 rice1 cotton1 indigo
 and tobacco2 or may be employed on the 
fruit of the grape vine1 the olive tree 
and their fabrications1  which annually 
yield to ,france one hundred and twenty 
millions of  dollars4 ,the culture of   
the southern states is1 therefore1 in   
truth1  a fit subject of attention and  
solicitude for the ,pennsylvanians1  and
 their surrounding northern and eastern 
brethren2 and valuable  papers on that  
subject would always deserve a place in 
,the ,rural  ,magazine4 ,if the ,african

 ,,terence has been quoted1 beyond any  
other  writer1 for the beautiful        
exclamation of one of his personified   
characters1 ,homo sum1 et nihil humani a
 me alienum puto1#a how  impossible is  
it for a true and faithful member of    
this favoured  nation to forget to      
exclaim1 ,americanus sum1 et nihil      
,americani  a me alienum puto4#b      #a
 ,i am a man1 and ,i consider nothing   
that affects man as    foreign to me4   
#b ,i am an ,american1 and ,i consider  
nothing that affects    ,america as     
foreign to me4    ,some of the most     
important practices of agriculture      
belong to  all our climates4            
,irrigation1 beautiful1 elegant1        
profitable  irrigation1 or the watering 
of grounds1 by turning upon them        
streams that have been wont to run      
waste1 and pour their unused  vegetative
 powers into navigable rivers1 is a     
great example4 ,the  venerable and      
judicious ,,arthur ,,young wrote to his 
compatriots  in ,england1 from the      

districts of ,piedmont and ,milan1 the  
best  irrigated parts of the valley of  
the ,po1 that such was the  perfection  
of that branch of agriculture and the   
connected branches  of working and neat 
cattle1 dairies1 rice1 c4 that1         
excellent as  was their ,english system 
in his vicinity1 his friends could have 
no  conception of perfection in farming1
 without visiting that part of  upper   
,italy4 ,the orange trees are carefully 
irrigated in the kingdom  of ,portugal1 
as are the vines of ,madeira1 and the   
rice in those  of our southern states   
which produce that wholesome1 valuable  
and  delightful grain4    ,let us1 then1
 in every section of our country1 keep  
attention on  the stretch to improve our
 whole landed interest1 which1 like our 
great internal seas1 our heaven         
dispensed lakes1 is the natural  head1  
from which the sister streams of        
commerce and manufactures  are1         
unforcedly1 to flow1 and run till the   
end of time4          ,,for ,,the       

,,rural ,,magazine4    ,,the ,,desultory
 ,,remarker4    ,no4 ,,vii4             
,travel in the younger sort is a part of
 education2 in the elder       a part of
 experience4      ,bacon4      ,in      
pursuance of the plan proposed in the   
initial number of these  papers1 which1 
although a mortifying consideration to  
the pride  of authorship1 it is quite   
probable many of my readers have        
already forgotten2 ,i shall1 on the     
present occasion1 avail myself  of one  
of the sources of instruction and       
gratification there  indicated--foreign 
travel4 ,the friend to whom ,i am       
indebted for the  following remarkable  
incidents1 illustrative of the present  
state  of morals in ,italy1 has not long
 since returned from a tour through     
,england1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,switzerland1
 and part of ,germany2 with  an         
increased attachment for his native     
country and her admirable  institutions4
    ,he left ,milan for ,florence1      
passing through the towns of ,lodi1     

,plazenza1 ,parma1 and ,bologna1 where  
he arrived after eight days  journeying4
 ,among the passengers in the coach with
 him1 was a young  gentleman of ,rome1  
the ,cavaliere ,v----1 who was returning
 home after  a two years tour in ,south 
,america and ,europe4 ,between these    
two1  as those who are strangers in any 
part of the world1 particularly  when   
travelling together1 experience a       
community of privation and  enjoyment1  
an intimacy was soon formed4 ,the       
distance from ,florence  to ,rome is    
#aic ,english miles4 ,the road passes   
over the ,appenine  mountains1 and by   
the tardy mode of travelling peculiar to
 the  country1 there being no public    
coaches1 it requires six days4 ,the     
highways in this neighbourhood are      
infested with banditti of the  most     
ferocious character1 and almost every   
day furnishes accounts  of robberies and
 murders4 ,on the #eth of ,january1     
#ahai1 they left  ,florence4 ,the first 
three days were marked by no striking   

incident1  but on the morning of the    
fourth1 about dawn1 their ears were     
accosted with a sudden discharge of     
fire-arms close to the carriage1  which 
they soon found to proceed from the     
carbines of banditti4  ,previously to   
quitting ,milan1 our friend had taken   
the precaution to  divide his gold1     
carrying part of it about his person1   
enveloped in  a bandana handkerchief in 
the form of a belt1 and the remainder in
  a portmanteau4 ,he had also a number  
of ,bank of ,england notes1 which  he   
carried in his pocket-book1 with his    
passport1 c4 ,the bandana  soon         
attracted their attention1 and its      
contents1 #cj ,napoleons1 with  his     
purse1 c4 fell into their hands4 ,his   
portmanteau being securely  lashed to   
the imperial1 escaped the plunderers1 as
 well as his watch  and pocket-book4 ,it
 was within a league of ,montifiascone  
where the  attack was made4 ,the robbers
 were interrupted in the height of their
  villainy1 by the tramp of approaching 

horses1 which proved to be the          
neighbouring peasantry commencing their 
daily toils2 and retreated  with        
precipitation to the impenetrable       
thickets of the ,appenines4  ,the       
travellers then proceeded on their      
journey to ,rome1 without  experiencing 
further molestation4    ,on their       
arrival there1 our countryman           
congratulated himself on his  good      
fortune in having become acquainted with
 the ,cavaliere ,v----1  whose          
politeness and attentions were          
particularly grateful2 and  as ,rome was
 the place of his residence1 every      
object of interest  and curiosity to be 
found there1 was perfectly familiar to  
him4 ,he  introduced his ,american      
acquaintance to his father1 who was a   
man of  rank1 living in splendour and   
opulence2 and to his sisters1 whose     
society the latter felt every           
disposition to cultivate4 ,thus various 
circumstances appeared to combine to    
render pleasant a residence in  this    

celebrated metropolis1 and to aid him in
 his contemplations  among the remaining
 monuments of her former magnificence   
and power4    ,one morning having a     
leisure hour on his hands1 our townsmen 
was  engaged in his chamber counting his
 money1 in order to ascertain the       
extent of his loss1 sustained by the    
unwelcome visiters who had paid  him    
their respects on the road2 when the    
,cavaliere unceremoniously  entered the 
room1 and seeing a pocket-book in his   
hand1 immediately  inquired what he had 
lost4 ,the fact was1 that a #bj pound   
note of  the ,bank of ,england was      
missing1 and as the pocket-book in which
  the notes were contained1 was not     
discovered by the banditti1 in  their   
haste to make their escape1 he concluded
 that it had been  carelessly dropped at
 some time or other1 and would never    
again be  heard of2 which he stated at  
once to his pseudo friend4 ,the latter  
expressed some surprise1 and evinced    
considerable embarrassment  on the      

occasion4 ,his quondam fellow tourist1  
however1 made light  of the matter1 and 
endeavoured to change the conversation  
by  stating1 that he would ask the      
advice of his banker the duke of        
,torlonia1 fortunately the only house in
 the habit of discounting  ,english     
notes2 and would also write to his      
banker in ,london1 to  have the payment 
stopped at the ,bank of ,england4 ,to   
this plan the  ,cavaliere strenuously   
objected1 but said1 that he knew a man  
in  ,rome1 who would procure him the    
note if it was to be found2 and in      
consequence of this suggestion1 the     
application to the ,duke was  not made4 
,our traveller1 reflecting on the       
circumstances connected  with this      
interview1 his being interrogated as to 
his loss before  any intimation had been
 given that such loss had been          
sustained1  the hurried and peculiar    
manner in which the inquiries were made1
  in addition to the fact that the      
,cavaliere was the only person  who had 

seen them counted1 and that he was      
careless of locking up  his pocket-book1
 began to suspect1 although his rank and
 standing  might forbid it1 that the    
gentleman knew something about the note4
  ,as the numbers of the different bills
 had been taken1 there could  not       
readily have been a mistake4 ,a few days
 subsequently it was  distinctly        
intimated1 that the person to whom      
application had been  made1 knew where  
the note was4 ,an interview with the    
conjurer was  zealously urged1 in the   
hope of visiting the thief with merited 
punishment4 ,to this the ,cavaliere     
replied1 that he had pledged his  honour
 that the affair should remain in       
profound secrecy1 and that  he would    
himself be responsible for the payment1 
and accordingly  gave his note of hand  
for it payable in two days6 ,after many 
days had elapsed without receiving the  
amount1 the patience of  our traveller  
was nearly exhausted1 and under the     
influence of  irritation1 produced by   

the unprincipled conduct of this modern 
,roman1 it was determined to disclose   
the whole transaction to his  father4   
,the subject was introduced with the    
utmost delicacy4 ,the old  gentleman1   
after hearing a detail of all the       
circumstances1 coolly  observed1 that it
 was no business of his1 and that his   
son would  doubtless attend to it4 ,he  
was then explicitly told1 that respect  
for his supposed parental feelings had  
induced the reserve which he  had       
witnessed2 but as this reserve1 it was  
perfectly apparent1 was  altogether     
unnecessary1 the facts of the case      
should be made known1  and the moral    
turpitude of his son publicly           
exposed4--,the expression  of this      
determination caused an immediate change
 of tone and manner2  he was now all    
sensibility to the reputation of his son
 and that  of his family1 and gave a    
positive assurance that the money should
  be immediately forthcoming4 ,shortly  
after this conversation it was  brought 

by his quondam friend1 and was          
principally in various gold  coins1     
which had probably been procured for him
 by a broker1 on the  lowest terms4     
,the family1 in which our countryman    
resided1 while at ,rome1 was  highly    
agreeable2 and the society of the lady1 
and her amiable  daughters1 was a source
 of pleasure to the gentlemen who lived 
in the house4 ,on the evening of the day
 on which this affair was  settled1 he  
had taken his wonted seat in this       
interesting circle1  which so           
delightfully reminded him of that which 
he had left at  home1 when the brother  
of the ,cavaliere1 who was invested with
  some office of dignity1 entered in    
full dress4 ,he very courteously  and   
gracefully paid his respects to all the 
individuals composing  the company1 with
 the exception of the ,american1 of     
whom1  notwithstanding his being well   
acquainted with him1 he took no  notice 
whatever4 ,he then intimated to the lady
 of the house1 that  he wished to speak 

with her in private4 ,she accordingly   
withdrew1  and very soon afterwards     
returned1 and informed our tourist1 that
  the gentleman desired to see him in   
the adjoining room4 ,on entering1  he   
was charged with attempting to sully the
 character of a family1  which could    
trace its reputation and fame through a 
long line of  noble ancestry2 and that  
for this injustice1 instant reparation  
should be made4 ,he then drew his sword 
in a tempest of passion1  but           
recollecting immediately1 that his      
antagonist was unarmed1 he  sheathed it1
 and drew from his pocket a pair of     
pistols1 with which  he insisted they   
should fight without delay4 ,by this    
time one of  the party1 alarmed by the  
noise occasioned by their altercation1  
hurried into the room1 and on learning  
the cause which produced it1  gave such 
explanations to the enraged ,italian as 
were acknowledged  to be perfectly      
satisfactory1 as to the treatment his   
brother had  received2 and with a smile1

 which he could assume at pleasure1  he 
took his leave4 ,after his departure1   
the lady took occasion to  caution our  
traveller against venturing out during  
the evening1  assigning as a reason for 
this advice1 that the officer was very  
vindictive in his disposition1 and that 
an ,englishman1 who had not  long       
previously given him some offence1 lost 
his life in consequence  of the attack  
of an assassin4 ,this admonition was not
 disregarded4  ,in the course of the    
evening1 a member of the family1 who had
 heard  nothing of the previous         
occurrences1 on his return home1        
observed1  that he could not conceive   
what mischief was in agitation1 as his  
face had been closely examined by more  
than one person1 in passing  the lamps1 
who wore masks1 and appeared to be      
actuated by curiosity1  or some other   
motive1 to an extraordinary degree4     
,those who were  acquainted with the    
events of the evening1 were at no loss  
to  conjecture for whom they were on the

 watch4 ,an obnoxious individual  can at
 any time be put out of the way1 in     
,rome1 for a very small  reward4 ,to    
save these obliging and tender-hearted  
gentry further  trouble1 and to consult 
his own safety1 he early the next       
morning  left the dominions of the      
church1 and pursued his journey to      
,naples4    ,if individuals1 and        
incidents of such a character1 should   
frequently  present themselves to the   
notice of the tourist1 it would almost  
induce him to deny himself the delights 
and advantages of foreign  travel1 and  
adopt this sentiment of ,,cowley1       
,about the spacious world let others    
roam1      ,the voyage life1 is longest 
made at home4                           
,,for ,,the ,,rural ,,magazine4    ,,the
 ,,village ,,teacher4      ,twice in    
every year our otherwise quiet village  
is thrown into a  ferment1 which        
agitates its little community like an   
earthquake1  and unsettles all the      
habits of order and industry for which  

we are  usually remarkable4 ,the cause  
of this great tumult is the militia     
training--that system which supposes    
every citizen to be a soldier1  and     
undertakes to instruct him in the art   
and mystery of holding a  musket and    
putting the right foot foremost4 ,on the
 last of these  occasions1 ,i was       
surprised to find that my whole school  
had played  truant2 and observing an    
unusual ferment in the streets1 found1  
upon inquiry1 that at the last election 
for officer1 ,ezekiel ,snip1  the       
village tailor1 a man with fierce red   
whiskers and a peculiar  altitude of    
chin1 had been elected captain4 ,ezekiel
 had dipt into  ,duane's ,hand-,book1   
and was esteemed profoundly skilled in  
the  manual exercise2 so that the       
neighbours were all on the tiptoe of    
expectation to witness the parade of the
 day4 ,as this took place  opposite to  
my school-room1 ,i seated myself quietly
 at the window  to watch how matters    
proceeded4 ,about eight o'clock1 the    

tavern  porch began to be filled with   
people1 some bringing old rusty  rifles1
 others their fowling pieces1 and some  
armed with a stout  oaken stick4 ,then  
sallied forth a valiant drummer1 aided  
by a no  less valiant fifer1 at the head
 of some dozens of the town boys1  to   
alarm the village4 ,they marched up the 
street1 and down the  street1 and beat  
tantarara1 and whistled out of all      
tune1--till my  head ached1--to the     
infinite delight of the idle urchins at 
their  heels1 and the gaping housemaids 
at the doors and windows1 as they       
passed4 ,when this preparatory ceremony 
was gone through1 forth  issued captain 
,snip from the tavern door1 in all the  
glory of a blue  coat1 epaulettes1 a    
sword and feather4 ,the militia-men were
 then  ranged out in ranks1 and the     
muster-roll called4 ,i was particularly 
struck with the assemblage present4 ,i  
looked in vain for the most  respectable
 of our mechanics and neighbouring      
farmers4--,the ranks  were chiefly      

filled with the idle young men of the   
village and the  tavern frequenters of  
the neighbourhood2 in short1 with men   
who  hung loose upon society1 and were  
eager for every adventure that  would   
enable them to get through a day1       
without work1 and might  end in a       
drinking match4 ,captain ,snip bustled  
about with becoming                     
self-importance1--fixed this man six    
inches back1 and that one  as much      
forward1 and having thus ranged them a  
la militaire1  proceeded1 by the aid of 
his ,hand-,book1 to induct them into the
  manual exercise4 ,at the word         
,shoulder fire-locks1 a scene of        
confusion ensued4 ,some had their pieces
 on the right and some  on the left     
shoulder1 and they were ranged at all   
angles from a  perpendicular to a       
horizontal line4--,with infinite        
difficulty1 and  after repeated trials1 
the captain got them to order and       
proceeded  to the next command4 ,as he  
went on ,i observed that he became      

impatient and confused2 the disorder    
into which his company were  continually
 getting1 surpassed his abilities to    
rectify1 and his  limited and           
superficial knowledge began to fail him4
 ,he quite lost  his authority over his 
men2 but by dint of storming1 succeeded 
at last in getting some how through the 
business4 ,the drum then  sounded1 and  
the gallant troop marched out to the    
commons1 there to  encamp for the day1  
carrying in their train all the noisy   
and idle  boys of the town4    ,in the  
afternoon they again made their         
appearance1 dusty1 fatigued1  and       
disorderly1 and after a sham exercise in
 the street1 were  dismissed4 ,it was a 
glorious day for the sellers of cakes1  
and  beer1 and brandy1 and whiskey4     
,many a bottle that day was emptied  of 
its fiery contents1 and many a miserable
 wretch strengthened in  the habits of  
vice and dissipation4 ,scarce a man of  
this valiant  corps returned home sober4
 ,the tavern door was a scene of        

continued  quarrelling and the most     
shocking profanity1 till eleven o'clock4
    ,battle succeeded battle1 to the    
infinite diversion of the  by-standers1 
and to the edification and instruction  
of the lads of  all sizes that were     
thronging to this school of morality4 ,i
 know not  how captain ,snip felt upon  
descending to his ordinary employment1  
from such a height of military glory1   
but ,i myself have been sad and         
melancholy ever since1 when ,i reflected
 upon the events of the day4    ,and    
what1 fellow citizens1 is the great good
 attained by these  militia trainings8  
,it is the idlest of idle dreams to     
suppose  the recurrence1 four times in  
the year1 of such scenes as ,i have     
described1 can make soldiers of our     
yeomanry4 ,it may make idlers1  it may  
make bullies1 and drunkards1 and        
gamblers of them2 but what  they learn  
of military discipline1 of the          
subordination of a camp1  is not worth a
 farthing candle4 ,you lose to the state

 the labour of  a hundred thousand men1 
that they may be placed under the       
tuition  of some half-learned captain1  
who1 perhaps1 has never been in a  camp1
 and who does not1 in the course of     
years1 teach them more than  they could 
at any time learn as well and better in 
half a day's  real service4 ,the good   
done to the state by these militia laws 
is  a mere shadow1 and the wounds which 
they inflict upon the steady  habits1   
the industry and the morality of the    
country1 are awful and  portentous4 ,i  
believe ,i do not exceed probability in 
asserting1 that  one half of the        
drunkenness in the state1 is induced or 
confirmed at  these militia trainings4  
,but it is not only in the effects upon 
those who obey the mandate  of the law1 
that this system is to be deprecated4   
,look at it1  in what light you will1 it
 is injurious and oppressive4 ,a large  
portion of your fellow citizens are men 
who will not1 in any cause1  take the   
life or connive at the death of a fellow

 creature4 ,they  believe that the great
 ,author of being retains in his own    
hand the  power over life1 and that it  
is impious in mortals to assume his     
prerogative4--,no matter how true or    
false this may be1 it is with  them an  
article of religious faith1 and as such 
is held sacred by  our constitution4    
,whatever law interferes with this      
article of  their belief is1 to them1   
persecution4 ,if man has no moral right 
to take the life of his fellow1         
government can have no moral right  to  
oblige him to do it2 and they who obey  
the law1 in preference  to their        
conscience1 are traitors to their ,god4 
,if they obey your  military            
requisition1 they become a party to a   
system altogether  at variance with     
their faith4 ,they cannot pay the fines 
which you  impose for their refusal1 for
 you demand them as an equivalent for   
what they cannot concede to you4 ,here  
then are they placed1 without           
7according to their belief7 the power of

 moving4 ,if you insist upon  the       
payment1 you must despoil them of their 
goods4 ,it is to be sure  alleged1 that 
the state cannot1 with a due regard to  
its own safety1  dispense with the      
military allegiance of its citizens4    
,admit this  to be the case4 ,do you1 in
 abstaining from the petty1 alienating  
vexations of a militia law in time of   
peace1 yield or forego the  claim to    
this allegiance8 ,you pass an edict     
oppressive to a class  of citizens1     
whose motive for non-compliance is      
sacred in the eye  of the               
constitution1--an edict1 which your     
experience of the past  assures you1    
they will not comply with1 and you      
create1 in order  to enforce it1 a race 
of harpies1 who are trained under it in 
all  the arts of oppression and plunder4
 ,and to what good end8 ,does one       
solitary dollar of these militia        
exactions pass into your treasury8  ,is 
it not1 on the contrary1 a well known   
fact1 that after seizing  upon twice or 

thrice the just amount of the claim1 the
 proceeds  of the sale of these goods   
melt away before they reach the public  
treasury8 ,the ostensible object of the 
law is to train the yeomenry  in the art
 of war4 ,my word for it1 its actual    
operation is more  to enervate than to  
strengthen1 and while it forms a dark   
blot on  the escutcheon of our state1   
there is not1 in its consequences1 a    
single salutary effect to compensate for
 the hardships it inflicts  upon the    
followers of the great statesman1 who   
laid the foundations  of our public and 
private prosperity1 our liberal         
institutions2 of  all1 in short1 which  
has rendered ,pennsylvania the boast and
 the  envy of nations4          ,,for   
,,the ,,rural ,,magazine4    ,,route    
,,to ,,niagara ,,palls4      ,to the    
,editors4--,during the continuance of   
the fervid season1 some  of your readers
 will probably beguile the tedium of    
mid-summer1 by  taking excursions in    
various directions1 as health or        

curiosity may  happen to invite them4   
,the gratification to be derived from   
pursuing  the route to ,,niagara        
,,falls1 and thence to ,montreal and    
,quebec1 will  amply repay all its      
fatigues1 and realise the expectations  
of the  tourist however highly excited4 
,the following indicates one of the     
most agreeable avenues of approach to   
that unparalleled wonder of  ,nature4   
,having felt the want of some such      
information myself1 it  was thought it  
might be acceptable to others1 who have 
no better  guide4 ,these distances1     
though derived principally from         
innkeepers1  stage-drivers1 c4 are      
sufficiently accurate for the purposes  
of  travellers generally4      ,distance
 from ,philadelphia to the ,falls4      
,miles4    ,new ,york1                  
#ajj    ,albany1                        
#afj                                    
---- #bfj    ,schenectady1              
#af    ,amsterdam1                      
#ae    ,tripe's ,hill1                  

#f    ,cachnewaga1                      
#e    ,paletine1                        
#ah    ,st4 ,johnsville1                
#d    ,manheim1                         
#c                                      
---- #cbg       ,little ,falls1         
#g       ,herkimer1                     
#g       ,utica1                        
#ae    #ast day's journey from ,albany1 
----  #if       ,vernon1                
#af       ,lennox1                      
#ab       ,chetenengo1                  
#e       ,manlius1                      
#ab       ,jamesville1                  
#e       ,onondaga1                     
#aj       ,skaneatelis1                 
#af    #b;d day's journey from ,albany1 
----  #gf       ,auburn1                
#g       ,canandaigua1                  
#cg    #c;d day's journey from ,albany1 
----  #dd       ,victor1                
#aj       ,pittsford1                   
#aa       ,rochester1                   
#i       ,palma1                        
#aa       ,murray1                      

#g       ,gaines1                       
#aa    #dth day's journey from ,albany1 
----  #ei       ,ridgway1               
#ac       ,hartland1                    
#aa       ,cambray1                     
#ab       ,lewistown1                   
#ae       ,,falls ,,of ,,niagara1       
#g                                      
----  #eh                               
----                                    
#eic      ,from the ,falls to ,quebec4  
,lewistown1                       #g    
,fort ,george1                     #g   
,,york1                           #cc   
,kingston1                      #agj    
,prescott1                       #gj    
,la ,chine1                      #acj   
,montreal1                        #i    
,,quebec1                        #agj   
----  #eif      ,from ,quebec to        
,philadelphia4         ,montreal1       
#agj       ,st4 ,john's1                
#bg       ,shoreham1                    
#aej       ,ticonderoga1 7village7      
#c       ,caldwell1                     

#ce       ,albany1                      
#fa       ,new ,york1                   
#afj       ,,philadelphia1              
#ajj                                    
----  #gjf    ,this journey may be      
readily accomplished in about four      
weeks1  without extraordinary haste1 at 
an expense of from one to two  or three 
hundred dollars2 according to the mode  
of travelling  adopted1 and the habits  
of the tourist in relation to economy or
  extravagance4 ,but in times like the  
present1 even those who are  wealthy1   
should be edifying examplars of         
simplicity and frugality4      ,,oscar4 
,,for ,,the ,,rural ,,magazine4         
,,extracted ,,from ,,the ,,manuscript   
,,collections ,,of ,c4 ,e4         ,a   
remarkable instance of premonition of   
impending death4      ,your readers may 
rely on the authenticity of what        
follows1 as ,i  assure them ,i copied it
 myself from the original letter in the 
well  known hand writing of ,john ,ross1
 ,esq4 deceased1 who was an eminent     

attorney at law in this city1 for many  
years before the ,american  revolution1 
and also a member of the legislature1 as
 a number still  living can remember4   
,the letter was addressed to his friend 
,dr4  ,cadwalader ,evans1 of this city1 
but then settled for a few years in  the
 ,island of ,jamaica4 ,the accident     
happened to ,john ,kinsey1 ,jun4 ,he    
was the son of ,john ,kinsey1 ,esq41 one
 of the most eminent lawyers  of his    
time1 also speaker of the ,assembly and 
chief justice of the  ,supreme ,court of
 ,pennsylvania4      ,c4 ,e4      ,,dear
 ,,dr4 ,,evans1    ,i am going for      
,newcastle1 early in the morning4 ,i    
just heard of a  vessel going to        
,jamaica before my return2 so in haste  
determine to  give you one scrawl1 lest 
you should think the neighbourhood      
forget  you4 ,but you may depend that   
will never happen3 we gratefully and    
cordially remember you often4 ,i would  
tell you all the news in a  word1 if    
possible1 with all haste4 ,to begin--our

 neighbourhood  just as you left us1    
only ,b4 ,franklin lives in your house4 
,the  ,col4 ,hellier not yet gone to    
sea4 ,i think all your acquaintance     
continue well1 save poor ,johnny        
,kinsey1 jun4 on ,tuesday1 the #hth     
inst4 by accident shot himself dead1    
coming over ,gray's ferry1 by           
,schuylkill falls1 while in the boat4   
,he had loaded his gun1 and1 as  is     
supposed1 let the butt drop on the      
bottom of the flat1 the gun  in a line  
with his body by his side2 went off when
 half cocked4 ,the  whole load of shot  
struck his left cheek1 and went up      
directly into  his brain4 ,he dropped   
and was dead in an instant--never       
groaned4  ,great sorrow attended his    
father1 and all his friends1 for the    
accident4 ,he had strange apparitions of
 his death the night before1  which he  
informed his aunt ,bowene of at         
breakfast1 the morning of  the accident4
 ,i must relate to you the particulars  
which are as true  as surprising4 ,he1  

talking with his aunt at breakfast      
concerning  his being admitted as an    
attorney and going into business1 said1 
he believed he had nothing to do with   
business1 for his time1 he  thought1 was
 not long in this world4 ,he said that  
last night he  was strangely disturbed  
in his sleep with dreams and            
apparitions2  that his cousin ,charles  
,pemberton1 who died last spring1       
appeared  to him1 wrapped in a sheet1   
and said to him1 ,kinsey1 your time     
approaches1 you must go with me1 and he 
disappeared4 ,soon after1  appeared a   
person before him in the form of an     
angel1 7according  to the idea he had of
 an angel7 and said to him ,kinsey1 your
 hour  is come1 you must go with me1 and
 instantly he thought a flash of        
lightning struck him on the cheek and he
 instantly died4 ,this was  followed by 
a severe clap of thunder and lightning  
that awaked him  from his sleep1 and all
 those particulars came fresh to his    
memory1  and gave him a great           

uneasiness4 7,note--no thunder or       
lightning that  night47--,upon this he  
endeavoured to get asleep again1 and    
after  dozing a short time1 he was      
awaked by the noise of a person walking 
across the room1 giving a heavy groan4  
,he heard or saw no more1 but  got out  
of bed and went into the other room1    
called the ,scotch boy  to bring in his 
bed and lay by him the remainder of the 
night4 ,in  the morning1 at breakfast1  
on ,tuesday last1 he communicated all   
the  before related to his aunt ,bowene 
and ,hannah ,kearney4 ,he seemed much   
dejected upon it1 was confident he was  
near his end2 but to divert  himself for
 that day1 he determined to take his gun
 and go fowling  with young ,j4         
,derborow1 young ,oxley1 and two or     
three more4 ,they  walked to ,coultas'  
ferry and crossed ,schuylkill1 and up to
 the falls  ferry4 ,he told the company 
several times1 as they walked1 he wished
  no accident might befall him before he
 got home4 ,on their return1  crossing  

the ferry in the boat1 the unhappy      
accident happened him4  ,thus you have  
the particulars of this melancholy      
affair1 as fully  as ,i could relate it 
if with you1 and ,i chose to be         
particular in  it1 because ,i have met  
with no story in history so well        
attested as  this concerning the        
premonitions from heaven of our         
dissolution4  ,the flash that struck his
 cheek when asleep1 was clearly answered
  by the flash of the gun and the shot  
thereof first striking4 ,his  aunt      
laboured to persuade him not to go a    
gunning that day1 and he  agreed2 but   
afterwards meeting his company1 they    
prevailed with him1  as they had all    
agreed to go the night before4    ,your 
father and all friends are well4 ,i     
sincerely wish you all  imaginable      
felicity1 and with all the haste ,i     
began1 ,i cannot help  now concluding   
that ,i am your very affectionate friend
 and humble  servant1      ,,john       
,,ross4      ,dr4 ,cadwalader ,evans1   

,st4 ,anns1 ,jamaica4      ,philad4     
,sunday ,evening1     #ac ,nov4 #agdh4  
,,for ,,the ,,rural ,,magazine4         
,,firmity ,,and ,,hominy4      ,there   
are two ancient very wholesome and      
pleasant dishes1 which are  much used in
 the states south of ,pennsylvania1 to  
which the middle  and northern states   
have not yet paid sufficient attention4 
,the  first called ,,firmity1 is made of
 ,,wheat4 ,the second1 called ,,hominy1 
is made of ,,indian ,,corn1 or ,,maize4 
,the grains of wheat and ,indian  corn  
are prepared by beating in the same     
manner in a wooden mortar1  with an iron
 pestle1 filed in crosses or ridges at  
the bottom1 like  a modern stamp or seal
 for letters4    ,to make the firmity   
mortar1 or hominy mortar1 select a tree 
of from  two feet to two feet and one   
half in diameter4 ,cut off a length 7or 
piece as nearly as possible cylindrical7
 of about the height of a  man's        
waistband from the ground4 ,let an iron 
hoop be well secured  on and around each

 of the ends1 to bind and keep the wood 
together4  ,then make a hole at each end
 of this cut of wood1 like the cavity   
of a common mortar1 as wide as the wood 
will admit1 at top1 and  narrowing to a 
blunt point at the bottom4 ,both        
cavities are to be  made alike1 so that 
in fact1 in the one cylindrical piece of
 wood1  there will be two mortars2 one  
in and at each end4 ,these may be  used 
indiscriminately for wheat or firmity1  
or for ,indian corn or  hominy1 and will
 occasion the utensil to last           
longer4--,it will be  proper not to have
 the bottoms of the two mortars1 or     
mortar holes1  so deep as to endanger   
the driving a hole from one into the    
other1  which would destroy the use of  
both4 ,when the mortar is thus well     
made1 a moderate quantity of wheat1 to  
make firmity1 is to be put  into the    
mortar1 in the upper part1 as it stands 
on the end1 and the  grain is to be     
moistened with a little warm water1 to  
make the skin  or bran come off easily  

and perfectly1 by the beating4 ,the     
pestle  is then to be used by a man so  
as1 by striking in among the grains  of 
wheat1 from the top to the bottom of the
 parcel1 from time to  time1 and        
repeatedly1 to skin the grains of wheat1
 which it will do  effectually4 ,when   
this is done1 the grains are to be      
separated from  the hulls or bran1 by a 
sieve large enough to let the wheat     
through  and keep out the bran or skin4 
,when this has been done1 the parcel  is
 spread to dry1 on a clean coarse linen 
or cotton cloth4 ,the  proper quantity  
is put into a large family pot1 with a  
sufficient  quantity of water to boil   
it1 and to be evaporated by a steady    
simmering heat from #h or #i in the     
evening till #i or #aj next morning4    
,thus the firmity will be made into a   
large mass of white mixture of  paste or
 pulp of wheat1 and of whole wheat4     
,this is to be taken out  in portions1  
as wanted to make a mess1 boiled with   
skim or common  milk1 as thick as       

pea-soup or rice-milk1 and sweetened to 
the taste4  ,a small lump of butter1 of 
the size of a nutmeg1 is often put into 
the tureen or soup-dish of firmity1 at  
the moment when it is served  up hot4   
,some use a little nutmeg and a very    
little salt4 ,firmity  is used after the
 meat meal1 which need be but small when
 there is  firmity for dinner1 for it is
 a very hearty and pleasant food4 ,at   
supper there is no occasion for meat4   
,hominy is prepared in like manner1     
except that it is served up  without    
milk1 and that it is diluted moderately 
with hot water4 ,a  little butter and   
salt may be added2 and on following days
 hominy  is often fried in a large cake 
to the size of the pan4--,hominy1 in    
every form and state1 is very good with 
the gravy of roasted beef1  mutton1     
lamb1 and poultry1 steaks1 chops1 and   
cutlets4    ,it is believed1 that wheat 
and ,indian corn are much more wholesome
  in firmity and hominy1 than in bread  
or pone4 ,no yeast is  required4--,great

 quantities of grain might be used in   
this way4  ,every thing that employs our
 grain1 which is becoming redundant1 is 
an object worthy of consideration and   
attention4 ,a great number of  the best 
living and most expensive families in   
,philadelphia1 from  ,maryland1         
,delaware1 and ,virginia1 use hominy and
 firmity with the  greatest relish2 and 
if suitable mortars were sent thither   
for sale1  the use of this food would   
increase4          ,,for ,,the ,,rural  
,,magazine4      ,weeds1 and larger     
growths1 which interfere with           
cultivation or  impoverish the ground1  
should be cut down or pulled up1 before 
the  seed ripens1 in ,august1 which     
prevents their growing in a following   
year4 ,weeds are the successful rivals  
of grain1 garden vegetables1  and grass4
    ,now is the ,,building season4 ,all 
our country houses and places  for work1
 should be built on the south and west  
sides of swamps1  marshes1 ponds1 and   
other fresh waters1 on account of       

health2 and  not on the north or east   
sides of any such wet or watery places4 
,the  summer winds blow from the south  
and west1 and carry the unwholesome     
vapours1 exhaled from those fresh       
waters1 from places on their south  and 
west sides1 to places on the north and  
east sides1 preserving  the people's    
health4    ,,white ,,covers of linen1   
cotton1 or even paper1 to the hats of   
people  working in the fields1 fishing1 
fowling1 travelling1 c4 protect  them   
from morbid or sickening strokes of the 
sun4 ,this is an old  practice among the
 judicious ,swiss4    ,now1 when all the
 waters are becoming low1 we should     
observe the  places for tapping swamps1 
marshes1 and ponds4 ,by cutting a drain 
to  draw off the water in its low state1
 in ,august1 we begin to reclaim  our   
lands from the marsh and swamp4--,the   
ground becomes firmer to  haul off the  
wood and timber in the cutting season4  
,wet grounds  should be drained1 before 
they are cleared of their wood4 ,for1 if

  they are freed from trees1 in their   
wet state1 the sun produces  sickening  
and often fatal evaporations4 ,this is  
true in ,france1  ,germany1 ,holland1   
and the marshy parts of ,england1 though
 several  degrees further north than the
 ,united ,states4           99       99 
99       99       99    ,dry            
,rot4--,this destructive enemy of       
building1 which generally  commences its
 ravages in the cellars1 may be         
prevented or checked1  by whitewashing  
them yearly1 mixing copperas with it to 
give it a  yellow hue4                  
,communicated for the ,rural ,magazine4 
,,abstracts         ,from the ,i,vth    
volume of the ,memoirs of the           
,philadelphia       ,agricultural       
,society2 ,richard ,peters1 ,president2 
,wm4 ,tilghman1       ,james ,mease1    
,george ,logan and ,robert ,coleman1    
,vice ,presidents2       ,roberts ,vaux1
 ,secretary4      #a4 ,the ,,sesamum    
,,orientale or ,,be-,,ne1 written       
,,bene1 for making oil of  the seed1    

from ,bengal1 ,africa1 ,georgia1 and the
 ,mississippi4 ,see  ,archives of       
,useful ,knowledge1 by ,dr4 ,mease2     
,encyclopdia ,britanica2  ,accounts of  
,east ,india ,agriculture1 c4 ,it is    
planted in the end of  ,april and       
gathered in the end of ,september1 in   
#cb ,n4 lat42 raised  also in #cd #ej'  
,n4 lat4 ,the oil is fine for salad1 and
 all the other  uses of olive oil1 and  
may be extracted1 as is the flax-seed   
oil1  or by boiling water1 to the top of
 which it will rise1 and may be         
skimmed1 and bottled or put into casks4 
,it is very common on the  west coast of
 ,africa1 and grows to most advantage on
 poor1 sandy  hills4 ,it is said never  
to become rancid1 but to improve with   
age4  ,letter of ,thomas ,m4 ,forman1   
,esq4 ,rose ,hill1 near ,savington1     
,cecil1  ,md4 ,in the same letter is an 
account of ,napoleon or ,crawford ,,rye4
  ,it is described to grow very tall1   
having a solid stalk1 probably  capable 
of resisting the fly1 like ,jethro      

,tull's solid-stalked  wheat4 ,this     
grain is said to improve in the ,cecil  
county soil and  climate4    #b4 ,plan  
of ,,fences of living trees for posts1  
such as the ,sugar  ,maple1 and wire for
 rails2 by ,white  ,hazard1 ,whitestown1
  ,philadelphia county1 lowest falls of 
,schuylkill4 ,common fence for  #ajj    
acres1 for #ej years1 costs #c1jhj4 ,do4
 of wire fence for #ej  years1 costs    
#a1gea4 ,add profit on trees1 such as   
,american black  ,walnut1 curled or     
sugar ,maple1 ,mulberry1 ,apple1 7#bdd  
trees producing  annually1 at one       
dollar1 #bdd7 ,buttonwoods1 c4 which the
 projectors  make to produce #ad1jih1 in
 fifty years4 ,interest on annual       
produce  sufficient to keep such wire   
and live-tree fence in repair1 from  the
 time of completion for ever4 ,other    
orchard lands can be spared4  ,these    
fences are good against the worst       
cows2--they are easy to  repair4        
,inquire at ,r4 ,watkin's tavern1 at the
 falls of ,schuylkill4    #c4 ,accounts 

of ,,lime and ,,kilns1 and cooking      
,,stoves1 in ,spain2 by  ,anthony       
,morris1 ,esq4 formerly of              
,philadelphia1 now of ,bucks county1    
,pennsylvania1 ,a4 ,d4 #ahaf4--;,in     
burning lime1 the ,spanish peasants  use
 only the small ,shrub or brush wood1   
not larger than a man's  little finger  
to the size of a pipe stem4 ,the kiln is
 like ours in  ,whitemarsh1 c4 except   
that the top of the kiln is very little 
above  the surface of the ground1 and is
 covered with clay to confine the  heat4
 ,the arch within is of such height as  
to give the full benefit  of all the    
flame of those dry1 light materials4    
,the ,spanish lime1  like our best      
,pennsylvania lime1 is very good4 ,the  
,spanish practice  is recommended1 where
 lime stone is plenty1 wood scarce1 and 
brush1  trash and weeds so abundant as  
to impede or injure culture4 ,in the    
same letter is a cheap method1 as to    
fuel1 for heating irons2 and an         
economical kitchen1 as to fire1 for     

cooking4    #d4 ,a letter from ,mr4     
,jefferson1 concerning the success of   
the  ,,gypsum1 or ,plaster of ,paris1 in
 ,albemarle1 ,virginia1 #bjj miles from 
the sea-coast2 also concerning improved 
hill ploughing1 by his  ingenious       
son-in-law1 ,col4 ,thomas ,m4           
,randolph4#c      #c ,see the engraving 
of ,col4 ,randolph's ,hill-side ,plough1
 page #ah1    vol4 ,,iv4 ,philadelphia  
,agricultural ,society's ,memoirs4      
#e4 ,an ,american ,plough1 approved in  
,england2 as is our ,cradling  ,scythe4 
#f4 ,also1 further notice of the ,mangel
 ,wurtzel1 for the culture of  which see
 the ,philadelphia ,society's ,memoirs1 
vol4 ,,iii4 ,seed of a  new kind1 called
 the orange-coloured ,mangel ,wurtzel1  
has been sent  to ,president ,peters by 
,robert ,barclay1 ,esq4 grandson to the 
old  ,apologist of ,uri4 ,the progress  
in the culture of this root1 in ,great  
,britain1 is great4 ,mr4 ,peters thinks 
the mottled kind best1 and  recommends  
the greatest care as to seed4 ,it       

appears in other parts  of this volume  
that #fj to #ij tons of ,mangel         
,wurtzel1 or ,scarcity  ,root1 or the   
improved ,beet1 have been produced by an
 acre4    #e4 ,in pages #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji
 and #aaj1 are some interesting notices 
of  the ,mangel ,wurtzel1 or ,scarcity  
or ,beet root1 by ,mr4 ,isaac ,c4       
,jones1  of ,philadelphia4 ,it appears  
that this gentleman was led into some   
experiments1 after an entire city       
occupation of #bj years1 by reading     
some interesting accounts of such       
experiments in the ,european books4  ,in
 ,april1 #ahaf1 a piece of ground1 not  
quite one fifth of an acre1  was planted
 with the seeds1 in parallel rows1 of   
two feet three or  four inches one way1 
by one foot the other4 ,on gathering the
 crop in  ,november1 #ahaf1 it was found
 that it weighed #hahj pounds1 and that 
the weight of the leaves1 pulled off    
from those roots1 at different  times   
through the season1 was #e1eie pounds4  
,they would have been  more1 but as the 

season of #ahaf was uncommonly dry1 the 
pulling was  omitted for some weeks4    
,this plant is very valuable for farm   
stock1  and most so for milch cows4 ,the
 leaves are excellent through the       
summer1 and the cut or chopped root     
through the winter1 when dry  food is   
used4 ,the ,mangel ,wurtzel1 or         
,scarcity root or improved ,beet1  is   
excellent for the table1 and is         
preferred by ,mr4 ,jones' family  to the
 red or garden beets1 which are abundant
 and very fine in the  ,philadelphia    
market4 ,the same gentleman raised in   
#ahaf1 on #bc square  poles 7#bc_/afjths
 of an acre17 #aaj bushels of the long  
or orange  ,carrot root1 being at the   
rate of nearly #hjj bushels to the acre4
 ,a  bushel of those ,carrots 7cut with 
an approved instrument in the form  of  
an ,s7 weighed #dg lbs41 and a bushel of
 the ,mangel ,wurtzel1 cut  in like     
manner1 weighed #ee lbs4 ,the ,carrots  
produced #hjj bushels1  and the ,mangel 
,wurtzel1 at this rate1 #ijj bushels to 

the acre1 each  in the uncut state4 ,as 
he planted the ,mangel ,wurtzel1 ,mr4   
,jones  found it easy to dress with the 
plough and one horse4 ,the ,carrots1    
when up1 require the hoe and the hand   
altogether4 ,it appears1 that  the seeds
 of this plant1 about which the utmost  
care is necessary1  may be had of ,john 
,s4 ,skinner1 ,esq4 ,baltimore1 and ,mr4
 ,m',mahon1  ,philadelphia1 and of the  
seedsmen in ,new ,york1 ,hartford1      
,boston1  c4 ,the ,mangel ,wurtzel fell 
into some disrepute in ,england1 about  
the year #ahaj1 but the marchioness of  
,salisbury revived it4 ,it  was         
introduced into ,ireland1 in #aghg1 by  
seed from ,dr4 ,letsom1 of  ,london1 but
 the good qualities not being known1 nor
 the culture1 it  fell into disuse in   
,ireland also4 ,but a machine for the   
planting  of it was invented by ,mr4    
,edward ,linsey1 and now it is          
extensively  cultivated there and much  
approved4 ,the leaves produce two or    
more  crops in the north of ,ireland in 

summer and autumn1 and those  leaves and
 the roots in winter are deemed         
excellent for milch and  beef cattle1 in
 that great butter country4 ,irish      
sowing time is  ,april and ,may4        
,preparation the same as for turnips and
 potatoes3  two drills to be opened two 
feet apart2 sufficient dung to be used1 
according to the state and quality of   
the ground4 ,then cover the  dung with  
the double mould board plough1 at once1 
or the single  plough at twice1 by      
ridging them up as high as can be well  
done1  with a man shovelling between the
 drills1 right and left1 smoothing  the 
surface of the dung1 which will leave   
the ridge about a space of  ten or      
twelve inches broad4 ,this complete     
method of fallowing will  repay the     
trouble of shovelling1 by raising a full
 proportion of  earth under the roots4  
,when the ground is thus completely     
prepared1  two boys or girls can sow    
from two to three acres per day4 ,after 
sowing1 it should be well rolled1 which 

completes the process4    ,the crop is  
afterwards to be treated in the same    
manner as turnips  or potatoes1 by      
putting to and taking off mould1 c4     
,after the roots  have been raised1 the 
ground is in fine order for wheat or any
 other  crop4    ,example of            
,cultivation4--,wolf ,m',neil1 ,esq4    
,ireland1 sowed one  acre2 from the     
leaves1 fed #dj pigs through the seasons
 of last  summer and fall2 then gathered
 #hd tons of roots4--,on these fed nine 
cows and five calves during winter1 and 
had1 on #bb;d ,april1 #ahae1  eight tons
 remaining1 besides #ajj roots1 which he
 transplanted for  securing good seed1  
an all-important object in this culture4
    7,to be continued47         ,we     
recommend to our readers the purchase   
and study of ,the       ,code of        
,agriculture1 written by ,sir ,john     
,sinclair1 the first       president of 
the public ,british ,board of           
,agriculture4 ,london       edition1    
about #fab pages in one octavo volume2  

also1 ,american       ,hartford edition1
 ,connecticut4 ,it is probably the first
 farmer's       manual1 or handbook1    
extant in our language1 and was         
concocted       by the labours of #bf   
years1 and with the aid of #ajjj        
persons4          ,valuable ,breed of   
,cattle4      ,the attention of farmers 
being again called to the bull imported 
by  ,stephen ,williams1 ,esq4 of        
,northborough1 we have thought it might 
gratify them to learn the high          
estimation in which cattle of the  same 
breed are held in ,england4--,about two 
years since1 the stock  of a celebrated 
agriculturist of that country1          
consisting of cattle  of this breed1 was
 sold at public auction3 ,one two year  
old cow1  sold for #a1edd2 one four year
 old cow1 for #a1djj2 one five year  old
 cow1 for #a1gbf2 a one year old bull   
calf1 for #a1dbf2 one four  year old    
bull1 for #b1hih4 ,and it appears by the
 catalogue1 with  the prices affixed1   
that #cd cows sold for #ai1cbd2 #ag     

heifers for  #f1jjf2 #f bulls for       
#f1bfg2 and #d bull calves for          
#c1cbg--making  for #fa head of cattle1 
the enormous sum of #cd1ibd4      ,mass4
 ,spy4           99       99       99   
99       99    ,the ,vineyards4--,the   
present crop of grapes promises a more  
abundant yield than that of the last    
season4 ,there are about #bd  acres     
under culture1 which1 at the last       
vintage yielded upwards of  #ejjj       
gallons of wine1 besides a vast quantity
 of grapes used for  other purposes4    
,the situation is delightful1 running   
parallel with  the river2 it is the     
admiration of strangers1 and a grateful 
retreat  to those who live in its       
vicinity4 ,the intelligent traveller1   
while  he rests from the fatigues of his
 journey1 finds a source of true        
gratification mingled with delight1 in  
contemplating the beauties  of nature   
and art1 which are here so happily      
blended--the abode of  rural felicity4  
,vevay1 7,indiana7 ,june #bb4           

,a ,,discourse1 ,,read ,,before ,,the   
,essex ,agricultural ,society1    ,in   
,massachusetts1 ,february #ba1 #ahbj1   
,suggesting some ,improvements in the   
,agriculture of the ,county4    ,,by    
,,timothy ,,pickering1    ,president of 
the ,society4    7,concluded from page  
#bgb47      ,,ii4 ,on ,root ,crops4     
,premiums having been proposed to       
encourage the raising of ,carrots1      
,rutga ,baga and ,mangel ,wurtzel2 and  
as these articles1 cultivated           
extensively1 are of vast importance to  
farmers2 ,i can perhaps in no  way      
better promote the views of the         
,society1 in their vote before          
mentioned1 than by describing the       
methods of cultivating those  roots1    
which elsewhere have been practised with
 great success1 but  to which1 and      
indeed to the roots themselves 7,carrots
 excepted7 most  of our husbandmen are  
strangers4    ,the introduction of      
,clover1 and subsequently carrying the  
culture of  the ,common ,turnip         

extensively into the field1 marked      
distinguished  eras in the improvements 
of ,english ,husbandry4 ,at a later     
period1  ,carrots were cultivated by    
some farmers3 and within a few years    
past1 the ,mangel ,wurtzel and the      
,rutga ,baga have become objects  of    
general cultivation4 ,and now these five
 articles constitute  essential branches
 of the highly improved ,husbandry of   
,great ,britain4    ,,common ,,turnips4 
,these for a long time were raised 7and 
perhaps this  practice is still very    
general7 by sowing the seeds broad-cast1
 and  weeding and thinning them with    
hoes1 till the plants stood from a  foot
 to fifteen inches apart4 ,but the most 
correct practice appears  to be that of 
drilling the seeds in rows1 thinning    
them at the  distance of ten or twelve  
inches in the rows1 and hoeing and      
keeping  them clear from weeds4 ,and    
this weak1 watery root has been the     
principal food of immense flocks of     
store sheep1 during the winter2  and    

when plentifully given1 only with the   
addition of straw1 has  served to fatten
 cattle and sheep for the market4       
,,carrots1 ,even these plants1 so long  
after they vegetate extremely  small1   
were also raised from seed sown         
broad-cast4 ,but this awkward  practice1
 ,i believe1 has generally given way to 
the row-culture1  whether the seeds were
 sown by hand1 or by the instrument     
called a  drill4 ,in very rich land1    
great crops have been raised where the  
rows were only from twelve to fifteen   
inches apart4 ,the great crop  of #geb  
bushels1 weighing eighteen tons and     
three quarters raised  on one acre1 in  
,salem1 by ,erastus ,ware1 in #ahag1 was
 in rows about  sixteen inches apart4   
,the seed was sown the #adth of ,may4   
,but ,i am  inclined to think a         
preferable mode would be1 to sow the    
seeds in  double rows about ten inches  
apart1 with intervals of three feet     
between the rows1 so as to admit a small
 plough1 as well as the  hoe1 in their  

cultivation4 ,in this case1 a deep      
furrow being opened  by the plough1 the 
manure should be regularly thrown into  
it1 and  covered by four back furrows1  
so forming a ridge over the manure2  and
 this ridge being laid level with a     
light harrow1 or with rakes1  or if the 
soil be in fine tilth1 by a light       
roller1 will then be  ready to receive  
the seed4 ,as soon as the ,carrots are  
plainly to  be seen1 they should be hoed
 and weeded2 or the weeds will soon     
outstrip the ,carrots 7which are of very
 slow growth at first7 and  render their
 cleansing vastly more troublesome and  
laborious4--,they  should also be       
thinned1 to stand single1 and only from 
three to five  inches apart in the rows2
 or the roots will be small1 and cost   
much  more time in handling and topping 
7cutting or wringing off the tops7  at  
the time of harvesting them4 ,the entire
 crop1 too1 will doubtless  be smaller  
than when the plants are thinned as here
 recommended4    ,,the ,,mangel         

,,wurtzel4 ,this plant yields a much    
more abundant crop than  the ,carrot2   
and at the same time contains1 in the   
same quantity or  weight of roots1 a    
great deal more nourishment2 whence it  
is natural  to suppose that it requires 
a richer soil than ,carrots4 ,i have not
  made sufficient trials to enable me to
 express a decided opinion on  the best 
mode of cultivating the ,mangel         
,wurtzel2 and will therefore  lay before
 you the successful practice1 on strong 
land1 in the  county of ,essex1 in      
,england1 as it is stated1 from a recent
 ,english  publication1 by the          
,philadelphia ,society of               
,agriculture4#d      #d ,memoirs of the 
,society1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,appendix4       
,the ,mangel ,wurtzel is sometimes      
called the ,great1 or ,improved ,beet1  
and ,root of ,scarcity2 but now1 more   
generally1 ,mangel ,wurtzel1 its        
,german name4 ,the following is the     
account of its culture at ,bedford1  in 
,essex4    ,it may be proper1 in the    

first place1 to state what is meant by  
strong land4 ,the surface soil is loamy1
 and from four to twelve  inches deep1  
upon a bed of strong clay mixed with    
gravel4 ,it is  too heavy1 and generally
 too wet1 in the winter1 even for sheep 
to  eat a crop of turnips on the ground2
 and although good turnips are  raised  
upon it1 it is always necessary to draw 
them for the sheep1  stall-fed cattle1  
or cattle in the yards4    ,in the      
middle1 or latter end of the month of   
,april1 the furrows are  set out with   
the plough1 two feet apart1 and double  
ploughed2 that  is1 the plough returns  
on the same furrow to the point whence  
it  set out1 forming a ridge between    
each two furrows4    ,double ploughing  
with a common plough is preferable to   
single  ploughing with a double mould   
board plough1 because it affords a      
greater depth of loose earth than the   
double mould board plough  would        
produce4    ,in these furrows1 the      
manure1 which should be in a rotten     

state1 is  deposited1 after the rate of 
six cubic yards to an acre4#e      #e   
,six cubic yards contain #afb cubic     
feet1 or three cart loads for    a pair 
of oxen4 ,a cart body1 #g feet long1 #d 
feet wide1 and #b feet    high1 in the  
clear1 contains #ef cubic feet2 and     
three times #ef are    #afh4--;,i doubt 
the necessity of manure being in a      
rotten state1    seeing it is to be so  
deeply buried1 for this or any other    
root crop    intended for the food of   
domestic animals2 especially for ,mangel
    ,wurtzel1 which to obtain a full    
crop1 should be sown very early1    as  
soon as the ground is dry enough to be  
ploughed4 ,the powerful    fermentation 
of fresh dung might impart to the soil a
 salutary    warmth in the cool spring  
season--,at least it may be worth while 
to    try it4    ,the ridges are then   
split by the plough1 going and returning
 the  same way as before mentioned2     
leaving the manure immediately under    
the middle of the new ridges4 ,a light  

roller is then passed along  the        
ridges1#f in the middle of which the    
seed is dibbled1 so that  the plants may
 receive all the benefit which can be   
derived from the  manure4#g      #f     
,these narrow ridges1 as formed by the  
plough1 are sharp2 by    passing a light
 roller over them1 they are flattened to
 a breadth of    #h or #i inches4 ,the  
light roller1 drawn by a horse1 that    
walks in the    furrow between them1    
flattens two ridges at a time4 ,thus    
rolled1 the    manure will be covered #h
 or #i inches deep4      #g ,a dibble is
 a simple tool1 which may be of         
different sizes and    forms1 according 
to the uses it is intended to serve4 ,if
 for setting    7in transplanting7      
cabbages or other like plants1 it may be
 a round    stick about an inch and a   
quarter in diameter1 shaved down at one 
end 7in a slope of #h or #aj inches     
long7 to a blunt point4 ,an old    spade
 or shovel handle is well adapted to the
 purpose4 ,if much used1    the slope   

may be advantageously covered smoothly  
with iron4 ,but for    putting in seeds1
 the dibble may be in the form of the   
letter ,t4    ,to make one1 take a piece
 of wood about #c feet #d inches long1  
and    about an inch and a quarter      
square4 ,in one of the sides bore holes 
in a line1 and insert teeth at the      
proposed distance of the plants    in   
the row3 if for ,mangel ,wurtzel1 at    
#aj1 #aa or #ab inches apart2 and    let
 the teeth be as long 7projecting from  
the head place7 as the    proposed depth
 at which the seeds are to be sown4 ,on 
the opposite    side of the head-piece1 
bore a hole in the middle1 large enough 
to    receive a handle of convenient    
length4 ,on the top of the handle fix   
a cross-piece #e or #f inches long1 to  
be grasped by the hand in using    the  
tool4--,with it1 as many holes for seeds
 will be made1 at every    movement1 as 
there are teeth in the head4 ,the handle
 may require    bracing1 in like manner 
as a rake handle and its head is braced 

by    means of bows4      ,it now occurs
 to me1 that perhaps the light roller   
used in levelling    the tops of the    
ridges may be set with teeth1 and thus  
perform the    additional office of     
making holes for the seed2 and with     
vastly    greater expedition than by    
dibbling4 ,a light roller1 long enough  
to    flatten two ridges at once1 of #ac
 inches in diameter1 and furnished      
with two sets of four teeth each to pass
 along the middle of two    adjoining   
ridges--and the four teeth of each set  
being inserted at    equal distances in 
a circle of the roller1--the holes for  
the seed    would be made at the desired
 distance of near one foot from each    
other4 ,the teeth should be so shaped as
 to leave the holes made by    them     
fairly open4 ,for this purpose they may 
be an inch and a half    wide and three 
quarters of an inch thick1 where their  
shoulders are    fayed to the roller1   
and taper thence to a rounded thick edge
 at    their extremities4 ,the same     

teeth1 if not too long1 may serve to    
regulate and expedite the sowing of the 
,ruta ,baga seed4    ,the seed is       
deposited about an inch deep1 whilst the
 moisture  is fresh in the earth1#h and 
covered by drawing a garden rake  along 
the rows4 ,after this1 the light roller 
is again passed along  the ridges1 to   
press the earth upon the seeds and the  
work is  finished4      #h ,it is very  
important to have seeds of all kinds    
sown as soon as    possible after the   
ground is ploughed and prepared to      
receive them1    and before the moisture
 of the fresh-stirred earth is          
dissipated by    the sun and drying     
winds2 otherwise some may never         
vegetate1 or not    till after a fall of
 rain2 and so precious time may be lost1
 and an    uneven crop be produced4     
,when the plants are about the size of a
 radish1 they are hoed with  a turnip   
hoe1 leaving the plants in the row about
 twelve inches  apart4 ,if any of the   
seeds fail1 and there happen not to be  

an even  crop1 the roots where they are 
too thick are drawn out before the      
hoeing takes place1 and transplanted to 
fill up the vacant places1  and ensure a
 full crop2 which is always certain1    
inasmuch as #ii  plants out of #ajj     
thrive and do well4 ,in transplanting1  
care is  necessary to prevent the point 
of the root from turning upwards4       
,the weeds1 while the plants are young1 
are kept hoed2 but after the  head of   
the plant has once spread1 no weed can  
live under its shade2  and the expense  
of hoeing afterwards is trifling indeed4
    ,the whole of the crop is taken up  
in the month of ,november1#i in  dry    
weather4 ,the tops are cut off near the 
crown of the plants1  and the plants1   
when perfectly dry1 are piled up in a   
shed1 and  covered with straw           
sufficiently thick to preserve them from
 the  frost4 ,they kept last year till  
the latter end of ,march1 and they      
would have kept much longer4      #i    
,the time of taking up the ,mangel      

,wurtzel must be regulated    by the    
climate4 ,there is sometimes a frost in 
the latter part of    ,october1 in this 
county1 severe enough to injure this    
root1 exposed1    as the greater part of
 it is above ground4 ,light frosts1     
however1    will do it no harm1 while   
the roots remain in the ground1 and in a
    degree sheltered by their leaves4   
,where a field selected for a crop of   
,beet the ,mangel ,wurtzel  happens to  
be in a foul state1 the seed had better 
be sown in a  garden1 and the whole     
field planted with the young ,beet1 when
 of  the size of a radish4 ,this will   
give time for cleaning the ground1  and 
fitting it for a crop2 for although the 
,beets are destroyers of  weeds1 it is  
not meant to recommend sowing them on   
foul ground1 or  in any way to encourage
 a slovenly system of farming4    ,the  
method of cultivating the ,beet root1   
here recommended1 is the  same as that  
used in the cultivation of turnips1 in  
,northumberland1  and other parts of the

 ,north of ,england with this exception1
 that  the rows there are #bg inches    
apart4--,there may be reasons in the    
,north for still preserving that space2 
but in ,essex the effect of  it1 in the 
cultivation of the ,beet root1 would be1
 that instead  of #dh tons per acre1 #dc
 tons only would be obtained4           
,experience  has proved1 that the roots 
do not get to a larger size in rows     
three feet apart1 than they do in rows  
two feet apart4 ,it may  therefore      
fairly be presumed1 that they would not 
be larger1 in rows  twenty-seven inches 
apart2 and if not larger1 the weight of 
the  crop1 per acre1 must be less1      
because the plants decrease in number   
as the rows increase in space4    ,to   
the preceding account of cultivating the
 ,mangel ,wurtzel1 ,i will  subjoin a   
few    ,,remarks4    ,in this mode it is
 intended that every two feet of ground 
should  bear one plant3 and as an acre  
contains #dc1efj square feet1 there     
will be half of that number of plants on

 an acre1 and the roots must  weigh     
nearly five pounds each1 on an average1 
to yield forty-eight  tons4 ,the land   
must indeed be strong to produce so     
heavy a crop4 ,if  our lands1 enriched  
and prepared in the best manner         
conveniently in  our power1 can be made 
to yield half as much1 we shall have    
reason  to be satisfied3 especially as  
the ,mangel ,wurtzel1 quantity for      
quantity1 contains more than twice as   
much nutritive matter as the  ,ruta     
,baga1 and even #ej per cent4 more than 
,carrots2 according to  the experiments 
7by analysis7 of a celebrated ,english  
,chymist1 ,sir  ,humphrey ,davy1 which  
he stated to the ,british ,board of     
,agriculture4  ,these experiments were  
made with the red and white ,beets2 but 
it is  presumed that the ,mangel        
,wurtzel produces as much nutriment as  
any  other ,beet4    ,instead of #f it  
may be advisable to apply at least #ab  
cubit yards  7that is #f such cart loads
 as were before-mentioned7 of manure to 

an acre2 and to distribute the same in  
deep furrows #d feet apart4  ,this would
 give four square feet of ground to each
 plant1 the plants  being at a foot     
distance one from another in the rows1  
four feet  apart1 would admit the use of
 the common horse plough in their       
cultivation4    ,carrots and the ,mangel
 ,wurtzel possess one eminent advantage2
 that  they are not1 to my knowledge1   
annoyed by insects at any period of     
their growth4 ,whereas the ,ruta ,baga  
and other turnips1 while in the  seed   
leaf1 are injured 7in ,england whole    
fields are often destroyed7  by a small 
black fly3 and the ,ruta ,baga 7like    
cabbages7 when far  advanced in growth1 
is sometimes infested1 and in dry       
seasons half  ruined1 by plant lice2 as 
was my small crop in #ahah4    ,the     
,mangel ,wurtzel also possesses one     
peculiar advantage above all  other root
 crops1 that as soon as the tops or     
leaves1 are full  grown1 they may be    
stripped off 7leaving only the small    

heart-leaves  uninjured7 and given to   
cattle and swine4--,this stripping may  
be repeated once or twice2 and it is    
said that the roots thrive  better for  
the stripping4 ,if not stripped off many
 of the under  leaves perish4 ,the      
leaves are pronounced excellent for     
increasing  the richness and quantity of
 milk in cows2 and so are calculated  to
 supply the deficiency of herbage in the
 common pastures1 which  generally fail1
 more or less1 by the beginning of      
,august4 ,an acre  twice stripped will  
yield several tons of leaves4    ,,the  
,,ruta ,,baga4 ,this root may be        
cultivated in the manner just  described
 for the ,mangel ,wurtzel2 the ground   
being prepared in the  same manner4 ,in 
,england1 they appear to be most        
commonly grown in  rows #bg inches      
apart1 with the plants at a foot        
distance in the  rows4 ,but ,william    
,cobbett1 who in a small book1 published
 in ,new  ,york1 has minutely described 
his own practice1 both in ,england and  

,america1 asserts1 that the largest     
crops are attainable by growing  the    
,ruta ,baga in rows four feet apart1    
with the plants about #aj  inches or a  
foot distant from each other in the     
rows3 and in this  mode of culture1 he  
has raised1 in ,england1 #cj tons to the
 acre4    ,for this mode of culture1 the
 manure1 being deposited in furrows  #d 
feet apart1 is covered by #d back       
furrows1 #b on one side and #b  on the  
other1 of each line of manure2 by which 
little ridges are  formed3 and if the   
ploughing be deep 7as it ought to be7   
there will  be a deep gutter between    
every two ridges4--,the tops of the     
ridges  being made fine with a light    
harrow1 or with rakes1 the seeds are    
sown with a drilling machine2 or by     
hand1 which ,mr4 ,cobbett says he       
prefers to a drill4 ,two men sowed for  
him #g acres in #c days1 using  about #d
 pounds of seed1 in this manner2 a man  
went along by the  side of each ridge1  
and put down #b or #c seeds in places at

 about  #aj inches from each other1 just
 drawing a little earth over1 and       
pressing it on the seed1 in order to    
make it vegetate quickly1  before the   
earth became too dry4 ,but1 he adds1 the
 #g acres might  have been sown by one  
man in a day1 by just scattering the    
seeds  along on the top of the ridge1   
where they might have been buried  with 
a rake1 and pressed down with a spade or
 shovel1 or other flat  instrument4 ,but
 he used a light roller1 to take two    
ridges at once1  the horse walking in   
the gutter between4    ,the time of     
sowing the seeds must vary with the     
climate4 ,on ,long  ,island1 7state of  
,new ,york7 ,mr4 ,cobbett's trials of   
one year led him  to prefer the #bfth of
 ,june2 but in our own county1 ,i would 
not pass  the middle of that month4     
,indeed ,i think it expedient 7in order 
to  ascertain the fittest time7 to      
commence sowing the seed as soon as  the
 ground can be prepared after the       
planting of ,indian corn1 and to        

continue to sow1 in small plots1 weekly1
 until the middle of ,june4    ,as soon 
as the plants are fairly up1 hoes and   
the fingers are to  be used1 taking out 
all the plants but #a in each #aj or #ab
 inches4  ,as soon as weeds appear1     
hoeing is to commence2 hoeing the tops  
of the ridges to the width of about #f  
inches1 showing the plants  distinct and
 clean4 ,then the plough is introduced1 
taking a furrow  from the side of one   
ridge1 going up the field1 a furrow from
 the  other ridge coming down1 then     
another furrow from the same side of    
the first ridge going up1 and another   
furrow from the same side of  the other 
ridge coming down4 ,in taking away the  
last two furrows1  you go within three  
inches of the turnip plants4 ,thus a    
ridge is  formed over the original      
gutter4 ,the next process is1 to turn   
these  furrows back again to the        
turnips4 ,this hoeing and ploughing is  
to be repeated1 when the appearance of  
the weeds requires it2 and  afterwards1 

the few weeds which may rise are to be  
hoed or pulled  up4 ,in this way1 ,mr4  
,cobbett thinks1 a thousand bushels of  
,ruta ,baga  may be raised on an acre   
that will yield #ej bushels of ,indian  
corn4    ,in describing the culture of  
the ,mangel ,wurtzel1 transplanting was 
mentioned1 to fill vacant places4 ,the  
same may be practised with  the ,ruta   
,baga4 ,but unless those vacant spots be
 dug afresh1 the  transplanted roots    
will be much inferiour to their         
transplanted  neighbours2 as ,i found in
 my last year's experiment4 ,and ,mr4   
,cobbett mentions the like difference in
 his practice4--,at the  same time he   
strongly recommends the raising of the  
,ruta ,baga1 by  transplanting1 for     
entire crops1 as for preferable to the  
sowing  of the seeds1 and letting the   
plants grow where their seeds first     
vegetated4 ,but then he considers it    
indispensable to perform this           
transplanting on ground fresh ploughed4 
,and by sowing the seeds in  beds1 to   

raise plants1 as we do for cabbages1 a  
month's more time  is allowed to prepare
 the ground for their reception4 ,in the
 work  of transplanting1 the plain      
dibble before described is a necessary  
instrument4 ,the hole made by it must be
 fully as deep as the length  of the    
root2 and this being introduced 7taking 
care in putting it  into the hole not to
 bend its point7 the dibble is thrust   
down by  its side1 and by a dexterous   
twist1 or circular motion of the hand1  
the earth is pressed close against the  
root1 in its whole length4  ,the largest
 crop of ,ruta ,baga he ever raised in  
,england1 ,mr4 ,cobbett  says1 was by   
transplanting1 on #ag acres1 which      
produced #cc tons to  the acre2 the rows
 7on ridges7 #d feet asunder1 and the   
plants a foot  asunder in the rows4     
,in this mode of raising the ,ruta      
,baga1 by transplanting the entire      
crop1 so much time is gained for        
preparing the ground1 that two  crops of
 weeds may be destroyed1 by that number 

of ploughings2  the first in the        
beginning of ,june1 and the second      
immediately  before transplanting4 ,but 
,mr4 ,cobbett recommends a previous deep
  fall-ploughing1 and another deep      
ploughing in ,april1 of the ground      
intended for the ,ruta ,baga4 ,the like 
two deep ploughings will be  equally    
proper and beneficial for the ,mangel   
,wurtzel and ,carrots4    ,among the    
advantages of the transplanting method1 
mentioned by ,mr4  ,cobbett1 one is1    
that it saves almost the whole of the   
after  culture4 ,there is no hoeing1 no 
thinning of the plants2 and not  more   
than one ploughing between the ridges4  
,harvesting of ,roots4 ,the ,mangel     
,wurtzel1 growing chiefly above the     
surface1 and thus exposed to frost1     
should be taken up the latter  end of   
,october or beginning of ,november1     
according to the nature  of the season4 
,the harvesting of ,carrots may follow  
that of the  ,mangel ,wurtzel2 and the  
,ruta ,baga succeed the ,carrots4 ,in   

the first  experimental culture of the  
roots1 in which but small quantities    
are raised1 they can be preserved in dry
 cellars not liable to  freezing4 ,where
 large quantities are raised1 they may  
be deposited  in heaps1 sufficiently    
covered1 in a dry field4 ,the common    
method  of heaping and covering roots in
 the field1 and which ,mr4 ,cobbett     
practised with the ,ruta ,baga1 is      
perhaps1 as good as any4 ,holes of  a   
round or square form are dug about a    
foot deep1 and about fifty  bushels are 
put into each1 piling up the roots above
 the level of  the surface of the land1 
sloping to the top3 then covering them  
with straw1 throw earth over the whole  
to a depth sufficient to  guard them    
from frost4 ,smooth the surface of this 
earth by beating  it close with the back
 of a spade1 or other instrument1 the   
better  to cast off rain4 ,on ,long     
,island and in ,pennsylvania1 a covering
  of earth1 a foot or #ae inches deep   
has been found sufficient4 ,a  greater  

depth will probably be necessary here4  
,in throwing up this  cover1 a trench   
will be formed on all sides of the heap1
 to receive  the water running off it4  
,it may be well to sink the bottom of   
the  trench lower than the bottom of the
 hole in which the roots are  deposited4
 ,where large quantities are to be thus 
preserved1 several  loads may be put    
into one hole3 and then oblong heaps    
will be best  as requiring less labour  
in covering them4 ,a quantity of roots1 
for feeding cattle till the middle of   
,december1 may be kept in a  barn or    
stable covered with straw or any dry    
litter4 ,i would begin  feeding with    
,mangel ,wurtzel--follow next with      
,carrots--and conclude  with ,ruta      
,baga2 for the latter root will keep    
sound until the  commencement of the    
summer succeeding their growth4    ,all 
the roots1 especially the ,mangel       
,wurtzel and ,carrots1 should  be fully 
dried before they are housed1 or covered
 in the field1 to  guard them against   

rotting4    ,roots for raising ,seed4   
,of the ,mangel ,wurtzel ,i would select
  large and fair roots of a red colour1 
whose bodies have grown most  above     
ground1 and with a moderate1 if not the 
smallest1 quantity of  leaves2 for      
although these are valuable for         
stripping1 the roots  are much more     
valuable2 and ,i am inclined to think   
those with small  tops are least liable 
to rot4    ,of ,carrots1 large and fair 
roots of the deepest yellow colour1 and 
with the smallest tops in proportion to 
the size of the roots1 are  to be       
preferred4    ,with regard to the ,ruta 
,baga1 ,mr4 ,cobbett says1 it is apt to 
degenerate1 if the seed be not saved    
with care4 ,we in ,england  7said he7   
examine well to find out those that run 
least into neck  and green4 ,we reject  
all such as approach at all towards a   
whitish colour1 or which are even of a  
greenish colour towards  the neck1 which
 there ought to be a little of a reddish
 cast4    ,varieties of plants of the   

same kind 7the different sorts of       
cabbages1 for instance1 or of ,indian   
corn7 if growing near together  and     
bearing seed1 will impart to one another
 their respective  peculiarities1 and   
injuriously1 whenever it is desired to  
preserve  their distinct qualities      
unmixed1 and to prevent an inferiour    
engendering with one of a superiour     
quality2 the impregnating dust  of the  
flowers of plants falling on the flowers
 of other plants of  the same kind1     
producing effects similar to the        
crossing of animals  of the same kind   
but of different breeds4 ,in a word1 the
 sexual  system exists in plants as well
 as among animals2 only in plants the   
male and female are generally united in 
the same plant2 as in ,indian  corn1 the
 male impregnating dust 7the farina7 is 
in the tassel or  flower1 at the top3   
the ear is the female1 and from every   
cell of  the future grain proceeds a    
thread1 which together constitute what  
is called the silk1 on which the farina 

falling causes the cells  to fill1 and  
become1 when ripe1 kernels of corn4 ,in 
most fruits1  as the apple and pear1 the
 male and female are in the same flower4
  ,but in hemp1 some of the plants are  
exclusively male1 and others            
exclusively female4    ,the ,ruta ,baga1
 therefore1 when set out for bearing    
seed1 should be  placed at a distance   
from every other seed plant of the      
,turnip or  ,cabbage kind4 ,so likewise 
the ,mangel ,wurtzel intended to bear   
seed1  should not be set near any other 
seed beet plants4 ,it may not be  amiss 
to add1 that for the same reasons1      
pumpkins1 squashes1 melons1  cucumbers1 
in all their varieties1 in order to     
preserve them in  purity1 should be     
planted at some distance from each      
other4    ,pumpkins1 as food for        
domestic animals1 seem closely connected
 with  the roots before-mentioned4      
,every farmer knows their value for     
milk cows1 for fattening cattle1 and for
 swine4 ,their consumption  conveniently

 precedes that of the ,mangel ,wurtzel4 
,with ample supplies of the ,vegetables 
whose culture ,i have mentioned  and    
described1 our present ,stocks may be   
better fed1 their numbers  enlarged1 our
 coarse fodder be more advantageously   
consumed1  our manure increased1 and    
pork and beef and the products of the   
dairy1 probably doubled4 ,the latter1 in
 particular1 are miserably  deficient1  
from the want of juicy food for cows1 in
 continuance  of the supply yielded by  
our common pastures just at midsummer4  
,pumpkins and the roots1 indeed1 will   
not be ready to keep up that  supply2   
but oats and barley1 and above all      
,indian corn1 may be sown  and planted1 
to be cut green1 and carry along our    
cows to the last  of ,september1 when   
pumpkins will begin to ripen4 ,the      
consumption  of these green crops and   
roots1 by producing vast additions to   
our  manure1 will enable us to enrich   
our fields1 and to make annual          
additions to the products of our farms4 

,the immense importance of providing for
 cows a full supply of food1  and of    
food which they relish1 to the extent of
 their appetites1 has  been demonstrated
 by many examples of very large products
 of milk1  butter and cheese1 from cows 
so supplied4 ,the following statement   
from a recent ,english publication1 is a
 further illustration of the  fact3--,a 
farmer1 some years since1 kept eighteen 
cows upon a  ,common1 and was often     
obliged to buy butter for his family4   
,the  ,common was enclosed1 7which      
deprived the farmer of his pasture17    
and the same person supplied his family 
amply with milk and butter1  from four  
cows well kept4      ,,iii4 ,on ,indian 
,corn and ,winter ,grain4    ,the       
ancient1 and to this day the general    
practice1 in cultivating  ,indian corn1 
has been to plant it in squares1 and in 
the course of  its growth to draw up    
earth about the stems of the plants1    
forming  hills2 under the idea of       
supporting them against strong winds2   

but  the necessity or utility of this   
practice has long been doubted4  ,i have
 sometimes cultivated ,indian corn      
without raising any hills  about the    
plants2 and1 from the result1 am        
satisfied that hills  are not necessary4
 ,if1 indeed1 winter wheat1 or rye1 is  
to be sown  among the corn1 at its last 
dressing1 ,i think the hilling must be  
injurious2 for the richer mould being   
drawn up into hills1 the  intervals are 
robbed of what is requisite to produce  
an even crop4    ,i am aware that some  
intelligent farmers consider it bad     
husbandry  to sow winter grain among    
,indian corn--to double-crop the ground4
  ,but if this be rich1 and in fine     
tilth by deep ploughing before  the corn
 crop is put in1 and good and clean     
tillage accompanying  its growth1 ,i can
 perceive no solid objection to the     
practice4 ,with  us1 the early sowing of
 winter grain is of the first           
importance1 to  insure a full crop1     
early ripe1 and most secure from mildew4

 ,the  husbandry of ,mr4 ,ducket1       
already described1 justifies the        
practice4  ,i know it is already common 
amongst us2 but without the deep        
tillage which enabled him to put in     
seven crops with only four  ploughings4 
,with such complete tillage1 of a soil  
so enriched as to  yield forty or fifty 
bushels of ,indian corn to the acre1    
grown on  a level1 without hills or     
ridges2 and if1 in harvesting the corn1 
it be cut close to the ground2 ,i see no
 reason why grass seeds may  not        
properly be sown on the winter grain1 in
 the spring4 ,in this  way1 may be      
obtained a crop of ,indian corn the     
first year--a crop of  wheat or rye the 
second year--and hay the third and      
fourth years2  and all from one deep    
ploughing1 and a handsome culture of the
  ,indian corn4    ,by the early sowing 
of winter grain among ,indian corn1 it  
quickly  vegetates1 and sends forth     
numerous branches2 and soon covering the
  ground1 prevents or checks the growth 

of weeds4 ,probably1 too1 the  plants1  
acquiring so much strength by early     
sowing 7for the roots  must multiply and
 extend in proportion to the growth     
above ground7  are less liable to be    
winter-killed4      ,,iv4 ,on ,live     
,stock4    ,i have now to present to    
your notice the other of the three      
celebrated ,english ,farmers1 described 
by ,arthur ,young--,mr4  ,bakewell--the 
most distinguished improver of live     
stock1 on  principles of his own1 in    
,great ,britain4 ,the principles he     
began  upon 7says ,mr4 ,young7 were fine
 forms1 small bones1 and a  true        
disposition to make readily fat1 which  
is indeed inseparable  from small bones1
 or rather fine bones1 and fine forms1  
or true  symmetry of the parts4 ,before 
,bakewell's day1 the rules which        
governed ,breeders of ,live ,stock1 ,mr4
 ,young pronounces a tissue of          
absurdities4    ,he began his           
improvements of sheep1 by selecting from
 the best  in his neighbourhood4 ,and so

 little had any correct principle of    
improvement been known1 or regarded1    
that a guinea or half a guinea          
extraordinary would give ,mr4 ,bakewell 
the choice of any sheep in  any flock4  
,and his uncommon sagacity enabled him1 
by the best  selections and judicious   
crossings1 to form a breed distinguished
  above all others1 for the disposition 
to fatten1 early maturity1  a form      
indicating strength of constitution1    
weight in the most  valuable parts1 with
 lightness of offals4 ,mr4 ,young       
expresses  his opinion1 that there is   
not a breed of any sort of live stock   
in ,great ,britain1 that does not derive
 its improvement from the  skill1       
knowledge and principles of ,mr4        
,bakewell4 ,another eminent             
,agriculturalist declares1 7and ,mr4    
,young does not think he  exaggerates7  
that ,mr4 ,bakewell enabled those who   
followed his  ideas1 to produce two     
pounds of mutton where only one was     
produced  before4    ,mr4 ,young adds1  

that ,bakewell was the most careful     
feeder of stock  that he ever met with1 
and who made his food go the farthest4  
,to  horses and cattle in stalls1 he did
 not permit more than a handful  of hay 
to be given at a time2 and the same     
economy was used in all  other          
feeding4--,but his stocks were so large 
as to require one or  more persons to be
 appropriated to that service4 ,this    
practice1 in  our small farms and with  
our small stocks1 cannot be fully       
adopted2  but it may be imitated1 in    
some degree1 during the season 7winter7 
most requiring such attention4 ,by      
feeding them in this manner1 the  cattle
 will doubtless eat more1 but they will 
waste less2 so  that while1 in the      
whole1 no more fodder will be consumed1 
the stock  will be put into much better 
plight4    ,cleanliness1 also1 will     
materially contribute to the health and 
thriving of stock4 ,the common          
cattle-stalls of our country are so  ill
 contrived1 and so straitened in their  

dimensions1 that the  cattle are        
constrained to lie down1 in part in     
their own dung4 ,this  dries and forms a
 thick coat on their hind quarters1 from
 which  they are not relieved till they 
shed their hair in the spring4 ,they    
are thus rendered uncomfortable2 to be  
uncomfortable is to  suffer some degree 
of pain2 and no one will suppose that   
animals  in pain can thrive1 or preserve
 their plight1 with the same  food1     
equally with others perfectly at ease4  
,even hogs1 though prone  to wallow in  
the mire1 in warm weather1 are always   
pleased with a  dry bed1 and thrive best
 when kept clean4 ,i have some where    
read an  account of an experiment made  
with two1 confined in separate pens1    
and fed exactly alike3 one was suffered 
to be constantly foul with  the mire of 
his sty2 the other1 washed every day1   
and kept clean1  far outstripped the    
former in thriving4    ,it may be useful
 to add some further information on     
,live ,stock1  from the writings of ,sir

 ,john ,sinclair1 ,president of the     
,british  ,board of ,agriculture4 ,he   
proposed to a gentleman in ,england1#aj 
who is eminent for his knowledge and    
accurate observations relative  to      
plants and animals1 some questions      
concerning ,live ,stock4  ,in one of his
 answers1 he says--,i have found the    
food animals  generally require1 to keep
 them in proper condition1 is much more 
nearly proportioned to their height and 
length1 than to their  weight4 ,in      
confirmation of this opinion1 he adds1  
that one of his  neighbours made a      
comparative experiment with the ,devon  
and ,hereford  cows2 and though fond of 
the former for their neatness1 he gave  
them up1 because they would not nearly  
live upon the same food  which supplied 
animals stouter and more compact1 of the
 same  weight4      #aj ,thomas ,a4     
,knight1 ,esq4    ,to the question1     
,what is the best shape for feeding with
 little  food8 ,mr4 ,knight             
answers--,the more deep and capacious   

the chest1  and the shorter and lower   
any animal is1 relative to its weight1  
the better adapted it will be to live   
and fatten upon little food2  the more  
labour it will also go through2 and ,i  
have always found  the short legged oxen
 to be the best labourers4 ,mr4         
,marshall also  observes1 in his ,rural 
,economy of ,gloucestershire1 that the  
best  labouring ox he ever saw1 had the 
shortest legs4    ,i will detain the    
,society no longer than to make a few   
observations4      ,v4 ,on ,orchards4   
,i advert to this subject for the       
purpose of suggesting the utility  of   
propagating ,sweet ,apples4    ,after   
providing a due proportion of apples for
 the table1 and the  ordinary purposes  
of cookery1 ,i do not hesitate to       
express my  opinion1 that for all other 
uses1 sweet apples are entitled to the  
preference4 ,the best cider ,i ever     
tasted in this country1 was made  wholly
 of sweet apples4 ,they afford also a   
nourishing food to man  and all domestic

 animals4 ,what furnishes a more        
delicate repast  than a rich sweet apple
 baked and eaten with milk8 ,i recollect
 the  observation made to me by an      
observing farmer1 before the ,american  
revolution1 that nothing would fatten   
cattle faster than sweet  apples4       
,mentioning this1 a few years since1 to 
a gentleman of my  acquaintance in an   
adjoining state1 he informed me1 that he
 was once  advised to give sweet apples 
to a sick horse4 ,happening then to have
  them in plenty1 the horse was served  
with them1 and he soon got  well3 and   
continuing to be fed with them1 he      
fattened faster than  any other horse he
 had ever owned 7and he had owned many7 
that was  fed with any other food4      
,mentioning to the same gentleman1 what 
,i had long before heard1 that  a good  
molasses might be made of sweet apples1 
he confirmed the  fact by an instance   
within his own knowledge3 and further   
expressed  his opinion 7and ,i have not 
known a man whose practical judgment    

was entitled to more respect7 that it   
would not be difficult1  by forming     
orchards of sweet apples1 to supply     
molasses for the  general consumption of
 the ,united ,states4 ,i have never     
tasted any  sweet apple molasses2 but ,i
 suppose it has not 7nor has honey7 the 
rich sweet of molasses from the         
sugar-cane2 yet1 for family uses  in    
general1 it would be a useful substitute
 for the latter4 ,the  process in making
 it ,i suppose to be very simple4--,the 
apples being  ground1 and the juice 7or 
cider7 expressed1 at the cider-mill1 it 
is  immediately boiled1 7that is1 before
 any fermentation takes place7  and the 
scum being taken off as it rises1 the   
boiling is continued  until the liquor  
acquires the consistence of molasses4   
,sweet apples are of different degrees  
of sweetness4 ,those of the  richest    
kinds should be chosen for the purpose  
of making molasses4  ,but in grafting1  
the cions should be taken 7as they ought
 to be for  all kinds of fruit7 not from

 old1 worn out trees1 but from those    
whose originals are in full health and  
vigour4--,for it has been               
satisfactorily ascertained in ,england1 
7and proofs of it are not  wanting in   
our own country7 that fruit trees have  
their infancy1  7springing from seeds7  
youth1 maturity1 and old age2 and that  
when  they have reached this last stage1
 it is in vain that attempts are  made  
to continue them4 ,or if the cions take1
 and grow for a few  years1 they are    
unproductive1 and soon decay4 ,the      
reason is plain3  every cion is a part  
of the tree from which it is taken2 and 
if this  be in a state of decrepitude1  
so will be the cion2 and although       
grafted on a youthful1 thrifty stock1 it
 will be of no avail4          ,,new    
,,wheat4      ,a cargo of new wheat from
 ,north ,carolina1 of #abjj bushels1 was
 sold  last month1 in ,philadelphia1 at 
#id-a_/b cents cash4          7,from the
 ,plough ,boy47    ,,flemish            
,,husbandry4      ,weeding and          

hoeing4--,the ,flemish farmer never     
considers his work  half done until his 
fields are completely freed from weeds4 
,this  is effected1 in a great measure1 
by repeated digging1 by which the  upper
 stratum that contains the seeds and    
roots of noxious plants1  is buried     
sufficiently deep into the ground to    
prevent their  vegetating4 ,when weeds  
do appear1 they are immediately         
extirpated  either by the harrow before 
the grain is sown1 or afterwards  by    
careful and repeated hand hoeings4 ,this
 they find the more  necessary1 to rid  
the earth of parasite plants1 the seeds 
of which  are mixed with the seeds of   
culinary vegetables1 and produce  plants
 that feed on the juices of the dung1 to
 the great injury  of the legitimate    
stock4 ,a ,flemish farm1 in consequence 
of these  attentions1 resembles more a  
highly cultivated garden1 than many     
places which bear that name4 ,when ,i   
first beheld these fields1  ,i supposed 
them actually to be gardens1 and was    

only undeceived  when further           
observation and inquiry convinced me1   
that the whole  country was cultivated  
in a similar manner1 and presented the  
same  delightful scene4    ,choice of   
,seeds4--,it is an invariable practice  
in ,flanders1 never  to use for seed the
 grain grown on the land to be sown2 nor
 is the  expense regarded when the      
object is to obtain heavy and healthy   
seed4 ,farmers in distant districts     
exchange seeds with each other1  and    
journies of hundreds of miles are       
frequently taken to accomplish  this    
desirable purpose4 ,vanderstractan      
mentions two farmers1 whose  grounds    
were alike1 and who cultivated them with
 equal skill and  industry4 ,they had   
both been long in the practice of       
procuring  excellent seed potatoes from 
,brabant1 which yielded in that province
  two hundred cwt4 per ,english acre4   
,when transplanted1 the produce  was    
regularly1 year after year1 five hundred
 and forty cwt4 per  acre4#aa ,one of   

these men having1 one year1 to save the 
expense  of carriage1 used potatoes of  
his own growth1 the original produce  of
 ,brabant1 soon repented the step1 and  
returned to his former  practice4       
,flanders usually receives its supply of
 flax-seed from the  north of ,europe2  
but having1 during the latter years of  
the reign  of ,napoleon1 been deprived  
of that supply1 through his restrictive 
decrees2 the produce of that valuable   
plant was not more than half  the usual 
quantity1 which besides was greatly     
inferior to preceding  crops4      #aa  
,this great produce cannot fail to      
astonish many persons living    in this 
country4 ,but let them recollect1 that  
the upper layer of the    soil1 from    
which the crops are produced1 is never  
changed here2 that    this layer1 having
 been so often used1 must have lost part
 of its    ancient fertility2 that dung 
is not spread in abundance with us as   
in ,flanders2 and that it is possible   
the species of potatoes grown    here   

have degenerated4    ,although the      
,flemish are the most particular people 
in the world  as to the choice of their 
seeds1 they are sometimes deceived4 ,an 
instance of this happened a few years   
ago1 which was followed by  very        
injurious consequences4 ,a person       
brought some flax-seed from  ,riga1     
which he sold for sound seed4 ,it was1  
however1 superanuated1  but he had      
contrived to give it a fresh and healthy
 appearance1  and thus imposed on the   
best judges4 ,the farmers1 deceived by  
the  false mark1 bought and sowed the   
seed1 none of which ever appeared  above
 the ground4 ,the desolation of the     
country was universal2 the  loss was    
estimated at several millions of        
florins2 and the offender  escaped the  
punishment he merited1 only through the 
intercessions  of several powerful      
friends1 who found means to stifle the  
affair1  notwithstanding the cries of   
its numerous victims4 ,i recollect a    
case somewhat similar to this1 which    

happened a few years ago in  ,edinburgh4
 ,a respectable seed merchant there     
purchased a quantity  of flax-seed from 
a foreigner1 which he sold again in     
small parcels  to the farmers1 who1 on  
sowing it1 found that it was unsound1 as
 no  part of it was productive4 ,the    
seed merchant was sued1 and although  he
 distinctly proved1 that he made the    
purchase himself under the  impression  
that the seed was fresh1 and paid a fair
 price for it1 he  was found liable in  
damages to the amount of the loss       
sustained by  the farmer who sued1 upon 
the ground that he was bound to         
guarantee  every article which he sold  
at the regular market price1 whether he 
was imposed upon himself or not4 ,these 
lessons were not thrown away4  ,in      
,flanders1 as well as in ,scotland1 no  
foreign seed is purchased1  until the   
purchasers be fully satisfied as to the 
quality of the  article1 and the        
character of the seller4    ,the        
,flemish practice1 with regard to a     

change of seeds1 has long  prevailed in 
,scotland1 not only as to potatoes1 but 
as to wheat1  barley1 oats1 and all     
other grain4 ,the ,scotch potatoes have 
always appeared to me superior to those 
raised in ,england1 where  the same     
attention is not shown to the choice of 
seed4 ,it is a  fact1 also1 well known  
in these countries1 that the barley     
raised  in ,scotland1 though greatly    
inferior in appearance to ,english      
barley1 and raised in a colder climate1 
contains more saccharine  matter1 or    
nourishment4 ,this has been tested by   
experiments at  the distilleries1 under 
the immediate inspection of officers    
appointed by the government1 who        
reported a greater quantity of  spirit  
obtained from barley1 the growth of     
,scotland1 than from that  produced in  
,england4 ,the beef sold in the ,london 
markets1 which  had been reared in the  
,scotch distilleries upon the refuse    
grains1  uniformly sells at from three  
to four cents a pound more than that    

fed at any of the ,english distilleries4
    ,this superiority unquestionably    
arises from the greatly improved  system
 of agriculture1 generally introduced   
into ,scotland1 but  it is owing in     
nothing so much as to the very          
scrupulous attention  there paid to the 
choice of seed4 ,of late years1 this    
branch of  husbandry seems to have      
considerably attracted the notice of    
the ,english farmers2 some of whom1 as  
appears from the ,english  newspapers1  
have found it greatly to their interest 
to cultivate  wheat1 in particular1     
obtained from foreign places1 which1    
when  grown1 they convey to distant     
parts of the country1 and sell          
exclusively for seed wheat4 ,it was     
mentioned in the ,cumberland  ,packet   
7an ,english journal7 of #adth ,october1
 #ahaf1 that a farmer  had obtained     
l4#dj1 7#agj17 per load1 of #cj bushels1
 for seed  wheat1 on account of its     
great product4 ,he had also1 obtained   
the  same price for seven years past for

 this wheat1 which had been  originally 
imported from abroad4    ,rotation of   
,crops--,the intelligent                
agriculturalists of ,england are  well  
aware1 that the more the rotation of    
crops are varied1 the more  abundant is 
their produce2 but this opinion is      
confined to a few in  that country4 ,it 
is only in ,flanders that the idea of   
exhausting the  soil1 by repeated       
cropping1 is exploded1 and the rotation 
system  brought to the greatest possible
 state of perfection4 ,the ground  being
 prepared in the manner before stated1  
the ,flemish farmer  adopts either one  
or the other of the following courses3  
,,first ,,course ,,for ,,three ,,years4 
,first year4--,oats are sown about the  
end of ,february1 or beginning  of      
,march4 ,these are cut green toward the 
end of ,april1 or beginning  of ,may1   
and given to the cattle for food1 which 
they eat with great  pleasure4 ,it is   
found that this crop1 as it is not      
allowed to throw  out the ears1 does not

 exhaust the soil1 or take anything from
 the  subsequent crop4#ab ,winter       
potatoes are now sown for a second      
crop2 previous to which the land is dug 
and manured4 ,when of a  middling size  
the potato is planted whole1 but if very
 large1 the  eye only is used4      #ab 
,it is well known1 that vegetables will 
grow in pure sand1 by    watering them1 
and that it is not till they blossom1 or
 rather till    they produce seed1 that 
they perish4 ,it is mentioned by        
,bracconnot1    in the ,annales de      
,chimie1 for ,february and ,march1      
#ahjh1 that he    sowed the seeds of    
various plants in pure river sand1 in   
litharge1    in flour of sulphur1 and   
even among metal1 or common leaden shot2
    and in every instance he employed   
only distilled water for their          
nourishment4 ,the plants throve1 and    
passed through all the usual            
gradations of growth to perfect         
maturity4 ,the author then proceeded    
to gather the entire produce1 the roots1

 stems1 leaves1 pods1 c4    ,these were 
accurately weighed1 dried1 and again    
weighed2 then    submitted to the       
ordinary means used in a careful        
analysis1 when    he obtained from these
 vegetables1 all the materials peculiar 
to    each individual species1 precisely
 as if it had been cultivated    in a   
natural soil4 ,oxygen and hydrogen1     
7says this writer7 with    the          
assistance of solar light1 appear to be 
the only elementary    substances       
employed in the constitution of the     
whole universe3 and    ,nature in her   
simple progress1 works the most         
infinitely diversified    effects by the
 slightest modification in the means she
 employs4    ,second year4--,wheat forms
 the first crop2 and scarcely are the   
sheaves removed from the ground1 when   
the farmer promptly turns up  the earth1
 and sows spurry4 ,sometimes carrots are
 sown with the  wheat4    ,third        
year4--,rye2 which is followed by       
,turnips4      ,,second ,,course ,,for  

,,three ,,years4    ,first year4--,flax 
preceded by green oats4 ,after the flax1
 carrots4    ,second year4---,wheat2    
followed by ,spurry4    ,third          
year4--,rye and turnips4      ,,third   
,,course ,,for ,,three ,,years4         
,first year4--,female ,hemp2 after      
which1 ,turnips4    ,second             
year4--,flax1 then carrots4    ,third   
year4--,wheat and spurry4      ,,fourth 
,,course ,,for ,,three ,,years4         
,first year4--,flax1 preceded by green  
corn4 ,after the flax1 carrots4         
,second year4--,cole-seed2 then turnips4
    ,third year4--,wheat2 then spurry4  
,these courses are sufficient to give a 
pretty correct idea of  the ,flemish    
system of rotation4 ,it will be seen    
that wheat never  succeeds to clover3 it
 almost always follows flax1 hemp1      
cole-seed  or potatoes4 ,clover greatly 
encourages the growth of dog grass1     
which1 if not completely torn up1 with  
all its roots1 the least  fibres of the 
latter which escape1 will each produce a

 new plant1  greatly to the prejudice of
 the wheat4 ,in ,england the fields are 
always more or less infected with this  
pest1 while the practice  pursued in    
,flanders completely protects them      
against it--,wheat is  also materially  
benefited in ,flanders1 by the repeated 
digging up1  and hoeings1 which potatoes
 require2 and by the abundance1 and     
judicious application of manure1 spread 
during the first year of  the course4   
,this loses only part of its fertilizing
 salts1 leaving  the earth in a high    
state of fertility1 which the ,flemish  
farmer  knows well how to augment to the
 requisite degree without causing  the  
wheat to shed2 a circumstance apt to    
occur1 where too great a  quantity of   
manure is used4    ,the following       
comparative tables1 shewing the value   
which is  obtained from one acre in four
 years1 by a farmer1 following  the     
,norfolk course1 in ,england1 and that  
obtained1 from the same  space in three 
years according to the ,flemish course1 

will best  illustrate the superior      
advantages of the latter over the       
former3               ,,table           
,i4----,,england4      #ast4 year4      
,turnips1 according    to ,arthur       
,young1             l4#b    #d  #j      
#b;d4 do4 ,barley1                  #d  
#j  #j    #c;d4 do4 ,clover1            
#c   #ab  #j    #dth4 do4 ,wheat1       
#f    #j  #j        ,wheat ,straw1      
#c    #b  #f        ,barley1 do4        
#j   #ae  #g                            
-------------    ,total produce in #d   
years1   l4#ai   #ad  #a    ,giving one 
year with another1 l4#d #ah #f-a_/d per 
acre4                    ,,table        
,,ii----,,flanders4      #ast4 year4    
,green ,oats1           l4 #j   #af   #h
               ,potatoes1               
#aj    #e   #a    #b;d4 do4    ,wheat1  
#c    #g   #h               ,spurry1    
#b    #j   #a    #c;d4 do4    ,rye1     
#b    #j   #j               ,turnips1   
#b    #a   #f               ,wheat      
,straw1                 #a    #j  #aj   

,rye  do4                     #a    #c  
#b               ,halm1 or straw of     
potatoes1                    #j    #f   
#b                                      
-------------    ,total produce in #c   
years1          l4#bc    #g   #b        
,giving one year with another1 l4#g #i  
#a per acre4    ,from these statements1 
proceeding upon the most correct data1  
it is seen that the value of the produce
 of one acre of ground1  cultivated     
according to the ,flemish system for    
three years1 is1  7within a fraction17  
#ej per cent4 more than what is produced
 in  four years from an equal space of  
ground1 managed agreeably to  the most  
approved principles of ,english         
husbandry4 ,the advantages  of the      
,flemish farmer1 will appear still more 
striking1 when the  nett profit which he
 clears1 after paying the necessary     
expenses of  cultivation is contrasted  
with that of the ,english farmer4       
,according  to ,arthur ,young1 the      
,english farmer receives about four and 

a half  twentieths of the produce1      
calculating the gross produce of the    
soil  at twenty4 ,this upon l4#d #ah    
#f-a_/d1 7the result per acre1 for one  
year1 as in ,table ,i47 would give l4#a 
#b #a-a_/d4    ,the produce1 per acre1  
for one year1 in ,flanders 7see ,table  
,,ii47 is  l4#g #i #a2 the expense of   
cultivation1 land tax1 and rent1        
according  to ,vanderstraten1 is l4#d #j
 #a2 leaving to the farmer l4#c #i #j2  
or  nearly four times the amount        
obtained by the ,english farmer4    ,the
 subject of ,flemish ,husbandry is by no
 means exhausted4 ,i shall  resume it in
 future communications4      ,your's1   
respectfully1      ,,geo4 ,,houston4    
,new ,york1 ,june #a1 #ahbj4            
,,chester ,,agricultural ,,society4     
,,westchester1 7,,penn47 ,,june #ba1    
#ahbj4         ,the following           
interesting document giving an account  
of the       proceedings of the ,chester
 ,county ,agricultural ,society1 is well
       worthy the attention of our      

agricultural readers4--,,ed4      ,at a 
meeting of the ,agricultural ,society of
 ,chester ,county1  held at the         
,courthouse in ,westchester1 #fth ,mo4  
#ajth1 #ahbj1 ,dr4  ,william            
,darlington1 ,vice-,president1 in the   
,chair2 ,isaac ,sharpless1  ,secretary4 
,the ,committee of ,correspondence      
produced to the meeting  the following  
,report2 which being read was           
unanimously adopted1 viz4      ,,report4
    ,the ,committee appointed by the    
,society to propose plans for its       
adoption1 believing that the objects    
which may properly claim the  attention 
of the ,association1 are very numerous1 
are therefore  free to suggest1 whether 
it would not be advantageous to         
institute  several standing committees1 
each of which should cultivate a        
particular department of ,agriculture1  
or some of the sciences that  may       
minister to its improvement4    ,if the 
,society should approve of this plan1 we
 propose that these  committees should  

be made up by voluntary associations    
among the  members as far as            
practicable1 each being at liberty to   
join himself  to such as he may choose1 
and all vacancies and deficiences in    
the numbers of said committees should be
 filled by the presiding  officer4 ,they
 should in no case consist of less than 
five members1  whose names should be    
entered on the minutes of the ,society2 
and  they should each have a secretary  
to receive communications1 to  arrange  
and digest the scattered materials they 
may collect1 and  to lay before the     
society such as may be thought worthy of
 its  attention4    ,all books1 models1 
drawings1 or specimens1 that any of     
these  committees procure in the course 
of their labours1 shall be kept in  such
 place as it should direct4    ,it is   
recommended that the formation of the   
following standing  committees be       
authorized at the time--to be renewed at
 the first  stated meeting in each year4
    #ast4 ,a committee on farm          

buildings1 fences and implements of     
husbandry4 ,to study the improvement of 
houses1 barns1 barn-yards and  out      
buildings1 both as it regards the plan  
and materials4 ,to examine  the relative
 cost of the different kinds of fences1 
and the best  methods of constructing or
 raising them4 ,to make improvements in 
the implements of husbandry1 and to     
introduce such as may be made in  other 
places4    #b;d4 ,a committee on the    
,veterinary ,art--,to investigate the   
nature  and origin of the diseases of   
domestic animals1 and endeavour to      
ascertain the best methods of prevention
 and cure4    #c;d4 ,a committee on     
,natural ,history1 particularly         
,mineralogy and  ,entomology4 ,to       
develope the mineral productions of the 
,county1 and  to ascertain its          
geological structure1 partly for the    
purpose of  designating the kind of soil
 in each neighbourhood4 ,to examine the 
habits of such insects as injure the    
crops of the farmer1 with a  view of    

discovering the means of destroying     
them1 or preventing  their ravages2 and 
such other branches of ,natural ,history
 as are  interesting to the             
,agriculturalist4    #dth4 ,a committee 
on ,political ,economy4 ,to attend to   
the political  interests of             
,agriculture1 and examine the manner in 
which public  measures affect it4 ,to   
inquire into the utility of public      
improvements1 such as canals1 bridges1  
and turnpike roads1 and into  the means 
of giving the ,agricultural class its   
due weight in the  government4    #eth4 
,a committee on ,domestic ,animals4 ,to 
inquire after and introduce  the best   
kind1 to endeavour to ascertain the most
 economical and the  best methods of    
rearing1 managing and feeding them1     
together with  facts on the relative    
advantages of the employment of horses  
and  oxen for labour4    #fth4 ,a       
committee on grasses1 grains and roots4 
,to inquire after and  recommend the    
best and most profitable kinds1 the time

 and manner of  sowing and planting1    
with the most proper quantity of each   
per acre1  also the previous preparation
 of the ground and seed1 together with  
the best method of culture4    #gth4 ,a 
committee on ,manures4--,to endeavour to
 ascertain the  relative advantages of  
barn-yard manure1 plaister1 lime1 burnt 
clay1 ashes1 and all other kinds of     
manure1 with the time and manner  of    
application of each1 whether best       
applied on ploughed or grass  lands1 on 
the surface or ploughed in1 deep or     
shallow2 together with  the best methods
 of accumulating and preparing barn-yard
 and stable  manure4    #hth4 ,a        
committee on fruit and forest           
trees4--,to endeavour to  ascertain the 
best and most useful fruits of all      
kinds1 with the  best method of making  
wine1 and cider1 c4 ,to examine the     
causes  of the premature decay of fruit 
trees1 with a view to their             
preservation4 ,to ascertain the best    
time of cutting forest trees1 as  it    

respects the durability of the wood1    
under ground1 or exposed to  the        
weather2 also for fuel4    #ith4 ,a     
committee on irrigation and             
draining4--,to ascertain the most       
profitable times of irrigation1 with its
 uses4 ,also1 the best and  most        
effectual methods of constructing       
drains4    #ajth4 ,a committee on       
,horticulture4--,to ascertain the best  
and  most approved methods of managing  
kitchen gardens1 attend to the          
introduction of useful vegetables1 modes
 of culture1 c42 and also  to promote   
good taste in the planning and          
arrangement of gardens  generally4      
,we further propose that the society    
recommend to each of its  practical     
members1 regularly to enter in writing1 
the preparation  and state of the       
ground1 at the time of sowing or        
planting each  crop1 the quantity and   
kind of manure and seed per acre1       
particulars  relative to the weather1   
the process of culture1 the times of    

sowing  and gathering1 and the amount of
 produce per acre1 with such other      
particulars as may be thought worthy of 
notice1 each part of which  to be       
annually laid before them1 in order that
 such facts as are  deemed worthy of    
preservation1 may be laid before the    
society4    ,resolved1 ,that the members
 of the society generally1 and such     
others as are friendly to the objects of
 the association1 be  requested to      
furnish the several committees above    
named with such  information relative to
 the subjects for which they are        
appointed as  may be in their           
possession4      ,,wm4 ,,darlington1 ,v4
 ,prest4      ,,isaac ,,sharpless1      
,sec'y4          ,,on ,,the ,,culture   
,,of ,,turnips4      ,turnips for fall  
and winter use are generally sown in the
 last of  ,july4 ,i have been long      
apprehensive that this sowing was too   
early4  ,the weather at this season of  
the year is generally very hot and  very
 dry2 and drought has a direct tendency 

to dwarf and spoil a  field of young    
turnips2 the black fly1 also1 a natural 
enemy of the  turnip1 is at this period 
very voracious1 and the crop is too     
often  destroyed1 or rendered           
unprofitable from one or the other of   
these  causes4    ,with a view to remedy
 these evils1 ,i sowed my turnips two   
seasons  ago1 very late in ,august4 ,my 
neighbours laughed at me1 and said  ,i  
would not have a single mess4 ,i had1   
however1 more and better  turnips than  
any of them4 ,encouraged by the success1
 ,i sowed the  last year1 on the #beth  
of ,august1 a small piece of ground1    
eight  rods only1 with turnips4 ,they   
came up well1 and not a fly touched     
them4 ,when they had four or five leaves
 ,i directed one of my men to  weed and 
thin them1 so as to have them stand     
eight or ten inches  apart4 ,the ground 
afterwards was slightly stirred with a  
garden  hoe4 ,the leaves grew rapidly1  
covered the ground1 and prevented  the  
further growth of weeds4 ,on the #aath  

of ,november1 ,i pulled the  turnips1   
trimmed and measured them1 and had on   
the eight rods of  ground1 7the         
twentieth part of one acre only17       
forty-five bushels of  as large and well
 formed turnips as ,i ever saw4 ,this   
produce is at  the rate of nine hundred 
bushels to the acre4 ,the soil is a     
sandy  loam1 in good heart1 but by no   
means in high tilth4    ,i sowed two    
other small pieces of ground1 the one on
 the #ast1 and  the other on the #hth of
 ,september4 ,neither of these yielded  
like the  one sowed on the #beth        
,august2 but each of them produced much 
larger  and better turnips1 than ,i have
 seen1 that were sowed at the usual     
time4    ,i attribute my success        
altogether to the late sowing2 the heat 
is  then less intense1 the rains more   
frequent1 the dews more copious1  the   
fly harmless1 and the crop abundant4    
,i would earnestly recommend to the     
farmers to set apart a small  piece of  
ground1 and try the experiment of late  

sowing1 and ,i am  confident they will  
be amply compensated for making the     
attempt1 by  a greater increase of      
crops4      ,connecticut ,courant4      
7,from the ,american ,farmer47    ,on   
the use of ,oxen and deep ploughing in  
,new ,england1 by ,josiah  ,quincy1     
,esq4      ,,boston1 ,nov4 #b1 #ahag4   
,my dear ,sir1    ,in reply to your     
inquiries in your last letter ,i        
answer3--,oxen are  used almost wholly  
for plough and team work in this quarter
 of the  country4 ,a single horse is    
usually kept by our principal farmers1  
to  go to mill1 and to church1 and for  
the convenience of the family4          
,occasionally he precedes the oxen at   
plough1 or on the road4 ,this  is so    
universal as to be almost without       
exception1 among mere  farmers4 ,they   
certainly answer all purposes1 except   
perhaps speed2  and in this1 on a long  
journey1 they are considered as quite   
equal  to horses4 ,but of this our      
farmers have not many opportunities of  

comparison1 oxen are so universally     
used4 ,they are worked with  yokes1 and 
broken when very young1 pretty much as  
men break  horses4--,our farmers are so 
satisfied with their utility and economy
  that no argument would induce them to 
change4    ,a very good yoke of oxen    
will cost when well broke1 and about    
five years old1 if well matched and of  
good size' from #hj to #ajj  dollars4   
,they continue good1 without accident1  
and with good usage1  until ten years   
old2 then they are usually fatted1 and  
bring from  the butcher according to    
their size and fatness from #ajj to #abj
  dollars4    ,whether oxen are not more
 susceptible of heat than horses1 ,i  am
 ignorant4 ,my opinion is that they are4
 ,a circumstance in your  climate to be 
ascertained in forming an opinion of    
their comparative  utility4    ,with    
respect to deep ploughing1 a            
considerable change is producing  in    
this state1 in the opinion and practice 
of farmers in this  respect4 ,deep      

ploughing begins to be more general than
 formerly4  ,i should state five inches 
to be the most approved practice1 on    
turning up the sord for corn4 ,with     
respect to deepening it for other       
crops1 after the sord is broken1 it     
depends upon the nature of the  crop and
 the resources of the farmer1 and also  
the state of his  soil4 ,my own rule is 
never to lay down land to grass until it
 has  been turned up to the depth of    
fourteen inches4 ,but my practice is    
peculiar1 as ,i carry a regular         
succession of1 #ast corn1 #b;d potatoes1
  #c;d carrots1 #dth grain1 #eth grass1 
over my whole farm2 considering1  as ,i 
do1 that carrots is of all farm products
 the most profitable1  and using them as
 the test of the actual state of the    
depth of tilth  on my farm4             
,undoubtedly when the depth of ploughing
 pass the old tilth1 and  enters upon   
the virgin soil1 manuring must be in    
proportion to the  depth of the virgin  
soil1 which you turn1 otherwise you     

sacrifice  present crop to future       
crops2--a practice very discouraging to 
any  farmer4    ,i enclose you the      
newspaper account of our last cattle    
show4 ,a more  detailed statement will  
appear in our ,repository4              
,respectfully1            ,i am your    
humble servant1                         
,,josiah ,,quincy4      ,,geo4 ,w4      
,,jeffries1 ,,esq4          ,,sugar     
,,maple4      ,a letter writer in the   
,albany ,statesman1 in giving an account
 of the  ,new ,york canal1 says--    ,i 
saw for the first time the famous       
ascersaccharinum1 or sugar  maple4 ,it  
grows spontaneously like all other trees
 of the forest1  and is a most beautiful
 and stately tree4--,it is said that    
each  tree will produce from three to   
five pounds of sugar4 ,an acre will     
contain #cj trees1 and a tree will be   
fit for use in #ae years1 and  will     
probably continue so for two centuries4 
,an orchard of ten acres  would produce 
annually two hogsheads and a half of    

sugar1 which can  be made as good in all
 respects as the produce of the cane or 
the  sweet beet4 ,i speak from ocular   
observation and from taste4 ,mon4  ,le  
,ray1 a very respectable and sensible   
land holder in ,jefferson  county1      
showed me at ,washington ,hall1 in ,new 
,york1 a sample of  maple sugar1 which  
,i have never seen excelled1 and which  
was raised  on his estates in that      
county2 and ,i have been told by ,mr4   
,george  ,parish1 a most accomplished   
and public spirited gentleman1 from ,st4
  ,lawrence county1 that the inhabitants
 of that region not only supply         
themselves with maple sugar for domestic
 uses1 but have a surplus  for market4  
,a plantation of maple trees of ten     
acres1 beside being  highly ornamental  
and beneficial for pasture--besides the 
use of  the decayed trees for fuel1 and 
the acquisition of excellent syrup  and 
molasses1 and a sufficiency of sugar1   
for family purposes1 will  yield a      
profit of #ajj to the proprietor2 and   

these operations are  carried on in the 
month of ,march1 continue but a short   
time1 and  interfere with no other      
business4 ,the forests of the north and 
west1  will supply the other parts of   
the state with the best of sugar and    
molasses through the great canals4      
,from ,scoresby's ,voyages4             
,,surprising ,,vigour ,,of ,a ,,whale4  
,on the #beth of ,june1 #ahab1 one of   
the harpooners belonging to the         
,resolution1 of ,whitby1 under my       
command1 struck a whale by the  edge of 
a small floe of ice4 ,assistance being  
promptly afforded1 a  second boat's     
lines was attached to those of the      
fast-boat1 in a  few minutes after the  
harpoon was disgraced4 ,the remainder of
 the  boats proceeded at some distance1 
in the direction the fish seemed  to    
have taken4 ,in about a quarter of an   
hour the fast-boat1 to  my surprise1    
again made a signal for lines4 ,as the  
ship was then  within five minutes sail1
 we instantly steered towards the boat1 

with the view of affording assistance by
 means of a spare boat we  still        
retained on board4 ,before we reached   
the place1 however1 we  observed four   
oars displayed in signal order1 which by
 their number1  indicated a most urgent 
necessity for assistance4 ,two or three 
men  were at the same time seen seated  
close by the stern1 which was           
considerably elevated1 for the purpose  
of keeping it down2 while the  bow of   
the boat1 by the force of the line1 was 
drawn down to the  level of the sea1 and
 the harpooner1 by the friction of the  
line  round the bollard1 was enveloped  
in smoky obscurity4 ,at length1 when    
the ship was scarcely #ajj yards        
distant1 we perceived preparations  for 
quitting the boat4 ,the sailor's        
pea-jackets were cast upon the          
adjoining ice1 the oars were thrown     
down1 the crew leaped overboard1  the   
bow of the boat was buried in the water1
 the stern rose  perpendicularly and    
then majestically disappeared4 ,the     

harpooner  having caused the end of the 
line to be fastened to the iron ring at 
the boat's stern1 was the means of its  
loss2#ac and a tongue of  the ice1 on   
which was a depth of several feet of    
water1 kept the  boat1 by the pressure  
of the line against it1 at such a       
considerable  distance1 as prevented the
 crew from leaping upon the floe4 ,some 
of them were therefore put to the       
necessity of swimming for their         
preservation1 but all of them succeeded 
in scrambling upon the ice1  and were   
taken on board of the ship in a few     
minutes afterwards4      #ac ,giving a  
whale the boat1 as the voluntary        
sacrifice of a boat    is termed1 is a  
scheme not unfrequently practised by the
 fisher when    in want of line4 ,by    
submitting to this risk1 he expects to  
gain    the fish1 and still has the     
chance of recovering his boat and its   
materials4 ,it is only practised in open
 ice or at fields4    ,i may here       
observe1 that it is an uncommon         

circumstance for a fish  to require more
 than two boats' lines in such a        
situation2 none of  our harpooners1     
therefore1 had any scruple in leaving   
the fast-boat1  never suspecting1 after 
it had received the assistance of one   
boat  with six lines or upward1 that it 
would need any more4    ,several ships  
being about us1 there was a possibility 
that some  person might attack and make 
a prize of the whale1 when it had  so   
far escaped us1 that we no longer       
retained any hold of it2 as  such1 we   
sat all the sail the ship could safely  
sustain1 and worked  through several    
narrow and intricate channels in the    
ice1 in the  direction ,i observed the  
fish had retreated4 ,after a little time
 it  was descried by the people in the  
boats1 at a considerable distance  to   
the eastward2 a general chase           
immediately commenced1 and within  the  
space of an hour three harpoons were    
struck4 ,we now imagined  the fish was  
secure1 but our expectations were       

premature4 ,the whale  resolutely pushed
 beneath a large floe that had been     
recently  broken to pieces by the swell1
 and soon drew all the lines out of  the
 second fast-boat2 the officer of which1
 not being able to get  any assistance1 
tied the end of his line to a hammock of
 ice1 and  broke it4 ,soon afterwards1  
the other two boats1 still fast1 were   
dragged against the broken floe1 when   
one of the harpoons drew out4  ,the     
lines of only one boat1 therefore1      
remained fast to the fish1  and this    
with six or eight lines out1 was dragged
 forward into the  shattered floe with  
astonishing force4 ,pieces of ice1 each 
of which  was sufficiently large to have
 answered the purpose of a mooring  for 
a ship were wheeled about by the        
strength of the whale2 and  such was the
 tension and elasticity of the line1    
that whenever it  slipped clear of any  
mass of ice1 after turning it round1    
into the  space between any two         
adjoining pieces1 the boat and its crew 

flew  forward through the crack1 with   
the velocity of an arrow1 and never     
failed to launch several feet upon the  
first mass of ice that it  encountered4 
,while we scoured the sea around the    
broken floe with the ship1  and while   
the ice was attempted in vain by the    
boats1 the whale  continued to press    
forward in an easterly direction towards
 the sea4  ,at length1 when #ad lines   
7about #afhj fathoms7 were drawn from   
the  fourth fast-boat1 a slight         
entanglement of the line1 broke it at   
the  stem4 ,the fish then again made its
 escape1 taking along with it a  boat   
and #bh lines4 ,the united length of the
 lines was #fgbj yards1 or  upwards of  
#c-c_/d ,english miles2 value1 with the 
boat1 above #aejl4  sterling4    ,the   
obstruction of the sunken boat1 to the  
progress of the fish1  must have been   
immense2 and that of the lines likewise 
considerable2  the weight of lines      
alone1 being #be hundred weight4    ,so 
long as the fourth fast-boat1 through   

the medium of its lines1  retained its  
hold of the fish1 we searched the       
adjoining sea with  the ship in vain2   
but1 in a short time after the line was 
divided1  we got sight of the object of 
pursuit1 at the distance of near two    
miles to the eastward of the ice and    
boats1 in the open sea4 ,one  boat only 
with lines1 and two empty boats1 were   
reserved by the  ship4 ,having1 however1
 fortunately fine weather1 and a fresh  
breeze  of wind1 we immediately gave    
chase under all sails2 though1 it must  
be confessed1 with the insignificant    
force by us1 the distance of  the fish1 
and the rapidity of its flight          
considered1 we had but  very small hopes
 of success4 ,at length1 after pursuing 
it five or  six miles1 being at least   
nine miles from the place where it was  
struck1 we came up with it1 and it      
seemed inclined to rest after its       
extraordinary exertions4 ,the two       
dismantled or empty boats having  been  
furnished with two lines each1 7a very  

inadequate supply17  they1 together with
 the one in a good state of equipment1  
now made  an attack upon the whale4 ,one
 of the harpooners made a blunder2 the  
fish saw the boat1 took the alarm1 and  
again fled4 ,i now supposed it  would be
 seen no more2 nevertheless1 we chased  
nearly a mile in the  direction ,i      
imagined it had taken1 and placed the   
boats to the best  of my judgment1 in   
the most advantageous situations4 ,in   
this case  we were extremely fortunate4 
,the fish rose near one of the boats1   
and was immediately harpooned4 ,in a few
 minutes two more harpoons  entered its 
back1 and lances were plied against it  
with vigour and  success4 ,exhausted by 
its amazing exertions to escape1 it     
yielded  itself at length to its fate1  
received the piercing wounds of the     
lances without resistance1 and finally  
died without a struggle4 ,thus          
terminated with success1 an attack upon 
a whale1 which exhibited the  most      
uncommon determination to escape from   

its pursuers1 seconded  by the most     
amazing strength of any individual whose
 capture ,i  ever witnessed4 ,after all1
 it may seem surprising1 that it was not
  a particularly large individual2 the  
largest lamina of whalebone  only       
measuring #i feet six inches1 while     
those affording #ab feet  bone are not  
uncommon4#ad ,the quantity of line      
withdrawn from  the different boats     
engaged in the capture1 was singularly  
great4  ,it amounted1 all together1 to  
#aj1ddj yards1 or nearly six ,english   
miles4 ,of these1 #ac new lines were    
lost1 together with the sunken  boat2   
the harpoon connecting them to the fish 
having dropt out  before the whale was  
killed4      #ad ,it has been frequently
 observed1 that whales of this size are 
the most active of the species2 and that
 those of a very large    growth are1 in
 general1 captured with less trouble4   
,fishers thrown overboard1 by the       
jerking or sudden heeling of  the       
,boats1 in consequence of blows from    

,whales4--,on the third of  ,june #ahaa1
 a boat from the ship ,resolution1      
commanded at the time  by myself1 put   
off in pursuit of a whale1 and was rowed
 upon its  back4 ,at the moment that it 
was harpooned1 it struck the side of    
the boat a violent blow with its tail1  
the shock of which threw the            
boat-steerer to some distance into the  
water4 ,a repetition of the  blow       
projected the harpooner and line-manager
 in a similar way1 and  completely      
drenched the part of the crew remaining 
in the boat1  with the sprays4 ,one of  
the men regained the boat1 but as the   
fish  immediately sunk1 and drew the    
boat away from the place1 his two       
companions in misfortune were soon left 
far beyond the reach of  assistance4    
,the harpooner though a practised       
swimmer1 felt himself  so brushed and   
enervated by a blow he had received on  
the chest1  that he was totally         
incapacitated from giving the least     
support to  his fellow sufferer4 ,the   

ship being happily near1 a boat which   
had  been lowered on the first alarm1   
arrived to their succour1 at the  moment
 when the line-manager1 who was         
unacquainted with the art of  swimming1 
was on the point of sinking1 to rise no 
more4 ,both the  line-manager and       
harpooner were preserved2 and the fish1 
after a few  hours close pursuit1 was   
subdued4    ,a large whale harpooned    
from a boat belonging to the same ship1 
became the subject of a general chase on
 the #bc;d of ,june1 #ahji4  ,being     
myself in the first boat which          
approached the fish1 ,i struck  my      
harpoon at arm's length1 by which we    
fortunately evaded a blow  that appeared
 to be aimed at the boat4 ,another boat 
then advanced1  and another harpoon was 
struck1 but not with the same result2   
for the stroke was immediately returned 
by a tremendous blow from  the fishes   
tail4 ,the boat was sunk by the shock2  
and1 at the same  time1 whirled round   
with such velocity1 that the            

boat-steerer was  precipitated into the 
water1 on the side next to the fish1 and
 was  accidentally carried down to a    
considerable depth by its tail4  ,after 
a minute or so1 he arose to the surface 
of the water and was  taken up1 along   
with his companions1 into my boat4 ,a   
similar attack  was made on the next    
boat which came up2 but the harpooner   
being  warned of the prior conduct of   
the fish1 used such precautions1  that  
the blow1 though equal in strength1 took
 effect only in an  inferior degree4    
,the boat was slightly stove4 ,the      
activity and skill  of the lancers soon 
overcame this designing whale1          
accomplished  its capture1 and added its
 produce to the cargo of the ship4 ,such
  intentional mischief on the part of a 
whale1 it must be observed1 is  an      
occurrence which is somewhat rare4      
,from a work1 entitled1 ,a ,statistical1
 ,commercial and ,political             
,description of ,venezuela1 ,trinidad1  
,margarita1 and ,tobago4    ,,wild      

,,horses ,,and ,,asses4      ,there are 
thousands of horses which are wild in   
the forests1 and do  not belong to any  
one4 ,i was enabled to ascertain a fact1
 known to  all who have travelled in    
this country4 ,the horses live there in 
societies1 generally to the number of   
five or six hundred1 and even  one      
thousand3 they occupy immense savannas1 
where it is dangerous to  disturb or try
 to catch them4 ,in the dry season they 
are sometimes  obliged to go two or     
three leagues1 and even more1 to find   
water4  ,they set out in regular ranks  
of four abreast1 and thus form a        
procession of an extent of a quarter of 
a league4 ,there are always  five or six
 scouts1 who precede the troop by about 
fifty paces4 ,if  they perceive a man or
 jaguar 7the ,american tiger17 they     
neigh1  and the troop stops3 if avoided1
 they continue their march2 but1  if an 
attempt be made to pass by their        
squadron1 they leap on the  imprudent   
traveller1 and crush him under their    

feet4 ,the best way  is always to avoid 
them1 and let them continue their route3
 they  have also a chief1 who marches   
between the scouts and the squadron1    
and five or six other horses march on   
each side of the band1--a  kind of      
adjutants1 whose duty consists in       
hindering any individual  from quitting 
the ranks4 ,if any one attempts to      
straggle either  from hunger or fatigue1
 he is bitten till he resumes his place1
 and  the culprit obeys with his head   
hanging down4 ,three or four chiefs     
march as the rear guard1 at five or six 
paces from the troop4 ,i  had often     
heard1 at ,trinidad1 of this discipline 
among the wild  horses1 and confess that
 ,i could scarcely believe it1 but what 
,i  have just stated is a fact which ,i 
witnessed twice on the banks of  the    
,guaripiche1 where ,i encamped five     
days1 for the express purpose  of seeing
 those organized troops pass4 ,i have   
met1 on the shores of  the ,orinoco1    
herds of fifty to a hundred wild oxen3 a

 chief always  marched at the head1 and 
another at the rear4    ,the people of  
the country have assured me1 that the   
wild asses1 when  they travel1 observe  
the same discipline as the horses2 but  
the  mules1 though they also live in    
troops1 are continually fighting  with  
each other1 and it has not been observed
 that they have any  chief4 ,they       
however unite1 at the appearance of a   
common enemy1 and  display still more   
trick and address than the horses1 in   
avoiding  the snares which are laid for 
catching them1 and also for escaping    
when taken4          ,,premiums ,,for   
,,workmanship4      ,boston1 ,july      
#f4--;,agreeably to custom1 that useful 
and popular  ,institution1 the          
,massachusetts ,charitable ,mechanic    
,association1  availed themselves of    
this ,anniversary1 to distribute the    
,,medals  and ,,premiums offered by them
 for exhibitions of superior workmanship
  and genius4--,we think the occasion   
happily selected1 as the  ,mechanic     

,arts are one of the first sources of   
the ,independence  of a nation1 and are 
free from any of the objections which   
are made  to the undue increase of      
manufactures4    ,the ,government       
,judges of ,premiums1 and ,marshals1    
having breakfasted  with their          
,president1 proceeded at an early hour  
to the ,washington  ,gardens1 where the 
examination of the articles presented1  
was  finished1 and the awards made4 ,the
 ,president then announced1 that        
,judges had awarded the ,medal1 of the  
value of twelve dollars1 to  ,messrs4   
,fearing and ,emerson1 harness makers1  
of this town1 for  the best specimen of 
an entire ,chaise ,harness1 silver      
plated1 and  entirely of ,american      
workmanship4 ,the second premium of six 
dollars1  was also awarded to these     
gentlemen4    ,that a ,medal1 of the    
value of twelve dollars1 was awarded to 
,mr4  ,thomas ,burdle1 of ,boston1 for  
the best made six-pannelled door2 and   
that the premium of six dollars was     

awarded to ,henry ,chulbrick1 for  the  
next best4    ,that a ,medal1 of the    
value of twelve dollars1 was awarded to 
,mr4  ,addison ,bacon1 ,hanover-street1 
for the best made pair of ,chaise       
,wheels2 and that a premium of six      
dollars was awarded to ,mr4 ,oliver     
,ames1 of ,norton1 for the next best4   
,that a ,medal1 of the value of eight   
dollars1 was awarded to ,wm4  ,jordan1  
7an apprentice of ,mr4 ,daniel ,adams7  
for the best made ,ship  ,block1 with   
two sheeves2 and that the premium of    
four dollars was  awarded to ,john ,b4  
,ingolls1 7an apprentice of ,messrs4    
,dupee and  ,badger7 for the next best4 
,that a ,medal1 of the value of six     
dollars1 was awarded to ,peter  ,albern 
of ,boston1 7an apprentice of ,mr4      
,david ,peeler7 for the best  made pair 
of ,half ,boots2 and the premium of     
three dollars to ,samuel  ,b4 ,pope1 7an
 apprentice to his father1 in ,quincy7  
for the second  best made pair4    ,john
 ,j4 ,bickner1 an apprentice of         

,attleborough1 presented a  ,barrel1 for
 which no premiums has been offered this
 year2 and the  government1 in          
consequence of the expense he had       
incurred by the  mistake1 directed the  
,treasurer to present him with the sum  
of seven  dollars and seventy-five      
cents4 ,the medals and premiums1 were   
now  delivered4    ,the articles        
exhibited1 were mostly of excellent     
workmanship1 and it  was only regretted 
that the specimens were not more        
numerous1 and  which we trust they will 
be1 should the premiums be repeated4    
,,miscellany4         ,from ,johnson's  
,influence of ,civil ,life1 ,sedentary  
,habits and       ,intellectual         
,refinements1 or ,human ,health and     
,happiness1 c4      ,parallel of        
enjoyment and suffering in drink4--,the 
water drinker  glides tranquilly through
 life1 without much exhileration or     
depression1 and escapes many diseases to
 which he would otherwise  be subject4  
,the wine drinker experiences short1 but

 vivid periods  of rapture1 and long    
intervals of gloom2 he is also more     
subject to  disease4 ,the balance of    
enjoyment1 then1 turns decidedly in     
favour  of the water drinker1 leaving   
out his temporal prosperity and  future 
anticipations2 and the nearer we keep to
 his regimen1 the  happier we shall be4 
,here1 however1 as is in all other      
things1 there  is a certain latitude    
within the range of health and happiness
 which  the wise man and the philosopher
 will occasionaly travel round1 but  not
 exceed4--,the native fountain is in the
 centre1 and from it  our eccentric     
divergences should be narrowly watched  
and carefully  limited4    ,density1    
weight1 c4 of the earth4--,from the     
experiment of  ,maskelyne1 and the      
calculations of ,hutton1 ,cavendish1    
,laplace1 c4  it appears1 that          
considering the specific gravity of     
water as unity1  the mean density of the
 earth would be according to ,hutton1   
#d4ie1  or according to ,cavendish1     

#e4dh4 ,the mean most commonly adopted  
is  #e4d4 ,taking this as our ground    
work1 we may now proceed to that most   
singular question of weighing the earth4
    ,assuming #gibj miles as the mean   
diameter of the earth1 the number of    
cubic miles will be #bci1igi1caa1ifa4   
,now each cubic mile contains           
#adg1aig1ieb1jjj cubic feet2 also every 
cubic foot of water weighs  #ajjj       
avoirdupoise ounces4    ,hence a cubic  
mile of water will weigh #d1ajg1jhe1gad 
tons1 and  consequently a globe of water
 of equal dimensions with our earth     
would weigh #ihe1eid1ihe1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj
 tons1 and that multiplied by  the      
calculated density #e4d1 gives          
#e1cbb1bab1iai1edj1jjj1jjj1jjj tons  for
 the weight of our earth4               
,fruit4--,the ,poughkeepsie ,herald     
states1 that ,mr4 ,joseph ,waddle1  of  
the town of ,washington1 ,dutchess      
county1 has sold1 at the ,new  ,york    
market1 during the last six weeks1 the  
produce of ten apple  trees for the     

almost incredible sum of three hundred  
and sixty  dollars--they were of a      
species called ,summer ,russets2 the    
quantity  fifty barrels4 ,these apples  
grew on ten trees1 which altogether     
occupy less than one quarter of an acre 
of ground4 ,when the apples  were first 
gathered last fall they filled          
fifty-three barrels1 and  on being      
picked over this spring1 preparatory to 
sending them to  market1 they were      
reduced to fifty barrels4               
,agricultural ,anecdote4----,furius     
,cresinus1 as mentioned by ,pliny1  the 
,roman historian1 was originally a      
slave4 ,having been made  a freedman1 he
 purchased a small spot of ground1 from 
which he  obtained1 through his         
unwearied industry1 much finer crops    
than  many of the neighbours1 who had   
larger farms4 ,this excited general     
envy1 which his enemies carried to such 
a length as to accuse him  of employing 
magic charms to render his own grounds  
fertile and to  impoverish heirs4 ,the  

,edile caused him to be summoned to     
appear  and answer the charge before the
 people of ,rome4 ,crecinus obeyed the  
mandate1 accompanied by his daughter1 a 
fresh and healthy coloured  girl--charms
 which appeared to greater advantage    
from the symplicity  of her dress4 ,the 
accused also brought with him the tools 
and  instruments of his profession4     
,they were in excellent condition4 ,his 
mattocks were remarkably heavy1 his     
plough was of an enormous size1  and his
 cattle were all sound and fat4 ,behold6
 said this truly  dignified and         
indignant farmer1 behold my whole       
magical equipage6  behold the charms    
which ,i have recourse to6 ,there are   
others1  indeed1 which ,i am not capable
 of producing before you2 ,i mean the   
sweat of my brow1 and incessant toils   
both by day and night4 ,this  native    
eloquence decided the matter2 he was    
honourably acquitted by  the unanimous  
voice of a numerous and applauding      
assembly4    ,a mechanic in the ,north  

has invented a machine for seminaries1  
which1 by means of steam1 not only warms
 the room1 but flogs all  the boys on a 
graduated scale1 according to their     
offences4    ,dr4 ,line4--,this noted   
,irish physician1 who died of the small 
pox  at the age of #he1 built a house in
 a peculiar manner1 so as to have  the  
full benefit of the circulation of the  
air4 ,every window had  another opposite
 to it1 none of which he ever suffered  
to be shut  or glazed4 ,the room in     
which he slept had four open windows1   
two on  each side of his bed4 ,it was   
remarked that1 for fifty years together 
nobody died in his house4 ,he carried   
this doctrine to such an  excess1 as to 
contend that no house could be          
wholesome1 where a dog  could not get in
 under the door and a bird at the       
window4 ,upon his  death1 his son had   
all the windows glazed2 soon after      
which1 several  persons were buried out 
of the house4    ,the late king of      
,england concurred a little in this     

practice of  ,dr4 ,line4 ,in the rooms  
where he and his family resided1 he     
never  suffered a carpet to be laid2 and
 in the chimney places allowed but  a   
very scanty portion of fire--barely     
enough to aid the circulation  of the   
air and prevent damps4    ,internal     
,improvements4--,in consequence of the  
facilities afforded  by that part of the
 great canal which is completed1        
,plaster of  ,paris1 or ,gypsum1 which  
abounds in the western parts of ,new    
,york1  is now selling at ,utica at from
 #a4ej to #b4jj per ton1 and it is      
supposed that any part of that great    
tract of country lying on the  ,hudson1 
may be supplied with it at from #d to #e
 dollars6 ,onondaga  salt will be sold  
at ,albany at from #ca to #cg cents per 
bushel2 and  a bushel of wheat1 which   
formerly cost #dd cents to transport it 
to  that city1 will be brought there    
from the interiour1 for the small  sum  
of #e cents4 ,in truth1 this canal when 
finished1 will1 seemingly1  bring the   

most remote places1 even the most       
distant points of the  great lakes1 into
 the neighbourhood of the port of ,new  
,york4    ,the ,coronation of ,george   
,,iv4 which is to take place ,august1   
#ast1  is to be conducted on the most   
economical scale1 and is not to cost    
more than about #dej4jjj66 ,the price of
 a coronation dress for a  peer and     
peeress is estimated at about #c4fjj4   
,marriage ,promise4--,in ,somerset      
county1 ,new ,jersey1 a young lady      
lately received the sum of #abej dollars
 damages1 for a breach of  promise of   
marriage4    ,mobile is becoming a place
 of great importance2 about #aj1jjj     
bales  of cotton have been shipped from 
this port in the present year1 and      
#f1jjj remained on hand4 ,this shews an 
increase of #aj1jjj bales since  last   
year2 and it is calculated that at least
 #aj1jjj more will be  shipped next year
 than in the present4    ,the number of 
letters delivered daily by the post in  
,paris is1 on  an average1 #cb1jjj2 of  

journals1 #ah1jjj4 ,in ,london1 the     
average of  letters is #acc1jjj1 and    
journals #bf1jjj4    ,cincinnati1 ,june 
#ae4--,on ,saturday last1 in digging the
 well of ,mr4  ,wright1 near ,harrison1 
in this county1 near a mile from        
,white-,water1  and about #ad feet from 
the surface1 in a bed of rounded        
limestone  pebbles1 a living frog was   
dug up1 which in a short time1 hopped   
away as nimbly as if he had been but a  
year old4 ,there are trees  contiguous1 
and in lower ground1 more than #ejj     
years old1 which have  evidently taken  
the places of others of equal growth2 so
 that this  frog had probably lain      
buried for #ajjj years4    ,mean        
temperature of the ,earth4--,according  
to ,laplace1 any actual  diminution of  
the mean temperature of the earth would 
be detected by  a diminution of the     
length of the day4--,it appears by      
computation1  that one degree of        
,fahrenheit's thermometer would make an 
alteration  of nearly one second in the 

length of a day1 and four or five       
minutes in that of a year4              
,heat4--,the effect of heat in expanding
 iron is strongly shown by a  gate of   
that material in this town4--,in the    
cool of the morning it  shuts with a    
considerable spare space1 7in the winter
 perhaps an #hth  of an inch7 in the    
middle of a hot day the joints touch1   
and some  force is necessary to close   
it4 ,the gate is about #c-a_/b feet     
wide4      ,boston ,pal4    ,let not    
sleep1 says ,pythagoras1 fall upon thy  
eyes1 till thou  hast thrice reviewed   
the transactions of the past day4 ,where
 have  ,i turned aside from rectitude8  
,what have ,i been doing8 ,what have ,i 
left undone which ,i ought to have done8
 ,begin thus from the first  act1 and   
proceed2 in conclusion1 for the ill     
which thou hast done1  seek repentance1 
and gratitude for the good4             
,,agricultural ,,memoranda4      ,to    
preserve ,cattle from ,disease in the   
,winter4--,when cattle are  kept out in 

the winter1 it is recommended as a      
useful practice to  rub some tar at the 
root of the horn1 which prevents the wet
 from  getting between the root and the 
skin2 and it is said1 contributes  so   
preserve the health of the animal1 and  
to keep it free from  various diseases  
to which it may otherwise be liable4    
,rules for ,milking ,cows4--,cows should
 be milked three times a day1  if fully 
fed1 throughout the summer1 and great   
caution should  be exercised by the     
persons employed1 to draw the milk from 
them  completely1 not only to encrease  
the quantity of produce1 but  to        
preserve its quality4 ,any portion which
 may be left in the  udder1 seems       
gradually to be absorbed into the       
system1 and no  more is formed than     
enough to supply what is taken away2 and
 by  the continuance of the same mode1 a
 yet further dimunition of the          
secretion takes place1 until at length  
scarcely any is produced4  ,this last   
mode of milking is always practised when

 it is intended  that a cow should be   
rendered dry4    ,additional quantity of
 ,milk to be gained by keeping ,milch   
,cows in  the house4--,in the management
 of cows1 a warm stable is highly       
necessary2 and currying them like       
horses1 not only affords them  pleasure1
 but makes them give their milk more    
freely4 ,they ought  always to be kept  
clean1 laid dry1 and have plenty of good
 sweet  water to drink4 ,cows treated in
 this manner1 have given ten gallons  of
 milk at a time1 when within ten days of
 calving4    ,to prevent ,cows from     
contracting bad habits while            
milking4--,cows  should be always       
treated with great gentleness1 and      
soothed by mild  usage1 especially when 
young and ticklish1 or when the paps are
  tender1 in which case the udder ought 
to be fomented with warm water  before  
milking1 and touched with the greatest  
gentleness1 otherwise  the cow will be  
in danger of contracting bad habits1    
becoming  stubborn and unruly1 and      

retaining her milk ever after4 ,a cow   
never  lets down her milk pleasantly to 
the person she dreads or dislikes4  ,the
 udder and paps1 should always be washed
 with clean water before  milking2 but  
care should be taken that none of that  
water be  admitted into the milking     
pail4    ,sir ,george ,m',kenzie has    
discovered that oil rubbed upon the     
stems  and branches of fruit trees      
destroys insects1 and increases the     
fruit buds4 ,mr4 ,john ,linning1 has    
added to the discovery1 by using  it    
successfully upon the stems of          
carnations1 to guard them against  the  
depredations of the earwig4 ,the        
coarsest oil will suit1 and only  a     
small quantity is required4    ,to      
prevent smut in wheat4--,take four      
quarts of good lye1 or  a sufficient    
quantity to wet your seed1 and add to it
 a bushel  of wheat1 stirring till the  
whole is alike wet1 then sow it         
immediately1 as the strong lye will     
injure the seed if delayed4 ,the  lye   

may be as strong as you can bare to sow 
without injury to the  hand4 ,a little  
tallow applied to the hand will prevent 
injury from  the lye4 ,i have continued 
this practice #ab years out of #bj2 and 
have  never known it to fail of success4
 ,i have frequently made use of  smutty 
wheat for seed1 and found my crops      
perfectly free from smut4  ,much depends
 on having the lye sufficiently strong  
to take off the  fuz on wheat4          
,,josiah ,,benjamin4    ,berlin1 ,april 
#bf1 #ahbj4      ,for preserving        
,eggs4--,in ,march1 put about half a    
pound of  quick lime in a stone or      
earthen pot1 and add a gallon of cold   
water2--next day fill the pot with new  
eggs1 tie a paper over it and  put the  
pot in a cool place4 ,the eggs will be  
found perfectly good  after being kept a
 year4    ,it is quite necessary to keep
 lime in the walks of your hens1 as it  
causes their laying eggs throughout the 
winter4          ,,for ,,the ,,rural    
,,magazine4    ,,extracted ,,from ,,the 

,,manuscript ,,collections ,,of ,c4 ,e4 
,the following piece was handed about in
 manuscript1 about the year  #aggf1 and 
,i do not know that it has been ever    
printed till now4 ,it  was said to be   
the production of the ,rev4 ,,thomas    
,,coombe1 a native  ,pennsylvanian1 and 
about that time a clergyman of the      
,episcopal  ,church1 in this city4 ,c4  
,e4          ,a ,,hymn ,,to             
,,resignation4          ,oh6 from that  
high and holy sphere1        ,where1    
thron'd in light1 you dwell1      ,sweet
 maid1 in all thy charms descend        
,to gild my humble cell4        ,thy    
presence heightens every bliss1         
,draws out the sting of wo1             
,allures to brighter worlds above1      
,and makes a heaven below4        ,the  
pilgrim1 roving all night long1         
,through dreary tracts forlorn1         
,oft sighs1 oppress'd1 and sighs again1 
,the wish'd return of morn4        ,as  
,i in sorrow's gloomy night1            
,condemn'd awhile to stray1      ,look  

up with ardent eye to heav'n1           
,and ask the devious way1        ,o6    
screen me from surrounding ills1        
,let dangers ne'er annoy1      ,the     
arrow that in darkness flies1           
,commissioned to destroy4               
,inconstant as the idle wind1           
,that sports with every flow'r1         
,when earthly friends by turns drop off1
        ,friends of our brighter hour2  
,do thou1 mild cherub1 fill my breast1  
,with all that's good and wise1         
,snatch me from earth's tumultuous      
scenes1        ,and lead me to the      
skies4        ,there kindred spirits    
ne'er deceive2        ,soul mingles     
there with soul2      ,sweet ,sympathy  
and ,truth are there1        ,and ,love 
cements the whole4        ,more welcome 
to this sorrowing heart1        ,oh1    
pensive queen1 thy strain1      ,than   
all the joys mad ,riot gives        ,to 
sooth the clamorous train4        ,you  
shade the poor man's evening walk       
,with wreaths of endless green1         

,and1 when the lamp of life declines1   
,you tend the last dread scene4         
,oh6 then from heaven1 thy holy sphere1 
,where1 thron'd in light you dwell1     
,come1 ,resignation1 sainted maid1      
,and gild my humble cell4          ,,to 
,,the ,,editors ,,of ,,the ,,rural      
,,magazine4      ,the following little  
poem was written by ,,john ,,byron1 a   
minor ,english  poet1 who died at       
,manchester1 in the year #agfc1 aged    
#gb4 ,in his  #bc;d year1 he wrote the  
beautiful pastoral of ,colin and ,phebe1
 on  which his poetick reputation is    
principally founded4 ,it appeared in    
the eighth volume of the ,spectator2 and
 many of your readers will  remember1   
what has been so generally known and    
admired4        ,my time1 ,o ye ,muses1 
was happily spent1      ,when ,phebe    
went with me wherever ,i went2      ,ten
 thousand sweet pleasures ,i felt in my 
breast3      ,sure never fond shepherd  
like ,colin was blest6 c4    ,the       
subjoined extract1 it is believed1 is   

not so familiar2 and for  that reason1  
as you must doubtless wish to exclude   
from your poetick  corner whatever is   
trite and common-place1 whether         
professedly  original1 or selected from 
old or distant writers1 it is hoped1    
though a small matter1 it will not prove
 altogether unacceptable4 ,i4           
,,the ,,beau ,,and ,,the ,,bedlamite4   
,a patient in ,bedlam1 that did pretty  
well1      ,was permitted sometimes to  
go out of his cell2      ,one day1 when 
they gave him that freedom1 he spy'd    
,a beauish young spark with a sword by  
his side2      ,with a huge silver hilt1
 and a scabbard of steel1      ,that    
swung at due length from his hip to his 
heel4        ,when he saw him advance on
 the gallery ground1      ,the          
,bedlamite ran1 and survey'd him all    
round2      ,while a waiter supprest the
 young captain's alarm1      ,with1 ,you
 need not to fear1 sir1 he'll do you no 
harm4      ,at the last he broke        
out--,aye1 a very fine show6      ,may  

,i ask him one question8--,what's that8 
said the beau8        ,pray what is that
 long1 dangling1 cumbersome thing1      
,that you seem to be ty'd to with riband
 and string8      ,why1 that is my      
sword4--,and what is it to do8          
,kill my enemies1 master1 by running    
them through4      ,kill your enemies6  
,kill a fool's head of your own2        
,they'll die of themselves1 if you'll   
let them alone4          7,from the     
,london ,literary ,gazette1 ,april #bb47
    ,,silent ,,worship4          ,though
 glorious1 ,o ,god6 must thy temple have
 been1        ,on the day of its first  
dedication1      ,when the ,cherubim's  
wings1 widely waving1 were seen         
,on high1 o'er the ark's holy station4  
,when even the chosen of ,levi1 though  
skill'd        ,to minister1 standing   
before ,thee1      ,retir'd from the    
cloud which the temple then fill'd1     
,and thy glory made ,israel adore ,thee3
        ,though awfully grand was thy   
,majesty then2        ,yet the worship  

thy gospel discloses1      ,less        
splendid in pomp to the vision of men1  
,far surpasses the ritual of ,moses4    
,and by whom was the ritual for ever    
repeal'd8        ,but by ,him1 unto whom
 it was given      ,to enter the        
,oracle1 where is reveal'd1        ,not 
the cloud but the brightness of ,heaven4
        ,who1 having once enter'd1 hath 
shown us the way1        ,o ,lord6 how  
to worship before ,thee2      ,not with 
shadowy forms of that earlier day2      
,but in spirit and truth to adore ,thee6
        ,this1 this is the worship the  
,saviour made known1        ,when she1  
of ,samaria1 found him      ,by the     
patriarch's well1 sitting weary1 alone1 
,with the stillness of noon-tide around 
him4        ,how sublime1 yet how simple
 the homage he taught        ,to her1   
who inquir'd by that fountain1      ,if 
,,jehovah at ,solyma's shrine would be  
sought8        ,or ador'd on ,samaria's 
mountain4        ,woman1 believe me1 the
 hour is near1        ,when he1 if ye   

rightly would hail him1      ,will      
neither be worship'd exclusively here1  
,nor yet at the altar of ,salem4        
,for ,god is a ,spirit6 and they1 who   
aright        ,would perform the pure   
worship he loveth1      ,in the heart's 
holy temple will seek1 with delight1    
,that ,spirit the ,father approveth4    
,and many that prophecy's truth can     
declare1        ,whose bosoms have      
livingly known it2      ,whom ,god hath 
instructed to worship him               
there1        ,and convinc'd that his   
mercy will own it4        ,the temple   
that ,solomon built to his name1        
,now lives but in history's story2      
,extinguish'd long since1 is its altar's
 bright           flame1        ,and    
vanish'd each glimpse of its glory4     
,but the ,christian1 made wise by a     
wisdom divine1        ,though all human 
fabrics may falter1      ,still finds in
 his heart a far holier shrine1         
,where the fire burns unquench'd on the 
altar6          7,from the ,illinois    

,gazette47          ,what's the news1   
said a ,quidnunc to ,paddy ,m',shane1   
,of our foreign relations--and what     
about ,spain8      ,our foreign         
relations1 cried ,pat1 with a tear1     
,och6 they're hanging them up by the    
dozen1 my dear6      p8        ,o4      
,,state ,,of ,,the ,,thermometer4       
#i o'clock4 #ab o'clock4 #c o'clock4    
,june #bf1      --         --           
#gf         #bg1      #gb         #gd   
#gf         #bh1      #ge         #gh   
#hj         #bi1      #gf         #ha   
#he         #cj1      #hb         #hg   
#ij    ,july  #a1      #he         #hi  
#ij          #c1      #gh         #ha   
#hd          #d1      #gg         #hj   
#hc          #e1      #ha         #he   
#hh          #f1      #hb         #hg   
#ij          #g1      #hb         #hf   
#he          #h1      #gi         #ha   
#ha         #aj1      #gg         #ha   
#hb         #aa1      #gh         #ha   
#hd         #ab1      #gh         #ha   
#he         #ac1      #ha         #hf   

#hi         #ad1      #hc         #gh   
#gf         #ae1      #gd         #gf   
#gh         #ag1      #gd         #gh   
#gh         #ah1      #gg         #hj   
#hb         #ai1      #gh         #ha   
#he         #bj1      #gi         #ha   
#ha         #ba1      #gi         #gg   
#gf         #bb1      #gc         #ge   
#gf         #bd1      #ga         #gc   
#gf         #be1      #gd         --    
--          ,,bank ,,note ,,exchange1   
,,at ,,philadelphia--,july #bgth1 #ahbj4
                                   ,per 
cent ,disc't4    ,u4 ,s4 ,,branch ,,bank
 ,,notes1         #a_/b      ,,rhode    
,,island--generally1           #a       
,,connecticut--generally1            #b 
,,massachusetts--,boston1             #a
          ,country generally1           
#d-f      ,,new ,,york--,city ,bank     
,notes1       par4          ,country    
generally1                  #b-c        
,,new ,,jersey--generally1              
par4          ,patterson ,bank and      
,sussex           ,bank1                

#a      ,,pennsylvania---,farmer's      
,bank1 of            ,lancaster2        
,easton2 ,delaware                      
,county1 at ,chester2                   
,chester ,county1 at ,westchester2      
par4           ,farmer's ,bank1         
,buck's ,county2 ,montgomery            
,county1                                
,new ,hope1                             
#a         ,northampton2 ,susquehanna   
,bridge ,company2 ,york                 
#b-c           ,bank1 ,chambersburg1    
,northumberland2 ,union1                
#bj         ,greensburg2 ,brownsville1  
#ab-a_/b         ,centre1               
#bj         ,meadville1                 
#ej         ,farmers  ,mechanics' ,bank 
#dj           at ,pittsburg1            
,,delaware--generally1             par4 
,commercial ,bank of ,delaware2         
,branch of ditto at                  #e 
,milford1                               
,laurel ,bank1                          
#ej      ,,maryland--,baltimore ,banks1 
#a_/b         ,baltimore ,city ,bank1   

#e         ,annapolis2 ,hagerstown1     
#b-a_/b         ,snowhill1 ,elkton1     
#cg-a_/b-ej         ,havre de ,grace1   
#a-a_/b      ,,virginia--,richmond and  
,branches1        #a-a_/b               
,country generally1                     
#b-a_/b         ,n4 ,w4 ,bank1 at       
,wheeling1          #ab-a_/b            
,,columbia ,,district--,mech4 ,bank     
#e           of ,alexandria1            
,country generally1                     
#a      ,,north ,,carolina--,state ,bank
 at          #f-a_/b           ,raleigh1
 and ,branches1                    ,cape
 ,fear2 ,newbern1                    #g 
,,south ,,carolina--,state ,banks1      
generally1     #c      ,,georgia--,state
 ,banks1 generally1            #f       
,augusta ,bridge ,company1              
#ej      ,,tennessee--,no sales4        
,,kentucky--,no sales4                  
,,ohio--,marietta1                      
#ae-bj         ,steubenville ,bank1     
#ae         ,bank of ,chillicothe1      
#e         ,country generally1          

#bj-ej      ,,prices ,,current4--,july  
#bg1 #ahbj4                             
,per     ,d4 ,c4    ,d4 ,c4      ,beef1 
,philad4 ,mess1 7pl47  bbl4    #ac4jjto 
#ac4ej    ,butter1 ,fresh               
lb4     #j4ah     #j4be    ,beans1      
7scarce7           bush4     #a4cj      
#a4dj    ,cotton ,yarn1 ,no4 #aj1       
lb4     #j4cf    ,cotton1 7,louisiana7  
#j4ah     #j4ba    ,flax1 ,clean1       
7scarce7                #j4ah     #j4ai 
,flaxseed1 ,clean1           hhd4       
#aa4jj    ,firewood1 ,hickory1          
cord1     #e4ej     #f4jj               
,oak1                       #c4ej       
,flour--,wheat1 super4       bbl4       
#d4fb     #d4ge           ,rye1         
#b4ge     #b4hg           ,corn ,meal1  
sales              #c4jj                
,grain--,wheat1             bush4       
#j4he     #j4ij           ,rye1         
#j4ej     #j4fj           ,corn1 ,pa4   
do4                 #j4ej     #j4ee     
,barley1           ,oats1               
#j4cc     #j4cg    ,hams--,jersey1      

lb4      #j4aa     #j4ac    ,hemp1      
,kentucky1           ton1    #aej4jj    
#afj4jj    ,leather--,sole1             
lb4      #j4bd     #j4cj                
,upper1 undrs'd4   side1      #b4ge     
#c4ej    ,molasses1                gall4
      #j4ej     #j4ee    ,nails1 ,cut1  
all sizes1     lb4      #j4jg           
#j4ab-a_/b    ,pork1 ,jersey  ,penn4    
bbl4     #ae4ej      ,mess1             
,plaster of ,paris1         ton1        
#d4cg    ,shingles--,cedar1             
#ajjj     #be4jj     #bg4jj             
,cypress1                    #e4jj      
,seed1 ,clover1 out of season4          
,wool--,merino1 ,clean1       lb4       
#j4ge          ,do4 in ,grease1         
#j4dj          ,common1                 
#j4ej          ,,rain ,,guage ,,at      
,,philadelphia4                         
,in4 hun4    ,july #ad1   --  ,rain1  --
   #a4 #ee         #ag1   -- ,shower1 --
   #j4 #ac         #ai1   --   do4   -- 
#j4 #ji         #ba1   --   do4   --    
#j4 #af              --   do4   --   #j4

 #gj         #bb1   --  ,rain1  --   #a4
 #af          ,references to the ,cut of
 the ,brewing ,machine1 omitted in last 
,number4      ,a ,moveable ,fire-,place4
    ,b ,cylindrical ,boiler1 to be      
placed on ,a4    ,c ,cover for ,b4    ,d
 ,extracting ,cylinder1 with a small one
 in its centre1 fixed to the  perfora1  
to be placed within ,b4    ,f ,f        
,coolers1 one to pack within the other4 
,g ,machine ready for use1 the cover    
raised to show the internal4    ,in page
 #beb1 at the words some time1 put a    
comma1 instead of a  period2 and add1   
after its temperature is sufficiently   
lowered1  which must be effected by     
damping or extinguishing the fire4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,,errata4--,page #beb1 note1 for        
sachorometer1 r4 saccharometer4 ,p4     
#bec1  #ast column1 line #be1 for       
fomenting r4 fermenting4                
,,philadelphia1    ,,published ,,monthly
 ,,by    ,,richards  ,,caleb ,,johnson1 
,no4 #ca1 ,market ,street1    ,at #c4jj 

per annum4           99       99        
99       99       99    ,,griggs        
,,dickinson1 ,printers--,whitehall4