,transcriber's ,note3 ,italic text is   
denoted by underscores4    ,small       
capital text has been replaced with all 
capitals4    ,minor typographical and   
punctuation errors have been corrected  
without note4 ,irregularities and       
inconsistencies in the text have  been  
retained as printed4    ,mismatched     
quotes are not fixed if it's not        
sufficiently clear where  the missing   
quote should be placed4    ,the cover   
for the e,book version of this book was 
created by the  transcriber and is      
placed in the public domain4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,,the    ,,rural ,,magazine1    ,,and   
,,literary ,,evening ,,fire-,,side4     
,,vol4 ,i4  ,,philadelphia1 ,fifth      
,month1 #ahbj4  ,no4 #e4          ,,for 
,,the ,,rural ,,magazine4    ,,the      
,,desultory ,,remarker4    ,no4 ,,iv4   
,spring1 that delightful visiter1 to    
whom beauty and melody1 ,zephyrus  and  
,flora1 pay their opulent but willing   
tribute1 has once more  arrived4 ,let us

 welcome the enchanting stranger with   
joyful hearts1  and let feelings of     
gratitude ascend to the bountiful source
 of all  our enjoyments4 ,nature is now 
,all beauty to the eye1 and all music to
 the ear4    ,it is said by an eminent  
historian1 in his memoirs of his own    
life1 that the disposition to see the   
favourable rather than the  unfavourable
 side of things1 is a turn of mind which
 it is more  happy to possess1 than to  
be born to an estate of ten thousand a  
year4 ,such a temper is not only a      
prolific source of complacency  to the  
individual who cherishes it1 but by all 
who move within the  circle of its      
influence1 its amiable and excellent    
effect is felt  and acknowledged4 ,what 
a fortunate circumstance would it be for
 the  luckless wight1 denominated by    
that pure and fascinating writer ,dr4   
,,goldsmith1 a ,magaziner1 as well as   
for his correspondents1 should  none but
 critics1 under the influence of this   
temper1 undertake to  adjust their      

humble claims to merit4 ,they are       
frequently selected1  by those who have 
not even read what they undertake to    
condemn1  as the objects of illiberal   
and unmeaning censure4 ,the right to    
criticise1 is unquestionably perfectly  
valid2 but1 like other  rights1 it is   
liable to abuse4 ,by accustoming himself
 to indulge a  querulous1 fault-finding 
propensity1 on all occasions1 even the  
most  distinguished orator may descend  
from the high station claimed for  him  
by his friends1 to that of an           
inconsistent1 petulant declaimer4  ,and 
notwithstanding the alternate           
epigrammatic point of his wit1 and  the 
brilliant coruscations of his fancy1 his
 speeches may at length  scarcely be    
heard with patience4    ,courteous      
reader6 if thou desirest to make the    
most of human life1  and to realize its 
positive blessings which are placed     
within thy  reach1 listen to the        
counsels of experience1 and pursue an   
opposite  course of conduct4 ,sedulously

 avoid the indulgence of a splenetic    
humour1 consult thy own gratification1  
and the happiness of those by  whom thou
 art surrounded1 in contemplating       
,the gayest1 happiest attitude of       
things4    ,if thou art now scanning our
 present number1 with no other  object  
than to detect errors and expose        
omissions2 if thou  art pre-determined  
to censure1 be pleased to defer a       
further  examination1 until thou art    
more disposed to view the favourable    
side of things3 when this is the case1  
the editors will be  delighted to pay   
the most respectful attention to any    
judicious  suggestions1 promotive of    
improvement1 either in the plan or      
conduct  of this ,miscellany4    ,if    
thou art placed in the truly responsible
 situation of head of  a family1 thy    
children and domestics1 if thy          
deportment convey to  them the beautiful
 moral lesson1 afforded by a uniform    
contemplation  of the favourable side of
 things1 will derive from it the most   

substantial advantages4 ,domestic       
happiness is of such an exquisite  and  
sensitive organization1 that it cannot  
endure1 no not for a  moment1 the       
scowling visage of harshness or discord4
    ,in the ordinary daily intercourse  
of life1 nothing conduces more  to      
smooth the rugged path of existence1    
than urbanity and mutual  indulgence4   
,we are so constituted1 that the        
influence of our  conduct1 whether      
exemplary or otherwise1 is powerful on  
that of  those with whom we associate4  
,it should1 therefore1 be our object  to
 cultivate the habit of viewing1 on all 
occasions1 the most  favourable side of 
things4    ,opinion is so much the child
 of education1 of association1 and of   
other adventitious causes1 that it is   
next to impossible to find  two         
individuals1 whose sentiments on all    
subjects are perfectly  coincident4 ,in 
politics1 and on a subject which is     
infinitely more  important1 religion    
itself1 different sentiments as to minor

 points  are no doubt honestly          
entertained4 ,let us1 therefore1 avoid  
impugning the motives of those from whom
 we differ1 particularly  where no      
conclusive evidence appears as to the   
absence of integrity  of intention1 with
 an eye of charity4 ,let us in this     
instance1 also1  contemplate the most   
favourable side of things4    ,when     
overtaken by adverse circumstances1 we  
are too prone1 without  hesitation1 to  
assume the privilege of complaint and to
 infer that  we are indeed peculiarly   
unfortunate4 ,but how frequently have   
incidents of this character been        
subsequently ascertained to be          
blessings1 although disguised in the    
most repulsive form4--,when they  occur1
 instead of being overwhelmed with      
despondency1 it is wise to  dwell on the
 more favourable side of things4        
,when public measures receive the       
sanction of the civil government1  which
 are deemed destructive to the best     
interests of the nation1  and in utter  

hostility to every principle of morality
 and  religion1--disheartening as the   
fact may be1 this consolation still     
remains to the humble and sincere       
believer in the superintendence  of an  
overruling ,providence1 that truth and  
virtue will eventually  be signally     
triumphant4 ,this cheering conviction1  
where there is a  consciousness of duty 
faithfully performed1 will gild with    
radiance  the most gloomy prospect4 ,the
 present is emphatically the season  of 
genial feelings1 and nothing imparts a  
livelier relish for its  beauties1 than 
that amiable temper of mind which on all
 occasions  delights to dwell on the    
most favourable side of things4         
,,for ,,the ,,rural ,,magazine4    ,,the
 ,,village ,,teacher4      ,the three   
great periods of life have each their   
natural and  appropriate characteristic4
 ,the eager expectation1 the buoyant    
hope and elastic energy1 which lend     
their own joyous brilliancy to  every   
object around them1 and build in the    

unknown future so fair  and beautiful a 
fabric of happiness1 last not beyond the
 period of  youth4 ,the anxious brow1   
the cold and untrusting prudence1 which 
succeed1 but too surely indicate how    
many of our fairy visions have  become  
dim in the reality2 while the steady    
industry and calculating  foresight with
 which manhood pursues more practical   
and perhaps  grovelling objects1 stamp  
upon it a peculiar character of         
strength1  and seriousness1 and         
sternness4 ,as this relaxes in the      
course of  years1 our ability and       
inclination for active pursuits give    
way2  and as the termination of our     
journey is approached1 the hope of      
future distinction ceases1 and we       
naturally fill up the void which  is    
thus left in the mind1 by a retrospect  
of our past actions4--,thus  it is that 
the seasons of life1 like those of the  
year1 are each  most beautiful in its   
own proper adornings1 and that there is 
none  more delightful or endearing than 

reverend age4 ,the long experience      
which has tried the worthlessness of so 
many empty and vanishing  hopes1 and    
which can pronounce with certainty      
respecting that which  remaineth2 the   
knowledge of those past events1 that    
form the link  as it were between us and
 history1 and which not only aids us in 
deciphering the past1 but is endued with
 a prophetic gift2 the  attempered zeal1
 the tranquil repose of the passions1 so
 finely  and happily compared to the    
decline of day--impart their pure and   
elevated feelings to the mind of the    
beholder4    ,it is in such society that
 youth may best learn to prune the      
luxuriance of its hopes1 and manhood to 
elevate its views beyond the  narrow    
scene of action where they now          
expatiate4 ,it is in age that  the noble
 instinct of immortality is most        
conspicuous1 that we feel  most surely  
that the horizon of this life cannot    
bound our mental  vision4 ,the          
consolations of youth and manhood may   

have no higher  source than in          
surrounding objects--in love1 or        
friendship1 or  ambition2 but age is    
dead to these impulses1 and must be     
reanimated  and warmed by the influences
 of the life which is to come4    ,such 
an old age is that of my friend         
,parmenio4 ,he has survived  nearly all 
the companions of his childhood1 and    
seen successive  generations swept away 
before him4 ,after a life of useful and 
honourable enterprise1 he has retired to
 end his days in our little  hamlet     
amidst the scenes of his earliest youth4
 ,he has dandled on  his knee the       
fathers of many who now look up to him  
for counsel and  friendship1 yet is     
there no supercilious air of dignity or 
reserve  about him4 ,his placid eye     
bespeaks the serenity of his soul1 and  
the  hope which abideth there2 and      
though you see in his sprightliness  and
 activity the energy of his earlier     
life1 it is most happily  blended with  
the meekness and tranquillity of age4   

,he wears away his  remaining years in  
the social converse of his children and 
their  friends1 and looks forward to his
 close without fear or anxiety4    ,i   
often meet him in my solitary evening   
walks1 and we usually finish  them      
together4 ,we were loitering one evening
 on the brow of the  hill which         
overlooks the course of a beautiful     
stream that flows  at a small distance  
from the village1 and marking the       
glories of  an autumnal sunset4--,the   
sands1 said he1 are fast ebbing in my   
glass1 and ,i feel that my allotted days
 are but few4 ,i have past a  life of   
bustling activity1 and seen a thousand  
forms of hope and  happiness rise and   
vanish before me4 ,they have all        
vanished--all1  but that which is       
centered in heaven4 ,i am not a votary  
of that vain  philosophy which would    
pronounce all things to be vanity2 yet  
could  my voice be heard by the myriads 
of human beings who are wasting  the    
sinews of life in the pursuit of wealth 

and power1 ,i would warn  them1 from my 
own experience1 that happiness is not in
 these things4  ,were ,i to guide the   
course of a young person1 ,i would bid  
him extend  this view1 from the first1  
beyond the horizon of this world4 ,i    
would  tell him of the utter emptiness  
of all human distinctions4 ,i would  bid
 him pursue his avocations as a means   
only of health and support1  and of     
invigorating his mind4 ,i would turn his
 feet from the paths  of fame and       
wealth1 to those of retirement and      
privacy1 and would  there feed his soul 
with immortal contemplations4 ,thus     
would ,i fit  him to ennoble his youth1 
to preserve his manhood unspotted1 and  
to  enjoy his age4 ,how many events are 
there in the course of my own  life1    
which ,i would now give the world to    
have prevented--duties  undone1 labour  
misapplied1 talents wasted1 feelings    
perverted2 and  all from sharing in the 
delusions to which the world around me  
is a  victim4 ,in how many events which 

,i once thought were accidents or       
misfortunes1 do ,i now trace an         
invisible hand1 guiding me against my   
will1 and pointing to that path of      
unostentatious virtue which ,he         
delights to bless4 ,these things1       
however1 cannot be recalled2 and  as    
yonder sun1 after a cold and cloudy     
career1 is setting at last  in serene   
and tranquil beauty1 and throwing his   
own glorious hues  upon the clouds which
 darkened his mid-day splendour2 so do  
,i feel  that my latter days are        
peaceful1 and that the lights of        
experience  and wisdom1 though late1 are
 yet illuminating my past errors1 and   
enabling me to point them out as beacons
 and waymarks to those that  surround   
me4          ,extract of a ,letter from 
,william ,coxe1 ,esq4 on the            
,cultivation of  the ,sugar ,maple4     
,,burlington1 ,march #gth1 #ahbj4       
,,dear ,,sir--,i understand that you    
have been directing your attention  to  
the ,sugar ,maple1 in the belief that it

 will be found an  advantageous         
substitute for the several varieties of 
poplars1 as  a useful as well as        
ornamental tree2 and that you are       
desirous of  obtaining any information  
respecting its culture1 or properties1  
that ,i may be able to communicate4     
,i have for some time been convinced    
that none of the poplars would  prove a 
beneficial kind of timber to our        
farmers1 from their  disposition to     
extend their roots1 and propagate       
suckers at a great  distance1 and from  
the offensive cotton which is produced  
by the  ,athenian and ,georgia          
varieties--and ,i have made many        
experiments  in the hope of discovering 
a tree1 valuable for its timber1 and    
clean and ornamental in its foliage1    
which could be propagated by  seedlings4
 ,among others1 ,i planted the ,sugar   
,maple and am happy to  find it one of  
the hardiest and handsomest trees1 even 
on the light  sandy soil around my      
house2 capable of withstanding the      

severity of  the drought of the last and
 preceding summers1 the most intense    
that  are recollected in our country4   
,of eighteen trees ,i lost but two1     
while the native chesnuts1 raised from  
the nut1 all perished2 and  little      
better success was experienced in a     
variety of trees planted  on the same   
ground1 such as the pine1 sycamore1     
larch1 spruce1 c4  ,the ,american elm is
 thought to be a hardy tree1 but with me
 it  proved less so than the sugar      
maple4 ,it is generally believed that   
all the varieties of the maple require a
 damp soil3 this is the case  with      
several of them1 but the acer saccharum 
flourishes in a loamy  wheat soil1 in   
many districts of our western and       
northern country4  ,the facility by     
which it may be propagated from the     
seed1 renders  its diffusion through our
 country1 to any extent1 very easy and  
cheap4    ,few of our native trees are  
more useful for fuel1 and the           
manufacture of potash2 and as the means 

of affording a great and  almost        
inexhaustible supply of sugar1 it       
becomes an object of great  importance1 
even to the farmer1 who is desirous of  
transmitting  a valuable inheritance to 
his children4 ,it is my intention to    
plant this tree in the place of a line  
of the ,athenian poplars1  which ,i have
 been obliged to cut down after eight   
years luxuriant  growth1 from their     
injurious effect on the adjoining       
fields1 by the  extension of their roots
 to sixty and seventy feet1 throwing up 
a  little forest of suckers4            
,treatise on ,agriculture4    ,,sect4   
,,iii4    ,theory of ,vegetation4       
#c;d4 ,of air1 and its agency in        
vegetation3    ,a seed deprived of air  
will not germinate2 and a plant placed  
under  an exhausted receiver1 will soon 
perish4 ,even in a close and badly      
ventilated garden1 vegetables indicate  
their situation2 they are  sickly in    
appearance1 and vapid in taste4--,these 
facts sufficiently  shew the general    

utility of air to vegetation3 but this  
air is  not now the simple and          
elementary body1 that the ancient       
chymist  described it to be4 ,priestly  
first1#a and ,lavoisier after him1      
analyzed it1 and found1 that when pure1 
it consisted of about  #gj parts of     
azote1 #bg of oxygen1 and #b of carbonic
 acid4 ,in its  ordinary 7or impure7    
state1 it is loaded with foreign and    
light  bodies2 such as mineral1 animal  
and vegetable vapours1 the seeds  of    
plants1 and the eggs of insects1 c4 ,is 
it to this aggregate1  that vegetation  
owes the services rendered to it by air8
 ,and if not1  to how many1 and to      
which1 of its regular constituents1 are 
we  to ascribe them8 ,this inquiry will 
form the subject of the present         
article4      #a ,see ,priestly's       
,experiments and ,observations on       
different kinds    of ,air1 begun in    
#agfg4    ,all vegetables in a state of 
decomposition1 give azote2 and  some of 
them 7cabbages1 radishes1 c47 give it in

 great quantity4  ,this abundance1      
combined with the fact1 that vegetation 
is always  vigorous in the neighbourhood
 of dead animal matter1 led to the      
opinion1 that azote contributed largely 
to the growth of plants3 but            
experiments1 more exactly made and often
 repeated1 disprove this  opinion1 and  
shew that in any quantity it is         
unnecessary1 and that  in a certain     
proportion it is fatal to vegetation4   
,in hydrogen gas1 plants are found to be
 variously affected1  according to their
 local situation2 if inhabitants of     
mountains1  they soon perish--if of     
plains1 they shew a constant            
debility--but  if of marshy grounds1    
their growth is not impeded4            
,carbonic acid is formed and given out  
during the process of  fermentation1    
putrefaction1 respiration1 c4 and makes 
#bh parts  out of #ajj of atmospheric   
air4 ,it is composed 7according to      
,davy7  of oxygen and carbon1 in the    
proportion of #cd of the former to  #ac 

of the latter4 ,it combines freely with 
many different bodies2  animals and     
vegetables are almost entirely composed 
of it2 for the  coal which they give1 on
 combustion1 is but carbon united to a  
little oxygen1 c4--,priestly was the    
first to discover1 that plants  absorbed
 carbonic acid2 and ,ingenhouse1        
,sennebier1 and ,de ,sausure  have      
proved1 that it is their principal      
aliment4 ,indeed the  great consumption 
made of it1 cannot be explained by any  
natural  process1 excepting that of     
vegetation4 ,on this head1 we cannot do 
better than digest the experiments of   
these chymists into a few  distinct     
propositions3#b      #b ,recherches     
chemiques sur la vegetation1 chap4 ii4  
#a4 ,in pure carbonic acid gas1 seeds   
will swell1 but not germinate4  #b4     
,united with water1 this gas hastens    
vegetation4 #c4 ,air containing  more   
than one twelfth part of its volume of  
carbonic acid1 is most  favourable to   
vegetation4 #d4 ,turf1 or other         

carbonaceous earth1  which contains much
 carbonic acid1 is unfavourable to      
vegetation  until it has been exposed to
 the action of atmospheric air1 or of   
lime1 c4 #e4 ,if slacked lime be applied
 to a plant1 its growth will  be        
impaired1 until the lime shall have     
recovered the carbonic acid  it lost by 
calcination4 #f4 ,plants kept in an     
artificial atmosphere1  and charged with
 carbonic acid1 yield1 on combustion1   
more of that  acid than plants of the   
same kind and weight growing in         
atmospheric  air4 #g4 ,when plants are  
exposed to air and sunshine1 the        
carbonic  acid of the atmosphere is     
consumed1 and a portion of oxygen left  
in  its place4 ,if new supplies of      
carbonic acid be given to the air1  the 
same result follows2 whence it has been 
concluded1 that air  furnishes carbonic 
acid to the plant1 and the plant        
furnishes oxygen  to the air4--,this    
double function of absorption and       
respiration1  is performed by the green 

leaves of plants4#c #h4 ,carbon is to   
vegetation1 what oxygen is to animal    
life2 it gives support by  purifying the
 liquids1 and rendering the solids more 
compact4      #c ,this was a discovery  
of ,sennebier4    #dth4 ,of light1 heat1
 and electricity1 and their agency in   
vegetation3    ,when deprived of light1 
plants are pale1 lax and dropsical2     
restored to it1 they recover their      
colour1 consistency and odour4  ,if a   
plant be placed in a cellar1 into which 
is admitted a small  portion of light   
through a window or cranny1 thither the 
plant  directs its growth1 and even     
acquires an unnatural length in its     
attempt to reach it4#d ,these facts     
admitted1 no one can doubt the  agency  
of light in vegetation2 but in relation 
to this agency1  various opinions exist2
 one1 that light enters vegetable       
matter1  and combines with it2 another1 
that it makes no part either of the     
vegetable or of its aliment1 but        
directly influences substances  which   

are alimentary2#e and a third1 that     
besides the last effect1  it stimulates 
the organs of plants to the exercise of 
their natural  functions4#f      #d ,it 
is by a knowledge of this fact1 that    
gardeners bleach chicony    and cellery1
 c4      #e ,see ,fourcroy1 vol4 viii4  
#f ,see ,chaptal on vegetation4         
,without doing more than state these    
opinions1 we proceed to offer  the      
results of many experiments on this     
subject4 #ast4 ,that in the  dark1 no   
oxygen is produced1 nor any carbonic    
acid absorbed2 on the  contrary1 oxygen 
is absorbed and carbonic acid produced4 
#b;d4 ,that  plants exposed to light1   
produce oxygen gas in water4 #c;d4 ,that
  light is essential to vegetable       
transpiration2 as this process  never   
takes place during the night1 but is    
copious during the  day2 and1 #dth4     
,that plants raised in the dark1 abound 
in watery  and saccharine juices--but   
are deficient in woody fibre1 oil1 and  
resins2 whence it is concluded1 that    

saccharine compounds are formed  in the 
night1 and oil1 resins1 c4 in the day4  
,when the weather is at or below the    
freezing point1 the sap of  plants      
remains suspended and hardened in the   
albumum2#g but on the  application of   
heat1 whether naturally or artificially 
excited1  this sap is rendered fluid1 is
 put into motion1 and the buds begin  to
 swell4 ,under the same impulse1 through
 the medium of the earth1  the roots    
open their pores1 receive nutritive     
juices1 and carry them  to the heart of 
the plant4 ,the leaves1 being now       
developed1 begin  and continue the      
exercise of their functions1 till winter
 again1  in the economy of nature1      
suspends the operations of the machine4 
,nor is its action confined to the      
circulation of vegetable juices4        
,without vapour 7its legitimate         
offspring7 the fountain and the  shower 
would be unknown--nor would the great   
processes of animal and  vegetable      
fermentation and decomposition go on4   

,without rain or  other means           
ameliorating the soil1 what would be the
 aspect of the  globe8 what the state of
 vegetation8 what the situation of man8 
#g ,knight's ,observations1 c4    ,the  
diffusion of electrical matter1 found in
 the air and in  all other substances1  
furnishes a presumption1 that it is an  
efficient agent in vegetation4 ,nollet  
and others have thought that1           
artificially employed1 it favoured the  
germination of seeds and  the growth of 
plants2 and ,mr4 ,davy found1 that corn 
sprouted more  rapidly in water1        
positively electrified by the voltaic   
battery1  than in water negatively      
electrified4#h ,these opinions have  not
 escaped contradiction1 and we do not   
profess to decide where  doctors        
disagree4      #h ,davy's ,elements4    
#eth4 ,of stable yard manures1 lime1    
marl1 and gypsum1 and  their agency in  
vegetation3    ,we have already said1   
that vegetables in the last stage of    
decomposition1 yield a black or brown   

powder1 which ,mr4 ,davy calls  a       
peculiar extractive matter1 of          
fertilizing quality1 and which  the     
chymists of ,france have denominated    
terreau4 ,this vegetable  residuum is   
the simple mean employed by nature to   
re-establish  that principle of         
fertility in the soil1 which the wants  
of man  and other animals are constantly
 drawing from it4 ,it was first         
analyzed by ,hassenfratz1 who found it  
to contain an oily1 extractive  and     
carbonaceous matter1 charged with       
hydrogen2 the acetates  and benzoates of
 potash1 lime and ammoniac2 the         
sulphates and  muriates of potash1 and a
 soupy substance1 previously noticed by 
,bergman4--,among other properties 7and 
which shows its combustible  character7 
is that of absorbing1 from atmospheric  
air1 its oxygen1  and leaving it only   
azote4 ,this was discovered by          
,ingenhouse1 who1  with ,de ,sausure and
 ,bracconnet1 pursued the subject by    
many new and  interesting experiments1  

the result of which is--    #a4 ,that   
the oxygen thus absorbed1 deprives the  
terreau of part of  its carbon1 which it
 renders soluble and converts into      
mucilage2 and    #b4 ,that the carbonic 
acid1 formed in the process1 combines   
with the  mucilage1 and with it is      
absorbed by the roots of plants4    ,if 
we put a plant and a quantity of slacked
 lime under the same  receiver1 the     
plant will perish2 because the lime will
 take from  the atmospheric air all the 
carbonic acid it contains1 and thus     
starve the plant4 ,vegetables1 placed   
near heaps of lime in the  open air1    
suffer from the same cause and in the   
same way2 but  though lime1 in large    
quantities1 destroys vegetation1 in     
small  quantities it renders vegetation 
more vigorous4 ,its action is of  two   
kinds--mechanical and chymical2 the     
first is a mere division  of the soil by
 an interposition between its parts2 the
 second1 the  faculty of rendering      
soluble vegetable matter1 and reducing  

it to  the condition of terreau4    ,the
 mechanical agency ascribed to lime1    
belongs also to marle  and to ashes1 and
 in an equal degree--but their chymical 
operation1 though similar1 is less4#i   
#i ,vegetable ashes are lime1 combined  
with an earthy saline    matter4        
,gypsum is composed of lime and         
sulphuric acid4 ,mayer was the  first to
 present to the public a series of      
experiments upon it1 in  its relation to
 agriculture4 ,many chymists have       
followed him1 and  a great variety of   
opinion yet exists with regard to its   
mode of  operation4 ,yvart thinks that  
the action of gypsum is exclusively the 
effect of the sulphuric acid1 which     
enters into its composition2 and  founds
 this opinion upon the fact1 that the   
ashes of turf1 which  contain sulphate  
of iron and sulphate of alumina1 have   
the same  action upon vegetation as     
gypsum4 ,laysterie1 observing that      
plants1  whose roots were nearest the   
surface of the soil1 were most acted    

upon by plaster1 concludes1 that gypsum 
takes from the atmosphere  the elements 
of vegetable life and transmits them    
directly to  plants4 ,bose intimates1   
that the septic quality of gypsum 7which
  he takes for granted7 best explains   
its action on vegetation2 but  this     
opinion is subverted by the experiments 
of ,mr4 ,davy1 who found1  that of two  
parcels of minced veal1 the one mixed   
with gypsum1 the  other left by itself1 
and both exposed to the action of the   
sun1  the latter was the first to       
exhibit symptoms of putrefaction4 ,mr4  
,davy's own belief on this subject is1  
that it makes part of the food  of      
vegetables1 is received into the plant  
and combined with it4 ,the  last opinion
 we shall offer on this head1 is that of
 the celebrated  ,chaptal4 ,of all      
substances1 gypsum is that of whose     
action we  know the least4 ,the         
prodigious effect it has on the whole   
race of  trefoils1 7clover1 c47 cannot  
be explained by any mechanical          

agency--the quantity applied being so   
small--or by any stimulating            
power--since gypsum1 raw or roasted1 has
 nearly the same effect2  nor by any    
absorbent quality1 as it only acts when 
applied to the  leaves4 ,if permitted to
 conjecture its mode of operation1 we   
should  say1 that its effect being      
greatest when applied to the wet leaves 
of vegetables1 it may have the faculty  
of absorbing and giving out  water and  
carbonic acid1 little by little1 to the 
growing plant4  ,it may also be         
considered as an aliment in itself--an  
idea much  supported by ,mr4 ,davy's    
experiments1 which shew1 that the ashes 
of clover yield gypsum1 though the      
clover be raised on soils not  naturally
 containing that substance4      ,alb4  
,argus4    7,to be continued47          
,,manures ,,of ,,green ,,crops4         
,all green succulent plants contain     
saccharine or mucilaginous  matter1 with
 woody fibre1 and readily ferment4 ,they
 cannot1  therefore1 if intended for    

manure1 be used too soon after their    
death4    ,when green crops are to be   
employed for enriching a soil1 they     
should be ploughed in1 if it be         
possible1 when in flower1 or at the     
time the flower is beginning to appear1 
for it is at this period  that they     
contain the largest quantity of easily  
soluble matter1  and that their leaves  
are most active in forming nutritive    
matter4  ,green crops1 pond weeds1 the  
paring of hedges or ditches1 or any     
kind of fresh vegetable matter1 requires
 no preparation to fit them  for manure4
 ,the decomposition slowly proceeds     
beneath the soil2 the  soluble matters  
are gradually dissolved1 and the slight 
fermentation  that goes on1 checked by  
the want of a free communication of air1
  tends to render the woody fibre       
soluble without occasioning the  rapid  
dissipation of elastic matter4    ,when 
old pastures are broken up1 and made    
arable1 not only has the  soil been     
enriched by the death and slow decay of 

the plants which  have left soluble     
matters in the soil2 but the leaves and 
roots of  the grasses living at the     
time1 and occupying so large a part of  
the  surface1 afford saccharine1        
mucilaginous1 and extractive matters1   
which become immediately the food of the
 crop1 and the gradual  decomposition   
affords a supply for successive years4  
,davy's ,agric4 ,chem4          ,,essay 
,,on ,,agriculture4      ,the judicious 
and increasing attention of our citizens
 to  agricultural pursuits1 must be     
regarded1 by every enlightened  friend  
of his country1 as among the happiest   
presages of its future  prosperity4     
,agriculture1 the most ancient and      
useful of the arts1  the inseparable    
companion1 if not the parent1 of        
civilization1  is rapidly obtaining that
 rank in public estimation1 to which    
its intimate connexion with the cardinal
 interests of every well  regulated     
community gives it so unquestionable a  
claim4 ,the absurd  prejudice1 which has

 associated the cultivation of the soil 
with  the idea of an ignoble servitude1 
is fast disappearing under the          
influence of milder systems of          
government1 and has already ceased to   
operate on minds having the least       
pretensions to discrimination or        
enlargement of view4--,the ,patriarch of
 the human race was commanded  by his   
,creator to replenish the earth1 and to 
subdue it2 we may1  therefore1 infer1   
that a limited attention to agriculture 
was among  the happy employments of     
,adam1 in the days of primeval          
innocence4    ,but1 in the language of a
 distinguished prelate1 that original   
transgression which banished man from   
,paradise1 banished ,paradise  from the 
earth4 ,the primal curse is still in    
unmitigated operation1  and1 without the
 sweat of the brow1 the least reluctant 
soils  will yield but scanty fruits for 
the sustenance and the comfort of  man4 
,toil is an indispensable pre-requisite 
in every department of  life1 where     

wealth1 or honour1 or even daily bread1 
is sought  with a reasonable prospect of
 success4 ,the scholar1 amid the lofty  
abstractions of the closet1 when        
fatigued by incessant vigils1  realizes 
the painful truth1 that much study is a 
weariness of  the flesh4 ,the merchant1 
though stimulated by the incitements of 
enterprise and the bustle of occupation1
 must occasionally feel  the energies of
 his body and mind relax under the      
pressure of  business1 without variety  
and without remission4 ,and how grievous
  are the toils of those choice spirits 
who discover no enterprise  but in the  
pursuit of pleasure--who disdain to eat 
the bread of  carefulness1 and seek1    
amid the fugitive joys of sensuality1 a 
temporary refuge from the torpor of     
dejection1 or the oppressive            
listlessness of voluntary inaction4     
,let not the unobtrusive husbandman fear
 to compare his lot with that  of those 
whose proud externals and apparent      
exemption from toil are  extremely      

fallacious indications of their just    
rank on the scale  of human happiness4  
,living in a land of promise and of     
plenty1 and  under the government of    
mild equal laws1 the ,american ,farmer  
must  exult in the consciousness that   
the lines are fallen to him in  pleasant
 places--that his is1 in truth1 a goodly
 heritage4 ,he  loves the soil1 because 
it is the legacy of his fathers1 and    
because  he derives from its fruitful   
bosom the means of sustaining life1 and 
protecting his feelings and opinions    
from the dictation of arrogance  and the
 various temptations of penury4    ,his 
quiet and unsophisticated modes of      
thinking and living1  indispose him to  
listen with eagerness to the            
solicitations of  intrigue or sedition1 
and it is proverbial that the contagious
  frenzy of revolution1 extends not     
without difficulty1 to the  cautious1   
reflective1 and well balanced mind of   
the farmer4      ,r4 ,i4 ,american4     
,,on ,,dressing ,,flax4         ,extract

 of a ,letter from ,r4 ,h4 ,harrison1   
,esq4 to ,j4 ,wood1       ,corresponding
 ,secretary of the ,cayuga ,agricultural
 ,society1 ,n4       ,y4 dated          
,,new ,,york1 ,march #bg1 #ahbj4        
,,dear ,,sir--,every farmer is          
acquainted with the method of raising   
flax1 and also of rotting it2 or1 as it 
is generally called1  water and dew     
retting1 and the method of separating   
the boon1 or  woody matter1 from the    
harle1 or useful fibre4 ,flax has       
deservedly  the character of being one  
of the most impoverishing crops1 in the 
present method of treating it3 it makes 
no return1 either as animal  food1 or as
 manure1 to the land2 it is therefore   
surprising that a  discovery which was  
to obviate all these disadvantages      
should only  have been brought into     
practice within a few years4    ,a ,mr4 
,james ,lee1 in ,england1 discovered    
that the process of steeping  and dew   
retting flax1 or hemp1 was not          
necessary2 and that if  treated and     

dressed dry1 it will be superior in     
every respect1  produce more1 and make  
considerable return to the land1 as     
fodder  for cattle and as manure4    ,a 
patent was granted to him in #ahab2 and 
of such importance was  it considered1  
that he obtained an act of parliament to
 keep his  specification secret for     
seven years4 ,this may be a reason why  
so  little has been known of it in this 
country4 ,i have1 however1 one  of his  
machines in my possession1 and have     
dressed flax with it4  ,it consists of a
 break1 or as he called it1 a scraper1  
to separate  the boon out of the stem1  
c4--it is then passed through a pair of 
finely fluted rollers1 and is finished  
and ready for the hackle4    ,the flax  
plants1 when ripe1 are to be pulled1 to 
be spread and dried  the same as hay1   
laying the roots in one direction2 when 
dry1 to be  carried into the barn3 ,and 
from the report of a committee of the   
house of commons on the petition of     
,james ,lee1 and also on petition  of   

,lee and ,bundy1 respecting their new   
machine for this purpose1 it  appears   
that the following are the results of   
,mr4 ,lee's discovery3    #ast4 ,that   
preparing flax and hemp1 in a dry state1
 for spinning1  answered most           
completely2 the cost of preparing is    
less1 it avoids  the risk of steeping1  
and saves time and material4    #b;d4   
,the strength and quality of the cloth  
is much superior to that  from flax1    
water steeped or dew rotted4    #c;d4   
,the great advantage from the quantity  
of food for cattle1 and  also manure    
obtained by this new method1 the boon1  
or outer coat of  the flax1 containing a
 sixth of the gluten of oats1 the woody 
part  being excellent for manure4    ,it
 also appeared in evidence before the   
committee1 that      #ajj lbs4 flax1 in 
a dry state1    produced one fourth1    
#be lbs4 fibre      #ajj lbs4 flax1 dew 
retted1    produced one eleventh1       
#i  #a-a_/b                             
,excess1    lbs4 #ae #ad-a_/b    or a   

saving in proportion as #ij to #cc4     
,in confirmation of this ,i can only    
say1 ,i procured some flax1 in  its dry 
state1 which had been thrown away as not
 worth retting--#d  lbs4 of dry flax    
produced #a lb4 of fibre fit for the    
hackle3 when  dressed in ,lee's machine1
 the samples of flax1 tow1 and thread1  
though1 from the poor quality of the    
flax1 inferior to some samples  of      
,english flax dressed in the same       
manner1 were greatly superior to  any   
that had been retted4    ,i have1       
however1 never made the experiment of   
weighing the flax1 and  then            
ascertaining its produce when retted2   
but from the knowledge  of those who    
gave evidence to this point1 have no    
doubt of its  correctness4    ,there is 
another advantage2 the flax dressed in a
 dry state becomes  much whiter1 and is 
easier bleached--merely washing it in   
soap and  water makes it white3 the     
finest particles of flax are also saved1
  which are essential to the manufacture

 of lace1 or very fine linen3  the seed 
is also all preserved4    ,mr4 ,brande1 
professor of chymistry at the ,royal    
,institution1 made  some experiments on 
the nutritious quality of the chaff3 the
 result  was1 an eighth of nutritious   
matter4 ,mr4 ,lee says1 it is equal to a
  crop of oats for feeding cattle2 and  
it appeared also1 that horses1  when    
accustomed to it1 prefer it to clover   
chaff4    ,having thus briefly stated   
the advantages of the dry method of     
dressing flax1 ,i will proceed to give  
some account of the machines  for       
preparing it1 which have been invented  
since ,mr4 ,lee's4 ,the  best appears to
 be ,hill and ,bundy's1 for which ,mr4  
,bundy obtained  a patent1 in ,england4 
,it consists of two machines1 a breaker 
and  a rubber2 the first for separating 
the harle from the boon2 the  second    
cleanses it from small particles of wood
 and bark1 left by  the breaker4    ,the
 breaker consists of fine fluted        
rollers1 so disposed as to  draw the    

flax through them1 at the same time to  
take off the woody  parts from it2 once 
passing through is generally sufficient4
 ,it  is a machine combining great      
mechanical skill1 and on an entirely    
different principle from ,mr4 ,lee's1   
and is not liable to get out of  order4 
,the rubber is made to have the same    
effect as rubbing by hand would1  to    
cleanse the fibre1 and open and         
subdivide it1 to produce the  finest    
thread4    ,mr4 ,lee has invented a new 
machine1 consisting of fluted rollers1  
to  work by water or horse power3 it is 
different from ,hill and ,bundy's1      
which is worked by hand2 and the rollers
 work differently4    ,from experiments 
made by the different machines1 it      
appears by the  report of the committee 
of the house of commons1 that in ,hill  
and  ,bundy's1 one breaker and two      
rubbers would produce #hj lbs4 of       
prepared flax in a day1 and would       
require one man or woman and three      
children3 the work is light--a man can  

turn two breakers and two  rubbers4     
,lee's machine would produce about #aa  
lbs4 a day2 his new machine1  worked by 
water1 will product #ej lbs4 in a day1  
and requires three  men or women to     
attend it4    ,having never made any of 
the machines1 ,i can only state the     
probable  cost4 ,hill and ,bundy's one  
breaker and two rubbers1 could be       
furnished for about #bjj4 ,lee's        
machine1 at from #fj to #gj4 ,his new   
machine ,i have never seen a draft of1  
and could not tell the cost4    ,the    
high cost of ,hill and ,bundy's machine 
will prevent our farmers  generally from
 obtaining it4 ,but what better business
 can be done1  than purchasing the flax1
 in its dry state1 from the farmer1 to  
manufacture it in this way2 and every   
town might employ its paupers  in       
dressing flax by these machines3 they   
might also be introduced  into our state
 prisons and penitentiaries with good   
effect4    ,having given you this hasty 
sketch of the recent improvement in     

dressing flax1 ,i would suggest to our  
agricultural societies  generally1 to   
procure one of the machines1 as there   
can be no doubt  of their answering4    
,the general introduction of them would 
not only  promote greatly our           
agricultural prosperity1 but also the   
domestic  manufactures of this state4   
,to dress ,flax to look like            
,silk4--,take one part lime and between 
two or three parts of wood ashes2 pour  
over them a due proportion  of water to 
make a strong ley1 after they have stood
 together all  night1 which must be     
poured off when quite clear4 ,tie       
handfuls of  flax at both ends1 to      
prevent its entangling1 but let the     
middle of  each be spread open1 and put 
it in a kettle1 on the bottom of which  
has been first placed a little straw1   
with a cloth over it1 then put  another 
cloth over the flax1 and so continue    
covering each layer of  flax with a     
cloth1 till the kettle is nearly full4  
,pour over the  whole the clear ley1 and

 after boiling it for some hours1 take  
it  out1 and throw it in cold water3    
this boiling1 c4 may be repeated1  if   
requisite4 ,the flax must be each time  
dried1 hackled1 beaten and  rubbed fine2
 and1 at last1 dressed through a large  
comb1 and through  a very fine one4 ,by 
this process the flax acquires a bright 
and  soft thread4 ,the tow which is off1
 when papered up and combed like        
cotton1 is not only used for many of the
 same purposes1 but makes  lint for     
veterinary surgeons1 c4      ,am4       
,farmer4          ,,agricultural        
,,memoranda4      ,caterpillars4--,hemp 
is a great enemy to caterpillars4 ,by   
surrounding a bed of cabbages with a row
 of hemp1 the cabbages will  be         
preserved4    ,churning4--,after        
churning some time1 throw into the churn
 one  spoonful of distilled vinegar for 
every gallon of cream4 ,when  churning  
proves tedious1 this will greatly hasten
 the separation of  the butter4    ,to  
cure ,hams ,westphalia                  

fashion4--,sprinkle your ham with common
  salt for one day2 then wipe it dry4   
,take #a lb4 brown sugar1 #a_/d  lb4    
saltpetre1 #a_/b pint bay salt1 and #c  
pints common salt4 ,stir  these well    
together in an iron pan over the fire   
till moderately  hot4 ,the ham to lie in
 this pickle for three weeks4           
,rue4--,the growth of this plant ought  
to be cherished in every  stock yard2   
nothing being more salutary or even     
pleasant to fowls4    ,guinea           
,corn4--,the stalks of this grain1 if   
pressed1 are said to  yield a juice     
sweeter and of greater body than the    
sugar cane4    ,carrots4--,according to 
some agricultural reports1 carrots will 
yield #fjj or even #ijj bushels per     
acre4    ,at the last meeting of ,the   
,columbian ,institute1 some valuable    
specimens of ,american plants1          
beautifully preserved1 were  presented  
by ,dr4 ,darlington1 a representative in
 ,congress from  ,pennsylvania2 and     
several fine specimens of ,american     

minerals1  chiefly collected in the     
valley of the ,mississippi1 by ,mr4     
,schoolcraft1 the ingenious author of a 
work which has lately  appeared on the  
lead mines of ,missouri1 and natural    
history1 c4 of  the western country4    
,to make fat ,lamb4--,to make or fatten 
lamb for the market1 let  your ewes be  
well attended to1 and fed upon a patch  
of rye2 upon  turnips1 or other         
corresponding food2 affording abundant  
milk4 ,as  fast as your lambs fall1 and 
can run well alone1 all you have are to 
be shut up together in a dark pen or    
stall1 of proportionate size  to the    
number of lambs you expect1 having a    
narrow trough1 breast  high to them1 to 
be daily supplied with ,indian corn     
meal2 with the  bran in it2 and hanging 
up within their reach one or more wisps 
or small bundles of fine hay for them to
 nibble1 at4 ,this stall  must          
communicate with1 or adjoin1 a larger   
apartment1 into which  you are to turn  
ewes twice or thrice a day1 to suckle   

their lambs1  and to sleep all night    
with them4--,before turning the ewes out
  to pasture1 each time1 the lambs must 
be lifted into their small  dark pen1 or
 stall1 7one six or eight feet square1  
is sufficiently  large for thirty lambs 
or more17 where they will have no room  
to  skip or play their fat away2 here   
they will nibble so much of the  fine   
hay1 and eat so much of the dry ,indian 
corn meal1 from want  of other          
employment1 as to render themselves     
voraciously thirsty  against the next   
meal of milk from their dams2 which1    
with the other  causes mentioned1 makes 
them grow surprisingly large and fat in 
a  short time4 ,lambs thus educated1    
will often promiscuously suck the  ewes1
 without knowing or being attached to   
their own dams4--,hence  a very great   
advantage3 for when all grow large and  
strong1 they  become capable of         
consuming more milk than a single ewe   
can afford2  and more especially those  
ewes which have two or more lambs each4 

,for upon killing off all the lambs of a
 ewe1 that ewe continues  to give suck  
to the other lambs promiscuously as     
before1 to the  great advantage of the  
surviving lambs1 now requiring          
additional  nourishment4 ,this is not   
the case when lambs run out at large    
with  their dams4    ,new method of     
inoculating trees4--,a common method of 
inoculating  is by making a transverse  
section in the back of the stock and a  
perpendicular slit below it2 the bud is 
then pushed down to give  it the        
position which it is to have4 ,this     
method is not always  successful2 it is 
better to reverse it1 by making the     
verticle slit  above the transverse     
section1 and pushing the bud upwards    
into its  position--a method which      
rarely fails of success2 because as the 
sap descends by the bark1 as has been   
ascertained1 and does not  ascend1 the  
bud thus placed above the transverse    
section1 receives  abundance1 but when  
placed below1 the sap cannot reach it4  

,grape ,vines4--,about one month since1 
,i trimmed a very luxurious  grape vine1
 calculating that ,i was early enough to
 allow the wound  made by the cutting to
 heal before the sap began to rise2 but 
to my  surprise ,i found1 three days    
since1 the sap issuing from every part  
where the knife had been used1 the      
ground was completely wet with  it3 ,i  
tried rosin and other things to stop it1
 without avail4 ,in  conversation with a
 neighbour he informed me1 that to stick
 a potato  on the part would stop the   
sap4 ,i tried it and found it to succeed
  completely4 ,apprehending that many   
persons may1 at this season1  have vines
 similarly situated with mine1 ,i       
thought communicating  the above might  
give them an opportunity of benefiting  
by the  information4 ,a4 ,b4      ,n4   
,y4 ,daily ,adv4    ,to dry             
,peaches4--,the following mode of drying
 peaches is adopted  by ,thomas         
,belanjee1 of ,egg ,harbour1 ,new       
,jersey3--,he has a small  house with a 

stove in it1 and drawers in the sides of
 the house1  lathed at their bottoms4   
,each drawer will hold nearly half a    
bushel  of peaches1 which should be     
ripe1 and not peeled1 but cut in two1   
and laid on the laths with their skins  
downwards1 so as to save the  juice4 ,on
 shoving the drawer in they are soon    
dried by the hot air  of the stove and  
laid up4 ,peaches thus dried are clear  
from fly  dirt1 excellently flavoured1  
and command a high price in market4     
,pears thus dried eat like raisins4     
,with a paring machine1 which may  be   
had for a dollar or two1 apples or pears
 may be pared1 and a  sufficient        
quantity dried1 to keep a family in     
pies1 and apple bread  and milk1 till   
apples come again4 ,with a paring       
machine1 one person  can pare for five  
or six cutters4          ,,canker ,,on  
,,plum ,,trees4        ,lansingburg1    
,april #e1 #ahbj4    ,s4 ,,southwick1   
,esq4    ,sir--,i observe in your       
,plough ,boy of the #ast inst4 some     

observations on the disease in ,plum    
,trees1 called ,canker1 wherein  the    
writer states that the disease is       
probably caused by the trees  being     
bark-bound4 ,i have had sufficient proof
 to convince me that  it is caused by   
insects only4 ,from a variety of        
observations and  experiments1 ,i find  
that when young shoots are throwing out 
of the  trees1 they are stung by a      
species of fly1 and a number of eggs or 
nits are deposited through the tender   
bark1 where they remain until  the tree 
commences growing the next season2 those
 places then begin  to swell1 and after 
a few weeks1 small worms can be         
distinctly  observed by the naked eye1  
which1 after about one month more is    
elapsed1 eat out of the protuberances1  
then become black1 take to  themselves  
wings1 and commence operations as before
 stated4    ,the only remedy that ,i can
 discover1 is to cut off every limb     
affected1 on its first appearance2 and  
if the tree be so much  affected as to  

be past cure1 it should be totally cut  
down1 in order  to destroy the whole    
race of insects which cause the disease4
 ,the  first discovery of this complaint
 was on the sea-board3 and it has       
advanced north about twenty miles a     
year4 ,at present nearly all  the       
bearing trees on the sea coast to the   
southeast1 are totally  destroyed1 and  
it pervades all this part of the        
country4 ,the poorest  natural blue     
plums are first attacked--the dark      
coloured grafts1  next--and lastly1 the 
light coloured fruit fall victims4 ,some
  few kinds as yet withstand their      
attacks4 ,by observing the above        
caution1 my trees are entirely free from
 them1 and bear abundantly4  ,i am1     
,sir1      ,yours1 c4        ,,arboreum4
          ,,on ,,domestic               
,,manufactures4      ,,sir--,the        
,montgomery ,agricultural ,society have 
announced the  following #dj premiums to
 be awarded to ladies in ,october1      
#ahbj4 ,as  some of them are novel1     

their publication in the ,plough ,boy1  
,i am  persuaded1 will have an excellent
 effect1 as an example4      ,w4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,to the lady who shall produce the best 
piece of cloth1 made of merino wool1    
spun in the family1 not less than #ae   
yards1                                  
#h      #b;d best do4                   
#f      ,for the best piece of cloth    
made of    common wool1 spun in the     
family1 not    less than #ae yards1     
#f      #b;d best do4                   
#d      ,for the best piece of flannel1 
spun in    the family1 of merino wool1  
not less    than #bj yards1             
#f      #b;d best do4                   
#d      ,for the best piece of flannel  
made of    common wool1 spun in the     
family1    not less than #bj yards1     
#e      #b;d best do4                   
#d      ,for the best pair of rose      
blankets1 spun    and made in the       
county1                      #e         
#b;d best do4                           

#d      ,for the best piece of          
carpeting1 spun    in the family1       
#f      #b;d best do4                   
#e      ,for the best external covering 
for beds1    spun in the county1        
#d      #b;d best do4                   
#c      ,for the best hearth rug1 spun  
and made    in the family1              
#c      #b;d best do4                   
#b      ,for the best pair of worsted   
stockings1    made and knit in the      
family1                 #a      #b;d    
best do4                                
#ge cents      ,for the best pair of    
woollen stockings1    spun and knit in  
the family1                 #a      #b;d
 best do4                               
#ge cents      ,for the best pair of    
cotton stockings1    knit in the family1
                          #a      #b;d  
best do4                                
#ge cents      ,for the best pair of    
linen stockings1    spun and knit in the
 family1                 #a      #b;d   
best do4                                

#ge cents      ,for the best half pound 
of sewing linen    thread1 spun in the  
family1                  #d      #b;d   
best do4                                
#c      ,for the best pair half         
stockings1 knit    by a girl not over   
#ad years of age1          #a      #b;d 
best do4                                
#ge cents      ,for the best #ae runs of
 linen yarn1 spun    by a girl not over 
#ad years of age1          #d      #b;d 
best do4                                
#c      #c;d best do4                   
#b      ,for the best pair of double    
mittens1    spun and knit by a girl not 
over #ad    years of age1               
#a      #b;d best do4                   
#ge cents      ,for the best table      
linen1 not less than    #ae yards1      
#f      #b;d best do4                   
#d      ,for the best piece of linen1   
not less    than #ae yards1 spun in the 
family1          #f      #b;d best do4  
#d      ,for the best ,lady's straw or  
grass bonnet1    made in the county1 of 

materials    of the growth of the state1
                 #h      #b;d best do4  
#g      #c;d best do4                   
#f      ,to the ,lady who shall attend  
the next    annual fair in the best     
homespun    dress1                      
#bj      #b;d best do4                  
#ah      #c;d best do4                  
#af      #dth best do4                  
#ad      #eth best do4                  
#ab      #fth best do4                  
#aj          ,,wooden ,,soaled ,,shoes4 
,mr4 ,custis of ,arlington1 near        
,alexandria in a letter to the editor   
dated #ast ,feb4 last1 observes--,wooden
 soaled shoes are the very  best for    
labourers that ,i ever met with4 ,they  
keep the feet warm and  dry in ditching1
 and in all kinds of labour1 to be      
performed out of  doors in winter1 and  
are a saving in expense of fully #hj per
 cent4  ,my people are all shod in this 
way1 and themselves declare that they   
never were so comfortable in their feet 
before1 while my leather  bill from     

#ajj1 has been reduced to scarce #bj4   
,you form the soal1 after the appearance
 of the leather soal and  heel1 the wood
 about half or three fourths of an inch 
in thickness1  around the upper edge1 is
 cut a rabbit1 into which is nailed     
7with  ordinary sized tacks7 the upper  
leather4--,not a particle of thread  is 
needed1 except to close the two parts of
 upper leather4--,every  man may be his 
own shoemaker1 and a man would put      
together a dozen  pair a day4 ,in       
slippery weather1 small plates of iron  
are nailed  around the toes and heels1  
and frost nails driven in them1 which   
also protects tects the soal from wear4 
,gum1 ash1 or dogwood1 are  best for the
 soals1 and about two sets will last the
 winter4--,the  feet are never cold1 or 
wet1 and hence will be remedied those   
chronic pains and evils1 to which       
labourers are subject1 from  exposure to
 cold and wet4 ,for any purpose but a   
foot race1 these are  the very best     
shoes1 and ,i doubt whether even ,sir   

,humphrey ,davy has  made a more useful 
discovery in the last twenty years4     
,am4 ,farmer4          ,republican      
,manners4--,a gentleman1 who lately     
visited the ,atheneum  at ,boston1 told 
us1 that he saw a book there1 on the    
title page of  which was written these  
words1 by the hand of ,mr4 ,jefferson-- 
,from ,thomas ,jefferson to his friend  
,john ,adams4    ,now1 to my way of     
thinking1 all the flowers of rhetoric   
might be  culled1 and yet be wanting of 
the sublime and beautiful that          
irresistibly attaches itself to this    
little sentence--,thomas  ,jefferson to 
his friend ,john ,adams4 ,it affords a  
practical result  of our glorious system
 of government1 more precious than      
rubies4  ,it is a diamond of the finest 
water1 which the republican should hug  
to his bosom as a rich legacy to his    
children and his children's  children to
 the thousandth generation--an evidence 
in favour of  the simplicity of the     
truth never to be parted with1 while the

  mighty ,mississippi rolls her floods  
to the ocean6 ,it is worthy of  the best
 days of ,greek or ,roman history2 and  
there is1 doubtless1  a sincerity in it 
that ,greece or ,rome hardly knew to    
exist between  men so illustrious4 ,the 
time has passed away in which either of 
those venerable men can be regarded as  
at the head of a party in  the state1   
however much they were once opposed4    
,they are preparing  for another and a  
better world2 but1 like the patriarchs  
of old1  with joyous hearts1 survey the 
rich fruits of independence1 planted  by
 their toil and nurtured by their care4 
,passion has long ceased  to influence  
either2 oblivion has passed over their  
political  differences of opinion2      
ancient friendships are renewed1 and a  
spirit of harmony and reciprocal esteem 
prevails in each bosom4    ,what a      
magnificent sentence--from ,thomas      
,jefferson to his friend  ,john ,adams6 
,let us consider how great a space those
 men have filled  in the world4 ,each   

has been the rallying point of          
simultaneously  contending parties--each
 filled the highest office in the gift  
of  the only free people existing1 to   
relieve the sombre despotism of  the    
civilized world4--,each has lived to see
 his early vows to the  republic        
fulfilled2 and their present good       
understanding affords us  a delightful  
proof of the inestimable aphorism1 that 
a difference  of opinion is not a       
difference of principle4    ,what are   
now ,john ,adams and ,thomas ,jefferson1
 so recently  the leading politicians of
 the day1 the heads of mighty           
parties8--private citizens1 wholly      
abstracted from the bustle of  the      
times1 and leaning on their good        
intentions1 like ,jacob on his  staff1  
to offer up thanksgivings to the ,most  
,high for the benefits  which ,he has   
been pleased to bestow upon their       
beloved country6  ,neither holds a      
court1 or is courted with sinister      
views2 for it is  well understood that  

both have retired from the influence    
that might  have attached itself to     
them2--but the trace of their footsteps 
are  as blessed by a grateful people1   
and a good old age has come upon  them  
in peace6    ,may we imitate the        
plainness and sincerity of this little  
sentence6  ,what could ten thousand     
high-sounding titles add to the         
reputation1  or contribute to the       
internal satisfaction of these sages8   
,yet  we practise them and there are    
hundreds of little things among  us1    
creatures of the moment--here to-day and
 gone to-morrow1  and forgotten1 who    
feel insulted if they are not called of 
men  honourable1 written at full length1
 as if the title made them so4  ,i      
believe ,i never wrote this word1 as    
prefixed to a man's name1 but  once1 and
 think that1 while ,i preserve my reason
 and sense of moral  honesty1 ,i never  
will write it again1 to a fellow        
citizen4    ,it would not do any harm if
 there was much more of this            

magnificent simplicity at the seat of   
government1 where comfort  is often     
sacrificed to form1 and chilling        
etiquette keeps back  from those in     
office the very persons that they ought 
to have  familiar communication with4   
,it is the yeomanry of the country1  who
 are to carry to the chiefs of the      
government1 the feelings  and wishes of 
the nation3 but they are frozen by the  
ceremony of  their introduction to men  
in power--congressmen and others4 ,it is
  hateful even to some who seemingly    
exact it--because it is the  rule4 ,why 
not abrogate the rule1 and while        
impertinent intrusion  is kept at a     
distance1 receive honest worth on the   
level1 as man  should receive man8 ,a   
little anecdote1 which ,i have recently 
heard1  may illustrate this remark--a   
certain gentleman1 who now is a  quaker1
 or at least conforms to many of their  
manners1 a veteran of  the revolution1  
and one of ,mr4 ,monroe's earliest      
friends1 having  business at            

,washington1 was specially sent for by  
the president1  who had not seen him for
 more than forty years4 ,the old man    
went to  the president's house2 he was  
met in the hall by the servants1 who    
separately asked him for his cane1 his  
coat1 and his hat4 ,the latter  he would
 not part with1 and it was intimated to 
him that he could  not go into the      
president's room unless he dispossessed 
himself of  it2 but he observed1 'if he 
couldn't go in1 he could go out1' and   
began to prepare for his departure4     
,then it was said1 he might go in  with 
his hat on1 if he was willing in risk   
it6 ,he was willing1 and  entered1 and  
was received by the president as a true 
friend ought to  be received2 and they  
had a very interesting interview1       
grateful to  one another4 ,how much     
pleasure was nearly denied to ,mr4      
,monroe for a  matter of form6--for1 if 
the sturdy old republican had once left 
the  house1 they never could have       
prevailed upon him to enter it again6   

,all mere ceremonies are easy1 and even 
in matters of the highest  import1      
become mechanical to those accustomed to
 perform them  daily--but are always    
irksome to those who never went through 
them--nor do they form any part of our  
habits of thinking and  acting1 as      
conformable to the nature of our        
institutions4 ,i am  apprehensive that  
they are on the increase1 though well   
convinced  that they are not desired by 
the president himself1 and others  that 
,i could name4 ,but they are            
fashionable2 and it is easier  to       
correct a positive vice than to do away 
an idle fashion4 ,this  fashion keeps no
 one from the presence of influential   
persons who  has sinister designs to    
accomplish1 but checks the warm flow of 
the  blood with which an honest farmer  
or mechanic would meet his own  elected 
rulers1 and prevents that freedom of    
discussion by which  truth is           
manifested4 ,let us all endeavour to    
imitate the simplicity  and frankness of

 ,jefferson--under this solemn          
assurance1 that the  further we are     
removed from this plainness1 the greater
 is the  danger of despotism4 ,i am very
 far from being an enemy to what  are   
called the elegancies of life1 and am   
quite willing that1 if  a couple of     
dancing masters meet1 they should bow to
 each other1  according to rule1 for    
half an hour before they approached near
  enough to touch the tip of each       
other's finger1 as the sign of  shaking 
hands6 ,let those enjoy it who can1 and 
practice it who  may--but it is not the 
manner in which sincerity is shown1 or  
good  fellowship promoted4 ,the homage  
of the heart1 such as the republican    
will feel in reading the text of this   
article1 is worth more than  all the    
forms of etiquette ever devised4 ,it is 
as a rock in the  midst of the          
sea--faction assails it in vain2 it is  
principle only  that takes effect upon  
it4 ,the tide of popularity may rise and
 fall1  but the foundation is not to be 

shaken4      ,niles' ,reg4          ,on 
the ,importance of ,manner4      ,to    
exasperate is not the way to convince3  
nor does asperity of  language or of    
manner necessarily belong to the duty of
 plain  dealing4 ,so far otherwise1 a   
scolding preacher1 or a snarling        
reprover1 betrays alike a gross         
ignorance of the philosophy of the      
human mind1 and the absence of          
,christian meekness2 and how zealous    
soever be his aim to do good1 the       
provokingness of his manner will  defeat
 the benevolence of his intentions4     
,the following remarks are from the pen 
of a man as distinguished  for          
,christian piety as for superiour       
genius--the immortal ,cowper4  ,no man  
7says that evangelical poet7 was ever   
scolded out of  his sins4 ,the heart1   
corrupt as it is1 and because it is so1 
grows  angry if it be not treated with  
some management and good manners1  and  
scolds again4 ,a surly mastiff will bear
 perhaps to be stroked1  though he will 

growl under that operation1 but if you  
touch him  roughly1 he will bite4 ,there
 is no grace that the spirit of self can
  counterfeit with more success than    
that of zeal4 ,a man thinks he is       
fighting for ,christ1 when he is        
fighting for his own notions4 ,he       
thinks that he is skillfully searching  
the hearts of others1 when he  is only  
gratifying the malignity of his own1 and
 charitably supposes  his hearers       
destitute of all grace1 that he may     
shine the more in  his own eyes by      
comparison4    ,nor is scolding1 or     
ridicule either1 the proper way to cure 
men  of their religious prejudices3 for1
 by inflaming their anger1 it  renders  
their prejudices the more stubborn and  
inveterate4 ,it is no  matter how absurd
 or even how monstrous their errors and 
prejudices2  if you offend them by the  
grossness of your manner1 there is      
little  hope of your convincing them    
afterwards by the cogency of your       
reasoning4    ,the ,baptist             

,missionaries in ,india1 at the first   
insulted1 as we  are told1 the          
superstition which they attacked1 and   
ridiculed and  reviled the ,bramins in  
the streets1 and at their festivals1    
when the  passions of the blinded and   
besotted populace were most likely to be
  influenced4 ,but experience taught    
those pious and apostolical men1  that  
this was not the right way to make      
converts3 for which reason1  in #ahje1  
they made a declaration of the great    
principles upon which  they thought it  
their duty to act4 ,it is necessary1 say
 they1  in our intercourse with the     
,hindoos1 that1 as far as we are able1  
we abstain from those things which would
 increase their prejudices  against the 
gospel4 ,those parts of ,english manners
 which are most  offensive to them      
should be kept out of sight2 nor is it  
advisable  at once to attack their      
prejudices1 by exhibiting with acrimony1
 the  sins of their gods2 neither should
 we do violence to their images1  nor   

interrupt their worship4    ,now if this
 forbearance from every thing provoking1
 whether in  language or manner1 was    
expedient in dealing with the errors of 
the grossly idolatrous pagans1 it is    
assuredly not less expedient  for fellow
 ,christians1 in their treatment of the 
real or supposed  religious errors of   
one another4 ,bitter revilings and      
contumelious  denouncements always      
provoke1 but never convince4 ,if they   
are used  instead of argument1 they     
betray a conscious weakness2 for it is  
much easier to revile and denounce than 
to argue4 ,and furthermore1  we are     
quite as apt to be furiously in the     
wrong1 as to be furiously  in the right3
 or even if we know ourselves to be     
right as to matter1  we put ourselves in
 the wrong as to manner1 if we make use 
of foul  weapons rather than those which
 the armoury of reason supplies4        
,manner is to be carefully studied by   
every one1 whether in a  public or a    
private station1 who undertakes to      

reclaim the vicious1  or to convince the
 erring3 for what would be beneficial if
 done in  one manner1 would be worse    
than labour lost1 if done in another4   
,a haughty1 supercilious manner never   
wins1 seldom convinces1  and always     
disgusts2 whereas that which indicates  
meekness and  unmingled benevolence and 
compassion1 rarely fails of some        
salutary  impression2 especially if     
suavity of manner be accompanied with   
force of reasoning1 and a due regard be 
had to time1 place1 and  circumstances4 
,no very long while ago1 ,mr4 ----1 an  
,american clergyman1 as  distinguished  
for pious zeal as for eminent parts1 was
 passing a  river in a ferry boat1 along
 with company of some distinction1 among
  which was a military officer who      
repeatedly made use of profane          
language3 ,mr4 ---- continued silent    
till they had landed1 when  taking him  
aside1 he expostulated with him in such 
a moving manner1  that the officer      
expressed his thanks1 and his deep      

sorrow for the  offence2 but added      
withal3 ,sir1 if you had reproved me    
before the  company1 ,i should have     
drawn my sword upon you4    ,there are  
some who glory in it1 that by their     
plain dealing they  wound the pride of  
those they deal with4 ,peradventure with
 greater  pride they do it4 ,often1 we  
are so little aware of the obliquities  
of our own hearts1 that we may be       
feeding and nourishing pride  within    
ourselves whilst we are zealously aiming
 our blows at the  pride of others4 ,our
 love of chiding1 our coarse bluntness1 
which  we fondly term an honest plain   
heartedness1 or a warmth of zeal1  may  
possibly spring from other motives than 
those of pure ,christian  benevolence4  
,,extract ,,from ,,wilkinson',s         
,,memoirs4    ,sentiments of an ,old    
,soldier4      ,let those parents who   
are now training their children for the 
military profession1 let those misguided
 patriots1 who are  inculcating         
principles of education subversive of   

the foundations  of the republic1 look  
at this picture of distress1 taken from 
the  life of a youth in a strange land1 
far removed from friends and  relations1
 comingled with the dying and the dead1 
himself wounded1  helpless1 and expiring
 with agony1 and then should political  
considerations fail of effect1 ,i hope  
the feelings of affection1 and  the     
obligations of humanity1 may induce them
 to discountenance the  pursuits of war1
 and save their offspring from the      
seductions of  the plume and the sword1 
for the more solid and useful avocations
  of civil life2 by which alone peace   
and virtue1 and the republic1  can be   
preserved and perpetuated4 ,a dupe      
during my whole life1  to the prejudices
 ,i now reprobate1 ,i speak from        
experience1 and  discharge a            
conscientious duty1 when ,i warn my     
country against  military enthusiasm1   
and the pride of arms2 and against the  
arts and  intrigues by which the        
yeomanry1 the palladium of the republic1

 are  depreciated1 and standing armies  
and navies are encouraged4 ,for what    
would it avail the citizens of the      
,united ,states1 if in a political      
frenzy1 they should barter their rights 
and liberties for national  renown8 ,and
 who would exchange the blessings of    
freedom1 for the  repute of having      
eclipsed the whole human race in feats  
of valour  and deeds of arms8 ,this is a
 serious question6 ,it affects the vital
  interests of every freeman2 and the   
course of the government makes  it      
proper and necessary1 that these states 
should pause and reflect1  before it be 
too late4 ,we have escaped from one war 
with a crippled  constitution2 the next 
will probably destroy it2 therefore let 
the  motto of the state be--,,peace4    
,,dr4 ,,franklin4         ,extracts from
 a letter of ,mr4 ,jefferson1 dated     
,december #dth1       #ahah1 respecting 
,dr4 ,franklin4      ,dr4 ,franklin had 
many political enemies1 as every        
character must1  which1 with decision   

enough to have opinions1 has energy and 
talent  to give them effect on the      
feelings of the adversary opinion4      
,these enmities were chiefly in         
,pennsylvania and ,massachusetts4  ,in  
the former they were merely of the      
proprietary party3 in the  latter they  
did not commence till the revolution1   
and then sprung  chiefly from personal  
animosities1 which spreading by little  
and  little1 became at length of some   
extent4 ,dr4 ---- was his principal     
calumniator2 a man of much malignity1   
who1 besides enlisting his  whole family
 in the same hostility1 was enabled1 as 
the agent  of ,massachusetts with the   
,british government1 to infuse it into  
that state with considerable effect4    
,mr4 ,jay1 ,silas ,deane1 ,mr4          
,laurens1 his colleagues also1 ever     
maintained towards him unlimited        
confidence and respect4 ,that he would  
have waived the formal  recognition of  
our independence1 ,i never heard on any 
authority  worthy notice4 ,as to the    

fisheries1 ,england was urgent to retain
  them exclusively1 ,france neutral1 and
 ,i believe that had they been          
ultimately made a sine qua non1 our     
commissioners 7,mr4 ,adams  excepted7   
would have relinquished them rather than
 have broken off  the treaty4 ,to ,mr4  
,adams' perseverance alone on that      
point1 ,i have  always understood we    
were indebted for their reservation4 ,as
 to  the charge of subservience to      
,france1 besides the evidence of his    
friendly colleagues before named1 two   
years of my own service with  him at    
,paris1 daily visits1 and the most      
friendly and confidential               
conversations1 convince me it had not a 
shadow of foundation4 ,he  possessed the
 confidence of that government in the   
highest degree1  insomuch that it may   
truly be said that they were more under 
his  influence1 than he under theirs4   
,the fact is1 that his temper was  so   
amiable and conciliatory1 his conduct so
 rational1 never urging                 

impossibilities1 or even things         
unreasonably inconvenient to them2  in  
short1 so moderate and attentive to     
their difficulties1 as well  as our own1
 that what his enemies called           
subserviency1 ,i saw was  only that     
reasonable disposition1 which1 sensible 
that advantages  are not all to be on   
one side1 yielding what is just and     
liberal1  is the more certain of        
obtaining liberality and                
justice4--,mutual  confidence produces  
of course mutual influence1 and this was
 all  which subsisted between ,dr4      
,franklin and the government of ,france4
    ,i subjoin a few anecdotes of ,dr4  
,franklin1 within my own knowledge4     
,our revolutionary process1 as is well  
known1 commenced by  petitions1         
memorials1 remonstrances1 c4 from the   
old ,congress4  ,these were followed by 
a non-importation agreement1 as a       
pacific  instrument of coercion4 ,while 
that was before us1 and sundry          
exceptions1 as of arms1 ammunition c4   

were moved from different  quarters of  
the house1 ,i was sitting by ,dr4       
,franklin1 and observed  to him that ,i 
thought we should except books3 that we 
ought not to  exclude science1 even     
coming from an enemy4 ,he thought so    
too1 and ,i  proposed the exception1    
which was agreed to4 ,soon after it     
occurred  that medicine should be       
excepted1 and ,i suggested that also to 
the  doctor4 ',as to that1' said he1 ',i
 will tell you a story4 ,when ,i was  in
 ,london1 in such a year1 there was a   
weekly club of physicians1  of which    
,sir ,john ,pringle was president1 and  
,i was invited by my  friend ,dr4       
,fothergill1 to attend when convenient4 
,their rule was to  propose a thesis one
 week1 and discuss it the next4 ,i      
happened there  when the question to be 
considered was1 ,whether physicians had 
on  the whole1 done most good or harm8  
,the young members1 particularly1       
having discussed it very learnedly and  
eloquently till the subject  was        

exhausted1 one of them observed to ,sir 
,john ,pringle1 that1  although it was  
not usual for the president to take part
 in a  debate1 yet they were desirous to
 know his opinion on the question4  ,he 
said1 they must first tell him whether1 
under the appellation  of physicians1   
they meant to include old women2 if they
 did1 he  thought they had done more    
good than harm2 otherwise more harm than
  good4'    ,the ,confederation of the  
,states1 while on the carpet before the 
old  ,congress1 was strenuously opposed 
by the smaller ,states1 under the       
apprehension that they would be         
swallowed up by the larger ones4 ,we    
were long engaged in the discussion2 it 
produced great heats1 much  ill humour1 
and intemperate declarations from some  
members4 ,dr4  ,franklin at length      
brought the debate to a close with one  
of his  little apologues4 ,he observed1 
that 'at the time of the union of       
,england and ,scotland1 the ,duke of    
,argyle was most violently opposed  to  

that measure1 and among other things    
predicted that1 as the whale  had       
swallowed ,jonas1 so ,scotland would be 
swallowed by ,england4  ,however1' said 
the doctor1 'when ,lord ,bute came into 
the government1  he soon brought into   
its administration so many of his       
countrymen1  that it was found1 in the  
event1 that ,jonas swallowed the whale4'
  ,this little story produced a general 
laugh1 restored good humour1  and the   
article of difficulty was passed4       
,when ,dr4 ,franklin went to ,france on 
his revolutionary mission1  his eminence
 as a philosopher1 his venerable        
appearance1 and the  cause on which he  
was sent1 rendered him extremely        
popular2 for all  ranks and conditions  
of men there1 entered warmly into the   
,american  interest4 ,he was therefore  
feasted and invited to all the court    
parties4 ,at these he sometimes met the 
old ,duchess of ,bourbon1  who being a  
chess-player of about his force1 they   
very generally  played together4        

,happening once to put her king into    
prise1 the  ,doctor took it4 ',ah1' says
 she1 'we do not take kings so4' ',we do
 in  ,america1' said the doctor4    ,at 
one of these parties1 the ,emperor      
,joseph ,,ii41 then at ,paris1  incog4  
under the title of ,count ,falkenstein1 
was overlooking  the game1 in silence1  
while the company was engaged in        
animated  conversations on the ,american
 question4 ',how happens it1 ,m4 ,le    
,comte1' said the ,duchess 'that while  
we all feel so much interest in  the    
cause of the ,americans1 you say nothing
 for them8' ',i am a king  by trade1'   
said he4    ,when the ,declaration of   
,independence was under the             
consideration  of ,congress1 there were 
two or three unlucky expressions in it1 
which gave offence to some members4 ,the
 words ',scotch and other  auxiliaries1'
 excited the ire of a gentleman or two  
of that  country4 ,severe strictures on 
the conduct of the ,british king1 in    
negativing our repeated repeals of the  

law which permitted the  importation of 
slaves1 were disapproved by some        
southern gentlemen1  whose reflections  
were not yet matured to the full        
abhorrence of  that traffic4 ,although  
the offensive expressions were          
immediately  yielded1 these gentlemen   
continued their depredations on other   
parts  of the instrument4 ,i was sitting
 by ,dr4 ,franklin1 who perceived that  
,i was not insensible to those          
mutilations4 ',i have made it a rule1'  
said he1 'whenever in my power1 to avoid
 becoming the draughtsman  of papers to 
be reviewed by a public body4 ,i took my
 lesson from  an incident which ,i will 
relate to you4 ,when ,i was a journeyman
  printer1 one of my companions1 an     
apprentice hatter1 having served  out   
his time1 was about to open shop for    
himself4 ,his first concern  was to have
 a handsome sign-board1 with a proper   
inscription4 ,he  composed it in these  
words3--',john ,thompson1 ,hatter1 makes
 and  sells hats for ready money1' with 

a figure of a hat subjoined4  ,but he   
thought he would submit it to his       
friends for their  amendments4 ,the     
first he showed it to1 thought the word 
'hatter'  tautologous1 because followed 
by the words 'makes hats1' which shew   
he was a hatter4 ,it was struck out4    
,the next observed that the word        
'makes' might as well be omitted1       
because his customers would not  care   
who made the hats2 if good and to their 
mind1 they would buy1  by whomsoever    
made4 ,he struck it out4 ,a third said1 
he thought the  words 'for ready money1'
 were useless1 as it was not the custom 
of the place to sell on credit3 every   
one who purchased expected to  pay4     
,they were parted with1 and the         
inscription now stood1 ',john  ,thompson
 sells hats4' ',sells hats8' says his   
next friend2 'why  nobody will expect   
you to give them away4 ,what then is the
 use of  that word8' ,it was stricken   
out1 and 'hats' followed it1 the        
rather1 as there was one painted on the 

board2 so his inscription  was reduced  
ultimately to ',john ,thompson1' with   
the figure of a hat  subjoined4'    ,the
 ,doctor told me1 at ,paris1 the        
following anecdote of the ,abb          
,raynal4--,he had a party to dine with  
him one day1 at ,passy1 of whom  one    
half were ,americans1 the other half    
,french2 among the last  was the ,abb4  
,during the dinner he got on his        
favourite theory of  the degeneracy of  
animals1 and even of man1 in ,america1  
and urged  it with his usual eloquence4 
,the ,doctor at length noticing the     
accidental stature and position of his  
guests1 at table1 ',come1'  said he1    
',m4 l',abb1 let us try this question by
 the fact before us4  ,we are here one  
half ,americans1 and one half ,french2  
and it happens  that the ,americans have
 placed themselves on one side of the   
table1  and our ,french friends are on  
the other4 ,let both parties rise1  and 
we will see on which side nature has    
degenerated4' ,it happened  that his    

,american guests were ,carmichael1      
,harmer1 ,humphreys1 and  others of the 
finest stature and form2 while those of 
the other side  were remarkably         
diminutive1 and the ,abb himself1       
particularly1 was  a mere shrimp4 ,he   
parried the appeal however1 by a        
complimentary  admission of exceptions1 
among which the ,doctor himself was a   
conspicuous one4          ,an ,act for  
the ,appraisement of ,estates taken in  
execution4      ,,sect4 #a4 ,be it      
enacted by the ,senate and ,house of    
,representatives  of the commonwealth of
 ,pennsylvania in general assembly met1 
and it  is hereby enacted by the        
authority of the same1 ,that in all     
cases  where lands1 tenements or        
hereditaments1 have been or hereafter   
shall be levied on1 by virtue of any    
writ of fieri facias or other  writ of  
execution1 and an inquest of twelve men 
summoned by the  sheriff or coroner of  
any of the cities or counties agreeably 
to  the existing laws of this           

commonwealth1 shall find that the rents1
  issue1 and profits of such property1  
are not sufficient1 beyond all          
reprises1 within the space of seven     
years to satisfy the damages  and costs 
or the debt1 interest and cost in such  
writ mentioned1 it  shall be the duty of
 the same inquest to value and appraise 
the said  property4 ,and in all cases   
where the defendant or defendants shall 
consent to a condemnation agreeable to  
an act entitled a supplement  to the    
act1 entitled1 ,an act for taking lands 
in execution for the  payment of debts1 
passed on the sixth day of ,march1 one  
thousand  eight hundred and twenty1 and 
in any case where an inquisition  and   
condemnation of such estate as aforesaid
 shall not be deemed  necessary in law1 
it shall be the duty of the sheriff or  
coroner of  the proper county to summon 
an inquest of twelve good and lawful men
  of his bailiwick1 who shall be under  
oath or affirmation1 and shall  receive 
the same pay as jurors are entitled to  

in similar cases1 to  value and appraise
 the same2 and the sheriff or coroner   
shall make  return of such valuation or 
appraisement1 with the writ aforesaid1  
to the court from which the same issued1
 and which valuation or  appraisement   
shall be conclusive in any future       
execution which may  be levied on the   
same property2 and in case any writ of  
venditioni  exponas or other writ shall 
issue for the sale of said lands1       
tenements or hereditaments1 and the same
 cannot be sold at public  vendue or    
outcry for two-thirds or more of such   
valuation or  appraisement3 that then   
and in such case the sheriff or coroner 
shall not make sale of the premises1 but
 shall make return of the  same         
accordingly to the court from which the 
execution process  issued1 and that     
thereupon all further proceedings for   
the sale of  such lands1 tenements or   
hereditaments1 shall be stayed for one  
year  from and after the return day of  
the venditioni exponas1 or other  writ  

for the sale of the premises3 ,provided1
 ,that the sheriff or  coroner1 shall   
not be entitled to poundage unless in   
those cases  where a sale of the        
property shall take place4    ,,sect4   
#b4 ,and be it further enacted by the   
authority aforesaid1  ,that in all cases
 where lands1 tenements or              
hereditaments1 have  been heretofore    
levied on and condemned in virtue of any
 writ of  fieri facias1 and in all cases
 where any lands1 tenements or          
hereditaments1 have been or hereafter   
shall be seized or levied on  by virtue 
of any writ of levari facias1 it shall  
be the duty of  the sheriff or coroner1 
before exposing the said property to    
sale  pursuant to any writ for that     
purpose issued1 or in pursuance of  such
 writ of levari facias1 to summon twelve
 good and lawful men  of his bailiwick1 
who1 being first sworn or affirmed1     
shall make a  true valuation or         
appraisement of the property aforesaid1 
and the  same proceedings shall be had  

as is directed by the first section of  
this act4    ,,sect4 #c4 ,and be it     
further enacted by the authority        
aforesaid1  ,that in all cases where a  
life estate1 or for a term of years1 in 
any lands1 tenements1 or hereditaments1 
have been or shall be seized  and levied
 on by virtue of any writ of execution1 
it shall be the  duty of the sheriff or 
coroner1 before he shall proceed to     
advertise  and sell the premises        
aforesaid1 to summon an inquest of      
twelve  good and lawful men of his      
bailiwick1 who1 being first duly sworn  
or affirmed1 shall make a true valuation
 and appraisement of the  same4 ,and if 
such life estate1 or for term of years  
as aforesaid1  after having been        
advertised and offered for sale by      
public vendue  or outcry1 according to  
the laws of this commonwealth1 cannot be
  sold for two thirds or more of the    
amount of the valuation and             
appraisement aforesaid1 the sheriff or  
coroner shall make return  accordingly2 

and thereupon all further proceedings   
for the sale of  the said premises shall
 be stayed for one year from the return 
day  of the said execution process4     
,,sect4 #d4 ,and be it further enacted  
by the authority aforesaid1  ,that in   
all cases where personal property shall 
be taken in  execution by virtue of any 
writ of fieri facias issued out of any  
court of common pleas in this           
commonwealth1 or by virtue of any       
execution issued by a justice of the    
peace1 it shall be the duty  of the     
sheriff1 coroner1 constable or other    
person1 to whom such  writ shall be     
directed1 respectively1 when it shall be
 requested by  the debtor1 to summon    
three respectable freeholders or        
citizens of  the vicinage1 who1 being   
first duly sworn or affirmed by the said
  officer1 shall value and appraise the 
personal property aforesaid1  for which 
service they each shall be entitled to  
receive fifty cents  per day2 which     
valuation or appraisement1 signed by the

 appraisers1  together with a schedule  
of the property taken in execution1     
shall  be annexed to the return of said 
writ4 ,and in case said personal        
property1 or any part thereof1 cannot be
 sold for two thirds of  the amount of  
said valuation or appraisement1 at a    
public vendue  of the same1 of which    
notice shall be given to the plaintiff  
or  plaintiffs1 his1 her or their agent 
or attorney1 agreeably to the  direction
 of the first section of this act1 that 
then the sale of  such property shall be
 stayed for the term of twelve months   
from  that date3 ,provided1 ,that the   
said defendant or defendants shall      
execute and deliver to the sheriff1     
coroner or constable1 as the  case may  
be1 a bond1 with one or more sufficient 
sureties1 in a  penalty double the      
amount of the said valuation or         
appraisement1  conditioned for the      
faithful forthcoming and delivery of all
 and  every part of the said personal   
property1 upon the expiration of the    

said stay of execution1 to the proper   
sheriff1 coroner or constable1  or his  
successor in office1 in like good order 
and condition as when  the same was so  
as aforesaid offered for sale1 or other 
personal  property equal in value and   
like good order1 to be ascertained in   
the manner aforesaid2 or in default     
thereof1 for the payment of the  amount 
of the appraisement or valuation1 with  
interest and costs1  or the amount of   
the debt1 interest and cost1 for which  
the levy  was made4 ,and upon the       
execution and delivery of such bond1 the
  said personal property shall be       
returned and redelivered into the       
possession of the said defendant or     
defendants3 ,provided also1  ,that      
nothing in this act contained1 shall be 
construed to prevent  any judgment      
creditor or creditors from having the   
property of any  debtor or debtors      
exposed to sale1 in the usual manner1 at
 any time1  and as often as he1 she or  
they may think proper1 after it may have

  once been exposed to sale as          
aforesaid1 by paying all the costs      
which may accrue in consequence thereof1
 except the time which a  sale may be   
effected1 which cost shall be paid out  
of the proceeds  of the sale as in other
 cases4    ,,sect4 #e4 ,and be it       
further enacted by the authority        
aforesaid1  ,that this act shall be and 
continue in force for the term of one   
year and no longer4                     
,,mortgages4           ,the ,legislature
 of ,pennsylvania1 at their late        
session1 passed       the following act 
relative to ,mortgages4    ,,sect4 #a4  
,be it enacted by the ,senate and ,house
 of ,representatives  of the            
commonwealth of ,pennsylvania1 in       
general assembly met1 and  it is hereby 
enacted by the authority of the same1   
,that from and  after the first day of  
,october next1 all mortgages1 or        
defeasible  deeds in the nature of      
mortgages1 made or to be made or        
executed  for any lands1 tenements or   

hereditaments within this commonwealth1 
shall have a priority according to the  
date of recording the same1  without    
regard to the time of making or         
executing such deeds4 ,and  it shall be 
the duty of the recorder to endorse the 
time upon the  mortgages or defeasible  
deeds when left for record1 and to      
number  the same according to the time  
they are left for record1 and if  two or
 more are left upon the same day1 they  
shall have priority  according to the   
time they are left at the office for    
record4 ,and  that no mortgage1 or      
defeasible deed in the nature of a      
mortgage1  shall be a lien until such   
mortgage or defeasible deed shall have  
been recorded1 or left for record as    
aforesaid4 ,provided1 ,that no  mortgage
 given for the purchase money of the    
land so mortgaged shall  be affected by 
the passage of this act1 if the same be 
recorded  within sixty days from the    
execution thereof4    ,,sect4 #b4 ,and  
be it further enacted by the authority  

aforesaid1  ,that the governor be1 and  
he is hereby requested to cause this act
  to be published immediately after the 
passage of the same1 in such  newspapers
 and for such a length of time as he may
 think most proper  for the information 
of the citizens of this commonwealth4   
,whimsical conflict4--,it would be well 
for society1 if all  duellists were to  
find themselves in the same predicament 
as did  the celebrated poet1 ,dr4       
,akenside1 and a gentleman of the bar by
  the name of ,ballow4 ,a challenge had 
passed from the former--but  they did   
not get into the field2 for one would   
not consent to  fight in the morning1   
and the other was equally determined not
 to  do so in the evening6 ,the one     
wished to fall in a blaze of glory1     
mingled with the brilliant rays of the  
rising sun1 a very fanciful  and poetic 
notion2 and the other1 with perhaps an  
equal degree of  poetic feeling and     
imagination1 thought the shades of eve  
more  congenial with the work of death  

and the hour of dissolution4  ,whether  
serious or affected1 the difference was 
perhaps a happy  one for the lovers of  
literature1 who might otherwise have    
lost  the keen and inexpressible delight
 which ever flows from the  perusal of  
,akenside's ,pleasures of               
,imagination--a work which will  charm  
and instruct mankind through every age1 
so long as learning1  taste1 and genius1
 shall have a votary or a favourite to  
relish so  rich a banquet4 ,the hand of 
blood1 that had deprived the republic   
of letters of that incomparable poem1   
would have well deserved  everlasting   
execration4      ,plough ,boy4          
,,law-,,suit4      ,the longest law-suit
 ever heard of in ,england1 or perhaps  
in the  world1 was between the heirs of 
,sir ,t4 ,talbot2 ,viscount ,lisle1  on 
the one part1 and the heirs of ,lord    
,berkeley on the other1  respecting     
certain possessions not far from        
,wotton-under-,edge1 in  the county of  
,gloucester4 ,the suit was commenced at 

the end of  ,edward ,,iv4 and was       
depending till the reign of ,james ,i4  
when a  compromise took place1 it having
 lasted above a hundred and twenty      
years4          ,,the ,,cameronians4    
,from ,blackwood's ,edinburgh ,magazine1
 ,nov4 #ahai4      ,for the             
,cameronians1 those relicks of the stern
 enthusiastic  ,covenanters--those      
resolute maintainers of the unblemished 
purity  and rights of the reformed      
church--those dwellers on the misty     
mountain tops--,i entertain the greatest
 respect and reverence4 ,it  was my lot 
to pass the early part of my life in the
 neighbourhood of  their hill of        
worship--often in the company of their  
leading men1  and most admired          
professors--and at all times in the     
society of a  portion of their number4  
,they had hovered for many years about  
the  mountainous regions of the parish  
of ,kirkmahoe1 in ,dumfries-shire2  and 
as they began to confide in the kindness
 of their less rigid  brethren1 they    

commenced descending1 step by step1 from
 a large  hill to a less1 till they     
finally swarmed on a small sterile      
mount1 with a broomy glen at its foot1  
beside a little village1  which one of  
their number named ,graceless           
,quarrelwood4 ,quarrelwood  is a long   
straggling village1 built in open       
hostility to regular  lines1 or the     
graceful curves of imaginary beauty4    
,the cottages  which compose it are     
scattered as if some wizard had dropt   
them  down by random2 and through the   
whole a streamlet winds1 and a  kind of 
road infinitely more crooked than the   
stream4 ,this lane is  fringed chiefly  
by old plum-trees1 and seeks its way to 
the eastern  extremity of the village1  
with a difficulty which a stranger will 
soon be sensible of1 should he be so    
hardy as to endeavour to  thread this   
,cameronian labyrinth4 ,there is also a 
wide wilderness  of gardens1 hemmed in  
by strong walls of rough free-stone4 ,it
 is a  very defensible position2 and1 in

 case of retreat1 the deep channels  of 
two scanty streams present direct       
openings to the upland holds2  and these
 are covered ways--for the brooks       
contrive to maintain  as many stately   
trees and flourishing bushes on their   
steep and  impassable banks1 as would do
 honour to mightier streams4 ,to this   
rural encampment several hundreds       
resorted weekly to hear their  pastor's 
instructions2 and at their great        
midsummer ,festival of the  ,sacrament1 
several thousands usually assembled1    
many of them from  distant parts1 even  
from ,fife and ,banff4 ,all around were 
objects to  cherish their ancient       
spirit1 and remind them of other days4  
,the  seat of their bitter persecutor1  
,general ,dalzell1 was within two  short
 miles--the grave of the cruel ,laird of
 ,lagg was visible from  their mount2   
and in the church-yard of ,dumfries1 in 
the moors of  ,irongray1 and the        
moorlands of ,nithsdale1 were buried1   
under broad  and inscribed stones1 some 

of the most renowned of the martyrs4    
,with  two of their preachers ,i had the
 pleasure of being acquainted2 and ,i   
have also heard several of the western  
professors preach during the            
continuance of the sacramental holydays4
 ,of their professors ,i shall          
endeavour to render some account4 ,i    
still remember1 with reverence1  the    
thin long snowy hair and bald shining   
crown1 and primitive look  of the       
patriarchal ,farely2 and it is          
impossible ,i should ever forget  the   
familiar and fervent eloquence of that  
delightful old pastor4  ,towards the    
close of his life1 which was unusually  
long1 he was  accused of cheering his   
decaying spirits with other beverage    
than  what cold brooks afforded4 ,of    
this infirmity ,i have heard some of    
the sternest of his flock speak with    
unlooked-for gentleness2 and ,i  believe
 none of his fellow-preachers chose to  
rebuke him for this  indulgence1 from a 
just dread of his powers for keen dry   

sarcasm4 ,he  was a great favourite with
 the ,cameronian ladies1 old and young1 
and  his reputation with them was not at
 all diminished1 by the renown he       
acquired by his ability in inflicting   
the discipline of his sect on  fair     
trespassers4    ,of ,john ,curtis1 the  
regular pastor of the flock1 ,i do not  
remember  so much as ,i do of ,mr4      
,farely4 ,he was a man unaffectedly     
pious1  rather than eloquent1 and was   
deservedly and warmly beloved4 ,he      
adorned his discourses with that        
melodious tone which some call the      
,cameronian drawl1 and which the pious  
,cowper complained of in the            
,conventicles4 ,each sentence has a kind
 of starting note2 and ,i can  discover 
remains of this old puritanical fashion 
in the eloquence of  ,wilberforce and   
also ,lord ,milton4 ,it would require   
some constraint  in a pious stranger to 
listen1 without an inward smile at      
least1  to this continually recurring   
chorus4--,with a gifted preacher it  is 

less ungraceful1 for he contrives to    
make it tell in better  time than an    
ordinary man--still it might be spared2 
but a very  sensible divine told me1 he 
dared as soon renounce predestination   
as part with the twang2 it was as dear  
to his flock as the memory  of ,richard 
,cameron4 ,john ,curtis1 for he         
abominated the prelatical  designation  
of ,master1 was not an unfrequent1 or   
unwelcome guest  at my father's house4  
,his coming was a visitation1 for it    
came over  our mirth as a cloud4 ,he    
invariably was invited on week days2    
,sunday  was a day that had higher      
duties4 ,his coming was the signal for  
seven children1 ,i was one of them1 to  
cease their play and pranks1  and mix   
trembling with their mirth4 ,we became  
as quiet as a brood  of chickens1 over  
which the hawk is hovering4 ,even the   
nuts or  raisins which filled the       
pockets of this primitive person1 and   
which  he divided among us with many a  
clap on the head and benediction1       

failed to inspire confidence4    ,the   
chief revolution in the affairs of the  
,cameronians of  ,dumfriesshire1 was    
effected at the death of ,john ,curtis4 
,they had  been driven by persecution to
 preach on the mountains1 and though    
persecution had ceased1 on the mountains
 they remained4 ,it was  certainly a    
beautiful and impressive sight to see a 
congregation  worshipping ,god on a     
mountain side or a wild glen2 to see the
  upright pulpit-rows of bared1 and     
white1 and bald heads decently  ranged  
around--and more extended ranks of      
beautiful women and  active men drawn up
 in a regular confusion--the whole      
listening  to the eloquence of my old   
friend ,farely4 ,this1 with a clear day 
and a bright sun1 must make an          
impression of devotion on the most      
obtuse intellect4 ,but as the mason said
 of the wise man who sung1  ,snow is    
beautiful in its season1 ,my certes1    
said he1 it was  easy for him1 with his 
lasses and his wine to sing so2 had he  

been  a poor free-stone mason1 he would 
have sung another sang4 ,for  the       
weather seemed sometimes to inherit the 
rancour of the bloody  ,claverhouse1 or 
the renowned chieftain of ,lagg1 to this
 persecuted  race2 and1 instead of ,june
 giving one of her brightest and        
balmmiest  days for the ,sacrament1 ,i  
have witnessed the heavy rain come down 
sans intermission for four stricken     
hours1 as if ambitious to  measure its  
mercies by the length of the ,action    
,sermon4 ,by some  this circumstance was
 hailed as a divine acknowledgment of   
their  presence and influence2 and after
 some very dry weather ,i have  heard   
,mr4 ,farely turn a timely thunder      
shower to good account1 by              
apostrophizing the ,deity for his       
kindness to this dry barren land4  ,on  
another occasion--the morning was serene
 during the introductory  discourse1 and
 just as my friend ,farely began to     
administer the  sacrament1 a huge black 
cloud sailed from the westward1 and hung

  heavy and ominous over the            
congregation4 ,ere the ladies could     
raise  their plaids1 it descended       
perpendicular plump down1 and the huge  
drops splashed off the bald crown of the
 preacher1 in a manner that  ,kemble    
would have envied in acting ,king ,lear4
 ,a ,cameronian with an  umbrella1 at   
that time an unusual thing in the       
country1 arose and  stretched it over   
the ,professor's head1 regardless of    
himself4 ,at  this visible interposition
 between him and heaven1 the preacher   
was wroth1 and said audibly1 ,take the  
,pope's cap off me1 and his  conduct was
 highly applauded4    ,to such a        
congregation1 after the decease of ,john
 ,curtis1 my friend  of the umbrella    
made a proposition to have a chapel     
erected4 ,and  ,i question much if a    
proposal to go to mass would have       
excited  a stronger                     
commotion--particularly among those whom
 the measure  meant to protect--the old 
and infirm4 ,he of the umbrella offered 

to subscribe largely himself1 and       
promote the subscription among  others1 
hinting that many of the members of the 
kirk favoured the  cause1 and would be  
glad of an opportunity to display it4   
,the  motion was well timed too1 namely1
 at the close of one of those           
four-hours benedictions from a thunder  
cloud1 which had urged  its way through 
the broad bonnets and thick plaids of   
the most  obstinate believers4 ,i cannot
 enumerate to you all the bitter and    
brief exclamations of dismay and        
indignation which this proposal         
excited4 ,the decided wrath of one old  
moorland dame ,i shall long  remember1  
,foul fall ye1 said she1 starting up and
 hurling her  heavy clasped black print 
,bible at the proposer's head1 foul fall
  ye1 ye deserve to be brained with the 
word ye hae abused2 and had  he of the  
umbrella not caught this religious      
missile1 as the ,curtal  fryar's dogs   
caught the outlaw's arrows1 namely1 as  
it flew1 he  might have been numbered   

with the martyrs4 ,shall we1 said she1  
who were hounded like deer to the       
mountains1 there to worship ,god  in    
fear of evil men1 shall we1 whom he     
marvellously protected  there1 doubt his
 providence1 and descend to keep yer    
coupled  timber--yer covered            
cushions--and yer canopied1 fringed1 and
 painted  prelatical pulpits--and yer   
walls of hewn stane--far frae me--fit   
places are they1 not for the word1 but  
for ye ken what2--and so  she sat down4 
,the more sensible part reflecting1     
however1 that  the showers of spring    
were cold--that the winds of autumn were
  not always gentle--and that winter    
indulged them with various and  dubious 
blessings1 under the resemblance of     
snows and sleets1 and  sudden thaws1    
resolved1 that the erection of a house  
of worship was  a justifiable measure2  
and a house was accordingly built4 ,but 
the  eloquent dame of the moorlands     
introduced a salvo1 by which the        
sacrament was directed to be            

administered in the open air1 and so it 
still continues4    ,the religious      
festival of the sacrament is commenced  
after due  private preparation by       
prayers of unwonted length1 and the     
lonely  broomy hollow where it is held1 
exhibits on ,sabbath morn to a  stranger
 a grand and solemn spectacle4    ,the  
last time ,i was present at this meeting
 ,i was invited to  breakfast at the    
house of a respectable and recently     
converted  member of the ,broken        
,remnant1 a warm-hearted weaver1 a man  
of  rare conversation--ready wit1 and   
cutting dry sarcasm4 ,he was also  as   
much celebrated for his poetry as the   
unrivalled productions of  his loom4    
,his birds-eye1 his barley-pickle1 his  
lowland plaiden1  and fine linen1 were  
the theme of praise among the young     
maids in  danger of being married--and  
to their praise ,i add mine4 ,i have    
proved his hospitality1 and proved the  
labours of his loom4 ,i sat  down to an 
ample breakfast with this ,cameronian   

worthy--his wife  lively always1 and    
once handsome--his two sons1 inheriting 
their  father's powers even to          
overflowing1 and a solemn browed        
,cameronian  from the borders of the    
moorlands4 ,this family auxiliary       
undertook  to pronounce a blessing on   
our good cheer2 a serious trial of my   
patience and appetite4 ,i endured his   
sermon for many minutes2 it  was in its 
nature controversial4 ,he touched on the
 adventure at  ,drumclog1 and addressed 
,providence in strong and familiar term 
anent the disaster at ,bothwell ,brig4  
,i looked piteous but resigned1  and the
 good housewife poured forth the tea4   
,but then there came  headings and      
hangings1 and finings and confinings1   
and sad travels  and sore tortures4 ,the
 goodwife placed a plate of smoking     
savoury  cake before him1 but he was not
 to be tempted2 he threw a passing      
curse or two on patronage1 still he was 
distant from our day  half a century at 
least4 ,i looked with an imploring eye1 

and my  entertainer closed his2 but ,i  
could see by the sarcastic curl at  the 
corners of his mouth that he was        
inwardly enjoying my misery4  ,once ,i  
stretched my hand1 for ,i had half a    
mind1 like the renowned  and impatient  
good man of ,drumbreg1 on a time of     
similar trial1 to  seize my cup with a  
cry of ,ye have done brawly man1 and cut
 short  all explanation by falling to4  
,i endured it to an end however1  and an
 excellent breakfast enabled me to      
endure the infliction of  a return      
thanks1 eminently curious and           
controversial4 ,we then  sallied forth  
to the preaching--the pastor had already
 commenced2 it  might be half past #i   
o'clock4 ,i was struck with the         
magnitude and  repose of the            
congregation4 ,besides the sodded seats 
which held the  oldest and most         
respectable members1 the broom then1 ,i 
think1 in  full bloom1 with all its     
perfume about it1 was bent down for many
  acres to form rural seats to          

,cameronian dames1 and dames indeed of  
all persuasions4--,there were many      
dressed in the latest fashion2 the  old 
simple mode of dress however prevailed4 
,though all shewed deep  symptoms of    
devotion1 and many of awe1 the young    
women by no means  confined their eyes1 
and many had bright ones1 to the        
contemplation  of the preacher4 ,this   
festival always attracts an immense     
multitude1 and though the ,cameronians  
are the only communicants1  all sects   
and denominations of ,presbyterians     
crowd to the place1  and occupy the     
vacant ground4 ,i saw many of the       
,cameronians with  whom ,i had a        
personal acquaintance1 and a silent     
squeeze of the  hand1 or an             
acknowledgment1 an austere one1 of the  
eye1 was all  the recognition to be     
obtained4 ,the list of offences and     
sects  excluded from communication is   
extensive and curious--they call it     
debarring--,socinians1 ,arminians1      
,unitarians1 ,episcopalians1 false      

teachers1 promiscuous dancers1 and      
playhouse frequenters4 ,i cannot        
inflict the whole of this tremendous    
catalogue upon you4 ,one prudent  and   
warning exclusion ,i cannot omit to     
mention1 namely1 that of all  wives who 
disobey their husbands4    ,in the green
 hedge-row lane1 leading to the tent of 
the preacher1  various stalls were      
established by persons who thought--as  
godliness  was great gain1 great gain   
was godliness4 ,here refreshments of all
  kinds1 particularly liquid            
consolation1 abounded1 and one tent1    
rivalling in dimensions the tabernacle  
of the preacher1 looked  presumptuously 
down from the very crest of the hill on 
its more  devout neighbour below4 ,here 
the owner of a neighbouring public      
house had established himself1 and into 
this canvass mansion1 in a  moment of   
weakness1 ,i was tempted to enter4 ,i   
had sundry reasons  for this piece of   
backsliding2--first1 ,i had become      
wearied with  the unexampled length and 

tediousness of the before-mentioned     
four hour's sermon2 secondly1 ,i was    
desirous to partake of either           
,ram-,jam1 ,mid-,row1 or ,pinkie1 three 
denominations of ale1 for which  the    
landlord was become deservedly famous1  
and in the brewing of  which1 weak      
nerves1 as well as a good head1 had been
 doubtlessly  consulted--and2 thirdly   
and lastly1 a dark-eyed damsel from the 
mountains wished for my private opinion 
anent the sinfulness of  dancing1 and to
 instruct me in a near road over the    
hills to her  father's house1 which     
stood in a remote glen on the stream of 
,ae4  ,while deeply employed in taking a
 chart of this desart path1 ,i  could   
not avoid remarking with what particular
 gravity all were  drinking1 and many   
getting drunk4 ,consolation had been    
poured forth  in no stinted tide1 for a 
huge wall of empty vessels flanked the  
entrance4 ,the proprietor of this house 
of call for the thirsty1 was  a ruddy   
carroty-headed rustic1 who had contrived

 to draw down his  cheeks for the       
occasion1 in a manner unusually solemn4 
,he sat apart  busied1 or apparently    
busied1 with that chief of all sage     
books1 the  ,young ,man's ,best         
,companion2 while his daughter1 as      
active a girl as  ever chalked a score  
to a thirsty man1 managed the business4 
,but  his mind had wandered into a long 
and studious calculation of the         
probable profit in his fermentations1   
and the ,book1 which was only  put there
 as a decoy to the godly1 was neglected4
 ,i contrived to  withdraw it           
unperceived from before him1 and for    
this feat ,i was  rewarded by a grim    
smile from a broad bonneted son of      
,cameron1 and a  snuff from a tuphorn   
with a silver lid4    ,on returning to  
the meeting1 the stars were beginning to
 glimmer1  amongst the thin mist of the 
summer evening1 and ,i could see        
groupes1 already at some distance1 of   
the spectators retiring  home4 ,far     
differently demeaned themselves the     

pious remnant4 ,they  crowded round     
their preacher's tent after the repose  
of a brief  intermission1 and ,i left   
them enjoying a mysterious lecture on   
,permission1 ,predestination1 ,free     
,grace1 ,the ,elect1 and ,effectual     
,calling4    ,i am now1 and ,i say it   
with sorrow1 far removed from the       
society  of those exemplary and pious   
people2 and ,i heard1 ,i confess1 with  
something of an old ,cameronian spirit  
and regret1 that a proposition  has been
 made to remove the meeting house into  
the neighbouring town  of ,dumfries4 ,of
 my old favourites1 few ,i understand   
survive1 and  year after year lessens   
the number of those devout men who      
regularly  passed my father's window on 
the ,sabbath morn4 ,mr4 ,farely has     
long since been numbered with the       
blessed--and ,jean ,robson1 a very      
singular and devout character1 has also 
rested from her labour of  instructing  
the youth of the ,cameronians4 ,she     
taught the writer of  this imperfect    

account to read--the ,bible1 and the    
famed ,prophecies  of ,alexander ,peden4
 ,she tore the leaf from the ,bible     
which said1  ,james1 by the ,grace of   
,god1 ,defender of the ,faith1 and      
denounced  the name of ,sunday as       
,popish1 or what was worse1 ,prelatical1
 and  caused us all to call it the      
,sabbath4 ,she died #hc years old4 ,she 
used to flog her scholars1 and          
exclaim1--,thou art an evil one--a      
worker of iniquity1 while the tawse and 
tongue kept time and told  sharply4     
,the ,cameronians make few converts--few
 people are fond of inflicting  on      
themselves willingly the penance of     
controversial prayers and  interminable 
sermons4 ,there is a falling off in the 
amount of the  flock4--,my friend1 the  
weaver1 became a convert from           
conviction4  ,another of the converts   
joined the cause in the decline of life1
  not without suspicion of discontent1  
because his gifts had been  overlooked  
by the minister of the parish kirk1 in a

 recent  nomination of elders4 ,he was  
fond of argument1 and seemed not        
unwilling to admit the potent           
auxiliaries of sword and gun on behalf  
of the cause4 ,on one occasion1 he grew 
wroth with the ready wit of a           
neighbouring peasant1 on the great      
litigated point of patronage--and       
seizing the readiest weapon of his      
wrath1 a hazel hoop--for he was  a      
cooper--exclaimed1                      
,reviler--retire--else ,i'll make your  
head  saft with this rung4 ,on another  
time1 he became exasperated at the      
irreverent termination of an epigram on 
a tippling blacksmith1 which  was       
attributed to ,burns1 who then resided  
within sight--at ,elisland4             
,on the last day1      ,when sober men  
to judgment rise1        ,go drunken    
dog1 lie still incog4      ,and dinna   
stir if ye be wise4    ,the honest      
,covenanter1 after three days and three 
nights meditation1  brought forth his   
expostulation with the mighty bard of   

,caledonia4  ,it commenced thus--       
,robert ,burns ye were nae wise      ,to
 gie to ,rodds sic an advice4    ,it has
 lost all its attraction since the voice
 of its author is  mute1 for who can    
repeat it as he did--the pithy          
preliminary  remarks on the great poet's
 morals--the short ,cameronian          
cough--the  melodious trail of the      
tongue--and the frequent intrusion of   
explanatory notes1 which the uninspired 
could not always distinguish  from the  
poem itself1 all these things are       
departed and passed  away1 and the      
verses sleep as quietly as the dust of  
the poet4 ,two  other occasional        
converts scarcely deserve notice--one of
 them was  saved from thorough          
conviction by the well-timed exaltation 
to a  neighbouring precentorship1 and   
the other has returned to his seat  in  
the kirk1 since the dark-eyed daughter  
of an adjacent ,cameronian  gave her    
hand1 and it was a white one1 to one of 
the chosen who was  laird of an acre of 

peat-moss--and ,i have not heard of any 
other  damsel of the covenant having    
caused him to relapse4                  
,,shepherd',s ,,dog4    7,from the      
,london ,sportsman's ,cabinet47         
,this dog is the most timid1 obedient1  
placid1 serene and grateful  in the     
creation4 ,he seems studiously conscious
 of the purposes  for which he was      
formed1 and is never so perceptibly     
gratified1  as when affording the most  
incessant proofs of his unsullied       
integrity4--,instinctively prone to     
industry1 he is alive to the  slightest 
sensation of his employer1 and would    
rather double and  treble the watch line
 of circumspection1 than be seen        
indulging  in a state of neglectful     
indolence4--,the breed is propagated and
  preserved with the greatest respect to
 purity in the northern parts  of the   
kingdom of ,england1 as well as in the  
highlands of ,scotland1  where1 in the  
extensive tracts and uncultivated wilds1
 their  services exceed description4    

,constitutionally calm1 patient1 and    
philosophic1 the sheep dog seems        
totally lost to every appearance of     
novelty1 and insensible to every        
attraction beyond the protection and    
indefatigable preservation of  the flock
 committed to his charge4--,in the most 
sequestered and  remote spots1 dreary   
wilds and lofty mountains1 almost       
inaccessible  to man1 this dog becomes  
an incredible and trusty substitute2 for
  once initiated in the ground-work of  
his office1 he soon acquires  a perfect 
knowledge of the extent of his walk1 as 
well as every  individual of his flock3 
and will as regularly select his own1   
and  disperse intruders1 as the most    
faithful and attentive shepherd in      
existence4 ,this becomes the more       
extraordinary to the contemplative      
mind1 when it is recollected what       
immense flocks are seen to cover  the   
downy hills of ,hants and ,wilts1 as far
 as the eye can reach1  without control2
 and to know that by a single signal    

from the  shepherd1 this faithful1      
sagacious animal1 replete with energy1  
vigilance1 and activity1 will make his  
circle1 so as to surround a  flock of   
hundreds1 and bring them within any     
compass that may be  required4    ,the  
sheep dog is so completely absorbed in  
what seems to be the  sole business and 
employment of his life1 that he does not
 bestow  a look1 or indulge a wish1     
beyond the constant protection of the   
trust reposed in him1 and to execute the
 commands of his master2  which he is   
always incessantly anxious to receive1  
and in fact is  invariably looking for  
by every solicitous attention it is     
possible  to conceive4--,inured to all  
weathers1 fatigue and hunger1 he is the 
least voracious of the species1 subsists
 upon little1 and may be  justly        
considered truly emblematic of content4 
,though there is the  appearance of a   
somniferous indolence in the exterior1  
it is by no  means a constitutional mark
 of habitual inability2 on the contrary1

  the sagacity1 fidelity1 and           
comprehensive penetration of this kind  
of dog1 is equal to any other1 but that 
there is a thoughtful or  expressive    
gravity annexed to this particular race1
 as if they were  absolutely conscious  
of their own utility in business of     
importance1  and the value of the stock 
so confidently committed to their care4 
,amidst the infinity of cases so        
constantly issuing from the press1  in  
which proofs almost incredible are      
authentically adduced of the  courage1  
sagacity1 fidelity1 gratitude1 and      
self-denial of different  kinds of dogs1
 many are to be found appertaining to   
this particular  race2 if they are not  
so numerous as some other sorts1 it may 
be  fairly attributed to the little     
proportional chance they have 7from     
their remote and sequestered employment7
 of displaying those powers  in an equal
 degree with dogs more engaged in the   
bustle of human  society4    ,dr4       
,anderson 7in his translation from ,dr4 

,pallas7 introduces the  following      
instance of sagacity in a shepherd's    
dog1 which he  considers truly          
astonishing2 and it will create no      
surprise with  those who are in the     
least acquainted with their perfections4
    ,the owner himself having been      
hanged some years ago for sheep         
stealing1 the following fact1 among     
others1 respecting the dog1 was         
authenticated by evidence upon his      
trial4 ,when the man intended to  steal 
any sheep1 he did not do it himself1 but
 detached his dog to  perform the       
business4 ,with this view1 under        
pretence of looking at  the sheep with  
an intention to purchase them1 he went  
through the  flock with the dog at his  
feet1 to whom he secretly gave a signal1
  so as to let him know the individuals 
he wanted1 to the number of  ten or     
twenty1 out of a flock of some hundreds2
 he then went away1  and at a distance  
of several miles sent back the dog by   
himself  in the night time1 who picked  

out the individual sheep that had  been 
pointed out to him1 separated them from 
the flock1 and drove  them before him by
 himself1 till overtaking his master1 to
 whom he  relinquished them4    ,the    
shepherd's dog rather shuns than seems  
anxious to obtain the  caresses of      
strangers1 of whom he always appears to 
be shy and  suspicious2 it being        
remarkable1 that when refreshing upon a 
journey  with the flock1 he seldom      
reposes but close to the feet or body   
of his master2 who well knows if he but 
deposits his coat or his  wallet1 and   
gives the animal the accustomed signal2 
when the sheep  are at pasture1 he may  
absent himself for hours1 and at his    
return  find the whole as safe and      
regular as if it had been under his own 
inspection4 ,although it is already     
observed1 these dogs afford no  evident 
external proof of quick conception1 or  
rapid execution  7except in all matters 
relative to the flock1 to which their   
every  faculty appertains7 yet their    

sagacity and fidelity is found equal  to
 every other branch of the species1 when
 necessarily brought into  useful       
action4    ,in the month of ,february1  
#agie1 as ,mr4 ,boulstead's son1 of     
,great  ,salkeld1 in ,cumberland1 was   
attending the sheep of his father upon  
,great ,salkeld's common1 he had the    
misfortune to fall and break  his       
leg4--,he was then at the distance of   
three miles from home1  no chance of any
 person's coming1 in so unfrequented a  
place1  within call1 and evening very   
fast approaching3 in this dreadful      
dilemma1 suffering extreme pain from the
 fracture1 and laying upon  the damp    
ground at so dreary a season of the     
year1 his agitated  spirit suggested to 
him the following expedient3 ,folding   
one of his  gloves in his pocket        
handkerchief1 he fastened it round the  
neck of  the dog1 and rather            
emphatically ordered him home4--,these  
dogs1  trained so admirably to orders   
and signals during their attendance     

upon the flock1 are well known to be    
under the most minute  subjection1 and  
to execute the commands of their masters
 with an  alacrity scarcely to be       
conceived4    ,perfectly convinced of   
some inexplicable disquietude from the  
situation in which his master lay1 he   
set off at a pace1 which soon  brought  
him to the house1 where he scratched    
with great violence  at the door for    
immediate admittance4 ,this obtained1   
the parents  were in the utmost alarm   
and consternation at his appearance1 but
  more particularly when they had       
examined the handkerchief and its       
contents4 ,instantly concluding beyond a
 doubt1 that some accident  had befallen
 their son1 they did not delay a moment 
going in  search of him2 and the dog1   
apparently conscious the principal  part
 of his duty was yet to be performed1   
anxiously led the way  and conducted the
 agitated parents to the spot where     
their son lay  overwhelmed with pain1   
increased by the awful uncertainty of   

his  situation4--,happily this was      
effected just at the close of day1 when 
being immediately removed1 and the      
necessary assistance procured1  he soon 
recovered1 and was never more pleasingly
 engaged than when  reciting the        
sagacity and gratitude of his faithful  
follower1 who  then became his constant 
companion4           99       99        
99       99       99    ,the instances  
of intelligence in the shepherd's dog   
are recorded  in all books treating of  
the manners and habits of the dog tribe4
  ,one more may be mentioned from a     
recent publication4 ,it is given  for   
the purpose of stimulating the ,american
 farmer to possess  himself of one of   
the breed as soon as                    
possible4--,speaking of the  ,currack of
 ,kildare1 the author says1 ,the        
commonage is stocked  by a prescriptive 
proportion1 attached to the adjacent    
farms3  every sheep owner has a         
particular raddled mark2 the shepherd's 
dogs are so trained1 that if a sheep1   

with a strange mark1 comes  on his      
master's front1 the dog will single him 
out and worry him  off4--,see           
,statistical ,survey of the ,county of  
,kildare1 by ,t4 ,j4  ,rawson1 ,dublin1 
#ahjg4 p4 #aba4      ,j4 ,m4            
,the new steam ship ,robert             
,fulton4--,this ship is intended to ply 
as  a regular packet between ,new ,york 
and ,new ,orleans4 ,she is said to  be1 
in every respect1 one of the finest     
vessels ever built in that  city4 ,a    
communication in the ,gazette gives the 
following description  of this beautiful
 vessel3    ,this ship is a splendid    
piece of naval architecture--the most   
perfect model ,i ever beheld1 and does  
great credit to her builder1  ,mr4      
,eckford4 ,she is upwards of #gej tons1 
of a very great length1  rigged with lug
 sails2 has three kelsons1 7the centre  
one large  enough for a ship of the     
line17 together with bilge ways1 and the
  whole secured and bolted in a very    
extraordinary manner1 perhaps the  most 

so of any vessel ever built4 ,her frame 
timber and plank are  of live oak1      
locust1 cedar1 and southern pine1 copper
 bolted and  coppered4    ,she will     
afford accommodation for more than #bjj 
persons1 is fitted  up with high and    
airy state rooms1 thoroughly ventilated 
by means of  sky lights the whole length
 of the cabin1 which is very extensive4 
,her after cabin is neatly arranged for 
the accommodation of ladies1  and       
separated by means of folding doors1 in 
the modern style4 ,she  has also a range
 of births fore and aft1 together with a
 commodious  fore cabin4 ,and what adds 
to the greatest comfort and security of 
all1 her engine and other machinery are 
completely insulated and  unconnected1  
as it were1 with the other part of the  
ship4 ,in the  centre1 lengthwise1 is a 
kind of well-hole1 or square trunk1 made
  both fire and water proof2 no possible
 accident1 therefore1 by the  bursting  
of the boiler1 can reach either of the  
cabins4 ,this trunk  or well-hole being 

enclosed by very thick plank1 caulked   
and leaded1  may be inundated with water
 at pleasure1 without any inconvenience 
to the passengers4    ,the furnace is   
also completely surrounded by the       
continuation of  the boiler1 so that no 
part of the fire can ever come in       
contact  with the wood4 ,there is a     
space of about #i or #aj inches filled  
in  with materials1 non-conductors of   
heat1 which answer the double  purpose  
of excluding the heat from the cabin1   
and at the same time  deadening the     
disagreeable noise of the engine4 ,she  
is also provided  with a leather hose1  
similar to those used by our fire engine
  companies in this city1 which will    
enable the hot or cold water to  be     
conveyed to any part of the ship1 and   
furnishing at the same time  the great  
conveniency to the passengers of a warm 
or cold bath1 at  pleasure4 ,her engine 
was constructed by ,mr4 ,allaire1 and is
 supposed  to be the most powerful and  
most exact piece of workmanship ever    

turned out in this country2 and her     
boiler is said to be the largest  ever  
known to have been made in this or any  
other country4 ,take her  all in all1   
she certainly presents a spectacle      
altogether unique4                      
,,miscellany4      ,public ,lands4--,the
 highly important bill1 for changing the
 mode  of disposing of ,public ,lands1  
so that hereafter they shall be  offered
 for sale in half quarter sections1 the 
minimum price to be  one dollar and     
twenty-five cents1 and all to be paid in
 cash1 has  passed both ,houses of      
,congress1 by great majorities1 and now 
wants  only the signature of the        
,president to become a law4--,this bill 
is  to take effect from the #ast of     
,june next4    ,from a late ,london     
paper it appears1 that a new and easy   
method has  lately been discovered1 in  
,england1 of preventing the destruction 
of  the young turnip plants by the fly1 
and for which the discoverer was        
rewarded with #bjj guineas4 ,it is      

merely to sow about #b lbs4 of  radish  
seed on every acre of turnip land1 with 
the turnip seed2 the  fly1 preferring to
 feed on the radish plants1 will1 in    
such case1  leave the turnip plants     
unmolested4    ,one of the most         
effectual methods of preventing the     
ascent of  insects on fruit trees1 in   
the spring1 is to draw a streak of tar  
round the body of the tree2 but the     
surface of this soon becomes  incrusted 
by the warmth of the atmosphere1 and    
then the insects are  enabled to pass   
this barrier4 ,to remedy this1 mix a    
proportion of  oil with the tar1 which  
will prevent the hardening of the       
exterior  for a considerable length of  
time2 and when the effects of the oil   
are dissipated1 let the exterior be     
again softened with oil4--,this  plan is
 certainly one of the most efficacious  
for preventing insects  from ascending  
the bodies of fruit trees4    ,the scab 
in sheep4--,the shepherds1 in ,spain1   
cure this disease  with an ointment made

 of the trunk and roots of the juniper1 
by  breaking them in small pieces1 and  
infusing them in water4 ,the sheep  of  
this country are1 however1 but little   
liable to the scab4    ,it is a fact    
well ascertained1 that when apple trees 
are in bloom1  if the farina be gathered
 from the blossoms of a tree bearing    
sour fruit1 and scattered on those of a 
tree bearing sweet1 the  apples produced
 from these blossoms will partake of the
 flavour of  both trees4 ,in this way   
the flavour of fruit may be changed for 
the  better--a matter worthy of note1   
though perhaps not very profitable  in  
practice4    ,from ,munich1 ,germany1 we
 learn that ,dr ,vogel has announced the
  important discovery1 that sulphuric   
acid1 diluted with a certain  proportion
 of water1 and then applied to saw dust1
 to old linen1  to paper1 c4 will change
 these substances into gum and          
saccharine  matter4 ,m4 ,chaptal1       
somewhere in his book on chymistry1 has 
ventured  to offer his opinion1 very    

modestly however1 that even the chemical
  art of making gold 7the great secret  
of the philosopher's stone7  will yet be
 discovered--that chymists will yet be  
convinced that  all matter is the same1 
only different modifications4           
,calculation of the ,period of a ,second
 ,deluge4--,according to the            
calculations of the learned astronomer  
of ,bremen1 ,m4 ,olbers1 after  a lapse 
of #hc1jjj years1 a comet will approach 
to the earth in the  same proximity as  
the moon2 after #d1jjj1jjj years it will
 approach  to the distance of #g1gjj    
geographical miles1 and then1 if its    
attraction equals that of the earth1 the
 waters of the ocean will be  elevated  
#ac1jjj feet1 and a deluge will         
necessarily ensue6 after a  lapse of    
#bbj1jjj1jjj years1 it will clash with  
the earth4    ,during the late          
inundation of the ,rhine1 a hare1       
dislodged by the  water took refuge in a
 tree4 ,one of the boatmen who were     
traversing  the inundated country1 in   

canoes1 to pick up the sufferers1       
observed  the hare1 steered for the     
tree1 and without making his boat fast1 
climbed hastily up to seize the poor    
animal4 ,the hare perceiving his        
danger1 sprang from the tree into the   
boat1 which was put in motion  by the   
leap of the hare1 and floated down the  
stream1 leaving the  boatman in his     
place upon the tree1 in the disagreeable
 necessity of  watching the rise of the 
waters4    ,the ,rhetorical ,society at 
,cortryk1 in the ,netherlands1 has      
lately  offered a gold1 and a silver    
medal1 as a prize for a poem of #ajj    
lines1 and an epitaph of #ab lines1 upon
 ,kotzebue4    ,from a ,london paper we 
have the following advertisement--,a new
  species of man4 ,among the wonders of 
nature none have exceeded this          
extraordinary phenomenon--a man covered 
with scales1 that rattle  at the touch1 
is now in exhibition at the public      
rooms1 #bc1 ,bond  ,street4 ,physicians 
and natural philosophers will find an   

extensive  field open for their         
inquiries4    ,by another of a late date
 it appears1 that in ,dublin a steam    
coach  is advertised to commence running
 between that city and ,belfast1 on  the
 #ast ,feb4 and is to run from one city 
to the other1 and return  every day4 ,it
 is calculated to run at the rate of    
about #ac ,irish  7equal to about #bj   
,english7 miles an hour4 ,it is to carry
 the mail  between the two cities4 ,it  
is calculated that it will be found a   
safer mode of conveyance for passengers 
than carriages drawn by  horses4 ,the   
whole weight of the carnage and         
apparatus is estimated  at about #d     
tons4    ,fires4--,a letter from ,st4   
,thomas1 of the #b;d ,march1 mentions   
that  the whole city of ,ponce1 in      
,porto ,rico1 with the exception of one 
church1 was destroyed by fire on the    
#bgth of the preceding month4 ,on  the  
#ast of ,january last1 a fire broke out 
at ,smyrna1 which consumed  #aejj       
buildings4 ,on the night of the #b;d    

,march1 a spacious hotel in  ,lexington1
 7,ken7 was consumed--loss estimated at 
#dj1jjj dollars4    ,from ,pittsburg1 it
 appears that a part of the vast beds of
 coal  in the hills surrounding that    
place1 has been on fire for about  #be  
years past2 that the fire has1 until    
lately1 remained in a  smouldering      
state1 but has at length got vent1 and  
that during the  night it now exhibits  
the appearance of flame like a volcano4 
,it  is apprehended that much of the    
valuable material of coal1 in the       
vicinity of that place1 will probably be
 consumed before the fire  will become  
extinguished4    ,at ,canton1 the       
imports from the ,u4 ,states1 for the   
last season1 are  stated at #g1dad1jjj  
dollars1 in specie1 and #b1fic1jaa      
dollars1 in  merchandize2 exceeding that
 of the ,english ,company three or four 
millions4    ,congress have passed a law
 for taking another census of the       
,united  ,states4 ,the enumeration to   
commence on the first ,monday of ,august

  next1 and to be completed in six      
months thereafter4 ,accounts of         
manufacturing establishments1 and of the
 numbers is employed  therein1 are to be
 duly noted4    ,a ,check to            
,intemperance4--,the select men in      
,bedford1 7,mass47  have posted up1 at  
the tavern in the town1 a list of the   
names of  persons notoriously addicted  
to drunkenness1 and forbidden the sale  
of liquor to them1 under penalty of the 
laws of that state against  intemperate 
drinking4    ,the steam-boat ,swift1    
rigged as a brig1 is to depart from ,new
 ,york1  for ,rio de ,janeiro1 on the   
#eth of ,may--is now advertising for    
freight and passengers4    ,the grand   
jury of ,putnam county1 7,geo47 lately  
presented1 as a  grievance existing     
there1 7and probably not less there than
 in  many places elsewhere7 the         
practice1 indulged in by the bar of     
villifying1 without sufficient cause1   
the characters of suitors and           
witnesses4 ,they request the aid of the 

court in discountenancing  insolence of 
this kind4    ,from a late ,petersburgh1
 7,va47 paper1 we have the following    
account  of part of the remains of the  
formidable confederate tribes of        
,indians1 found in ,virginia when ,sir  
,walter ,raleigh first ascended  ,st4   
,james' river1 at the head of which     
confederacy was ,powhattan1  the father 
of the celebrated ,pocahontas4 ,these   
remains are a few of  the tribes of the 
,nottoways1 to which tribe ,powhattan   
belonged1 the  ,panunkies and a few of  
the ,mattahonies4 ,of the ,nottoways1   
says the  account1 only #bg now remain1 
at the head of which is a woman1 styled 
their queen1 of the name of ,edie       
,turner1 of the age of about #fj1 and   
said to be quite intelligent1 though    
illiterate4 ,she is comfortably         
situated in a cottage1 with the         
necessaries of life about her1 and  her 
share of the lands1 7about #gjjj acres1 
on ,nottoway river17  tolerably well    
cultivated4 ,the language of her tribe  

is only spoken  by her and two others4  
,it is said to be of ,celtic origin1 and
 as  harmonious and expressive as the   
,erse1 ,irish1 or ,welch4    ',benefit  
of ,clergy4'--,paper was not made       
earlier than the  fourteenth            
century--and printing in the century    
following4 ,the art  of reading made a  
very slow progress4 ,to encourage it in 
,england1  the capital punishment of    
death was remitted if the criminal could
  read1 which is termed ',benefit of    
,clergy4' ,yet so small an edition  of  
the ,bible as #fjj copies translated    
into ,english in the time of  ,henry    
,,viii4 was not wholly sold off in three
 years4    ,nug ,antiqu4--,before ,a4   
,d4 #aede1 ships of war in ,england had 
no  port-holes for guns2 they had only a
 few cannon placed on the deck4         
,there is no mention of writing in the  
time of ,homer4 ,ciphers1  invented in  
,hindoostan1 were brought into ,france  
from ,arabia about  the end of the tenth
 century4    ,respiration in            

,frogs4--,it appears from a series of   
curious  experiments1 performed by ,m4  
,edwards1 that frogs1 toads1 and        
lizards1 are preserved alive and in     
health under water for weeks1 by  means 
of the air contained in the water1 which
 they abstract1 not by  the lungs but by
 the skin4    ,chinese ,alphabet4--,the 
,chinese have #aa1jjj letters in use1   
and in  maters of science they employ   
#fj1jjj1 but their articulate sounds do 
not exceed thirty4    ,method of        
rendering ,glass less brittle4--,let the
 glass vessel  be put into a vessel of  
cold water1 and let this water be heated
  boiling hot1 and then allowed to cool 
slowly of itself1 without  taking out   
the glass4 ,glasses treated in this way 
may1 while cold1  be suddenly filled    
with boiling hot water without any risk 
of their  cracking4 ,the gentleman who  
communicates the method1 says1 that he  
has often cooled such glasses to the    
temperature of #aj1 and poured  boiling 
water in them without experiencing any  

inconvenience from  the suddenness of   
the change4 ,if the glasses are to be   
exposed to a  higher temperature than   
that of boiling water1 boil them in oil4
          ,,poultry4    ,from the       
,european ,magazine4      ,,sir--,as the
 following account1 together with the   
few observations  ,i have made on the   
management and feeding of fowls1 may    
prove  acceptable1 and afford some      
useful hints to many among the numerous 
readers of your entertaining and        
widely-circulated miscellany1 you  will 
oblige me by giving them a place in your
 work4    ,i procured two pullets of the
 black ,spanish kind1 which were        
hatched in ,june1 #ahah1 and fed them   
constantly myself twice a day1          
alternating their food1 that is1 ,i gave
 them corn in the morning1  and in the  
afternoon boiled potatoes mixed with    
fresh bran1 but  ,i never allowed them  
to take a full meal of corn4 ,they had a
  small orchard to range in1 where1 in  
the course of the day1 they             

occasionally picked up worms and other  
insects2 and1 ,i have observed  that    
poultry of all kinds eagerly seek for   
animal food even after  they have       
satiated themselves with corn3 indeed1  
,i conceive a  portion of animal food   
essentially requisite to preserve them  
in a  healthy state4    ,the            
above-mentioned pullets began to lay    
about the middle of  ,november1 and     
continued to do so till within the last 
ten days1  when they began to moult     
their feathers1 having produced three   
hundred and sixty-seven eggs much larger
 and finer than those of the  common    
fowl4 ,seven eggs weigh #a pound        
avoirdupois1 so that ,i have  been      
furnished with the astonishing weight of
 more than #ec pounds  of nutritious and
 wholesome food from two hens4 ,they    
were never  broody1 nor shewed a        
disposition to sit at any time during   
the  whole season1 and ,i understand    
this property is peculiar to this       
species of fowl3 it is1 however1 an     

advantage than otherwise1 as the  common
 kinds can incubate their eggs1 and     
foster their young4      ,g4 ,c4        
,,jenner4      ,october #adth1 #ahai4   
,ancient ,advice to ,parents4    ,,teach
 ,,children      ,obedience1   and they 
shall  bless thee4    ,modesty1         
not be ashamed4    ,gratitude1          
receive benefits4    ,charity1          
gain love4    ,temperance1              
have wealth4      ,prudence1            
and       ,fortune will attend          
them4    ,justice1                      
they will be honoured                   
by the world4      ,sincerity1          
own hearts will not                     
reproach them4    ,diligence1       and 
their   ,wealth will increase4          
,benevolence1                 ,minds    
will be exalted4    ,science1           
,lives will be useful4    ,religion1    
,death will be happy4                   
,comfortable ,discovery4--,laugh and    
grow fat was the grand ancient  specific
 for long life--every sigh and groan    

drove a nail into  our coffins1 whilst a
 contrary excitation of the risible     
organs  drew one out4--,truly every     
generation groweth wiser1 and we may    
live to witness ocular proofs that pain 
is merely an alleviator of  indigestion1
 and the repudiation of a limb1 under   
the doctor's saw1  a pleasant and       
exhilarating morning exercise2 in short1
 what may we  not expect after reading  
the following3    ,a ,french surgeon has
 published a long dissertation on the   
beneficial  influence of groaning and   
crying on the nervous system4 ,he       
contends  that groaning and crying are  
the two grand operations by which       
nature allays anguish2 and that he has  
uniformly observed1 that  those patients
 who give way to their natural feelings1
 more speedily  recover from accidents  
and operations1 than those who suppose  
that  it is unworthy a man to betray    
such symptoms of cowardice as either  to
 groan or to cry4 ,he is always pleased 
by the crying and violent  roaring of a 

patient during the time he is undergoing
 a surgical  operation1 because he is   
satisfied that he will thereby so sooth 
his nervous system1 as to prevent fever 
and ensure a favourable                 
termination4--,from the benefit         
hysterical and other nervous patients   
derive from crying or groaning1 he      
supposes that by these  processes of    
nature1 the superabundant nervous power 
is exhausted1  and that the system is in
 consequence rendered calm1 and even the
  circulation of the blood diminished4  
,he relates a case of a man1  who1 by   
means of crying and bawling1 reduced his
 pulse from #abj  to #fj in the course  
of two hours4 ,that some patients often 
have a  great satisfaction in groaning1 
and that hysterical patients often      
experience great relief from crying1 are
 facts which no person will  deny4      
,as to the restless hypochondriacal     
subjects1 or those who are never  happy 
but when they are under some course of  
medical or dietetic  treatment1 the     

,french surgeon assures them that they  
cannot do  better than groan all night  
and cry all day4 ,by following this     
rule1  and observing an abstemious diet1
 a person will effectually escape       
disease1 and may prolong life to an     
incredible extent4          ,oats #ajjj 
years old4--,in the highest point of a  
field1 a mile  south from ,forfar1      
,scotland1 there was a druids' place of 
worship1  consisting of a circle of     
large stones1 with one 7the largest7  in
 the middle4 ,the field was fallowed    
last year1 and this temple  trenched1   
from which a very great quantity of     
stones were turned  up4 ,nothing        
particular1 however1 appeared1 except a 
few bones that  went to dust4 ,the field
 this year was sown with barley1 and    
this  trenched part with the rest3 so   
far as this trench extended1 there  are 
considerable quantities of oats1 of     
various kinds1 sprung up  among the     
barley1 the seeds of which must have    
remained there more  than #ajjj years4  

,without the trenched ground there is   
not a head of  oats to be seen4 ,orders 
have been given to preserve these oat   
plants4          ,state of the ,rain    
,guage in ,philadelphia4                
,january1       #a inch #dj-a_/ajj      
,february1      #b      #fh    ,march1  
#e      #gj    ,longevity4--,in the     
parish of ,acton1 ,middlesex1 still     
exist the  lineal posterity of the      
famous ,bishop ,cranmer1 who was burnt  
at the  stake by order of ,queen ,mary1 
nearly #cjj years ago4 ,one of them1 an 
old lady1 named ,whytell1 has completed 
her #aabth year1 and retains  her       
intellectual and bodily faculties to a  
surprising extent4          ,west's     
,painting4--,the ,earl of ,egremont has 
purchased the  celebrated easel study of
 ,death upon the ,pale ,horse2 painted  
by  ,mr4 ,,west2 one of the most sublime
 productions of modern art4             
,,married1      ,in ,hebron1            
,connecticut1 the celebrated ,,lorenzo  
,,dow1 to ,miss ,,lucy  ,,doalbear1 of  

,montville4    ,at ,harrisburg1 ,dr4    
,,phineas ,,jenks1 a member of the      
,house of  ,representatives1 from ,bucks
 ,county1 to ,miss ,,amelia1 only       
daughter of  the late governor ,snyder4 
,deaf and ,dumb ,marriage4--,nov4 #bj1  
#ahai1 a singular marriage was          
solemnized at ,kirkheaton1 near         
,huddersfield1 between ,joshua ,barker  
and ,mary ,moorehouse4 ,the man being   
deaf and dumb1 could not repeat  the    
necessary forms of the marriage         
ceremony2 but this difficulty  was      
obviated in an ingenious manner2 as he  
was able to read1 the  book was         
presented to him1 and he traced the     
words over with his  finger4            
,,died1      ,on the #dth instant1 in   
,tewksbury1 near ,new ,germantown1 7,n4 
,j47  ,,frederick ,,pickle1 aged #ajj   
years4 ,when he was #id years of age1 he
  cut with a cradle #ejj sheaves of rye 
in a day4 ,at #ig he went into  the     
woods and split #ajj chesnut rails in   
less than a day4 ,he was  regular and   

temperate in his habits1 and enjoyed    
good health until  within about a year  
before his death4 ,his widow is #ij1 and
 they have  lived in the marriage state 
#gj years4          ,,time4        ,i   
saw him hasting on his way1        ,and 
mark'd his lightning flight1            
,where'er he mov'd1 there stern decay   
,spread its destructive blight4         
,rapid the gloomy phantom hied1         
,envelop'd in the storm--      ,his eyes
 shone out in sullen pride1        ,and 
fearful was his form4        ,i saw him 
grasp the ,warrior's wreath1        ,won
 in the gory fray--      ,the laurel    
withering sunk in death1        ,its    
beauty fled away1      ,that wreath was 
stained with bloody dew1                
,unhallowed was its bloom--      ,it met
 the phantom's chilling view1           
,and bow'd beneath its gloom4        ,i 
saw him pass by ,beauty's bower1        
,and listen to her lay2      ,around the
 spot was many a flower        ,blooming
 its summer day2      ,with icy heart   

the spectre came1        ,her lovely    
form compress'd2      ,she met his lurid
 eye of flame--        ,the tombstone   
tells the rest4        ,on ,youth's warm
 brow his hand he prest1        ',twas  
cold as mouldering clay--      ,he laid 
his hand on ,manhood's breast1          
,the life-pulse ceas'd to play4         
,his fell siroc o'er ,nature passed1    
,and low she drooped her head--         
,her blossoms withered in the blast1    
,and all her verdure fled4              
,,florio4      ,hudson ,whig4           
,,winter ,,evening',s ,,amusement ,,for 
,,jane ,,and ,,me4        ,in summer    
days ,i till the ground1        ,and tug
 and toil and get my bread--      ,no   
interval can there be found1            
,between my labour and my bed1          
,my wife declines to knit by night1     
,and ,i to read by candle-light4        
,but when the south receives the sun    
,beyond the equinoctial line--          
,when all my summer work is done        
,substantial pleasures then are mine1   

,then ,jane begins to knit at night1    
,and ,i to read by candle-light4        
,i'm then content1 and never sigh1      
,nor fly from home some bliss to find2  
,and ,jane is pleased as well as ,i1    
,it so completely feasts her mind1      
,to sit her down to knit by night1      
,and hear me read by candle-light4      
,for when ,i read she always hears1     
,and what she hears1 she tries to scan2 
,when ought to her obscure appears1     
,then ,i explain it if ,i can1          
,o how she loves to knit by night       
,and hear me read by candle-light6      
,but when she drops a stitch1 and gapes1
        ,soon gapes again1 and nods her 
head1      ,i close my book1 and say1   
perhaps        ',tis time1 my dear1 to  
go to bed--          ,so knit again     
to-morrow night1          ,and hear me  
read by candle-light4      ,olive       
,branch4          ,,youth ,,and ,,old   
,,age4        ,days of my youth6 ye have
 glided away2      ,hairs of my youth6  
ye are frosted and gray2      ,eyes of  

my youth6 your keen sight is no more    
,cheeks of my youth6 ye are furrow'd all
 o'er2      ,strength of my youth6 all  
your vigour is gone2      ,thoughts of  
my youth6 your gay visions are flown4   
,days of my youth6 ,i wish not your     
recal2      ,hairs of my youth6 ,i'm    
content you should fall2      ,eyes of  
my youth6 ye much evil have seen2       
,cheeks of my youth6 bathed in tears    
have ye been2      ,strength of my      
youth6 why lament your decay2           
,thoughts of my youth6 ye have led me   
astray2        ,days of my age6 ye will 
shortly be past2      ,pains of my age6 
yet awhile ye can last2      ,joys of my
 age6 in true wisdom delight2      ,eyes
 of my age6 be religion your light2     
,thoughts of my age6 dread ye not the   
cold sod2      ,hopes of my age6 be ye  
fixed on your ,god6          ,,cure     
,,for ,,trouble4    ,,by ,s4 ,,osborne4 
,ben ,brisk a philosopher was1          
,in the genuine sense of the word2      
,and he held that repining1 whatever the

 cause1        ,was unmanly1 and weak1  
and absurd4        ,tom ,tipple1 when   
trouble intruded1        ,and his       
fortune and credit were sunk1      ,by a
 too common error deluded1              
,drown'd trouble1 and made himself      
drunk4        ,but ,ben had a way of his
 own1        ,when grievances made him  
uneasy2      ,he bade the blue devils   
begone6        ,brav'd trouble1 and made
 himself--,busy4        ,when sorrow    
imbitters our days1        ,and poisons 
each source of enjoyment1      ,the     
surest specific1 he says1        ,for   
trouble and grief1 is--,employment4     
,,lines1    ,inscribed to ,william      
,willtshire1 ,esq4        ,heaven's     
noblest attribute6 a richer gem         
,than ever deck'd the monarch's diadem1 
,art thou sweet mercy6 yet alas1 how    
rare1      ,amid this world of crime1   
thy triumphs are6      ,how dimly burns 
thy pure etherial fire6      ,how seldom
 does its warmth the clay wrapt heart   
inspire6      ,yet1 now and then1 upon  

the path of time1      ,it blazes forth 
with dazzling ray sublime2      ,sheds  
o'er this vale of tears it's heaven lit 
flame2      ,and throws a halo round the
 human name4      ,see6 on the desert's 
verge1 those wasted forms1      ,which  
life's expiring spark but feebly warms2 
,wore down by pain1 toil1 care1 and     
wretchedness1      ,and clad in squalid 
misery's abject dress3      ,and mark   
the hectic flush1 the broken sigh1      
,and the wild glance that lights each   
sunken eye--      ,the thrilling pulse  
of hope--the withering fear      ,that  
checks the quick throb in its full      
career--      ,the eager1 half form'd   
question1 and the start1      ,as if the
 accents shook the bursting heart--     
,oh6 ,heavens6 and will he come1 and    
shall we be      ,restor'd once more to 
life1 and liberty8      ,or must we in  
our galling bonds remain8--      ,but   
hush6--hark6--,lo a horseman on the     
plain6      ',tis he6 he comes1 he      
pities1 succours1 saves      ,the       

captives from their chains1 the dying   
from their graves4      ,thine1         
,willtshire1 was the deed2 and oh6 to   
thee      ,is due the tribute of the    
brave and free6--      ,noble1 and      
generous6 round thy brow shall twine    
,a fairer wreath1 a laurel more divine1 
,than that which e'er the blood stain'd 
hero wore3      ,or science' sons in    
proudest moment wore4      ,and when the
 sculptur'd bust1 the burnish'd urn1    
,the victor's trophies shall to dust    
return3      ,when gone are all that    
wealth and power bestow2      ,thy fame1
 undimm'd1 shall shine--thy worth shall 
brighter glow4      ,n4      ,n4 ,y4    
,evening ,post4          ,,on           
,,intemperance4         ----,but1 at    
last it biteth like a serpent1 and      
stingeth like an       adder4--,prov4   
,o1 ,take the maddening bowl away6      
,remove the poisonous cup6      ,my soul
 is sick--its burning ray        ,hath  
drunk my spirit up3      ,take--take it 
from my loathing lip        ,ere madness

 fires my brain2      ,take--take it    
hence6 nor let me sip        ,its liquid
 death again4      ,o dash it on the    
thirsty earth1        ,for ,i will drink
 no more3      ,it cannot cheer the     
heart with mirth        ,that grief hath
 wounded sore2      ,for serpents wreath
 its sparkling brim1        ,and adders 
lurk below3      ,it hath no soothing   
charms for him        ,who sinks        
oppress'd with wo4      ,say not1       
,behold its ruddy hue--        ,o press 
it to thy lips6      ,for 'tis more     
deadly than the dew        ,that from   
the ,upas drips2      ,it is more       
poisonous than the stream        ,which 
deadly nightshade leaves3      ,its joys
 are transient as the beam        ,that 
lights its ruddy waves4      ,say not   
,it hath a powerful spell        ,to    
sooth the soul of care2      ,say not1  
,it calms the bosom's swell        ,and 
drives away despair6      ,art thou its 
votary8--ask thy soul--        ,thy soul
 in misery deep--      ,yea1 ask thy    

conscience if the bowl        ,can give 
eternal sleep6      ,then1 hence1 away6 
thou deadly foe        ,of happiness the
 whole2      ,away--away6--,i feel thy  
blow1        ,thou palsy of the soul6   
,henceforth ,i ask no more of thee1     
,thou bane of ,adam's race1      ,but to
 a heavenly fountain flee1        ,and  
drink the dews of grace4          ,,for 
,,the ,,rural ,,magazine4    ,,hope4    
,for we have not a high priest who      
cannot be touched    with the feeling of
 our infirmities3 but was in all        
points tempted like as we are1 yet      
without sin4      ,heb4 iv4 #ae4        
,when gathering clouds around ,i view1  
,and days are dark1 and friends are few1
      ,on him ,i lean1 who1 not in vain1
      ,experienc'd every human pain1    
,he sees my wants1 allays my fears1     
,and counts and treasures up my tears4  
,if aught should tempt my soul to stray1
      ,from heavenly virtue's narrow    
way1      ,to fly the good ,i would     
pursue1      ,or do the sin ,i would not

 do1      ,still he who felt            
temptation's power1      ,shall guard me
 in that dangerous hour4        ,if     
wounded love my bosom swell1            
,deceiv'd by those ,i priz'd too well1  
,he shall his pitying aid bestow1       
,who felt on earth severer wo2      ,at 
once betrayed1 denied1 or fled1      ,by
 all that shar'd his daily bread4       
,when vexing thoughts within me rise1   
,and1 sore dismay'd my spirit dies1     
,yet he who once vouchsaf'd to bear1    
,the sickening anguish of despair1      
,shall sweetly sooth2 shall gently dry1 
,the throbbing heart1 the streaming eye4
        ,when sorrowing o'er some stone 
,i bend1      ,which covers all that was
 a friend1      ,and from his voice1 his
 hand1 his smile1      ,divides me--for 
a little while--      ,thou1 ,saviour   
see'st the tears ,i shed1      ,for thou
 didst weep o'er ,lazarus dead4         
,and ,o1 when ,i have safely past1      
,through every conflict--but the last1  
,still1 still unchanging1 watch beside1 

,my painful bed--for thou hast died2    
,then point to realms of cloudless day1 
,and wipe the latest tear away4      ,a4
 ,b4 ,c4          ,,to ,,my ,,wife1     
,on the ,anniversary of her ,wedding-day
 which was also her       ,birth-day4   
,,by ,,samuel ,,bishop4          ,thee1 
,mary1 with this ring ,i wed--      ,so1
 fourteen years ago1 ,i said4--         
,behold another ring6--for what8        
,to wed thee o'er again8--,why not8     
,with that first ring ,i married youth1 
,grace1 beauty1 innocence1 and truth2   
,taste long admir'd1 sense long rever'd1
      ,and all my ,molly then appear'd4 
,if she1 by merit since disclos'd1      
,prove twice the woman ,i suppos'd1     
,i plead that double merit now1      ,to
 justify a double vow4        ,here then
 to-day1 7with faith as sure1      ,with
 ardour as intense1 as pure1      ,as   
when1 amidst the rites divine1      ,i  
took thy troth1 and plighted mine17     
,to thee1 sweet girl1 my second ring    
,a token and a pledge ,i bring3         

,with this ,i wed1 till death us part1  
,thy riper virtues to my heart2         
,those virtues1 which before untried    
,the wife has added to the bride3       
,those virtues1 whose progressive claim1
      ,endearing wedlock's very name1   
,my soul enjoys1 my song approves1      
,for ,conscience' sake1 as well as      
love's4        ,and why8--,they shew me 
every hour1      ,honour's high thought1
 ,affection's power1      ,discretion's 
deed1 sound ,judgment's sentence1       
,and teach me all things--but           
repentance4          ,,the              
,,icelander',s ,,song4    ,from a ,,ms4 
,volume of ,poems1 by ,mr4 ,g4          
,,rathbone4          ,the southern may  
talk of his meads crown'd with flow'rs1 
,where the gale1 breathing incense1     
unceasingly flies2      ,he may vaunt   
the rich hue of his rose-tangled bowers 
,or the sapphire and gold of his bright 
sunny skies2      ,but it is not a theme
 that will light up emotion        ,in  
an ,icelander's breast2 since his pride 

and his boast      ,are his hoar-cover'd
 mountains1 that frown on the ocean1    
,lit up with the ice-blink that girdles 
the coast4        ,when the winter of   
night darkles round him all dreary1     
,and his snow-bosom'd hills mourn the   
absence of day1      ,with a heart void 
of care1 and with limbs seldom weary1   
,he launches his bark in pursuit of his 
prey2      ,rough is his bed1 and uneasy
 his pillow1        ,when far off in    
ocean he rambles from home2      ,blithe
 scuds his boat1 as her prow cleaves the
 billow        ,of the gem-spangled     
brine1 with its ridges of foam4         
,dear is the dawn of the fork'd northern
 light1        ,that illumines old      
,hecla's broad cone with its rays2      
,and dearer its splendour1 increasingly 
bright1        ,when the peaks of the   
ice-bergs appear in the blaze3          
,brightly it plays on his dart's glossy 
pride1        ,when it flies1 steep'd in
 spray1 on the snake's scaly crest1     
,to bury its point in the whale's finny 

hide1        ,or flesh its curv'd barb  
in the sea-lion's chest4        ,dear is
 the summer of day1 when the fountains1 
,unfetter'd and free1 pour the bright   
crystal stream2      ,dear is the       
cataract's leap in the mountains1       
,when sparkling at night in the moon's  
silver beam2      ,dear are the shoals  
where the sea-horse is bounding1        
,with his icicled mane and his eyeballs 
of fire2      ,but dearer than all1 is  
the comfort surrounding        ,the wife
 of his choice1 and the hearth of his   
sire4          ,,to ,,the ,,snow-,,drop4
        ,joyous ,herald of the ,spring1 
,pretty snow-drop1 hail6      ,with     
thee1 modest trembler1 bring            
,summer's balmy gale4        ,com'st to 
tell us ,winter's fled8        ,bright  
informer1 hail6      ,welcome guest1 why
 hang thy head4        ,why thy cheek so
 pale8        ,dost thou droop thy head 
in wo1        ,poor glory of an hour8   
,since not the ,summer's heat shall glow
        ,for thee1 thou short-liv'd     

flow'r        ,thou art only come1 alas6
        ,to tell us spring is near2     
,like a fleeting shade to pass1         
,droop1 and disappear4        ,thus some
 son of ,virtue may1        ,tread his  
bright career1      ,guide by mild      
,religion's ray1        ,erring ,mortals
 here3        ,ere his ,winter toils are
 done1        ,or ,summer hopes arise1  
,sinks he1 youth and vigour gone1       
,points to heav'n--and dies4--,,helen4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,philadelphia1    ,,published ,,monthly
 ,,by    ,,richards  ,,caleb ,,johnson1 
,no4 #ca1 ,market ,street1    ,at #c4jj 
per annum4           99       99        
99       99       99    ,,griggs        
,,dickinson--,printers1 ,whitehall4