,illustration ,,the ,,dardanelles ,,colour ,,sketches ,,from ,,gallipoli ,,written ,,and ,,drawn ,,by ,,norman ,,wilkinson1 ,r4,i4 ,with ,thirty ,full-,page ,plates in ,colour1 reproduced from ,water-,colour ,drawings made on the spot1 and a number of ,black-and-,white ,illustrations ,,second ,,impression ,,longmans1 ,,green ,,and ,,co4 #ci ,,paternoster ,,row1 ,,london ,,fourth ,,avenue #cj,,th ,,street1 ,,new ,,york ,,bombay1 ,,calcutta1 ,,and ,,madras #aiaf ,,contents ,,chap4 ,,page ,i ,,first ,,impressions #a ,,ii ,,the ,,landing ,,at ,,suvla ,,bay1 ,,august #f-g #i ,,iii ,,off ,,the ,,left ,,flank ,,at ,,helles #bc ,,iv ,,trawlers ,,in ,,the ,,dardanelles #cd ,v ,,beach-,,parties #db ,,vi ,,submarines #ej ,,vii ,,wounded #ef ,illustration3 ,,the ,,numbers ,,on ,,this ,,map ,,refer ,,to ,,those ,,colour ,,plates ,,which ,,are ,,starred ,,in ,,the ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,list ,,of ,,coloured ,,plates ,,helles ,facing page 99#a4 ,h4,m4,s4 ,,theseus ,frontispiece ,this cruiser1 #be years old1 which has now special arrangements for withstanding submarine attacks1 is supporting the ,army off the left flank4 ,she is firing at ,turkish gun emplacements1 an aeroplane being used to spot the fall of shot4 99#b4 ,,shells ,,falling ,,on ,,the ,,base ,,camp ,,at ,,helles #fb 99#c4 ,,off ,,the ,,left ,,flank ,,at ,,helles 99#d4 ,,monitors ,,shelling ,,yeni ,,sher ,,village ,,and ,,asiatic #fd ,,batteries 99#e4 ,,french ,,flagship ,,suffren ,,shelling ,,achi ,,baba #ff 99#f4 ,,french ,,flagship ,,suffren',s #ab-;,,in4 ,,shells ,,bursting ,,on ,,western ,,slopes ,,of ,,achi ,,baba #fh 99#g4 ,,balloon-,,ship ,,hector ,,with ,,kite ,,balloon ,,up1 ,,spotting1 ,,off ,,the ,,left ,,flank #gj ,,suvla ,,bay 99#h4 ,,landing ,,at ,a ,,beach1 ,,august #g1 #e4cj ,a4,m4 #gb 99#i4 ,,troops ,,landing ,,at ,c ,,beach1 ,,august #g #gd 99#aj4 ,c ,,beach1 ,,august #h #gf 99#aa4 ,,dressing ,,station--,a ,,beach 99#ab4 ,,ship',s ,,boats ,,going ,,off ,,to ,a ,,hospital ,,ship ,,with #gh ,,wounded 99#ac4 ,h4,m4,s4 ,,talbot ,,in ,,suvla ,,bay ,,shelling ,,enemy ,,ridges ,,at ,,dusk #hj 99#ad4 ,,salt ,,lake ,,and ,,chocolate ,,hill #hb 99#ae4 ,,lalla ,,baba #hd 99#af4 ,,looking ,,towards ,,the ,,village ,,of ,,anafarta 99#ag4 ,h4,m4,s4 ,,sarnia ,,landing ,,troops ,,in ,,suvla ,,bay #hf 99#ah4 ,,salt ,,lake ,,from ,,chocolate ,,hill #hh 99#ai4 ,,transports ,,under ,,shell-,,fire--,,suvla ,,bay #ij 99#bj4 ,,dressing ,,station--,a ,,beach #ib 99#ba4 ,,supporting ,,ships ,,at ,,the ,,suvla ,,landing #id 99#bb4 ,,anzac 99#bc4 ,,anzac #if 99#bd4 ,,motor ,,lighters #ih #be4 ,,general ,,sir ,,ian ,,hamilton',s ,,headquarters #bf4 ,,seaplane ,,base #ajj #bg4 ,,seaplanes ,,at ,,kephalo #ajb #bh4 ,h4,m4,s4 ,,exmouth ,,in ,,kephalo ,,harbour #ajd #bi4 ,,submarine ,e#aa ,,at ,,kephalo #ajf #cj4 ,h4,m4,s4 ,,ben-,,my-,,chree ,,at ,,kephalo #ajh #ca4 ,,hospital ,,ships ,,at ,,kephalo #aaj #cb4 ,,french ,,flagship ,,suffren #aab #cc4 ,,hospital ,,ship ,,aquitania #aad #cd4 ,,submarine ,e#b ,,returning ,,from ,,the ,,sea ,,of ,,marmora #aaf #ce4 ,,mudros ,,harbour #cf4 ,,hospital ,,ship ,,aquitania ,,at ,,mudros #aah ,,the ,,dardanelles ,,chapter ,i ,,first ,,impressions ,before entering upon the subject of this chapter ,i cannot help a passing allusion to the lack of pictorial records of this war--records made by artists of experience1 who actually witness the scenes they portray4 ,our descendants will surely regret the omission when they try to gather an impression of the greatest war in history from the inadequate material obtainable4 ,i do not lose sight of the fact that many professional artists are fighting with our army in ,france and elsewhere4 ,but life in the trenches is so arduous that it is doubtful if many records will come to us from this source4 ,the start of my journey was not at all what ,i had intended4 ,i had imagined myself busily sketching our departure and attempting to get some of the delightful colour and abundant movement of the lower ,thames4 ,in actual fact1 ,i spent most of this time lying on a settee1 trying to overcome the effects of inoculation1 though rather cheered1 it is true1 by the thought of the annoyance set up amongst the millions of germs inhabiting my system4 ,i made several efforts to go on deck1 but was forced each time to give in and return to my cabin4 ,this was the more annoying1 as we were passing through what to any traveller by sea1 and to me especially1 was the most interesting zone3 full of romance and mystery1 with stories of sunken submarines1 rumours of nets and mines1 and all the strange happenings of this strangest of wars4 ,there was naturally a certain amount of speculation on the steamer as to the possibility of attack by submarine3 this new factor in modern warfare1 which1 from a romantic point of view1 has so largely conduced to the elimination of spectacular fighting4 ,at the time of sailing we had heard of submarine activity in the western entrance to the ,channel1 though the apparent indifference of the passengers was a wonderful testimony to the calmness of the ,briton in the presence of a very real danger4 ,however1 hopes ran fairly high that we might soon get into safe waters1 as we were favoured with a fairly heavy summer gale1 which should1 with luck1 see us well round ,ushant and down the bay4 ,we were pushing along doing a steady ten knots with our fore-deck frequently taking it green2 but1 well loaded as we were with general cargo1 the ship was wonderfully easy in motion4 ,this was in comforting contrast to a tramp-steamer close by1 which looked as if she wanted to see how far she could roll without turning over4 ,ships bound for the ,mediterranean and to other parts are more scattered nowadays than formerly4 ,since the war they have avoided the recognised trade routes4 ,probably there may be enemy submarines bound out to the ,eastern ,mediterranean1 but the likelihood of attack from these appeared to us small4 ,after all1 they would surely reserve their stock of torpedoes for a more important quarry1 and1 in any case1 would hardly be likely to advertise their presence before arriving in their intended zone of operations4 ,during the night we passed a number of patrol boats keeping their ceaseless vigil4 ,the patrol service will1 when the war is over1 undoubtedly reap the full meed of praise to which they are entitled4 ,it is utterly impossible for the landsman to grasp the soul-wearying work on patrol vessels4 ,frequently of quite small tonnage1 keeping the seas in every kind of weather1 not bound anywhere in particular1 but just slogging to and fro on a set beat1 rarely thought of except by the relatives and friends of those serving in them4 ,we reached ,gibraltar in two or three days1 during which time no alarms from submarines disturbed our peace4 ,the sight of the ,rock for the first time must frequently call forth an exclamation on the strangeness of events which have enabled us to take and hold so fine a strategical position4 ,isolated as it is from any other of our possessions1 it has certainly served us well in the ,dardanelles campaign4 ,malta was made in the early morning1 and it certainly looked a gem set in a sea of opal1 although closer acquaintance found it stiflingly hot4 ,our time here was short1 as we were ordered to a vessel leaving early next morning for ,mudros1 the base in the island of ,lemnos4 ,the ship in which we took passage was one of an entirely new class1 specially designed for the destruction of submarines4 ,on our passage up1 a matter of three days1 a sharp lookout was kept1 as we were now nearing the danger zone4 ,for some reason difficult to discover there appeared to be a lull in the operations of these craft1 due1 probably1 to the numerous devices employed to restrict their activities4 ,nevertheless1 continual reports were coming in of their being sighted1 and our ,captain was anxious to try the efficacy of his means of offence1 but we were disappointed or otherwise1 according to our various temperaments1 for we sighted nothing suspicious4 ,on the third day a ,french destroyer1 with whom we exchanged recognition signals1 steamed up to us for a closer inspection4 ,this denoted our close proximity to the great naval base from which the operations in this theatre of war were largely conducted4 ,a distant view of ,mudros1 one of the finest natural harbours in the eastern ,mediterranean1 showed a vast concourse of ships1 which grew in interest and numbers as we approached4 ,eventually we steamed between lines of warships to an anchorage given us by signal4 ,i have seen many reviews and naval pageants1 but nothing to compare1 in interest1 with the assemblage of ships that we now witnessed4 ,british battleships1 ,french battleships1 cruisers of both nations2 a ,russian cruiser1 the ,askold 7which had incidentally been badly hammered in the war with ,japan72 destroyers1 torpedo boats of all ages1 submarines 7some fresh with the laurels of raids in the ,sea of ,marmora71 ,north ,sea trawlers1 tramp-steamers1 transports1 food-ships1 motor-boats1 ,greek sailing vessels1 motor-barges for landing troops1 private yachts taken over by the ,admiralty 7the ,admiral conducting operations being himself in one of these71 and endless other craft gathered from everywhere to assist in the enormous undertaking of supplying food and munitions and to guard the routes to the various other bases established in the islands around4 ,towering above all the vessels could be seen the ,aquitania and the ,mauretania1 their immense bulk dwarfing every ship in the harbour4 ,ashore were camps in every direction1 that of the ,french being the most conspicuous1 as1 owing to its longer occupation1 the ground had lost every trace of vegetation and had become a vast arid mound1 looking terribly hot1 with clouds of sand blowing continually across it4 ,the fact of so many battleships and cruisers being in the harbour was an eloquent tribute to the moral influence of submarines4 ,these craft would appear to have been less active recently1 whether as a result of means taken to combat them 7the sea is a maze of nets71 or whether from engine troubles or shortage of petrol1 it is impossible to say4 ,on the other hand1 they may hope to lull us into a sense of false security1 and thus to entice the larger ships out4 ,whatever the cause1 our belief in their inactivity is strengthened by the fact that a number of warships are patrolling the seas continually without interference4 ,we spent a few days in this port before an opportunity occurred to get nearer to the area of hostilities4 ,i was fortunate enough to be appointed to a ship which left almost immediately for ,kephalo1 our base in the island of ,imbros1 some ten miles distant from the enemy coast4 ,after a rapid passage through a sea studded with indicator nets1 we arrived at ,kephalo4 ,a fair enough anchorage1 this1 in summer1 though a practically continuous breeze from the north-east1 sometimes of considerable strength1 is apt to make it uncomfortable for small craft4 ,the setting here is rather more picturesque than ,mudros1 by reason of the smaller water area and higher hills on the northern side4 ,here again a large concourse of ships was gathered1 mostly transports1 though two vessels1 the balloon-spotting ship ,hector and the plane-carrying and repair ship ,ark ,royal1 were of unusual interest4 ,the flagship ,exmouth1 with a large collier made fast on either beam1 was evidently determined not to allow the marauding submarine any opportunity of repeating her ,majestic and ,triumph successes4 ,nothing has been left undone to make ,kephalo a safe anchorage4 ,a complete net-guard stretched across the harbour has up to the present been effective in preventing submarine attack4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,landing ,,at ,,suvla ,,bay1 ,,august #f-g ,the strictest secrecy was maintained with regard to the new landing in ,gallipoli1 thus preventing anything but the vaguest rumours leaking out as to the point chosen for disembarkation4 ,it was presumed that the ,turks must have taken every possible protective measure to guard against surprise4 ,i was very fortunate in being attached to the ship which the ,admiral conducting operations had chosen as his temporary flagship4 ,it is difficult to give any idea of the strange feelings that possessed us as we crept through the darkness on the night of ,august #f1 knowing that big events loomed ahead4 ,would it be a surprise to the enemy8 ,had they any information of our movements8 ,a single bright light showing on the northerly end of ,imbros looked suspiciously like a signal to the ,turks1 a simple matter when one realised that our bases in these islands were held entirely on sufferance and we had practically no jurisdiction over spies4 ,our occupation of the various islands was somewhat ,gilbertian2 after the war between ,turkey and ,greece both parties claimed the islands in the gean1 neither being in a position to hold them successfully4 ,consequently1 when the ,dardanelles operations commenced1 we naturally decided to regard the islands as ,no ,man's ,land1 although the ,greeks knew that1 in the event of a successful campaign1 we should probably hand them over to their keeping4 ,it is certain that without them we could never have carried on the operations in this theatre of war4 ,we left the anchorage of ,kephalo with every light obscured and silence enjoined1 even white clothes and cigarettes being forbidden on deck4 ,it was fortunately a dark night even for these parts4 ,at slow speed with a picket-boat close on our quarter we crept across the twelve miles separating us from ,suvla ,bay1 which by now was generally presumed to be the place chosen for what we hoped would be a surprise landing4 ,two cruisers1 the ,theseus and ,endymion1 carrying large numbers of men1 and specially fitted with gangways over their sterns to allow the troops to walk down into motor-lighters1 were sent on with destroyers towing motor-lighters full of troops to be at the point of disembarkation at about #aa4cj p4m4 ,we on the flagship steered a slightly more northerly course1 in order not to interfere with these vessels in the darkness1 and arrived in ,suvla ,bay at about #ab4cj a4m4 ,the fact that the landing had already begun was shown by desultory rifle-fire from the shore1 but of so spasmodic a character that a feeling of hope arose that the surprise was complete4 ,impatience now became general for the first gleam of daylight4 ,after an apparently endless wait the dawn began to make in the eastern sky1 and there was enough light to get some idea of the general state of affairs4 ,on ,c beach the troops had landed from the cruisers and destroyers in the darkness with practically no opposition4 ,a beautiful sandy shore1 sloping at sufficiently steep an angle to allow the motor-lighters to beach without difficulty1 facilitated the landing4 ,the troops1 dashing forward1 were able to penetrate inland and drive the small bodies of ,turks out of their trenches4 ,they then advanced over the now dry salt lake some considerable distance4 ,on ,a beach things were not so successful4 ,here1 a shallow ridge of sand1 running parallel to the shore1 held up three of the motor-lighters carrying some #aejj men at a point where wading was impossible1 owing to the deeper water inside the ridge4 ,here the men were subjected to considerable rifle-fire from bodies of ,turkish troops and suffered a number of casualties4 ,picket-boats1 however1 succeeded in taking them off and landing them on the beach4 ,by this time it was possible to see more plainly what was taking place4 ,two batteries of ,turkish field-guns opened fire with shrapnel and high explosives on the landing-parties and on the three lighters which were firmly fixed on the sand reef4 ,the lighters specially claimed the attention of the enemy's guns1 doubtless under the impression that they still contained troops4 ,beyond the lighters large numbers of men could be seen filing along the beach1 or forming up1 and amongst these1 large columns of sand and dust showed where the shells pitched1 causing many casualties4 ,at about five o'clock an enemy aeroplane was sighted1 but so occupied was everyone with the work in hand that practically no attention was paid to her2 and shortly after1 four large bombs were dropped in quick succession in the harbour1 causing huge columns of discoloured water to rise1 but doing no damage to the shipping1 which by now had grown in numbers4 ,five fleet sweepers arrived bringing large numbers of men1 who were landed rapidly to support those already ashore1 and as quickly disappeared into the scrub beyond the beach4 ,the ,talbot and ,chatham were now busy with their #f-;inch guns driving back those ,turks who still endeavoured to oppose our landing4 ,the ,talbot by a few well-placed shots entirely disposed of a battery which had considerably annoyed us during the early part of the operations4 ,it was impossible now to see exactly what was taking place1 as the low-lying land1 over which the troops were advancing1 was hidden by sand dunes from the harbour4 ,by now large transports were arriving with more troops and stores1 and a battery of field artillery was landed and quickly galloped into a position on ,lalla ,baba1 where they could give good support to the advance4 ,a slight description of the country in which this attempt to straddle the peninsula was taking place may be of interest1 as seen from the sea4 ,on our left ,suvla ,point1 with ,nebruniessi ,point to the right1 formed a small bay known as ,suvla ,bay some mile and a half across4 ,to the right of ,nebruniessi ,point a long gently curving sandy beach some four or five miles in extent terminated where the ,australian position at ,anzac rose steeply to the ,sari ,bair range4 ,inside and immediately in front of us was a large flat sandy plain covered with scrub1 while the dry salt lake showed dazzlingly white in the hot morning sun4 ,immediately beyond was ,chocolate ,hill1 and behind this again lay the village of ,anafarta some four miles from the shore4 ,as a background1 the ,anafarta ridge ran from the village practically parallel with the sea until it took a sharp turn due west to ,suvla ,point1 where it gradually sloped down to the coast4 ,beyond the plain in front of us a number of stunted oaks1 gradually becoming more dense further inland1 formed excellent cover for the enemy's snipers--a mode of warfare at which the ,turk has become an adept4 ,by climbing into the foretop of the vessel1 it was possible to watch the living cinema of battle4 ,glasses were necessary to distinguish the light khaki of our men against the scrub and sand4 ,the troops marching in open order across the salt lake formed a most stirring picture as they crossed the unbroken surface of silver-white4 ,overhead shrapnel burst unceasingly1 leaving small crumpled forms on the ground1 one or more of which would slowly rise and walk shorewards1 while others lay where they fell4 ,beyond this open space it became almost impossible to follow the movements of the battle1 but the continual rattle of musketry showed where the advance was proceeding into the more thickly wooded plain4 ,our hopes that the surrounding ridges would be taken before nightfall were unfortunately not realised4 ,the enemy1 though not in great strength to commence with1 were continually reinforced1 while the broken nature of the ground made anything like perfect cohesion amongst our various units extremely difficult4 ,to make matters still worse1 the enemy's shells caused dense bush fires1 which1 driven by the wind1 burst into sheets of flame4 ,great difficulty was experienced in dealing with snipers4 ,officers and men were continually shot down1 not only by rifle fire from advanced posts of the enemy1 but by men and even women behind our own firing-line4 ,the particular kind of tree in this part1 a stunted oak1 lends itself peculiarly to concealment1 being short with dense foliage4 ,here1 a sniper would lurk with face painted green and so well hidden as to defy detection4 ,others would crouch in the dense brushwood1 where anyone passing could be shot with ease4 ,when discovered1 these snipers had in their possession enough food and water for a considerable period as well as an ample supply of ammunition4 ,although this seems a murderous kind of warfare1 there is no question as to the pluck of the sniper1 of whatever nationality1 for he has little chance of getting back to his comrades and small likelihood of quarter if caught4 ,water1 or rather the want of it1 was a serious bar to our progress in the initial stages4 ,those who formed the first landing-parties carried provisions and water for forty-eight hours2 but in a country of this nature and under a boiling sun it is naturally impossible to convince the young soldier fighting in a temperature he has never experienced before1 of the necessity of husbanding his water supply4 ,so it proved in this instance4 ,the advanced troops were completely exhausted by thirst4 ,could this have been remedied at once it is certain a different tale would have been told4 ,the question which now arose amongst those who were conducting the naval side of the operations was1 how long would the ,turkish guns allow the shipping to remain in the harbour 7it became a harbour1 theoretically1 as soon as the steamer detailed for the work had laid submarine defence nets74 ,the bay was now thickly crowded with shipping1 including such tempting bait as big transports full of troops1 store-ships1 and every kind of vessel which goes to the support of an army4 ,yet1 fortunately1 we were only subjected to intermittent shell-fire1 the ,turks probably experiencing some difficulty in getting guns into position in addition to those required against the troops4 ,it was not until the #abth ,august that any serious action was taken by the enemy against the ships in harbour4 ,on that day the vessels inside the defence net consisted of a large monitor lying close in shore1 several smaller monitors at intervals off the beach1 the ,cornwall1 ,chatham1 and ,swiftsure1 and a number of transports and storeships4 ,the ,swiftsure was the flagship of ,rear-,admiral ,christian1 who conducted the naval side of the operations4 ,shortly after midday the ,turks opened fire on the monitor ,havelock4 ,the range was good1 but the first shells were ineffective1 though they fell close round her4 ,as she was lying at anchor1 and things were becoming rather uncomfortable1 she weighed and was just moving when a shell burst on the upper deck behind the funnel1 without1 however1 doing serious damage4 ,the enemy's gunners realising now that their chances of hitting the ,havelock were small1 turned their attention to the ,swiftsure4 ,the latter1 surrounded as she was by picket-boats and lighters1 found it difficult to get under weigh quickly4 ,several of us were standing on the quarter-deck of the flagship when the shells began to come in our direction4 ,the first shell pitched some fifty yards short2 the next passed overhead1 falling fairly close to our port side4 ,they had our range to a nicety4 ,the probability that the third would hit us caused a hurried exodus below deck1 where1 although the protection afforded was not great1 one felt a sense of security which was perhaps more theoretical than practical4 ,almost immediately the heavy thud of a projectile outside the ward-room told us that our judgment was not far wrong4 ,fortunately this failed to explode1 and was afterwards picked up on the net shelf4 ,another entered the ship's side close to the padre's cabin1 and1 going through three steel partitions1 brought up in the petty officers' pantry1 where a peaceful domestic was engaged in washing-up4 ,fortunately for him this also failed to explode4 ,immediately afterwards three high explosive shells came inboard on the upper deck1 and bursting there killed #g men and wounded #af4 ,curiosity in this case had overcome a sense of prudence1 for they had been watching the enemy's attempt to drive us out of the harbour4 ,the numerous picket-boats1 lighters1 etc41 had now left us1 so we were able to get weigh on the ship4 ,we slowly steamed in a circle without going outside the defence net1 in case a submarine might be lying in wait as part of a preconceived plan4 ,the fact that we had moved from our former billet was sufficient to stop the enemy's fire1 as practically all his guns were field artillery1 making it almost impossible to follow a moving object with the accuracy of a naval gun4 ,it is not my intention to attempt any elaborate description of the land operations1 as it was very difficult to obtain really reliable news4 ,moreover1 after the first few days1 the ,turks had succeeded in bringing up a number of fresh troops and artillery1 and were strongly entrenched4 ,it was increasingly evident1 therefore1 that1 unless a very large body of men could be brought up the advance had virtually ceased and resolved itself into a digging-in competition4 ,up till now the ,turks had made no concerted effort to drive us out2 but one night1 at about eight o'clock1 a heavy bombardment suddenly commenced on the left flank1 which lasted about an hour and a half4 ,the sky was lit by hundreds of bursting shrapnel1 high explosives and star shells3 the prelude1 presumably1 to an attack in force4 ,from our position in the bay it certainly looked as if a big fight were in progress1 and a great deal of speculation was rife on the ships in harbour as to the outcome4 ,about #i4cj a signal arrived from the ,headquarters #ith ,army ,corps1 saying ,situation well in hand4 ,it appeared1 for some reason unknown to us1 that the enemy had entirely failed to follow up the bombardment and attack4 ,indeed1 as far as could be ascertained1 not a single ,turk had left the trenches1 and we afterwards learned from deserters that even flogging and threats had failed to move them4 ,after this1 day succeeded day with a desultory artillery duel morning and evening1 the afternoons being presumably spent by the ,turks in a siesta4 ,little was accomplished by the artillery fire1 beyond the annoyance caused by shells falling amongst the stores and dug-outs at the bases4 ,it was astonishing to see high explosive shells bursting in what appeared to be crowded areas and to learn afterwards from the soldiers that comparatively few casualties had resulted4 ,certainly1 at times1 a shell would cause considerable damage1 especially if it fell on rock or hard earth3 one of these killed and wounded upwards of #ajj mules1 and another1 which ,i saw1 killed #i men and wounded #g2 but these were exceptions4 ,the ,red ,cross dressing stations had been shelled in the early days of the landing1 as1 owing possibly to the restricted area held by us1 or more probably to carelessness and want of thought1 large quantities of stores and ammunition were landed close to the dressing stations4 ,these suffered considerably in consequence from shell-fire4 ,this was not a deliberate act1 as no nation could possibly have conducted warfare in a more above-board and clean-handed manner than the ,turks4 ,the fact that such qualities could be attributed to the ,turk was a surprise to me1 though naval officers generally have long regarded him as the gentleman of the ,eastern ,mediterranean4 ,this is further borne out by his reported refusal to use poisonous gas when attacking4 ,on the afternoon of the landing the ,turks sent in an emissary to say that the ,red ,cross stations would be respected provided no stores were landed in the vicinity4 ,also at a later date the ,turkish ,headquarters made a helio to the effect that they had seen tows of boats communicating between warships and the dressing stations4 ,this they very naturally resented1 and said it must cease or they would feel compelled to open fire4 ,in another case a surgeon told me that the enemy had actually sent to apologise to him for the accidental shooting of one of his stretcher-bearers4 ,all this is1 of course1 only what one would expect from a chivalrous enemy4 ,so brutally1 however1 have many of the theoretical usages of war been violated that the action of the ,turk stands out in bright contrast1 and shows that this much-maligned race retains a sense of honour which seems to be lacking in others who claim the right to lead the world in this direction4 ,the ,turkish prisoners taken by us were few in number4 ,many were farmers whose one wish appeared to be to see the end of the war4 ,after all1 when one remembers that the ,turk has always been friendly to the ,british1 it is not surprising that in fighting against us he should still retain a good deal of his old feeling4 ,at the same time he is fighting in defence of his own country1 and is regarded by all who know him as never so effective as when on the defensive4 ,all one hears and reads of dissension amongst the ,turkish and ,german officers may be true1 as no doubt the ,german officer has taken a high hand in his dealings with the ,turkish ,army4 ,at the same time the ,turk is not so blind but that he realises1 to the full1 the value of the ,german as a teacher of the latest methods and devices of warfare4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,off ,,the ,,left ,,flank ,,at ,,helles ,shortly after my arrival ,i was appointed to a ship engaged in bombarding enemy gun positions and trenches off the left flank of the army at ,helles4 ,to those unacquainted with warships perhaps a short description of the ship may be of interest1 though ,i cannot of course enter into an exhaustive account of our particular form of defence which has been evolved through the advent of the submarine4 ,the ship ,i joined is known in the ,navy1 since her re-incarnation1 as a blister ship4 ,she belongs to the ,blake and ,blenheim type1 which were in their day the finest cruisers turned out by any naval power2 handsome vessels1 good sea-boats1 and generally a crack class2 but on the outbreak of hostilities they were a back number and practically ready for the ship-breaker4 ,one of the surprises of this war1 however1 has been the amount of active work done by the older vessels1 many of them good enough ships1 though not fit to lie in the battle-line1 but excellent for bombardment purposes1 for which they have been extensively used4 ,amongst these the cruiser ,i have mentioned came in for special protective treatment4 ,since the ,german submarine had driven our battle fleet into protective harbours1 and the ,army must be supported at any cost1 a scheme for rendering these vessels proof against the torpedo had to be devised4 ,torpedo nets had failed in the case of the ,triumph1 and were apt to render a ship extremely unhandy in the event of the enemy batteries successfully getting the range4 ,the first day on which the ship saw any action we left ,kephalo at nine o'clock in the morning to relieve the ,endymion1 our sister-ship on the left flank1 each of us doing forty-eight hours on patrol and forty-eight in harbour4 ,i must say my feelings were somewhat strange at being actually on a war vessel for the first time about to come under fire4 ,impressions of this kind have been described so often that ,i feel nothing in the way of a pen-picture can give readers any new idea of the sensation4 ,my own feelings were a strange mixture of a desire to get under some really effective cover and a wish to see the fall of our own shot on the enemy's position4 ,our first taste was at a range which enabled one to get a fair warning of the approach of the enemy's shell4 ,one heard first the distant bang of the gun1 followed almost immediately by a long whine which grew in crescendo until the shell hit the water with a loud plop4 ,in the case of shrapnel this exploded generally very short of us1 leaving a round ball of white smoke suspended in the air for some moments1 the bullets generally striking the sea some fifty yards ahead of the burst4 ,the shells which straddled the ship were the most trying1 as the sound of a projectile passed right overhead1 and seemed as if it must be coming inboard4 ,the long range 7most of the shell-fire being #ab or #ae pr47 made the danger problematical1 as the angle of descent was very steep4 ,on the other hand1 should we be hit1 the shell was likely to fall on our unarmoured decks4 ,in the case of several ships comparatively small shells had caused damage in this way out of all proportion to the size of the projectiles3 in one instance a shell came inboard on the ,grafton between the foremast and funnel1 and bursting there1 killed #i and wounded #ag men4 ,the general consensus of opinion on board was that the ,turks only fired when fired on1 which went some way to allay apprehension4 ,our first day out certainly confirmed this idea1 for it was not until we had fired a number of rounds that any reply came from the shore1 and that of so desultory a nature as to cause us little worry4 ,at about five in the afternoon one of our seaplanes came out to observe and spot our fall of shot2 this was the only way in which any accurate results could be obtained4 ,while off the coast we were practically at the disposal of the military1 who informed us when any ,turkish batteries caused them particular annoyance4 ,they would then signal to us the position on which they wished the shells to be fired4 ,the procedure was of some interest1 as the shooting which we were required to do was of a somewhat novel kind for naval guns4 ,with very few exceptions1 where the objective could be seen1 the target was only one of many concealed batteries4 ,on one occasion as many as #hjj ,turkish shells were fired in a comparatively short space of time from the ,asiatic shore on to ,helles beach1 although the total casualties1 due to the wonderful system of dug-outs1 were only three mules killed and two men wounded4 ,the hour chosen for our practice on the enemy's gun emplacements was1 as a rule1 late in the afternoon1 by which time the sun was directly behind us and showed up every formation of the coast4 ,at about the time appointed one or other of the lookouts would report ,aeroplane in sight1 sir1 and shortly afterwards one shot would be fired1 or possibly three1 to give the aeroplane something to work on4 ,the range1 usually about #hjjj yards1 was arrived at by the navigator1 who1 knowing our own distance from the coast to a yard1 would then use the squared map of the peninsula on which every known ,turkish battery was marked1 and add to it the distance inland of the particular battery1 taking for a point of aim some feature on the land1 the ship being stationary4 ,the most interesting place on the ship while firing was in progress was ,monkey ,island4 ,this is the platform above the chart-house used in ordinary times for navigation and from which a clear all-round view can be obtained4 ,it was surrounded by a thick protection of canvas packed with cotton-waste1 rope1 and other odds and ends to render it proof at least against shrapnel and rifle bullets1 whilst overhead a thick mat was suspended for the same purpose4 ,it is from this position that the directions are handed on to the guns by voice-pipe from the control on the foremast1 where the gunnery lieutenant is stationed4 ,soon after the first shot is fired1 the tinkle of a bell can be heard4 ,this is the telephone from the wireless-room1 where the aeroplane's spotting correction has been received1 and the ,captain's voice is heard at the voice-pipe from the conning-towers to the fire-control1 giving the gunnery officer the correction4 ,assuming the aeroplane's signal to have been1 say1 #bjj short #ej left1 the gunnery lieutenant then gives the corrected range via ,monkey ,island to the guns1 or whichever particular gun he wishes to use4 ,the message is handed on by a boy to the gun below1 and there repeated by one of the gun's crew back to the fire-control in confirmation4 ,a moment's pause1 and the order ,fire is again given4 ,immediately a sheet of bright orange flame1 and an ear-splitting crash are followed by a vibrating rush of the shell through the air1 gradually dying down to a distant sigh4 ,then just over our point of aim a dirty yellowish cloud rises slowly1 showing roughly the spot on which our shell has fallen4 ,at last1 after possibly four or five shots1 the aeroplane makes the signal ,o ,k1 showing that one of our shots has got home in the gun emplacement1 and rapid fire opens from all guns which bear on the side engaged4 ,an instance of the unfailing supply of the lighter side of things was afforded one day when the ship was under fire from ,turkish batteries4 ,everyone was under cover more or less1 though it is a very difficult matter to get men who have never been under fire to take cover adequately4 ,the human is a curious animal when he wants to see what is happening1 and1 as a rule1 it was not until a ship had been badly hit and men killed or wounded that the necessity to seek cover seemed to be taken to heart4 ,on the occasion already mentioned the ,turks were doing some very good shooting1 and a fairly large high-explosive shell burst on the water close to us on the starboard side just abaft the bridge4 ,a large number of shell fragments came inboard1 scattering groups of men1 who were watching events1 without injuring any of them4 ,their hurried flight caused much hilarity amongst the gun-layers and others already in cover1 but any sense of fear on the part of those so dispersed rapidly gave place to a desire to collect souvenirs in the shape of shell-splinters4 ,a piece of shell which has actually come aboard your own ship while you are in her possesses a value to the finder which is peculiarly personal4 ,consequently the fo'c's'le and waist of the ship immediately became a hunting ground for eager collectors2 and as most people know the amount of gear on a ship's deck1 it will be understood that there were possibilities of a find in a variety of places4 ,however1 the first men on the scene rapidly collected all that could be found1 and a large number sought in vain for a memento of the occasion4 ,amongst these was a member of the crew whose late arrival precluded any chance of finding souvenirs1 but whose brain was not slow in supplying a substitute for the much-sought-after booty4 ,every warship carries a blacksmith's forge1 and scattered about in its vicinity are nearly always to be found a number of small pieces of iron of all shapes and sizes1 many of them remarkably like shell-splinters4 ,the late-comer quickly turned his attention to these1 and1 making a rapid collection of the most likely looking fragments1 he joined the still eager searchers4 ,presently1 as the enthusiasm waned for want of spoil1 he produced a number of deadly looking fragments1 some of which he gave to empty-handed shipmates1 while others he parted with for small sums4 ,these are now probably looked upon in sundry homes as the bit o' shell that nearly wiped out poor ,bill4 ,i suppose active service always brings with it periods of dullness and monotony1 when any little incident like the foregoing is welcomed with relief4 ,another event of this kind which seems to me worth recounting caused a good deal of amusement at the time4 ,on our ship there was a small coterie of non-executive officers1 whose particular duties were not called into use when the ship was under fire4 ,the novelty of being fired at having worn off1 and the danger of unnecessarily exposing oneself realised1 they decided1 after interrogating sundry experts on the subject1 that the safest place in the ship1 short of the indignity of descending below the armoured deck1 was the gun-room4 ,we carried no midshipmen1 so that the gun-room was occupied only by one or two warrant officers whose duty1 during action1 mostly lay on deck4 ,it was here1 therefore1 that the aforesaid coterie gathered as soon as we came under fire1 to indulge in a quiet game of bridge4 ,the prolonged immunity of this particular spot from shell-fire had lulled into a sense of security any feelings of apprehension as to the likelihood of a shell finding its way there1 the more so as it was not only on the lower deck but on the disengaged side4 ,but the joyful band of card-players received a severe shock4 ,firing had been in progress for some time1 and a few shells of the enemy had pitched near the ship while a game of bridge was in full swing4 ,suddenly a terrific crash on the starboard side1 followed by a big explosion1 denoted the arrival of a shell in their immediate vicinity4 ,it had penetrated the side exactly opposite the gun-room1 and1 bursting1 fortunately in a store-room 7thus to some extent localising the damage71 hurled several large fragments through the open door into the midst of the players without actually touching one of them4 ,the luckiest escape was that of an officer who was standing in the doorway at the time leaning with one hand high up on the side of the entrance4 ,a fragment of shell passed beneath his arm close over the heads of the players and buried itself in the casing on the inside of the ship4 ,the whole flat outside was filled with dust and dbris1 and it was some moments before the occupants could get sufficiently sorted out to realise that no injuries had been received4 ,needless to say1 this rude disturbance caused a somewhat hurried exit from the safest place in the ship1 and great was the chaff which had to be endured by the erstwhile inhabitants1 the more so as this was the only hit scored by the enemy on that day4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,trawlers ,,in ,,the ,,dardanelles ,the work of the trawlers in the ,dardanelles demands special mention4 ,the men running these vessels are in the majority of cases elderly1 and the ships themselves were never intended to come under fire2 yet these men have constantly been in very hot places1 and have gone there knowing what was in store for them4 ,the ships have been used for every conceivable kind of work4 ,they have carried stores1 troops1 mails and munitions4 ,they have been engaged in mine-sweeping1 patrolling and towing nets4 ,they have tackled the elusive submarine2 in fact1 they have done everything that can be thought of short of bombarding forts1 and they would cheerfully take this job on if required4 ,here is the typical day of a trawler during general ferry work1 on which ,i took passage4 ,we left ,kephalo early in the morning1 calling first at ,anzac1 then at ,helles2 from there to ,rabbit ,island and ,tenedos2 back to ,helles1 and1 if required1 to ,anzac again4 ,generally from ,helles this trawler would go direct to ,kephalo4 ,the round is seventy odd miles4 ,every morning on starting1 the skipper knew the ship would come under shell-fire at ,anzac almost without fail1 as the anchorage is commanded by the ,turkish guns1 and any sign of movement1 or of ships arriving or leaving1 invariably brought its accompaniment of shells4 ,i gathered from him that this had been his daily lot for four months4 ,he was a fine type of ,north ,sea skipper1 and took everything as it came with a stoicism which was admirable4 ,he didn't like it--nobody does2 but it was his job1 and there was an end of it6 ,the day on which ,i took passage with him was typical of all the others4 ,we left ,kephalo at seven in the morning1 the sun well up and already hot1 blue sky1 blue sea and a very light breeze4 ,anzac1 our first port of call1 showed up clearly some twelve miles off1 standing out1 by reason of its distinctive character1 from the rest of the coast4 ,rising between the flat sandy beaches--,c beach and ,brighton beach--it looked as if the ,sari ,bair range had suddenly been chopped off or slipped into the sea4 ,here were no foot-hills sloping gently to the coast1 but abrupt sandstone precipices looking very unfinished in the brilliant morning light4 ,the fact that our reception1 of which ,i had already been warned1 would be as usual1 was borne out on nearing the coast4 ,the ,anzac water-steamer1 lying some #cjjj yards out waiting for lighters to come off1 attracted the attention of the enemy4 ,when we got fairly close to her we heard a distant bang1 which told us the ,turks were awake4 ,now a gun being fired at you is unmistakable and quite different from one of your own guns1 though the latter may be much louder4 ,in this case1 although only a second or two intervened between the report and the splash of the shell1 it gave time for speculation as to what was the enemy's objective4 ,the shell fell about fifty yards short of the water-boat1 and was followed immediately by another which straddled her1 pitching about the same distance over4 ,on this1 she rapidly got under weigh and stood out to sea1 followed by a number of rounds which were ineffective4 ,by this time we were close into ,anzac beach1 and had anchored preparatory to a picket-boat coming off to take our mails1 etc4 ,four other trawlers lay close to us engaged on various duties4 ,the ,turks being baulked of their first quarry1 now turned their attention to us1 and it must be said that nothing is much more unpleasant than to be confined in a very small vessel at anchor with no protection but the thinnest sheet-iron4 ,their first shot at us was shrapnel1 and the range not bad4 ,shrapnel is1 ,i think1 the most spiteful sounding of all shells4 ,the sharp report of the shell burst1 followed by a kind of metallic whistle as the numerous bullets tear through space1 being very unpleasant4 ,however1 after this trial-shot the enemy turned to high explosives1 and one's feelings gravitated between hope that they would not hit us and wonder that they didn't4 ,some of them were certainly closer than ,i cared for1 but having a camera and a feeling that1 after all1 things were very much in the hands of ,allah1 ,i thought the moment seemed opportune for a photograph4 ,being on the bridge at the time1 ,i held my camera ready and was almost immediately rewarded by a high explosive pitching about thirty yards over us on the port side4 ,there was no time to look in the finder1 as the column of water thrown up by a shell subsides very quickly1 so ,i simply pointed the camera at the spot1 in the hope that somewhere on the plate there might be a result4 ,by now we were under weigh again1 after handing our mails over to the shore-boat1 and the other trawlers were heaving up their anchors4 ,the ,turks1 realising that little was to be achieved1 ceased fire1 except for an occasional shrapnel to hurry us on our way4 ,anzac1 as we left it with the morning sun right overhead1 looked a most forbidding spot4 ,the deep1 gloomy shadows of the gullies were accentuated by the brilliant sun lighting up each knife-edged ridge4 ,one could picture the scene on that morning of ,april #be1 when the gallant troops from ,australia and ,new ,zealand made their wonderful landing on this inhospitable shore4 ,our course1 after standing well out to avoid the enemy's guns1 now lay to the southward1 parallel to the shore1 ,helles being our next calling-place4 ,at this time the only parts of the peninsula occupied by the ,allies were ,anzac and ,helles4 ,seeing the great extent of country held by the enemy1 it was brought home to one what very small holdings were ours after months of desperate fighting4 ,here and there on the way were monitors and destroyers occasionally firing on enemy gun positions1 or on any movements of troops that could be seen4 ,opportunities for the latter were rare1 the nature of the ground rendering it easy for the enemy to keep entirely out of sight4 ,nearer the end of the peninsula was my own ship1 the ,theseus1 one of the flanking ships patrolling on the left of the troops at ,helles4 ,shortly after we rounded ,cape ,tekeh and anchored1 where again a picket-boat came alongside1 bringing details for the island of ,tenedos and taking off the mails we had brought4 ,meanwhile1 a certain number of shells were falling on the base camp1 and occasionally an over would drop among the shipping2 but nothing came near enough to worry us4 ,the base camp from the sea gave an impression of a burnt-up waste4 ,the long occupation had removed every sign of vegetation1 and nothing remained but yellow sand and clouds of dust driving seaward in the freshening breeze4 ,the place was teeming with life1 apparently oblivious of the falling shells4 ,the whole face of the sand-cliff was honeycombed with dug-outs and roads cut for transport1 and the beaches were covered with the endless paraphernalia of a camp in war-time4 ,our next place of call was ,rabbit ,island1 to the south of ,helles4 ,as we left the end of the peninsula1 a wonderful panorama could be obtained of the whole position4 ,achi ,baba loomed over all1 while to the right ,seddul ,bahr1 the entrance to the ,dardanelles1 and the ,asiatic shore showed clearly4 ,it was here that the disastrous attack of ,april #ah took place1 which showed us the futility of forcing the ,narrows without an adequate landing force acting in co-operation4 ,our stay at ,rabbit ,island was short4 ,only one or two ships lay there4 ,the island itself is a barren hummock of very small extent1 and of little value except for the special use to which it is being put4 ,some ships' boats came off for fleet letters and a few mails1 after which we took our departure for ,tenedos4 ,tenedos1 one of the most flourishing of the islands in the vicinity of the ,dardanelles1 is used by us and the ,french as an aeroplane base4 ,the picturesque harbour is surrounded by quaint buildings1 with an ancient fort dominating the whole4 ,a short stay here completed our business4 ,the return journey to ,helles and ,kephalo was uneventful4 ,true1 our reception at ,helles was disturbed somewhat by a #f-;inch shell1 which fell immediately astern of us as we were approaching our anchorage4 ,fortunately1 this was a solo1 for1 though we momentarily anticipated the usual chorus1 nothing further occurred to disturb our peace of mind4 ,none the less1 ,i must say ,i looked forward to an early departure2 but this was disposed of temporarily by the arrival of a picket-boat with orders to wait for two naval officers4 ,however1 this only delayed us some twenty minutes1 when we took our leave of ,helles1 arriving at ,kephalo at dusk4 ,,chapter ,v ,,beach-,,parties ,in the various landings in ,gallipoli it naturally came about that the ,navy1 after the actual disembarkation of the troops1 had a great deal of work to do in connection with the incessant stream of material1 stores1 etc41 and this necessitated more or less permanent beach-parties1 composed of bluejackets who lived and had their being with the soldiers at the base camps4 ,a naval captain1 as beach master1 one or two lieutenants and midshipmen to run the picket-boats1 and a number of seamen ratings comprised these parties4 ,it was their duty to see to the handling of the transports1 landing of stores1 and the various other jobs which come natural to a sailor where sea and shore meet4 ,the bluejacket takes a different view of life from the soldier4 ,this is not surprising1 for his mode of life and training is peculiar to the ,navy4 ,certainly the sailors on the beaches were generally regarded with considerable interest by their military companions4 ,a ,major with whom ,i came in contact gave me an entertaining account of the naval camp situated close to his dug-out4 ,it appeared at the commencement of activities on shore that the collecting of souvenirs1 in the shape of shell-splinters1 shrapnel cases1 or anything of this nature1 was greatly in vogue1 and developed into something of a fine art4 ,as a rule1 when the ,turks began to shell the beaches1 every one whose occupation would allow1 dived into his dug-out and remained there until the firing had ceased4 ,the sailors' camp was no exception to this2 but however hot the fire1 one or more heads would invariably be seen projecting from the entrance to the dug-out somewhat like a tortoise looking out from his shell4 ,an instinctive knowledge seemed to be possessed by the owners of the heads where a shell in flight was likely to pitch4 ,the moment the explosion had taken place a number of men carrying spades would emerge from the dug-outs1 race across the sand and scrub to the spot and begin a furious digging competition for fragments4 ,sailors have been trained from youth up to regard anything and everything1 from a piece of string to a traction engine1 as likely to be of use at some time or other4 ,consequently their dug-outs were museums of all the flotsam and jetsam which a military base provides in war-time1 and1 ,i imagine1 a good deal which does not come into this category4 ,the ,major1 who seemed so entertained with the beach-party and its doings1 told me that immediately after the ,suvla ,bay landing1 and during the advance on the left flank1 it was his duty to take charge of a considerable amount of unused ,turkish field-gun ammunition amounting to some #gjj rounds4 ,now there is probably nothing which appeals to the collector of battlefield souvenirs so much as a complete cartridge case and shell4 ,this makes a beautiful trophy when polished and gives the possessor somewhat the same feeling as a schoolboy who obtains a rare unused stamp which he knows to be genuine4 ,the ammunition in question was to be sent down to the base1 where instructions would be given as to its disposal4 ,oddly enough1 soon after arrival it appeared to be slowly and steadily diminishing1 and reports reached the ,major of dark figures having been seen flitting about the store at night4 ,on his return to the base the number of shells had been reduced to some #cjj1 and for a long time their disappearance was wrapped in mystery4 ,one day1 however1 when on his way to call on a brother officer1 the ,major's direction lay through the beach-parties' camp4 ,whilst passing one of the dug-outs he was surprised to hear a sharp explosion and to see four sailors hurl themselves into the open through the diminutive doorway4 ,one had a somewhat blackened face and very little eyebrows or front hair1 whilst the others were in the evident enjoyment of a good joke4 ,inquiries elicited the fact that the hurried exit was caused by the premature explosion of a shell-fuse which was being coaxed into yielding up its active properties with the aid of a jack-knife or some similar weapon4 ,a closer inspection of the dug-out disclosed the fact that amongst many other trophies of war a considerable number of the missing shells played a large part in the decoration of the interior4 ,most of them had already undergone the aforesaid operation1 and1 with charges drawn1 now stood ready to be sent home1 when opportunity should offer1 to grace the parlour mantelpiece4 ,in the matter of clothes the sailors showed a marked disinclination to wear anything provided for them4 ,they were supplied with khaki1 as white would be far too conspicuous2 but1 being ashore1 and feeling1 ,i suppose1 something of a sense of relaxed discipline1 it was almost impossible to get them to wear the clothes served out4 ,consequently you saw the strangest collection of garments being worn in the beach-parties' camp4 ,an order to wear the clothes provided would produce a return to regulation dress for a day1 or possibly two1 after which most of the men would again be wearing the kit which suited their particular tastes4 ,it was found hopeless to try and enforce the rule4 ,after all1 in a case of this kind1 and under the peculiar circumstances1 it is perhaps better to indulge a man's fancy as long as it does not affect the work in hand and keeps him cheerful and happy4 ,a naval officer1 whose duties lay on shore1 told me this story one day which ,i think is good enough to relate4 ,he was outside his dug-out one afternoon and chanced to see two men passing in strange raiment4 ,the combination of gait and the fact that both were wearing navy flannels told him at once that they were blue-jackets4 ,anxious to know what their special mission might be1 he stopped and questioned them4 ,where are you going8 ,motor-lighter ,k--1 sir4 ,do you belong there8 ,yes1 sir4 ,then what are you doing here8 ,well1 sir1 7hesitating7 we've just been up to the trenches4 ,were you sent there with orders8 ,er--no1 sir4 ,how long have you been up there8 ',ow long1 sir8 7then to companion7 ,when was it we went up1 ,bill8 7indistinct murmurs from diffident comrade--then to ,captain7 ,i should say about four days1 sir4 ,finally the ,captain ordered them down to a picket-boat in which he was about to visit the flagship1 and they were put in the midshipman's charge under arrest4 ,on the way out the ,captain heard the two adventurers discussing their detention with some bitterness1 always ending with the same refrain1 which was repeated several times1 thus3 ,fine thing1 this--under arrest4 ,well ,i'm ----6 ,and they treat yer like a gentleman in the trenches--treat yer like a gentleman1 ,i say4 ,it is difficult to imagine the point of view of men leaving the trenches with regret4 ,i believe ,i am right in saying that at the original landing at ,helles many blue-jackets in charge of the landing-parties1 whose boats had been sunk by the terrible fire1 though they themselves escaped uninjured1 joined with the soldiers in the advance on bare feet and with boat-hooks for weapons4 ,here is an incident which came under my personal notice1 and though not really belonging to this chapter on beach-parties is nevertheless indirectly connected with the subject4 ,it serves to illustrate the humorous spirit obtaining in the fleet1 and occurred on a ship to which ,i was attached for some time4 ,our gunner1 a man who had seen a great deal of service in almost every part of the world1 was blessed with a large sense of the ridiculous4 ,now1 the ship's carpenter seemed to possess an extraordinary attraction for shells1 inasmuch as in whatever part of the ship he happened to be when we were under fire a shell invariably seemed to arrive in his close vicinity4 ,this had happened so often that it got on his nerves4 ,it occurred to the gunner that the shining hour might be improved by a little gentle attention on his part4 ,it must be understood that what he did was done entirely to amuse himself and not from a wish to play to the gallery4 ,one day1 when several shells had fallen near us and to which we were not replying at the time1 he ensconced himself behind an iron door leading from the battery on to the quarter-deck1 which door was standing open at right angles to the doorway itself4 ,having provided himself with an iron bar1 he kept vigil there in the hope that an occasion might arise which would take the carpenter past his hiding-place4 ,his wait1 though long1 was not unrewarded4 ,the unwary carpenter came along the battery and out on to the quarter-deck1 and at the moment of passing the gunner the latter delivered a tremendous blow on his own side of the iron door with the bar4 ,the effect on the carpenter exceeded the gunner's wildest dreams1 and caused infinite amusement amongst those of us who witnessed the incident1 for we had been wondering what could be the meaning of the gunner's manuvres4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,submarines ,it is1 of course1 a debatable point in this war1 the first in which submarines have played a large part1 to what extent they have justified their existence4 ,certain it is that as a moral force they are in a very strong position4 ,our own main battle-fleets have had to take very complete measures for protection against this form of attack4 ,any excursions to sea must always be done at high speed with an advance guard of destroyers and other light craft1 though there is consolation in the fact that the fleet of the enemy have chosen to remain in more or less land-locked harbours with elaborate boomed defences4 ,at the same time it is certain that the war at sea cannot be brought to a final end by the submarine1 but must eventually be settled by the ,capital ship4 ,the ,german submarines have had greater opportunities of paring down our ,navy than we theirs4 ,this applies especially to the early days of the war1 when1 owing to the total unexpectedness of the upheaval1 before experience had taught us how to deal with these unseen craft1 they failed entirely to achieve anything that caused us alarm from a military standpoint4 ,a few ancient cruisers fell to them1 three of which1 the ,aboukir1 the ,hogue1 and the ,cressy1 were so destroyed while indulging in a perfectly human desire to save life4 ,all the ships so sunk were easy targets owing to slow speed4 ,so far not one really fast modern vessel has been sunk by this form of attack4 ,if it could ever be known1 which ,i fear is impossible1 how many torpedoes have been fired at warships without taking effect 7and the number is large71 it would only go to show the difficulties encountered by the submarine and the immunity of the fast vessel4 ,add to this the large number of enemy submarines destroyed1 nearly all by means evolved since war began 7a period notoriously difficult in which to carry out experiments71 and it is only reasonable to presume that1 when times of peace come again1 it will not be long before means are arrived at which will render surface vessels almost entirely immune from this form of attack4 ,everyone is agreed that one of the brightest spots in our campaign in the ,dardanelles has been supplied by the ,british submarines4 ,if there are still people at home who ask what the ,navy is doing1 one can point to these vessels as an example of what the whole ,navy would do had they any scope in which to exercise their activities4 ,but we are dealing with an enemy who feels that he has nothing to gain and everything to lose by seeking an engagement4 ,the impossibility of forcing his stronghold must be obvious to the least enlightened4 ,our submarines out here have penetrated what most naval men would have declared to be an impassable barrier until it became an achieved fact4 ,think of the obstacles their crews have surmounted3 rows of mines susceptible to the lightest touch1 nets completely across the ,narrows1 and last1 but not least1 a strong current flowing seawards4 ,only then can you begin to realise the difficulties and dangers in endeavouring to gain an entrance into the ,sea of ,marmora and the main sea route for the ,turkish water-borne supplies4 ,the following signal1 typical of many others1 ,e-- arrived in ,sea of ,marmora without trouble1 torpedoed a steamer in ,false ,bay on her way1 furnishes an indication that these desperate ventures are undertaken as a matter of course4 ,i met ,commander ,nasmith one afternoon at ,kephalo4 ,he had just returned from an aeroplane flight up the ,narrows after an investigation of the net defence placed across at that point to prevent submarines from penetrating into the ,sea of ,marmora4 ,he did not seem very much impressed1 and his judgment was justified next day when he took ,e#aa through the defences and arrived in ,marmora without mishap4 ,the train-like regularity with which our submarines have accomplished this task is apt to make the venture appear commonplace to the newspaper reader1 who may imagine that there is some easy road which1 when once found1 is plain-sailing4 ,nothing could be further from the truth4 ,every submarine that goes up does so with the full knowledge of the dangers to be faced1 and the occasional loss of one of them shows the perils incurred4 ,in the early stages of the operations the net across the ,narrows could be negotiated by diving under it2 but1 on a subsequent occasion1 a submarine returning to the open sea found that the ,turks had placed a deeper net in position4 ,this particular submarine fouled the net at a depth of over one hundred feet1 and was actually hung up by stout wire for upwards of fifteen minutes4 ,it is impossible to imagine anything more likely to unnerve men than to be caught like herrings in a net below the surface1 and actually to hear1 as they did1 hydrostatic bombs exploding around them4 ,the ,turks would know1 of course1 by the agitation of the net above1 that a submarine was caught2 however1 by going astern and then ahead1 and allowing her whole weight to come on the net1 the vessel broke through and returned in safety4 ,many of our submarines after penetrating to the ,sea of ,marmora have made protracted stays of twenty-eight to thirty days1 which is the more astonishing when one realises the cramped conditions and general discomfort when living on one of these boats for any length of time4 ,i think it may be said that the ,turks have ceased to regard the sea route as a means of supplying their troops with any degree of safety1 the number of transports sunk being very large1 including war vessels4 ,one of the most successful pieces of work accomplished at the time of the ,suvla ,bay landing was the sinking of the ,kaiserin ,barbarossa by a ,british submarine4 ,this ship had formerly belonged to ,germany1 but was purchased from them by ,turkey4 ,she was sent down from ,constantinople to take position off ,gallipoli or thereabouts with a view to indirect fire over the land with her #aa-;inch guns1 of which she possessed eight4 ,she was also reported to be carrying large quantities of ammunition for the land forces4 ,one can well imagine1 therefore1 the enthusiasm with which the signal of her sinking was received4 ,undoubtedly our ships and land-force thus escaped what might have been a severe menace1 while the effect on the enemy was evidently salutary1 as no further attempt was made to dispatch a war vessel with guns of heavy calibre to co-operate with their army4 ,possibly at some future time a fuller description may be written when all the facts become known of the adventures of our submarines in this inland sea4 ,these should certainly supply the historian with some of the most romantic episodes of the war4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,wounded ,the handling of wounded in the ,dardanelles has been a difficult proposition1 which the nature of the country has not tended to lessen4 ,the injured men have to be taken off the shore by small boats and then transferred to hospital ships4 ,these ships are obliged to lie off some distance clear of rifle-bullets and shell-fire4 ,even then1 several cases have occurred of men already wounded receiving further injury through stray shots reaching the ships4 ,a patient was sitting on his cot preparatory to turning in1 when a bullet entered the open port and passing through two thicknesses of his pyjamas1 buried itself in the deck4 ,a nursing sister standing near at the time was relieved to see the man laughing and holding out his coat for her to examine4 ,these occasional missiles were not fired intentionally at the hospital ships1 but came over from trenches running parallel to the shore4 ,in most cases the ships lay out a mile or more4 ,the first batch of wounded ,i saw came off after the landing at ,suvla ,bay4 ,they arrived alongside us in a ship's barge towed by a picket-boat4 ,they had been wounded during the night1 and presented a sad spectacle1 lying in the boat in every conceivable attitude with bandages through which the blood was soaking4 ,some of them were oblivious of everything1 and wore a pathetically dazed look4 ,others not so badly injured seemed mildly interested in events around them1 while the still lighter cases waved to us and appeared quite cheerful4 ,the lightly wounded soldier is probably the happiest of all4 ,he is out of the inferno of battle and is fairly certain of return to health and strength4 ,those wounded among the first parties landed on an enemy's coast are1 generally speaking1 bound to undergo the greatest hardships4 ,this specially applies to the ,dardanelles4 ,at ,suvla ,bay the suffering caused was added to by the shortage of water4 ,the shore to which the wounded were brought was entirely devoid of shade1 and the blazing sand was intensified by the heat of the sun4 ,operations on serious cases were performed with the greatest difficulty1 and the shallow water close inshore made it impossible for the steam-cutters to bring their tows of boats very near4 ,the tows had1 therefore1 to be rowed to the beach by three or four sailors2 the wounded were placed in them and rowed off again to the cutters4 ,an undertaking of this kind takes some considerable time when large numbers of sufferers are continually arriving4 ,consequently the dressing stations rapidly became congested1 and it was some days before matters could be reduced to smooth working4 ,as soon as sufficient material had arrived1 pontoon piers were built to allow the steam cutters to come right alongside4 ,the drinking-water difficulty was remedied to a large extent a day or two after the landing4 ,war vessels in the harbour using their distilling plants were able to cope with the demand4 ,lighters1 boats with canvas tanks1 and in fact anything that would hold water were requisitioned4 ,these were towed as close inshore as the depth would allow1 and connected with the beach by pipes4 ,each lighter carried a portable fire-engine for pumping purposes4 ,this supply greatly alleviated the sufferings of the wounded4 ,a severely injured man may be deadened to a sense of bodily pain1 but thirst1 which is scarcely ever absent1 is the hardest to bear4 ,the amount of sickness among the troops in the ,dardanelles far exceeds in proportion that of any other theatre of war4 ,the reasons are not far to seek3 want of proper rest1 lack of really good water1 and1 worst of all1 innumerable flies4 ,this latter pest is the cause of much sickness1 and is a most difficult problem to deal with4 ,one must also take into account the intermittent shell-fire on the bases4 ,this1 while it tries the strongest nerves1 at the same time tends1 through custom1 to make men regardless of danger4 ,a large number of hospital ships are naturally required to carry the sick and wounded4 ,as far as can possibly be arranged1 one of them is always lying off each base1 so that immediately a ship is filled and proceeds to her destination her place is taken by another4 ,the carrying capacity of each vessel varies1 though the smaller ones can accommodate even between two and three hundred2 the mighty ,aquitania1 however1 takes as many as four thousand4 ,most of the light cases are conveyed to the islands of ,mudros and ,lemnos1 while the serious ones are taken to ,england4 ,the most touching sights are the small cemeteries dotted about near the shore4 ,on each grave is a rough wooden cross1 erected by loving comrades1 and bearing the name and regiment of the dead hero4 ,there seemed to me to be something infinitely sad at the thought of these men1 who had given their all1 sleeping a last sleep so far from the country they loved4 ,illustration3 ,,cape ,,tekeh ,clouds of ,sand blowing ,seawards ,a ,a ,,ss ,,river ,,clyde ,,helles ,,achi ,,baba ,b ,b ,,entrance ,,to ,,dardanelles ,,asiatic ,,shore ,c ,c ,,entrance ,,to ,,dardanelles ,,asiatic ,,shore ,,kum ,,kali ,,this ,,panorama ,,reads ,,from ,,top ,,to ,,bottom4 ,,thus3--,a4,a4--,b4,b4--,c4,c4 ,illustration3 ,,shells ,,falling ,,on ,,the ,,base ,,camp ,,at ,,helles4 ,these shells come from concealed guns on the slopes of ,achi ,baba1 and from the ,asiatic batteries4 ,while causing much hindrance to the work on the beaches1 at the same time the casualties are light1 due to the wonderful system of dug-outs1 the men taking shelter immediately firing begins4 ,illustration3 ,,shells ,,falling ,,on ,,yeni ,,sher ,,village ,illustration3 ,,off ,,the ,,left ,,flank ,,at ,,helles4 ,achi ,baba shows beyond the coast-line1 and from this point of view is disappointing when seen for the first time4 ,to the right and on the cliff is a brown patch extending from top to bottom1 known as ,gurka bluff1 while immediately to the left of this is a zigzag line of trenches showing the northerly limit of our gain in this area4 ,illustration3 ,,monitors ,,shelling ,,yeni ,,sher ,,village ,,and ,,asiatic ,,batteries4 ,the shell-bursts from these vessels on a still day were a wonderful sight4 ,the beautiful shapes of the dense masses of smoke resembled cumulous clouds1 hanging as they did for a long time before dispersing4 ,illustration3 ,,helles ,illustration3 ,,french ,,flagship ,,suffren ,,shelling ,,achi ,,baba4 ,this vessel was often engaged in firing on the enemy's gun positions1 her salvoes of high explosive shells making a wonderful picture as they burst4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,kite ,,balloon ,illustration3 ,,french ,,flagship ,,suffren',s #ab-;,,in4 ,,shells ,,bursting ,,on ,,western ,,slopes ,,of ,,achi ,,baba4 ,this drawing was made from ,h4,m4,s4 ,theseus1 with the aid of field-glasses4 ,it seemed impossible for anything to live as one watched the tremendous explosions of these heavy shells4 ,illustration3 ,,off ,,cape ,,tekeh ,illustration3 ,,balloon-,,ship ,,hector ,,with ,,kite ,,balloon ,,up1 ,,spotting ,,off ,,the ,,left ,,flank4 ,the observers in the ,balloon are able by their altitude to see the ,turkish gun emplacements and to correct by signal to the ship firing the fall of her shot4 ,these ,balloons are very stable even in high winds4 ,up to the present they have escaped any damage despite attempts of every kind by the enemy4 ,illustration3 ,,transports ,,discharging ,,troops ,,into ,,motor ,,lighters4 ,suvla ,bay4 ,illustration3 ,,landing ,,at ,a ,,beach1 ,,august #g1 #e4cj ,a4,m4 ,a number of fleet boarding steamers took the troops close inshore1 whence under the covering fire of warships they were conveyed in motor lighters4 ,three of these lighters can be seen in the middle distance1 where they had grounded on a ridge during the night4 ,practically all the troops were removed to shore by ships' boats before daylight4 ,the lighters then came under a heavy shell-fire1 the enemy doubtless under the impression that they still contained men4 ,illustration3 ,,trawlers ,illustration3 ,,troops ,,landing ,,at ,c ,,beach1 ,,august #g4 ,these troops were supporting the night-landing previously effected4 ,a number of casualties were caused by bombs dropped from a hostile aeroplane and by ,turkish shells4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,transport ,illustration3 ,c ,,beach1 ,,august #h4 ,this beach was extensively used for landing stores and ambulance wagons4 ,in the distance can be seen the ,sari ,bair range1 which runs down to the ,australian position at ,anzac4 ,illustration3 ,,suvla ,,point ,illustration3 ,,dressing ,,station--,a ,,beach4 ,it was here that the largest number of wounded were brought immediately after the landing4 ,the drawing shows the station as it appeared about a month afterwards4 ,illustration3 ,,ship',s ,,boats ,,going ,,off ,,to ,a ,,hospital ,,ship ,,with ,,wounded4 ,the shallowness of the water close inshore made it no easy matter to get the wounded away4 ,ship's boats were rowed close in1 and the wounded were taken in tow by picket-boats1 whence they were towed off to the hospital ships4 ,illustration3 ,smoke drifts from shells ,illustration3 ,h4,m4,s4 ,,talbot ,,in ,,suvla ,,bay ,,shelling ,,enemy ,,ridges ,,at ,,dusk4 ,the effect of this vessel's lyddite bursting was very fine1 an interesting contrast to this being the flash of her guns which showed a pale lemon colour in the approaching dusk4 ,illustration3 ,,off ,,anzac ,illustration3 ,,salt ,,lake ,,and ,,chocolate ,,hill4 ,this lake1 dry in summer1 is hard clear sand1 dazzlingly white in sunlight4 ,it was over this that the troops advanced to the attack on ,chocolate ,hill1 on ,august #g4 ,in the distance is ,sari ,bair1 the highest point of the range1 running down to ,anzac on the right4 ,illustration3 ,a ,tug attempting to tow off a lighter at ,suvla while under fire ,illustration3 ,,lalla ,,baba4 ,this position was continually under fire from shrapnel and high explosive shells4 ,these frequently burst among the stores and material on the beach at the foot4 ,practically no part of the coast held by us is free from enemy shell-fire4 ,illustration3 ,,looking ,,towards ,,the ,,village ,,of ,,anafarta4 ,lalla ,baba is to the left1 ,salt ,lake behind it1 a small portion of the latter just on its right4 ,chocolate ,hill is the small hill in the middle distance4 ,immediately to its right are the ,w hills4 ,the village of ,anafarta can be seen on the distant ridge in the right centre of the drawing4 ,illustration3 ,,lalla ,,baba from ,suvla ,bay ,illustration3 ,h4,m4,s4 ,,sarnia ,,landing ,,troops ,,in ,,suvla ,,bay4 ,this drawing was made some days after the actual landing4 ,this ship is one of the vessels which took part in the operations at daybreak on ,august #g4 ,illustration3 ,high ,explosive ,shell bursting4 ,illustration3 ,,salt ,,lake ,,from ,,chocolate ,,hill4 ,this sketch1 made from a dug-out on ,chocolate ,hill1 shows the position when looking back over the dried-up ,salt ,lake4 ,at the foot of the hill can be seen the partially burnt-up shrub1 while the markings on the lake are caused by ambulance-wagon tracks and other traffic4 ,to the left is ,lalla ,baba with ,suvla ,bay in the centre1 and in the extreme distance the island of ,samothrace4 ,illustration3 ,hector with ,kite ,balloon up ,illustration3 ,,transports ,,under ,,shell-,,fire--,,suvla ,,bay4 ,the transports and store-ships frequently came under fire from the ,turkish guns4 ,the fact that few casualties were occasioned shows the enemy's gunnery not to have been very accurate4 ,illustration3 ,,gaba ,,tepe ,illustration3 ,,dressing ,,station--,a ,,beach ,the ,welsh casualty clearing station4 ,illustration3 ,balloon nearly down ,illustration3 ,,supporting ,,ships ,,at ,,the ,,suvla ,,landing4 ,these war-vessels were used to cover the advancing troops1 or to shell any bodies of ,turks which could be seen4 ,illustration3 ,,anzac4 ,this sketch was made to the south'ard1 and shows the dug-outs and some of the roads made since the occupation4 ,the highest point is ,sari ,bair4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,anzac ,,water ,,boat1 ,,under ,,shell ,,fire ,illustration3 ,,anzac4 ,this is the position at which the ,australians and ,new ,zealanders made their magnificent landing in the dawn on ,april #be4 ,the drawing gives some idea of the terrible nature of the coast stormed by these gallant troops4 ,illustration3 ,,types ,,of ,,transports ,illustration3 ,,motor ,,lighters4 ,these lighters have been extensively used in landing troops from the transports4 ,they have proved invaluable1 being capable of taking as many as #ejj men at one time4 ,illustration3 ,,general ,,sir ,,ian ,,hamilton',s ,,headquarters4 ,illustration3 ,h4,m4,s4 ',,triad' ,illustration3 ,,seaplane ,,base4 ,a general view of the ,seaplane base camp from a hill close by4 ,on the left of the sand ridge is a salt-water lagoon1 while in the far distance is the ,gallipoli peninsula4 ,illustration3 ,,entrance ,,to ,,kephalo ,illustration3 ,,seaplanes ,,at ,,kephalo4 ,the seaplanes in the ,dardanelles have done much excellent work1 and are extensively used in observing for the ships engaged in bombarding ,turkish gun positions4 ,illustration3 ,ship's cutter under sail ,illustration3 ,h4,m4,s4 ,,exmouth ,,in ,,kephalo ,,harbour4 ,illustration3 ,french ,cruiser ,jean ,d'arc ,illustration3 ,,submarine ,e#aa ,,at ,,kephalo4 ,the vessel commanded by ,commander ,nasmith1 ,v4,c41 which penetrated the ,narrows and arrived off ,constantinople1 causing the greatest consternation there by sinking several vessels off the city and one actually alongside the quay4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,destroyer4 ,illustration3 ,h4,m4,s4 ,,ben-,,my-,,chree ,,at ,,kephalo4 ,a seaplane carrier4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,seaplane ,,carrier4 ,illustration3 ,,hospital ,,ships ,,at ,,kephalo4 ,the less serious cases among the wounded were brought from the mainland by hospital carriers and landed at rest camps in the island4 ,illustration3 ,,greek ,,traders ,illustration3 ,,french ,,flagship ,,suffren4 ,carrying the flag of the ,contre ,amiral ,guepratte4 ,this is the vessel shells from which are shown in a previous drawing4 ,illustration3 ,,lord ,,tredegar',s ,,hospital ,,yacht ,,liberty ,illustration3 ,,hospital ,,ship ,,aquitania4 ,the enormous bulk of the ,aquitania was an outstanding feature in the harbour4 ,the smaller hospital ship alongside is handing over serious cases to be sent back to ,england4 ,illustration3 ,h4,m4,s4 ',lord ,nelson' ,illustration3 ,,submarine ,e#b ,,returning ,,from ,,the ,,sea ,,of ,,marmora4 ,submarines always receive a great ovation from vessels of every nationality in harbour on their return from raids in the ,sea of ,marmora4 ,illustration3 ,,mudros ,,harbour4 ,in the centre of the drawing is ,h4,m4,s4 ,glory4 ,to the left are some of the ,french ships2 while the ,russian cruiser ,askold can be seen on the extreme right4 ,illustration3 ,the ,majestic's fore foot still showing above water off ,helles ,illustration3 ,,hospital ,,ship ,,aquitania ,,at ,,mudros4 ,some idea can be gained of the size of this vessel by the collier of #hjjj tons lying alongside4 ,the ,aquitania has a carrying capacity of upwards of #djjj wounded4 ,printed in ,great ,britain by ,richard ,clay ,sons1 ,limited4 ,,brunswick ,,st41 ,,stamford ,,st41 ,s4,e41 ,,and ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,minor punctuation and printer errors repaired4 ,italic text is denoted by underscores