,transcriber's ,note3 ,italic text is denoted by underscores4 ,small capital text has been replaced with all capitals4 ,minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected without note4 ,irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed4 ,mismatched quotes are not fixed if it's not sufficiently clear where the missing quote should be placed4 ,the cover for the e,book version of this book was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,rural ,,magazine1 ,,and ,,literary ,,evening ,,fire-,,side4 ,illustration3 ,,venerate ,,the ,,plough4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,philadelphia1 ,second ,month1 #ahbj4 ,no4 #b4 ,,for ,,the ,,rural ,,magazine4 ,,the ,,village ,,teacher4 ,i cannot exactly tell why it was1 that ,i felt particularly interested in the prospectus for the ,rural ,magazine2 but ,i instantly resolved to become a subscriber1 and fell to ruminating upon the benefits it might confer upon the country4 ,whether ,i conceived at once the idea of writing these essays1 and took to myself a full share of its imagined usefulness and celebrity2 or whether my satisfaction arose from disinterested motives1 ,i felt a glow of kind feeling towards the editors1 which expanded itself upon all around me4 ,i dismissed my little school at an earlier hour than usual1 and having simply reprimanded some idle culprits1 to whom ,i should otherwise have administered the ferule1 ,i devoted the remainder of the afternoon to writing a letter to a friend in town2 in which ,i concluded a declamation upon the worthlessness of literary fame1 by requesting him to place my name in the list of subscribers and contributors4 ,since then1 the ,magazine has frequently been the subject of my reveries2 for the design is exactly what ,i have long desired to see attempted4 ,every man who has travelled half way up the hill of life1 and has gained its fortieth milestone1 will have amassed stores of thought and observation1 which he is apt to think of inestimable value3--at least ,i find it so with me4 ,there are many topics on which ,i differ from my friends1 and in regard to which ,i am anxious to develope my opinions4 ,some others to which ,i attach a greater importance than is usually done2 and many upon which my particular station in life has thrown lights which may be new and interesting to the public mind4 ,for these reasons1 ,i have long desired to extend my voice and authority beyond the precincts of my little kingdom1 and to try the experiment of schooling the public in some of those great truths1 which are too little regarded or understood1 and bringing back its taste to the pure and simple enjoyments of rural life4 ,whether ,i shall succeed in my attempt to gain the public ear1 will depend1 perhaps1 upon accident2 for while the greatest merit has often languished in obscurity1 folly and incapacity have as often caught the gale of popular favour4 ,if ,i fail1 ,i shall not be without consolation2 for the most unsuccessful author finds it easier to censure the public for want of penetration1 than himself for want of talent4 ,i trust that ,i shall have occasion for no such reflections4 ,it may be an author's vanity1 and yet the voice of praise can scarcely reach my secluded abode2 but my fancy already paints the bright eyes1 and glowing cheeks that will hang over these essays1 and the sober approbation with which mature age will perceive that they are devoted to the cause of truth and sound morality4 ,neighbour ,schemer is welcome to pass over my numbers in search of the newest plans of farming1 so long as he allows his blooming ,emily to pause over them2 and what do ,i care though old ,lovegain pronounce them to be stupid stuff8 ,i had rather possess the approbation and esteem of his lovely ,sophia1 than half his acres6 ,it is a hopeless task1 and may seem full of vanity1 to enter the lists where so many have been foiled1 and where all the great prizes have been born away by the master spirits of former times4 ,but not to mention that fame is no object of my pursuit2 the lofty rewards ,i speak of1 were gained by the finest geniuses in our language1 and conferred by the approbation of the world4 ,my humbler attempt is to please villagers and farmers2 and my ambition will be attained1 if they crown me with the fragrant and perishing wreath that shall resemble their grateful though short-lived recollections4 ,custom and authority have assigned to the essayist a peculiar character4 ,he is privileged at all places and in every family4 ,childhood loves and fondles upon him2 and age and fashion1 the man of pleasure and the man of business1 alike consult and confide in him3 above all1 he is the particular favourite of the ladies1 and is supposed to be knowing in all the labyrinths of the female heart1 and all the points of etiquette and gallantry4 ,he has1 therefore1 from time immemorial1 been their faithful adviser1 transmitted their billetsdoux1 and corrected their letters4 ,he is a notable dreamer1 a great traveller1 and a universal scholar3 he generally passes for a grey headed sage1 and yet is a very ,proteus in his appearance and behaviour4 ,the family is descended from ,isaac ,bickerstaff1 esq42 a venerable gentleman1 who made a considerable figure1 and acquired much substance in queen ,anne's time4 ,some of his descendants have been solemn and pedantic1 and others giddy and frolicksome2 but the features ,i have portrayed1 run more or less through the whole family4 ,its enemies say that it is no longer what it was2 that it has retained its homely peculiarities1 without its originality and freshness1 its wit and gallantry of character4 ,gentle reader1 believe me1 this is an unfounded calumny6 ,a branch of the family settled in this country about eighty years since1 and some of the ,american descendants have proved worthy of the original stock4 ,one of them1 renouncing the social habits of his kinsmen1 went abroad among the fields and the solitudes of ,nature1 and there poured forth his soul in strains1 of which a poet might have been emulous4 ,it was he who first made the ,english ,muses familiar with the sublimity of our native forests4 ,another1 whose natural disposition was checked by the force of circumstances1 devoted himself to the education of a favourite niece and nephew2 and has given a signal example that an old bachelor is not always a useless being4 ,a third1 more merry and more melancholy1 more sarcastic and more eccentric than all who went before him1 divided his time between laughing at the world1 and wandering over the scenes of his youthful and perished enjoyments4 ,he still lives1 although in a foreign clime and under an assumed name1 to enjoy the love and admiration of his countrymen4 ,reader1 ,i have already told thee how humble are my own pretensions4 ,if ,i do not attract thy regard from my own merits1 love me for the sake of my family2 and have a kind eye to my rude speech and rustic manners1 in the recollection of those from whom ,i boast to have descended4 ,,for ,,the ,,rural ,,magazine4 ,,on ,,the ,,pursuit ,,of ,,pleasure4 ----,trahit sua quemque voluptas4444 ,virgil4 ,it is a fact which can never be successfully controverted1 that man1 in every stage of society1 is addicted to pleasure2 the uncultivated savage1 and the sage philosopher are equally devoted to the attainment of felicity2 are equally desirous to secure a perpetuity of happiness4 ,the benevolent ,creator of the universe seems to have endowed the human race with faculties peculiarly susceptible of pleasurable sensations2 accordingly it becomes the business of every one1 almost from his first entrance into life1 to seek after such pleasures as are peculiar to the bent of his disposition1 and to avoid every object or pursuit that has a tendency to pain or disappointment4 ,if1 however1 all pleasures were in their nature innocent1 and left behind no sting of remorse and anxiety1 still man would inevitably soon feel the approaches of languor1 especially whilst indulging in a round of mere sensual gratifications1 and would earnestly sigh for some more permanent species of felicity2 a felicity which might gently affect his mind1 without overpowering his faculties in such a degree as to produce subsequent pain4 ,but as the world is now constituted1 it becomes the indispensable duty of the moralist1 not only to guard mankind against excess in their pleasures1 but also to warn them against such as are accompanied with vice and criminality4 ,he therefore is not the true friend of mankind1 who recommends to his fellow beings a continual abstinence from every gratification1 or who would lead them to expect pleasure from sensual gratifications alone2 but he who points out to their notice1 those delights which are most durable1 and at the same time1 consistent with the strictest virtue4 ,it must1 without hesitation1 be allowed1 that religion is the source of the most exalted happiness that any human being can enjoy4 ,religion alone inspires the soul with a perfect dependance on the goodness and love of the ,,deity1 and diffuses over the mind that calmness and serenity1 which inevitably proceed from a reception of his mercy and benevolence1 ever manifested towards all his creatures4 ,all the pleasures of life are so many poisonous ingredients in our cup1 till religion purifies and destroys the noxious qualities with which they are tainted4 ,let religion mingle with our pleasures1 and every thing of an evil tendency vanishes before it4 ,religion furnishes genius with its noblest theme1 and it affords the fullest employment for all the energies of the human intellect4 ,but another species of pleasure1 most grateful1 and ennobling to the human mind1 arises from the exercise of the understanding in literary pursuits1 and in the study and admiration of the various productions of human genius4 ,a life thus devoted will afford more real gratification to an uncorrupted mind1 than voluptuousness1 with all her allurement1 can offer1 or than intemperance1 with her bacchanalian crew1 has power to bestow4 ,we may indeed almost venture to assert1 that if pure and rational happiness is any where to be found1 except in the temples of religion1 she resides in the studies of the learned1 and sweetens all their labours4 ,the cultivation of a literary taste is the source of rational and innocent entertainment2 it is a powerful preservative from vice1 and contributes to exercise in the soul a love of virtue4 ,the pleasures of sense are all transitory in their nature1 and have a direct tendency to debase the mind2 while on the contrary1 intellectual pursuits1 delight us the more we are engaged in them1 and even when their novelty is worn off1 they still retain their charms4 ,from the first period in which man is endowed with the use of his reasoning faculties1 there is a constant struggle between the animal and intellectual powers4 ,these endeavour to raise man to a state of immortal felicity1 those1 to sink and degrade him to a level with the brutes4 ,whatever pleasures1 therefore1 tend to increase the predominance of reason over the sensual desires1 are favourable to the interests of virtue and religion4 ,the pleasures of literature are of this nature2 they strengthen and invigorate the faculties of the mind1 and render it capable of manly exertion2 they inspire cheerfulness and serenity1 and produce an exquisite gratification to the mental powers2 in short1 they are as much superior to any thing of a sensual nature1 as the nature of the human soul is superior to that of the body4 ,w4 ,m4 ,jan4 #dth1 #ahbj4 ,,for ,,the ,,rural ,,magazine4 ,the following is a copy from the original of a letter written by ,dr4 ,franklin1 and never before published4 ,as the subject is one1 invested at the present moment1 with considerable interest to the people of this country1 and coming from the pen of a celebrated man1 whose patriotism1 it is believed1 was never doubted1 it may perhaps be acceptable to your readers1 and worthy of preservation in the pages of the ,rural ,magazine4 ,whether the ,doctor is right or wrong in his theory1 the public will determine4 ,i4 ,london1 ,feb4 #bj1 #agfh4 ,,dear ,,friend4--,i wrote to you a few lines by ,capt4 ,falconer1 and ,i sent you ,dr4 ,watson's new piece1 of experiments in inoculation1 which ,i hope will be agreeable to you4 ,the ,boston people pretending to interfere with the manufactures of this country1 make a great clamour here against ,america in general4 ,i have endeavoured1 therefore1 to palliate matters a little in several public papers4 ,it would1 as you justly observe1 give less umbrage if we meddled only with such manufactures as ,england does not attend to4 ,that of linen might be carried on more or less in every family1 7perhaps it can only do in a family way7 and silk ,i think in most of the colonies4 ,but there are many manufactures that we cannot carry on to advantage1 though we were at entire liberty4 ,and after all1 this country is fond of manufactures beyond their real value3 for the true source of riches is husbandry4 ,agriculture is truly productive of new wealth2 manufacturers only change forms2 and whatever value they give to the materials they work upon1 they in the meantime consume an equal value in provisions1 c42 so that riches are not increased by manufacturing2 the only advantage is1 that provisions in the shape of manufactures1 are more easily carried for sale to foreign markets1 and where the provisions cannot be easily carried to market1 'tis well so to transform them for our own use as well as foreign sale4 ,in families also1 where the children and servants of farmers have some spare time1 'tis well to employ it in making something2 and in spinning1 or knitting1 c4 to gather up the fragments of time1 that nothing be lost2 for these fragments though small in themselves1 amount to something great in the year1 and the family must eat whether they work or are idle4 ,but this nation seems to have increased the number of its manufactures beyond reasonable bounds1 7for there are bounds to every thing17 whereby provisions are now risen to an exorbitant price by the demand for supplying home mouths2 so that there must be an importation from foreign countries3 but the expense of bringing provisions from abroad to feed manufacturers here1 will so enhance the price of the manufactures1 that they may be made cheaper where the provisions grow1 and the mouths will go to the meat4 ,with many thanks for your good wishes1 ,i am1 dear friend1 affectionately yours1 ,b4 ,,franklin4 ,,dr4 ,,cadwallader ,,evans4 ,,for ,,the ,,rural ,,magazine4 ,,the ,,desultory ,,remarker4--,no4 ,i4 ,at lucre or renown let others aim1 ,i only wish to please the gentle mind1 ,whom ,nature's charms inspire1 and lore of humankind4 ,beattie4 ,perhaps there is no nation existing1 amongst whom there is so large a proportion of readers1 as may be found in the ,united ,states4 ,the freedom of our form of government1 and its appropriate concomitant1 the freedom of the press1 impart the requisite facilities for a wide dissemination of knowledge1 and furnish the motives and the means for cultivating it with success4 ,of newspapers1 we have1 if not a redundant1 at least a copious supply4 ,they are introduced into almost every nook and by-place of our extensive territory2 and no individual who can read1 need deny himself the gratification1 of poring over their pages1 and learnedly descanting on their contents4 ,the moral influence of these popular vehicles of intelligence1 may therefore from these facts1 be properly estimated1 and the importance of their being judiciously conducted1 will at once be acknowledged4 ,it is not the ponderous volume1 the learned and elaborate dissertation1 the abstruse researches of the ontologist1 that moulds the sentiments of the great mass of any people1 and implants in their bosoms the every-day principles of action2 for to these they are utter strangers1 and the laborious student may continue to monopolize them1 without exciting in their minds the slightest regret3 that however1 which is brief1 and simple1 and practical1 in other words1 that which will be generally read1 cannot fail to produce a deep and lasting impression on the public mind4 ,with these convictions on the subject1 it is contemplated1 as leisure and inclination may suggest1 to furnish a series of occasional papers1 under the title indicated above4 ,the plan of the writer1 like those of his illustrious predecessors1 is broad and liberal2 unencumbered by systematic restraint2 he intends to ramble over hill and dale1 to seek for admission1 not only at the cottage1 but also at the mansion of opulence2 and no topic shall be excluded calculated to promote general utility4 ,to liberalise the public sentiment1 to enlighten the public mind1 in fine1 to make men better1 and by a necessary consequence1 to promote public and private happiness1 shall be his cardinal and favourite object4 ,human life and its incidents1 men and things1 literature and morals1 will all be kept in view2 and facts and illustrations1 which may be subservient to his purpose1 whether derived from observation or reflection1 from society or from books1 will not be forgotten or disregarded4 ,of the negative qualities of his proposed papers1 he can speak without reserve and with entire confidence2 they shall never offend the eye or ear of delicacy or of virtue4 ,immediate and personal observation1 is entitled to a decided preference where it is possible to be consulted2 but to him1 the extent of whose migrations have been merely from the blue bed to the brown1 this is a resource which will often fail4 ,distant countries and former periods of time will therefore be contemplated1 to use a significant phrase of ,dryden1 through the spectacles of books4 ,by thus cultivating an acquaintance with the generations which are past1 and by thus holding converse with the mighty dead1 we may augment the power of useful information1 fortify our good principles1 and become better qualified to perform the respective duties assigned us in the world4 ,human nature continues to travel onward with her venerable but untiring companion1 ,time1 without the least change of character4 ,every feature1 which appertained to her1 six thousand years ago1 will still be recognized by the discerning observer4 ,it is1 therefore1 extremely desirable1 that experience should not be lost upon us2 but that her beacons should serve as a polar star1 by which to steer our course with safety1 through the dangerous and perplexing labyrinths of life4 ,there is no question1 that the very essence of papers1 which shall successfully prefer claims to popular favour1 or to practical utility1 must be variety4 ,the strength of ,johnson himself could not shield his great moral work from the charge of unvaried and monotonous solemnity4 ,he inculcated the doctrine1 and exemplified it by his own writings1 that even uniformity of excellence will at length nauseate the palate1 not merely of the fastidious reader1 but of him likewise whose only object is truth4 ,a prominent purpose will be attained1 if the dominion of fashionable folly shall be narrowed1 and the attention of her votaries withdrawn from the frivolous and giddy circles in which they revolve2 and steadfastly directed to the great interests of society1 the cause of sound morals and unsophisticated virtue4 ,is it not a fact calculated to awaken the most profound regret1 that many of our fellow citizens1 particularly in the wealthy metropolis of ,pennsylvania1 who are invested with an elevated rank in life1 and enjoy in profusion its good things1 appear to live only for themselves8 ,men of this description1 are really blanks in existence2 and mistake most egregiously1 the great errand of life4 ,they may appropriately adopt the language of ,pomfret3 ,custom the world's great idol we adore2 ,and knowing this1 we seek to know no more4 ,now education more than truth prevails1 ,and naught is current but what custom seals4 ,thus from the time we first began to know1 ,we live and learn1 but not the wiser grow4 ,although sometimes assuming the province of a censor1 the ,desultory ,remarker will on all proper occasions1 delight to unbend the stern and rigid brow of reproof1 to mingle in the circles of innocent mirth and cheerfulness4 ,he who increases the stock of harmless pleasure1 makes the public his debtor2 but in order to ascertain that such is the character of pleasure1 the requisite tests must be faithfully and rigorously applied4 ,cheerfulness uniformly shuns all intercourse with vice1 but virtue is her favourite and appropriate companion4 ,the innocent are gay--the lark is gay1 ,that dries his feathers1 saturate with dew1 ,beneath the rosy cloud1 while yet the beams ,of day-spring overshoot his humble nest4 ,the ,desultory ,remarker having thus in a spirit at once unreserved and candid1 introduced himself to the reader will for the present respectfully take his leave2 but with the hope of having other opportunities of cultivating a further acquaintance4 ,,for ,,the ,,rural ,,magazine4 ,letters of a ,citizen to his ,friends in the ,country4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,my own observation1 and the opinions of others1 induce me to believe1 that generally speaking1 less attention is given to education among the farmers of ,pennsylvania than was the case half a century ago4 ,at any rate1 the opportunity for instruction within the last fifty years1 has not kept pace with the increased ability to furnish it4 ,land has appreciated1 and the productions of the soil have yielded great profits to the husbandman2 but the intellectual harvest has been of little account4 ,the habits and manners of each successive generation1 display the avidity with which foreign customs and fashions are embraced by the yeomanry of the country1 but these outside evidences of what is called refinement1 have added nothing to the stock of our mental resources1 and greatness4 ,my purpose however1 is to suggest plans of improvement1 rather than to find fault with existing errors1 for ,i am convinced that if a liberal and judicious system be adopted for enlarging the minds of our youth1 and storing them with sound principles1 the follies1 7perhaps the vices17 which now so much engross their attention1 disfigure their character1 and mar their usefulness1 would be ultimately corrected4 ,scholastic learning alone will not1 ,i am fully satisfied1 mend the heart1 or sanctify the understanding2 but ,i am equally sure1 that ignorance as a quality1 never contributed to render the mind over which it held a dark and dreary reign1 in a greater degree susceptible of those benign views1 and exalted aims1 which give to the accountable being1 a just conception of the design of his ,creator4 ,if my opinion be worth any thing1 of which you must be the judges1 ,i would recommend the establishment of schools in every neighbourhood2 but upon a very different foundation from that which generally obtains4 ,instead of an itinerant schoolmaster1 who goes forth in the latter part of autumn in search of subsistence through the winter months1 often without qualifications for the task he solicits1 and not unfrequently of equivocal moral reputation1 select a teacher estimable for his private virtues as a man1 and respectable for his literary and scientific acquirements2 remunerate him with a liberal salary2 erect a suitable and comfortable building for the accommodation of the school3 supply it with maps1 globes1 c41 and commence a library of useful books4 ,send your children regularly to school throughout the year1 and thus make their education as much a business1 and duty1 as the cultivation of your farms4 ,short of this1 will not fulfil the obligations which every parent owes to his offspring4 ,we are social beings1 and our prosperity and happiness depend primarily upon ourselves1 and secondarily upon others2 so that we are advancing our own interests and comforts1 when we promote that of those by whom we are surrounded4 ,in every neighbourhood in the country there are a few individuals whose pecuniary means will not permit them to defray the expenses of education1 which the more wealthy can afford1 and the condition of the indigent has been seriously affected in this respect1 by the institution of boarding schools4 ,to those seminaries1 the children of the affluent are sent2 the common schools are consequently neglected2 the poor go uninstructed1 and a wide1 and fatal distinction is thus created1 among the inhabitants of the same vicinage4 ,rather1 fellow citizens1 than perpetuate this sort of classification in society1 direct your attention to the formation of good schools at home1 to which every child may be admitted2 where all may partake of the same common benefits and blessings4 ,you will thus place all on a par in the advantages of instruction1 create in the minds of all1 the same respect for those moral obligations which hold the community together in the bond of safety and peace1 and confer upon your offspring the most solid security4 ,a youth1 the son of one who is competent to defray the expense of his education at a boarding school1 or college1 is sent from home at the age of sixteen2 is absent three or four years2 has formed new associations1 and contracted new notions2 he returns to his birth-place2 he has outgrown the recollections1 and intimacies of his childhood2 he feels a sort of elevation above the children of his neighbourhood1 who have been groping in ignorance during his absence2 he stands aloof2 jealousy takes hold on the minds of those who observe this difference1 and every evil passion begins its operation2 the consequences are as sad1 as they are certain4 ,contemplate the reverse of the picture4 ,behold the youth of adjoining farms for several miles in circumference1 collected together in one school2 pursuing the same studies2 partaking of the same general care1 in a moral and religious point of view1 which every conscientious teacher will find it his pleasure to extend toward his pupils2 participating in the same innocent recreations2 growing up together with similar views of private duty1 and public obligation2 witness such an instance as this1 and you may be assured that from hence will proceed much which will dignify and adorn the locality1 where it is found to exist4 ,as these reflections have occurred to me1 ,i have taken the freedom of presenting them to your consideration4 ,i am influenced by no other motive than that which would induce me to be the humblest agent in promoting the true interests of our country1 and enlarging1 if it were in my power1 the circle of human happiness4 ,,civis4 ,,for ,,the ,,rural ,,magazine4 ,,history4 ,there is scarcely any thing which is more injurious to the mind1 or which will more effectually prevent the acquisition of knowledge1 than a habit of reading for amusement only4--,for1 it will necessarily happen1 that impressions1 which have not been strengthened by reflection1 will be quickly obliterated2 and we cannot expect to derive permanent advantage from the mere pursuit of temporary enjoyment4 ,to obviate the effects of a practice so pernicious1 and to accustom the mind to the investigation of causes1 the study of history is peculiarly adapted1 for while it furnishes to the reflecting mind1 ample room for the exercise of its powers1 it is in itself1 sufficiently attractive1 to engage the attention of the most careless reader1 it is indeed delightful1 to --------------------------,steal ,from all we may be1 or have been before2 to associate with men1 upon whom a world has gazed with fear and wonder1 to mingle in the conflicts ,of nations1 and to dwell upon the restlessness of ambition1 the fearless perseverence of patriotism3 nor is it less instructive to mark the gradual unfoldings of virtuous or vicious propensities1 and to observe how frequently the sacrifice of all the enjoyments of life to the attainment of some favourite objects has been rewarded1 with the hopeless gloom attendant upon satiety4 ,history may thus be said to convey to us the experience of ages2 and he must be an indifferent or a prejudiced observer1 who cannot find his own feelings portrayed in the motives which it developes4 ,but1 with whatever views we may have undertaken this important study1 we shall find it fruitless of permanent benefit1 unless we shall have been impressed with the conviction of the absolute necessity of examining into the evidence of facts1 and the correctness of deductions4 ,it is thus only that we can be preserved from the danger of imbibing erroneous opinions on subjects affecting the common prejudices of mankind1 or the peculiar doctrines of our authors4 ,it is this assumption of popular sentiments which has degraded the human character1 and reduced the highest intellectual powers to a dependence upon the lowest2 and it is this reliance upon the impartiality of the historian1 which has lent its assistance to the speculations of a false philosophy1 in leading men into all the wanderings of scepticism4 ,let the student of history who is in pursuit of truth1 endeavour to acquaint himself with the private opinions of the author whom he has taken for his guide1 and let him beware1 lest he admit any conclusion1 however unimportant1 which may seem to be at variance with the dictates of reason or of experience4 ,two important ends will thus be attained4 ,by establishing a connection between the events detailed in history1 and the reasonings founded upon them1 they will be more likely to be retained in the memory2 and by convincing himself of the fallacies in the arguments of its opponents1 the reality of any truth will be more deeply impressed upon the mind4 ,he who is thus habituated to scrutiny1 will derive instruction from the errors of those with whom he is conversant2 and may be compared 7to borrow from the beautiful simile of bishop ,horne17 to those who visit the country in spring1 for whom the very hedges are in bloom1 and every thorn produces a a flower4 ,c4 ,,original ,,correspondence4 ,,for ,,the ,,rural ,,magazine4 ,the following is an extract of a letter from the late ,president ,adams1 to a friend of the editors4 ,any thing from the pen of this eminent and venerable man will be read with interest1 and ought to be public property4 ,the anecdote is characteristic1 and the obvious moral influence to be deduced from it1 will strike the mind of every attentive reader4 ,quincy1 ,january #abth1 #ahbj4 ,,dear ,,sir4--,i thank you for your ,new-,year's letter1 c4 99 99 99 99 ,as agriculture is the nursing mother of us all1 it cannot be too assiduously cultivated2 nor is it likely to be too much honoured1 while mercantile profits are so much greater1 and military glory is esteemed the highest glory6 ,the ,american#a is an able writer2 but ,i wish he had avoided so many appearances of endeavouring to justify1 or at least to apologize for slavery in general4 ,his arguments ad hominem from the ,bible1 reminded me of an anecdote1 which as ,i am an old man1 and as old age has a privilege to be talkative and narrative1 ,i will attempt to relate3 ,in the winter of '#gf1 ,mr4 ,paine's ,common ,sense and my ,thoughts on ,government1 made their appearance in public1 the one not long after the other4 ,common ,sense recommended the ,thoughts on ,government2 an organization in three distinct departments1 as independent of each other as human beings can be2--the legislature to consist of three branches4 ,mr4 ,paine came flying to my apartment1 to reproach me for publishing a monarchico1 aristicratico1 democratico system4 ,he scolded violently1 but ,i soothed him down by laughing at him in my turn4 ,paine1 said ,i1 how could you be such an abominable hypocrite1 as to pretend to prove in your ,common ,sense from the ,old ,testament1 that monarchy was not lawful by the word of ,,god8 ,this struck him dumb for a moment1 but recovering himself1 and shrugging his shoulders1 and laughing1 said1 with great contempt2 ,i believe nothing of the ,old ,testament1 nor the ,new neither2 and then pausing1 said1 ,i have had thoughts of publishing my opinions upon religion1 but upon the whole ,i have concluded to put it off till the latter part of my life4 ,this plan he consistently pursued4 #a ,the author of a long letter to the ,edinburgh ,reviewers1 published in the ,national ,intelligencer4 ,i am not sorry his bones are gone to ,england1 to moulder in the soil where they grew2 for ,i claim neither to myself or to my country1 any honour from having once supported them4 ,i am1 ,sir1 your obliged friend1 and humble servant1 ,,john ,,adams4 ,,familiar ,,letters ,from an ,englishman in this country to his ,friend at home4 7,communicated for the ,rural ,magazine47 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,philada4 ,sept4 #af1 #ahai4 ,my ,dear ,g4 ,you know how very apt persons are to form an opinion of other persons with whom accident or design makes them acquainted1 either on the very wise principles of ,lavater1 or the still wiser principles of ,doctor--what's his name--7,i wish ,i could forget as easily the labour ,i lost in studying him7--who first conceived craniology4 ,you know also that ,i had every predisposition to the study of both these abstruse sciences1 and the consequent deductions2 so you will not be much surprised when ,i tell you that ,i have employed the time that has elapsed since the date of my last1 in observing the physiognomy of ,philadelphia4 ,i did this1 before ,i trespassed on the good-will1 the hospitality1 or the politeness of any of its citizens4 ,you will observe ,i am perfectly distinct in my classification1 and ,i beg of you to remember this1 when you peruse any of my rambling epistles hereafter4 ,my letters would1 ,i hope1 have commanded the civil attention of any person to whom they were addressed1 independent of any particular kindness to which the recommendation of our venerable ,quaker friend ,d---- of ,london would on the principle of reciprocity entitle me4 ,but before ,i penetrated like ,asmodeus in ,le ,diable ,boiteaux1 into the domestic circle1 the parlour1 the halls1 the tables1 or the toilettes1 or 7shall ,i say it7 to the counter and the desk4 ,i wished to see the roofs1 at least1 if ,i could not see through them4 ,so for the last week ,i have been studying physiognomies4 ,there can be no need of apology to you my friend1 who1 7,heaven be praised7 have never had occasion to leave the precincts of your ancient patrimony for any thing but pleasure1 for dilating on a city that so far as it regards myself1 has hitherto been on a par with ,herculaneum or ,pompeia4 ,some manuscripts and some printed accounts ,i have seen1 but like those saved from the lava of ,vesuvius1 they were hardly worth unfolding4 ,indeed1 ,i always pitied poor ,sir ,humphrey for so incomprehensible a task4 ,he had better have staid at home1 and made experiments in separating the brick and mortar from the old ruins lord ,l---- boasts of having been in his family1 at the smallest calculation from ,william ,rufus4 ,i do wonder what it could have been that the ancients took such care of4 ,well--,i have seen ,philadelphia4--,and if it were not for the dull monotony of its right angles--the wide streets that throw such an immense space between your lodgings and any desired object--the want of all the cries ,i have been used to in all the popular cities ,i have frequented1 except1 indeed1 the solitary halloo of a sweep1 7and then only before one gets up in a morning7 and the everlasting gong that wakes me from my sweetest slumber1 and dreams of home1 with all its indefinable attractions1 ,i would say that ,philadelphia was a very decent1 orderly1 well arranged1 and handsome city4 ,but give me ,hogarth's line of beauty2 ,i hate your everlasting parallels that run together to infinity1 and never unite4 ,by the way ,i am told that ,i shall be amply gratified in this respect in ,new ,york and ,boston4 ,there is only one street in this city1 called ,dock street1 that is entitled to any claim to my fancy2 and that is too broad1 and nobody lives in it--all shops and warehouses4 ,the weather is remarkably fine1--every body complains of a want of rain3--for my part ,i must confess ,i had enough at home2 and if ,i must find fault with the climate1 it is too hot4 ,yet ,i do not find the lassitude ,i expected1 consequent on exercise in the open air4 ,notwithstanding a mid-day sun1 that in ,england we should have thought intolerable1 a young gentleman with whom ,i formed an acquaintance at our excellent hotel1 prevailed upon me to take a promenade along the ,philadelphia ,bond street1 which here is denominated ,chesnut street4 ,we saw some mansions that would not have disgraced one of our fashionable squares2--some ladies that would have honoured the very first equipage that sports in ,hyde ,park4 ,only a few could boast of our ,saxon complexion2 but their forms were cast in a superior mould2--this ,i apprehend is aboriginal--and although ,i cannot learn that any are willing to acknowledge their derivation from the native ,indians1 several circumstances induce me to believe there has been a greater mixture with the first occupants of this vast continent than has been generally supposed4 ,but more of this hereafter--if in my contemplated visit next summer to the falls of ,niagara1 ,i should meet with some of the deer skinned heroes and heroines of this western hemisphere4 ,i have laid all those of the sock and buskin on the shelf1 and am enthusiast enough to expect perfection among the savages of ,north ,america4 ,why should ,i not8 ,through all the obloquy that has been thrown upon them by their ruthless despoilers1 ,more savage still than they1 through all that inveteracy of feeling which those who injure universally entertain--and they who injure never pardon1 you may still find a confession1 or rather an admission of their virtues and their talents1 of their magnanimity of character1 and their elevation of soul4 ,not merely that indifference to privation and bodily suffering which we have been taught1 was characteristic of savage life1 but in spite of the natural principle of retaliation and revenge1 7and ,i will maintain that it is a natural principle7 they have evinced that virtue which the ,bible has never taught many of us who have had access to it--forgiveness of our enemies4 ,do not1 however1 think that ,i have lost myself in the interminable forests which still remain to the original proprietors of this continent--or that ,i have assumed the rifle and the moccasin4 ,i should even prefer taking up my residence in this place which you know we have always considered one of the advanced posts in the march of civilization4 ,it is true ,i have not yet descended from the roofs as aforesaid1 to see what kind of an animal a ,philadelphian really is in his own family circle1 and shall have to defer a picture of this non-descript till opportunity of observation occurs4 ,i have as yet seen only the outside4 ,i have seen the ,pennsylvania hospital externally2 ,i have seen the figure of old ,william ,penn standing like a good old fashioned broad brimmed sentinel before the door of the edifice1 like all sentries exposed to the wind and the weather1 with his head as it were drooping over the fine hot-house plants that surround him4 ,but a bronze statue of the old gentleman ,i must confess seemed rather outre1 although he richly deserved an equipment in that same costume from the perseverance which history tells us he evinced in the strife with the bailiffs that beset him in our old island4 ,but let that pass2 ,i would consent to be surrounded by tipstaves all my life to leave such a character as he did behind4--,i have seen the ,academy of ,fine ,arts1 most modestly retiring from public view1 behind a range of buildings that some of the cits have unconscionably erected on the front of the street1 thus clearly evincing their disposition1 to use the words of my ,chesnut street friend1 to throw the fine arts in the back ground4 ,by the way the good people here are said to be 7by the ,new ,yorkers at least7 most intolerably given to punning1 and ,i must admit that some of the gentlemen who attend our excellent ordinary1 have put off a few attempts at that vile species of wit1 of a most contemptible character4 ,i should1 however1 be very sorry to pass an opinion on the whole genus by the few specimens ,i have seen4 ,philadelphia is really a very handsome city2 yet to take a panoramic view of it1 you would be exceedingly disappointed4 ,there are no steeples1 or rather there is one1 and that a very decent one--the architecture of which is by no means contemptible2 but then there is but one steeple in a city of upwards of fifteen thousand houses1 principally constructed of brick4 ,if there were only a standard or ensign appended to its spire1 which is about #bjj feet from the ground1 and that standard in proportion to its height1 this goodly town would look like one grand encampment4 ,few of the houses exceed three stories1 of about ten or twelve feet each4 ,the city is however1 flanked by two shot towers1 one in the southeast1 the other in the northwestern extremity2 which afford some relief to the dead uniformity in the general aspect of the town4 ,how successful the proprietors of these said towers may have been in the pursuit of their vocation1 ,i know not2 but for ornament to this place1 ,i would not give one steeple1 like that which is bottomed in the good old diocesan episcopal church for a thousand of them4 ,you see ,i have obeyed the injunction laid on me at parting1 to express every thing as it presented itself to my observation1 but in nothing can you find more sincerity of feeling than when ,i assure you neither time nor distance has diminished the warmth of affection with which ,i continue to be your friend4 ,treatise on ,agriculture4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,of the actual state of ,agriculture in ,europe4 ,this is very different in different states1 and even in different parts of the same state2 its greater or less degree of perfection1 depending on causes physical1 or political1 or both4 ,where a state1 or part of a state1 from soil1 climate1 manners1 or geographical position1 draws its principal subsistence from the fishery or the chase1 as in the more northern parts of ,europe1 agriculture will not succeed2 when a state is from any cause both essentially maritime or manufacturing1 as in ,england1 or principally manufacturing1 as in ,prussia2 where public opinion has degraded manual labour1 as in ,spain1 ,portugal1 and the ,papal territory2 or where laws villainize it1 as in ,russia1 ,prussia1 ,poland1 ,hungary1 c4 c4 it is in vain to expect pre-eminent agriculture4--,these principles will receive illustration as we go along4 #a4 ,in the ,campania of ,rome1 where in the time of ,pliny were counted twenty-three cities1 the traveller is now astonished and depressed at the silence and desolation that surround him4--,even from ,rome to ,trescati1 7four leagues of road the most frequented7 we find only an arid plain1 without trees1 without meadows1 natural or artificial1 and without villages1 or other habitation of man6 ,yet is this wretchedness not the fault of soil or climate1 which 7with little alteration#b7 continue to be what they were in the days of ,augustus4 ,man is the only growth that dwindles here1 and to his deficient or ill directed industry1 are owing all the calamities of the scene4#c ,instead of the hardy and masculine labours of the field2 the successors of ,cato and of ,pliny employ themselves in fabricating sacred vases1 hair powders and pomatums1 artificial pearls1 fiddle strings1 embroidered gloves1 and religious relics6 ,they are also great collectors of pictures1 statues1 and medals--dirty gods and coins1 and find an ample reward in the ignorance and credulity of those who buy them4 #b ,the climate of ,italy is now warmer than it was in the ,augustan age1 which ,buffon ascribes to the draining of great tracts of swampy lands in ,germany4 #c ,un ,romain meme le plus indigent rougiroit de cultiver la terre4 ,bosc4 #b4 ,how different from this picture is that of ,tuscany6 where the soil1 though less fertile1#d is covered with grains1 with vines1 and with cattle2 and where a surface of #abjj square leagues1 subsists a population of nine hundred and fifty thousand inhabitants1 of whom eighty thousand are agriculturists4 ,it may amuse1 if it does not instruct1 the reader1 to offer a few details of a husbandry1 among the most distinguished of the present age4 ,the plough of the north of ,europe1 as of this country1 has the powers of a wedge1 and acts perpendicularly2 but that of ,tuscany resembles a shovel1 is eight or nine inches long1 and nearly as broad1 and cuts the earth horizontally4 ,this instrument is particularly adapted to the loose and friable texture of the soil4 ,a second plough1 of the same shape1 but of smaller size1 follows that already described1 and with the aid of the hoe and the spade1#e throws the earth1 already broken and pulverised1 into four feet ridges1 or beds1 on which the crop is sown4 ,the furrows answer a threefold purpose2 they drain the beds of excessive moisture1 ventilate the growing crops1 and supply paths for the weeders4 #d ,two thirds of ,tuscany consist of mountains4 ,vol4 viii4 p4 #bcb4 ,geographic1 ,mathematique et ,phisique3 ,see also ,forsyth's remarks1 p4 #hj1 where are detailed the principal causes of her prosperity4 ,leopold1 says he1 in selling the crown lands1 studiously divided large tracts of rich but neglected land1 into small properties4 ,his favourite plan of encouraging agriculture consisted1 not in boards1 societies1 and premiums1 but in giving the labourer a security and interest in the soil--in multiplying small freeholders--in extending the livelli1 or life leases1 c4 c4 #e ,it is among the most important covenants of a ,tuscan lease1 that one third of the ground be annually worked with a spade4 ,the rotation of crops1 employs two periods of different length2 the one of three1 the other of five years4 ,in the rotation of three years1 the ground is sown five times1 and in that of four years1 seven times1 as follows4 ,first year1 wheat1 and after wheat lupins4 ,second year wheat1 and after wheat turnips4 ,third year1 ,indian corn or millet4 ,first year1 wheat1 and after wheat beans4 ,second year1 wheat1 and after wheat lupins4 ,third year1 wheat1 and after wheat lupinella3 7annual clover47 ,fourth year1 ,indian corn1 or millet4 ,in the ,syanese ,maremna1 where the lands want neither repose or manure1 the constant alternation is hemp and wheat1 and the produce of the latter1 often twenty-four bushels threshed1 for one sown4 ,it will be seen from this course of crops1 that the principal object of ,tuscan agriculture1 is wheat1 of which they have two species1 the one bald1 the other bearded2 both larger than the corresponding species in other countries of ,europe2 convertible into excellent bread and pastes1 and probably but varieties of that ,sicilian family1 which ,pliny describes1 as yielding most flour and least bran1 and suffering no degradation from time4 ,it is harvested about the middle of ,june and when the grain crop is secured1 the ploughing for the second1 or forage crop1 begins2 which besides lupins1 lupinella1 and beans1 often consists of a mixture of lupins1 turnips1 and flax4 ,the lupins ripen first and are gathered in autumn2 the turnips are drawn in the winter and the flax in the spring4 ,besides the application of ordinary manures1 the lupin is ploughed down1 when in flower2 a practice that began with the ,romans3 ,columella says1 of all leguminous vegetables1 the lupin is that which most merits attention1 because it costs least1 employs least time and furnishes an excellent manure4 ,the culture of this vegetable is different1 according to the purposes for which it is raised2 if for grain1 the ground has two ploughings and twenty-five pounds weight of seed to a square of a hundred toises3 if for manure1 one ploughing is sufficient4 ,like our buckwheat1 its vegetation is quick and its growth rapid2 whence the farther advantage of suppressing1 and even of destroying the weeds that would have infested any other crop4 ,in the neighbourhood of ,florence1 they are in the practice of burning the soil2 which they do by digging holes1 filling them with faggots and raising the earth into mounds over them4--,the faggots are then inflamed and burnt1 and with them the incumbent earth1 which is afterwards scattered1 so as to give the whole field the same preparation4 #c;d4 ,the countries1 says ,arthur ,young1 the most rich and flourishing of ,europe1 in proportion to their extent1 are probably ,piedmont and the ,milanese4 ,we there meet all the signs of prosperity--an active and well conditioned population1 great exportations1 considerable interior consumption1 superb roads1 many opulent towns1 a ready and abundant circulation1 the interest of money low1 the price of labour high2 in one word1 it is impossible to cite a single fact that shews that ,manchester1 ,birmingham1 ,rouen1 and ,lyons1 are in a condition equally prosperous1 as the whole of these ,dutchies4 ,their population is stated at #a1aad1jjj1 and the territory at little more than two millions of arpents1 7acres47 ,wheat1 rye1 indian corn1 flax and hemp1 the vine and the olive1 the caper and the cotton tree1 with all kinds of garden fruits and vegetables1 are cultivated here3 the soil knows no repose1 and much of it yields annually and uniformly two crops of grain1 or three of grass4#f ,these are the miracles of irrigation2 not a drop of water is lost4 ,besides the permanent supplies furnished from lakes1 ponds1 rivers1 creeks and springs1 even the winter torrent and summer shower1 are every where intercepted by drains1 and led to reservoirs2 whence they are distributed at will to the neighbouring grounds4 #f ,geographic1 ,mathematique1 c4 ,article ,italie4 ,in #aggj1 an agricultural school was established at ,milan1 consisting of #bbj boys1 who were instructed in theoretical and practical husbandry4--,this institution has escaped the notice of travellers2 and we are unable to say whether it has or has not1 fulfilled the intentions of its projectors4 #d4 ,switzerland has about #addd square leagues of surface1 and presents an assemblage of mountains1 one rising above another1 until the summits are lost in masses of snow and ice1 which never melt4 ,this short description sufficiently indicates the character of both the soil and the climate2 yet unpropitious as these are1 we find a population of #abdb inhabitants to each square league6 ,this is perhaps the country of the world1 which presents the most happy effects of an industry always active and persevering4 ,the traveller who climbs her mountains1 is struck with admiration when he beholds vineyards and rich pastures in those places1 which before appeared naked and barren rocks4 ,the traces of the plough are perceived on the border of precipices1 where the most savage animals do not pass without danger2 in one word the inhabitants appear to have conquered all obstacles1 whether arising from soil1 position or climate and to have drawn abundance from territory1 condemned by nature to perpetual sterility4#g #g ,idem4 ,article ,helvetia4 #e4 ,the classical reader will remember1 that ,spain was the garden of the ,hesperides of the ,roman writers2 by which was meant the combinations of a fine climate1 a rich soil and an active and intelligent agriculture4 ,to this state of things1 even the empire of the ,goths was not fatal1#h and that of the ,moors rendered it still more distinguished4 ,in their hands1 the plains of ,valentia were cultivated throughout1 with the utmost care and skill2 and where their wheels1 reservoirs1 and drains of irrigation1 yet remain1 the soil continues to yield the richest and most abundant products4 ,in ,catalonia1 ,navarre1 ,galitia and the ,austurias1 many species of the ancient agriculture are yet in vigour1 because the leases are long1 and the landlord cannot capriciously violate them4 ,the same causes are followed by the same effects1 in the three districts of ,biscaya1 ,guiposcoa and ,alava4 ,in running over these1 every thing one finds is animated by the presence of liberty and industry2 nothing can be more charming than the coasts1 nothing more attractive than the culture of the vallies4 ,throughout the thirty leagues that separate ,bedassod from ,vittoria1 every quarter of an hour we discover some well built village1 or comfortable cottage4#i #h ,it appears from ,varro ,dere rustica and the letters of ,cassiodorus1 that the ,goths introduced into ,spain the subterranean granaries1 called ,siilos1 and the art of irrigation4 ,the former are now exclusively used in ,tuscany1 and ,cato's precept1 ',prata irrigua1' c4 shews whence their knowledge of the latter was derived4 #i ,burgoing's modern ,spain1 vol4 i4 ,how different is the aspect of the other provinces6 ,in these1 not more than two thirds of the earth are cultivated2 and it is not uncommon to travel eight and ten leagues together1 without finding a trace of human industry4 ,in the district of ,badejoz alone1 is a desert of twenty-six leagues in length and twelve in breadth4#aj ,ten of the fourteen leagues that traverse the duchy of ,medina ,sidonia1 consist altogether of pasturage4 ,there is no where a vestige of man2 not an orchard1 not a garden1 not a ditch1 not a cottage to be seen6 ,the great proprietor appears to reign1 like the lion in the desert1 repulsing by his roaring all who would approach him4 ,but1 instead of human colonies1 we encounter troops of horned cattle and of mares1 wandering1 self directed1 over plains1 to which the eye can discover no boundary or barrier1 and which brings to one's recollection the days when the beasts shared with man the empire of the earth4#aa #aj ,borde's ,hineraira de l',espagne1 vol4 iv4 p4 #cj4 #aa ,burgoing4 ,spain has been long renowned for its horses4 ,the ,romans1 in settling their pedigree and illustrating their swiftness1 called them 'the children of the winds4' ,even when the plough is used1 it is little more than a great knife fastened to a stick1 that just scratches the surface4 ,the grain is threshed by horses1 or mules driven over it1 of by means of a plank studded with nails or flint stones and drawn across it4 ,with even this miserable culture1 the land in ,andalusia yields considerable crops2 yet are the inhabitants too lazy or too few to gather them together4 ,this is done by ,galiegos1 who are the labourers of ,spain4 ,we need scarcely remark1 that in a state of agriculture like this1 the peasantry cannot be either well fed or well clothed4 ,the mountaineers live principally upon roasted acorns and goats' milk1 and those of the plain 7from ,barcelona to ,malaga7 on bread steeped with oil1 and occasionally seasoned with vinegar4#ab #ab ,swinburne's ,travels1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,a ,spanish peasant1 who has earned or begged enough for the wants of the day1 will refuse to earn more1 even by running an errand4 ,striking as this fact is1 it does not so well illustrate ,spanish indolence as the following anecdote from the same pen4 ,in the great sedition at ,madrid1 which ended in the defeat of the king and the disgrace of his minister1 7the ,marquis des ,squillas7 and in its most fervid moments1 both parties retired about dinner time to take their nap or meridiana1 after which they returned to the combat with new vigour and enraged fury4 ,if habits can thus control the passions1 to what important uses might not a wise legislation turn them8 ,it is wide of our object to examine the causes of the degradation of character1 which marks the agriculture of ,spain4 ,well informed writers have ascribed it to the expulsion of the ,moors and ,jews1 to the weight of taxes and imposts1 to the mesta or common right of pasturage1 to the discovery of ,america and its consequences1 to the effect of climate and the ill judged charity of bishops and convents1 but principally to the great manorial grants and unequal division of the soil1 which followed the conquest4 ,we often find six1 eight1 ten1 and even fifteen leagues of extent belonging to one master4 ,the nobility and clergy possess nearly the whole country4 ,one third of ,spain belongs to the families of ,medina1 ,celi1 ,d',alva1 ,de l',infatado1 ,d',aceda1 and to the archbishops1 bishops and chapters of ,toledo1 ,compostella1 ,valentia1 ,seville and ,murcia4 ,a great proportion of these lands remain untilled and untenanted1 and those which are let in ,cortijo or farms are double or treble the quantity that can be occupied in tillage4#ac #ac ,le ,borde's ,heneraire ,d',espagne1 ,vol4 #a4 #f4 ,the agriculture of ,portugal1 has been subjected to the same evils as that of ,spain1 to which may be superadded1 her connexion with ,great ,britain2 under whose policy she has become a raiser of fruit instead of grain4 #g4 ,france is probably the country of ,europe1 which most unites the great desiderata of an extended and profitable agriculture2 fertility of soil1 mildness of climate1 a dense population1 an enlightened government1 and facility of exportation4 ,within her ancient limits1 she boasts of a surface of more than one hundred and fifteen millions of arpents1 and a population of twenty-two millions of inhabitants4 ,the following tables will shew1 in a compressed form1 the nature of her soil1 and the use to which it is put4#ad #ad ,see ,geographique1 c4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,art4 ,france1 p4 #ac1 and ,young's tour through ,france4 ,,geological ,,table4 ,arpents or ,acres4 ,alluvial and other rich soil1 #bf1aei1cdj ,chalky do #ac1bfh1iaa ,gravelly do #c1bfa1hbf ,stony do #ah1abh1ffj ,sandy do #g1eec1ief ,substratum of clay with a slight covering of sand--called landes1 #ba1hgi1abj ,granitic and other mountains #be1bfa1idf ,,agricultural ,,tables4 ,arable land #fc1fjj1jjj ,vineyards1 #d1gfd1ifj ,woods1 #ae1ica1hej ,natural meadows1 #e1dfd1hjj ,artificial meadows1 #f1ccb1ajj ,lakes1 marshes1 wastes1 #ai1djj1jdi ----------- ,total1 #aae1dic1gei ,from the average of a number of statistical tables made by the ,abbe ,d',expillyt and others1 it appears that in #aggg1 the agriculture of ,france was sufficient for the subsistence of its inhabitants1 and had a surplus to spare2#ae and though it be universally admitted that her condition in this respect is not less prosperous now than it was then1#af still it cannot be dissembled that her husbandry has many defects4 #ae ,the products of agricultural labour1 were1 in these tables1 stated at #aad1eeb1jjj ,l4 ,t4 ,those of manufacturing labour at #abh1jae1jjj4 #af ,the effects of the revolution of #aghi on agriculture are no longer doubtful4 ,the suppression of tythes--of the exclusive privilege--of the chase--of every species of corvee 7labour performed by tenants for landlords7--of taxes or rents1 and of rights of commonage--was among these effects2 and if to these we add the division of the great landed estates of the nobility and clergy1 there can no longer be any scepticism on this point4 ,no truth is better established than the advantage of small farms over great1 as far as the public is concerned4 ,the ,roman latifundia 7military grants7 destroyed ,roman agriculture4 #a4 ,a supposed resemblance between the earth and animals1 gave rise to fallows2 because men and horses required repose after labour1 it was supposed that after cropping1 the earth also required it4 ,faithful to this absurd analogy1 the ,french landlord binds down his tenent by lease1 not to crop the soil more than three years in four1 which in effect is to consign to barrenness or weeds1 one fourth of the whole arable land of ,france yearly6 #b4 ,there is not a sufficiently fixed1 or steady proportion1 between arable and pasture land4--,the production of grain is the great object of culture--often with too little regard to the nature of the soil1 and generally without any to its improvement4 ,where pasturage is scanty1 where natural meadows are bad1 where artificial are rare1 and root husbandry little extended1 cattle cannot be either numerous or well conditioned2 and as without these there can be no manure1 so without manure there can be no abundance4#ag #ag ,herbin's statistique ,gen4 de la ,france ,vol4 ,i4 introduc4 #c4 ,the land is generally worked by farmers1 hired for that purpose1 or by renters on short leases2 which in neither case betters the condition of the soil2 the one having no interest in improvements1 and the other too small a one to justify any expense in making them4 #d4 ,a good rotation system1 adapted to the soil and climate1 is not absolutely unknown1 and may be found even in whole districts 7as in ,french ,flanders7 but much too rarely4 ,we have seen wheat and fallows alternately for years2 and wheat1 rye1 hemp1 and rye1 and many others equally ridiculous4 #e4 ,to the eye1 more than one half of ,france is a common1 without fences of any kind1 excepting garden or park walls4 ,can there be order1 economy and security1 under such circumstances8 ,can the police and the gens d'armes be sufficient substitutes8 ,albany ,argus4 7,to be continued47 ,the ,moral ,plough ,boy4 ,in that volume whose morality is as sound1 as the religion1 it inculcates is celestial2 and which is in fact an inexhaustible source of human wisdom1 as well as a pure and incorruptible fountain of divine light2 we are taught to despise not the day of small things4 ,how much better off than they are1 would thousands of their countrymen be at this moment1 had this injunction never failed of its proper effect upon their conduct6 ,if they had constantly cherished it in their recollection and carried it into practice in their daily occupations4 ,but to contemplate the past or the present is needless1 if it be not with a view to awaken the soul not only to a proper train of reflection1 but to a salutary system of practice for the future4 ,if we had not despised the day of small things1 and sought too eagerly after brilliant speculations and splendid fortunes1 thousands of us might now be blessed with ease and competence1 and still animated by a sober and useful spirit of industry1 who are1 on the contrary1 plunged into embarrasment1 stripped of our property1 and paralyzed in our energies4 ,we began the world with fair prospects1 and we thought1 at the same time with firm resolutions not to blast them by seeking too eagerly after fairer ones2 but man is rarely contented with what is simply good or bright2 he must have something better and brighter4 ,there is always some tree whose fruit is forbidden1 or beyond his reach1 but of which he cannot rest easy till he has tasted4 ,he can never think of resting upon the clear declivity1 whilst the cloud-capped summit is above him1 veiling something which he has not seen1 and which may be1 as he is apt to imagine1 a pleasing1 a valuable or a wonderful discovery4 ,thus it is that we always reject the good within our grasp1 in the delusive hope of grasping something better beyond it2 that we lose sight of the content and happiness which are to-day within our reach2 and look to the morrow to bring forth that which will satisfy our desires1 and cause us to rejoice in our existence4 ,but the morrow comes1 our anticipations are not realized1 and we vainly regret that we had not enjoyed the day before1 as we might have done1 without trusting to a deceitful futurity4 ,we aim to inculcate moderation in the desire of wealth1 or of any other acquisition which is supposed to contribute to human happiness1 combined with a steady1 industrious and persevering attention to the means of obtaining what we desire4 ,to this end1 we must not despise the day of small things2 but must set out in every undertaking with a determination to take advantage of the most trivial1 as well as the most important circumstance1 calculated to favour our designs4 ,we must watch with the eyes of an ,argus for ,opportunity1 never forgetting1 that she is bald behind1 and must therefore be caught by the forelock1 if caught at all4 ,when once she turns her back upon us1 she is soon out of sight1 and we vainly attempt to overtake her4 ,she mocks at our folly1 and leaves us to brood1 in hopeless amazement1 over our own blindness and imbecility4 ,but who are they that despise the day of small things8 ,they are too numerous for description in a brief essay2 but we shall point out a few1 and leave the reader's imagination to enlarge the catalogue4 ,the ,,mechanic who puts off a small job1 as unworthy of his attention1 because he happens to have a larger one on hand2 without stopping to reflect1 that small streams are more numerous than large ones2 that the former continually supply the latter2 and that by a steady succession of small jobs1 he may acquire a capital to execute large ones upon his own account4 ,the ,,merchant who will sit behind his counter with a segar in his mouth1 and think it derogatory to his dignity to reply to a demand for a shilling's worth of any thing4 ,such small things are too insignificant for this man of smoke2 and consequently when those who call for them1 and find themselves neglected1 have occasion to make a large purchase1 they go to him1 who will not only lay down his segar1 but leave his dinner1 if required to wait upon them in ever so small a way4 ,the ,,physician1 who passes by the the poor man's door hardly stopping to give a hasty prescription1 although he never fails to loiter in the sick rooms of the rich and the powerful1 till his sycophancy becomes as disgusting to the mind1 as his medicine is nauseating to the stomach of his patient4 ,the ,,lawyer who turns a deaf ear to an honest client with but five dollars in his pocket2 but is quick of hearing when accosted by a party with a fifty dollar bill1 and not over scrupulous either about the justice of the cause4 ,the ,,clergyman--and what shall we say of the ,clergyman1 who despises the day of small things2 who forsakes and forgets the poor1 but pious flock1 which first cherished him1 to gratify his pride and ambition1 and acquire those robes and riches which moths may corrupt and thieves may steal2 and who is so eager withal to make converts1 that he does not stop to be satisfied that conversion is the offspring of conviction1 forgetting how much joy there is in ,heaven over one sinner that truly repenteth2 and that the hope of the hypocrite shall perish for-ever6 ,the ,,farmer who clears more land than he can cultivate to advantage1 destroying the present and preventing the future growth of timber to no purpose2 who keeps his produce on hand1 when he can get a good and saving price1 in hopes it may rise2 who sells it at last for less than he could have had at first2 and who is not as grateful to ,god for a scanty harvest1 as he is for a plentiful one4 ,we might enlarge the catalogue of those1 who1 by despising the day of small things1 never arrive at that of great ones2 but we do not wish to tire the reader with a tedious essay1 when a light and pleasant one is our aim4 ,there is1 however1 one precious delinquent1 in whose soul we would gladly awaken those moral energies which alone can save it from eventual ruin2 from the tortures of self condemnation1 the contempt of mankind1 and the horrors of despair4 ,we mean the ,,young ,,student of ,,genius1 who consumes the vigour of his youth in the haunts of vice and infamy--who despises the minutia of his profession1 whatever it may be1 and wantonly neglects his daily studies for the present1 in pursuit of pleasure1 intending1 perhaps1 to make great and rapid strides at a future time--but when that time arrives may find his former neglect and dissipation have destroyed the energies of his mind1 and left it like a sieve1 incapable of containing any thing but dregs6 ,in this case the ruin is indeed a melancholy one2 for instead of being led1 through paths of glory1 to the grave1 the stews and the state prison are too often the pathways of such a youth to that closing scene2 and his hic jacet may be found1 if found at all1 in the ,potter's field1 that last receptacle of the dregs of humanity6 ,think of this1 ye giddy1 ye thoughtless young men1 who are squandering your precious moments in idleness and vice1 dishonouring yourselves1 disgusting your friends1 disappointing the expectations of your country1 breaking the hearts of your fond parents1 and bringing their grey hairs with sorrow to the grave6 ,how bitter will be your feelings1 when you are driven to reflect1 as you finally must be1 and perhaps at the foot of the gallows1 that by your folly and wickedness1 you have not only sealed your own ruin1 but madly ,steep'd a mother's couch in tears1 ,and ting'd a father's glowing cheek with shame6 ,many of those giddy young men1 to whom these remarks apply1 may perhaps sneer at the idea of being brought up at last1 in their mad career1 by the arm of the public executioner4 ,but let them turn1 in some hour of solitude1 if such hours ever bless them with the sweets of calm reflection1 to the pages of the ,criminal ,recorder6 ,they will there find1 that from ,,george ,,barnwell1 down to ,,james ,,hamilton1 those who have died upon the gallows have not always plunged at once into the depths of depravity2 but have gone on1 step by step1 from slight deviations to serious ones1 till they have lost all sense of shame1 and become rebels to ,god as well as man4 ,in this degraded state of their souls1 they have not stopt at the brothel1 the cock-pit1 or the gambling table2 but urged by the demons of hell1 they have wantonly seized the dagger of assassination1 and bathed it in the blood of innocence6 thus closing their criminal career by a deed of desperation4 ,h4 ,h4 jr4 ,mr4 ,nicholson's ,prize ,essay4 ,on a ,rotation of ,crops1 and the most profitable mode of collecting1 preserving1 and applying ,manures4 7,communicated to the ,albany ,county ,agricultural ,society47 ,,continued4 ,in the spring of the third year1 we propose to sow the ground with barley1 after two or three ploughings--seed1 two and a half bushels to the acre4 ,at the same time also1 give the ground at least #ab pounds of red clover seed to the acre1 which may be carefully mixed with the barley1 and sown together4 ,harrow the ground before sowing1 and harrow in the seed1 after it has been prepared in the manner before directed2 then1 if the farmer is in possession of the roller1 let this be passed over the ground1 particularly if it be somewhat dry2 for1 in such case1 barley1 being covered with a husk1 requires a close envelopement with earth1 in order that the progress of its germination be not either partially or wholly retarded4 ,next spring give the ground a top dressing of gypsum1 of from one to two bushels to the acre1 as circumstances may seem to require4--,two clover crops are to be expected this season4 ,the next1 either one or two may be taken1 according to the climate1 but usually one only in more northerly regions2 and in this case let the second growth be laid prostrate1 by the roller passing over it in the same direction in which the plough is to follow1 in order that the growth may be carefully turned under1 which will form an excellent lay for winter wheat1 or for rye1 if the climate is not adapted to the growth of the former crop4 ,in suitable climates1 wheat will succeed on a good clover lay even on light sandy lands4 ,it is believed1 however1 that the species of wheat which is considerably cultivated in ,pennsylvania1 called spelt1 7triticum spelta7 may be successfully cultivated in any part of the northern states where wheat of the common sorts do not flourish4--,when the sward has thus been turned under1 let the surface be levelled by running the harrow lightly over it1 in the same direction in which the plough runs1 and then cover the seed with the harrow1 run in a similar direction4 ,let the seed wheat be prepared in the manner before described1 and let it be free from any mixture of rye1 or the seeds of cockle1 or other weeds4 ,next spring give the ground another top dressing of gypsum1 in order that a growth of white clover may rise after harvest1 as this will afford considerable fall feed1 and a fresh sward to be turned under in the latter part of the fall1 the effect of which will be explained when speaking of manures1 c4 ,thus our rotation requires six seasons for its completion1 and is composed of six or more different and successive crops4 ,in exhibiting our plan1 we intend it merely as an outline of what we deem at least one of the best and most profitable systems of culture that can be pursued in good arable lands1 where all obstructions to the most complete culture have been removed4--,other courses may probably be devised which may be as good1 but we feel confident there can be none better4 ,we consider this rotation as comprehending a sufficient variety of crops for every purpose of affording the land rest by changes2 and although a course of rotation might be made to include a greater variety of crops1 still the profits of them in the aggregate1 would probably be less than in the plan we propose4 ,we insist much on the culture of root crops for the greatest possible profits4 ,in some instances the growths of roots and vines we propose1 as well as of the grain crops1 might be substituted for others1 and sometimes1 for the sake of further variety of growths1 particularly of roots1 it might be advisable2 all this must1 however1 depend on the soil1 and on other circumstances4 ,if the soil be rich and deep1 perhaps the mangel wurzel1 should have a preference to the common turnip1 and the pumpkin1 in the first years crop1 and perhaps in such soil the cabbage culture should sometimes come in for a share4 ,we should hardly advise that crops of carrots or of parsnips should ever enter the list of a general rotation of crops1 as they require peculiar soils1 and uncommon preparation4 ,they are very valuable crops for particular purposes1 but their uses for feeding and fatting cattle seem to be in a great measure superseded by the less expensive culture of the crops before-mentioned4 ,there are1 however some mellow fertile soils1 of sandy texture1 where these roots1 particularly carrots1 may be cultivated with great advantage4 ,a very serious objection to the culture of parsnips is1 that in the soils most suitable for them they extend so deeply that their extraction from the earth is a matter of no small difficulty4 ,in recommending the alternate culture of the pumpkin with the corn crop1 we have been influenced by two considerations2 firstly1 from an account we have lately seen of a trial made of the culture of the large sort of pumpkin by itself1 in which at the rate of #be tons to the acre were raised2 and1 secondly we are of opinion that in cultivating the crop in the way we propose1 nearly as great a product may be obtained as if the ground were planted entirely with this crop4--,growing in drills by itself it will not impede the growth of the corn1 nor do we conceive that this crop will be injured by the extension of the pumpkin vines over the ground2 whereas if the two crops were planted together in the same hills1 or drills1 as is commonly practised1 the growth of the one must1 in a great measure1 serve to rob the other of its due share of nutriment4 ,the large sort of pumpkin1 to which we have reference1 has been raised of the weight of upwards of #aej pounds1 but it is probably less nutritious1 because less sweet1 than pumpkins of the common sorts4 ,another large sort1 which we have seen exhibited in this county1 of more than four feet in length1 is probably entitled to a preference for culture1 as it appears to be as sweet as pumpkins of the smaller kinds4 ,in selecting seed for the pumpkin crop1 take such plants as bear the greatest weight of pumpkins1 and from the largest of these let the seed be preserved4 ,we have next to speak of the rotations proper for clayey lands1 or those which have more or less alumin in their composition4 ,lands of this description are various1 as well in regard to their natural fertility1 as to their being more or less inclined to a superabundance of moisture4 ,some are naturally too wet for cultivating even grain crops with success1 and should therefore be kept for mowing and grazing lands4 ,some again may be merely too wet for crops of winter grain1 and in such case spring crops should be substituted1 while at the same time the lands should be more applied to the business of the dairy1 and of the grazier4 ,in the mean time1 let the possessor of lands which are naturally too wet1 proceed to laying at least a part of them dry1 by hollow drains2 and then by making his barn dung principally into heaps of compost1 in which lime and sand shall be considerably used as additional ingredients1 and applying such compost manure to the drilled crops before-mentioned1 and in the manner before directed1 he will find no difficulty whatever in pursuing the course of crops we have recommended1 nor of raising them of luxuriant growth4 ,where clayey lands are naturally dry enough for winter crops1 we advise to a similar course of crops1 with the manure prepared and used in a similar manner4 ,in all stiff soils1 however1 an important point in husbandry1 is to keep the ground1 while under a course of crops1 in a mellow crumbly state2 and for this purpose nothing is more conducive than frequent deep ploughings1 and raising the ground into high narrow ridges1 as well to lie in that state during winter1 as for the culture of all the drilled crops in particular4 ,the ridges are to be formed by four gathering furrows1 and in cleaving the ridges down new ones are formed with the middle or highest part of each where the last furrows were of the former ridges4 ,when1 therefore1 the manure is to be used for the drilled crop1 it is to be laid in the furrows1 between the ridges1 and then covered over with two gathering furrows run on each side1 and thus the beds or ridges for the crop prepared4 ,if1 however1 it should still be found that some clays1 even with this management for the purpose of ameliorating them1 should still be found unsuitable for ,indian corn1 and for the turnip and ruta baga crops1 we can only advise that1 for the former1 the ,windsor bean1 and for the two latter the mangle wurzel and the cabbage crop1 be made substitutes4 ,the ,windsor bean is considerably cultivated in the clay lands of ,great ,britain2 and ,mr4 ,deane1 in his ,farmer's ,dictionary1 says its growth on such lands in this country is luxuriant4 ,perhaps in place of this species of the bean1 another1 which is cultivated in the southern states1 and is there called the cow pea1 should be prefered4 ,it should be further observed1 that gypsum1 when applied as a top dressing to clay lands1 particularly those which are too wet1 has but very little effect2 but when they are laid dry by hollow drains1 and thrown into ridges as before-mentioned1 the effect of this manure upon them is nearly the same as in other dry arable lands4--,and as we conceive it essentially necessary that all clay lands which are to be cultivated for spring crops1 as well as all other soils which are naturally too wet1 should lie in ridges during the winter1 we advise that1 at the beginning of the rotation we have mentioned1 such lands have a second ploughing in the fall1 for the purpose of being laid in such ridges4 ,when thus laid they are easily reduced to a mellow state in the spring2 but if this be neglected1 they will usually be found1 more or less1 in hard baked clods1 a state very unfit for good cultivation4 ,in ,great ,britain it is found essentially requisite that clay lands should be effectually summer fallowed as often as every sixth year2 as well for the purpose of extirpating growths of weeds1 as for mellowing the soil1 and rendering it more lively4 ,a fallowing there is performed by many repeated ploughings and harrowings during the summer4 ,but it should be remembered that the climate of that country is very different from this4 ,their wheat harvest is in autumn1 their summers being wet and cool4 ,here we have time after the harvest is over to cleanse and enliven the soil by repeated ploughings and harrowings4 ,on hard gravelly lands1 which are unfit for any crops of roots1 except perhaps potatoes1 no very extensive rotation can be had to advantage without plentiful manuring4 ,gypsum has a powerful effect on such lands1 and with the aid of this manure alone even the poorest of gravels may be made to yield good crops of buckwheat and of red clover2 and on a lay of this latter crop turned under1 a tolerable good crop of rye may be had4 ,st4 ,foin1 and some other tap rooted grasses1 flourish in such soils better than might be expected4 ,gravelly lands require very deep and frequent ploughings1 in order to make them sufficiently retentive of moisture4 ,they are usually much assisted by compost manures where clay1 mud1 upland marl1 c4 form a considerable share of the ingredients4 ,but as there are different degrees of fertility in gravelly lands1 according to the nature of the gravel1 and its greater or less predominance in the soil1 we can lay down no definite course of crops that in all cases would be found most advisable4 ,say1 however1 that with effectual deep ploughings1 and plenty of suitable manure for the drills1 the first crop shall be ,indian corn1 intermixed with the potato and the pumpkin growths1 as before-mentioned2 next spring1 oats1 or barley1 if the ground will answer for this crop4 ,as soon as this crop comes off1 turn the stubble under1 and harrow in buckwheat for a green dressing1 in the manner mentioned in treating of manures1 and on this growth1 turned under1 sow rye1 if the ground is too gravelly for wheat4 ,sow the clover seed the next spring1 in the quantity before-mentioned1 and then harrow the ground1 which will serve the purpose of covering the seed1 and also of assisting the growth of the crop of wheat1 or rye1 as the case may be4 ,the advantage derived from harrowing these crops in the spring has been well ascertained by experiment4 ,after the second year's growth of clover has been fed or mowed off1 turn over the ground in the fall to commence the rotation anew4 ,when we speak of gravelly lands1 we do not mean to include those which are1 properly speaking gravelly loams2 for soils of this description are generally well fitted for the rotation first mentioned4 ,by gravelly lands we mean those where gravel is mostly predominant1 as we call those lands sandy where silex forms the greatest proportion of the soil1 and of these something is now to be said4 ,as a specimen of what may be called light sandy lands we will refer to much of those lying between ,albany and ,schenectady4 ,these1 like the gravelly lands just mentioned1 are not1 in their natural state1 calculated for the production of many different crops in perfection1 nor indeed for any without manure4 ,with the aid of gypsum alone1 however1 good crops of peas1 and of buckwheat1 may be had on most of these lands1 tolerable of red clover1 and on the lay of clover turned under1 middling crops of rye may be had4 ,probably1 with this manure1 valuable crops of pumpkins might be raised on them4 ,lands of this description have1 however1 very essential properties1 which gravelly lands do not possess2 they are much easier cultivated than the harder soils1 and1 in proportion to their natural fertility1 no lands are better adapted for root crops of almost every sort1 or for the grasses whose roots extend deep into the earth1 among which are clover of different kinds1 ,st4 ,foin1 ,lucerne1 c4--,such lands are least adapted for crops of wheat and ,indian corn2 but when sufficiently manured with clay1 or upland marle1 which is better1 they will yield tolerable crops of the latter1 and also of the former1 when raised on a lay of red clover4 ,where little else than the contents of the barn yard and gypsum can be had for manuring sandy lands of the above description1 the common turnip and ruta baga culture would not1 perhaps1 be advisable1 but the rotation should be something like the following3 ,first year1 potatoes and pumpkins in alternate drills1 manured and treated as before described2 second1 peas1 soaked in the solution before-mentioned1 and rolled in gypsum before sowing1 with a top dressing of that manure2 third1 buckwheat1 treated in the same manner1 and clover seed sown with the crop2 third and fourth1 clover1 with a top dressing of gypsum each spring2 fifth1 rye1 on the clover turned under1 as before described1 which completes the course4 ,but where upland marle1 or even clay1 can be had1 for the purpose of forming compost manures with the barn dung and the addition of some lime1 as is described under manures1 c4 we should advise to the rotation first described1 or something similar1 in which the root crops should form a prominent part2 and in such case1 let the manure be plentifully applied to the drilled crops4 ,at first1 perhaps1 some of the crops would not be so abundant2 but under this management the soil would be constantly improving1 and of course the crops increasing4 ,at first1 perhaps1 rye should be substituted for the wheat crop1 but each addition to the soil of the caluminous and calcarious matter1 of which the compost is principally composed1 would render the land better adapted for grain crops of every description4 ,it is a matter of the first importance to the cultivator to possess an adequate knowledge of the different substances which may be used with advantage for fertilizing his land1 of the different soils to which such substances are best adapted1 of the proper quantities to be used1 and of the most advantageous time and manner of their application4 ,there is but little even of the richest earths that will not become exhausted with constant cropping without manure2 and soils are seldom so sterile1 but that with a proper application of suitable manures to them1 they may be made the residence of plenty4 ,manures are of different kinds3 of animal1 of vegetable1 of fossil1 and of mixed2 of each of which notice will be taken in their order4 ,the flesh of animals is an excellent manure for all soils1 and is used to a considerable extent on the sea coast1 where fish are caught in plenty4 ,it is believed that flesh is used to most advantage in composts1 and the same may be observed with more certainty in regard to the use of the blood4 ,the shavings of the horney substances of animals1 have very desirable effects as a manure1 in dry soil1 by enduing such with a greater power to retain moisture3 and the same may also be observed of the hair and wool4 ,the bones1 when calcined1 are also valuable1 as they are principally phosphate of lime4 ,the miasma1 produced by the putrefaction of the flesh and blood of animals1 is also food for plants1 or at least its presence assists their growth4 ,the urine is a fertilizer principally by reason of the salt it contains1 and probably also by its producing miasma4 ,when animals die1 it is usual to let them lie above ground1 to the annoyance of the public2 but1 if covered with earth1 this together with the flesh1 c4 of the animal1 would be converted into good manure4 ,of vegetable substances1 it may be generally observed1 that almost every sort of vegetable1 not of woody texture1 buried in the soil while green1 is more or less efficacious as a manure2 and that many sorts of these1 when turned under where they grew1 and while in a green state1 will add much more fertility to the soil than their growth extracted from it2 but that the same growth1 when suffered to ripen on the ground1 and then turned under1 after the exhaustion of its juices1 will not generally repay the soil the nutriment it extracted from it while growing4 ,it would seem that the ripening of plants is the principal cause of the exhaustion of soils1 and1 for this reason1 green dressings1 that is1 ploughing of green crops under1 has been found advantageous in enriching lands4 ,where green dressings are resorted to1 as a manure1 such growth should be selected for the purpose as are cheap in the article of seed1 and at the same time quick and bulky in their growths4 ,buckwheat has been much used for the purpose1 though perhaps some other plants should be preferred4 ,the growth should be turned under when in blossom2 and1 in order that this be done effectually1 it should be laid prostrate1 by running the roller over it1 in the same direction in which the plough is to follow2 after which1 the ground should not be stirred again till this manure has sufficiently rotted4 ,generally1 we think it would be most advisable to sow on the lay or furrow1 by which the green crop is turned under4 ,there may be some instances where manuring with green dressings may be advisable1 particularly where it can be done without preventing the growth of any intervening crop3 ,where this is not practicable1 we should hardly advise to this method of manuring1 unless in cases where other manures were not to be obtained4 ,one case we will however mention1 where a green dressing might be given to advantage4 ,suppose1 for instance1 a crop of rye1 oats1 or barley1 harvested1 and the ground cleared of the crop by the #bjth of ,july2 in that case1 let the stubble be immediately turned under1 and the ground harrowed in with buckwheat2 by the #bjth of ,september this growth would be fit to be turned under1 when a crop of wheat might be sown on the lay4 ,it should be understood1 that rye is one of the best crops to precede a crop of wheat1 or to follow it4 ,in the same manner1 therefore1 the crop for a green dressing may be raised in the wheat stubble turned under1 and the green crop turned under for a crop of rye4 ,but the contents of the barn-yard1 and the excrements of cattle1 are the principal sources of manure of the vegetable kind2 and of these it is necessary to treat particularly1 as well of the qualities of the different sorts1 as of their most advantageous applications to soils4 ,the sorts of dung or excrement to be noticed1 are those of horses1 neat cattle1 sheep1 and swine4 ,the dung of swine is most valuable1 where properly applied2 that of sheep is the next2 that of cows ranges in the third degree1 and that of horses in the fourth4 ,the dung of the latter1 if suffered to lie in a heap till it becomes thoroughly heated1 assumes a white1 or mouldy colour1 and is then of but little value4 ,it is of a warm nature1 and is best adapted for being well buried in moist or clayey soils2 cow dung on the contrary1 is most suitable for dry soils2 sheep dung answers best on the soils for which that of horses is best suited1 but is very valuable for almost any soil4 ,hog dung should only be applied to dry arable lands1 and is most powerful in those of a sandy or gravelly nature4 ,dung1 of all sorts1 loses much of its valuable qualities by exposure to frequent rains1 particularly when lying at but little depth over a considerable surface4 ,its good qualities are best preserved by lying in large heaps1 and if under cover so much the better4 ,the stercorary is the most effectual method for preserving barn dung1 and it is believed that every farmer will find his money well expended in the erection of this receptacle for the contents of that part of his barn-yard1 which is not used in the spring4 ,the stercorary may serve for a sheep fold during winter1 and will thus answer a two fold purpose4 ,it may be1 for instance1 #dj feet in length1 #af in breadth1 and of suitable height4 ,the floor is to be made of a layer of clay1 with the surface smoothly paved with small stones1 and highest in the middle1 so that the juices of the dung may run off to the sides1 where a gutter receives this liquid1 and carried it into a reservoir1 sunk at one end1 into which a pump is to be fixed to raise the liquid and throw it back over the heap4 ,the floor1 gutter1 and reservoir1 are on a plan similar to those of a cider press4 ,the liquid that runs from the heap is the most valuable part1 and should never be lost3 this plan is therefore calculated to preserve it2 and1 for the purpose of absorbing the whole of it1 any dry vegetable matter1 or rich earth1 may be laid over the heap1 and this liquid thrown on that1 which will serve to convert the whole into good manure4 ,the juices and the soluble and gaseous parts of the excrements of cattle1 together with the stale1 are what principally affords nutriment for growing plants2 and every means by which these can be saved1 by their being absorbed in other substances1 of rich earthy or vegetable matter1 would seem to be well worthy of attention4 ,we will next designate what is usually considered the methods most proper for the application of dung4 ,where lands are in grasses of the fibrous rooted kinds1 it is the generally received opinion of the best cultivators1 that barn dung1 as well as every other kind1 should be applied as a top dressing1 that is1 by spreading it on the surface2 but that for tap rooted grasses1 or those whose roots extend deeply1 as well as for all grain and root crops1 this manure should be buried in the soil1 at such depths as are best suited to the nature of the roots of the plants to be cultivated4 ,the operation of barn dung1 and of all vegetable and animal substances used in manure1 seems to be this3 ,if laid at a certain depth beneath the surface of the soil1 in the progress of their decomposition their soluble parts pass into the form of gas1 or vapour1 and of course rise to the surface1 and in their ascent are more or less absorbed by the roots of the plants2 on the contrary1 if these manures be laid on the surface1 these soluble parts1 in the progress of decomposition1 never become aeriform1 but are washed downwards1 in their liquid state1 where they are in like manner absorbed by the roots of the plants4 ,this is probably as correct an explanation as can be given of the effect of these manures4 ,it is well known1 that ground long used as a graveyard1 becomes very fertile1 notwithstanding the substances which are the cause of such fertility1 are laid at a very great depth4 ,it has been held by some ,english writers that barn dung should be well rotted previous to its application as a manure1 but this opinion is rejected by ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 one of the most scientific agriculturists of ,great ,britain1 and also by ,arthur ,young1 ,esq4 ,mr4 ,davy contends that this manure may in most instances be as well applied fresh as in any other way1 by its being laid at a proper depth beneath the surface1 and that in scarcely any instance it is advisable that it should undergo more than the first stage of decomposition before it is used4 ,when well rotted it is1 however1 more efficacious for a single crop1 but its use is of much shorter duration4 ,it seems1 also1 to be generally agreed that using this manure for drill crops1 burying it at a good depth1 and raising the plants over the dung thus buried1 is the best possible way in which it can be used4 ,we lately saw an account published of upwards of #ajj bushels of ,indian corn to the acre being raised by this mode of culture4 ,the success of ,mr4 ,cobbett1 and others1 in raising great crops of ruta baga by this method of using this manure1 seems to demonstrate its utility1 if evidence was wanting further than what appears in ,english publications on the subject4 ,the plan that we would therefore recommend1 is1 to apply the fresh barn dung to all drill crops which are to be put in the ground in the spring1 and for these we refer to what has been said under rotation of crops4 ,the shortest dung should be used for these purposes1 except for potatoes1 and it should1 as far as practicable1 be applied to the soils best adapted for each kind of dung1 as has before been mentioned4 ,the longer or more strawey parts of the dung we should advise to be laid in the stercorary1 if this building has been provided1 or else somewhere under cover2 or if no cover can be afforded1 let it be thrown into a heap about #c or #d feet high2 and wherever it be laid let it be stirred up from the bottom in the course of about five or six weeks after it has thus been heaped or otherwise stored away1 after which it will soon be found well fitted for being used for the crop of ruta baga4 ,it is also advisable to cover the heap with a layer of good earth1 which will serve to absorb and retain much of the steam or gaseous matter that rises from the heap1 and when saturated with this1 and mixed with the mass of dung1 will be found a valuable addition4 7,to be continued47 ,,from ,,the ,,national ,,intelligencer4 ,on the ,grape ,vine1 with its wines1 brandies1 and dried fruits4 ,no4 #a4 ,no principle of action in the business and industry of the ,united ,states has been so beneficial to them as the adoption of new objects of culture by the planters and farmers1 whose old objects of culture were likely to become redundant1 and to fall in price4 ,cotton and sugar are well known and important examples4 ,there are good grounds for estimating our whole cotton of our best year1 7,sept4 #ahag1 to ,sept4 #ahah17 at forty-two millions of dollars1 according to the price on the wharves of our sea-ports for that which was exported to foreign countries1 and the price at our factories1 stores1 and dwellings1 of that which was manufactured at home4 ,it is now manifest that the ,east ,indian and ,south ,american cotton greatly injure our markets2 and as this arises from growing1 permanent1 and substantial causes1 there is reason to expect the continuance of the injury to us from the foreign rival cotton cultivation4 ,a brief and plain view of the history and prospect of cotton1 will be found in the ,philadelphia edition 7,a4,d4 #ahah7 of ,rees' ,english ,cyclopdia1 by ,murray1 ,bradford ,co4 under the article or head of the ,united ,states4 ,the facts there stated1 with many known subsequent circumstances1 will give rise to serious reflections1 in the minds of the landholder and the statesman1 upon the subject of the protection of the productions of our own soil4 ,the industry of the landed men of the ,united ,states is manifestly and unalterably much greater than any1 and than all1 the other branches of our domestic or national industry4 ,the mercantile and manufacturing branches result almost entirely from the landed industry4 ,while1 therefore1 the legislative and executive governments raise revenues of #bg to #fj per cent4 on a great quantity of foreign cotton cloths from ,india and ,europe1 and a greater revenue from the foreign manufactures of tobacco1 and a still greater revenue from the foreign manufactures of grain1 of fruit1 and of the cane1 to the great fundamental and convenient support of ,american manufactures1 and while they are free to go further1 if they find it right1 in the joint encouragement of our agricultural and manufacturing industry it will be found beneficial to the landed interest to inquire into other means of promoting the prosperity of the ,colossus of our country--the agricultural industry4 ,there can be no doubt that1 between the sites of the vineyards of the ,lower ,schuylkill1 ,southwark1 of ,pennsylvania1 ,butler1 of ,pennsylvania1 ,glasgow1 of ,kentucky1 ,new ,vevay1 of ,indiana1 and ,harmony1 of the same state1 on the north1 and the coasts of the ,gulf of ,mexico1 on the south1 the ,united ,states possess the climates and soils of the vine-covered hills and gay regions of ,france4 ,the sweet orange grows1 in safety1 in groves and gardens1 in the vicinity of ,new ,orleans1 at a greater distance from the sea than any place of equally safe growth1 in ,provence or ,languedoc1 of ,france4 ,as our country shall be cleared and drained1 our climate will be still less severe in the states on the ,mexican gulf4 ,in the north1 our climates of ,new ,vevay and ,harmony1 in ,indiana1 ,glasgow1 in ,kentucky1 #cg to #ch #cj' ,n4 which are the present northern extremes of successful experiments in the vine cultivation1 are as favourable and mild as the climates of ,champagne1 ,tokay1 ,lorraine1 ,burgundy1 and ,hockheim1 which are fine northern regions of the vine in ,france and ,germany4 ,between our ,new ,vevay1 in ,indiana1 and the ,gulf of ,mexico1 the states of ,louisiana1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,georgia1 ,south and ,north ,carolina1 ,tennessee1 ,indiana1 and large parts of ,virginia and ,kentucky1 must give us all the vine climates of ,france1 ,germany1 ,switzerland1 and ,upper ,italy4 ,this vine district of the ,united ,states is much larger than all those vine countries of ,france1 ,germany1 ,switzerland1 and ,upper ,italy4 ,the crop of wine and brandy in the vine country of ,france alone--though our vine country is more than twice the size--has been estimated at #ajj millions of dollars4 ,let us then consider the propriety of a diligent inquiry into the cultivation of the vine1 and the preparation of wines1 brandies1 dried fruits1 and cremor tartar1 in the ,united ,states1 in order to maintain the prosperity of the landed interest by the variety and prices of our crops4 ,the present duties on foreign distilled and fermented spirits and liquors1 7brandy1 gin1 rum1 arack1 wines1 beer1 ale1 and porter17 and on dried fruits1 though laid for revenue1 afford a great and sure encouragement to the establishment and the manufacture of the grape4 ,the demand will increase with our population1 and the facility and certainty of the culture and crop will grow with the clearing and draining of our country4 ,ridges1 hills1 mountains1 rocky lands1 any steep ground1 gravelly1 stony1 sandy1 and other inferior lands1 7if only dry17 will yield profit in large crops or in fine qualities of wine1 or both4 ,fresh and dried grapes are both favourable to health and frugality4 ,ripe grapes have been administered to whole regiments of troops in ,france1 who have been ravaged by fluxes and dysentaries4#ah ,the quantity of wine computed to be produced in ,france1 is ten millions of casks1 of nearly #fc gallons each1 on two millions of arpents 7not #b1jjj1jjj acres7 of land1 often not fit for wheat1 rice1 or tobacco1 valued very low1 on a medium at fifty francs the cask or ,french hogsheads4 ,this is three times the value of the cotton crop of the ,u4 ,states1 on a medium value1 produced in #ahah or in #ahai1 and demands our early and serious attention1 particularly from the ,gulf of ,mexico to the end of the #cith degree1 when the country in that degree shall be cleared and drained in its wet or marshy parts4 #ah ,see ,doctor ,tissot's advice to the people of ,lusanne4 ,it has been already observed1 that ridges and hills are the most suitable shape or form of country for vineyards4 ,the most proper exposure is from south-east to south4 ,it is believed that all southern exposures will do4 ,the propagation may be by seeds1 or by cuttings1 or by bending and covering a part of an old vine so as to make it grow out in another place at a proper distance4 ,the plough is of much use in the cultivation1 so that care must be taken to plant the vines at such distances as to facilitate the use of the plough and the harrow4 ,the best grapes which can be obtained should be used1 in order to put the culture forward4 ,these may be foreign or ,american1 native or imported4 ,a harsh grape to the taste may produce a better wine than was expected1 and more and better brandy4 ,the finest grapes of ,europe and the ,african isles are supposed to be native wildings improved by culture and selection4 ,the region of the plum and peach appears to include the region of the vine4 ,although the south is the proper sphere of the grape1 its cultivation there will leave the bread grains1 tobacco1 hemp1 the grasses and cattle1 to the more exclusive and profitable culture of the states north of the proper region of fine and abundant crops of wine4 ,we pay annually to foreign nations a sum of money for wines1 spirits1 and materials to make spirits1 and for fresh and dried grapes1 as great as our whole specie medium4 ,so important is this subject1 in various points of view1 to all the states1 that it is respectfully recommended to the superintendants of all our public1 agricultural1 and philosophical libraries1 to procure all the treatises on the culture of vines and making of grapes which are to be found in the languages of ,france1 ,germany1 ,spain1 ,italy1 and ,great ,britain4 ,the experiments made at ,harmony in ,pennsylvania1 at ,vevay1 on the ,ohio1 and ,harmony1 on the ,ouabache1 both in ,indiana1 merit the utmost attention of the ,united ,states4 ,it appears that in the present uncleared and uncultivated state of the country1 ,harmony1 on the ,ohio1 in ,penn4 was probably too far north for making wine1 though not for fruit4 ,that ,vevay and ,harmony1 in ,indiana1 are more suitable climes for the wines1 will appear from the following letter from a respectable gentleman at ,vevay to a very respectable friend of his1 lately on a visit to ,philadelphia4 ,it is dated the #bhth of ,august1 #ahai4 ,the intelligent and experienced writer from ,vevay1 thus expresses himself3 ,he thinks the whole of ,alabama doubtless better adapted to the culture of vines than the more northern country of the ,united ,states2#ai because the only two species of grapes that succeed in the ,united ,states are of the late sort1 having not time at ,vevay1 7,ind47 to ripen4 ,the ,alabama season1 being longer1 will give more time1 especially the ,madeira grape1 which gives the best wine of the two1 where it can ripen and yields most4 ,but it will not do at all at ,vevay2 and does better at ,glasgow1#bj ,ky4 ,the various gardeners at ,kentucky can furnish some4 ,vine dressers would go to new vineyards from ,vevay4 ,they have had #ejj gallons of wine per acre at ,vevay2 more often #aej2 and #bfj is a good crop4 ,the ,madeira grape would give more than the ,cape of ,good ,hope grape1 where it would prosper1 but must have time to ripen1 to be good4 ,of the labour1 much may be done by women4 ,they do about half4 ,the men trim1 make layers to fill vacancies1 plough1 harrow1 hoe1 and carry the grapes1 and make the wine4 ,none of those works are heavy4 ,but trimming requires attention and discernment1 for the vine-dresser must look two years before him1 when he cuts each scion2 women never do it1 though light work4 ,he has seen many women do it as well as any man4 ,a little work in vineyards is to be done by night with lamps4 ,when the grapes have got their size1 the crickets1 7not of the house or field7 eat1 in the night1 the bark of the stem of the bunches1 and ring or girdle them so that they die4 ,they injure the bunches rapidly4 ,they must be watched and searched for with lamps1 by night1 and destroyed4 ,he says the native vines will not do to graft good kinds of grapes on3 he has tried it often1 without success4 ,grape vines grafted on the same kinds do well1 yet they are a different tree1 being dioic1 while the vineferous kinds are hermaphrodites4 ,i have found the same wild vines in ,switzerland1 and the kind called sour grapes makes pretty good wines2 but are a smaller bearer than the grape vines4 ,they are in ,morerod's vineyard1 at ,glasgow1 ,kentucky4 ,the ,spanish grapes of ,mexico and ,south ,america should be tried4 ,they have been long cultivated4 ,he is raising grape vines from the seed1 to obtain flavour and quantity of wine4 ,the vine is of long life1 but it is ten or fifteen years before it bears fully from the seed4 ,variety1 however1 is an object4 ,vines planted by cuttings1 which have taken root freely in the first year1 bear fruit in three years3 in five they are in full force4 ,he has considered and inspected the vineyards of ,europe1 and the cultivation by the plough and otherwise4 ,it is to be studied to save labour and make the greatest crops4 ,if the fendant vert will grow as well here as in ,switzerland1 #hjj gallons per acre might be made4 ,they cultivate by the plough in ,languedoc1 about ,montpelier and ,lunel4 ,we make wine here to be like ,madeira1 and sell it at #cg cents per quart1 and #a #be per gallon2 but cannot make enough to send abroad1 or to keep for ripening4 ,morerod made a cask of #hjj gallons1 full of wine1 of last vintage1 to be kept eighteen months or two years4 ,he has seen wine 7made of grapes like ,vevay7 at ,glasgow1 7in ,barren county1 ,kentucky17 better than ,vevay wine4 ,the grapes were gathered a fortnight before the ,vevay grapes4 ,it is probable that wine of the banks of ,tennessee will make #a-d brandy2 if of ,cape of ,good ,hope grapes1 common proof2 ,vevay yielded #a-eth2 the best cider #a-ajth2 so do the best ,burgundy wine1 and that of the border of the lake of ,geneva1 in good years4 ,the strongest of all the wines that ,i know of1 is that of the south of ,france and ,spain1 which yields #a-c;d brandy4 ,the peculiar mode of vine cultivation at ,vevay1 ,indiana1 is worthy of attention1 being a combination of various ,european modes1 and ,american improvements adapted to the country4 ,some young men1 bred at ,vevay1 would be useful in other places4 ,mr4 ,d4 thinks the blacks may be taught to cultivate vines4 ,so runs and concludes the letter from the judicious writer1 at ,vevay of the ,united ,states1 settled by persons from the original ,vevay of ,switzerland4 ,it is very instructive and would seem to prove1 as so much of our country continues in the wood and forest state1 and with many undrained swamps1 making a humid atmosphere1 and a moist soil4 ,vevay1 in #ch #cj'1 is not yet perfectly so favourable1 as the vicinity of ,glasgow1 in ,kentucky1 where a dry1 hard soil1 occasions the grape to be freer from injury by moisture of the earth1 and of the air4 ,glasgow is about one degree and one half more southern than ,vevay4 ,these indications are distinct1 nice1 clear1 and strong in regard to the vine climate of our country1 at present and in prospect4 #ai ,vevay1 on the ,ohio1 is in #ch #cj' ,n4 #bj ,glasgow is in #cg4 ,in the hilly ,spanish colonial country of ,north ,america1 about the #bith degree of north latitude1 south of the ,rio bravo del ,norte1 there is authentic evidence1 in a report to the government1 that the vine grows well1 though its culture was forbidden by the crown1 produces good crops of fine wine1 and supplies the province and its neighbours4 ,that country being as far south as any part of the ,floridas1 it is ascertained that1 where this country has become1 or shall be made dry enough and cleared1 the vine region runs to the southern limits of the ,united ,states1 even if we should maintain our right to ,louisiana in extenso1 in consequence of the apparent frustration of our offer to limit ourselves by the ,sabine4 ,the most distinguished wine of ,spain is the true and best ,xeres1 or ,sherry of the district around the city of ,xeres de la ,frontera1 in ,andalusia4 ,the vineyards of that district are1 in situations corresponding in temperature with the most extreme southern parts of ,east ,florida and ,louisiana4 ,it is interesting to our inquiry1 that all the ,portuguese ,european wines are produced in situations north of ,xeres1 such as those called by us the ,lisbon1 the ,careavella1 the red and the white ,port1 or ,oporto4 ,it is observable1 also1 that the ,malaga1 or sweet and dry mountain wines of ,spain1 long highly esteemed by medical men1 those of ,alicante and ,catalonia1 which three kinds we principally import1 and all the ,spanish brandies we consume1 come from districts as far north as that of ,xeres4 ,the wines of ,castile1 and other interior districts of ,spain which are consumed at home1 and are not exported1 are from places also north of ,xeres4 ,we can have no reason to doubt1 then1 that1 as our country now is1 and shall in future be cleared and drained1 and if ridges1 hills1 and mountain sides1 with south exposures1 shall be carefully selected1 the most southern of our states1 territories1 and districts1 will be as suitable for the vine1 its wines1 and dried fruits1 as the most proper and fruitful parts of the peninsula of ,spain and ,portugal4 ,the works of travellers1 agriculturists1 and men of distinction in the arts and sciences1 upon the subject of the vine1 and wines1 and dried grapes of ,spain and ,portugal1 are therefore strongly recommended1 by our best interests1 to the attention of our citizens1 especially concerning the vineyards of ,xeres1 ,st4 ,lucar1 ,malaga1 and ,oporto4 ,the ,portuguese send to us no brandy2 the ,spaniards a little of that spirit which is not estimated as good4 ,it seems1 from the excellence of the ,french ,cognac brandy1 the best1 and the farthest north of any denomination of brandy which we know1 that the extreme south is not the most favourable for the delicacy1 though it is for the quantity of that spirit4 ,the ,cette brandy of ,france is not liked here1 but it has been said that much ,armagnac brandy is used in ,paris4 ,the celebrated ,french chemist#ba of the grape and of distilled and fermented wine spirits1 was a native of ,montpelier1 and took very great pains to improve the vine1 and all its liquors1 in that southern region4 ,a ,friend to the ,national ,industry4 ,,philadelphia1 ,,nov4 #a1 #ahai4 #ba ,chaptal1 whose writings on the subject should be in every planter's hands1 and in every agricultural and public library4 ,the title of ,mr4 ,chaptal's work is ,a ,theoretical and ,practical ,treatise on the culture of the ,vine1 with the art of preparing wine1 brandy1 c4 ,by ,chaptal1 ,parmentier1 and ,dasseux4 #b vols4 octavo1 ,paris1 ,a4 ,d4 #ahja4 ,in ,french1 ,chaptal1 ,p4 and ,d4 sur la culture de la ,vigne1 c4 ,paris1 #ahja1 #b tom4 oct4 ,a ,wild ,goose ,chase4 ,at the early dawn of ,thanksgiving day1 ,mr4 ,eliphalet ,thayer1 of ,dorcester1 7,massachusetts17 took his gun and went to ,neponset river for the purpose of getting a shot at gulls4 ,he saw seven wild geese in the river1 at which he fired1 and hit the gander so as to break his wing4 ,the other geese immediately flew2 but the call of the gander brought them down again1 so that he had the chance of firing again1 and killed the old goose1 and one of the young2 the four others rose1 but the wounded gander by his calls served as a decoy1 and they again alighted by him4 ,the third shot crippled another4--,mr4 ,t4 then took a boat1 and from it killed two as they rose to fly2 and soon after shot the seventh4 ,he returned home to his breakfast1 about nine o'clock1 bringing his seven geese1 which weighed about eight pounds each1 and produced him above #c lbs4 of feather4 ,salem ,gazette4 ,imports of ,wool into ,england4 ,,wool4 ,,an ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,quantity ,,of ,,wool1 7,,sheep',s7 ,,imported ,,into ,,great ,,britain1 ,,in ,,ten ,,years2 ,,distinguishing ,,each ,,year1 ,,and ,,the ,,countries ,,from ,,whence ,,imported4--,from an ,english ,paper4 ,countries from whence imported4 #ahjb4 #ahjc4 #ahjd4 #ahje4 #ahjf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,denmark ,norway -- #aje1ief #bab1jhf #dde1abe #fa1ghc ,heligoland -- -- -- -- -- ,russia -- -- -- -- #g1efg ,sweden -- -- -- -- -- ,poland and ,prussia #bbh #c1ecb #g1ibe #be1ahi #cj1gfg ,germany #dbf1jia #bch1bef #ba1fbh #cf1ghg #fhc1ihh ,holland #aie1hdc #aee1bgj #fc1jai #cj1bdd #a1abg ,flanders and ,france #bja1aie #ed1gad -- -- -- ,portugal ,madeira #die1bac #bcj1dcj #afa1bjd #bjj1cff #bci1ide ,spain and ,canaries #e1fdf1ebb #d1cee1bed #f1iij1aid #f1heh1gch #e1ddd1afe ,gibraltar and ,malta #be1jjj #ajg1hgf #aei1agf #da1cie #bh1baf ,italy and ,levant #hf1beh #dcg1hef #bjf1dbf #ce1agc #h1fgi ,ireland1 ,guernsey #hj1ged #aag1bbe #bdb1aac #dhd1ibi #egf1iad and ,jersey ,asia -- -- -- -- #bde ,africa #dec1iec #afc1gdf #c1cfj -- -- ,america1 ,north #dj1baf #bf1jgc #d1ici #e1cjd #a1fcf ,america1 ,south -- #bj1jab #hf1hih #ba1fdi #bj1dic ,prize #aje1hci #d1efh #dh1age #cfa1dii #afh1dfh ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total #g1gdi1aab #f1jbj1gge #h1aeg1bac #h1edf1cgh #g1ccc1iif ,countries from whence imported4 #ahjg4 #ahjh4 #ahji4 #ahaj4 #ahaa4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,denmark ,norway #dha1fif #aa1bec #ce1ebc #cfc1fga #ab1jha ,heligoland -- #eh1had #bdf1dda #fg1caa #aab ,russia #e1baa #afh #hif #cb1adi -- ,sweden -- -- #h1fcc #ae1dbd #ejd ,poland and ,prussia -- -- #gf1ebh #abc1jeg -- ,germany #aib1jaj #g1edi #cfg1cgb #gaa1ebd #cj1afe ,holland #cd1ecf -- #bcg1jeb #b1hgc -- ,flanders and ,france #fa1fcc -- -- -- -- ,portugal ,madeira #bhi1jfg #cj1fai #ifi1jcc #c1jah1ifa #a1gij1bhf ,spain and ,canaries #aj1bia1caf #a1ifa1gej #d1bhc1fgd #e1ieb1djg #b1eha1bfb ,gibraltar and ,malta #ad1cdi #gh1acj #big1dde #hhi1jih #baj1bcf ,italy and ,levant #f1iib -- #aj1bdd #ba1eed #ghj ,ireland1 ,guernsey #bii1hji #ge1dji #ic1cda #fc1did #aj1cec and ,jersey ,asia #c1bbb -- -- #hfh -- ,africa #f1bih #aj1gag #c1cbj #bi1gag #aa1gia ,america1 ,north #djf #ad1aif -- #d1aaa #bj1aib ,america1 ,south #fa1agf #fg1aic #bac1hab #aaf1agh #fi1cbc ,prize #be1bje #cg1ibg #c1fai #bc1hcg #b1eea ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total #aa1gfh1ibf #b1cec1gbe #f1hde1icc #aj1icf1bbd #d1gci1igb ,,miscellany4 ,the ,president of the ,united ,states transmitted a message to ,congress on the #bjth of last month1 relating to the acts prohibiting the slave trade1 in which he stated that a public vessel was to be sent to ,africa1 with two public agents1 tools and implements necessary to form a settlement1 and thereby give relief and support to the people of colour who may be captured on board of slave ships and returned thither4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in ,denmark much confusion is stated to prevail1 on account of the ,jews1 particularly at ,copenhagen4 ,the king had interfered in their behalf1 but neither the people nor the army appeared to pay much respect to him in this matter4 ,a vessel1 laden with #ejj ,jews1 flying from persecution in ,germany1 had arrived at ,copenhagen1 but were not permitted to land4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it appears by a census lately taken1 that the population of the city of ,new ,york is #aai1feg4 ,when the census was taken by order of ,rep4 ,vandam1 then president of the province in the year #agca1 the population was #hfbb4 ,the increase in ninety years is nearly twelve-fold4 99 99 99 99 99 ,died suddenly on the #bith ult4 at ,salem1 7,mass47 the ,rev4 ,w4 ,bentley1 ,d4 ,d4 in the #fast year of his age1 minister at the east meeting house1 and the character to whom the public were indebted1 during a great many years1 for the unparalleled summaries and notices of events1 with historical and critical notes1 which so distinguished the ,salem1 or as it is now denominated1 the ,essex ,register4 ,he was universally respected as a pious and good man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,great exertions are making1 says ,h4 ,niles1 in his ,register1 to introduce the practice of manufacturing sugar and molasses from grain1 into the western country2 and from the representations made1 we apprehend that it must be very beneficial in all parts of our country1 distant from a market4 ,it is said1 that one bushel of good wheat1 rye1 or corn1 will yield from #c or #d gallons of molasses1 or about #ae pounds of sugar4 ,the discovery has been patented to ,james ,wiseheart4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the venerable ,william ,ellery1 one of the signers of the ,declaration of ,independence1 is now living at ,newport1 7,r4,i47 in the #ic;d year of his age4 99 99 99 99 99 ,walsh's ,appeal from the judgments of ,great ,britain1 which appeared in this country about the end of ,september1 was republished in ,london from the ,american copy1 as early as the #bc;d of ,november4 ,the price of the ,english copy is #ah shillings sterling4 99 99 99 99 99 ,news has been received from ,great ,britain to the #c;d of ,january4 ,the country continued in a very disturbed state4 ,parliament was opened on the #bc;d of ,november4 ,the ,regent recommended such strong measures as to manifest how the matter is viewed by government4 ,his speech was echoed from both houses by great majorities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the confidential servants of the crown have proposed several bills to parliament1 and which were under debate2 they are to the following effect4 #ast4 ,a stamp duty upon all publications1 except religious tracts1 and such works consisting of fewer than a stated number of sheets4 #b;d4 ,persons convicted a second time of a political libel are subjected to a long imprisonment1 banishment1 or transportation1 at the discretion of the court4 #c;d4 ,all printers and publishers of works comprehended in the first law1 are required to enter into securities with two sureties to be answerable for penalties4 #dth4 ,public meetings not convened by regular constituted authorities are prohibited2 it is also proposed to make it unlawful for any person to attend a public meeting out of his own parish1 or township4 #eth4 ,magistrates1 on information or even on suspicion1 are empowered to enter any man's house1 in search of arms1 and to seize them if found1 giving the persons suffering such visits1 a right of appeal to the quarter sessions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,generally the accounts from ,england prove that the country does not yet experience the blessings of repose1 nor are there any indications that it speedily will4 ,on the one hand the reformers appear to be uniting and preparing themselves2 and on the other1 the government is adopting stronger measures to quell and disperse them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the reformers have agreed to abstain from all intoxicating liquors1 tobacco1 and such other exciseable articles as can conveniently be dispensed with1 and they strenuously adhere to the principle4 ,this has already had a very severe effect upon the revenue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many parts of ,ireland appear to be equally unsettled and distressed4 ,the county of ,roscommon1 in particular1 has been declared by proclamation1 in a state of disturbance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the king of ,france1 in his speech to the ,chambers1 represents that country as in the most auspicious and flourishing condition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the king of ,spain1 on the occasion of his marriage1 has granted an amnesty to prisoners and subjects in rebellion1 with some few exceptions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,germany1 in general1 seems still unsettled1 and great anxiety apparently prevails4 ,there is much dread of secret societies1 and many reports of bands of robbers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,standt1 the murderer of the celebrated ,kotzebue1 is stated to have recovered from his wounds which he inflicted on himself1 and is soon to be brought to trial4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the plague had ceased at ,algiers1 but still continued to rage at ,tunis1 where it is said to have carried off #fj1jjj persons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of the number of manuscripts found in the ruins of ,herculaneum1 and which have been there enclosed for #afif years1 #hh have been unrolled1 and are now legible4 ,the unrolling is effected by means of an expensive chemical operation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the whole district and territory of ,kutch1 a country situated on the ,n4 ,w4 of ,bombay1 and including several towns and villages have been destroyed by an earthquake1 together with #bjjj inhabitants4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a man at ,montreal has been fined for cruelly beating his dog4--,a person in the state of ,new ,york has been fined #cj1 for maliciously and vexatiously hindering with his wagon1 other persons in a carriage from passing him on the highway1 by turning his horses so as to impede them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a fire broke out in ,savannah on the night of the #ajth ult4 which has reduced to ashes the greater and much the most valuable part of that city4 ,scarcely a fire-proof building is left4 ,the town presents a most wretched picture3 #djj houses are said to be entirely consumed4 ,not a hardware1 saddler1 or apothecary's shop1 or scarcely a dry-good store to be seen4 ,the loss is estimated at from #c to #e1jjj1jjj of dollars4 99 99 99 99 99 ,jewish ,emigrants4 ,among the memorials presented to the legislature of the state of ,new ,york1 is one from ,mordecai ,m4 ,noah1 of the city of ,n4 ,york1 setting forth that he is desirous of purchasing that tract of land belonging to the state1 known by the name of ,grand ,island1 situated in the ,niagara river1 between lake ,erie and lake ,ontario1 and bounded by the possessions of ,great ,britain in ,upper ,canada4 ,the object of the memorialist in this purchase1 is to build a town or city1 to be inhabited by a community of ,jewish emigrants4 ,grand ,island is stated to contain #bj1jjj acres of land1 being about six miles in length1 and two in width4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a pamphlet has been published in ,europe1 recommending the ,jews to form a colony in the ,united ,states4 ,the ,upper ,mississippi and ,missouri is recommended for its soil1 situation1 and climate1 as the most suitable place for purchase and settlement4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a national vaccine institution is about forming at ,washington1 with the view of affording greater facility and certainty in the distribution of vaccine matter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on the #bjth ,december last1 ,robert ,de ,bow1 of ,allentown1 7,n4 ,j47 killed a hog #bc months old1 which1 when dressed1 weighed #gjj pounds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,boston1 ,jan4 #ac4 ,the great ox1 fattened by ,mr4 ,luke ,fiske of ,waltham1 which gained the first premium at ,brighton1 has been slaughtered1 and the beef exhibited for sale in ,state street4 ,the weight of the parts is as follows3 ,fore quarter1 lbs4 #dhb do4 #dgg ,hind quarter1 #djg do4 #djg ,hide1 #aei ,tallow1 #cje ---- ,total1 #bbcg 99 99 99 99 99 ,in ,spain some experiments have lately been made for the purpose of testing the efficacy of inoculating for the plague4 ,the trials were made on some deserters1 #ad in number4 ,the virus was taken from plague sores of the most malignant cast4 ,the patients had olive oil administered internally and externally4 ,soon after the inoculation1 the patients experienced some slight attacks1 and little sores broke out on them2 but in a few days they were all restored to health4 ,these experiments are calculated to induce a belief that inoculation for the plague may prove as beneficial as it has for the small pox4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the mechanics of ,ontario county1 7,n4 ,y47 have prepared a memorial to the legislature1 which they expect will be supported in other counties1 praying that the legislature may pass a law to prevent the sales of mechanical tools and implements by execution or in distress for rent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,from ,england many are emigrating to the ,cape of ,good ,hope3 #a1ejj families sailed for that country in ,november last4 ,upwards of #ab1jjj emigrants arrived at ,quebec1 from ,great ,britain1 during the last season4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,w4 ,parker1 and about #djj others1 left ,england in ,november last1 to establish a colony in ,africa1 between ,cape ,town and ,algoa bay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a cast iron pillar1 about #dh feet high1 is about to be erected in the centre of the town of ,sheffield1 ,england1 at the top of which1 a large ball1 lighted with gas is to be placed1 for the purpose of lighting the whole town1 and its environs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,twenty-five miles up the ,severn1 ,england1 a whale1 #fj feet in length1 and #aj in breadth1 was lately stranded4 ,the visit of his whaleship proved highly welcome1 and considerable confusion and contention ensued among the neighbouring people who should have the largest part of him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,london paper of ,november #g1 says1 that a new palace is to be begun for the ,prince ,regent in the spring1 on the same spot where ,buckingham house now stands4 ,it is to be a superb palace of three fronts1 to overlook all ,pimlico2 and the moderate sum of seven millions is the estimate of its cost6 ,but1 as the ,prince ,regent is reluctant to apply to parliament1 the ground of ,st4 ,james' palace1 the ,king's ,mews1 and ,warwick house are to be sold1 and then but #gjj1jjjl4 will be wanting to complete the new structure4 ,the duke of ,york is to have ,carleton house for a valuable consideration4 ,the triumphal arch is to be the grand entrance to ,london from the new palace4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wm4 ,ogden ,niles of ,baltimore1 has issued proposals for publishing a weekly paper1 to be entitled1 ,the ,domestic ,economist1 to be devoted exclusively to manufacturing industry and political economy1 with statistical facts and remarks4 ,price #c per annum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wolf ,bounty4 ,the ,comptroller of the ,state of ,new ,york1 has communicated to the legislature a detailed statement of the monies paid out of the state treasury1 to the several counties1 during the last five years1 as bounties for the destruction of wolves4 ,the following exhibits the amount paid to each county4 ,dolls4 ,allegany1 #eebg ,albany1 #dj ,broome1 #agfj ,chautauque1 #agfb ,chenango1 #ddj ,cayuga1 #fjj ,clinton1 #bhj ,cortland1 #gg ,delaware1 #adij ,essex1 #egg ,franklin1 #bdde ,greene1 #ebj ,genesee1 #aicg ,herkimer1 #bfj ,jefferson1 #bagg ,lewis1 #abej ,madison1 #afb ,montgomery1 #afj ,niagara1 #adge ,otsego1 #adc ,oswego1 #aahj ,orange1 #bjj ,ontario1 #adej ,oneida1 #acbj ,onondaga1 #dhj ,st4 ,lawrence1 #caij ,saratoga1 #afe ,schenectady1 #bb ,steuben1 #cebj ,seneca1 #fg ,schoharie1 #abj ,sullivan1 #igj ,tioga1 #adhg ,tompkins1 #bj ,ulster1 #chj ,warren1 #dce ,washington1 #bj ------ ,total1 ,d4 #ch1bei 99 99 99 99 99 ,the earl of ,dalhousie is appointed governor of the ,canadas4 ,sir ,p4 ,maitland administers the government till spring4 99 99 99 99 99 ,boerhaave in his old age4 ,all peculiarities in the lives of great men are interesting1 and much more so when they relate to their latter years4 ,the name of ,boerhaave is regarded as the most illustrious in the annals of modern medicine4 ,after having courageously withstood the evils of poverty in his youth1 his talents and reputation enabled him1 it is said1 to realize a property of two millions of florins1 which he left to an only daughter4 ,let us see whether his wealth had not changed his occupations and taste4 ,in a letter1 written in his #fgth year1 to his old pupil ,bassand1 then appointed ,physician to the ,emperor of ,germany1 he speaks thus of himself3 ,my health is very good--,i sleep at my country house1 and return to town at five in the morning2 ,i am engaged till six in the evening in visiting the sick4 ,i know something of chemistry--,i amuse myself with reading--,i revere1 ,i love1 ,i adore ,god alone4 ,on my return to the country1 ,i visit my plants--and gratefully acknowledge and admire the liberal presents of my friend ,bassend4 ,my garden appears proud of the variety and vigour of its trees4 ,i waste my life in contemplating my plants1 and grow old with the desire of possessing new ones--,pleasing delusion6 who will give me the large-leaved linden tree of ,bohemia1 and that of ,silicia1 more extraordinary1 with folio cucullato4 ,thus riches serve only to increase the thirst for wealth1 and the covetous man abuses the liberality of his benefactor4 ,pardon the dotage of an old friend1 who wishes to plant trees1 the beauty and shade of which can charm only his nephews4 ,thus my years glide on without any chagrin1 but that of your absence4 ,how much is there in these few lines6 what activity1 what zeal for suffering humanity1 what piety2 what innocence and vivacity in his taste1 at an age when they are nearly extinct in most men4 ,literary ,panorama4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mummies4 ,under the mountains adjoining ,kiow1 on the frontiers of ,russia and in the deserts of ,podolia1 are several catacombs or subterranean vaults1 which the ancients used for burying places1 and where a great number of human bodies are still preserved entire1 though interred many ages since1 having been better embalmed1 and become neither so hard nor so black as the ,egyptian mummies4 ,among them are two princes in the habits they used to wear4 ,it is thought that this preserving quality is owing to the nature of the soil1 which is dry and sandy4 ,london ,paper4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a correspondent1 who observed some time since a publication relative to the extraction of oil from pumpkin seeds1 has recently1 from curiosity1 made an experiment of the same on a very limited scale4 ,he assures us1 the extract obtained1 is of equal flavour and sweetness with the best of olive oil4 ,our correspondent is of opinion1 that the publication alluded to above1 originated with the ,harmony ,society1 in the state of ,pennsylvania2 and if so1 is desirous of knowing the best method in practice for extracting the oil from the seed4 ,bost4 ,pat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there are few sentiments stronger1 or more natural to the human heart1 than that of indignation at oppression4 ,so predominant is it1 that it is to be found1 not with the good and virtuous only1 but even amongst the most unprincipled and vicious4 ,if there is any thing that addresses itself to all that is generous in the heart1 it is this sentiment4 ,what is more1 it is the solemn duty of every man1 to set his face against injustice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,invention4 ,we understand a patent has lately been taken out1 by a gentleman from ,massachusetts1 for an invention which seems to promise extensive1 advantage to navigation1 if once fairly brought into operation4 ,it consists1 principally1 in a new method for sub-marine ploughing1 to any necessary depth1 by the power of a steam boat4 ,when the matter is effectually loosened up and pulverized1 it cannot reasonably be doubted but the rapidity of ebb-tides1 united with the natural current of the rivers1 will soon carry it off1 and keep the channel open4 ,the inventor is now in this city1 giving a perspicuous view of his plan1 which appears uncommonly simple and practicable4 ,the advantages of being able to plough open channels through the shoals which so frequently form in many of our immense rivers1 would1 alone1 be an object of very great advantage to our southern and western states2 but1 when we consider the invention as extending to opening channels for large ships to enter the harbours and rivers throughout our whole sea-board1 the advantages presented to view are incalculable4 ,nat4 ,int4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,agricultural ,society of ,fredericksburg1 in ,virginia1 have drawn up and transmitted a remonstrance to ,congress1 against the attempts making by our ,domestic manufacturers1 and their friends1 to increase the duties upon foreign goods1 wares and merchandise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the short space of two years and five months1 ,one hundred and twenty miles of ,artificial ,navigation1 on two great canals through the interior of the ,state of ,new ,york have been completed1 by which the physical practicability of uniting the ,atlantic ,ocean1 with the great western lakes1 is rendered no longer doubtful6 99 99 99 99 99 ,straw ,bonnets4 ,it is estimated that the value of straw bonnets manufactured in ,massachusetts1 ,rhode ,island and ,connecticut1 exceeds #cjj1jjj dollars in the #ahag1 and great improvements have latterly been made1--which1 together with the discovery of a vegetable by which the best quality of ,leghorn bonnets are successfully imitated1 is likely to render our fair country-women independent of foreign supplies in this respect1 and at the same time furnish a delicate employment to many others of their own sex4 ,there are few things that more properly demand the attention of congress than this manufacture1 so far as its amount goes4 ,as1 gentleman1 certainly they will encourage the ladies in their industrious habits4 99 99 99 99 99 ,phenomena4 ,boston 7,mass47 ,jan4 #eth4 ,saturday about noon two very brilliant ,,parhelia1 7or ,mock ,suns#bb7 and beautiful ,,corona1 attracted the attention of numerous spectators4 ,mock ,suns were equidistant from the ,sun 7by conjecture about #bj ,east and ,west of it7 with comas1 or tails1 extending in opposite directions from the luminary five or six times their diameter1 which appeared to the eye a little less than the apparent diameter of the ,sun4 ,the ,corona was estimated to be about #cj to the northward of the ,sun1 and nearly in our zenith1 and exhibited all the bright colours of the rainbow1 the inside next the ,sun being red4 ,the colour of the ,parhelia was orange colour of white flame4 ,the ,corona formed an are of about a quarter of a circle2 and between it and the ,sun was a segment less brilliant and defined4 #bb ,sailors1 we believe1 call them dog suns4 ,the atmosphere was unusually clear1 and the space between the ,mock ,suns1 and the real ,sun1 was a perfect blue expanse1 without the least appearance of the vapour and spicula which must have occasioned the phenomena4 ,we noticed them nearly an hour1 when they gradually disappeared1 leaving a cloudless sky4 ,the phenomena was observed at ,salem4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a curiosity4--,it is stated in an ,english paper of ,nov4 #abth1 that ,mr4 ,creswick1 of ,new ,street1 ,birmingham1 has a singular article of cutlery in his possession1 viz3 a knife which contains #djj blades1 and which1 before it was put together1 consisted of #ejjj parts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,public libraries of ,germany4 ,the royal library of ,munich contains a collection of #djj1jjj volumes4 ,that of ,gottingen1 which is one of the most celebrated in ,germany1 contains #bhj1jjj volumes1 #aaj1jjj academic dissertations1 and #ejjj manuscripts2 the ,dresden library contains #bej1jjj printed books1 #ajj1jjj dissertations1 and #djjj manuscripts4 ,the library of ,wolfenbuttel is particularly celebrated for its valuable collection of ancient works2 it contains #aij1jjj printed volumes1 #aj1jjj dissertations1 and #djjj manuscripts4 ,among the #ahb1jjj volumes which compose the library of ,stutgard1 there are #ab1jjj different editions of the ,bible4 ,there are seven public libraries in ,berlin2 the two principal ones are the royal library and the library of the academy2 the former contains #afj1jjj volumes1 and the latter #cj1jjj4 ,it may be calculated that the total number of books contained in the public libraries of the ,german ,states1 amount to upwards of #d1jjj1jjj1 besides the various memoirs1 pamphlets1 periodical publications1 dissertations1 and manuscripts4 ,english ,paper4 ,,philadelphia1 ,,published ,,monthly ,,by ,,richards ,,caleb ,,johnson1 ,no4 #ca1 ,market ,street1 ,at #c4jj per annum4 ,,griggs ,,dickinson--,printers1 ,whitehall4