,,legends ,,of ,,the ,,patriarchs ,,and ,,prophets4 ,,legends ,,of ,,the ,,patriarchs ,,and ,,prophets ,,and ,,other ,,old ,,testament ,,characters ,,from ,,various ,,sources ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,s4 ,,baring-,,gould1 ,m4,a4 ,author of 8,curious ,myths of the ,middle ,ages10 8,the ,origin and ,development of ,religious ,belief10 8,in ,exitu ,israel10 etc4 ,publisher's ,logo ,,new ,,york3 ,,american ,,book ,,exchange1 #gfd ,,broadway4 #ahha4 ,,preface4 ,an incredible number of legends exists connected with the personages whose history is given in the ,old ,testament4 ,the collection now presented to the public must by no means be considered as exhaustive4 ,the compiler has been obliged to limit himself as to the number1 it being quite impossible to insert all4 ,he trusts that few of peculiar interest have been omitted4 ,the ,mussulman traditions are nearly all derived from the ,talmudic writers1 just as the history of ,christ in the ,koran is taken from the ,apocryphal ,gospels4 ,the ,koran follows the 8,sepher ,hajaschar0 7,book of the ,just7 far more closely than the canonical ,scriptures2 and the 8,sepher ,hajaschar0 is a storehouse of the ,rabbinic tradition on the subject of the ,patriarchs from ,adam to ,joshua4 ,the ,jewish traditions are of various value4 ,some can be traced to their origin without fail4 ,one class is derived from ,persia1 as1 for instance1 those of ,asmodeus1 the name of the demon being taken1 along with his story1 from ,iranian sources4 ,another class springs from the ,cabbalists1 who1 by permutation of the letters of a name1 formed the nuclei1 so to speak1 from which legends spread4 ,another class1 again1 is due to the ,rabbinic commentators1 who1 unable to allow for poetical periphrasis1 insisted on literal interpretations1 and then coined fables to explain them4 ,thus the saying of ,david1 8,thou hast heard me from among the horns of the unicorns10 which signified that ,david was assisted by ,god in trouble1 was taken quite literally by the ,rabbis1 and a story was invented to explain it4 ,another class1 again1 is no doubt due to the exaggeration of ,oriental imagery1 just as that previously mentioned is due to the deficiency of the poetic fancy in certain ,rabbis4 ,thus1 imagination and defect of imagination1 each contributed to add to the store4 ,but when we have swept all these classes aside1 there remains a residuum1 small1 no doubt1 of genuine tradition4 ,to this class1 if ,i am not mistaken1 belong the account of ,lamech and his wives1 and the story of the sacrifice of ,isaac4 ,in the latter instance1 the type comes out far clearer in the ,talmudic tradition that in the canonical ,scriptures2 and this can hardly have been the result of ,jewish interpolation1 knowing1 as they did1 that ,christians pointed triumphantly to this type4 99 99 99 99 99 ,with regard to ,jewish traditions1 it is unfortunate that both ,eisenmenger and ,bartolocci1 who collected many of them1 were so prejudiced1 so moved with violent animosity against the ,rabbinic writers1 that they preserved only the grotesque1 absurd1 and indecent legends1 and wholly passed over those--and there are many of them--which are redolent of poetry1 and which contain an element of truth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a certain curious interest attaches to these legends--at least1 ,i think so2 and1 should they find favor with the public1 this volume will be followed by another series on the legends connected with the ,new ,testament characters4 ,the author is not aware of any existing collection of these legends1 except that of ,m4 ,colin de ,plancy1 8,legendes de l',ancien ,testament10 ,paris1 #ahfa2 but he has found this work of little or no use to him in composing his volume1 as ,m4 de ,plancy gives no reference to authorities2 and also1 because nearly the whole of the contents are taken from ,d',herbelot's 8,bibliothque ,orientale0 and ,migne's 8,dictionnaire des ,apocryphes40 ,it will be necessary to add a few words on certain works largely quoted in the following pages4 #a4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,weil's 8,biblische ,legende der ,muselmnner10 ,frankfurt a4 ,m41 #ahde1 is derived from three ,arabic ,,ms4 works--8,chamis10 by ,husein ,ibn ,mohammed ,ibn ,alhasan ,addiarbekri2 8,dsachirat ,alulun wanatidjat ,alfuhum10 by ,ahmed ,ibn zein ,alabidin ,albekri2 and 8,kissat ,alanbija10 by ,mohammed ,ibn ,ahmed ,alkissai4 #b4 ,the ,chronicle of ,abou-djafar ,mohammed ,tabari was translated into ,persian by ,abou ,ali ,mohammed ,belami1 who added sundry traditions circulating in ,persia2 and has been rendered into ,french1 in part1 by ,m4 ,hermann ,zolenberg1 for the ,oriental ,translation ,fund1 ,paris1 #ahfg4 #c4 ,the 8,sepher ,hajaschar10 or ,book of ,jasher 7,yaschar71 is quoted from the translation by ,le ,chevalier ,p4 ,l4 ,b4 ,drach1 inserted in ,migne's 8,dictionnaire des ,apocryphes40 #d4 ,eisenmenger1 8,neuentdektes ,judenthum10 #b vols4 #hvo1 ,knigsburg1 #agaa1 contains a great many ,rabbinic traditions collected from sources inaccessible to most persons4 #e4 ,bartolocci1 8,bibliotheca ,magna ,rabbinica10 #d vols4 fol41 ,rome1 #afge-ic1 is a very valuable storehouse of information1 but sadly disfigured by prejudice4 ,,contents4 ,,page4 ,,preface v ,i4 ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,the ,,angels #ae ,,ii4 ,,adam #ba #a4 ,the ,creation of ,man #ba #b4 ,the ,pre-,adamites #bg ,,iii4 ,,eve #bi ,,iv4 ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,man #cf ,v4 ,,adam ,,and ,,eve ,,after ,,the ,,fall #dh ,,vi4 ,,cain ,,and ,,abel #fi ,,vii4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,adam #gg ,,viii4 ,,seth #ha ,,ix4 ,,cainan ,,son ,,of ,,enos #hd ,x4 ,,enoch #he #a4 ,the ,translation of ,enoch #he #b4 ,the ,book of ,enoch #hg ,,xi4 ,,the ,,giants #ia ,,xii4 ,,lamech #if ,,xiii4 ,,methuselah #ih ,,xiv4 ,,noah #ii ,,xv4 ,,heathen ,,legends ,,of ,,the ,,deluge #ajf ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,planting ,,of ,,the ,,vine #aba ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,sons ,,of ,,noah #abd ,,xviii4 ,,relics ,,of ,,the ,,ark #abf ,,xix4 ,,certain ,,descendants ,,of ,,ham #abg ,,xx4 ,,serug #acj ,,xxi4 ,,the ,,prophet ,,eber #aca ,,xxii4 ,,the ,,prophet ,,saleh #acf ,,xxiii4 ,,the ,,tower ,,of ,,babel #add ,,xxiv4 ,,abraham #adi #a4 ,his ,youth and early ,struggles #adi #b4 ,the ,call of ,abraham1 and the ,visit to ,egypt #afb #c4 ,the ,war with the ,kings #aff #d4 ,the ,birth of ,ishmael #aga #e4 ,the ,destruction of ,sodom and ,gomorrah #agb #f4 ,the ,birth of ,isaac #agg #g4 ,the ,expulsion of ,hagar and ,ishmael #aha #h4 ,the ,strife between the ,shepherds #ahe #i4 ,the ,grove in ,beer-sheba #ahf #aj4 ,the ,offering of ,isaac #ahg #aa4 ,the ,death of ,sarah #aig #ab4 ,the ,marriage of ,isaac #bja #ac4 ,the ,death of ,abraham #bjc ,,xxv4 ,,melchizedek #bje ,,xxvi4 ,,of ,,ishmael ,,and ,,the ,,well ,,zemzem #baj ,,xxvii4 ,,esau ,,and ,,jacob #bae ,,xxviii4 ,,joseph #bbg ,,xxix4 ,,the ,,testaments ,,of ,,the ,,twelve ,,patriarchs #bdc ,,xxx4 ,,job #bde ,,xxxi4 ,,jethro #bea ,,xxxii4 ,,moses #beb #a4 ,israel in ,egypt #beb #b4 ,the ,birth and ,childhood of ,moses #bei #c4 ,the ,youth and ,marriage of ,moses #bff #d4 ,moses before ,pharaoh #bge #e4 ,the ,passage of the ,red ,sea #bhc #f4 ,the giving of the ,law #bhh #g4 ,the ,manna #bib #h4 ,the ,smitten ,rock #bid #i4 ,moses visits ,el ,khoudr #bie #aj4 ,the ,mission of the ,spies #bih #aa4 ,of ,korah and his ,company #cja #ab4 ,the ,wars of the ,israelites #cjd #ac4 ,the ,death of ,aaron #cjg #ad4 ,the ,death of ,moses #caj ,,xxxiii4 ,,joshua #cae ,,xxxiv4 ,,the ,,judges #cai ,,xxxv4 ,,samuel #cai ,,xxxvi4 ,,saul #cbe #a4 ,war with the ,philistines4--,goliath slain #cbe #b4 ,saul's ,jealousy of ,david #cbi #c4 ,the ,death of ,saul #cca ,,xxxvii4 ,,david #cbc ,,xxxviii4 ,,solomon #cdg #a4 ,how ,solomon obtained ,power #cdg #b4 ,how ,solomon feasted all ,flesh #cdi #c4 ,the ,building of the ,temple #cea #d4 ,the ,travels of ,solomon #cec #e4 ,the ,history of the ,queen of ,sheba #ceh #f4 ,solomon's ,adventure with the ,apes #cfd #g4 ,solomon marries the ,daughter of ,pharaoh #cfe #h4 ,how ,solomon lost and recovered his ,ring #cff #i4 ,the ,death of ,solomon #cfi ,,xxxix4 ,,elijah #cga ,,xl4 ,,isaiah #cgc ,,xli4 ,,jeremiah #cgf ,,xlii4 ,,ezekiel #cgg ,,xliii4 ,,ezra #cgg ,,xliv4 ,,zachariah #chj ,,legends ,,of ,,the ,,patriarchs ,,and ,,prophets4 ,i4 ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,the ,,angels4 ,in the beginning1 before the creation of heaven and earth1 ,god made the angels2 free intelligences and free wills2 out of ,his love ,he made them1 that they might be eternally happy4 ,and that their happiness might be complete1 ,he gave them the perfection of a created nature2 that is1 ,he gave them freedom4 ,but happiness is only attained by the free will agreeing in its freedom to accord with the will of ,god4 ,some of the angels by an act of free will obeyed the will of ,god1 and in such obedience found perfect happiness2 other angels by an act of free will rebelled against the will of ,god1 and in such disobedience found misery4 ,such is the catholic theory of the fall of the angels4 ,historically1 it is represented as a war in heaven4 8,and there was war in heaven3 ,michael and his angels fought against the dragon2 and the dragon fought and his angels1 and prevailed not2 neither was their place found any more in heaven4 ,and the great dragon was cast out1 that old serpent1 called the ,devil1 and ,satan1 which deceiveth the whole world2 he was cast out into the earth1 and his angels were cast out with him40#a ,the reason of the revolt was that ,satan desired to be as great as ,god4 8,thou hast said in thine heart1 ,i will ascend into heaven1 ,i will exalt my throne above the stars of ,god2 ,i will sit also upon the mount of the congregation in the sides of the north2 ,i will ascend above the heights of the clouds2 ,i will be like the ,most ,high40#b ,the war ended in the fall of ,satan and those whom he had led into apostasy2 and to this fall are referred the words of ,christ1 8,i saw ,satan like lightning fall from heaven40#c ,fabricius1 in his collections of the apocryphal writings of the ,old ,testament1 has preserved the song of triumph which the ,archangel ,michael sang on obtaining the victory4 ,this is a portion of it3-- 8,glory to our ,god6 ,praise to ,his holy ,name6 ,he is our ,god2 glory be to ,him6 ,he is our ,lord6 ,his be the triumph6 ,he has stretched forth ,his right hand2 ,he has manifested ,his power1 ,he has cast down our adversaries4 ,they are mad who resist ,him2 they are accursed who depart from ,his commandments6 ,he knoweth all things1 and cannot err4 ,his will is sovereignly just1 and all that ,he wills is good1 all that ,he advises is holy4 ,supreme ,intelligence cannot be deceived2 ,perfect ,being cannot will what is evil4 ,nothing is above that which is supreme1 nothing is better than that which is perfect4 ,none is worthy beside ,him but him whom ,he has made worthy4 ,he must be loved above all things and adored as the eternal ,king4 ,you have abandoned your ,god1 you have revolted against ,him1 you have desired to be gods2 you have fallen from your high estates1 you have gone down like a fallen stone4 ,acknowledge that ,god is great1 that ,his works are perfect1 and that ,his judgments are just4 ,glory be to ,god through ages of ages1 praises of joy for all ,his works60 ,this song of the ,archangel is said to have been revealed to ,s4 ,amadeus4#d ,according to the ,talmudists1 ,satan1 whose proper name is ,sammael1 was one of the ,seraphim1 with six wings4#e ,he was not driven out of heaven till after he had led ,adam and ,eve into sin2 then ,sammael and his host were precipitated out of the place of bliss1 with ,god's curse to weigh them down4 ,in the struggle between ,michael and ,sammael1 the falling ,seraph caught the wings of ,michael and tried to drag him down with him1 but ,god saved him1 whence ,michael derives his name 7the ,rescued74 ,this is what the ,rabbi ,bechai says in his commentary on the ,five ,books of ,moses4#f ,according to a ,talmudic authority1 the apostate angels having fallen in a heap1 ,god laid his little finger on them and consumed them4#g ,sammael was the regent of the planet ,mars1 and this he rules still1 and therefore it is that those born under the influence of that star are lovers of war and given to strife4#h ,he was chief among the angels of ,god1 and now he is prince among devils4#i ,his name is derived from ,simm1 which means to blind and deceive4 ,he stands on the left side of men4 ,he goes by various names2 such as the ,old ,serpent1 the ,unclean ,spirit1 ,satan1 ,leviathan1 and sometimes also ,asael4 ,in his fall he spat in his hatred against ,god1 and his spittle stained the moon1 and thus it is that the moon has on it spots4 ,after his fall1 ,satan took to himself four wives1 ,lilith and ,naama the daughter of ,lamech and sister of ,tubal-cain1 ,igereth and ,machalath4 ,each became the mother of a great host of devils1 and each rules with her host over a season of the year2 and at the change of seasons there is a great gathering of devils about their mothers4 ,lilith is followed by four hundred and seventy-eight legions of devils1 for that number is comprised in her name 7--#dgh74 ,according to some1 ,lilith is identical with ,eve4 ,she rules over ,damascus1 ,naama over ,tyre1 ,igereth over ,malta and ,rhodes1 and ,machalath over ,crete4#aj ,many traditions date the existence of angels and demons from a remote period before the creation of the world1 but some connect the fall of ,satan and his host with the creation of man4 ,abou-,djafar-,mohammed ,tabari says that when ,god made ,adam1 ,he bade all the angels worship him as their king and superior1 as says the ,koran1 8,all the angels adored ,adam0 7xv4 #cj71 but that ,satan or ,eblis answered ,god1 8,i will not adore ,adam1 for he is made of earth and ,i of fire1 therefore ,i am better than he0 7vii4 ,,ii71 and that ,god thereupon cursed ,eblis and gave him the form of a devil1 because of his pride1 vain confidence1 and disobedience4#aa ,abulfeda says1 8,after ,god had made man ,he thus addressed the angels4 #8,when ,i have breathed a portion of my spirit into him1 bow before him and adore4' ,after ,he had inspired ,adam with ,his spirit1 all the angels of every degree adored him1 except ,eblis2 he1 through pride and envy1 scorned to do this1 and disobeyed ,god4 ,then ,god cursed him1 and he cut him off from all hope in divine mercy1 and ,he called him ,scheithanan redjiman 7,satan devoted to misery71 and ,he cast him out who had been before an angel of the earth1 and keeper of terrestrial things1 and a guardian of ,paradise40#ab ,but the general opinion seems to have been that the fall of the angels preceded the creation of man4 ,ibn-,ezra dates it on the second day of creation1 others on the first day when ,god 8divided the light from the darkness40 ,manasseh ,ben ,israel says that ,god has placed the devils in the clouds1 that they might torment the wicked with thunder and lightnings1 and showers of hail and tempests of wind1 and that this took place on the second day1 when the firmaments were divided4 ,as the fall of ,satan took place through his aspiration to be ,god1 so it is closely connected with the origin of idolatry and false worship2 for now that ,satan is cast out of heaven1 he still seeks to exalt himself into the place of ,god1 and therefore leads men from the worship of the true ,god into demonolatry4 ,thus the gods of the heathens were regarded by the first ,christians as devils aspiring to receive that worship from men on earth which they sought and failed to obtain in heaven4 ,thus ,st4 ,paul tells the ,corinthians that 8the ,gentiles sacrifice to devils40#ac ,the temptation of ,christ can only be fully understood when we bear in mind that pride and craving for worship is the prime source of ,satan's actions4 8,all these will ,i give thee10 he said to ,christ1 8if ,thou wilt fall down and worship me40 ,it was a second attempt of ,satan to set himself above the ,most ,high4 ,among the heathen1 traditions of the ,angelic apostasy and war have remained4 ,the ,indian story is as follows3-- ,at the head of the apostate spirits is ,mahisasura1 or the great ,asur2 he and those who followed him were once good1 but before the creation of the world they refused obedience to ,brahma1 wherefore they were cast down by the assistance of ,schiva into the abyss of ,onderah4#ad ,mahisasura is also represented as the great serpent ,vrita1 against which ,indra fought1 and which after a desperate struggle he overcame4 ,the ,persian tradition is that ,ahriman1 the chief of the rebels1 is not by nature evil4 ,he was not created evil by the ,eternal ,one1 but he became evil by revolting against his will2 and the ancient books of the ,parsees assert that at the last day ,ahriman will return to obedience1 and having been purified by fire1 will regain the place among the heavenly beings which he lost4 ,in this war the ,izeds fought against the ,divs1 headed by ,ahriman1 and flung the conquered into ,douzahk or hell4 ,the ,norse story is that ,loki1 the spirit of evil1 is one of the gods1 and sat with them at their table till he declared himself their enemy1 when he with his vile progeny1 the wolf and the serpent1 were cast out4 ,the wolf is bound1 ,thorr constrains the serpent1 and ,loki is chained under the mountains1 and a serpent distils poison on his breast2 when he tosses in agony1 the earth quakes4 ,in ,egypt1 ,typhon was brother of ,osiris1 but he revolted against him4 ,maximus of ,tyre1 and ,apollonius of ,rhodes1 following ,orpheus1 speak of the war of the gods against the angels who rebelled under their chief ,ophion1 or the ,serpent1 and ,pherecydes1 according to ,origen1 sang of this event as having taken place in pre-historic times2 so that the knowledge of it could only have reached man by revelation4 ,he described the two armies face to face1--one commanded by ,saturn1 the supreme ,creator2 the other by ,ophioneus1 the old ,dragon1 and the defeat of the latter and its expulsion from the realms of bliss to ,ogenos1 the regions of annihilation4#ae ,the story of the ,titans is connected with this4 ,they were the sons of ,uranus 7heaven7 and ,ge 7earth71 and dwelt originally in heaven1 whence they are called ,uranid4 ,they were twelve in number4 ,uranus threw out of heaven his other sons1 the ,hecatoncheires and the ,cyclopes1 and precipitated them into ,tartarus4 ,whereupon ,ge persuaded her sons1 the ,titans1 to rise up against their father1 and liberate their brethren4 ,they did as their mother bade them1 deposed ,uranus1 and placed on his throne their brother ,cronus1 who immediately re-imprisoned the ,cyclopes4 ,but ,zeus with his brothers fought against the reigning ,titans1 cast them out of heaven1 and enthroned himself on the seat of ,cronus2 and the ,titans he enchained in the abyss under ,tartarus4 ,this is simply the same story told over twice1 and formed into a dynasty4 ,chronos ,titan is the same as the ,arabic ,scheitan1 the ,erse ,teitin1 the ,time-god1 and the ,biblical ,satan1 or ,lucifer1 the ,son of the ,morning4 ,amongst the ,battas of ,sumatra exists a myth to this effect3 ,batara ,guru1 the supreme ,god1 from whose daughter ,putiarla ,buran all mankind are descended1 cast the mountain ,bakkara out of heaven upon the head of the serpent1 his foe1 and made the home of his son ,layanga-layaad-mandi on the top of this mountain4 ,from this summit the son descended that he might bind the hands or feet of the serpent1 as it shook its head and made the earth rock4 ,connected with the fall of ,satan is his lameness4 ,the devil is represented in art and in legion as limping on one foot2 this was occasioned by his having broken his leg in his fall4 ,hephstus1 who pursued ,athene and attempted to outrage divine ,wisdom1 was precipitated from heaven into the fire-island ,lemnos1 and was lamed thereby4 ,hermes cut the hamstring out of ,typhon1 therewith to string his lyre4 ,the ,norse god ,loki lusted after ,freya1 and was lamed therefor4 ,wieland the smith 7,vlundr71 who ventured to do violence to ,beodohild1 was lamed1 and was known thereby4 ,phaethon1 daring to drive his father's chariot of the sun1 was cast out and thrown to earth4 ,the natives of the ,caroline ,islands relate that one of the inferior gods1 named ,merogrog1 was driven by the other gods out of heaven1 and he took with him a spark of fire which he gave to men4#af ,this myth resembles that of ,prometheus1 8the contriver1 full of gall and bitterness1 who sinned against the gods by bestowing their honors on creatures of a day1 the thief of fire10 as ,hermes calls him4 ,he reappears as ,tohil among the ,quiches1 the giver of fire1 hated1 yet adored4 ,the ,northern ,californians say that the supreme ,god once created invisible spirits1 of whom one portion revolted against him1 headed by a spirit named ,war or ,touparan1 and that the ,great ,spirit having overcome him1 drove him from the plains of heaven1 and confined him along with his comrades in a cavern1 where he is guarded by whales4#ag ,the ,egyptian ,typhon1 already alluded to1 did not belong to ,egypt alone1 but also to ,phnicia and ,asia ,minor1 and thence the story passed into ,greece1 where it took root1 and has been preserved to us as the attack of the hundred-headed dragon against the heaven-god ,zeus4 ,typhon desired to obtain supremacy over gods and men1 and1 in order to win for himself this sovereignty1 he fought against the gods2 but he was defeated1 bound1 and precipitated into ,tartarus1 or1 according to another version1 was buried under the flaming mountains4 ,according to a tradition of the ,salivas1 a people of ,new ,granada1 a serpent slew the nations1 descended from ,god1 who inhabited the region of the ,orinoco1 but a son of the ,god ,puru fought him and overcame him1 and bade him depart with his curse1 and never to enter his house again1 and1 say these ,salivas1 from the flesh of the serpent sprang the ,caribees1 their great foes1 as maggots from putrid meat4#ah ,but these stories might be infinitely extended4 ,how far they refer to a tradition common to the human race1 and how far they relate to the strife between summer and winter1 sun and storm-cloud1 ,i do not pretend to decide4 ,it is one of those vexed questions which it is impossible to determine4 ,,ii4 ,,adam4 #a4 ,,the ,,creation ,,of ,,man4 ,certain of the angels having fallen1 ,god made men1 that they might take their vacated places4 ,according to the most authoritative ,mussulman traditions1 ,adam was created on ,friday afternoon at the ,assr-hour1 or about three o'clock4 ,the four archangels--,gabriel1 ,michael1 ,israfiel1 and ,asrael--were required to bring earth from the four quarters of the world1 that therefrom ,god might fashion man4 ,his head and breast were made of clay from ,mecca and ,medina1 from the spot where later were the ,holy ,kaaba and the tomb of ,mohammed4 ,although still lifeless1 his beauty amazed the angels who had flocked to the gates of ,paradise4 ,but ,eblis1 envious of the beauty of ,adam's as yet inanimate form1 said to the angels3 8,how can you admire a creature made of earth8 ,from such material nothing but fragility and feebleness can come40 ,however1 most of the angels praised ,god for what he had done4 ,the body of ,adam was so great1 that if he stood up his head would reach into the seventh heaven4 ,but he was not as yet endowed with a living soul4 ,the soul had been made a thousand years before1 and had been steeped all that while in the sea of light which flowed from ,allah4 ,god now ordered the soul to enter the body4 ,it showed some indisposition to obey2 thereupon ,god exclaimed3 8,quicken ,adam against your will1 and1 as a penalty for your disobedience1 you shall leave the body sorely against your will40 ,then ,god blew the spirit against ,adam with such force that it entered his nose1 and ran up into his head1 and as soon as it reached his eyes ,adam opened them1 and saw the throne of ,god with the inscription upon it3 8,there is no ,god but ,god1 and ,mohammed is ,his prophet40 ,then the soul ran into his ears1 and ,adam heard the song of the angels2 thereupon his tongue was unloosed1 for by this time the soul had reached it1 and he said1 8,praise be to ,thee1 my ,creator1 one and only60 ,and ,god answered him3 8,for this purpose are you made4 ,you and your successors must pray to me1 and you will find mercy and loving-kindness at my hands40 ,then the soul penetrated all the members1 reaching last of all the feet of ,adam1 which receiving strength1 he sprang up1 and stood upon the earth4 ,but when he stood upright he was obliged to close his eyes1 for the light of ,god's throne shining directly into them blinded them4 8,what light is this80 he asked1 as he covered his eyes with one hand1 and indicated the throne with the other4 8,it is the light of a prophet10 ,god answered1 8who will spring from thee in later ages4 ,by mine honor ,i swear1 for him alone have ,i created the world4 ,in heaven he bears the name of the much lauded1 and on earth he will be called ,mohammed4 ,through him all men will be led out of error into the way of truth40 ,god then called all created animals before ,adam1 and told him their names and their natures4 ,then ,he called up all the angels1 and bade them bow before ,adam1 the man whom ,he had made4 ,israfiel obeyed first1 and ,god gave to him in recompense the custody of the ,book of ,fate2 the other angels obeyed in order2 only ,eblis refused1 in the pride of his heart1 saying1 8,why shall ,i1 who am made of fire1 bend before him who is made of earth80 ,therefore he was cast out of the angel choirs1 and was forbidden admission through the gates of ,paradise4 ,adam also was led out of ,paradise1 and he preached to the angels1 who stood before him in ten thousand ranks1 a sermon on the power1 majesty1 and goodness of ,god1 and he showed such learning and knowledge--for he could name each beast in seventy languages--that the angels were amazed at his knowledge1 which excelled their own4 ,as a reward for having preached this sermon1 ,god sent ,adam a bunch of grapes out of ,paradise by the hands of ,gabriel4#ai ,in the ,midrash1 the ,rabbinical story is as follows3 8,when ,god wished to make man1 ,he consulted with the angels1 and said to them1 ,we will make a man in our image4 ,then they said1 ,what is man1 that you regard him1 and what is his nature8 ,he answered1 ,his knowledge excels yours4 ,then ,he placed all kinds of beasts before them1 wild beasts and fowls of the air1 and asked them their names1 but they knew them not4 ,and after ,adam was made1 ,he led them before him1 and ,he asked ,adam their names1 and he replied at once1 ,this is an ox1 that is an ass1 this is a horse1 that is a camel1 and so forth40#bj ,the story told by ,tabari is somewhat different4 ,when ,god would make ,adam1 ,he ordered ,gabriel to bring ,him a handful of every sort of clay1 black1 white1 red1 yellow1 blue1 and every other kind4#ba ,gabriel went to the middle of the earth to the place where now is ,kaaba4 ,he wished to stoop and take the clay1 but the earth said to him1 8,o ,gabriel1 what doest thou80 ,and ,gabriel answered1 8,i am fetching a little clay1 dust1 and stone1 that thereof ,god may make a ,lord for thee40 ,then the earth swore by ,god1 8,thou shalt take of me neither clay nor dust nor stone2 what if of the creatures made from me some should arise who would do evil upon the earth1 and shed innocent blood80 ,gabriel withdrew1 respecting the oath1 and took no earth2 and he said to ,god1 8,thou knowest what the earth said to me40 ,then ,god sent ,michael and bade him fetch a little mud4 ,but when ,michael arrived1 the earth swore the same oath4 ,and ,michael respected the oath and withdrew4 ,then ,god sent ,azrael1 the angel of death4 ,he came1 and the earth swore the same oath2 but he did not retire1 but answered and said1 8,i must obey the command of ,god in spite of thine oath40 ,and the angel of death stooped1 and took from forty ells below the earth clay of every sort1 as we have said1 and therefrom ,god made ,adam4 ,no one in the world had seen a form like that of ,adam4 ,hreth or ,satan went to look at him4 ,adam had lain stretched in the same place for the space of about forty years4 ,no one thought of him or knew what sort of a thing he was4 ,hreth coming up to him1 saw him stretched from east to west1 of huge size and as dry as dry palm leaves4 ,then ,hreth pushed ,adam1 and the dry earth rattled4 ,hreth was astonished4 ,he examined the form more attentively1 and he found that it was hollow4 ,then he went to the mouth and crept in at it1 and crept out again and let the angels know the doubt that was in his breast1 for he said1 8,this creature is nothing1 its inside is empty1 and a hollow thing can easily be broken4 ,now that ,god has made him1 ,he has given him the empire of the world1 but ,i will fight against him and drive him from the earth as ,i drove out the ,jins4 ,what is your advice80 ,the angels answered1 8,o ,hreth1 if we overcame the ,jins it was in obedience to ,god's command4 ,now that ,god has created this thing1 if ,he orders us to submit to it1 we must do so40 ,now when ,hreth saw that the angels thought otherwise1 he changed his discourse and said1 8,you speak the truth1 ,i agree with you1 but ,i wanted to prove you40 ,when ,god gave the soul to ,adam1 it entered his throat and passed down into his bosom and belly1 and wherever it passed1 the earth1 the clay1 the dust1 and the black mud became bones1 nerves1 veins1 flesh1 skin1 and the like4 ,and when his soul entered his head1 ,adam sneezed1 and said1 8,praise be to ,god40 ,and when he turned his head1 he saw ,paradise and all its delights2 and when the soul entered his belly1 he wanted to eat1 so he tried to rise and get some food1 but the soul had not yet reached his extremities1 which were as yet mere clay1 so ,gabriel said3 8,o ,adam1 don't be in a hurry40#bb ,then follows the story of ,eblis refusing to adore ,adam4 ,according to another version of the ,mussulman story1 the soul showed such repugnance to enter the body1 that the angel ,gabriel took a flageolet1 and sitting down near the head of the inanimate ,adam1 played such exquisite melodies that the soul descended to listen1 and in a moment of ecstasy entered the feet1 which began immediately to move4 ,thereupon the soul was given command by ,allah not to leave the body again till special permission was given it by the ,most ,high4#bc ,in the ,talmud we are told that the ,rabbi ,meir says that the dust from which ,adam was made was gathered from all parts of the earth3 the ,rabbi ,hoshea says that the body of the first man was made of dust from ,babel2 the head1 of earth from the land of ,israel1 and the rest of his limbs from the soil of other countries3 but the ,rabbi ,acha adds that his hinder quarters were fashioned out of clay from ,acre4#bd ,when ,adam was made1 some of the dust remained over2 of that ,god made locusts4#be ,a ,rabbinical tale is to this effect4 ,god was interrupted by the ,sabbath in the midst of creating fauns and satyrs1 after ,he had made man1 and was obliged to postpone their completion till the ,sunday1 consequently these creatures are misshapen4 ,a ,talmudic account of the way in which were spent the hours of the day in which ,adam was made1 is sufficiently curious4 ,at the first hour1 ,god gathered the dust of the earth2 in the second1 ,he formed the embryo2 in the third1 the limbs were extended2 in the fourth1 the soul was given2 at the fifth hour ,adam stood upright2 at the sixth1 ,adam named the animals4 ,having done this1 ,god asked him1 8,and ,i1 what is my name80 ,adam replied--8,jehovah40 ,at the seventh hour1 ,adam married ,eve2 at the eighth1 ,cain and his sister were born2 at the ninth1 they were forbidden to eat of the tree2 at the tenth hour ,adam fell2 at the eleventh he was banished from ,eden2 and at the twelfth1 he felt the sweat and pain of toil4#bf ,in the ,apocryphal ,little ,genesis1 we are told that ,adam did not disobey ,god till the expiration of the seventh year1 and that he was not punished till forty-five days after4 ,it adds1 that before the ,fall1 ,adam conversed familiarly with the animals1 but that by the ,fall they lost the faculty of speech4 ,god1 say the ,rabbis1 made ,adam so tall that his head touched the sky2 and the tree of life1 planted in the midst of the garden of ,eden1 was so broad at the base that it would take a good walker five years to march round it1 and ,adam's proportions accorded with those of the tree4 ,the angels murmured1 and told ,god that there were two sovereigns1 one in heaven and one on earth4 ,thereupon ,god placed his hand on the head of ,adam and reduced him to a thousand cubits4#bg ,to the question1 ,how big was ,adam8 the ,talmud replies1 ,he was made so tall that he stood with his head in heaven1 till ,god pressed him down at the ,fall4 ,rabbi ,jehuda says1 that as he lay stretched on the earth he covered it completely2#bh but the book ,sepher ,gilgulim says 7fol4 #bj1 col4 #d71 that when he was made1 his head and throat were in ,paradise1 and his body in the earth4 ,to judge how long he was1 says the same book1 understand that his body stretched from one end of the earth to the other1 and it takes a man five hundred years to walk that distance4#bi ,and when ,adam was created1 all the beasts of earth fell down before him and desired to worship him1 but he said to them1 8,you have come to worship me1 but come and let us clothe ourselves with power and glory1 and let us take ,him to be king over us who has created us2 for a people chooses a king1 but the king does not appoint himself monarch arbitrarily40 ,therefore ,adam chose ,god to be king of all the world1 and the beasts1 fowls1 and fishes gladly consented thereto4#cj ,but the sun1 seeing ,adam1 was filled with fear and became dark2 and the angels quaked and were dismayed1 and prayed to ,god to remove from them this mighty being whom ,he had made4 ,then ,god cast a deep sleep on ,adam1 and the sun and the angels looked on him lying helpless in his slumber1 and they plucked up courage and feared him no more4 ,the book ,sepher ,chasidim1 however1 says1 that the angels seeing ,adam so great and with his face shining above the brightness of the sun1 bowed before him1 and said1 8,holy1 holy1 holy60 ,whereupon ,god cast a sleep upon him and cut off great pieces of his flesh to reduce him to smaller proportions4 ,and when ,adam woke he saw bits of flesh strewed all round him1 like shavings in a carpenter's shop1 and he exclaimed1 8,o ,god6 how hast ,thou robbed me80 but ,god answered1 8,take these gobbets of flesh and carry them into all lands and drop them everywhere1 and strew dust on them2 and wherever they are laid1 that land will ,i give to thy posterity to inherit40#ca ,many are the origins attributed to man in the various creeds of ancient and modern heathendom4 ,sometimes he is spoken of as having been made out of water1 but more generally it is of earth that he has been made1 or from which he has been spontaneously born4 ,the ,peruvians believed that the world was peopled by four men and four women1 brothers and sisters1 who emerged from the caves near ,cuzco4 ,among the ,north ,american ,indians the earth is regarded as the universal mother4 ,men came into existence in her womb1 and crept out of it by climbing up the roots of the trees which hung from the vault in which they were conceived and matured2 or1 mounting a deer1 the animal brought them into daylight2 or1 groping in darkness1 they tore their way out with their nails4#cb ,the ,egyptian philosophers pretended that man was made of the mud of the ,nile4#cc ,in ,aristophanes1#cd man is spoken of as 4 ,among some of the ,chinese it is believed that man was thus formed3--8,the book ,fong-zen-tong says3 ,when the earth and heaven were made1 there was not as yet man or peoples4 ,then ,niu-hoa moulded yellow earth1 and of that made man4 ,that is the true origin of men40#ce ,and the ancient ,chaldeans supposed man was made by the mixing of the blood of ,belus with the soil4#cf #b4 ,,the ,,pre-,,adamites4 ,in #afee1 ,isaac de la ,peyreira1 a converted ,jew1 published a curious treatise on the ,pre-,adamites4 ,arguing upon ,romans v4 #ab-ad1 he contended that there were two creations of man2 that recorded in the first chapter of ,genesis and that described in the second chapter being distinct4 ,the first race he supposed to have peopled the whole world1 but that it was bad1 and therefore ,adam had been created with a spiritual soul1 and that from ,adam the ,jewish race was descended1 whereas the ,gentile nations issued from the loins of the ,pre-,adamites4 ,consequently the original sin of ,adam weighed only on his descendants1 and ,peyreira supposed that it was his race alone which perished1 with the exception of ,noah and his family1 in the ,deluge1 which ,peyreira contends was partial4 ,this book was condemned and burnt in ,paris by the hands of the executioner1 and the author1 who had taken refuge in ,brussels1 was there condemned by the ecclesiastical authorities4 ,he appealed to ,rome1 whither he journeyed1 and he was received with favor by ,alexander ,,vii41 before whom he abjured ,calvinism1 which he had professed4 ,he died at the age of #hb1 at ,aubervilliers1 near ,paris1 and ,moreri wrote the following epigrammatic epitaph for him3-- 8,la ,peyrre ici gt1 ce bon ,isralite1 ,huguenot1 catholique1 enfin pr-,adamite4 ,quatre religions lui plurent la fois2 ,et son indiffrence tait si peu commune1 ,qu'aprs quatre-vingts ans qu'il eut faire un choix1 ,le bon homme partit et n'en choisit aucune40 ,the ,oriental book ,huschenk-,nameh gives a fuller history of the ,pre-,adamites4 ,before ,adam was created1 says this book1 there were in the isle ,muscham1 one of the ,maldives1 men with flat heads1 and for this reason they were called by the ,persians1 ,nim-ser4 ,they were governed by a king named ,dambac4 ,when ,adam1 expelled the earthly ,paradise1 established himself in the ,isle of ,ceylon1 the flat-heads submitted to him4 ,after his death they guarded his tomb by day1 and the lions relieved guard by night1 to protect his body against the ,divs4 ,,iii4 ,,eve4#cg ,that man was created double1 i4 e4 both male and female1 is and has been a common opinion4 ,one ,rabbinical interpretation of the text1 8,and ,god created man in ,his own image1 male-female created ,he them10 is that ,adam and ,eve were formed back to back1 united at the shoulders1 and were hewn asunder with a hatchet2 but of this more presently4 ,the ,rabbis say that when ,eve had to be drawn out of the side of ,adam she was not extracted by the head1 lest she should be vain2 nor by the eyes1 lest they should be wanton2 nor by the mouth1 lest she should be given to gossiping2 nor by the ears1 lest she should be an eavesdropper2 nor by the hands1 lest she should be meddlesome2 nor by the feet1 lest she should be a gadabout2 nor by the heart1 lest she should be jealous2 but she was drawn forth by the side3 yet1 notwithstanding all these precautions1 she has every fault specially guarded against4#ch ,they also say that1 for the marriage-feast of ,adam and ,eve1 ,god made a table of precious stone1 and each gem was a hundred ells long and sixty ells wide1 and the table was covered with costly dishes4#ci ,the ,mussulman tradition is1 that ,adam having eaten the bunch of grapes given him as a reward for having preached to the angels1 fell asleep2 and whilst he slept1 ,god took from his left side a woman whom ,he called ,hava1 because she was extracted from one living 7,hai71 and ,he laid her beside ,adam4 ,she resembled him exactly1 except that her features were more delicate1 her hair longer and divided into seven hundred locks1 her form more slender1 her eyes softer1 and her voice sweeter than ,adam's4 ,in the mean time ,adam had been dreaming that a wife had been given to him2 and when he woke1 great was his delight to find his dream turned into a reality4 ,he put forth his hand to take that of ,hava1 but she withdrew hers1 answering his words of love with1 8,god is my master1 and ,i cannot give my hand to thee without ,his permission2 and1 moreover1 it is not proper for a man to take a wife without making her a wedding present40 ,adam thereupon sent the angel ,gabriel to ask ,god's permission to take to him ,hava as his wife4 ,gabriel returned with the answer that she had been created to be his helpmate1 and that he was to treat her with gentleness and love4 ,for a present he must pray twenty times for ,mohammed and for the prophets1 who1 in due season1 were to be born of him4 ,ridhwan1 the porter of ,paradise1 then brought to ,adam the winged horse ,meimun1 and to ,eve a light-footed she-camel4 ,gabriel helped them to mount and led them into ,paradise1 where they were greeted by all the angels and beasts with the words3 8,hail1 father and mother of ,mohammed60 ,in the midst of ,paradise was a green silk tent spread for them1 supported on gold pillars1 and in the tent was a throne upon which ,adam and ,hava were seated4 ,then they were bathed in one of the rivers of ,paradise and brought before the presence of ,god1 who bade them dwell in ,paradise4 8,i have prepared you this garden for your home2 in it you shall be protected from cold and heat1 from hunger and thirst4 ,enjoy all that meets your eye1 only of one fruit taste not4 ,beware how you break my command1 and arm yourself against the subtlety of your foe1 ,eblis2 he envies you1 and stands by you seeking to destroy you1 for through you was he cast out40#dj ,tabari says that ,adam was brought single into ,paradise1 through which he roamed eating from the fruit trees1 and a deep sleep fell upon him1 during which ,eve was created from his left side4 ,and when ,adam opened his eyes1 he saw her1 and asked her who she was1 and she replied1 8,i am thy wife2 ,god created me out of thee and for thee1 that thy heart might find repose40 ,the angels said to ,adam3 8,what thing is this8 ,what is her name8 ,why is she made80 ,adam replied1 8,this is ,eve40 ,adam remained five hundred years in ,paradise4 ,it was on a ,friday that ,adam entered ,eden4#da ,the inhabitants of ,madagascar have a strange myth touching the origin of woman4 ,they say that the first man was created of the dust of the earth1 and was placed in a garden1 where he was subject to none of the ills which now affect mortality2 he was also free from all bodily appetites1 and though surrounded by delicious fruit and limpid streams1 yet felt no desire to taste of the fruit or to quaff the water4 ,the ,creator had1 moreover1 strictly forbidden him either to eat or to drink4 ,the great enemy1 however1 came to him1 and painted to him in glowing colors the sweetness of the apple1 the lusciousness of the date1 and the succulence of the orange4 ,in vain3 the first man remembered the command laid upon him by his ,maker4 ,then the fiend assumed the appearance of an effulgent spirit1 and pretended to be a messenger from ,heaven commanding him to eat and drink4 ,the man at once obeyed4 ,shortly after1 a pimple appeared on his leg2 the spot enlarged to a tumor1 which increased in size and caused him considerable annoyance4 ,at the end of six months it burst1 and there emerged from the limb a beautiful girl4 ,the father of all living was sorely perplexed what to make of his acquisition1 when a messenger from heaven appeared1 and told him to let her run about the garden till she was of a marriageable age1 and then to take her to himself as his wife4 ,he obeyed4 ,he called her ,bahouna1 and she became the mother of all races of men4 ,the notion of the first man having been of both sexes till the separation1 was very common4 ,he was said to have been male on the right side and female on the left1 and that one half of him was removed to constitute ,eve1 but that the complete man consists of both sexes4 ,eugubinus among ,christian commentators1 the ,rabbis ,samuel1 ,manasseh ,ben-,israel1 and ,maimonides among the ,jews1 have given the weight of their opinion to support this interpretation4 ,the ,rabbi ,jeremiah ,ben-,eleazer1 on the authority of the text 8,thou hast fashioned me behind and before0 7,ps4 cxxxix4 #d71 argued that ,adam had two faces1 one male and the other female1 and that he was of both sexes4#db ,the ,rabbi ,samuel ,ben-,nahaman held that the first man was created double1 with a woman at his back1 and that ,god cut them apart4#dc 8,adam10 said other ,rabbis1 8had two faces and one tail1 and from the beginning he was both male and female1 male on one side1 female on the other2 but afterwards the parts were separated40#dd ,the ,talmudists assert that ,god cut off ,adam's tail and thereof formed ,eve4#de ,with this latter fable agrees the ludicrous myth of the ,kikapoo ,indians1 related in my 8,curiosities of ,olden ,times40 ,in ,aristophanes' speech in the ,symposium of ,plato1 a myth is given1 that in the beginning there was a race of men of which every member was double1 having two heads1 four legs and four arms1 and each of both sexes4 ,this race1 says he1 was filled with pride1 and it attempted to scale heaven4 ,the ,gods desired at once to reduce their might and punish their temerity1 but did not wish to destroy the human race2 consequently at the advice of ,zeus1 each androgyne was hewn assunder1 so as to leave to each half two arms and a pair of legs1 one head and a single sex4 ,an ,indian tradition is to this effect4 ,whilst ,brahma the creator was engaged in the production of beings1 he saw ,kaya 7body7 divide itself into two parts1 of which each part was of a different sex1 and thence sprang the whole human race4#df ,according to another much more explicit version1 ,viradi1 the first man1 finding his solitude intolerable1 fell into the deepest sorrow2 and1 yearning for a companion1 his nature developed into two sexes united in one4 ,then he separated into two individuals1 but found in that separation unhappiness1 for he was conscious of his imperfection2 then he reunited the existence of the two portions and was happy1 and from that reunion the world was peopled4#dg ,in ,persia1 ,meschia and ,meschiane1 the first man and the first woman1 were said to have formed originally but one body2 but they were cut apart1 and from this voluntary reunion all men are sprung4#dh ,the idea so prevalent that man without woman1 or woman without man1 is an imperfect being1 was the cause of the great repugnance with which the ,jews and other nations of the ,east regarded celibacy4 ,the ,rabbi ,eliezer1 commenting on the text 8,he called their name ,adam0 7,gen4 v4 #b71 laid down that he who has not a wife is not a man1 for man is the recomposition of male and female into one4#di ,bramah1 says an ,indian legend1 being charged with the production of the human race1 felt himself a prey to violent pains1 till his sides opened1 and from one flank emerged a boy and from the other a girl4 ,in ,china1 the story is told that the ,goddess ,amida sweated male children out of her right arm-pit1 and female children from her left arm-pit1 and these children peopled the earth4#ej ,vishnu1 according to an ,indian fable1 gave birth to ,dharma by his right side1 and to ,adharma by his left side1 and through ,adharma death entered the world4#ea ,another story is to the effect1 that the right arm of ,vena gave birth to ,pritu1 the master of the earth1 and the left arm to the ,virgin ,archis1 who became the bride of ,pritu4#eb ,pygmalion1 says the classic story1 which is really a ,phnician myth of creation1 made woman of marble or ivory1 and ,aphrodite1 in answer to his prayers1 endowed the statue with life4 8,often does ,pygmalion apply his hands to the work4 ,one while he addresses it in soft terms1 at another he brings it presents that are agreeable to maidens1 as shells and smooth pebbles1 and little birds1 and flowers of a thousand hues1 and lilies1 and painted balls1 and tears of the ,heliades1 that have distilled from the trees4 ,he decks her limbs1 too1 with clothing1 and puts a long necklace on her neck4 ,smooth pendants hang from her ears1 and bows from her breast4 ,all things are becoming to her40#ec ,but ,hesiod gives a widely different account of the creation of woman4 ,according to him1 she was sent in mockery by ,zeus to be a scourge to man3-- 8,the ,sire who rules the earth and sways the pole ,had spoken2 laughter filled his secret soul3 ,he bade the crippled god his hest obey1 ,and mould with tempering water plastic clay2 ,with human nerve and human voice invest ,the limbs elastic1 and the breathing breast2 ,fair as the blooming goddesses above1 ,a virgin likeness with the looks of love4 ,he bade ,minerva teach the skill that sheds ,a thousand colors in the glittering threads2 ,he called the magic of love's golden queen ,to breathe around a witchery of mien1 ,and eager passion's never-sated flame1 ,and cares of dress that prey upon the frame2 ,bade ,hermes last endue1 with craft refined ,of treacherous manners1 and a shameless mind40#ed ,that ,eve was ,adam's second wife was a common ,rabbinic speculation2 certain of the commentators on ,genesis having adopted this view to account for the double account of the creation of woman in the sacred text1--first in ,genesis i4 #bg1 and secondly in ,genesis ii4 #ah2 and they say that ,adam's first wife was named ,lilith1 but she was expelled from ,eden1 and after her expulsion ,eve was created4 ,abraham ,ecchellensis gives the following account of ,lilith1 and her doings3--8,there are some who do not regard spectres as simple devils1 but suppose them to be of a mixed nature1 part demoniacal1 part human1 and to have had their origin from ,lilith1 ,adam's first wife1 by ,eblis1 the prince of the devils4 ,this fable has been transmitted to the ,arabs from ,jewish sources1 by some converts of ,mahomet from ,cabbalism and ,rabbinism1 who have transferred all the ,jewish fooleries to the ,arabs4 ,they gave to ,adam a wife1 formed of clay1 along with ,adam1 and called her ,lilith2 resting on the ,scripture1 #8male and female created ,he them3'#ee but when this woman1 on account of her simultaneous creation with him1 became proud and a vexation to her husband1 ,god expelled her from ,paradise1 and then said1 #8,it is not good that the man should be alone2 ,i will make him a help meet for him4'#ef ,and this they confirm by the words of ,adam when he saw the woman fashioned from his rib1 #8,this is now bone of my bone1 and flesh of my flesh1'#eg which is as much as to say1 ,now ,god has given me a wife and companion1 suitable to me1 taken from my bone and flesh1 but the other wife he gave me was not of my bone and flesh1 and therefore was not a suitable companion and wife for me4 8,but ,lilith1 after she was expelled from ,paradise1 is said to have married the ,devil1 by whom she had children1 who are called ,jins4 ,these were endued with six qualities1 of which they share three with men1 and three with devils4 ,like men1 they generate in their own likeness1 eat food1 and die4 ,like devils1 they are winged1 and they fly where they list with great velocity2 they are invisible1 and they can pass through solid substances without injuring them4 ,this race of ,jins is supposed to be less noxious to men1 and indeed to live in some familiarity and friendship with them1 as in part sharers of their nature4 ,the author of the history and acts of ,alexander of ,macedon relates1 that in a certain region of ,india1 on certain hours of the day1 the young ,jins assume a human form1 and appear openly and play games with the native children of human parents quite familiarly40#eh ,it must not be supposed that women1 as they are now1 are at all comparable to ,eve in her pristine beauty2 on this point the ,talmud says3 8,all women in respect of ,sarah are like monkeys in respect of men4 ,but ,sarah can no more be compared to ,eve than can a monkey be compared with a man4 ,in like manner it may be said1 if any comparison could be drawn between ,eve and ,adam1 she stood to him in the same relation of beauty as does a monkey to a man2 but if you were to compare ,adam with ,god1 ,adam would be the monkey1 and ,god the man40#ei ,literary ladies may point to the primal mother as the first authoress2 for a ,gospel of ,eve existed in the times of ,s4 ,epiphanius1 who mentions it as being in repute among the ,gnostics4#fj ,and the ,mussulmans attribute to her a volume of ,prophecies which were written at her dictation by the ,angel ,raphael4#fa ,all ladies will be glad to learn that there is a tradition1 ,manichean1 it is true1 and anathematized by ,s4 ,clement1 which nevertheless contains a large element of truth2 it is to this effect1 that ,adam1 when made1 was like a beast1 coarse1 rude1 and inanimate1 but that from ,eve he received his upright position1 his polish1 and his spirituality4#fb ,,iv4 ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,man4 ,what was the tree of which our first parents were forbidden to eat8 ,in ,midrash1 f4 #g1 the ,rabbi ,mayer says it was a wheat-tree2 the ,rabbi ,jehuda1 that it was a grape-vine2 the ,rabbi ,aba1 that it was a ,paradise-apple2 the ,rabbi ,josse1 that it was a fig-tree3 therefore it was that1 when driven out of ,paradise1 they used its leaves for a covering4 ,the ,persian story1 adopted by the ,arabs1 is that the forbidden fruit was wheat1 and that it grew on a tree whose trunk resembled gold and its branches silver4 ,each branch bore five shining ears1 and each ear contained five grains as big as the eggs of an ostrich1 as fragrant as musk1 and as sweet as honey4 ,the people of ,southern ,america suppose it was the banana1 whose fibres form the cross1 and they say that thus1 in it1 ,adam discovered the mystery of the ,redemption4 ,the inhabitants of the island of ,st4 ,vincent think it was the tobacco plant4 ,but1 according to an ,iroquois legend1 the great mother of the human race lost heaven for a pot of bears' grease4#fc ,the story is as follows3--,the first men living alone were1 8,by the viewless winds1 ,blown with resistless violence round about ,the pendant world40 ,fearing the extinction of their race1 and having learnt that a woman dwelt somewhere in the heavens1 they deputed one of their number to seek her out4 ,this messenger of mankind was borne to the skies on the wings of assembled birds2 and then watched at the foot of a tree till the woman came forth to draw water from a neighboring well4 ,on her approach he addressed her1 offered her bears' fat1 and then seduced her4 ,the ,deity perceiving her shame1 in his anger thrust her out of heaven4 ,the tortoise received her on his back2 and from the depths of the sea the fish brought clay1 and thus gradually built up an island on which the universal mother brought forth her first twins4 ,according to the traditions of the ,lamaic faith1 the first men lived to the age of sixty thousand years4#fd ,they were invisibly nourished1 and were able to raise themselves at will to the heavens4 ,in this age of the world the transmigration of souls was universal1--all men were twice born2 and in this age it was that the thousand gods settled themselves in heaven4 ,in an unlucky hour the earth produced a honey-sweet substance3 one of the men lusted after it1 tasted and gave to his companions2 the consequence was1 that the men lost the power of rising from off the earth1 their size1 and their wisdom1 and were obliged to satisfy themselves with food produced by the soil4 ,the ,nepaul account of the beginning of sin is as follows3 8,originally10 says one of the ,tantras1 8the earth was uninhabited4 ,in those times the inhabitants of ,abhaswara1 one of the heavenly mansions1 used frequently to visit the earth1 and thence speedily return4 ,it happened at length that when a few of these beings1 who though half male1 half female1 through the innocence of their minds had never noticed their distinction of sex1 came as usual to the earth1 ,adi ,buddha suddenly created in them so violent a longing to eat1 that they ate some of the earth1 which had the taste of almonds2 and by eating it they lost their power of flying back to heaven1 and so they remained on the earth4 ,they were now constrained to eat the fruits of the earth for sustenance40#fe ,according to the ,cinghalese1 the ,brahmas inhabited the higher regions of the air1 where they enjoyed perfect happiness4 8,but it came to pass that one of them beholding the earth said to himself1 ,what thing is this8 and with one of his fingers having touched the earth1 he put it to the tip of his tongue1 and perceived the same to be deliciously sweet2 from that time all the ,brahmas ate of the sweet earth for the space of sixty thousand years4 ,in the mean time1 having coveted in their hearts the enjoyment of this earth1 they began to say to one another1 ,this part is mine and that is thine2 and so fixing boundaries to their respective shares1 divided the earth between them4 ,on account of the ,brahmas having been guilty of covetousness1 the earth lost its sweetness1 and then brought forth a kind of mushroom10 which the ,brahmas also coveted and divided1 and of which they were also deprived2 and thus they proceeded from food to food1 till their nature was changed1 and from spirits they became men1 imbibed wicked ideas1 and lost their ancient glory4#ff ,according to the ,chinese1 man is part spirit1 part animal4 ,the spirit follows the laws of ,heaven1 as a disciple his master2 the animal1 on the other hand1 is the slave of sense4 ,at his origin1 man obeyed the heavens2 his first state was one of innocence and happiness2 he knew neither disease nor death2 he was by instinct wholly good and spiritual4 ,but the immoderate desire to be wise1 or1 according to ,lao-tsee1 to eat1 was the ruin of mankind4#fg ,according to the ,persian faith1 the father of man had heaven for his destiny1 but he must be humble of heart1 pure of thought1 of word and of deed1 not invoking the ,divs3 and such in the beginning were the thoughts and acts of our first parents4 ,first they said1 8it is ,ormuzd 7,god7 who has given the water1 the earth1 the trees1 and the beasts of the field1 and the stars1 the moon1 the sun1 and all things pure40 ,but ,ahriman 7,satan7 arose1 and rushed upon their thoughts and said to them1 8,it is ,ahriman who has given these things to you40 ,thus ,ahriman deceived them1 and to the end will deceive4 ,to this lie they gave credence and became ,darvands1 and their souls were condemned till the great resurrection of the body4 ,during thirty days they feasted and covered themselves with black garments4 ,after thirty days they went to the chase2 and they found a white goat1 and with their lips they drew off her milk1 and drank her milk and were glad4 8,we have tasted nothing like to this milk10 said our first parents1 ,meschia and ,meschiane2 8the milk we have drunk was pleasant to the taste10 but it was an evil thing to their bodies4 8,then the ,div1 the liar1 grown more bold1 presented himself a second time1 and brought with him fruit of which they ate2 and of a hundred excellences they before possessed1 they now retained not one4 ,and after thirty days and nights they found a white and fat sheep1 and they cut off its left ear2 and they fired a tree1 and with their breath raised the fire to a flame2 and they burned part of the branches of that tree1 then of the tree khorma1 and afterwards of the myrtle2 and they roasted the sheep1 and divided it into three portions3 and of the two which they did not eat1 one was carried to heaven by the bird ,kehrkas4 8,afterwards they feasted on the flesh of a dog1 and they clothed themselves in its skin4 ,they gave themselves up to the chase1 and with the furs of wild beasts they covered their bodies4 8,and ,meschia and ,meschiane digged a hole in the earth1 and they found iron1 and the iron they beat with a stone2 and they made for themselves an axe1 and they struck at the roots of a tree1 and they felled the tree and arranged its branches into a hut2 and to ,god they gave no thanks2 and the ,divs took heart4 8,and ,meschia and ,meschiane became enemies1 and struck and wounded each other and separated2 then from out of the place of darkness the chief of the ,divs was heard to cry aloud3 ,o man1 worship the ,divs6 ,and the ,div of ,hate sat upon his throne4 ,and ,meschia approached and drew milk from the bull1 and sprinkled it towards the north1 and the ,divs became strong4 ,but during fifty winters1 ,meschia and ,meschiane lived apart2 and after that time they met1 and ,meschiane bare twins40#fh ,the story told by the ,mussulmans is as follows3-- ,adam and ,eve lived for five hundred years in ,paradise before they ate of the tree and fell2 for ,eblis was outside1 and could not enter the gates to deceive them4 ,for five hundred years ,eblis sought admission1 but the angel ,ridhwan warned him off with his flaming sword4 ,one day the peacock came through the gates of ,paradise4 ,this bird1 with the feathers of emeralds and pearls1 was not only the most beautiful creature ,god had made1 but it had also been endowed with a sweet and clear voice1 wherewith it daily sang the praises of ,god in the highways of ,eden4 ,this beautiful bird1 thought ,eblis1 when he saw it1 is surely vain1 and will listen to the voice of flattery4 ,thereupon he addressed it as a stranger1 beyond the hearing of ,ridhwan4 8,most beautiful of all birds1 do you belong to the denizens of ,paradise80 8,certainly10 answered the peacock4 8,and who are you who look from side to side in fear and trembling80 8,i belong to the ,cherubim who praise ,god night and day1 and ,i have slipped out of their ranks without being observed1 that ,i might take a glimpse of the ,paradise1 ,god has prepared for the saints4 ,will you hide me under your feathers1 and show me the garden80 8,how shall ,i do that which may draw down on me ,god's disfavor80 asked the peacock4 8,magnificent creature6 take me with you4 ,i will teach you three words which will save you from sickness1 old age1 and death40 8,must then the dwellers in ,paradise die80 8,all1 without exception1 who know not these three words40 8,is this the truth80 8,by ,god the ,almighty it is so40 ,the peacock believed the oath1 for it could not suppose that a creature would swear a false oath by its ,creator4 ,but1 as it feared that ,ridhwan would search it on its return through the gates1 it hesitated to take ,eblis with it1 but promised to send the cunning serpent out1 who would certainly devise a means of introducing ,eblis into the garden4 ,the serpent was formerly queen of all creatures4 ,she had a head like rubies1 and eyes like emeralds4 ,her height was that of a camel1 and the most beautiful colors adorned her skin1 and her hair and face were those of a beautiful maiden4 ,she was fragrant as musk and amber2 her food was saffron2 sweet hymns of praise were uttered by her melodious tongues2 she slept by the waters of the heavenly river ,kaulhar2 she had been created a thousand years before man1 and was ,eve's favorite companion4 ,this beautiful and wise creature1 thought the peacock1 will desire more even than myself to possess perpetual youth and health1 and will gladly admit the cherub for the sake of hearing the three words4 ,the bird was not mistaken2 as soon as it had told the story1 the serpent exclaimed3 8,what6 shall ,i grow old and die8 ,shall my beautiful face become wrinkled1 my eyes close1 and my body dissolve into dust8 ,never6 rather will ,i brave ,ridhwan's anger and introduce the cherub40 ,the serpent accordingly glided out of the gates of ,paradise1 and bade ,eblis tell her what he had told the peacock4 8,how shall ,i bring you unobserved into ,paradise80 asked the serpent4 8,i will make myself so small that ,i can sit in the nick between your front teeth10 answered the fallen angel4#fi 8,but how then can ,i answer when ,ridhwan addresses me80 8,fear not4 ,i will whisper holy names1 at which ,ridhwan will keep silence40 ,the serpent thereupon opened her mouth1 ,eblis flew in and seated himself between her teeth1 and by so doing poisoned them for all eternity4 ,when she had passed ,ridhwan in security1 the serpent opened her mouth and asked ,eblis to take her with him to the highest heaven1 where she might behold the majesty of ,god4 ,eblis answered that he was not ready to leave yet1 but that he desired to speak to ,adam out of her mouth1 and to this she consented1 fearing ,ridhwan1 and greatly desiring to hear and learn the three salutary words4 ,having reached ,eve's tent1 ,eblis uttered a deep sigh--it was the first that had been heard in ,eden1 and it was caused by envy4 8,why are you so disquieted1 gentle serpent80 asked ,eve4 8,i am troubled for ,adam's future10 answered the evil spirit1 affecting the voice of the serpent4 8,what6 have we not all that can be desired in this garden of ,god80 8,that is true2 but the noblest fruit of the garden1 the only one securing to you perfect happiness1 is denied to your lips40 8,have we not abundance of fruit of every color and flavor--only one is forbidden80 8,and if you knew why that one is forbidden1 you would find little pleasure in tasting the others40 8,do you know80 8,i do1 and for that reason am ,i so cast down4 ,this fruit alone gives eternal youth and health1 whereas all the others give weakness1 disease1 old age and death1 which is the cessation of life with all its joys40 8,why1 dearest serpent1 did you never tell me this before8 ,whence know you these things80 8,an angel told me this as ,i lay under the forbidden tree40 8,i must also see him10 said ,eve1 leaving her tent and going towards the tree4 ,at this moment ,eblis flew out of the serpent's mouth1 and stood in human form beneath the tree4 8,who art thou1 wondrous being1 the like of whom ,i have not seen before80 asked ,eve4 8,i am a man who have become an angel40 8,and how didst thou become an angel80 8,by eating of this fruit10 answered the tempter1--8this fruit which is denied us through the envy of ,god4 ,i dared to break ,his command as ,i grew old and feeble1 and my eyes waxed dim1 my ears dull1 and my teeth fell out1 so that ,i could neither speak plainly nor enjoy my food2 my hands shook1 my feet tottered1 my head was bent upon my breast1 my back was bowed1 and ,i became so hideous that all the beasts of the garden fled from me in fear4 ,then ,i sighed for death1 and hoping to find it in the fruit of this tree1 ,i ate1 and lo6 instantly ,i was young again2 though a thousand years had elapsed since ,i was made1 they had fled with all their traces1 and ,i enjoy perpetual health and youth and beauty40 8,do you speak the truth80 asked ,eve4 8,i swear by ,god who made me40 ,eve believed this oath1 and broke a branch from the wheat-tree4 ,before the ,fall1 wheat grew to a tree with leaves like emeralds4 ,the ears were red as rubies and the grains white as snow1 sweet as honey1 and fragrant as musk4 ,eve ate one of the grains and found it more delicious than any thing she had hitherto tasted1 so she gave a second grain to ,adam4 ,adam resisted at first1 according to some authorities for a whole hour1 but an hour in ,paradise was eighty years of our earthly reckoning4 ,but when he saw that ,eve remained well and cheerful1 he yielded to her persuasions1 and ate of the second grain which ,eve had offered him daily1 three times a day1 during the hour of eighty years4 ,thereupon all ,adam's heaven-given raiment fell from him1 his crown slipped off his head1 his rings dropped from his fingers1 his silken garments glided like water from his shoulders1 and he and ,eve were naked and unadorned1 and their fallen garments reproached them with the words1 8,great is your misfortune2 long will be your sorrows2 we were created to adorn those who serve ,god2 farewell till the resurrection60 ,the throne recoiled from them and exclaimed1 8,depart from me1 ye disobedient ones60 ,the horse ,meimun1 which ,adam sought to mount1 plunged and refused to allow him to touch it1 saying1 8,how hast thou kept ,god's covenant80 ,all the inhabitants of ,paradise turned their backs on the pair1 and prayed ,god to remove the man and the woman from the midst of them4 ,god himself addressed ,adam with a voice of thunder1 saying1 8,did not ,i forbid thee to touch of this fruit1 and caution thee against the subtlety of thy foe1 ,eblis80 ,adam and ,eve tried to fly these reproaches1 but the branches of the tree ,talh caught ,adam1 and ,eve entangled herself in her long hair4 8,from the wrath of ,god there is no escape10 cried a voice from the tree ,talh2 8obey the commandment of ,god40 8,depart from ,paradise10 then spake ,god1 8thou ,adam1 thy wife1 and the animals which led you into sin4 ,the earth shall be your abode2 in the sweat of thy brow shalt thou find food2 the produce of earth shall cause envy and contention2 ,eve 7,hava7 shall be afflicted with a variety of strange affections1 and shall bring forth offspring in pain4 ,the peacock shall lose its melodious voice1 and the serpent its feet2 dark and noisome shall be the den in which the serpent shall dwell1 dust shall be its meat1 and its destruction shall be a meritorious work4 ,eblis shall be cast into the torments of hell40 ,our parents were then driven out of ,paradise1 and one leaf alone was given to each1 wherewith to hide their nakedness4 ,adam was expelled through the gate of ,repentance1 that he might know that through it alone could ,paradise be regained2 ,eve was banished through the gate of grace2 the peacock and the serpent through that of ,wrath1 and ,eblis through the gate of ,damnation4 ,adam fell into the island ,serendib 7,ceylon71 ,eve at ,jedda1 the ,serpent into the desert of ,sahara1 the ,peacock into ,persia1 and ,eblis into the river ,eila4#gj ,tabari says that when the forbidden wheat had entered the belly of ,adam and ,eve1 all the skin came off1 except from the ends of the fingers4 ,now this skin had been pink and horny1 so that they had been invulnerable in ,paradise1 and they were left naked and with a tender skin which could easily be lacerated2 but as often as ,adam and ,eve looked on their fingernails1 they remembered what skin they had worn in ,eden4#ga ,tabari also says that four trees pitying the shame of ,adam and ,eve1 the ,peacock1 and the ,serpent1 in being driven naked out of ,paradise1 bowed their branches and gave each a leaf4 ,certain ,rabbis say that ,adam ate only on compulsion1 that he refused1 but ,eve 8took of the tree10--that is1 broke a branch and 8gave it him10 with the stick4 ,according to the ,talmudic book1 ,emek ,hammelech 7f4 #bc1 col4 #c71 ,eve1 on eating the fruit1 felt in herself the poison of ,jezer hara1 or ,original sin1 and resolved that ,adam should not be without it also2 she made him eat and then forced the fruit on the animals1 that they might all1 without exception1 fall under the same condemnation1 and become subject to death4 ,but the bird ,chol--that is1 the ,phnix--would not be deceived1 but flew away and would not eat4 ,and now the ,phnix1 says the ,rabbi ,joden after the ,rabbi ,simeon1 lives a thousand years1 then shrivels up till it is the size of an egg1 and then from himself he emerges young and beautiful again4 ,we have seen what are the ,asiatic myths relating to ,adam and ,eve2 let us now turn to ,africa4 ,in ,egypt it was related that ,osiris lived with ,isis his sister and wife in ,nysa1 or ,paradise1 which was situated in ,arabia4 ,this ,paradise was an island1 surrounded by the stream ,triton1 but it was also a steep mountain that could only be reached on one side4 ,it was adorned with beautiful flowers and trees laden with pleasant fruits1 watered by sweet streams1 and in it dwelt the deathless ones4 ,there ,osiris found the vine1 and ,isis the wheat1 to become the food and drink of men4 ,there they built a golden temple1 and lived in supreme happiness till the desire came on ,osiris to discover the water of ,immortality1 in seeking which he left ,nysa1 and was in the end slain by ,typhon4#gb ,the following is a very curious negro tradition1 taken down by ,dr4 ,tutschek from a native in ,tumale1 near the centre of ,africa4 ,til 7,god7 made men and bade them live together in peace and happiness1 labor five days1 and keep the sixth as a festival4 ,they were forbidden to hurt the beasts or reptiles4 ,they themselves were deathless1 but the animals suffered death4 ,the frog was accursed by ,god1 because when ,he was making the animals it hopped over his foot4 ,then ,god ordered the men to build mountains3 they did so1 but they soon forgot ,god's commands1 killed the beasts and quarrelled with one another4 ,wherefore ,til 7,god7 sent fire and destroyed them1 but saved one of the race1 named ,musikdegen1 alive4 ,then ,til began to re-create beings4 ,he stood before a wood and called1 ,ombo ,abnatum ,dgu6 and there came out a gazelle and licked ,his feet4 ,so ,he said1 stand up1 ,gazelle6 and when it stood up1 its beast-form disappeared1 and it was a beautiful maiden1 and ,he called her ,mariam4 ,he blessed her1 and she bore four children1 a white pair and a black pair4 ,when they were grown up1 ,god ordered them to marry1 the white together and the black together4 ,in ,dai1 the story goes that ,til cut out both ,mariam's knee-caps1 and of each ,he made a pair of children4 ,those which were white ,he sent north2 those which were black ,he gave possession of the land where they were born4 ,god then made the animals subject to death1 but the men ,he made were immortal4 ,but the new created men became disobedient1 as had the first creatures2 and the frog complained to ,him of ,his injustice in having made the harmless animals subject to death1 but guilty man deathless4 8,thou art right10 answered ,til1 and ,he cast on the men ,he had made1 old age1 sickness1 and death4#gc ,the ,fantis relate that they are not in the same condition as that in which they were made1 for their first parents had been placed in a lofty and more suitable country1 but ,god drave them into an inferior habitation1 that they might learn humility4 ,on the ,gold ,coast the reason of the ,fall is said to have been that the first men were offered the choice of gold or of wisdom1 and they chose the former4#gd ,in ,ashantee the story is thus told4 ,in the beginning1 ,god created three white and three black men and women1 and gave them the choice between good and evil4 ,a great calabash was placed on the earth1 as also a sealed paper1 and ,god gave the black men the first choice4 ,they took the calabash1 thinking it contained every thing1 and in it were only a lump of gold1 a bar of iron1 and some other metals4 ,the white men took the sealed paper1 in which they learned every thing4 ,so ,god left the black men in the bush and took the white men to the sea1 and ,he taught them how to build ships and go into another land4 ,this fall from ,god caused the black men to worship the subsidiary ,fetishes instead of ,him4#ge ,in ,greenland 8the first man is said to have been ,kallak4 ,he came out of the earth1 but his wife issued from his thumb1 and from them all generations of men have sprung4 ,to him many attribute the origin of all things4 ,the woman brought death into the world1 in that she said1 ,let us die to make room for our successors40#gf ,the tradition of the ,dog-rib ,indians near the ,polar ,sea1 as related by ,sir ,j4 ,franklin in his account of his expedition of #ahbe-bg1 is that the first man was called ,tschpiwih4 ,he found the earth filled with abundance of all good things4 ,he begat children and he gave to them two sorts of fruit1 one white and the other black1 and he bade them eat the white1 but eschew the black4 ,and having given them this command1 he left them and went a long journey to fetch the sun to enlighten the world4 ,during his absence they ate only of the white fruit1 and then the father made a second journey to fetch the moon1 leaving them well provided with fruit4 ,but after a while they forgot his command1 and consumed the black fruit4 ,on his return he was angry1 and cursed the ground that it should thenceforth produce only the black fruit1 and that with it should come in sickness and death4 ,dr4 ,hunter1 in his 8,memoirs of ,captivity amongst the ,indians10 says that the ,delawares believe that in the beginning the ,red men had short tails1 but they blasphemed the ,great ,spirit1 and in punishment for their sin their tails were cut off and transformed into women1 to be their perpetual worry4 ,the same story is told by ,mr4 ,atherne ,jones1 as heard by him among the ,kikapoos4 ,the ancient ,mexicans had a myth of ,xolotl1 making out of a man's bone the primeval mother in the heavenly ,paradise2 and he called the woman he had made ,cihuacouhatl1 which means 8,the woman with the serpent10 or ,quilatzli1 which means 8,the woman of our flesh40 ,she was the mother of twins1 and is represented in a ,mexican hieroglyph as speaking with the serpent1 whilst behind her stand the twins1 whose different characters are represented by different colors1 one of whom is represented slaying the other4#gg ,xolotl1 who made her out of a bone1 was cast out of heaven and became the first man4 ,that the ,mexicans had other traditions1 now lost1 touching this matter is probable1 for they had a form of baptism for children in which they prayed that those baptized might be washed from 8the original sin committed before the founding of the world40 ,and this had to do1 in all probability1 with a legend akin to that of the ,iroquois1 who told of the primeval mother falling1 and then of the earth being built up to receive her1 when precipitated out of heaven4 ,the ,caribs of ,south ,america relate that ,luoguo1 the first man and god1 created the earth and the sea1 and made the earth as fair as the beautiful garden in the heaven where dwell the gods4 ,luoguo dwelt among the men he had made for some while4 ,he drew the men out of his navel and out of his thigh which he cut open4 ,one of the first men was ,racumon1 who was transformed into a great serpent with a human head1 and he lived twined round a great ,cabatas tree and ate of its fruit1 and gave to those who passed by4 ,then the ,caribs lived to a great age1 and never waxed old or died4 ,afterwards they found a garden planted with manioc1 and on that they fed4 ,but they became wicked1 and a flood came and swept them away4#gh ,in the ,south ,sea ,islands we find other traditions of the ,fall4 ,in ,alea1 one of the ,caroline ,islands1 the tale runs thus3-- 8,the sister of ,eliulap the first man1 who was also a god1 felt herself in labor1 so she descended to earth and there brought forth three children4 ,to her astonishment she found the earth barren2 therefore by her mighty word1 she clothed it with herbage and peopled it with beasts and birds4 ,and the world became very beautiful1 and her sons were happy and did not feel sickness or death1 but at the close of every month fell into a slumber from which they awoke renewed in strength and beauty4 ,but ,erigeres1 the bad spirit1 envied this happiness1 so he came to the world and introduced into it pain1 age1 and death40#gi ,with the ,jewish additions to the story given in ,genesis1 we shall conclude4 ,the godless ,sammael had made an alliance with all the chiefs of his hosts against the ,lord1 because that the holy and ever blessed ,lord had said to ,adam and ,eve1 8,have dominion over the fish of the sea10 etc42 and he said1 8,how can ,i make man to sin and drive him out80 ,then he went down to earth with all his host1 and he sought for a companion like to himself2 he chose the serpent1 which was in size like a camel1 and he seated himself on its back and rode up to the woman1 and said to her1 8,hath ,god said1 ,ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden80 ,and he thought1 8,i will ask more presently40 ,then she answered1 8,he has only forbidden me the fruit of the ,tree of ,knowlege which is in the midst of the garden4 ,and ,he said1 #8,in the day thou touchest it thou shalt die4'0 ,she added two words2 ,god did not say any thing to her about touching it1 and she spoke of the fruit1 whereas ,god said the ,tree4 ,then the godless one1 ,sammael1 went up to the tree and touched it4 ,but the tree cried out1 8,let not the foot of pride come against me1 and let not the hand of the ungodly cast me down6 ,touch me not1 thou godless one60 ,then ,sammael called to the woman1 and said1 8,see1 ,i have touched the tree and am not dead4 ,do you also touch it and try40 ,but when ,eve drew near to the tree she saw the ,angel of ,death waiting sword in hand1 and she said in her heart1 8,perhaps ,i am to die1 and then ,god will create another wife for ,adam2 that shall not be1 he must die too40 ,so she gave him of the fruit4 ,and when he took it and bit1 his teeth were blunted1 and thus it is that the back teeth of men are no longer sharp4#hj ,v4 ,,adam ,,and ,,eve ,,after ,,the ,,fall4 ,when ,adam reached the earth1 the ,eagle said to the ,whale1 with whom it had hitherto lived in the closest intimacy1 8,now we must part1 for there is no safety for us animals since man has come amongst us4 ,the deepest abysses of ocean must be thy refuge1 and thou must protect thyself with cunning from the great foe who has entered the earth4 ,i must soar high above the clouds1 and there find a place of escape from him who is destined to be my pursuer till death40#ha ,according to certain cabbalistic ,rabbis1 ,adam1 when cast out of ,eden1 was precipitated into ,gehenna1 but he escaped therefrom to earth1 by repeating and pronouncing properly the mystic word ,laverererareri4#hb ,in the ,talmud it is related that when ,adam heard the words of ,god1 8,thou shalt eat the herb of the field0 7,gen4 iii4 #ah71 he trembled in all his limbs1 and exclaimed1 8,o ,lord of all the world6 ,i and my beast1 the ,ass1 shall have to eat out of the same manger60 ,but ,god said to him1 because he trembled1 8,thou shalt eat bread in the sweat of thy brow40#hc ,learned ,rabbis assert that the angel ,raphael had instructed ,adam in all kinds of knowledge out of a book1 and this book contained mighty mysteries which the highest angels could not fathom1 and knew not2 and before the ,fall the angels used to assemble in crowds1 and listen to ,adam instructing them in hidden wisdom4 ,in that book were seventy-two parts and six hundred and seventy writings1 and all this was known2 but from the middle of the book to the end were the one thousand five hundred hidden secrets of ,wisdom1 and these ,adam began to reveal to the angels till he was arrested by the angel ,haddarniel4 ,this book ,adam preserved and read in daily2 but when he had sinned1 it fled out of his hands and flew away1 and he went into the river ,gihon up to his neck1 and the water washed the glory wherewith he had shone in ,paradise from off his body4 ,but ,god was merciful1 and ,he restored to him the book by the hands of ,raphael1 and he left it to his son ,seth1 and ,enoch and ,abraham read in this book4#hd ,along with the book ,adam retained the rod which ,god had created at the close of the ,sabbath1 between sun and sun2 i4 e4 between nightfall and daybreak1 so says the ,rabbi ,levi4 ,adam left it to ,enoch1 and ,enoch gave it to ,noah1 and ,noah gave it to ,shem1 and ,shem to ,abraham1 and ,abraham delivered it to ,isaac1 and ,isaac gave it to ,jacob2 ,jacob brought the staff with him to ,egypt1 and gave it to his son ,joseph4 ,now when ,joseph died1 his house was plundered by the ,egyptians1 and all his effects were taken into ,pharaoh's house4 ,jethro was a mighty magician1 and when he saw the staff of ,adam and read the writing thereon1 he went forth into ,edom and planted it in his garden4 ,and ,jethro would allow none to touch it2 but when he saw ,moses he said1 8,this is he who will deliver ,israel out of ,egypt40 ,wherefore he gave him his daughter ,zipporah and the staff4 ,but the book ,midrash ,vajoscha relates this rather differently1 in the words of ,moses himself3 8,after ,i had become great ,i went out1 and seeing an ,egyptian ill-treat a ,hebrew man of my brethren1 ,i slew him and buried him in the sand4 ,but when ,pharoah heard this he sought to slay me1 and brought a sharp sword the like of which was not in the world2 and therewith ,i was ten times smitten on my neck4 ,but the ,holy ,god wrought a miracle1 for my neck became as hard as a marble pillar1 so that the sword had no power over me4 ,and ,i was forty years old when ,i fled out of ,egypt2 and ,i came to ,jethro's house and stood by the well and found ,zipporah his daughter2 and when ,i saw her1 ,i was pleased with her1 and asked her to marry me4 ,then she related to me her father's custom1 and it was this4 #8,my father proves every suitor for my hand by a tree which is in his garden2 and when he comes to the tree1 the tree clasps him in its branches4' ,then ,i asked her where such a tree was1 and she answered me1 #8,this is the staff which ,god created on the eve of the ,sabbath1 which was handed down from ,adam to ,joseph2 but ,jethro saw the staff at the plundering of ,joseph's house1 and he took it away with him from ,pharaoh's palace and brought it here4 ,this is the staff on which is cut the ,schem hammphorasch and the ten plagues that are in store for ,egypt1 and these are indicated by ten letters on the staff1 and they stand thus3 dam1 blood2 zephardeim1 frogs2 kinnim1 lice2 arof1 various insects2 defer1 murrain2 schechim1 blain2 barad1 hail2 arbeh1 locusts2 choschech1 darkness2 and bechor1 first born3--these will be the plagues of ,egypt4 ,this staff was for many days and years in my father's house1 till he one day took it in his hand and stuck it into the earth in the garden2 and then it sprouted and bloomed and brought forth almonds1 and when he saw that1 he proved every one who sought one of his daughters by that tree4'0 ,these are the words of the ,book ,midrash ,vajoscha1 and thereby may be seen that the staff of ,adam was of almond wood2 but ,yalkut ,chadasch1 under the title 8,adam10 says that the staff was of the wood of the ,tree of the ,knowledge of ,good and ,evil4#he ,when ,adam and ,eve were driven out of the garden1 says the ,talmud1 they wandered disconsolate over the face of the earth4 ,and the sun began to decline1 and they looked with fear at the diminution of the light1 and felt a horror like death steal over their hearts4 ,and the light of heaven grew paler1 and the wretched ones clasped one another in an agony of despair4 ,then all grew dark4 ,and the luckless ones fell on the earth1 silent1 and thought that ,god had withdrawn from them the light for ever2 and they spent the night in tears4 ,but a beam of light began to rise over the eastern hills1 after many hours of darkness1 and the clouds blushed crimson1 and the golden sun came back1 and dried the tears of ,adam and ,eve2 and then they greeted it with cries of gladness1 and said1 8,heaviness may endure for a night1 but joy cometh in the morning2 this is a law that ,god has laid upon nature40#hf ,among the ,manichean myths prevalent among the ,albigenses1 was one preserved to us by the troubadour ,pierre de-,saint-,cloud4 ,when ,adam was driven out of ,paradise1 ,god in mercy gave him a miraculous rod1 which possessed creative powers1 so that he had only to strike the sea with it and it would forthwith produce the beast he might require4 ,adam struck the sea1 and there rose from it the sheep2 then ,eve took the staff and smote the water1 and from it sprang the wolf1 which fell on the sheep and carried it off into the wood4 ,then ,adam took back the staff1 and with it called forth the dog to hunt the wolf and recover the sheep4 ,according to the ,mussulman tradition1 ,adam's beard grew after he had fallen1 and it was the result of his excessive grief and penitence3 how this affected his chin is not explained1 the fact only is thus boldly stated4 ,he was sorely abashed at his beard1 but a voice from heaven called to him1 saying1 8,the beard is man's ornament on earth2 it distinguishes him from the feeble woman40 ,adam shed so many tears that all birds and beasts drank of them1 and flowing into the earth they produced the fragrant plants and gum-bearing trees1 for they were still endued with the strength and virtue of the food of ,paradise4 ,but the tears of ,eve were transformed into pearls where they dribbled into the sea1 and into beautiful flowers where they sank into the soil4 ,both wailed so loud that ,eve's cry reached ,adam on the ,west wind1 and ,adam's cry was borne to ,eve on the wings of the ,east wind4 ,and when ,eve heard the well-known voice she clasped her hands above her head1 and women to this day thus testify their sorrow2 and ,adam1 when the voice of the weeping of ,eve sounded in his ears1 put his right hand beneath his beard1--thus do men to this day give evidence of their mourning4 ,and the tears pouring out of ,adam's eyes formed the two rivers ,tigris and ,euphrates4 ,all nature wept with him2 every bird and beast hastened to him to mingle their tears with his1 but the locust was the first to arrive1 for it was made of the superfluous earth which had been gathered for the creation of ,adam4 ,there are seven thousand kinds of locusts or grasshoppers1 of all colors and sizes1 up to the dimensions of an eagle2 and they have a king to whom ,god addresses ,his commands when ,he would punish a rebellious nation such as that of ,egypt4 ,the black character imprinted on the locust's wing is ,hebrew1 and it signifies1 8,god is ,one2 ,he overcometh the mighty2 the locusts are a portion of ,his army which ,he sends against the wicked40 ,as all nature thus wailed and lamented1 from the invisible insect to the angel who upholds the world1 ,god sent ,gabriel with the words which were in after-time to save ,jonah in the whale's belly1 8,there is no ,god but ,thou2 pardon me for ,mohammed's sake1 that great and last prophet1 whose name is engraved on ,thy throne40 ,when ,adam had uttered these words with penitent heart1 the gates of heaven opened1 and ,gabriel cried out1 8,god has accepted thy penitence1 ,adam6 pray to him alone1 ,he will give thee what thou desirest1 even the return to ,paradise1 after a certain time40 ,adam prayed1 8,lord1 protect me from the further malice of my enemy ,eblis40 8,speak the word1 ,there is no ,god but ,god2 that wounds him like a poisoned arrow40 8,lord1 will not the meat and drink provided by this earth lead me into sin80 8,drink water1 and eat only clean beasts which have been slain in the name of ,allah1 and build mosques where you dwell1 so will ,eblis have no power over you40 8,but if he torment me at night with evil thoughts and dreams80 8,then rise from thy couch and pray40 8,lord1 how shall ,i be able to distinguish between good and evil80 8,my guidance will be with thee2 and two angels will dwell in thy heart1 who shall warn thee against evil and encourage thee to good40 8,lord1 assure me ,thy grace against sin40 8,that can only be obtained by good works4 ,but this ,i promise thee1 evil shall be punished one-fold1 good shall be rewarded tenfold40 ,in the meanwhile the angel ,michael had been sent to ,eve to announce to her ,god's mercy4 ,when ,eve saw him1 she exclaimed1 8,o great and almighty ,archangel of ,god1 with what weapon shall ,i1 poor frail creature1 fight against sin80 8,god10 answered the ,angel1 8has given me for thee1 the most potent weapon of modesty2 that1 as man is armed with faith1 so mayest thou be armed with shamefacedness1 therewith to conquer thy passions40 8,and what will protect me against the strength of man1 so much more robust and vigorous than ,i1 in mind and in body80 8,love and compassion10 answered ,michael4 8,i have placed these in the deepest recesses of his heart1 as mighty advocates within him to plead for thee40 8,and will ,god give me no further gift80 8,for the pangs of maternity thou shalt feel1 this shall be thine1 death in child-bearing shall be reckoned in heaven as a death of martyrdom40#hg ,eblis1 seeing the mercy shown to ,adam and ,eve1 ventured to entreat ,god's grace for himself1 and obtained that he should not be enchained in the place of torment till the day of the general ,resurrection1 and that he should exercise sovereignty over the wicked and all those who should reject ,god's word in this life4 8,and where shall ,i dwell till the consummation of all things80 he asked of ,allah4 8,in ruined buildings1 and in tombs1 and in dens and caves of the mountains40 8,and what shall be my nourishment80 8,all beasts slain in the name of false gods and idols40 8,and how shall ,i slake my thirst80 8,in wine and other spirituous liquors40 8,and how shall ,i occupy myself in hours of idleness80 8,in music1 dancing1 and song40 8,what is the word of my sentence80 8,the curse of ,god till the ,judgment-day40 8,and how shall ,i fight against those men who have received ,thy revelation1 and are protected by the two angels80 8,thy offspring shall be more numerous than theirs3 to every man born into this world1 there will be born seven evil spirits1 who1 however1 will be powerless to injure true ,believers40 ,god then made a covenant with ,adam's successors2 ,he rubbed ,adam's back1 and lo6 from out of his back crawled all generations of men that were to be born1 about the size of ants1 and they ranged themselves on the left and on the right4 ,at the head of those on the right stood ,mohammed1 then the other prophets and the faithful1 distinguished from those on the left by their white and dazzling splendor4 ,those on the left were headed by ,kabil 7,cain74 ,god then acquainted ,adam with the names and fate of all his posterity2 and when the recital arrived at ,david1 to whom ,god had allotted only thirty years1 ,adam asked ,god1 8,how many years are accorded to me80 ,allah replied1 8,one thousand40 ,then said ,adam1 8,i make a present to ,david of seventy years out of my life40 ,god consented2 and knowing the shortness of ,adam's memory1 at all events in matters concerning himself inconveniently1 ,he made the angels bring a formal document of resignation engrossed on parchment1 and required ,adam to subscribe thereto his name1 and ,michael and ,gabriel to countersign it as witnesses4 ,a very similar tradition was held by the ,jews1 for in ,midrash ,jalkut 7fol4 #ab7 it is said3 ,god showed ,adam all future generations of men1 with their captains1 learned and literary men4 ,then he saw that ,david was provided with only three hours of life1 and he said1 8,lord and ,creator of the world1 is this unalterable80 8,such was my first intention10 was the reply4 8,how many years have ,i to live80 8,a thousand40 8,and is there such a thing known in heaven as making presents80 8,most certainly40 8,then ,i present seventy years of my life to ,david40 ,and what did ,adam next perform8 ,he drew up a legal document of transfer1 and sealed it with his own seal1 and ,god and ,metatron did likewise4 ,to return to the ,mussulman legend4 ,when all the posterity of ,adam were assembled1 ,god exclaimed to them1 8,acknowledge that ,i am the only ,god1 and that ,mohammed is my prophet40 ,the company on the right eagerly made this acknowledgment2 those1 however1 on the left long hesitated1--some said only the former portion of the sentence1 and others did not open their mouths4 8,the disobedient10 said ,allah to ,adam1 8shall1 if they remain obstinate1 be cast into hell1 but the true believers shall be received into ,paradise40 8,so be it10 replied ,adam4 ,and thus shall it be at the end of the world4 ,after the covenant1 ,allah rubbed ,adam's back once more1 and all his little posterity retreated into it again4 ,when now ,god withdrew ,his presence from ,adam's sight for the remainder of our first parents' life1 ,adam uttered such a loud and bitter cry that the whole earth quaked4 ,the ,all-merciful was filled with compassion1 and bade him follow a cloud which would conduct him to a spot where he would be directly opposite ,his throne1 and there he was to build a temple4 8,go about this temple10 said ,allah1 8and ,i am as near to you as the angels who surround my throne40 ,adam1 who was still the size that ,god had created him1 easily strode from ,ceylon to ,mecca after the cloud1 which stood over the place where he was to build4 ,on ,mount ,arafa1 near ,mecca1 to his great delight1 he found ,eve again1 and from this circumstance the mountain takes its name 7from ,arafa1 to recognize1 to know again74 ,they both began to build1 and erected a temple having four doors--one was called ,adam's door1 another ,abraham's door1 the third ,ishmael's door1 and the fourth ,mohammed's door4 ,the plan of the temple was furnished by ,gabriel1 who also contributed a precious stone1 but this stone afterwards1 through the sin of men1 turned black4 ,this black stone is the most sacred ,kaaba1 and it was originally an angel1 whose duty it had been to guard the ,wheat-,tree of the knowledge of good and evil1 and to warn off ,adam should he approach it4 ,but though his inattention the design of ,god was frustrated1 and in punishment he was transformed into a stone1 and he will not be released from his transformation till the ,last ,day4 ,gabriel taught ,adam also all the ceremonies of the great pilgrimage4 ,adam now returned with his wife to ,india1 and lived there till he died1 but every year he made a pilgrimage to ,mecca1 till he lost his primitive size1 and retained only the height of sixty eels4 ,the cause of his diminution in height was his horror and dismay at the murder of ,abel1 which made him shrink into himself1 and he was never afterwards able to stretch himself out again to his pristine dimensions4#hh ,the ,book of the ,penitence of ,adam is a curious apocryphal work of ,syriac origin2 ,i give an outline of its contents4 ,god planted1 on the third day1 the ,terrestrial ,paradise2 it is bounded on the east by the ocean in which1 at the ,last ,day1 the elect will wash away all those sins which have not as yet been purged away by repentance4 ,on leaving this garden of delights1 ,adam turned to take of it one last look4 ,he saw that the ,tree which had caused his fall was cursed and had withered away4 ,he was much surprised when night overtook him1 for in ,paradise he had not known darkness4 ,as he went along his way1 shedding tears1 he overtook the serpent gliding over the ground1 and licking the dust4 ,that serpent he had last seen on four feet1 very beautiful1 with the hair of a young maiden1 enamelled with brilliant colors4 ,now it was vile1 hideous1 and grovelling4 ,the beasts which1 before the ,fall1 had coveted its society1 fled from it now with loathing4 ,filled with rage at the sight of ,adam and ,eve1 to whom it attributed its present degradation1 the serpent flew at them and prostrated them4 ,thereupon ,god removed from it its sole remaining possession--the gift of speech1 and it was left only its hiss of rage and shame4 ,adam soon felt exhaustion1 heat1 fear and pain2--afflictions he had not known in ,eden4 ,as the shadows of night fell1 an intense horror overwhelmed the guilty pair2 they trembled in every limb and cried to ,god4 ,the ,almighty1 in compassion1 consoled them by announcing to them that day would return after twelve hours of night4 ,they were relieved by this promise1 and they spent the first night in prayer4 ,but ,satan1 who never lost sight of them1 fearing lest their prayers should wholly appease the divine justice1 assembled his host of evil angels1 surrounded himself with a brilliant light1 and stood at the entrance of the cave where the banished ones prayed4 ,he hoped that ,adam would mistake him for ,god1 and prostrate himself before him4 ,but ,adam said to ,eve3 8,observe this great light and this multitude of spirits4 ,if it were ,god who sent them1 they would enter and tell us their message40 ,adam did not know then that ,satan cannot approach those who pray4 ,then ,adam addressed himself to ,god and said1 8,o my ,god6 is there another ,god but ,thou1 who can create angels and send them to us8 ,lord1 deign to instruct us60 ,then a heavenly angel entered the cavern and said1 8,adam1 fear not those whom you see2 it is ,satan and his host4 ,he sought to seduce you again to your fall40 ,having thus spoken1 the angel fell upon ,satan and tore from off him his disguise1 and exposed him in his hideous nakedness to ,adam and ,eve4 ,and to console them for this trial1 ,god sent ,adam gold rings1 incense and myrrh1 and said to him1 8,preserve these things1 and they will give you at night ,light and fragrance2 and when ,i shall come down on earth to save you1 clothed in human flesh1 kings shall bring me these three tokens40 ,it is because of this present that the cavern into which ,adam and ,eve retreated has been called the ,treasure-cave4 ,adam and ,eve1 greatly cheered1 blessed the ,lord1 and thanked him for his goodness1 and resolved to continue their repentance4 ,a short time after they committed a fault4 ,satan presented himself to them under the form of an angel of light1 and announced that he was commissioned by the ,most ,high to lead them to the brink of the ,river of the ,water of ,life1 into which they were to plunge and wash away their sin4 ,they believed1 and followed him by a strange road1 and he led them to the edge of a precipice1 down which he endeavored to fling them2 for1 he thought1 were he to destroy the man and the woman1 he would be supreme in the world ,god had made4 ,but the ,almighty rescued ,adam and ,eve1 and drave ,satan from them4 ,to punish themselves for their involuntary fault1 ,adam and ,eve separated1 so as not to see one another1 and resolve to spend forty days up to their necks in the sea4 ,before parting1 ,adam said to his wife1 8,remain in the water here1 and do not quit it till ,i return1 and spend your time in praying the ,lord to pardon us40 ,now1 whilst they were undergoing this penance1 ,satan cast about how he might bring to naught our first parents1 and he sought them but could not find them1 till on the thirty-fifth day of their penance he perceived the two heads above the water2 then he knew at once what was their intention1 and he resolved to frustrate it4 ,so he took upon him the form of an angel of ,heaven1 and flew over the sea singing praises to ,god2 and when he came to the place where ,eve was1 he cried1 8,joy1 joy to thee6 ,god is with thee1 and he has sent me to bring thee to ,adam to announce to him that he has found favor with the ,most ,high40 ,eve instantly scrambled out of the water1 and followed ,satan to ,adam1 and the ,evil ,one placed her before her husband1 and vanished4 ,when ,adam saw his wife1 he was filled with dismay1 and beat his breast and wept4 ,when she told him why she was there1 he knew that the great ,enemy had been again at his work of deception1 and he fell into despair4 ,but a voice from ,heaven bade him return with ,eve to the ,treasure-cave4 ,hunger1 thirst1 cold1 and prayer had completely exhausted the pair1 and ,adam cried to the ,lord1 8,o ,god1 my ,creator6 ,thou hast given me reason and an enlightened heart4 ,when ,thou didst forbid me to eat of the fruit of the ,tree1 ,eve was not yet made1 and she did not hear ,thy command2 in ,eden we hungered not1 nor felt thirst or pain or fatigue4 ,all this have we lost4 ,and now we dare not touch the fruit of the trees or drink of water without ,thy command4 ,our bodies are exhausted1 our strength is gone2 grant us wherewith to satisfy our hunger1 and to quench our thirst40 ,god ordered the ,cherubim who kept the gate of ,eden1 to carry to ,adam two figs from the tree under which our first parents had concealed themselves after the ,fall4 8,take10 said the ,cherubim1 presenting the figs to them1 8take the fruit of the tree whose leaves covered your shame40 8,oh60 cried ,adam1 8may ,god grant us some of the fruit of the ,tree of ,life40 ,but ,god answered1 8,i will give unto you this fruit and living water1 to you and to your descendants1 on that day that ,i shall descend into the abode of death and shall break the gates of iron in sunder1 to bring you forth into my garden of pleasures4 ,that which you ask of ,me shall take place at the expiration of five long days and a half 7i4 e4 #e1ejj years71 after that my blood has flowed upon thy head1 ,o ,adam1 upon ,golgotha40 ,adam and ,eve took the figs1 which were very heavy1 for the fruits of the earthly paradise were much larger than the fruit of this outer world in which we live4 ,and when they were about to enter into the ,cave of ,treasures1 they saw there a great fire2 this mightily astonished them1 for as yet they had not seen fire except in the flaming sword of the ,cherub4 ,now this fire which surprised them was the work of ,satan2 he had collected branches and had fired them in the hope of burning down the cavern and driving ,adam to despair4 ,the fire lasted till the morrow2 ,satan1 without showing himself1 keeping it supplied with fresh fuel4 ,adam and ,eve did not venture to approach1 but recommended themselves to ,god2 and the ,evil ,one1 finding that his plan had failed1 let the fire die out and departed4 ,adam and ,eve slept the following night at the foot of a mountain near their lost ,eden4 ,satan beholding them1 said1 8,god has made a compact with ,adam1 whom he desires to save1 but ,i will slay him1 and the earth shall be mine40 ,he therefore summoned his attendant angels1 and they dislodged a huge rock from the mountain and hurled it upon the sleepers4 ,but as this mass was bounding down the flank of the mountain1 and was in mid-air in one of its leaps1 ,god arrested it above the heads of the sleepers1 and it sheltered them from the dews of night4 ,adam and ,eve awoke greatly troubled by their dreams1 and they asked of ,god garments to cover their naked bodies1 for they suffered from the scorching sun by day1 and the frost by night4 ,god replied1 8,go to the shore of the sea2 you will there find the skins of sheep which have been devoured by lions3 of them make to yourselves raiment40 ,satan heard the words of ,god1 and he outran our first parents1 that he might secure the skins and destroyed them1 in the hopes that ,adam and ,eve1 finding no hides1 would doubt ,god and think that he had failed in ,his word4 ,but ,god fastened ,satan in his naked hideousness beside the skins1 immovable1 till ,adam and ,eve arrived1 when he addressed them in these terms3 8,behold him who has seduced you2 see what has become of his beauty4 ,after having made you such promises1 he was about to rob you of these hides40 ,adam and ,eve took the skins and made of them garments4 ,a few days after1 ,god said to them1 8,go to the west till you arrive at a black land2 there you will find food40 ,they obeyed1 and they saw corn full ripe1 and ,god inspired ,adam with knowledge how to make bread4 ,but not having sickles they tore the corn up by the roots1 and having made a rick of it1 they slept1 expecting to thrash it out and grind it on the morrow4 ,but ,satan fired this rick and reduced their harvest to ashes4 ,whilst they wept and lamented1 ,satan came to them as an angel1 and said1 8,this is the work of your ,enemy the ,fiend1 but ,god has sent me to bring you into a field where you will find better corn40 ,they followed him1 nothing doubting1 and he led them for eight days1 and they fainted with exhaustion and were foot-sore4 ,then he left them in an unknown land2 but ,god was their protector1 ,he brought them back to their harvest and restored their rick of corn1 and they made bread and offered to ,god the first sacrifice4#hi ,but enough of this apocryphal work1 which contains a string of absurd tricks played by ,satan on our first parents1 which are invariably defeated by ,god2 of these the specimens given above are sufficient4 ,a curious legend exists among the ,sclavonic nations by which the existence of elves is accounted for4 ,it is said that ,adam had by his wife ,eve1 thirty sons and thirty daughters4 ,god asked him1 one day1 the number of his children4 ,adam was ashamed of having so many girls1 so he answered1 8,thirty sons and twenty-seven daughters40 ,but from the eye of ,god nothing can be concealed1 and ,he took from among ,adam's daughters the three fairest1 and ,he made them ,willis1 or elves2 they were good and holy1 and therefore did not perish in the ,deluge1 but entered with ,noah into the ark and were saved4 ,the story of ,adam's penitence1 as told by ,tabari1 is as follows3-- ,the moment that ,adam fell out of ,paradise and touched the ground on the mountains in the centre of ,ceylon1 he understood in all its magnitude the greatness of his loss and his sin4 ,he remained stupefied with his face on the earth1 and did not raise it1 but allowed his tears to flow upon and soak into the soil4 ,for a hundred years he remained in this position1 and his tears formed a stream which rolled down the mountain1 which still flows from ,adam's ,peak in the island of ,ceylon1 and gives their virtue to the healing plants and fragrant trees which there flourish1 and are exported for medicinal purposes4 ,when a hundred years had elapsed1 ,god had compassion on ,adam1 and sent ,gabriel to him1 who said1 8,god salutes thee1 ,o ,adam6 and ,he bids me say to thee1 ,did ,i not create thee out of the earth by ,my will8 ,did ,i not give thee ,paradise to be thine abode8 ,why these tears and sighs80 ,adam replied1 8,how shall ,i not weep1 and how shall ,i abstain from sighing8 ,have ,i not lost the protection of ,god1 and have ,i not disobeyed ,his will80 ,gabriel said1 8,do not afflict thyself4 ,recite the words ,i shall teach thee1 and ,god will grant thee repentance which ,he will accept10 as it is written in the ,koran1 8,adam learnt of ,his ,lord words2 and the ,lord returned to ,him1 for ,he is merciful1 and ,he returns40 ,adam recited these words1 and in the joy he felt at the prospect of finding mercy1 he wept1 and his joyous tears watered the earth1 and from them sprang up the narcissus and the ox-eye4 ,then said ,adam to ,gabriel1 8,what shall ,i now do80 ,and ,gabriel gave to ,adam wheat-grains from out of ,paradise1 the fruit of the ,forbidden ,tree1 and he bade him sow it1 and he said1 8,this shall be thy food in future40 ,afterwards1 ,gabriel taught ,adam to draw iron out of the rock and to make instruments of husbandry4 ,and all that ,adam sowed sprang up in the self-same hour that it was sown1 for the blessing of ,god was upon it4 ,and ,adam reaped and thrashed and winnowed4 ,then ,gabriel bade him take two stones from the mountain1 and he taught him with them to grind the corn2 and when he had made flour1 he said to the angel1 8,shall ,i eat now80 ,but ,gabriel answered1 8,not so20 and he showed him how to build an oven of iron4 ,it was from this oven that the water of the deluge at ,koufa flowed4 ,he taught him also to make dough and to bake4 ,but ,adam was hungry1 and he said1 8,let me eat now10 and the angel stayed him1 and answered1 8,tarry till the bread be cold and stale10 but he would not1 but ate4 ,therefore he suffered from pain in his belly4 ,next1 ,gabriel by the command of ,allah brought out of ,eden the ox and fruit2 of these latter there were ten kinds whose exterior was edible1 but whose insides were useless to eat1 such as the apricot1 the peach and the date4 ,and there were three that could not be eaten anyhow4 ,then he brought ten more whose insides and outsides might be eaten1 such as the grape1 the fig1 and the apple4 ,said ,gabriel to ,adam1 8,sow these10 and he sowed them4 ,these are the trees that the angel brought out of ,paradise4 ,now ,adam was all alone on the peak in the midst of ,ceylon1 and his head was in the first heaven4 ,the sun burnt him1 so that all his hair fell off2 and ,god1 in compassion1 bade ,gabriel pass his wing over ,adam's head1 and ,adam thereupon shrank to the height of sixty cubits4 ,and then he could no longer hear the voices of the angels in heaven1 and he was sore distressed4 ,then ,god said to him1 8,i have made this world thy prison1 but ,i send to thee out of heaven a house of rubies1 in order that thou mayest enter in and walk round it1 and therein find repose for thy heart40 ,thereupon out of heaven descended 8the visited house10 and it was placed where now stands the temple of ,mecca4 ,the black stone which is there was originally white and shining4 ,it was placed in the ruby house4 ,whosoever looked in that direction from ten parasangs off1 could see the light of that house shining like a fire up to the heaven1 and in the midst of that red light shone the white stone like a star4 ,afterwards1 ,gabriel conducted ,adam to that house that he might go in procession round it4 ,all the places where his foot was planted became verdant oases1 with rivers of water and many flowers and trees1 but all the tract between was barren4 ,gabriel taught ,adam how to make the pilgrimage2 and if any one now goes there without knowing the ceremonies1 he needs a guide4 ,then ,adam met with ,eve again1 and they rejoiced together2 and she went back with him to ,ceylon4 ,now at that time there was in the world no other pair than ,adam and ,eve1 and no other house than the mansion of rubies4 ,now ,eblis had made his prayer to ,allah that he might be allowed to live till ,israfiel should sound the last trumpet4 ,and he asked this1 because those who are alive when that trumpet sounds1 shall not die any more1 for ,death will be brought in1 in the shape of a sheep1 and will be slaughtered2 and when ,death is slaughtered1 no one will be able to die4 ,and ,god said1 8,i give thee the time till all creatures must die40 ,then ,eblis said1 8,just as ,thou didst turn me out of the right way1 so shall ,i pervert those whom ,thou hast made40 ,satan went to man and said to him1 8,god has driven me out of ,paradise1 never to return there1 and ,he has taken from me the sovereignty of this world to give it to thee4 ,why should we not be friends and associate together1 and ,i can advise thee on thy concerns80 ,and ,adam thought to himself1 8,i must be the companion of this one1 but ,i will make use of him40 ,so he suffered him to be his comrade4 ,the first act of treachery he did was this4 ,every child ,adam had by ,eve died when born4 ,eve became pregnant for the fourth time1 and ,eblis said to ,adam1 8,i believe this child will be good-looking and will live40 8,i am of the same opinion10 answered ,adam4 8,if my prophecy turns out right10 said the ,evil ,one1 8give the child to me40 8,i will give it10 said ,adam4 ,now the child1 when born1 was very fair to look upon1 and ,adam1 though he repented of his rash promise1 did not venture to break his word2 so he gave the child to ,eblis1 that is to say1 he named it ,abd-el-,hareth1 or ,servant of ,hareth1 instead of ,abd-,allah1 ,servant of ,god4 ,and after living two years it died4#ij ,thus ,satan became an associate in the affairs of man4 ,but others tell the conclusion of the story somewhat differently4 ,they say that the child ,abd-el-,hareth became the progenitor of the whole race of ,satyrs1 nightmares1 and hobgoblins4 ,maimonides says that the ,sabians attribute to ,adam the introduction of the worship of the moon1 on which account they call him the prophet or apostle of the moon4#ia ,a large number of books are attributed to ,adam4 ,the passage in ,genesis1 ,this is the ,book of the generations of ,adam1#ib led many to suppose that ,moses quoted from a book written by our first parent4 ,that such an apocryphal book did exist in after-times1 appears from the fact of ,pope ,gelasius in his decrees rejecting it as spurious4 ,he speaks of it as 8the book which is called the ,book of the generations of ,adam or ,geneseos40 ,and the ,rabbis say that this book was written by ,adam1 after he had seen all his posterity brought out before him1 as already related4 ,and this book1 they say1 ,adam gave to ,enoch4#ic ,beside this1 there existed an ,apocalypse of ,adam1 which is mentioned by ,s4 ,epiphanius1 who quotes a passage from it1 in which ,adam describes the ,tree of ,life1 which produced twelve kinds of fruit every year4#id ,and ,george ,syncellus1 in his ,chronicle1 extracts a portion of an apocryphal ,life of ,adam4 ,amongst the ,revelations of ,s4 ,amadeus are found two psalms1 which1 in vision1 he heard had been composed by ,adam4 ,one was on the production of ,eve1 the other is a hymn of repentance1 a joint composition of the two outcasts4 ,it runs as follows3-- ,adam4--8,adonai1 my ,lord ,god1 have mercy upon me for ,thy great goodness1 and according to the multitude of ,thy mercies do away my transgressions4 ,i am bowed down with trouble1 ,thy waves and storms have gone over me4 ,deliver me1 ,o ,god1 and save me from the flood of many waters4 ,hear my words1 ,o ,heavens1 and all ye that dwell in them4 ,may the angels bear up all my thoughts and words to ,thee1 and may the celestial virtues declare them4 ,may the ,lord bend ,his compassionate ear to my lowly petition4 ,may ,he hear my prayer1 and let the cry of my heart reach ,him4 ,thou1 ,o ,god1 art the true and most brilliant light2 all other lights are mingled with darkness4 ,thou art the sun that knowest no down-setting1 that dwellest in inaccessible light4 ,thou art the end to which all flesh come4 ,thou art the only satisfaction of all the blessed40 ,eve4--8,adonai1 ,lord ,god1 have mercy upon me for ,thy great goodness1 and for the multitude of ,thy mercies do away my transgressions4 ,thou before all things didst create the immovable heaven as a holy and exalted home1 and ,thou didst adorn it with angel spirits1 to whom ,thou didst in goodness declare thy purposes4 ,they were the bright morning stars who sang to ,thee through ages of ages4 ,thou didst form the movable heaven and ,thou didst set in it the watery clouds4 ,those waters are under the immovable heaven1 and are above all that live and move4 ,thou didst create the light2 the beauteous sun1 the moon with the five planets didst ,thou place in the midst1 and didst fix the signs and constellations4 ,thou didst produce four elements1 and didst kindle all with ,thy wisdom40 ,adam4--8,adonai1 ,lord ,god1 have mercy upon me for ,thy great goodness1 and for the multitude of ,thy mercies do away my transgressions4 ,thou hast cast out the proud and rebel dragon with ,thy mighty arm4 ,thou hast put down the mighty from their seat and hast exalted the humble and meek4 ,thou hast filled the hungry with good things1 and the rich ,thou hast sent empty away4 ,thou didst fashion me in ,thine own image of the dust of earth1 and destine me1 mortal1 to be immortal2 and me1 frail1 to endure4 ,thou didst lead me into the place of life and joy1 and didst surround me with all good things2 ,thou didst put all things under my feet1 and didst reveal to me ,thy great name1 ,adonai4 ,thou didst give me ,eve1 to be a help meet for me1 whom ,thou didst draw from my side40 ,adam4--8,adonai1 ,lord and ,god1 have mercy upon me for ,thy great goodness1 and for the multitude of ,thy mercies do away my transgressions2 for ,thou hast made me the head of all men4 ,thou hast inspired me and my consort with ,thy wisdom1 and hast given us a free will and placed our lot in our own hands4 ,but thou hast given us precepts and laws1 and hast placed life and death before us that we might keep ,thy commandments1 and in keeping them find life2 but if we keep them not1 we shall die4 ,lucifer1 the envious one1 saw and envied4 ,he fought against us and prevailed4 ,conquered by angels1 he conquered man1 and subjugated all his race4 ,i have sinned4 ,i am he who have committed iniquity4 ,if ,i had refused in my free will1 neither ,eve nor the ,enemy could have obtained my destruction4 ,but being in honor ,i had no understanding and ,i lost my dignity4 ,i am like to the cattle1 the horse1 and the mule1 which have no understanding40 ,eve4--8,adonai1 ,lord and ,god1 have mercy upon me for ,thy great goodness1 and for the multitude of ,thy mercies do away mine offences4 ,great is our ,god1 and great is ,his mercy2 ,his goodness is unmeasured4 ,he will supply the remedy to our sin1 that if we will to rise1 we may be able to arise2 ,he has appointed ,his ,son1 the glorifier of all1 and our ,redeemer2 and ,he has appointed the ,holy ,mother to be our mediatrix1 in whose image ,he has built me1 ,eve1 the mother of all flesh4 ,he has fashioned the ,mother after the likeness of her daughter4 ,he has made the father after the image and likeness of ,his ,son2 and ,he will blot out our transgressions for ,his merits1 if we yield our wills thereto1 and receive ,his sacraments4 ,he will receive a free-will offering1 and ,he will not despise a contrite heart4 ,to those going towards ,him1 ,he will fly with welcome1 ,he will pardon their offences and will crown them with glory40 ,adam4--8,adonai1 ,lord and ,god1 have mercy upon me for ,thy great goodness1 and for the multitude of ,thy mercies do away mine offences4 ,o ,god1 great is the abundance of ,thy sweetness4 ,blessed are all they that hope in ,thee4 ,after the darkness ,thou bringest in the light2 and pain is converted into joy4 ,thou repayest a thousand for a hundred1 and for a thousand thou givest ten thousand4 ,for the least things1 ,thou rewardest with the greatest things2 and for temporal joys1 ,thou givest those that are eternal4 ,blessed are they that keep ,thy statutes1 and bend their necks to ,thy yoke4 ,they shall dwell in ,thy ,tabernacle and rest upon ,thy holy hill4 ,they shall be denizens of ,thy courts with ,thee1 whose roots shine above gold and precious stones4 ,blessed are they who believe in the triune ,god1 and will to know ,his ways4 ,we all sing1 ,glory to the ,father1 and to the ,son1 and to the ,holy ,ghost1 and we magnify our ,god4 ,as in the beginning the angels sang1 so shall we now and ever1 and in ages of ages4 ,amen40#ie ,manasseh ,ben-,israel has preserved a prophecy of ,adam1 that the world is to last seven thousand years4 ,he says this secret was handed down from ,adam to ,enoch1 and from ,enoch to ,noah1 and from ,noah to ,shem4#if ,at ,hebron is a cave1 8which10 says an old traveller1 8,christians and ,turks point out as having been the place where ,adam and ,eve bewailed their sins for a hundred years4 ,this spot is towards the west1 in a valley1 about a hundred paces from the ,damascene field2 it is a dark grotto1 not very long or broad1 very low1 in a hard rock1 and not apparently artificial1 but natural4 ,this valley is called ,la valle de' ,lagrime1 the ,vale of ,tears1 as they shed such copious tears over their transgressions40#ig ,abu ,mohammed ,mustapha ,ben-,alschit ,hasen1 in his ,universal ,history1 says that ,adam's garment of fig-leaves1 in which he went out of ,eden1 was left by him1 when he fell1 on ,adam's ,peak in ,ceylon4 ,there it dried to dust1 and the dust was scattered by the wind over the island1 and from this sprang the odoriferous plants which grow there4#ih ,adam is said to have not gone altogether empty-handed out of ,paradise4 ,hottinger1 in his ,oriental ,history1 quoting ,jewish authorities1 says3 8,adam having gone into the land of ,babel1 took with him many wonderful things1 amongst others a tree with flowers1 leaves and branches of gold1 also a stone tree1 also the leaves of a tree so strong that they were inconsumable in fire1 and so large as to be able to shelter under them ten thousand men of the stature of ,adam2 and he carried about with him two of these leaves1 of which one would shelter two men or clothe them40#ii ,of these trees we read in the ,gemara that the ,rabbi ,canaan asked of the ,rabbi ,simon1 son of ,assa1 who had gone to see them1 whether this was true4 ,he was told in reply that it was so1 and that at the time of the ,captivity the ,jews had seated themselves under these trees1 and in their shadow had found consolation4 ,but ,palestine seems also to have possessed some of the trees of ,adam's planting1 for ,jacob ,vitriacus in his ,jewish ,history says3 8,there are in that land wonderful trees1 which for their pre-excellence are called ,apples of ,paradise1 bearing oblong fruit1 very sweet and unctuous1 having a most delicious savor1 bearing in one cluster more than a hundred compressed berries4 ,the leaves of this tree are a cubit long and half a cubit wide4 ,there are three other trees producing beautiful apples or citrons1 in which the bite of a man's teeth is naturally manifest1 wherefore they are called ,adam's ,apples40#ajj ,hottinger says that at ,tripoli grows a tree called ,almaus1 or ,adam's apple1 with a green head1 and leaves like outspread fingers1 no branches1 but only leaves1 and with a fruit like a bean-pod1 of delicious flavor1 and an odor of roses4 ,buntingius1 in his ,itinerary1 describes an ,adam's apple which he tasted at ,alexandria1 and he said the taste was like pears1 and the clusters of prodigious size1 with twenty in each cluster1 like magnificent bunches of grapes4 ,but the most remarkable fact about them was that1 if one of the fruit were cut with a knife1 the figure of a crucifix was found to be contained in it4#aja ,and this tree was supposed to have been the forbidden tree1 and the fruit to have thus brought hope as it also brought death to the eater4 ,nider1 8,in ,formicario10 also relates that this fruit1 thus marked with the form of the ,crucified1 grows in ,granada4#ajb 8,at ,beyrut1 of which ,s4 ,nicodemus was the first bishop10 writes the ,friar1 ,ignatius von ,rheinfelden1 8,i saw a wonderful fruit which is called by the ,arabs1 ,mauza1 and by the ,christians ,adam's fig4 ,this fruit grows upon a trunk in clusters of fifty or more1 and hangs down towards the ground on account of its weight4 ,the fruit is in shape something like a cucumber1 and is a span long1 yellow1 and tasting something like figs4 ,the ,christians of those parts say it is the fruit of which ,adam and ,eve ate in ,paradise1 and they argue thus3 first1 there are no apples in those parts2 secondly1 ,s4 ,jerome translated the word in the ,bible1 ,mauza2 thirdly1 if the fruit be cut1 within it is seen the figure of a crucifix1 and they conclude thereby that the first parents were showed by this figure how their sin would be atoned2 fourthly1 the leaves being three ells long and half an ell wide1 were admirably adapted to make skirts of1 when ,adam and ,eve were conscious of their nakedness4 ,and ,holy ,scripture says nothing of apples1 but says merely--fruit4 ,but whether this was the fruit or not1 ,i leave others to decide40#ajc ,adam is said by the ,easterns to have received from ,raphael a magic ring1 which became his symbol1 and which he handed down to his descendants selected to know and read mysteries4 ,this was no other than the 8crux ansata10 or handled cross1 so common on ,egyptian monuments as the hieroglyph of ,life out of death4 ,the circle symbolized the apple1 and thus the ,carthusian emblem1 which bears the motto 8,stat crux dum volvitur orbis10 is in reality the mystic symbol of ,adam4 8,which10 says the ,arabic philosopher1 ,ibn-ephi1 8,mizraim received from ,ham1 and ,ham from ,noah1 and ,noah from ,enoch1 and ,enoch from ,seth1 and ,seth from ,adam1 and ,adam from the angel ,raphael4 ,ham wrought with it great marvels1 and ,hermes received it from him and placed it amongst the hieroglyphics4 ,but this character signifies the progress and motion of the ,spirit of the world1 and it was a magic seal1 kept secret among their mysteries1 and a ring constraining demons40#ajd ,,vi4 ,,cain ,,and ,,abel4 ,after that the child given to ,satan died1 says ,tabari1 ,adam had another son1 and he called him ,seth1 and ,seth was prophet in the room of his father1 after the death of ,adam4 ,adam had many more children2 every time that ,eve bore1 she bare twins1 whereof one was male1 the other female1 and the twins were given to one another as husband and wife4 ,now ,adam sought to give to ,abel the twin sister of ,cain1 when she was old enough to be married1 but ,cain 7,kabil1 in ,arabic7 was dissatisfied4#aje ,adam said to the brothers1 ,cain and ,abel1 8,go1 my sons1 and sacrifice to the ,lord2 and he whose sacrifice is accepted1 shall have the young girl4 ,take each of you offerings in your hand and go1 sacrifice to the ,lord1 and he shall decide40 ,abel was a shepherd1 and he took the fattest of the sheep1 and bore it to the place of sacrifice2 but ,cain1 who was a tiller of the soil1 took a sheaf of corn1 the poorest he could find1 and placed it on the altar4 ,then fire descended from heaven and consumed the offering of ,abel1 so that not even the cinders remained2 but the sheaf of ,cain was left untouched4 ,adam gave the maiden to ,abel1 and ,cain was sore vexed4 ,one day1 ,abel was asleep on a mountain4 ,cain took a stone and crushed his head4 ,then he threw the corpse on his back1 and carried it about1 not knowing what to do with it2 but he saw two crows fighting1 and one killed the other2 then the crow that survived dug a hole in the earth with his beak1 and buried the dead bird4 ,cain said1 8,i have not the sense of this bird4 ,i too will lay my brother in the ground40 ,and he did so4 ,when ,adam learned the death of his son1 he set out in search of ,cain1 but could not find him2 then he recited the following lines3-- 8,every city is alike1 each mortal man is vile1 ,the face of earth has desert grown1 the sky has ceased to smile1 ,every flower has lost its hue1 and every gem is dim4 ,alas6 my son1 my son is dead2 the brown earth swallows him6 ,we one have had in midst of us whom death has not yet found1 ,no peace for him1 no rest for him1 treading the blood-drenched ground40#ajf ,this is how the story is told in the ,midrash3#ajg ,cain and ,abel could not agree1 for1 what one had1 the other wanted2 then ,abel devised a scheme that they should make a division of property1 and thus remove the possibility of contention4 ,the proposition pleased ,cain4 ,so ,cain took the earth1 and all that is stationary1 and ,abel took all that is movable4 ,but the envy which lay in the heart of ,cain gave him no rest4 ,one day he said to his brother1 8,remove thy foot1 thou standest on my property3 the plain is mine40 ,then ,abel ran upon the hills1 but ,cain cried1 8,away1 the hills are mine60 ,then he climbed the mountains1 but still ,cain followed him1 calling1 8,away1 the stony mountains are mine60 ,in the ,book of ,jasher the cause of quarrel is differently stated4 ,one day the flock of ,abel ran over the ground ,cain had been ploughing2 ,cain rushed furiously upon him and bade him leave the spot4 8,not10 said ,abel1 8till you have paid me for the skins of my sheep and wool of their fleeces used for your clothing40 ,then ,cain took the coulter from his plough1 and with it slew his brother4#ajh ,the ,targum of ,jerusalem says1 the subject of contention was that ,cain denied a ,judgment to come and ,eternal ,life2 and ,abel argued for both4#aji ,the ,rabbi ,menachem1 however1 asserts that the point on which they strove was whether a word was written zizit or zizis in the ,parascha4#aaj 8,and when they were in the field together1 the brothers quarrelled1 saying4 #8,let us divide the world4' ,one said1 #8,the earth you stand on is my soil4' ,the other said1 #8,you are standing on my earth4' ,one said1 #8,the ,holy ,temple shall stand on my lot2' the other said1 #8,it shall stand on my lot4' ,so they quarrelled4 ,now there were born with ,abel two daughters1 his sisters4 ,then said ,cain1 #8,i will take the one ,i choose1 ,i am the eldest2' ,abel said1 #8,they were born with me1 and ,i will have them both to wife4' ,and when they fought1 ,abel flung ,cain down and was above him2 and he lay on ,cain4 ,then ,cain said to ,abel1 #8,are we not both sons of one father2 why wilt thou kill me8' ,and ,abel had compassion1 and let ,cain get up4 ,and so ,cain fell on him and killed him4 ,from this we learn not to render good to the evil1 for1 because ,abel showed mercy to ,cain1 ,cain took advantage of it to slay ,abel40#aaa ,s4 ,methodius the ,younger refers to this tradition4 ,he says3 8,be it known that ,adam and ,eve when they left ,paradise were virgins4 ,but the third year after the expulsion from ,eden1 they had ,cain1 their first-born1 and his sister ,calmana2 and after this1 next year1 they had ,abel and his sister ,deborah4 ,but in the three hundredth year of ,adam's life1 ,cain slew his brother1 and ,adam and ,eve wailed over him a hundred years40#aab ,eutychius1 ,patriarch of ,alexandria1 says1 8,when ,adam and ,eve rebelled against ,god1 ,he expelled them from ,paradise at the ninth hour on ,friday to a certain mountain in ,india1 and ,he bade them produce children to increase and multiply upon the earth4 ,adam and ,eve therefore became parents1 first of a boy named ,cain1 and of a girl named ,azrun1 who were twins2 then of another boy named ,abel1 and of a twin sister named ,owain1 or in ,greek ,laphura4 8,now1 when the children were grown up1 ,adam said to ,eve1 #8,let ,cain marry ,owain1 who was born with ,abel1 and let ,abel have ,azrun1 who was born with ,cain4' ,but ,cain said to his mother1 #8,i will marry my own twin sister1 and ,abel shall marry his4' ,for ,azrun was prettier than ,owain4 ,but when ,adam heard this1 he said1 #8,it is contrary to the precept that thou shouldst marry thy twin sister4' 8,now ,cain was a tiller of the ground1 but ,abel was a pastor of sheep4 ,adam said to them1 #8,take of the fruits of the earth1 and of the young of the sheep1 and ascend the top of this holy mountain1 and offer there the best and choicest to ,god4' ,abel offered of the best and fattest of the first-born of the flock4 ,now as they were ascending the summit of the mountain1 ,satan put it into the head of ,cain to kill his brother1 so as to get ,azrun4 ,for that reason his oblation was not accepted by ,god4 ,therefore he was the more inflamed with rage against ,abel1 and as they were going down the mount1 he rushed upon him and beat him about the head with a stone and killed him4 ,adam and ,eve bewailed ,abel a hundred years with the greatest grief4444 ,and ,god cast out ,cain whilst he was still unmarried into the land of ,nod4 ,but ,cain carried off with him his sister ,azrun40#aac ,the ,rabbi ,zadok said1 8,this was the reason why ,cain slew ,abel4 ,his twin sister and wife was not at all good-looking4 ,then he said1 #8,i will kill my brother ,abel1 and carry off his wife4'0#aad ,gregory ,abulfaraj gives this account of the strife3 8,according to the opinion of ,mar ,theodosius1 thirty years after he was expelled from ,paradise1 ,adam knew his wife ,eve1 and she bore twins1 ,cain and his sister ,climia2 and after thirty more years she bore ,abel and his twin sister ,lebuda4 ,then1 seventy years after when ,adam wanted to marry one of the brothers with the twin sister of the other1 ,cain refused1 asking to have his own twin sister40#aae ,the ,pseudo-,athanasius says1 8,up to this time no man had died so that ,cain should know how to kill4 ,the devil instructed him in this in a dream40#aaf ,leonhard ,marius on ,genesis iv4 says1 8,as to what instrument ,cain used1 ,scripture is silent4 ,chrysostom calls it a sword2 ,prudentius1 a spade2 ,irenus1 an axe2 ,isidore says simply1 steel2 but artists generally paint a club1 and ,abulensis thinks he was killed with stones40 ,reuchlin thinks1 as iron was not discovered till the times of ,tubal-cain1 the weapon must have been made of wood1 and he points out how much more this completes the type of ,christ4#aag ,cain and ,abel had been born and had lived with ,adam in the land of ,adamah2 but after ,cain slew his brother1 he was cast out into the land ,erez1 and wherever he went1 swords sounded and flashed as though thirsting to smite him4 ,and he fled that land and came to ,acra1 where he had children1 and his descendants who live there to this day have two heads4#aah ,before ,cain slew his brother1 says the ,targum of ,jerusalem1 the earth brought forth fruits as the fruits of ,eden2 but from the day that blood was spilt upon it1 thistles and thorns sprang up2 for the face of earth grew sad1 its joy was gone1 the stain was on its brow4 ,abel's offering had been of the fattest of his sheep1 the ,targum adds1 but ,cain offered flax4#aai ,abel's offering1 say certain ,rabbis1 was not perfect2 for he offered the chief part to ,god1 but the remainder he dedicated to the ,devil2 and ,cain offered the chief part to ,satan1 and only the remainder to ,god4#abj ,the ,rabbi ,johanan said1 ,cain exclaimed when accused by ,god of the murder1 8,my iniquity is greater than ,i can bear10 and this is supposed to mean1 8,my iniquity is too great to be atoned for1 except by my brother rising from the earth and slaying me40 ,what did the ,holy ,one then8 ,he took one letter of the twenty-two which are in the ,law1 and ,he wrote it on the arm of ,cain1 as it is written1 8,he put a mark upon him40#aba ,after ,abel was slain1 the dog which had kept his sheep guarded his body1 says the ,midrash4 ,adam and ,eve sat beside it and wept1 and knew not what to do4 ,then said a raven whose friend was dead1 8,i will teach ,adam a lesson10 and he dug a hole in the soil and laid his friend there and covered him up4 ,and when ,adam saw this1 he said to ,eve1 8,we will do the same with ,abel40 ,god rewarded the raven for this by promising that none should ever injure his young1 that he should always have meat in abundance1 and that his prayer for rain should be immediately answered4#abb ,but the ,rabbi ,johanan taught that ,cain buried his brother to hide what he had done from the eye of ,god1 not knowing that ,god can see even the most secret things4#abc ,according to some ,rabbis1 all good souls are derived from ,abel and all bad souls from ,cain4 ,cain's soul was derived from ,satan1 his body alone was from ,eve2 for the ,evil ,spirit ,sammael1 according to some1 ,satan1 according to others1 deceived ,eve1 and thus ,cain was the son of the ,evil ,one4#abd ,all the children of ,cain also became demons of darkness and nightmares1 and therefore it is1 say the ,cabbalists1 that there is no mention in ,genesis of the death of any of ,cain's offspring4#abe ,when ,cain had slain his brother1 we are told in ,scripture that he fled4 ,certain ,rabbis give the reason3--,he feared lest ,satan should kill him3 now ,satan has no power over any one whose face he does not see1 thus he had none over ,lot's wife till she turned her face towards ,sodom1 and he could see it2 and ,cain fled1 to keep his face from being seen by the ,evil ,one1 and thus give him an opportunity of taking his life4#abf ,with regard to the mark put upon ,cain1 there is great diverging of opinion4 ,some say that his tongue turned white2 others1 that he was given a peculiar dress2 others1 that his face became black2 but the most prevalent opinion is that he became covered with hair1 and a horn grew in the midst of his forehead4 ,the ,little ,genesis says1 ,cain was born when ,adam was aged seventy1 and ,abel when he was seventy-seven4 ,the book of the penitence of ,adam gives us some curious details4 ,when ,cain had killed his brother1 he was filled with terror1 for he saw the earth quivering4 ,he cast the body into a hole and covered it with dust1 but the earth threw the body out4 ,then he dug another hole and heaped earth on his brother's corpse1 but again the earth rejected it4 ,when ,god appeared before him1 ,cain trembled in all his limbs1 and ,god said to him1 8,thou tremblest and art in fear2 this shall be thy sign40 ,and from that moment he quaked with a perpetual ague4 ,the ,rabbis give another mark as having been placed on ,cain4 ,they say that a horn grew out of the midst of his forehead4 ,he was killed by a son of ,lamech1 who1 being shortsighted1 mistook him for a wild beast2 but in the ,little ,genesis it is said that he was killed by the fall of his house1 in the year #icj1 the same day that ,adam died4 ,according to the same authority1 ,adam and ,eve bewailed ,abel twenty-eight years4 ,the ,talmud relates the following beautiful incident4 ,god had cursed ,cain1 and he was doomed to a bitter punishment2 but moved1 at last1 by ,cain's contrition1 he placed on his brow the symbol of pardon4 ,adam met ,cain1 and looked with wonder on the seal or token1 and asked1-- 8,how hast thou turned away the wrath of the ,almighty80 8,by confession of sin and repentance10 answered the fratricide4 8,woe is me60 cried ,adam1 smiting his brow2 8is the virtue of repentance so great1 and ,i knew it not6 ,and by repentance ,i might have altered my lot60#abg ,tabari says that ,cain was the first worshipper of fire4 ,eblis 7,satan7 appeared to him and told him that the reason of the acceptance of ,abel's sacrifice was1 that he had invoked the fire that fell on it and consumed it2 ,cain had not done this1 and therefore fire had not come down on his oblation4 ,cain believed this1 and adored fire1 and taught his children to do the same4#abh ,cain1 says ,josephus1 having wandered over the earth with his wife1 settled in the land of ,nod4 ,but his punishment1 so far from proving of advantage to him1 proved only a stimulus to his violence and passion2 and he increased his wealth by rapine1 and he encouraged his children and friends to live by robbery and in luxury4 ,he also corrupted the primitive simplicity in which men lived1 by the introduction amongst them of weights and measures1 by placing boundaries1 and walling cities4#abi ,john ,malala says the same3 8,cain was a tiller of the ground till he committed the crime of slaying his brother2 after that1 he lived by violence1 his hand being against every man1 and he invented and taught men the use of weights1 measures1 and boundaries40#acj ,the passage in ,genesis 8,whosoever slayeth ,cain1 vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold10#aca has been variously interpreted4 ,cosmas ,indopleustes renders it thus1 8,whosoever slayeth ,cain will discharge seven vengeances20 that is1 he will deliver him from those calamities to which he is subject when living4#acb ,but ,malala renders it otherwise2 he says it is to be thus understood3 8,every murderer shall die for his sin1 but thou who didst commit the first homicide1 and art therefore the originator of this crime1 shalt be punished sevenfold2 that is1 thou shalt undergo seven punishments40 ,for ,cain had committed seven crimes4 ,first1 he was guilty of envy2 then1 of treachery2 thirdly1 of murder2 fourthly1 of killing his brother2 fifthly1 this was the first murder ever committed2 sixthly1 he grieved his parents2 and seventhly1 ,cain lied to ,god4 ,thus the sin of ,cain was sevenfold2 therefore sevenfold was his punishment4 ,first1 the earth was accursed on his account2 secondly1 he was sentenced to labor2 thirdly1 the earth was forbidden from yielding to him her strength2 fourthly1 he was to become timid and conscience-stricken2 fifthly1 he was to be a vagabond on the earth2 sixthly1 he was to be cast out from ,god's presence2 seventhly1 a mark was to be placed upon him4 ,the ,mussulmans say that the penitence of ,cain1 whom they call ,kabil1 was not sincere4 ,he was filled with remorse1 but it was mingled with envy and hatred1 because he was regarded with disfavor by the rest of the sons of ,adam4 ,near ,damascus is shown a place at the foot of a mountain where ,cain slew ,abel4#acc ,the legends of the death of ,cain will be found under the title of ,lamech4 8,half a mile from the gates of ,hebron10 says the ,capuchin ,friar1 ,ignatius von ,rheinfelden1 in his ,pilgrimage to ,jerusalem1 8begins the valley of ,mamre1 in which ,abraham saw the three angels2 the ,campus ,damascenus lies toward the west2 there1 ,adam was created2 and the spot is pointed out where ,cain killed his brother ,abel4 ,the earth there is red1 and may be moulded like wax40#acd ,salmeron says the same1 8,adam was made of the earth or dust of the ,campus ,damascenus40 ,and ,st4 ,jerome on ,ezekiel1 chap4 xvii41 says3 8,damascus is the place where ,abel was slain by his brother ,cain2 for which cause the spot is called ,damascus1 that is1 ,blood-drinking40 ,this ,damascus near ,hebron is not to be confused with the city ,damascus4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,adam4 ,according to a ,mussulman tradition1 ,adam was consoled for the loss of ,abel by the discovery of how to make wheat-bread4 ,the story is as follows3-- ,the angel ,gabriel was sent out of ,paradise to give him the rest of the wheat-grains ,eve had plucked from the forbidden tree1 together with two oxen1 and various instruments of husbandry4 ,hitherto he had fed on roots and berries1 and had known nothing of sowing grain2 acting under ,gabriel's directions1 he ploughed the land1 but the plough stuck1 and ,adam impatiently smote one of the oxen1 and it spoke to him and said1 8,wherefore hast thou smitten me80 ,adam replied1 8,because thou dost not draw the plough40 8,adam60 said the ox1 8when thou wast rebellious1 did ,god smite thee thus80 8,o ,god60 cried ,adam to the ,almighty1 8is every beast to reproach me1 and recall to me my sin80 ,then ,god heard his cry1 and withdrew from beasts the power of speech1 lest they should cast their sin in the teeth of men4 ,but as the blow was still arrested1 ,adam dug into the soil1 and found that the iron had been caught by the body of his son ,abel4 ,when the wheat was sprung up1 ,gabriel gave ,adam fire from hell1 which however he had previously washed seventy times in the sea1 or it would have consumed the earth and all things thereon4 ,in the beginning1 wheat-grains were the size of ostrich eggs1 but under ,edris 7,enoch7 they were no bigger than goose eggs2 under ,elias they were the size of hen's eggs2 under ,christ1 when the ,jews sought to slay him1 they were no larger than grapes2 it was in the time of ,uzeir 7,esdras7 that they diminished to their present proportions4 ,after ,adam and ,eve had been instructed in all that appertained to agriculture1 ,gabriel brought them a lamb and showed ,adam how to slay it in the name of ,god1 how to shear off the wool1 and skin the sheep4 ,eve was instructed in the art of spinning and weaving by the angel1 and she made of the wool1 first a veil for herself1 and then a shirt for her husband4 ,the first pair brought up their grandsons and great grandsons1 to the number of #dj1jjj according to some1 and #gj1jjj according to others1 and taught them all that they had learned of the angel4 ,after the death of ,abel1 and after ,cain had been slain by the avenging angel1 ,eve bore a third son1 named ,seth1 who became the father of the race of the prophets4 ,finally1 when ,adam had reached his nine hundred and thirtieth year1 the ,angel of ,death appeared under the form of a goat1 and ran between his legs4 ,adam recoiled with horror1 and exclaimed1 8,god has given me one thousand years2 wherefore comest thou now80 8,what60 exclaimed the ,angel of ,death1 8hast thou not given seventy years of thy life to the prophet ,david80 ,adam stoutly denied that he had done so4 ,then the ,angel of ,death drew the document of transfer from out of his beard1 and presented it to ,adam1 who could no longer refuse to go4 ,his son ,seth washed and buried him1 after that the angel ,gabriel1 or1 according to some accounts1 ,allah himself1 had blessed him3 ,eve died a year later4 ,learned men are not agreed as to the place of their burial2 some traditions name ,india1 others the ,mount ,kubais1 and others again1 ,jerusalem--,god alone knows6#ace ,tabari says that ,adam made ,seth his testamentary executor4 8,when ,adam was dead1 ,gabriel instructed ,seth how to bury him1 and brought him the winding sheet out of heaven4 ,and ,gabriel said to ,seth1 #8,thou art sole executor of thy father1 therefore it is thy office to perform the religious functions4' ,then ,seth recited over ,adam thirty ,tebrs4 ,four of these ,tebrs were the legal prayers1 the others were supererogatory1 and were designed to exalt the virtues of ,adam4 ,some say that ,adam was buried near ,mecca1 on ,mount ,abui-,kubais40#acf ,according to the apocryphal 8,life of ,adam and ,eve10 ,adam before his death called to his bedside all his sons and daughters1 and they numbered fifteen thousand males1 and females unnumbered4 ,adam is said to have been the author of several psalms2 amongst others ,psalm civ41 ,benedic anima mea1 and ,psalm cxxxix41 ,domine probasti2 as may be gathered from the #adth1 #aeth1 and #afth verses3 8,my bones are not hid from thee3 though ,i was made secretly1 and fashioned beneath in the earth4 ,thine eyes did see my substance1 yet being imperfect2 and in ,thy book were all my members written2 which day by day were fashioned1 when as yet there was none of them40 ,the ,arabs say that when ,adam dictated his last will and testament1 the angel ,gabriel descended from heaven to receive it1 accompanied by sixty-two millions of angels1 each provided with clean white sheets of parchment and pens1 and that the will was sealed by ,gabriel4#acg ,tradition is not agreed as to the place of ,adam's burial4 ,khaithemah says that ,adam was buried near ,mecca on ,mount ,abu-,kubais4 ,but the ancient ,persians assert that he was buried in ,ceylon1 where his sepulchre was guarded by lions at the time of the war of the giants4#ach ,but the most generally received tradition is this3-- ,the body of ,adam was taken by ,noah into the ark1 and when the ark rested on ,ararat1 ,noah and his sons removed the body from it1 and they followed an angel who led them to the place where the first father was to lie4 ,shem or ,melchizedek--for they are one1 as we shall see presently--being consecrated by ,god to the priesthood1 performed the religious rites2 and buried ,adam at the centre of the earth1 which is ,jerusalem2 but1 say some1 he was buried by ,shem along with ,eve1 in the cave of ,machpelah1 in ,hebron4 ,but others relate that ,noah on leaving the ark distributed the bones of ,adam among his sons1 and that he gave the head to ,shem1 who buried it in ,jerusalem4 ,some1 taking this mystically1 suppose that by this is meant the sin and punishment of ,adam1 which was transmitted to all the sons of ,noah1 but that to ,shem was given the head1 the ,messiah who was to regenerate the world4#aci ,s4 ,basil of ,seleucia says3 8,according to ,jewish traditions1 the skull of ,adam was found there 7i4 e41 on ,golgotha71 and this1 they say1 ,solomon knew by his great wisdom4 ,and because it was the place of ,adam's skull1 therefore the hill was called ,golgotha1 or ,calvary40#adj ,with this a great concourse of ,fathers agree2 whose testimony has been laboriously collected by ,gretser in his famous and curious book 8,de ,cruce40 ,and this tradition has become a favorite subject for artists1 who1 in their paintings or sculptures1 represent the skull of ,adam at the foot of the ,cross of ,christ4 ,the apocryphal 8,testament of ,adam0 still exists4 ,the tomb of ,eve is shown at ,jedda4 8,on entering the great gate of the cemetery1 one observes on the left a little wall three feet high1 forming a square of ten to twelve feet4 ,there lies the head of our first mother4 ,in the middle of the cemetery is a sort of cupola1 where reposes the navel of her body2 and at the other extremity1 near the door of egress1 is another little wall also three feet high1 forming a lozenge-shaped enclosure3 there are her feet4 ,in this place is a large piece of cloth1 whereon the faithful deposit their offerings1 which serve for the maintenance of a constant burning of perfumes over the midst of her body4 ,the distance between her head and feet is four hundred feet4 ,how we have shrunk since the creation60#ada ,the bones of ,adam and ,eve1 says ,tabari1 were taken by ,noah into the ark with him1 and were reburied by him4 ,this article may be fitly concluded with the epitaph of ,adam1 composed by ,gabriel ,alvarez1 and published by him in his 8,historia ,ecclesi ,antediluvian10 ,madrid1 #agac4 8,here lies1 reduced to a pinch of dust1 he who1 from a pinch of dust2 was formed to govern the earth1 ,,adam1 ,the son of ,none1 the father of ,all1 the stepfather of ,all and of himself4 ,having never wailed as a child1 he spent his life in weeping the result of penitence4 ,powerful1 ,wise1 ,immortal1 ,just1 he sold for the price of disobedience1 power1 wisdom1 justice1 immortality4 ,having abused the privilege of ,free-will1 which weapon he had received for the preservation of ,knowledge and ,grace1 by one stroke he struck with death himself and all the human race4 ,the ,omnipotent ,judge who in ,his ,justice took from him ,righteousness1 by ,his ,mercy restored it to him whole again3 by whose goodness it has fallen out1 that we may call that crime happy1 which obtained such and so great ,a ,redeemer4 ,thenceforth ,free-will1 which he in happiness used to bring forth ,misery1 is used in ,misery to bring forth ,happiness4 ,for if we1 partakers of his pernicious inheritance1 partake also of his penitential example1 and lend our ears to salutary counsels1 ,then we 7who by our ,free-will could lose ourselves7 can be saved by the grace of the ,redeemer1 and the co-operation of our ,free-will4 ,the ,first ,adam ,lived to ,die2 ,the ,second ,adam ,died to ,live4 ,go1 and imitate the penitence of the ,first ,adam2 ,go1 and celebrate the ,goodness of the ,second ,adam40 ,,viii4 ,,seth4 ,when ,seth had ascended the throne of his father1 says ,tabari1 he was the greatest of the sons of ,adam4 ,every year he made the pilgrimage to the ,kaaba1 and he ruled the world with equity1 and every thing flourished during his reign4 ,at the age of fifty he had a son2 he called his name ,enoch1 and named him his executor4 ,he died at the age of nine hundred4#adb ,seth and the other sons of ,adam waged perpetual war against the ,dives1 or giants1 the sons of ,kabil1 or ,cain4 ,rocail was another son of ,adam1 born next after ,seth4 ,he possessed1 says the ,tahmurath ,nmeh1 the most wonderful knowledge in all mysteries4 ,he had a genius so quick and piercing1 that he seemed to be rather an angel than a man4 ,surkrag1 a great giant1 son of ,cain1 commanded in the mountains of ,kaf1 which encompass the centre of the earth4 ,this giant asked ,seth to send him ,rocail1 his brother1 to assist him in governing his subjects4 ,seth consented1 and ,rocail became the vizier or prime minister of ,surkrag1 in the mountains of ,kaf4 ,after having governed many centuries1 and knowing1 by divine revelation1 that the time of his death drew nigh1 he thus addressed ,surkrag3 8,i am about to depart hence and enter on another existence1 but before ,i leave1 ,i wish to bequeath to you some famous work1 which shall perpetuate my name into remote ages40 ,thereupon ,rocail erected an enormous sepulchre1 adorned with statues of various metals1 made by talismanic art1 which moved1 and spake1 and acted like living men4#adc ,according to the ,rabbinic traditions1 ,seth was one of the thirteen who came circumcised into the world4 ,the rest were ,adam1 ,enoch1 ,noah1 ,shem1 ,terah1 ,jacob1 ,joseph1 ,moses1 ,samuel1 ,david1 ,isaiah1 and ,jeremiah4#add ,the book ,schene ,luchth says that the soul of righteous ,abel passed into the body of ,seth1 and afterwards this same soul passed into ,moses2 thus the law1 which was known to ,adam and in which ,abel had been instructed1 was not new to ,moses4#ade ,the ,little ,genesis says1 that ,seth was instructed by the angels in what was to take place in the world2 how its iniquity was to grow1 and a flood was to overwhelm it2 and how the ,messiah would come and restore all things4 ,seth was remarkable for the majesty and beauty of his appearance1 as he had inherited much of the loveliness of unfallen man4 ,he married his sister ,azur1 or1 according to others1 ,nora or ,hora4 ,suidas under the heading #81' says3 8,seth was the son of ,adam3 of this it is said1 the sons of ,god went in unto the daughters of men2 that is to say1 the sons of ,seth went in unto the daughters of ,cain4 ,for in that age ,seth was called ,god1 because he had discovered ,hebrew letters1 and the names of the stars2 but especially on account of his great piety1 so that he was the first to bear the name of ,god40 ,theodoret thus refers to the verse1--8,and to ,seth1 to him also there was born a son2 and he called his name ,enos2 then began men to call upon the name of the ,lord10 or as our marginal reading is1 8then began men to call themselves by the name of the ,lord30 8,aquila interpreted it thus1 #8then ,seth began to be called by the name of the ,lord4' ,these words intimate his piety1 which deserved that he should receive the sacred name2 and he was called ,god by his acquaintance1 and his children were termed the sons of ,god1 just as we are called ,christians after ,christ40#adf ,the origin of this tradition seems to be the fact that ,seth was the name of an ancient ,egyptian deity1 at first regarded as the giver of light and civilization1 but afterwards identified with ,typhon by the ,egyptians1 who considered ,seth to be the chief god of the ,hyksos or shepherd kings2 and in their hatred of these oppressors1 the name of ,seth was every where obliterated on their monuments1 and he was regarded as one with the great adversary1 ,typhon2 and was represented as an ass1 or with an ass's head4#adg ,abulfaraj1 in his history1 says that ,seth discovered letters1 and that1 desirous to recover the ,blessed ,life1 he and his sons went to ,mount ,hermon1 where they served ,god in piety and continence1 and associated not with the people of the land1 nor took to themselves wives2 wherefore they were called the sons of ,god4#adh ,flavius ,josephus relates that after the things that were to take place had been revealed to ,seth1--how the earth was to be destroyed1 first with water and then with fire1--lest those things which he had discovered should perish from the memory of his posterity1 he set up two pillars1 one of brick1 the other of stone1 and he wrote thereon all the science he had acquired1 hoping that1 in the event of the brick pillar perishing by the rain1 the stone would endure4#adi ,freculphus adds that ,jubal assisted the sons of ,seth in engraving on the columns all that was known of the conduct and order of the heavens1 and all the arts then known4#aej ,the stone pillar was to be seen1 in the time of ,josephus1 in ,syria4 ,anastasius of ,sinai says that1 when ,god created ,adam after ,his image and likeness1 ,he breathed into him grace1 and illumination1 and a ray of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,but when he sinned1 this glory left him1 and his face became clouded4 ,then he became the father of ,cain and ,abel4 ,but afterwards it is said in ,scripture1 8,he begat a son in his own likeness1 after his image2 and called his name ,seth20 which is not said of ,cain and ,abel2 and this means that ,seth was begotten in the likeness of unfallen man and after the image of ,adam in ,paradise2 and he called his name ,seth1 that is1 by interpretation1 ,resurrection1 because in him he saw the resurrection of his departed beauty1 and wisdom and glory1 and radiance of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,and all those then living1 when they saw how the face of ,seth shone with divine light1 and heard him speak with divine wisdom1 said he is ,god2 therefore his sons were commonly called the sons of ,god4#aea ,as ,seth was an ancient ,egyptian ,sun-god1 the origin of the myth of his shining face can be ascertained without difficulty4 ,to ,seth were attributed several apocryphal writings4 ,,ix4 ,,cainan ,,son ,,of ,,enos4 8,and ,seth lived an hundred and five years1 and begat ,enos3 and ,seth lived after he begat ,enos eight hundred and seven years1 and begat sons and daughters3 and all the days of ,seth were nine hundred and twelve years3 and he died4 ,and ,enos lived ninety years1 and begat ,cainan40#aeb ,alexander wrote many epistles to ,aristotle1 his preceptor1 in which he narrated what had befallen him in ,india4 ,amongst other things he wrote3 8,after ,i had entered the ,persian region1 which is a province of ,india1 ,i arrived at some islands of the sea1 and there ,i found men1 like women1 who feed on raw fish1 and spake a language very like ,greek2 they said to me that there was in the island the sepulchre of a most ancient king1 who was called ,cainan1 son of ,enos1 and who ruled the whole world1 and taught men all kinds of knowledge1 and had demons and all kinds of evil spirits under his control4 ,he1 by his wisdom1 understood that the ever-blessed ,god would bring in a flood in the times of ,noah2 wherefore he engraved all that was to take place on stone tables1 which exist there to this day1 and are written in ,hebrew characters4 ,he wrote therein that the ocean would1 in that age1 overflow a third part of the world1 which took place in the lifetime of ,enos1 the son of ,seth1 who was the son of ,adam1 our first parent4 8,in the same island1 ,cainan built a most extensive city1 surrounded with walls2 and a great marble citadel1 in which he treasured jewels and pearls1 and gold and silver in great abundance4 8,moreover1 he erected a tower1 very lofty1 over a sepulchre for himself1 to serve as his monument4 ,this tower can be approached by no man2 for it was built by astronomical art under the seven planets1 and with magical skill1 so that every one who draws near the wall is struck down with sudden death40#aec ,x4 ,,enoch4 #a4 ,,the ,,translation ,,of ,,enoch4 ,enoch1 or ,edris1#aed as he is called by the ,arabs1 was born in ,hindostan1 but he lived in ,yemen4 ,he was a prophet4 ,in his days men worshipped fire1 being deceived by ,eblis4 ,when ,god sent ,enoch to his brethren to turn them from their false worship1 they would not believe him4 ,idolatry began in the times of ,jared1 son of ,mahalaleel1 and it spread to such an extent that1 when ,noah was born1 there were not eighty persons who worshipped the true1 and living1 and only ,god4 ,jared fought ,satan1 the prince of demons1 and captured him1 and led him about in chains wherever he went4 ,enoch knew how to sew1 and was an accomplished tailor4 ,he was the first to put pen to paper2 he wrote many books4 ,he had in his possession the books of ,adam1 and for ten years1 instead of sleeping1 he spent the night in reading them4 ,he instructed men in the art of making garments2 ,enoch showed them how to cut out the skins to the proper shape1 and to sew them together2 and how to make shoes to protect their feet4 ,and then1 when the people had derived this great blessing from him1 they were ready to listen to his books2 and he read to them the books of ,adam1 and endeavored thereby to bring them back to the knowledge of the true ,god4 ,when he had spent many years in prayer1 the ,angel of ,death desired to make a compact of friendship with him4 ,he took on him a human form and approached him1 saying1 8,i am the ,angel of ,death1 and ,i desire thy friendship4 ,on account of thy great piety1 thou mayest make me a request which ,i shall accomplish40 ,enoch answered1 8,i desire that thou shouldst take my soul40 ,the angel replied1 8,i have not come to thee for this purpose2 thy time is not yet arrived at its appointed close40 ,then ,enoch said1 8,it is well2 but take my soul away for a little space1 and then return it to my body1 if ,god so wills40 ,the angel said1 8,i cannot do this without ,god's consent40 ,but he presented the supplication of ,enoch before ,allah1 and ,god1 knowing what was the design of ,enoch1 granted the prayer4 ,then ,azrael bore away the soul of ,enoch1 and at the same instant the ,eternal ,one restored it to him4 ,after this1 ,enoch continued to praise and pray to ,god2 and the ,angel of ,death became his friend1 and often came to visit him4 ,years passed1 and ,enoch said one day to the angel1 8,oh1 my friend6 ,i have yet a request to make40 ,azrael answered1 8,if ,i can grant it1 ,i will do so readily40 ,enoch said1 8,i would see ,hell1 for ,i have undergone death1 and ,i know its sensations4 ,i would know now the torments of the lost40 ,but the angel answered1 8,this ,i cannot grant without permission from the ,almighty40 ,god heard the prayer of ,enoch1 and ,he suffered ,azrael to accomplish what the prophet had desired4 ,then the ,angel of ,death bore away ,enoch1 and showed him the seven stages of ,hell1 and all the torments inflicted there on sinners3 after that he replaced him where he was before4 ,after some while had elapsed1 ,enoch again addressed ,azrael1 and said1 8,i have another request to make40 ,the angel answered1 8,say on40 ,then said ,enoch1 8,i desire to see the ,paradise of ,god1 as ,i have seen ,hell40 ,azrael replied1 8,i cannot grant thy petition without the consent of ,god40 ,but the ,all-,merciful1 when he heard the request of his servant consented that it should be even as he desired4 ,so the angel bore ,enoch into ,paradise4 ,and when they had reached the gates1 the keeper1 ,ridhwan1 refused to open1 saying to ,enoch1 8,thou art a man1 and no man can enter ,paradise who has not tasted death40 ,then ,enoch replied1 8,i also have tasted death2 the soul that ,i have will dwell eternally with me2 ,god has resuscitated me from death40 ,ridhwan1 however1 said1 8,i cannot do this thing and admit thee without the order of ,god40 ,then the order arrived from ,allah1 and the angel of the gate refused no more2 so ,enoch entered2 but before ,enoch and ,azrael passed the gates1 ,ridhwan said to the prophet1 8,go in1 and behold ,paradise1 but be speedy and leave it again1 for thou mayest not dwell there till after the ,resurrection40 ,enoch replied1 8,be it so20 and he went in and viewed ,paradise1 and came out1 as he had promised2 and as he passed the threshold of the door he turned and said to the angel1 8,oh1 ,ridhwan6 ,i have left something in there2 suffer me to run and fetch it40 ,but ,ridhwan refused2 and a dispute arose between them4 ,enoch said1 8,i am a prophet2 and ,god has sent me thirty books1 and ,i have written them all1 and ,i have never revolted against ,god4 ,in those books that ,god sent me1 ,i was promised ,paradise4 ,if it be necessary that ,i should have undergone death ,i have undergone it4 ,if it be necessary that ,i should have seen ,hell1 ,i have seen it4 ,now ,i am come to ,paradise1 and that is my home2 ,god has promised it to me1 and now that ,i have entered ,i will leave it no more40 ,the dispute waxed hot1 but it was terminated by the order of ,god1 who bade ,ridhwan open the gate and re-admit ,enoch into ,paradise1 where he still dwells4#aee #b4 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,enoch4 ,the ,book of ,enoch1 quoted by ,s4 ,jude in his ,epistle1 and alluded to by ,origen1 ,s4 ,augustine1 ,s4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 and others of the ,fathers1 must not be passed over4 ,the original book appears from internal evidence to have been written about the year #aaj ,b4 ,c4#aef ,but we have not the work as then written2 it has suffered from numerous interpolations1 and it is difficult always to distinguish the original text from the additions4 ,the book is frequently quoted in the apocryphal 8,testament of the ,twelve ,patriarchs10 which is regarded as canonical by the ,armenian ,church1 but the references are for the most part not to be found in the text4 ,it was largely used by some of the early ,christian writers1 either with acknowledgment or without4 ,the monk ,george ,syncellus1 in the eighth century1 extracted portions to compose his ,chronography4 ,this fragment in ,syncellus was all that was known of the book in the ,west till the last century4 ,the ,jews1 though remembering the work1 had lost it in ,hebrew2 but it was alluded to by the ,rabbis down to the thirteenth century1 and it is referred to in the ,book ,sohar1 though the writer may not have read the book of ,enoch4 ,bruce1 the ,african traveller1 was the first to bring it to ,europe from ,abyssinia in two ,,mss41 in the year #aggc4 ,much attention was not1 however1 paid to it till #ahjj1 when ,de ,sacy in his 8,magasin ,encyclopdique10 under the title 8,notice sur le ,livre d',enoch10 gave some account of the work4 ,in #ahja1 ,professor ,laurence gave to the public an ,english translation1 accompanied by some critical remarks4 ,since then1 the book has been carefully and exegetically examined4 ,the version we now have is ,ethiopic4 ,the ,book of ,enoch consists of five divisions1 or books1 together with a ,prolegomena and an ,epilegomena4 ,after the introduction 7caps4 #a-e71 which describes the work as the revelation of the seer ,enoch concerning the future judgment and its consequences1 with warnings to the elect as to the signs2 the ,first part 7caps4 #f-af7 opens with an account of the fall of the ,angels1 their union with the daughters of men1 and the generation of the giants4 ,connected with this1 and divided from it by no superscription or sign of change of subject1 is an account of a journey made by ,enoch1 in the company of the angels1 over the earth and through the lower circles of heaven1 during which he is instructed in various mysteries hidden from the knowledge of men1 and a great deal of this wondrous information is communicated to the reader4 ,this description of a journey1 which is itself divided into two parts1 unquestionably belongs to the original book1 and the historical portion1 narrating the procreation of the ,giants1 is an interpolation4 ,the ,second portion of the book 7caps4 #cg-ga71 with its own special superscription and introduction1 is called 8,the ,second ,history of ,wisdom40 ,it continues the history of the voyage4 ,the first portion contained the description of the mysterious places and things in the earth and in the lower heaven2 the second portion contains an account of the mysteries of the highest heaven1 the angel-world1 the founding of the kingdom of the ,messias1 and the signs of ,his coming4 ,the close of this portion contains prophecies of ,noah's ,flood1 and accounts of the fall of the ,angels1 their evil life and their punishment4 ,the whole account of the ,flood1 which comes in without rhyme or reason1 is also a manifest interpolation4 ,the ,third portion 7caps4 #gb-hb7 also under its own heading1 is on 8,the ,revolution of the ,lights of ,heaven10 and describes the motions of the planets1 the duration of the seasons1 and the number of the days of the months1 and the great winds of heaven4 ,with this part the voyage of ,enoch closes4 ,the ,fourth part 7caps4 #hc-ia71 which has no superscription1 but which is generally designated as 8,the ,book of the ,dream ,history10 contains the visions shown ,enoch in his youth1 which1 in a series of pictures1 gives the history of the world till the end of time4 ,this part closes with some words of advice from ,enoch to his sons4 ,the ,fifth and last part 7caps4 #ib-aje7 is 8,the ,book of ,exhortation10 addressed by ,enoch to his family against sin in all its forms1 under all its disguises1 and concludes with an account of certain presages which should announce the birth of ,noah4 ,the ,talmudic writers taught that ,enoch at his translation became a chief angel1 and that his name became ,metatron4 ,in the ,chaldee version of ,jonathan on the words of ,genesis v4 #bd1 it is said1 8,and ,enoch served before the ,lord in truth1 and was not among the inhabitants of the earth1 for he was translated above into the firmament1 through the word of the ,lord2 and ,he called him by the name of ,metatron 7the great writer740 ,and in ,rabbi ,menachem's ,commentary on the ,five ,books of ,moses1 it is written1 8,the ,rabbi ,ishmael relates that he spoke to the ,metatron1 and he asked him why he was named with the name of his ,creator and with seventy names1 and why he was greater than any prince1 and higher than any angel1 and dearer than any servant1 and more honored than all the host and more excellent in greatness1 in power1 and dominion than all the mighty ones4 ,then he answered and said1 #8,because ,i was ,enoch1 son of ,jared4 ,this is what the holy1 ever-blessed ,god wrought1--when the races of the ,flood 7i4 e41 the sinners who lived at the time when the ,flood came7 sinned1 and did unrighteously in their works1 and had said to ,god1 8,depart from us10--,he took me from that untoward generation into the highest heaven1 that ,i might be a witness against that generation4 ,and after the ever-blessed ,god had removed me that ,i should stand before the throne of his ,majesty1 and before the wheels of ,his chariot1 and accomplish the requirements of the ,most ,high1 then my flesh became flame1 and my arteries fire1 and my bones juniper ashes1 and the light of my eyelids became the flashing of lightning1 and my eyeballs torches of fire1 and the hair of my head was a flame1 and all my limbs were fiery1 burning wings1 and my body became burning fire2 and by my right hand flames were cleft asunder2 and from my left hand burnt fiery torches2 but around me blew a wind1 and storm1 and tempest2 and before and behind me was the voice of a mighty earthquake4'0 ,the ,rabbi ,ishmael gives further particulars which are enshrined in the great ,jalkut ,rubeni4#aeg ,the ,rabbi ,ishmael1 according to this book1 received in addition these particulars from the lips of ,enoch4 ,he was carried to heaven in a chariot of fire by horses of fire2 and when he entered into the presence of ,god1 the ,sacred ,beasts1 the ,seraphim1 the ,osannim1 the ,cherubim1 the wheels of the chariot1 and all the fiery ministers recoiled five thousand three hundred and eighty miles at the smell of him1 and cried aloud1 8,what a stink is come among us from one born of a woman6 ,why is one who has eaten of white wheat admitted into heaven80 ,then the ,almighty answered and said1 8,my servants1 ,cherubim and ,seraphim1 do not be grieved1 for all my sons have rejected my sovereignty and adore idols1 this man alone excepted2 and in reward ,i exalt him to principality over the angels in heaven40 ,when ,enoch heard this he was glad1 for he had been a simple shoemaker on earth2 but this had he done1 at every stitch he had said1 8,the name of ,god and ,his ,majesty be praised40 ,the height of ,enoch when a chief angel was very great4 ,it would take a man five hundred years to walk from his heel to the crown of his head4 ,and the ladder which ,jacob saw in vision was the ladder of ,metatron4#aeh ,the same authority1 above quoted1 the ,rabbi ,ishmael1 is reported to have had the exact measure of ,enoch from his own lips2 it was seven hundred thousand times thousand miles in length and in breadth4#aei ,the account in the ,targum of ,palestine is simply this4 8,enoch served in the truth before the ,lord2 and behold1 he was not with the sojourners of the earth2 for he was withdrawn1 and he ascended to the firmament by the ,word before the ,lord1 and his name was called ,metatron1 the ,great ,saphra40#afj ,whether the ,annakos1 or ,nannakos of whom ,suidas wrote1 is to be identified with ,enoch1 ,i do not venture to decide4 ,suidas says that ,nannak was an aged king before ,deucalion 7,noah71 and that1 foreseeing the ,deluge1 he called all his subjects together into the temple to pray the gods with many tears to remit the evil4#afa ,and ,stephanos1 the ,byzantine lexicographer1 says that ,annakos lived at ,iconium in ,phrygia1 and that to weep for ,annak1 became a proverb4 ,,xi4 ,,the ,,giants4 ,the ,giants1 say the ,cabbalists1 arose thus4 ,aza and ,azael1 two angels of ,god1 complained to the ,most ,high at the creation of man1 and said1 8,why hast ,thou made man who will anger ,thee80 ,but ,god answered1 8,and you1 ,o angels1 if you were in the lower world1 you too1 would sin40 ,and ,he sent them on earth1 and then they fell1 as says the ,book of ,genesis1 8,and it came to pass that the sons of ,god saw the daughters of men that they were fair1 and they took them wives of all which they chose40 ,after they had sinned1 they were given bodies of flesh2 for an angel who spends seven days on earth becomes opaque and substantial4 ,and when they had been clothed with flesh and with a corrupt nature1 then they spake the word 8,shem hamphorasch10 and sought to regain their former place1 but could not2 and were cast out into mountains1 there to dwell4 ,from these angels descend the sons of the giants and the ,anakim1 and from their seed also spring the devils4#afb ,the ,rabbi ,eliezer says that the giants sprang from the union of the angels with the daughters of ,cain1 who walked about in immodest clothing and cast their eyes around with bold glances4 ,and the book ,zeenaureena1 in the ,parascha ,chykkath1 says that ,og sprang from this connection1 and that ,sammael1 the angel1 was the parent of ,og1 but that ,sihon was the son of the same angel who deceived the wife of ,ham when she was about to enter the ark4#afc ,the account in the ,book of ,enoch is as follows3-- 8,hear and fear not1 ,enoch1 thou righteous man1 and writer of righteousness1 come hither and hear my words3 ,go speak unto the ,watchers of ,heaven1 and say unto them1 ,ye shall pray for men and not men for you4 ,why have ye forsaken the high and holy and eternal heaven1 and have joined yourselves to women1 and polluted yourselves with the daughters of men1 and have taken to you wives1 and have become the fathers of a giant race8 ,ye who were spiritual1 holy1 and enjoying eternal life1 have corrupted yourselves with women1 and have become parents of children with flesh and blood2 lusting after the blood of men1 ye have brought forth flesh and blood1 like those who are mortal and perishable4 ,because men die1 therefore did ,i give unto them wives1 that they might have sons1 and perpetuate their generation4 ,but ye are spiritual and in the enjoyment of eternal life4 ,therefore give ,i not to you wives1 for heaven is the abode of the spirits4 ,and now the giants1 who are born of flesh and blood1 shall become evil spirits1 and their dwelling shall be on the earth4 ,bad beings shall proceed from them4 ,because they have been generated from above1 from the holy ,watchers have they received their origin1 therefore shall they be evil spirits on the earth1 and evil spirits shall they be called4 ,and the spirits of the giants1 which mount upon the clouds1 will fail and be cast down1 and do violence1 and cause ruin on the earth and injury2 they shall not eat1 they shall not thirst1 and they shall be invisible40#afd ,among the ,oriental ,christians it is said1 that ,adam having related to the children of ,seth the delights of ,paradise1 several of them desired to recover the lost possession4 ,they retired to ,mount ,hermon and dwelt there in the fear of the ,lord2 living in great austerity1 in hope that their penitence would recover ,eden4 ,but the ,canaanites dwelt round them on all sides1 and the sons of ,seth becoming tired of celibacy1 took the daughters of the ,canaanites to wife1 and to them were born the giants4#afe ,others say that the posterity of the patriarch ,seth were those called the 8,sons of ,god10 because they lived on ,mount ,hermon in familiar discourse with the angels4 ,on this mountain they fed only on the fruit of the earth1 and their sole oath was 8,by the blood of ,abel40#aff ,among the giants was ,surkrag1 of whom we have already related a few particulars4 ,he was not of the race of men1 nor of the posterity of ,adam4 ,according to the ,mussulman account he was commander of the armies of ,soliman ,tchaghi1 who reigned over the earth before the time of ,gian ben ,gian1 who succeeded him and reigned seven thousand years4 ,the whole earth was then in the power of the ,jins4 ,gian ben ,gian erected the pyramids of ,egypt4 ,surkrag obeyed ,god1 and followed the true religion1 and would not suffer his subject ,jins to insult or maltreat the descendants of ,adam4 ,he reigned on ,mount ,kaf1 and allied himself1 according to ,persian authorities1 with ,kaumarth1 the first king of the world1 whom some ,persian writers identify with ,adam1 but others suppose to be the son of ,mahalaleel1 and cotemporary with ,enoch4 ,ferdusi1 the author of the ,schah-,nmeh1 speaks of him as the first who wore a crown and sat on a throne1 and imposed a tribute on his subjects4 ,he says that this monarch lived a thousand years1 and reigned five hundred and fifty years4 ,he was the first to teach men to build houses4 ,but if ,kaumarth was the first man to reign1 he was the first also to weary of it2 for he abdicated his sovereignty and retired into his former abode1 a cave1 after having surrendered his authority to his son ,siamek4 ,siamek having been killed1 ,kaumarth re-ascended his throne to revenge his death4 ,after having recovered the body of his son1 he buried him with great honors1 and kindled over his grave a great fire1 which was kept perpetually burning1 and this originated the worship of fire among the people of ,iran4 ,kaumarth overcame the giant ,semendoun1 who had a hundred arms2 his son1 ,huschenk1 also overcame a giant who had three heads1 mounted on an animal with twelve legs4 ,this animal1 namad ,rakhsche1 was found by him in the ,dog ,isle1 or the ,new ,continent1 and was born of the union of a crocodile and an hippopotamus1 and it fed on the flesh of serpents4 ,having mastered this beast1 ,huschenk overcame the ,mahisers1 which have heads of fish and are of great ferocity4 ,after having extended his conquests to the extremities of the earth1 ,huschenk was crushed to death by a mass of rock which the giants1 his mortal enemies1 hurled against him4#afg ,according to ,tabari1 ,huschenk was the son of ,kaumarth1 who was the son of ,mahalaleel4 ,he was the first man to cut down trees and to make boards1 and fashion them into doors to close the entrance to houses4 ,he also discovered many precious stones1 such as the topaz and jacinth4 ,he reigned four hundred years4#afh ,he was succeeded by ,tahmourath1 who taught men to saddle and bridle horses2 he was also the first man to write in ,persian characters2 he figures as a great hero in ,iranian fable4 ,according to the story in ,persia1 he was carried by the ,simorg to the mountain of ,kaf4 ,now the ,simorg is a wondrous bird1 speaking all languages1 and eminently religious4 ,according to the ,kaherman ,nmeh1 the bird ,simorg1 being asked its age1 replied1 8,this world has been seven times peopled1 and seven times made void of living beings4 ,the generation of ,adam1 in which we now are1 will last seven thousand years1 which form a cycle1 and ,i have seen twelve of these revolutions4 ,how many more ,i shall see is unknown to me40 ,the same book informs us that the ,simorg was a great friend of the race of ,adam1 and a great enemy to the demons and ,jins4 ,he knew ,adam personally1 and had done obeisance to him1 and enjoyed the same religion as our first fathers4 ,he foretold to ,tahmourath all that was to take place in the world1 and plucking from his bosom some feathers1 he presented them to him1 and from that time all great captains and men of war wear feather crests4 ,tahmourath having been transported by the bird to the mountains of ,kaf1 he assisted the ,peris1 who were at war with the ,jins4 ,argenk1 the giant1 finding that the ,peris were gaining the mastery1 with the assistance of ,tahmourath1 sent an embassy desiring peace2 but the ambassador1 ,imlain1 abandoned the party of the ,jins and assisted ,tahmourath to obtain complete mastery in the mountains of ,kaf1 and to overcome not only the giant ,argenk1 but also ,demrusch1 a far more terrible monster4 ,demrusch lived in a cavern guarding a vast treasure1 which he had amassed in ,persia and ,india4 ,he had also carried off the ,peri ,mergian4 ,tahmourath slew ,demrusch and released ,mergian4 ,according to the ,persian story1 ,tahmourath was the first to cultivate rice1 and to nourish silk-worms in the province of ,tabristan4#afi ,to return to ,tabari4 ,djemschid was the brother of ,tahmourath2 he was the first man to forge arms1 and he is probably to be identified with ,tubal-cain4 ,he introduced also the use of pigments1 and he discovered pearls1 and also to dig for lime1 vermilion1 and quicksilver2 he likewise compounded scents1 and cultivated flowers4 ,he divided all men into four classes1--soldiers1 scribes1 agriculturists1 and artisans4 ,at the head of all he placed the learned1 that they might guide the affairs of men1 and set them their tasks and instruct them in what they were to do4 ,then ,djemschid asked the wise men1 8,what must a king do to secure his throne80 ,they answered1 8,he must reign in equity40 ,consequently1 ,djemschid instituted justice2 and he sat the first day of every month with his wise men1 and ministered righteous judgments4 ,for seven hundred years he continued this practice2 and in all that time no rebellion broke out1 no afflictions troubled him1 nor was his reign in any way menaced4 ,one day1 whilst ,djemschid was taking his siesta alone in his chamber1 ,eblis entered by the window1 and ,djemschid asked1 8,who art thou80 ,now he thought he was one of those who waited without till he should come forth to administer justice4 ,eblis entered into conversation with ,djemschid1 and said1 8,i am an angel1 and ,i have descended from heaven to give thee counsel40 8,what counsel dost thou offer80 asked the king4 ,eblis replied1 8,tell me1 who thou art80 ,he answered1 8,i am one of the sons of ,adam40 8,thou mistakest10 said the ,evil ,one3 8thou art not a man4 ,consider1 since thou hast reigned1 has any thing failed thee8 ,hast thou suffered any affliction1 any loss1 any revolt8 ,if thou wert a son of ,adam1 sorrow would be thy lot4 ,nay1 verily1 thou art a god60 8,and what sign canst thou show me of my divinity80 8,i am an angel4 ,mortal man cannot behold an angel1 and live40 ,then he vanished4 ,djemschid fell into the snare of pride4 ,next day he caused a great fire to be lighted1 and he called together all men and said to them1 8,i am a god1 worship me2 ,i created heaven above and earth beneath2 and those that refuse to adore me shall be consumed in the fire40 ,then from fear of him many obeyed2 and the same hour revolt broke out4 ,there was a man named ,beyourasp who stirred up the people1 and led a great army against ,djemschid1 and overcame him1 and took from him his kingdom1 and sawed the king asunder from the head to the feet4#agj ,,xii4 ,,lamech4 8,methusael begat ,lamech4 ,and ,lamech took unto him two wives3 the name of one was ,adah1 and the name of the other ,zillah4 ,and ,adah bare ,jabal3 he was the father of such as dwell in tents1 and of such as have cattle4 ,and his brother's name was ,jubal3 he was the father of all such as handle the harp and organ4 ,and ,zillah1 she also bare ,tubal-cain1 an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron3 and the sister of ,tubal-cain was ,naamah4 ,and ,lamech said unto his wives1 ,adah and ,zillah1 ,hear my voice2 ye wives of ,lamech1 hearken unto my speech3 for ,i have slain a man to my wounding1 and a young man to my hurt4 ,if ,cain shall be avenged sevenfold1 truly ,lamech seventy-fold40#aga ,the speech of ,lamech points to a tradition unrecorded in the ,sacred ,text1 with which the ,israelites were probably well acquainted1 and which therefore did not need repetition2 or else1 there has been a paragraph dropped out of the original text4 ,the speech is sufficiently mysterious to raise our curiosity4 ,whom had ,lamech slain8 and why should ,lamech be avenged8 ,the ,targums throw no light on the passage1 merely paraphrasing it1 without supplying the key to the speech of ,lamech4#agb ,but ,rabbinic tradition is unanimous on its signification4 ,the book ,jasher says that in those days men did not love to have children1 therefore they gave their wives drink to make them sterile4 ,zillah had taken this drink1 and she was barren till in her old age she bare ,tubal-cain and ,naamah4 ,now ,lamech became blind in his old age1 and he was led about by the boy ,tubal-cain4 ,tubal-cain saw ,cain in the distance1 and supposing from the horn on his forehead that he was a beast1 he said to his father1 8,span thy brow and shoot60 ,then the old man discharged his arrow1 and ,cain fell dead4 ,but when he ascertained that he had slain his great ancestor1 he smote his hands together1 and in so doing1 by accident struck his son and killed him4 ,therefore his wives were wroth and would have no communication with him4 ,but he appeased them with the words recorded in ,genesis4#agc ,the same story is told in the book of the 8,combat with ,adam40 ,some ,jewish writers adopt a tradition that ,tubal-cain was not slain1 but was severely injured by his father2 according to some1 he was lamed4 ,connecting this tradition with his name1 a striking analogy springs up between him and the ,vulcan of classic antiquity1 and the ,vlundr of ,norse mythology4 ,both were lame1 both were forgers of iron1 and the names ,vulcan and ,vlundr bear some affinity to ,tubal-cain2 for cutting off ,tu1 we have ,balcain or ,vulcan4 ,a very learned and exhaustive monograph on ,vlundr has been written by ,,mm4 ,depping and ,michel4#agd ,tubal is said by ,tabari to have discovered the art of fermenting the juice of the grape1 as well as that of music4 ,eblis deceived the young man1 who was full of gayety1 and taught him many things1 amongst others how to make wine4 ,tubal took grapes and crushed them1 and made must1 and let it grow bitter4 ,then he took it and put it in a glass jug4 ,he made flutes1 lutes1 cymbals1 and drums4 ,when he began to drink the wine he had made1 he jumped and danced4 ,all the sons of ,cain looked on1 and1 pleased with his merriment1 they also drank and played on the instruments ,tubal had made4#age ,naamah1 the sister of ,tubal-cain1 became the wife of the devil ,schomron1 by whom she became the mother of ,asmodeus4#agf ,,xiii4 ,,methuselah4 ,it is related that an angel appeared to ,methuselah1 who was then aged five hundred years1 and lived in the open air1 and advised him to build a house4 ,the ,patriarch asked how long he had to live4 8,about five hundred years more10 answered the angel4 8,then10 said ,methuselah1 8it is not worth taking the trouble for so short a time40#agg 8,methuselah10 says the ,midrash1 8was a thoroughly righteous man4 ,every word that fell from his lips was superlatively perfect1 exhausting the praises of the ,lord4 ,he had learnt nine hundred chapters of the ,mischna4 ,at his death a frightful thunder was heard1 and all beasts burst into tears4 ,he was mourned seven days by men1 and therefore the outbreak of the ,flood was postponed till the morning was over40#agh ,eusebius says1 8,he lived longer than all who had preceded him4 ,he1 according to all editions 7of the ,,lxx471 lived fifteen years after the ,deluge1 but where he was preserved through it is uncertain40#agi ,but the general opinion of the ,jews follows the ,midrash4 ,the ,rabbi ,solomon says1 he died seven days before the ,flood2 and the ,pirke of ,rabbi ,eliezer and the ,jalkut confirm this opinion4 ,he is said to have pronounced three hundred and thirty parables to the honor of the ,most ,high4 ,but the origin of this is to be traced to the ,cabbalists1 who say that1 by transposition of the letters of his name1 the anagram 8,he who prophesied in parables0 can be read4#ahj ,he had a sword inscribed with the ,schem hammphorasch 7the ,incommunicable ,name71 and with it he succeeded in slaying a thousand devils4#aha ,,xiv4 ,,noah4 ,the earth being filled with violence1 ,god resolved on its destruction1 but ,noah1 the just1 ,he purposed to save alive4 ,on the words of ,genesis1 8,all flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth10 the ,rabbi ,johanan taught that not only was the race of men utterly demoralized1 but also all the races of animals4#ahb ,noah and his family1 and one pair of all the beasts of earth1 were to be saved in the ark1 but of every clean beast seven were to enter in4 ,falsehood hastened to the ark and asked to be admitted2 ,noah refused4 8,i admit the animals only in pairs10 said he4 ,then ,falsehood went away in wrath1 and met ,injustice1 who said-- 8,why art thou so sad80 8,i have been refused admittance into the ark1 for ,i am single10 said ,falsehood2 8be thou my companion40 8,see1 now10 answered ,injustice1 8,i take no companionship without prospect of gain40 8,fear not10 said ,falsehood1 8,i will spread the toils and thou shalt have the booty40 ,so they went together to the ark1 and ,noah was unable to refuse them admission4 ,and when the ,flood was passed and the beasts went forth out of the ark1 ,falsehood said angrily1 8,i have done my work and have caused evil1 but thou hast all the plunder2 share with me40 8,thou fool60 answered ,injustice1 8dost thou forget the agreement8 ,thine it is to spread the net1 mine alone to take the spoil40#ahc ,at the time of the ,deluge the giants were not all drowned1 for ,og planted his foot upon the fountains of the great deep1 and with his hands stopped the windows of heaven1 or the water would have risen over his head4 ,the ,rabbi ,eliezer#ahd said that the giants exclaimed1 when the ,flood broke out1 8,if all the waters of the earth be gathered together1 they will only reach our waists2 but if the fountains of the great deep be broken up1 we must stamp them down again40 ,and this they did1 but ,god made the waters boiling hot1 and it scalded them so that their flesh was boiled and fell off their bones4#ahe ,but what became of ,og in the ,deluge we learn from the ,talmud4#ahf ,he went into the water along with a rhinoceros#ahg beside the ark1 and clung to it2 now the water round the ark was cold1 but all the rest was boiling hot4 ,thus he was saved alive1 whereas the other giants perished4 ,according to another authority1 ,og climbed on the roof of the ark2 and on ,noah attempting to dislodge him1 he swore that1 if allowed to remain there1 he and his posterity would be the slaves of the sons of ,noah4 ,thereupon the patriarch yielded4 ,he bored a hole in the side of the vessel1 and passed through it every day the food necessary for the giant's consumption4#ahh ,it is asserted by some ,rabbinic writers that the ,deluge did not overflow the land of ,israel1 but was partial2 some say the ,holy ,land was alone left dry1 and a rhinoceros had taken refuge on it and so escaped being drowned4 ,but others say that the land of ,israel was submerged1 though all agree that the rhinoceros survived without having entered the ark4 ,and they explain the escape of the rhinoceros in this manner4 ,its head was taken into the ark1 and it swam behind the vessel4 ,now the rhinoceros is a very large animal1 and could not be admitted into the ark lest it should swamp it4 ,the ,rabbi ,jannai says1 he saw a young rhinoceros of a day old1 and it was as big as ,mount ,tabor2 and ,tabor's dimensions are forty miles4 ,its neck was three miles long1 and its head half a mile4 ,it dropped dung1 and the dung choked up ,jordan4 ,other commentators object that the head was too large to be admitted into the ark1 and suppose that only the tip of its nose was received4 ,but as the ark swayed on the waters1 ,noah tied the horn of the rhinoceros to the side of the vessel1 lest the beast's nose should slip off in a lurch of the ark1 and so the creature perish4 ,all this is from the ,talmud4 ,let us now turn to some of the ,mussulman legends of ,noah4 ,his history is briefly related in the ,koran1 in the chapter entitled 8,hud40 8,noah built the ark with our assistance and that of the angels1 following the knowledge we revealed to him1 and we said to him3 ,speak no more in behalf of the sinners2 they shall all be drowned4 8,whilst ,noah was building his ark1 all those who passed by mocked him2 but he said to them3 ,though you rail at me now1 the time will come when ,i shall rail at you2 for you will learn to your cost1 ,who it is that punishes the wicked in this world1 and reserves for them a further punishment in the world to come40 ,in the annals of ,eutychius of ,alexandria1 who wrote in ,egypt in the tenth century1 and who probably quoted from apocryphal documents now perished1 we read that1 before the ,flood broke out1 ,noah made a bell of plane wood1 about five feet high1 which he sounded every day1 morning1 noon1 and evening4 ,when any one asked him why he did so1 he replied1 8,to warn you that ,god will send a deluge to destroy you all40 ,eutychius adds some further particulars4 8,before they entered the ark10 says he1 8,noah and his sons went to the cave of ,elcanuz1 where lay the bodies of ,adam1 ,seth1 ,cainan1 ,mahalaleel1 ,jared1 ,methuselah1 and ,lamech4 ,he kissed his dead ancestors1 and bore off the body of ,adam together with precious oblations4 ,shem bore gold2 ,ham took myrrh2 and ,japheth incense4 ,having gone forth1 as they descended the ,holy ,mount they lifted their eyes to ,paradise1 which crowned it1 and said1 with tears1 #8,farewell6 ,holy ,paradise1 farewell6' and they kissed the stones and embraced the trees of the ,holy ,mount40#ahi ,ibn ,abbas1 one of the commentators on the ,koran1 adds1 that ,noah being in doubt as to the shape he was to give to the ark1 ,god revealed to him that it was to be modelled on the plan of a bird's belly1 and that it was to be constructed of teak wood4 ,noah planted the tree1 and in twenty years it grew to such a size that out of it he was able to build the entire ark4#aij ,to return to the ,koran4 8,when the time prescribed for the punishment of men was arrived1 and the oven began to boil and vomit1 we said to ,noah3 ,take and bring into the ark two couples of every kind of animal1 male and female1 with all your family1 except him who has been condemned by your mouth1 and receive the faithful1 and even the unbelievers2 but few only will enter40 ,the interpreters of the ,koran say that the ark was built in two years4 ,they give it the dimensions mentioned in ,genesis3--three stages1 that on the top for the birds1 the middle one for the men and the provisions1 whilst the beasts occupied the hold4 ,the sign of the outburst of the ,flood was that water flowed out of the burning oven of ,noah's wife4 ,then all the veins and arteries of the earth broke and spirted out water4 ,he who was excluded was ,canaan1 the son of ,ham1 whom he had cursed4 ,but ,abulfeda says that it was ,jam1 a fourth son of ,noah1 who was excluded from the ark4#aia ,the ,persians say that ,ham incurred his father's malediction as well1 and1 for that1 he and his posterity became black and were enslaved2 but that ,noah1 grieved for his son's progeny1 prayed ,god to have mercy on them1 and ,god made the slave to be loved and cherished by his master4 ,the ,koran says1 8,noah having entered the ark with his wife 7,noema1 daughter of ,enoch1 according to the ,yaschar1 ,noria1 according to the ,gnostics2 ,vesta1 according to the ,cabbalists71 and his three sons1 ,shem1 ,ham1 and ,japheth1 and their wives1 the three daughters of ,eliakim1 son of ,methuselah1 he said to those who dwell on the earth1 #8,embark in the name of the ,lord4' 8,and whilst he thus spake1 the ark advanced or halted1 according to his order1 in the name of ,god40 ,but the ,yaschar says that the ungodly dwellers on the earth1 finding the ,flood rising1 hastened in such crowds to the ark1 that they would have overfilled it1 had not the lions and other animals within defended the entrance and repulsed them4#aib ,according to some ,oriental traditions1 ,noah embarked at ,koufah2 according to others1 near where ,babylon was afterwards erected2 but some say in ,india2 and some affirm that in the six months during which the ,deluge lasted1 the ark made the circuit of the world4#aic ,noah1 seeing that his grandson ,canaan was not on board1 called to him1 and said1 8,embark1 my child1 and do not remain among the ungodly40 ,but ,canaan replied1 8,i will ascend the mountains1 and shall be safe there40 8,nothing can save thee to-day but the mercy of ,god10 said ,noah4 ,whilst thus speaking1 a wave rushed between them and submerged ,canaan4 ,after forty days1 the ark swam from one end of the earth to the other1 over the highest mountains4 ,over ,mount ,kubeis1 chosen by ,god in which to preserve the sacred black stone of the ,kaaba1 the ark revolved seven times4#aid ,tabari says that ,noah had four sons1 and that of these ,canaan was the youngest1 and that the three elder believed in his mission1 but his wife and ,canaan laughed at his predictions4 ,the animals that were brought into the ark were collected and wafted to it by the wind4 ,when the ass was about to enter1 ,eblis 7,satan7 caught hold of its tail4 ,the ass came on slowly2 ,noah was impatient1 and exclaimed1 8,you cursed one1 come in quick40 ,when ,eblis was within1 ,noah saw him1 and said1 8,what right have you in here80 8,i have entered at your invitation10 answered the ,evil ,one4 8,you said1 #8,cursed one1 come in2' ,i am the accursed one40 ,when six months had passed1 the ark rested on the surface of the water above ,djondi1#aie and the rain ceased to fall1 and ,god said to the earth1 8,suck in the water20 and to the sky1 8,withhold thy rains40 ,the water abated2 and the ark lodged on the top of the mountain4 8,there left the ark two sorts of animals which had not entered it--the pig and the cat4 ,these animals did not exist before the ,deluge1 and ,god created them in the ark because it was full of filth and human excrements1 which caused a great stench4 ,the persons in the ark1 not being able to endure any longer the smell1 complained to ,noah4 ,then ,noah passed his hand down the back of the elephant1 and it evacuated the pig4 ,the pig ate all the dung which was in the ark1 and the stench was no more4 8,some time after the rats gave great annoyance4 ,they ate the food1 and befouled what they did not eat4 ,then the voyagers went to ,noah1 and said to him1 ,you delivered us in our former difficulty1 but now we are plagued with rats1 which gnaw our garments1 eat our victuals1 and cover every thing with their filth4 ,then ,noah passed his hand down the back of the lion1 who sneezed1 and the cat leaped out of its nose4 ,and the cat ate the rats4 8,when ,noah had left the ark1 he passed forty days on the mountain1 till all the water had subsided into the sea4 ,all the briny water that is there is what remains from the ,flood4 8,noah said to the raven1 ,go and place your foot on the earth and see what is the depth of the water4 ,the raven departed2 but1 having found a carcase1 it remained to devour it1 and did not return4 ,noah was provoked1 and he cursed the raven1 saying1 ,may ,god make thee contemptible among men and let carrion be thy food6 8,after that ,noah sent forth the dove4 ,the dove departed1 and1 without tarrying1 put her feet in the water4 ,the water of the ,flood scalded and pickled the legs of the dove4 ,it was hot and briny1 and feathers would not grow on her legs any more1 and the skin scaled off4 ,now1 doves which have red and featherless legs are of the sort that ,noah sent forth4 ,the dove returning showed her legs to ,noah1 who said1 ,may ,god render thee well-pleasing to men6 ,for that reason the dove is dear to men's hearts40#aif ,another version of the story is this4 ,noah blessed the dove1 and since then she has borne a neck-ring of green feathers2 but the raven1 on the other hand1 he cursed1 that its flight should be crooked1 and never direct like that of other birds4#aig ,this is also a ,jewish legend4#aih ,after that1 ,noah descended the mountain along with the eighty persons who had been saved with him1 and he found that not a house was left standing on the face of the earth4 ,noah built a town consisting of eighty houses1--a house apiece for all who had been saved with him4#aii ,fabricius1 in his collection of apocrypha of the ,old ,testament1 has published the prayer that ,noah offered daily in the ark1 beside the body of ,adam1 which he bore with him1 to bury it on ,golgotha4 8,o ,lord1 ,thou art excellent in truth1 and nothing is great beside ,thee2 look upon us in mercy2 deliver us from this deluge of water for the sake of the pangs of ,adam1 the first man whom ,thou didst make2 for the sake of the blood of ,abel1 the holy one2 for the sake of just ,seth1 in whom ,thou didst delight2 number us not amongst those who have broken ,thy commandments1 but cover us with ,thy protection1 for ,thou art our deliverer1 and to ,thee alone are due the praises uttered by the works of ,thy hands from all eternity40 ,and all the children of ,noah responded1 8,amen1 ,o ,lord40#bjj ,noah is said to have left the ark on the tenth day of the first month of the ,mussulman year1 and to have instituted the fast which the ,mahommedans observe on that day1 to thank ,god for his deliverance4 ,according to the ,book of ,enoch1 the water of the ,flood was transformed by ,god into fire1 which will consume the world and the ungodly1 at the consummation of all things4#bja ,the ,targum of ,palestine says that the dove plucked the leaf she brought to ,noah from off a tree on the ,mount of ,olives4#bjb ,the ,book ,jasher supplies an omission in ,genesis4 ,in ,genesis it is said of ,lamech1 on the birth of ,noah1 8,he called his name ,noah2 saying1 ,this same shall comfort us concerning our work and toil of our hands1 because of the ground which the ,lord hath cursed20#bjc but ,noah signifies rest1 not comfort4 ,the ,book ,jasher says that the ,methuselah called the child ,noah1 rest1 because the land rested from the curse2 but ,lamech called him ,menahem1 comfort1 for the reason given in the text of ,genesis4 ,the sacred writer has given one name with the signification of the other4#bjd ,,xv4 ,,heathen ,,legends ,,of ,,the ,,deluge4 ,ararat has borne this name for three thousand years4 ,we read in the ,book of ,genesis that 8the ark rested1 in the seventh month1 on the seventeenth day of the month1 upon the mountains of ,ararat40 ,in passages of the ,old ,testament1 as in ,isaiah xxxvii4 #ch and #b ,kings xix4 #cg1 mention is made of a land1 in ,jeremiah li4 #bg of a kingdom1 of ,ararat2 and we are likewise informed by ,moses of ,chorene1 the first authority among ,armenian writers1 that an entire country bore this name after an ancient ,armenian king1 ,arai the ,fair1 who lived about #agej years before ,christ4 ,he fell in a bloody battle with the ,babylonians on a plain in ,armenia1 called after him ,arai-,arat1 the ,fall of ,arai4 ,before this event the country bore the name of ,amasia1 from its sovereign1 ,amassis1 the sixth in descent from ,japheth1 who gave the name of ,massis to the mountain4 ,this is still the only name by which it is known to the ,armenians2 for1 though it is called ,ararat in the ,armenian edition of the ,old ,testament1 yet the people call it ,massis1 and know no other name for it4 ,the ,mussulmans call it ,agridagh1 the strong mountain4 ,the name by which it is known to the ,persians is ,kuhi-,nuh1 the mountain of ,noah1 or ,saad-dagh1 the ,blessed ,mountain4#bje ,but tradition is not at one as to the peak on which the ark rested1 or from which ,noah descended1 as we shall presently see4 ,ararat is #ag1baj feet in altitude above the sea1 and #ad1cbj feet above the plain of the ,araxes4 ,on the northeastern slope of the mountain1 even from a distance1 may be seen a deep1 gloomy chasm1 which gives the appearance as if the mountain had been rent asunder at the top3 this was probably at some remote period the volcanic vent1 for the mountain is composed of tufa1 scoria1 and erupted matter4 ,it shoots up in one rigid crest1 and then sweeps down towards ,little ,ararat1 the second summit1 which stands #ac1jjj feet above the sea4#bjf ,the people of the neighborhood point to a step on the mountain side1 covered with perpetual snow and glacier1 and where1 say they1 the ark rested2 and to a town near ,ararat named ,naktschiwan1 or 8the first outgoing0 of ,noah from the ark4 ,this etymological interpretation is probably as questionable as that of ,ararat given by ,moses of ,chorene2 it is true the city is ancient1 for it was severely injured by an earthquake in the reign of ,astyages the ,median1 in the sixth century before ,christ4 ,it is called ,naxuana by ,josephus1#bjg and he says it was so called because there ,noah first descended from the ark1 and that remains of the ark were there to be seen carefully preserved4 ,and there1 says the ,armenian historian ,vartan1 is also the tomb of ,noah4 ,nicolas of ,damascus1 in his ,history of ,syria1 ,berosus the ancient ,babylonian writer and other heathen historians1 tell a similar tale2 and we learn that relics of the ark were distributed thence1 and were regarded with the utmost reverence1 as amulets4 ,nicolas of ,damascus1 who wrote in the reign of ,augustus1 says1 8,there is beyond the ,minyadian land a great mountain in ,armenia1 ,baris by name 7perhaps for ,masis71 on which1 as the tradition says1 some one sailing over it in an ark1 lodged on the topmost peak4 ,the remains of the wood continued to exist long4 ,perhaps this may be the same as he of whom ,moses1 the ,jewish historian1 has written40#bjh ,the story quoted by ,eusebius from an ancient writer named ,molo1 gives a form of the ,syrian tradition4 8,after the ,deluge1 the man who with his sons escaped the flood1 went out of ,armenia1 after he had been driven out of his inheritance by the violence of the natives4 ,he came thence into the mountains of ,syria1 which were then uninhabited40#bji ,and with this agrees a curious allusion in ,lucian1 who was himself a ,syrian4 ,he says that there was in ,syria1 in the city ,hierapolis1 a religious festival1 and a very ancient temple1 connected 8with the popular story of ,deucalion the ,scythian1 who lived at the time of the great ,deluge40 ,it is curious that he should give to the ,syrian ,noah the ,greek name1 and that he should speak of him as not a native1 but as coming from the ,east1 from ,scythia4 ,he says3 8,of this ,deucalion have ,i heard in ,greece1 what the ,greeks relate4 ,the story is this3 ,the present race of men is not the first1 for that perished4 ,this is the second race which sprang from ,deucalion1 and was very numerous4 ,the earlier generation was very evil1 and violated the ,divine law4 ,they neither kept oaths nor showed hospitality2 they took not the stranger in1 nor protected him when he sought protection2 therefore a terrible destruction fell upon them4 ,much water gushed out of the earth1 great rains poured down1 and the sea rose and overwhelmed the earth4 ,deucalion alone of all men was preserved to another generation on account of his wisdom and piety4 ,he was thus saved4 ,he went into a great ark which he had built1 along with his wife and children4 ,then came to him1 pair by pair1 cows1 horses1 lions1 serpents1 and all kinds of animals which are nourished on earth1 and he took them all in4 ,they did not hurt him1 for ,zeus ordained a great friendship amongst them4 ,so they all sailed in the ark as long as the flood lasted4 ,this is the ,greek story of ,deucalion4 8,but very wonderful is the confirmation of the history as it is related in ,hierapolis4 ,in the neighborhood of that city a great chasm opened which engulphed all the waters of the ,flood4 ,thereupon ,deucalion erected altars1 and dedicated a temple to ,here 7,atergatis7 over the chasm4 ,i have seen this2 it is very small3 whether it was once large but has since become smaller1 ,i cannot say2 but ,i saw that it was small4 ,for the confirmation of the history the following takes place3 twice in the year the sea-water is brought into the temple4 ,not only do the priests bear it1 but all ,syria and ,arabia1 and many from beyond ,euphrates1 come and carry water4 ,they pour it out in the temple2 then it runs down into the chasm1 and1 though it may be very small1 it takes in all the water poured into it4 ,this they do1 say they1 because ,deucalion instituted this rite as a memorial of his deliverance1 and of the mercy of ,god40#baj ,equally fully has the ,babylonian tradition reached us from the ,chaldee history of the old priest of ,bel1 ,berosus 7,b4 ,c4 #bfj74 ,the ,chaldees had placed ten kings at the head of this mystic history1 which answer to the ten generations in ,genesis before the ,flood4 ,the last of these patriarchs was called ,xisuthrus1 who is the same as the ,biblical ,noah4 ,berosus relates the story of the ,deluge thus3 8,under the reign of ,xisuthrus there was a great flood4 ,kronos 7i4 e41 ,bel7 appeared to ,xisuthrus in a dream1 and warned him that all men would be destroyed by a deluge on the #aeth of the month ,dsios1 and he commanded him to write down all the learning and science of men1 and to hide it in the sun-city ,siparis1 and then to build a ship and to enter it along with his family and relatives and nearest friends1 and to take into it with him food and drink1 and beasts and winged fowl4 ,when he was asked whither he was about to sail1 he was bidden reply3 ,to the gods1 to pray them that men may prosper4 ,he obeyed2 and made an ark five stadia long and two wide1 laid in what was commanded1 and sailed with his wife and child and relatives4 ,when the flood abated1 ,xisuthrus sent out a bird which1 as it found no food nor ground on which to perch1 returned to the ship4 ,after a day1 he sent out another bird2 this came back with mud on its feet4 ,the third bird he sent out did not return4 ,so ,xisuthrus knew that the land appeared1 and he broke a hole in the ship and saw that the ship was stranded on a mountain2 so he disembarked with his wife and daughter and steersman2 and when he had adored the earth1 raised an altar1 and offered to the gods1 he vanished4 ,those who remained in the ship also went out1 when they saw that ,xisuthrus did not return1 to seek ,xisuthrus1 and they called him by name4 ,but ,xisuthrus appeared again no more1 only his voice was heard bidding them fear ,god1 and telling them that he had taken to dwell with the gods1 because he was pious4 ,the same honor was accorded to his wife and daughter and to the steersman40 ,this refers to their being set in the sky as constellations3 ,xisuthrus as the water-bearer1 the virgin1 and steersman still occupy their places there4 8,he bade them10 continues ,berosus1 8return to ,babylon1 and1 as ,fate decreed1 take his writings out of ,siparis1 and from them instruct men4 ,the place where they found themselves was ,armenia4 ,some fragments of the ship remain on the mountains of the ,kordyans in ,armenia1 and some take away particles and use them as amulets40#baa ,eusebius has preserved a fragment of another ,babylonian writer1 ,abydenos1 which gives the same story precisely4#bab ,another ,chaldee tradition preserved by ,cassian is that1 before the ,flood4 ,ham concealed in the ground treaties of witchcraft and alchemy1 and that1 when the water abated1 he recovered them4#bac ,according to ,berosus also1 ,xisuthrus had three sons1--,zerovanos1 ,titan1 and ,japetosthes4 ,zerovanos is the same as ,zoroaster4 ,from ,phrygia also come to us traces of a ,diluvian tradition4 ,a number of coins of ,apamea1 a city of ,phrygia1 between the rivers ,mander and ,marsyas1 of the period of ,septimius ,severus and the following emperors1 possibly bear reference to this event4#bad ,one1 a coin of ,philip1 bears on the reverse something like a box1 containing a man and woman2 on the panel of the box1 under the man1 is written 8,noe10 the dove is bringing the olive branch1 and the raven is seated on the edge of the box above the head of the female figure4 ,the same two persons are also represented on dry land1 with the right hand uplifted in the attitude of prayer4 ,another coin with the same subject1 on the reverse has1 inscribed on the ark1 4 ,to elucidate these coins1 reference is made to a passage in the ,sibylline ,oracles to this effect3 8,in ,phrygia lies steep1 to be seen from afar1 a mountain1 named ,ararat4444 ,therefrom streams the river ,marsyas2 but on its crest rested the ark 77 when the rain abated40#bae ,as the ancient name of ,apamea seems to have been ,kibotos1 it is not unlikely that the ,sibylline writer mixed together in those lines the ,mosaic and the ,phrygian traditions4 ,it must1 however1 be admitted that it is quite as probable that the box represents a temple1 and the two figures tutelary deities1 and that the 8,noe0 is a contraction for 8,neocoros10 the most important title assumed by ,greek cities1 and often recorded on their coins4 ,the ancient ,persian account in the ,bundehesch is this3--8,taschter 7the spirit ruling the waters7 found water for thirty days and thirty nights upon the earth4 ,every water-drop was as big as a bowl4 ,the earth was covered with water the height of a man4 ,all idolaters on earth died through the rain2 it penetrated all openings4 ,afterwards a wind from heaven divided the water and carried it away in clouds1 as souls bear bodies2 then ,ormuzd collected all the water together and placed it as a boundary to the earth1 and thus was the great ocean formed40#baf ,the ancient ,indian tradition is1 8that in the reign of the sun-born monarch ,satyavrata1 the whole earth was drowned1 and the whole human race destroyed by a flood1 except the pious prince himself1 the seven ,rishis and their several wives40 ,this general pralaya1 or destruction1 is the subject of the first ,purana1 or sacred poem2 and the story is concisely told in the eighth book of the ,bhagavata1 from which the following is an abridged extract3--8,the demon ,hayagriva having purloined the ,vedas from ,brahma while he was reposing1 the whole race of man became corrupt1 except the seven ,rishis and ,satyavrata4 ,this prince was performing his ablutions in the river ,critamala1 when ,vishnu appeared to him in the shape of a small fish1 and after several augmentations of bulk in different waters1 was placed by ,satyavrata in the ocean1 when he thus addressed his amazed votary3--#8,in seven days all creatures who have offended me shall be destroyed by a deluge2 but thou shalt be secured in a capacious vessel miraculously formed4 ,take1 therefore1 all kinds of medicinal herbs and esculent grain for food1 and together with the seven holy men1 your respective wives1 and pairs of all animals1 enter the ark without fear2 then shalt thou know ,god face to face1 and all thy questions shall be answered4' ,saying this1 he disappeared2 and1 after seven days1 the ocean began to overflow the coasts1 and the earth to be flooded by constant showers1 when ,satyavrata1 meditating on the ,deity1 saw a large vessel moving on the waters3 he entered it1 having in all respects conformed to the instructions of ,vishnu1 who1 in the form of a large fish1 suffered the vessel to be tied with a great sea-serpent1 as with a cable1 to his measureless horn4 ,when the deluge had ceased1 ,vishnu slew the demon and recovered the ,vedas1 and instructed ,satyavrata in divine knowledge40#bag ,the ,mahabharata says that the boat containing ,manu and his seven companions rested on ,mount ,naubhandanam1 the highest peak of the ,himalayas2 and the name ,naubhandanam signifies 8ships stranding40#bah ,the ,greek traditions are not early1 and were probably borrowed from ,semitic sources4 ,we have seen the story told by ,lucian in his book 8,de ,dea ,syra10 but in his 8,timon0 he follows the more authentic ,greek legend1 and makes ,deucalion escape in a little skiff 7consequently without the animals71 and land on ,mount ,lycoris4 ,we have also the same catastrophe somewhat differently related by ,ovid4 ,the world he represents 8as confederate in crime10 and doomed therefore to just punishment4 ,jupiter sends down rain from heaven1 and rivers and seas gushing forth from their caves gather over the earth's surface1 and sweep mankind away4 ,deucalion and his wife alone1 borne in a little skiff1 are stranded on the top of ,parnassus4 ,by degrees1 the waters subside3 the only surviving pair inquire of the gods how they may again people the desert earth4 ,they are ordered1 with veiled heads1 to throw behind them the bones of their great mother4 ,half doubtful as to the meaning of the oracle1 they throw behind them stones1 which are immediately changed into men and women1 and the earth spontaneously produces the rest of the animal creation4#bai ,apollodorus relates the matter thus3--8,when ,zeus determined to destroy the brazen race1 ,deucalion1 by the advice of ,prometheus1 made a great ark1 1 and put into it all necessary things1 and entered it with ,pyrrha4 ,zeus then1 pouring down heavy rains from heaven1 overwhelmed the greater part of ,greece1 so that all men perished except a few who fled to the highest mountains4 ,he floated nine days and nights in the sea of waters1 and at last stopped on ,mount ,parnassus4 ,then ,zeus sent ,hermes to ask him what he wished1 and he solicited that mankind might be made again4 ,zeus bade him throw stones over his head1 from which men should come1 and said that those cast by ,pyrrha should be turned into women40 ,stephanus of ,byzantium says that the tradition was that after the surface of the earth became dry1 ,zeus ordered ,prometheus and ,athene to make images of clay in the form of men2 and when they were dry1 he called the winds and made them breathe into each1 and rendered them vital3 and thus the earth after the ,flood was repeopled4#bbj ,diodorus says1 8,in the ,deluge1 which happened in the time of ,deucalion1 almost all flesh died40#bba ,the ,chinese begin their dynasties with ,jao1 the last of the old race1 whose words are thus recorded in the ,schu-,kiug3--8,the mighty waters of the flood spread themselves out1 and overflowed1 and drowned every thing4 ,the mountains disappeared in the deep1 and the hills were buried beneath them4 ,the foaming billows seemed to threaten heaven4 ,all people were drowned40#bbb ,an ancient inscription1 which the ,chinese attribute to ,yu1 the third patriarch after the ,flood1 and which at least dates from before ,christ1 refers to this event3--8,the illustrious ,emperor ,jao said1 sighing1 #8,companions and counsellors6 ,the great and little territories up to the mountain's peak1 the homes of birds1 and wild beasts1 were overflowed far and wide4 ,long had ,i forgotten my home2 now ,i rest upon the mountain top of ,jo-lu4444 ,the trouble is over1 and the misfortune is at an end2 the streams of the south flow1 clothes and food are before us4 ,the world is at rest1 and the flying rain cannot again destroy us4'0#bbc ,in one of the writings of the disciples of ,tao-tse1 the tradition takes a fuller form4 ,kung-,kung1 a bad spirit1 enraged at having been overcome in war1 gave such a blow against one of the pillars of the sky with his head that he broke it2 and the vault of heaven fell in1 and a tremendous flood overwhelmed the earth4 ,but ,niu-,noa overcame the water with wood1 and made a boat to save himself1 which could go far2 and he polished a stone of five colors--the rainbow--and therewith he fastened the heavens1 and lifted them up on a tortoise shell4 ,then he killed the black dragon ,kong-,kong1 and choked the holes in heaven with the ashes of a pumpkin4#bbd ,in the story of ,jao there is also a faint trace of his connection with the rainbow1 for he is said to have eyebrows colored and shaped like rainbows4#bbe ,the ,kamskadales say1 8that in the remote ages when their great ancestor and ,god1 ,kutka1 lived in ,kamschatka1 there was a mighty deluge4 ,many men were drowned therein1 but some tried to save themselves in boats1 but the waves overwhelmed them4 ,those who were saved were rescued on great rafts made of trees bound together1 to which they retreated1 taking food and their property with them4 ,and that they might not drift out to sea1 they anchored themselves with great stones1 which they tied to the edges and let down into the water4 ,and when the flood abated1 they rested on the top of a high mountain40#bbf ,a ,lapp tradition is that ,god once submerged the world1 saving only one brother and sister alive1 whom ,he placed on ,mount ,passeware4 ,when the water disappeared1 the children separated to wander over the earth1 and see whether they alone remained alive4 ,they met after three years1 and then separated again1 for they recognized one another as brother and sister4 ,after three years they met1 but turned their backs on one another once more for the same reason4 ,again they met after the lapse of three years1 and again they parted2 but when they met again1 after three years' further absence1 they no longer recognized each other1 and so they took one another in marriage2 and of them all generations of men are come4#bbg ,among the ,kelts1 the ,deluge formed a prominent feature1 and the ark was connected with their most sacred religious rites4 ,a ,welsh legend is this3--8,one of the most dreadful of events was the outbreak of ,llyn ,llion1 the sea of seas1 which overwhelmed the world and drowned all men except ,dwyan and ,dwyvach1 who escaped in a bare boat and colonized ,britain4 ,this ship was one of the three masterpieces of ,hu1 and was built by the heavenly lord1 ,reivion2 and it received into it a pair of every kind of beasts when the ,llyn ,llion burst forth40 ,reivion is the same as ,hu ,cadarn1 the discoverer of the vine2 and it is said of him that 8he built the ark laden with fruit1 and it was stayed up in the water1 and carried forward by serpents20 and of the rainbow it was said1 that the ,woman of the silver wheel1 ,arianrhod1 to control the wizards of night and evil spirits of tempest1 and out of love to the ,britons1 8wove the stream of the rainbow1--a stream which drives the storm from the earth1 and makes its former destruction stay far from it1 throughout the world's circle40#bbh ,the ,norse legend in the younger ,edda is1 8,br's sons 7,odin1 ,vilj1 and ,ve7 slew the giant ,ymir2 and when he fell1 so much blood 7in poetic phraseology ,ymir's blood signified water7 ran out of the wounds1 that the whole race of the giants was drowned in it1 except one1 who with his family escaped2 this one was called ,bergelmr4 ,he got into a boat along with his wife1 and was thus saved40#bbi ,the ,lithuanian myth was this3--,when ,pramzimas1 the most high ,god1 looked out of his heavenly house upon the world through a window1 he saw that it was filled with violence4 ,then he sent ,wind and ,water to devastate the earth1 and this they did for twenty days and nights4 ,pramzimas looked on1 and as he looked on1 he ate nuts at his window1 and threw the shells down4 ,one shell fell on the top of a mountain1 and some men1 women1 and beasts scrambled into it and were saved alive1 while all the rest of the inhabitants of the world were drowned4 ,when the flood drained away1 the pairs in the nutshell left it1 and were scattered over the earth4 ,only one aged couple remained1 and they complained2 then ,god sent them the rainbow to console them1 and bade them jump over the bones of the earth4 ,they jumped nine times1 and nine pairs of living human beings started to life1 and founded the nine races of ,lithuanian blood4#bcj ,among the negroes of ,africa1 traditions are faint1 or have been little sought after and collected4 ,the ,jumala negroes say that once when the earth was full of cruelty and wickedness1 the good ,til destroyed it with fire1 and that one man alone was saved alive1 named ,musikdgen1 i4 e41 the mountain chief1 because he was found without blame4 ,in ,america the crop of traditions is abundant4 ,the ,kolosches1 living in ,russian ,america1 say that the first dweller on the earth was ,kitkhughia-si1 and that he resolved to destroy all his children who sinned against him4 ,thereupon he brought a flood over the land1 and all perished save a few who escaped in boats to the tops of mountains1 where1 say they1 the remains of the boats1 and the ropes which fastened them1 remained to be seen4#bca ,among the ,dog-rib ,indians1 ,sir ,john ,franklin found the story much more complete2 and as this tribe lives near the ,polar ,sea1 far from any mission stations1 it is scarcely possible that the story can have been derived from ,christian teachers4 ,they say that ,tschpiwih1 their great ancestor1 lived on a track between two seas4 ,he built a weir1 and caught fish in such abundance that they choked the water-course1 and the water overflowed the earth4 ,tschpiwih with his family entered his canoe1 and took with him all kinds of beasts and birds4 ,the land was covered for many days2 at last ,tschpiwih could bear it no longer1 so he sent out the beaver to look for the earth4 ,but the beaver was drowned4 ,then he sent out the muskrat1 which had some difficulty in returning1 but it had mud on its paws4 ,tschpiwih was glad to see the earth1 and moulded it between his fingers1 till it became an island on the surface of the water1 on which he could land4#bcb ,the ,pacullies1 on the west coast of ,new ,georgia1 say that at the ,deluge one man and one woman were saved by escaping into a cave2 and they add that when the earth was drowned1 a water rat dived for it and brought it to the surface again4#bcc ,a ,caddoque tradition is1 that ,sakechah was a great hunter4 ,one night he saw in vision the ,master of ,life1 who spoke to the dreamer in these words3-- 8,the world is getting very wicked1 ,sakechah40 8,i know it10 answered the hunter4 8,i hear no longer the voices of men supplicating me for favors2 they no longer thank me for what ,i send them4 ,i must sweep1 wash1 and purify the earth2 ,i must destroy all living creatures from off the face of it40 ,then ,sakechah said1 8,what have ,i done1 ,master of ,life1 that ,i should be involved in this general destruction80 ,the ,master answered1 8,no1 ,sakechah1 thou hast been a good servant2 ,i will except thee from the general doom4 ,go now1 cut thee a hemlock1 knock off the cones1 and bring them1 together with the trunk and leaves1 to the bottom of the hill ,wecheganawan4 ,burn them in a fire made of the dry branches of the oak1 kindled with the straw of wild rice4 ,when the heap is reduced to ashes1 take the ashes and strew them in a circle round the hill4 ,nothing need be gathered within the circle1 for the living creatures will of themselves retreat to it for safety2 but when this is done1 take the trunk of the hemlock1 and strike it into the earth at the spot where the large tuft of grass is growing on the barren hill4 ,there lies the great fountain of water2 and when the staff is struck into the earth the fountain shall burst forth1 and the earth be swept and washed and purified by the great deluge that shall overwhelm it4 ,sakechah and his family shall alone1 of all the inhabitants of the earth1 be saved2 and the creatures he assembles around him on the hill ,wecheganawan be alone those exempted from the all-sweeping destruction40 ,the hunter obeyed4 ,he took the staff and stuck it deep into the earth at the place indicated1 and the great fountain was broken up1 and the waters burst forth in a mighty volume4 ,slowly the element began to creep over the earth1 while the hunter and his family looked on4 ,now the low grounds appeared but as they appear in the season of showers2 here a little water1 and there a little water2 soon they became one vast sheet4 ,now a little hill sank from view1 then the tops of trees disappeared2 again a tall hill hid its head4 ,at length the waves rose so high that ,sakechah could see nothing more2 he stood as it were in a well4 ,the waters were piled up on every side of him1 restrained from harming him1 or his1 or the beasts that had clustered around him1 by the magic belt of hemlock ashes4 8,sakechah60 said the ,master of ,life1 8when the moon is exactly over thy head1 she will draw the waters to the hill4 ,she is angry with me because ,i scourged a comet4 ,i cannot prevent her revenge unless ,i destroy her1 and that ,i may not do1 as she is my wife4 ,therefore bid every living creature that is on the hill take off the nail from the little finger of his right hand1 if a man2 if a bird1 or beast1 of the right foot or claw4 ,when each has done this1 bid him blow in the hollow of the nail with the right eye shut1 saying these words1 #8,nail become a canoe1 and save me from the wrath of the moon4' ,the nail will become a large canoe1 and in this canoe will its owner be safe40 ,the ,great ,spirit was obeyed1 and shortly every creature was floating in a boat on the surface of the water4 ,and1 lest they should be dispersed1 ,sakechah bound them together by thongs of buffalo-hide4 ,they continued floating for a long time1 till at last ,sakechah said1 8,this will not do--we must have land4 ,go10 said he to a raven that sat in his canoe near him1 8fetch me a little earth from the bottom of the abyss4 ,i will send a female1 because women are quicker and more searching than men40 ,the raven1 proud of the praise bestowed on her sex1 left her tail feathers at home1 and dived into the abyss4 ,she was gone a long time1 but1 notwithstanding her being a woman1 she returned baffled of her object4 ,whereupon ,sakechah said to the otter1 8,my little man1 ,i will send you to the bottom1 and see if your industry and perseverance will enable you to accomplish what has been left undone by the wit and cunning of the raven40 ,so the otter departed upon his dangerous expedition4 ,he accomplished his object4 ,when he again appeared on the earth1 he held in his paw a lump of black mud4 ,this he gave into the hands of ,sakechah2 and the ,great ,master bade him divide the lump into five portions2 that which came out of the middle of the lump he was commanded to mould into a cake and to cast into the water3 he did so1 and it became dry land1 on which he could disembark2 and the earth thus formed was repeopled from his time4 ,no matter whether the men of the earth be red or white1 all are descended from ,sakechah4#bcd ,the ,iroquois tell a very similar story1 differing from the above in merely a few trivial particulars4 ,according to the tradition of the ,knistineaux on the ,upper ,missouri1 all men perished in the ,deluge except one woman1 who caught the leg of a bird which carried her to the top of a rock1 where she was confined of twins1 of whom the earth was peopled4#bce ,the ,appalachian tribe in ,florida is a relic of a more ancient nation than the ,north ,american ,indian tribes4 ,they relate that the lake ,theomi burst its bounds1 and overflowed the earth1 and stood above the top of the highest mountains1 saving only the peak ,oldamy1 on which stood a temple to the sun4 ,those men who had succeeded in reaching this temple were saved1 but all the rest perished4#bcf ,according to the ,cherokees1 a dog foresaw the destruction that was coming on the earth4 ,it went every day to the bank of a river and howled2 and when its master rebuked it1 it revealed to him what was about to take place4 ,the man therefore built a boat and entered it with his family1 and he alone of all mankind was saved4#bcg ,if we turn to ,central ,america1 we find that there also traditions of the ,flood abounded4 ,the ancient inhabitants of ,mexico related the event as follows3-- ,there was a great deluge which destroyed all men and beasts1 save ,coxcox and his wife ,chichequetzal1 who escaped in a cyprus trunk and landed on ,mount ,colhuacan1 where they became parents of many children1 who1 however1 were all dumb4 ,then appeared a dove1 which seated itself on a high tree1 and taught them language4 ,but as none of them understood the speech of the other1 they separated and dispersed over the world4 ,fifteen heads of families1 however1 had the good fortune to speak the same language4 ,these lived together in the same place1 but at last they moved1 and after #ajd years of wandering they settled in ,aztlan4 ,thence they journeyed to ,chiapultepeque1 and then returned to the ,mount ,colhuacan and settled in ,mexico4#bch ,there was a story of similar description connected with the ancient city of ,cholula in the modern province of ,puebla4 8,before the great flood in the year #d1jjh after the creation of the world1 the land ,anaknac 7,mexico7 was peopled with giants4 ,all those who did not perish1 with the exception of seven1 escaped into holes1 and were transformed into fish4 ,when the deluge was over1 one of these giants1 ,xelhuaz by name1 the builder1 went to ,cholula1 and built a pyramid on ,mount ,tlalok1 to commemorate his having been saved thereon along with his six brothers40#bci ,the inhabitants of ,mechoacan related that1 on account of the iniquity of men1 a flood was sent to sweep them all away2 but a priest1 named ,tezbi1 along with his wife and children1 were saved in a box of wood into which they had entered along with all kinds of seeds and animals4 ,after some time ,tezbi1 wearying of his confinement1 sent forth the vulture1 which however did not return to him2 then he sent forth other birds1 but they did not come back2 finally1 he sent out the ,colibri1 which returned with a branch in its beak4#bdj ,and of this event they had paintings in their temples which they showed to the white men who arrived amongst them4 ,the ,indians in ,cuba told a similar story1 so did those at ,st4 ,domingo and the ,antilles4#bda ,nor is ,south ,america without a rich crop of similar legends1 ,humboldt says1 8,this belief 7in a deluge7 is not found merely among the ,tamanaks1 but is a portion of a whole system of historical traditions of which the scattered accounts are to be gathered from the ,maipures of the ,great ,cataract1 the ,indians of ,rio-,crevato1 which pours into the ,cauca1 and almost from all the races in the ,upper ,orinoko40#bdb ,this is the tradition of the ,tamanaks4 8,at the time of our ancestors the whole earth was overflowed4 ,then two persons alone were saved1 a man and a woman1 who remained on ,mount ,tamanaku1 which is not far from the ,cucivero river1 where our ancestors formerly dwelt4 ,they lamented sore over the loss of their friends and relations1 and as they wandered sadly about the mountain they heard a voice which told them to cast the kernels of the nuts of the ,palma ,mauritia back-wards over their shoulders4 ,they did so1 and out of the nuts cast by the woman rose females1 and out of those cast by the man sprang males40#bdc ,the ,peruvians related that their first king and founder of their nation1 ,manco ,capak1 along with his wife ,mama ,ocllo1 after the great deluge left their land1 and came from the holy island in the lake ,titicaca1 on which the sun cast its first beam when the flood drained away4#bdd ,a ,brazilian legend is that the ,evil ,spirit ,arbomoku1 and the spirits of the air1 made a compact together to destroy mankind4 ,the former opened all the fountains of the earth1 the latter poured the clouds upon the ground and inundated it1 so that only one mountain-top appeared above the water1 and on that took refuge two persons1 a brother and a sister1 from whom all the new generations sprang4#bde ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,planting ,,of ,,the ,,vine4 ,bowed under his toil1 dripping with perspiration1 stood the patriarch ,noah1 laboring to break the hard clods4 ,all at once ,satan appeared and said to him1-- 8,what new undertaking have you in hand8 ,what new fruit do you expect to extract from these clods80 8,i plant the grape10 answered the patriarch4 8,the grape6 proud plant1 most precious fruit6 joy and delight to men6 ,your labor is great2 will you allow me to assist you8 ,let us share the labor of producing the vine40 ,the patriarch in a fit of exhaustion consented4 ,satan hastened1 got a lamb1 slaughtered it1 and poured its blood over the clods of earth4 8,thence shall it come10 said ,satan1 8that those who taste of the juice of the grape1 shall be soft-spirited and gentle as this lamb40 ,but ,noah sighed2 ,satan continued his work2 he caught a lion1 slew that1 and poured the blood upon the soil prepared for the plant4 8,thence shall it come10 said he1 8that those who taste the juice of the grape shall be strong and courageous as the lion40 ,noah shuddered4 ,satan continued his work2 he seized a pig and slaughtered it1 and drenched the soil with its blood4 8,thence shall it come10 said he1 8that those who drink of the juice of the grape in excess1 shall be filthy1 degraded1 and bestial as the swine40#bdf ,the ,mussulman tradition is somewhat similar4 8,when ,ham had planted the vine1 ,satan watered it with the blood of a peacock4 ,when it thrust forth leaves1 he sprinkled it with the blood of an ape2 when it formed grapes1 he drenched it with the blood of a lion2 when the grapes were ripe1 he watered it with the blood of a swine4 8,the vine1 watered by the blood of these four animals1 has assumed these characters4 ,the first glass of wine makes a man animated1 his vivacity great1 his color is heightened4 ,in this condition he is like the peacock4 ,when the fumes of the liquor rise into his head1 he is gay1 leaps and gambols as an ape4 ,drunkenness takes possession of him1 he is like a furious lion4 ,when it is at its height1 he is like the swine2 he falls and grovels on the ground1 stretches himself out1 and goes to sleep40#bdg ,mohammed1 to justify his forbidding his disciples to drink wine1 cites the history of the two angels1 ,arot and ,harot4 8,god10 says he1 8charged them with a commission on the earth4 ,a young lady invited them to dinner1 and they found the wine so good that they got drunk4 ,they then remarked that their hostess was beautiful1 and they were filled with love which they declared to her4 ,this lady1 who was prudent1 replied that she would only listen to their protestations when she knew the words by which they were enabled to ascend to heaven4 ,when she had learned these words1 she mounted to the throne of ,god1 who1 as a reward for her virtue1 transformed her into a shining star 7the ,morning ,star71 and condemned the two drunken angels to await the day of judgment1 suspended by their heels in the well of ,babel1 near ,bagdad1 which ,mussulman pilgrims visit40 ,according to ,tabari1#bdh ,ham1 for having laughed at his father's drunkenness1 was cursed by ,noah1 that his skin should become black1 as well as all the fruits which were to grow in the land he should inhabit1 and thus the purple grape arose4 ,it was the white grape that ,ham transplanted1 but it blackened in his hands4 ,abulfaraj relates that after the ,deluge1 ,noah divided the habitable world between his sons4 ,he gave to ,ham the country of the ,black1 to ,shem that of the ,brown1 and to ,japheth that of the ,red4#bdi ,noah also1 he continues1 said to his son ,shem1 8,when ,i am dead1 take the bier of our father ,adam from the ark1 and1 together with your son ,melchizedek1 who is a priest of the ,most ,high1 go with the body of ,adam whither an angel shall guide you40 ,this they did2 and an angel directed them to mount ,breitalmakdes 7,jerusalem71 where they deposited the bier on a certain hill1 and instantly it sank out of their sight into the ground4 ,then ,shem returned to his home1 but not so ,melchizedek1 who remained to guard the body of ,adam3 and he built there a city called ,jerusalem1 and he was called ,melek ,salim1 the ,king of ,peace1 and there he spent the rest of his life in the worship of ,god2 he touched not women1 nor shed blood1 but offered to ,god oblations of bread and wine4#bej ,eutychius1 the ,egyptian patriarch of ,alexandria1 in his ,annals1 which are rife with ,oriental traditions1 gives a fuller account of the same incident4 ,when ,noah was near his death1 he bade ,shem take the body of ,adam1 and go with ,melchizedek1 son of ,peleg1 whither the angel of the ,lord should lead4 8,and10 said he1 8thou shalt enjoin on ,melchizedek to fix his habitation there1 to take to him no wife1 and to spend his life in acts of devotion1 for ,god has chosen him to preserve ,his true worship4 ,he shall build himself no house1 nor shall he shed blood of beast1 or bird1 or any animal2 nor shall he offer there any oblation save bread and wine2 and let the skins of lions be his only vesture2 he shall remain alone there2 he shall not clip his hair1 or pare his nails2 for he is a priest of the ,most ,high4 ,the angel of ,god shall go before you1 till ye come to the place where ye shall bury the body of ,adam1 and know that that place is the middle of the world40 ,now ,noah died on ,wednesday1 at the second hour1 in the second month of ,ayar1 which is the same as ,bashnes1 in the nine hundred and fiftieth year of his age4 ,and this year ,shem was aged forty-five4 ,the sons of ,noah buried him1 and bewailed him forty days4#bea ,the wife of ,noah is said by some to have been called ,bath-,enos1 or the daughter of ,enos2 but the ,rabbi ,gedaliah says her name was ,noema2 others say it was ,tethiri1 or ,titha1 the nurse of men1 as ,eve was the mother of men4 ,the ,gnostics called her ,noria4 ,she is1 however1 generally supposed by the ,rabbis to have been ,naamah1 the sister of ,tubal-cain4#beb ,but ,eutychius1 of ,alexandria1 says she was called ,haical1 and was the daughter of ,namus1 son of ,enoch2 and that the wives of ,shem1 ,ham1 and ,japheth were the three daughters of ,methuselah4 ,shem's wife was named ,salith2 the wife of ,ham1 ,nahlath2 and the wife of ,japheth1 ,arisivah4#bec ,the nurse of ,noah was an important personage1 and must not be forgotten4 ,she was named ,sambethe1 and was the first ,sibyl4 ,suidas1 the grammarian1 says1 8,the ,chaldee ,sibyl1 named ,sambethi by the ,hebrews1 and identified with the ,persian ,sibyl1 was of the race of ,noah4 ,she foretold those things which were to befall ,alexander of ,macedon4 ,she also predicted the coming of the ,lord ,christ1 and many other things1 through divine inspiration40#bed ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,sons ,,of ,,noah4 ,ham1 the accursed1 the third son of ,noah1 was the inventor or the preserver of magic4 ,as we have already seen1 he buried the books of magic which existed in the world1 before the ,deluge swept over the globe2 and when it abated he exhumed them4 ,cerco d',ascoli1 in the fourth chapter of his 8,commentary on the ,sphere of ,sacrabosco10 declares that he had seen a book of magic which had been composed by ,ham1 8which contained the elements and practice of necromancy40 ,certain it is that apocryphal books of alchemy and conjuration of spirits existed in the ,middle ,ages1 which purported to have been composed by ,ham4 ,ham was turned black1 according to the ,talmud1 because he did not maintain himself in perfect continence whilst in the ark2#bee other authorities say his skin became sooty in consequence of his scoffing at his father's drunkenness2 and ,japheth1 for having smiled1 says the ,mussulman lost the gift of prophecy from his family4#bef ,berosus supposed that ,ham was the same as ,zoroaster4 ,japheth1 according to ,khondemir1 was given by his father all the land to the east and north of ,ararat2 he was the progenitor of the ,turks1 the ,sclaves1 of ,gog and ,magog1 says ,tabari4 ,before he started with his family to people these countries1 ,noah gave him a stone1 on which was written the great name of ,god4 ,the ,turks say that1 by means of this stone1 ,noah was able to guide the course of the ark without sail or oars4 ,the ,turks have similar stones1 which1 they pretend1 came by a process of generation from the parental stone given to ,japheth4#beg ,he is said by the ,mussulmans to have had eleven male children3 ,sin or ,tchin1 the father of the ,chinese2 ,scklab1 the ancestor of the ,sclavonian races2 ,manschug or ,magog1 the parent of the ,scythians and ,kalmuks2 ,gomari1 the father of the ,franks2 ,turk and ,khalos1 the ancestors of the ,turks2 ,khozaz1 from whom the ,khozarans trace their pedigree2 ,rus1 father of the ,russians2 ,souffan1 ,ghoy1 and ,tarag1 from whom the ,turcomans derive4 ,ilak1 son of ,turk1 discovered the use of salt by having let fall a piece of meat he was eating on the ground covered with saline deposit4 ,of ,shem the ,rabbis have somewhat to say4 8,i have found in the ,midrash that the ,rabbi ,johanan1 son of ,nuri1 said3 #8,the holy1 ever-blessed ,god took ,shem1 son of ,noah1 and consecrated him priest of the ,most ,high1 that he should minister before ,him3 and ,he let his ,majesty dwell with ,him1 and ,he gave him the name ,melchizedek1 a priest of the ,most ,high ,god1 king of ,salem4 ,his brother ,japheth learnt the law of him in his school1 till ,abraham came1 who learnt it in the school of ,shem4 ,for this ,abraham obtained1 praying to ,god that his ,majesty should remain and dwell in the house of ,shem1 wherefore it was said of him1 ,thou art a priest forever after the order of ,melchizedek4'0#beh ,shem learned his knowledge from the ,book of ,wisdom which ,raphael1 the holy angel1 gave to ,adam2 but ,shem's instructor was the angel ,jophiel4#bei ,the ,rabbi ,gerson writes in his book called 8,sepher geliloth erez ,israel10 that having travelled through the lands of ,og1 king of ,bashan1 he saw there a grave which measured eighty ells1 and it was indicated to him as the sepulchre of ,shem4#bfj ,a curious tradition that ,shem1 ,ham1 and ,japheth fell asleep in a cave1 and woke up at the ,nativity of ,christ1 and that they were themselves the three wise men who came to adore ,him1 shall be mentioned more fully when we treat of the legends connected with the ,new ,testament characters4 ,shem is said to have received the priesthood instead of ,noah1 because ,noah was bitten by the lion as he was leaving the ark1 and1 being suffused with blood1 became incapable of receiving the priesthood4 ,shem is believed to have written many books1 and apocryphal writings of his exist4 ,,xviii4 ,,relics ,,of ,,the ,,ark4 ,we have already seen that ,berosus relates how in his time portions of the ark were removed1 and used as amulets4 ,josephus says that remains of the ark were to be seen at his day upon ,ararat2 and ,nicolas of ,damascus reports the same4 ,s4 ,epiphanius writes3 8,the wood of the ark of ,noah is shown to this day in the ,kardn 7,koord7 country40#bfa ,and he is followed by a host of fathers4 ,el ,macin1 in his ,history of the ,saracens1 relates that the ,emperor ,heraclius visited the relics after he had conquered the ,persians1 in the city of ,thenia1 at the roots of ,ararat4 ,haithon1 the ,armenian1 declares that upon the snows of ,ararat a black speck is visible at all times3 this is ,noah's ark4#bfb ,benjamin of ,tudela1 in his ,itinerary1 says that all the wood was carried away by the ,caliph ,omar1 in ,a4 ,d4 #fdj1 and was placed by him in a temple or mosque he erected in an island formed by the ,tigris4 ,one of the beams is shown in the ,lateran at ,rome4 ,in #afgj1 ,johann ,jansenius ,strauss ascended to a hermit's cell on the side of ,ararat1 to bind up the cnobite's leg which was broken4 ,the hermit's cell1 said ,strauss1 was five days' journey up the mountain1 athwart three clouds1 and above a region of intolerable cold1 in a calm warm atmosphere4 ,from the account of the hermit1 ,herr ,strauss learnt that the old man had dwelt there twenty-five years1 and that he had felt there neither rain nor winds4 ,on the top of the mountain1 fifteen ,italian miles from the cell1 through the clear air1 was distinguishable the great vessel grounded in the snow4 ,the hermit had reached it1 and of one of its planks had cut a cross1 which he exhibited to the ,german traveller4 ,in the town of ,chenna1 in ,arabia ,felix1 says the traveller ,prvoux1 is a large building1 said to have been erected by ,noah2 and a large piece of wood is exhibited through an iron grating1 which is said to have formed a portion of his ark4 ,there is also to be seen at ,chenna a well1 said to have been dug by the patriarch ,jacob1 of which the water is icy cold4 ,the ,armenians say that a certain monk1 ,jacob1 once ascended ,ararat1 and carried off a fragment of the ark1 which he made afterwards into a cross1 and this is preserved amongst the sacred relics of ,etchmiadzin4 ,when the ,persian king1 ,abassus the great1 sent to inquire about the ark1 the monks replied that it was in vain for him to attempt to reach it1 on account of the precipices and glaciers1 and innumerable difficulties of the way4#bfc ,,xix4 ,,certain ,,descendants ,,of ,,ham4 ,we shall follow certain ,mussulman traditions for what follows4 ,ad1 son of ,amalek1 therefore grandson of ,ham1 established himself in ,arabia1 where he became chief of the tribe of the ,adites4 ,he fell into idolatry4 ,he had two sons named ,schedad and ,scheded1 who reigned over numerous subjects--one for two hundred and fifty1 the other for three hundred years4 ,they built a superb city1 where houses were of sumptuous magnificence2 the like of this city was never seen before1 nor will be seen again4 ,this city vanished when the tribe of the ,adites was exterminated2 as we shall relate when we give the legends attaching to ,heber4 ,the commentators of the ,koran tell marvels of this wondrous city4 ,under the ,khalifate of ,moawiyah1 first of the ,ommiades1 an ,arab of the desert1 named ,kolabah1 going in quest of his camel in the plain of ,aden1 lighted on the gate of a beautiful city4 ,he went in1 but1 being filled with fear1 he did not remain there more time than sufficed for him to collect some of the stones of the street1 and then he returned4 ,his neighbors1 to whom he relates his adventure1 repeated it to the ,khalif1 who ordered ,kolabah to be brought before him4 ,the ,arab related frankly what he had seen1 but ,moawiyah would not give credence to the marvellous tale1 till he had consulted his learned men1 and especially the illustrious ,al-,akhbar1 who assured him that the story of the poor ,arab was worthy of all trust1 for the city he had seen was none other than that built by ,schedad1 son of ,ad1 in the land of the ,adites in which ,aden is situated2 and that1 as the pride of this prince knew no bounds1 ,god had sent ,his angel to destroy all the inhabitants1 and conceal their splendid city from the eyes of men1 to be revealed only at intervals1 that the memory of ,god's judgment might not fade out of men's minds4 ,schedad had a son named ,dhohak1 of whom strange tales are told4 ,he knew magic1 and gained the sovereignty over the entire universe2 and he kept his subjects in terror by excessive cruelty4 ,in the ,caherman-,nmeh it is related that the ,devil1 satisfied with his proceedings1 offered him his services gratuitously1 and they were cheerfully accepted4 ,the ferocity of the tyrant increased1 he skinned men alive1 impaled and crucified them on the slightest charges4 ,after having served him five years1 the ,evil ,one thus addressed him3 8,sire6 for many years ,i have been thy faithful attendant1 neither have ,i received of thee any recompense4 ,now ,i beseech of thee one favor--that ,i may kiss thy shoulders40 ,this favor was readily granted4 ,dhohak himself plucked off his mantle to facilitate the kiss4 ,but no sooner had the ,devil applied his lips to the two shoulders of the tyrant1 than two serpents1 which could not be plucked off1 fastened there and began to gnaw his flesh4 ,tabari says that the king bore on his shoulders two frightful ulcers or cancers1 resembling serpents' heads1 sent him by ,god as a punishment for his crimes4 ,these cancers caused him such acute agony1 that he shrieked night and day4 ,no one was able to provide a remedy or to abate the torment4 ,one night when he was asleep1 some one appeared to him in a dream1 and said1 8,if you desire your ulcers to give less pain1 apply to them human brains40 ,next day1 ,dhohak awoke and ordered two men to be brought before him2 he slew them1 cut open their skulls1 extracted the brains and applied them to his cancers4 ,the relief was instantaneous1 and ,dhohak felt1 for the first time for many days1 some hours of repose4 ,after this1 every day two men were killed to form poultices for his ulcers4 ,during the two hundred latter years of the life of ,dhohak1 the prisons were emptied to satisfy his requirement for fresh brains2 and when no more criminals could be procured1 it was made a tribute for his kingdom to render to him two men1 each day1 to be immolated to soothe his pain4 ,now there was at ,ispahan a blacksmith1 named ,kaveh1 who had two beautiful sons1 whom he loved more dearly than his own life4 ,one day they were seized1 carried before the king1 and his shoulders were poulticed with their brains4 ,kaveh was at work at his anvil when the news of the slaying of his sons reached him4 ,he deserted his anvil2 and uttering a piercing cry1 he rushed into the streets1 with his leathern apron before him1 bitterly lamenting his loss1 and calling for vengeance on the monarch4 ,the people crowded about him1 they plucked off his leather apron1 and converted it into a standard4 ,the crowd gathered as it advanced4 ,from every street men flowed to join the army1 and shortly the blacksmith found himself at the head of a hundred thousand men4 ,they marched to ,demavend1 where was the palace of the tyrant4 ,and ,kaveh1 before attacking it1 thus addressed his soldiers1 8,i am not one to lead you against a king2 you need a king to make war against a king40 8,well10 said his followers1 8we elect you to be our king40 8,i am but a simple blacksmith1 and am not fit to rule10 answered ,kaveh1 8but there is a royal prince named ,afridoun1 the son of ,djemschid1 who is fled from the cruelty of ,dhohak3 choose him40 ,they agreed4 ,the prince was found and invested with the sovereignty2 then a battle was fought1 and ,dhohak's army was routed1 and the tyrant was slain4 ,when ,afridoun mounted the throne1 he named ,kaveh governor of ,ispahan4 ,and when ,kaveh was dead1 the king asked his children to give him their father's leathern apron4 ,then1 having obtained it1 he placed it among his treasures1 and whenever he went to battle he attached the smith's apron to a tall staff1 and marched under that banner against his enemies4 ,in after years1 this leathern apron was studded with precious stones1 till ,omar1 despising it1 ordered the old piece of leather to be burnt2 but ,yezdeguerd had already robbed it of its gems4#bfd ,afridoun exercised the sovereignty during two hundred years4 ,he was the first to study astronomy1 and he founded the science of medicine4 ,he was the first king to ride on an elephant4 ,he had three sons1 ,tur1 ,salm1 and ,irad4 ,he loved the third son1 ,irad1 more than the two elder1 and he gave him the sovereignty over ,irad1 ,mosul1 ,koufa1 ,bagdad4 ,after the death of ,afridoun1 ,tur and ,salm marched against ,irad1 defeated him and killed him1 saying3 8,our father has divided his inheritance unjustly4 ,he has given to ,irad the best portion1 the centre of the world2 as for us1 we are cast out to its extremities40 ,on the death of ,tur and ,salm1 the crown left this family1 and passed to a king named ,cush1 who was of the sons of ,ham1 the son of ,noah4 ,cush reigned forty years4 ,after him ,canaan ascended the throne4 ,cush and ,canaan worshipped idols4 ,it is said that ,nimrod was the son ,canaan4 ,when ,canaan died1 ,nimrod succeeded him4 ,nimrod had a vizir named ,azar 7,terah71 son of ,nahor1 son of ,sarough 7,serug71 who was sixth in generation from ,noah4 ,this ,azar was the father of ,abraham1 the friend of ,god4 ,from the time of the ,deluge to the time of ,abraham was three thousand years4 ,during that period1 there was no prophet save ,hud 7,eber71 who was sent to the ,adites1 and ,saleh1 who was sent to the ,thamudites4 ,we shall relate the history of ,hud and of ,saleh1 and then return to that of ,nimrod4#bfe ,,xx4 ,,serug4 8,and ,eber lived four and thirty years1 and begat ,peleg4 8,and ,peleg lived thirty years1 and begat ,reu4 ,and ,reu lived two and thirty years1 and begat ,serug4 ,and ,serug lived thirty years1 and begat ,nahor40#bff ,serug is said to have discovered the art of coining gold and silver money4 ,in his days men erected many idols1 into which demons entered and wrought great signs by them4 ,samiri was king of the ,chaldees1 and he discovered weights and measures and how to weave silk1 and also how to dye fabrics4 ,he is related to have had three eyes and two horns4 ,at the same time ,apiphanus was king of ,egypt4 ,he built a ship1 and in it made practical descents upon the neighboring people living on the shores of the ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,he was succeeded by ,pharaoh1 son of ,saner1 and the kings after him assumed his name as their title4#bfg ,nahor was the son of ,serug4 ,in the twenty-fifth year of his life1 ,job the ,just1 underwent his trial1 according to the opinion of ,arudha the ,canaanite4 ,at that time ,armun1 king of ,canaan1 built the two cities ,sodom and ,gomorrah1 and called them after the names of his two sons2 but ,zoar he named after his mother4 ,at the same time1 ,murk or ,murph1 king of ,palestine1 built ,damascus4#bfh ,,xxi4 ,,the ,,prophet ,,eber4 8,unto ,shem1 the father of all the children of ,eber1 the brother of ,japheth the elder1 even to him were children born4 8,the children of ,shem2--,elam1 and ,asshur1 and ,arphaxad and ,lud and ,aram4 8,and the children of ,aram2--,uz1 and ,hul1 and ,gether1 and ,mash4 8,and ,arphaxad begat ,salah2 and ,salah begat ,eber40#bfi ,according to some ,mussulman writers1 ,oudh 7,lud71 the son of ,shem1 had a son named ,ad2 but1 according to others1 ,ad was the son of ,aram1 son of ,shem4 ,the tribes of ,ad and ,thamud lived near one another in the desert of ,hedjaz1 in the south of ,arabia4 ,the land of the people of ,ad was nearer ,mecca than the valley of ,hidjr1 and the valley of ,hidjr is situated at the extremity of the desert on the road to ,syria4 ,never in all the world were there such great and mighty men as the ,adites4 ,each of them was twelve cubits high1 and they were so strong that if any of them stamped on the ground he sank up to his knees4 ,the ,adites raised great monuments in the land which they inhabited4 ,wherever these ,cyclopean edifices exist1 they are called by the ,arabs the constructions of the ,adites4 ,god ordered the prophet ,hud 7,eber7 to go to the ,adites and preach to them the ,one true ,god1 and turn them from idolatry4 ,but the ,adites would not hearken to his words1 and when he offered them the promises of ,god1 they said1 8,what better dwellings can ,he give us than those which we have made80 ,and when he spoke to them of ,god's threatenings1 they mocked and said1 8,who can resist us who are so strong80 ,for fifty years did the prophet ,hud speak to the ,adites1 and their reply to his exhortations is preserved in the ,koran1 8,o ,hud1 you produce no evidence of what you advance2 we will not abandon our gods because of your preaching4 ,we mistrust your mission4 ,we believe that one of our gods bears a hatred against you40 ,hud replied1 8,i take ,god to witness1 and you also be witnesses1 that ,i am innocent of your polytheism40#bgj ,the words of the ,adites1 8,we believe that one of our gods bears a hatred against thee10 signified that they believed one of their gods had driven him mad4 ,during the fifty years that ,hud's mission lasted1 the ,adites believed neither in ,god nor in the prophet1 with the exception of a very few1 who believed in secret4 ,at the end of that time ,god withheld the rain from heaven1 and afflicted the ,adites with drought4 ,all the cattle of ,ad died1 and the ,adites fainted for lack of water4 ,for three years no rain fell4 ,hud said to the ,adites1 8,believe in ,god1 and ,he will give you rain40 ,they replied1 8,thou art mad40 ,but they choose three men to send to ,mecca with victims2 for the infidels believe in the sanctity of ,mecca1 though they believe not in the ,one true ,god4 ,but ,eber said1 8,your sacrifices will be unavailing1 unless you first believe40 ,the three deputies started for ,mecca with many camels1 oxen1 and sheep1 as sacrifices4 ,and when they reached ,mecca they made friends with the inhabitants of that city1 and were received with hospitality4 ,they passed their days and nights in eating and drinking wine1 and in their drunkenness they forgot their people1 and the mission on which they had been sent4 ,the inhabitants of ,mecca ordered musicians to sing the afflictions of the ,adites1 to recall to the envoys the purpose of their visit4 ,then ,lokman and ,morthed1 two of the deputies1 declared to ,qal1 the third1 that they believed in ,allah2 and they added1 8,if our people had believed the words of the prophet ,hud1 they would not have suffered from drought10 and ,lokman and ,morthed were not drunk when they said these words4 ,qal replied1 8,you do not partake in the affliction of our nation4 ,i will go myself and will offer the victims40 ,he went and led the beasts to the top of a mountain to sacrifice them1 and turning his face to heaven1 he said1 8,o ,god of heaven1 hearken unto my prayer1 and send rain on my poor afflicted people40 ,instantly there appeared three clouds is the blue sky3 one was red1 one was black1 the third was white2 and a voice issued from the clouds1 saying1 8,choose which shall descend upon thy people40 ,then ,qal said within himself1 8,the white cloud1 if it hung all day over my nation1 would not burst in rain2 the red cloud1 if it hung over them night and day1 would not drop a shower2 but the black cloud is heavy with water40 ,so he chose the black cloud4 ,and a voice cried1 8,it is gone to fall upon the people40 ,qal returned full of joy1 thinking he had obtained rain2 but that cloud was big with the judgments of ,god4 ,qal told what he had done to his companions1 ,lokman and ,morthed1 but they laughed at him4 ,now the cloud1 when it arrived over the land of ,ad1 was accompanied by a wind4 ,and the ,adites looked up rejoicing1 and cried1 8,the rain1 the rain is coming60 ,then the cloud gaped1 and a dry whirlwind rolled out from it1 and swept up all the cattle that were in the land1 and raised them in the air1 spun them about1 and dashed them lifeless on the ground4 ,but the ,adites said1 8,fear not2 first comes wind1 then comes rain40 ,and they rushed out of their houses into the fields4 ,hud thought they were coming forth to ask his assistance2 but they sought him not4 ,then the whirlwind caught them up and cast them down again4 ,now each of these men was like a palm-tree in statue1 and they lay shattered and lifeless on the sand4 ,hud was saved1 along with those who had believed his word4 ,now when the envoys at ,mecca heard what had befallen their people1 they went all three to the summit of the mountain1 and ,lokman and ,morthed said to ,qal1 8,believe40 ,but he answered1 raising his face and hands to heaven3 8,o ,god of heaven1 if thou hast destroyed my people1 slay me also40 ,then the whirlwind came1 and rushed on him1 and caught him up and cast him down1 and he was dead4 ,but ,lokman and ,morthed offered their sacrifice1 and a voice from heaven said1 8,what is your petition80 ,lokman answered3 8,o ,lord1 grant me a long life1 that ,i may outlive seven vultures40 ,now a vulture is the longest-lived of all birds2 it lives five hundred years4 ,and the voice replied1 8,however long thy life may be1 death will close it40 ,lokman said1 8,i know2 that is true40 ,then his prayer was granted4 ,and ,lokman took a young vulture and fed it for five hundred years1 and it died2 then he took a second1 and at the expiration of five hundred years it died also2 and so on till he had reached the age of three thousand five hundred years1 and then he died also4 ,morthed made his request1 and it was1 8,o ,lord1 give me wheat bread10 for hitherto in ,ad he had eaten only barley bread4 ,so ,allah gave ,morthed so much wheat1 that he was able to make bread thereof all the rest of his life4 ,hud lived fifty years with the faithful who had received his doctrine1 and his life in all was one hundred and fifty years4 ,the prophet ,saleh appeared five hundred years after ,hud2 he was sent to the ,thamudites4#bga ,but there is another version of the story given by ,weil4 ,hud promised ,schaddad1 king of the ,adites1 a glorious city in the heavens1 if he would turn to the true ,god4 ,but the king said1 8,i need no other city than that ,i have built4 ,my palace rests on a thousand pillars of rubies and emeralds2 the streets and walls are of gold1 and pearl1 and carbuncle1 and topaz2 and each pillar in the house is a hundred ells long40 ,then1 at ,hud's word1 ,god let the city and palace of ,schaddad fade away like a dream of the night1 and storm and rain descended1 and night fell1 and the king was without home in the desert4#bgb ,of ,lokman we must relate something more4 ,he was a great prophet2 some say he was nephew of ,job1 whose sister was his mother2 others relate that he was the son of ,beor1 the son of ,nahor1 the son of ,terah4 ,one day1 whilst he was reposing in the heat of the day1 the angels entered his room and saluted him1 but did not show themselves4 ,lokman heard their voices1 but saw not their persons4 ,then the angels said to him1-- 8,we are messengers of ,god1 thy ,creator and ours2 ,he has sent us unto thee to announce to thee that thou shalt be a great monarch40 ,lokman replied1 8,if ,god desires what you say1 ,his will can accomplish all things1 and doubtless ,he will give me what is necessary for executing my duty in that position in which ,he will place me4 ,but if ,he would suffer me to choose a state of life1 ,i should prefer that in which ,i now am10--now ,lokman was a slave1--8and above all would ,i ask ,him to enable me never to offend ,him2 without which all earthly grandeur would be to me a burden40 ,this reply of ,lokman was so pleasing to ,allah1 that ,he gave him the gift of wisdom to such a degree of excellence1 that he became capable of instructing all men2 and this he did by means of a great multitude of maxims1 sentences1 and parables to the number of ten thousand1 each of which is more valuable than the whole world4#bgc ,when ,lokman did not know any thing with which others were acquainted1 he held his tongue1 and did not ask questions and thus divulge his ignorance4 ,as he lived to a great age1 he was alive in the days ,king ,david4 ,now ,david made a coat of mail1 and showed it to ,lokman4 ,the sage had seen nothing like it before1 and did not know what purpose it was to serve1 but he looked knowing and nodded his head4 ,presently ,david put the armor upon him1 and marched1 and said1 8,it is serviceable in war40 ,then ,lokman understood its object2 so his mouth became unsealed and he talked about it4 ,lokman used to say1 8,silence is wisdom1 but few practise it40#bgd ,thalebi relates1 in his ,commentary on the ,koran1 that ,lokman was a slave1 and that having been sent along with other slaves into the country to gather fruit1 his fellow-slaves ate them1 and charged ,lokman with having done so4 ,lokman1 to justify himself1 said to his master1 8,let every one of us slaves be given warm water to drink1 and you will soon see who has been the thief40 ,the expedient succeeded2 the slaves who had eaten the fruit vomited it1 and ,lokman threw up only warm water4 ,the same story precisely is told of sop4 ,lokman is always spoken of as black1 with thick lips4 ,he is regarded by the ,arabs much as is ,bidpay by the ,indians1 and sop by the ,europeans1 as the ,father of ,fable4 ,,xxii4 ,,the ,,prophet ,,saleh4 ,the prophet ,saleh was the son of ,ad1 son of ,aram1 son of ,shem1 and is not to be confused with ,saleh1 son of ,arphaxad4 ,the ,mussulmans say that he was sent to convert the ,thamudites4 ,the ,thamudites were in size and strength like their brethren the ,adites1 but they inhabited the rocks1 which they dug out into spacious mansions4 ,they had in the midst of their land an unfailing supply of sweet and limpid water4 ,they were idolaters4 ,saleh came armed with the command of ,allah to these men1 and he preached to them that they should turn from the worship of stocks and stones to that of the living ,god who made them4 ,now ,saleh had been born among the ,thamudites1 but he had never been an idolater4 ,when he was young1 the natives of the land had laughed at him1 and said1 8,he is young and inexperienced2 when he is old1 and has grown wiser1 he will adore our gods40 ,when ,saleh grew old1 he forbade the ,thamudites to worship idols1 and he spoke to them of the true and only ,god4 ,but they said1 8,what miracle can you work1 to prove that your mission is from ,god80#bge ,then he said1 8,oh1 my people1 a she-camel that shall come from ,god shall be to you for a sign4 ,let her go and eat on the earth1 and do her no injury1 that a terrible retribution fall not upon you40#bgf ,now ,saleh had asked them what miracle they desired1 and they had answered1 8,bring out of the rock a camel with red hair1 and a colt of a camel also with red hair2 let them eat grass1 and we will believe40 ,saleh said to them1 8,what you ask is easy10 and he prayed4 ,then the rock groaned and clave asunder1 and there came out a she-camel with her foal1 and their hair was red1 and they began to eat grass4 ,then the ,thamudites exclaimed1 8,he is a magician60 and they would not believe in him4 ,the camel went to the perpetual fountain1 and she drank it up1 so that from that day forward from their spring they could get no water1 and they suffered from thirst4 ,the ,thamudites went to ,saleh and said1 8,we need water60 ,saleh replied1 8,the fountain shall flow one day for you1 and one day for the camel40 ,so it was agreed that the camel should drink alternate days with the people of the land1 and that alternate days each should be without water whilst the other was drinking4 ,then ,saleh said1 for he saw that the people hated the camel and her foal1 8,beware that you slay not these animals for the day that they perish1 great shall be your punishment40 ,the she-camel lived thirty years among the ,thamudites1 but ,god revealed to ,saleh that they were bent on slaying the camel1 and he said1 8,the slayer will be a child with red hair and blue eyes40 ,now the ,thamudites ordered ten midwives to attend on the women in their confinement1 and if a child were born with the signs indicated by the prophet1 it was to be destroyed instantly4 ,nine children had thus been killed1 and the parents conceived a deadly animosity against ,saleh the prophet1 and formed a design to slay him4 ,one of the chiefs among the ,thamudites had a son born to him with red hair and blue eyes1 and the nurses would have destroyed it1 but the nine men spake to the father of the child1 and they banded together1 and saved the infant4 ,now when this child had attained the age of eleven1 he became great and handsome2 and each of the parents whose children had been put to death1 when he saw him1 said1 8,such an one would have been my son1 had not he been slain at the instigation of ,saleh40 ,and they combined to put the prophet to death4 ,they said among themselves1 8,we will kill him outside the city1 and returning1 say we were elsewhere when he was murdered40 ,having formed this project1 they left the city and placed themselves under a rock1 awaiting his exit from the gates ,but ,god commanded the rock1 and it fell and crushed them all4 ,next day their corpses were recovered1 but the ,thamudites were very wroth1 and said1 8,saleh has slain our children1 and now he slays our men20 and they added1 8,we will be revenged on his camel40 ,but no one could be found to undertake the execution of this deed1 save the red-haired child4 ,he went to the fountain where the camel was drinking1 and with one kick he knocked her over1 and with another kick he despatched her4 ,but the foal1 seeing the fate of her mother1 ran away1 and the boy with the red hair and blue eyes ran after her4 ,saleh1 seeing what had taken place1 cried1 8,the judgment of ,god is about to fall40 ,the people were frightened1 and asked1 8,what shall we do80 8,the judgment of ,god will not fall as long as the colt remains among you40 ,hearing this1 the whole population went in pursuit of the young camel4 ,now it had fled to the mountain whence it had sprung1 and the red-haired boy was close on its heels4 ,and when the young camel heard the shouting of the inhabitants of the city1 and saw the multitude in pursuit1 it stood before the rock1 turned round1 uttered three piercing cries and vanished4 ,the ,thamudites arrived and beat the rock1 but they could not open it4 ,then said ,saleh1 8,the judgment of ,god will fall2 prepare to receive it4 ,the first day your faces will become livid1 the second day they will become black1 and the third day red40 ,things happened as ,saleh had predicted4 ,and when the signs befel them which ,saleh had foretold1 they knew that their end was near4 ,the first day they became ash pale1 the second day coal black1 and the third day red as fire1 and then there came a sound from heaven1 and all fell dead on the earth1 save ,saleh and those who believed in him2 these heard the sound1 but did not perish4 ,by the will of ,god1 when the people were destroyed1 one man was absent at ,mecca2 the name of this man was ,abou-,ghalib4 ,when he knew what had befallen his nation1 he took up his residence in ,mecca2 but all the rest perished1 as it is written in the ,koran1 8,in the morning they were found dead in their houses1 stretched upon the ground1 as though they had never dwelt there40 ,from ,saleh to ,abraham there was no prophet4 ,at the time of that patriarch there was no king over all the earth4 ,the sovereignty had passed to ,canaan1 the son of ,cush1 the son of ,ham1 who was the son of ,noah4#bgg ,the camel of the prophet ,saleh was placed by ,mohammed in the heavens1 together with the ass of ,balaam1 and other favored animals4 ,now wonderful as is this story1 it is surpassed by that related by certain ,arabic historians of the mission of ,saleh4 ,this we proceed to give4 ,djundu ,ibn ,omar was king of the ,thamudites1 a people numbering seventy thousand fighting men4 ,he had a palace cut out of the face of a rock1 and his high priest1 ,kanuch ,ibn ,abid1 had one likewise4 ,the most magnificent building in the city was a temple which contained the idol worshipped by the people4 ,this idol had the head of a man1 the neck of a bull1 the body of a lion1 and the feet of a horse4 ,it was fashioned out of pure gold1 and was studded with jewels4 ,one day1 as ,kanuch1 the high priest1 was worshipping in the temple1 he fell asleep1 and heard a voice cry1 8,the truth will appear1 and the madness will pass away40 ,he started to his feet in alarm1 and saw the idol prostrate on the floor1 and its crown had fallen from its head4 ,kanuch cried out for assistance1 and fled to the king1 who sent men to set up the image1 and replace on its head the crown that had fallen from it4 ,but doubt took possession of the heart of ,kanuch2 he no longer addressed the image in prayer1 and his enthusiasm was at an end4 ,the king observed this1 and sent two vizirs with orders to imprison and execute him4 ,but ,allah struck the vizirs with blindness1 and he sent two angels to transport ,kanuch to a well-shaded grotto1 well supplied with all that could content the heart of man4 ,as ,kanuch was nowhere to be found1 the king appointed his kinsman ,davud to be high priest4 ,but on the third day he came to the king to announce to him that the idol was again prostrate4 ,the monarch set it up once more1 and ,eblis1 entering the image1 spoke through its mouth1 exhorting all men to beware of novel doctrines which were about to be introduced4 ,next feast-day ,davud was about to sacrifice two oxen to the idol1 when one of them opened its mouth1 and thus addressed him3-- 8,will you sacrifice creatures endued with life by the living ,god to a mass of lifeless metal8 ,o ,god1 do thou destroy this sinful nation60 ,and the oxen broke their halters1 and ran away4 ,horsemen were deputed to pursue and capture them1 but they escaped1 for ,allah screened them4 ,but ,god in his mercy resolved to give the ,thamudites another chance of repenting of their idolatry4 ,raghwah1 ,kanuch's wife1 had shed incessant tears since the disappearance of her husband4 ,allah despatched a bird out of ,paradise to guide her to the grotto of ,kanuch4 ,this bird was a raven2 its head was white as snow1 its back was green as emerald4 ,its feet were purple2 its beak of heaven's blue4 ,its eyes were gems2 only its body was black1 for this bird did not fall under the curse of ,noah1 as it was in ,paradise4 ,it was midnight when the raven entered ,raghwah's dark chamber1 where she lay weeping on a carpet2 but the glory of its eyes illumined the whole room1 as though the sun had suddenly flashed into it4 ,raghwah rose from her place1 and gazed in wonder on the lovely bird1 which opened its beak and said1 8,arise and follow me6 ,god has seen thy tears1 and will reunite thee to thy husband40 ,raghwah followed the raven1 which flew before her1 and with the light of its eyes turned the night into day4 ,the morning star had not risen1 when they stood before ,kanuch's grot4 ,then cried the raven1 8,kanuch1 open to thy wife60 and so vanished4 ,nine months after that ,raghwah had rejoined her husband1 she bore him a son1 who was the image of ,seth1 and had on his brow the prophetic light2 and ,kanuch1 in the hope of drawing him to the knowledge of the true ,god and to a pious life1 gave him the name of ,saleh 7,the ,blessed74 ,not long after ,saleh's birth1 ,kanuch died2 and the raven of ,paradise returned to the grotto to lead back ,saleh to his own people4 ,saleh grew in beauty and strength1 to the admiration of his mother and all who saw him4 ,a war was being waged between the descendants of ,ham and the ,thamudites1 and the latter had lost many battles and a large portion of their army1 when ,saleh suddenly appeared in the battle-field at the head of a few friends1 and1 by his personal heroism1 turned the tide of victory1 and routed the enemy4 ,this success drew upon him the gratitude and love of the people1 but the envy of the king was kindled1 and he sought the life of the young prophet4 ,but as often as assassins were sent by the king to take his life1 their arms shrivelled up1 and were only restored by the intercession of ,saleh4 ,these circumstances tended to increase and confirm the number of his adherents1 so that he was able to build a mosque1 and occupy with worshippers of the true ,god one whole quarter of the city4 ,but one day the king surrounded the mosque with his troops1 and threatened ,saleh and his followers with death if they would not work a miracle to prove their worship to be the true one4 ,saleh prayed1 and instantly the leaves of the date-tree that stood before the mosque were transformed into serpents and scorpions1 which fell over the king and his soldiers2 whilst two doves1 which dwelt on the terrace of the mosque1 sang aloud1 8,believe in ,saleh1 he is a prophet and messenger of ,god60 ,but ,saleh was moved with compassion when he saw the anguish of those who had been bitten by the scorpions and vipers1 and he prayed to ,god1 and the noxious reptiles were transformed back again into date-leaves1 and those who had been stung were made whole4 ,nevertheless the king hardened his heart1 and continued to worship false gods4 ,when ,saleh saw the impenitence of the ,thamudites1 he besought ,god to destroy them2 but an angel appeared to him in a cave1 and sent him to sleep for twenty years4 ,when he awoke he betook himself towards the mosque he had built1 never doubting that he had slept but a single night4 ,the mosque was gone1 his friends and adherents were dead or dispersed1 a few remained1 but they were old1 and he hardly recognized them4 ,falling into despair1 the angel ,gabriel came to him and said1-- 8,thou wert hasty in desiring the destruction of this people1 therefore ,god hath withdrawn from thy life twenty years1 which ,he has taken from thee in sleep4 ,now ,he sends thee precious relics wherewith to establish thy mission1 to wit1 ,adam's shirt1 ,abel's sandals1 ,seth's overcoat1 ,enoch's seal ring1 ,noah's sword1 and ,hud's staff40 ,next day1 as the king ,djundu with his brother ,schihab1 and the priests and the princes of the people formed a procession to an idol temple near the town1 ,saleh ran before the procession entered the temple1 and stood in the door4 8,who art thou80 asked the king in astonishment3 for he did not recognize ,saleh1 so greatly had ,god changed him in his sleep of twenty years4 ,he answered3 8,i am ,saleh1 the messenger of the only ,god1 who preached to you twenty years ago1 and showed to you many signs and wonders1 but you would not believe4 ,and now once more ,i appear unto you to give you a proof of my mission4 ,ask what miracle ,i shall perform and it shall be done40 ,then the king said1 8,bring me here out of the rock a camel one hundred ells long1 of every color under the sun1 whose eyes are like lightning1 and whose feet are swifter than the wind40 ,saleh consented4 ,then said ,davud1 8,let its fore feet be golden and its hinder feet silver1 its head of emerald and its ears of ruby4 ,let it bear on its hump a tent of silver1 woven with gold threads and adorned with pearls1 resting on four pillars of diamonds60 ,when ,saleh agreed to this also1 the king added1 8,and let it bring with it a foal like to its mother1 just born1 and running by her side2 then will ,i believe in ,allah1 and in thee as ,his prophet40 8,and wilt thou believe too80 asked ,saleh of the high priest4 8,yes10 answered ,davud1 8if she give milk without being milked1 cold in summer and warm in winter40 8,and one thing more10 threw in the king's brother1 ,schihab1 8the milk must heal the sick1 enrich the poor1 and the camel must of its own accord go into every house1 and fill the pails with milk40 8,be it according to your will10 said ,saleh4 8,but ,i warn you1--no one must injure the camel1 deprive it of its food or drink1 attempt to ride it1 or use it for any other kind of labor40 ,when they consented1 ,saleh prayed to ,god1 and the earth opened under his feet and a well of fragrant water gushed up1 and poured over the rock1 and the rock was rent1 and the camel started forth in every particular such as the king and his high priest had desired4 ,so they cried1 8,there is no ,god but ,god1 and ,saleh is his prophet40 ,then the angel ,gabriel came down from heaven1 having in his hand a flaming sword1 wherewith he touched the camel1 and she bore instantly a foal like her parent4 ,then the king fell on ,saleh's neck1 and kissed him and believed4 ,but his brother ,schihab and ,davud attributed all that had been done to magic1 and they labored to convince the people that the camel was the work of necromancy4 ,but as daily the camel gave her milk1 and1 whenever she drank1 said her grace with formality1 the number of true believers increased daily1 and the high priest and all the chiefs of the infidels resolved on her destruction4 ,schihab1 the king's brother1 hoping to overturn the king and take his place1 by adhering to the established religion and ignoring all novelties1 was resolute in his resistance to the true religion4 ,therefore he promised his daughter ,rajan in marriage to whosoever should kill the wondrous camel4 ,now there was a young man of humble origin1 named ,kaddar1 who had long loved the maiden1 but had never ventured to show his passion2 he armed himself with a great sword and attacked the camel as it was drinking1 in the rear1 and wounded it in the hock4 ,instantly all nature uttered a piercing cry4 ,then the youth1 filled with compunction1 ran to the top of a mountain1 and cried1 8,god's curse on you1 ye sinful people60 ,saleh betook himself with the king1 who would not be separated from him1 into the town1 and demanded the punishment of ,kaddar and his accomplices4 ,but ,schihab1 who in the mean time had seized on the throne1 threatened them with death1 and ,saleh1 obliged to fly to save his life1 had only time to speak his threat1 8,three days are given you for repentance2 after that ye shall be slain40 ,next day every man's face was yellow as the leaves in autumn1 and wherever the wounded camel limped a spring of blood bubbled out of the soil4 ,on the second day the faces of all were blood-red1 and on the third they were coal-black4 ,towards evening the camel spread a pair of scarlet wings and flew away1 and then mountains of fire were rained from heaven on the city1 by the hands of angels2 and the keepers of the fire beneath the earth opened vents1 and blew fire from below in the form of flaming camels4 ,when the sun went down1 all that remained of the ,thamudites was a heap of ashes4 ,saleh alone1 and the king ,djundu1 were saved4#bgh ,,xxiii4 ,,the ,,tower ,,of ,,babel4 ,first we will take ,jewish traditions1 and then ,mahommedan legends4 ,the ,rabbis relate as follows3-- ,after the times of the great ,deluge1 men feared a recurrence of that great overthrow1 and they assembled on and inhabited the plain of ,shinar4 ,there1 they no longer obeyed the gentle guidance of ,shem1 the son of ,noah2 but they cast the kingdom of ,god far from them1 and choose as their sovereign1 ,nimrod1 son of ,cush1 son of ,ham4#bgi ,nimrod became very great in power4 ,having been born when his father was old1 he was dearly beloved1 and every whim had been gratified4 ,cush gave him the garment which ,god made for ,adam when he was expelled from ,paradise1 and which ,adam had given to ,enoch1 and ,enoch to ,methuselah1 and ,methuselah had left to ,noah1 and which ,noah had taken with him into the ark4 ,ham stole it from his father in the ark1 concealed it1 and gave it to his son ,cush4 ,nimrod1 vested in this garment1 was unconquerable and irresistible4#bhj ,all beasts and birds fell down before him1 and his enemies were overcome almost without a struggle4 ,it was thus that he triumphed over the king of ,babylon4 ,his kingdom rapidly extended1 and he became daily more powerful1 till at last he was sole monarch over the whole world4#bha ,nimrod rejected ,god as his ruler2 he trusted in his own might1 therefore it is said of him1 8,he was mighty in hunting1 and in sin before the ,lord2 for he was a hunter of the sons of men in their languages4 ,and he said to them1 ,leave the judgments of ,shem1 and adhere to the judgments of ,nimrod40#bhb ,but ,nimrod was uneasy in his mind1 and he feared lest some one should arise who would be empowered by ,god to overthrow him2 therefore he said to his subjects1 8,come1 let us build a great city1 and let us settle therein1 that we may not be scattered over the face of the earth1 and be destroyed once more by a flood4 ,and in the midst of our city let us build a high tower1 so lofty as to overtop any flood1 and so strong as to resist any fire4 ,yea1 let us do further1 let us prop up the heaven on all sides from the top of the tower1 that it may not again fall and inundate us4 ,then let us climb up into heaven1 and break it up with axes1 and drain its water away where it can do no injury4 ,thus shall we avenge the death of our ancestors4 ,and at the summit of our tower we will place an image of our god with a sword in his hand1 and he shall fight for us4 ,thus shall we obtain a great name1 and reign over the universe40 ,even if all were not inspired with the same presumption1 yet all saw in the tower a means of refuge from a future deluge2 and therefore they readily fell in with the proposal of the king4 ,six hundred thousand men were set to work under a thousand captains1 and raised the tower to the height of seventy miles 7i4 e41 fifty-six ,english miles74 ,a great flight of stairs on the east side was used by those carrying up material1 and a flight on the west side served those who descended1 having deposited their burdens4 ,if a workman fell down and was killed1 no one heeded2 but if any of the bricks gave way1 there was an outcry4 ,some shot arrows into the sky1 and they came down tinged with blood1 then they shouted and cried1 8,see1 we have killed every one who is in heaven40#bhc ,curiously enough a similar story is told by the ,chinese of one of their earlier monarchs1 who thought himself so great that he might war against heaven4 ,he shot an arrow into the sky1 and a drop of blood fell4 8,so10 said he1 8,i have killed ,god60 ,at this time ,abraham was forty-eight4 ,he was filled with grief and shame at the impiety of his fellow-men1 and he prayed to ,god1 8,o ,lord6 confound their tongues1 for ,i have spied unrighteousness and strife in the city60 ,then the ,lord called the seventy angels who surround ,his throne1 that they should confuse the language of the builders1 so that none should understand the other4 ,the angels came down1 and cast confusion among the subjects of ,nimrod1 and seventy distinct languages sprang up1 and the men could not understand each other2 so they separated from one another1 and were spread over the surface of the earth4 ,the tower itself was destroyed in part4 ,it was in three portions3 the upper story was destroyed by fire from heaven1 the basement was overthrown by an earthquake1 only the middle story was left intact1--how1 we are not informed4#bhd ,we will now take the ,mussulman tradition4 ,nimrod1 who1 according to the ,arabs1 was the son of ,canaan1 and brother of ,cush1 sons of ,ham1 having cast ,abraham1 who refused to acknowledge him as supreme monarch of the world1 into a burning1 fiery furnace1 from which he issued unhurt1 said to his courtiers1 8,i will go to heaven and see this ,god whom ,abraham preaches1 and who protects him40 ,his wise men having represented to him that heaven is very high1 ,nimrod ordered the erection of a tower1 by which he might reach it4 ,for three years an immense multitude of workmen toiled at the erection of this tower4 ,every day ,nimrod ascended it and looked up1 but the sky seemed to him as distant from the summit of his tower as it had from the level ground4 ,one morning he found his tower cast down4 ,but ,nimrod was not to be defeated so easily4 ,he ordered a firmer foundation to be laid1 and a second tower was constructed2 but however high it was built1 the sky remained inaccessible4 ,then ,nimrod resolved on reaching heaven in another fashion4 ,he had a large box made1 and to the four corners he attached gigantic birds of the species ,roc4 ,they bore ,nimrod high into the air1 and then fluttered here and fluttered there1 and finally upset the box1 and tumbled him on the top of a mountain1 which he cracked by his fall1 without however materially injuring himself4 ,but ,nimrod was not penitent1 nor ready to submit to the ,most ,high1 therefore ,god confounded the language of his subjects1 and thus rent from him a large portion of his kingdom4#bhe ,god sent a wind1 says ,abulfaraj1 which overthrew the ,tower of ,babel and buried ,nimrod under its ruins4#bhf ,of ,babel we find fewer traditions preserved amongst the ancient nations1 than we did of the ,deluge4 ,the ,zendavesta makes no mention of such an event2 and it is equally unknown to the ,chinese books1 though curiously enough1 in ,chinese hieroglyphics1 the tower is the symbol of separation4#bhg ,the ,chaldeans1 however1 says ,abydessus1 probably quoting ,berosus1 the priest of ,bel1 related1 8,that the first inhabitants of the earth1 glorying in their own strength and size1 and despising the gods1 undertook to raise a tower whose top should reach the sky in the place where ,babylon now stands2 but when it approached the heavens1 the winds assisted the gods1 and overthrew the work of the contrivers2 and its ruins are said to be still in ,babylon2 and the gods introduced a diversity of tongues among men1 who till that time had all spoken the same language2 and a war arose between ,kronos and ,titan4 ,the place on which they built the tower is now called ,babylon40#bhh ,alexander ,polyhistor relates the events as follows1 and quotes the ,sibyl4 8,the ,sibyl says1 when all men had one speech1 they built a great tower in order to climb into heaven1 but the gods blowing against it with the winds1 threw it down1 and confounded the language of the builders1 therefore the city is called ,babylon40#bhi ,the writings of this ,sibyl1 commonly called the ,chaldean ,sibyl1 formed part of the sacred scriptures of the ,babylonians4 ,eupolemus1 quoting apparently ,syro-phnician traditions1 relates the matter somewhat differently4 8,the city ,babylon10 says he1 8was built after the ,deluge by those who were saved4 ,but they were giants1 and they built the famous tower then4 ,but when this was overthrown by the will of the gods1 the giants were scattered over the whole face of the earth40#bij ,the ,armenian tradition recorded by ,moses of ,chorene1 is to this effect3 8,from them 7i4 e41 from the first dwellers on the earth7 sprang the race of the giants1 with strong bodies and of huge size4 ,full of pride and envy1 they formed the godless resolve to build a high tower4 ,but whilst they were engaged on the undertaking1 a fearful wind overthrew it1 which the wrath of ,god had sent against it1 and unknown words were at the same time blown about among men1 wherefore arose strife and contention40#bia ,the ,hindu story of the confusion of tongues and the separation of nations is not connected with the erection of a tower1 but with the pride of the ,tree of ,knowledge1 or the world tree4 ,this tree grew in the centre of the earth1 and its head was in heaven4 ,it said in its heart1 ,i shall hold my head in heaven1 and spread my branches over all the earth1 and gather all men together under my shadow and protect them1 and prevent them from separating4 ,but ,brahm1 to punish the pride of the tree1 cut off its branches and cast them down on the earth1 where they sprang up as ,wata trees1 and made differences of belief and speech and customs to prevail in the earth1 to disperse men over its surface4#bib ,the ,dutch traveller1 ,hamel van ,gorcum1 found a tradition of the ,tower of ,babel1 in the seventeenth century1 in the ,korea1 in the midst of a sect which had not adopted ,buddhism1 but which retained much of the old primitive ,schamanism of the race4 ,they said1 8,that formerly all men spake the same language1 but1 after building a great tower1 wherewith they attempted to invade heaven1 they fell into confusion of tongues40#bic ,the ,mexican story was1 that after the ,deluge the sole survivors ,coxcox and ,chichequetzl engendered many children who were born dumb1 but one day received the gift of speech from a dove1 which came and perched itself on a lofty tree3 but the dove did not communicate to them the same language1 so they separated in fifteen companies4 ,and ,gemelli ,carreri and ,clavigero describe an ancient ,mexican painting representing the dove with thirty-three tongues1 answering to the languages and dialects he taught4#bid ,at ,cholula they related that ,xelhuaz began to build a tower on ,mount ,tlalok to commemorate his having been saved along with his brothers from the ,flood4 ,and the tower he built in the form of a pyramid4 ,the clay was baked into bricks in the province of ,tlamanalco1 at the foot of the ,sierra ,cocotl1 and to bring them to ,cholula a row of men was placed1 that the bricks might be passed from hand to hand4 ,the gods saw this building1 whose top reached the clouds1 with anger and dismay1 and sent fire from heaven1 and destroyed the tower4#bie ,,xxiv4 ,,abraham4#bif #a4 ,,his ,,youth ,,and ,,early ,,struggles4 ,abraham or ,abram1 as he was first called1 was the son of ,terah1 general of ,nimrod's army1 and ,amtelai1 daughter of ,carnebo4 ,he was born at ,ur of the ,chaldees1 in the year #aidh after the ,creation4 ,on the night on which ,abraham was born1 ,terah's friends1 amongst whom were many councillors and soothsayers of ,nimrod1 were feasting in the house4 ,on leaving1 late at night1 they observed an unusual star in the east2 it seemed to run from one quarter of the heavens to another1 and to devour four stars which were there4 ,all gazed in astonishment on this wondrous sight4 8,truly10 said they1 8this can signify nothing else but that ,terah's new-born son will become great and powerful1 will conquer the whole realm1 and dethrone great princes1 and seize on their possessions40 ,next morning they hastened to the king1 to announce to him what they had seen1 and what was their interpretation of the vision1 and to advise the slaughter of the young child1 and that ,terah should be compensated with a liberal sum of money4 ,nimrod accordingly sent gold and silver to ,terah1 and asked his son in exchange1 but ,terah refused4 ,then the king sent and threatened to burn down and utterly destroy the whole house of ,terah1 unless the child were surrendered4 ,in the mean time one of the female slaves had born a son2 this ,terah gave to the royal officers1 who1 supposing it to be the son of the householder1 brought it before ,nimrod and slew it4 ,then1 to secure ,abraham1 ,terah concealed him and his mother and nurse in a cave4 ,but there is another version of the story1 and it is as follows3-- ,nimrod had long read in the stars that a child would be born who would oppose his power and his religion1 and would finally overcome both4 ,acting on the advice of his wise men1 he built a house1 sixty ells high and eighty ells broad1 into which all pregnant women were brought to be delivered1 and the nurses were instructed to put to death all the boys that were born1 but to make handsome presents to the mothers who were brought to bed of daughters4 ,after seventy thousand male children had thus perished1 the angels of heaven turned to the ,all ,mighty1 and besought ,him with tears to stay this cruel murder of innocents4 8,i slumber not1 ,i sleep not10 ,god answered4 8,ye shall see that this atrocity shall not pass unpunished40 ,shortly after1 ,terah's wife was pregnant2 she concealed her situation as long as was possible1 pretending that she was ill2 but when she could conceal it no more1 the infant crept behind her breasts1 so that she appeared to every eye as if nothing were about to take place4 ,when the time came for her delivery1 she went in fear out of the city1 and wandered in the desert till she lighted on a cave1 into which she entered4 ,next morning she was delivered of a son1 ,abraham1 whose face shone1 so that the grotto was as light as though the sun were casting a golden beam into it4 ,she wrapped the child in a mantle1 and left it there to the custody of ,god and ,his angels1 and returned home4 ,god heard the cry of the weeping infant1 and ,he sent ,his angel ,gabriel to the cave1 who let the child suck milk out of his fore-finger4 ,but according to another account he opened two holes in the cave1 from which dropped oil and flour to nourish ,abraham4 ,others1 however1 say that ,terah visited the cave every day1 and nursed and fed the child4 ,according to the ,arab tradition1 which follows the ,jewish in most particulars1 the mother1 on visiting the cave1 found the infant sucking its two thumbs4 ,now out of one of its thumbs flowed milk1 and out of the other1 honey1 and thus the babe nourished itself3 or1 say others1 from one finger flowed water when he sucked it2 from a second1 milk2 from a third1 honey2 from a fourth1 the juice of dates2 and from the little finger1 butter4#big ,when ,abraham had been in the cave1 according to some1 three years1 according to others ten1 and according to others thirteen1 he left the cavern and stood on the face of the desert4 ,and when he saw the sun shining in all its glory1 he was filled with wonder1 and he thought1 8,surely the sun is ,god the ,creator60 and he knelt down and worshipped the sun4 ,but when evening came1 the sun went down in the west1 and ,abraham said1 8,no6 the ,author of creation cannot set40 ,now the moon arose in the east1 and the stars looked out of the firmament4 ,then said ,abraham1 8,this moon must indeed be ,god1 and all the stars are ,his host60 ,and kneeling down he adored the moon4 ,but after some hours of darkness the moon set1 and from the east appeared once more the bright face of the sun4 ,then said ,abraham1 8,verily these heavenly bodies are no gods1 for they obey law3 ,i will worship ,him who imposed the law upon them40 ,the ,arab story is this4 ,when ,abraham came out of the cave1 he saw a number of flocks and herds1 and he said to his mother1 8,who is lord of these80 ,she answered1 8,your father ,azar 7,terah740 8,and who is the lord of ,azar80 he further asked4 ,she replied1 8,nimrod40 8,and who is the lord of ,nimrod80 8,oh1 hush1 my son10 said she1 striking him on the mouth2 8you must not push your questions so far40 ,but it was by following this train of thought that ,abraham arrived at the knowledge of the one true ,god4 ,another ,rabbinical story is1 that ,abraham was only ten days in the cave after his birth1 and then he was able to walk1 and he left it4 ,but his mother1 who visited the grotto1 finding him gone1 was a prey to anguish and fear4 ,wandering along the bank of the river1 searching for her child1 she met ,abraham1 but did not recognize him1 as he had grown tall2 and she asked him if he had seen a little baby anywhere4 8,i am he whom you seek10 answered ,abraham4 8,is this possible60 exclaimed the mother4 8,could you grow to such a height1 and be able to walk and talk1 in ten days80 8,yes1 mother10 answered the youthful prodigy2 8all this has taken place that you might know that there is but one living and true ,god who made heaven and earth1 who dwells in heaven and fills the earth with ,his goodness40 8,what60 asked ,amtelai1 8is there another god besides ,nimrod80 8,by all means10 replied the infant son2 8there is a ,god in heaven1 who is also the ,god who made ,nimrod4 ,now go to ,nimrod and announce this to him40 ,abraham's mother related all this to her husband1 who bore the message to the king4 ,nimrod1 greatly alarmed1 consulted his council what was to be done with the boy4#bih ,the council replied that he had nothing to fear from an infant of ten days1--he1 the king and god of the world6 ,but ,nimrod was not satisfied4 ,then ,satan1 putting on a black robe1 mingled with the advisers of the monarch and said1 8,let the king open his arsenal1 arm all his troops1 and march against this precocious infant40 ,this advice fell in completely with ,nimrod's own personal fears1 and his army was marched against the baby4 ,but when ,abraham saw the host drawn up in battle array1 he cried to heaven with many tears1 and ,gabriel came to his succor1 enveloped the infant in clouds1 and snatched him from the sight of those who came against him2 and they1 frightened at the cloud and darkness1 fled precipitately to ,babylon4 ,abraham followed them on the shoulders of ,gabriel1 and reaching the gates of the city in an instant of time1 he cried1 8,the eternal ,one is the true and only ,god1 and none other is like ,him6 ,he is the ,god of heaven1 ,god of gods and ,lord of ,nimrod6 ,be convinced of this1 all ye men1 women and children who dwell here1 even ,i am ,abraham1 his servant40 ,then he sought his parents1 and bade ,terah go and fulfil his command to ,nimrod4 ,terah went accordingly1 and announced to the king that his son1 whom the army had been unable to capture1 had1 in a brief space of time1 traversed a country across which was forty days' journey4 ,nimrod quaked1 and consulted his princes1 who advised him to institute a festival of seven days1 during which every subject and dweller on the face of the earth was to make a pilgrimage to his palace1 and there to worship and adore him4 ,in the mean time ,nimrod1 being very curious to see ,abraham1 ordered ,terah to bring him into his royal presence4 ,the child entered the throne-room boldly1 and going to the foot of the steps which led to the throne1 he exclaimed2 8,woe to thee1 accursed ,nimrod1 blasphemer of ,god6 ,acknowledge1 ,o ,nimrod1 that the true ,god is without body1 everlasting1 never slumbering nor sleeping2 acknowledge that ,he created the world1 that all men may believe in ,him likewise60 ,at the same moment all the idols in the palace fell1 and the king rolled from his throne in convulsions1 and remained in a fit for two hours4 ,when he came to himself again1 he said to ,abraham1 8,was that thy voice1 or was it the voice of ,god80 ,abraham answered1 8,it was the voice of the meanest of ,his creatures40 8,then your ,god must be great and mighty1 and a ,king of kings40 ,nimrod now suffered ,abraham to depart1 and as his anger was abated1 the child remained in his father's house1 and no attempts were made against his life4 ,here must be inserted a legend of the childhood of ,abraham1 which ,i have ventured to render into verse4 ,,the ,,gift ,,of ,,the ,,king4 ,nimrod the ,cushite sat upon a throne ,of gold1 encrusted with a sapphire stone1 ,and round the monarch stood1 in triple rank1 ,three hundred ruddy pages1 like a bank ,of roses all a-blow1 ,two gentle boys1 with blue eyes clear as glass1 ,and locks as light as tufted cotton grass1 ,and faces as the snow ,that lies on ,ararat1 and flushes pink ,on summer evenings1 as the sun doth sink1 ,were stationed by the royal golden chair ,with fillets of carnation in their hair1 ,and clothed in silken vesture1 candid1 clean1 ,to flutter fans of burnished blue and green1 ,fashioned of peacock's plume4 ,a little lower1 on a second stage ,on either side1 was placed a graceful page1 ,to raise a fragrant fume-- ,with costly woods and gums on burning coals ,that glowed on tripods1 in bright silver bowls2 ,and at the basement of the marble stair1 ,sweet singing choirs and harping minstrels were1 ,in amber kirtles purple gilt and sashed4 ,the throbbing strings in silver ripples flashed1 ,where slaves the choral song ,accompanied with psaltery and lyre1 ,in red and saffron1 like to men of fire1 ,whilst hoarsely boomed the gong3 ,or silver cymbals clashed1 or1 waxing shrill1 ,danced up the scale a flute's melodious thrill4 ,now at the monarch's signal1 pages twain1 ,with sunny hair as ripened autumn grain1 ,and robed in lustrous silver tissue1 shot ,with changing hues of blue forget-me-not1 ,start nimbly forth1 and bend ,before the monarch1 at his gilded stool1 ,and crystal goblets brimming1 sweet and cool1 ,obsequiously extend2 ,but ,nimrod1 slightly stirring1 stately1 calm1 ,towards the right-hand beaker thrusts his arm1 ,and languid1 raises it towards his lips2 ,yet ere he of the ruby liquor sips1 ,he notices upon the surface lie-- ,fallen in and fluttering--a feeble fly1 ,with draggled wings outspread4 ,then shot from ,nimrod's eyes an angry flare1 ,and passionately down the marble stair ,the costly draught he shed4 ,he spoke no word1 but with a finger wave1 ,made signal to a scarlet-vested slave2 ,and as the lad before him1 quaking1 kneels1 ,above him swift the gleaming falchion wheels1 ,then flashes down1 and1 with one leap1 his head ,bounds from his shoulders1 and bespirts with red ,the alabaster floor4 ,and1 mingled with the outpoured ,persian wine1 ,descends the steps a sliding purple line ,of smoking1 dribbled gore2 ,and floats the little midge upon a flood ,of fragrant grape-juice1 and of roseate blood4 ,then ,nimrod said3 8,i would you ugly stain ,were wiped away2 and thou1 my chamberlain1 ,obtain for me a stripling1 to replace ,this petty fool4 ,let him have comely face1 ,and be of slender mould3 ,be lithely built1 of noble birth2 a youth1 ,the choicest thou canst find4 ,his cost1 in sooth6 ,i heed not4 ,stint no gold1 ,but buy a goodly slave3 for ,i1 a king1 ,will have the best1 the best of every thing-- ,of gems1 of slaves1 of fabrics1 meats1 or wine2 ,the best1 the very best on earth be mine40 ,then1 prostrate flung before his master's throne1 ,the servant said1 8,sire6 ,terah hath a son ,whose equal in the whole round world is none1 ,beloved as himself4 ,but1 ,sire6 ,i fear the father will not deign ,to yield his son as slave through love of gain1 ,for great is he in wealth40 8,go60 said the monarch1 8,i must have the child3 ,be sure the father can be reconciled1 ,if you expend of gold a goodly store1 ,and1 if he haggles at your price1 bid more2 ,i will it1 chamberlain6 ,i care not what the cost4 ,i'll have the lad60 ,and then1 he leaned him idly back1 and bade ,the slaves to fan again4 ,now on the morrow1 to the royal court1 ,terah ,ben-,nahor from old ,ur was brought-- ,protesting loud he would not yield his son ,as slave1 at any price1 to any one4 8,my flesh and blood be sold6 ,fie on you6 ,do you reckon that ,i prize ,my first-begotten as mere merchandise1 ,to barter him for gold6 ,a curse on him who would the old man's stay1 ,that bears him up1 with money buy away6 ,require me not to offer child of mine ,to serve and brim a tyrant's cup with wine2 ,to waste a life from morning to its grave1 ,branded in mind and soul and body #8,slave6' ,how could ,i be repaid8 ,his artless fondlings1 all his childish ways3 ,the reminiscences of olden days1 ,that sudden flash and fade1 ,of her who bore him--her1 my boyhood's choice-- ,resemblances in feature1 figure1 voice1 ,in gesture1 manner1 ay6 in very tone ,of pealing laugh1 of that dear partner gone8 ,thou1 ,nimrod1 to an old man condescend ,to hear his story2 your attention lend1 ,and judge if acted well4 ,last year to me thou gav'st a goodly steed1 ,from thine own stud1 of purest ,yemen breed3 ,and thus it me befel4 ,a stranger offered me a price so fair ,that ,i accepted it1 and sold the mare40 8,my gift disposed of60 with an angry start1 ,king ,nimrod thundered3 8,thou1 old man1 shalt smart ,for this thy avarice4 ,a royal gift1 ,thou knowest well1 must never owners shift1 ,as thing of little worth40 ,then ,terah raised his trembling hands1 and said1 8,from thine own mouth1 ,o ,king has judgment sped4 ,the ,lord of ,heaven and ,earth1 ,the ,king of ,kings to me my offspring gave1 ,and shall ,i sell ,his gift to be a slave8 ,nimrod6 that child1 which is ,his royal gift1-- ,thy mouth hath said it1--may not owners shift40 ,at this time idolatry was commonly practised by all4 ,nimrod and his servants ,terah and his whole house worshipped images of wood and stone4 ,terah had not only twelve idols of the twelve months which he adored1 but he manufactured images and sold them4 ,one day1 when ,terah was absent1 and ,abraham was left to manage the shop1 he thought the time had come when he must make his protest against idolatry4 ,this he did as follows4 ,every purchaser who came1 was asked by ,abraham his age2 if he answered fifty or sixty years old1 ,abraham exclaimed1 8,woe to a man of such an age who adores the work of one day60 and the purchaser withdrew in shame4 ,another version of the incident is more full4 ,a strong1 lusty fellow came one day to buy an idol1 the strongest that there was4 ,as he was going away with it1 ,abraham called after him1 8,how old are you80 8,seventy years10 he answered4 8,oh1 you fool60 said ,abraham1 8to adore a god younger than yourself40 8,what do you mean80 asked the purchaser4 8,why1 you were born seventy years ago1 and this god was made only yesterday40 ,hearing this1 the buyer threw the idol away4 ,shortly after1 an old woman brought a dish of meal to set before the idols4 ,abraham took it1 and then with a stick smashed all the gods except the biggest1 into whose hands he placed the stick4 ,terah1 who was returning home1 heard the noise of blows1 and quickened his pace4 ,when he entered1 his gods were in pieces4 ,he accused ,abraham angrily2 but ,abraham said1 8,my father1 a woman brought this dish of meal for the gods3 they all wanted to have it1 and the strongest knocked the heads off the rest1 lest they should eat it all40 ,and this1 say the ,mussulmans1 was the first lie that ,abraham told1 but it was not a lie1 but a justifiable falsehood4 ,terah said this could not be true1 for the images were of wood and stone4 8,let thine ear hear what thy mouth hath spoken10 said ,abraham1 and then he exhorted his father against idolatry4 ,terah complained to ,nimrod1 who sent for ,abraham1 and he said to him1 8,wilt thou not worship these idols8 ,well1 then1 adore fire40 8,why not water which quenches fire80 asked ,abraham4 ,nimrod4--8,very well2 then worship water40 ,abraham4--8,why not the clouds which swallow the water80 ,nimrod4--8,so be it2 adore the clouds40 ,abraham4--8,rather let me adore wind which blows the clouds about40 ,nimrod4--8,so be it2 pray to the wind40 ,abraham4--8,but man can stand up against the wind1 and build it out of his house40 ,then ,nimrod in a fury exclaimed1 8,fire is my god1 and that shall consume you40 ,according to another version1 a woman came to ,abraham to buy a god1 because thieves had stolen her former god2 this gave the patriarch a text for his homily against idolatry4 ,the woman was convinced4 8,believe in the true ,god10 said he1 8and you will recover the things the thieves stole from your house40 ,a few days after1 the woman recovered all her lost goods1 amongst them her image4 ,then she took a stone1 and smashed its head1 saying1 8,oh1 thou blockhead1 not to be able to preserve my property and thyself from thieves60 ,the report of what she had said and done reached the king1 who ordered her to be executed4 ,but ,nimrod was uneasy1 and he announced a grand ceremony to last for seven days1 during which every one was to produce his gods and carry them about the streets1 which were to be hung with gold and silks4 ,his object was to dazzle ,abraham's eyes by the splendor of idol worship4 ,he sent for ,terah and ,abraham1 but the latter refused to attend4 ,the ,mussulmans say that ,abraham excused himself thus3 8,i see in the stars that ,i am going to be very sick to-day40 ,this was the second lie ,abraham told1 but it was not a lie1 it was a justifiable falsehood4 ,then the king sent his guard1 who arrested him and cast him into a dungeon4 ,he lay in the dungeon ten days4 ,the angel ,gabriel brought him food1 and a crystal fountain bubbled up through the soil of his cell4 ,nimrod called his council together1 and it was unanimously decided that ,abraham should be burnt alive4 ,the king therefore published a decree ordering every man to bring wood or other fuel for the heating of the kiln4#bii ,the wood was piled about the furnace to the height of five ells1 for a circle of five ells diameter1 and for three days and three nights the fire was kept up1 and the flames licked the heavens1 so that the oven was at a white heat4 ,then ,nimrod ordered his jailer to produce ,abraham4 ,the prison-keeper humbly answered1 that it was impossible that ,abraham could be alive1 for he had been given neither meat nor drink4 ,but ,nimrod answered1 8,produce him alive or dead40 ,then the jailer went to the prison door and cried1 8,abraham1 livest thou80 8,i live10 answered the prisoner1 8and am hearty40 8,how is that possible80 asked the jailer1 astonished4 8,because the ,almighty has wrought a miracle on my behalf4 ,he is sole ,god1 invisible1 the ,creator of the world1 and the ,lord of ,nimrod40 ,the jailer believed4 ,the news was conveyed to ,nimrod1 who ordered the immediate execution of the jailer2 but as the executioner was about to smite off his head1 he cried1 8,the ,eternal ,one is alone the true ,god of the world1 and the ,god of ,nimrod who denies him40 ,and lo6 the sword was blunted1 and shivered into a thousand fragments4 ,here we must add a few particulars from ,mussulman sources4 8,who is your ,god80 asked ,nimrod of ,abraham1 when brought before him4 8,he who kills and makes alive again10 said ,abraham4 8,i can do that10 exclaimed ,nimrod1 and he ordered two prisoners before him2 one he slew1 the other he spared4 ,but ,abraham said1 8,behold the power of my ,god60 and he bade a dead man who had been four years in his grave1 rise and bring him a white cock1 a black raven1 a green pigeon1 and a gayly-colored peacock4 ,the dead man rose and obeyed4 ,then ,abraham cut up the birds1 but preserved their heads2 and lo6 from the heads new bodies sprouted4 8,now10 said ,abraham1 8do the same40 ,but ,nimrod could not4 8,if thou art a ,god10 said ,abraham again1 8command the sun to rise to-morrow in the west and set in the east40 ,but this he could not do4#cjj ,nimrod was highly incensed1 and ordered that ,abraham should be at once precipitated into the fire4 ,when he was brought before the king1 say the ,rabbis1 the soothsayers recognized him as the boy at whose birth they had warned the king that one was come into the world who would be the father of a great nation which would subdue that of ,nimrod1 and would possess the whole earth and heaven4 8,this is the man against whom we cautioned you10 they said2 8his father ,terah must have deceived you1 ,o king1 and not have given you up the right child40 ,terah1 on being questioned1 owned the truth4 8,who gave you this advice80 asked the king2 8confess it1 and your life shall be spared40 ,out of fear ,terah told a lie1 and said that ,haran1 his other son1 had suggested the deception4 8,for having given this advice10 said ,nimrod1 8,haran shall perish along with ,abraham4 ,cast them both into the flames40 ,abraham and ,haran were now to be stripped and their hands and feet bound by ropes1 and then they were to be thrown into the fire4 ,but the servants of ,nimrod who approached the brothers were caught by the flames which1 like the tongues of serpents1 shot out1 curled round them1 drew them into the fire1 and consumed them4 ,then ,satan appeared to ,nimrod1 and instructed him how to make a catapult which would throw stones to a distance1 and by means of which ,abraham and ,haran could be projected into the midst of the fire4 ,haran was undecided in his mind whether to worship ,god or idols2 sometimes he sided with ,abraham1 and sometimes with ,terah4 ,now1 the moment ,haran was shot into the flames1 his heart failed him1 and he cried out that he would worship idols if his life were spared4 ,but it was too late1 he was burnt to ashes4 ,but ,abraham was unharmed4 ,the cords which bound him were consumed1 but for three days and nights he walked about in the flames1 and felt no inconvenience4#cja ,then the king cried aloud4 8,abraham1 servant of the ,god of ,heaven1 come forth from the furnace to me40 ,and ,abraham came forth4 ,then the king said to him1 8,how is it that thou art not consumed80 ,and ,abraham answered1 8,the ,lord ,god of ,heaven and ,earth1 whom ,i serve1 hath delivered me40 ,instantly the flames were extinguished1 and the wood burst forth into flower and fruit2 and the pile was like a grove of flowering shrubs to look upon1 and ,angels descended and took ,abraham and seated him in the midst4 ,the ,arabic version of this part of the story is something different4 ,nimrod could not see into the fire1 so he ascended a high tower in his palace1 and from the top looked down into the furnace1 and saw that in the midst was a garden with flowers and a fountain of sparkling water1 and ,abraham seated on the grass beside the spring1 conversing with an angel4#cjb ,nimrod now loaded ,abraham with presents1 amongst which were two slaves named ,oni and ,eliezer2 according to some1 the latter was a son of the tyrant4 ,many followed ,abraham home1 and brought their children to him1 and said1 8,now we see that the ,god in whom thou trustest1 is the only true ,god2 teach our children the truth1 that they may serve ,him in righteousness40 ,thus three hundred persons accompanied ,abraham home1 most of whom were servants of the king1 and of noble race4 ,here follows in the ,mussulman account the story of ,nimrod's attempt to reach heaven in a box1 to which were attached four vultures4 ,his object was1 says ,tabari1 to kill the ,god of ,abraham4 ,he went up along with his vizir4 ,after a night and day in the air1 the king said to his vizir1 8,open the window of the box towards the earth and tell me what you see40 ,he did so1 and replied1 8,i see the earth40 ,after another day and night1 he again looked out and saw the earth still2 on the third day1 at the king's command he looked out and saw nothing4 ,then said ,nimrod1 8,open the window towards heaven and look out40 ,he did so and saw nothing4 ,then ,nimrod shot three arrows into the sky1 and they fell back with blood on them4 ,so ,nimrod said1 8,i have killed the ,god of ,abraham40 ,but whence the blood came is unsettled4 ,some say that the arrows hit a bird which flew higher than the vultures2 but others1 with more probability1 say they struck a fish1 which was being carried by the wind1 that had caught it up with the rain out of the sea4#cjc ,abraham now married the daughter of his brother ,haran1 named ,sarai or ,jisha1 8the seeress10 because she was endowed with the spirit of prophecy1 say some1 or1 say others1 because she was so beautiful that every one wanted to see her4 ,at the time of his marriage1 ,abraham was aged fifty2 others1 however1 suggest twenty-five4 ,two years later1 ,nimrod was visited with a dream4 ,he saw himself and all his army in a valley1 near the furnace into which he had cast ,abraham4 ,a man resembling the latter stepped out of the furnace and approached the king1 holding a naked sword4 ,when ,nimrod recoiled1 the man cast an egg at his head2 the egg broke and became a mighty river1 which swept all his hosts away1 saving only three men2 and on looking at them1 the king saw that they wore royal robes1 and exactly resembled himself4 ,then the stream retreated into the egg1 and when all the water was gathered into it1 from the egg hopped out a chicken1 which seated itself on ,nimrod's head1 and pecked out one of his eyes4 ,next morning the king sent for his soothsayers to explain the dream1 and this was their interpretation2 8,hear1 ,o king6 this dream presages to thee great misfortune1 which ,abraham and his posterity shall bring upon thee4 ,the time will come when he will war with his forces against thee and thy forces1 and will overcome them and put them to the sword4 ,thou alone wilt escape with three of thy confederates2 but a messenger of ,abraham will cause thy death4 ,therefore1 ,o king6 remember that thy council of wise men foretold this fifty-two years ago1 in the stars at ,abraham's birth4 ,as long as ,abraham lives thou art in jeopardy4 ,wherefore could he be suffered to live any longer80 ,nimrod believing what was said1 sent a servant to assassinate ,abraham4 ,but ,eliezer1 the slave1 whom ,nimrod had given to the patriarch1 had been with the councillors when this advice was given1 and he fled and told ,abraham before the emissary of the tyrant arrived2 and ,abraham left his house and took refuge with ,noah and ,shem1 and remained hidden with them for the space of one month4 ,here ,terah sought him in secret2 and ,abraham addressed him a long discourse on the vanity of idol-worship and the evil of serving the godless tyrant ,nimrod4 ,and ,noah and ,shem supported him4 ,then ,terah1 who grieved over the death of his son ,haran1 consented to all that ,abraham had said1 and he went forth with ,abraham and his wife ,sarah1 and ,lot his grandson1 the son of ,haran1 and all his household1 and they settled at ,charan1 where the land was fruitful and well watered4 ,the dwellers in ,charan associated themselves with ,abraham1 who instructed them in the knowledge and fear of the ,lord4 #b4 ,,the ,,call ,,of ,,abraham1 ,,and ,,the ,,visit ,,to ,,egypt4 ,for three years ,abraham dwelt in ,charan1 till ,god called him to go further with his wife ,sarah1 and to take up his abode in ,canaan2 but ,terah and ,lot remained at ,charan4 ,abraham reached ,canaan and pitched his tent among the inhabitants of that land2 and on the spot where ,god promised that ,he would give him all that pleasant country for his inheritance1 he erected an altar to the ,eternal ,one4 ,for fifteen years he had dwelt in ,canaan1 and ,abraham was now aged #gj1 when1 on the #aeth day of the first month 7,nisan71 on the self-same day on which1 in after years1 the children of ,israel went out of ,egypt1 the voice of ,god came to him saying1 8,i am the ,lord that brought thee out of the furnace of ,chalda2 to thee will ,i give this land to inherit it40 ,and he said1 8,lord ,god1 whereby shall ,i know that ,i shall inherit it8 ,shall my descendants be faithful and true1 and serve ,thee the living ,god1 or will they rebel against ,god1 against ,thee1 as did the men before the ,flood1 and as did the men of ,shinar who builded the tower80 ,then ,god bade him take an heifer of three years old1 or a she-goat of three years old1 and a ram1 and a turtle-dove1 and a young pigeon4 ,and he took all these and divided them in the midst1 and laid each piece one against another2 but the birds divided he not4#cjd ,and ,god said to him1 8,when1 in after days1 thy descendants shall build me a temple1 in it shall these five kinds of victims be offered to me40 8,but10 said ,abraham1 8should the temple be destroyed1 what then shall they do80 8,then10 answered the ,most ,holy1 8,they shall offer to me in spirit1 and ,i will pardon their sins40 ,the beasts and birds also signified the races over which his seed was to reign2 the beasts he divided1 and they betokened the ,gentile races1 from which they were to purge away their idolatry2 but the birds divided he not2 for the birds signified the elect nation4 ,then came ravens and vultures down upon the carcases1 but ,abraham drove them away 7ver4 #aa72 a symbol of the protection which ,god would accord to the people1 for ,his promise sake1 and the sake of their father ,abraham1 when the powers of evil1 or mighty princes1 menaced them4 ,and when the sun was going down1 a deep sleep fell upon ,abraham 7ver4 #ab71 and he saw the four realms1--the horror-awakening ,babylonian1 ,medo-,persian1 ,syro-,grecian1 and ,roman empires4 ,and ,god said to ,abraham 7ver4 #ac71 8,know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs1 and shall serve them2 and they shall afflict them four hundred years4 ,but in the fourth generation thy seed shall come hither again1 after ,i have plagued the nation that has held them in bondage with #bej plagues40 8,is this decree spoken to punish me for my crimes80 asked ,abraham4 8,no10 answered the ,almighty3 8,thou shalt go to thy fathers in peace2 thou shalt be buried in a good old age 7ver4 #ae72 and ,terah1 who now bewails his former idolatry1 has a share in the eternal happiness2 also ,ishmael1 thy son1 who shall be born to thee1 will1 in thy lifetime1 repent and return to good1 and the profanity of thy grandson ,esau shalt thou not see40 ,and when the sun was set1 it was dark1 and the various periods of futurity passed before the eyes of the seer4 ,he beheld a smoking furnace 7ver4 #ag72 this was the flaming ,gehinom1 ,hell1 where sinners shall expiate their iniquities4 ,then he saw a burning lamp3 that was the ,law given on ,sinai1 and it passed between those pieces2 that is1 he saw ,israel go through the ,red ,sea4 ,then said the voice of ,god to the patriarch1 8,i have showed thee the ,temple-worship1 ,law1 ,bondage1 and ,hell4 ,i must tell thee that in the times to come1 through the sins of thy children1 the ,temple will be destroyed1 and the ,law will be disregarded4 8,choose now1 whether thou wilt have for their punishment1 ,bondage or ,hell40 ,and ,abraham after long hesitation answered1 8,i choose ,hell20 for he thought1 8,it is better to fall into the hands of ,god1 than into the hands of men40 ,but the ,lord answered and said1 8,not so2 thou hast chosen wrongly1 for from ,bondage there will come deliverance1 but from ,gehinom1 never40 ,after that1 ,abraham returned to the land of ,charan1 and dwelt there many years2 and he instructed the men1 and ,sarah the women1 in the true religion4 ,and when his father ,terah was dead1 ,god called him again1 and bade him go forth to the land which ,god had promised him2 and he went obediently1 and ,lot his brother's son accompanied him4 ,and he reached the land of ,canaan1 and pitched first his wife's tent1 and then his own1 on the plain between ,gerizim and ,ebal2 and he erected three altars in thanks to ,god for ,his call1 for ,his having brought him into the promised land1 and for having cast down his enemies before him4 ,then he went south1 and pitched on the spot where stands ,jerusalem4 ,and now a famine came upon the land2 this was the third famine since the world was formed1 and it was sent to prove ,abraham4 ,he murmured not1 but went down with ,sarah his wife1 and his servants4 ,when he reached the ,river of ,egypt 7,wadi el ,arisch71 ,abraham rested some days4 ,as ,abraham and ,sarah walked together by the water-side1 ,abraham saw for the first time1 reflected in the water1 the beauty of ,sarah2 for he was so modest that he had never lifted his eyes to her face1 and knew not what she was like1 till he saw her in the water4 ,then1 when he saw how beautiful she was1 he persuaded her to pass as his sister in ,egypt1 for he feared lest he should be slain for her sake2 but as a further precaution he shut her up in a chest4 ,on the frontier1 the ,custom-house officers insisted on his paying the customs1 due for the box1 and required that it should be opened4 ,abraham offered to pay for the box as if it contained gold dust or gems1 if only they would not enforce their right of search4 8,does it contain silk80 asked the officers4 8,i will pay the tenth1 as of silk10 he answered4 8,does it contain silver80 they further asked4 8,i will pay for it as silver40 8,nay1 then it must contain gold40 8,i will pay for it as gold40 8,maybe it contains the most rare and costly gems40 8,i will pay for it as for gems40 ,in the altercation the chest was violently broken open1 and lo6 in it was seated a beautiful woman1 so beautiful that her countenance illumined all ,egypt2 and the news reached the ears of ,pharaoh4 ,all this occurred in the night of the #aeth of the month ,nisan4 ,abraham and ,sarah were sorely troubled1 and prayed to ,god to protect them4 ,then the angel of the ,lord was sent to watch over ,sarah1 and the angel comforted her with these words1 8,fear not2 ,god has heard thy petitions60 ,pharaoh asked ,sarah who that man was who accompanied her1 and when she answered 8,my brother10 ,pharaoh bade him to be brought before him1 and he gave him rich gifts4 ,and ,pharaoh asked ,abraham1 8,who is this woman80 ,he answered 8,she is my sister40 ,this say the ,mussulmans1 is the third lie that ,abraham told2 but it was not a lie1 but a justifiable falsehood4 ,pharaoh was filled with love for ,sarah1 and he offered her as his present for her hand1 all his possessions of gold and silver and slaves1 and the land of ,goshen4 ,and when he pressed his suit upon her with great vehemence1 she cried to ,god and told him she was already married2 then he was smitten with paralysis1 and great plagues afflicted all his servants4 ,but ,pharaoh sent for ,abraham1 and returned him ,sarah1 his wife1 and dismissed him with costly presents1 and he gave to ,sarah also his daughter1 ,hagar1 to be her servant4 8,truly1 my daughter1 it is better10 said ,pharaoh1 8to be servant in a house which ,god has taken under ,his protection1 than to command elsewhere40 ,after a three months' sojourn in ,egypt1 ,abraham returned to ,canaan4 ,according to ,tabari1 ,hagar loved ,sarah greatly4 ,on their way back to ,canaan the provisions failed1 and ,abraham went out one day to get food1 with a sack on his back2 but the day was hot1 so that he laid down and went to sleep4 ,he did not awake till evening1 and then he returned1 but was ashamed to appear with the sack empty before his wife1 so he filled it with sand4 ,on reaching the tent he put the sack under his head and went to sleep again4 ,very early in the morning ,sarah said to ,hagar1 8,what has ,abraham in his sack8 open it and look40 ,so ,hagar untied it1 put in her hand and drew out flour4 ,she and ,sarah baked cakes of the flour1 and woke ,abraham and bade him eat4 ,then1 full of wonder1 he asked where they had obtained meal4 ,they told him1 and he understood that ,god had wrought a miracle4#cje ,now ,abraham's flocks and herds1 and those of ,lot1 pastured together4 ,abraham's cattle were muzzled that they should not feed in the lands of the neighbouring people2 but ,lot's cattle were not muzzled4 ,and when ,abraham's shepherds complained of this to those of ,lot1 the latter answered1 8,your master is old1 and has no children2 soon he will die1 and then all will belong to our master ,lot40 ,but ,abraham spake to ,lot and said1 8,thy ways and my ways do not agree3 we must part2 do thou go to the left1 and ,i will go to the right40 ,so they separated2 and ,lot departed from ,abraham1 and from the way of righteousness1 and from the living ,god2 but ,abraham camped in ,mamre4 #c4 ,,the ,,war ,,with ,,the ,,kings4 ,after the failure of the ,tower of ,babel1 and the people had been scattered over the whole earth1 ,chedorlaomer1 one of ,nimrod's chief captains1 had left his service1 and had established a kingdom of his own in ,elam4 ,he speedily brought into subjection all the ,canaanitish peoples that dwelt in the fertile valley of ,jordan1--,sodom1 ,gomorrah1 ,admah1 ,zebojim1 and ,zoar1 and made them tributary to himself4 ,these cities bore his yoke for twelve years1 and then they rebelled4 ,five years after did ,nimrod1 who is also called ,amraphel in the sacred text1#cjf march against ,chedorlaomer1 but ,nimrod was defeated1 along with his allies1 ,arioch1 king of ,ellasar1 and ,tidal1 king of many confederate nations2 and obliged to enter into alliance with his former general1 ,chedorlaomer1 and agree to assist him in bringing back the revolted cities--,sodom1 ,gomorrah1 ,admah1 ,zebojim1 and ,zoar--to their allegiance4 ,consequently a huge army of confederates1 under ,chedorlaomer1 ,nimrod or ,amraphel1 ,arioch1 and ,tidal1 overran the plain and valley of ,jordan1 and slew all the giants that were there4 ,the country before them was a garden1 and behind them it was a desert4 ,they resolved also to defeat1 and utterly to destroy ,abraham1 the servant of the ,most ,high2 for ,nimrod 7,amraphel7 remembered the perils to which his soothsayers had assured him he was exposed so long as ,abraham lived4 ,the rulers of the five cities--,bera 7,ruffian71 king of ,sodom2 ,birsha 7,evil-doer71 king of ,gomorrah2 ,shirrab 7,covetous one71 king of ,admah2 ,shemeber 7the ,strong one71 king of ,zebojim2 and the king 7a nameless one7 of ,bela 7the engulfing city7--went forth in battle array1 and met the host of ,chedorlaomer in the great plain of ,siddim1 from whose canals and fountains the ,salt ,sea1 or ,dead ,sea1 was afterwards formed2 and there they were utterly routed1 and fled in precipitate haste to the mountains and to the desert4 ,the king of ,sodom alone escaped unharmed of all the five kings1 by a miracle which ,god wrought1 to exhibit ,his power to the dwellers in the plain1 who had begun to doubt the truth of ,abraham's deliverance out of the burning1 fiery furnace4 ,the conquerors took the spoils of ,sodom1 and carried away ,lot1 who was like ,abraham in face1 thinking that they had taken ,abraham captive2 and they placed him in chains4 ,abraham was1 in prophetic spirit1 performing all the sacred rites1 and preparing the unleavened cakes for the ,paschal feast1 for it was the ,eve of the ,passover1 when the only giant who escaped the overthrow of the ,rephaim by ,chedorlaomer and his confederate kings1--,og1 who was afterwards king of ,basan1 and who had been saved alive in the ,flood of ,noah1--came in haste to announce to the ,patriarch the captivity of ,lot4 ,now ,og had long cast his lustful eyes on ,sarah1 and he thought in his heart1 8,this ,abraham is full of fire and zeal1 like a sportsman2 that ,i know well4 ,he will rush into battle to deliver his kinsman ,lot1 and will perish2 and then ,sarah1 his beautiful wife1 will be mine40 ,but1 according to another version1 it was the angel ,michael who brought the news to ,abraham2 and to another1 it was ,oni1 one of the slaves ,nimrod had given him1 and who had been sent to observe the progress of the war4 ,no sooner had ,abraham heard the tidings than1 filled with anxiety on ,lot's behalf1 and with sympathy for the ,sodomites1 his neighbors1 he called all his neighbors together1 and all those who had followed him1 and in earnest words exhorted them to prepare to fight and rescue ,lot4 ,but they1 knowing the disparity of numbers1 would make no promise2 then he threatened them1 but could not persuade them to join in what they regarded as an infatuated course certain to lead to destruction4 ,consequently ,abraham was obliged to go against the enemy with only his own servants4 ,but as they neared the plain1 and saw the devastations wrought by the host of ,chedorlaomer1 they also slipped away in the night1 and ,abraham was left alone with ,eliezer1 his trusty slave1 and his three friends ,aner1 ,eshcol1 ,mamre4 ,and he followed after the foe1 as they retired with their spoil1 till he reached one of the fountains of ,jordan1 which is named ,paneas1 or ,dan4 ,here his three friends forsook him1 along with their wives1 who had accompanied them thus far4 ,it was the night of the #aeth ,nisan1 the self-same night in which in after-years the first-born of ,egypt would be slain2 and ,abraham's heart fainted as he overtook the mighty host1 and saw that they were countless as the sands of the sea-shore1 and as grasshoppers for number4 ,but lo6 ,god fought for ,abraham4 ,the grass-blades changed into swords1 and the stubble into spears1 and battled all that night2 and in the morning1 when he looked upon the host1 they were all dead corpses4 ,thus he delivered ,lot and all the captives1 men1 women1 and children1 and the spoil that had been carried away2 and none stayed them1 for all their foes lay dead upon the ground4 ,the ,king of ,sodom came forth to meet ,abraham1 full of pride of heart because he had been miraculously delivered1 and attributing all the glory of the victory to ,divine interposition on his own behalf4 ,but all the people knew that ,abraham was the favored of ,god1 and their deliverer1 and they built a throne of the trees that covered the plain1 and which had been burnt in the war1 and set ,abraham as their prince and king thereon2 therefore is that place called to this day1 8,the king's dale40#cjg ,but ,abraham was little pleased with this exhibition of honor1 and he thought upon what he had learnt of old from that aged man1 ,shem1 consecrated by ,god to be ,his priest1 when he fled to him in his cave from the tyranny of ,nimrod4 ,shem reigned now in the city of ,salem1 which was in later years called ,jerusalem1 and from his righteous government he was named ,melchizedek 7king of righteousness74 ,and ,abraham thought1 8,will ,shem ever forgive me for having drawn the sword against his grandsons1 the sons of ,elam80 ,but ,shem was of no less noble and considerate temper than ,abraham2 and he mused within himself1 and said1 8,what sort of opinion can ,abraham have formed of me1 that such godless and violent hosts should have sprung from my loins1 and have devastated the fair plain of ,jordan1 and carried away captive even his near kinsman60 ,then ,shem full of noble resolution to reconcile himself with ,abraham1 rose up and went forth1 bearing bread and wine as tokens of friendship4 ,the words of ,god flowed from his mouth2 he instructed ,abraham in all that appertained to the high priest's office1 which was in future times to belong to his family2 and before he left1 he blessed ,abraham with these words1 8,blessed be ,abraham of the most high ,god1 possessor of heaven and earth2 and blessed be the most high ,god1 which hath delivered thine enemies into thy hand40#cjh ,but in so saying1 ,melchizedek erred grievously1 for he blessed ,abraham before he blessed ,god1 and the ,creator should be blessed first1 and the creature blessed afterwards2 therefore the high priesthood was taken from him1 and given to ,aaron in after-times4 ,of all the spoil which ,abraham had taken1 he separated a tenth part1 and he gave it to ,melchizedek1 as the offering due to the priest1 and this was the first tithe paid in the history of the world4 ,all the booty of ,sodom ,abraham returned to the king thereof1 and he took an oath1 8,i will not take from a thread even to a shoe-latchet1 and ,i will not take any thing that is thine1 lest thou should say1 ,i have made ,abraham rich1 save only that which the young men have eaten1 and the portion of the men which went with me1 ,aner1 ,eshcol1 and ,mamre2 let them take their portion40#cji ,on account of this unselfishness1 the remembrance of which was to be continued through all generations1 ,god gave the descendants of ,abraham maxims to be written on their phylacteries and shoe-latchets2 and the promise was made1 8,over ,edom will ,i cast out my shoe20#caj that is1 ,edom1 the most cruel oppressor of the chosen people1 should fall under the condemnation of the ,most ,high4 ,the end of ,nimrod and his confederate kings is related with greater fulness by the ,mussulman historians4 ,according to ,tabari1 ,god sent an army of flies against the host of ,chedorlaomer and ,nimrod1 and these flies attacked the soldiers in their faces2 and the flies were so numerous that the soldiers could not see one another2 and the horses stung by them went mad1 and leaped1 and fell2 so that1 what with the horses and the flies1 the army was entirely dispersed4 ,nimrod escaped to ,babylon1 but he was pursued by the meanest of the gnats of that host2 it was blind of one eye and lame of one leg4 ,when ,nimrod sat down on his throne1 the gnat settled upon his knee4 ,then the tyrant smote at it2 and it rose1 flew up one of his nostrils and entered his brain1 which it began to devour4 ,nimrod beat his face and his head1 and when he did so the fly ceased gnawing at his brain1 but he had no repose from his agonies save when struck upon the head4 ,consequently there was1 after that1 always some one stationed by him to strike his head4 ,the king had a large blacksmith's hammer brought into his throne-room1 and with that his princes and nobles smote him on the head2 and the more violent the blow1 the greater was the relief afforded4 ,nimrod reigned a thousand years before he felt the torment of the gnat2 up to that moment he had suffered no pains4 ,he lived for five hundred years with the fly eating at his brain2 and all that while1 night and day1 there were relays of men to strike his head with the hammer4#caa ,precisely the same story is told by the ,jewish ,rabbis of ,titus4#cab ,there is1 however1 another version of the tradition2 which is1 that the gnat fattening on the brain grew in size till it swelled to the dimensions of a pigeon1 and then the skull of ,nimrod burst1 and the gnat flew away2 and this was fifteen days after it had entered by his nose4#cac ,more shall be told of ,melchizedek in a separate article4 #d4 ,,the ,,birth ,,of ,,ishmael4 ,ten years passed1 and yet ,sarah was barren4 ,abraham1 in sore distress1 prayed to ,god1 and reminded ,him of ,his promises4 ,sarah then said to ,abraham1 8,god has refused me children1 therefore take ,hagar to wife1 the daughter of ,pharaoh1 who was given to be my servant2 ,i give her thee in all good-will1 that my reproach may be taken away1 and to her ,i give her freedom40 ,abraham consented2 but ,hagar1 who had been virtuously brought up by ,sarah1 objected modestly1 till ,sarah pointed out to her how great an honor it would be to be the concubine of such a holy man4 ,but no sooner was ,hagar installed as second wife1 and felt in herself that she was about to become a mother1 than her character changed2 she assumed the pre-eminence1 and cast bitter words in the teeth of her mistress4 8,what10 said she1 8can ,sarah be so holy and beloved of ,god1 and ,he has never given her her heart's desire80 ,sarah was stung to the quick by these words of her former slave4 ,she turned to her husband and said1 8,i demand of thee my rights4 ,for thee ,i forsook my father's house1 and followed thee into a strange land2 for thee ,i passed myself off in ,egypt as thy sister4 ,and now what hast thou done8 ,thou hast suffered my slave to assume the chief place in the house1 and to take upon herself airs1 and thou holdest thy peace4 ,depend upon it1 if she bear thee a son there will be no peace in the house1 for she is a daughter of ,pharaoh1 who is of the race of ,nimrod1 who cast thee into the furnace of fire40 8,hagar is in thy power10 answered ,abraham2 8but do her no harm4 ,after thou gavest her her freedom1 she may not again be brought into bondage40 ,but ,sarah paid no attention to these words of gentleness1 and treated ,hagar with such cruelty1 beat her1 and cast an evil eye on her1 so that she was delivered before her time of a dead child1 and she fled for her life from the house4 ,the ,all-,righteous1 for this offence1 shortened ,sarah's life1 and made her die thirty-eight years before her husband4 ,angels appeared to ,hagar in the desert by the well of water whither she had fled1 and bade her return to ,abraham4 ,so she went back1 and was again pregnant1 and bore a son1 and called his name ,ishmael4 #e4 ,,the ,,destruction ,,of ,,sodom ,,and ,,gomorrah4 ,at noon on the #aeth ,nisan1 the third day after the circumcision of ,abraham1 as recorded in the ,book of ,genesis1 the heat of the sun was so great that ,gehinom 7,hell7 was penetrated by it4 ,and ,abraham had not recovered the administration of the rite1 which had been performed by the hands of ,shem1 king of ,salem1 priest of the ,most ,high ,god4 ,abraham was wont every day to go forth and invite any travellers he might see to feast with him4 ,but this day1 owing to the heat and to his being in pain1 he sent ,eliezer1 his servant1 forth1 who looked and returned and said that there was no one to be seen4 ,but ,abraham thought1 8,can ,i trust the words of this slave1 and neglect for one day the performance of my accustomed hospitality80 ,then1 notwithstanding the heat and his suffering1 he went and sat in the shade of the door1 and he beheld in the plain of ,mamre the glory of the ,lord that appeared4 ,abraham would have risen1 but the voice of ,god called to him1 saying1 8,remain where thou art1 and let thy pious1 sitting posture teach future generations in their prayer and instruction to be seated2 and let judges1 in delivering judgment1 occupy the same position40 ,then ,abraham lifted his eyes1 and beheld three men1 who seemed to approach and then to withdraw4 ,these were the angels ,michael1 ,raphael1 and ,gabriel1 sent to him with messages1 whereof each bore one4 ,they now stood before ,abraham's tent1 and they came to satisfy his desire to show hospitality3 but when they observed the predicament in which he was1 they attempted to withdraw1 but ,abraham supposed them to be travellers of the three neighboring races of ,saracens1 ,nabathans1 and ,arabians2 and as two of the angels were smaller of stature than the third1 who stood in the middle--this was ,michael--,abraham supposed him to be their chief2 and he rose and bowed himself before him1 and said to the ,majesty of ,god which still shone1 8,if ,i have found favor in ,thy sight1 ,o ,lord1 may ,thy majesty not depart from me whilst ,i receive hospitably these wanderers40 ,and the ,lord granted his request4 ,then said ,abraham to the men1 8,let a little water1 ,i pray you1 be fetched1 and wash your feet1 and rest yourselves under the tree2 and ,i will fetch a morsel of bread1 and comfort ye your hearts2 after that ye shall pass on3 for therefore are ye come to your servant40 ,now the reason why he said 8,let a little water be fetched and wash your feet10 was1 that he supposed the men were idolaters1 and he would not have the dust from the feet of idolaters to pollute the floor of his tent4 ,and they said1 8,do so40 ,then ,abraham hastened into the tent to ,sarah1 and said1 8,make ready quickly three measures of fine meal1 knead it1 and make cakes upon the hearth40 ,and ,abraham ran unto the herd1 and fetched a calf which he had dressed1 and set it before them2 and he stood by them under the tree1 and they did eat4 ,abraham placed butter and milk on the table first1 then calves' tongues1 then the other dishes1 and lastly ,sarah's cakes2 but some commentators doubt whether the men ate the cakes4 ,it is asserted by some that the angels only appeared to eat1 but by others we are assured that to reward ,abraham's hospitality they really did eat1 and this was the only occasion on which angels tasted the food of earth4 ,the angels1 knowing that ,sarah was within the tent1 asked after her4 ,and this betokens her great modesty1 that she did not thrust herself forward to be seen of strange visitors4 ,abraham replied that she was within1 engaged in women's household work4 ,then said ,michael1 the chief of the angels1 8,truly shall such pious and seemly habits not pass unrewarded2 but ,sarah shall bloom again as fair as in her youth1 and shall bear a son in her old age40 ,sarah heard these words at the entrance of the tent2 so did ,ishmael1 who stood near4 ,sarah stepped behind the angel1 but the beauty of her countenance shone before her1 and the angel turned to look at her1 and then he saw she was laughing to herself1 and saying1 8,i am good-looking1 and smart dresses become me2 ,i could perfectly well produce a son1 but then my husband is old40 ,then the word of ,god came to ,abraham1 and said1 8,wherefore did ,sarah laugh8 ,am ,i1 the all-powerful ,god1 too old to create miracles8 ,at the appointed time ,sarah shall have a son40 ,to ,sarah1 who1 out of fear1 denied having laughed1 the word came1 8,fear not1 but thou didst laugh40 ,then ,michael withdrew1 for his mission was accomplished2 and left the other two1 ,gabriel and ,raphael1 with ,abraham4 ,then ,god revealed to ,abraham1 by ,gabriel1 that ,he was about to destroy the cities of the plain2 and by ,raphael1 that ,he would deliver ,lot and his family in the overthrow4 ,these cities were very guilty before ,god4 ,eliezer1 having been sent by ,sarah to her brother ,lot with a message1 some years before1 arrived in ,sodom4 ,an acquaintance invited him to a meal4 ,but hospitality was a virtue abhorred in ,sodom1 and the news of the invitation having got wind1 ,eliezer's friend was driven out of the city4 ,now it was a custom in ,sodom to make every stranger arriving within the walls rest in a certain bed2 and if the bed proved too long for him1 his legs were pulled out to fit it2 and if it proved too short1 his legs were pared down to its dimensions4 ,eliezer saw with horror what it was that they purposed to do with him1 and he had recourse to a lie of necessity2 he declined to sleep in the bed1 because he had taken an oath upon the death of his mother never to lie on a bed again2 and thus he escaped4 ,shortly after1 having seen a ,sodomite rob a poor stranger of his garment1 ,eliezer attempted to interfere1 but the robber struck him over the head and made a gash1 from which he lost much blood4 ,both being brought before the judge1 this was the magistrate's decision3--,that ,eliezer was indebted to the ,sodomite robber for having bled him4 ,the servant of ,abraham thereupon took up a large stone1 flung it at the judge's head1 which he cut open1 and said1 8,now1 pay me for having bled thee60 and then he fled out of the city4 ,from these incidents it maybe seen how wicked the city was4 ,now ,abraham had interceded with ,god to spare the cities of the plain1 for the intercession of ,his saints is mighty with ,god4 ,and ,abraham had obtained of ,god that if in ,zoar1 the smallest of the cities1 five righteous could be found1 and forty-five in all the rest of the country1 ,god would spare them4 ,then ,god ceased talking with ,abraham4 ,next morning early1 ,abraham arose and took his staff1 and went to the place where ,god had met him1 to make further intercession for the cities of the plain1 but the smoke of them rose as from a furnace1 for brimstone and fire had been rained upon them out of heaven1 and they had been consumed along with their inhabitants4 ,only ,zoar was spared1 as a place of refuge for ,lot1 and ,lot was kept alive and his daughters2 for ,god remembered how he had been true to ,abraham in ,egypt1 and had not betrayed the truth about ,sarah when questioned by ,pharaoh4 ,the ,mussulman tradition is as follows3-- ,lot1 whom the ,arabs called ,loth1 was sent by ,god as a prophet to convince the inhabitants of the cities of the plain of their ungodly deeds4 ,but1 though he preached for twenty years1 he could not convince them4 ,and whenever he visited ,abraham he complained to him of the iniquity of the people4 ,but ,abraham urged him to patience4 ,at length the long-suffering of ,god was exhausted1 and ,he sent the angels ,michael1 ,gabriel1 and ,azrael1 armed with the sword of destruction1 against these cities4 ,they came to ,abraham1 who received them1 and slaughtered a calf1 and prepared meat and set it before them4 ,but they would not eat4 ,and he pressed them1 and ate himself2 but they would not eat1 being angels4 ,then ,abraham's color went and he was afraid1 for to refuse to eat with a man is a token that you seek his life4 ,seeing him discouraged1 the angels announced their mission4 ,but ,sarah1 observing her husband's loss of color1 laughed and said in her heart1 8,why is he fearful1 being surrounded with many servants and faithful friends80 ,now the angels promised to ,abraham a son in his old age1 and that they would rescue ,lot in the overthrow of ,sodom4 ,then they rose up and went on their way1 and entered into ,sodom2 and they met a young maiden in the street1 and asked her the way to ,lot's house4 ,she answered1 8,he is my father1 and ,i dwell with him2 but know you not1 ,o strangers1 that it is against the laws of this city to show hospitality80 ,but they answered her1 8,fear not2 lead us to thy father40 ,so she led them1 and ran before and told ,lot1 8,behold three men come seeking thee and asking shelter1 and they are beautiful as the angels of ,god40 ,then ,lot went out to them1 and told them the city was full of wickedness1 and that hospitality was not permitted4 ,but they answered1 8,we must tarry this night in thy house40 ,then he admitted them1 and he hid them4 ,but ,lot's wife was an infidel1 a native of ,sodom2 and finding that he lodged these strangers1 she hastened to the chief men of the city and said1 8,my husband has violated your laws1 and the customs of this people2 he has housed travellers1 and will feed them and show them all courtesy40 ,therefore the men of the city came tumultuously to the door of ,lot's house1 to bring forth the men that were come to him1 and to cast them out of the city1 having shamefully entreated them4 ,they would not listen to the remonstrances of ,lot1 but went near to break in his door4 ,then the three angels stepped forth and passed their hands over the faces of all who drew near1 and they were struck blind1 and fled from their presence4 ,now1 long before the day began to break1 the angels rose up and called ,lot1 his wife and daughters1 and bade them take their clothes and all that they had that was most precious1 and escape out of the city4 ,therefore ,lot and his family went forth4 ,and when they were escaped1 the angel ,gabriel went through the cities1 and passed his wing over the soil on which they were built1 and the cities were carried up into heaven2 and they came so near thereto that those on the confines of heaven could hear the crowing of the cocks in ,sodom1 and the barking of the dogs in ,gomorrah4 ,and then they were overthrown1 so that their foundations were towards the sky and their roofs towards the earth4 ,and ,god rained on them stones heated in the fire of hell2 and on each stone was written the name of him whom it was destined to slay4 ,now there were many natives of these accursed cities in other parts of the land1 and where they were1 there they were sought out by the red-hot stones1 and were struck down4 ,but some were within the sacred enclosure of the temple at ,mecca1 and the stones waited for them in the air2 and at the expiration of forty days they came forth1 and as they came forth the stones whistled through the air1 and smote them1 and they were slain4 ,now ,lot's wife turned1 as she went forth1 to look back upon the city1 and a stone fell on her1 and she died4#cad ,it is related further of ,lot that1 after he had escaped1 he committed in ignorance a very great sin2 and ,abraham sent him to expiate his crime to the sources of the ,nile1 to fetch thence three sorts of wood1 which he named to him4 ,abraham thought1 8,he will be slain by ravenous beasts1 and so will he atone for the sin that he has committed40 ,but ,lot after a while returned1 bringing with him the woods which ,abraham had demanded--a cypress plant1 a young cedar1 and a young pine4 ,abraham planted the three trees in the shape of a triangle1 on a mountain1 and charged ,lot with watering them every day from ,jordan4 ,now the mountain was twenty-four thousand paces from ,jordan1 and this penance was laid on ,lot to expiate his sin4 ,at the end of three months the trees blossomed2 ,lot announced this to ,abraham1 who visited the spot1 and saw to his surprise that the three trees had grown together to form one trunk1 but with three distinct roots of different natures4 ,at the sight of this miracle he bowed his face to the ground and said1 8,this tree will abolish sin40 ,and by that he knew that ,god had pardoned ,lot4 ,the tree grew and subsisted till the reign of ,solomon1 when it was cut down1 and this was the tree which the ,jews employed to form the ,cross of ,christ4#cae ,this tradition is1 of course1 ,christian2 though ,jewish in origin1 it has been adapted to the ,gospel story4 #f4 ,,the ,,birth ,,of ,,isaac4 ,the country was wasted2 travellers were few2 those who passed by1 and accepted ,abraham's hospitality1 spoke with scorn of the sin of ,lot1 his nephew2 and the neighborhood became intolerable to the patriarch1 who resolved to change his place of residence for a while4 ,he therefore went south1 between ,kadesh and ,sur1 and dwelt in ,gerar4 ,now ,sarah had bloomed again as fair as in her youth1 as the angel ,michael had foretold2 and ,abraham persuaded her to pretend again to be his sister1 though ,sarah1 remembering the ill-success of this deceit before1 hesitated to comply4 ,abimelech1 king of ,gerar1 hearing of ,sarah's beauty1 sent for her to his palace4 ,he asked ,abraham1 8,who is this woman80 and he answered1 8,she is my sister40 ,then ,abimelech inquired of the camels and of the asses1 and they answered the same1 8,she is his sister40 ,but that same evening1 as it grew towards dusk1 as he sat on his throne1 he fell asleep2 and in dream saw an angel of ,god approach him with a drawn sword in his hand to slay him4 ,the king in his dream cried out to know why he was doomed to death2 and the angel answered1 8,because thou hast received into thy house the wife of another man1 the mistress of a house40 ,abimelech excused himself1 saying that ,abraham had concealed the truth from him1 and had said ,sarah was his sister4 8,the ,all-,holy knows that thou hast sinned in ignorance10 said the angel2 8but is it seemly1 when strangers enter thy land1 to be questioning closely into their connections8 ,know that ,abraham is a prophet1 and foreseeing that thy people would entreat his wife ill1 he resolved to call her his sister1 and he knew1 being a prophet1 that thou couldst not harm her40#caf ,that night--it was the ,paschal eve--the angel with the drawn sword traversed all the streets of the city1 and closed the wombs of those about to bear4 ,next morning early1 while it was yet dark1 ,abimelech sent for ,abraham and ,sarah1 and gave ,sarah back to her husband1 and paid him a thousand ounces of silver1 and to ,sarah he gave a costly robe1 which might conceal her from her eyes to her feet1 that none might henceforth be bewitched by her beauty4 8,but10 said ,abimelech to ,abraham1 8because thou didst deceive me and blind my eyes with a lie1 therefore thou shalt bear a son1 whose eyes shall be dim so that he shall be deceived40 ,and ,abraham prayed to the ,lord1 and all the woman that were with child in ,gerar were delivered of men-children1 without the pangs of maternity1 and those who were barren felt themselves with child4 ,the angel hosts besought the ,lord to look upon ,sarah1 and to remember ,his covenant4 8,o ,lord of the whole world6 ,thou didst hear the cry of ,abraham1 and grant his petitions when he prayed for the barren women of ,gerar2 and his own wife1 from whom ,thou didst promise him a son1 is unfruitful and despised4 ,does it beseem a ,lord1 when he prepares a fleet1 to free his subjects from pirates1 but to leave the vessel of his best friend in bondage80 ,now it was the first day of the seventh month1 ,tischri1 the day on which1 at the close of the world's history1 the ,lord will come to judge the quick and the dead1 that the ,lord ,god remembered ,sarah1 and the promise ,he had made1 and looked upon her1 and she conceived a son in her old age1 one year and four months after her sojourn in ,gerar2 and nine months after1 say some1 but1 say others1 six months and two days after2 at mid-day say some1 others say in the evening of the fifteenth of ,nisan2 or1 as others affirm1 on the first of ,nisan she was delivered of a son1 without suffering any pains in the bringing forth4 ,and the same time that ,sarah's womb was blessed1 ,god looked upon many other barren women and blessed them also2 and on the day that the child was born they were delivered likewise2 and the blind saw1 the dumb spake1 the deaf heard1 and the lame walked1 and the crazed recovered their senses4 ,also1 the sun shone forty-eight times brighter than he shines at ,midsummer1 even with the splendor that he had on the day of his creation4 ,and when eight days were accomplished1 ,abraham circumcised his son1 and called him ,isaac4 ,but many thought it was an incredible thing that ,abraham and ,sarah should have a son in their old age1 and they said1 8,this is a foundling1 or it is the child of one of the slaves1 which they pass off as their own40 ,now ,abraham held a great feast on the day that ,isaac was weaned1 and he invited thereto all the princes and great men of the country4 ,and there came ,abimelech1 king of ,gerar1 and ,og1 king of ,basan1 and all the princes of ,canaan1 sixty-two princes in all4 ,such an assembly was not seen before1 yet all these princes fell in after-years by the hands of ,joshua4#cag ,of this feast it is related that ,og's companions said to him1 8,do you believe that that old mule1 ,abraham1 can be the father of this child80 ,og replied with scorn1 8,i could crack this imp with the nail of my little finger40 ,then came there a voice from heaven1 saying1 8,thou despisest this little child1 but know thou that tens of thousands shall spring from his loins1 and that before them thy pride shall be humbled40 ,also1 ,abraham's ancestors1 ,shem and ,eber1 and his father1 ,terah--though some say he was dead--and ,nahor1 ,abraham's brother1 attended the feast1 and the ,shekinah1 the glory of the ,lord1 appeared to grace it4 ,but ,satan also appeared in the form of a poor beggar-man1 and he stood at the door and asked an alms4 ,now ,abraham and ,sarah were busy attending to their guests1 so they perceived him not1 but the servants thrust him away1 and ,satan received nothing2 therefore he presented himself before the ,most ,high1 and laid an accusation of inhospitality and churlishness against the ,friend of ,god4 ,in the mean time ,sarah had assembled1 and was entertaining all the wives of the guests of ,abraham4 ,and it happened that the women found that they had no milk in their bosoms to give their infants1 and the babes screamed that no one could hear the voice of another4 ,the mothers were in despair1 for the children were hungry1 and they were all dry4 ,then ,sarah uncovered her breasts1 and there spirted from them jets of milk1 and all the babes were nourished at her bosom1 and yet there was more4 ,now when they saw this1 the women1 who had doubted that the child was really the offspring of ,sarah1 doubted no more1 and cried1 8,we are not worthy that our little ones should be nourished at thy bosom60 ,and the story goes that all those who afterwards joined themselves to the people of ,israel1 and all those in every nation who in after-times became proselytes1 were descended from those who sucked the breasts of ,sarah4 ,in allusion to this incident it is said in the ,book of ,psalms3 8,thou makest the barren woman to keep house1 and to be the joyful mother of 7i4 e41 giving suck to7 children40#cah ,the child ,isaac was shown to every visitor1 and all were astonished at his resemblance to ,abraham4 ,both the babe and his father were so much alike that it was impossible to distinguish one from the other1 and all doubt as to whose it was vanished before such evidence of likeness to the father1 and before the fulness of ,sarah's breasts4 ,but as confusion was likely to arise through the striking similarity between father and son1 ,abraham besought ,god to give him wrinkles and white hair1 that he might not be mistaken for the babe ,isaac1 or the babe ,isaac be mistaken for him4#cai #g4 ,,the ,,expulsion ,,of ,,hagar ,,and ,,ishmael4 ,ishmael grew up1 and became skilful with his bow2 he was rough and undisciplined1 and he occasionally lapsed into idolatry1 but without his father knowing it4 ,but ,sarah was aware of his sin1 and was grieved thereat4 ,ishmael often boasted1 8,i am the eldest son1 and ,i shall have a double portion of my father's inheritance40 ,these words were reported to ,sarah1 and she hated ,ishmael for them in her heart4 ,one day when ,isaac was five years old1 but others say fifteen1 ,ishmael said to him1 8,come forth into the field and let us shoot40 ,isaac was well pleased4 ,and when they were in the field1 ,ishmael turned his bow against his brother1 but he did it in jest4 ,sarah saw him from the tent door1 and she ran out1 and caught away her son ,isaac1 and she went to ,abraham and told him all the evil she knew of ,ishmael2 how he had gone after idols and had learnt the ways of the ,canaanites that were in the land1 how he had boasted of his majority1 and how he had sought ,isaac's life4 ,and she said1 8,give the maid-servant a writing of divorcement1 and send her away4 ,cast out this bond-woman and her son2 for the son of this bond-woman shall not be heir with my son1 even with ,isaac4 ,then she will no more vex ,isaac4 ,do thou leave to ,isaac all thy possessions4 ,never shall ,ishmael inherit any thing from thee1 for he is not my son40 ,abraham was grieved at heart1 for he loved ,ishmael his son1 but nothing that he said could alter ,sarah's determination4 ,she insisted on the expulsion of ,hagar and her son1 and she stirred up the wrath of ,abraham against ,ishmael1 because he had fallen into idolatry4 ,sarah1 say the ,mussulmans1 was so fierce in her jealousy1 that she would not be satisfied till she had washed her hands in the blood of ,hagar4 ,then ,abraham quickly pierced ,hagar's ears1 and drew a ring through them1 so that ,sarah could fulfil her oath1 without endangering the life of ,hagar4#cbj ,it was long before ,abraham could be brought to consent to ,sarah's desire1 but ,god appeared to him in a dream and said1 8,fear not to obey the voice of ,sarah1 for she is the wife of thy youth1 and was chosen for thee from her mother's womb4 ,but ,hagar is not thy wife2 she is but a bond-woman4 ,sarah also is a prophetess1 and sees into things that shall be in the latter days1 further than thou4 ,unto ,isaac and those of his seed who believe in the ,two ,worlds are the promises made2 and they alone shall be accounted as thy seed40#cba ,abraham now did what he was commanded4 ,next morning he gave ,hagar a writing of dismissal1 and took twelve loaves of bread and a pitcher of water1 and laid them upon ,hagar1 for ,sarah had cast an evil eye upon ,ishmael1 so that he was ill1 and unable to carry any burden4 ,and ,abraham attached the pitcher by a cord to the hips of ,hagar1 that all might know she was a slave1 and the pitcher hung down and trailed on the sand4 ,ishmael was sent away without garments2 he went forth naked as he came into the world3 thus it may be seen how implacable was the anger of ,sarah1 because he had boasted of his birthright1 and the wrath of ,abraham1 because he had fallen into idolatry4 ,but when they went along their way1 ,abraham looked after them for long1 standing in the door of his tent1 for his bowels yearned after his son1 and he saw the trail in the sand of the water pitcher which ,hagar had dragged sadly along1 and thereby ,abraham knew the direction which they had taken4 ,now ,god forsook not the outcast in her affliction1 but filled the pitcher with water as fast as she and her son drank out of it1 and the water was always sweet and cold4 ,thus they penetrated the wilderness1 and there they lost their way1 and ,hagar forgot the ,god of ,abraham1 and in her distress turned to the false gods of her father ,pharaoh1 and besought their protection1 for she said1 8,where are the promises of the ,god of ,abraham1 that of ,ishmael would ,he make a great nation80 ,now ,ishmael was sick of a burning fever1 and the water in the pitcher failed when ,hagar forsook the ,god of ,abraham4 ,so she cast him under a thorn bush1 and went from him the space of two thousand ells1 that she might not hear his cries4 ,but ,ishmael prayed to the ,lord ,god of ,heaven and ,earth1 and said1 8,o ,lord ,god of my father ,abraham6 thou canst send death in so many forms2 take my life speedily or give me a drop of water1 that ,i suffer this agony no longer40 ,and the ,lord in ,his compassion heard the prayer of the weeping child1 and ,he sent ,his angel and showed ,hagar that fountain which ,he had created on the sixth day at dusk1 and of which the children of ,israel were destined to drink when they came forth out of ,egypt4 ,but the accusing angel murmured against this judgment of ,god1 and said1 8,o ,lord of the whole earth6 shall this one1 of whom a nation of robbers shall arise1 who will war upon thine elect people1 and be a scourge upon the face of the earth1 shall he be delivered now1 and given to drink of a fountain destined for thine elect80 ,the ,lord answered1 8,is the youth guilty1 or is he not guilty80 ,the angel answered1 8,he is not himself guilty1 but his posterity will sin40 ,then ,god said1 8,i punish men for what they have done1 and not for what their children will do4 ,ishmael hath not merited a death of suffering1 therefore shall he not die40 ,and ,god opened the eyes of ,hagar1 and she saw the spring of water1 and filled her pitcher1 and took it to ,ishmael to drink4 ,she filled the pitcher before she gave her son a draught of water1 for she had little faith1 and thought that the fountain would be withdrawn before she could return to it again4 ,then ,ishmael was strengthened and could go1 and he and his mother went further1 and were fed by the shepherds2 and they reached ,paran1 and there they found springs of water1 and they settled there4 ,ishmael took a wife1 a daughter of ,moab1 named ,aischa1 or ,aifa1 or ,asiah2 but others say she was an ,egyptian woman1 and was named ,meriba 7the quarrelsome71 and by her he had four sons and one daughter4 ,ishmael lived a wandering life in tents with his wife and cattle2 and the ,lord blessed his flocks1 and he had great possessions4 ,but his heart remained the same2 and he was a master of archery1 and instructed his neighbors in making bows4 ,after three years1 ,abraham1 whose heart longed after his son1 said to ,sarah1 8,i must see how my son ,ishmael fares40 ,and she answered1 8,thou shalt go if thou wilt swear to me not to alight from off thy camel10 for she hated ,hagar1 and feared to suffer her husband to meet her once more4 ,so ,abraham swore4 ,then he went to ,paran1 over the desert1 seeking ,ishmael's tent2 and he reached it at noon1 but neither ,hagar nor her son were at home4 ,only ,ishmael's wife was within1 and she was scolding and beating the children4 ,so ,abraham halted on his camel before the tent door1 and the sun was hot in the blue sky above1 and the sand was white and glaring beneath4 ,and he called to her1 8,is thy husband within80 ,she answered1 without rising from her seat1 8,he is hunting40 ,or1 say others1 she said without looking at him or rising1 8,he is gathering dates40 ,then ,abraham said1 8,i am faint and hungry2 bring me a little bread and a drop of water40 ,but the woman answered1 8,i have none for such as thee40 ,so ,abraham said to her1 8,say to thy husband1 even to ,ishmael1 these words3 #8,an old man hath come to see thee out of the land of the ,philistines1 and he says1 ,the nail that fastens thy tent is bad2 cast it away or thy tent will fall1 and get thee a better nail4'0 ,then he departed1 and went home4 ,now when ,ishmael returned1 his wife told him all these words1 and he knew that his father had been there1 and he understood the tenor of his words1 so he sent away his wife1 and he took another1 with his mother's advice1 out of ,egypt1 and her name was ,fatima4 ,and after three years1 ,abraham's bowels yearned once more after his son1 and he said to ,sarah1 8,i must see how ,ishmael fares40 ,and she answered1 8,thou shalt go1 if thou wilt swear to me not to alight from off thy camel40 ,so ,abraham swore4 ,then he went to ,paran1 over the desert1 seeking ,ishmael's tent1 and he reached it at noon2 but neither ,hagar nor her son was at home4 ,only ,ishmael's wife1 ,fatima1 was within1 and she was singing to the children4 ,so ,abraham halted on his camel before the tent door1 and the sun was hot in the blue sky above1 and the sand was white and glaring beneath4 ,and when ,fatima saw a stranger at the door1 she rose from her seat1 and veiled her face1 and came out and greeted him4 ,then said ,abraham1 8,is thy husband within80 ,she answered1 8,my lord1 he is pasturing the camels in the desert20 and she added1 8,enter1 my lord1 into the cool of the tent and rest1 and suffer me to bring thee a little meat40 ,but ,abraham said1 8,i may not alight from off my camel1 for my journey is hasty2 but bring me1 ,i pray thee1 a morsel of bread and a drop of water1 for ,i am hungry and faint40 ,then she ran and brought him of the best of all that she had in the tent1 and he ate and drank1 and was glad4 ,so he said to her1 8,say to thy husband1 even to ,ishmael1 that an old man out of the land of the ,philistines hath been here1 and he says1 ,the nail that fastens thy tent is very good2 let it not be stirred out of its place1 and thy tent will stand40 ,and he returned4 ,and when ,ishmael came home1 ,fatima related to him all the words that the old man had spoken1 and he understood the tenor of the words4 ,ishmael was glad that his father had visited him1 for he knew thereby that his love to him was not extinguished4#cbb ,shortly after1 he left his wife and children1 and went across the desert to see his father in the land of the ,philistines4 ,and ,abraham related to him all that had taken place with the first wife1 and why he had exhorted him to put her away4 #h4 ,,the ,,strife ,,between ,,the ,,shepherds4 ,abraham lived twenty-six years in the land of the ,philistines2 then he went to ,hebron1 and there his servants dug wells1 and there they encamped4 ,when ,abimelech's servants heard of these wells that they had dug1 they came with their flocks1 and desired to use them also1 and the largest of the wells they claimed as their own4 ,but ,abraham's shepherds said1 8,let the well belong to those to whom it gives water4 ,the ,lord shall decide between us60 ,to this the servants of ,abimelech agreed4 ,and when the flocks of ,abraham came to drink1 the well sprang up and overflowed2 but when the flocks of ,abimelech drew near1 the water sank and disappeared4 ,now when ,abimelech heard of the strife1 he came with ,phicol1 his chief captain1 to seek ,abraham1 and to be reconciled with him4 8,god is with all that thou doest10 said ,abimelech2 8,he protected thee when ,sodom was destroyed4 ,he has given thee a son in thine old age4 ,he rescued thy first-born when perishing in the desert4 ,swear to me1 as ,i have offered thee my whole land1 my own palace not excepted1 in which to dwell1 that thou wilt show equal love and liberality to my descendants to the third generation40 ,abraham swore to him1 and they made a covenant together4#cbc ,and ,abraham set apart seven lambs as a witness and token1 that just as the well had sprung up when his flocks had come to water at it1 so1 in after days should it spring up to water the descendants of ,abraham2 as it is said1 8,from thence they went to ,beer1 that is1 the well whereof the ,lord spake unto ,moses1 ,gather the people together1 and ,i will give them water ,then ,israel sang this song1 ,spring up1 ,o well2 sing ye unto it40#cbd ,but such condescension and courtesy ill became ,abraham in his dealings with a rude and savage people1 and therefore there came to him a voice from heaven which said3 8,because thou hast given these seven innocent lambs into the hands of a barbarous nation1 therefore seven of thy descendants shall be slain by their hands 7,samson1 ,hophni and ,phinehas1 ,saul and his three sons72 also seven dwellings that thy people shall raise to my ,name shall they destroy 7the ,tabernacle1 ,gilgal1 ,nob1 ,gibeon1 ,shiloh1 and twice the ,temple at ,jerusalem71 and seven months shall the ark of my covenant remain in the land of the ,philistines40 #i4 ,,the ,,grove ,,in ,,beer-,,sheba4 8,and ,abraham planted a grove in ,beer-sheba1 and called there on the name of the ,lord40#cbe ,the reason was as follows3-- ,once ,abraham asked ,shem the son of ,noah1 otherwise called ,melchizedek1 king of ,salem1 what service he and his father and brethren rendered to the ,lord in the ark1 which was so acceptable to ,god that ,he preserved them alive and brought them in safety to ,ararat2 and ,shem answered1 8,the service we rendered to ,god1 all the time of our sojourn in the ark1 was charity40 ,and when ,abraham wondered and asked how that could possibly be1 as there were none in the ark save themselves and the beasts1 ,shem answered1-- 8,even so2 we showed charity and forethought and hospitality to the animals4 ,we fed them regularly1 and we slept not at night2 so busy were we with them in making them comfortable4 ,once1 when we had delayed somewhat1 the lion was hungry and bit ,noah1 my father40 ,then said ,abraham to himself1 8,in very truth1 if it was reckoned to ,noah and his sons as so great righteousness1 that they fed and tended the dumb and senseless beasts1 how much more pleasing must it be to the ,most ,high1 to be kind and generous to men who are made in ,his image1 after ,his likeness60 ,filled with this thought1 ,abraham settled at ,beer-sheba1 where was an abundant spring of fresh water1 and there he resolved to do service acceptable to the living ,god1 and to honor ,his name1 as ,noah and his sons had done ,him service and honored ,him in the ark4 ,so ,abraham planted a grove in ,beer-sheba1 one hundred ells long and one hundred ells broad1 and he planted it with vines and figs1 pomegranates and other fruit trees2 and he built a guest-house adjoining this garden1 and he made in it four doors1 one towards each quarter of the heavens2 and when a hungry man came by1 ,abraham gave him food2 if there came a man who was thirsty1 he gave him drink2 if one who was naked1 he clothed him2 if one who was sick1 he took him in and nursed him2 and he gave to every man who passed by what he most needed for his journey4 ,he would receive neither thanks nor payment2 and when any one thanked him1 he said hastily1 8,give thanks1 not to me the servant but to the ,master of this house1 who openeth ,his hand1 and filleth all things living with plenteousness40 ,then when the traveller asked1 8,who1 and where is this ,master80 ,abraham answered1 8,he is the ,god who rules over heaven and earth2 ,he is ,lord of all2 ,he kills and makes alive2 ,he wounds and heals2 ,he forms the fruit in the mother's womb1 and gives it life2 ,he makes the plants and trees to grow2 ,he brings man to destruction1 and raises him from his grave again40 ,thus ,abraham instructed those whom he relieved4 ,and if a traveller asked further1 how he was to worship the great ,god1 ,abraham answered1 8,say only these words1 ,praised be the ,eternal ,one who reigns over heaven and earth6 ,praised be the ,lord of the whole world1 who filleth all things living with plenteousness40 ,and no traveller went on his way without thanking ,god4 ,thus that guest-house was a great school1 in which men were taught the true religion1 and gratitude to the ,almighty ,god4 #aj4 ,,the ,,offering ,,of ,,isaac4#cbf ,abraham loved the son of his old age1 and ,isaac grew up in the fear of ,god1 and his good conduct heightened the love ,abraham bore him2 but the ,patriarch thought in his heart1 8,i prepare gifts to give of my abundance to every man that asks of me1 and to every passer-by2 but to my ,lord and ,god1 the ,giver of all good things1 have ,i given nothing60 ,there was a day when the sons of ,god 7the angels7 stood before the ,eternal ,one1 and amongst them was the accusing angel1 ,satan or ,sammael4 ,the ,lord asked them1 8,whence comest thou80 8,from walking to and fro upon the face of the earth10 he replied4 8,and what hast thou beheld there of the doings of the sons of men80 ,the accuser answered1 8,i saw that the sons of earth no longer praise ,thee1 and adore ,thee2 when they have obtained their petition1 then they forget to give ,thee thanks4 ,i saw that ,abraham1 the son of ,terah1 as long as he was childless1 built altars and proclaimed ,thy name to all the world3 now he has been given a son at the age of a hundred1 and he forgets ,thee4 ,i went to his door as a beggar1 on the day that ,isaac was weaned1 and ,i was turned away without an alms4 ,i have seen him strike alliance with the king of the ,philistines1 a nation that knows ,thee not1 and to him has he given seven lambs4 ,he has built a large house and he gives to strangers1 but to ,thee he gives no sacrifice of value4 ,ask of him any sacrifice that is costly1 and he will refuse it40 8,what shall ,i ask80 inquired the ,almighty4 8,ask of him now his son1 and he will refuse him to ,thy face40 8,i will do so1 and thou shalt be confounded10 answered the ,holy ,one4 ,the self-same night ,god appeared to ,abraham1 and addressed him gently so as not to alarm him1 and ,he said to him1 8,abraham60 ,the patriarch in deep humility answered1 8,here am ,i1 ,lord what willest ,thou of ,thy servant80 ,the ,lord answered1 8,i have come to ask of thee something4 ,i have saved thee in all dangers2 ,i delivered thee out of the furnace of ,babylon2 ,i rescued thee from the army of ,nimrod2 ,i brought thee into this land1 and gave thee men-servants and maid-servants and cattle and sheep and horses1 and ,i have given thee a son in thine old age1 and victory over all thine enemies1 and new temptations await thee1 for ,i must prove thee1 and see if thou art grateful in thy heart1 and that thy righteousness may be manifest unto all1 and that thy obedience may be perfected4 ,take therefore thy son--0 ,abraham answered trembling1 8,which son8 ,i have two40 ,the voice of ,god4--8,that son which alone counteth with thee40 ,abraham4--8,each is the only son of his mother40 ,the voice of ,god4--8,the one you love40 ,abraham4--8,i love both40 ,the voice of ,god4--8,the one you love best40 ,abraham4--8,i love both alike40 ,the voice of ,god4--8,then ,i demand ,isaac40 ,abraham4--8,and what shall ,i do with him1 ,o ,lord80 ,the voice of ,god4--8,go to the place that ,i shall tell thee1 where1 unexpectedly1 hills shall arise in sight out of the valley bottom4 ,go to that place whence once ,my ,light1 ,my ,teaching issued1 which ,my eye watches over untiringly1 and where the smoke of incense shall arise to ,me1 to the place where prayer is heard and sacrifice shall be offered1 where at the end of time ,i shall judge the nations1 and cast the ungodly into the pit of ,gehinom2--to the land of ,moriah that ,i shall show thee1 there shalt thou take thy son ,isaac as a whole burnt offering40 ,abraham4--8,shall ,i bring ,thee such an offering as this1 ,o ,lord8 ,where is the priest to prepare the sacrifice80 ,the voice of ,god4--8,i have taken from ,shem his priesthood1 and thou art clothed therewith40 ,abraham4--8,but in that country there are many hills2 which shall ,i ascend80 ,the voice of ,god4--8,a mountain on which shall rest my ,glory2 there shall it be told thee further what thou must do40 ,abraham prepared to fulfil the command of ,god1 but he dreaded the separation between ,sarah and her son4 ,if he took ,isaac away secretly1 then he feared that1 in the excess of her distress1 she would do herself harm4 ,at last he decided on this course2 he went to ,sarah's tent1 and he said to her1 8,my dearest1 prepare this day a little banquet1 that in our old days we may rejoice our hearts40 ,sarah answered1 8,wherefore this day1 my husband8 ,are you about to lose any thing this day80 ,abraham said1 8,think1 my wife1 ,sarah6 how good ,god has been to us2 therefore it behoves us to thank ,him all the days of our life40 ,sarah did as ,abraham had commanded4 ,as they sat and ate1 ,abraham said1 8,thou knowest well1 dear wife1 that ,i knew the one true ,god from the time that ,i was three years old4 ,isaac is older1 and it behoves him to know more of the law of ,god4 ,therefore ,i design to take him with me to ,shem and ,eber1 our ancestors1 who live not far from here1 that they may instruct him4 ,hast thou any thing to object to this1 ,sarah80 ,she answered1 8,no2 do that which is pleasing in thine eyes2 only let not ,isaac be away too long1 for thou knowest how precious the sight of him is to me40 ,then ,sarah put her arms round her son1 and kissed him1 and they parted with many tears2 and she exhorted ,abraham to have great care of the youth1 that the journey might not be too great for him4 ,next morning1 very early1 ,abraham rose1 and he saddled the ass himself1 though he had many slaves1 for he was eager to be gone1 and to go where the ,lord called him4 ,this was the ass1 born of the she-ass created by ,god on the eve of the sixth day1 upon which ,moses afterwards rode when he went to ,egypt3#cbg it is the ass which spake to ,balaam1 and it is the ass of which the prophet ,zechariah has spoken1 that on it ,messiah shall ride4#cbh ,this ass was of a hundred colors4#cbi ,sarah clothed ,isaac in the garment that ,abimelech had given her1 and placed a jewel-studded fillet about his head4 ,she provided the travellers with food for their journey1 and accompanied them with her maids1 till ,abraham bade them return4 ,then she clasped ,isaac once more to her breast1 and said with tears1 8,god be gracious to thee1 my son2 how know ,i that ,i shall see thee again80 ,abraham had two to accompany him1 ,eliezer and ,ishmael2 he had cut fig and palm wood and made a fagot4 ,on the way this discourse took place between ,eliezer and ,ishmael4 ,ishmael said1 8,i perceive clearly that my father is about to offer ,isaac as a whole burnt offering2 therefore ,i1 his eldest son1 will inherit his possessions40 ,but ,eliezer said1 8,that is false3 ,i am his trusty servant6 ,did not thy father drive thee away from home8 ,he will leave all to me40 ,whilst they thus spake1 there came a voice from heaven1 8,o ye fools6 neither of you knows the truth40 ,abraham in the mean time walked forward4 ,then came ,satan to him in the form of an old man bowed upon a staff1 and said to him1 8,whither goest thou80 ,he answered1 8,i go to offer up my prayers40 8,wherefore this knife1 and fuel1 and fire80 asked ,satan4 8,i take them in case we have to spend much time on the mountain1 that we may bake bread and slay beasts40 8,old man1 thou deceivest me10 said ,satan4 8,was ,i not by when a voice bade thee slay thy son1 thine only son2 ane now1 what art thou about to do8 ,thinkest thou that thou shalt have another son1 now that thou art a hundred years old8 ,art thou then about to cut down with thine own hands the main pillar of thy tent1 the staff on which thou mayest lean in thine old age8 ,knowest thou not the proverb1 #8,he who destroys his own goods1 how shall he get more8' ,that was not the voice of ,god1 it was the voice of the ,tempter1 and thou didst listen to it4 ,dost thou think that ,god1 who promised to make of thee a great nation1 and to bless all generations through ,isaac1 would thus persuade thee to make void ,his own promises80 ,abraham answered1 8,no1 it was not the ,tempter who spake1 it was the voice of ,god2 therefore ,i will not hearken to thy words1 but walk on still in mine uprightness40 8,but if ,god were to ask of thee some further sacrifice1 wouldst thou grant it80 8,of a truth would ,i10 answered ,abraham4 8,thy piety is folly10 said ,satan impatiently4 8,to-morrow ,god will punish thee for this murder thou art about to commit1 since thou wilt shed the blood of thine own son40 ,but when ,satan saw that ,abraham was not to be moved from his purpose1 then he took the form of a blooming youth1 and joined himself to ,isaac1 and asked him the object of his journey4 ,isaac replied that he was going to receive instruction in the law of the ,most ,high4 8,art thou going to receive this instruction living or dead80 asked ,satan1 scornfully4 ,isaac4--8,can a man receive instruction after he is dead80 ,satan4--8,o thou son of a mother much to be pitied1 knowest thou not that thy father is leading thee to death80 ,isaac4--8,nevertheless ,i shall follow him40 ,satan4--8,then all the tears and prayers of thy mother1 beseeching ,heaven to grant her a son1 end in this6 ,all the pains and grief in child-bearing6 ,all the afflictions she laid on ,hagar and ,ishmael6 ,all the care she has taken of thy youth6 ,all the love she has expended upon thee6 ,all these things for nothing60 ,isaac4--8,as my father wills40 ,satan4--8,then the inheritance passes to ,ishmael4 ,how he will glory in being the first-born1 and his mother ,hagar will despise ,sarah1 and maybe will drive her out60 ,isaac4--8,i obey the command of my father and the will of ,god1 be they what they may40 ,but these words were not without some effect on ,isaac4 ,with piteous voice he urged his father to suspend or delay what he had undertaken4 ,but ,abraham exhorted his son not to listen or give credence to the words he had heard1 for they were the temptations of ,satan to draw him from the path of obedience and the fear of ,god4 ,they went a little further and came to a broad stream4 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 and their followers sought to wade it2 the water at first reached their knees1 but when they were in the middle1 it rose to their necks4 ,abraham1 who knew well the spot1 and that there was neither brook nor river there by nature1 recognized this as a deception of ,satan1 to divert them from the right way4 ,he told ,isaac that this was his opinion1 and raising his eyes to heaven he prayed2 8,thou1 ,o ,lord1 didst declare to me ,thy will1 that ,i should take ,isaac my son and offer him to ,thee in pledge of my obedience4 ,i did not hesitate1 ,i did not refuse1 and now the water overwhelms us and we sink2 how then can ,i perform that which ,thou badest me do80 ,the ,lord answered1 8,fear not1 through thee shall ,my ,name be known40 ,then the stream vanished away1 and they stood upon dry land4 ,but now ,satan made another attempt to turn ,abraham from his purpose4 ,he drew him aside and said1 8,the object of thy journey has failed4 ,i caught a whisper in heaven1 and it was this--,god will prepare a lamb for the sacrifice1 and not thy son40 ,abraham answered1 8,even if thy words be true1 it matters not2 for this is the penalty of liars1 that when they speak the truth they are not believed40 ,abraham journeyed on the rest of that day1 without seeing his appointed place4 ,next day he retraced his steps1 but could find no signs of the place4 ,the ,almighty had so ordered it1 that men might not say ,abraham was hasty and acted precipitately1 but might see that he had leisure and time for reflection on what he was about to do4 ,on the morning of the third day1#ccj they reached the height of ,zophim1 and thence ,abraham saw a beautiful mountain-land1 and on the top of one of the mountains was a fiery pillar1 which reached from earth to heaven1--it was the ,glory of the ,lord appearing in the cloud4 ,when ,abraham asked ,isaac if he beheld this sight1 he answered that he did so3 but when he asked his other companions1 they replied that they saw nothing save the brown hills and purple valleys4 ,some say they answered that one hill was to them like every other hill4 ,from this1 ,abraham concluded that ,god was well pleased with ,isaac as a victim4 ,then he said to ,eliezer and ,ishmael3 8,tarry ye here with the ass1 for you are not worthy to behold the ,shekinah nearer4 ,but ,i and the youth will go on1 so many only shall go40 ,now1 as he said these words1 it suddenly came to his mind that ,god had promised him a great people descended from ,isaac1 so many as the stars for multitude1 and with prophetic voice he said1 8,if the ,lord will1 so many as go on1 so many shall return40 ,then ,abraham laid the wood of the sacrifice on his son ,isaac1 and took the fire and the knife in his hand2 and they went on both together1 ,abraham joyous1 and ,isaac without fear or thought4 ,but after they had gone some way1 ,isaac turned to his father and said1 8,father1 whither are we going alone80 ,abraham4--8,my son1 we go to offer a sacrifice80 ,isaac4--8,but art thou a priest to execute this undertaking80 ,abraham4--8,shem1 the ,high ,priest1 will prepare the victim40 ,a great fear fell upon ,isaac when he saw that they had no animal with them to offer1 and he said1 8,here are the fire and the wood1 but where is a lamb for the whole offering80 ,abraham4--8,the lamb which is to be offered is foreknown to the ,almighty4 ,he will provide the lamb2 and if none other is here1 then must thou be the offering1 my son40 ,isaac was silent1 for the fear of death came over him4 ,but presently he recovered himself and said1 8,if ,god chooses me1 ,i place my soul in ,his hands40 ,abraham4--8,my son6 ,is there any blemish in thee within8 ,for the offering must be without blemish of any sort40 ,isaac4--8,my father6 ,there is none4 ,i swear by ,god and by thy life1 that in my heart there is not the least resistance to the ,divine will4 ,my limbs do not tremble1 and there is no quaking at my heart4 ,with gladness do ,i say1 ,the ,lord be praised1 who has chosen me for a whole sacrifice40#cca ,abraham4--8,o my son1 with many a wish wast thou brought into this world4 ,since thou hast been in it1 every care has been lavished on thee4 ,i hoped to have had thee to follow me and make a great nation4 ,but now ,i must1 myself1 offer thee4 ,wondrous was thy coming into this world1 and wondrous will be thy going out of it6#ccb ,not by sickness1 not by war1 but as a sacrifice4 ,i had designed thee to be my comfort and stay in old age2 now ,god himself must take thy place40#ccc ,isaac4--8,it were unworthy of thee were ,i to think to withstand the decree of ,god1 and of thee4 ,had the decision been thine alone1 ,i would have obeyed40 ,when they reached the top of ,moriah1 ,god said to ,abraham1-- 8,this is the place where once ,adam1 when driven out of ,paradise1 built an altar to ,my name4 ,here also ,cain and ,abel offered their sacrifice4 ,then came the ,flood1 and when it was passed away1 ,noah offered victims to ,me here4 ,when the people were scattered from the tower of ,babel1 then this altar was overthrown4 ,now it is for thee1 friend of ,god1 to set it up again60 ,abraham built the altar1 and ,isaac brought him the stones4 ,but1 according to some authors1 this was not so4 ,abraham hid his son in a cave1 lest ,satan should take advantage of the opportunity1 with a stone or clod of earth1 to blemish him4 ,and when all was ready and the wood laid in order1 then ,isaac said to his father1 8,bind me hand and foot1 lest in the fear of death ,i start and thou wound me1 and so ,i be blemished4 ,fold thy garments together1 and gird thy loins1 and bare thine arm1 and strike me with the knife and then burn me to ashes1 and lay up my ashes in a coffer1 and let this coffer be preserved as a memorial of me in thy house1 before my mother2 and when thou passest by it1 bid her remember me4 ,but remind her not of it near a well1 or on the edge of a precipice1 lest she cast herself down in her grief40#ccd ,and he continued1 8,when thou returnest home1 how wilt thou console my mother80 ,abraham answered1 8,well ,i know that he who comforted us before thou camest1 will comfort us after thou art gone from us40#cce ,abraham now stood over his son1 who was bound with his hands to his feet1 upon the wood laid in order2 and the eyes of ,abraham rested on the eyes of his son4 ,but ,isaac looked up into heaven1 and saw the ,angel hosts crowded about ,god's throne4 ,abraham saw not this1 and he lifted the knife2 but he trembled and the knife fell from his hand1 and he cried aloud1 8,o my son6 ,would that another offering were found instead of thee6 ,but my help cometh only from the ,lord who hath made heaven and earth80 ,then he gathered up his resolution1 and took the knife and held it once more to strike2 and ,isaac's spirit left him1 and he swooned away4 ,but the angels of ,god1 who stood round about ,his throne1 announced to the ,most ,high all that took place1 and they cried and wept1 and even the fiery seraphim exclaimed1 8,woe6 ,he slays his son40 ,and the tears of the angels fell upon the face of ,isaac1 and made him ever after sad of countenance4 ,then ,god said1 8,behold and see how great is the faith of ,my servant ,abraham1 how on earth a man can hallow ,my great name1 and devote his best and dearest to ,my service2 see that1 ye1 who at the creation exclaimed1 ,what is man1 that thou art mindful of him1 and the son of man that thou so regardest him80 ,then ,he ordered ,michael to fly swiftly1 and stay the hand of ,abraham4 ,and the archangel1 when he came near1 cried aloud1 8,abraham6 ,abraham6 what doest thou80 ,abraham looked in the direction of the voice1 in doubt1 and said1 8,here am ,i40 ,then said the angel1 8,lay not thine hand upon the lad1 neither do thou any thing unto him40 ,and ,abraham said1 8,who art thou80 ,michael told him who he was4 ,then said ,abraham1 8,the ,most ,high appeared to me in a vision1 and bade me take my son as a whole offering to the place which ,he should say1 and ,i may take no command from a servant of ,god1 against that which ,god ,himself hath laid upon me40 ,then heaven opened1 and he saw the glory of ,god1 and ,god said to him1 8,touch not the lad to do him harm1 for now ,i know that thou fearest ,god1 seeing thou hast not withheld thy son1 thine only son1 from ,me40 ,and ,abraham said1 8,how is this1 ,o ,lord6 that ,thou changest ,thy purpose1 and sayest one day1 ,do this1 and the next1 ,do it not80 ,and the ,lord answered1 and said1 8,i said not unto thee1 ,slay the lad as a burnt offering1 but ,i said1 ,take thy son to the place that ,i shall tell thee1 as a whole burnt offering4 ,this hast thou done2 thou hast fulfilled ,my command1 ,i exact no more of thee4 ,i change not my purpose1 but ,i did suffer thee to misunderstand the purport of ,my command1 and to think that ,i exacted more of thee2 and this ,i did to prove thee4 ,and now1 by ,myself have ,i sworn2 for because thou hast done this thing1 and hast not withheld thy son1 thine only son2 that in blessing ,i will bless thee1 and in multiplying ,i will multiply thy seed as the stars of the heavens1 and as the sand which is upon the sea shore2 and thy seed shall possess the gate of his enemies40 ,then ,isaac revived1 and ,abraham cut his cords1 and he stood up and said1 8,praised be the eternal ,one1 who quickeneth those that be dead40 ,and ,abraham turned to the ,shekinah and said1 8,lord6 how shall ,i depart hence without having offered to ,thee a sacrifice80 ,the ,lord answered1 8,lift thine eyes1 and thou shalt see a beast for sacrifice behind thee40 ,in the thicket of the wood was that ram which ,god created at dusk on the sixth day1 that it might serve this purpose4 ,an angel had brought it out of ,paradise1 where it had lived since its creation1 and had fed under the shadow of the ,tree of ,life1 and had drunk of the ,river that there flows4 ,and when the ram was brought into this earth1 all the earth was filled with the fragrance from its fleece1 on which hung the odors of the flowers on which it had lain in ,paradise4 ,but by ,satan's fraud1 the animal was frightened and strayed away1 and ,abraham tracked it by its foot-prints4 ,then ,satan decoyed the beast behind some bushes and entangled its horns in the thicket2 and ,abraham would have passed by1 and not seen it1 but the ram caught him by his cloak4 ,so ,abraham slew it1 and offered it in sacrifice1 and sprinkled with its blood the altar he had made4 ,now the ,last ,trumpets that shall sound1 the one to call the just1 the other the unjust1 are made of the horns of this wondrous ram4 #aa4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,sarah4 ,sarah1--who1 as we have seen1 accompanied ,abraham and ,isaac part of the way to ,moriah1--on her return to the tent1 found an old man awaiting her4 ,it was ,satan4 ,he greeted her with profound respect1 and asked after her husband and son4 ,she answered that they had gone forth on a journey4 8,whither have they gone80 asked ,satan4 8,my lord has gone to visit the school of ,shem and ,eber1 our grandsires1 there to leave my son ,isaac to be instructed in the law of ,god40 8,alas6 alas60 exclaimed the ,apostate ,angel2 8thou art greatly deceived40 ,sarah was alarmed2 and she asked wherefore he spake thus4 8,know then10 said ,satan1 8that ,abraham has gone forth with ,isaac to sacrifice him1 upon a mountain1 to the ,most ,high40 ,when she heard this1 ,sarah laid her head on the bosom of a slave and fainted4 ,when she came to herself she hurried with her maidens to the school of ,shem and ,eber1 and inquired after her husband and son1 but they had neither seen nor heard any thing of them4 ,so ,sarah was convinced that what had been told her was true1 and there was no spirit left in her4 ,now when ,satan knew that ,abraham was bringing back his son1 and that ,god had accepted the will for the deed1 he was moved with envy and spite1 and he could not rest to think of the joy that this would cause2 so he went hastily to ,sarah1 and she was weeping in her tent1 and sorely cast down and broken in spirit4 ,then he said suddenly to her1 8,thy son liveth and is returning4 ,god hath spared him60 ,and she rose up and uttered a cry1 and fell1 and was dead2 for the joy had killed her4 ,abraham and ,isaac1 in the mean time had returned from ,moriah1 and they sought ,sarah at ,beer-sheba1 but she was not there2 therefore they went to ,hebron1 and there they found her corpse4 ,isaac fell weeping upon the face of his mother1 and he cried1 8,mother1 mother6 why hast thou forsaken me8 why hast thou gone away80 ,abraham wept aloud1 and all the dwellers in ,hebron wept and lamented over ,sarah1 and ceased from their labors1 that they might mourn with ,abraham and ,isaac4 ,sarah's age was one hundred and seven-and-twenty years1 and she was as fair to look upon when she died as in the bloom of her youth4 ,and as ,abraham was bowed over the body of his wife1 he heard the laugh of the ,angel of ,death1 and his words1 8,wherefore weepest thou8 ,thou bearest the blame of her death4 ,hadst thou not taken her son from her1 she would have been alive now40 ,abraham sought a place where to bury her2 and he went to the ,hittites and asked them to suffer him to buy for his possession a parcel of land1 where he might bury one dead body4 ,but they said1 8,nay1 we will give thee land20 but he would not4 ,so they said1 8,choose now a place where thou wouldst have thy sepulchre1 and we will entreat the owner for thee40 ,then ,abraham said1 8,i desire the double cave of ,ephron the son of ,zohar4 ,if it be your mind that ,i should bury my dead out of my sight1 hear me1 and entreat for me to ,ephron the son of ,zohar1 that he may give me the cave of ,machpelah1 which he hath2 for as much money as is worth he shall give it me1 for a possession of a burying-place amongst you40 ,and this was the reason why ,abraham desired that cave4 ,when he had gone after the calf1 to slay it for the three angels that came to him before the destruction of ,sodom1 the calf had fled from him1 and he had pursued it into this cave2 and on entering it1 he found that it was roomy1 and in the inner recesses he saw the bodies of ,adam and ,eve laid out with burning tapers around them1 and the air was fragrant with incense4 ,the ,hittites elected ,emor their chief that he might deal with ,abraham1 for it did not become a chief and prince1 like ,abraham1 to deal with an inferior2 and ,emor said in the audience of the people of the land1 8,my ,lord1 hear me2 the field give ,i thee1 and the cave that is therein1 ,i give it thee2 in the presence of the sons of my people give ,i it thee2 bury thy dead40 ,but this he said with craft1 for he sought to take an advantage of ,abraham4#ccf ,then ,ephron said1 8,put thine own price upon the land20 but this ,abraham would not do4 ,then ,ephron said to ,abraham1 8,my lord1 ,hearken unto me2 the land is worth four hundred shekels of silver2 what is that betwixt me and thee8 bury therefore thy dead40 ,now the land was not worth half that sum1 but ,emor said in his heart1 8,abraham can afford to pay it1 and he is in haste to bury his dead out of his sight40 ,nevertheless1 ,abraham paid him in the sight of all his people4 ,and the transfer of the land and cave was signed by ,amigal1 son of ,abischna the ,hittite2 ,elichoran1 son of ,essunass1 the ,hivite2 ,abdon1 son of ,ahirah1 the ,gomorrhite2 and ,akdil1 son of ,abdis1 the ,sidonian4 ,machpelah 7double cave7 was so called1 because1 say some1 it contained two chambers2 or1 say others1 because ,abraham paid double its value2 or1 say others1 because it became doubly holy2 but others again observe1 with the highest probability1 because ,adam's body had to be doubled up to get it into the cave4 ,because the ,hittites dealt honorably1 and sought to procure a place for ,abraham1 where he might lay ,sarah1 their name is written ten times in the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,they took also an oath of ,abraham1 that he and his seed should never attack their city ,jebus with violence2 and they wrote his promise on brazen pillars1 and set them up in the market-place of ,jebus4 ,therefore1 when the ,israelites conquered ,canaan1 they left the ,jebusites unmolested4#ccg ,but when ,david sought to take the stronghold of ,jebus1#cch its inhabitants said to him1 8,thou canst not storm our city1 because of the covenant of ,abraham1 which is engraven on these pillars of brass40 ,david removed these brazen pillars1 for they were in time honored as idols2 therefore the inhabitants of ,jebus were hated of ,david's soul2#cci but he did not break the covenant of ,abraham1 for he obtained the city of ,jebus1 not by force of arms1 but by purchase4#cdj ,sarah was buried with the utmost honor2 ,shem 7,melchizedek71 his grandson ,eber1 ,abimelech1 ,aner1 ,eschol and ,mamre1 together with all the great men of the land1 followed the bier4 ,abraham caused a great mourning throughout the country to be made for seven days4 ,after that1 ,abraham returned to ,beer-,sheba1 and ,isaac went to be instructed in the law by ,melchizedek4 ,a year after1 died ,abimelech1 king of ,gerar1 and ,abraham attended his funeral4 ,soon after1 also1 died ,nahor1 ,abraham's brother4 #ab4 ,,the ,,marriage ,,of ,,isaac4 ,after the death of ,sarah1 say some1 ,abraham had a daughter named ,bakila1 by ,hagar1 who returned to him now that her enemy was dead2 but1 according to others1 the great blessing of ,abraham consisted in this1 that he had no daughters4 ,ishmael abandoned his disorderly ways1 and loved and respected his brother4 ,isaac mourned his mother three years4 ,when this time was elapsed1 ,abraham called to him his faithful servant ,eliezer1 and said to him1 8,i am old1 and ,i know not the day of my death2 therefore must ,i no longer delay the marriage of my son ,isaac4 ,lay thine hand upon my thigh1 and swear to me by ,god ,almighty to fulfil my commission4 ,do not take for my son a wife of the daughters of the ,canaanites1 but go to ,haran1 to the place whence ,i came1 and bring thence a wife for my son ,isaac40 ,and he added the proverb1 8,when you have wheat of your own1 do not sow your field with your neighbor's corn40 ,eliezer asked1 8,but how1 if a woman of that place will not accompany me hither80 ,but ,abraham said1 8,fear not2 go1 and the ,lord be with thee40 ,so the servant of ,abraham went with ten camels1 and he reached ,haran in three hours1 for the earth fled under the feet of his camels1 and ,michael1 the angel1 protected him on his way4 ,when he reached ,haran1 he besought the ,lord to give him a sign1 by which he might know the maiden who was to be the wife of ,isaac4 8,let it come to pass1 that the damsel to whom ,i shall say1 ,let down thy pitcher1 ,i pray thee1 that ,i may drink2 and she shall say1 ,drink1 and ,i will give thy camels drink also2 let the same be she that ,thou hast appointed for ,thy servant ,isaac40 ,and there were many damsels by the fountain4 ,and the servant said to them1 8,let down the pitcher that ,i may drink40 ,but they all said1 8,we may not tarry1 for we must take the water home40 ,then came ,rebekah the daughter of ,bethuel1 son of ,milcah1 the wife of ,nahor1 ,abraham's brother1 out of the well1 and she chid the maidens for their churlishness2 and lo6 the water in the well leaped to the margin1 and she let down her pitcher and offered it to the man1 and said1 8,drink2 and ,i will give thy camels drink also40 ,then ,eliezer leaped from his camel1 and he brought forth his gifts1 and he gave her a nose ring with a jewel of half a shekel weight1 and bracelets of ten shekels weight4 ,and he asked if he might lodge in her house one night4 ,she answered1 8,not one night only1 but many40 ,now ,rebekah's brother1 ,laban1 so called from the paleness of his face1 or1 say some1 from the cowardice of his breast1 which made him pale1--coveted the man's gold1 and resolved to kill him4 ,therefore he put poison in the bowl of meat which was offered him4 ,but the bowl was changed by accident1 and it fell to the portion of ,bethuel1 and he ate1 and died that same night4 ,and ,laban would have fallen upon ,eliezer with his own hand1 but that he saw him lead the two camels at once over the brook1 and he knew thereby that he was stronger than he4 ,after the engagement had been drawn up1 as it is written in the first book of ,moses1#cda ,eliezer urged for a speedy departure4 ,mother and brother consented1 but on the following day they asked that1 besides the seven days of mourning for ,bethuel1 they should tarry a year1 or at least ten months1 according to the usual custom4 ,but ,rebekah opposed them1 and said that she would go at once4 ,it was noon when ,eliezer and his retinue1 together with ,rebekah and her nurse ,deborah1 left ,haran1 and in three hours they were at ,hebron4 ,at the self-same time ,isaac was abroad in the fields1 returning from the school of ,seth1 lamenting over his mother1 and saying his evening prayer4 ,rebekah saw him with his hands outspread1 and his angel walking behind him1 and she said1 8,who is that with a shining countenance1 with another walking behind him80 ,at the same moment she knew who it was1 and with prophetic vision she saw that she would become the mother of ,esau1 and she trembled and fell from the camel4 ,isaac took ,rebekah to wife and led her into the tent of ,sarah1 and the door was once more open1 and the perpetual lamp was again kindled1 and it seemed to ,isaac as if all the happiness that had gone with ,sarah1 had returned with ,rebekah1 so he was comforted for his mother4 ,eliezer was rewarded for his faithful service1 for ,abraham gave him his freedom1 and he was taken into ,paradise without having tasted of death4 #ac4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,abraham4 ,abraham1 after the death of ,sarah1 had brought back ,hagar1 and she was called ,keturah1 which signifies 8the ,bond-woman10 and this she was called because she had ever regarded herself as bound to ,abraham1 though he had cast her away4 ,but others say that ,keturah was not ,hagar1 but was a daughter of one of ,abraham's slaves4 ,she bare him six sons1#cdb all strong1 and men of clear understandings4 ,according to ,mussulman traditions1 she was the daughter of ,jokdan1 and was a ,canaanitish woman4 ,abraham said to the ,most ,high1 in gratitude of heart1 8,thou didst promise me one son1 ,isaac1 and thou hast given me many60 ,all his substance he gave to ,isaac2 but some say he gave him a double portion only1 and the rest he made over to his other sons4 ,and to ,isaac only he gave the right to be buried in the cave of ,machpelah1 and along with that1 his blessing4 ,but others say that he did not give his blessing to ,isaac1 lest it should cause jealousy to spring up between him and his brothers4 ,he said1 8,i am a mortal man2 to-day here and to-morrow in the grave2 ,i have done all ,i can do for my children1 and now ,i will depart when it pleases my heavenly ,father40 ,he sent the sons of ,keturah away1 that they might not dwell near ,isaac1 lest his greatness should swallow them up2 and he built them a city of iron1 with walls of iron4 ,but the walls were so high that the light of the sun could not penetrate the streets1 therefore he set in them diamonds and pearls to illumine the iron city4 ,epher1 a grandson of ,abraham and ,keturah1#cdc went with an army into ,libya and conquered it1 and founded there a kingdom1 and the land he called after his own name1 ,africa4 ,abraham was alive when ,rebekah1 after twenty years of barrenness1 bare to ,isaac his sons1 ,esau and ,jacob2 and he saw them grow up before him till their fifteenth year1 and he died on the day that ,esau sold his birthright4 ,the days of his life had been #age years2 he reached not the age of #ahj1 to which ,isaac attained1 because ,god shortened his life by five years1 lest he should know the evil deeds of ,esau4 ,the ,angel of ,death did not smite him1 but ,god kissed him1 and he died by that kiss2 and because the sword of the angel touched him not1 but his soul parted to the kiss of ,god1 his body saw no corruption4 ,this is the ,mussulman story of his death4 ,the ,angel of ,death1 when bidden to take the soul of the prophet1 hesitated about doing so without his consent4 ,so he took upon him the form of a very old man1 and came to ,abraham's door4 ,the patriarch invited him in and gave him to eat1 but he noted with surprise the great infirmity of the old man1 how his limbs tottered1 how dull was his sight1 and how incapable he was of feeding himself1 for his hands shook1 and how little he could eat1 for his teeth were gone4 ,and he asked him how old he was4 ,then the angel answered1 8,i am #bjb40 ,now ,abraham was then #bjj years old4 ,so he said1 8,what6 in two years shall ,i be as feeble and helpless as this8 ,o ,lord1 suffer me to depart2 now send the ,angel of ,death to me1 to remove my soul40 ,then the angel took him1#cdd having first watched till he was on his knees in prayer4#cde ,isaac and ,ishmael buried him in the double cave by the side of ,sarah2 and he was followed to his grave by all the inhabitants of ,canaan1 and ,shem and ,eber went before the bier4 ,and all the people wailed and said1 8,woe to the vessel when the pilot is gone6 woe to the pilgrims when their guide is lost60 ,a whole year was ,abraham lamented by the inhabitants of the land2 men1 and women1 and young children joined in bewailing him4 ,never was there a man like ,abraham in perfect righteousness1 serving ,god1 and walking in ,his way from the earliest youth to the day of his death4 ,abraham was the first1 say the ,mussulmans1 whose beard became white4 ,he asked ,god when it became so1 8,what is this80 ,the ,lord replied1 8,it is a token of gentleness1 my son40 ,,xxv4 ,,melchizedek4 ,we have seen that1 according to ,jewish traditions1 ,melchizedek is ,shem1 the son of ,noah1 whom ,god consecrated to be a priest forever1 and who set up a kingdom on ,salem4#cdf ,it is also said that1 before he died1 ,lamech ordered his son1 ,noah1 to transport the body of ,adam to the centre of the earth4 ,now the centre or navel of the earth is ,salem1 afterwards called ,jerusalem4 ,lamech also bade ,noah confide to one of his children the custody of the body of ,adam1 obliging him to remain all his life in the service of ,god1 and in the practice of celibacy1 never to shed blood1 and to offer to ,god only the sacrifice of bread and wine4 ,noah chose1 according to some1 ,shem2 according to others1 ,melchizedek1 the son of ,shem4 ,he did not suffer him to wear other garments than the skins of beasts2 nor to shave his head nor cut his nails1 nor to build a house4 ,a ,christian tradition is that ,adam was buried on ,golgotha1 and that when ,christ died1 ,his blood flowed down upon the head of ,adam1 and cleansed him of his sin4 ,dom ,calmet1 in one of his dissertations1 gives various curious opinions which have been entertained on the subject of ,melchizedek3 some affirmed that he was identical with the patriarch ,enoch1 who came from the ,terrestrial ,paradise to confer with ,abraham2 and others1 that the ,magi who adored the infant ,christ were ,enoch1 ,melchizedek1 and ,elias4 ,and some have supposed that ,melchizedek was created before ,adam1 and was of celestial race4 ,others again have supposed that he was our ,lord ,jesus ,christ who appeared to ,abraham4 ,s4 ,athanasius gives a curious tradition of ,melchizedek4 ,a queen1 named ,salem1 had a grandson named ,melchi4 ,he was an idolater4 ,where he reigned is unknown2 but it is supposed that it was where now stands the city ,jerusalem4 ,melchi married a princess named ,salem1 like his grandmother4 ,by her he had two sons1 of whom the younger was called ,melchizedek4 ,one day that ,melchi was about to sacrifice to idols1 he said to his son ,melchizedek1 8,bring me here seven calves to sacrifice to the gods40 ,whilst going to execute his father's order1 ,melchizedek raised his eyes to heaven and said1 8,he who made heaven and earth1 the sea and the stars1 is the only ,god to whom sacrifice should be offered40 ,then he returned to his father1 who asked him1 8,where are the calves80 8,my father10 he replied1 8hearken to me1 and be not angry4 ,instead of offering thy victims to those gods which are no gods1 offer them to ,him who is above the heavens1 and who rules all things40 ,king ,melchi replied1 8,go and do what ,i have commanded thee1 as thou valuest thy life40 ,after that he turned to his wife ,salem1 and he told her that he purposed sacrificing one of his sons4 ,the queen wept bitterly1 because she knew that the king designed the immolation of ,melchizedek1 and she said1 8,alas6 ,i have suffered and labored in vain40 8,do not weep10 said ,melchi1 somewhat touched4 8,we will draw the lot3 if it is mine1 ,i will choose which of the sons is to die2 if it be thine1 thou shalt keep the one dearest to thee40 ,now the lot fell to the queen1 so she chose ,melchizedek1 whom she loved3 and the king adorned his eldest son for sacrifice4 ,there were in the temple troops of oxen and flocks of sheep and five hundred and three children1 destined by their parents to be sacrificed4 ,the queen was at home weeping1 and she said to ,melchizedek1 8,dost thou not weep for thy brother1 whom we have brought up with so much care1 and who is led to the slaughter80 ,melchizedek wept1 and he said to his mother1 8,i will go and invoke the ,lord1 the only true ,god ,most ,high40 ,he ascended ,tabor1 and kneeling down1 he prayed1 saying1 8,my ,god1 ,lord of all1 ,creator of heaven and earth1 ,i adore ,thee as the only true ,god2 hearken now unto my prayer4 ,may the earth open her mouth and swallow up all those who assist at the sacrifice of my brother60 ,god heard the cry of ,melchizedek1 and the earth parted asunder1 and swallowed up the temple and all who were therein2 and the city of ,salem also1 and not a stone was left standing where it had been4 ,when ,melchizedek came down from ,tabor1 and saw what ,god had done1 he was filled with dismay1 and retired into a forest1 where he spent seven years1 feeding on herbs and drinking the dew4 ,at the end of that time1 a voice from heaven called ,abraham1 and said1 8,take thine ass1 lade it with rich garments1 go to ,tabor and cry thrice1 ,o man of ,god6 ,then a man of a savage appearance will come forth to thee out of the forest4 ,and after thou hast cut his hair and pared his nails1 clothe him with the garments thou hast taken with thee1 and ask him to bless thee40 ,abraham did as he was bidden4 ,he went to ,tabor and called thrice1 8,o man of ,god60 and there came out to him ,melchizedek4 ,then a voice was heard from heaven1 which said1 8,as there remains no one on earth of the family of ,melchizedek1 it shall be said of him that he is without father and without mother1 without beginning of days or end of life40 ,therefore it is said of him1 as of ,enoch and ,elias1 that having been created a priest forever1 he is not dead4 ,afterwards he is said to have founded ,jerusalem4#cdg ,suidas the ,grammarian gives the following account of this mysterious personage4 8,melchizedek1 priest of ,god1 king of ,canaan1 built a city on a mountain called ,sion1 and named it ,salem2 which is the same as 1 the ,city of ,peace4 ,in which1 when he had reigned a hundred and thirteen years1 he died1 righteous and single4 ,for this reason he is said to have been without generation1 because he was not of the seed of ,abraham1 but of the race of ,canaan1 and of abhorred seed4 ,therefore he was without honorable generation4 ,nor did it beseem him1 the essence of all righteousness1 to unite with the race of all unrighteousness4 ,therefore he is said to have been without father or mother4 ,but that he was a ,caananite1 both as to country1 of which he was lord2 and as to nation1 of which he was king3 and as to neighborhood1 joining that of the iniquitous ,sodomites1--that is evident enough4 ,nevertheless ,salem1 of which he was king1 is that celebrated ,jerusalem1 which1 however1 did not bear then the complete name of ,hierusalem1 but the adjective was added to afterwards1 and compounded into ,hierusalem4 ,and because no genealogy is given to him1 he is said to be without father and mother4 ,therefore1 when you hear him spoken of as ,god1 by the sect of the ,melchizedekites1 remember the saying of the ,apostle1 that he was of another race1 to wit1 that of ,canaan40#cdh ,another apocryphal account of ,melchizedek is in the 8,chronicon ,paschale30-- 8,a certain ancient relates and affirms1 concerning ,melchizedek1 this4 ,he was a man of the tribe of ,ham1 who1 being found a holy seed in his tribe1 pleased ,god2 and ,god called him into the land beyond ,jordan1 even as ,he called ,abraham out of the land of the ,chaldeans4 ,and as this man was holy and just1 he was made a priest of the ,most ,high ,god1 to offer bread and wine1 and holy prayers to the ,most ,high ,god4 ,he prayed for his tribe1 saying1 ,lord1 thou hast brought me from my own people1 and hast had mercy on me2 have mercy on them also4 ,but ,god answered him1 and said1 ,i will save them when ,i call my ,son out of ,egypt4 ,this promise ,god gave to ,melchizedek4 ,the same ancient relates also that at this time it happened that ,lot was carried away captive from ,sodom by those who were of the tribe ,gothologomos1 whom ,abraham pursued and destroyed1 and he liberated all the captives2 and ,lot also1 the son of his brother ,aram1 he delivered from their hands4 ,therefore ,abraham said within himself1 ,lord1 if in my days ,thou sendest ,thy angel upon the earth1 grant me to see that day6 ,the ,lord said1 ,it cannot be1 but ,i will show thee a figure of that day2 go down and cross the river ,jordan and thou shalt behold it4 8,therefore ,abraham crossed ,jordan with his men1 and ,melchizedek came forth to meet him1 called by the ,holy ,ghost1 having in his hands the bread of ,eucharists and the wine of thanksgiving4 ,abraham did not see ,melchizedek till he had passed over ,jordan1 which is the symbol of ,baptism4 8,abraham then1 seeing ,melchizedek coming to meet him having the bread of ,eucharists and the cup of thanksgiving1 fell on his face upon the earth1 and adored1 since he saw the day of the ,lord1 and was glad4 8,melchizedek1 king of ,salem1 priest of the ,most ,high ,god1 blessed ,abraham and said1 ,blessed be ,abram of the ,most ,high ,god1 possessor of heaven and earth2 and blessed be the ,most ,high ,god1 which hath delivered thine enemies into thy hands4 ,and ,abraham gave him tithes of all40#cdi ,michael ,glycas says3 8,melchizedek1 though he is said in the ,sacred ,scriptures to have been without father and mother1 yet sprung from ,sidos1 son of gyptos1 who built ,sidon4 ,when he had built a city on ,mount ,sion1 named ,salem1 he reigned there thirteen years1 and died a just man and a virgin40#cej ,and ,cedrenus3 8,melchizedek was the son of ,king ,sidos1 son of gyptos1 but he was said to be without father and mother and of uncertain generation1 because he was not of ,jewish extraction1 and because his parents were bad and not reckoned among the righteous40#cea ,joseph ,ben-,gorion writes3 8,o ,jerusalem6 once the city of the great ,king1 by what name shall ,i designate thee8 ,anciently thou wast called ,jebus1 after thy founder2 then thou didst acquire the name of ,zedek1 and from thence did thy king ,jehoram take his title ,melchi-zedek 7or ,melech-zedek1 ,lord of ,zedek71 for he was a just king1 and he reigned in thee justly4 ,and thou didst obtain the name of ,justice1 and in thee justice dwelt1 and the star that did illumine thee2 thou wast called ,zedek1 and in the same king's reign1 to thee was given the title ,salem1 as it is written in the ,law3 and ,melchizedek was king of ,salem1 so called because thus the measure of the iniquity of the people was accomplished4 ,but ,abraham1 our father1 of pious memory1 chose thee1 to labor in thee and to acquire in thee a possession1 and in thee to lay a root of good works1 and because the majesty of ,god dwelt in thee1 when ,abraham1 our father1 flourished40#ceb ,s4 ,epiphanius1 however1 says3 8,although no names of the parents of ,melchizedek are given1 yet some assert that his father was called ,heraclas1 and his mother ,astaroth1 or ,asteria40#cec ,the 8,catena ,arabica0 on ,genesis says3 8,melchizedek was the son of ,heraclis1 the son of ,peleg1 the son of ,eber2 and the name of his mother was ,salathiel1 the daughter of ,gomer1 the son of ,japheth1 the son of ,noah40 ,melchizedek is said to have composed the cx4 ,psalm1 ,dixit ,dominus4#ced ,the tomb of ,melchizedek is1 or was1 shown at ,jerusalem1 says ,gemelli ,carrere1 the traveller in ,palestine4 ,,xxvi4 ,,of ,,ishmael ,,and ,,the ,,well ,,zemzem4 ,the ,arabs call ,hagar1 ,hagiar ,ana1 the mother in chief1 because of ,ishmael her son4 ,they do not suppose that she was the bond-servant of ,sarah1 but that she was the legitimate wife of the patriarch2 and she bore him ,ishmael1 who1 as his eldest son1 had the birthright1 and obtained1 as his double portion of ,abraham's inheritance1 the land of ,arabia1 whereas to ,isaac was given the inferior land of ,canaan4 ,they say that ,hagar died at ,mecca1 and that she was buried in the exterior enclosure of the ,kaaba1 or square temple1 built1 say they1 by ,abraham4 ,near the tomb is the well of ,zemzem1 which is the fountain which ,god revealed to her when she had been driven out of the house of ,sarah1 and had fled into ,arabia4 ,as has been already mentioned1 the ,mussulmans say that it was ,ishmael and not ,isaac whom ,abraham prepared to sacrifice4 ,the story need not be related again1 as all the particulars in the ,jewish legends are absorbed into the ,mussulman account4 ,one particular alone needs mention4 ,gabriel gave the ram to ,abraham in the place where ,mussulman pilgrims now cast stones2 namely1 on the mountain of ,mina4 ,but the ram escaped out of the hands of ,abraham1 and the patriarch threw seven stones after it4 ,then ,ishmael went forward1 and the ram halted4 ,ishmael went up to the ram and brought it to ,abraham1 and he took it1 and slew it4 ,some say that this was the same ram that ,abel had offered in sacrifice1 and which had been preserved in ,paradise4#cee ,then ,god said to ,abraham1 8,go to ,mecca along with ,ishmael1 and build me the temple there40 ,at ,mecca had been the 8,visited-house10 to which ,adam went in pilgrimage1 and round which he walked in procession every year4 ,when the ,flood came1 this house had been caught up into heaven4 ,when ,abraham went in obedience to the command of ,god to visit ,ishmael1 and to call him to build the temple1 he found him on a mountain engaged in making arrows4 ,he said to him1 8,o my son1 ,god has ordered me to build a house along with thee40 ,ishmael replied1 8,i am ready to obey1 ,o my father40 ,then they prepared to build4 ,but ,abraham knew nothing of architecture4 ,god sent a cloud of the size of the ,kaaba1 to show them1 by its shadow on the ground1 what were to be the dimensions of the house1 and to give them shade in which to build4 ,but some say that the ,serpent arrived and instructed ,abraham in the proportions of the house4 ,after that1 ,abraham and ,ishmael began to dig the trenches which were to receive the foundations2 and they gave them the depth of a man's stature4 ,then they raised them to the level of the soil2 after that1 they cut stones out of the neighboring rocks for the walls of the edifice4 ,abraham built1 and ,ishmael handed the stones4 ,now1 when the wall got above his reach1 ,abraham placed a stone on the ground1 and stood upon that to build1 and he left thereon the impression of his foot4 ,the stone remains to this day1 and is called ,makam ,ibrahm4 ,and when the temple was built1 ,god sent ,gabriel to instruct ,abraham in all the rights of pilgrimage1 and how to visit ,mina and ,mount ,arafat1 and how to go processionally round the ,kaaba1 and to cast the stones1 and to wear the pilgrim's dress1 and to make sacrifice1 and to shave the head1 to visit the holy places1 and all that concerns the pilgrimage4 ,that same year ,abraham made the pilgrimage1 and he confided the care of the temple to ,ishmael1 his son1 and he said to him1 8,this land belongs to thee and to thy children till the ,judgment ,day40 ,then ,abraham1 turning him about1 went at ,god's command to the top of a high mountain1 and cried1 8,o men1 ,god has built you a house1 and ,he calls you to visit it40 ,and all men and women1 and the children yet unborn1 answered from every quarter of the world1 8,we will visit it40 ,then ,abraham returned into ,syria4#cef ,now the well of ,zemzem was formed when ,hagar and ,ishmael were in the desert4 ,the angel ,gabriel trod in the ground and the water bubbled up4 ,at first it was sweet as honey1 and as nourishing as milk4 ,this well is one of the wonders of ,mecca4 ,we shall relate more of it presently4 ,and the stone that was white and shining1 but now is black1 that stone was an angel who wept over the sins of men till he has grown dark2 that also is one of the wonders of ,mecca4 ,whilst ,ishmael was engaged one day in building the ,kaaba1 there came to him ,alexander the ,two-horned1 and asked him what he was doing4 ,then ,abraham answered1 8,we build a temple to the only ,god in whom we believe40 ,and ,alexander knew that he was a prophet of ,god2 and he went on foot seven times round the temple4 ,about this ,alexander authorities differ4 ,some say that he was a ,greek1 and that he was lord of the whole earth as ,nimrod was before him1 and as ,soloman was after him4 ,alexander was lord of light and darkness2 when he went forth with his hosts1 he had light before him1 and behind him was darkness3 thus he could overtake his enemies1 but could not be overtaken by them4 ,he had also two banners1 one white and the other black1 and when he unfurled the white one1 it was instantly broad day2 and when he unfurled the black one1 it was instantly midnight4 ,thus he could have day in the darkest night1 and night in the brighest day4 ,he was also unconquerable2 for he could1 at will1 make his army invisible1 and fall upon his enemies and destroy them1 without their being able to see who were opposed to them4 ,he went through the whole world in quest of the ,fountain of ,immortality1 of which1 as he read in his sacred books1 a descendant of ,shem was pre-ordained to drink1 and become immortal4 ,but his vizir ,al ,hidhr#ceg lighted on the fountain before him and drank1 not knowing what were the virtues of this spring2 and when ,alexander came afterwards1 the water had sunk away1 for by ,god's command only one man was destined to drink thereof4 ,alexander was called the ,two-horned1 according to some1 because he went through the world from one end to the other2 according to others1 because he wore two long locks of hair which stood up like horns2 according to others1 because he had two gold horns on his crown which symbolized the kingdoms of ,grecia and ,persia over which he reigned4 ,but according to others1 he once dreamed that he had got so near to the son1 that he caught it by its two ends1 and therefore he was given his name4 ,learned men are also equally disagreed as to the time in which he lived1 and as to the place of his birth and residence4 ,most think that there were two ,alexanders4 ,one was descended from ,shem1 and went with ,el ,khoudr to the end of the world after the ,fountain of ,immortality1 and who was ordered by ,god to build an indestructible wall against the incursions of the children of ,gog and ,magog4 ,the other ,alexander was the son of ,philip of ,macedon1 and was descended from ,japheth1 and was the pupil of ,aristotle at ,athens4#ceh ,and now let us return to the fountain or well of ,zemzem1 and relate what befel that4 ,nabajoth1 the eldest son of ,ishmael1 succeeded his father in the custody of the ,kaaba1 of the tombs of ,adam and ,eve1 of the stone and the well4 ,but having left only very young children to succeed him1 ,madad-ben-,amron1 their maternal grandfather1 took charge of their education1 and at the same time became the protector of the ,kaaba and of the well of ,zemzem4 ,the children of ,nabajoth1 when they grew old1 would not contest with their foster-father the possession of the ,holy places1 therefore it remained to him and his sons till the time when the ,giorhamides took them by violence4 ,then the posterity of ,ishmael having attacked them1 defeated them1 and recovered the city and temple of ,mecca4 ,but the stone1 and the two gazelles of gold which a king of ,arabia had given to the ,kaaba1 had been lost1 for they had been thrown into the well of ,zemzem1 which had been filled up4 ,the well remained choked and unregarded till the times of ,abd-el-,motalleb1 grandfather of ,mohammed1 who one day heard a voice bid him dig the well of ,zemzem4 ,abd-el-,motalleb asked the voice what ,zemzem was4 ,then the voice replied3 8,it is the well that sprang up to nourish ,ishmael in the desert1 whereof he and his children drank40 ,abd-el-,motalleb1 not knowing whereabouts to dig1 asked further1 and the voice answered1 8,the well of ,zemzem is near two idols of the ,koraschites named ,assaf and ,nailah2 dig on the spot where you shall see a magpie pecking in the ground and turning up a nest of ants40 ,abd-el-,motalleb set about obeying the voice1 in spite of the opposition of the ,koraschites1 who objected to the overthrow of their idols4 ,however1 he dug1 along with his ten sons1 and he vowed that if ,god would show him the water1 he would sacrifice one of his sons4 ,and when he came to water1 he found the gazelles of gold and the ,black ,stone4 ,then he summoned his children before him and told them his vow4 ,and he drew lots which of them should die1 and the lot fell on ,abd-,allah1 the father of the prophet4 ,then said ,abd-el-,motalleb1 8,i am in a great strait2 how shall ,i perform my vow80 ,for he loved ,abd-,allah best of his ten sons4 ,now the mother of ,abd-,allah belonged to the family of ,benu-,zora1 which is one of the chief in ,mecca4 ,the ,benu-,zora family assembled and said1 8,we will not suffer you to slay your son40 ,but he said1 8,i must perform my vow40 ,then he consulted two ,jewish astrologers1 who said1 8,go1 and put on one side your child1 and on the other your camel1 and draw the lot2 and if the lot fall on ,abd-,allah1 add a second camel to the first1 and draw the lot again1 and continue adding camels till the lot falls on them2 then you will know how many camels will be accepted by ,god as an equivalent for your son40 ,he did so1 and he put one camel1 then two1 then three1 up to fifty4 ,the lot fell on ,abd-,allah up to the ninety-ninth camel2 but when ,abd-el-,motalleb had added the hundreth1 then the lot fell on those animals1 and he knew that they were accepted in place of his son1 and he sacrificed them to the ,lord2 and this custom has continued among the ,arabs1 to redeem a man who is to be sacrificed by one hundred camels4#cei ,now when the ,koraschites saw what ,abd-el-,motalleb had drawn from the well1 they demanded a share of the treasure he had found4 ,but he refused it1 saying that all belonged to the temple that ,abraham and ,ishmael had built4 ,to decide this quarrel1 they agreed to consult a dervish who dwelt on the confines of ,syria1 and passed for a prophet4 ,it fell out that1 on the way1 ,abd-el-,motalleb1 exhausted with thirst1 was obliged to ask water of the ,koraschites1 but they fearing that they would not have enough for themselves1 were obliged to refuse4 ,then1 from the ground pressed by the foot of the camel of ,abd-el-,motalleb1 a fountain gushed forth1 which quenched the thirst of himself and of those who had refused to give him water1 and they1 seeing the miracle1 recognized him as a prophet sent from ,god1 and they relinquished their pretensions to the well of ,zemzem4 ,and when the well was cleared out1 ,abd-el-,motalleb gave to the temple of the ,kaaba the two gazelles of gold1 and all the silver1 and the arms and precious things he found in the well4 ,for long1 ,mecca was supplied with water from the well of ,zemzem alone1 till the concourse of pilgrims became so great1 that the ,khalifs were obliged to construct an aqueduct to bring abundance of water into the city4 ,mohammed1 to honor the town of ,mecca1 where he was born1 gave great praise to the water of the well4 ,it is believed among the ,arabs that a draught of that water gives health1 and that to drink much thereof washes away sin4 ,it is related of a certain ,mussulman teacher1 who knew a great many traditions1 that1 having been interrogated on his memory1 he replied1 8,since ,i have drunk long draughts of the water of ,zemzem1 ,i have forgotten nothing that ,i learnt40 ,to conclude what we have to say of ,ishmael4 ,he had a daughter named ,basemath1 whom he married to ,esau1 and many sons2 two1 ,nabajoth and ,kedar1 were his sons who dwelt in ,mecca4 ,he was a hundred and thirty years old when he died1 and he was buried at ,mecca1 after having appointed ,isaac his executor4 ,,xxvii4 ,,esau ,,and ,,jacob4 ,there are few ,oriental traditions1 whether ,rabbinic or ,mussulman1 concerning ,isaac's life after he was married and his father died4 ,those touching his birth1 early life1 and marriage1 have been given in the article on ,abraham4 ,we proceed therefore1 to his history as connected with ,esau and ,jacob4 ,isaac1 says ,tabari1 lived a hundred years after ,ishmael4 ,god granted him the gift of prophecy1 and sent him to the inhabitants of ,syria1 in the country of ,canaan1 for he could not change his place of abode on account of his blindness2 for ,abimelech had wished him to be dim of sight1 because ,abraham had deceived him by saying1 8,sarah is my sister20 and1 say the ,rabbis1 ,isaac's eyes were made dim by the tears of the angels falling into them as he was stretched upon the altar by his father2 or because he had then looked upon the ,throne of ,god1 and had been dazzled thereby4 ,but others say he went blind through grief and tears at his son ,esau having taken four ,canaanitish women to wife4 ,isaac had two sons1 twins1 by ,rebekah his wife--,esau and ,jacob4 ,the ,cabbalists say that the soul of ,esau1 whom the ,arabs call ,as1 passed into the body of ,jesus ,christ by metempsychosis1 and that ,jesus and ,esau are one2 and this they attempt to prove by showing that the ,hebrew letters composing the name of ,jesus are the same as those of which ,esau is compounded4#cfj ,the following curious story is told of the brothers by the ,rabbi ,eliezer3--8,it is said that when ,jacob and ,esau were in their mother's womb1 ,jacob said to ,esau1 #8,my brother1 there are two worlds before us1 this world and the world to come4 ,in this world1 men eat1 and drink1 and traffic1 and marry1 and bring up sons and daughters2 but all this does not take place in the world to come4 ,if you like1 take this world1 and ,i will take the other4' ,and ,esau denied that there was a resurrection of the dead1 and said1 #8,behold ,i am at the point to die2 and what profit shall this birthright do to me8' ,and he gave over to ,jacob in that hour his right to the other world40#cfa ,therefore ,esau and his descendants have no part or lot in ,paradise1 and none are admitted there4#cfb ,it is also said that the religious predilections of the children were developed before they were born4 ,on the words of ,genesis1 8,the children struggled together within her10#cfc a ,rabbinic commentator says that when ,rebekah passed before a synagogue1 then ,jacob made great efforts to escape into the world1 that he might attend the synagogue1 and this is the meaning of the words of the prophet ,jeremiah1 when ,god says of ,jacob1 8,before thou camest forth out of the womb ,i sanctified thee30#cfd ,but whenever she went before an idol temple1 ,esau became excited1 and desired to come forth4#cfe ,when ,esau was born1 he had on his heel the likeness of a serpent1 and his name indicates that he was closely connected with ,satan 7,sammael72 for1 says the ,rabbi ,isaiah1 if you write the name ,sammael in ,hebrew characters1 you will find it to be identical with that of ,esau2 for the four letters of ,esau turned one way make ,sammael1 and turned another way make ,edom4#cff ,esau had also a serpent in his inside coiled in his bowels4#cfg ,esau was called ,edom1 or ,red1 because1 say some1 he sucked his mother's blood before he was born2 or1 say others1 because he was to shed blood2 or again1 because he was born under the ruddy planet ,mars2 or again1 because he liked to eat his meat underdone and red2#cfh but the ,targumim say that ,esau had red hair over his body like a garment2 therefore he was called ,esau4#cfi ,the lads grew2 and ,esau was a man of idleness to catch birds and beasts1 a man going forth into the field to kill1 as ,nimrod had killed1 and ,anak1 his son4 ,but ,jacob was a man peaceful in his works1 a minister of the school of ,eber1 seeking instruction before the ,lord4 ,and ,isaac loved ,esau1 for words of deceit were in his mouth2 but ,rebekah loved ,jacob4#cgj ,on the day that ,abraham died1 ,jacob dressed pottage of lentiles1 and was going to comfort his father4 ,and ,esau came from the wilderness1 exhausted2 for in that day he had committed five transgressions--he had worshipped with strange worship1 he had shed innocent blood1 he had pursued a betrothed damsel1 he had denied the life of the world to come1 and he had despised his birthright4#cga ,and ,esau said to ,jacob1 8,let me now taste that red pottage1 for ,i am faint40 ,therefore he called his name ,edom4 ,and ,jacob said1 8,sell to me to-day what thou wouldst hereafter appropriate--thy birthright40 ,and ,esau said1 8,behold1 ,i am going to die1 and in another world ,i shall have no life2 and what then to me is the birthright1 or the portion in the world of which thou speakest80 ,and ,jacob said1 8,swear to me to-day that so it shall be40 ,and he swore to him1 and sold his birthright to ,jacob4 ,and ,jacob gave to ,esau bread1 and pottage of lentiles4 ,and he ate and drank1 and arose and went4 ,and ,esau scorned the birthright1 and the portion of the world that cometh1 and denied the resurrection of the dead4#cgb ,but according to certain ,rabbinic authorities ,esau sold his birthright not only for the mess of lentiles1 but also for a sword that ,jacob had--to wit1 the sword of ,methuselah1 wherewith he had slain a thousand devils4#cgc ,esau had the garment which ,god had made for ,adam1#cgd on which were embroidered the forms of all the wild beasts and birds that were on the face of the earth1 in their proper colors4 ,this garment had been stolen by ,ham from ,noah in the ark1 and had been given by him to ,cush1 who gave it to ,nimrod4 ,esau killed ,nimrod1 and took from him his painted dress1 and thenceforth all the success in hunting which had attended ,nimrod devolved upon ,esau4#cge ,the story of the blessing of ,jacob and ,esau has not become surrounded with many fables4 ,the following are the most remarkable4 ,esau on that occasion went forth in such haste to catch the venison1 that he forgot to take with him ,nimrod's garment1 and therefore was not successful in hunting1 as on former occasions1 and ,jacob took advantage of this forgetfulness to assume the embroidered coat4#cgf ,and when the meat was ready1 and ,isaac began to eat thereof1 he was thirsty1 and there was no wine for him in the house4 ,so an angel was sent to him out of ,paradise1 and brought him the juice of the grape that grows there on the vine that was created before the foundations of the earth were laid4#cgg ,isaac was so angry at having been deceived by ,jacob1 that he was about to doom him to ,gehinnom1 after he said1 8,where is he that hath taken vension1 and brought it me1 and ,i have eaten of all before thou camest1 and have blessed him80 ,but he paused to prepare his curse4 ,then ,god suddenly opened hell to him beneath his feet1 and he looked into it1 and saw the abyss of fire and darkness1 and his horror rendered him speechless2 but when he recovered his voice1 he resolved that no child of his should descend there2 therefore he added1 8,yea1 and he shall be blessed40#cgh ,the ,mussulmans relate the history of ,esau and ,jacob much as it stands in the ,book of ,genesis4 ,they add that the benediction of ,esau was fulfilled in his having a son named ,roum1 from whom sprang the ,greek and ,roman empires4 ,this is also a ,rabbinical tradition1 for the ,talmudists say that ,esau had a son named ,eliphaz1 who had a son1 ,zepho1 from whom ,vespasian and his son ,titus were descended1 and thus they attribute the destruction of ,jerusalem to the struggle of ,esau to break the yoke of ,jacob from off his neck4 ,esau is said by the ,rabbis to have had four wives1 in imitation of ,satan1 or ,sammael1 as has been already related4 ,abulfaraj says that ,esau made war with ,jacob1 and was killed by him with an arrow4 ,jacob feared ,esau1 for ,esau said in his heart1 8,i will not do as ,cain did1 who slew his brother ,abel in the lifetime of his father1 after which his father begat ,seth2 but ,i will wait till the days of mourning for my father are accomplished1 and then ,i will kill ,jacob1 and so ,i shall be the sole heir40#cgi ,therefore ,jacob went out only at night2 during the day he hid himself away4 ,thus several years passed1 and his life became intolerable to him4 ,so his mother said1 8,thy uncle ,laban1 the son of ,bethuel1 has great possessions1 and is very old4 ,go1 and ask him to give thee his daughter2 and if he consents1 then tarry with him till thy brother's anger turn away40 ,jacob listened to the advice of his mother1 and he fled away without letting ,esau know4 ,five miracles were wrought for the patriarch ,jacob1 at the time when he went forth from ,beer-sheba4 ,first1 the hours of the day were shortened1 and the sun went down before its time1 because the ,word desired to speak with him2 secondly1 the four stones1 which ,jacob had set for his pillow1 he found in the morning had coagulated into one stone2 thirdly1 the stone which1 when all the flocks were assembled1 the shepherds rolled from the mouth of the well1 he rolled away with one of his arms2 fourthly1 the well overflowed1 and the water continued to flow all the days he was in ,haran4 ,the fifth sign--the country was shortened before him1 so that in one day he went forth and came to ,haran4#chj ,and he prayed in the place where he rested1 and took four stones of that place1 and set them for a pillow1 and went asleep4 ,of these stones this is the history4 ,they were twelve in number1 and ,adam had set them up as an altar4 ,on them ,abel had offered his sacrifice4 ,the ,deluge had thrown them down1 but ,noah reared them once more4 ,they had been again overthrown1 but ,abraham set them in their places1 and of them built the altar on which to sacrifice ,isaac4 ,these twelve stones ,jacob now found1 and he placed them under his head as a pillow4 ,but a great wonder was wrought1 and in the morning the twelve stones had melted together into one stone4#cha ,finally1 this stone1 so ancient and with such a history1 was carried to ,scotland1 by whom ,i do not know1 where it was placed at ,scone1 and was used for the consecration of the ,scottish kings4 ,edward ,i4 of ,england brought it to ,london1 and it was set beneath the chair of the ,confessor1 as the following lines1 inscribed on a tablet1 announced3-- 8,si quid habent veri1 vel chronica cana1 fidesve1 ,clauditur hac cathedra nobilis1 ecce1 lapis4 ,ad caput eximius ,jacob quondam patriarcha ,quem posuit cernens numina mira poli4 ,quem tulit ex ,scottis1 spolians quasi victor honoris1 ,edwardus primus1 ,mars velut omnipotens4 ,scottorum domitor1 noster validissimus ,hector1 ,anglorum decus1 et gloria militi40#chb ,the stone may now be seen in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,when ,jacob--to return to our narrative--slept with his head on the pillow of stones1 he dreamed1 and beheld a ladder fixed in the earth1 and the summit of it reached to the height of heaven4 ,and1 behold6 the angels who had accompanied him from the house of his father1 ascended to make known to the angels on high1 saying1 8,come1 see ,jacob the pious1 whose likeness is in the throne of glory1 and whom you have been desirous to see60 ,these were the two angels who had been sent to ,sodom to destroy it1 and who had been forbidden to rise up to the throne of ,god again1 because1 say some1 they had revealed the secrets of the ,lord of the whole earth1 or because1 say others1 they had threatened in their own name to destroy the cities of the plain4 ,then the rest of the angels of ,god came down1 at the call of these twain to look upon ,jacob4 ,and the ,glory of the ,lord stood above him1 and ,he said to him1 8,i am the ,lord ,god of ,abraham1 thy father1 and the ,god of ,isaac4 ,the land on which thou art lying ,i will give to thee and thy sons4 ,and thy sons shall be many as the dust of the earth1 and shall become strong in the west and in the east1 and in the north and in the south2 and all the kindreds of the earth shall be blessed through thy righteousness and the righteousness of thy sons40 ,when ,jacob arrived at ,haran1 he saw a well in a field1 and three flocks lying near it--because from that well they watered the flocks--and a great stone was laid upon the mouth of the well4 ,and ,jacob said to the shepherds1 8,my brethren1 whence are ye80 ,they said1 8,from ,haran are we40 ,and he said1 8,know you ,laban1 son of ,nahor80 ,they answered1 8,we know him40 ,and he said1 8,hath he peace80 ,they said1 8,peace2 and behold1 ,rachel1 his daughter1 cometh with the sheep40 ,and he said1 8,behold1 the time of the day is great2 it is not time to gather home the cattle2 water the sheep40 ,but they said1 8,we cannot1 until all the shepherds be gathered1 and then we can altogether roll away the stone40 ,while they were speaking with him1 ,rachel came with her father's sheep2 for she was a shepherdess at that time1 because there had been a plague among the sheep of ,laban1 and but few of them were left2 and he had dismissed his shepherds1 and had put the remaining flock before ,rachel1 his daughter4 ,then ,jacob went nigh1 and rolled the stone which all the shepherds together could scarce lift1 with one of his hands1 and the well uprose1 and the waters flowed1 and he watered the sheep of ,laban1 his mother's brother2 and it uprose for twenty years4 ,and ,jacob kissed ,rachel1 and lifted up his voice and wept4 ,and ,jacob told ,rachel that he was come to be with her father to take one of his daughters4 ,then ,rachel answered him3 8,thou canst not dwell with him1 for he is a man of cunning40 ,but ,jacob said1 8,i am more cunning than he40 ,and when she knew that he was the son of ,rebekah1 she ran and made it known to her father4 ,and when ,laban heard the account of the strength of ,jacob1 his sister's son1 and how he had taken the birthright and the order of blessing from the hand of his brother1 and how the ,lord had revealed ,himself to him in the way1 and how the stone had been removed1 and how the well had upflowed and risen to the brink1--he ran and kissed him1 and led him into his house4 ,laban had two daughters2 the name of the elder was ,leah and the name of the younger1 ,rachel4 ,and the eyes of ,leah were moist and running1 from weeping and praying before the ,lord1 that ,he would not destine her for ,esau the wicked4 ,jacob served ,laban seven years1 and was given ,leah to wife2 and he served seven years more2 and he was given ,rachel to wife2 and he served six years for cattle that ,laban gave him2 and then1 seeing that ,laban's face was set against him1 he fled away secretly from ,laban's house1 and ,rachel stole the image that ,laban worshipped4 ,and this image was the head of a man1 a first-born1 that ,laban had slain1 and he had salted it with salt and balsams1 and had written incantations on a plate of gold for it1 and this head spake to him and told him oracles1 and ,laban bowed himself down before it4#chc ,jacob drew near to the land of ,esau1 and he feared that his enmity was not abated2 therefore he sent a message before him to his brother1 and he tarried all night at ,mahanaim4 ,and he sent a present before him to ,esau to abate his anger4 ,the ,book of ,jasher gives some curious details on the meeting of the brothers4 ,jacob1 trusting to the support of the ,most ,high1 besought ,him to stand by him1 and deliver him from the wrath of his brother4 ,and ,god sent four angels to protect him2 these angels went before him4 ,the first who met ,esau presented himself at the head of a thousand horsemen1 armed at all points1 who fell upon the troop that accompanied ,esau1 and dispersed it4 ,as this body of men swept along1 they shouted1 8,we are the servants of ,jacob2 who can resist us80 ,a second body followed1 under the second angel2 then a third phalanx1 under the third angel4 ,esau1 trembling1 exclaimed1 8,i am the brother of ,jacob4 ,it is twenty years since ,i saw him1 and you maltreat me as ,i am on my way to meet him60 ,one of the angels answered1 8,if ,jacob1 the servant of ,god1 had not been thy brother1 we would have destroyed thee and all thy men40 ,the forth body passing1 under the command of the fourth angel1 completed the humiliation of ,esau4 ,however1 ,jacob1 who knew not what assistance had been rendered him by ,heaven1 prepared for ,esau1 to appease him1 rich presents4 ,he sent him four hundred and forty sheep1 thirty asses1 thirty camels1 fifty oxen1 in ten troops1 each conducted by a faithful servant charged to deliver his troop as a gift from ,jacob to his brother ,esau4 ,this consoled and pleased ,esau1 who1 as soon as he saw ,jacob again1 was1 by the grace of ,god1 placed in a better mind1 and the brethren met1 and parted with fraternal love4#chd ,now let us take another version of the story of this meeting4 ,it came to pass that ,jacob spent one night alone beyond ,jabbok1 and an angel contended with him1 having taken on him the body and likeness of a man4 ,this angel was ,michael1 and the subject of their contention was this3--,the angel said to ,jacob1 8,hast thou not promised to give the tenth of all that is thine to the ,lord80 ,and ,jacob said1 8,i have promised40 ,then the angel said1 8,behold thou hast ten sons and one daughter2 nevertheless thou hast not tithed them40 ,immediately ,jacob set apart the four first-born of the four mothers1 and there remained eight4 ,and he began to number from ,simeon1 and ,levi came up for the tenth4 ,then ,michael answered and said1 8,lord of the world1 this is ,thy lot40 ,so ,levi became the consecrated one to the ,lord4 ,on account of this ready compliance with his oath1 ,michael was unable to hurt him1 but he remained striving with ,jacob1 till the first ray of sunlight rose above the eastern hills4 ,and he said1 8,let me go1 for the column of the morning ascendeth1 and the hour cometh when the angels on high offer praise to the ,lord of the world3 and ,i am one of the angels of praise2 but from the day that the world was created1 my time to praise hath not come till now40 ,and he said1 8,i will not let thee go1 until thou bless me40 ,now ,michael had received commandment not to leave ,jacob till the patriarch suffered him2 and as it began to dawn1 the hosts of heaven1 who desired to begin their morning hymn1 came down to ,michael and bade him rise up to the throne of ,god and lead the chant2 but he said1 8,i cannot1 unless ,jacob suffer me to depart40#che ,thus did ,god prove ,jacob1 as ,he had proved ,abraham1 whether he would give to ,him his son1 when ,he asked him of the patriarch4 ,but1 according to certain ,rabbinic authorities1 it was not ,michael who wrestled with ,jacob1 but it was ,sammael the ,evil ,one1 or ,satan4 ,for ,sammael is the angel of ,edom1 as ,michael is the angel of ,israel2 and ,sammael went before ,esau1 hoping to destroy ,jacob in the night4 ,sammael1 says the ,jalkut ,rubeni1 met ,jacob1 who had the stature of the first man1 and strove with him2 but he could not do him an injury1 for ,abraham stood on his right hand1 and ,isaac on his left4 ,and when ,sammael would part from him1 ,jacob would not suffer it1 till the ,evil ,one had given him the blessing which ,jacob had purchased from ,esau4 ,and from that day ,sammael took from ,jacob his great strength1 and made him to halt upon his thigh4#chf ,but when ,michael appeared before ,god--we must now suppose the man who strove with ,jacob to have been the angel--,god said to him in anger1 8,thou hast injured ,my priest60 ,michael answered1 8,i am ,thy priest40 8,yea10 said the ,most ,high1 8thou art ,my priest in heaven1 but ,jacob is ,my priest on earth4 ,why hast thou lamed him80 ,then ,michael answered1 8,i wrestled with him1 and let him overcome me1 to ,thy honor1 ,o ,lord2 that1 seeing he had overcome an angel of ,god1 he might have courage to go boldly to meet ,esau40 ,but this was no excuse for having lamed him4 ,therefore ,michael said to ,raphael1 8,oh1 angel of healing6 come to my aid40 ,so ,raphael descended to earth1 and touehed the hollow of ,jacob's thigh1 and it was restored as before4 ,but ,god said to ,michael1 8,for this that thou hast done1 thou shalt be the guardian of ,israel as long as the world lasteth40#chg ,jacob called the name of the place ,peniel2 for he said1 8,i have seen the angel of the ,lord face to face1 and my soul is saved40 ,and the sun rose upon him before its time1 as1 when he went out from ,beer-sheba1 it had set before its time4#chh ,and ,jacob lifted up his eyes and looked1 and behold1 ,esau came1 and with him four hundred men of war4 ,and he divided the children unto ,leah1 and to ,rachel1 and to the two concubines1 and placed the concubines and their sons foremost2 for he said1 8,if ,esau come to destroy the children1 and ill-treat the women1 he will do it with them1 and meanwhile we can prepare to fight2 and ,leah and her children after1 and ,rachel and ,joseph after them40#chi ,and he himself went over before them1 praying and asking mercy before the ,lord2 and he bowed upon the earth seven times1 until he met with his brother2 but it was not to ,esau that he bowed1 though ,esau supposed he did1 but to the ,lord ,god ,most ,high4#cij ,and ,esau ran to meet him1 and embraced him1 and fell upon his neck and bit him1 but by the mercy of ,god the neck of ,jacob became marble1 and ,esau broke his teeth upon it2 therefore it is said in the ,book of ,genesis that he fell on his neck1 and kissed him2 and they wept4#cia ,but the ,targumim apparently do not acknowledge that the neck of ,jacob became marble1 for the ,targum of ,palestine explains their weeping thus3 8,esau wept on account of the pain of his teeth1 which were shaken2 but ,jacob wept because of the pain of his neck20 and the ,targum of ,jerusalem1 8,esau wept for the crushing of his teeth1 and ,jacob wept for the tenderness of his neck40 8,the ,lord ,god prospered ,jacob10 and he had one hundred and two times ten thousand and seven thousand 7i4 e41 a thousand times a thousand1 seven thousand and two hundred7 sheep1 and six hundred thousand dogs2 but some ,rabbis say the sheep were quite innumerable1 but when ,jacob counted his sheep-dogs he found that he had twelve hundred thousand of them2 others1 however1 reduce the number one-half4 ,they say1 one dog went with each flock1 but those who say that there were twelve hundred thousand dogs1 count two to each flock4#cib ,jacob1 says the ,rabbi ,samuel1 could recite the whole of the ,psalter4#cic ,of course this must have been in the spirit of prophecy1 as the ,psalms were not written1 with the exception of ,psalm civ41 which had been composed by ,adam4 ,adam1 after his fall1 had been given by ,god six commandments1 but ,noah was given a seventh--to this effect1 that he was not to eat a limb or portion of any living animal4 ,abraham was given an eighth1 the commandment of circumcision2 and ,jacob was communicated a ninth1 through the mouth of an adder1 that he was not to eat the serpent4#cid ,if we may trust the ,book of ,jasher1 the affair of ,shechem1 the son of ,hamor1 was as follows3--,the men of the city were not all circumcised1 only some of them1 so as to blind the eyes of the sons of ,jacob1 and throw them off their guard2 and ,shechem and ,hamor had privately concerted to fall upon ,jacob and his sons and butcher them2 but ,simeon and ,levi were warned of their intention by a servant of ,dinah1 and took the initiative4#cie ,but this is a clumsy attempt to throw the blame off the shoulders of the ancestors of the ,jewish nation upon those of their ,gentile enemies4 ,jacob1 say the ,rabbis1 would have had no daughters at all in his family1 but only sons1 had he not called himself ,el-elohe-,israel 7,israel is ,god74#cif ,therefore ,god was angry with him1 for making himself equal with ,god1 and in punishment he afflicted him with a giddy daughter4#cig ,esau1 say the ,mussulmans1 had no prophets in his family except ,job4 ,all the prophets rose from the family of ,jacob2 and when ,esau saw that the gift of prophecy was not in his family1 he went out of the land1 for he would not live near his brother4#cih ,the father of the ,israelites1 from the land of ,canaan which he inhabited1 could smell the clothes of ,joseph when he was in ,egypt1 being a prophet2 and thus he knew that his son was alive4 ,he was asked how it was that he divined nothing when his beloved son was cast into the pit by his brothers1 and sold to the ,ishmaelites4 ,he replied that the prophetic power is sudden1 like a lightning flash1 piercing sometimes to the height of heaven2 it is not permanent in its intensity1 but leaves at times those favored with it in such darkness that they do not know what is at their feet4#cii ,the ,arabs say that ,jacob1 much afflicted with sciatica1 was healed by abstaining from the meat he most loved1 and that was the flesh of the camel4 ,at ,jerusalem1 say the ,arabs1 is preserved the stone on which ,jacob laid his head when he slept on his way to ,haran4 ,the custom of saying 8,god bless you60 when a person sneezes1 dates from ,jacob4 ,the ,rabbis say that1 before the time that ,jacob lived1 men sneezed once1 and that was the end of them--the shock slew them2 but the patriarch1 by his intercession1 obtained a relaxation of this law1 subject to the condition that1 in all nations1 a sneeze should be consecrated by a sacred aspiration4 ,,xxviii4 ,,joseph4 ,joseph's story is too attractive not to have interested intensely the ,oriental nations in any way connected with him1 and therefore to have become a prey to legend and myth4 ,joseph1 say the ,mussulmans1 was from his childhood the best loved son of his father ,jacob2 but the old man not only loved him1 but yearned after the sight of him1 for he was dedrived of the custody of ,joseph from an early age4 ,joseph had been sent to his aunt1 the sister of ,isaac1 and she loved the child so dearly1 that she could not endure the thought of parting with him4 ,therefore she took the family girdle1 which she as the eldest retained as an heirloom1 the girdle which ,abraham had worn when he prepared to sacrifice his son1 and she strapped it round ,joseph's waist4 ,then she drew him before the judge1 and accused him of theft1 and claimed that he should be made over to her as a slave to expiate his theft4 ,and it was done so4 ,thus the child ,joseph grew up in her house1 and it was not till after her death that he returned to his father ,jacob4 ,one morning ,joseph related to his father a dream that he had dreamt2 he said that he and his brothers had planted twigs in the earth1 but all the twigs of his brothers had withered1 whereas his own twig had brought forth leaves1 and flourished4 ,jacob was so immersed in thought over the dream1 that he allowed a poor man who came begging to go away unrelieved1 because unnoticed4#djj ,and this act of forgetfulness brought upon him some trouble1 as we shall see4 ,one morning ,joseph related to him another dream2 he saw the sun1 the moon1 and the stars bow down before him4 ,jacob could no longer doubt the significance of these dreams1 which showed him how great ,joseph would be1 but he cautioned him on no account to let his brothers know about them1 lest they should envy him4 ,he was so beautiful that he was called the ,moon of ,canaan1 and he had on one of his shoulders a luminous point like a star1 a token that the spirit of prophecy rested upon him4 ,the brothers of ,joseph1 however1 heard of the dreams1 and they were greatly enraged1 and they said1 8,joseph and ,benjamin are more loved of their father than we ten2 let us kill ,joseph1 or drive him out of the country1 and when we have done this1 we will repent at our leisure1 and ,god will forgive us40#dja ,one day the brothers went to feed their father's flock in ,shechem4 ,then ,israel said to ,joseph1 8,do not thy brethren feed in ,shechem8 ,i am afraid lest the ,hivite come upon them and smite them1 and repay on me what ,simeon and ,levi did to ,shechem and ,hamor1 because of ,dinah their sister4 ,i will send thee to them to caution them to go elsewhere40 ,and he said1 8,i am ready40 ,so ,joseph arose1 and went to ,shechem2 and ,gabriel1 in the likeness of a man1 found him wandering in the field4 ,and he said to him1 8,thy brethren have journeyed hence4 ,i heard of them1 when ,i was in the presence of ,god1 behind the veil1 and that1 from this day1 the bondage of ,egypt begins40#djb ,when ,joseph came in sight1 the brothers conspired to slay him1 but ,judah said1 8,slay not ,joseph1 for to slay is a crime2 but cast him into a well on the way that the caravans pass1 that he may be found by a caravan1 and be drawn out40 ,joseph was then aged seventeen4 ,his brethren fell on him and stripped him1 and were about to cast him into the well which was by the wayside to ,jerusalem1 when he said1 8,o my brothers1 wherewith shall ,i cover my nakedness in this pit80 ,they replied1 8,bid the sun1 the moon1 and the stars1 which adored thee1 bring thee clothes to cover thy nakedness40 ,having thus mocked him1 they let him down into the well4 ,there was much water in it2 and a stone had fallen into it3 on this ,joseph stood1 and was above the surface of the water4#djc ,not so1 say the ,rabbis1 it was dry1 but it was full of scorpions and adders4#djd ,judah1 according to the ,mussulman account1 had not consented to this1 he being absent2 and when he had learned what had been done1 he took food and let it down into the well1 and told ,joseph to be of good cheer1 his brothers' anger would turn away1 and then he would bring him back to them4 ,but the ,jews say that ,reuben was absent1 as he was fasting on a mountain1 because he had incurred his father's anger1 and was in disgrace1 and he hoped1 by restoring ,joseph to ,israel1 to recover his father's favor4 ,the sons of ,jacob then slew a lamb and dipped the garment of ,joseph in the blood1 and brought it to their father1 and said1 8,we left ,joseph in charge of our clothes1 and a wolf has fallen upon him1 and has devoured him40 ,but ,jacob looked at the garment and said1 8,i see that it is bloody1 but ,i see no rents2 the wolf was merciful to my son ,joseph1 for he ate him and left his garment whole60#dje ,then ,jacob went to commune with ,god1 and the spirit of prophecy came upon him1 and he said1 8,no wolf1 no enemy has slain him1 but a bad woman is against him40#djf ,now ,joseph was three days and three nights in the pit1 but it was not dark1 for the angel ,gabriel hung in it a precious stone to give him light4#djg ,the brethren of ,joseph1 seeing that their father mistrusted them1 said to him1 8,we will go and catch the wolf that slew ,joseph40 ,he said1 8,go and do so40 ,so they went and chased and caught a monstrous wolf1 and they brought him to their father and said1 8,this is the beast whereof we spoke to thee1 that it had slain ,joseph40 ,but ,god opened the mouth of the wolf1 and he said1 8,son of ,isaac1 believe not the words of thy envious sons4 ,i am a wolf out of a foreign land2 ,i one morning lost my young one when ,i woke up1 and ,i have been straying in all directions to find it2 is it likely that ,i1 mourning over the loss of a wild cub1 should attack and kill a young prophet80 ,jacob released the wolf out of the hands of his sons1 and he dismissed his sons1 for he abhorred the sight of their faces2 only ,benjamin1 the brother of ,joseph1 and the youngest child of ,rachel1 did he retain near him4#djh ,on the third morning1 a party of ,arabs passed near the well1 and were thirsty4 ,now the chief of these ,arabs was ,melek-ben-,dohar2 the second1 who accompanied ,melek1 was an ,indian1 a freed man of ,melek1 and his name was ,buschra4 ,melek reached the well carrying a bucket and a rope1 and let down the bucket into the well4 ,then ,joseph put his hand on it1 and1 however much ,melek and ,buschra pulled1 they could not raise the bucket4 ,then ,melek looked down into the pit1 and exclaimed3 8,o ,buschra1 the bucket was heavy because a young man has hold of it40 ,now the face of ,joseph illumined the well like a lamp3 ,buschra and ,melek tried to raise ,joseph1 but they could not4 ,then ,melek asked1 8,what is thy name1 and whence art thou80 ,joseph answered1 8,i am a young man of ,canaan2 my brothers have cast me into this cistern1 but ,i am not guilty40 ,melek said to his companions1 8,if we tell the rest of the caravan that we have drawn this youth out of the well1 they will demand a share in the price he will fetch4 ,now ,i can sell this youth for a large sum in ,egypt4 ,i will therefore tell my comrades that ,i have bought him from some people who were at the well4 ,do thou say the same thing1 and we will share the money between us40 ,next day1 being the fourth day1 the brethren1 finding that their father's face was turned against them1 went to the cistern to draw forth ,joseph1 and when they found him not1 they went to the caravan1 and they saw ,joseph among the ,arabs4 ,then they asked1 8,whose is this lad80 ,melek-ben-,dohar replied1 8,he his mine40 ,they answered1 8,he belongs to us2 he ran away from us40 ,melek replied1 8,well1 ,i will give you money for him40#dji ,so he bought him for twenty pieces of silver2 thus each of the brothers obtained two drachm1 and therewith they bought shoes4#daj ,to this the prophet ,amos refers in two places 7ii4 #f2 viii4 #f71 and in the ,testament of the ,twelve ,patriarchs1 which is received as canonical by the ,armenian ,church1 ,zebulun relates the same circumstance1 that the brethren supplied themselves with sandals from the money which they got by the sale of ,joseph4 ,joseph went along with the ,ishmaelites till they passed his mother's tomb2 then his grief overcame him1 and he burst forth into bitter tears and cried1 8,o mother1 mother6 ,i am an outcast and a slave1 ,i the child of the wife ,jacob loved4 ,when thou wast dying1 thou didst show me to my father1 and bade him look on me1 and be comforted for my loss4 ,o mother1 mother6 hast thou no thought of thy son8 ,awake and see the miserable condition of thy child2 shake off thy sleep2 be my defence against my brethren1 and comfort my father4 ,awake and stand up to judge my quarrel1 awake and plead my cause with ,god6 awake and look upon the desolation of the soul of my father who cherished thee1 and who for fourteen years served a hard bondage for his beloved ,rachel6 ,console him1 ,i pray thee1 and by the voice that he loves1 soothe the grief of his last days40 ,it was moonlight1 and the caravan was resting4 ,a low voice issued from the tomb1 8,my son6 my son ,joseph6 my child6 ,i have heard the voice of thy crying4 ,i know all thou hast suffered1 my son1 and my grief is as deep as the sea4 ,but put thy trust in ,god1 who is the help of thy countenance and thy ,god6 ,rise1 my child1 and have patience4 ,if thou knewest the future1 thou wouldst be comforted40#daa ,one of the chiefs of the caravan1 wearied with the cries of ,joseph1 came to drive him from the tomb1 but suddenly a dark and threatening cloud appeared in the sky over his head1 and he desisted in fear4 ,in the ,testament of the ,twelve patriarchs1 ,benjamin says that a man struck ,joseph as he lagged on the way1 whereupon a lion fell upon the man and slew him4 ,the sun was about to set1 when the caravan entered ,heliopolis1 the chief city of ,egypt1 which was then under the government of ,rajjan1 an ,amalekite4 ,joseph's face shone brighter than the mid-day sun2 and as this new light from the east shone in the city1 and cast the shadows towards the declining sun1 all the women and damsels ran out upon the terraces or to the windows to see4 ,next day he was placed for sale before the palace of the king4 ,all the wealthy ladies of ,heliopolis sent their husbands or relations to bid for the beautiful youth1 but he was purchased by ,potiphar1 the king's treasurer1#dab who was childless1 and designed making ,joseph his adopted son and heir4 ,zuleika1#dac ,potiphar's wife1 received him with great friendliness1 gave him new clothes and a garden-house in which to live1 as he would not sit down to eat with the ,egyptians4 ,he was occupied in tending the fruit and the flowers in ,potiphar's garden2 and from her window ,zuleika watched him4 ,thus ,joseph served as gardener to ,potiphar for six years4 ,a graceful ,arab legend of this period of ,joseph's life deserves not to be omitted4 ,one day an ,ishmaelite passed the gate of ,potiphar's garden1 leading a camel4 ,as the beast approached ,joseph1 who was standing at the door1 it bowed1 refused to follow its master1 and turning to ,joseph1 fell before him1 and shed tears over his feet4 ,joseph recognized the camel as having once belonged to his father1 and he remembered having often given it bread4 ,he questioned the ,ishmaelite1 who acknowledged he had purchased the beast from ,israel4 ,now ,joseph loved ,zuleika as much as she loved him1 but he did not venture to hope that he was precious to his mistress4 ,one day when a great feast of the gods was observed1 all the household had gone to the temple1 save ,zuleika1 who pretended to be ill1 and ,joseph1 who worshipped the ,one true ,god4 ,zuleika prepared a table with wine and fruit and sweet cakes1 and invited ,joseph to eat with her4 ,he was rejoiced1 and his heart beat with passion2 and when he took the goblet of wine she offered him1 he looked into her eyes1 and saw that she loved him4 ,then1 says the ,rabbi ,ishmael in the ,midrash1 the form of his father ,jacob appeared in the window or doorway1 and thus addressed him3 8,joseph6 hereafter the names of thy brothers engraven on gems shall adorn the breastplate of the ,high ,priest1 and shall thine be absent from among them80 ,then ,joseph dug his ten fingers into the ground1 and so conquered himself4#dad ,the ,mussulmans say also that ,joseph was brought to his senses by seeing the vision of his father in the door biting his finger reproachfully at him4#dae ,when ,potiphar returned home1 ,zuleika brought false accusations against ,joseph1 but a babe who was in its cradle1 in the room1--the child was a relation of ,zuleika1--lifted up its voice in protest1 and said1 8,potiphar1 if you want to know the truth1 examine the torn portion of the garment4 ,if it is from the front of the dress1 then know that ,zuleika was struggling to thrust ,joseph from approaching her2 if from the back1 know that she was pursuing him40 ,potiphar obeyed the voice of the sucking child1 and found that his wife had spoken falsely1 and that ,joseph was innocent4#daf ,now one of the neighbors had seen all that took place1 for she was sick1 and had not attended the feast1 so the whole affair was soon a matter of gossip throughout the town4 ,then ,zuleika invited all the ladies who had blamed her to a great feast in her house2 and towards the close of the banquet1 when the fruit and wine were brought in1 an orange and a knife were placed before each lady2 and at the same moment ,joseph was brought into the room4 ,the ladies1 in their astonishment1 cut their fingers in mistake for the oranges1 for their eyes were fixed upon him1 and they were amazed at his beauty2 and the table was deluged with blood4 8,this10 said ,zuleika1 8is the youth on whose account you blame me4 ,it is true that ,i loved him1 but his virtue has opposed me2 and now love is turned to hate1 and ,i shall cast him into prison40#dag ,she was as good as her word1 and thus it fell out that ,joseph was placed in the king's prison4 ,but ,god would not suffer the innocent to be punished4 ,he illumined his cell with a celestial light1 made a fountain spring up in the midst of it1 and a fruit-bearing tree to grow before the door4#dah ,joseph was five years in prison1 and then the ,king of the ,greeks1 who was warring against ,egypt1 sent an ambassador to ,rajjan desiring peace4 ,but his true purpose was to throw him off his guard1 that he might with treachery destroy him4 ,the ambassador sought the advice of an old ,greek woman who had long lived in ,egypt4 ,she said1 8,i know of only one way of accomplishing what you desire1 and that is to bribe the butler or the baker of the king to poison him2 but it would be better to put the drug in the wine than in the bread40 ,the ambassador then bribed the chief baker with much gold1 and he promised to put poison in ,pharaoh's meat4 ,after that he told the old woman that one of the two she had named to him had been persuaded to destroy the king4 ,then the ambassador returned1 and when he was gone1 the woman disclosed all to ,pharaoh1 and she said1 8,either the butler or the baker has taken a bribe to poison thee1 ,o king40 ,thereupon the king cast both into prison1 till it should be made manifest which was guilty4 ,now the name of the baker was ,mohlib1 and that of the butler was ,kamra4 ,after they had been in prison some time1 they had dreams2 and they told their dreams to ,joseph4 ,the chief butler said1 8,i saw in my dream1 and1 behold1 a vine was before me4 ,and in the vine were three branches3 and as it sprouted it brought forth buds1 and immediately they ripened into clusters1 and became grapes4 ,and ,i saw till they gave the cup of ,pharaoh into my hand1 and ,i took the grapes and squeezed them into ,pharaoh's cup1 and ,i gave the cup into ,pharaoh's hand40 ,and ,joseph said to him1 8,this is the interpretation of the dream4 ,the three branches are the three ,fathers of the world1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 and ,jacob1 whose children are to be enslaved in ,egypt in clay and brickwork1 and in all labors of the face of the field2 but afterward shall they be delivered by the hand of three shepherds4 ,as for the cup thou didst give into ,pharaoh's hand1 it is the vial of the wrath of ,god1 which ,pharoah is to drink at the last4 ,but thou1 the chief butler1 shalt receive a good reward3 the three branches to thee are three days until thy liberation40 ,joseph1 leaving his higher trust in ,god1 now turned and reposed it in man1 for he added1 8,be thou mindful of me when it shall be well with thee1 and obtain my release from this prison-house40 ,and the chief baker1 seeing that ,joseph had interpreted well1 began to speak with an impatient tongue1 and said to ,joseph1 8,i also saw in my dream1 and1 behold1 three baskets of hot loaves were upon my head2 and in the upper basket of all1 delicious meat for ,pharaoh1 made by the confectioner2 and the birds ate them from the basket upon my head40 ,joseph answered1 8,this is its interpretation4 ,the three baskets are the three enslavements with which the house of ,israel are to be enslaved4 ,but thou1 the chief baker1 shalt receive an evil award4 ,at the end of three days1 ,pharoah shall take away thy head from thy body1 and will hang thee upon a gibbet1 and the birds shall eat thy flesh from off thee40 ,and it fell out as ,joseph had foretold4 ,but because ,joseph had withdrawn from putting his trust in ,god1 and had laid it on man1 therefore he was forgotten by the butler and left in prison for two years more4#dai ,joseph had now been seven years in prison1 and this is why he had been so long there4 ,potiphar's wife persuaded her friends to bring against ,joseph the same accusation that she had laid against him1 and their husbands complained to ,pharaoh2 so he was kept in prison that he might not cause strife and evil in the city4#dbj ,when the seven years were elapsed1 one day the butler came to the prison and bade ,joseph follow him1 as the ,king had been troubled with a dream1 and desired to have it explained4 ,but ,joseph refused to leave till his innocence was proclaimed4 ,he named to the butler the ladies who had attended the banquet of ,zuleika1 and before whom she had confessed that she loved him1 and besought that they might be called as witnesses before the king4 ,pharoah agreed2 the ladies1 when interrogated1 related all that had been said1 and ,zuleika herself confessed the truth4 ,then ,pharaoh sent and fetched ,joseph out of prison1 and gave him his liberty4 8,i dreamed10 said the king1 when ,joseph stood before his throne1 8that seven lean cows ate seven fat cows1 and that seven empty husks ate seven full ears of corn4 ,what is the interpretation of this dream80 8,god will give thee seven fruitful years1 and then seven years of famine10 answered ,joseph4 8,therefore must thou gather together all the superfluity in the first seven years to sustain the starving people in the seven years of dearth40#dba ,the king was so well pleased with this interpretation1 that he made ,joseph his chief treasurer in ,potiphar's room4 ,joseph went through all the land1 and purchased corn1 which1 on account of the good harvests1 was at a very low price4 ,one day as he rode out of the town to view his magazines1 he observed a beggar-woman whose whole appearance was most woe-begone1 but bespoke her having seen better days4 ,joseph approached her with compassion1 and held out to her a handful of gold4 ,she hesitated about taking it1 and said1 sobbing1 8,great prophet of ,god6 ,i am not worthy to receive this at thy hand1 though it was my love for thee which was the first step on the ladder on which thou mountedst to thy present exaltation40 ,and ,joseph saw that the poor beggar-woman was ,zuleika1 wife of ,potiphar4 ,he asked about her husband1 and learned that shortly after he had been deposed from office1 he had died of distress of mind and body4 8,thou hast thought evil of me10 she said1 8but ,i have great excuses1 thou wast so beautiful2 and moreover ,i was young1 and only a wife in name1 for ,i am as ,i left my mother's womb1 a maiden1 with the seal of ,god upon me40 ,then ,joseph was filled with joy4 ,he extended his hands to her1 and he brought her to the king's palace1 and she was treated there with care as a sister1 till she recovered her bloom and joy1 and then ,joseph took her to be his wife4#dbb ,and by her he had two sons before the seven years of dearth began1 during which the ,egyptians gave first their gold1 and their apparel and all their movable goods2 then their land1 then their slaves1 and last of all themselves1 their wives and children1 as bondsmen1 that they might have food4 ,but not only did ,egypt suffer1 the adjoining lands were also afflicted with scarcity4 ,there was no corn in ,canaan1 and ,jacob sent his ten sons into ,egypt to buy corn1 retaining ,benjamin at home4 ,he cautioned his sons not to create mistrust by their numbers1 nor cause the evil eye to light on them1 and advised them to enter the city of ,pharaoh by different gates1 for it had ten4 ,but ,joseph expected that his brothers would be coming to ,egypt1 and therefore he bade the gatekeepers every day bring him the names of those who had entered the city4 ,one day one porter gave him the name of ,reuben1 son of ,jacob2 and so on to the tenth1 ,asher1 son of ,jacob4 ,joseph at once gave orders for every storehouse to be closed with the exception of one1 and gave the keepers of the open magazine the names of his brothers1 and said to them1 8,when these people arrive take them prisoners1 and bring them before me40 ,and when they appeared before him1 he charged them with being spies3 8,for10 said he1 8if ye were true men1 ye would have come in together2 but ye entered by different gates1 and that shows that ye are set upon evil40#dbc ,when1 to excuse themselves1 they told their family history1 he bade them go and bring ,benjamin down to him1 and1 to secure their return1 he kept ,simeon in prison as hostage4 ,when ,joseph wanted to imprison ,simeon1 his brothers desired to assist him by force1 but ,simeon refused their assistance4 ,joseph ordered seventy fighting men of ,pharaoh's body-guard to cast him down and handcuff him4 ,but when they approached1 ,simeon gave a scream1 and the seventy fell back on the ground1 and their teeth went down their throats4 8,hah60 said ,joseph to his son ,manasseh1 who stood near him1 8throw a chain about his neck40 ,manasseh dealt ,simeon a blow1 and chained him4 8,then10 said ,simeon1 8this blow comes from one of the family40#dbd ,jacob1 reluctant to part with ,benjamin1 was however obliged to do so1 being pressed with famine4 ,joseph received the brethren1 measured out to them the wheat1 and1 by his orders1 his steward secretly put the silver cup of ,joseph into the sack of ,benjamin4 ,then at the gate of the city they were charged with theft1 and were brought back to the palace of ,joseph4 8,what is the penalty due to him who has stolen my cup80 asked ,joseph4 8,let him be thy slave10 answered the brethren1 feeling confident in their innocence4 ,but when the sacks were opened1 and his cup was found in that of ,benjamin1 they said to their youngest brother1 8,woe to thee6 what hast thou done8 ,wast thou resolved to follow the example of thy lost brother1 who stole his grandfather ,laban's idol1 and his aunt's girdle80 ,but as they had sworn to their father to restore ,benjamin to him1 they besought ,joseph to take one of them in the place of ,benjamin4 ,but ,joseph persisted that he would keep ,benjamin4 ,then said ,reuben to his brothers1 8,go back to our father1 and tell him all that has occurred2 ,i1 the eldest of you1 who undertook on the security of my life to bring ,benjamin home1 must remain here till he himself calls me back1 for he will see that we have stood hostages for a thief40#dbe ,now ,reuben had a fierce temper1 and when he became furious1 all the down or hair on his skin bristled and penetrated his clothes like needles2 he pulled off his head-gear1 and uttered a scream so terrible that all who heard it died of terror4 ,this frenzy of ,reuben's could only be abated by one of the family of ,jacob placing his hand upon him4 ,reuben went up to ,joseph1 and said1 8,o great one of ,egypt1 ,i am in a rage2 and if ,i scream out1 all who hear me will die of fright4 ,restore to me my brother1 or ,i shall scream1 and then thou and all the inhabitants of ,egypt will perish40 ,joseph knowing that ,reuben spoke the truth1 and seeing his hair bristling through his clothes like needle-points1 and knowing also that if any one of the house of ,jacob were to lay his hand on the body of ,reuben1 his force would pass away1--he said to ,ephraim1 his son1 8,go softly1 so that ,reuben may not observe thee1 and lay thine hand upon his shoulder that his anger may abate40 ,ephraim did as he was bidden1 and instantly the hairs of ,reuben sank1 and his fury passed away1 and he felt that the power to scream was gone from him4 ,then ,joseph said calmly1 8,i shall retain ,benjamin1 do what you will40 ,reuben made an effort to scream1 but it was unavailing4 ,then astonishment got hold of him1 and he said to ,joseph1 8,i think that there must be one of the family of ,jacob in this house40#dbf ,then ,joseph ordered ,benjamin to be chained4 ,and when ,judah saw this he roared like a lion1 and his voice was so piercing1 that ,chuschim1 the son of ,dan1 who was in ,canaan1 heard him1 and began to roar also4 ,and ,judah drew his sword1 and roared1 and pursued the ,egyptian soldiers sent to bind ,benjamin1 and the fear of him fell on them all1 and they fell1 and he smote them up to the gates of the king's palace2 and he roared again1 and all the walls of ,memphis rocked1 and the earth shook1 and ,pharaoh was shaken off his throne and fell on his face1 and the roar of ,judah was heard four hundred miles off4 ,joseph feared to be killed by ,judah4 ,when ,judah was angry1 blood spirted from his right eye4 ,judah wore five sets of clothes upon him1 one above another2 and when he was angry1 his heart swelled so as to tear them all4 ,joseph1 fearing him1 roared at him1 and his voice shivered a pillar of the palace into fine dust1 so that ,judah thought1 8,this is a great hero6 he can master me40#dbg ,then said ,judah to ,joseph1 8,let our brother go1 or we will devastate this land40 ,then ,joseph answered1 8,go home1 and tell your father that a wild beast has devoured him40 ,then ,judah beckoned to his brother ,naphtali1 who was very swift of foot1 and said to him1 8,run speedily and count all the streets in ,egypt1 and come swiftly back and tell me40 ,but ,simeon said1 8,there is no need2 ,i will break a stone out of the mountains and throw it down on the land of ,egypt1 and will utterly destroy it40#dbh ,then ,joseph saw that it was not well to press them further2 so he took a bowl1 and filled it1 and looked into it as though he were divining by it1 and said suddenly1 8,ye are liars6 ,ye told me that your brother ,joseph was dead1 and behold he is alive1 and ,i see him in this bowl6 ,ye sold him40 ,then he bade ,zuleika bring the deed of sale1 and he handed it to ,judah4 ,thereupon the brothers knew him1 and fell down before him1 and besought him to pardon them4 ,then he told them how ,god had exalted him1 and he comforted their hearts1 and after that he asked news of his father4 ,they replied1 8,he is blind with grief at having to part with ,benjamin40 ,therefore ,joseph said1 8,take my shirt and go to my father1 and pass my shirt before his face1 and he will recover his sight4 ,then take all that you have1 and come down into ,egypt40#dbi ,when the caravan left ,memphis1 the sons of ,jacob carried with them abundance of corn and the shirt of ,joseph2 and the wind was in their backs1 and blew the scent of the shirt from the gate of ,memphis into ,canaan4 ,and ,jacob snuffed the wind1 and said1 8,o women6 ,o children6 ,i can smell ,joseph40 ,they all thought1 8,he is deranged10 but they said1 8,it is forty years since ,joseph died1 and thou canst think of nothing else2 thou art always insisting that he is alive40 ,when the caravan was near the dwelling of ,jacob1 ,judah brought the shirt of ,joseph in1 and said1 8,on the day upon which ,i bore the bloody coat of ,joseph1 ,i said a wolf had devoured him4 ,now ,i bring thee good news40 ,and he cast the shirt upon the face of his father1 and ,jacob recovered his sight4#dcj ,the story in the ,sepher ,hadjaschar1 or ,book of ,jasher1 is more poetical4 ,as the sons were approaching the home of their father1 ,sarah1 the adopted daughter of ,asher1 came to meet them4 ,she was very beautiful and graceful and modest1 and could play sweetly on the harp4 ,they gave her the kiss of peace1 and told her the tidings4 ,then she went singing home1 accompanying her words upon the harp1 8,joseph is not dead1 ,god has been his protector1 and he lives1 and is governor in ,egypt2 rejoice and be glad of heart60 ,then ,jacob was filled with hope and consolation1 and he said1 8,because thou hast revived my spirit1 my daughter1 death shall never seize on thee40#dca ,after that1 ,jacob went down into ,egypt1 that he might see his son ,joseph before he died4 ,and when they met1 they fell on one another's neck and wept1 and kissed2 and ,jacob said to his son1 8,tell me1 ,i pray thee1 what evil thy brothers did to thee40 ,but ,joseph answered1 8,nay1 my father1 ,i will tell thee only how great good the ,lord did to me40 ,we have heard how that ,joseph married ,zuleika1 the wife ,potiphar1 but this is not a universal tradition4 ,it is said in ,genesis that he had to wife ,asenath1 daughter of ,potipherah1 priest of ,on4 ,many suppose that this ,asenath was the daughter of ,potiphar1 the old master of ,joseph1 and that her mother was ,dinah1 the daughter of ,jacob1 and the following story is related of ,asenath3-- ,she was a maid of wondrous beauty1 of which she was very proud1 and she greatly despised all men1 though she had never seen any1 saving her father4 ,she dwelt in a tower next to her father's house1 ten stories high1 which contained every thing that the eye could desire1 and also idols in gold and silver1 which she daily worshipped4 ,asenath was as tall as ,sarah1 as comely as ,rebekah1 and as beautiful as ,rachel4 ,now ,joseph1 being on his way through ,egypt1 sent down to the priest ,potipherah1 to command him to bring his daughter before him4 ,thereupon ,potipherah was glad1 and told his daughter that ,joseph1 the ,strength of ,god1 was coming1 and that she should become his wife4 ,at this ,asenath was very indignant1 and spoke angry words of ,joseph1 declaring that she would be wife to no man1 saving to a king's son4 ,now1 while she thus spake1 ,joseph came1 seated in the chariot of ,pharaoh1 which was all of gold1 drawn by four horses white as snow1 with gilt reins4 ,and ,joseph was dressed in a radiant tunic1 with gold embroidery1 and a robe of crimson woven with gold hung from his shoulders1 and a fillet of gold was about his temples1 and in his hand was an olive branch full of fruit4 ,then ,potipherah came with his wife1 and did him homage4 ,joseph entered the hall1 and the doors were shut1 and ,asenath beheld him1 and she was troubled at what she had said of him1 and thought1 8,this is the sun come from heaven2 ,i knew not before that ,joseph was divine4 ,what father hath begotten so much beauty1 or what mother borne so much light80 ,then ,joseph said1 8,who was that woman that was here1 but hath gone80 for ,asenath had hastened to her chamber4 ,and ,potipherah said1 8,my lord1 my daughter is a maiden1 and very modest2 she hath1 till this day1 seen no man save myself4 ,if it please thee1 she shall come and salute thee40 ,then ,joseph said1 8,if thy daughter be a maiden1 ,i will treat her as a sister40 ,they brought her into his presence1 and ,potipherah said to her1 8,salute thy brother1 who hateth women as thou hatest men40 ,and ,asenath said1 8,hail1 blessed of ,god1 who giveth life to all60 ,then ,potipherah bade his daughter kiss ,joseph1 but when she approached him1 he thrust forth his hand and said1 8,it becomes not the man worshipping the living ,god to kiss an outlandish woman whose lips kiss dumb idols40 ,asenath hearing these words1 fell into great grief and wept4 ,joseph had compassion on her1 and laid his hand on her head and blessed her1 and ,asenath was glad because of his benediction4 ,but she went to her couch in the tower1 and was ill with fear and pain1 and she turned with penitence from her idols1 and renounced them1 and cast them out of her window4 ,joseph ate and drank1 and went his way1 promising to return in eight days4 ,then ,asenath put on a black robe1 and closed her door and prayed1 and cast her food to the dogs1 and laid her head on the pavement1 and wept seven days4 ,then an angel visited her1 and gave her honey gathered from the roses of paradise2 and the honey was so sweet1 that when she had tasted it she could not doubt whence it had come1 and she felt herself enlightened by the true ,god2 and the angel signed the honey with the cross1 and the trace of his finger was blood4 ,along with faith and hope1 charity enlightened her heart1 and she besought of the angel to give of this honey to the seven maidens who attended on her2 and when they obtained this favor1 they all became like their mistress1 servants of the ,most ,high4 ,then the angel bade her lay aside her tears and black garment1 and rejoice1 for her prayer was heard4 ,at that moment one of the servants of ,potipherah entered1 saying1 8,behold1 ,joseph1 the ,strength of ,god1 approaches2 go ye out to meet him80 ,now when ,joseph had alighted down from his chariot1 he came into the hall2 and when he knew that ,asenath had cast away her idols1 he rejoiced greatly1 and he sought her in marriage of ,potipherah1 and the ,priest of ,on made a great supper1 and gave his daughter to ,joseph1 and he called ,joseph the lord of lords1 and ,asenath he called the daughter of the ,most ,high4#dcb ,,xxix4 ,,the ,,testaments ,,of ,,the ,,twelve ,,patriarchs4 ,the 8,testaments of the ,twelve ,patriarchs0 is one of the seventy-two apocryphal books of the ,old ,testament which were at one time in circulation1 and1 according to ,epiphanius1 it formed one of the twenty-two canonical books sent by the ,jews to ,ptolemy1 king of ,egypt4#dcc ,it was a work of ,jewish origin1 which has been tampered with and interpolated by ,christian copyists4 ,s4 ,augustine numbers it with the ,apocrypha2 he says1 8,there are the apocryphal books of the ,old ,testament3 the works falsely attributed to ,enoch1 the ,patriarchs1 the ,discourse of ,joseph1 the ,assumption of ,moses1 the pseudographia of ,abraham1 ,eldad and ,medad1 ,elias the prophet1 the prophet ,zephaniah1 ,zechariah1 ,baruch1 ,habakkuk1 ,ezekiel1 and ,daniel40 ,curiously enough1 the ,testament of the ,patriarchs contains a large number of alleged quotations from the book of ,enoch1 which are not1 however1 to be found in that book as we now have it4 ,this ,testament was read by the ,jews at the time of ,christ's coming1 and ,s4 ,paul seems to have been acquainted with it1 for he quotes it1 8,awake1 thou that sleepest1 and arise from the dead20#dcd and again he quotes the ,testament of ,levi1 8,the wrath is come upon them to the uttermost40#dce ,s4 ,jerome remarks on this1 8,the ,apostle ,paul quoted from the hidden prophets and from those books which are called ,apocrypha10 and he adds1 8,that he did so in several other places is very evident40#dcf ,and ,origen says1 8,it is evident that many examples were quoted and inserted in the ,new ,testament by the ,apostles and the ,evangelists from those ,scriptures which we do not read as canonical1 but these passages are found in the apocryphal books1 and it is evident that these passages were extracted from them20 and he gives the reason why that was lawful to the ,apostles which is not lawful to us4 ,he says1 8,it may have been1 that the ,apostles and ,evangelists1 filled with the ,holy ,ghost1 may have known what was to be taken from these writings and what was to be rejected2 but for us to presume to do such a thing would be full of danger1 not having the ,spirit in the same measure to guide us40#dcg ,robert ,grostte1 ,bishop of ,lincoln1 translated the ,testament of the twelve ,patriarchs into ,latin1 in #abdb1 according to ,matthew ,paris4 8,also in this time1 ,robert1 ,bishop of ,lincoln1 a man most skilled in ,latin and ,greek1 translated accurately the ,testaments of the ,twelve ,patriarchs from the ,greek into ,latin2 which for many years had been unknown and concealed1 through the jealousy of the ,jews1 because of the prophecies concerning our ,saviour therein contained4 ,but the ,greeks1 the most indefatigable investigators of all writings1 being the first who learnt about this1 translated it from ,hebrew into ,greek1 and kept it to themselves until our own time4 ,for in the time of ,s4 ,jerome1 or of any other holy interpreter1 it could not in any way whatever come to the knowledge of the ,christians1 on account of the scheming malice of the ,jews4 ,therefore the above-named ,bishop1 assisted by ,master ,nicholas1 a ,greek1 and clerk to the ,abbey of ,s4 ,albans1 translated clearly1 evidently1 and word for word1 into ,latin1 that glorious treatise1 to the strengthening of the ,christian faith1 and to the greater confusion of the ,jews40#dch ,the ,testaments were published by ,grabe1 at ,oxford1 in #afih1 and were republished by ,fabricius in his 8,codex ,pseudepigraphus ,vet4 ,testamenti10 at ,hamburg1 in #agbb4dci ,,xxx4 ,,job4 ,job was the great grandson of ,esau4 ,he was the son of ,amos the son of ,zara1 the son of ,esau1 and he had to wife ,rahma1 daughter of ,ephraim1 son of ,joseph4 ,ephraim left two sons1 who were prophets after him2 but amongst the children of ,esau there was no prophet1 saving ,job4 ,job was more patient than any other prophet2 therefore it is said of him in the ,koran1 8,certainly we have found this excellent servant patient40#ddj ,the ,rabbis say that ,job1 ,jethro1 and ,balaam were ,king ,pharaoh's three councillors1 and they were also his chief magicians4 ,they1 by their enchantments1 drew a line round the land of ,egypt1 so that no slave could escape out of it2 for when he came to the line1 he was held back and could not overleap it4 ,but when the ,israelites broke away and disregarded the enchanted line1 ,job1 ,jethro1 and ,balaam gave up their witchcrafts1 and turned to the service of the living ,god4#dda ,job lived in ,bashan1 which lies between ,damascus and ,ramla1 and there he reigned as a prince4 ,job had five hundred yoke of oxen1 and to every yoke there was a she-ass to carry the instruments of husbandry4 ,he had also a thousand flocks of sheep1 and a thousand sheep in each flock4 ,he had ten children1 seven sons and three daughters2 all were grown up4#ddb ,in the 8,testament of ,job10#ddc we read that this great man1 illumined by the ,divine light1 comprehended that the idols which his people adored were no gods1 and that there was but one only true ,god1 the ,creator and ,preserver of all things4 ,there was near his house an idol which attracted great worship4 ,he prayed the ,lord to show him whether this idol were a demon or not2 and he promised1 in that case1 to destroy it and purify the place2 and this he was able to do1 being a sovereign4 ,god sent him an angel1 who illumined him1 and strengthened him in his resolution4 ,so he destroyed the idol1 and abolished its worship4 ,but this act drew upon him the wrath of ,satan4 ,the angel had foreseen the disasters which would befall ,job if he resolved to strive against the ,evil ,one1 and he had warned ,job what to expect2 but ,job answered that1 being convinced of the truth1 he was ready to suffer for it4 ,satan presented himself at the door of ,job's house4 ,he had taken upon him the form of a pilgrim1 and he said to the portress1 8,i desire to see the faithful servant of the ,most ,high40 ,now ,job1 who had received the gift of prophecy1 knew that this was the ,evil ,one1 and he refused to see him1 saying to the gate-keeper when she brought the message1 8,tell him that ,i am occupied1 and that ,i cannot receive him40 ,satan retired1 but he returned soon after1 disguised as a beggar1 and he said to the portress1 8,go and ask ,job to give me a morsel of bread40 8,tell him10 replied ,job1 8that ,i will not give him of the bread ,i eat1 because ,i will not have any thing in common with him4 ,but offer him this burnt crust1 that he may not say ,i sent him empty away40 ,the servant1 not venturing to give the burnt crust1 because she was not aware who the beggar was1 offered him some good bread4 ,but ,satan1 who knew what ,job had commanded1 thrust it away1 saying1 8,begone1 bad servant1 and bring me the bread you were told to give me40 ,the portress replied3 8,you say well1 ,i am a bad servant1 for ,i have not done that which ,i was commanded to do4 ,here is the crust my master ordered me to give you4 ,he will not have any thing in common with you2 no6 not even the bread he eats2 but he sends you this1 that it may not be said of him that he dismissed thee empty from his door without an alms40 ,satan took the charred crust1 and bade the servant tell ,job that he would soon render to him such measure as he had dealt to him4#ddd ,then ,satan ascended to ,god1 and desired permission to afflict and prove ,job4 ,and when leave was given him1 he descended to earth1 and breathed such a hot blast1 that all the cattle1 and sheep1 and servants of ,job were burnt up4 ,then ,satan took the form of a slave1 and ran and told the prophet4 ,job answered1 8,the ,lord gave1 and the ,lord hath taken away2 blessed be the name of the ,lord60 ,then ,satan went and shook the earth under the house where the sons and daughters of ,job were assembled1 and the house fell and destroyed them all4 ,satan immediately hastened in the disguise of a servant to ,job1 and told him what had taken place4 ,he said1 8,o ,job6 ,god has shaken down the house about your children1 and they are dead4 ,had you seen their bleeding faces and broken limbs1 and their brains bespattering the stones1 and had heard their piercing cries1 you would have been heart-broken40 ,job wept1 and lifted his eyes to ,god2 and he knew who addressed him1 and he said1 8,satan6 it is thou who comest to tempt me and to cast doubt into my heart1 and mistrust in the wisdom and goodness of ,god2 get thee hence40 ,satan then blew a hot breath up the nose of ,job1 and poisoned all his blood4 ,his body became scarlet next day1 and the day after was covered with ulcers from head to foot2 there was no whole place in him1 except the head1 the tongue1 the eyes1 and the heart2 for over these portions ,god had not given ,satan power4 ,all ,job's friends deserted him and fled2 ,rahma1#dde his wife1 alone remained1 and she spent on him the rest of his possessions1 but he was not cured of his disease4 ,and this was why all his possessions went--,satan stole them away2 and thus in a short time he was reduced to penury1 and ,rahma went from house to house begging alms for his support4 ,satan saw that he could not triumph so long as the wife remained with her husband2 she was a comfort and joy to him1 and he cared not for possessions1 or children1 or health1 so long as his wife was at his side2 therefore1 he sought occasion to separate them4 ,one day1 as ,rahma was carrying food to ,job1 ,satan presented himself before her in the form of an old man1 and asked her1 8,o ,rahma6 art thou not the daughter of ,ephraim1 the son of ,joseph80 ,she replied1 8,i am40 ,then said the ,evil ,angel1 8,in what condition do ,i see thee80 ,she answered1 8,my husband ,job has fallen into poverty1 and ,i serve him40 ,he said1 8,do not serve him1 for when thou touchest him1 the poison of his disease passes into thy veins40 ,she replied1 8,he is my husband1 and ,i must attend on him as long as ,i live1 in health or sickness40 ,then ,satan retired1 despairing of seducing her from her duty4 ,rahma told ,job all that had been said to her4 ,the prophet said1 8,o woman6 he whom you have seen is ,satan1 and he desired to separate us4 ,do not speak to him again when he addresses you40 ,some time after1 the ,evil ,one presented himself before the faithful wife under the form of a beautiful youth2 and said to her1 8,what woman art thou1 who art so radiant in beauty80 ,she answered1 8,i am the wife of a poor man1 named ,job40 ,he said1 8,o woman6 what hast thou1 with thy wondrous beauty1 to do with a poor sick husband8 ,go1 be divorced from thy husband1 and marry me4 ,i have great possessions1 and ,i will treat thee as a queen40 ,she answered1 8,i am the wife of a prophet2 ,i desire nothing higher40 ,then ,satan withdrew1 despairing of seducing her from her duty4 ,rahma told ,job all that had been said to her4 ,job said1 8,o woman6 did ,i not tell thee to speak with him no more2 why hast thou disobeyed my voice8 ,that was ,satan1 and he sought to separate us4 ,do not speak to him again when he addresses thee40 ,some time after1 the ,evil ,one presented himself before the faithful wife1 under the form of an angel2 and said to her1 8,o woman1 daughter of a prophet6 ,i am an angel sent from ,god with a message to thee40 ,she said1 8,what message80 ,he said1 8,behold the ,most ,high is wroth with ,job1 for he renders no thanks for all the good things ,he gave to him2 therefore hath the ,lord rejected him from being a prophet1 and he shall fall from worse to worse1 till he is cast into the flames of hell2 we1 the angels of ,god1 curse him1 and do thou1 daughter of a prophet1 avoid him1 lest thou come into the same condemnation40 ,when ,rahma heard these words1 she wept1 and said1 8,after so many afflictions1 shall the name of ,job be taken from the number of the prophets8 ,and after so many sufferings shall he perish everlastingly80 ,then she went to ,job and told him all that had been said to her4 ,job was greatly angered when she told him the tenor of the words1 and he cried out1 8,have ,i not warned thee these two times not to speak with him1 who is the author of my affliction8 ,wait till ,i am well1 and ,i will give thee a hundred strokes with a rod40#ddf ,but the story is told differently by others4 ,it is said that the third time ,satan appeared as a baker1 and ,rahma wanted bread1 but had nought to pay4 ,then said the pretended baker1 8,thou hast locks of very beautiful hair2 cut off thy hair and give it me1 and thou shalt take the largest of my loaves40 ,then she cut off three locks and gave them to him4 ,and when ,job saw that she had done this1 he was filled with fury1 and he swore that when he was well he would beat her for having cut off her hair4#ddg ,thus ,satan triumphed in making ,job to sin by swearing1 and threatening to ill-treat a true and good woman4 ,next the ,evil ,one went as an angel1 and announced to all the people of the land that he came from ,god to declare to them that ,job was no more reckoned among the prophets2 and that they were not to trust his words and believe his doctrine1 but were to return to the worship of those gods he had blasphemed and cast out4 ,soon after1 ,job heard his three friends1 ,bildad1 ,eliphaz1 and ,zophar1 converse together1 and repeat what had been told them by ,satan2 and the thought that he was supposed to be rejected by ,god from among ,his prophets1 was so distressing to him1 that he cried out1 8,truly1 ,o ,god6 evil has befallen me2 but ,thou art the most merciful of those who show mercy40#ddh ,that is1 the words of men are cruel1 but ,thou1 ,o ,god1 wilt deliver me out of all my evils4 ,job was sick for seven years1 and all that while his wife ministered to him4 ,but the medival commentators draw a very different picture of this wife1 relying on the words of ,scripture which make her tempt ,job to 8curse ,god and die40 ,they say that her tongue was one of the plagues of ,job4 ,that he bore patiently the loss of his cattle1 of his children1 and of his health1 was indeed wonderful2 but that he also endured the nagging of his wife with equanimity1--that was the most wonderful of all4 ,then ,god looked on ,job and had compassion upon him1 and he said to him1 8,strike the earth with thy foot40#ddi ,job stamped1 and from the dung-heap on which he had been seated a clear stream of water issued1 the sweetest that there is1 and the water continued to flow4 ,then ,god said to ,job1 8,wash in this water40 ,rahma1 the wife of ,job1 poured the water upon his head and over his body1 and he washed himself4 ,all the sores that were on his flesh disappeared1 and he was healed2 there was not a scar left1 and he appeared more beautiful than before he was afflicted4 ,then ,god said to ,job1 8,drink of the water40 ,then all the worms that were in the inside of ,job died1 and he was quite whole4 ,now this took place in ,bashan1 and the fountain remains to this day1 and is called ,qarya-,ayub1 and the city near which it is1 ,ars-,ayub4 8,i have seen the city of the fountain10 says the ,persian translator of ,tabari3 8every person who goes there1 affected by internal or external maladies1 and washes and drinks of that water1 is healed of his disease40#dej ,then ,god said to ,job1 8,fulfil thy vow1 and take in thine hand a bundle of rods40#dea ,but the rods ,god told him to take were light sticks2 and he took a hundred of these1 and bound them together and smote ,rahma with them1 and he did not hurt her4 ,by this action of ,job1 the ,mussulman doctors support their advice to those who have taken rash oaths to clear themselves by a subterfuge4 ,thus1 if a man has sworn he will not enter his house again1 he is recommended to allow himself to be bound hand and foot and be carried into his home4 ,or1 if he has sworn to recite the whole ,koran1 it will be sufficient for him to say the word 8,koran10 and listen to the imaum reading before the assembly4 ,then ,god restored to ,job double all that he had lost2 and ,job lived1 after he was recovered of his disease1 twenty years1 and he died at the age of ninety-three4 ,the worms which had devoured the body of the prophet1 ,god turned into silk-worms2 and the flies which had bitten him and tormented his sores1 converted ,he into honey-bees2 and before this there were neither silk-worms nor honey-bees on the earth4 ,also the rain and the snow which fell within his possessions1 were grains of gold and pearl4 ,isidore of ,seville places the fountain which cured ,job in ,iduma4 ,he says1 it is clear during three months of the year1 troubled during the next three1 then for three months it is green1 and for the last three1 it is red4 ,in the 8,testament of ,job10 we read some details concerning his death1 written by his brother ,nahor4 ,after three days of sickness1 ,job1 lying on his bed1 saw the angels come to receive his soul4 ,after having divided his substance between his seven sons 7for1 after his troubles1 he became the father of seven sons and three daughters71 he gave his daughters three mantles of inestimable price1 which he had received from heaven4 ,to the eldest1 ,hemera 7,jemima71 he gave his harp2 to the second1 ,cassia 7,keziah71 he handed his censer2 to the third1 ,keren-happuch1 he remitted his tamborine3 and as he sang his last hymn to the ,most ,high on his death-bed1 ,hemera and ,keren-happuch accompanied him with harp and timbrel1 and ,cassia cast up fumes of sweet incense4 ,thus they greeted the messengers of heaven who came for the soul of ,job4 ,,xxxi4 ,,jethro4 ,as has already been related1 ,jethro formed one of the council of ,pharaoh till he found that his incantations had no effect on the ,israelites4 ,he escaped from ,egypt before ,job2 for he had found in the palace of the king the staff of ,joseph which had been cut from the ,tree of ,life1 and therewith he hied him into the land of ,midian1 along with his daughter ,zipporah4 ,according to ,mussulman tradition1 ,jethro1 whom the ,arabs call ,schohair or ,schohaib1 was a great prophet2 and he was sent by ,god to the ,midianites to call them to repentance and the rejection of polytheism4 ,jethro was old and nearly blind4 ,he preached to the people and exhorted them with many words and for a long season1 but all his words were in vain2 the ,midianites would not be converted1 and at length they openly accused him of being a false prophet1 and denied that ,god had sent him4 ,therefore ,god gave over this nation to destruction4 ,he sent a fiery breath upon the land1 and the people could not bear the great heat1 and retired into the fields1 where there was shadow2 for ,god sent a cloud to hide the face of the sun1 and it cast a blot of shade upon the fields4 ,but there were old men and women and little children1 and the sick who could not leave the city and take refuge in the shade4 ,slowly the cloud came down from heaven1 like the lid of a saucepan1 and covered all the ,midianites that were in the field1 and the cloud was of fire1 and they fried 8as fish fry in an oven40 ,then the angel ,gabriel gave a great shout1 and all that were in the city1 saving ,jethro and his family1 died of fright when they heard his cry4 ,then ,jethro lived in the land of ,midian till ,moses came to him out of ,egypt4#deb ,,xxxii4 ,,moses4#dec #a4 ,,israel ,,in ,,egypt4 ,after the death of ,jacob1 his descendants were drawn into servitude by soft and hypocritical speeches4 ,fifty-four years had passed since the death of ,joseph4 ,joseph had had the good fortune to acquire the favor of ,mechron1 the son and successor of that ,pharoah who had raised him from the dungeon to be second in the kingdom4 ,almost all the inhabitants of ,egypt had loved ,joseph2 only a few voices were raised in murmurs at a foreigner exercising such extensive powers4 ,the successors of the patriarchs mingled among the people of the land and learned their ways2 and many of them abandoned the rite of circumcision1 and spoke the language of ,mizraem4 ,then ,god withdrew ,his protection for a while2 and the former love of the ,egyptians towards the ,hebrews was turned into implacable hatred4 ,by degrees the privileges of the children of ,israel were encroached upon1 and they were oppressed with heavy taxes1 from which hitherto they had been held exempt4 ,afterwards the king exacted from them their labor without pay2 he built a great castle and required the ,hebrews to erect it for him at their own cost4 ,twenty-two years after the death of ,joseph1 ,levi died1 who had outlived all his other brothers4 ,fields1 vineyards1 and houses1 which ,joseph had given to his brethren1 were now reclaimed by the natives of ,egypt1 and the children of ,israel were enslaved4 ,the ,egyptians1 effeminate1 and hating work1 fond of pleasure and display1 had envied the prosperity of the ,hebrews1 who had thriven in ,goshen1 and whose wives bore sometimes six and sometimes twelve infants at a birth4 ,they also feared lest this people1 increasing upon them1 should become more numerous than they1 and should seize upon the power1 and enslave the native population4 ,nine years after the death of ,joseph1 ,king ,mechron died1 and was succeeded by his son ,melol4 ,but before pursuing the history of the oppression of the ,hebrews1 we must relate some events that had occurred before this time4 ,when the body of ,jacob1 according to the last will1 had been taken to the cave of ,machpelah1 ,esau and his sons and a large body of followers hastened to oppose the burial of ,jacob4 ,after the death of ,isaac1 ,esau and ,jacob had come to an agreement1 by which all the movable property of the father was made over to ,esau1 and all that was immovable1 especially the burial cave1 was apportioned to ,jacob4 ,but now ,esau desired to set aside this agreement1 and1 as first-born1 to claim the tomb as his1 trusting that the sons of ,jacob could not prove the agreement4 ,but no sooner had he raised this objection1 than ,naphtali1 who was swift of foot1 ran into ,egypt1 and returned in a few hours with the writing of agreement4 ,esau1 seeing himself baffled1 had recourse to arms2 and a fight took place1 in which ,esau was killed1 and his followers were put to flight or taken as captives to ,egypt1 where they became the slaves of the ,israelites4 ,amongst those captives was ,zepho1 son of ,eliphaz1 son of ,esau4 ,even in ,joseph's lifetime1 the ,edomites made incursions into ,egypt to recover their captive relatives1 but their attempts led to no other result than the tightening of the chains which bound the captives4 ,later1 however1 ,zepho succeeded in effecting his escape1 and he took refuge with ,angias1 king of ,dinhaba 7,ethiopia71 who made him chief captain of his host4 ,zepho persuaded the king to make war upon ,egypt4 ,among the servants of ,angias was a youth of fifteen1 named ,balaam1 son of ,beor1 very skilful in the arts of witchcraft4 ,the king bade the youthful necromancer divine who would succeed in the proposed war4 ,balaam formed chariots and horses and fighting men of wax1 plunged them in water1 which he stirred with palm twigs2 and it was seen by all who stood by1 that the men and horses representing the ,egyptians and ,hebrews floated1 whereas those representing the ,ethiopians sank4 ,angias1 deterred by this augury1 refused to have any thing to do with a war against ,egypt4 ,then ,zepho left him1 and betook himself to the land of the ,hittites1 and he succeeded in combining that nation1 the ,edomites1 and the ,ishmaelites together in making an invasion of ,egypt4 ,to repel them1 the ,hebrews were summoned from the land of ,goshen1 but the ,egyptians would not receive their allies into the camp1 fearing lest they should unite with their kindred nations1 and deliver them up to destruction4 ,zepho now asked ,balaam1 who had followed him1 to divine the end of the battle1 but the attempt failed2 and the future remained closed to him4 ,but ,zepho1 full of confidence1 led the combined army against the ,egyptians1 repulsed them at every point1 and drove them back upon the camp of the ,hebrews4 ,then the ,israelites charged the advancing forces flushed with victory1 who1 little expecting such a determined onslaught1 were thrown into confusion1 and routed with great loss4 ,the ,hebrews pursued them to the confines of ,ethiopia1 cutting them down all along the way1 and then they desisted and returned3 and on numbering their band--they were but a handful--they found that they had not lost one man4 ,they now looked out for their allies1 the ,egyptians1 and found that they had deserted and fled2 therefore1 full of wrath1 they returned to ,goshen in triumph1 and slew the deserters1 with many words of contempt and ridicule4#ded ,thus the ,hebrews were puffed up with pride1 regarding themselves as invincible2 and the ,egyptians were filled with dread1 lest this small people should resolve on seizing upon the supremacy1 and should subjugate them4 ,therefore the reigning ,pharaoh and his council assembled to consult what should be done2 and this was decided3--8,the cities ,pithom and ,rameses 7,tanis and ,heliopolis7 are not strong enough to withstand a foe1 therefore they must be strengthened40 ,and a royal decree went forth over all the land of ,egypt and ,goshen1 commanding all the inhabitants1 both ,egyptians and ,hebrews1 to build4 ,pharaoh himself set the example by taking trowel and basket in hand1 and putting a brick mould on his neck4 ,whoever saw this hastened to do likewise1 and all who were reluctant were stimulated by the overseers with these words1 8,see how the king works4 ,will you not imitate his activity80 ,thus the ,israelites went to the work1 and laid the mould upon their necks1 little suspecting the guile that was in the hearts of the king and his councillors4 ,at the close of the first day1 the ,hebrews had made a large number of bricks2 and this number was now imposed upon them as the amount of their daily task4 ,thus passed a month1 and by degrees the ,egyptian workmen were withdrawn1 yet the ,hebrews were paid the regular wage4 ,when a year and four months had elapsed1 not an ,egyptian was to be seen making bricks and building2 and the wage was stopped for the future1 but the ,hebrews were kept to their work4 ,the harshest and most cruel men were appointed to be their overseers1 and if one of the ,israelites asked for his wage1 or fainted under his burden1 he was beaten or put in the stocks4 ,when ,pithom and ,rameses were walled1 the ,israelites were employed to strengthen with forts all the other cities of ,egypt1 then to build storehouses and pyramids1 to dig canals for the ,nile1 and to rear dykes against the overflow4 ,they were also employed to dig and plough the fields1 to garden and prune the fruit-trees1 and to exercise trades4 ,they were engaged from early dawn till late at night1 and because the way from their homes was often far1 they were forced to sleep in the open air1 upon the bare ground4#dee ,as the life of the ,israelites became embittered to them1 they called the king ,meror1 8the embitterer10 instead of ,melol1 8the grinder10 though that was appropriate enough1 one would have supposed4#def ,but matters grew worse2 the ,edomites and ,hittites again threatened ,egypt1 and ,pharaoh ordered a closer guard to be kept1 and heavier tasks to be laid upon the ,hebrews4 ,notwithstanding all attempts to crush the spirit of this unfortunate people and to diminish their numbers1 they were sustained by hope in ,god1 for a voice was heard from heaven1 8,this people shall increase abundantly1 and multiply40 ,whilst the men of ,israel slept exhausted after their unspeakable oppression of mind and body1 the faithful women labored to relieve and strengthen them4 ,they hastened to the springs to bring pure water to their husbands to drink1 and1 by the mercy of the ,all ,merciful1 it fell out that their pitchers were found1 each time1 to contain half water and half fish4 ,these gentle and diligent women dressed the fish1 and prepared other good meats for their husbands1 and they sought them at their work with the food1 and with their cheerful words of encouragement4 ,this loving attention of the women soothed the hearts of the men1 and gave them fresh energy4 ,when #abe years had elapsed since ,jacob came into ,egypt1 the fifty-fourth year after ,joseph's death1 the elders and councillors of ,egypt presented themselves before ,pharaoh1 and complained to him that the people increased and multiplied and became very great in the land1 so that they covered it like the bushes in the wood2 and two of the king's councillors1 of whom one was ,job of ,uz1 said to ,pharaoh1 8,it was well that heavy tasks were laid upon the ,hebrews1 but that doth not suffice2 it is needful that they should be diminished in number as well as enslaved4 ,therefore give orders to the nurses to kill every male child that is born to the ,hebrews1 but to save the women children alive40 ,this council pleased the king well2 and what ,job had advised was put in operation4 ,pharaoh summoned the two ,hebrew midwives before him2 they were mother and daughter2 some say their names were ,jochebed and ,miriam1 but others ,jochebed and ,elizabeth4 ,now1 ,miriam was only five years old1 nevertheless she was of the greatest assistance to her mother in nursing women4 ,both showed the utmost kindness to the new-born children1 washed and brushed them up1 said pretty things to them1 and strengthened the mothers with cordials and tonic draughts4 ,to their care the ,israelites were indebted for the graceful and vigorous forms of their children2 and the two women were such favorites with the people1 that they called the one ,shiphrah 7the soother or beautifier7 and the other ,puah 7the helper74 ,when they appeared before the king1 and heard what he designed1 ,miriam's young face flushed scarlet1 and she said1 in anger1 8,woe to the man6 ,god will punish him for his evil deed40 ,the executioner would have hurried her out1 and killed her for her audacity1 but the mother implored pardon1 saying1 8,o king6 forgive her speech2 she is only a little foolish child40 ,pharaoh consented1 and assuming a gentler tone1 explained that the female children were to be saved alive1 and that the male children were to be quietly put to death1 without the knowledge of the mothers4 ,and he threatened them1 if they did not obey his wishes1 that he would cast them into a furnace of fire4 ,then he dismissed them4 ,but the two midwives would not fulfil his desire4 ,and when ,pharaoh found that the men-children were saved alive1 he shut up the two midwives1 that the ,hebrew women might be without their succor4 ,but this availed not4 ,and ,god rewarded the midwives2 for of the elder ,moses was born4 ,five years passed1 and ,pharaoh dreamed that1 as he sat upon his throne1 an old man stood before him holding a balance4 ,and the old man put the princes1 and nobles1 and elders of ,egypt1 and all its inhabitants into one scale1 and he put into the other a sucking child1 and the babe outweighed all that was in the first scale4#deg ,when ,pharaoh awoke1 he rehearsed his dream in the ears of his wise men and magicians and soothsayers1 and asked them the interpretation thereof4 ,then answered ,balaam1 who1 with his sons ,jannes and ,jambres1 was at the court1 and said1 8,o king1 live forever6 ,the dream thou didst see has this signification4 ,a child shall be born among the ,hebrews who shall bring them with a strong hand out of ,egypt1 and before whom all thy nations shall be as naught4 ,a great danger threatens thee and all ,egypt40 ,then said ,pharaoh in dismay1 8,what shall we do8 ,all that we have devised against this people has failed40 8,let the king suffer me to give my advice10 said ,jethro1 one of his councillors4 ,and when ,pharaoh consented1 he said1 8,may the king's days be multiplied6 ,this is my advice2 the people that thou oppressest is a great people1 and ,god is their shield4 ,all who resist them are brought to destruction2 all who favor them prosper4 ,therefore1 ,o king1 do thou withdraw thy hand1 which is heavy upon them2 lighten their tasks1 and extend to them thy favor40 ,but this advice pleased not ,pharaoh nor his councillors2 and his anger was kindled against ,jethro1 and he drove him from his court and from the country4 ,then ,jethro went with his wife and daughter1 and dwelt in the land of ,midian4 ,then said the king1 8,job of ,uz1 give thy opinion40 ,but ,job opened not his lips4 ,then rose ,balaam1 son of ,beor1 and he said1 8,o my king1 all thy attempts to hurt ,israel have failed1 and the people increase upon you4 ,think not to try fire against them1 for that was tried against ,abraham their father1 and he was saved unhurt from the midst of the flames4 ,try not sword against them1 for the knife was raised against ,isaac their father1 and he was delivered by the angel of ,god4 ,nor will hard labor injure them as thou hast proved4 ,yet there remains water1 that hath not yet been enlisted against them2 prove them with water4 ,therefore my advice is--cast all their new-born sons into the river40#deh ,the king hesitated not2 he appointed ,egyptian women to be nurses to the ,hebrews1 and instructed them to drown all the male children that were born2 and he threatened with death those who withstood his decree4 ,and that he might know what women were expecting to be delivered1 he sent little ,egyptian children to the baths1 to observe the ,hebrew women1 and report on their appearance4 ,but ,god looked upon the mothers1 and they were delivered in sleep under the shadow of fruit-trees1 and angels attended on them1 washed and dressed the babes1 and smeared their little hands with butter and honey1 that they might lick them1 and1 delighting in the flavor1 abstain from crying1 and thus escape discovery4 ,then the mothers on waking exclaimed3--8,o most ,merciful ,one1 into ,thy hands we commit our children60 ,but the emissaries of ,pharaoh followed the traces of the women1 and would have slain the infants1 had not the earth gaped1 and received the little babes into a hollow place within1 where they were fed by angel hands with butter and honey4 ,the ,egyptians brought up oxen and ploughed over the spot1 in hopes of destroying thereby the vanished infants2 but1 when their backs were turned1 the children sprouted from the soil1 like little flowers1 and walked home unperceived4 ,some say that #aj1jjj children were cast into the ,nile4 ,they were not deserted by the ,most ,high4 ,the river rejected them upon its banks1 and the rocks melted into butter and honey around them and thus fed them1#dei and oil distilled to anoint them4 ,this persecution had continued for three years and four months1 when1 on the seventh day of the twelfth month1 ,adar1 the astrologers and seers stood before the king and said1 8,this day a child is born who will free the people of ,israel6 ,this1 and one thing more1 have we learnt from the stars1 ,water will be the cause of his death2#dfj but whether he be an ,egyptian or an ,hebrew child1 that we know not40 8,very well10 said ,pharaoh2 8then in future all male children1 ,egyptians as well as ,hebrews1 shall be cast indiscriminately into the river40 ,and so was it done4#dfa #b4 ,,the ,,birth ,,and ,,childhood ,,of ,,moses4 ,kohath1 son of ,levi1 had a son named ,amram1 whose life was so saintly1 that death could not have touched him1 had not the decree gone forth1 that every child of ,adam was to die4 ,he married ,jochebed1 the daughter of ,levi1 his aunt1 and by her he had a daughter ,miriam2 and after four years she bore him a son1 and he called his name ,aaron4 ,now when it was noised abroad that ,pharaoh would slay all the sons of the ,hebrews that were born to them1 ,amram thrust away his wife1 and many others did the same1 not that they hated their wives1 but that they would spare them the grief of seeing their children put to death4#dfb ,after three years1 the spirit of prophecy came on ,miriam1 as she sat in the house1 and she cried1 8,my parents shall have another son1 who shall deliver ,israel out of the hands of the ,egyptians60 ,then she said to her father1 8,what hast thou done8 ,thou hast sent thy wife away1 out of thine house1 because thou couldest not trust the ,lord ,god1 that ,he would protect the child that might be born to thee40 ,amram1 reproved by these words1 sought his banished wife2 the angel ,gabriel guided him on his way1 and a voice from heaven encouraged him to proceed4 ,and when he found ,jochebed1 he led her to her home again4#dfc ,one hundred and thirty years old was ,jochebed1 but she was as fresh and beauteous as on the day she left her father's house4#dfd ,she was with child1 and ,amram feared lest it should be a boy and be slain by ,pharaoh4 ,then appeared the ,eternal ,one to him in a dream1 and bade him be of good cheer1 for ,he would protect the child1 and make him great1 so that all nations should hold him in honor4 ,when ,amram awoke1 he told his dream to ,jochebed1 and they were filled with fear and great amazement4 ,after six months she bore a son1 without pain4 ,the child entered this world in the third hour of the morning1 of the seventh day of the month ,adar1 in the year #bcfh after the ,creation1 and the #acjth year of the sojourn of the ,israelites in ,egypt4 ,and when he was born1 the house was filled with light1 as of the brightest sunshine4 ,the tender mother's anxiety for her son was increased when she noted his beauty1--he was like an angel of ,god1--and his great height and noble appearance4 ,the parents called him ,tobias 7,god is good7 to express their thankfulness1 but others say he was called ,jokutiel 7,hope in ,god74 ,amram kissed his daughter1 ,miriam1 on the brow1 and said1 8,now ,i know that thy prophecy is come true40#dfe ,jochebed hid the child three months in her chamber where she slept4 ,but ,pharaoh1 filled with anxiety1 lest a child should have escaped him1 sent ,egyptian women with their nurslings to the houses of the ,hebrews4 ,now it is the custom of children1 when one cries1 another cries also4 ,therefore the ,egyptian women pricked their babes1 when they went into a house1 and if the child were concealed therein1 it cried when it heard the ,egyptian baby scream4 ,then it was brought out and despatched4 ,jochebed knew that these women were coming to her house1 and that1 if the child were discovered1 her husband and herself would be slain by the executioner of ,pharaoh4 ,moreover they feared the astrologers and soothsayers1 that they would read in the heavens that a male child was concealed there4 8,better can we deceive them10 said ,amram1 8if we cast the child into the water40 ,jochebed took the paper flags and wove a basket1 and pitched it with pitch without1 and clay within1 that the smell of the pitch might not offend her dear little one2 and then she placed the basket amongst the rushes1 where the ,red ,sea at that time joined the ,river ,nile4 ,then weeping and wailing1 she went away1 and seeing ,miriam come to meet her1 she smote her on the head1 and said1 8,now1 daughter1 where is thy prophesying80 ,miriam followed the little ark1 as it floated on the wash of the river1 and swam in and out among the reeds2 for ,miriam was wondering whether the prophecy would come true1 or whether it would fail4 ,this was on the twenty-first of the month ,nisan1 on the day1 chosen from the beginning1 on which in after times ,moses should teach his people the ,song of ,praise for their delivery at the ,red ,sea4#dff ,then the angels surrounded the throne of ,god and cried1 8,o ,lord of the whole earth1 shall this mortal child fore-ordained to chant1 at the head of ,thy chosen people1 the great song of delivery from water1 perish this day by water80 ,the ,almighty answered1 8,ye know well that ,i behold all things4 ,they that seek their salvation in their own craftiness and evil ways shall find destruction1 but they who trust in ,me shall never be confounded4 ,the history of that child shall be a witness to ,my almighty power40 ,melol1 king of ,egypt1 had then only one daughter1 whom he greatly loved2 ,bithia 7,thermutis or ,therbutis7#dfg was her name4 ,she had been married for some time to ,chenephras1 prince of a territory near ,memphis1 but was childless4 ,this troubled her greatly1 for she desired a son who might succeed her father upon the throne of ,egypt4 ,at this time ,god had sent upon ,egypt an intolerable heat1 and the people were affected with grievous boils4#dfh ,to cure themselves1 they bathed in the ,nile4 ,bithia also suffered1 and bathed1 not in the river1 but in baths in the palace2 but on this day she went forth by the ,nile bank1 though otherwise she never left her father's palace4 ,on reaching the bathing-place she observed the ark lodged among the bulrushes1 and sent one of her maids to swim out and bring it to her2 but the other servants said1 8,o princess1 this is one of the ,hebrew children1 who are cast out according to the command of thy royal father4 ,it beseems thee not to oppose his commands and frustrate his will40 ,scarcely had the maidens uttered these words than they vanished from the surface of the earth4 ,the angel ,gabriel had sunk them all1 with the exception of the one who swam for the ark1 into the bosom of the earth4 ,but the eagerness of the princess was so great1 that she could not wait till the damsel brought her the basket1 and she stretched forth her arm towards it1 and her arm was lengthened sixty ells1 so that she was able to take hold of the ark and draw it to land1 and lift the child out of the water4 ,no sooner had she touched the babe1 than she was healed of the boils which afflicted her1 and the splendor of the face of the child was like that of the sun4#dfi ,she looked at it with wonder1 and admired its beauty4 ,but her father's stern law made her fear1 and she thought to return the child to the water1 when he began to cry1 for the angel ,gabriel had boxed his ears to make him weep1 and thus excite the compassion of the princess4 ,then ,miriam1 hid away among the rushes1 and little ,aaron1 aged three1 hearing him cry1 wept also4 ,the heart of the princess was stirred2 and compassion1 like that of a mother for her babe1 filled her heart4 ,she felt for the infant yearning love as though it were her own4 8,truly10 said ,bithia1 8the ,hebrews are to be pitied1 for it is no easy matter to part with a child1 and to deliver it over to death40 ,then1 fearing that there would be no safety for the babe1 if it were brought into the palace1 she called to an ,egyptian woman who was walking by the water1 and bade her suckle the child4 ,but the infant would not take the breast from this woman1 nor from any other ,egyptian woman that she summoned2 and this the ,almighty wrought that the child might be restored to its own mother again4 ,then ,miriam1 the sister1 mingled with those who came up1 and said to ,bithia1 with sobs1 8,noble lady6 vain are all thine attempts to give the child the breast from one of a different race4 ,if thou wouldst have a ,hebrew woman1 then let me fetch one1 and the child will suck at once40#dgj ,this advice pleased ,bithia1 and she bade ,miriam seek her out a ,hebrew mother4 ,with winged steps ,miriam hastened home1 and brought her mother1 ,jochebed1 to the princess4 ,then the babe readily took nourishment from her1 and ceased crying4 ,astonished at this wonder1 the king's daughter said1 but unawares1 the truth1 for she spake to ,jochebed1 8,here is thy child2 take and nurse the child for me1 and the wage shall be two pieces of silver a day40 ,jochebed did what she was bidden1 but better reward than all the silver in ,pharaoh's house was the joy of having her son restored to his mother's breast4 ,the self-same day the soothsayers and star-gazers said to ,pharaoh1 8,the child of whom we spake to thee1 that he should free ,israel1 hath met his fate in the water40 ,therefore the cruel decree ordering the destruction of all male infants was withdrawn1 and the miraculous deliverance of ,moses became by this means the salvation of the whole generation4 ,in allusion to this1 ,moses said afterwards to the people when he would restrain them 7,numbers xi473 8,verily ye number six hundred thousand men1 and ye would all have perished in the river ,nile1 but ,i was delivered from the water1 and therefore ye are all alive as at this day40 ,after two years ,jochebed weaned him1 and brought him to the king's daughter4 ,bithia1 charmed with the beauty and intelligence of the child1 took him into the palace1 and named him ,moses 7he who is drawn out of the water74 ,lo6 a voice from heaven fell1 8,daughter of ,pharaoh6 because thou hast had compassion on this little child and hast called him thy son1 therefore do ,i call thee ,my daughter 7,bithia74 ,the foundling that thou cherishest shall be called by the name thou gavest him--,moses2 and by none other name shall he be known1 wheresoever the fame of him spreads under the whole heaven40 ,now1 in order that ,moses might really pass for the child of ,bithia1 the princess had feigned herself to be pregnant1 and then to be confined2 and now ,pharaoh regarded him as his true grandchild4 ,on account of his exceeding beauty1 every one that saw him was filled with admiration1 and said1 8,truly1 this is a king's son40 ,and when he was taken abroad1 the people forsook their work1 and deserted their shops1 that they might see him4 ,one day1 when ,moses was three years old1 ,bithia led him by the hand into the presence of ,pharaoh1 and the queen sat by the king1 and all the princes of the realm stood about him4 ,then ,bithia presented the child to the king1 and said1 8,oh1 sire6 this child of noble mien is not really my son2 he was given to me in wondrous fashion by the divine river ,nile2 therefore have ,i brought him up as my own son1 and destined him to succeed thee on thy throne1 since no child of my body has been granted to me40 ,with these words ,bithia laid the boy in the king's arms1 and he pressed him to his heart1 and kissed him4 ,then1 to gratify his daughter1 he took from his head the crown royal1 and placed it upon the temples of ,moses4 ,but the child eagerly caught at the crown1 and threw it on the ground and then alighting from ,pharaoh's knee1 he in childish fashion danced round it1 and finally trampled it under his feet4#dga ,the king and his nobles were dismayed4 ,they thought that this action augured evil to the king through the child that was before them4 ,then ,balaam1 the son of ,beor1 lifted up his voice and said1 8,my lord and king6 dost thou not remember the interpretation of thy dream1 as thy servant interpreted it to thee8 ,this child is of ,hebrew extraction1 and is wiser and more cunning than befits his age4 ,when he is old he will take thy crown from off thy head1 and will tread the power of ,egypt under his feet4 ,thus have his ancestors ever done4 ,abraham defied ,nimrod1 and rent from him ,canaan1 a portion of his kingdom4 ,isaac prevailed over the king of the ,philistines4 ,jacob took from his brother his birthright and blessing1 and smote the ,hivites and their king ,hamor4 ,joseph1 the slave1 became chief in his realm1 and gave the best of this land to his father and his brethren4 ,and now this child will take from thee the kingdom1 and will enslave or destroy thy people4 ,there is no expedient for thee but to slay him1 that ,egypt become not his prey40 ,but ,pharaoh said1 8,we will take other counsel1 ,balaam1 before we decide what shall be done with this child40 ,then some advised that he should be burnt with fire1 and others that he should be slain with the sword4 ,but the angel ,gabriel1 in the form of an old man1 mingled with the councillors1 and said1 8,let not innocent blood be shed4 ,the child is too young to know what he is doing4 ,prove whether he has any understanding and design1 before you sentence him4 ,o king6 let a bowl of live coals and a bowl of precious stones be brought to the little one4 ,if he takes the stones1 then he has understanding1 and discerns between good and evil2 but if he thrusts his hands towards the burning coals1 then he is innocent of purpose and devoid of reason40#dgb ,this advice pleased the king1 and he gave orders that it should be as the angel had recommended4 ,now when the basins were brought in and offered to ,moses1 he thrust out his hand towards the jewels4 ,but ,gabriel1 who had made himself invisible1 caught his hand and directed it towards the red-hot coals2 and ,moses burnt his fingers1 and he put them into his mouth1 and burnt his lips and tongue2 and therefore it is that ,moses said1 in after days1 8,i am slow of lips and slow of tongue40#dgc ,pharaoh and his council were now convinced of the simplicity of ,moses1 and no harm was done him4 ,then ,bithia removed him1 and brought him up in her own part of the palace4 ,god was with him1 and he increased in stature and beauty1 and ,pharaoh's heart was softened towards him4 ,he went arrayed in purple through the streets1 as the son of ,bithia1 and a chaplet of diamonds surrounded his brows1 and he consorted only with princes4 ,when he was five years old1 he was in size and knowledge as advanced as a boy of twelve4 ,masters were brought for him from all quarters1 and he was instructed in all the wisdom and learning of the ,egyptians2 and the people looked upon him with hope as their future sovereign4#dgd #c4 ,,the ,,youth ,,and ,,marriage ,,of ,,moses4 ,moses1 as he grew older1 distinguished himself from all other young men of ,egypt by the conquest which he acquired over himself and his youthful passions and impetuous will4 ,although the life of a court offered him every kind of gratification1 yet he did not allow himself to be attracted by its pleasures1 or to regard as permanent what he knew to be fleeting4 ,thus it fell out1 that all his friends and acquaintances wondered at him1 and doubted whether he were not a god appeared on earth4 ,and1 in truth1 ,moses did not live and act as did others4 ,what he thought1 that he said1 and what he promised1 that he fulfilled4 ,moses had reached the summit of earthly greatness2 acknowledged as grandson to ,pharaoh1 and heir to the crown4 ,but he trusted not in the future which was thus offered to him1 for he knew from ,jochebed1 whom he frequently visited1 what was his true people1 and who were his real parents4 ,and the bond which attached him to his own house and people was in his heart1 and could not be broken4 ,moses went daily to ,goshen to see his relations2 and he observed how the ,hebrews were oppressed1 and groaned under their burdens4 ,and he asked wherefore the yoke was pressed so heavily on the neck of these slaves4 ,he was told of the advice of ,balaam against the people1 and of the way in which ,pharaoh had sought the destruction of himself in his infancy4 ,this information filled ,moses with indignation1 and alienated his affections from ,pharoah1 and filled him with animosity towards ,balaam4#dge ,but1 as he was not in a position to rescue his brethren1 or to punish ,balaam1 he cried1 8,alas6 ,i had rather die than continue to behold the affliction of my brethren40 ,then he took the necklace from off him1 which indicated his princely position1 and sought to ease the burden of the ,israelites4 ,he took the excessive loads from the women and old men1 and laid them on the young and strong2 and thus he seemed to be fulfilling ,pharaoh's intentions in getting the work of building sooner executed1 whereas1 by making each labor according to his strength1 their sufferings were lightened4 ,and he said to the ,hebrews1 8,be of good cheer1 relief is not so far off as you suppose--calm follows storm1 blue sky succeeds black clouds1 sunshine comes after rain4 ,the whole world is full of change1 and all is for an object40 ,nevertheless ,moses himself desponded2 he looked with hatred upon ,balaam1 and lost all pleasure in the society of the ,egyptians4 ,balaam seeing that the young man was against him1 and dreading his power1 escaped with his sons ,jannes and ,jambres to the court of ,ethiopia4 ,the young ,moses1 however1 grew in favor with the king1 who laid upon him the great office of introducing illustrious foreigners to the royal presence4 ,but ,moses kept ever before his eyes the aim of his life1 to relieve his people from their intolerable burdens4 ,one day he presented himself before the king and said1 8,sire6 ,i have a petition to make of thee40 ,pharaoh answered1 8,say on1 my son40 ,then said ,moses1 8,o king6 every laborer is given one day in seven for rest1 otherwise his work becomes languid and unprofitable4 ,but the children of ,israel are given no day of rest1 but they work from the first day of the week to the last day1 without cessation2 therefore is their work inferior1 and it is not executed with that heartiness which might be found1 were they given one day in which to recruit their strength40 ,pharaoh said1 8,which day shall be given to them80 ,moses said1 8,suffer them to rest on the seventh day40 ,the king consented1 and the people were given the ,sabbath1 on which they ceased from their labors2 therefore they rejoiced greatly1 and for a thousand years the last day of the week was called 8,the gift of ,moses40#dgf ,as the command to destroy all the male children had been withdrawn the day that ,moses was cast into the ,nile1 the people had multiplied greatly1 and again the fears of the ,egyptians were aroused4 ,therefore the king published a new decree1 with the object of impeding the increase of the bondsmen4 ,he required the ,egyptian task-masters to impose a tale of bricks on every man1 and if at evening the tale of bricks was not made up1 then1 in place of the deficient bricks1 even though only one brick was short1 they were to take the children of those who had not made up their tale1 and to build them into the wall in place of bricks4#dgg ,thus upon one misery another was piled4 ,in order that this decree might be executed with greater certainty1 ten laborers were placed under one ,hebrew overseer1 and one ,egyptian task-master controlled the ten overseers4 ,the duty of the ,hebrew overseers was to wake the ten men they were set over1 every morning before dawn1 and bring them to their work4 ,if the ,egyptian task-masters observed that one of the laborers was not at his post1 he went to the overseer1 and bade him produce the man immediately4 ,now one of these overseers had a wife of the tribe of ,dan1 whose name was ,salome1 daughter of ,dibri4 ,she was beautiful and faultless in her body4 ,the ,egyptian task-master had observed her frequently1 and he loved her4 ,then1 one day1 he went early to the house of her husband1 and bade him arise1 and go and call the ten laborers4 ,so the overseer rose1 nothing doubting1 and went forth1 and then the ,egyptian entered and concealed himself in the house4 ,but the overseer returning1 found him1 and drew him forth1 and asked him with what intent he had hidden himself there2 and ,moses drew nigh4 ,now ,moses was known to the ,hebrews as merciful1 and ready to judge righteously their causes2 so the man ran to ,moses1 and told him that he had found the ,egyptian task-master concealed in his house4 ,and ,moses knew for what intent the man had done thus1 and his anger was kindled1 and he raised a spade to smite the man on the head and kill him4 ,but whilst the spade was yet in his hand1 before it fell1 ,moses said within himself1 8,i am about to take a man's life2 how know ,i that he will not repent8 ,how know ,i that if ,i suffer him to live1 he may beget children who will do righteously and serve the ,lord8 ,is it well that ,i should slay this man80 ,then ,moses' eyes were opened1 and he saw the throne of ,god1 and the angels that surrounded it1 and ,god said to him1 8,it is well that thou shouldst slay this ,egyptian1 and therefore have ,i called thee hither4 ,know that he would never repent1 nor would his children do other than work evil1 wert thou to give him his life40 ,so ,moses called on the name of the ,most ,high and smote2 but before the spade touched the man1 as the sound of the name of ,god reached his ears1 he fell and died4#dgh ,then ,moses looked on the ,hebrews who had crowded round1 and he said to them1 8,god has declared that ye shall be as the sand of the sea-shore4 ,now the sand falls and it is noiseless1 and the foot of man presses it1 and it sounds not4 ,therefore understand that ye are to be silent as is the sand of the sea-shore1 and tell not of what ,i have this day done40 ,now when the man of the ,hebrews returned home1 he drove out his wife ,salome1 because he had found the ,egyptian concealed in his house1 and he gave her a writing of divorcement and sent her away4 ,then the ,hebrews talked among themselves at their work1 and some said he had done well1 and others that he had done ill4 ,there were at their task two young men1 brothers1 ,dathan and ,abiram1 the sons of ,eliab1 of the tribe of ,reuben1 and they strove together on this subject1 and ,dathan in anger lifted his hand1 and would have smitten ,abiram4 ,then ,moses came up and stayed him1 and cried1 8,what wickedness art thou doing1 striking thy comrade8 ,it beseems you not to lay hands on each other40 ,boldly did ,dathan answer3 8,who made thee1 beardless youth1 a lord and ruler over us8 ,we know well that thou art not the son of the king's daughter1 but of ,jochebed4 ,wilt thou slay me as thou didst the ,egyptian yesterday80 8,alas60 said ,moses1 8now ,i see that the evil words1 and evil acts1 and evil thoughts of this people will fight against them1 and frustrate the loving kindness of the ,lord towards them40 ,then ,dathan and ,abiram went before ,pharaoh1 and told him that ,moses had slain an ,egyptian task-master2 and ,pharaoh's anger was kindled against ,moses1 and he cried1 8,enough of evil hath been prophesied against thee1 and ,i have not heeded it1 and now thou liftest thy hand against my servants60 ,for he had1 for long1 been slowly turning against ,moses1 when he saw that he walked not in the ways of the ,egyptians1 and that he loved the king's enemies1 and hated the king's friends4 ,then he consulted his soothsayers and his councillors1 and they gave him advice that he should put ,moses to death with the sword4 ,therefore the young man1 ,moses1 was brought forth1 and he ascended the scaffold1 and the executioner stood over him with his sword1 the like of which was not in the whole world4 ,and when the king gave the word1 the headsman smote4 ,but the ,lord turned the neck of ,moses into marble1 and the sword bit not into it4 ,instantly1 before the second blow was dealt1 the angel ,michael took from the executioner his sword and his outward semblance1 and gave to the headsman the semblance of ,moses1 and he smote at the executioner1 and took his head from off his shoulders4 ,but ,moses fled away1 and none observed him4 ,and he went to the king of ,ethiopia4#dgi ,now the king of ,ethiopia1 ,kikannos 7,candacus7 by name1 was warring against his enemies2 and when he left his capital city1 ,mero1 at the head of a mighty army1 he left ,balaam and his two sons regents during his absence4 ,whilst the king was engaged in war1 ,balaam and his sons conspired against the king1 and they bewitched the people with their enchantments1 and led them from their allegiance1 and persuaded them to submit to ,balaam as their king4 ,and ,balaam strengthened the city on all sides4 ,sheba1 or ,mero1 was almost impregnable1 as it was surrounded by the ,nile and the ,astopus4 ,on two sides ,balaam built walls1 and on the third side1 between the ,nile and the city1 he dug countless canals1 into which he let the water run4 ,and on the fourth side he assembled innumerable serpents4 ,thus he made the city wholly impregnable4 ,when ,king ,kikannos returned from the war1 he saw that his capital was fortified1 and he wondered2 but when he was refused admission1 he knew that there was treason4 ,one day he endeavored to surmount the walls1 but was repulsed with great slaughter2 and the next day he threw thirty pontoons across the river1 but when his soldiers reached the other side1 they were engulfed in the canals1 of which the water was impelled with foaming fury by great mill-wheels4 ,on the third day he assaulted the town on the fourth side1 but his men were bitten by the serpents and died4 ,then ,king ,kikannos saw that the only hope of reducing the city was by famine2 so he invested it1 that no provisions might be brought into it4 ,whilst he sat down before the capital1 ,moses took refuge in his camp1 and was treated by him with great honor and distinction4 ,as the siege protracted itself through nine years1 ,kikannos fell ill and died4 ,then the chief captains of his army assembled1 and determined to elect a king1 who might carry on the siege with energy1 and reduce the city with speed1 for they were weary of the long investment4 ,so they elected ,moses to be their king1 and they threw off their garments and folded them and made thereof a throne1 and set ,moses thereon1 and blew their trumpets1 and cried 8,god save ,king ,moses60#dhj ,and they gave him the widow of ,kikannos to wife1 and costly gifts of gold and silver and precious stones were brought to him1 but all these he laid aside in the treasury4 ,this took place #aeg years after ,jacob and his sons came down into ,egypt1 when ,moses was aged twenty-seven years4 ,on the seventh day after his coronation came the captains and officers before him1 and besought of him counsel1 how the city might be taken4 ,then said ,moses1 8,nine years have ye invested it1 and it is not yet in your power4 ,follow my advice1 and in nine days it shall be yours40 ,they said1 8,speak1 and we will obey40 ,then ,moses gave this advice1 8,make it known in the camp that all the soldiers go into the woods1 and bring me storks' nests as many as they can find40 ,so they obeyed1 and young storks innumerable were brought to him4 ,then he said1 8,keep them fasting till ,i give you word1 and he who gives to a stork food1 though it were but a crumb of bread1 or a grain of corn1 he shall be slain1 and all that he hath shall become the king's property1 and his house shall be made a dung-heap40 ,so the storks were kept fasting4 ,and on the third day the king said1 8,let the birds go40 ,then the storks flew into the air1 and they spied the serpents on the fourth side of the city1 and they fell upon them1 and the serpents fled1 and they were killed and eaten by the storks or ever they reached their holes1 and not a serpent remained4 ,then said ,moses1 8,march into the city and take it40 ,and the army entered the city1 and not one man fell of the king's army1 but they slew all that opposed them4 ,thus ,moses had brought the ,ethiopian army into possession of the capital4 ,the grateful people placed the crown upon his head1 and the queen of ,kikannos gave him her hand with readiness4 ,but ,balaam and his sons escaped1 riding upon a cloud4 ,moses reigned in wisdom and righteousness for forty years1 and the land prospered under his government1 and all loved and honored him4 ,nevertheless1 some thought that the son of their late king ought to ascend the throne of his ancestors2--he was an infant when ,moses was crowned1 but now that he was a man1 a party of the nobles desired to proclaim his right4 ,they prevailed upon the queen to speak2 and when all the princes and great men of the kingdom were assembled1 she declared the matter before all4 8,men of ,ethiopia10 said she1 8it is known to you that for forty years my husband has reigned in ,sheba4 ,well do you know that he has ruled in equity1 and administered righteous judgment4 ,but know also1 that his ,god is not our ,god1 and that his faith is not our faith4 ,my son1 ,mena-,cham 7,minakros7 is of fitting age to succeed his father2 therefore it is my opinion that ,moses should surrender to him the throne40 ,an assembly of the people was called1 and as this advice of the queen pleased them1 they besought ,moses to resign the crown to the rightful heir4 ,he consented1 without hesitation1 and1 laden with gifts and good wishes1 he left the country and went into ,midian4#dha ,moses was sixty-seven years old when he entered ,midian4 ,reuel or ,jethro1#dhb who had been a councillor of ,pharaoh1 had1 as has been already related1 taken up his residence in ,midian1 where the people had raised him to be ,high ,priest and ,prince over the whole tribe4 ,but ,jethro after a while withdrew from the priesthood1 for he believed in the one ,true ,god1 and abhorred the idols which the ,midianites worshipped4 ,and when the people found that ,jethro despised their gods1 and that he preached against their idolatry1 they placed him under the ban1 that none might give him meat or drink1 or serve him4 ,this troubled ,jethro greatly1 for all his shepherds forsook him1 as he was under the ban4 ,therefore it was1 that his seven daughters were constrained to lead and water the flocks4#dhc ,moses arrived near a well and sat down to rest4 ,then he saw the seven daughters of ,jethro approach4 ,the maidens had gone early to the well1 for they feared lest the shepherds1 taking advantage of their being placed under ban1 should molest them1 and refuse to give their sheep water4 ,they let down their pitchers in turn1 and with much trouble filled the trough4 ,then the shepherds came up and drove them away1 and led their sheep to the trough the maidens had filled1 and in rude jest they would have thrown the damsels into the water1 but ,moses stood up and delivered them1 and rebuked the shepherds1 and they were ashamed4 ,then ,moses let down his pitcher1 and the water leaped up and overflowed1 and he filled the trough and gave the flocks of the seven maidens to drink1 and then he watered also the flocks of the shepherds1 lest there should be evil blood between them4 ,now when the maidens came home1 they related to their father all that had taken place2 and he said1 8,where is the man that hath shown kindness to you8--bring him to me40 ,so ,zipporah ran--she ran like a bird--and came to the well1 and bade ,moses enter under their roof and eat of their table4 ,when ,moses come to ,raguel 7,jethro71 the old man asked him whence he came1 and ,moses told him all the truth4 ,then thought ,jethro1 8,i am fallen under the displeasure of ,midian1 and this man has been driven out of ,egypt and out of ,ethiopia2 he must be a dangerous man2 he will embroil me with the men of this land1 and1 if the king of ,ethiopia or ,pharaoh of ,egypt hears that ,i have harbored him it will go ill with me40 ,therefore ,raguel took ,moses and bound him in chains1 and threw him into a dungeon1 where he was given only scanty food2 and soon ,jethro1 whose thoughts were turned to reconciliation with the ,midianites1 forgot him1 and sent him no food4 ,but ,zipporah loved him1 and was grateful to him for the kindness he had showed her1 in saving her from the hands of the shepherds who would have dipped her in the water-trough1 and every day she took him food and drink1 and in return was instructed by the prisoner in the law of the ,most ,high4#dhd ,thus passed seven1 or1 as others say1 ten years2#dhe and all the while the gentle and loving ,zipporah ministered to his necessities4 ,the ,midianites were reconciled again with ,jethro1 and restored him to his former position2 and his scruples about the worship of idols abated1 when he found that opposition to the established religion interfered with his temporal interests4 ,then1 when all was again prosperous1 many great men and princes came to ask the hand of ,zipporah his daughter1 who was beautiful as the morning star1 and as the dove in the hole of the rock1 and as the narcissus by the water's side4 ,but ,zipporah loved ,moses alone2 and ,jethro1 unwilling to offend those who solicited her by refusing them1 as he could give his daughter to one only1 took his staff1 whereon was written the name of ,god1 the staff which was cut from the ,tree of ,life1 and which had belonged to ,joseph1 but which he had taken with him from the palace of ,pharaoh1 and he planted it in his garden1 and said1 8,he who can pluck up this staff1 he shall take my daughter ,zipporah40 ,then the strong chiefs of ,edom and of ,midian came and tried1 but they could not move the staff4 ,one day ,zipporah went before her father1 and reminded him of the man whom he had cast into a dungeon so many years before4 ,jethro was amazed1 and he said1 8,i had forgotten him these seven years2 he must be dead2 he has had no food40 ,but ,zipporah said meekly1 8,with ,god all things are possible40 ,so ,jethro went to the prison door and opened it1 and ,moses was alive4 ,then he brought him forth1 and cut his hair1 and pared his nails1 and gave him a change of raiment1 and set him in his garden1 and placed meat before him4 ,now ,moses1 being once more in the fresh air1 and under the blue sky1 and with the light of heaven shining upon him1 prayed and gave thanks to ,god2 and seeing the staff1 whereupon was written the name of the ,most ,high1 he went to it and took it away1 and it followed his hand4 ,when ,jethro returned into the garden1 lo6 ,moses had the staff of the ,tree of ,life in his hand2 then ,jethro cried out1 8,this is a man called of ,god to be a prince and a great man among the ,hebrews1 and to be famous throughout the world40 ,and he gave him ,zipporah1 his daughter1 to be his wife4#dhf ,one day1 as ,moses was tending his flock in a barren place1 he saw that one of the lambs had left the flock and was escaping4 ,the good shepherd pursued it1 but the lamb ran so much the faster1 fled through valley and over hill1 till it reached a mountain stream2 then it halted and drank4 ,moses now came up to it1 and looked at it with troubled countenance1 and said1-- 8,my dear little friend6 ,then it was thirst which made thee run so far and seem to fly from me2 and ,i knew it not6 ,poor little creature1 how tired thou must be6 ,how canst thou return so far to the flock80 ,and when the lamb heard this1 it suffered ,moses to take it up and lay it upon his shoulders2 and1 carrying the lamb1 he returned to the flock4 ,now whilst ,moses walked1 burdened with the lamb1 there fell a voice from heaven1 8,thou1 who hast shown so great love1 so great patience towards the sheep of man's fold1 thou art worthy to be called to pasture the sheep of the fold of ,god40#dhg #d4 ,,moses ,,before ,,pharaoh4 ,one day that ,moses was keeping sheep1 his father-in-law1 ,jethro1 came to him and demanded back the staff that he had given him4 ,then ,moses cast the staff from him among a number of other rods1 but the staff ever returned to his hand as often as he cast it away4 ,then ,jethro laid hold of the rod1 but he could not move it4 ,therefore he was obliged to let ,moses retain it4 ,but he was estranged from him4 ,now ,pharaoh was dead4 ,and when the news reached ,moses in ,midian1 he gat him up1 and set his wife ,zipporah and his son ,gershom on an ass1 and took the way of ,egypt4 ,and as they were in the way1 they halted in a certain place2 and it was cloudy1 and cold1 and rainy4 ,then they encamped1 and ,zipporah tried to make a fire1 but could not1 for the wood was damp4 ,moses said1 8,i see a fire burning at the foot of the mountain4 ,i will go to it1 for there must be travellers there2 and ,i will fetch a brand away and will kindle a fire1 and be warm40 ,then he took his rod in his hand and went4 ,but when he came near the spot1 he saw that the fire was not on the ground1 but at the summit of a tree2 and the tree was a thorn4 ,a thorn-tree was the first tree that grew1 when ,god created the herb of the field and the trees of the forest4 ,moses was filled with fear1 and he would have turned and fled1 but a voice#dhh called to him out of the fire1 8,moses1 ,moses60 ,and he said1 8,here am ,i40 ,and the voice said again1 8,put off thy shoes from off thy feet1 for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground40 ,this was the reason why he was bidden put off his shoes2 they were made of asses' hide1 and ,moses had trodden on the dung of his ass as he followed ,zipporah and ,gershom4 ,then ,god gave ,moses his commission to go into ,egypt1 and release his captive people4 ,but ,moses feared1 and said1 8,i am of slow lips and tongue60 for he had burnt them1 with his finger1 when he took the live coal before ,pharoah1 as already related4 ,but ,god said to him1 8,i have given thee ,aaron thy brother to speak for thee4 ,and now1 what is this that thou hast in thy hand80 ,moses answered1 8,this is my rod40 8,and to what purpose dost thou turn it80 8,i lean on it when ,i am walking1 and when ,i come where there is no grass1 ,i strike the trees therewith1 and bring down the leaves to feed my sheep withal40 ,and when he had narrated all the uses to which he put the staff1 ,god said to him1 8,with this staff shalt thou prevail against ,pharaoh4 ,cast it upon the ground40 ,and when he cast it down1 it was transformed into a serpent or dragon1 and ,moses turned his back to run from it2 but ,god said1 8,fear not2 take it up by the neck20 and he caught it and it became a rod in his hands4 ,then said the ,most ,holy1 8,put thy hand into thy bosom40 ,and he did so1 and drew it forth1 and it was white1 and shining like the moon in the dark of night4 ,then ,moses desired to go back to ,zipporah his wife1 but the angel ,gabriel retained him1 saying1 8,thou hast higher duties to perform than to attend on thy wife4 ,lo6 ,i have already reconducted her to her father's house4 ,go on upon thy way to ,pharaoh1 as the ,lord hath commanded thee40 ,the night on which ,moses entered ,egyptian territory1 an angel appeared to ,aaron in a dream1 with a crystal glass full of good wine in his hand1 and said1 as he extended it to him3-- 8,aaron1 drink of this wine which the ,lord sends thee as a pledge of good news4 ,thy brother ,moses has returned to ,egypt1 and ,god has chosen him to be ,his prophet1 and thee to be his spokesman4 ,arise1 and go forth to meet him60 ,aaron therefore arose from his bed and went out of the city to the banks of the ,nile1 but there was no boat there by which he could cross4 ,suddenly he perceived in the distance a light which approached2 and as it drew nearer he saw it was a horseman4 ,it was ,gabriel mounted on a steed of fire1 which shone like the brighest diamond1 and whose neighing was hymns of praise1 for the steed was one of the cherubim4 ,aaron at first supposed that he was pursued by one of ,pharaoh's horsemen1 and he would have cast himself into the ,nile2 but ,gabriel stayed him1 declared who he was1 mounted him on the fiery cherub1 and they crossed the ,nile on his back4 ,there stood ,moses1 who1 when he saw ,aaron1 exclaimed1 8,truth is come1 ,falsehood is passed40 ,now this was the sign that ,god had given to ,moses1 8,behold he cometh to meet thee40#dhi ,and they rejoiced over each other4 ,but another account is this3 ,moses entered ,memphis with his sheep1 during the night4 ,now ,amram was dead1 but his wife ,jochebed was alive4 ,when ,moses reached the door1 ,jochebed was awake4 ,he knocked at the door2 then she opened1 but knew him not1 and asked1 8,who art thou80 ,he answered1 8,i am a man from a far country2 ,i pray thee lodge me1 and give me to eat this night40 ,she took him in1 and brought him some meat1 and said to ,aaron1 8,sit down and eat with the guest1 to do him honor40 ,aaron1 in eating conversed with ,moses and recognized him4 ,then the mother and sister knew him also4 ,and when the meal was over1 ,moses acquitted himself of his mission to ,aaron1 and ,aaron answered1 8,i will obey the will of ,god40#dij ,moses spent the night1 and the whole of the following day1 in relating to his mother the things that had befallen him4 ,and on the second night1 ,moses and ,aaron went forth to ,pharoah's palace4 ,now the palace had four hundred doors1 a hundred on each side1 and each door was guarded by sixty thousand fighting men4 ,the angel ,gabriel came to them and led them into the palace1 but not by the doors4 ,when they appeared before ,pharoah they said3 8,god hath sent us unto thee1 to bid thee let the ,hebrews go1 that they may hold a feast in the wilderness40 ,but ,pharoah said1 8,who is the ,lord1 that ,i should obey ,his voice to let ,israel go8 ,i know not the ,lord1 neither will ,i let ,israel go40#dia ,tabari tells a different story4 ,moses and ,aaron sought admittance during two years4 ,now ,pharoah gave himself out to be a god4 ,but ,moses and ,aaron1 when they spake at the door with the porters1 said1 8,he is no god40 ,one day the jester of ,pharoah heard his master read the history of his own life1 and when he came to the passage which asserted he was a god1 the jester exclaimed1 8,now this is strange6 ,for two years there have been two strangers at thy gate denying thy divinity40 ,when ,pharoah heard this1 he was in a fury1 and he sent and had ,moses and ,aaron brought before him4 ,but to return to the ,rabbinic tale4 ,moses and ,aaron were driven out from the presence of ,pharoah2 and he said1 8,who admitted these men80 ,and some of the porters he slew1 and some he scourged4 ,then two lionesses were placed before the palace to protect it1 and the beasts suffered no man to enter unless ,pharoah gave the word4 ,and the ,lord spake to ,moses and ,aaron1 saying1 8,when ,pharoah talketh with you1 saying1 ,give us a miracle1 thou shalt say to ,aaron1 ,take thy rod and cast it down1 and it shall become a basilisk serpent2 for all the inhabitants of the earth shall hear the voice of the shriek of ,egypt when ,i destroy it1 as all creatures heard the shriek of the serpent when ,i stripped it1 and took from it its legs and made it lick the dust after the ,fall40#dib ,on the morrow1 ,moses and ,aaron came again to the king's palace1 and the lionesses would have devoured them4 ,then ,moses raised his staff1 and their chains brake1 and they followed him1 barking like dogs1 into the house4#dic ,when ,moses and ,aaron stood before the king1 ,aaron cast down the rod before ,pharaoh1 and before his servants1 and it became a serpent1 which opened its jaws1 and it laid one jaw beneath the throne1 and its upper jaw was over the canopy above it2 then the servants fled from before it1 and ,pharaoh hid himself beneath his throne1 and the fear it caused him gave him bowel-complaint for a week4 ,now before this ,pharaoh was only moved once a week1 and this was the occasion of his being lifted up with pride1 and giving himself out to be a god4#did ,pharaoh cried out from under the throne1 8,o ,moses1 take hold of the serpent1 and ,i will do what you desire40#die ,moses took hold of the serpent1 and it became a rod in his hands4 ,then ,pharaoh crawled out from under his throne1 and sat down upon it4 ,and ,moses put his hand into his bosom1 and when he drew it forth1 it shone like the moon4 ,the king sent for his magicians1 and the chief of these were ,jannes and ,jambres4 ,he told them what ,moses had done4 ,they said1 8,we can turn a thousand rods into serpents40 ,then the king named a day when ,moses and ,aaron on one side should strive with ,jannes and ,jambres#dif and all the magicians on the other2 and he gave them a month to prepare for the contest4 ,on the day appointed--it was ,pharaoh's birthday--all the inhabitants of ,memphis were assembled in a great plain outside the city1 where lists were staked out1 and the royal tent was spread for the king to view the contest4 ,moses and ,aaron stood on one side and the magicians on the other4 ,the latter said1 8,shall we cast our rods1 or will you80 ,moses answered1 8,do you cast your rods first40 ,then the magicians threw down a hundred ass-loads of rods1 tied the rods together with cords1 and by their enchantment caused them to appear to the spectators like serpents1 leaping and darting from one side of the arena to the other4 ,and all the people were filled with fear1 and the magicians said1 8,we have this day triumphed over ,moses40 ,then the prophet of ,god cast his rod before ,pharaoh1 and it became a mighty serpent4 ,it rolled its tail round the throne of the king1 and it shot forth its head1 and swallowed all the rods of the enchanters1 so that there remained not one4 ,after that all had disappeared1 ,moses took the serpent1 and it became a rod in his hand again1 but all the rods of the magicians had vanished4 ,and when the magicians saw the miracle that ,moses had wrought1 they were converted1 and worshipped the true ,god4 ,but ,pharaoh cut off their hands and feet1 and crucified them2 and they died4 ,pharaoh's own daughter ,maschita believed2 and the king in his rage did not spare her1 but cast her into a fire1 and she was burnt4 ,bithia was also denounced to him1 and she was condemned to the flames1 but the angel ,gabriel delivered her4 ,the ,mussulmans say that he consoled her by telling her that she would become the wife of ,mohammed in ,paradise1 after which he gave her to drink1 and when she had tasted1 she died without pain4 ,then ,moses and ,aaron met ,pharaoh in the morning as he went by the side of the river1 and ,moses said to the king1 8,the ,lord of the ,hebrews hath sent me unto thee1 saying1 ,let ,my people go1 that they may serve ,me in the wilderness40 ,but ,pharaoh would not hearken to him4 ,then ,aaron stretched out his rod over the river1 and it became blood4 ,all the water that was in the vessels also became blood1 even the spittle that was in the mouth of the ,egyptians4 ,the ,rabbi ,levi said that by this means the ,israelites realized large fortunes2 for if an ,israelite and an ,egyptian went together to the ,nile to fetch water1 the vessel of the ,egyptian was found to contain blood1 but that of the ,israelite pure water2 but if an ,israelite brought water to the house of an ,egyptian and sold it1 it remained water4#dig ,but ,pharaoh's heart was hard2 and seven days passed1 after that the ,lord had smitten the river4 ,then went ,moses and ,aaron to him4 ,but the four hundred doors of the palace were guarded by bears1 lions1 and other savage beasts1 so that none might pass1 till they were satisfied with flesh4 ,but ,moses and ,aaron came up1 collected them together1 drew a circle round them with the sacred staff1 and the wild beasts licked the feet of the prophets and followed them into the presence of ,pharaoh4#dih ,moses and ,aaron repeated this message to ,pharaoh1 but he would not hearken to them1 but drove them from his presence4 ,aaron smote the river2 but ,moses on no occasion smote the ,nile1 for he respected the river which had saved his life as a babe4#dii ,then the ,lord brought frogs upon the land1 and filled all the houses2 they were in the beds1 on the tables1 in the cups4 ,and the king sent for ,moses and said3 8,intreat the ,lord1 that ,he may take the frogs from me and from my people40 ,so the ,lord sent a great rain1 and it washed the frogs into the ,red ,sea4 ,the next plague was lice4#ejj ,the fourth plague was wild beasts4 ,the fifth was murrain4 ,the sixth was boils and blains upon man and beast4#eja ,the seventh was hail and tempest4 ,now ,job regarded the word of ,moses1 and he brought his cattle within doors1 and they were saved2 but ,balaam regarded it not1 and all his cattle were destroyed4#ejb ,the eighth was locusts2 these the ,egyptians fried1 and laid by in store to serve them for food2 but when the west wind came to blow the locusts away1 it blew away also those that had been pickled and laid by for future consumption4#ejc ,the ninth plague was darkness4 ,the tenth was the death of the first-born4 ,the ,book of ,jasher says that1 the ,egyptians having closed their doors and windows against the plagues of flies1 and locusts1 and lice1 ,god sent the sea-monster ,silinoth1 a huge polypus with arms ten cubits long1 and the beast climbed upon the roofs and broke them up1 and let down its slimy arms1 and unlatched all the doors and windows1 and threw them open for the flies and locusts and lice to enter4#ejd ,but the ,mohammedans gave a different order to the signs3--7#a7 the rod changed into a serpent2 7#b7 the whitened hand2 7#c7 the famine2 7#d7 a deluge1 the ,nile rose over the land so that every man stood in water up to his neck2 7#e7 locusts2 7#f7 anommals--these are two-legged animals smaller than locusts2 7#g7 blood2 7#h7 frogs2 7#i7 every green thing throughout the land1 all fruit1 all grain1 eggs1 and every thing in the houses were turned to stone4#eje ,after the plague of the darkness1 ,pharaoh resolved on a general massacre of all the children of the ,hebrews4 ,the ,mussulmans put the temporary petrifaction of all in the land in the place of the darkness4 ,the ,book of ,exodus says that during the darkness 8they saw not one another1 neither rose any from his place20 but the ,arabs say that they were turned to stone4 ,here might be seen a petrified man with a balance in his hand sitting in the bazaar2 there1 another stone man counting out money2 and the porters at the palace were congealed to marble with their swords in their hands4#ejf ,but others say that this was a separate plague1 and that the darkness followed it4 ,and now ,gabriel took on him the form of a servant of the king1 and he went before him and asked him what was his desire4 8,that vile liar ,moses deserves death10 said ,pharaoh4 8,how shall ,i slay him80 asked ,gabriel4 8,let him be cast into the water40 8,give me a written order10 said the angel4 ,pharaoh did so4 ,then ,gabriel went to ,moses and told him that the time was come when he was to leave ,egypt with all the people1 for the measure of the iniquity of ,pharoah was filled up1 and the ,lord would destroy him with a signal overthrow4 #e4 ,,the ,,passage ,,of ,,the ,,red ,,sea4 ,the ,israelites had made their preparations to depart out of ,egypt a month before the call came to escape4 ,and when all was ready1 ,moses called together the elders of the people and said to them1 8,when ,joseph died1 he ordered his descendants to take up his bones1 or ever they went out of the land1 and to bear them to the cave of ,machpelah1 where lie the bones of his father ,jacob4 ,where are the bones of ,joseph80 ,the elders answered him1 8,we do not know40 ,now there was an old ,egyptian woman1 named ,miriam1 and she believed in the ,lord4 ,she said to ,moses1 8,i will show thee where is the tomb of ,joseph1 if thou wilt swear unto me that thou wilt take me with thee from ,egypt1 and that thou wilt ask the ,most ,high to admit me into ,paradise40 ,moses said1 8,i will do these things that thou askest40 ,then the woman said1 8,the tomb of ,joseph is in the middle of the river ,nile1 which flows through ,memphis1 at such a spot40 ,moses prayed to ,god1 and the water fell till the bed of the river was left dry2 and then he and the women went into it1 and came on the tomb of ,joseph2 it was a sarcophagus of marble without joints4#ejg ,moses made preparations for departure1 and said to the children of ,israel1 8,god will destroy the ,egyptians1 and will give you their precious things40 ,then every one among the ,hebrews who had an ,egyptian neighbor said to him1 if he was rich3 8,i am going to a feast in the country1 ,i pray thee lend me jewels of gold and silver to adorn my wife and children40 ,the ,egyptians lent their precious things1 and the ,israelites by this means found themselves possessed of borrowed jewels in great abundance4 ,then ,moses said1 8,we will leave ,egypt this night when the ,egyptians are asleep4 ,let every housekeeper softly desert his house1 and bring with him his precious things1 and meet outside the town4 ,and let every one slay a lamb1 and sprinkle with the blood the lintel and door-posts of the house1 that the neighbors may know1 when they see the blood1 that the house is empty40 ,when the middle of the night was passed1 the ,israelites were assembled outside ,memphis1 at the place which ,moses had appointed4 ,then the host was numbered1 and it contained six hundred thousand horsemen1 not including those who were on foot1 the women1 the children1 and the aged4 ,all who were under twenty were accounted infants1 and all who were over sixty were accounted aged4 ,after that1 ,moses placed ,aaron in command of the first battalion1 and he said to him1 8,march in the direction of the sea1 for ,gabriel has promised to meet me on its shores40 ,at that time one branch of the ,nile 7the ,pelusiac branch7 flowed into the ,red ,sea1 which extended over where is now sandy desert to ,migdol4 ,moses made the host follow ,aaron1 troop by troop1 and tribe by tribe2 and he brought up the rear with a strong guard of picked men4 ,it was dawning towards the first day of the week when ,israel escaped out of ,egypt4 ,and when day broke1 behold1 they were gone away4 ,then the ,egyptians came and told ,pharaoh4 ,he sent to search all the houses of the ,israelites1 but they were all empty1 only their lamps were left burning4 ,pharaoh said1 8,we will pursue them40 ,the ,egyptians said1 8,they have borrowed our jewels2 we must follow after them1 and recover what is our own40 ,now ,moses had used craft touching these ornaments1 in order that the ,egyptians might be constrained to follow4 ,for if the ,israelites had gone without these1 the ,egyptians would have rejoiced at their departure4 ,but because they had borrowed of the ,egyptians1 therefore the ,egyptians went after them to recover their ornaments1 and by this means rushed into destruction4 ,and ,israel marched all day through the wilderness protected by seven clouds of glory on their four sides3 one above them1 that neither hail nor rain might fall upon them1 nor that they should be burned by the heat of the sun2 one beneath them1 that they might not be hurt by thorns1 serpents1 or scorpions2 and one went before them1 to make the valleys even1 and the mountains low1 and to prepare them a place of habitation4#ejh ,also1 when the morning dawned1 there was not a house in all ,egypt in which there was not a first-born dead4 ,and this delayed the people from pursuing after the ,israelites2 for they were engaged in bewailing their dead1 and in digging graves for them4 ,thus they were not at leisure to follow after their former slaves1 till they had escaped clean away4 ,also that night was every metal image in ,egypt molten1 and every idol of stone was broken1 and every idol of clay was shattered1 and every idol of wood was dissolved to dust4#eji ,the same day ,pharaoh sent into all the cities of ,egypt and collected an army4 ,when even was come the whole army was assembled about the king1 and ,pharaoh said to ,dathan and ,abiram1 who had remained behind1#eaj 8,the ,israelites are few in number1 they are entangled in the land1 the wilderness hath shut them in40 ,for all the way was full of marshes and canals of water and desert tracts4 8,they have acted wrongly by us1 for they have carried away the ornaments and jewels of our people2 and ,moses1 by magic1 has slain all our first-born1 so that there is not a house in which there is not one dead40 ,on the morrow--it was the second day of the week--the army was reviewed1 and ,pharaoh numbered the host1 and he had six hundred chosen chariots1 and two million foot soldiers1 and five million horsemen1 and1 in addition1 there were one million seven hundred thousand horses1 and on these horses were black men4 ,when the sun rose on the third day1 ,pharaoh marched out of ,memphis1 and he pursued for half a day with forced marches4 ,at noon1 ,pharaoh had come up with ,moses1 and the fore-front of ,pharaoh's army thrust the rear-guard of the army of ,moses4 ,then the children of ,israel cried unto the ,lord1 and they said to ,moses1 8,because there were no graves in ,egypt1 hast thou taken us away to die in the wilderness8 ,wherefore hast thou dealt thus with us1 to carry us forth out of ,egypt80 ,they were divided into four opinions4 ,one set said1 8,let us fling ourselves into the sea40 ,another set said1 8,let us return and surrender ourselves40 ,the third set said1 8,let us array battle against the ,egyptians40 ,the fourth recommended1 8,let us shout against them1 and frighten them away with our clamor40#eaa ,and ,moses said unto the people1 8,fear ye not1 stand still1 and see the salvation of the ,lord4 ,the ,lord shall fight for you1 and ye shall hold your peace40#eab ,then ,moses raised his rod over the sea1 and it divided1 and let twelve channels of dry land appear traversing it1 one for each of the twelve tribes4 8,when ,moses had smitten10 says the ,koran1 8the sea divided into twelve heaps1 and left twelve ways through it1 and each heap was as a great mountain40#eac ,the ,israelites hesitated to enter2 for they said1 8,o ,moses6 the bottom of this sea is black mud1 and when we place our feet on it we shall sink in and be swallowed up40 ,but ,moses prayed to ,god1 and he sent a wind and the rays of the sun1 and the wind and the sun dried the mud1 and it became as sand4 ,then ,gabriel and ,michael appeared to ,moses and said1 8,pass on1 and lead the people through4 ,as for us1 we have orders to tarry for ,pharaoh40 ,so ,moses galloped forward into the sea1 crying1 8,in the name of the merciful and glorious ,god60 and all the people went in after him4 ,but as they marched by twelve ways1 and there were walls of water between1 they could not see each other1 and they were in fear2 therefore ,moses prayed to the ,lord1 and the ,lord made the water-heaps rise and arch over them like bowers1 and shelter them from the fire of the sun2 and ,he made the watery walls so clear they were as sheets of glass1 and through them the columns of the advancing army were visible to each other4 ,moses traversed the sea in two hours1 and he came forth with all the people on the other side4 ,then ,pharoah and his host came to the water's side1 but he feared to enter in4 ,now ,pharaoh was mounted on an entire horse of great beauty4 ,he reined in his steed and would not go forward1 for he thought that this was part of the enchantment of ,moses4 ,but now ,gabriel appeared mounted on a mare1 and this was the cherub ,ramka4#ead ,and when the horse of ,pharaoh saw the mare of ,gabriel1 he plunged forward and followed the mare into the sea4 ,then1 when the ,egyptian army saw their king enter fearlessly into one of the channels1 they also precipitated themselves into the ways through the deep4 ,they advanced till they reached the middle of the ,red ,sea1 and then ,gabriel reined in and turned and unfurled before ,pharaoh the order he had given for the destruction of ,moses in the water1 and it was signed by ,pharoah and sealed with his own signet4 8,see60 exclaimed the angel1 8,what thou wouldest do to ,moses1 that shall be done to thee2 for thou art but a man1 thou who fightest against ,god40 ,then the twelve heaps of water overwhelmed the host4 ,but ,pharaoh's horse was so fleet of foot that he outfled the returning waters1 and he brought the king to the shore4 ,he would have been saved1 had not ,gabriel smitten him on the face1 and he fell back into the sea and perished with the rest4 ,then said ,miriam1 as he sank1 8,sing ye to the ,lord1 for he hath triumphed gloriously2 the horse and his rider hath ,he thrown into the sea40#eae ,another curious incident is related by ,tabari4 ,when the water reached ,pharaoh1 and he knew that he must perish1 he cried out1 8,i believe in the ,god of ,israel60 ,gabriel1 fearing lest ,pharaoh should repeat these words1 and that ,god in ,his mercy should accept his profession of faith1 and pardon him1 passed his wing over the bottom of the sea1 raised the earth1 and threw it into the mouth of ,pharaoh so as to prevent him from swallowing again1 and said1 8,now thou believest1 but before thou wast rebellious2 nevertheless1 thou art numbered with the wicked40#eaf ,it was the ninth hour of the day when the children of ,israel stood on dry land on the further side of the sea4 ,on the morrow1 the children of ,israel assembled around ,moses1 and said to him1 8,we do not believe that ,pharaoh is drowned1 for he had peculiar power4 ,he never suffered from headache1 nor from fever1 nor from any sickness1 and was internally moved but once a week40 ,then ,moses clave the sea asunder with his rod1 and they saw ,pharaoh and all his host dead at the bottom of the sea4 ,the bodies of the ,egyptians were covered with armor and much gold and silver1 and on the corpse of ,pharaoh were chains and bracelets of gold4 ,the children of ,israel would have spoiled the dead1 but ,moses forbade them1 for he said1 8,it is lawful to spoil the living1 but it is robbery to strip the dead40 ,nevertheless many of the ,hebrews went in and took from the ,egyptians all that was valuable4 ,then ,god was wroth1 because they had disobeyed ,moses1 and the sea was troubled1 and for ten days it raged with fury1 and even to this day the water is not at rest where the ,israelites committed this sin4 ,and the name of that place at this day is 8,bab el ,taquath40#eag #f4 ,,the ,,giving ,,of ,,the ,,law4 ,as long as ,moses was with them1 the ,israelites did not venture to make idols1 but when ,god summoned ,moses into the ,mount to talk with ,him face to face1 then they spake to ,aaron that he should make a molten god to go before them4 ,aaron bade them break off their earrings and bracelets and give them to him1 for he thought that they would be reluctant to part with their jewels4 ,nevertheless the people brought their ornaments to him in great abundance1 and one named ,micah cast them into a copper vessel2 and when the gold was melted1 he threw in a handful of the sand which had been under the hoof of ,gabriel's horse1 and there came forth a calf1 which ran about like a living beast1 and bellowed2 for ,sammael 7,satan7 had entered into it4 8,here is your god that shall go before you10 cried ,micah2 and all the people fell down and worshipped the golden calf4#eah ,and when ,moses came down from the ,mount and drew near to the camp1 and saw the calf1 and the instruments of music in the hands of the wicked1 who were dancing and bowing before it1 and ,satan among them dancing and leaping before the people1 the wrath of ,moses was suddenly kindled1 and he cast the tables of the ,commandments1 which he had received from ,god on the ,mount1 out of his hand and brake them at the foot of the mountain2 but the holy writing that was on them flew1 and was carried away into the heavens2 and he cried and said1 8,woe upon the people who have heard from the mouth of the ,holy ,one1 #8,thou shalt not make to thyself any image1 a figure1 or any likeness2' and yet at the end of forty days make a useless molten calf60 ,and he took the calf which they had made1 and burned it with fire1 and crushed it to powder1 and cast it upon the face of the water of the stream1 and made the sons of ,israel drink2 and whoever had given thereto any trinket of gold1 the sign of it came forth upon his nostrils4#eai ,of all the children of ,israel only twelve thousand were found who had not worshipped the calf4#ebj ,the ,mussulmans say that the ,tables borne by ,moses were from ten to twelve cubits in length1 and were made1 say some1 of cedar wood1 but others say of ruby1 others of carbuncle2 but the general opinion is that they were of sapphire or emerald2#eba and the letters were graven within them1 not on the surface1 so that the words could be read on either side4 ,when the golden calf had been pounded to dust1 ,moses made the ,israelites drink water in which was the dust1 and those who had kissed the idol were marked with gilt lips4 ,thus the ,levites were able to distinguish them2 and they slew of them twenty and three thousand4#ebb ,it is a common tradition among the ,jews that the red hair which is by no means infrequently met with in the ,hebrew race is derived from this period2 all those who had sinned and drank of the water lost their black hair and it became red1 and they transmitted the color to their posterity4 ,another version of the story is as follows4 ,samiri 7,micah71 who had fashioned the golden calf1 was of the tribe of ,levi4 ,when ,moses came down from the ,mount1 he would have beaten ,aaron1 but his brother said1 8,it is not ,i1 it is ,samiri who made the calf40 ,then ,moses would have slain ,samiri1 but ,god forbade him1 and ordered him instead to place him under ban4 ,from that time till now1 the man wanders1 like a wild beast1 from one end of the earth to the other2 every man avoids him1 and cleanses the earth on which his feet have rested2 and when he comes near any man1 he cries out1 8,touch me not60 ,but before ,moses drave ,samiri out of the camp1 he ground the calf to powder1 and made ,samiri pollute it2 then he mixed it with the water1 and gave it to the ,israelites to drink4 ,after ,samiri had departed1 ,moses interceded with ,god for the people4 ,but ,god answered1 8,i cannot pardon them1 for their sin is yet in them1 and it will only be purged out by the draught they have drunk40 ,when ,moses returned to the camp1 he heard a piteous cry4 ,many ,israelites with yellow faces and livid bodies cast themselves before him1 and cried1 8,help6 ,moses1 help6 the golden calf consumes our intestines2 we will repent and die1 if the ,lord will pardon us40 ,some1 really contrite1 were healed4 ,then a black cloud came down on the camp1 and all those who were in it fought with one another and slew one another2 but upon the innocent the swords had no power4 ,seven thousand idolaters had been slain1 when ,moses1 hearing the cry of the women and children1 came and prayed2 and the cloud vanished1 and the sword rested4#ebc ,according to some1 the complaint caused by swallowing the dust of the calf was jaundice1 a complaint which has never ceased from among men since that day4 ,thus the calf brought two novelties into the world1 red hair and jaundice4 ,and ,moses went up again into the ,mount1 and took with him seventy of the elders4 ,and he besought the ,lord1 8,suffer me1 ,o ,lord1 to see ,thee60#ebd ,but the ,lord answered him1 8,thinkest thou that thou canst behold ,me and live80 ,and ,he said1 8,look at this mountain2 ,i will display ,myself to this mountain40 ,then the mountain saw ,god1 and it dissolved into fine dust4 ,so ,moses knew that it was not for him to see ,god1 and he repented that he had asked this thing4#ebe ,after that he went with the seventy elders to ,sinai1 and a cloud1 white and glistening1 came down and rested on the head of ,moses1 and then descended and wholly enveloped him1 so that the seventy saw him not2 and when he was in the cloud1 he received again the ,tables of the ,commandments1 and he came forth out of the cloud4 ,but they murmured that they had not also received the revelation4 ,then the cloud enveloped them also1 and they heard all the words that had been spoken to ,moses2 and after that they said1 8,now we believe1 because we have heard with our own ears40 ,then the wrath of ,god blazed forth1 and a thundering was heard so great and terrible that they fainted and died4 ,but ,moses feared1 and he prayed to ,god1 and ,god restored the seventy men to life again1 and they came down the ,mount with him4#ebf ,and it was at this time that the face of ,moses shone with the splendor which had come upon him from the brightness of the glory of the ,lord's ,shekinah in the time of ,his speaking with him4 ,and ,aaron and all the sons of ,israel saw ,moses1 and1 behold1 the glory of his face was dazzling1 so that they were afraid to come near to him4 ,and ,moses called to them1 and ,aaron1 and all the princes of the congregation2 and he taught them all that the ,lord had spoken to him on ,mount ,sinai4 ,and when ,moses spoke with them1 he had a veil upon his face2 and when he went up to speak with the ,lord1 he removed the veil from his countenance until he came forth4#ebg ,this was the reason why the face of ,moses shone4 ,he saw the light which ,god had created1 whereby ,adam was enabled to see from one end of the earth to the other4 ,god showed this light now to ,moses1 and thereby he was able to see to ,dan4#ebh ,when ,moses went up into the ,mount1 a cloud received him1 and bore him into heaven4 ,on his way1 he met the doorkeeper ,kemuel1 chief of twelve thousands of angels of destruction2 they were angels of fire2 and he would have prevented ,moses from advancing3 then ,moses pronounced the ,name in twelve letters1 revealed to him by ,god from the ,burning ,bush1 and the angel and his host recoiled before that word twelve thousand leagues4 ,but some say that ,moses smote the angel1 and wounded him4 ,a little further1 ,moses met another angel2 this was ,hadarniel1 who had a terrible voice1 and every word he uttered split into twelve thousand lightnings2 he reigned six hundred thousand leagues higher than ,kemuel4 ,moses1 in fear1 wept at his voice1 and would have fallen out of the cloud1 had not ,god restrained him4 ,then the prophet pronounced the ,name of seventy-two letters1 and the angel fled4 ,next he came to the fiery angel ,sandalfon1 and he would have fallen out of the cloud1 but ,god held him up4 ,then he reached the river of flame1 called ,rigjon1 which flows from the beasts which are beneath the ,throne1 and is filled with their sweat2 across this ,god led him4#ebi ,it is asserted by the ,rabbis that ,moses learnt the whole law in the forty days that he was in the ,mount1 but as he descended from the immediate presence of ,god1 he entered the region where stood the angels guarding the ,mount1 and when he saw the ,angel of ,fear1 the ,angel of ,sweat1 the ,angel of ,trembling1 and the ,angel of ,cold ,shuddering1 he was so filled with consternation1 that he forgot all that he had learnt4 ,then ,god sent the ,angel ,jephipha1 who brought back all to his remembrance2 and1 armed with the law1 ,moses passed the ranks of all the angels1 and each gave him some secret or mystery2 one the art of mixing simples1 one that of reading in the stars1 another that of compounding antidotes1 a fourth the secret of name1 or the ,kabalistic mystery4#ecj ,it is said by the ,mussulmans1 that when the law was declared to the children of ,israel by ,moses1 they refused to receive it2 then ,mount ,sinai rose into the air1 and moved above them1 and they fled from it2 but it followed them1 and hung over their heads ready to crush them4 ,and ,moses said1 8,accept the law1 or the mountain will fall on you and destroy you40 ,then they fell on their faces and placed the right side of the brow and right cheek against the ground and looked up with the left eye at the mountain that hung above them1 and said1 8,we will accept the law40 ,this is the manner in which the ,jews to this day perform their worship1 says ,tabari2 they place the brow and right cheek and eye upon the ground1 and turn the left cheek and eye to heaven1 and in this position they pray4#eca #g4 ,,the ,,manna4 7,exod4 xvi47 ,all the time that ,israel wandered in the wilderness they were given manna1 or angels' food4 ,this food is ground by the angels in heaven1 as ,moses saw when he was there4 ,for when ,moses was in heaven1 he knew not when it was night and when it was day1 till he listened to the song of the angels2 and when they sang 8,holy ,god10 then he knew it was morning below on earth2 and when they sang 8,blessed be thou10 he knew it was evening below4 ,also he observed the angels grinding the manna and casting it down2 and then he knew it was night1 and they were strewing it for the ,israelites to gather in the morning4#ecb ,it is in the third firmament1 called ,schechakim 7clouds71 that the mills are in which manna is ground4#ecc ,along with the manna fell pearls and diamonds1 and on the mountain it was heaped so high that it could be seen from afar4#ecd ,and the manna1 this bread from heaven1 contained in itself all sweetness2 and whatsoever any man desired to eat1 the manna tasted to him as if it were that food4#ece ,thus1 if any one said1 8,i wish ,i had a fat bird10 the manna tasted like a fat bird4 ,but usually it had the taste of cakes made of oil1 honey1 and fine flour1 according to the words of the ,lord1 8,my meat also which ,i gave thee1 fine flour1 and oil1 and honey wherewith ,i fed thee0 7,ezek4 xvi4 #aj74ecf ,the ,targum of ,palestine thus describes the fall of the manna3--,in the morning there was a fall of holy dew1 prepared as a table1#ecg round about the camp2 and the clouds ascended and caused manna to descend upon the dew2 and there was upon the face of the desert a minute substance in lines1 minute as the hoar frost upon the ground4 ,and the sons of ,israel beheld1 and wondered1 and said to one another1 8,man hu80 7,what is it87 for they knew not what it was4 ,and ,moses said to them1 8,it is the bread which hath been laid up for you from the beginning in the heavens on high1 and now the ,lord will give it you to eat4 ,this is the word which the ,lord hath dictated3 ,you are to gather of it2 every man according to the number of the persons of his tabernacle40 ,and the children of ,israel did so1 and gathered manna more or less4 ,and ,moses said to them1 8,let no man reserve of it till the morning40 ,but some of them1 ,dathan and ,abiram1 men of wickedness1 did reserve of it till the morning2 but it produced worms1 and putrefied4 ,and they gathered from the time of the dawn until the fourth hour of the day2 when the sun had waxed hot upon it1 it liquefied and made streams of water1 which flowed away into the great sea2 and wild animals that were clean1 and cattle1 came to drink of it2 and the sons of ,israel hunted1 and ate them4#ech ,some of the ,gentiles1 the ,edomites and ,midianites1 came up1 and1 seeing the chosen people eating1 they also gathered of the manna and tasted1 but it was to them as wormwood4#eci #h4 ,,the ,,smitten ,,rock4 7,exod4 xvii4 #a-g47 ,and all the congregation of the sons of ,israel journeyed from the desert of ,sin and encamped in ,rephidim1 a place where their hands were idle in the commandments of the law1 and the fountains were dry1 and there was no water for the people to drink4 ,and the wicked of the people contended with ,moses1 and said 8,give us water that we may drink40 ,and ,moses said to them1 8,why contend ye with me8 ,why tempt ye the ,lord80 ,but the people were athirst for water1 and the people murmured against ,moses and said1 8,why hast thou made us come up out of ,egypt to kill us1 and our children1 and our cattle1 with thirst80 ,and ,moses prayed before the ,lord1 saying1 8,what shall ,i do for this people8 ,yet a little while1 and they will stone me40 ,and the ,lord said to ,moses1 8,pass over before the people1 and take the rod1 with which thou didst smite the river1 in thine hand1 and go from the face of their murmuring4 ,behold1 ,i will stand before thee there1 on the spot where thou sawest the impression of the foot on ,horeb2 and thou shalt smite the rock with thy rod1 and therefrom shall come forth waters for drinking1 and the people shall drink40 ,and ,moses did so before the ,elders of ,israel4 ,and he called the name of that place ,temptation and ,strife2 because the people strove with him there1 and tempted ,god4#edj ,tabari gives these particulars concerning the smitten rock4 ,in the desert there was no water4 ,moses prayed to ,god1 and ,he commanded him to strike a rock with his staff4 ,some say that this was an ordinary stone in the desert1 others that it was a stone from ,sinai which ,moses carried about with him that he might stand on it whenever he prayed4 ,moses struck the rock1 and twelve streams spouted from it4 ,then ,moses said1 8,you have manna and quails in abundance1 gather only sufficient for the day1 and you shall have fresh on the morrow40 ,but they would not obey his word2 therefore the ,lord withdrew the birds1 and the people were famished4 ,then ,moses besought the ,lord1 and the quails were restored to them4 ,and this is how the quails fell in the camp4#eda ,a wind smote them as they flew over the camp1 and broke their wings4 ,then the people murmured again1 and said to ,moses1 8,the heat is intolerable1 we cannot endure it40 ,so he prayed1 and ,god sent a cloud to overshadow ,israel2 and it gave them cool shade all the day4#edb ,after that they complained1 8,we want clothes40 ,then ,god wrought a marvel1 and their clothes waxed not old and ragged1 nor did their shoes wear out1 nor did dirt and dust settle on their garments4#edc ,it is also commonly related that the rock followed the ,israelites1 like the pillar of fire and the manna1 all the time they went through the wilderness2 to this tradition ,s4 ,paul alludes when he says1 8,they drank of that spiritual rock that followed them1 and that rock was ,christ40#edd #i4 ,,moses ,,visits ,,el ,,khoudr4 ,one day1 say the ,mussulmans1 ,moses boasted before ,joshua of his wisdom4 ,then said ,god to him1 8,go to the place where the sea of the ,greeks joins the ,persian ,gulf1 and there you will find one who surpasses you in wisdom40 ,moses therefore announced to the ,hebrews1 who continued their murmurs1 that1 in punishment for their stiffneckedness and rebellion1 they were condemned by ,god to wander for forty years in the desert4 ,then having asked ,god how he should recognize the wise man of whom ,god had spoken to him1 he was bidden take a fish in a basket2 8and10 said ,god1 8the fish will lead thee to my faithful servant40 ,moses went on his way with ,joshua1 having the fish in a basket4 ,in the evening he arrived on the shore of the sea and fell asleep4 ,when he awoke in the morning1 ,joshua forgot to take the fish1 and ,moses not regarding it1 they had advanced far on their journey before they remembered that they had neglected the basket and fish4 ,then they returned and sought where they had slept1 but they found the basket empty4 ,as they were greatly troubled at this loss1 they saw the fish before them1 standing upright like a man1 in the sea2 and it led them1 and they followed along the coast2 and they did not stay till their guide suddenly vanished4 ,supposing that they had reached their destination1 they explored the neighborhood1 and found a cave1 at the entrance to which were inscribed these words1 8,in the ,name of the all-powerful and all-merciful ,god40 ,joshua and ,moses1 entering this cavern1 found a man seated there1 fresh and blooming1 but with white hair and a long white beard which descended to his feet4 ,this was the prophet ,el ,khoudr4 ,some say he was the same as ,elias1 some that he was ,jeremiah1 some that he was ,lot1 and some that he was ,jonah4 ,the greatest uncertainty reigns as to who ,el ,khoudr really is4 ,all that is known of him is that he went with ,alexander the ,two-horned1 to the ,west1 and drank of the fountain of immortality1 and thenceforth he lives an undying life1 ever fresh1 but also marked with the signs of a beautiful old age4 ,el ,khoudr derives his name from the circumstance of his having sat on a bare stone1 and when he rose from it the stone was green and covered with grass4#ede ,in later times he was put to death for the true faith with various horrible tortures1 by an idolatrous king1 but he revived after each execution4 ,the explanation of the mystery of ,el ,khoudr is this4 ,he is the old ,sun-god ,thammuz of the ,sabans1 and when he was dethroned by ,mohammed1 he sank in popular tradition to the level of a prophet1 and all the old myths of the ,sun-god were related of the prophet4 ,his wandering to the ,west is the sun setting there2 his drinking there of the well of immortality is the sun plunging into the sea4 ,his clothing the dry rock with grass is significant of the power of the sun over vegetation4 ,his torments are figures of the sun setting1 in storm1 in flames of crimson1 or swallowed by the black thunder-cloud3 but from all his perils he rises again in glory in the eastern sky4#edf ,moses said to ,el ,khoudr1 8,take me for thy disciple1 permit me to accompany thee1 and to admire the wisdom ,god hath given thee40 8,thou canst not understand it10 answered the venerable man4 8,moreover1 thy stay with me is short40 8,i will be patient and submissive10 said ,moses2 8for ,god's sake1 reject me not40 8,thou mayest follow me10 said the sage4 8,but ask me no questions1 and wait till ,i give thee1 at my pleasure1 the sense of that which thou comprehendest not40 ,moses accepted the condition1 and ,el ,khoudr led him to the sea1 where was a ship at anchor4 ,the prophet took a hatchet1 and cut two timbers out of her side1 so that she foundered4 8,what art thou doing80 asked ,moses2 8the people on board the ship will be drowned40 8,did ,i not say to thee that thou wouldst not remain patient for long80 said the sage4 8,pardon me10 said ,moses2 8,i forgot what ,i had promised40 ,el ,khoudr continued his course4 ,soon they met a beautiful child who was playing with shells on the sea-shore4 ,the prophet took a knife which hung at his girdle1 and cut the throat of the child4 8,wherefore hast thou killed the innocent80 asked ,moses1 in horror4 8,did ,i not say to thee10 repeated ,el ,khoudr1 8that thy journey with me would be short80 8,pardon me once more10 said ,moses2 8if ,i raise my voice again1 drive me from thee40 ,after having continued their journey for some way1 they arrived at a large town1 hungry and tired4 ,but no one would take them in1 or give them food1 except for money4 ,el ,khoudr1 seeing that the wall of a large house1 from which he had been driven away1 menaced ruin1 set it up firmly1 and then retired4 ,moses was astonished1 and said1 8,thou hast done the work of several masons for many days4 ,ask for a wage which will pay for our lodging40 ,then answered the old man1 8,we must separate4 ,but before we part1 ,i will explain what ,i have done4 ,the ship which ,i injured belongs to a poor family4 ,if it had sailed1 it would have fallen into the hands of pirates4 ,the injury ,i did can be easily repaired1 and the delay will save the vessel for those worthy people who own her4 ,the child ,i killed had a bad disposition1 and it would have corrupted its parents4 ,in its place ,god will give them pious children4 ,the house which ,i repaired belongs to orphans1 whose father was a man of substance4 ,it has been let to unworthy people4 ,under the wall is hidden a treasure4 ,had the tenants mended the wall1 they would have found and kept the treasure4 ,now the wall will stand till its legitimate owners come into the house1 when they will find the treasure4 ,thou seest ,i have not acted blindly and foolishly40 ,moses asked pardon of the prophet1 and he returned to his people in the wilderness4#edg ,the same story1 with some variation in the incidents1 is related in the ,talmud4 ,god1 seeing ,moses uneasy1 called him to the summit of a mountain1 and deigned to explain to him how ,he governed the world4 ,he bade the prophet look upon the earth4 ,he saw a fountain flowing at the foot of the mountain4 ,a soldier went to it to drink4 ,a young man came next to the fountain1 and finding a purse of gold1 which the soldier had left there by accident1 he kept it and went his way4 ,the soldier1 having lost his purse1 returned to search for it1 and demanded it of an old man whom he found seated by the spring4 ,the old man protested that he had not found it1 and called ,god to witness the truth of his assertion4 ,but the soldier disbelieving him1 drew his sword upon him and killed him4 ,moses was filled with horror4 ,but ,god said to him3 8,be not surprised at this event2 this old man had murdered the father of the soldier2 the soldier would have wasted the money in riotous living2 in the hands of the youth it will serve to nourish his aged parents1 who are dying of poverty40#edh #aj4 ,,the ,,mission ,,of ,,the ,,spies4 7,numb4 xiii4 xiv47 ,and the ,lord spake with ,moses1 saying1 8,send thou keen-sighted men men who may explore the land of ,canaan1 which ,i will give to the children of ,israel2 one man for each tribe of their fathers shalt thou send from the presence of all their leaders40 ,and ,moses sent them from the wilderness of ,paran2 all of them acute men1 who had been appointed heads over the sons of ,israel4 ,and ,moses said to them1 8,go up on this side by the south1 and ascend the mountain1 and survey the country1 what it is1 and the people who dwell in it2 whether they be strong or weak1 few or many2 what the land is in which they dwell1 whether good or bad2 what the cities they inhabit1 whether they live in towns that are open or walled2 and the reputation of the land1 whether its productions are rich or poor1 and the trees of it be fruitful or not2 and do valiantly1 and bring back some of the fruit of the land40 ,and the day on which they went was the nineteenth of the month ,sivan1 about the days of the first grapes4 ,they came to the stream of the grapes in ,eshkol1 and cut from thence a branch1 with one cluster of grapes1 and carried it on a rod between two men2 and also of the pomegranates1 and of the figs2 and the wine dropped from them like a stream4#edi ,and when they returned1 they related1 8,we have seen the land which we are to conquer with the sword1 and it is good and fruitful4 ,the strongest camel is scarcely able to carry one bunch of grapes2 one ear of corn yields enough to feed a whole family2 and one pomegranate shell could contain five armed men4 ,but the inhabitants of the land and their cities are in keeping with the productions of the soil4 ,we saw men1 the smallest of whom was six hundred cubits high4 ,they were astonished at us on account of our diminutive stature1 and laughed at us4 ,their houses are also in proportion1 walled up to heaven1 so that an eagle could hardly soar above them40#eej ,when the spies had given this report1 the ,israelites murmured1 and said1 8,we are not able to go up to the people1 for they are stronger than we40 ,and the spies said1 8,the country is a land that killeth its inhabitants with diseases2 and all the people who are in it are giants1 masters of evil ways4 ,and we appeared as locusts before them40 ,and all the congregation lifted up their voices and wept2 and it was confirmed that that day1 the ninth of the month ,ab1 should be one of weeping for ever to that people2 and it has ever after been one of a succession of calamities in the history of the ,jews4 8,would that we had died in the land of ,egypt10 said the people2 8would that we had died in the wilderness4 ,why has the ,lord brought us into this land1 to fall by the sword of the ,canaanites1 and our wives and little ones to become a prey80#eea ,then the ,lord was wroth with the spies1 and the earth opened her mouth and swallowed them up1 saving only ,joshua and ,caleb1 who had not given an evil report of the land4#eeb ,the account of the ,targum of ,palestine is different4 ,the ,targum says that the men who had brought an evil report of the land died on the seventh day of the month ,elul1 with worms coming from their navels1 and with worms devouring their tongues4#eec ,the ,rabbis relate that though for the wickedness of men the fruitfulness of the ,holy ,land diminished1 yet in places it remained as great as of old4 8,the ,raf ,chiji1 son of ,ada1 was the teacher of the children of the ,resch ,lakisch2 and once he was absent three days1 and the children were without instruction4 ,when he returned1 the ,resch ,lakisch asked him why he had been so long absent4 ,he answered1 #8,my father sent me to his vine1 which is bound to a tree1 and ,i gathered from it1 the first day1 three hundred bunches of grapes1 which gave as much juice as would fill two hundred and eighty and eight egg-shells 7three gerabhs74 ,next day ,i cut three hundred bunches1 of which two gave one gerabh4 ,the third day ,i cut three hundred bunches1 which yielded one gerabh of juice2 and ,i left more than half the bunches uncut4' ,then said the ,resch ,lakisch to him1 #8,if thou hadst been more diligent in the education of my children1 the vine would have yielded yet more4' 8,rami1 son of ,ezechiel1 once went to the inhabitants of ,berak1 and saw goats feeding under the fig-trees1 and the milk flowed from their udders1 and the honey dropped from the figs1 and the two mingled in one stream4 ,then he said1 #8,this is the land promised to our forefathers1 flowing with milk and honey4' 8,the ,rabbi ,jacob1 son of ,dosethai1 said that from ,lud to ,ono is three miles1 and in the morning twilight ,i started on my way1 and ,i was over ankles in honey out of the figs4 8,the ,resch ,lakisch said that he had himself seen a stream of milk and honey in the neighborhood of ,zippori1 sixteen miles long and the same breadth4 8,the ,rabbi ,chelbo and ,rabbi ,avera and ,rabbi ,jose1 son of ,hannina1 once came to a place where they were offered a honeycomb as large as the frying-pan of the village ,heiro2 they ate a portion1 they gave their asses a portion1 and they distributed a portion to any one who would take it4 8,rabbi ,joshua1 son of ,levi1 once came to ,gabla1 and saw grape-bunches in a vineyard1 as big as calves1 hanging between the vines1 and he said1 #8,the calves are in the vineyard4' ,but the inhabitants told him they were grapes4 ,then said he1 #8,o land1 land6 withdraw thy fruits4 ,do not offer to these heathen those fruits which have been taken from us on account of our sins4' 8,a year after1 ,rabbi ,chija passed that way1 and he saw the bunches like goats4 ,so he said1 #8,the goats are in the vineyard4' ,but the inhabitants said1 #8,they are grape-bunches2 depart from us and do not unto us as did your fellow last year4'0#eed #aa4 ,,of ,,korah ,,and ,,his ,,company4 7,numb4 xvi47 ,and the ,lord said to ,moses1 8,speak to the sons of ,israel1 and bid them make fringes not of threads1 nor of yarn1 nor of fibre1 but after a peculiar fashion shall they make them4 ,they shall cut off the heads of the filaments1 and suspend by five ligatures1 four in the midst of three1 upon the four corners of their garments1 and they shall put upon the edge of their garments a border of blue 7or embroidery of hyacinth740#eee ,but ,korah1 son of ,ezhar1 son of ,kohath1 son of ,levi1 with ,dathan and ,abiram1 the sons of ,eliab1 and ,on1 the son of ,peleth1 sons of ,reuben1 refused to wear the blue border4 ,moses had said1 8,the fringes are to be of white1 with one line of blue20 but ,korah said1 8,i will make mine altogether of blue20 and the two hundred and fifty men of the sons of ,israel1 who had been leaders of the congregation at the time when the journeys and encampments were appointed1 supported ,korah4#eef ,korah was a goldsmith1 and ,moses greatly honored him1 for he was his cousin1 and the handsomest man of all ,israel4 ,when ,moses returned from the mount1 he bade ,korah destroy the calf2 but the fire would not consume it4 ,then ,moses prayed and ,god showed him the philosopher's stone1 which is a plant that grows in great abundance by the shores of the ,red ,sea1 but none knew of its virtues before4 ,now1 this plant turns metals into gold1 and also if a twig of it be cast into gold1 it dissolves it away4 ,moses instructed ,korah in the virtues of this herb4 ,then ,korah dissolved the calf by means of it1 but he also used it to convert base metals into gold1 and thus he became very rich4 ,korah had great quantities of this herb1 and he made vast stores of gold4 ,he accumulated treasures4 ,what he desired he bought1 and he surrounded himself with servants clad in cloth of gold4 ,he built brick houses with brass doors1 and filled them to the roof with gold1 and he made his servants walk before him with the keys of his treasure-houses hung round their necks4 ,he had twenty men carrying these keys2 and still he increased in wealth1 so he placed the keys on camels2 and when he still built more treasuries and turned more substance into gold1 he increased the number of keys to such an extent that he had sixty camel loads of them4 ,moses knew whence ,korah derived his wealth1 but the rest of the congregation of ,israel knew not4 ,after that1 ,korah did that which was wrong1 and he broke the commandment of ,moses1 and would have no blue border on his servants' tunics1 but habited them in scarlet1 and mounted them on red horses4 ,neither did he confine himself to the meats which ,moses permitted as clean4 ,then ,god ordered ,moses to ask ,korah to give one piece of money for every thousand that he possessed4 ,but ,korah refused4 ,this state of affairs continued ten years4 ,when his destiny was accomplished1 he was lifted up with pride1 and he resolved to humble ,moses before all the people4 ,now1 there was among the children of ,israel a woman of bad character4 ,korah gave her large bribes1 and said to her1 8,i will assemble all the congregation1 and bring ,moses before them1 and do thou bring a false accusation against him40 ,the woman consented4 ,then ,korah did as he had said2 and when all the assembly of ,israel was gathered together1 he spake against ,moses all that the lying witness had invented4 ,then he brought forth the woman4 ,but when she saw all the elders of the congregation before her1 she feared1 and she said1 8,korah hath suborned me with gold to speak false witness against ,moses1 to cause him to be put to death40 ,and when ,korah was thus convicted1 ,moses cried1 8,get yourselves up and separate from him40 ,then all the people fled away from him on either side4 ,and the earth opened her lips and closed them on ,korah's feet to the ankles4 ,but ,korah laughed1 and said1 8,what magic is this80 ,moses cried1 8,earth1 seize him60 ,then the earth seized him to his knees4 ,korah said1 8,o ,moses6 ask the earth to release me1 and ,i will do all thou desirest of me40 ,but ,moses was very wroth1 and he would not hearken1 but cried1 8,earth seize him60 ,then the earth seized him to the waist4 ,korah pleaded for his life4 ,he said1 8,i will do all thou desirest of me1 only release me60 ,but ,moses cried again1 8,earth1 seize him60 ,and the earth gulped him down as far as his breast1 and his hands were under the earth4 ,once more he cried1 8,moses6 spare me and release me1 because of our relationship60 ,moses was filled with bitterness1 and he bade the earth swallow him2 and he went down quick into the pit1 and was seen no more4 ,then1 when ,moses was returning thanks to ,god1 the ,lord turned ,his face away from him and said1 8,thy servant asked of thee forgiveness so many times1 and thou didst not forgive him40 ,moses answered1 8,o ,lord1 ,i desired that he should ask pardon of ,thee and not of me40 ,the ,lord said1 8,if he had cried but once to ,me1 ,i would have forgiven him40#eeg ,the earth swallowed ,korah and seventy men1 and they are retained in the earth along with all his treasures till the ,resurrection ,day4 ,every ,thursday1 ,korah1 ,dathan and ,abiram go before the ,messiah1 and they ask1 8,when wilt ,thou come and release us from our prison8 ,when will the end of these wonders be80 ,but the ,messiah answers them1 8,go and ask the ,patriarchs20 but this they are ashamed to do4#eeh ,they sit in the third mansion of ,sheol1 not in any lowest one2 nor are they there tormented1 because ,korah promised to hear and obey ,moses1 as he was being engulfed4#eei ,the ,arabic name for ,korah is ,karoun1 and under this name he has returned to ,rabbinic legends1 and the identity of ,korah and ,karoun has not been observed4 ,the ,rabbis relate of ,karoun that he is an evil angel1 and that ,moses dug a deep pit for him in the land of ,gad1 and cast him into it4 ,but whenever the ,israelites sinned1 ,karoun crept out of his subterranean dwelling and plagued them4#efj ,this is a curious instance of allegorizing upon a false interpretation of a name4 ,the ,karoun of the ,mussulmans is clearly identical with ,korah1 but ,karoun in ,hebrew means ,anger1 and ,karoun was supposed to be the ,angel of the ,anger of the ,lord1 and the story of his emerging from his pit to punish the sinful ,israelites is simply a figurative mode of saying that the anger of the ,lord came upon them4 #ab4 ,,the ,,wars ,,of ,,the ,,israelites4 ,the children of ,israel had many foes to contend with4 ,amongst these were the ,amorites4 ,they hid in caves to form an ambuscade against the people of ,god1 intending1 when the ,israelites had penetrated into a defile between two mountains1 to sally forth upon them and to overthrow them4 ,but they did not know that the ark went before ,israel1 smoothing the rough places and levelling the mountains4#efa ,now1 when the ark drew near the place where the ambush was1 the mountains fell in upon the ,amorites1 and the ,israelites passed on1 and knew not that they had been delivered from a great danger4 ,but there were two lepers named ,eth and ,hav1 who followed the camp and they saw the blood bubbling out from under the mountain2 and thus the fate of the ,amorites was made known4#efb ,the ,israelites found a redoubtable enemy in ,og1 king of ,bashan1 who was one of the giants who had been saved from the old world by clambering on the roof of the ark2 but his weight had so depressed the vessel1 that ,noah was obliged to turn out the hippopotamus and rhinoceros to preserve the ark from foundering4 ,og determined to destroy ,moses4 ,moses was ten cubits in height1 and when ,og came against him1 he took a hatchet of ten cubits' length1 and he made a jump into the air1 and hit ,og on the ankle4 ,og tore up a mountain1 and put it on his head to throw it upon ,moses2 but the ants ate out the inside of the mountain1 and it sank over ,og's head to his neck1 and he could not draw his head out1 for his teeth grew into tusks and thrust through the mountain1 and he was blinded and caught as in a trap4 ,thus ,moses was able to slay him4#efc ,some further details on ,og1 furnished by the ,rabbis1 will assist the reader in estimating the powers of ,moses4 ,at one meal1 ,og ate a thousand oxen and as many wild roes1 and his drink was a thousand firkins2 one drop of the sweat from his brow weighed thirty-six pounds4#efd ,of his size the following authentic details are given4 ,the ,rabbi ,johanan said1 8,i was once a grave-digger1 and ,i ran after a deer1 and went in at one end of a shin-bone of a dead man1 and ,i ran for three miles and could not catch the deer or reach the end of the bone4 ,when ,i went back1 ,i inquired1 and was told that this was the shin-bone of ,og1 king of ,bashan40#efe ,the sole of his foot was forty miles long4 ,once1 when he was quarrelling with ,abraham1 one of his teeth fell out1 and ,abraham made a bed out of the tooth1 and slept in it2 but some say he made a chair out of it4#eff ,when the ,israelites came to ,edrei and fought against it1 in the night ,og came and sat down on the wall1 and his feet reached the ground4 ,next morning ,moses looked out and said1 8,i do not understand how the men of ,edrei can have built a second wall so high during the night40 ,then it was revealed to him that what he had taken for a wall was ,og4#efg ,og had built sixty cities1 and the smallest was sixty miles high4 ,these cities were in ,argob4#efh ,the ,moabites also resisted ,israel1 and they were encouraged by ,balaam the son of ,beor4 ,balak1 king of ,moab1 sent to ,balaam to curse ,israel4 ,then ,balaam rose in the morning and made ready his ass1 and went with the princes of ,moab4 ,the ,mussulman account is that ,balaam1 having been told by ,god not to go1 resolved to obey1 but the princes of ,moab bribed his wife1 and she gave him no peace till he consented to go to ,balak with his messengers4#efi ,but the anger of the ,lord was kindled1 because he would go to curse them1 and the angel of the ,lord stood in the way to be an adversary to him4 ,but he sat upon his ass1 and his two sons1 ,jannes and ,jambres1 were with him4 ,and the ass discerned the angel of the ,lord standing in the way with a drawn sword in his hand1 and the ass turned aside out of the road to go into the field2 and ,balaam smote the ass4 ,and the angel of the ,lord stood in a narrow path that was in the midst between the vineyards1 in the place where ,jacob and ,laban raised the mound1 the pillars on this side and the observatory on that side1#egj that neither should pass the limit to do evil to the other4 ,and as the ass discerned the angel of the ,lord1 and thrust herself against the hedge1 and bruised ,balaam's foot by the hedge1 he smote her again4 ,ten things were created after the world had been founded at the coming in of the ,sabbath between sunset and sunrise1--the manna1 the well1 the rod of ,moses1 the diamond1 the rainbow1 the cloud of glory1 the mouth of the earth1 the writing on the tables of the covenant1 the demons1 and the speaking ass4 ,then the ,lord opened the mouth of the ass1 and she said to ,balaam1 8,what have ,i done to thee1 that thou hast smitten me twice80 ,and ,balaam said to the ass1 8,because thou hast been false to me2 if there were now a sword in my hand1 ,i would kill thee40 ,and the ass said to ,balaam1 8,woe to thee1 wanting in understanding6 ,behold thou hast not power with all thy skill to curse me1 an unclean beast1 which am to die in this world and not to enter the world to come2 how much less canst thou curse the children of ,abraham1 ,isaac and ,jacob1 on whose account the world was created40#ega ,balaam finding that he could not curse the people1 and that they were under the protection of the ,most ,high1 saw that the only way to ruin them was by leading them into sin4 ,therefore he advised ,balak1 and the king appointed the daughter of the ,midianites for the tavern-booths at ,beth ,jeshimoth1 by the snow mountain1 where they sold sweetmeats cheaper than their price4 ,and ,israel trafficked with them for their sweet cakes2 and when the maidens brought out the image of ,peor from their bundles1 the ,israelites did not notice it to take it away1 and becoming accustomed to it they went on to sacrifice to it4#egb ,and ,moses saw one of the sons of ,israel come by1 holding a ,midianitess by the hand1 and ,moses rebuked him4 ,then said the man1 8,what is it that is wrong in this8 ,didst not thou thyself take to wife a ,midianitess1 the daughter of ,jethro80 ,when ,moses heard this1 he trembled and swooned away4 ,but ,phinehas cried1 8,where are the lions of the tribe of ,judah80 and he took a lance in his hand1 and slew the man and the woman4 ,twelve miracles were wrought for ,phinehas1 but they need not be repeated here4#egc ,then all the ,israelites went forth against the ,midianites and defeated them2 and when they numbered the slain1 ,balaam and his sons were discovered among the dead4 #ac4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,aaron4 7,numb4 xx4 #bb-bi47 ,moses was full of grief when the word of the ,lord came to him that ,aaron1 his brother1 was to die4 ,that night he had no rest1 and when it began to dawn towards morning1 he rose and went to the tent of ,aaron4 ,aaron was much surprised to see his brother come in so early1 and he said1 8,wherefore art thou come80 ,moses answered1 8,all night long have ,i been troubled1 and have had no sleep1 for certain things in the ,law came upon me1 and they seemed to me to be heavy and unendurable2 ,i have come to thee that thou shouldst relieve my mind40 ,so they opened the book together and read from the first word2 and at every sentence they said1 8,that is holy1 and great1 and righteous40 ,soon they came to the history of ,adam2 and ,moses stayed from reading when he arrived at the ,fall1 and he cried bitterly1 8,o ,adam1 thou hast brought death into the world60 ,aaron said1 8,why art thou so troubled thereat1 my brother8 ,is not death the way to ,eden80 8,it is however very painful4 ,think also that both thou and ,i must some day die4 ,how many years thinkest thou we shall live80 ,aaron4--8,perhaps twenty40 ,moses4--8,oh no6 not so many40 ,aaron4--8,then fifteen40 ,moses4--8,no1 my brother1 not so many40 ,aaron4--8,then ten years40 ,moses4--8,no1 not so many40 ,aaron4--8,then surely it must be five40 ,moses4--8,i say again1 not so many40 ,then said ,aaron1 hesitating1 8,is it then one80 ,and ,moses said1 8,not so much40 ,full of anxiety and alarm1 ,aaron kept silence4 ,then said ,moses gently1 8,o my beloved6 would it not be good to say of thee as it was said of ,abraham1 that he was gathered to his fathers in peace80 ,aaron was silent4 ,then said ,moses1 8,if ,god were to say that thou shouldst die in a hundred years1 what wouldst thou say80 ,aaron said1 8,the ,lord is righteous in all ,his ways1 and holy in all his works40 ,moses4--8,and if ,god were to say to thee that thou shouldst die this year1 what wouldst thou answer80 ,aaron4--8,the ,lord is righteous in all ,his ways1 and holy in all his works40 ,moses4--8,and if ,he were to call thee to-day1 what wouldst thou say80 ,aaron4--8,the ,lord is righteous in all ,his ways1 and holy in all ,his works40 8,then10 said ,moses1 8arise and follow me40 ,at that same hour went forth ,moses1 ,aaron1 and ,eleazer1 his son2 they ascended into ,mount ,hor1 and the people looked on1 nothing doubting1 for they knew not what was to take place4 ,then said the ,most ,high to ,his angels1 8,behold the new ,isaac2 he follows his younger brother1 who leads him to death40 ,when they had reached the summit of the mountain1 there opened before them a cavern4 ,they went in and found a death-bed prepared by the hands of the angels4 ,aaron laid himself down upon it and made ready for death4 ,then ,moses cried out in grief1 8,woe is me6 we were two1 when we comforted our sister in her death2 in this1 thy last hour1 ,i am with thee to solace thee2 when ,i die1 who will comfort me80 ,then a voice was heard from heaven1 8,fear not2 ,god himself will be with thee40 ,on one side stood ,moses1 on the other ,eleazer1 and they kissed the dying man on the brow1 and took from off him his sacerdotal vestments to clothe ,eleazer his son with them4 ,they took off one portion of the sacred apparel1 and they laid that on ,eleazer2 and then they removed another portion1 and laid that on ,eleazer2 and as they stripped ,aaron1 a silvery veil of clouds sank over him like a pall and covered him4 ,aaron seemed to be asleep4 ,then ,moses said1 8,my brother1 what dost thou feel80 8,i feel nothing but the cloud that envelopes me10 answered he4 ,after a little pause1 ,moses said again1 8,my brother1 what dost thou feel80 ,he answered feebly1 8,the cloud surrounds me and bereaves me of all joy40 ,and the soul of ,aaron was parted from his body4 ,and as it went up ,moses cried once more1 8,alas1 my brother6 what dost thou feel80 ,and the soul replied1 8,i feel such joy1 that ,i would it had come to me sooner40 ,then cried ,moses1 8,oh thou blessed1 peaceful death6 ,oh1 may such a death be my lot60 ,moses and ,eleazer came down alone from the mountain1 and the people wailed because ,aaron was no more4 ,but the coffin of ,aaron rose1 borne by angels1 in the sight of the whole congregation1 and was carried into heaven1 whilst the angels sang3 8,the priest's lips have kept knowledge1 have spoken truth60#egd ,the ,mussulman story is not quite the same4 ,one version is that both ,moses and ,aaron ascended ,hor1 knowing that one of them was to die1 but uncertain which1 and they found a cave1 and a sarcophagus therein with the inscription on it1 8,i am for him whom ,i fit40 ,moses tried to lie down in it1 but his feet hung out2 ,aaron next entered it1 lay down1 and it fitted him exactly4 ,then ,gabriel led ,moses and the sons of ,aaron out of the cave1 and when they were again admitted ,aaron was dead4#ege ,another version is this3 ,god announced to ,moses that he would call ,aaron to ,himself4 ,then ,moses took his brother from the camp1 and they went into the desert1 till they came to a tree4 ,when ,aaron saw the shadow1 he said1 8,o my brother1 whose tree is this80 ,moses said1 8,god alone knows40 ,then spake ,aaron1 8,i am weary1 and the shadow is cool2 suffer me to repose a little while under the tree40 ,moses said1 8,lie down my brother2 and may thy rest be sweet40 ,aaron lay down1 and ,moses sat by him till he died4 ,then suddenly the tree1 the shadow1 and ,aaron vanished2 and ,moses returned alone to the ,israelites4 ,they were angry with him1 that he had not brought back ,aaron1 and they took up stones against him4 ,but ,moses cried to the ,lord1 and the ,lord showed them ,aaron on a bed1 and he was dead2 and the people looked1 and wondered1 and wept3 then said a voice from heaven1 8,god hath taken him40 ,the people bewailed him many days4#egf #ad4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,moses4 ,when the time came for ,moses to die1 the ,lord called ,gabriel to ,him1 and said1 8,go and bring the soul of ,my servant ,moses to ,paradise40 ,the angel ,gabriel answered in astonishment1 8,lord1 ,lord1 how can ,i venture to give death to that man1 the like of whom all generations of men have not seen80 ,then the ,most ,high called to ,him ,michael1 and said1 8,go and bring the soul of ,my servant ,moses to ,paradise40 ,the angel ,michael answered in fear1 8,lord1 ,lord1 ,i was his instructor in heavenly lore6 ,how can ,i bear death to my pupil80 ,then the ,most ,high called to ,him ,sammael1 and said1 8,go and bring the soul of ,my servant ,moses to ,paradise40 ,the angel ,sammael flushed red with joy4 ,he clothed himself in anger1 and grasped his sword1 and rushed down upon the holy one4 ,but he found him writing the incommunicable name of ,god1 and he saw his face shine with divine light4 ,then he stood irresolute1 and his sword sank with the point to earth4 8,what seekest thou80 asked ,moses4 8,i am sent to give thee death10 answered the trembling angel4 8,all mortals must submit to that40 8,but not ,i10 said ,moses1 8at least from thee2 ,i1 consecrated from my mother's womb1 the discloser of divine mysteries1 the mouthpiece of ,god1 ,i will not surrender my soul into thy hand40 ,then ,sammael flew away4 ,but a voice fell from heaven1 8,moses1 ,moses1 thine hour is come60 8,my ,lord10 answered ,moses1 8give not my soul into the hands of the ,angel of ,death40 ,then the ,bath-kol1 the heavenly voice1 fell again1 8,be comforted4 ,i myself will take thy soul1 and ,i myself will bury thee40#egg ,then ,moses went home1 and knocked at the door4 ,his wife ,zipporah opened2 and when she saw him pale and trembling1 she inquired the reason4 ,moses answered1 8,give ,god the praise4 ,my hour of death is come40 8,what6 must a man who has spoken with ,god die like ordinary mortals80 8,he must4 ,even the angels ,gabriel1 ,michael1 and ,israfiel must die2 ,god alone is eternal1 and dies not40 ,zipporah wept and swooned away4 ,when she recovered her senses1 ,moses asked1 8,where are my children80 8,they are put to bed1 and are asleep40 8,wake them up2 ,i must bid them farewell40 ,zipporah went to the children's bed and cried1 8,arise1 poor orphans6 arise and bid your father farewell2 for this is his last day in this world1 and the first in the world beyond40 ,the children awoke in terror1 and cried1 8,alas6 who will pity us when we are fatherless8 who will stand protector on our threshold80 ,moses was so moved that he wept4 ,then ,god said to him1 8,what mean these tears8 ,fearest thou death1 or dost thou part reluctantly with this world80 8,i fear not death1 nor do ,i part reluctantly with this world2 but ,i lament these children1 who have lost their grandfather ,jethro and their uncle ,aaron1 and who now must lose their father40 8,in whom then did thy mother confide1 when she cast thee in the bulrush ark into the water80 8,in ,thee1 ,o ,lord40 8,who gave thee power before ,pharaoh8 who strengthened thee with thy staff to divide the sea80 8,thou1 ,o ,lord40 8,who led thee through the wilderness1 and gave thee bread from heaven1 and opened to thee the rock of flint80 8,thou1 ,o ,lord40 8,then canst thou not trust thy orphans to ,me1 who am a father to the fatherless8 ,but go1 take thy staff1 and extend it once more over the sea1 and thou shalt have a sign to strengthen thy wavering faith40 ,moses obeyed4 ,he took the rod of ,god in his hand1 and he went down to the sea-beach1 and he lifted the rod over the water4 ,then the sea divided1 and he saw in the midst a black rock4 ,and he went forward into the sea till he reached the rock1 and then a voice said to him1 8,smite with thy staff60 ,and he smote1 and the rock clave asunder1 and he saw at its foundations a little cavity1 and in the cavity was a worm with a green leaf in its mouth4 ,the worm lifted up its voice and cried thrice1 8,praise be ,god1 who doth not forget me1 though ,i1 a little worm1 lie in loneliness here6 ,praised be ,god1 who hath nourished and cherished even me60 ,when the worm was silent1 ,god said to ,moses3 8,thou seest that ,i do not fail to consider and provide for a little worm in a rock of which men know not1 far in the depths of the sea2 and shall ,i forget thy children1 who know ,me80 ,moses returned with shame to his home1 comforted his wife and children1 and went alone to the mountain where he was to die4#egh ,and when he had gone up the mountain1 he met three men who were digging a grave2 and he asked them1 8,for whom do you dig this grave80 ,they answered1 8,for a man whom ,god will call to be with ,him in ,paradise40 ,moses asked permission to lend a hand to dig the grave of such a holy man4 ,when it was completed1 ,moses asked1 8,have you taken the measure of the deceased80 8,no2 we have quite forgotten to do so4 ,but he was of thy size2 lie down in it1 and ,god will reward thee1 when we see if it be likely to suit40 ,moses did so4#egi ,the three men were the three angels ,michael1 ,gabriel1 and ,sagsagel4 ,the angel ,michael1 had begun the grave1 the angel ,gabriel had spread the white napkin for the head1 the angel ,sagsagel that for the feet4 ,then the angel ,michael stood on one side of ,moses1 the angel ,gabriel on the other side1 the angel ,sagsagel at the feet1 and the ,majesty of ,god appeared above his head4 ,and the ,lord said to ,moses1 8,close thine eyelids40 ,he obeyed4 ,then the ,lord said1 8,press thy hand upon thy heart40 ,and he did so4 ,then ,god said1 8,place thy feet in order40 ,he did so4 ,then the ,lord addressed the spirit of ,moses1 and said1 8,holy soul1 my daughter6 ,for a hundred and twenty years hast thou inhabited this undefiled body of dust4 ,but now thine hour is come2 come forth and mount to ,paradise60 ,but the soul answered1 trembling and with pain1 8,in this pure and undefiled body have ,i spent so many years1 that ,i have learned to love it1 and ,i have not the courage to desert it40 8,my daughter1 come forth6 ,i will place thee in the highest heaven beneath the ,cherubim and ,seraphim who bear up ,my eternal throne40 ,yet the soul doubted and quaked4 ,then ,god bent over the face of ,moses1 and kissed him4 ,and the soul leaped up in joy1 and went with the kiss of ,god to ,paradise4 ,then a sad cloud draped the heavens1 and the wind wailed1 8,who lives now on earth to fight against sin and error80 ,and a voice answered1 8,such a prophet never arose before40 ,and the ,earth lamented1 8,i have lost the holy one60 ,and ,israel lamented1 8,we have lost the ,shepherd60 ,and the angels sang1 8,he is come in peace to the arms of ,god60#ehj ,but the ,mussulmans narrate the last scene differently4 ,they say that the ,angel of ,death stood over ,moses1 as he lay in the grave1 and said1 8,prophet of ,god1 ,i must take thy soul40 8,how wilt thou take it80 8,from thy mouth40 8,thou canst not1 for my mouth hath spoken with ,god40 8,then from thine eyes40 8,thou canst not1 for my eyes have seen the uncreated ,light of ,god40 8,then from thy ears40 8,thou canst not1 for my ears have heard the ,voice of ,god40 8,then from thy hands40 8,thou canst not1 for my hands have held the diamond tables1 on which was engraven the ,tora40 ,then ,god bade the ,angel of ,death obtain from ,rhidwan1 the porter of ,paradise1 an apple from the garden1 and give it to ,moses to smell4 ,moses took the apple out of the hand of the ,angel of ,death1 and smelt at it2 and as he smelt thereat1 the angel drew his soul forth at his nostrils4 ,none know where is the grave of ,moses1 save ,gabriel1 ,michael1 ,israfiel1 and ,azrael1 for they buried him and defend his grave to the ,judgment ,day4#eha ,by ,nebo's lonely mountain1 ,on this side ,jordan's wave1 ,in a vale in the land of ,moab ,there lies a lonely grave4 ,and no man knows that sepulchre1 ,and no man saw it e'er1 ,for the angels of ,god upturned the sod1 ,and laid the dead man there4 ,that was the grandest funeral ,that ever passed on earth2 ,but no man heard the trampling1 ,or saw the train go forth-- ,noiselessly as the daylight ,comes back when night is done1 ,and the crimson streak on ,ocean's cheek ,grows into the great sun2 ,noiselessly as the spring-time ,her crown of verdure weaves1 ,and all the trees on all the hills ,open their thousand leaves2 ,so without sound of music1 ,or voice of them that wept1 ,silently down from the mountain's crown ,the great procession swept4 99 99 99 99 99 ,and had he not high honor-- ,the hill-side for a pall1 ,to lie in state1 while angels wait ,with stars for tapers tall2 ,and the dark rock-pines1 like tossing plumes4 ,over his bier to wave1 ,and ,god's own hand in that lonely land ,to lay him in the grave8#ehb ,once when the ,persian ,empire was at the summit of its power1 an attempt was made to discover the body of ,moses4 ,a countless host of ,persian soldiers was sent to search ,mount ,nebo4 ,when they had reached the top of the mountain1 they saw the sepulchre of ,moses distinctly at the bottom4 ,they hastened to reach the valley1 and then they clearly distinguished the tomb of ,moses at the summit4 ,thus1 whenever they were at the top1 they saw it at the foot2 and when they were at the foot1 it appeared at the top2 so they were forced to abandon the prosecution of their search4#ehc ,the incident of the contention of ,michael with ,satan for the body of ,moses mentioned by ,s4 ,jude is contained in the apocryphal 8,assumption of ,moses10 now lost1 but which has been quoted by ,origen and other ,fathers4 ,,xxxiii4 ,,joshua4 ,hitherto ,israel had required a lawgiver1 and they had been given one in ,moses2 now they needed a general1 and they were provided with one in ,joshua4 ,after the death of ,moses and his brother ,aaron1 the children of ,israel remained seven years in the wilderness1 till the forty years were accomplished4 ,then ,god conferred on ,joshua the function of prophet1 and ordered him to lead the chosen people out of the desert and to attack the three cities of the giants4 ,joshua was of the tribe of ,joseph4 ,he was the son of ,nun1 who was the son of ,ephraim1 who was the son of ,joseph2 and his mother was ,miriam1 the sister of ,moses and ,aaron4#ehd ,before ,joshua led the people of the ,lord to the conquest of the ,holy ,land1 ,joshua sent three deputations into ,canaan2 of these the first proclaimed1 8,let any one who will escape death1 leave the country40 ,then came the second deputation1 and declared1 8,let such people as will make an alliance with us1 do so1 and we will receive them40 ,then came the third deputation1 and cried1 8,let those who persist in desiring war prepare for it40 ,the result of these deputations was that one nation deserted the country and settled in ,africa1 and that another nation made terms with ,israel4 ,but thirty-one princes made ready for war4#ehe ,joshua marched with his army against ,jericho1 took the city1 and slew all the men therein2 they were giants1 and it took a hundred men to cut off the head of each giant4 ,after the capture of ,jericho1 ,joshua went against ,ai1 which is beside ,beth-aven1 on the east side of ,bethel4 ,and as the people went up1 the men of ,ai came forth1 and routed them1 and they fled4#ehf ,then ,joshua rent his clothes1 and fell on his face to the earth before the ark of the ,lord1 until eventide1 he and the elders of ,israel1 and put dust on their heads4 ,and the ,lord said to ,joshua1 8,get thee up4 ,i am wroth with the people1 for there is amongst them a sin which is not put away1 and till that accursed thing is cast out1 victory shall not attend their arms40 ,now ,joshua had ordered all the plunder of ,jericho to be burnt with fire2 but although it was heaped up1 the fire would not consume it4 ,then he knew that the pile could not be complete1 for the flames danced up1 but would consume nothing1 as though they waited for the entirety of their prey4 ,so ,joshua made inquisition2 and it was found that ,achan 7,adjezan in ,arabic7 had concealed a portion of the booty1 which he desired to appropriate to his own use4 ,then the booty taken by ,achan was added to the heap1 and instantly the flames roared up1 and devoured the whole of the spoil4#ehg ,and when ,ai was taken1 ,joshua said3 8,enter into this town2 for ,god has taken it from the giants1 and has given it to you to be your inheritance4 ,but when you pass through the gates1 prostrate yourselves1 with your heads in the dust1 and adore ,god1 saying1 ,hittaton1 hittaton1 which is by interpretation1 ,pardon our sins40 ,some of those who entered ,ai obeyed the voice of ,joshua1 and ,god gave them a possession in that city1 and their posterity retain it to this day4 ,but there were some ungodly men who disobeyed the voice of ,joshua1 and when they passed through the gates1 they did not prostrate themselves1 but they raised their heads to heaven1 and instead of saying 8hittaton10 as commanded1 they said 8hintaton10 asking for corn4 ,then the wrath of ,god was kindled against these men1 and fire fell from heaven1 and consumed all that had said hintaton in place of hittaton4#ehh ,near ,ai there were mountains1 in which reigned two kings1 ,kuma and ,djion 7,sihon74 ,these ,amorites were wealthy4 ,when ,joshua attacked these kings1 they asked to make a league with the people of ,israel2 and they were accepted1 on condition that they believed in the religion of ,moses4 ,another of these mountain kingdoms was governed by a king called ,barak 7,adoni-bezek74 ,he also sought by submission to escape ruin1 and ,joshua accepted him on the same terms as ,kuma and ,djion4 ,to the west were five cities1 whose inhabitants were also ,amorites4 ,the kings of these cities made war on ,joshua4 ,joshua routed them1 and these five kings took refuge in a cave4 ,joshua ordered the cave to be closed with a stone1 whilst he pursued the routed army4 ,then ,god sent hail from heaven1 and each hailstone struck down and killed a man4#ehi ,on that day ,joshua cried to the ,lord1 for the sun hastened to go down1 and it was a ,friday1 and he feared that he should not have utterly discomfited the host before the ,sabbath came in4 ,then the ,lord lengthened the day one hour1 so as to enable him to complete his victory4#eij ,after the battle1 it was announced to him that ,barak and the other kings who had made submission to him had taken advantage of the rising of the kings of the five cities to renounce their allegiance1 and to return to the worship of false gods4 ,therefore ,joshua prayed1 8,o ,lord6 because they have become unfaithful1 take from them their riches1 and make them poor1 that they may become bondsmen2 and that their king may fall into misery60 ,joshua was sick and unable to march against them4 ,he was aged a hundred and twenty-eight years4 ,he was a hundred years old when ,moses died1 and he governed ,israel twenty-eight years4#eia ,for the benefit of coin-collectors1 the following information is inserted4 8,on the coins struck by ,abraham are figured1 on the obverse1 an old man and an ass2 on the reverse1 a boy and a girl4 ,on the coins of ,joshua are1 on one side a bull1 on the other a unicorn4 ,on those of ,david1 on one side a staff and wallet1 on the other a tower4 ,on those of ,mordecai1 on the obverse1 sackcloth and ashes2 and on the reverse a crown40#eib ,after ,joshua1 ,caleb1 the son of ,jephunneh1 and ,othniel1 the son of ,kenaz1#eic ,caleb's brother1 governed ,israel4 ,they collected the people1 and marched against ,barak 7,adoni-bezek7#eid and his people who had apostatized1 and attacked them1 and slew great numbers of them4 ,they took the king and cut off his thumbs4 ,this ,barak had1 during his reign1 treated seventy kings in like fashion1 so that they were unable to pick up any thing off the ground4 ,and when ,barak was feasting1 these kings were brought before him4 ,then he cast bread among them1 but they were unable to pick it up1 having no thumbs1 and they were obliged to stoop to the ground1 and take it in their mouths like dogs2 and this caused huge merriment to the king4#eie ,,xxxiv4 ,,the ,,judges4 ,if ,joshua1 the first of the ,judges1 has1 to a great extent1 escaped the hands of legend manufacturers1 the same may be said of his successors1 ,phinehas1 ,othniel1 ,ehud1 ,deborah and ,barak1 ,gibeon1 ,abimelech1 ,tola1 ,jair1 ,jephthah1 ,ibzan1 ,elon1 and ,abdon4 ,even ,samson has not been surrounded by such a multitude of traditions as might have been expected4 ,the ,mussulmans have little to say of him1 and the ,jewish legends are not numerous4 ,the ,rabbi ,samuel1 son of ,nahaman1 said that ,samson once took two mountains1 one in each hand1 and knocked them together1 as a man will strike together two pebbles4 ,the ,rabbi ,jehuda said that when the ,spirit of the ,lord rested on him he strode in one stride from ,zorah to ,eshtaol4 ,the ,rabbi ,nahaman added that his hair stood up1 and one hair tinkled against another1 so that the sound could be heard1 like that of bells1 from ,zorah to ,eshtaol4#eif ,abulfaraj says that ,phinehas1 the son of ,eleazer1 the son of ,aaron1 after the death of ,joshua1 was commanded by an angel to put the manna1 the rods1 the tables of the covenant1 and the five books of ,moses in a brazen urn1 seal it with lead1 and conceal it in a cave1 as the ,israelites were too wicked to be entrusted with such a treasure4#eig ,,xxxv4 ,,samuel4 ,gjalout 7,goliath7 was king of the ,philistines4 ,he was of the race of the ancient giants1 the ,adites and the ,themudites1 who were from fifty to a hundred cubits in height4 ,the children of ,israel were grievously oppressed by him1 and they besought ,god to send them a prophet who would reinstruct them in the law of ,moses1 and in the true religion4 ,for thirty years they besought ,god1 but no prophet was given to them4 ,in the meanwhile1 the ,philistines oppressed them more and more1 and whenever the ,israelites rose against them they defeated the ,israelites with great slaughter4 ,there died a man of the tribe of ,levi1 ,rayyan 7,elkanah71 son of ,elkama1 who was descended from ,aaron the brother of ,moses4 ,the elders of ,israel hearing that he had died1 leaving his wife pregnant1 went to her and surrounded her with the greatest care and comforts4 ,there was amongst them a wise man named ,hil 7,eli7 who was high-priest2 to him they confided the care of the widow4 ,in time she bore a son1 who was named ,ischmawil 7,samuel74 ,eli brought up the child ,samuel in the temple1 to the age of seven years1 and he taught him the ,pentateuch and the religion of ,moses4 ,samuel regarded ,eli as his father1 because he had been brought up by him1 and he loved and reverenced him greatly4 ,one night when he was asleep1 ,gabriel came into the room and made a noise1 so that ,samuel awoke4 ,he saw no one1 so he called to ,eli1 8,master6 didst thou summon me80 ,eli replied1 8,no1 my son1 ,i did not summon thee40 ,next night the same occurred2 so also the third night4 ,then ,eli thought that ,god wished to give to ,samuel the gift of prophecy2 therefore he said1 8,my son1 if thou art called again in the night1 reply1 ,here am ,i2 what wouldest ,thou8 ,i am in ,thy hands40 ,samuel did so4 ,then ,gabriel appeared to him and communicated to him the message of ,god4 ,samuel told ,eli that the ,lord had given him the gift of prophecy1 by the mouth of ,his messenger ,gabriel4 ,then ,eli was rejoiced1 and he announced the glad tidings to all ,israel4 ,eli had two sons whom he had instructed in the art of offering sacrifice according to the law of ,moses1 but he had taught them nothing else4 ,eli himself moreover neglected to sacrifice1 and he allowed his sons to live after their lusts1 unrestrained by his paternal and priestly rebuke4 ,therefore ,god spake to ,samuel that ,he would punish ,eli and his sons2 but ,samuel feared to show it to the high priest4 ,then said ,eli to him1 8,has ,god given thee a message to me80 ,and ,samuel answered1 8,god has said1 ,why hast thou neglected to offer sacrifice1 so that thy sons add thereto or detract therefrom8 ,and why hast thou not constrained them8 ,because of this sin1 ,i shall deliver thee into the hands of an enemy1 who shall slay thy sons1 and take the ark1 and cause thee to perish also40#eih ,then ,gjalout came1 and made war against the children of ,israel1 and there was a great battle1 and ,hophni and ,phinehas1 the sons of ,eli1 were slain1 and the ark was taken2 and ,eli fell backward from off his seat when he heard the news1 and his neck brake1 and he died4 ,in the ark1 that now fell into the hands of the ,philistines1 were preserved the tables of the ,law1 which ,god had given to ,moses1 and a basin in which the angels washed and purified the hearts of the prophets1 and the mitre and breastplate and potificial robes of ,aaron4 ,the ,israelites had been accustomed1 in times of peril1 to produce the ark1 and it had delivered them from evil by virtue of the sacred relics it contained4 ,as for the ,shekinah which rested upon it1 and from which the ark took its name of ,tabut-,shekinah1 the ,mussulman authors assure us it had the form of a leopard1 which1 whenever the ark was carried against the enemies of ,god's people1 rose on its legs1 and uttered so potent a roar1 that the foes of ,israel fell to the ground4 ,these authors1 however1 derive this fable from ,rabbinic writers4#eii ,the king of the ,philistines1 having obtained possession of the ark1 placed it in a draught-house1 purposing thereby to express his hatred of the ,jews1 and his contempt for that which they regarded as most sacred4 ,but a terrible disease broke out among the ,philistines1 and the ark was sent from ,gaza to another city4 ,there the plague appeared immediately1 and the ,philistines were at length obliged to return the ark to the ,israelites4 ,in the mean time1 the ,israelites1 in consternation at the loss of their ark1 gathered about ,samuel1 and besought him to consecrate a king for them1 who might go forth to battle before them1 and recover for them the ark4 ,then ,samuel said3 8,if ,i consecrate a king for you1 will you not desert him1 and refuse to obey him80 ,but they all protested1 8,we will follow him wherever he leads1 and we will obey all his commands40#fjj ,then ,schareh1 who was surnamed ,thalout 7,saul71 on account of the greatness of his stature1 was chosen by ,samuel to be their king4 ,he was poor1 and by trade a water-carrier1 and his ancestors had all been water-carriers4 ,now the father of ,saul had lost an ass1 which had escaped into the desert4 ,saul went after it4 ,then ,samuel came to meet him1 and said to him3 8,thou shalt reign as king over the people of ,israel40 ,saul replied3 8,o prophet of ,god6 thou knowest that my tribe is the least among the tribes1 and that ,i am the poorest among the members of my tribe40 ,samuel said3 8,nevertheless1 ,god has ordered that so it should be40 ,then he poured on his head the sacred oil which had been brought to ,samuel out of heaven by ,gabriel4 ,but some say that this oil belonged to ,joseph the son of ,jacob1 and it was preserved by the prophets4 ,when this oil was poured on ,saul's head and face1 it made his skin brilliant and pure4 ,now the prophets all came out of the tribe of ,levi1 and the tribe of ,benjamin was despised greatly by the ,israelites4 ,and when they heard that their king was from that tribe1 and was a water-carrier1 they were angry1 and exclaimed1 8,why should he reign over us8 ,we are as worthy to reign as he60#fja ,samuel answered1 8,god gives power to whom ,he wills40 ,the ,israelites said1 8,show us a sign40 ,samuel brought the sacred oil forth1 and it boiled in the presence of ,saul4#fjb ,but that did not suffice them4 ,they then asked another sign2 and ,samuel said1 8,the ark shall return40 ,and they lifted their eyes1 and lo6 the ark was coming to them attached to the tails of two cows1 and angels guided the cows4#fjc ,then the children of ,israel doubted no longer1 but accepted ,saul as their king4 ,then said ,samuel to the people3 8,the ,god of your fathers has sent me unto you1 to promise you victory over the ,philistines1 and deliverance from your bondage1 if you will turn and leave your evil ways40 8,what shall we do80 asked one of the elders1 8that we may obtain the favor of ,god80 ,samuel answered1 8,ye must pray to ,god alone1 and offer no sacrifices to idols1 nor eat the flesh of swine1 or blood2 neither must you eat any thing which is not slaughtered in the name of the ,most ,high4 ,ye must assist one another1 honor your parents1 entreat your wives with kindness1 and support the widows1 orphans1 and poor4 ,ye shall believe in the prophets who have gone before me1 especially in ,abraham1 for whom ,god turned a fiery pile into a pleasure garden2 in ,ishmael1 whose neck ,god made as a flint stone1 and for whom ,he opened a fountain in the stony desert2 and in ,moses1 who with his staff opened twelve clay paths through the sea4 ,also ye shall believe in the prophets who shall follow after me1 especially in ,isa ,ibn ,mariam 7,jesus1 ,son of ,mary71 the ,spirit of ,god1 and in ,mohammed ,ibn ,abd-,allah40 8,and who is this ,isa80 asked one of the elders of ,israel4 8,isa10 pursued ,samuel1 8is the prophet foretold in the ,tora as the ,word of ,god4 ,his mother ,mariam 7,mary7 shall conceive him by the will of ,god1 and by a breath of the angel ,gabriel4 ,in his mother's womb will he praise the almighty power of ,god1 and testify to the immaculate purity of his mother2 afterwards will he heal the sick and crippled1 will quicken the dead1 and will create living birds out of clay4#fjd ,his godless cotemporaries will deal cruelly with him1 and will crucify him2 but ,god will deceive their eyes and will let another die in his room1 and he will be carried up into heaven like the prophet ,idris 7,enoch740 8,and ,mohammed10 asked the same ,israelite1 8who is he8 ,his name sounds strange in our ears1 never have we heard that name before40 8,mohammed10 answered ,samuel1 8does not belong to the race of ,israel2 he will descend from the seed of ,ishmael1 and he will be the last and greatest of the prophets1 before whom ,moses and ,christ will bend at the ,resurrection ,day4 ,his name1 which signifies the ,much ,praised1 is prophetic of the laud and honor he will receive from all creatures on earth1 and all the angels in heaven4 ,the miracles he will work are numberless1 so that a man's life is not long enough to relate them all4 ,i shall be able to tell you only the events of a single night4 8,one fearful night of tempest1 in which neither cock will crow nor dog bark1 ,mohammed shall be aroused from sleep by ,gabriel1 who shall appear to him in the shape he has when he appears before ,god1 with seven hundred wings streaming with light2 between each a space such as a fleet-footed horse could scarce traverse in five hundred years4 ,gabriel will lead the prophet forth into the open air1 where the wondrous horse ,borak will be ready4 ,that is the horse on which ,abraham mounted when he made his pilgrimages from ,syria to ,mecca4 ,this horse has two wings as an eagle1 and feet like a dromedary1 and a body like a costly gem1 shining like the sun1 and a head like the fairest maiden4 ,on this wondrous beast1 whose brow bears the inscription1 #8,there is no ,god save ,god1 and ,mohammed is his prophet1' he will mount and ride1 first to ,medina1 then to ,sinai1 thence to ,bethlehem1 and finally to ,jerusalem1 to view the holy places1 and at them to offer up his prayers4 ,from ,jerusalem he will ascend on a golden ladder1 with rungs of rubies1 emeralds1 and jacinths1 into the seventh heaven1 where he will be instructed in all the mysteries of the creation1 and the governance of the world4 ,he will see the blessed in all their joy1 in ,paradise1 and the sinners1 in all their pain1 in ,hell4 ,there will he see many pasturing wild cattle in unfruitful fields4 ,these are they who in the time of life used the gifts of ,god without giving to those in need4 ,others will he see running about1 and carrying in one hand fresh1 and in the other putrid1 meat1 and as often as they attempt to taste the former1 a fiery rod will smite them on the hand1 till they devour the latter4 ,this is the punishment of those who have violated marriage1 and have preferred forbidden pleasures4 ,others have a swollen body1 swelling daily more and more2 these are the fraudulent and avaricious4 ,others have their tongues and lips fastened together with iron clamps2 these are the slanderers and backbiters4 ,between ,paradise and ,hell sits ,adam1 laughing with joy when the gate of ,heaven opens to receive one of his sons1 and he hears the songs and shouts of the blessed2 weeping with self-reproach when the gate of ,hell uncloses to take in one of his descendants1 and he hears the sobbing of the damned4 ,on this night will ,mohammed also see1 besides ,gabriel1 the other angels1 who have each seventy thousand heads1 and in each head seventy thousand faces1 and in each face seventy thousand mouths1 and in each mouth seventy thousand tongues1 wherewith they cease not day or night to praise ,god in seventy thousand diverse languages4 ,he will also see the angel of atonement1 who is half fire1 half ice2 also the angel who watches the treasure of fire with gloomy countenance and flashing eyes2 also the angel of death1 with a great writing-table in his hand1 whereon are inscribed many names1 and from which at every instant he wipes off several hundreds2 finally1 the angel who guards the waters1 and weighs in great scales the water allotted to each spring and well1 and brook and river2 and the angel who bears up the throne of ,god on his shoulders1 and has a horn in his mouth1 wherewith he will blow the blast that is to wake the dead4 ,moreover1 the prophet will be conducted through many seas of light near to the throne itself1 which is so great that the whole world will be beside it as a link in a coat of mail dropped in the desert4 ,what will be further revealed to him10 answered ,samuel1 8is unknown to me2 this only ,i know1 that1 after having contemplated the ,majesty of ,god a bowshot off1 he will descend the ladder precipitately1 and1 mounting ,borak1 will return to ,mecca4 ,now the whole of this journey1 his sojourn in ,medina1 ,bethlehem1 ,jerusalem1 and the seventh heaven1 will occupy so little time1 that a water-pitcher which he upset as he left the house in ,mecca will not have run all its waters out by his return40 ,the assembled ,israelites listened to ,samuel1 and when he was silent they cried with one voice1 8,we believe in ,god and in all the past prophets1 and in all those who are yet for to come4 ,pray for us that we may escape the tyrrany of ,gjalout 7,goliath740 ,thus ,saul was chosen king of ,israel1 and ,samuel was prophet to the people of ,god4#fje ,,xxxvi4 ,,saul4 #a4 ,,war ,,with ,,the ,,philistines4--,,goliath ,,slain4 ,samuel ordered ,thalout 7,saul7 to make war upon ,gjalout 7,goliath71 and to assemble the fighting men of the tribes of ,israel4 ,saul summoned all the men and they numbered eighty thousand4 ,samuel gave ,saul a suit of mail1 and said to him1 8,he who can wear this coat with ease will decide the war1 and ,goliath will perish by his hand40 ,saul started with his army2 his way led through a desert1 a day's journey across2 and it was very hot weather4 ,on the other side of the desert was a broad river1 between ,jordan and ,palestine1 and the children of ,israel had to pass this river to reach the army of ,goliath4 ,saul thought that now he would prove his soldiers1 for ,samuel had bidden him take into battle only as many men as he could rely upon4 ,the men were faint with heat and thirst as they reached the river of ,palestine1 and ,saul said1 8,he who drinks of this water shall not come with me1 but he who drinks not thereof shall follow after me40#fjf ,for he would not have them slake their thirst till they reached ,jordan4#fjg ,but1 according to another version of the story1 the men were fainting in the wilderness1 and murmured against ,saul4 ,then ,samuel prayed1 and ,god brought a water-spring out of the dry1 stony ground1 and made standing water in the desert1 fresh as snow1 sweet as honey1 and white as milk4#fjh ,samuel spake to the soldiers1 and said1 8,ye have sinned against your king and against ,god1 by murmuring4 ,therefore refuse to drink of this water except in the hollow of your hand1 and so expiate your fault40#fji ,samuel's words were disregarded4 ,only three hundred and thirteen men were found who had sufficient control over themselves not to drink except slightly out of the hollow of their hand2 but these felt their thirst quenched1 whereas those who had laid down and lapped were still parched with thirst4 ,saul and his army came before that of ,goliath2 then said the majority of those who had lain down and lapped1 8,we have no strength to-day to stand against the ,philistines40 ,so ,saul dismissed them to their homes1 to the number of seventy-six thousand men2 he had still with him four thousand men4 ,next day1 when they saw the array of the ,philistines1 and the gigantic stature of their king1 and their harness flashing in the sun1 the hearts of more of the warriors failed1 and they would not follow ,saul into battle1 but said1 8,we have no strength to-day to stand against the ,philistines60 ,so ,saul dismissed three thousand six hundred men1 and there remained to him only three hundred and thirteen1 the same number as those who on the day of ,bedr remained with the prophet ,mohammed4 ,then said ,saul1 8,god is favorable to us60 and he advanced1 and set his army in array against ,goliath4 ,and he prayed1 saying1 8,grant us1 ,o ,lord1 perseverance40#faj ,however1 ,god sent an order by ,samuel saying1 8,go not into battle this day1 for the man who is to slay ,goliath is not here2 he is ,daud 7,david71 son of ,jesse1 son of ,obed1 son of ,boaz2 he is a little man1 with grey eyes1 and little hair1 timid of heart1 and slender of body4 ,by this shalt thou know him3 when thou placest the horn upon his head1 the oil will overflow and boil40 ,then ,samuel went to ,jesse1 and said to him1 8,amongst thy sons there is one who will slay ,goliath40 ,jesse said1 8,i have eleven sons1 men stalwart and comely40 ,samuel placed the horn on their heads1 but the oil was not to be seen4 ,then ,god gave him a vision1 and he said to him1 8,look not at the beauty and strength of these men1 but on the purity of their hearts and their fear of ,god40 ,samuel said to ,jesse1 8,god says thou art a liar1 and ,he says thou hast another son besides these40 ,jesse answered1 8,it is true2 but he is diminutive in stature1 and ,i am ashamed to bring him into the company of men2 ,i make him tend sheep2 he is somewhere with the flock to-day40 ,samuel went to the place1 and it was a valley into which a torrent fell4 ,he saw ,david drawing the sheep out of the torrent by twos4 ,samuel said1 8,certainly this is the man ,i seek40 ,he placed the horn on his head1 and the oil overflowed4 ,now ,goliath1 seeing the small number of the children of ,israel1 despised them1 and scorned to fight them4 ,he sent a messenger to ,saul1 saying1 8,thou hast come out to fight against me with this handful1 and ,i disdain to attack thee with my large army4 ,if thou wilt1 come forth that we may fight each other1 or send any one out of the army1 whom thou wilt1 to fight with me40 ,none in ,saul's army would venture against the giant1 and ,saul was himself afraid4 ,he produced the shirt of mail ,samuel had given him1 and he tried it upon each of his soldiers in turn2 but it was too short for one1 too long for another1 too tight for a third1 and too loose for a fourth4 ,now the father of ,david had come with his eleven sons into the host2 but he had left ,david1 because he was young and small of stature1 to keep the sheep3 and he had bidden him1 from time to time1 bring him supplies of food4 ,david came with the provisions4 ,he was dressed in a woollen shirt1 and he bore in his hand the staff1 and a pouch attached to his waist4 ,as he passed over a pebbly strip of soil1 a stone cried to him1 8,pick me up1 and take me with thee40 ,he stooped and picked up the stone1 and placed it in his pouch4 ,and when he had taken a few paces1 another stone cried to him1 8,pick me up1 and take me with thee40 ,he did so4 ,and a third stone cried in like manner1 and was in like manner taken by ,david4 ,the first stone was that wherewith ,abraham had driven away ,satan1 when he sought to dissuade the patriarch from offering up his son2 and the second stone was that on which the foot of ,gabriel rested when he opened the fountain in the desert for ,hagar and ,ishmael2 and the third stone was that wherewith ,jacob strove against the angel whom his brother ,esau had sent against him4#faa ,but1 according to another account1 the first was the stone which ,moses cast against the enemies of ,god1 the second was that cast by ,aaron1 the third was destined to cause the death of ,goliath4#fab ,when ,david came into the army1 ,saul had finished trying on the suit of mail upon the soldiers1 and he said1 8,it fits none of them40 ,then he spied ,david1 and he said1 8,young man1 let me place this shirt of mail on thee40 ,then he cast it over him1 and it fitted him exactly4 ,saul said1 8,wilt thou fight ,goliath80 ,david answered1 8,i will do so40 ,saul said1 8,with what horse and arms wilt thou go80 ,david answered1 8,i will have no horse and no arms1 save these stones of the brook40 ,david was feeble in body1 he had grey eyes1 was short1 yellow-complexioned1 thin-faced1 and had red hair4#fac ,saul had little hope that ,david would overcome the giant but he thought his example might shame and stimulate others1 therefore he let him go4 ,now when ,goliath came forth and defied the army of ,israel1 ,david went to meet him1 wearing only his linen shirt1 and belt1 and pouch1 and he had his shepherd's staff in his hand4 ,then cried ,goliath1 8,who art thou1 that comest out to meet me80 ,then ,david replied1 8,i am come out to fight with thee40 ,goliath said1 8,go back1 petty fool1 and play with children of thine own age4 ,i despise thee2 thou art unarmed40 8,and ,i despise thee1 dog of a ,philistine60 cried the stripling2 8thou deservest to be dealt with as men deal with dogs1--pelting them with stones till they turn tail40 ,then ,goliath was in a rage1 and he lifted his spear against ,david2 but ,david hasted and loosed his belt1 and laid in it one of the stones1 and slung it2 and the wind caught the helmet of ,goliath1 and lifted it in the air above his head1 and the stone struck him on the brow1 and sank in1 and crushed all his skull1 and strewed his brains all over the horse he rode2 then the giant fell out of his saddle1 and died4 ,then again ,david placed the second stone in his sling1 and he cast it1 and it smote the right wing of the army of the ,philistines2 then he cast the third stone1 and it smote the left wing1 and the host of the ,philistines fled before him4#fad #b4 ,,saul',s ,,jealousy ,,of ,,david4 ,saul had promised his daughter to the man who should slay ,goliath4 ,when the ,philistines had been routed1 ,saul told ,samuel all that had taken place2 and the prophet exhorted the king to fulfil his promise1 and to give to ,david his daughter in marriage4 ,to this ,saul agreed1 and he gave ,david his ring1 and made him manager of all his affairs1 and he exalted him to be his son-in-law4 ,several years passed1 and ,saul became envious of ,david1 whose praise was in everybody's mouth4 ,he sent ,david into the wars1 in hopes of his there meeting his death2 but it was all in vain4 ,then he spoke to his daughter ,michal1 that she should introduce him into her husband's chamber at night1 that he might slay ,david with his own hand4 ,michal told ,david her father's resolution1 with many tears2 but ,david bade her be comforted4 8,for10 said he1 8the ,god of my fathers1 who preserved ,abraham and ,moses from the hands of the executioner1 will deliver me from thy father4 ,but do as he bade thee1 open the door at night1 and fear not for me40 ,then ,david went into his smithy and wrought a suit of chain mail4 ,he was the inventor of chain-armor4 ,and he had received from ,god the power of moulding iron1 like wax1 in his fingers1 without fire and without hammer4 ,now he fashioned for himself a whole suit of chain mail2 it was so thin that it was like gossamer1 and it fitted to his body like his skin1 and it was impenetrable to the thrust of every weapon4 ,david put upon him his armor1 and lay down in his bed4 ,he slept1 but was awakened at midnight by the knife of ,saul stabbing at him as he lay4 ,he sprang up1 struck the weapon from the hands of his father-in-law1 and thrust him forth out of the house4#fae ,after this1 ,saul came to ,michal and said1 8,he was not asleep1 or ,i certainly would have slain him4 ,admit me again into his chamber at night40 ,michal went to ,david and told him all with many tears4 ,then said ,david1 8,i must escape from my house1 for my life is not in security here4 ,but do thou fill a leather bottle with wine1 and lay it in my bed40 ,michal did so2 she took a large skin of wine and placed it in the bed1 and drew the cover over it4 ,but ,david fled away to ,hebron4 ,and in the night came ,saul1 and he felt the clothes1 and he thought it was ,david in the bed1 so he stabbed at him with his knife1 and the wine ran out in the bed4 ,then ,saul smelt it1 and he said1 8,how much wine the fellow drank for his supper60#faf ,but when he found that ,david had escaped him once more1 he was wroth1 and he gathered men together1 and pursued after him2 in his anger1 moreover1 he sought to kill ,michal1 but she fled away and concealed herself4 ,saul pursued ,david in the mountains1 but ,david knew all the caves and lurking-places1 and ,saul was unable to catch him4 ,one night1 ,david crept into the camp and thrust four arrows1 inscribed with his name1 into the ground1 round the head of ,saul4 ,when ,saul awoke1 he saw these arrows1 and he said1 8,david has been here2 he might have slain me had he willed it40 ,during the day1 ,saul came upon his enemy in a narrow valley2 he was mounted1 and he pursued ,david1 who was on foot4 ,david fled as fast as he could run1 and managed to reach a cave a few moments before ,saul could reach it4 ,then ,god sent a spider1 which spun a web over the mouth of the cave2 and ,saul saw it and passed on1 saying1 8,certainly ,david cannot have entered in there1 or the web would be torn40#fag ,one night1 ,saul and his soldiers lodged in a cavern4 ,and ,david was there1 but they knew it not4 ,in the night ,david carried off the sword and banner and seal-ring of the king1 and he went forth out of the cave1 for it had two openings4 ,in the morning1 when ,saul prepared to continue his search1 he saw him on a mountain opposite the mouth of the cave1 and ,david had girded the royal sword to his side1 and brandished the flag1 and held forth his finger that all might note that he had on it the king's signet4#fah ,then ,saul said1 8,his heart is better than mine20 and he was reconciled with ,david1 and he bade him return with him and live at peace4 ,and he did so4 #c4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,saul4 ,now when ,saul had gone forth against ,david1 the wise men of ,israel had gathered themselves together1 and had remonstrated with him4 ,but ,saul was wroth at this interference1 and he slew them all1 and there escaped none of them save one wise woman1 whom his vizir spared4 ,this vizir was a good man1 and he took the woman into his own house1 and she lived with his family4 ,some time after that1 ,saul had a dream1 and in his dream he was reproached for having slain the wise men4 ,and when he awoke he was full of remorse1 and he went to his vizir and said1 8,it repents me that ,i have put to death all the wise men of my realm2 is there none remaining of whom ,i might ask counsel how ,i could expiate my crime80 ,then the vizir answered1 8,there remains but one1 and that is a woman40 ,saul said1 8,bring her hither before me40 ,now1 when the wise woman was come before ,saul1 the king was troubled in mind1 and he said1 8,show me how ,i can make atonement for the great sin that ,i have committed40 ,the woman answered1 8,lead me to the tomb of a prophet2 ,i will pray1 and may be ,god will suffer him to speak40 ,they went to the tomb of ,samuel1 and the woman prayed4 ,then ,samuel spake out of his sepulchre1 and said1 8,let his expiation be this3 ,he shall go down1 he and his sons1 to the city of ,giants1 and they shall fall there40 ,saul had twelve sons4 ,he called them to him and said to them all the words of ,samuel4 ,they then answered1 8,we are ready1 let us go down40 ,so they went to the city of ,giants1 and fought against it1 and fell there1 all in one day4#fai ,,xxxvii4 ,,david4 ,david says of himself1 8,behold1 ,i was shapen in wickedness2 and in sin did my mother conceive me40#fbj ,the ,rabbis explain this passage by narrating the circumstances of the conception of ,david1 which ,i shall give in ,latin4 ,the mother of ,david they say was named ,nitzeneth4 8,dixerunt ,rabbini nostri beat memori1 quod ,isai 7,jesse7 habebat ancillam1 eamque sollicitabat ad turpia2 qu1 cum esset pudica et fidelis uxori ,isai1 eidem retulit2 qu seipsam aptavit 7loco ancill7 et congressa est cum ,isai1 ex quo concubitu egressus est ,david4 ,et quia ,isai intentio fuerat in ancillam1 quamquam res aliter evenerat1 idcirco dixit ,david1--super eum sit pax3 ,ecce in iniquitate formatus sum1 et peccato calefecit me mater mea40#fba ,on this account1 ,jesse1 having discovered the deception1 lightly esteemed his son ,david1 and sent him to keep sheep1 and made him as a servant to his brethren4 ,and to this ,david refers when he says1 8,the stone which the builders rejected is become the head of the corner20#fbb for1 from being the despised brother1 put to menial work1 he was exalted before his brethren to be king over ,israel4 ,when ,david was born he would have died immediately1 had not ,adam1 when he saw his posterity marshalled before him1 taken compassion on ,david1 and given him seventy years4#fbc ,however1 ,david was without a soul for the first fourteen years of his life1 and was so regarded by ,god1 as he was uncircumcised2#fbd but other ,rabbinic writers say that he was born circumcised4 ,the ,jewish authors relate1 as do the ,mussulman historians1 that ,david had red hair4 ,in ,jalkut 7#a ,sam4 xvi4 #ab7 it is said1 8,samuel sent1 and made ,david come before him1 and he had red hair20#fbe and again in ,bereschith ,rabba1 8,when ,samuel saw that ,david had red hair1 he feared and said1 ,he will shed blood as did ,esau4 ,but the ever-blessed ,god said1 ,this man will shed it with unimpassioned eyes--this did not ,esau4 ,esau slew out of his own caprice1 but this man will execute those sentenced to death by the ,sanhedrim40 ,david was very small1 but when ,samuel poured the oil upon his head and anointed him1 he grew rapidly1 and was soon as tall as was ,saul4 ,and this the commentators conclude from the fact of ,saul having put his armor upon ,david1 and it fitted him4 ,now ,saul was a head and shoulders taller than any man in ,israel2 therefore ,david must have started to equal height since his anointing4#fbf ,david was gifted with the evil eye1 and was able to give the leprosy by turning a malignant glance upon any man4 8,when it is written1 #8,the ,philistine cursed ,david by his gods1'#fbg ,david looked at him with the evil eye4 ,for whoever was looked upon by him with the evil eye became leprous1 as ,joab knew to his cost1 for after ,david had cast the evil glance on him1 it is said1 #8,let there not fail from the house of ,joab one that hath an issue1 or that is a leper4'#fbh 8,the same befell the ,philistine when he cursed ,david4 ,david then threw on him the malignant glance1 and fixed it on his brow1 that he might at once become leprous2 and at the same moment the stone and the leprosy struck him40#fbi ,but ,david was himself afflicted for six months with this loathsome malady1 and it is in reference to this that he says1 8,thou shalt purge me with hyssop1 and ,i shall be clean2 ,thou shalt wash me1 and ,i shall be whiter than snow40 ,during this period1 he was cast out and separated from the elders of the people1 and the ,divinity withdrew from him4#fcj ,and this explains the discrepancy apparent in the account of the number of years he reigned4 ,it is said that he reigned over ,israel forty years1#fca but he reigned seven years in ,hebron and thirty and three in ,jerusalem4 ,in the ,second ,book of ,samuel1 however1 it is said1 he reigned in ,hebron seven years and six months2#fcb though the statement that he reigned only forty years in all1 that is1 thirty-three in ,jerusalem1 is repeated4 ,consequently these six months do not count1 the reason being that ,david was at that time afflicted with the disorder1 and cut off from society1 and reputed as one dead4#fcc ,the ,rabbis suppose that ,david sinned in cutting off the skirt of ,saul's robe2#fcd and they say that he expiated this fault in his old age1 by finding no warmth in his clothes1 wherewith he wrapped himself4#fce ,for it is said1 8,king ,david was old and stricken in years2 and they covered him with clothes1 but he got no heat40#fcf ,to ,david is attributed by the ,rabbi ,solomon the power of calling down the rain1 the hail1 and the tempest1 in vengeance upon his enemies4 8,our ,rabbis10 says he1 8say that these things were formerly stored in heaven1 but ,david came and made them to descend on the earth3 for they are means of vengeance1 and it is not fitting that they should be garnered in the ,treasury of ,god40#fcg ,but the rain and hail fell at the ,deluge1 in ,egypt1 and on the ,amorites2 therefore the signification to be attributed to this opinion of the ,rabbis probably is1 that ,david was the first to be able to call them down by his prayer4 ,david had a lute which he hung up above his head in the bed1 and the openings of the lute were turned towards the north1 and when the cool night air whispered in the room towards dawn1 it stirred the strings of the lute1 which gave forth such sweet and resonant notes1 that ,david was aroused from his sleep early1 before daybreak1 that he might occupy himself in the study of the ,law4 ,and it is to this that he refers when he cries in his ,psalm1 8,awake lute and harp3 ,i myself will awake right early40#fch ,when ,absalom was slain1 ,david saw ,scheol 7,hell7 opened1 and his son tormented1 for his rebellion1 in the lowest depths4 ,the sight was so distressing to the king1 that he wrapped his mantle about his face and cried1 8,o my son ,absalom6 my son1 my son ,absalom6 would ,god ,i had died for thee1 ,o ,absalom1 my son1 my son60 ,here it is to be noted that ,david called ,absalom either by name or by his relationship seven times4 ,now in ,hell there are seven mansions1 and as each cry escaped the father's heart1 ,absalom was released from one of these divisions of the ,pit2 and he thus effected his escape from ,gehenna through the love of his father1 which drew him up out of misery4#fci ,david was very desirous to build a temple to the ,lord1 but ,god would not suffer him to do so1 as he was a man of blood4 ,this is the reason why he so desired to erect a temple4 ,when he was young1 and pastured his father's sheep1 he came one day upon a rhinoceros 7unicorn7 asleep1 and he did not know that it was a rhinoceros1 but thought it was a mountain1 so he drove his flock up its back1 and fed them on the grass which grew thereon4 ,but presently the rhinoceros awoke1 and stood up1 and then ,david's head touched the sky4 ,he was filled with terror1 and he vowed that if ,god would save his life and bring him safely to the ground again1 he would build to the ,lord a temple of the dimensions of the horn of the beast1 an hundred cubits4 ,the ,talmudists are not agreed as to whether this was the height1 or the breadth1 of the horn2 however1 the vow was heard1 and the ,lord sent a lion against the rhinoceros2 and when the unicorn saw the lion1 he lay down1 and ,david descended his back1 along with his sheep1 as fast as possible2 but when he saw the lion1 his spirit failed him again4 ,however he took the lion by the beard1 and smote1 and slew him4 ,this adventure the ,psalmist recalls when he says1 8,save me from the lion's mouth2 ,thou hast heard me also from among the horns of the unicorn20#fdj and to his vow he alludes in ,psalm cxxxii41 8,lord1 remember ,david1 and all his trouble2 how he sware unto the ,lord1 and vowed a vow unto the ,almighty ,god of ,jacob40#fda ,one day ,david was hunting in the wilderness4 ,then came ,satan1 in the form of a stag1 and ,david shot an arrow at him1 but could not kill him4 ,this astonished him1 for on one occasion1 in strife with the ,philistines1 he had transfixed eight hundred men with one arrow4#fdb ,then he chased the deer1 and it ran before him into the ,philistine land4 ,now when ,ishbi-benob1 who was of the sons of the giant1 knew this1 he said1 8,david has slain my brother ,goliath2 now he is in my power60 and he came upon him and chained him1 and cast him down1 and laid a wine-press upon him1 that he might crush him1 and squeeze all the blood out of him4 ,but ,god softened the earth beneath him1 so that it yielded to his body1 and he was uninjured2 as he says in the ,psalms1 8,thou shalt make room enough under me for to go40#fdc ,and as ,david lay under the press1 he saw a dove fly by1 and he said1 8,o that ,i had wings as a dove1 that ,i might flee away1 and be at rest20#fdd and he alludes to his being among the pots1 and noting the wings of the dove as silver1 in another ,psalm4#fde ,now ,abishai1 the son of ,zeruiah1 heard the plaining of the dove1 which had seen the trouble of the king1 and came into ,jerusalem in grief thereat4 ,then ,abishai went to the chamber of ,david to search for him1 but he was not there4 ,then he knew that the king must be in danger1 and the only means of reaching him with speed was to mount the royal mule1 which was fleet as the wind2 but this ,abishai did not venture to do without advice1 for he remembered the words of the ,mischna1 8,thou shalt not ride the king's horse1 nor mount his throne1 nor grasp his sceptre40 ,but as the danger was pressing1 ,abishai went to the school1 and consulted the doctors of the ,law1 who said1 8,in an emergency all things are lawful40 ,then he mounted the mule of ,king ,david1 and rode into the desert1 and the earth flew under him1 and he reached the house of ,ishbi-benob4 ,now the mother of ,ishbi-benob--her name was ,orpha--sat without the door spinning4 ,and when she saw ,abishai galloping up1 she brake her thread and flung the spindle at him1 with intent to strike him dead4 ,but the spindle fell short of him4 ,so ,orpha cried to him1 8,give me my spindle1 boy40 ,abishai stooped and picked it up1 and cast it at her with all his force1 and it struck her on the brow1 and broke her skull1 and she fell back and died4 ,then1 when ,ishbi-benob saw what was done1 he said1 8,these two men will be too much for me60 so he drew ,david from under the wine-press1 and flung him high into the air1 and set his lance in the ground1 that ,david might fall upon it1 and be transfixed4 ,but ,abishai cried the ,sacred ,name1 and ,david was arrested in his fall1 and hung between heaven and earth1 and gradually was let down1 not on the spear1 but at a distance4 ,then ,abishai and ,david slew ,ishbi-benob4#fdf ,when ,david's life was run out1 the ,angel of ,death came to fetch his soul4 ,but ,david spent all his time in reading the ,law4 ,the angel stood before him1 and watched that his lips should cease moving1 for he might not interrupt him in this sacred work4 ,but ,david made no pause4 ,then the angel went into the garden which was behind the house1 and shook violently one of the trees4 ,david heard the noise1 and turned his head1 and saw that the branches of one of his trees were violently agitated1 but no leaf stirred on the other trees2 so he closed the book of the ,law1 and went into his garden1 and set a ladder against the tree and ascended into it1 that he might see what was agitating the leaves4 ,then the angel withdrew the ladder1 but ,david knew it not2 so he fell and broke his neck1 and died4 ,it was the ,sabbath day4 ,then ,solomon doubted what he should do1 for the body of his father was exposed to the sun1 and to the dogs2 and he did not venture to remove it1 lest he should profane the ,sabbath2 so he sent to the ,rabbis1 and said1 8,my father is dead1 and exposed to the sun1 and to be devoured by dogs2 what shall ,i do80 ,they answered1 8,cast the body of a beast before the dogs1 and place bread or a boy upon thy father1 and bury him40#fdg ,david had such a beautiful voice1 that1 when he sang the praises of ,god1 the birds came from all quarters and surrounded him1 listening to his strains4 ,the mountains even and the hills were moved at his notes4#fdh ,he could sing with a voice as loud as the most deafening peal of thunder1 or warble as sweetly as the tuneful nightingale4 ,he divided his time1 say the ,mussulmans1 into three parts4 ,one day he occupied himself in the affairs of his kingdom1 the second day he devoted to the service of ,god1 and the third day he gave up to the society of his wives4 ,as he was going home from prayer1 one day1 he heard two of his servants discussing him and comparing him with ,abraham4 8,was not ,abraham saved from a fiery furnace80 asked one4 8,did not ,david slay the giant ,goliath80 asked the other4 8,but what has ,david done that will compare with the obedience of ,abraham1 who was ready to offer his only son to ,god80 asked the first4 ,when ,david reached home1 he fell down before ,god and prayed3 8,lord6 ,thou who didst give to ,abraham a trial of his obedience in the pyre1 grant that an opportunity may be afforded me of proving before all the people how great also is mine40#fdi ,but others relate this differently4 ,they say that ,david besought the ,lord to endue him with the spirit of prophecy4 ,then ,god answered1 8,when ,i give great gifts1 he who receives them must suffer great trials4 ,i proved ,abraham by the fire1 and by the sacrifice of one son1 and separation from others2 ,jacob by his children2 ,joseph by the well and the prison2 ,moses by ,pharaoh2 ,job by the worms4 ,i afflicted all these1 but thee have ,i not afflicted40 ,but ,david said1 8,o ,lord1 prove me and try me also1 that ,i may obtain the same degree of celebrity as they40#fej ,one day1 as ,david sang psalms before ,god and the congregation1 a beautiful bird appeared at the window1 and it attracted his whole attention1 so that he could scarcely sing4 ,david concluded his recitation of the psalms earlier than usual1 and went in pursuit of the bird1 which led him from bush to bush1 and from tree to tree1 till it suddenly disappeared near a secluded lake4 ,now this bird was ,eblis1 and he came to tempt ,david into evil4 ,when the bird vanished1 ,david saw in the water a beautiful woman1 bathing1 and when she stood up1 her hair covered her whole person4 ,david hid behind the bushes1 that he might not startle her1 till she was dressed2 then he stood forth1 and asked her her name4 8,my name10 said she1 8is ,bathsheba1#fea daughter of ,joshua1 and wife of ,uriah1 son of ,hanan1 who is with the army40#feb ,then ,david departed1 but his heart was inflamed with love1 and he sent a message to ,joab1 the captain of his host1 to set ,uriah before the ark in every battle4 ,now those who went before the ark must conquer or fall4 ,three times ,uriah came out of battle victorious1 but the fourth time he was killed4 ,then ,david took ,uriah's wife to his own house and made her his own wife4 ,and she consented upon the condition that should she bear him a son1 that son was to succeed him in the kingdom4 ,now ,david had1 before he married her1 ninety-nine wives4 ,the day after his marriage1 ,michael and ,gabriel appeared before him in human form1 as he was in his court1 and ,gabriel said to him2 8,this fellow here possesses ninety and nine sheep1 but ,i have only one1 and that ,i love1 and cherish in my bosom4 ,this man claims my little ewe lamb1 and will take it from me1 and1 if ,i will not give it him1 he says that he will slay me2 and take my lamb from me by force40 ,then ,david's anger was kindled against ,michael1 and he said1 8,thou who hast so many sheep1 wherefore lustest thou after the poor man's ewe lamb8 ,thou hast an evil heart and an insatiable spirit40 ,then ,michael exclaimed1 8,thou hast given judgment against thyself3 what thou rebukest in this man1 thou hast allowed thyself to do60#fec ,and ,david knew that ,god had sent ,his angels to rebuke him1 and he fell upon his face to the ground4 ,but1 some say1 he drew his sword and rushed upon ,michael3 then ,gabriel held him back1 and said1 8,thou didst ask to be tried2 now thou hast fallen under the temptation40#fed ,then the angels vanished1 and ,david fell to the ground1 tore off his purple robe1 cast aside his golden crown1 and wept1 for forty days and forty nights4 ,and his tears flowed in such abundance1 that every now and then he plunged a cup into them and drank it off4 ,at the expiration of forty days ,gabriel came to him1 and said1 8,the ,lord salutes thee60 ,but ,david felt this was an additional reproach1 and he wept still more4 ,it is said that during the ensuing forty days and nights ,david shed more tears than ,adam and all his descendants had1 and will1 shed from the day of the ,fall to the day of the ,resurrection4 ,then ,god sent ,gabriel to him again1 and ,gabriel said1 8,the ,lord salutes thee60 ,but ,david lifted his tearful face and said1 8,o ,gabriel1 what will ,uriah say to me on the day of the general ,resurrection80 ,gabriel answered1 8,the ,lord will give him so great an inheritance in ,paradise1 that he will not have the heart to reproach thee40 ,then ,david knew that he was pardoned1 and he rejoiced greatly4 ,but he never forgot his sins4 ,he wrote them on the palm of his hand1 that he might have them always before him2 therefore he says1 8,my shame is ever before mine eyes40 ,nevertheless ,david's heart was lifted up with pride1 when he considered that he was a king1 a prophet1 and a great general4 ,and one day he said to ,nathan1 8,i think ,i am perfect1 ,i have every thing40 8,not so10 answered ,nathan1 8thou exercisest no handicraft40 ,then ,david was ashamed1 and he asked ,god to teach him a craft2 and ,god made him skilful in fabricating coats of mail of rings twined together2 his trade therefore was that of an armorer1 and his disgrace was wiped away4 ,after his judgment between the two angels1 ,david had no confidence in giving sentence in cases pleaded before him2 therefore ,god sent him1 by the hand of ,gabriel1 a reed of iron and a little bell1 and the angel said to him1 8,god is pleased with thy humility1 and ,he has sent thee this reed and this bell to assist thee in giving judgment4 ,place this reed in thy judgment-hall1 and hang up the bell in the middle1 and place the accuser on one side1 and the accused on the other1 and give sentence in favor of him who makes the bell to tinkle when he touches the reed40 ,david was highly pleased with his gift1 and he gave such righteous judgment1 that men feared1 throughout the land1 to do wrong to one another4 ,one day1 two men came before ,david1 and one said1 8,i left a goodly pearl in the charge of this man1 and when ,i asked for it again1 he denied it me40 ,but the other said1 8,i have returned it to him40 ,then ,david bade each lay his hand on the reed1 but the bell gave the same indication for both4 ,then ,david thought1 8,they both speak the truth1 and yet that cannot be2 the gift of ,god must err40 ,then he bade the men try again1 and the result was the same4 ,however1 he observed that the defendant1 when he went up to the reed to lay his hand upon it1 gave his walking staff to the plaintiff to hold1 and this he did each time1 so that ,david's suspicion was awakened1 and he took the staff1 and examined it1 and found that it was hollow1 and the stolen pearl was concealed in the handle4 ,thus the bell had given right judgment1 for when the accused touched the reed1 he had returned the pearl into the hand of the accuser2 but ,david by his doubt in the reed displeased ,him who gave it1 and the reed and the bell were taken from him4 ,after that1 ,david often gave wrong judgment till ,solomon1 his son1 was of age to advise him4 ,one day1 when ,solomon was aged thirteen1 there came two men before the king4 ,the first said1 8,i sold a house and cellar to this man1 and on digging in the cellar he found a treasure hidden there by my forefathers4 ,i sold him the house and cellar but not the treasure4 ,bid him restore to me what he has found40 ,but the other said1 8,not so4 ,he sold me the house1 the cellar1 and all its contents40 ,then ,king ,david said1 8,let the treasure be divided1 and let half go to one1 and half go to the other40 ,but ,solomon stood up and said to the plaintiff1 8,hast thou not a son80 ,he said1 8,i have40 ,then said ,solomon to the defendant1 8,hast thou not a daughter80 ,he answered1 8,i have40 8,then10 said ,solomon1 8give thy daughter to the son of this man who sold thee the house1 and let the treasure go as a marriage gift to thy daughter and his son40 ,and all applauded this judgment4 ,on another occasion1 a husbandman came before the judgment-seat to lay complaint against a herdsman1 whose sheep had broken into his field1 and had pastured on his young wheat4 ,then ,king ,david said1 8,let some of the sheep be given to the husbandman40 ,but ,solomon stood up1 and said1 8,not so2 let the husbandman have the wool1 and the milk of the flock1 till the wheat is grown up again as it was before the sheep destroyed it40 ,and all wondered at his wisdom4 ,but the king's elders and councillors were filled with envy1 because this child's opinion was preferred before theirs2 and they complained to ,king ,david4 ,then ,david said1 8,call an assembly of the people1 and prove ,solomon before them1 whether he be learned in the ,law1 and whether he have understanding and wit40 ,so the people were assembled1 and the elders took council together how they might perplex him with hard questions4 ,but or ever they asked him1 he answered what they had devised1 and they were greatly confounded1 so that the people supposed this was a preconcerted scene arranged by the king4 ,then1 when the elders were silenced1 ,solomon turned to their chief1 and said1 8,i too will prove you with questions4 ,what you have asked me have been trials of my learning1 but what ,i will ask you shall put to proof the readiness of your wits4 ,what is all1 and what is nothing8 ,what is something1 and what is naught80 ,the elder was silent2 he thought1 but he knew not what was the answer4 ,and all the people perplexed themselves to discover the riddle1 but they could not4 ,then said ,solomon1 8,god is all1 and the world ,he made is as nothing before ,him4 ,the faithful is something1 but the hypocrite is naught40 ,thereupon he turned to a second1 and he said3 8,what are most and what are fewest8 ,what is the sweetest1 and what is the bitterest80 ,but when the second could find no solution to these questions1 ,solomon answered1 8,most men are unbelievers1 the fewest have true faith4 ,the sweetest thing is the possession of a virtuous wife1 good children1 and a competence2 the bitterest thing is to have a disreputable wife1 disorderly children1 and penury40 ,then ,solomon turned to a third elder and asked3 8,what is the most odious sight1 and what is the most beautiful sight8 ,what is the surest thing1 and what is that which is most insecure80 ,and when this elder also was unable to give an answer1 ,solomon interpreted his riddle once more1 8,the most odious sight is to see a righteous man fall away2 the most beautiful sight is to see a sinner repent4 ,the surest thing is death1 the most insecure thing is life40 ,after that ,solomon said to all the people1 8,ye see that the oldest and the most learned men are not always the wisest4 ,true wisdom comes not with years1 nor is derived from books1 but is a gift of ,god the ,all-wise40 ,solomon by his words threw the whole assembly into astonishment1 and all the heads of the people cried with one voice1 8,praised be the ,lord1 who has given to our king a son who surpasses all in wisdom1 and who is worthy to ascend the throne of his father ,david40 ,and ,david thanked ,god that ,he had given him such a wise son1 and now he desired but one thing further of ,god1 and that was to see him who was to be his companion in ,paradise2 for to every man is allotted by ,god one man to be his friend and comrade in the ,land of ,bliss4 ,so ,david prayed to ,god1 and his prayer was heard1 and a voice fell from heaven and bade him confer the kingdom upon his son ,solomon1 and then to go forth1 and the ,lord would lead him to the place where his companion dwelt4 ,david therefore had his son ,solomon crowned king1 and then he went forth out of ,jerusalem1 and he was in pilgrim's garb1 with a staff in his hand2 and he went from city to city1 and from village to village1 but he found not the man whom he sought4 ,one day1 after the lapse of many weeks1 he drew near to a village upon the borders of the ,mediterranean ,sea1 and alongside of him walked a poorly dressed man laden with a heavy bundle of fagots4 ,this man was very old and reverend of aspect1 and ,david watched him4 ,he saw him dispose of his wood and then give half the money he had obtained by the sale of it to a poor person4 ,after that he bought a piece of bread and retired from the town4 ,as he went1 there passed a blind woman1 and the old man broke his bread in half1 and gave one portion to the woman2 and he continued his course till he reached the mountains from which he had brought his load in the morning4 ,david thought1 8,this man well deserves to be my companion for eternity1 for he is pious1 charitable1 and reverend of aspect3 ,i must ask his name40 ,he went after the old man1 and he found him in a cave among the rocks1 which was lighted by a rent above4 ,david stood without and heard the hermit pray1 and read the ,tora and the ,psalms1 till the sun went down4 ,then he lighted a lamp and began his evening prayers2 and when they were finished1 he drew forth the piece of bread1 and ate the half of it4 ,david1 who had not ventured to interrupt the devotions of the old hermit1 now entered the cave and saluted him4 ,the hermit asked1 8,who art thou8 ,i have seen no man here before1 save only ,mata1 son of ,johanna1 the companion destined to ,king ,david in ,paradise40 ,david told his name1 and asked after this ,mata4 ,but the aged man could give him no information of his whereabouts4 8,but10 said he1 8go over these mountains1 and observe well what thou lightest upon1 and it may be thou wilt find ,mata40 ,david thanked him1 and continued his search4 ,for long it was profitless4 ,he traversed the stony dales and the barren mountains1 and saw no trace of human foot4 ,at last1 just as hope was abandoning him1 on the summit of a rugged peak he saw a wet spot4 ,then he stood still in surprise4 8,how comes there to be a patch of soft and sloppy ground here80 he asked2 8the topmost peak of a stony mountain is not the place where springs bubble up40 ,as he thus mused1 an aged man came up the other side of the mountain4 ,his eyes were depressed to the earth1 so that he saw not ,david4 ,and when he came to the wet patch1 he stood still1 and prayed with such fervor1 that rivulets of tears flowed out of his eyes1 and sank into the soil2 and thus ,david learnt how it was that the mountain-top was wet4 ,then ,david thought1 8,surely this man1 whose eyes are such copious fountains of tears1 must be my companion in ,paradise40 ,yet he ventured not to interrupt him in his prayer1 till he heard him ask1 8,o my ,god6 pardon ,king ,david his sins1 and save him from further trespass6 for my sake be merciful to him1 for ,thou hast destined him to be my comrade for all eternity60 ,then ,david ran towards him1 but the old man tottered and fell1 and before the king reached him he was dead4 ,so ,david dug into the ground which had been moistened by the tears of ,mata1 and laid him there1 and said the funeral prayer over him1 and covered him with the earth1 and then returned to ,jerusalem4 ,and when he came into his harem1 the ,angel of ,death stood there and greeted him with the words1 8,god has heard thy supplications2 now has thy life reached its end40 ,then ,david said1 8,the ,lord's will be done60 and he fell down upon the ground1 and expired4 ,gabriel descended to comfort ,solomon1 and to give him a heavenly shroud in which to wrap ,david4 ,and all ,israel followed the bier to ,machpelah1 where ,solomon laid him by the side of ,abraham and ,joseph4#fee ,it will doubtless interest the reader to have an ,english version of the ,psalm supposed to have been composed by ,david after the slaying of ,goliath1 which is not included in the ,psalter1 as it is supposed to be apocryphal4 ,,psalm ,,cli4 7,pusillus eram74 #a4 ,i was small among my brethren2 and growing up in my father's house1 ,i kept my father's sheep4 #b4 ,my hands made the organ3 and my fingers shaped the psaltery4 #c4 ,and who declared unto my ,lord6 ,he1 the ,lord1 ,he heard all things4 #d4 ,he sent ,his angel1 and ,he took me from my father's sheep2 ,he anointed me in mercy with ,his unction4 #e4 ,great and goodly are my brethren3 but with them the ,lord was not well pleased4 #f4 ,i went to meet the stranger3 and he cursed me by all his idols4 #g4 ,but ,i smote off his head with his own drawn sword3 and ,i blotted out the reproach of ,israel4 ,this simple and beautiful psalm does not exist in ,hebrew1 but is found in ,greek1 in some psalters of the ,septuagint version1 headed 8,a ,psalm of ,david when he had slain ,goliath40 ,s4 ,athanasius mentions it with praise1 in his address to ,marcellinus on the ,interpretation of the ,psalms1 and in the ,synopsis of ,holy ,scripture4 ,it was versified in ,greek in ,a4 ,d4 #cfj1 by ,apollinarius ,alexandrinus4#fef ,illustration ,the subjoined shield of ,david is given in a ,hebrew book on the properties and medicaments of things4 ,it is said to be a certain protection against fire4 ,a cake of bread must be made1 and on it must be impressed the seal or shield of ,david1 having in the corner the word 1 and in the middle 7,thou art mighty to everlasting1 ,o ,jehovah72 and it must be cast aside into the fire with the words of ,psalm cvi4 #cj1 8,then stood up ,phinees and prayed2 and so the plague ceased20 and also ,exod4 xii4 #bg1 8,it is the sacrifice of the ,lord's passover1 who passed over the houses of the children of ,israel in ,egypt1 when ,he smote the ,egyptians1 and delivered our homes40#feg ,,xxxviii4 ,,solomon4#feh #a4 ,,how ,,solomon ,,obtained ,,power4 ,after ,solomon had executed the last offices for his father1 he rested in a dale betwixt ,hebron and ,jerusalem1 and fell asleep4 ,as he returned to himself1 there stood before him eight angels1 each with countless wings1 diverse in kinds and colors2 and the angels bowed themselves before him three times4 8,who are ye80 asked ,solomon1 with eyes still closed4 8,we are the angels ruling over the eight winds of heaven10 was their reply4 8,god hath sent us to give thee dominion over ourselves and over the winds subject to us4 ,they will storm and bluster1 or breathe softly1 at thy pleasure4 ,at thy command they will swoop down on earth1 and bear thee over the highest mountains40 ,the greatest of the angels gave him a jewel inscribed with 8,god is ,power and ,greatness10 and said1 8,when thou hast a command for us1 then raise this stone towards heaven1 and we shall appear before thee as thy servants40 ,when these angels had taken their departure1 there appeared four more1 of whom each was unlike the other4 ,one was in fashion as a great whale1 another as an eagle1 the third as a lion1 and the fourth as a serpent4 ,and they said1 8,we are they who rule over all the creatures that move in the earth1 and air1 and water2 and ,god hath sent us to give thee dominion over all creatures1 that they may serve thee and thy friends with all good1 and fight against thine enemies with all their force40 ,the angel who ruled over the winged fowls extended to ,solomon a precious stone1 with the inscription1 8,let all creatures praise the ,lord60 and said1 8,by virtue of this stone1 raised above thy head1 canst thou call us to thy assistance1 and to fulfil thy desire40 ,solomon immediately ordered the angels to bring before him a pair of every living creature that moves in the water1 flies in the air1 and walks or glides or creeps on the earth4 ,the angels vanished1 and in an instant they were before ,solomon once more1 and there were assembled in his sight pairs of every creature1 from the elephant to the smallest fly4 ,solomon conversed with the angels1 and was instructed by them in the habits1 virtues1 and names of all living creatures2 he listened to the complaints of the beasts1 birds1 and fishes1 and by his wisdom he rectified many evil customs among them4 ,he entertained himself longest with the birds1 both on account of their beautiful speech1 which he understood1 and also because of the wise sentences which they uttered4 ,this is the signification of the cry of the peacock3 8,with what measure thou judgest others1 thou shalt thyself be judged40 ,this is the song of the nightingale3 8,contentment is the greatest happiness40 ,the turtle dove calls1 8,better were it for some created things that they had never been created40 ,the peewit pipes1 8,he that hath no mercy1 will not find mercy himself40 ,the bird syrdar cries1 8,turn to the ,lord1 ye sinners60 ,the swallow screams1 8,do good1 and ye shall receive a reward40 ,this is the pelican's note3 8,praise the ,lord in heaven and earth40 ,the dove chants1 8,the fashion of this world passeth away1 but ,god remaineth eternal40 ,the kata says1 8,silence is the best safeguard40 ,the cry of the eagle is1 8,however long life may be1 yet its inevitable term is death40 ,the croak of the raven is1 8,the further from man1 the happier ,i40 ,the cock crows before the dawn and in the day1 8,remember thy ,creator1 ,o thoughtless man60 ,solomon chose the cock and the peewit to be his constant companions--the first because of its cry1 and the second because it can see through the earth as through glass1 and could therefore tell him where fountains of water were to be found4 ,after he had stroked the dove1 he bade her dwell with her young in the temple he was about to build to the honor of the ,most ,high4 ,this pair of doves1 in a few years1 multiplied to such an extent1 that all who sought the temple moved through the quarter of the town it occupied under the shadow of the wings of doves4 ,when ,solomon was again alone1 an angel appeared to him1 whose upper half was like to earth1 and whose lower half was like to water4 ,he bowed himself before the king1 and said1 8,i am created by ,god to do ,his will on the dry land and in the watery sea4 ,now1 ,god has sent me to serve thee1 and thou canst rule over earth and water4 ,at thy command the highest mountains will be made plain1 and the level land will rise into steep heights4 ,rivers and seas will dry up1 and the desert will stream with water at thy command40 ,then he gave to him a precious stone1 with the legend engraved thereon1 8,heaven and earth serve ,god40 ,finally1 an angel presented to him another stone1 whereon was cut1 8,there is no ,god save ,god1 and ,mohammed is the messenger of ,god40 8,by means of this stone10 said the angel1 8thou shalt have dominion over the whole world of spirits1 which is far greater than that of men and beasts1 and occupies the space between earth and heaven4 ,one portion of the spirits is faithful1 and praises the ,one only ,god2 the other portion is unfaithful3 some adore fire1 others the sun1 others worship the planets1 many revere winter4 ,the good spirits surround the true believers among men1 and protect them from all evil2 the evil spirits seek to injure them and deceive them40 ,solomon asked to see the ,jinns in their natural and original shape4 ,the angel shot like a column of flame into heaven1 and shortly returned with the ,satans and ,jinns in great hosts3 and ,solomon1 though he had power over them1 shuddered with disgust at their loathsome appearance4 ,he saw men's heads attached to the necks of horses1 whose feet were those of an ass2 the wings of an eagle attached to the hump of a dromedary2 the horns of a gazelle on the head of a peacock4#fei #b4 ,,how ,,solomon ,,feasted ,,all ,,flesh4 ,when ,solomon returned home1 he placed the four stones1 which the angels had given him1 in a ring1 so that he might at any moment exercise his authority over the realms of spirits and beasts1 the earth1 the winds and the sea4 ,his first care was to subject the ,jinns4 ,he made them all appear before him1 with the exception of the mighty ,sachr1 who kept himself in concealment on an unknown island in the ocean1 and the great ,eblis1 the master of all evil spirits1 to whom ,god had promised complete liberty till the day of the last judgment4 ,when all the demons were assembled1 ,solomon pressed his seal upon their necks to mark them as his slaves4 ,then he commanded all the male ,jinns to collect every sort of material for the construction of the temple he was about to build4 ,he bade also the female ,jinns cook1 bake1 wash1 weave1 and carry water2 and what they made1 he distributed amongst the poor4 ,the meats they cooked were placed on tables which covered an area of four square miles2 and daily thirty thousand portions of beef1 as many portions of mutton1 and very many birds and fishes were devoured4 ,the ,jinns and devils sat at iron tables1 the poor at tables of wood1 the heads of the people at silver tables1 the wise and pious at tables of gold2 and these latter were served by ,solomon in person4 ,one day1 when all spirits1 men1 beasts1 and birds rose satisfied from the tables1 ,solomon besought ,god to permit him to feed to the full all created animals at once4 ,god replied that he demanded an impossibility4 8,but10 said he1 8try to-morrow what thou canst do to satisfy the dwellers of the sea40 ,on the morrow1 accordingly1 ,solomon bade the ,jinns lade a hundred thousand camels and the same number of mules with corn1 and lead them to the sea-shore4 ,he then cried to the fishes and said3 8,come1 ye dwellers in the water1 eat and be satisfied60 ,then came all manner of fishes to the surface of the water1 and ,solomon cast the corn to them1 and they ate and were satisfied1 and dived out of sight4 ,but all at once a whale lifted his head above the surface1 and it was like a mountain4 ,solomon bade the spirits pour one sack of corn after another down the throat of the monster1 till all the store was exhausted1 there remained not a single grain4 ,but the whale cried1 8,feed me1 ,solomon6 feed me6 never have ,i suffered from hunger as ,i have this day60 ,solomon asked the whale if there were any more in the deep like him4 ,the fish answered3 8,there are of my race as many as a thousand kinds1 and the smallest is so large that thou wouldst seem in its belly to be but a sand-grain in the desert40 ,solomon cast himself upon the earth1 and began to weep1 and prayed to ,god to pardon him for his presumption4 8,my kingdom10 called to him the ,most ,high1 8is far greater than thine4 ,stand up1 and behold one creature over which no man has yet obtained the mastery40 ,then the sea began to foam and toss1 as though churned by the eight winds raging against it1 and out of the tumbling brine rose the ,leviathan1 so great that it could easily have swallowed seven thousand whales such as that which ,solomon had attempted to feed2 and the ,leviathan cried1 with a voice like the roar of thunder3 8,praised be ,god1 who by ,his mighty power preserves me from perishing by hunger40#ffj #c4 ,,the ,,building ,,of ,,the ,,temple4#ffa ,when ,solomon returned from the sea-shore to ,jerusalem1 he heard the noise of the hammers1 and saws1 and axes of the ,jinns who were engaged in the building of the temple2 and the noise was so great that the inhabitants of ,jerusalem could not hear one another speak4 ,therefore he commanded the ,jinns to cease from their work1 and he asked them if there was no means whereby the metals and stones could be shaped and cut without making so much noise4 ,then one of the spirits stepped forth and said3 8,the means is known only to the mighty ,sachr1 who has hitherto escaped your authority40 8,is it impossible to capture this ,sachr80 asked ,solomon4 8,sachr10 replied the ,jinn1 8is stronger than all the rest of us together1 and he excels us in speed as he does in strength4 ,however1 ,i know that once every month he goes to drink of a fountain in the land of ,hidjr2 by this1 ,o king1 thou mayest be able to bring him under thy sceptre40 ,solomon1 thereupon1 commanded a ,jinn to fly to ,hidjr--and to empty the well of water1 and to fill it up with strong wine4 ,he bade other ,jinns remain in ambush beside the well and watch the result4#ffb ,after some weeks1 when ,solomon was pacing his terrace before his palace1 he saw a ,jinn flying1 swifter than the wind1 from the direction of ,hidjr1 and he asked1 8,what news of ,sachr80 8,sachr lies drunk on the edge of the fountain10 said the ,jinn2 8and we have bound him with chains as thick as the pillars of the temple2 nevertheless1 he will snap them as the hair of a maiden1 when he wakes from his drunken sleep40 ,solomon instantly mounted the winged ,jinn and bade him transport him to the well at ,hidjr4 ,in less than an hour he stood beside the intoxicated demon4 ,he was not a moment too soon1 for the fumes of the wine were passing off1 and1 if ,sachr had opened his eyes1 ,solomon would have been unable to constrain him4 ,but now he pressed his signet upon the nape of his neck3 ,sachr uttered a cry so that the earth rocked on its foundations4 8,fear not10 said ,solomon1 8mighty ,jinn2 ,i will restore thee to liberty if thou wilt tell me how ,i may without noise cut and shape the hardest metals40 8,i myself know no means10 answered the demon2 8but the raven can tell thee how to do this4 ,take the eggs out of the raven's nest and place a crystal cover upon them1 and thou shalt see how the raven will break it40 ,solomon followed the advice of ,sachr4 ,a raven came1 and fluttered some time round the cover1 and seeing that she could not reach her eggs1 she vanished1 and returned shortly with a stone in her beak1 named ,samur or ,schamir2 and no sooner had she touched the crystal therewith1 than it clave asunder4 8,whence hast thou this stone80 asked ,solomon of the raven4 8,it comes from a mountain in the far west10 replied the bird4 ,solomon commanded a ,jinn to follow the raven to the mountain1 and to bring him more of these stones4 ,then he released ,sachr as he had promised4 ,when the chains were taken off him1 he uttered a loud cry of joy1 which in ,solomon's ears1 bore an ominous sound as of mocking laughter4 ,when the ,jinn returned with the stone ,schamir1 ,solomon mounted a ,jinn and was borne back to ,jerusalem1 where he distributed the stones amongst the ,jinns1 and they were able to cut the rocks for the temple without noise4#ffc ,solomon also made an ark of the covenant ten ells square1 and he sought to bring it into the ,holy of ,holies that he had made2 and when he sought to bring the ark through the door of the temple1 the door was ten ells wide4 ,now1 that was the width of the ark1 and ten ells will not go through ten ells4 ,then1 when ,solomon saw that the ark would not pass through the door1 he was ashamed and cried1 8,lift up your heads1 ,o ye gates1 and the ,king of ,glory shall come in60 ,then the gates tottered1 and would have fallen on his head to punish what they supposed to be a blasphemy1 for the doors thought that by 8the ,king of ,glory0 he meant himself2 and they cried to him in anger1 8,who is the ,king of glory80 and he answered1 8,it is the ,lord of ,hosts1 ,he is the ,king of ,glory40 ,and because the doors were so zealous for the honor of ,god1 the ,lord promised them that they should never fall into the hands of the enemies of ,israel4 ,therefore1 when the temple was burnt and the treasures were carried into ,babylon1 the gates sank into the earth and vanished4 ,and to this the prophet ,jeremiah refers 7,lament4 ii4 #i74ffd ,solomon also built him a palace1 with great riches in gold1 and silver1 and precious stones1 like no king that was before him4 ,many of the halls had crystal floors1 and crystal roofs4 ,he had a fountain of liquid brass4#ffe ,he had also a carpet five hundred parasangs in length2 and whenever the carpet was spread1 three hundred thrones of gold and silver were placed on it1 and ,solomon bade the birds of the air spread their wings over them for a shade4#fff ,he built a throne for himself of sandal wood1 encrusted with gold and precious stones4 #d4 ,,the ,,travels ,,of ,,solomon4 ,whilst the palace was being built1 ,solomon made a journey to ,damascus4 ,the ,jinn1 on whose back he flew1 carried him directly over the valley of ants1 which is surrounded by such crags and precipices1 that no man had hitherto seen it4 ,the king was much astonished to see such a host of ants under him1 which were as big as wolves1 and which1 on account of their grey eyes and grey feet1 looked from a distance like a cloud4 ,the queen of the ants1 who1 till this moment1 had not seen a man1 was filled with fear when she beheld ,solomon1 and she cried to her host1 8,hie to your holes1 fly60 ,but ,god commanded her not to fear1 and to summon all her subjects1 and to anoint ,solomon king of all insects4 ,solomon1 who heard the words of ,god1 and the answer of the queen from a distance of many miles1 borne to him upon the wind1 descended into the valley beside the queen4 ,immediately the whole valley was filled with ants1 as far as the eye could see4 ,solomon asked the queen1 8,why didst thou fear me1 being surrounded with such a countless and mighty host80 8,i fear ,god alone10 answered the queen2 8,if any danger were to threaten my subjects1 at a sign from me seven times as many would instantly appear40 8,wherefore then didst thou command the ants to fly to their holes when ,i appeared80 8,because ,i feared they would look with wonder and reverence on thee1 and thereby for a moment forget their ,creator40 8,i am greater than thou10 added the queen of the ants4 8,how so80 asked ,solomon in surprise4 8,because thou hast a metal throne1 but my throne is thy hand1 on which ,i now repose10 said the ant4 8,before ,i leave thee1 hast thou no word to say to me80 8,i ask nothing of thee1 but ,i give thee a piece of advice4 ,as long as thou livest1 give not occasion to be ashamed of thy name1 which signifies ,the blameless4 ,beware also never to give the ring from thy finger1 without saying first1 #8,in the name of the ,god of all mercy4'0 ,solomon exclaimed1 8,lord6 ,thy kingdom exceeds and excels mine60 and he bade farewell to the queen of the ants4#ffg ,after ,solomon had visited ,damascus1 he returned another way1 so as not to disturb the ants in their pious contemplation4 ,ashe returned1 he heard a cry on the wind1 8,o ,god of ,abraham1 release me from life60 ,solomon hastened in the direction of the voice1 and found a very aged man1 who said he was more than three hundred years old1 and that he had asked ,god to suffer him to live1 till there arose a mighty prophet in the land4 8,i am that prophet10 said ,solomon4 ,then the ,angel of ,death caught away the old man's soul4 ,solomon exclaimed1 8,thou must have been beside me1 to have acted with such speed1 thou ,angel of ,death40 ,but the ,angel answered1 8,great is thy mistake4 ,know that ,i stand on the shoulders of an angel1 whose head reaches ten thousand years' journey above the seventh heaven1 and whose feet are five hundred years' journey beneath the earth4 ,he it is who tells me when ,i am to fetch a soul4 ,his eyes are ever fixed on the tree ,sidrat ,almuntaha1 which bears as many leaves as there are living men in the world2 when a man is born1 a new leaf buds out2 when a man is about to die1 the leaf fades1 and at his death1 falls of2 and1 when the leaf withers1 ,i fly to fetch the soul1 the name of which is inscribed upon the leaf40 8,and what doest thou then80 8,gabriel accompanies me1 as often as one of the believers dies2 his soul is wrapped in a green silk cloth1 and is breathed into a green bird1 which feeds in ,paradise till the end of time4 ,but the soul of the sinner is carried by me in a tarred cloth to the gates of hell1 where it wanders in misery till the last day40 ,then ,solomon washed the body of the dead man1 buried him1 and prayed for his soul1 that it might be eased of the pains it would have to undergo during its purgation by the angels ,ankir and ,munkir4#ffh ,this journey had so exhausted ,solomon1 that on his return to ,jerusalem he ordered the ,jinns to weave him stout silk carpets on which he and all his servants1 his throne1 tables1 and kitchen could be accommodated4 ,when he wanted to go a journey1 he ordered the winds to blow1 and raise the carpet with all that was on it1 and waft it whither he desired to travel4 ,one night1 ,abraham appeared to the king in a dream1 and said to him3 8,god has given thee wisdom and power above every other child of man2 ,he has given thee dominion over the earth and over the winds2 ,he has suffered thee to build a house to his honor2 thou hast power to speed on the back of ,jinns or on the wings of the winds where thou listest2 now employ the gift of ,god1 and visit the city of ,jathrib 7,medina71 which will one day give shelter to the greatest of prophets2 also the city ,mecca1 in which he will be born1 and the temple which ,i and my son ,ishmael--peace be with him6--rebuilt after the flood40 ,next morning ,solomon announced his intention to make a pilgrimage to ,mecca1 and bade every ,israelite join in the expedition4 ,the number of pilgrims was so great1 that ,solomon was obliged to have a new carpet woven by the ,jinns of such vast size that it could serve the whole caravan1 with the camels and oxen and sheep they destined for sacrifice4 ,when ready to start1 ,solomon bade the ,jinns and demons fly before the carpet2 his confidence in their integrity was so small1 that he would not trust them out of his sight3 for this reason also he drank invariably out of crystal goblets1 that even when drinking he might keep his eyes upon them4 ,the birds he ordered to fly in ranks above the carpet1 to give shadow to the pilgrims with their wings4 ,when all was in readiness1 and men1 ,jinns1 beasts1 and birds were assembled together1 ,solomon ordered the winds to descend and bear the carpet1 with all upon it1 into the air1 and waft it to ,medina4 ,when they approached this town ,solomon made a sign1 and the birds depressed their wings1 and the winds abated1 and the carpet sank lightly to the earth4 ,but he suffered no man to step off the carpet1 as ,medina was then in the hands of idolaters4 ,he alone went to the spot where afterwards ,mohammed was to erect the first mosque--it was then a cemetery--and there he offered up his noon-day prayer4 ,then he returned to the carpet2 at a sign the birds spread their wings1 the winds gathered force and lifted the carpet1 and the whole caravan sailed through the air to ,mecca1 which was then under the power of the ,djorhamides1 who were worshippers of the ,one ,god1 and preserved the ,kaaba from desecration by idols4 ,solomon1 with all his company1 entered the city1 went in procession round the temple1 performed the requisite ceremonies1 and offered sacrifices brought for the purpose from ,jerusalem4 ,then he preached a long sermon in the ,kaaba1 in which he prophesied the birth of ,mohammed and the future glory of ,mecca4 ,after three days1 ,solomon desired to return to ,jerusalem1 and he remounted his throne on the carpet1 and all the pilgrims resumed their places4 ,when the birds spread their wings1 and the carpet was again in motion1 the king perceived one ray of sun which pierced the canopy of birds1 and this proved to him that one of the birds had deserted its place4 ,he called to the eagle1 and bade it go through the roll-call of the birds1 and ascertain which was absent4 ,the eagle obeyed1 and found that the peewit was missing4 ,solomon was inflamed with anger1 especially as he needed the peewit during his journey over the desert1 to discover for him the hidden wells and fountains4 8,soar aloft60 exclaimed ,solomon to the eagle1 8and seek me this runaway1 that ,i may strip him of his feathers and send him naked forth into the sun1 to become the prey of the insects40 ,the eagle mounted aloft1 till the earth was beneath him like a revolving bowl1 and he looked in all directions1 and at length he spied the peewit coming from the south4 ,the eagle would have grasped him in his talons1 but the little bird implored him1 by ,solomon1 to spare him till he had related his history to the king4 8,trust not in the protection of ,solomon10 said the eagle2 8thy mother shall bewail thee40 ,then the eagle brought the culprit before the king1 whose countenance was inflamed with anger1 and who1 with a frown1 signed the runagate to be brought before his throne4#ffi ,the peewit trembled in every limb1 and1 in token of submission1 let wings and tail droop to the ground4 ,as ,solomon's face still expressed great anger1 the bird exclaimed1 8,o king and prophet of ,god6 remember that thou also shalt stand before the judgment-throne of ,god60 8,how canst thou excuse thine absence without my consent80 asked the king4 8,sire ,i bring thee news of a land and a queen of which thou hast not even heard the name--the land of ,sheba1 and the queen1 ,balkis40 8,these names are indeed strange to me4 ,who told thee of them80 8,a lapwing of that country whom ,i met in my course1 to whom ,i spoke of thy majesty1 and the greatness of thy dominion1 and wisdom1 and power4 ,then he was astonished1 and he related to me that thy name was unknown in his native land2 and he spake to me of his home and the wonders that are there1 and he persuaded me to accompany him thither4 ,and on the way he related to me the history of the ,queen of ,sheba1 who commands an army generalled by twelve thousand officers40 ,solomon bade the eagle release the peewit1 and bade him relate what he had heard of ,sheba and its queen4 #e4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,queen ,,of ,,sheba4 8,sheba10 said the peewit1 8is the name of the king who founded the kingdom2 it is also the name of the capital4 ,sheba was a worshipper of the sun1 ,eblis having drawn him from the true ,god1 who sends rain from heaven1 and covers the earth with plenty1 and who reads the thoughts of men's hearts4 8,a succession of kings followed ,sheba3 the last of the dynasty was ,scharabel1 a tyrant of such dissolute habits that every husband and father feared him4 ,he had a vizir of such singular beauty that the daughters of the ,jinns took pleasure in contemplating him1 and frequently transformed themselves into gazelles that they might trot alongside of him as he walked1 and gaze with admiration on his exquisite beauty4 ,one of these ,jinn damsels1 ,umeira by name1 conceived for the vizir a violent passion1 and forgetting the great distance which separates the race of the ,jinns from that of mortals1 she appeared to him one day as he was hunting1 and offered him her hand1 on condition that he should fly with her into her own land1 and that he should never ask her origin4 ,the vizir1 dazzled by the marvellous beauty of ,umeira1 gladly yielded1 and she transported him to an island in the midst of the ocean1 where she married him4 ,at the end of nine months she gave birth to a daughter1 whom she named ,balkis4 ,the vizir1 all this while1 was ignorant of the nature of his bride1 and one day forgot himself so far as to ask her to what race she belonged4 ,no sooner had he asked the fatal question1 than1 with a wail of sorrow1 she vanished forever from his sight4 8,the vizir now left the island1 and1 regaining his native country1 retired with his babe to a valley far from the capital1 and there lived in seclusion4 8,as ,balkis grew up1 her beauty became more striking1 and was of such a superhuman nature1 that her father became uneasy lest the fame of it should reach the dissolute monster then seated on the throne of ,sheba1 and lest his daughter should be ravished from his arms4 ,he therefore redoubled his precautions to guard ,balkis1 keeping her much at home1 and only allowing her to appear veiled in public4 ,but these precautions were vain4 ,scharabel was in the habit of travelling about his empire in disguise1 and making himself1 by this means1 personally acquainted with the condition of his estates4 8,on one of these expeditions he appeared1 dressed in rags1 as a mendicant1 at the door of the ex-vizir1 and obtained a glimpse of ,balkis1 then thirteen years old1 lovely as a houri2 she stepped out to give the beggar alms4 ,at the same moment1 the father hurried out towards his daughter4 ,the eyes of the two men met2 a mutual recognition ensued4 ,the vizir fell at the feet of his king1 and entreated pardon1 telling him all that had happened2 and ,scharabel1 who had fallen in love at first glance with ,balkis1 readily pardoned him1 restored him to his place as grand vizir1 and lodged him in a magnificent palace near ,sheba4 8,installed there1 the vizir was full of disquiet4 ,his daughter observing this1 inquired the cause1 and received from her father the answer that he dreaded lest the tyrant should carry her off to his harem2 #8and1' said the unhappy man1 #8,i had rather see thee dead1 ,balkis1 than in the power of this licentious monster4' 8#8,do not fear for me1 my father1' replied ,balkis2 #8what thou dreadest shall not take place4 ,appear cheerful before the king4 ,if he wishes to marry me1 then ask him to give me a splendid wedding4' 8,a few days after1 ,scharabel sent to ask the hand of ,balkis4 ,the virgin replied that it should be his if he would solemnize the marriage with great pomp4 ,to this the king agreed1 and a magnificent banquet was prepared4 8,after dinner1 the vizir and all the company retired1 leaving ,balkis alone with the king4 ,there were1 however1 four female slaves present1 one singing1 another harping1 a third dancing1 and a fourth pouring out wine for the king4 ,balkis took the goblet1 and plied her royal bridegroom well1 till he fell drunk upon the floor1 and then1 with a dagger1 she stabbed him to the heart4 8,she at once communicated with her father1 and bade him send orders throughout the town that all the citizens were to bring their daughters before the king1 that he might add the comely ones to his already extensive list of wives and concubines4 ,he obeyed her1 and the commotion in the town was prodigious4 ,parents gathered their friends1 those who were officers in the army agitated amongst their soldiers1 and the whole town rose up in revolt1 and rushed furiously to the palace1 determined on the death of the tyrant4 8,then ,balkis cut off the head of the king1 and showed it to the excited multitude from a window4 ,a cry of joy rang through ,sheba4 ,the palace gates were thrown open1 and ,balkis was unanimously elected queen in the room of the murdered tyrant4 8,from that hour she has governed ,sheba with prudence1 and has made the country prosperous4 ,she sits to hear suits1 and gives judgment on a throne of gold1 robed in splendor4 ,all prospers under her wise administration3 but1 alas6 like her predecessors1 she too is a worshipper of the sun40 ,when ,solomon heard the story of the peewit1 he wrote a letter and sealed it with his ring1 gave it to the bird1 and bade him carry it immediately to the ,queen of ,sheba4 ,the peewit flew like an arrow1 and on the morrow appeared before ,balkis1 and gave her the missive4 ,the queen broke the seal and read3 8,solomon1 son of ,david1 and servant of the ,most ,high ,god1 to ,balkis1 queen of ,sheba1 sendeth greeting4 ,in the name of the merciful and gracious ,god1 peace be to those who walk in ,his ways4 ,do what ,i bid thee3 submit immediately to my sceptre40#fgj ,the queen1 startled at the abrupt and peremptory command1 read the letter to her council1 and asked their advice4 ,they urged her to follow her own devices1 and promised to agree to whatever she thought fit4 ,she then said3 8,you know what disasters follow on war4 ,the letter of ,solomon is threatening2 ,i will send him a messenger1 and propitiate him with gifts4 ,if he accepts them1 he is not above other kings2 if he rejects them1 he is a prophet1 and we must yield to his sway40 ,she then dressed five hundred boys as girls1 and five hundred girls she equipped in boys' clothes4 ,she collected1 for presents1 a thousand carpets of gold and silver tissue1 a crown adorned with pearls and diamonds1 and a great quantity of perfumes4 ,she also placed a pearl1 a diamond cut through in zigzags1 and a crystal goblet1 in a box1 and gave it to her chief ambassador4 ,finally1 she wrote a letter to ,solomon1 telling him that1 if he was a prophet1 he would be able to distinguish boys from girls in the train of the ambassadors1 that he would be able to guess the contents of the box1 pierce the pearl1 thread the diamond1 and fill the goblet with water which came neither from earth nor heaven4 ,the chief nobles of ,sheba were sent to bear the letter4 ,before they left1 she said to them3 8,if ,solomon receives you with arrogance1 fear nothing2 pride is a sure token of weakness4 ,if he receives you graciously1 be careful--he is a prophet40 ,the peewit1 who had watched all these proceedings1 and listened to the message and advice1 now flew to ,solomon and told him all4 ,the great king immediately ordered his ,jinns to spread his carpet seven leagues long1 leading from his throne towards ,sheba4 ,he then surrounded himself with gold and gems1 and gathered all his courtiers and officers together1 and prepared for the audience4 ,when the ambassadors of ,sheba set their feet on the carpet--the end of which was beyond the range of vision--they were full of astonishment4 ,this astonishment increased1 and became terror1 when they passed between ranks of demons1 and ,jinns1 and nobles1 and princes1 and soldiers1 extending for many miles4 ,when the leaders of the embassy reached the foot of the throne1 ,solomon received them with a gracious smile4 ,then they presented the letter of the queen4 ,solomon1 without opening it1 told them its contents1 for it had been read by the peewit4 ,they offered the box1 and he said that in it were a pearl1 a diamond1 and a goblet4 ,he next ordered his servants to bring silver ewers before the train of the ambassadors1 that they might wash their hands after their journey4 ,solomon watched intently1 and he picked out the boys from the girls at once2 for the boys dipped their hands only in the water1 whilst the girls tucked up their sleeves to their shoulders and washed arms as well as hands4 ,then the box was opened and the pearl produced4 ,solomon unclasped his pouch and drew forth ,schamir1 applied it to the pearl1 and a hole was drilled through it immediately4 ,next he took the diamond4 ,the hole pierced in it wound about1 and a thread inserted in one end would not pass through to the other end4 ,solomon took a piece of silk1 called to him a worm1 put one end of the thread in its mouth and inserted it in the diamond4 ,the worm crawled down the winding passage1 and appeared at the other opening with the silk4 ,in gratitude to the little creature1 ,solomon gave it for its food forever the mulberry-tree4 ,then he took the crystal goblet4 ,he summoned to him a huge negro slave1 bade him mount a wild horse and gallop it about the plain till it steamed with sweat4 ,then with ease1 the monarch filled the chalice with water that neither came from earth or heaven4 ,solomon1 having accomplished these tasks1 said to the ambassadors3 8,take back your presents1 ,i do not want them4 ,tell the queen what you have seen1 and bid her submit to my rule40 ,when ,balkis had heard the report of her servants1 she saw that it was in vain for her to resist4 8,solomon10 said she1 8is a great prophet1 and ,i must myself do him homage40 ,she accordingly hastened to prepare for her journey1 and marched to ,king ,solomon at the head of her twelve thousand generals1 and all the armies they commanded4 ,when she was a league from ,solomon1 the king hit upon a scheme4 ,he called to him a demon1 and bade him transport immediately from ,sheba the throne of the queen1 and set it beside his own4 ,the ,jinn replied that he would bring it before noon1 but the king could not wait1 for the queen would soon be there2 then ,asaph1 his vizir1 said 8,raise thine eyes1 sire1 to heaven1 and before thou canst lower them the throne of ,balkis will be here40 ,asaph knew the ineffable name of ,god1 and therefore was able to do what he said4 ,solomon looked up1 and before he looked down1 ,asaph had brought the throne4 ,as soon as ,balkis appeared1 ,solomon asked her if she recognized the seat4 ,she replied1 8,it is mine1 if it is that which it was40 ,a reply1 which we are told1 charmed ,solomon4 ,now the ,jinns were envious of ,balkis1 and they sought to turn away the heart of ,solomon away from her2 so they told him that she had hairy legs4#fga ,solomon1 accordingly1 was particularly curious to inspect her legs4 ,he therefore directed the ,jinns to lay down in front of the throne a pavement of crystal one hundred cubits square4 ,upon this pavement he ordered them to pour water1 so that it might appear to be water4 ,in order to approach ,solomon1 ,queen ,balkis raised her petticoats1 lest they should be wet in passing through what she supposed to be water of considerable depth4 ,the first step1 however1 convinced her that the bottom was nearer the surface than she anticipated1 and so she dropped her petticoats1 but not before the great king had seen that the ,jinns had maligned her legs1 and that the only blemish to her legs was three goat's hairs2 and these he was enabled to remove by a composition of arsenic and lime1 which was the first depilatory preparation ever employed4 ,this was one of the five arts introduced by ,solomon into the world4 ,the others were1 the art of taking warm baths1 the art of piercing pearls1 the art of diving1 and the art of melting copper4 ,the queen stepped gracefully towards the king1 and bowing1 offered him two wreaths of flowers1 whereof one was natural1 the other artificial1 asking him which he preferred4 ,the sagacious ,solomon seemed perplexed2 he who had written treatises on the herbs1 8from the cedar to the hyssop10 was nearly outwitted4 ,a swarm of bees was fluttering outside a window4 ,solomon ordered the window to be opened1 and the insects flew in1 and settled immediately on the wreath of natural flowers1 not one approaching the artificial wreath4 8,i will have the wreath the bees have chosen10 said the king1 triumphantly4 ,solomon took ,balkis to be his wife1 and she worshipped the true ,god4 ,she gave him all her realm1 but he returned it to her2 and when she went into her own land1 she bore with her the fruit of her union with ,solomon1 and in the course of time bore a son1 who is the ancestor of the kings of ,abyssinia4#fgb #f4 ,,solomon',s ,,adventure ,,with ,,the ,,apes4 ,on one of his journeys1 ,solomon passed through a valley which was inhabited by apes which dressed themselves like men1 and lived in houses1 and ate their food in a way wholly superior to other apes4 ,solomon descended from his carpet and marched at the head of his soldiers into the valley4 ,the apes assembled to resist him1 but one of their elders stepped into the midst of them and said1 8,let us rather submit and lay down our arms1 for he who comes against us is a holy prophet40 ,then three apes were chosen as ambassadors1 and were sent to ,solomon with overtures of peace4 ,solomon asked them to what race they belonged4 ,the envoys replied1 8,we are of human origin1 and of the race of ,israel1 and we are descended from those who1 in spite of all warnings1 have violated the ,sabbath1 and who have therefore1 in punishment1 been transformed by ,god into monkeys40 ,solomon had compassion on the apes1 and he gave them a letter on parchment1 assuring to them undisturbed possession of their valley against all assault by men4 ,and in after days1 in the time of the ,calif ,omar1 some of his troops invaded this valley1 and1 with great amazement1 beheld the apes stone a female which had been taken in adultery4 ,and when they would conquer the valley1 an aged ape came before them bearing a parchment letter4 ,this they were unable to read2 so they sent it to the ,calif ,omar1 who was also unable to decipher the writing2 but a ,jew at his court read it1 and it was an assurance given to the apes against invasion by ,king ,solomon4 ,therefore ,omar sent orders that they were to be left unmolested1 and returned to them their parchment4#fgc #g4 ,,solomon ,,marries ,,the ,,daughter ,,of ,,pharaoh4 ,the throne of ,solomon had four feet4 ,it was of red ruby1 and of the ruby were made four lions4 ,none but ,solomon could sit upon the throne4 ,when ,nebuchadnezzar came to ,jerusalem and sought to ascend the throne1 the lions rose and struck at him1 and broke his legs4 ,he was given remedies1 and his legs were reset4 ,no one after that ventured to sit on the throne4#fgd ,djarada was the daughter of ,king ,nubara1 of an island in the ,indian ,sea1 according to the ,arabs2 of ,king ,pharaoh of ,egypt1 say the ,jews4 ,solomon marched against the king1 on his carpet1 with as many soldiers as it would accommodate2 defeated him1 and slew him with his own hand4 ,in the palace of ,king ,nubara ,solomon found the ,princess ,djarada1 who was more beautiful than all the ladies in ,solomon's harem1 surpassing even the beautiful ,balkis4 ,solomon made her mount the carpet1 and he forced her1 by threats of death1 to share his faith and his couch4 ,but ,djarada saw in ,solomon only the murderer of her father1 and she recoiled from his embrace with loathing1 and spent her nights and days in tears and sighs4 ,solomon hoped that time would heal these wounds and reconcile her to her fate2 but as1 after the expiration of a year1 her sorrow showed no signs of abating1 he asked her what he could do which might give her comfort4 ,she replied that at home was a statue of her father1 and that she desired greatly to have it in her chamber as a reminder of him whom she had lost4 ,solomon1 moved with compassion1 sent a ,jinn for the statue1 and it was set up in the apartment of ,djarada4 ,djarada immediately prostrated herself before it1 and offered incense and worship to the image2 and this continued for forty days4 ,then ,asaph heard of it1 and he ascended the pulpit in the temple and preached before the king and all the people4 ,he declared how holy and pure had been the ancient prophets from ,adam to ,david1 how they had been preserved clean from all idolatry4 ,then he turned to ,solomon1 and praised his wisdom and piety during the first years of his reign2 but he regretted that his latter conduct had not been as full of integrity as at first4 ,when ,solomon heard this1 he called ,asaph to him1 and asked him thus before all the people4 ,asaph answered1 8,thou hast suffered thy passions to blind thee1 so that idolatry is practised in thy palace40 ,solomon hastened to the room of ,djarada1 and found her in prayer before the image of her departed father4 ,then he cried out1 8,we are the servants of ,god1 and to ,him shall we return40 ,then he broke the image and punished ,djarada4 ,after that he put on him garments which had been woven and sewn by virgins1 strewed ashes on his head1 and went into the wilderness to bewail his sin4 ,god forgave him1 after that he had fasted and wept for forty days4#fge ,another sin that ,solomon committed was this4 ,he was very fond of horses4 ,one day1 when the hour of prayer approached1 the horses of ,saul were brought before him2 and when nine hundred had passed1 ,solomon looked up and saw that the hour of prayer was passed and he had forgotten to give glory to ,god4 ,then said ,solomon1 8,i have cared for the things of this world1 instead of thinking of my ,lord20 and he said1 8,bring back the horses20 and when they were brought back1 he cut their throats4#fgf ,some commentators on the ,koran object that this was an act of injustice1 for ,solomon had sinned1 not the horses2 and they explain away the passage by saying that he dedicated the horses to ,god1 and that he did not kill them4#fgg #h4 ,,how ,,solomon ,,lost ,,and ,,recovered ,,his ,,ring4 ,one day that ,solomon retired to perform the necessary functions of nature1 he placed his ring in the hand of ,djarada2 for on such occasions he was wont to remove the ring from his finger4 ,for the first time he forgot the advice of the queen of the ants1 and gave no praise to ,god as he committed the signet to other hands4 ,sachr1 the mighty ,jinn1#fgh took advantage of this act of forgetfulness1 and1 assuming the form of ,solomon1 came to the ,egyptian princess and asked her for the ring4 ,she1 nothing doubting1 restored it to him2 and ,sachr went to the hall of audience1 and ascended the throne4 ,when ,solomon returned1 he asked ,djarada for the signet4 8,i have already given it thee10 said she2 and then1 contemplating him with attention1 she exclaimed1 8,this is not the king6 ,solomon is in the judgment-hall2 thou art an impostor1 an evil spirit who has assumed his shape for evil purposes40 ,then ,solomon was driven1 at her cry1 from the palace1 and every one treated him as a fool or rogue4 ,he begged from door to door1 saying1 8,i1 ,solomon1 was king in ,jerusalem60 but the people mocked him4 ,for three years he was an outcast1 because he had transgressed three precepts of the ,law--8,the king set over thee 444 shall not multiply horses to himself 444 neither shall he multiply wives to himself2 neither shall he greatly multiply to himself silver and gold40#fgi ,and this is what befell him in that time4 ,he went into the land of the ,ammonites1 and there he fell into great want2 but the master cook of the king's house took him to serve as scullion in the kitchen4 ,after he had served for some time1 he one day cooked some meats for the king2 and when the king tasted the meats ,solomon had baked1 he was well pleased1 and sent for ,solomon and asked him if he would be his head cook4 ,then ,solomon consented1 and the king of the ,ammonites dismissed the master cook1 and placed ,solomon in his room1 and ,solomon excelled greatly in cooking1 and pleased the king more and more with the variety and excellence of his dishes every day4 ,now it fell out that ,naama1 daughter of the king1 saw ,solomon from day to day1 and she conceived an ardent passion for him1 and she went to her mother and said1 8,i shall die of love1 unless ,i am given the head cook to husband40 ,the queen was astonished and ashamed1 and said1 8,there are kings and princes and nobles in ,ammon2 take to you which you will40 ,but ,naama answered1 8,i will have none save the head cook40 ,then the queen went and told the king1 and he was exceeding wroth1 and would have slain both ,solomon and ,naama2 but when the first fury of his anger was cooled down1 he bade one of his servants take them1 both ,solomon and ,naama1 and conduct them into the desert1 and there leave them to perish4#fhj ,the command of the king was executed1 and ,solomon and ,naama were left in the wilderness without food4 ,then they wandered on till they came to the borders of the sea1 and ,solomon found some fishers1 and he labored for them1 and every day they gave him1 in payment for his services1 two fish4 ,thus passed the time1 till one day ,solomon's wife1 ,naama1 on cleaning one of the fishes1 found in its belly a ring1 and she brought it to her husband2 and behold6 it was his signet which he had put in the hands of ,djarada1 and which had been taken from her by subtlety by the evil spirit4 ,and this was how he recovered it3 on the ring was engraved the ,incommunicable ,name1 and this the ,jinn could not endure2 therefore he could not wear the signet1 and he cast it into the sea1 where the fish had swallowed it4 ,now when ,solomon recovered his ring1 he was filled with joy1 and the light returned to his eyes2 he went back to ,jerusalem with great haste1 and all the people recognized him1 and bowed before him3 and when the ,evil ,spirit saw ,solomon1 and that he had the signet upon his hand1 he uttered a loud cry and fled4 ,solomon refused to see again ,djarada1 the author of his misfortune2 but he visited ,queen ,balkis every month1 till the day of her death4#fha ,when ,balkis died1 he had her body conveyed to ,tadmor in the desert1 the city she had built2 but her grave was known to none till the reign of the ,calif ,walid1 when in consequence of a heavy rain1 the walls of ,tadmor fell4 ,then was found an iron sarcophagus which was sixty ells long and forty ells wide1 which bore this inscription3--8,here lies the pious ,balkis1 queen of ,sheba1 wife of the prophet ,solomon1 son of ,david4 ,she was converted to the true faith in the thirteenth year of the reign of ,solomon2 she married him in the fourteenth1 and died in the three-and-twentieth year of his reign40 ,the son of the ,calif raised the lid of the coffin1 and beheld a woman1 as fresh as if she had only been lately buried4 ,he announced the fact to his father1 and asked what should be done with the sarcophagus4 ,walid ordered him to leave it where it had been found1 and to pile blocks of marble over it1 so that it might not again be disturbed by the hand of man4#fhb ,solomon1 when he was again on the throne1 placed a crown on the head of ,naama1 and seated her beside him1 and sent for the king of ,ammon4 ,and when the king came1 he was filled with astonishment1 and wondered how his daughter had escaped from the desert and had found favor with the greatest of monarchs4 ,then said ,solomon1 8,see6 ,i was thy head-cook1 and this is thy daughter2 bid her come to thee and kiss thee40 ,then the king of ,ammon kissed his daughter and returned1 glad of heart1 to his own land4#fhc #i4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,solomon4 ,when ,solomon had recovered his throne1 he reigned twenty years4 ,his whole reign was forty years1 and he lived in all fifty-five years4#fhd ,he spent these years in prosecuting the building of the temple4 ,towards the end of his life he often visited the temple1 and remained there one or two months plunged in prayer1 without leaving it4 ,he took his nourishment in the temple4 ,he even remained a year thus2 and when he was standing1 with bowed head1 in an humble attitude before ,god1 no one ventured to approach him1 man or ,jinn2 if a ,jinn drew near1 fire fell from heaven and consumed him4 ,in the garden of ,solomon grew every day an unknown tree4 ,solomon asked it1 8,what is thy name1 and what are thy virtues80 ,and the tree answered him1 8,i am called such and such1 and ,i serve such a purpose1 either by my fruits1 or by my shadow1 or by my fragrance40 ,then ,solomon transplanted it elsewhere2 and if it were a tree with medicinal properties1 he wrote in books the kinds of remedies for which it served4 ,one day ,solomon saw in his garden a new tree1 and he asked it1 8,what is thy name1 and what purpose dost thou serve80 ,the tree replied1 8,i serve for the destruction of the temple4 ,make of me a staff1 whereon to lean40 ,solomon said1 8,none can destroy the temple as long as ,i am alive40 ,then he understood that the tree warned him that he must shortly die4 ,he pulled up the tree1 and of it he made a staff1 and1 when he prayed1 he leaned on this staff to keep himself upright4 ,solomon knew that the temple was not completed1 and that if he died1 and the ,jinns knew of it1 they would leave off building2 therefore he prayed1 8,o ,lord6 grant that the event of my death may be hidden from the ,jinns1 that they may finish this temple40 ,god heard his prayer1 that the temple might be completed1 and that the ,jinns might be humbled4 ,solomon died in the temple1 standing1 leaning on his staff1 with his head bowed in adoration4 ,and his soul was taken so gently from him by the ,angel of ,death1 that the body remained standing2 and so it remained for a whole year1 and those who saw him thought he was absorbed in prayer1 and they ventured not to approach4 ,the ,jinns worked night and day till the temple was finished4 ,now1 ,god had ordered1 the same day that the soul left ,solomon1 a little white ant1 which devours wood1 to come up out of the earth under the staff1 and to gnaw the inside of the staff4 ,she ate a little every day2 and as the staff was very strong and stout1 she had not finished it till the end of the year4 ,then1 when the temple was finished1 at the same time the staff was eaten up1 and it crumbled under the weight of ,solomon1 and the body fell4 ,thus the ,jinns knew that ,solomon was dead4 ,now1 wherever the white ant eats wood1 the void is filled up with clay and water by the ,jinns2 and this they will continue to do till the day of the ,resurrection1 in gratitude to the little ant which announced to them the death of him who held them in bondage4 ,if the clay and the water are not inserted by the ,jinns1 whence can they come8 ,the sages assembled and enclosed an ant in a box1 with a piece of wood1 for a night and a day2 then they compared the amount devoured in that time with the length of the staff1 and thus they ascertained how long a time ,solomon had been dead4#fhe ,,xxxix4 ,,elijah4 ,when the prophet ,elijah appeared1 idolatry was general4 ,god sent him to ,balbek 7,heliopolis71 to persuade the inhabitants to renounce the worship of ,baal1 from whom the city took its name4 ,some say that ,baal was the name of a woman1 beautiful of countenance4 ,the ,israelites also adored ,baal2 ,elijah preached against idolatry2 and ,ahab at first believed in him1 and rejected ,baal1 but after a while relapsed4 ,then ,elijah prayed1 and ,god sent a famine on the land for three years1 and many men died4 ,none had bread save ,elijah1 and when any smelt the odor of bread1 they said 8,elijah hath passed this way60 ,one day ,elijah came to the house of an old woman who had a son named ,elisha4 ,both complained of hunger4 ,elijah gave them bread4 ,it is said1 likewise1 that ,elisha was paralytic1 and that at the prayer of ,elijah he was healed4 ,when the famine had lasted three years1 ,elijah went1 accompanied by ,elisha1 before ,king ,ahab1 and he said3--8,for three years you have been without bread2 let your god ,baal1 if he can1 satisfy your hunger4 ,if he cannot1 ,i will pray to ,jehovah1 and ,he will deliver you out of your distress1 if you will consent to worship ,him40 ,ahab consented4 ,then ,elijah ordered the idol of ,baal to be taken out of the city1 and the worshippers of ,baal invoked the god1 but their prayers remained unanswered4 ,then ,elijah prayed1 and immediately rain fell1 and the earth brought forth green herb and corn4 ,nevertheless1 shortly after1 the people returned to idolatry1 and ,elijah was weary of his life2 he consecrated ,elisha to succeed him1 and he prayed to ,god1 8,o ,lord6 save me from this untoward generation40 ,and ,god heard his cry1 and ,he carried him away and gave him life till the day when ,israfiel shall sound the trump of judgment4#fhf ,both ,jews and ,mussulmans believe that ,elijah is not dead1 but that he lives1 and appears at intervals4 ,the ,mussulmans have confused him with ,el ,khoudr1 and relate many wonderful stories of him4 ,he is unquestionably the origin of the ,wandering ,jew4 ,his reappearances are mentioned in the ,talmud1 and in later ,jewish legends1 as1 for instance1 in a story told by ,abraham ,tendlau4#fhg ,a poor ,jew and his wife were reduced to great necessity2 the man had not clothes in which to go forth and ask for work4 ,then his wife borrowed for him clothes1 and he entered the street seeking work4 ,he met a venerable man1 who bade him use him as a slave4 ,the ,jew engaged to build a palace for a prince with the assistance of his slave1 for ten thousand thalers4 ,the mysterious stranger labored hard and angels assisted him1 so that the mansion was completed with astonishing rapidity4 ,when the ,jew had received the money1 the old man announced that he was ,elijah1 who had come to assist him1 and vanished4 ,after the ,arabs had captured the city of ,elvan1 ,fadhilah1 at the head of three hundred horsemen1 pitched his tents1 late in the evening1 between two mountains4 ,fadhilah having begun his evening prayer with a loud voice1 heard the words 8,allah akbar60 7,god is great67 repeated distinctly1 and each word of his prayer was followed in a similar manner4 ,fadhilah1 not believing this to be an echo1 was much astonished1 and cried out1 8,o thou6 whether thou art of the angel ranks1 or whether thou art of some other order of spirits1 it is well1 the power of ,god be with thee2 but if thou art a man1 then let mine eyes light upon thee1 that ,i may rejoice in thy presence and society40 ,scarcely had he spoken these words1 before an aged man with bald head stood before him1 holding a staff in his hand1 and much resembling a dervish in appearance4 ,after having courteously saluted him1 ,fadhilah asked the old man who he was4 ,thereupon the stranger answered1 8,bassi ,hadut ,issa1 ,i am here by command of the ,lord ,jesus1 who has left me in this world1 that ,i may live therein until ,he comes a second time to earth4 ,i wait for the ,lord1 who is the ,fountain of ,happiness1 and in obedience to his command ,i dwell beyond the mountain40 ,when ,fadhilah heard these words1 he asked when the ,lord ,jesus would appear2 and the old man replied that his appearing would be at the end of the world4 ,but this only increased ,fadhilah's curiosity1 so that he inquired the signs of the approach of the end of all things2 whereupon ,zerib bar ,elia gave him an account of the general social and moral dissolution which would be the climax of this world's history4#fhh 8,in the second year of ,hezekiah10 says the ,rabbinic ,sether ,olam ,rabba 7c4 #ag71 8,elijah disappeared1 and he will not appear again till the ,messiah come2 then he will show himself once more2 and he will again disappear till ,gog and ,magog show themselves4 ,and all this time he writes the events and transactions that happen in each century4444 ,letters from ,elijah were brought to ,king ,joram seven years after ,elijah had disappeared40 ,a prophecy ascribed to ,elijah is preserved in the ,gemara3#fhi 8,the world will last six thousand years2 it will lie desert for two thousand years2 the ,messiah will reign two thousand years2 but1 because of our iniquities which have superabounded1 the years of the ,messiah have passed away40 ,,xl4 ,,isaiah4 ,the ,book of the ,ascension of ,isaiah has reached us only in an ,ethiopic version1 which was published along with a translation by ,archbishop ,laurence1 ,oxford1 #ahai4 ,gieseler translated the book1 and gave learned prolegomena1 and notes1 ,gttingen1 #ahcg2 and ,gfrorer has included it in his 8,prophet ,pseudepigraphi10 ,stuttgardt1 #ahdj1 pp4 #a-ee1 with the ,latin translation4 ,it must have existed in ,greek and ,latin1 for fragments of the ,latin apocryphal book remain1 and have been published by ,cardinal ,mai1 in 8,scriptorum ,veterum ,nova ,collectio20 ,rom1 #ahbd1 t4 ,,iii4 ii4 #bch et seq43 and it is very evident from these that they are versions of a ,greek original1 and not of the ,ethiopic4 ,whilst ,isaiah was speaking to the king ,hezekiah1 he suddenly stopped1 and his soul was borne away by an angel4 ,he traversed the firmament1 where he saw the strife of the angels and demons1 waged between the earth and the moon4 ,he entered the six heavens and admired their glory2 then he penetrated into the seventh heaven1 where he saw the ,holy ,trinity1 and there the events of futurity were revealed to him4 ,when he returned to himself1 ,isaiah related to ,hezekiah all that he had seen and heard1 except what concerned his son ,manasseh4 ,this is the prophecy of ,isaiah concerning ,antichrist3 8,and when that time had passed1 ,berial1 the great angel1 the prince of this world1 ,berial will descend from his place in the form of a man2 an impious king1 the murderer of his mother1 a king of this world4 8,and he will pluck up from amongst the twelve apostles the plant that they had planted1 and it will fall into his hands4 8,and all the powers of the world will do the will of the angel ,berial1 the impious king4 8,at his word1 the sun will shine in the darkness of the night1 and the moon will appear at the eleventh hour4 8,he will do all his pleasures2 he will ill-treat the ,well-,beloved1 and will say to him1 ,lo6 ,i am ,god1 and before me there is none other4 8,and all the world will believe in him4 8,and sacrifice will be offered to him1 and a worship of adoration1 saying1 ,he alone is ,god1 and there is none other4 8,then the greater number of those gathered together to receive the ,well-,beloved will turn aside to ,berial2 8,who by his power will work miracles in the cities and in the country2 8,and everywhere shall a table be spread for him4 8,his domination shall be for three years seven months and twenty-seven days40#fij ,only when ,hezekiah was at the point of death1 did ,isaiah reveal to him what and how great would be the iniquities of his son4 ,then the king would have slain ,manasseh3 8,i had rather10 said he1 8die without posterity1 than leave behind me a son who should persecute the saints40 ,when the prophet saw that ,hezekiah loved ,god more than his own son1 he was glad1 and he restrained the king1 and said1 8,it is the will of ,god that he should live40 ,manasseh reigned in the room of his father1 and was a cruel tyrant4 ,he worshipped idols1 and sought to make ,isaiah partake in his idolatry4 ,and when he could not succeed1 he sawed him asunder with a saw of wood4 8,and whilst ,isaiah was being cut asunder1 ,melekira stood up and accused him1 and all the lying prophets were present1 and they showed great joy1 and they mocked him4 8,and ,belial said to ,isaiah2 #8,confess that all thou hast said is false1 and that the ways of ,manasseh are good and just4 8#8,confess that the ways of ,melekira1 and of those that are with him1 are good4' 8,he spake thus to him1 as the saw entered into his flesh4 8,but ,isaiah was in an ecstasy1 and his eyes were open1 and he looked upon the spectators of his passion4 8,then said ,melekira to ,isaiah3 #8,confess what ,i shall say1 and ,i will change the heart of those who persecute thee1 and ,i will make ,manasseh1 and the heads of ,judah1 and his people1 and all ,jerusalem worship thee4' 8,then ,isaiah answered and said3 #8,cursed art thou in all that thou sayest1 and in all thy power1 and in all thy disciples6 8#8,thou canst do nothing against me2 all thou canst do is to take from me this miserable life4' 8,then they seized the prophet1 and they sawed him with a saw of wood1 ,isaiah1 son of ,amos4 8,and ,manasseh and ,melekira1 and the lying prophets1 and the princes of ,israel1 and all the people1 beheld his execution4 8,now before that the execution was accomplished1 he said to the prophets who had followed him3 #8,fly to ,tyre and ,sidon1 for the ,lord hath given the cup to me alone4' 8,and whilst the saw cut into his flesh1 ,isaiah uttered no complaint and shed no tears2 but he ceased not to commune with the ,holy ,spirit till the saw had cloven him to the middle of his body40#fia ,in the ,mishna#fib it is related that the ,rabbi ,simeon ,ben ,azai found in ,jerusalem 7#b;d cent47 a genealogy1 wherein it was written that ,manasseh killed ,isaiah4 ,manasseh said to ,isaiah1 8,moses1 thy master1 said1 ,there shall no man see ,god and live4#fic ,but thou hast said1 ,i saw the ,lord seated upon ,his throne4#fid ,moses said1 ,what other nation is there so great1 that hath ,god so nigh unto them8#fie ,but thou hast said1 ,seek ye the ,lord while ,he may be found40#fif ,isaiah thought1 8,if ,i excuse myself1 ,i shall only increase his guilt and not save myself20 so he answered not a word1 but pronounced the ,incommunicable ,name1 and a cedar-tree opened1 and he disappeared within it4 ,then ,manasseh ordered1 and they took the cedar1 and sawed it into lengthways2 and when the saw reached his mouth1 he died4 ,,xli4 ,,jeremiah4 ,the work entitled ,de ,vitis ,prophetarum1 falsely attributed to ,s4 ,epiphanius1 contains some apocryphal details concerning ,jeremiah4 ,it is said that he was stoned at ,taphens in ,egypt1 in a place where ,pharaoh formerly lived4 ,he was held in great honor by the ,egyptians1 because of the service he had rendered them in taming the serpents and crocodiles4 ,the faithful who take a little dust from the spot where he died1 are able to employ it as a remedy against the bites of serpents1 and to drive away crocodiles4 ,the prophet announced to the priests and wise men of ,egypt that when a virgin1 who had borne a son1 should set her foot on ,egyptian soil1 all the idols should fall4 ,before the destruction of ,jerusalem1 he hid the ark of the covenant in a rock1 which opened for the purpose1 and closed upon it4 ,then said he to the princes of the people and to the elders1 8,the ,lord has gone up from ,sinai1 but ,he will come again with ,his sacred power4 ,and this shall be the token of ,his coming1--all nations shall bow before the ,wood40 ,then the prophet continued1 8,none of the priests and prophets shall open the ark1 except ,moses1 the elect of ,god2 and ,aaron shall alone unfold the tables it contains4 ,at the ,resurrection1 the ark shall arise out of the rock first of all1 and it shall be placed upon ,mount ,zion4 ,then all the saints will go there and await the ,lord1 and they will put the enemy to flight who seeks their destruction40 ,having said these words1 he traced with his finger the name of ,god upon the rock1 and the name remained graven there as if cut with iron4 ,then a cloud descended upon the rock and hid it1 and no man has seen it since4 ,it is in the desert1 amongst the mountains1 where are the tombs of ,moses and ,aaron4 ,at night a cloud of fire shines above the spot4 ,,xlii4 ,,ezekiel4 ,ezekiel1 whom the ,arabs call ,kazquil1 was the son of an aged couple1 who had no children4 ,they prayed to ,god1 and ,he gave them a son4 ,ezekiel was a prophet1 and he exhorted the men of ,jerusalem to war1 but they would not go forth to battle4 ,then ,god sent a pestilence1 and there died of them every day very many4 ,so1 fearing death1 a million fled from the city1 hoping to escape the pestilence1 but the wrath of ,god overtook them1 and they fell dead4 ,then those who survived in the city went forth to bury them1 but they were too numerous2 therefore they built a wall round the corpses1 to protect them from the beasts of the field2 and thus they lay exposed to the heat and cold for many years1 till the flesh had rotted off their bones4 ,once the prophet ,ezekiel came that way1 and he saw this great multitude of dead and dry bones4 ,he prayed1 and ,god restored them to life again1 and they stood upon their feet a great army1 and entered into the city1 and lived out the rest of their days4 ,it is said that among the ,jews there are1 to this day1 descendants of those who were resuscitated1 and they may be recognized by the corpse-like odor they exhale4#fig ,the ,jews relate that a celebrated ,rabbi found the greatest difficulty in comprehending the book of ,ezekiel2 therefore his disciples prepared for him three hundred tuns of oil to feed his lamp whilst he studied at night the visions of the prophet#fih ,,xliii4 ,,ezra4 ,cyrus1 in the year #ecg before ,christ1 put an end to the captivity of the ,jews in ,babylon1 as had been foretold by ,daniel2 and not only did he permit the ,jews to return to ,jerusalem1 but he furnished them with the means of rebuilding their city and temple4 ,the ,oriental writers1 to explain the motive of ,cyrus1 say that his mother was a ,jewess1 and that he himself was married to the ,jewess ,maschat1 sister of ,zerubabbel1 a granddaughter of the king ,jehoiakim4 ,in #ebc before ,christ1 ,cambyses1 having reigned a brief time1 was succeeded by ,smerdis1 the ,magian1 who is called1 in the ,scriptures1 ,artaxerxes4 ,he1 being ill-disposed towards the ,jews1 withdrew from them the gifts made by ,cyrus1 and arrested their work4 ,smerdis1 however1 reigned only two years1 and was succeeded by ,darius ,hystaspes1 who continued the work of ,cyrus1 by the hands of ,ezra or ,esdras1 one of the instruments used by ,god to restore ,his people4 ,ezra was the son of ,seraiah1 of the lineage of ,aaron4 ,in the ,koran#fii it is said that ,ezra1 passing through a village near ,jerusalem1 whose houses were ruined1 exclaimed1 8,can ,god restore these waste places1 and revive the inhabitants80 ,then ,god made him die2 and he remained dead for one hundred years4 ,at the end of that time ,god revived him1 and he saw the village rebuilt and full of busy people4 ,the commentators on the ,koran say that ,ezra 7,ozar71 when young1 had been taken away captive by ,nebuchadnezzar1 but that he was delivered miraculously from prison1 and returned to ,jerusalem1 which he found in ruins4 ,he halted at a village1 near the city1 named ,sair-,abad4 ,its houses were fallen and without inhabitants1 but the fig-tree and vines remained in the gardens4 ,ezra collected the fruit1 and made himself a little cell out of the fallen stones4 ,and he kept near him the ass on which he had ridden4 ,the holy man1 on contemplating from his hermitage the ruins of the holy city and the temple1 wept bitterly before the ,lord1 and said often with a tone rather of lament than doubt1 8,how can the walls of ,jerusalem ever be set up again80 ,then ,god bade him die1 and hid him from the eyes of men1 in his cell1 with all that he had about him1 his fruit1 his mat1 and his ass4 ,at the close of a century ,god revived him1 and he found all as when he had died2 the ass standing1 and the fruit unwithered4 ,then ,ezra saw the works that had been executed in ,jerusalem1 how the walls were being set up1 and the breaches repaired1 and he said1 8,god is ,almighty2 ,he can do whatsoever pleaseth him60 ,after his resurrection1 he went into the holy city1 and spent night and day in explaining to the people the ,law1 as he remembered it4 ,but it had been forgotten by the ,jews1 and therefore they disregarded his instruction4 ,the ,iman ,thalebi says1 that the ,jews1 to test the mission of ,ezra1 placed five pens in his hand1 and with each he wrote at the same moment with like facility as if he held only one2 and he wrote all the ,books of the ,sacred ,canon1 as he drew them from his memory1 without the assistance of a book4 ,the ,jews1 however1 said amongst themselves1 8,how can we be sure that what ,ezra has written is the true sacred text1 since there is none amongst us who can bear witness80 ,then one of them said1 8,i have heard say that my grandfather preserved a copy of the sacred books1 and that they were hidden by him in a hollow rock1 which he marked so that it might be recognized again40 ,they therefore sought the place which had been marked1 and there they found a volume containing the ,scriptures1 which having been compared with what ,ezra had written1 it was found that the agreement was exact4 ,then the people1 astonished at the miracle1 cried out that ,ezra was a god4#gjj ,at the time of carrying away into ,babylon1 the sacred fire had been cast into a well in the temple court4 ,ezra1 having drawn some of the dirt out of the well1 placed on it the wood of the sacrifice2 then the flame1 which for a hundred and forty years had been extinguished1 burst forth again out of the mire4 ,when ,ezra saw this wonder1 he thrice drank of the dust out of the well2 and thus he imbibed the prophetic spirit1 and the power of recomposing from memory the lost sacred books4#gja ,,xliv4 ,,zechariah4 ,sozomen#gjb relates that the prophet ,zechariah appeared to ,colomeras1 a farmer of the village of ,chupher1 in ,palestine1 and revealed to him his tomb2 and on excavations having been made on the spot1 an ancient ,hebrew book was discovered1 which1 however1 was not regarded as canonical4 ,nicephoras repeats the story after ,sozomen4#gjc ,,footnotes3 #a ,rev4 xii4 #g-i4 #b ,isaiah xiv4 #ac1 #ad4 #c ,luke x4 #ah4 #d ,fabricius 7,j4 ,a471 ,codex ,pseudepigraphus ,vet4 ,test4 ,hamb41 #agbb1 p4 #ba4 #e ,jalkut ,rubeni1 #c1 sub4 tit4 ,sammael4 #f ,fol4 #aci1 col4 #a3 see ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #hca4 #g ,jalkut ,rubeni1 in ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #cjg4 #h ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #ajd4 #i ,ibid41 i4 p4 #hbj4 #aj ,ibid41 ii4 #daf1 #dbj1 #dba4 #aa ,chronique de ,tabari4 ,paris1 #ahfg1 i4 c4 xxvii4 #ab ,abulfeda1 ,hist4 ,ante-,islamica4 ,lipsi1 #ahca1 p4 #ac4 #ac #a ,cor4 x4 #bj4 #ad ,majer1 ,mythologische ,lexicon1 ,th4 i4 p4 #bca4 #ae ,orig4 adv4 ,cels4 vi4 #db4 #af ,lettres ,edifiantes1 viii4 p4 #dbj4 #ag ,bibliothque ,univ4 de ,genve1 #ahbg2 ,d',anselme1 i4 p4 #bbh4 #ah ,hist4 ,naturelle de l',orinoque1 par ,tos4 ,gumilla4 ,avignon1 #agea1 t4 i4 p4 #agb4 #ai ,weil1 ,biblische ,legenden der ,muselmnner4 ,frankfort1 #ahde1 pp4 #ab-af4 #bj ,geiger1 ,was hat ,mohammed aus d4 ,judenthum aufgenommen8 p4 #ii4 #ba ,so also ,abulfeda1 ,hist4 ,ante-,islamica1 ed4 ,fleischer4 ,lipsi1 #ahca p4 #ac4 #bb ,tabari1 i4 c4 xxvi4 #bc ,colin de ,plancy1 p4 #ee4 #bd ,eisenmenger1 ,neuentdecktes ,judenthum4 ,knigsberg1 #agaa1 i4 pp4 #cfd-e4 #be ,bochart1 ,hierozoica1 p4 #b1 l4 #h1 fol4 #dhf4 #bf ,tract ,sanhedrim1 f4 #ch4 #bg ,jalkut ,schimoni1 f4 #f4 #bh ,tract ,hagida1 f4 #ab4 #bi ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #cfg4 #cj ,ibid41 #cfh4 #ca ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #cfi4 #cb ,mller1 ,amerikanische ,urreligionen2 ,basle1 #ahee4 ,atherne ,jones1 ,north ,american ,traditions1 i4 p4 #baj1 etc4 ,heckewelder's ,indian ,nations1 etc4 #cc ,fourmont ,anciens ,peuples1 i4 lib4 ii4 p4 #aj4 #cd ,aves1 #fff4 #ce ,mmoires des ,chinois1 i4 p4 #aje4 #cf ,berosus1 in ,cory's ,ancient ,fragments1 p4 #bf4 #cg ,it is unfortunate that ,i have already written on the myths relating to the formation of ,eve in 8,curiosities of ,olden ,times40 ,i would therefore have omitted a chapter which must repeat what has been already published1 but that by so doing ,i should leave this work imperfect4 ,however1 there is much in this chapter which was not in the article referred to4 #ch ,rabboth1 fol4 #bj b4 #ci ,eisenmenger1 i4 #hcj4 #dj ,weil1 pp4 #ag1 #ah4 #da ,tabari1 i4 c4 xxvi4 #db ,talmud1 ,tract4 ,berachoth1 f4 #fa2 ,bartolocci ,bibl4 ,rabbin41 iv4 p4 #ff4 #dc ,bartolocci1 ,bibl4 ,rabbin41 iv4 p4 #fg4 #dd ,bartolocci1 ,bibl4 ,rabbin41 iii4 p4 #cie4 #de ,ibid41 p4 #cif2 ,eisenmenger1 t4 i4 p4 #cfe4 #df ,bhagavat1 iii4 #ab1 #ea4 #dg ,colebrooke ,miscell4 ,essays1 p4 i4 #fd4 #dh ,bundehesch1 p4 #cgg4 #di ,bartolocci1 ,bibl4 ,rabbin41 iv4 p4 #dfc4 #ej ,mendez ,pinto1 ,voyages1 ii4 p4 #agh4 #ea ,bhagavat1 iii4 #ab1 #be4 #eb ,ibid41 iv4 #ae1 #bg4 #ec ,ovid1 ,metamorph41 x4 #g4 #ed ,hesiod1 ,works and ,days1 #fa-gi4 #ee ,gen4 i4 #bg4 #ef ,ibid41 ii4 #ah4 #eg ,ibid41 #bc4 #eh ,abraham ,ecchellensis1 ,hist4 ,arabum1 p4 #bfh4 #ei ,talmud1 ,tract4 ,bava ,bathra4 #fj ,s4 ,epiphan4 ,hres41 xxvi4 #fa ,tho4 ,bangius1 ,clum ,orientis1 p4 #ajc4 #fb ,s4 ,clementi ,recog41 c4 iv4 #fc ,lafitau1 ,murs des ,sauvages ,amriquaines1 i4 p4 #ic4 #fd ,pallas1 ,reise1 i4 p4 #ccd4 #fe ,hodgson1 ,buddhism1 p4 #fc4 #ff ,upham1 ,sacred ,books of ,ceylon1 iii4 #aef4 #fg ,mmoires ,chinois1 i4 p4 #ajg4 #fh ,bundehesch in ,windischmann3 ,zoroastrische ,studien4 ,berlin1 #ahfc1 p4 #hb2 and tr4 ,a4 du ,perron1 ii4 pp4 #gg-hj4 #fi ,so also ,abulfeda1 ,hist4 ,ante-,islamica1 p4 #ac4 #gj ,weil1 pp4 #ai-bh4 #ga ,tabari1 i4 p4 #hj4 #gb ,diod4 ,sicul41 #ad et seq4 #gc ,ausland fr ,nov4 #d1 #ahdg4 #gd ,w4 ,smith1 ,nouveau ,voyage de ,guine4 ,paris1 #agea1 ii4 p4 #agf4 #ge ,bowdler1 ,mission from ,cape ,coast to ,ashantee4 ,london1 #ahai1 p4 #cdd4 #gf ,cranz1 ,historie von ,grnland4 ,leipzig1 #aggj1 i4 p4 #bfb4 #gg ,humboldt1 ,pittoreske ,ansichten d4 ,cordilleren2 ,plate xiii4 and explanation1 ii4 pp4 #da1 #db4 #gh ,de la ,borde1 ,reise zu den ,caraiben4 ,nrnb4 #aghb1 i4 pp4 #chj-e4 #gi ,allg4 ,hist4 der ,reisen1 xviii4 p4 #cie4 #hj ,eisenmenger1 i4 pp4 #hbg-i4 #ha ,weil1 p4 #bh4 #hb ,basnage1 ,histoire des ,juifs4 ,la ,haye1 iii4 p4 #cia4 #hc ,tract4 ,avod41 f4 #a4 col4 #c2 also ,tract4 ,pesachim1 f4 #aah1 col4 #a4 #hd ,eisenmenger1 i4 pp4 #cgf1 #cgg4 #he ,eisenmenger1 i4 pp4 #cgg-hj4 #hf ,talmud1 ,avoda ,sara1 fol4 #h a1 and in ,levy1 ,parabeln1 p4 #cjj4 #hg ,it is a popular superstition among the lower orders in ,england that a woman who dies in childbirth1 even if she be unmarried1 cannot be lost4 #hh ,weil1 pp4 #bi-ch4 #hi ,dillman1 ,das ,adambuch des ,morgenlandes2 ,gttingen1 #ahec4 ,this book is not to be confounded with the ,testament of ,adam4 #ij ,tabari1 i41 capp4 xxviii4 xxix4 #ia ,in ,more ,nevochim1 quoted by ,fabricius1 i4 p4 #e4 #ib ,gen4 v4 i4 #ic ,fabricius1 i4 p4 #aa4 #id ,adv4 ,hresi1 c4 #e4 #ie ,eusebius ,nierembergius1 ,de ,origine ,s4 ,scriptur4 ,lugd41 #afda4 #if ,fabricius1 i4 p4 #cc4 #ig ,ferdinand de ,troilo1 ,orientale ,itinerario4 ,dresd41 #affg1 p4 #cbc4 #ih ,selden1 ,de ,synedriis1 ii4 p4 #deb4 #ii ,hottinger1 ,historia ,orientalis1 lib4 i4 c4 #h4 #ajj ,jacobus ,vitriacus1 ,hist4 ,hierosol41 c4 lxxxv4 #aja ,as ,king ,charles's ,oak may be seen in the fern-root4 #ajb ,fabricius1 i4 p4 #hd4 #ajc ,neue ,ierosolymitanische ,pilgerfahrt4 ,wrtzburg1 #affg1 p4 #dg4 #ajd ,stephanus ,le ,moyne1 ,not ad ,varia ,sacra1 p4 #hfc4 #aje ,abulfeda1 p4 #ae4 ,in the ,apocryphal book1 ,the ,combat of ,adam 7,dillman1 ,das ,christliche ,adambuch des ,morgenlandes2 ,gttingen1 #ahec71 the same reason for hostility is given4 ,in that account1 ,satan appears to ,cain and prompts him to every act of wickedness4 #ajf ,tabari1 i4 c4 xxx4 #ajg ,jalkut1 fol4 #aa a4 #ajh ,yaschar1 p4 #ajhi4 #aji ,targums1 ed4 ,etheridge1 ,london1 #ahfb1 i4 p4 #agb4 #aaj ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #cbj4 #aaa ,liber ,zenorena1 quoted by ,fabricius1 i4 p4 #ajh4 #aab ,s4 ,methodius1 jun41 ,revelationes1 c4 #c4 #aac ,eutychius1 ,patriarcha ,alex41 ,annales4 #aad ,pirke ,r4 ,eliezer1 c4 xxi4 #aae ,historia ,dynastiarum1 ed4 ,pocock2 ,oxon4 #affc1 p4 #d4 #aaf ,ad ,antiochum1 qust4 #ef4 #aag ,fabricius1 i4 p4 #aab4 #aah ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #dfb4 #aai ,targum1 i4 p4 #agc4 #abj ,jalkut ,cadasch1 fol4 #f1 col4 i4 #aba ,pirke ,r4 ,eliezer1 c4 xxi4 #abb ,ibid4 #abc ,ibid4 #abd ,eisenmenger1 ii4 p4 #h4 #abe ,ibid41 p4 #dbh4 #abf ,ibid41 p4 #dee4 #abg ,tract4 ,avoda ,sara4 #abh ,tabari1 i4 c4 xix4 #abi ,antiq4 ,jud41 lib4 i4 c4 #b4 #acj ,excerpta ,chronologica1 p4 #b4 #aca ,gen4 iv4 #ae4 #acb ,cosmas ,indopleustes1 ,cosmographia1 lib4 v4 #acc ,d',herbelot1 ,bibliothque ,orientale1 sub voce ,cabil1 i4 p4 #dch4 #acd ,neue ,ierosolymitanische ,pilgerfahrt4 ,von ,p4 ,f4 ,ignat4 von ,rheinfelden4 ,wrtzburg1 #affg4 ,p4 ii4 p4 #h4 #ace ,weil1 pp4 #dj-c4 #acf ,tabari1 i4 c41 xxxiii4 #acg ,colin de ,plancy1 p4 #gh4 #ach ,herbelot1 i4 p4 #ie4 #aci ,moses bar ,cepha4 ,commentarius de ,paradiso1 ,p4 i4 c4 #ad4 ,fabricius1 i4 p4 #ge4 #adj ,s4 ,basil ,seleuc4 ,orat4 xxxviii4 #ada ,lettre de ,h4 ,a4 ,d41 ,consul de ,france en ,abyssinie1 #ahda4 #adb ,tabari1 i4 c4 xxxiv4 #adc ,d',herbelot1 i4 p4 #abe1 s4 v4 ,rocail4 #add ,midrash ,tillim1 fol4 #aj1 col4 #b4 #ade ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #fde4 #adf ,theodoret1 ,qust4 in ,gen4 xlvii4 #adg ,plutarch1 ,isis and ,osiris1 ed4 ,parthey2 pp4 #gb1 #hh1 and notes pp4 #ahc1 #bch4 #adh ,abulfaraj1 ,hist4 ,dynast41 ed4 ,pocock1 p4 #e4 #adi ,joseph4 ,antiq4 ,judaic41 lib4 i4 c4 #b4 #aej ,freculphus1 ,chron4 lib4 i4 c4 #ab4 #aea ,anastasius ,sinaita1 4 ed4 ,gretser1 ,ingolst4 #afjf1 p4 #bfi4 #aeb ,gen4 v4 #f-i4 #aec ,pseudo ,josephus ,gorionides2 ed4 ,clariss4 ,breithauptius1 lib4 ii4 c4 #ah1 p4 #aca4 #aed ,i give the ,arabic legend4 ,the account in ,jasher is different4 ,enoch retired from the world1 and showed himself only at rare intervals1 when he gave advice to all who came to hear his wisdom4 ,he was taken up to heaven in a whirlwind1 in a chariot with horses of fire4 7,yaschar1 pp4 #ajid-ajif47 #aee ,tabari1 i4 c4 xxxv4 #aef ,dillman1 ,das ,buch ,enock2 ,leipzig1 #ahec4 ,ewald1 in his 8,geschichte der ,volks ,israel0 7iii4 #b1 pp4 #cig-dja71 attributes it to the year #acj4 ,b4 ,c4 #aeg ,fol4 #bf1 col4 #b4 #aeh ,jalkut ,rubeni1 fol4 #bg1 col4 #d4 #aei ,ibid41 fol4 #ajg1 col i4 #afj ,targums1 ed4 ,etheridge1 i4 p4 #age4 #afa ,suidas1 ,lexic4 s4 v4 ,nannacos4 #afb ,nischmath ,chajim1 fol4 #aaf1 col4 i4 #afc ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #chj4 #afd ,das ,buch ,henoch1 von ,dillmann1 ,leipz4 #ahec1 c4 xv4 p4 #i4 #afe ,abulfaraj1 p4 #f4 #aff ,eutych4 ,patriarcha ,alex41 ,annales ab ,orbe ,condito1 ,arabice et ,lat41 ed4 ,selden2 ,london1 #afdb1 i4 p4 #ai4 #afg ,d',herbelot1 s4 v4 ,surkrag and ,kaumarth4 #afh ,tabari1 c4 xxxvii4 #afi ,d',herbelot1 s4 v4 ,tahmourath4 #agj ,tabari1 caps4 xxxix4 xl4 #aga ,gen4 iv4 #ah-bd4 #agb ,targums1 ed4 ,etheridge1 i4 p4 #agc4 #agc ,yaschar1 tr4 ,drach1 p4 #ajib2 the same in ,midrash ,jalkut1 c4 #ch2 ,midrash1 ,par4 ,bereschith1 fol4 #b2 ,rabbi ,raschi on ,genesis2 etc41 etc4 #agd ,vland le ,forgeron2 ,paris1 #ahcc4 ,there is an ,english translation by ,wright4 #age ,tabari1 i4 c4 xxi4 #agf ,eisenmenger1 ii4 p4 #daf4 #agg ,colin de ,plancy1 p4 #ajb4 #agh ,midrash1 fol4 #ab2 so also ,targum of ,palestine1 ,etheridge1 i4 p4 #agi4 #agi ,chron4 ,grc41 ed4 ,scaliger1 ,lugd4 ,batav4 #afjf1 p4 #d4 #ahj ,fabricius1 i4 p4 #bbe4 #aha ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #fea4 #ahb ,talmud1 ,tractat4 ,sanhedrin1 fol4 #ajh1 col4 #a4 ,so also the ,book ,yaschar1 p4 #ajig4 #ahc ,jalkut1 ,genesis1 fol4 #ad;a4 #ahd ,jalkut ,shimoni1 ,job4 fol4 #aba1 col4 #b4 #ahe ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #che4 ,the ,targum of ,palestine says the water was hot 7i4 p4 #agi74 #ahf ,tractat4 ,sevachim1 fol4 #aac1 col4 #b4 #ahg ,or1 a unicorn2 the ,hebrew word is ,rem4 #ahh ,midrash1 fol4 #ad4 #ahi ,eutych1 ,patriarcha ,alex41 ed4 ,selden1 i4 p4 #cf4 #aij ,tabari1 p4 #ajh4 #aia ,abulfeda1 p4 #ag4 #aib ,yaschar1 p4 #aajj4 #aic ,colin de ,plancy1 p4 #aaj4 #aid ,weil1 p4 #de4 #aie ,ararat4 #aif ,tabari1 c4 xli4 #aig ,weil1 p4 #de4 #aih ,midrash1 fol4 #ae4 #aii ,tabari1 p4 #aac4 #bjj ,fabricius1 i4 pp4 #gd1 #bdc4 #bja ,ed4 ,dillmann1 c4 #fg4 #bjb ,ed4 ,etheridge1 i4 p4 #ahb4 #bjc ,gen4 v4 #bj4 #bjd ,in the ,midrash ,rabba1 this want of connection between the name and the signification is remarked upon1 and ,solomon ,jarki in his commentary says that1 for the meaning assigned1 the name ought to have been1 not ,noah1 but ,menahem4 #bje ,buttmann1 ,ueber der ,mythus d4 ,sndfluth1 ,berlin1 #ahai2 ,lken ,die ,traditionen des ,menschengeschlechts1 ,munster1 #ahef2 ,bryant1 ,of the ,deluge in ,ancient ,mythology1 ,london1 #agge1 etc4 #bjf ,parrot1 ,journey to ,ararat1 ,english ,trans4 ,lond4 #ahde4 #bjg ,joseph4 ,antiq41 i4 #c2 see also ,ptolem4 ,geogr4 vi4 #b4 #bjh ,joseph4 ,antiq41 i4 #d4 #bji ,euseb4 ,prp4 ,evang4 ix4 #ai4 #baj ,lucian1 ,de ,dea ,syra1 c4 #ab1 #ac4 #baa ,georg4 ,syncellus1 ,chronographia1 p4 #bi1 ,b41 ed4 ,bonn2 or ,cory's ,ancient ,fragments1 p4 #bf et seq4 #bab ,prp4 ,evang4 ix4 #ab2 see also ,s4 ,cyril contra ,julian1 i4 #bac ,bochart1 ,geogr4 ,sacra1 p4 #bca4 #bad ,ekhel1 ,doctrina ,numm4 ,vet4 iii4 p4 #acb et seq42 see also ,bryant's ,new ,system of ,ancient ,mythology1 ,lond4 #agge1 i4 note #c4 #bae ,orac4 ,sibvll1 i4 v4 #bfj1 #bfe-g4 ,ed4 ,fiedlieb4 #baf ,bundehesch1 #g4 #bag ,on the ,chronology of the ,hindus1 by ,sir ,w4 ,jones2 ,asiatic ,researches1 ii4 pp4 #aaf-g4 #bah ,bopp1 ,die ,sndfluth2 ,berlin1 #ahbi1 p4 #i4 #bai ,ovid4 ,metam4 i4 #bdj et seq4 #bbj ,steph4 ,bryzant41 s4 voce 4 #bba ,diod4 ,sicul4 lib4 i4 #bbb ,mm4 concernant les ,chinois1 i4 p4 #aeg4 #bbc ,klaproth1 ,inschrift1 des ,yu2 ,halle1 #ahaa1 p4 #bi4 #bbd ,mm4 concernant les ,chinois1 ix4 p4 #chc4 #bbe ,mart4 ,martinii1 ,hist4 ,sin4 p4 #bf4 #bbf ,steller1 ,beschreibung v4 ,kamschatka2 ,frankf4 #agdd1 p4 #bgc4 #bbg ,serres1 ,kosmoganie des ,moses1 bersetzt von ,f4 ,x4 ,stech1 p4 #adi4 #bbh ,davies1 ,mythology of the ,british ,druids1 ,london1 #ahji2 and ,celtic ,researches1 ,london1 #ahdd3 curious works on the ,arkite worship and art-ditions of the ,kelts4 #bbi ,the prose ,edda2 ,mallet1 ,northern ,antiq41 ed4 ,bohn1 p4 #djd4 #bcj ,grimm1 ,deutsche ,mythol42 ,gttingen1 #ahed1 p4 #ede4 #bca ,the same story precisely1 is told by the closely allied race of the ,chippewas2 ,atherne ,jones1 ,traditions of the ,north ,american ,indians1 ,london1 #ahcj1 ii4 p4 #i et seq4 #bcb ,ltke1 ,voyage autour du ,monde1 i4 p4 #ahi4 #bcc ,braunschweig1 ,die alten ,amerik4 ,denkmler2 ,berlin1 #ahdj1 p4 #ah4 #bcd ,atherne ,jones1 ,traditions of the ,north ,american ,indians1 ii4 #ba-cc4 #bce ,catlin1 ,letters and ,notes on the ,manners1 etc41 of the ,n4 ,american ,indians2 ,london1 #ahda4 #bcf ,mayer1 ,mytholog4 ,taschenbuch2 ,weimar1 #ahaa1 p4 #bde4 #bcg ,schoolcraft1 ,notes on the ,iroquois2 ,new ,york1 #ahdg1 p4 #ceh4 #bch ,mller1 ,geschichte des ,amerikanischen ,urreligionem1 ,basle1 #ahee1 p4 #eae2 ,lken1 ,die ,traditionem des ,menschengeschlechts1 p4 #bbc4 #bci ,humboldt1 ,anh4 des ,cordilleren1 i4 p4 #db4 #bdj ,antonio de ,herrera1 ,hist4 general de los ,hecos1 etc42 ,madrid1 #afja1 iii4 c4 #aj4 #bda ,compare ,lken and ,mller4 #bdb ,humboldt1 ,reise in die ,aequinoctial ,gegenden1 iii4 pp4 #djf-g4 #bdc ,nachrichten aus dem ,lande ,guiana1 v4 ,salvator ,gili2 ,hamb4 #aghe pp4 #ddj-a1 quoted by ,lken4 #bdd ,garcilasso de la ,vega1 ,hist4 des ,yncas2 ,amst41 i4 pp4 #gc and #cbf4 #bde ,ausland1 ,jan4 #ahde1 ,no4 #a4 #bdf ,jalkut1 ,genesis1 fol4 #af a4 #bdg ,colin de ,plancy1 p4 #aba4 #bdh ,tabari1 i4 c4 xli4 #bdi ,hist4 ,dynastiarum1 ed4 ,pocock2 ,oxon41 #affc1 p4 #i4 #bej ,hist4 ,dynastiarum1 ed4 ,pocock2 ,oxon41 #affc1 p4 #aj4 #bea ,eutychius1 ,patr4 ,alex41 ,annal41 t4 i4 p4 #dd4 #beb ,bereschith ,rabba1 fol4 #bb1 col4 #d4 #bec ,eutych4 ,annal41 ed4 ,selden1 i4 p4 #ce4 #bed ,suidas1 ,lexic4 s4 v4 4 #bee ,tract4 ,sanhedrin1 fol4 #ajh1 col4 #b4 #bef ,tabari1 i4 p4 #aae4 #beg ,colin de ,plancy1 p4 #bbd4 #beh ,eisenmenger1 i4 pp4 #cah-i4 #bei ,ibid41 p4 #cgf4 #bfj ,ibid41 p4 #cie4 #bfa ,adv4 ,hres41 lib4 i4 #bfb ,de ,tartaris1 c4 #i4 #bfc ,reliqui ,arc ,no1 in ,fabricius1 i4 art4 #cc4 #bfd ,tabari1 i4 c4 xlii4 xliii4 #bfe ,tabari1 i4 c4 xliii4 #bff ,gen4 xi4 #af1 #ah1 #bj1 #bb4 #bfg ,abulfaraj1 ,hist4 ,dynastiarum1 p4 #ab4 #bfh ,abulfaraj1 ,hist4 ,dynastiarum1 p4 #ac4 #bfi ,gen4 x4 #ba-bd4 #bgj ,koran1 ,sura xi4 verse #eg4 #bga ,tabari1 i4 c4 xliv42 ,abulfeda1 ,hist4 ,ante ,islamica1 pp4 #ai-ba4 #bgb ,weil1 pp4 #dg1 #dh4 #bgc ,herbelot1 ,biblioth4 ,orientale1 s4 v4 ,lokman4 #bgd ,tabari1 i4 p4 #dcb4 #bge ,koran1 ,sura xxvi4 v4 #aec4 #bgf ,ibid41 xi4 v4 #fg4 #bgg ,tabari1 i4 c4 xlv4 #bgh ,weil1 pp4 #dh-fa2 ,abulfeda1 p4 #ba4 #bgi ,pirke of ,rabbi ,eliezer1 c4 xi4 #bhj ,ibid41 c4 xxiv4 #bha ,ibid41 c4 xi4 #bhb ,targums1 ed4 ,etheridge1 i4 p4 #ahg4 #bhc ,bechaji1 ,comm4 in #a ,mos4 xi42 ,pirke of ,r4 ,eliezer1 c4 xi42 ,talmud1 ,sanhedrim1 #aji;a2 ,targums1 i4 pp4 #ahi-ij1 etc4 #bhd ,talmud1 ,sanhedrim2 see also the history of ,nimrod in ,yaschar1 pp4 #aajg-h4 #bhe ,herbelot1 s4 v4 ,nimroud4 #bhf ,hist4 ,dynast41 p4 #ab4 #bhg ,mmoires conc4 les ,chinois1 i4 p4 #bac4 #bhh ,euseb41 ,prp4 ,ev41 ix4 #ad2 ,cory1 ,ancient ,fragments1 pp4 #cd-ej4 #bhi ,george ,syncellus1 ,bibl4 ,grc41 v4 p4 #agh4 #bij ,euseb41 ,prp4 ,ev41 ix4 #ag4 #bia ,mos4 ,chorene1 i4 #i4 #bib ,mller1 ,glauben u4 ,wissen4 d4 ,hindus2 ,mainz1 #ahbb1 i4 p4 #cjc4 #bic ,allgem4 ,hist4 d4 ,reisen1 vi4 p4 #fjb4 #bid ,lken1 p4 #bhg2 ,amerikanische ,urreligionen1 p4 #eag1 etc4 #bie ,humboldt1 ,ansichten d4 ,cordilleren1 i4 p4 #db4 #bif ,for the ,rabbinic traditions relating to ,abraham ,i am indebted to the exhaustive monograph of ,dr4 ,b4 ,beer4 8,leben ,abraham's nach ,auffassung der jdischen ,sage10 ,leipzig1 #ahei1 to which ,i must refer my readers for references to ,jewish books1 which are given with an exactitude which leaves nothing to be desired4 #big ,weil1 p4 #fi4 #bih ,the ,mussulman history of the patriarch relates that ,azar brought ,abraham before ,nimrod and said1 8,this is thy ,god who made all things40 8,then why did he not make himself less ugly80 asked ,abraham1--for ,nimrod had bad features4 #bii ,the ,mussulman story1 which is precisely the same as the ,jewish1 adds that the camels refused to bear wood to form the pyre1 but cast it on the ground2 therefore ,abraham blessed the camels4 ,but the mules had no compunction1 therefore he cursed them that they should be sterile4 ,the birds who flew over the fire were killed1 the city was enveloped in its smoke1 and the crackling of its flames could be heard a day's journey off4 #cjj ,weil1 p4 #gc4 #cja ,both the ,rabbinic commentators and the ,mussulman historians tell a long story about the discussion carried on between ,gabriel and ,abraham in the air1 as he was being shot into the flames4 ,it is hardly worth repeating4 #cjb ,tabari1 i4 p4 #adg4 #cjc ,weil1 p4 #gh4 #cjd ,gen4 xv4 #cje ,tabari1 i4 p4 #aef4 #cjf ,gen4 xiv4 #ai4 ,the book ,jasher also says that ,amraphel and ,nimrod are the same4 #cjg ,gen4 xiv4 #ag4 #cjh ,ibid41 #ai1 #bj4 #cji ,gen4 xiv4 #bc1 #bd4 #caj ,ps4 ix4 #h4 #caa ,tabari1 i4 c4 xlviii4 #cab ,gittin1 fol4 #ef b2 ,pirke of ,r4 ,eliezer1 fol4 #di4 #cac ,weil1 p4 #hj4 #cad ,tabari1 i4 c4 lii2 ,abulfeda1 p4 #be4 #cae ,apocrypha de ,loto1 apud ,fabricium1 t4 i4 pp4 #dbh-dca4 #caf ,solomon ,jarschi1 ,comm4 on ,moses1 xx4 #e4 #cag ,josh4 xii4 #bd4 #cah ,psalm cxiii4 #i4 #cai ,this climax of absurdity is found also in the ,mussulman histories of the ,patriarch4 #cbj ,weil1 p4 #hc4 #cba ,it seems probable that ,s4 ,paul alludes to this traditional speech more than once1 as for instance ,gal4 iii4 #i4 #cbb ,the same story is told by the ,mohammedans3 ,weil1 p4 #ij4 #cbc ,gen4 xxi4 #bd-bg4 #cbd ,numbers xxi4 #af1 #ag4 #cbe ,gen4 xxi4 #cc4 #cbf ,the ,mussulmans tell the story of ,ishmael almost in every particular the same as that given below4 #cbg ,exod4 iv4 #bj4 #cbh ,zech4 ix4 #i4 #cbi ,when ,king ,sapor heard the ,r4 ,samuel explain that ,messiah would come riding on an ass1 the king said1 8,i will give him a horse2 it is not seemly that he should ride an ass40 8,what10 answered the ,rabbi1 8hast thou a horse with a hundred colors80 7,talmud1 ,tract4 ,sanhedrim1 fol4 #ih1 col4 #a47 #ccj ,the day is uncertain4 ,some say it was the #c;d ,nisan2 others1 it was the first of the seventh month1 ,tischri1 ,new ,year's day2 others1 that it was the ,day of ,atonement4 ,some say ,isaac's age was #cg2 others say #cf2 others #bf2 others #be2 others #af2 others #ac2 others1 again1 say #e2 and others say only #b years4 #cca ,in the ,rabbinic tradition1 the type of ,christ comes out more distinctly than in ,genesis1 for here we see ,isaac not merely offered by his father1 but also giving himself as a free-will offering1 immaculate without in his body1 and within in his soul4 #ccb ,might not these words be spoken mystically of ,christ8 #ccc ,and these prophetic4 ,abraham means that ,god must take care of him in his old age4 ,but they may also be taken by us thus1 ,god must take thy place as the victim4 #ccd ,here again--it may be fanciful--but ,i cannot help thinking we have the type continued of ,christ's presence perpetuated in the ,church1 in the ,tabernacle in which the ,host is reserved1 that all passing by may look thereupon and worship1 and 8,remember ,me0 in the adorable ,sacrament4 ,with a vast amount of utterly unfounded fable1 the ,rabbinic traditions may1 and probably do1 contain much truth4 #cce 8,if ,i go not away1 the ,comforter will not come unto you2 but if ,i depart1 ,i will send ,him unto you40 7,john xvi4 #g47 #ccf ,this is one instance out of several in which the honorable and generous conduct of a ,gentile is distorted by ,rabbinical tradition2 the later ,rabbis being unwilling to give any but their own nation credit for liberal and just dealing4 ,it may have been observed in the account of ,abimelech1 how the frank exchange of promises between ,abraham and the ,philistine prince was regarded by them as sinful4 #ccg ,joshua i4 #ba4 #cch #b ,sam4 v4 #f2 #a ,chron4 xi4 #d4 #cci #b ,sam4 v4 #h4 #cdj #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #bd2 #a ,chron4 xxi4 #bd4 ,this is1 however1 in direct contravention of the account in the fifth chapter of the #b;d ,samuel4 #cda ,gen4 xxiv4 #cd-di4 #cdb ,gen4 xxv4 #b4 #cdc ,gen4 xxv4 #d4 #cdd ,tabari1 i4 c4 lvii4 #cde ,weil1 p4 #ih4 #cdf ,this the ,targumim1 or pharaphrases of the ,sacred ,text1 distinctly say1 8,melchizedek1 who was ,shem1 son of ,noah1 king of ,jerusalem40 7,etheridge1 i4 p4 #aii47 #cdg ,fabricius1 ,codex ,pseud4 ,v4 ,t4 t4 i4 p4 #caa4 ,the ,book of the ,combat of ,adam says ,melchizedek was the son of ,canaan4 #cdh ,suidas1 ,lexic4 s4 v4 4 #cdi 1 seu ,chronicon ,paschale a mundo condito ad ,heraclii imp4 ann4 vicesimum4 ,ed4 ,c4 du ,fresne du ,cange2 ,paris1 #afhh1 p4 #di4 #cej ,michael ,glycas1 1 ed4 ,labbe2 ,paris1 #affj1 p4 #ace4 #cea ,georgius ,cedrenus1 1 ed4 ,goar2 ,paris1 #afdg4 t4 i4 p4 #bg4 #ceb ,josephus ,ben-,gorion1 lib4 vi4 c4 #ce1 apud ,fabricium1 i4 p4 #cbf4 #cec ,s4 ,epiphanius ,hresi1 lv4 c4 #b4 #ced ,talmud1 ,tract4 ,bava ,bathra4 #cee ,tabari1 i4 c4 liii4 #cef ,tabari2 ,weil1 ,abulfeda1 pp4 #be-bg1 etc4 #ceg ,or ,el ,khoudr3 he is identified in ,arab legend with ,s4 ,george and ,elias4 #ceh ,weil1 pp4 #id-f4 #cei ,tabari1 i4 p4 #aha #cfj ,maschmia ,jeschua1 fol4 #ai1 col4 #d4 #cfa ,nezach ,israel1 fol4 #be1 col4 #c4 #cfb ,eisenmenger1 ii4 pp4 #bfj1 #cjd4 #cfc ,gen4 xxv4 #bb4 #cfd ,jer4 i4 #e4 #cfe ,bereschith ,rabba1 fol4 #ef1 col4 #b4 #cff ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #fdf4 #cfg ,ibid4 #cfh ,ibid41 pp4 #fej-a4 #cfi ,targums1 ed4 ,etheridge1 i4 p4 #bdj4 #cgj ,ibid41 p4 #bda4 #cga ,ibid41 also ,r4 ,bechai's ,comment4 on the ,five ,books of ,moses1 fol4 #ce1 col4 #a4 #cgb ,targum of ,palestine and ,jerusalem2 ,etheridge1 i4 #bda1 #bdb4 ,the book ,yaschar says the deed of transfer was written by ,jacob on a leaf1 and that he and ,esau sealed it1 p4 #aaea4 #cgc ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #fea4 #cgd ,gen4 iii4 #ba4 #cge ,yaschar1 p4 #aaej1 where is the story of the assassination of ,nimrod by ,esau4 #cgf ,ibid4 #cgg ,eisenmenger1 ii4 p4 #hgi4 #cgh ,ibid41 p4 #bfb4 #cgi ,targums1 i4 p4 #bej4 #chj ,targums1 i4 p4 #beb4 #cha ,pirke ,r4 ,eliezer1 c4 #ce4 #chb ,william ,sanderson1 ,vita ,mari1 reg4 ,scot41 et ,jacobi1 reg4 ,anglorum2 also ,beckmann1 ,notitiar4 dignit4 ,dissert4 #c1 c4 i4 #g4 #chc ,the whole of the above is from the ,targumim4 #chd ,jalkut ,cadasch1 fol4 #ha1 col4 #a2 ,yaschar1 p4 #aafa et seq4 #che ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #dhf4 #chf ,jalkut ,rubeni1 fol4 #fa1 col4 #c4 #chg ,jalkut ,cadasch1 fol4 #ia1 col4 #d4 #chh ,targum of ,palestine1 i4 p4 #bgb4 #chi ,jacob prepared three things against ,esau--,war1 ,gifts1 and ,prayer--as a token to all men that they must overcome evil by ,resistance1 by ,alms1 and by ,supplication4 7,r4 ,bechai1 ,comm4 on the ,five ,books of ,moses1 fol4 #db1 col4 #d47 #cij ,jalkut ,rubeni1 fol4 #fb1 col4 #b4 #cia ,bereschith rabba1 fol4 #ga1 col4 #a 7#gjth ,parascha74 #cib ,bereschith rabba1 fol4 #fg1 col4 #a4 #cic ,jalkut ,cadasch1 fol4 #ij1 col4 #c4 #cid ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #cbe4 #cie ,tabari1 i4 p4 #bjf4 #cif ,gen4 xxxiii4 #bj4 #cig ,jalkut ,cadasch1 fol4 #ia1 col4 #c4 #cih ,yaschar1 pp4 #aafg1 #aafh4 #cii ,d' ,herbelot1 ,bibliothque ,orientale1 s4 v4 ,ais1 i4 p4 #adb4 #djj ,this was ,sammael1 and he complained to ,god that ,jacob had neglected the duty of hospitality1 therefore he was suffered to afflict him for a season4 #dja ,tabari1 i4 p4 #baj4 #djb ,targums1 i4 p4 #bhg4 #djc ,tabari1 i4 p4 #baa4 #djd ,targums1 i4 p4 #bhh4 ,the account of the sale in ,yaschar is very long1 and full of details too numerous for insertion here 7pp4 #aahe-h74 #dje ,tabari1 i4 p4 #bab4 #djf ,targums1 i4 #bhi4 #djg ,weil1 p4 #ajb4 #djh ,yaschar1 tr4 ,drachs1 p4 #aaib4 #dji ,tabari1 i4 pp4 #bac1 #bad4 #daj ,targums1 i4 #bhh4 #daa ,yaschar1 pp4 #aahh-i2 ,parrascha ,wajescheb4 ,this touching incident is common to ,rabbinic and ,mussulman traditions4 ,it has been gracefully versified by ,dr4 ,le ,heris1 8,sagen aus der ,orient20 ,mannheim1 #aheb4 #dab ,his name in ,arabic is ,aziz4 #dac ,zuleika is the name in ,yaschar2 it is that also given her by the ,arabs4 #dad ,tract4 ,sota41 fol4 #cf1 col4 #b4 ,the original account of this final detail is too absurd and monstrous to be narrated more particularly4 #dae ,tabari1 i4 p4 #bag4 #daf ,yaschar1 p4 #aaig4 ,nearly all these incidents in the life of ,joseph are common to ,jewish and ,mussulman traditions4 #dag ,tabari1 p4 #bbj2 ,weil1 p4 #aab2 both taken from the ,rabbinic story in ,yaschar1 p4 #aaie4 #dah ,weil1 p4 #aac4 #dai ,targums1 i4 pp4 #bif-i2 ,midrash1 fol4 #de2 ,yaschar1 p4 #abjj4 #dbj ,midrash1 fol4 #de4 #dba ,weil1 p4 #aaf2 ,tabari1 i4 c4 #dd2 ,gen4 xli42 ,yaschar1 pp4 #abjb-h4 #dbb ,this conclusion of the loves of ,zuleika and ,joseph completes the romance1 and makes it a most popular subject for poets in the ,east4 ,both ,jewish and ,mussulman traditions give ,zuleika a very different character from that which ,holy ,scripture leads one to attribute to her4 #dbc ,midrash1 ,jalkut1 fol4 #df4 #dbd ,midrash1 ,jalkut4 fol4 #df4 #dbe ,weil1 p4 #abb4 #dbf ,tabari1 i4 p4 #bdg2 taken from the ,rabbinic ,yaschar 7,sepher ,hajaschar71 p4 #abbf4 #dbg ,midrash1 ,jalkut4 fol4 #dg2 ,yaschar1 p4 #abbe2 ,berescheth ,rabba1 fol4 #hd1 col4 #d4 #dbh ,yaschar1 p4 #abbf4 #dbi ,this was the shirt given ,abraham by ,gabriel1 to preserve him from the fire into which ,nimrod cast him2 it was fragrant with the odors of ,paradise4 #dcj ,koran1 ,sura xii42 ,tabari1 i4 pp4 #bej1 #bea4 #dca ,yaschar1 p4 #abbg4 #dcb ,vita ,aseneth1 fili ,potipharis2 a ,greek apocryphal book1 in ,fabricius1 iii4 p4 #he4 #dcc ,lib4 de ,mensuris et ,ponderibus1 #aj4 #dcd ,ephes4 v4 #ad4 #dce ,thess4 ii4 #af4 #dcf ,commen4 in ,eph4 loc4 cit4 #dcg ,prolog4 infin4 ,duarum ,hom4 in ,cant4 ,canticorum4 #dch ,matt4 ,paris1 ,chronicle1 ed4 ,bohn1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dcg1 #dch4 #dci ,t4 i41 pp4 #dif-gei4 #ddj ,koran1 ,sura xxxviii4 v4 #dc-d4 ,job in ,arabic is ,aub4 #dda ,eisenmenger1 ii4 p4 #dci4 #ddb ,tabari1 i4 p4 #bef4 #ddc ,ma 7,angelus71 ,test4 ,job3 ,rom1 #ahci4 #ddd ,ma 7,angelus71 ,test4 ,job2 ,rom1 #ahci4 #dde ,in the 8,testament of ,job0 she is called ,sitis4 #ddf ,tabari1 i4 c4 lxvi2 ,abulfeda1 pp4 #bg-bi4 #ddg ,testament of ,job4 #ddh ,koran1 ,sura xxi4 v4 #hc4 #ddi ,koran1 ,sura xxxviii4 v4 #da4 #dej ,tabari1 i4 p4 #bfc4 #dea ,koran1 ,sura xxxviii4 v4 #dc4 #deb ,tabari1 i4 c4 lxvii2 ,abulfeda p4 #ca4 #dec ,the early portion of the life of ,moses has been elaborated from ,rabbinic sources by ,dr4 ,b4 ,beer4 ,unfortunately he died before the work was completed1 and it has been published as a fragment by his friend1 ,g4 ,wolf4 ,it extends only as far as his marriage with ,zipporoh4 7,leben ,moses nach ,auffassung der ,jdischen ,sage1 von ,dr4 ,b4 ,beer2 ein ,fragment4 ,leipzig1 #ahfc47 ,it is for the most part1 compiled from the ,sepher ,hajascher1 or ,book of ,jasher4 #ded ,yaschar1 pp4 #abda-ec4 ,the history of ,zepho is quite a romance1 too long for insertion here4 #dee ,yaschar1 pp4 #abdh1 #abdi2 #abec1 #abed4 #def ,ibid41 p4 #abee4 #deg ,midrash1 fol4 #ea2 ,yaschar1 p4 #aaeg4 #deh ,midrash1 ,jalkut1 fol4 #eb2 ,yaschar1 pp4 #abeg-i4 #dei ,the curious passages1 ,isaiah vii4 #ae1 #bb1 may allude to this tradition4 #dfj ,moses' life was shortened because he brought water out of the rock contrary to ,god's command 7,numb xxvii4 #ad71 striking the rock instead of speaking to it4 #dfa ,beer1 pp4 #aab-f4 #dfb ,some authorities say that ,jochebed1 when thrust away1 married ,eliphazan1 the son of ,parnach 7,numb4 xxxiv4 #be71 and bare him two sons1 ,eldad and ,medad 7,numb4 xi4 #ae72 but others1 with more probability1 assert that she married ,eliphazan after the death of ,amram4 7,yaschar1 p4 #abei47 #dfc ,yaschar1 p4 #abfj4 #dfd ,targum of ,palestine1 i4 p4 #ddf4 #dfe ,rabboth1 fol4 #aah a4 #dff ,exod4 xv4 #a4 #dfg ,the ,arabic name for her is ,asia2 ,yaschar1 p4 #abfa4 #dfh ,targum of ,palestine1 i4 p4 #ddf2 ,yaschar1 p4 #abfa4 #dfi ,midrash1 fol4 #ea4 #dgj ,midrash1 fol4 #ea2 ,yaschar1 p4 #abfb4 #dga ,midrash1 fol4 #eb2 ,yaschar1 p4 #abfc4 #dgb ,according to another version1 it was ,jethro who advised that the child should be proved with the basins of rubies and coals 7,rabboth1 fol4 #aah b2 ,yaschar1 pp4 #abfc1 #abfd74 #dgc ,exod4 iv4 #aj4 #dgd ,beer1 pp4 #bf-db4 ,abulfaraj says that ,jannes and ,jambres were the tutors of ,moses in his youth 7,hist4 ,dynast41 p4 #ag74 #dge ,yaschar1 p4 #abfe4 #dgf ,yaschar1 p4 #abfe4 #dgg ,ibid41 p4 #abfc4 #dgh ,parascha of ,r4 ,solomon ,jaschi1 on ,exod4 ii4 #ab2 also ,targums of ,palestine and ,jerusalem1 i4 p4 #ddg2 ,yaschar1 pp4 #abfe1 #abff4 #dgi ,pirke ,r4 ,eliezer1 c4 #dj2 ,rabboth1 fol4 #aai a2 ,yaschar1 p4 #abff4 #dhj ,this illustrates the passage #b ,kings ix4 #ac4 #dha ,midrash1 fol4 #eb2 ,yaschar1 pp4 #abfe-abgd4 #dhb ,these were two of his seven names4 #dhc ,it may be noticed in this as in several other instances1 such as those of ,rebekah and ,rachel1 the ,rabbis have invented stories to explain the circumstance of the damsels watering the flock1 which they supposed derogated from their dignity4 ,this indicates the late date of these traditions1 when the old pastoral simplicity was lost4 #dhd ,pirke ,r4 ,eliezer1 c4 #dj2 ,yaschar1 p4 #abgd4 #dhe ,the ,targum of ,palestine1 8ten years20 i4 p4 #ddh4 #dhf ,beer1 pp4 #db-jb2 ,pirke ,r4 ,eliezer4 ,the ,targum of ,palestine says the rod was in the chamber of ,jethro1 not in the garden2 i4 p4 #ddh4 ,yaschar1 pp4 #abgg1 #abgh4 #dhg ,rabbot41 fol4 #abj a4 ,it is possible that our ,blessed ,lord's parable of the ,good ,shepherd may contain an allusion to this popular and beautiful tradition4 #dhh ,gen4 iii4 #d4 ,it was the angel ,zagnugael who appeared and spoke to him from the bush4 7,targum of ,palestine1 i4 p4 #ddi2 ,abulfeda1 p4 #ca47 #dhi ,exod4 iv4 #ad4 #dij ,tabari1 i4 c4 lxxiii4 p4 #bd4 #dia ,midrash1 fol4 #ed4 #dib ,targum of ,palestine1 i4 p4 #dfj4 #dic ,yaschar1 p4 #abhj4 #did ,tabari1 p4 #cbf4 #die ,some say that ,pharaoh entreated ,moses to spare him for the sake of ,asia 7,bithia71 and that at the mention of his name ,moses was softened 7,weil1 p4 #aei7 #dif ,in ,arabic1 ,risam and ,rijam2 and ,shabun and ,gabun1 in ,persian4 #dig ,midrash1 fol4 #ef4 ,the ,targums say that the enchanters turned the water of ,goshen into blood1 so that there was no water to the ,israelites as to the ,egyptians2 i4 p4 #dfb4 #dih ,midrash1 fol4 #ee4 #dii ,targum of ,palestine1 i4 p4 #dfc4 #ejj ,venomous insects 7,kalma71 gnats 7,kinnim74 ,see ,wisdom xvi4 #a1 #c4 #eja ,targums1 i4 #dfd4 #ejb ,targums1 i4 p4 #dfg4 #ejc ,ibid41 i4 p4 #dga4 #ejd ,yaschar1 p4 #abhc4 #eje ,tabari1 i4 p4 #cch4 #ejf ,weil1 p4 #afe4 #ejg ,talmud1 ,sota1 fol4 #ac4 #ejh ,targum of ,palestine1 i4 p4 #adgh4 #eji ,targums1 i4 p4 #dge4 #eaj ,ibid41 i4 p4 #dhe4 #eaa ,targum of ,jerusalem1 i4 #dhh2 ,yaschar1 p4 #abhg4 #eab ,exod4 xiv4 #ac1 #ad4 #eac ,koran1 ,sura xxvi4 v4 #fc4 #ead ,weil1 p4 #afh2 see also ,midrash1 fol4 #agf4 #eae ,exod4 xv4 #ba4 #eaf ,tabari1 p4 #cej4 #eag ,tabari1 i4 p4 #cee4 #eah ,both the ,rabbis and the ,mussulmans lay the blame1 not on ,aaron1 but on another4 ,the ,rabbis say it was ,micah who made the calf2 the ,mussulmans call him ,samiri4 7,weil1 p4 #agj47 #eai ,targum of ,palestine1 i4 p4 #eeb4 #ebj ,tabari1 i4 p4 #cfb4 #eba ,targum of ,palestine1 ii4 p4 #fhe4 #ebb ,pirke ,r4 ,eliezer1 c4 #de4 #ebc ,weil1 pp4 #agb1 #agc4 #ebd ,koran1 ,sura vii4 v4 #aci4 #ebe ,tabari1 i4 p4 #cfd4 #ebf ,ibid41 i4 c4 lxxv4 #ebg ,targum of ,palestine1 i4 p4 #efa4 #ebh ,jalkut ,rubeni1 fol4 #aag1 col4 #a4 #ebi ,jalkut ,rubeni1 fol4 #ajg1 cols4 #b1 #c4 #ecj ,jalkut ,rubeni1 fol4 #ajg1 col4 #c4 #eca ,tabari1 i4 p4 #cga2 also ,midrash1 fol4 #cj4 #ecb ,parascha ,r4 ,bechai1 fol4 #aaf4 #ecc ,talmud1 ,tract4 ,hajada1 fol4 #ab1 col4 #b4 #ecd ,talmud1 ,tract4 ,joma1 fol4 #ge1 col4 #a4 #ece ,this is sanctioned by ,scripture3 8,thou feddest ,thine own people with angels' food1 and didst send them from heaven bread prepared without their labor1 able to content every man's delight1 and agreeing to every taste40 7,wisdom1 xvi4 #bj47 #ecf ,talmud1 ,tract4 ,joma1 fol4 #ge1 col4 #a2 ,schemoth ,rabba1 fol4 #aae1 col4 #d4 #ecg ,to this tradition perhaps ,david refers1 ,ps4 xxiii4 #e1 lxxviii4 #ai4 #ech ,targum of ,palestine1 i4 pp4 #dii1 #ejj4 #eci ,jalkut ,shimoni1 fol4 #gc1 col4 #d4 #edj ,targum of ,palestine1 i4 pp4 #eja1 #ejb4 #eda ,tabari1 i4 p4 #cic4 #edb ,koran1 ,sura ii4 v4 #ed4 #edc ,tabari1 i4 p4 #cid2 but also ,deut4 viii4 #d1 ,nehemiah ix4 #ba4 #edd #a ,cor4 x4 #d4 #ede ,tabari1 i4 p4 #cgc4 #edf ,see my 8,curious ,myths of the ,middle ,ages10 article on ,s4 ,george4 ,i have no doubt whatever that ,el ,khoudr1 identified by the ,jews with ,elias1 is the original of the ,wandering ,jew4 ,i did not know this when ,i wrote on the 8,wandering ,jew0 in my 8,curious ,myths10 but ,i believe this to be the key to the whole story4 #edg ,weil1 pp4 #agf-ha2 ,tabari1 i4 c4 lxxvi42 ,koran1 ,sura xviii4 #edh ,voltaire has taken this legend as the basis of his story of 8,zadig40 #edi ,targums1 ii4 pp4 #chj1 #cha4 #eej ,weil1 p4 #age4 #eea ,targums1 ii4 p4 #chb4 #eeb ,weil1 p4 #agf4 #eec ,targums1 ii4 p4 #chf4 #eed ,tract4 ,kethuvoth1 fol4 #aaa1 col4 #b4 #eee ,targums1 ii4 p4 #cia4 #eef ,targum of ,palestine1 ii4 p4 #cij4 #eeg ,tabari1 i4 c4 lxxvii42 ,weil1 pp4 #ahb1 #ahc2 ,abulfeda1 p4 #cc4 #eeh ,eisenmenger1 ii4 p4 #cje4 ,possibly the passage ,zech4 ix4 #aa1 #ab1 may contain an allusion to this tradition4 #eei ,eisenmenger1 ii4 p4 #cje4 #efj ,pirke ,r4 ,eliezer1 c4 #de4 #efa ,perhaps the passage ,isai4 xl4 #d may be an allusion to this tradition4 #efb ,talmud1 ,tract4 ,beracoth1 fol4 #ed1 col4 #b2 ,targum of ,palestine1 ii41 pp4 #daa-ac4 #efc ,talmud1 ,tract4 ,beracoth1 fol4 #ed1 col4 #b2 ,targums1 ii4 p4 #daf2 ,yraschar1 p4 #abif4 #efd ,talmud1 ,tract4 ,sopherim1 fol4 #db1 col4 #b4 #efe ,ibid41 ,tract4 ,nida1 fol4 #bd1 col4 #b4 #eff ,jalkut ,cadasch1 fol4 #af1 col4 #b4 #efg ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #chi4 #efh ,talmud1 ,tract4 ,sopherim1 fol4 #ad1 col4 #d4 #efi ,tabari1 i4 p4 #cih4 #egj ,gen4 xxxi4 #ea4 #ega ,targums1 ii4 pp4 #dai-ba4 #egb ,targums1 ii4 pp4 #dcb-c4 #egc ,ibid41 pp4 #dcd-e4 #egd ,jalkut1 fol4 #bdj2 ,rabboth1 fol4 #bge1 col4 #a2 ,midrash1 fol4 #bhe4 #ege ,weil1 p4 #ahe4 #egf ,tabari1 i4 c4 lxxix42 ,abulfeda1 p4 #ce4 #egg ,rabboth1 fol4 #cjb b2 ,devarim ,rabba1 fol4 #bdf1 col4 #b4 #egh ,weil1 pp4 #ahh1 #ahi4 #egi ,weil1 p4 #aij4 #ehj ,rabboth1 fol4 #cjb b4 #eha ,weil1 pp4 #aij1 #aia4 #ehb ,lyra ,anglicana1 ,london1 #ahfd1 8,the burial of ,moses40 #ehc ,talmud1 ,tract4 ,sota1 fol4 #ad a4 #ehd ,tabari1 i4 p4 #cif4 #ehe ,talmud of ,jerusalem2 ,tract4 ,terumoth4 #ehf ,josh4 vii4 #a-e4 #ehg ,tabari1 i4 p4 #djb4 #ehh ,koran1 ,sura ii4 v4 #ee1 #ef4 #ehi ,tabari1 p4 #djd4 #eij ,tabari1 p4 #dja4 #eia ,ibid41 p4 #djd4 #eib ,berescheth ,rabba4 #eic ,the ,mussulmans say ,khasql or ,ezechiel4 #eid ,judges i4 #d4 #eie ,tabari1 i4 p4 #djd4 #eif ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #cie4 #eig ,hist4 ,dynast41 p4 #bd4 #eih ,tabari1 i4 c4 lxxxvii4 #eii ,d',herbelot1 ,bibl4 ,orient41 s4 v4 ,aschmouil4 #fjj ,koran1 ,sura ii4 v4 #bdg1 #bdh4 #fja ,koran1 ,sura ii4 v4 #bdh4 #fjb ,d',herbelot1 ,bibl4 ,orientale1 t4 i4 p4 #bfc4 #fjc ,tabari1 i4 p4 #dag4 #fjd ,this incident1 from the apocryphal gospels of the childhood of ,christ1 shall be related in the ,legendary ,lives of ,new ,testament ,characters4 #fje ,weil1 pp4 #aic-h4 #fjf ,koran1 ,sura ii4 v4 #bej4 #fjg ,tabari1 i4 p4 #dah4 #fjh ,perhaps the ,passage in ,psalm cvii4 #ce may refer to this miracle1 unrecorded in ,holy ,scripture4 #fji ,weil1 pp4 #bjj1 #bja4 #faj ,koran1 ,sura ii4 v4 #bea4 #faa ,weil1 p4 #bjc4 #fab ,tabari1 i4 p4 #dba4 #fac ,ibid4 #fad ,tabari1 i4 p4 #dbb2 ,weil1 pp4 #bjb-d2 ,d',herbelot1 i4 p4 #cfb4 #fae ,weil1 pp4 #bje-h4 #faf ,tabari1 i4 p4 #dbc4 ,the same story is told of the escape of ,s4 ,felix of ,nola1 in the ,decian persecution4 #fag ,tabari1 p4 #dbi4 #fah ,weil1 p4 #bjg4 #fai ,tabari1 i4 p4 #dbd4 #fbj ,ps4 li4 #e4 #fba ,midrash1 fol4 #bjd1 col4 #a4 #fbb ,ps4 cxviii4 #bb4 #fbc ,see the story in the ,legends of ,adam4 #fbd ,zohar1 in ,bartolocci1 i4 fol4 #he1 col4 #b4 #fbe ,jalkut1 fol4 #cb1 col4 #b 7,parasch4 #b1 numb4 #acd74 #fbf ,ibid4 7,parasch4 #b1 numb4 #abg74 #fbg #a ,sam4 xvii4 #dc4 #fbh #b ,sam4 iii4 #bi4 #fbi ,zohar1 in ,bartolocci1 i4 fol4 #ii1 col4 #a4 #fcj ,talmud1 ,tract4 ,sanhedrim1 fol4 #ajg4 #fca #a ,kings ii4 #aa4 #fcb #b ,sam4 v4 #e4 #fcc ,bartolocci1 i4 f4 #ajj4 #fcd #a ,sam4 xxiv4 #d4 #fce ,bartolocci1 i4 f4 #abb4 col4 #a4 #fcf #a ,kings i4 #a4 #fcg ,bartolocci1 i4 f4 #abb4 col4 #b4 #fch ,ps4 lvii4 #i2 ,bartolocci1 i4 fol4 #abe1 col4 #b4 #fci ,talmud1 ,tract4 ,sota1 fol4 #aj b #fdj ,ps4 xxii4 #ba4 #fda ,midrash ,tillim1 fol4 #ba1 col4 #b4 #fdb ,eisenmenger1 i4 p4 #dji4 #fdc ,ps4 xviii4 #cf4 #fdd ,ps4 lv4 #f4 #fde ,ps4 lxviii4 #ac4 #fdf ,talmud1 ,tract4 ,sanhedrim1 fol4 #ie1 col #a4 #fdg ,tract4 ,sabbath1 fol4 #cj1 col4 #b4 #fdh ,tabari1 i4 p4 #dbf2 ,weil1 p4 #bjh4 #fdi ,weil1 p4 #bjg4 #fej ,tabari1 p4 #dbh4 #fea ,the ,arabs call her ,saga4 #feb ,the story in the ,talmud is almost the same1 with this difference3 ,bathsheba was washing herself behind a beehive1 then the beautiful bird perched on the hive1 and ,david shot an arrow at it and broke the hive1 and exposed ,bathsheba to view4 ,in the ,rabbinic tale1 ,david had asked for the gift of prophecy1 and ,god told him he must be tried4 ,this he agreed to1 and the temptation to adultery was that sent him4 7,talmud1 ,tract4 ,sanhedrim1 fol4 #ajg1 col4 #b2 ,jalkut1 fol4 #bb1 col4 #b74 #fec ,koran1 ,sura xxxviii4 #fed ,weil1 pp4 #bab1 #bac4 #fee ,weil1 pp4 #bac-bbd4 #fef ,greek text1 and ,latin translation in ,fabricius2 ,pseudigr4 ,vet4 ,test4 t4 ii4 pp4 #ije-g4 #feg 2 ,amst4 #agjc4 #feh ,solomon was twelve years old when he succeeded ,david4 7,abulfeda1 p4 #dc2 ,bartolocci1 iv4 p4 #cga47 #fei ,weil1 pp4 #bbe-bca2 ,eisenmenger1 p4 #ddj1 etc4 #ffj ,weil1 pp4 #bca-d4 #ffa ,the story of the building of the temple1 with the assistance of ,schamir1 has been already related by me in my 8,curious ,myths of the ,middle ,ages40 #ffb ,the ,rabbinic story and the ,mussulman are precisely the same1 with the difference that ,benaiah1 the son of ,jehoiada1 instead of the ,jinns1 lies in ambush and captures ,sachr or ,aschmedai 7,asmodeus74 7,eisenmenger1 i4 #cea-h47 ,as ,i have given the ,jewish version in my 8,curious ,myths of the ,middle ,ages10 ,i give the ,arab story here4 #ffc ,weil1 pp4 #bcd-g2 ,talmud1 ,tract4 ,gittin4 fol4 #fh1 cols4 #a1 #b4 #ffd ,jalkut ,schimoni1 fol4 #ij1 col4 #d4 #ffe ,tabari1 i4 p4 #dce4 #fff ,tabari1 i4 p4 #dcf4 #ffg ,koran1 ,sura xxvii42 ,tabari1 i4 c4 xxviii42 ,weil1 pp4 #bcg-i4 #ffh ,the ,jews also believed in a purgatory2 see ,bartolocci1 i4 #cdb4 #ffi ,targum ,scheni ,esther1 fol4 #dja tells the same of the moorcock4 #fgj ,this is the letter according to ,rabbinic authors3 8,greeting to thee and to thine2 from me1 ,king ,solomon4 ,it is known to thee that the holy1 ever-blessed ,god has made me lord and king over the wild beasts and birds of heaven1 and over the devils1 and spirits1 and ghosts of the night1 and that all kings1 from the rising to the down-setting of the sun1 come and greet me4 ,if thou also wilt come and salute me1 then ,i will show thee great honor above all the kings that lie prostrate before me4 ,but if thou wilt not come1 and wilt not salute me1 then will ,i send kings1 and soldiers1 and horsemen against thee4 ,and if thou sayest in thine heart1 #8,hath ,king ,solomon kings1 and soldiers1 and horsemen8' then know that the wild beasts are his kings1 and soldiers1 and horsemen4 ,and if thou sayest1 #8,what1 then1 are his horsemen8' know that the birds of heaven are his horsemen4 ,his army are ghosts1 and devils1 and spectres of the night2 and they shall torment and slay you at night in your beds1 and the wild beasts will rend you in the fields1 and the birds will tear the flesh of you40 ,this letter1 the ,jews say1 was sent to the ,queen of ,sheba by a moorcock4 7,targum ,scheni ,esther1 fol4 #dja1 #ddj74 #fga ,according to another account1 8that she had ass's legs0 7,weil1 p4 #bfg74 ,tabari says1 8hairy legs0 7i4 p4 #dda74 #fgb ,weil1 pp4 #bdf-bfg2 ,tabari1 i4 cc4 #id1 #ie4 #fgc ,weil1 pp4 #bfg-i4 #fgd ,tabari1 i4 c4 xcvi4 p4 #ddh4 #fge ,weil1 pp4 #bfi-bga2 ,tabari1 pp4 #dej1 #dea4 #fgf ,koran1 ,sura xxxviii4 #fgg ,tabari1 pp4 #dfj1 #dfa4 #fgh ,in the ,jewish legend1 ,asmodeus4 ,in 8,curiosities of ,olden times0 ,i have pointed out the connection between the story of the disgrace of ,solomon and that of ,nebuchadnezzar1 ,jovinian1 ,robert of ,sicily1 etc4 #fgi ,deut4 xvii4 #af1 #ag4 #fhj ,emek ,nammelek1 fol4 #ad2 ,gittin1 fol4 #fh1 col4 #b2 ,eisenmenger1 i4 pp4 #ceh-fj4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon story of ,havelock the ,dane bears a strong resemblance to this part of the story of ,solomon4 #fha ,eisenmenger1 i4 pp4 #ceh-fj2 ,weil1 pp4 #bga-d2 ,tabari1 c4 #if4 #fhb ,weil1 p4 #bgd4 #fhc ,eisenmenger1 i4 #cfa4 #fhd ,tabari1 p4 #ded4 #fhe ,koran1 ,sura xxxiv42 ,tabari1 c4 #ig2 ,weil1 p4 #bgi4 #fhf ,tabari1 i4 c4 #hd4 #fhg ,das ,buch der ,sagen und ,legenden jdischer ,yorzeit1 p4 #de2 ,stuttgardt1 #ahde4 #fhh ,herbelot1 ,bibl4 ,orient41 s4 v4 ,zerib1 iii4 p4 #fjg4 #fhi ,gemara1 ,avoda ,sara1 c4 i4 fol4 #fe4 #fij ,anabasticon1 iv4 #b-ab4 #fia ,anabasticon1 v4 #a-ad4 #fib ,tract4 ,jebammoth1 c4 #d4 #fic ,exod4 xxxiii4 #bj4 #fid ,isai4 vi4 #a4 #fie ,deut4 iv4 #g4 #fif ,isai4 lv4 #f4 #fig ,tabari1 i4 c4 #hc4 #fih ,bartolocci1 i4 p4 #hdh4 #fii ,sura1 ii4 #gjj ,herbelot1 ,bibliothque ,orientale1 iii4 p4 #hi4 #gja ,abulfaraj1 p4 #eg4 #gjb ,hist4 ,eccles4 lib4 ix4 cap4 ult4 #gjc ,ibid41 lib4 xiv4 c4 #h4 ,,transcribers ,,notes3 ,punctuation has been standardized to modern usage for better readability4 ,unbalanced quotation marks were repaired4 ,obviously missing periods at ends of sentences were repaired4 ,punctuation in chapter and section headings was made consistent4 ,punctuation in footnotes was made consistent4 ,spelling of non-dialect wording in the text was made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book2 if no predominant preference was found1 or if there is only one occurrence of the word1 spelling was not changed4 ,simple typographical errors were corrected4 ,variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved4 ,single1 oddly spelled words that could not be confirmed as typographical errors1 such as 8namad0 for 8named01 8vension0 for 8venison01 8touehed0 for 8touched01 and 8dedrived0 for 8deprived01 were left unchanged4 ,obviously missing hyphens at the ends of printed lines were repaired and the words rejoined4 8,pharaoh0 and 8,pharoah0 both appear multiple times4 ,pharoah occurs #ag times and #ij for ,pharaoh4 ,no changes were made4 ,page xi - ,original text does not give the chapter number for 8,abraham04 ,chapter number should be 8,,xxiv04 ,missing chapter number was added to the ,,toc4 ,page xi - ,table of ,contents gives chapter number for 8,joseph0 as ,,xxxiii4 ,chapter number should be ,,xxviii4 ,it was corrected in the ,,toc4 ,page xii - ,the table of contents shows ,chapter ,,xxxii ,moses1 ,section #g4 ,the ,manna starting on page #cib4 ,the section actually starts on page #bib4 ,this has been corrected4 ,page #bag - 7,sammael 2 444 missing the closing parenthesis1 which was added to the text4 ,page #bih - ,send thou keen-sighted men men who may explore the land of ,canaan1 444 ,should likely be either 8men1 men01 or else the word was duplicated4 ,without supporting evidence1 it was rendered as per the original text with no change4 ,page #cdi - ,the angel sho999999ike a column of flame into heaven1 444 ,unreadable even in high resolution4 ,appears it may have been intended to be 8shot like0 and was rendered accordingly4 ,,in ,,the ,,footnotes3 ,missing and incorrect footnote numbers were repaired4 ,other footnote oddities are mentioned below3 ,page #fd - ,footnote #ib3 ,gen41 v4 i4 444 likely a typographical error for 8,gen41 v4 #a40 - left unchanged as found in the original text4 ,page #gg - ,chapter title 444 8,,death ,,of ,,adam#a0 444 ,no footnote is given in the text to go with the anchor4 ,anchor was removed4 ,page #hc - ,footnote #adg3 ,plutarch1 ,isis and ,osiris1 ed4 ,parthey2 pp4 #gb1 #hh1 and notes pp4 #ahc9999 #bch4 444 ,unclear mark after 8#ahc0 assumed to be a comma1 and comma added at that point4 ,page #aad - ,footnote #bbh3 ,davies1 ,mythology of the ,british ,druids1 ,london1 #ahji2 and ,celtic ,researches1 ,london1 #ahdd3 curious works on the ,arkite worship and art-ditions of the ,kelts4 444 ,smudge after word 8,celtic0 was repaired4 ,the word 8art-ditions0 444 seems to be a misprint4 ,possibly typo for 8traditions04 ,without confirmation1 it was rendered as found in the original4 ,page #ahf - ,then ,israel sang this song1 ,spring up1 ,o well2 sing ye unto it40#cbd 444 ,in original text1 footnote anchor is not visible4 ,however1 the biblical reference in footnote #cbd matches this phrase and therefor the anchor was inserted here4 ,page #cad - ,footnote #eha3 ,well1 pp4 #aij1 #aia4 444 8,well0 is not given as a source anywhere else in the text1 however1 8,weil0 is referenced more than #ee times4 8,well0 was treated as a typographical error and changed to 8,weil04 ,,in ,,the ,,hebrew ,,and ,,greek3 ,except where noted1 ,greek and ,hebrew passages have been rendered as they appear in the original publication4 ,some ,hebrew vowels were omitted by the ,author4 ,these have been left as found4 ,page #aaj - but on its crest rested the ark when the rain abated4 444 ,the last letter is actually a #8z' with which ,greek words do not end2 but1 since the propensity in this text is to use stigma in place of final sigma1 it can perhaps be understood as #8s'4 ,page #abd - ,footnote #bed3 ,suidas1 ,lexic4 s4 v4 4 444 ,in the text1 the ,greek is rendered as 1 which is a typo for ,sibylla4 ,this was corrected4 ,page #bji - ,footnote #cej3 ,michael ,glycas1 444 ,in the original text biblos is shown with grave1 which is incorrect4 ,however1 this has been rendered as shown in the text1 without change4 ,page #cdf - having in the corner the word 1 and in the middle 444 ,the #8gershayim' mark1 shown as double quote1 indicates that these are acronyms rather than words4 ,the #8apostrophe' is a glottal stop letter1 which is not available in ,english4 ,page #cdf - ,illustration 7,shield of ,david7 444 ,the ,illustration lacks the acronym marks4 ,in the corners the letters agree with the text2 in the center there is disagreement in the #bnd letter3 ',,yl'4