,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,(          
,,agriculture    ,,miscellane\s         
,,publication ,no4 #aae        ,wa%+ton1
 ,d4 ,c4        ,april1 #aica           
,,in=mation ,,= ,,! ,,guidance ,,(      
,,field ,,m5 ,,& ,,coop]ators ,,( ,,!   
,,bureau  ,,( ,,biological ,,survey     
,,engag$ ,,9 ,,! ,,control ,,(          
,,injuri\s ,,rod5ts ,,&  ,,pr$atory     
,,animals    ,prep>$ "u ! direction (   
,paul ,g4 ,r$+ton1 ,*ief1  ,bureau (    
,biological ,survey1 9 ! ,division (    
,pr$atory-,animal &  ,rod5t-,control1   
,/anley ,p4 ,"y1 ,pr9cipal ,biologi/1 9 
,*>ge        ,,cont5ts                  
,page      ,introduction                
#a      ,necessity = control (          
wild-animal pe/s4                   #a  
,control functions ( ! ,bureau (        
,biological ,survey          #b         
,legal au?orization = control "w        
#b      ,in/ructions previ\sly issu$    
#c      ,animals on ! control program   
#c      ,! injuri\s rod5ts              
#c      ,! pr$atory animals             

#c      ,o!r =ms subject to control     
#d      ,in/ructions reg>d+ field       
practices                          #d   
,! objective                            
#d      ,cons]vation1 ,/ate laws1 &     
coop]ation                     #d       
,precautions 9 h&l+ poisons             
#d      ,rod5t-control op]ations        
#f      ,pr$atory-animal control        
#f          ,,introduction              
,,necessity ,,= ,,control ,,(           
,,wild-,,animal ,,pe/s    ,! dem&s made 
^u ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t "s ye>s ago = aid 
9  suppress+ ^? wild animals ( ! public 
doma9 t cont9ually  spread out into     
areas t _h be5 plac$ "u cultivation or  
us$  = graz+ purposes produc$ ! fir/    
,f$]al coop]ative ef=ts  t[>d ! control 
( pr$atory animals & injuri\s rod5ts4 ,!
  settl] :o saw ! pr(its ( 8 e>ly "w    
wip$ out by !  incursions ( wolves1     
coyotes1 m\nta9 lions1 & bobcats f !    
public doma9 into 8 /ock ranges1 & (    
prairie dogs1 gr\nd  squirrels1 pocket  
goph]s1 jack rabbits1 & o!r rod5ts into 

8  cultivat$ fields1 _h no rec\rse o!r  
?an to ask ! aid ( !  ,gov]nm5t ^: l&s  
s]v$ z bre$+ res]voirs f :i* ^!         
pr$ators & rod5ts came4 ,o!rwise !y w\ld
 re9fe/ 8 /ock$  & cultivat$ acres 9    
spite ( all t he c\ld d to prev5t !m1   
ei!r s+le h&$ or ) ! aid ( 8 neighbors4 
,,control ,,functions ,,( ,,! ,,bureau  
,,( ,,biological ,,survey    ,!         
adm9i/ration ( wild life by ! ,bureau ( 
,biological ,survey  involves n only    
rese>* into ! habits1 di/ribution1 &    
requirem5ts ( ! v>ieties1 & !           
cons]vation ( fur1 game1  insectivor\s1 
& o!r valuable animals1 b also !        
regulation  ( activities ( a limit$     
numb] ( c]ta9 species t s]i\sly  int]f]e
 ) ! economic int]e/s ( man1 &1 9 ! case
 ( "s  ( ! l>g] pr$ators1 prey ^u       
valuable game species4    ,! lead]%ip ( 
! ,biological ,survey 9 control         
op]ations dur+  ! ye>s s9ce #aiae has   
be5 reque/$ & enc\rag$ by ,/ate &  o!r  
coop]at+ ag5cies4 ,! funds made         
available f ^! s\rces  = exp5diture "u !

 direction ( ! di/rict lead]s ( !       
bureau h be5 f> 9 excess ( ^? provid$ = 
! purpose f  ! ,national ,treasury4 ,!  
inve/igations ( ! food & o!r habits1  ! 
geographic di/ribution1 & ! relation%ips
 ( ! wild birds  & mammals ( ! c\ntry   
7includ+ rod5ts & pr$ators7 h be5  c>ri$
 on = almo/ half a c5tury & provide !   
basis = !  control "w recomm5d$ &       
prosecut$4 ,rese>* along ^! l9es is  be+
 cont9u$ by sci5tifically tra9$ m5 & w  
be exp&$ z  funds p]mit4    ,x is well =
 ! cons]vation ( ! wild life ( ! c\ntry 
t  lead]%ip 9 ! control ( injuri\s      
species has be5 delegat$ to  a          
gov]nm5tal organization t is conc]n$ ) !
 welf>e ( !  v>i\s =ms & ) !            
adm9i/ration ( wild-life refuges1 "o  t 
is *>g$ ) ! en=cem5t ( wild-life        
cons]vation laws1  & "o t recognizes !  
desirability ( pres]v+ repres5tatives  (
 all =ms ( wild life on suitable areas4 
,,legal ,,au?orization ,,= ,,control    
,,"w    ,! legal sanction = control "w  
by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t is  conta9$ 9     

congressional direction 9 annual        
appropriation acts =  ! ,dep>tm5t (     
,agriculture & 9 a special enactm5t     
au?oriz+ a  def9ite control program4 ,! 
appropriation acts mak+ funds available 
= ! use ( ! ,bureau ( ,biological       
,survey s9ce ! ye> #aiae  h provid$ =   
inve/igations1 exp]im5ts1 demon/rations1
 &  coop]ation = ! control ( wild       
animals injuri\s to agriculture1        
horticulture1 =e/ry1 animal husb&ry1 &  
wild game1 & = !  suppression ( rabies 9
 pr$atory wild animals4 ,! special      
program  ( control1 :i* 0 call$ = by !  
,sev5tie? ,congress1 0 drawn  up by !   
,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture to cov] a      
#aj-ye> p]iod1 & 0  approv$ by !        
,sev5ty-fir/ ,congress 7,public ,act    
,no4 #ggf1 ( ,m>* #b1  #aica74          
,,in/ructions ,,previ\sly ,,issu$       
,in=mation reg>d+ new developm5ts &     
improv$ practices 9  control proc$ure   
has be5 made available to ! field       
p]sonnel &  to coop]ators ( ! bureau f  
"t to "t s9ce ! inception  ( !          

coop]ative "w 9 #aiae1 9 mimeograph$ &  
pr9t$ =m1  z well z by individual writt5
 in/ructions & p]sonal contact4  ,x is  
n[ desirable to compile ! m important ( 
! /atem5ts  z to policy & specific      
directions 9 "o publication4 ,all       
control  me?ods are bas$ on fundam5tal  
rese>* & give due consid]ation  to      
safegu>d+ ! useful & h>mless =ms ( wild 
life & !  public int]e/s 9 g5]al4 ,field
 me?ods h be5 adapt$ to meet  v>y+ local
 conditions z call$ = by rese>* & !     
exp]i5ce  ( field =ces4 ,inve/igations &
 exp]im5ts are be+ cont9u$1  & z        
additional in=mation becomes available1 
field practices w  be subject to su*    
modifications & improvem5ts z !         
conditions  w>rant4          ,,animals  
,,on ,,! ,,control ,,program      ,,!   
,,injuri\s ,,rod5ts    ,c]ta9 species ( 
! rod5ts t 9 l>ge numb]s infe/ l&s (    
value = crop or =age production mu/ be  
eradicat$ locally to  meet ! requirem5ts
 ( agriculture & =e/ry4 ,^? t figure    
mo/ l>gely 9 ! coop]ative control       

op]ations 9 "o "p or  ano!r ( _! ranges 
are ! prairie dogs1 gr\nd squirrels1    
pocket  goph]s1 jack rabbits1 porcup9es1
 & native & introduc$ rats &  mice4 ,o!r
 gr\ps t locally become unduly num]\s & 
de/ructive  may also on occasion come )9
 ! control program4 ,x w\ld be          
impossible to eradicate ev]y:]e ! gr\nd 
squirrels1 prairie dogs1  & o!r rod5ts t
 range ov] va/ areas ( relatively       
wor?less  l&s1 & su* action is n        
desirable1 ev5 on ! public doma94 ,9    
areas ( economic importance1 h[ev]1     
def9ite tracts are e/abli%$  :]e !      
rod5ts c be kept "u ?or\gh control1 &   
op]ations  are ext5d$ suffici5tly to    
prev5t re9fe/ation4      ,,! ,,pr$atory 
,,animals    ,! control ( su* pr$atory  
wild animals z coyotes1 wolves1 m\nta9  
lions1 & bobcats is conc5trat$ on areas 
:]e s]i\s damage is  be+ done to dome/ic
 /ock1 p\ltry1 & game4 ,be>s are n      
subject  to control except :5           
individually injuri\s to live/ock or    
prop]ty4      ,,o!r ,,=ms ,,subject ,,to

 ,,control    ,?\gh ! *ief control "w   
direct$ by ! ,biological ,survey is     
conc]n$ ) injuri\s rod5ts & pr$atory    
mammals1 x sometimes  becomes necess>y  
to inve/igate cases ( damage by o!r     
classes  ( animal life1 includ+ moles1  
crawfi%es1 & l& crabs1 & to  recomm5d   
measures = _! control4                  
,,in/ructions ,,reg>d+ ,,field          
,,practices      ,,! ,,objective    ,!  
und]ly+ policy ( ! ,biological ,survey )
 reg>d to injuri\s  species ( wild      
animals has be5 & w cont9ue to be "o (  
control  r ?an complete eradication4 ,! 
bureau is n emb>k$ ^u a  g5]al          
ext]m9ation program1 b ) e prop]        
consid]ation  = cons]vation int]e/s1 x  
has z its objective 9 ?is field !       
adequate local control ( injuri\s       
mammals1 s t ! burd5some  losses suff]$ 
by f>m]s & /ock rais]s may be r$uc$ to !
  m9imum & b5eficial =ms ( wild life    
protect$ f undue  de/ruction by _!      
natural enemies4 ,?\gh 9 "s cases ?is   
may  mean local eradication ( h>mful    

=ms1 x w n result 9 !  g5]al ext]m9ation
 ( any species4      ,,cons]vation1     
,,/ate ,,laws1 ,,& ,,coop]ation    ,!   
,bureau ( ,biological ,survey is an     
organization prim>ily &  vitally int]e/$
 9 ! cons]vation & protection ( all =ms 
(  wild life1 p>ticul>ly :]e !y are m   
b5eficial ?an h>mful4  ,^? engag$ "u its
 direction 9 ! control ( pr$atory       
animals  & injuri\s rod5ts are in/ruct$ 
to coop]ate closely ) ,f$]al1  ,/ate1 & 
local (ficials intru/$ ) ! adm9i/ration 
(  wild-life protective laws4 ,!y mu/   
also obs]ve ,/ate & local laws  reg>d+ !
 protection ( life & prop]ty1 ! expos+ (
 poisons1  & ! trapp+ or o!rwise        
endang]+ ( valuable species4 ,control   
op]ations on ,/ate & private l&s mu/ be 
conduct$ 9 close  coop]ation ) ,/ate    
(ficials & ) prop]ty own]s & t5ants4    
,,precautions ,,9 ,,h&l+ ,,poisons      
,s9ce poison may be dang]\s 9 ! h&s (   
inexp]i5c$ &  incompet5t p]sons1 e      
possible precaution mu/ be tak5 :5 x is 
us$ 9 control op]ations1 to safegu>d    

p]sons1 dome/ic /ock1 &  h>mless &      
b5eficial wild life4    ,poisons %\ld n 
be expos$ on private l&s )\t ! cons5t ( 
! own]s4    ,control work]s %\ld        
famili>ize !mselves ) appropriate       
antidotes = poisons us$ & be 9 a        
position to adm9i/] !m  promptly %\ld ! 
necessity arise4      ,,rod5t-,,control 
,,op]ations    ,extreme c>e %\ld be     
ex]cis$ 9 h&l+ poisons 9 rod5t-control  
"w4 ,prep>$ poisons %\ld be plac$ 9     
/rong1 prop]ly label$  conta9]s & %\ld  
be di/ribut$ only to assi/ants work+ "u 
! direct sup]vision ( bureau lead]s or  
to responsible coop]ators4    ,/ry*n9e  
79 ! alkaloid =m7 is ! poison mo/ l>gely
 us$ 9  rod5t-control1 its spe$y action 
mak+ x "o ( ! mo/ humane4  ,moreov]1    
num]\s te/s h %[n t 9 ! quantities      
employ$  9 control op]ations /ry*n9e is 
relatively h>mless to su*  gall9ace\s   
birds z quail1 pheasants1 gr\se1 &      
dome/ic *ick5s4  ,! small] birds also   
are safegu>d$ because ( ! fact t !      
gra9s us$ 9 poison$ baits are ( !       

l>ge-k]nel$ k9ds1 su*  z oats1 & conta9 
a m9imum ( we$ se$s & crack$ k]nels4    
,fur!rmore1 9 a l>ge portion ( ! baits  
us$ ! k]nels are  /eam$1 roll$1 &       
flatt5$ s t _! increas$ size less5s  _! 
attractiv5ess to ! small] birds4    ,!  
use ( r$ squill 9 ! control ( h\se rats 
& mice is  recomm5d$1 z x is an         
effective & specific poison = ^!  rod5ts
 & relatively h>mless to o!r =ms (      
animal life4    ,! use ( ?allium 9      
rod5t-control w 9 "s places succe$ :]e  
/ry*n9e alone fails4 ,x %\ld n be us$1  
h[ev]1 except to a  v limit$ ext5t 9    
foll[-up op]ations aga9/ gr\nd          
squirrels1  prairie dogs1 & rats4 ,su*  
limit$ use ( ?allium %\ld be gu>d$  ) ! 
greate/ c>e "u close & fully compet5t   
sup]vision1  z x is extremely dang]\s to
 all life4 ,?\gh ?allium is highly      
effective 9 de/roy+ rod5ts1 x c n be    
ov]emphasiz$ t ?is  poison is n to be   
recomm5d$ = g5]al use1 except to        
supplem5t  /ry*n9e 9 foll[-up "w4 ,x    
%\ld nev] be h&l$ )\t  c>eful           

consid]ation 9 ea* p>ticul> case ( all !
 pot5tial  dang]s involv$4    ,ars5ic1  
cyanides1 & phosphorus %\ld n be us$ or 
recomm5d$  = rod5t-control1 z !y are n  
n[ kn[n to h any special  advantages1 & 
fur!rmore !y may be a m5ace to o!r =ms (
  animal life4 ,n only is phosphorus    
dang]\s to b5eficial wild life1  b x is 
p>ticul>ly unsafe because x sometimes   
causes fire4    ,poison\s gases1 :i* are
 effici5t 9 ! fumigation ( burr[s1  gra9
 b9s1 & g>bage dumps1 %\ld be us$ only  
by tra9$ &  exp]i5c$ work]s 9           
rod5t-control4      ,,pr$atory-,,animal 
,,control    ,poison+ op]ations = !     
control ( pr$atory animals %\ld be      
limit$ /rictly to areas :]e !re is urg5t
 ne$4 ,!y w n  be und]tak5 "u !         
direction ( ! ,biological ,survey :]e   
trapp+ or o!r means ( control are       
practicable & ! co/ is n  prohibitive4  
,! h&l+ ( poisons %\ld be intru/$ only  
to prop]ly tra9$  m5 work+ "u !         
sup]vision ( ! ,bureau ( ,biological    
,survey4    ,poison /ations set =       

coyotes & wolves %\ld be plac$ away f  !
 timb]$ & well-wat]$ areas t are        
frequ5t$ by foxes1  raccoons1 skunks1   
m9ks1 & o!r valuable =ms ( c>nivor\s    
animals4    ,9 _m agricultural sections 
poisons %\ld n be us$ at all because  ( 
! obvi\s risks4    ,! me?ods ( h&l+     
poisons develop$ & us$ by ! ,biological 
,survey c be employ$ mo/ effectively &  
economically 9 controll+  pr$atory      
animals at prop] seasons 9 regions :]e  
conditions are  favorable4 ,poison is   
especially suitable = w9t] use aga9/    
pr$ators on "s ( ! great /ock ranges ( !
 ,we/1 z x c !n  be employ$ ) little or 
no dang] to useful life4 ,! co/ ( !     
same measure ( control by any o!r kn[n  
means w\ld be practically  prohibitive4 
,! control ( pr$atory animals is an     
exce$+ly difficult &  co/ly task1 & !   
use ( poisons 9 ?is "w1 p>ticul>ly "u   
exp]i5c$ sup]vision1 mat]ially r$uces ! 
exp5se4 ,:5 prop]ly  us$1 poison %\ld n 
be m de/ructive to o!r species ?an !    
use ( traps1 & 9 "s cases x has be5 f\nd

 to be ev5 less  h>mful & m humane4     
,hunt]s %\ld take e precaution to       
protect h>mless & valuable  mammals &   
birds & %\ld be famili> ) ! antidotes = 
ea*  poison us$4    ,only /ry*n9e z     
process$ by ! ,biological ,survey %\ld  
be us$  9 op]ations aga9/ pr$atory      
mammals1 because x c be h&l$  safely1 is
 con/ant 9 effect1 &1 s9ce x kills      
quickly1 its action  is humane4         
,baits made ( small pieces ( p]i%able   
fat %\ld be us$ almo/ to  ! exclusion ( 
o!rs by field m5 & coop]ators ( !       
bureau4  ,!y %\ld be sy/ematically plac$
 ab\t decoy /ations consi/+  ( c>casses 
( worn-out horses or o!r useless animals
 or pieces (  meat4 ,:]ev] possible !y  
%\ld be plac$ 9 slight depressions &    
cov]$ ) ?9 flat /ones1 pieces ( hide1 or
 o!r light mat]ial1  z coyotes & wolves 
c easily detect !m "u su* cov]1 b !y    
are ?us made inaccessible to birds4     
,/ations :]e poison is plac$ %\ld be    
po/$ to w>n own]s (  /ock or valuable   
dogs ( ! dang]4 ,conspicu\s w>n+ signs  

su* z  ^? furni%$ by ! ,bureau (        
,biological ,survey 9 its coop]ative  "w
 %\ld be us$ = ! purpose4    ,9 disp5s+ 
poisons = ! use ( coop]ators 9          
pr$atory-animal  control1 ,biological   
,survey field lead]s are in/ruct$ to    
ex]cise !  greate/ c>e to make sure ( ! 
integrity1 hone/y1 & coop]ative  _s ( ^?
 reque/+ supplies4 ,:5 ! lead] has      
satisfi$  himself z to ! int5t ( !      
coop]ator1 he %\ld keep 9 close  t\* )  
him & obs]ve 8 me?ods1 to make sure t ! 
poison  is be+ prop]ly us$ & t no       
supplies are left 9 8 possession  aft]  
coop]ative "w has be5 t]m9at$4    ,/udd$
 /ations1 or ^? 9 :i* ! poison is plac$ 
9 p>ts (  ! c>cass in/ead ( ab\t x1 are 
to be us$ only "u especially  favorable 
conditions4 ,_! use is sometimes ju/ifi$
 along ! kn[n  runways ( pr$atory       
animals on high b>r5 m\nta9 ridges1 high
  b5*es1 or /ock driveways t c n be     
visit$ by ! hunt] aft]  ! fir/ heavy    
sn[fall4 ,su* /ations %\ld be at "s     
di/ance f  timb]1 to make remote ! dang]

 ( poison+ fur be>]s4 ,z soon  z trails 
are op5 9 spr+1 ! hunt] is direct$ to   
revisit su*  /ations & bury or burn all 
! baits4    ,all pr$atory-animal hunt]s 
mu/ visit _! poison /ations z  frequ5tly
 z possible1 & except "u extraord9>y    
conditions  %\ld avoid mak+ long poison 
l9es4 ,baits t h become rancid  %\ld be 
de/roy$1 & on completion ( ! poison+ "w 
a g5]al  clean-up mu/ be made1 & all    
baits possible de/roy$4 ,! use (        
p]i%able fat baits is p>ticul>ly        
recomm5d$ = ! reason t  !y are readily  
dispos$ ( naturally1 = ^? t c n be      
locat$ usually dis9tegrate 9 w>m wea!r &
 become h>mless aft]  !y h melt$ & soak$
 into ! gr\nd4    ,be>s are ord9>ily    
class$ z game animals & are protect$ z  
su*4 ,only :5 !y are do+ mat]ial damage 
%\ld !y be tak51  & !n by traps or by   
aid ( dogs1 & n by poison4 ,/ate laws on
  ! subject mu/ be obs]v$4 ,field m5 &  
coop]ators mu/ ex]cise  ! greate/       
possible c>e to kill only ^? individuals
 responsible  = damage1 & mu/ remove no 

m be>s f a locality ?an x  is absolutely
 necess>y to take 9 ord] to /op !       
de/ruction (  live/ock4    ,9 plac+     
traps = ! capture ( injuri\s wild       
animals e  possible precaution is to be 
tak5 to avoid ! accid5tal capture (     
valuable game & fur-be>+ animals & o!r  
h>mless or b5eficial  =ms ( wild life4  
,hunt]s work+ "u ! sup]vision ( !       
,biological ,survey are in/ruct$ to     
visit _! trap l9es  z frequ5tly z       
possible & to lib]ate game animals &    
foxes1 badg]s1 skunks1 m>t5s1 m9ks1     
raccoons1 & o!r animals  accid5tally    
caught1 unless !y are s injur$ t !y c n 
survive4 ,9 occasional individual cases1
 h[ev]1 :]e fur be>]s d  s]i\s injury to
 live/ock or p\ltry1 x is p]missible to 
trap &  kill !m if 9 accordance ) ,/ate 
laws4    ,! mo/ ne>ly humane traps      
available %\ld be us$1 & trap l9es  %\ld
 be s plac$ t !y c be visit$ at frequ5t 
int]vals1 to  avoid any unnecess>y      
suff]+1 injury1 or loss ( trapp$        
animals4        ,u4 ,s4 ,,gov]nm5t      

,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aica        ,= sale by
 ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,wa%+ton1   
,d4 ,c4    ,price #e c5ts