,a ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s ,,h5ce ,! ,expectations ( an ,optimi/ ,by ,t4 ,,b>on ,,russell ,au?or ( ,a ,gu>dian ( ! ,poor1 ,! ,m&ate1 etc4 ,,london ,t4 ,fi%] ,unw9 ,pat]no/] ,squ>e #aije ,!re is a hi/ory 9 all m5's lives1 ,figur+ ! nature ( ! times deceas$2 ,! :i* obs]v$1 a man may prophesy1 ,) a ne> aim1 ( ! ma9 *ance ( ?+s ,z yet n come to life2 :i* 9 _! se$s ,& weak beg9n+s lie intreasur$4 ,%akespe>e1 #b ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,,iii4 i4 ,!y pass ?r\gh :irl-pools1 & deep woes d %un1 ,:o ! ev5t weigh1 'ere ! action's done4 ,web/]1 ,du*ess ( ,malfi1 ,,ii4 #d4 ,,preface ,! foll[+ 0 at fir/ int5d$ to be no m ?an an attempt to =esee ! probable tr5d ( me*anical inv5tion & sci5tific discov]y dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,b z ! "w took %ape x 0 se5 to involve a c]ta9 am\nt ( :at may be call$ moral conjecture1 s9ce ! mat]ial progress ( ! new age c\ld n v well be imag9$ )\t tak+ into acc\nt its m5tal *>act]i/ics4 ,9 ^! expectations ( an optimi/1 a great e?ical improvem5t ( ! civilis$ human race has be5 anticipat$1 & a rate ( progress =ese5 :i* p]haps no previ\s writ]s h look$ =4 ,bo? 9 reg>d to moral developm5t & mat]ial progress1 x has be5 ! aim ( ! au?or to pr$ict no?+ t ! t5d5cies ( exi/+ movem5t d n ju/ify u 9 expect+4 ,an attempt ( ?is k9d is expos$ to facile criticism4 ,x w be easy = objectors to signalise ?is or t expect$ inv5tion z beyond sci5tific possibility1 t or ! o!r moral re=m z fit only = ,utopia4 ,b ^? :o w cons5t to p]p5d ! enorm\s & utt]ly un=ese5 advance ( ! n9ete5? c5tury w recognise ! dang] ( limit+ _! anticipations conc]n+ ! possibilities ( ! tw5ty-fir/4 ,a fanciful description 9 7,i ?9k7 ,addison's ,spectator ( an inv5tion by :i* ! movem5ts ( an indicator on a lett]$ dial 7 imag9$ to be reproduc$ on a simil> dial at a di/ance1 & employ$ z a means ( communication1 mu/ h seem$ :olly *im]ical to its read]s2 & ev5 z rec5tly z fifty ye>s ago1 anyone :o pr$ict$ ! telephone w\ld h be5 laugh$ at4 ,:5 ! pr9ciple ( ! accumulator 0 already discov]$ a v compet5t practical electrician told ! writ] t he ne$ n worry himself mu* ab\t ! idea3 !re 0 n ! lea/ likelihood t electricity c\ld ev] be bottl$ up 9 ci/]ns6 ,on ! :ole !re is m likelihood ( error 9 timidity ?an 9 boldness :5 we attempt to =esee :at w be atta9$ aft] ! increas+ly rapid movem5t ( sci5tific progress dur+ ?is tw5tie? c5tury %all h ga!r$ full =ce4 ,= ! re/1 criticism ( ?is sort is dis>m$1 because ! read] has be5 9 any case invit$ to ent] a realm ( m or less pure imag9ation4 ,no "o c exactly "k ) :at bir?s1 mon/r\s or beautiful1 ! future may teem4 ,admitt+ a c]ta9 po9t ( view--t ( almo/ unre/ra9$ optimism--! pr$ictions "h (f]$ w1 x is believ$1 be f\nd to be along ! l9e ( exi/+ progress4 ,beau=t ,h\se1 ,br5t=d4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,! ,rate ( ,progress #a ,,ii4 ,h\s+1 ,travel & ,population4 ,que/ions #ac ,,iii4 ,! ,man ( ,bus9ess #ch ,,iv4 ,! ,cult ( ,pleasure #ed ,v4 ,! ,newspap] ( ! ,future & ! ,future ( ! ,newspap] #fh ,,vi4 ,utilis+ ! ,sea #ie ,,vii4 ,! ,m>* ( ,sci5ce #ajf ,,viii4 ,education a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,h5ce #acd ,,ix4 ,religion3 ! ,f9e ,arts1 ,lit]ature #age ,x4 ,! ,age ( ,economies #bje ,,xi4 ,! ,law a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,h5ce #bcc ,,xii4 ,conclusions #bhf ,,index #cji ,a ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s ,,h5ce ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,rate ,,( ,,progress ,to anyone :o has consid]$ at all att5tively ! enorm\s mat]ial advances ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 a mu* m rem>kable ?+ ?an any inv5tion or improvem5t :i* t c5tury br\ght =? mu/ be ! spe$ ( human progression dur+ ! hundr$ ye>s betwe5 #ahjj & #aijj1 & ! extraord9>y accel]ation ( t spe$ :i* began to e/abli% itself ab\t ! ye> #ahhj4 ,b inde$1 dur+ ! :ole c5tury1 our =w>d movem5t 0 /eadily ga9+ impetus4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /ate ( ! _w 9 #agjj & its /ate 9 #ahjj is insignificant comp>$ ) ! diff]5ces e/abli%$ betwe5 ! latt] date & ! op5+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,b x is h>dly less insignificant ?an ! progress ( ! decade #ahjj-ahaj comp>$ ) t ( ! decade #ahij-aijj4 ,we are1 9 fact1 pick+ up spe$ at an enorm\s rate4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! tw5ty-fir/ c5tury w exhibit diff]5ces1 :5 comp>$ ) our own day1 :i* ev5 ! bolde/ imag9ation c h>dly ne$ to be re/ra9$ 9 conjectur+4 ,! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! age ( electricity1 j z ! middle "p 0 ! age ( /eam4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! tw5tie? c5tury is evid5tly go+ to be ! age ( wave manipulation1 ( :i* wireless telegraphy1 z we "k x1 is b ! fir/ infantile /irr+4 ,:at ! developm5ts promis$ 7& !y are already q easily presageable7 by wireless telegraphy w give u1 & :at !y w be sup]s$$ by1 c only be v dimly imag9$2 :at _! effects w be ^u ! human race 9 itself no "o has yet v5tur$ ev5 to h9t at4 ,few ?+s are m rem>kable 9 ! num]\s & highly-v>i$ exp]im5ts ( vatic9atory fiction & m s]i\s ef=ts ( progno/ication ?an ! utt] abs5ce ( any adequate attempt to =eca/ ! future ( ! race itself4 ,social & political *anges1 ! enorm\s diff]5ces :i* are c]ta9 to be effect$ 9 ! mann] ( human life1 h be5 f "t to "t m or less boldly imag9$1 & a c\ple ( volumes ( v able =eca/s ( ! future h rec5tly be5 publi%$ by a writ] ( s+ul> vision & highly-tra9$ sci5tific imag9ation4 ,b x does n hi!rto appe> to h be5 at all fully p]ceiv$ t ! moral con/itution ( man himself is q c]ta9 to be pr(\ndly modifi$1 n alone by ! influ5ce ( a mat]ial environm5t :i* w h be5 *ang$ z ! environm5t ( man has nev] be5 *ang$ s9ce ! fir/ inhabitation ( ?is planet1 b also by ! /eady developm5t ( inw>d *anges :i* h already begun to manife/ !mselves4 ,s9ce ! ye> #ahjj ideas :i*1 s f> z we h any means ( kn[+1 _h be5 reg>d$ z irrefragable ev] s9ce man fir/ began to ?9k & to set 8 ?\ghts ^u record1 h be5 utt]ly %att]$4 ,"o has only to comp>e ! op9ions ( ev5 av]age ?9k]s ( our own day on su* subjects z m>riage1 ! /atus ( woman1 & ! education ( *ildr51 ) ! op9ions1 practically curr5t )\t mat]ial *ange s9ce ! dawn ( hi/ory1 9 #ahjj1 to p]ceive ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t2 & ! *ange ( attitude on ! "p ( civilis$ p1 outside ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* 7&1 to "s ext5t1 ev5 )9 x71 t[>ds religion is n less rem>kable4 ,an enlight5$ man ( ! pres5t day is s radically diff]5t 9 all 8 ideas f a simil> individual ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury1 t x is h>dly possible = a mod]n /ud5t to write ) any intellig5ce on ! deep] significance ( ev5ts & life prior to #ahjj4 ,grotesquely inadequate z mo/ hi/orical novels ( our own day are1 !y are p]haps h>dly less inadequate ?an our own und]/&+ ( ! novels ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,scott c\ld probably write ( crusad]s & ! age ( *ivalry )\t committ+ s]i\s blund]s ( s5tim5t4 ,:at ! _w ?\ght 9 ! age ( ,salad9 ! _w practically ?\ght 9 ! age ( ,napoleon4 ,b ! irresi/ible infection ( mod]n ideas has made x h>dly possible = u to ent] ) any fulness into ! s5tim5ts ( ,scott2 & ! s5tim5ts put into ! m\?1 & ! ?\ghts into ! m9d1 ( ! h]o ( any hi/orical novel ( our own day w\ld be utt]ly incompreh5sible to t h]o1 c\ld he by "s miracle be resuscitat$1 & c\ld we translate !m lit]ally to him4 ,we unconsci\sly end[ ! p]sonages ( our hi/orical fiction ) ideas = :i* !y _h n ev5 ! names4 ,& ! developm5t ( ! human m9d proce$s apace4 ,x w be ev5 m difficult = ! ord9>y cultur$ man ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce to =m any full conception ( our ideas ?an x is = u to appraise ! m5tal attitude ( ! m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,to take a s+le example3 ! humane/ w>rior ( ! ,napoleonic w>s appe>s a mon/] ( cruelty if comp>$ ) ! /]ne/ ( mod]n g5]als4 ,napoleon deva/at$ prov9ces )\t a ^w ( c5sure f compet5t critics ( ! art ( w>4 ,a h[l ( execration w5t up1 n f cont95tal ,europe alone1 at ! measures--s]i\sly emb>rass+ to our milit>y op]ations1 & enorm\sly helpful to our enemy--:i* ! ,briti% g5]als took 9 ord] to dim9i% ! suff]+s ( ! non-combatant population ( ! ,transvaal2 camps ( refuge1 x appe>s1 did n suffici5tly excel 9 com=t ! hospitals ( our own w\nd$6 ,& !re is a section ( ! ,press 9 ?is c\ntry :i* /ill occasionally rememb]s1 to compla9 ( x1 ! fact t our g5]als f\nd x necess>y1 = milit>y reasons1 to burn f>m-h\ses4 ,i %\ld n l to attempt ! conjecture1 :at ,well+ton w\ld h said 9 answ] to su* a compla9t1 or :at he w\ld h done to a self-appo9t$ emiss>y :o visit$ 8 camps = ! purpose ( criticis+ 8 action6 ,x w\ld h be5 no m impossible = him to =esee ! day ( su* ?+s1 h[ev]1 ?an x is = u to pr$ict ! moral s5se ( ! ye> #bjjj4 ,! fact is t we h greatly det]iorat$ 9 w>1 al?\gh1 or r because1 we h ev5 m greatly improv$ 9 morals & feel+4 ,william ,morris conceiv$ ( man 9 ! com+ "t z a sort ( recreat$ m$ival4 ,mr ,wells conceives him z practically a n9ete5?-c5tury man1 ) 8 ideas m]ely adju/$ to new mat]ial conditions4 ,bellamy describ$ him 9 t]ms ( a be+ inconceivable by any sort ( reason4 ,no "o appe>s to h se5 t 8 moral nature w h be5 n m]ely revolutionis$1 b recreat$1 j z our own morality has be5 recreat$ dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 n s mu* by ! influ5ce ( mat]ial environm5t or ! m>* ( inv5tion1 z by ! reg5]ation ( human consci5ce4 ,9 no way w ! accel]ation ( ! spe$ ( progress be m app>5t ?an 9 ! ?\ghts & emotions ( m54 ,b to say ?is is n to belittle ! progress :i* sci5ce & inv5tion h 9 /ore = ! new age4 ,9 apply+ a sort ( imag9ative telescope to ! m5tal eye x w be necess>y to keep con/antly 9 view ! utt] inconceivabl5ess ( mod]n a*ievem5t by ! civilis$ _w ( ! pa/4 ,:5 electricity 0 no m ?an a sort ( sci5tific play?+--:5 notions ( its possible uses 7 7z 9 ,davy's "t7 f> less sub/antially imag9$ ?an1 = in/ance1 ! possible uses ( radium are to-day1 ev5 sci5tific ?9k]s1 end[$ ) :at ,huxley s lum9\sly applaud$ z sci5tific imag9ation1 _h no rudim5t ( ! mat]ials = conceiv+ su* inv5tions z ! electric telegraph--f> less ! possibilities ( transmitt$ & pick$-up wave en]gy4 ,& "h1 at ! beg9n+ ( wireless telegraphy1 we are no less 9 ! d>k z to :at w develop f x & :at w sup]s$e x4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury progress$1 almo/ f fir/ to la/1 on ! /r5g? ( ! discov]y ( h[ to utilise ! /or$ en]gy ( coal1 :e!r directly 9 ! /eam eng9e or indirectly 9 ! dynamo-electric ma*9e & ! electric motor4 ,) ! end ( ! coal age already well 9 view1 we c only conjecture :at ! s\rces ( me*anical p[] w be a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,be=e we h q exhau/$ our coal measures & begun to draw m lib]ally on our /ores ( petroleum1 we %all no d\bt h ab&on$ altoge!r s wa/eful a contrivance z ! /eam eng9e4 ,!re is a clums9ess almo/ b>b>\s 9 ! r\ndab\t employm5t ( coal to produce heat1 ! /eam eng9e to utilise only a mis]able fraction ( ! pot5tial en]gy ev5 ( ! "p ( ! coal :i* we d n fatu\sly all[ to escape z smoke2 ( ! dynamo to use up a "p ( ! motion yield$ by ! /eam eng9e 9 produc+ electricity 7:ile a small b recognisable portion ( t motion is conv]t$ wa/efully back aga9 into heat71 & ( ! electro-motor to re-conv]t ! electricity into motion1 heat1 light & *emical en]gy1 accord+ to our requirem5ts4 ,x _c be _m ye>s be=e we le>n to use coal f> m economically ?an we d n[adays1 aboli%+ ! furnace & ! /eam eng9e1 & obta9+ electricity directly f coal itself by "s sort ( electro-*emical decomposition4 ,b ev5 s1 our coal w n la/ mu* long]4 ,! spe$ ( our progress w exhau/ x mu* soon] ?an mo/ p imag9e1 & probably 9 ano!r tw5ty-five ye>s ! end ( our petroleum w also beg9 to be look$ =w>d to ) appreh5sion4 ,ab\t ?is p]iod1 or p]haps imm$iately aft]1 progress w h be5 accel]at$ to an enorm\s degree by ! inv5tion ( "s new me?od ( decompos+ wat]4 ,! economical analysis ( wat] into its two compon5t gases1 ^: *emical aff9ity & antipodal electrical attractions are already utilis$ to "s ext5t 9 su* appliances z ! oxy-hydrog5 bl[pipe & electrical /orage batt]ies1 is a secret capable ( extraord9>y b5efic5ces to ! new age4 ,by burn+ hydrog5 9 oxyg5 we c already produce ! greate/ heat practically ne$$ 9 ! arts2 ! electric furnace only sup]s$+ ?is process because x happ5s to be m manageable4 ,b :5 we want oxyg5 & hydrog51 we d n1 9 practice1 n[ obta9 !m f wat]3 we only comb9e !m z wat] 9 ! act ( utilisation4 ,! rational l9e ( progress is obvi\sly to seek means ( directly decompos+ wat]4 ,:5 we c d ?is comp5di\sly & economically we %all h an inexhau/ible supply ( en]gy--= wat] ?us us$ is n de/roy$ z wat]1 z coal is de/roy$1 qu coal1 :5 we utilise its /or$ en]gy4 ,! v act ( utilis+ ! gases recomb9es !m3 & we c use !m ?us = ! production ( almo/ e k9d ( en]gy t man at pres5t ne$s4 ,we c use !m = heat by burn+ !m toge!r4 ,we c use !m = light by burn+ !m 9 ! pres5ce ( any sub/ance capable ( be+ made inc&esc5t4 ,we %all be able to use !m to g5]ate electricity by "s sort ( contrivance ak9 to ! accumulator ( ! pres5t day 7a highly rudim5t>y inv5tion72 & x w\ld be ev5 n[ a v simple matt] to utilise _! explosive recomb9ation = ! direct production ( p[] z motion4 ,utilis$ ap>t1 ! con/itu5t gases ( wat] h _m o!r uses & possible uses4 ,hydrog51 "u suitable treatm5t1 yields ! greate/ obta9able cold1 z oxyg5 & hydrog5 toge!r yield ! greate/ heat4 ,if our fly+-ma*9es ne$ a sort ( balla/ to re9=ce _! me*anical lift+ app>atus1 hydrog5 is ! be/ possible assi/ant4 ,& ! probable uses ( oxyg5 are yet m num]\s4 ,s long z we /ill burn any?+ at all except a mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog5--& ultimately we %all h no?+ else left to burn--oxyg5 is capable ( multiply+ ! effici5cy ( all combu/ion4 ,"o ( ! greate/ problems ( our own day is ! disposal ( wa/e products ( all sorts--! s\rces ( inconv5i5ce1 disease & dirt4 ,oxyg51 if readily & copi\sly obta9able1 is capable ( de/roy+ !m all4 ,inde$1 x seems likely t m$ic9e1 ! lea/ progressive ( ! sci5ces to-day1 w f9d 9 oxyg5 ! great propulsive =ce ( its =w>d movem5t4 ,9 consid]ably less ?an a hundr$ ye>s h5ce su* make%ifts z drugg+1 & ! fight+ ( "o disease by ! in/alm5t 9 ! organism ( ano!r1 w c]ta9ly h gone by ! bo>d4 ,antisepsis & ,asepsis 7! latt] almo/ inf9itely ! greate/ inv5tion 9 ! hi/ory ( !rapeutics7 w h pu%$ _! way f surg]y into m$ic9e4 ,!re are num]\s diseases :i* c be n m]ely cur$1 b ultimately aboli%$ :5 we h once discov]$ h[ to use oxyg5 adequately4 ,! readju/m5t ( ! conditions ( life det]m9$ by ! removal f ! civilis$ _w ( ! great] numb] ( diseases1 & p]haps ( all diseases except ^? aris+ out ( wilful misconduct 7z improp] diet7 & ev5 by ! elim9ation ( mo/ ( ! evils ( hurry & ov]work 7= :at are m$ically & *emically kn[n z fatigue products c almo/ c]ta9ly be elim9at$ f ! sy/em by ! prop] use1 yet to be discov]$1 ( oxyg57 mu/ inevitably h an enorm\s influ5ce n m]ely ^u ! physical life ( man1 b also1 & ev5 m1 ^u 8 m5tal con/itution4 ,! rate ( progress w ?us 9 yet ano!r way be va/ly accel]at$4 ,mo/ likely ! univ]sal s\rce ( p[]1 !n1 be=e ! middle ( ! c5tury1 w be ! recomposition ( wat]--9 o!r words1 we %all get all ! p[] we want by splitt+ up wat] into oxyg5 & hydrog51 & !n all[+ ^? gases to recomb9e1 !reby return+ to u ! en]gy we h employ$ 9 ! analysis4 ,h[ we %all employ ?is p[] is l>gely = ! future to decide1 & c]ta9ly 9 ! e>li] future we %all employ x 9 ! g5]ation ( e!ric waves ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! _w ( sci5ce is visibly on ! ?re%old ( new & revolution>y discov]ies on ! nature & composition ( matt]1 & :i!r ^! discov]ies w lead u x is n usefully possible to conjecture4 ,b c]ta9ly1 aft] ! usual incubation p]iod ( a sci5tific discov]y--:5 x is m]ely a sort ( wond]ful toy1 z argon & radium are at pres5t--!re w come ! practical m51 suckl$ at ! l>ge & noble brea/s ( dis9t]e/$1 unremun]ative tru?1 & ready to turn t nutrim5t into _w-mov+ mat]ial usefulness3 s1 aga91 ! rate ( progress w receive a va/ & valuable accel]ation4 ,electricity1 ^: gift to ! _w has be5 s great1 w probably n1 until aft] sev]al decades1 approa* ! limits ( its realm1 & s long z electricity rema9s a consid]able elem5t 9 ! utilisation ( ^? /ores ( dissipat+ en]gy by :i* ! planet lives1 x is possible to =esee some?+ ( :at w become ( man dur+ ! next age4 ,we h "h ! limits ( su* an inquiry z ! pres5t4 ,plac+ ! end ( ! age ( electricity at provisionally ab\t a hundr$ ye>s h5ce 7b x is q conceivable t ! rate ( progress may ov]take x e>li] & %ut ! door on conjecture7 x is possible to =eca/1 n inde$ ) c]ta9ty1 b ) a measure ( imag9ative probability1 :at w happ5 z ! res\rces ( electricity are develop$ & ! o!r mat]ial am5ities ( ! _w are work$ along ! l9e ( natural progress4 ,s f> z ! light ( analogy c po9t ! way ! read] is invit$ on a sort ( conjectural j\rney4 ,( ! developm5ts ( ! moral ideas ( man likely to be det]m9$1 n s mu* by ! com+ *ange 9 8 mat]ial environm5t1 z by ! evolution ( inn] =ces already at "w1 ,i propose to say some?+ at ! end ( ! book4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! probable mat]ial *anges 9 ! next hundr$ ye>s 7or less1 accord+ to ! rate ( our progress7 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( life w be ! subject ( "s int]m$iate conjectures4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,h\s+1 ,,travel ,,& ,,population ,,que/ions ,:5 e all[ance has be5 made = ! mat]ial *anges :i* ! progress ( ?is c5tury ?reat5s1 x is easy to see t c]ta9 pres5t-day problems w cont9ue to tr\ble our successors4 ,"s ?+s :i* p]plex ourselves w1 ,i ?9k1 "w out _! own rem$y4 ,o!rs w rema9 ! subject ( solutions n difficult to be imag9$ 9 advance4 ,"o *ief difficulty :i* w infallibly confront ! imm$iate future1 & ev5 ! future t is m remote1 arises out ( ! simple fact t ! race ( man t5ds to increase num]ically at a spe$ great] ?an our devices = its accommodation c q conv5i5tly cope )4 ,! population ( ! _w n only increases1 b increases at comp\nd int]e/4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,improv$ sanitation1 bett] habits ( life1 & ! progress ( m$ic9e1 prolong lives t 9 ! conditions ( la/ c5tury w\ld h be5 %ort5$1 & ! rate ( increase is ?us fur!r accel]at$1 z individuals :o 9 diff]5t conditions w\ld h di$1 live on1 p]haps reproduc+ _! species1 & ?us int5sify+ ! population problem4 ,aga9/ ^! influ5ces may be set ! effect ( ! re/rictions impos$ by "s civilis$ peoples on ! bir? rate1 :i* ,mr ,roosevelt calls race suicide4 ,^! practices1 j n[ increas+ly preval5t1 ret>d ! rate ( increase1 b d n at pres5t /op our increase3 !y alleviate1 b d n cure ! difficulty ( ov]-population4 ,artificial physiological *ecks on population1 if ,i am "r 9 c]ta9 o!r conjectures to be pres5tly develop$1 w n =m "p ( ! p]man5t morality ( ! new age1 p>tly because1 ) m enlight5m5t1 !y w be volunt>ily ab&on$ or sup]s$$1 & p>tly because ! necessity = !m w h disappe>$1 hav+ work$ out its own cure4 ,b ) all ?is x w\ld be folly to anticipate t ! population ( ! civilis$ _w w n h greatly increas$ be=e ! end ( ! p]iod contemplat$ by ! pres5t inquiry3 & ?is br+s u face to face ) two v important que/ions--^? ( h\s+ & transport4 ,:]e %all we live1 & h[ %all we move f place to place--above all1 h[ %all we proce$ f home to ! sc5e ( "w & !nce home aga9 e day1 9 ! future8 ,%all we inde$ ?us move back & =? at all8 ,! answ] to ! la/ "q bifurcates some:at4 ,9 ! e>li] future ( 7say7 tw5ty or ?irty ye>s h5ce1 probably ! greate/ t5d5cies w be t[>ds conc5tration on ! "o h& & exce$+ly rapid transport on ! o!r4 ,:at ! ultimate practice w be1 x %\ld n be difficult to guess :5 we see h[ ^! t5d5cies are likely to "w !mselves out4 ,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! t5d5cy ( work]s 9 great cities 0 m & m t[>ds suburban life1 m5 travell+ to & f ! cities 9 increas+ numb]s1 to increas+ di/ances1 & at increas+ spe$s4 ,ev5 me*anics1 ev5 lab\r]s & ! o!r humbl] wage-e>n]s 7to say no?+ ( cl]ks n e>n+ mu* m1 b sp5d+ _! money 9 a diff]5t mann]7 n[adays travel consid]able di/ances to _! "w4 ,b 9 spite ( :at is complac5tly reg>d$ 7by railway & tramway directors7 z rapid conveyance1 !re is lately manife/ an increas+ impati5ce aga9/ ! "t subtract$ f m5's leisure by ! two daily j\rneys1 an impati5ce v naturally increas$ 9 ! case ( manual work]s ( bo? sexes by ! utt] inadequacy ( ! legislative control impos$ ^u railway & tramway companies4 ,cr[d$ trams & tra9s1 ) desp]ate m5 & weak wom5 fight+ a daily battle = conveyance be=e all ! *eap trips h be5 made1 inflict a %ameful degradation ^u ! class = :i* ,p>liam5t makes illusory provision 9 railway & tramway ,acts4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is difficulty1 & also because ( ! e>ly h\r at :i* ! companies are all[$ to cease c>ry+ work+-folk at ! workm5's f>e1 _m m5 & wom5 are compell$ to wa/e "s h\rs ( _! scanty leisure e day betwe5 ! arrival ( _! tra9s & ! op5+ ( _! work%ops1 a cruelty = :i* ! blame may be pretty equally apportion$ to ,p>liam5t & ! company directors4 ,! result ( x is t _m ( ! poor pref] ! evil ( ov]cr[d+ 9 cities be=e ! great] evil ( wa/$ "t & degrad+ travel4 ,z "t goes on1 no d\bt ! monopoli/s ( transportation w be compell$1 z _! own necessities increase & s br+ !m "u ! h& ( ! legislature1 to s]ve m adequately ! necessities ( ! majority4 ,b ev5 s1 & z long z ! effective spe$ ( conveyance is limit$ by ! lack ( p]man5t-way space & ! necessity = frequ5t /ations1 ! impati5ce ev5 n[ manife/$1 & manife/$ *iefly by ! class :i* suff]s lea/ f loss ( "t 9 travel1 w lead to conc5tration4 ,tak+ ,london z an example1 x may be said t ! ,victorian age 0 ! age ( ! suburbs4 ,b few p n[ live 9 ! suburbs ( ,london :o c af=d to live any:]e else4 ,ei!r !y move "r out into ! c\ntry1 seek+ a spot on "s ma9 l9e :]e ! great] di/ance & less-frequ5t tra9 s]vice is made up = by spe$y & un9t]rupt$ j\rneys2 or !y come into ,london & occupy h\ses or flats )9 easy rea* ( _! work+ head-qu>t]s4 ,! suburbs are giv5 ov] to ^? :o _c af=d ei!r ( ^! exp$i5ts1 or :o1 hav+ be5 br\ght up !re1 are reta9$ by a sort ( in]tia4 ,ultimately1 z ! dem& = t[n space becomes int5sifi$1 two ?+s w happ54 ,fir/ ( all1 ! re/rictions :i* _m cities1 ignor+ ! fre$om ( ,new ,york & ,*icago1 impose ^u ! erection ( excessively high build+s1 w g by ! bo>d4 ,! %utt+ out ( sunlight & fre% air w be ! subject ( comp5sations to be pres5tly expla9$1 & ?irty1 =ty1 fifty or a hundr$-/orey h\ses1 & h\ses :i* p]haps burr[ to "s di/ance und]gr\nd1 w1 by virtue ( ! same comp5sations1 h\se a va/1 conc5trat$ population impati5t ( daily travel4 ,z ! dem& = homes increases1 & ev5 ! high build+s _c cope ) x1 ! cities w pu% _! way outw>ds1 repopulat+ ! rebuilt suburbs4 ,?is k9d ( ?+ w h a t5d5cy to correct itself4 ,r5ts w be high 9 proportion to position ne> ! c5tre4 ,b a limit ( tol]ation w be rea*$1 & z c]ta9 improvem5ts w h be5 effect$ 9 transport1 !re w ultimately be a reaction1 & p w aga9 g "r out to ! c\ntry1 z long z !re is any c\ntry left4 ,be=e discuss+ ^! improvem5ts1 h[ev]1 x w be conv5i5t to exam9e ! conv5i5ces1 social & sanit>y1 ( ! homes ( ! new age4 ,! greate/ conv5i5ce ( all1 no d\bt1 w be ! modification & p>tial elim9ation ( ! dome/ic s]vant4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ! great difficulties ( ! s]vant "q z at pres5t exp]i5c$ w solve !mselves1 =m+ 9 "p an in/ance ( ! moral *anges1 accompany+ mat]ial inv5tion b only p>tly result+ f x1 :i* ! new age is c]ta9 to exp]i5ce4 ,x is usual to lay ! blame ( ! unsatisfactory "* & atroci\s ineffici5cy ( ! dome/ic s]vants ( our own day on ! in/itution ( free education4 ,!y are mu* m due to ! abs5ce ( any education wor?y ( ! "n1 & to ! imp]fect civilisation ( mod]n h\ses4 ,?irty-five ye>s or s are b an in/ant 9 ! life ( an in/itution s ov]:elm+ly m important 9 its possibilities ?an any o!r subject ( legislation z ,/ate-compell$ education ( ! p4 ,no "o appe>s to h recognis$ t "*-mak+1 :i* ,h]b]t ,sp5c] call$ ! mo/ important object :i* c engage ! att5tion ( ! legislator1 is ! only true object ( education1 free or o!rwise4 ,:5 politicians h talk$ ( ! necessity ( national education1 ! argum5t !y h us$ 0 t ,g]mans are bett] *emi/s ?an we are4 ,:5 !y prais$ ! usefulness ( mod]n languages x 0 9 t]ms ( comm]cial utility4 ,mod]n languages1 9 fact 7a rec5t critic rem>k$71 make a good bagman4 ,x is inept to despair ( free education because free education has produc$ no v satisfactory results :ile conceiv$ ( z a process ( %ov+ undesir$ k into ! *ildr5 ( ! poor4 ,look+1 z ev]yone n hideb\nd by pessimism mu/ look1 = a great enlight5m5t ( ! law-giv+ class :5 ! sy/em ( p>ty politics1 already beg9n+ to %[ signs ( decay1 has ceas$ to hold all legislation 9 its blight+ h&1 we h e reason to expect t ! true uses ( education w be p]ceiv$ & atta9$ long be=e ! end ( ! p]iod contemplat$ :5 we speak ( ! new age4 ,& !n1 "o v great factor 9 ! s]vant "q w h be5 satisfactorily solv$1 ev5 if o!r conditions h n conduct$ u ne>ly all ! way to ! solution be=eh&4 ,=1 :ile mak+ e all[ance = ! evil effects ( education1 wrongly conceiv$ & improp]ly adm9i/]$1 on ! "* ( wom5 de/9$ to become s]vants1 x mu/ be all[$ t mu* ( :at we call ! s]vant difficulty c\ld be cur$ n[1 & w unque/ionably be cur$ be=e long1 by inv5tions capable ( aboli%+ ! grievances :i* lead to x4 ,^! grievances are real & rem$iable4 ,i d n ref] to ! conf9em5t1 re/ra9t & gross lack ( consid]ation on ! "p ( employ]s :i* lead "y wom5 ( ! class f :i* s]vants are drawn to pref] lab\r 9 factories & else:]e1 9 conditions f> less com=table1 be=e dome/ic s]vice2 b to our utt] lack ( +5uity 9 remov+ ! irksom5ess & degradation ( mu* dome/ic lab\r4 ,"s com+ inv5tions calculat$ to improve ! lot ( ,m>y ,jane w n[ be describ$4 ,9 ! fir/ place 7z ,mr ,h4 ,g4 ,wells has po9t$ out1 )\t app>5tly be+ aw>e t build+s already exi/ 9 :i* "s ( 8 ideas h be5 anticipat$71 mod]n rooms1 equally ) ^? ( all "t1 seem to h be5 con/ruct$ s z to make x z difficult z possible to keep !m clean4 ,squ>e corn]s & rectangul> junctions ( wall & floor1 wall & ceil+1 w c]ta9ly be=e long be replac$ ev]y:]e by curves4 ,b ! "w ( h\se clean+ w be r5d]$ easy & unlabori\s by ano!r inv5tion1 already inde$ 9 exi/5ce on a l>ge scale1 b ev5tually capable ( be+ r5d]$ portable4 ,i mean a contrivance = apply+ a vacuum to any desir$ spot4 ,!re is a v +5i\s b r noisy eng9e already 9 use = pump+ ! du/ out ( c>pets1 curta9s & furniture4 ,9 ! h\ses ( ! future h&y contrivances ( v>i\s %apes1 all indep5d5t ( any eng9e1 w be f\nd1 furni%$ ) ela/ic nozzles on ! outside & ) "s sort ( appliance capable ( in/antly exhau/+ ! air )94 ,su* a ut5sil :eel$ ov] ! floor w remove in/antly e p>ticle ( du/ f ! surface & bel[ ! surface ( ! c>pet1 at ! same "t pick+ up any su* dbris z scraps ( pap]1 p9s1 & o!r decidua ( ! previ\s day4 ,a simil> in/rum5t1 diff]5tly %ap$1 w clean ! curta9s1 suppos+ curta9s to be /ill 9 use at ! "t1 & w du/ ! *airs & tables--?\gh !re w n be any?+ l s mu* du/ z !re is n[1 ne>ly all k9ds ( combu/ion be+ aboli%$4 ,! kit*5 fire w ( c\rse be an electric furnace3 o' my ^w we'll n c>ry coals4 ,light+ w all be electric1 & no d\bt wireless4 ,! abolition ( horse traffic 9 cities1 & ! use ( ! vacuum app>atus :i* w be cont9u\sly at "w 9 all /reets1 keep+ !m dry & free f mud1 w practically remove ! necessity = boot bru%+1 ev5 suppos+ t we %all /ill we> boots3 e man & woman 9 dress+ w pass a vacuum in/rum5t ov] 8 & h] clo!s & get rid ( ev5 ! little du/ exi/+--= we %all be m & m intol]ant ( dirt 9 any =m1 hav+ by t "t fully realis$ h[ dang]\s dirt is4 ,! new age w be a clean age4 ,a lady ( ! ye> #bjjj :o c\ld be miracul\sly transport$ back to ,london at ! pres5t mom5t w\ld probably fa9t 7!y w n h ceas$ fa9t+7 at ! intol]able disgu/+ness ( :at is1 ,i suppose1 n[ "o ( ! cleane/ cities 9 ! _w1 ev5 if ! cruelty ( employ+ horses = traction1 & ! frightful recklessness ( all[+ !m to soil ! /reets 9 :i* p walk1 did n ov]p[] h] susceptibilities 9 ano!r way4 ,cook+ w p]haps n be done at all on any l>ge scale at home1 9 flat-homes at all ev5ts2 & 9 any case1 = reasons :i* w h]eaft] become app>5t1 cook+ w be a mu* less disgu/+ process ?an x is to-day4 ,9 no case w ! dome/ic s]vant ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce be call$ ^u to /& ov] a ro>+ fire1 laid by h]self1 & to be clean$ up by h]self :5 done )1 9 ord] to cook ! family d9n]4 ,e measure ( heat--controllable 9 gradations ( t5 degrees or s--w be furni%$ 9 electrically-fitt$ receptacles1 ) or )\t wat] jackets or /eam jackets3 & unque/ionably all cook+ w be done 9 h]metically-clos$ vessels4 ,we %all n mu* long] d mo/ ( our cook+ by su* a wa/eful & un:olesome me?od z boil+1 :]eby ! important soluble salts ( ne>ly all food are call\sly ?r[n away4 ,z1 = reasons to be develop$ h]eaft]1 x is q c]ta9 t animal food w h be5 :olly ab&on$ be=e ! end ( ?is c5tury1 ! dbris ( ! kit*5 w be mu* m manageable ?an at pres5t1 & ! kit*5 s9k w cease to be1 dur+ a great "p ( ! day1 a place ( unapproa*able loa?som5ess4 ,on ! o!r h&1 its conv5i5ces w h be5 greatly increas$4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ ! old-_w fa%ion ( 7= in/ance7 wa%+ up plates & di%es c h endur$ s long4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! new age1 ^! ut5sils w be simply dropp$ "o by "o into an automatic receptacle2 swill$ clean by wat] deliv]$ ) =ce & *>g$ ) nasc5t oxyg52 dri$ by electric heat2 & poli%$ by electric =ce2 be+ f9ally oxyg5-ba!d z a sup]flu\s act ( sanit>y cleanl9ess be=e be+ s5t to table aga94 ,& all t has come (f ! plates w drop ?r\gh ! scull]y floor into ! de/ructor b5ea? to be oxyg5at$ & made away )4 ,"h we h mo/ ( ! di/a/eful elem5ts ( dome/ic s]vice got rid (4 ,naturally lifts ( v>i\s k9ds1 driv5 by ! same =ce 7:atev] x is7 :i* lights & w>ms ! h\se1 w be ev]y:]e 9 evid5ce4 ,! plan ( atta9+ ! upp] "p ( a small h\se by climb+1 on e occasion1 a sort ( wood5 hill1 cov]$ ) c>pet ( que/ionable cleanl9ess1 w ( c\rse h be5 ab&on$3 x is d\btful :e!r /aircases w be built at all aft] ! next two or ?ree decades4 ,& x is likely t ! m ref9$ s5tim5t ( ! new age w recoil be=e ! spectacle ( m5ial s]vice at ! table4 ,n because !y w despise1 b because !y w respect1 _! dome/ic assi/ants1 ho/esses w dislike to h _! gue/s wait$ ^u 9 a s]vile mann] dur+ meals by plu%-bree*$ flunkeys ( ! male1 or neat-h&$ ,phyllises ( ! female1 sex4 ,well-arrang$ h\ses w h ! kit*5 on a level ) ! d9+-room1 & ! divid+ wall w be s contriv$ t a table1 ready laid at ea* c\rse1 c be made to slide ?r\gh x into ! pres5ce ( ! seat$ gue/s4 ,an imm5se am\nt ( runn+ to & fro betwe5 kit*5 & d9+-room1 & ( lift+ food & table-w>e into & out ( elevators1 w ?us be obviat$1 to ! va/ ga/ronomic improvem5t ( ! meal & ! salvation ( s]vants' "t4 ,naturally ! b$rooms ( ! new age w h _m am5ities lack+ to our own4 ,x is n too mu* to anticipate t we %all h le>n$ en\gh ( plumb+ to be able to connect ba?s1 wa%-bas9s & o!r necess>y fitt+s ) ! dra9s )\t poison+ ourselves1 & ! inconv5i5t mod]n wa%-/& ) its unretic5t adjuncts w dec5tly disappe>4 ,x _c be v long--probably x w only be a few ye>s--be=e "s k9d ( reasonable control is ex]cis$ ov] ! te*nical education ( plumb]s4 #a ,?us ! b$room ( ! new age w be a mu* m conv5i5t & satisfactory ap>tm5t ?an ! "o we slept 9 la/ night1 & ano!r irksome & unelevat+ "p ( ! dome/ic "w ( our s]vants w be elim9at$4 ,b ! sleep+-ap>tm5ts1 & inde$ all ap>tm5ts 9 city homes1 w conta9 yet ano!r v valuable & necess>y article ( furniture--! oxyg5ator4 ,ne>ly all ! unheal?9ess & ! p9*$1 we>y greyness ( t[n-dwell]s to-day c\ld be cur$ by fre% air4 ,ev]yone is famili> ) ! improvem5t :i* c be effect$ 9 ! heal? & appe>ance ( a city family by ev5 a %ort visit to ! seaside or ! c\ntry--an improvem5t :i* x happ5s to be fa%ionable j n[ to attribute1 9 ! =m] case1 to ! pres5ce ( ozone 9 ! sea air4 ,! fact t holiday-mak]s are able to endure ! smell ( sl[ly-decay+ seawe$ ) a da% ( putresc5t fi% ab\t x1 :i* is call$ sea-air1 )\t injury1 & ev5 to pick up heal? 9 ! pres5ce ( x1 is m due to ! abs5ce ( c>bon dioxide & o!r delet]i\s gases ( ! t[ns ?an to any?+ else4 ,! b5efic5t effects ( c\ntry air are practically all due to ! p[] possess$ by gre5 vegetation ( sup]oxyg5at+ ! surr\nd+ air4 ,! atmosph]e ( cities1 or at all ev5ts ( city homes1 w pres5tly be fre$ f ! products ( combu/ion & respiration1 & end[$ ) a slightly-increas$ proportion ( oxyg51 by artificial means4 ,& especially 9 b$rooms1 r5d]$ to-day /uffy & unheal?y by ! idiotic fe> ( night air :i* an effete tradition has h&$ d[n to u1 w ?is re=m be 9 evid5ce4 ,prud5t p to-day insi/ on l>ge b$room w9d[s--pref]ably ( ! ,fr5*-door patt]n--& keep !m wide op5 all night4 ,b ?is is att5d$ by inconv5i5ces 9 cold & wet wea!r2 & :ile our gr&*ildr5 w /ill keep _! w9d[s op5 all night 9 all wea!rs1 !y w n be cont5t ) ?is alone4 ,!re w be a *emical app>atus hidd5 away 9 "s corn]1 or built into ! wall1 :i* w absorb c>bon dioxide & at ! same "t sl[ly give (f a c]ta9 am\nt ( oxyg5--j en\gh to raise ! oxyg5ation ( ! air to ! /&>d ( ! be/ c\ntry places4 ,& simil> appliances w be at "w 9 ! /reets ( our cities1 s t t[n air w be j z :olesome1 j z tonic & invigorat+1 z c\ntry air4 ,if ! !ory t ! pres5ce ( ozone 7t is1 allotropic oxyg57 9 ! sea air is b5efic5t /& ! te/ ( "t1 no d\bt ozonators w =m "p ( ^! appliances3 b 9 any case1 z ! high build+s ( ! new age w keep out ! sunlight1 electric light1 c>ry+ all ! ray-activity ( sunlight1 & j z capable ( fo/]+ life & vegetation1 w s]ve ! /reets4 ,?us1 s f> z hygi5e goes1 t[n life w be on a p> ) c\ntry life3 b _m p w pref] ! c\ntry1 & means w h to be provid$ to r5d] homes 9 ! c\ntry compatible ) "w 9 ! cities4 ,?is br+s u to ! "q ( transport4 ,i d n ?9k t p w1 )9 ! next hundr$ ye>s at all ev5ts1 travel to & f "w 9 fly+-ma*9es4 ,b no d\bt ! sy/em ( railway transport w be revolutionis$4 ,:at makes suburban travel s sl[ is1 n s mu* lack ( spe$ on ! "p ( ! tra9s1 z ! necessity = frequ5t /oppage4 ,y _c satisfactorily run a tra9 at sixty miles an h\r & /op x e m9ute or s3 o!rwise sixty miles an h\r w\ld be q fa/ en\gh1 = "s decades at lea/1 to satisfy all requirem5ts ( suburban traffic1 ?\gh x w\ld be1 & inde$ is1 ridicul\sly inadequate = long-di/ance travell+4 ,! exp5se ( increas$ p]man5t-way hamp]s railway managem5t1 & z !re is no possibility ( gett+ m l& to increase ! numb] ( available tracks1 "s me?od w h to be devis$ = runn+ "o tra9 ov] ! top ( ano!r--p]haps to ! height ( sev]al /oreys1 n necess>ily provid$ ) support+ rails3 = we may v conceivably h discov]$ means by :i* vehicles c be propell$ above ! gr\nd 9 "s k9d ( guide-ways1 do+ away ) ! great loss ( p[] caus$ by :eel friction2 t is to say1 ! guides w direct1 b n support1 ! c>riages4 ,! clumsy device ( locomotive eng9es w h be5 disp5s$ )4 ,:atev] p[] is employ$ to drive ! tra9s ( ! next c5tury w c]ta9ly be convey$ to !m f c5tral p[]-h\ses4 ,b1 z ! read] has be5 already rem9d$1 x is ! /oppages :i* are s wa/eful ( "t on a suburban railway3 & !y are also wa/eful ( =ce4 ,n[ 9 all respects ! new age w be economical4 ,"o ?+ t w h to be p]fect$ is ! art ( gett+ up spe$4 ,look1 z y g home to-night1 at ! way y\r tra9 ga!rs spe$ on leav+ a /ation4 ,obs]ve :at a long "t x is be=e x c atta9 its full velocity4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! total "t y require 9 ord] to rea* ! suburbs is consum$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,a hundr$ ye>s h5ce tra9s w almo/ jump to full spe$1 some:at z a motor-c> jumps to-day4 ,9 collect+ pass5g]s at suburban /ations1 ! tra91 a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 w p]haps n /op at all4 ,x w only slack5 spe$ a little2 b ! plat=m w beg9 to move z ! tra9 approa*es1 & w run along beside x1 at ! same spe$ z ! tra9 itself1 s t pass5g]s c get 9 & out z if ! tra9 7 /&+ /ill4 ,:5 all are abo>d1 ! doors w be clos$ all toge!r by ! gu>d1 & ! plat=m w rev]se its motion1 & return to its orig9al position ready = ! next tra94 ,) tra9s travell+ at q #bjj miles an h\r--& c]ta9ly no?+ less w satisfy ! remot] suburbanites ( next c5tury--frightful accid5ts w\ld occur if precautions 7 n tak54 ,! mom5t two tra9s are 9 ! same section ( l9e !y w be automatically cut (f f ! s\rce ( p[]1 & _! brakes w at ! same "t br+ !m to a /&/ill4 ,a pass5g] :o put 8 head out ( ! w9d[ ( a tra9 travell+ at ?is spe$ w\ld be bl9d$ & suffocat$2 s ! w9d[s w be glaz$1 ! oxyg5ators & c>bon-dioxide absorb]s 9 ea* c>riage keep+ ! air sweet1 & o!r suitable appliances adju/+ its temp]ature4 ,!re w be no su* ?+ z level cross+s2 :]ev] ! road crosses ! l9e !re w be bridges1 provid$ ) an endless mov+ track 7l ! automatic /aircase at ! ,cry/al ,palace71 to c>ry pass5g]s & vehicles across4 ,( c\rse horses w long s9ce h vani%$ f ! l&1 except z in/rum5ts ( ! pleasure ( a few cranks :o affect ! mann]s ( t effete p]iod1 ! ye> #aijj4 ,& ! omnipres5ce ( high-spe$ vehicles w 9 itself h elim9at$ mu* dang] ( accid5t4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! unre/+ m>* ( me*anical improvem5t w h fail$ to h its effect on ! p4 ,man himself w h progress$4 ,he w be clev]] 9 avoid+ accid5ts4 ,cities w be provid$ ) mov+ /reet-ways1 always 9 action at two or m spe$s2 & we %all h le>n$ to hop on & (f ! l[e/ spe$ f ! /ation>y pavem5t1 & f ! l[] spe$s to ! high]1 )\t dang]4 ,:5 /reets cross1 "o roll+ roadway w rise 9 a curve ov] ! o!r4 ,!re w be no vehicul> traffic at all 9 cities ( any size2 all ! transportation w be done by ! roads' own motion4 ,9 small] t[ns1 & = gett+ f "o t[n to ano!r1 automatic motor-c>s w exi/1 co9-work$4 ,a man :o wi%es to travel w /ep into a motor-c>1 drop into a slot-ma*9e ! co9 :i* repres5ts ! hire ( ! c> = ! di/ance he wants to travel1 & assume control4 ,"h aga9 ! progress ( man w come into play4 ,ev]yone w "k h[ to drive a motor-c> safely4 ,if y d\bt x1 consid] = a mom5t ! position ( a man ( #ahjj sudd5ly transport$ into a /reet ( mod]n ,london4 ,he w\ld nev] be able to cross x2 ! ru% ( omnibuses1 motors & bicycles w\ld confuse & fright5 him4 ,imag9e ! same man try+ to use ! und]gr\nd railways ( to-day1 or to get up to t[n f a busy suburb 9 ! morn+4 ,he w\ld ei!r be kill$ out ( h& or left beh9d altoge!r f %e] inability to ent] ! tra94 ,we may safely suppose t ! ocean %ips ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce w be driv5 by en]gy ( "s k9d transmitt$ f ! %ores on ei!r side4 ,x is absolutely unque/ionable t no m>9e eng9e 9 ! lea/ resembl+ :at we "k to-day c meet ! requirem5ts ( ! new age4 ,! exp5se ( driv+ a /eam%ip increases 9 su* a ratio to its size & spe$ t ! economic limits ( /eam propulsion are =ese54 ,probably ! %ips ( ,a4,d4 #bjjj w diff] entirely 9 appe>ance f ^? we "k4 ,j z road friction is ! bugbe> ( ! railway eng9e]1 s wat]-resi/ance is ! bugbe> ( ! m>9e eng9e]4 ,! %ips ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce w n lie 9 ! wat]4 ,!y w t[] above ! surface1 m]ely skimm+ x ) _! keels1 & ! only eng9es !y w c>ry w be ^? :i* receive & utilise ! en]gy transmitt$ to !m f ! p[]-h\ses a%ore--p]haps work$ by ! =ce ( ! v tides ( ! conqu]$ ocean itself4 ,! h\s+ problem is s intimately & visibly connect$ 9 our m9ds ) ! gr[? ( population t ! m vital entanglem5t ( ! latt] ) ! food "q is h>dly p]ceptible except to economic exp]ts4 ,! ord9>y newspap] read] is n 9 a position to trace ! intimate significance ( prices2 inde$1 he (t5 reg>ds x z r a good ?+ t :eat %\ld fet* a good price p] qu>t]1 =gett+ t l[ prices = commodities mean increas$ pur*as+ p[] = money1 & a bett] /&>d ( life = ! p4 ,:5 su* elem5t>y implications z ?is are ov]look$1 x is h>dly rem>kable t ! m obscure connection ( population ) prices is nev] ?\ght (4 ,yet x is obvi\s t unless ! s\rces ( supply increase m rapidly ?an ! consum+ population1 prices mu/ rise--9 o!r words1 ! pur*as+ p[] ( money mu/ dim9i%4 ,wages1 to "s ext5t1 w no d\bt rise also1 b z competition s]i\sly affects ! m>kets = manufactur$ goods & ma*9]y1 & ! increase ( population n only t5ds to raise prices ( commodities1 b also re/ricts ! rise ( wages1 relief w h to be f\nd 9 economies ( v>i\s sorts4 ,! /&>d ( com=t 9 work+ families mu/ improve consid]ably2 p>tly because ! dem& = improvem5t1 tak+ ! %ape ( indu/rial comb9ation & trade-unionism develop$ to a high degree1 w be m & m clamor\s2 p>tly because ( public feel+4 ,:at is curr5tly call$ ! gr[? ( s5tim5talism 9 mod]n life is really ! developm5t ( mod]n consci5ce4 ,no d\bt ! abolition ( judicial torture 0 at "o "t reg>d$ z a m>k ( absurd s5tim5tality2 & ! op9ion has already be5 express$ t a va/ amelioration ( public morality is 9 /ore = ! new age4 ,a great elem5t 9 ! conflict betwe5 com=t on ! "o h& & competition on ! o!r w be economy ( means4 ,t is :y ! new age w1 among o!r ?+s1 be an age ( economy4 ,9 ! matt] ( food1 *iefly1 a great sav+ c be effect$4 ,no?+ is m pa9fully ludicr\s--,i use ! incongru\s collocution advis$ly--?an ! spectacle e w9t] ( money be+ labori\sly accumulat$ = ! provision ( free meals = ! poor1 & sp5t1 to a great ext5t1 s wa/efully z on meat s\ps & :ite bread4 ,! crass ignorance ( ! poor1 :o w n t\* :olemeal bread1 & inde$ reg>d ! (f] ( x z some?+ 9 ! nature ( an insult2 & :o _c be induc$ to believe t meat is "o ( ! lea/ satisfactory & mo/ exp5sive =ms ( n\ri%m5t1 is ( c\rse responsible 9 great "p = ?is error4 ,if we w\ld get our nitrog5 f pulses1 nuts1 & use vegetable fats d]iv$ f nuts1 & bread made f entire :eat-k]nels f9ely gr\nd 7in/ead ( be+ only half gr\nd z 9 mo/ br[n breads7 #b our free d9n] *>ities w\ld be able to fe$ at lea/ twice or ?ree times z _m p = e p\nd collect$ z !y d at pres5t4 ,b ! proposal w\ld probably excite an outcry & we %\ld he> t ! poor 7 be+ treat$ z animals & t we fa9 w\ld fill _! bellies ) ! husks t ! sw9e d eat4 ,b all k9ds ( influ5ces w t5d to elim9ate fle% f ! diet>y ( ! new age4 ,gr[+ s5tim5talism1 already 9 arms aga9/ ! use ( animals = highly necess>y sci5tific inve/igations1 w1 z x develops1 be revolt$ by ! idea ( kill+ = food2 & ! ref9em5t ( ! future w come to reg>d ! eat+ ( dead bodies z v little bett] ?an cannibalism4 ,moreov]1 ! con/antly increas+ dem& ( ! new age ^u bodily & n]v\s en]gies w call = n\ri%m5t suit$ to _! supply4 ,?is1 & ! wa/efulness ( second-h& food1 w bani% all fle% f ! bill ( f>e4 ,fi% w be eat5 long] ?an meat4 ,b m ?an any?+ else1 ! ne$ = economy w re=m our d9n]-tables1 & ev5tually all food w h to be obta9$ directly f ! soil1 if we are to h food en\gh to n\ri% our ov]gr[n population at all4 ,we %all n be able to af=d to wa/e ! gr\nd on pa/urage4 ,we mu/ use x to produce c]eals1 nuts & fruits1 :i* are n only a mu* m remun]ative crop1 b w also use up 9 _! assimilation f> less n]v\s & peptic en]gy--en]gy :i* we %all ne$ to make ! mo/ (4 ,! c]eal foods--products ( :eat1 b>ley1 maize1 & p]haps /ill 7to a c]ta9 ext5t7 oats--:i* w =m ! /aple ( our diet1 w be p>tially cook$ at ! gran>ies by dry heat2 !y w ne$ v little treatm5t at home4 ,vegetables1 cook$1 n 9 ! wa/eful mann] n[ 9 vogue1 b by cons]vative me?ods :i* w pres]ve _! valuable sal9e con/itu5ts1 w h to be prep>$ 9 our own kit*5s2 b pulse 9 v>i\s =ms 7z pease1 l5til fl\r1 etc47 w be suppli$ to u almo/ :olly cook$4 ,a *eap1 n\ri%+ & delici\s diet>y w ?us be made available4 ,f9ally1 ! read] w n be unprep>$ = ! op9ion t alcohol1 z a bev]age1 mu/ inevitably disappe>4 ,n only because ! price ( intoxicants is an unproductive exp5diture 7& we %all h to be m & m ?rifty z "t goes on7 b because ! n]ves ( ! new age w\ld nev] /& !m1 mu/ all alcoholic bev]ages be reg>d$ z de/9$ to obsolesc5ce3 & ! legislative aspect ( ?is "q mu/ pres5tly be t\*$ ^u4 ,already a consid]able "p ( ! p1 9 no way influ5c$ by ! illogical idea t ! abuse ( a commodity by "o class calls = ! ab/5tion f x ( ano!r1 refra9s f alcohol simply because its use inflicts too great a /ra9 on ! sy/em4 ,a good _m p ev5 n[ f9d x necess>y to ab/a9 f tea or f c(fee = precisely simil> reasons2 :ile ! highly-organis$ n]v\s sy/ems ( o!rs f9d 9 ! latt] a /imulant capable ( all ! advantages ( alcohol 7& !y are _m7 & n )\t "s ( its p5alties4 ,i ?9k x q likely t :5 alcohol is gone1 ! n]ves ( ! future may f9d x necess>y to place ! sale ( tea & ( c(fee "u re/rictions simil> to ^? at pres5t inflict$ ^u ! trade 9 alcohol3 & x is q c]ta9 t morphia1 coca9e1 *loral1 p]haps e!r1 & simil> products1 w h to be v jeal\sly safegu>d$ )9 ! next few ye>s4 ,diff]+ f _m writ]s1 ,i d n reg>d ?is developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em z a m>k ( deg5]ation4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a "p ( ! great & rapid adaptation :i* is b\nd to take place 9 ! con/itution ( man himself #c to ! rapidly-*ang+ conditions ( 8 environm5t1 8 life1 & ! duties he w h to fulfil4 ,to ov]look ! c]ta9ty ( su* adaptations is to be bl9d to all hi/ory1 & especially to all rec5t hi/ory4 ,! m5 & wom5 ( ! new age w diff] f ourselves 9 mu* ! same sort ( way z we diff] f our great-gr&fa!rs4 ,!y w diff] m only because ! progress ( ! c5tury :i* we h lately begun w be s mu* m rapid & v>i\s ?an ^? ( ! c5tury be=e--itself ! p]iod ( enorm\sly ! greate/ *anges s9ce ! _w began to be civilis$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,man ,,( ,,bus9ess ,:atev] *anges may take place 9 ! organisation ( society dur+ ! pres5t c5tury1 we may reg>d x z c]ta9 t ! folk :o ,rise up to buy & sell aga9 w be always ) u4 ,! man ( bus9ess w possess _m conv5i5ces d5i$ to ! city man ( to-day4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 to be suppos$ t ! inord9ate defects ( ev5 ! be/ telephone sy/ems w be elim9at$4 ,:5 wireless communication ( ideas has be5 p]fect$1 ( c\rse ! telephone ex*ange w disappe>4 ,diff]5tial tun+--! process by :i* any wireless telephone w be able to be br\ght1 z transmitt]1 into correspond5ce ) any o!r wireless telephone1 z receiv]--w enable e m]*ant to call up e o!r m]*ant4 ,in/ead (1 z at pres5t1 look+ up 8 associate's numb] 9 ! directory1 & gett+ connect$ by ! clumsy junction ( wires at an ex*ange (fice1 ! m]*ant w look up ! tun+-=mula1 adju/ 8 own telephone to x1 & r+ a bell1 or o!rwise employ means = attract+ ! att5tion ( ! man he wants to speak to4 ,z a great proportion ( all ! bus9ess transact$ w be done by telephones ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( disputes z to :at has or has n be5 said 9 a giv5 conv]sation w h r5d]$ safegu>ds necess>y4 ,consequ5tly1 e telephone w be atta*$ to an in/rum5t1 develop$ f ! phonograph1 :i* w record :atev] is said at bo? ends ( ! l9e4 ,precautions w h to be devis$ aga9/ eavesdropp+4 ,aft] communication is e/abli%$1 probably bo? p>ties to a conv]sation w retune _! in/rum5ts to a fre% pit*1 :i*1 9 cases requir+ special secrecy1 c\ld be privately agre$ ^u be=eh&4 ,! =m :i* ! records above sugge/$ w ultimately assume mu/ be a matt] ( conjecture4 ,x is q possible t ! writt5 ^w may 9 all dep>tm5ts ( life lose "s ( its pres5t vital importance4 ,we may imag9e1 if we *oose1 t in/ead ( creat+ records :i* c be read1 we may f9d x advisable to create records t c be li/5$ to3 & "s ( ! app>5t inconv5i5ces ( ?is sub/itution may easily be suppos$ to be disp5s$ )4 ,! h&9ess ( a writt5 memor&um is l>gely a matt] ( habit4 ,a practis$ eye c skim a long docum5t1 & ei!r ?r\gh ! use ( black-type headl9es1 or by pure skill1 alight ^u exactly ! passage requir$2 & if x 7 necess>y1 9 ord] to f9d a giv5 passage1 to li/5 to ! :ole docum5t be+ read ov] by ! record+ phonograph1 no d\bt mu* "t w\ld be lo/4 ,we %all n be s extremely intol]ant ( loss ( "t1 p]haps1 9 ! new age1 z "s p imag9e3 b 9 any case1 if ! spe$ ( ! phonograph be imag9$ z adju/able1 x w be p]ceiv$ t we c\ld !n make x gabble p>rotwise ov] ! iness5tial1 & let x l+] ) m delib]ation ov] :at we want$ to assure ourselves (4 ,we c\ld ev5 skip useless portions--"o c d ?is ) phonographs already 9 use4 ,probably su* aural records may be made capable ( acceptance 9 c\rts ( law1 & ! maxim v]bum auditum manet w take ! place ( a well-kn[n prov]b ( our day4 ,v likely bus9ess lett]s may "s day take ! =m ( conv5i5tly-%ap$ tablets1 made ( "s pla/ic mat]ial1 & capable ( be+ utilis$ by means ( a talk+ ma*9e4 ,or if ^! *anges seem too *im]ical1 we may essay ! m difficult task ( conceiv+ a means by :i* ! spok5 ^w may be directly translatable into pr9t or typewrit+4 ,! wa/e ( "t & en]gy entail$ by ! pres5t plan ( dictat+ :at we want to say to a /5ograph] or into a phonograph1 = subsequ5t transcription1 r5d]s "s sort ( improvem5t urg5tly ne$ful2 nor are ^! wa/es ! only grievance1 z ! introduction ( a second p]sonality into ! op]ation ( record+ spee* introduces a simultane\s possibility ( error1 & an outrage\s wa/e ( "t is caus$ by ! necessity ( read+ ov] :at "o has dictat$ labori\sly to a /5ograph] or into a phonograph1 to make sure t x is correctly transcrib$4 ,x is obvi\sly a mu* m difficult matt] to translate spee* directly into pr9t$ words ?an to translate x into some?+ :i* may aga9 produce ! s\nds ( spee*4 ,! fir/ /ep w\ld be ! inv5tion ( some?+ :i* w\ld pr9t a phonetic repres5tation ( spee*--z1 = in/ance1 %or?& ( ! k9d inv5t$ by ,sir ,isaac ,pitman4 ,ev5 ?is requires u to imag9e ma*9]y ( a k9d ^: v rudim5ts d n at pres5t exi/4 ,inde$1 we c only conceive su* an in/rum5t by ! use ( ! supposition t "s entirely new manipulation ( s\nd-waves w be discov]$2 & if we conceive t1 !re is no p>ticul> reason :y we %\ld hesitate be=e ! notion ( spee* directly translat$ into pr9t su* z we use 9 ev]yday life4 ,if we are go+ to limit ! possibilities ( ! future by ! actual a*ievem5ts ( ! pres5t1 we %all c]ta9ly fall %ort ( any adequate notion ( :at a hundr$ ye>s' accel]at$ progress may be capable (3 & ,i d n see :]e9 ! direct reproduction sugge/$ is any m inconceivable ?an1 = example1 telephony1 or ev5 photography1 mu/ h be5 to a man ( a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! greate/ dang] att5d+ our attempt to preconceive ! am5ities ( ! next c5tury is t we may limit our expectations too n>r[ly4 ,on ?is gr\nd1 p]haps1 ,i may be ?\ght too cauti\s 9 assum+ t ! pres5t =m ( alphabetical writ+ & pr9t+ w survive at all4 ,b !re are two ?+s :i* seem likely to give x p]man5ce4 ,! fir/1 ( c\rse1 is lit]ature4 ,if we adopt an entirely new =m ( writ+ & pr9t+ = g5]al use1 we mu/ ei!r set to "w to translate all our lit]ature into x1 !reby probably los+ "s =mal beauties :i* ! culture ( ! _w w n cons5t to sacrifice2 or we mu/ make up our m9ds to use 7z ! ,japanese d at pres5t7 two k9ds ( writ+ concurr5tly2 & ! difficulty ( ov]com+ ! va/ in]tia ( ! human m9d 7:i* alone /ill suffices to exclude f ,engli% comm]ce s obvi\sly conv5i5t an innovation z decimal co9age7 w probably negative ?is4 ,?is in]tia is ! second consid]ation likely to give p]man5ce to our pres5t =m ( ,engli% alphabetical writ+4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! conv5i5ce ( direct wireless telephony w c]ta9ly1 :5 supplem5t$ by records ( :atev] k9d1 greatly facilitate comm]ce4 ,! t$i\s process ( writ+ a lett]1 po/+ x1 & await+ ! reply1 at pres5t p]si/$ 9 *iefly because x is s necess>y to h "s sort ( docum5t>y evid5ce ( :at has pass$1 w be l>gely disp5s$ ) :5 we c secure an automatic record ( :at we say4 ,ne>ly ev]y?+ w be done by ^w ( m\?4 ,! great inconv5i5ce1 ap>t f ! abs5ce ( record1 :i* atta*es to transactions or negotiations by telephone at ! pres5t day1 is t a telephonic conv]sation is n ne>ly s satisfactory z a p]sonal int]view face to face4 ,ge/ure1 attitude1 ! language ( face & eyes1 all d s mu* to elucidate communication 9 ! latt] way1 t we lose a great deal :5 we meet an associate at ! o!r end ( a telephone wire4 ,well1 ! telephone ( ! new age w remove ?is drawback1 or r x w be supplem5t$ by some?+ :i* w d s4 ,?is inv5tion1 n at all difficult to imag9e1 ,i w call provisionally ! teleautoscope4 ,x w no d\bt h "s "n equally b>b>\s4 ,! teleautoscope c be expla9$ 9 a s+le s5t5ce4 ,x w be an in/rum5t = see+ by electricity4 ,:atev] is be=e ! transmitt+ teleautoscope w be visible be=e ! receiv+ teleautoscope wirelessly en rapport ) ! =m]4 ,?us by telephone1 by phonograph1 & by teleautoscope1 a wireless conv]sation w comb9e all ! advantages ( a p]sonal int]view & a writt5 correspond5ce4 ,no d\bt ! po/-(fice sy/em ( ?is c\ntry1 despite occasional lapses1 is z ne>ly p]fect z any human in/itution1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( society1 c be reasonably expect$ to be4 ,b x is equally c]ta9 t 9 s f> z po/al communication is requir$ at all 9 ! new age x w h to be va/ly improv$ bo? z to spe$ & precision1 comp>$ ) :at we n[1 sometimes r ?anklessly1 enjoy4 ,= in/ance1 t impati5t age w c]ta9ly n tol]ate ! inconv5i5ce ( hav+ to s5d out to po/ its lett]s & p>cels1 or ! t>d9ess ( hav+ ^! articles sort$ & pass$ on = deliv]y only at int]vals ( half an h\r or s4 ,we may take x = grant$ t e well-equipp$ bus9ess (fice w be 9 direct communication1 by means ( l>ge-calibr$ pneumatic tubes1 ) ! ne>e/ po/-(fice4 ,& h[ev] rapidly & h[ev] frequ5tly ! tra9s or air%ips ( ! p]iod may travel1 ! process ( mak+ up van loads ( mail matt] = despat* to remote c5tres1 & r$i/ribution !re1 is f> too clumsy = :at comm]ce w dem& a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,no d\bt ! soil ( e civilis$ c\ntry w be p]meat$ by va/ networks ( pneumatic tubes3 & all lett]s & p>cels w be ?us di/ribut$ at a spe$ h>dly cr$ible to-day4 ,already e bank ( any importance probably uses calculat+ ma*9es4 ,x is n likely t ! fatigu+ & unc]ta9 process ( hav+ ari?metical calculations ( any sort p]=m$ 9 ! bra9s ( cl]ks w survive ! improvem5ts ( :i* ^! ma*9es are capable4 ,acc\nt books1 invoices1 & all simil> docum5ts w d\btless be writt5 by a conv5i5t & comp5di\s =m ( comb9$ calculat+ ma*9e & typewrit]1 :i* we may suppose to be call$ ! num]oscriptor4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be capable ( writ+ any:]e--on a book or on a loose %eet1 on a flat surface or on an irregul> "o4 ,x w make any k9d ( calculation requir$4 ,ev5 su* op]ations z ! weigh+ & measurem5t ( goods w all be done by automatic ma*9]y1 #d capable ( record+ )\t any possibility ( error ! quantity & values ( goods submitt$ to its op]ation4 ,naturally transport w be ! subject ( some?+ l a r5asc5ce4 ,s f> z inl& communication goes1 ! *ief difficulties to be ov]come already call l\dly = am5dm5t4 ,we _c = m ?an a decade or s make d ) ! pres5t railway tracks1 & ei!r 7z already h9t$7 by means ( "s inv5tion to enable tra9s to run "o above ano!r1 or by "s entirely new c>ry+ device su* z ,i w n[ try to sugge/1 ! new age w c]ta9ly sup]s$e or supplem5t ! transport ( to-day4 ,! device mo/ likely to be adopt$1 9 ! ne> future at all ev5ts1 is some?+ 9 ! nature ( elevat$ trottoirs r\lants = goods4 ,if we c conceive all ! cities ( a c\ntry to be l9k$-up by a sy/em ( great ov]ways1 we h at all ev5ts a feasible solution ( ! difficulty4 ,!re c\ld be a d\ble r[ ( tall1 massive pill>s1 betwe5 :i* c\ld run a wide track1 always 9 motion at consid]able spe$4 ,x ne$ n be a lightn+ spe$4 ,mo/ ( ! t>d9ess ( railway transportation does n1 9 ?is c\ntry at all ev5ts1 arise f sl[ness ( tra9s1 b f conge/ion at goods /ations1 & ?is 9 turn is due1 p>tly to insuffici5cy ( roll+ /ock1 b mu* m to insuffici5cy ( p]man5t way4 ,! latt] evil is v difficult to cope )4 ,b ! sy/em ( mov+ ways1 provid+ a roll+ /ock equal 9 l5g? to ! l9e itself1 w be a great sav+4 ,return+ ^u itself ! endless track w cont9u\sly transport m]*&ise 9 bo? directions4 ,elevators1 suitably plac$1 w give access to x :]ev] ne$$4 ,probably ! motive p[] w be electrical3 & we may confid5tly anticipate entirely new s\rces ( electricity4 ,x is obvi\sly clumsy to create p[] 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 conv]t p[] into electricity 7,i use popul> language71 & !n conv]t electricity back aga9 into p[]4 ,mu* m hopeful ?an any idea ( develop+ t me?od w\ld be ! conception ( new ways ( creat+ & apply+ motive-p[] directly4 ,b1 almo/ c]ta9ly1 electricity1 obta9$ 9 "s new way1 w d ! "w ( ! _w = _m g5]ations yet--until1 9 fact1 we devise or discov] some?+ m conv5i5t4 ,x w h be5 p]ceiv$ t ne>ly e improvem5t & innovation above sket*$ out involves1 & w be inde$ design$ to effect1 great sav+ ( lab\r4 ,) su* economies1 & an increas$ population1 !re is evid5tly go+ to be a difficulty ab\t employm5t4 ,moreov]1 ! great facilities enjoy$ by comm]ce w t5d to make comm]ce extremely p[]ful4 ,already great organis]s ( bus9ess beg9 to evade competition by comb9+ 9 va/ tru/s1 ^: t5d5cy is to make ! ri* ri*] & ! poor poor]4 ,!re is a fur!r cause = ! aggr&isem5t ( ! l>ge trad] & manufactur] at ! exp5se ( ! petty retail deal]4 ,m & m e ye> ! unprogressive me?ods ( small %opkeep]s fo/] ! success ( l>ge multiple retail]s4 ,b x is likely t retail bus9esses1 :e!r great or small1 w ultimately t5d to be elim9at$4 ,manufactur]s & tru/ companies w supply ! public directly4 ,:at1 !n1 w be ! solution ( ! great social difficulties ab\t to be creat$8 ,! answ] is1 t ^! difficulties1 & especially ! developm5ts above confid5tly pr$ict$ = a future comp>atively ne>1 are probably transi5t 9 _! nature4 ,x is n yet ! "t to discuss political que/ions3 b ! problem "h directly rais$ dem&s a few words ( reassurance f ! pr(ess$ optimi/4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! great social & political dang]s involv$ 9 s enorm\s an aggr&isem5t ( ! comm]cial & manufactur+ class z we %all mo/ ( u live to witness4 ,:at is call$ ! problem ( ! unemploy$ gr[s e ye> m difficult & less obvi\sly hopeful4 ,moreov]1 ! conc5tration ( great weal? 9 a few h&s is 9 itself a political dang]1 ev5 ap>t f ! fact t x implies widespread impov]i%m5t4 ,!re are dang]s ( corrupt legislation1 = in/ance1 & o!r dang]s too4 ,b !re w be ano!r great =ce at "w 9 :i* may be =ese5 ! solution ( _m difficulties beside ?is4 ,:5 public education becomes rationalis$2 :5 x is employ$ *iefly z a means ( "*-mak+2 :5 ! univ]sal education ( mank9d has ! effect ( turn+ out m5 & wom5 capable ( ?9k+1 & n m]ely ( rememb]+1 ! teem+ population ( ! work+ class w beg9 to ex]cise an intellig5t influ5ce on ! legislature--:i* at pres5t x c]ta9ly _c be said to d4 ,& "o ?+ :i* ! intellig5tly-elect$ ,p>liam5ts ( ! new age w assur$ly discov] is ?is pr9ciple3 t x is n good = ! ,/ate t any "o man1 or any "o associat$ body ( m51 %\ld possess an inord9ate am\nt ( weal?4 #e ,once ?is pr9ciple is discov]$ & act$ ^u2 once x is illegal = any p]son or corporation to be seis$ ( m ?an a c]ta9 fix$ capital2 ! dang]s ( inconv5i5t aggr&isem5t w vani%4 ,nor is ?is pr9ciple 9 any way unprogressive or injuri\s to ! commonweal?4 ,x is1 9 fact1 n ev5 injuri\s to ! individuals affect$4 ,no reasonably-enlight5$ be+ c pret5d t a s5sible h>d%ip w\ld be inflict$ on millionaires by be+ =bidd5 to pile ,pelion ^u ,ossa 9 _! pres5t insane mann]4 ,a v ri* man1 compell$ to desi/ f ! accumulation ( weal?1 & consequ5tly driv5 to ! task ( f9d+ out h[ to enjoy x intellig5tly1 w\ld be almo/ inf9itely bett] (f = ?is con/ra9t4 ,! effect ( ! ord9ance = ! limitation ( weal? w be to remove all temptation to conc5trate manufactures 9 a few h&s4 ,x w op5 ! doors %ut by tru/ companies on competition4 ,x w multiply factories ( mod]ate & conv5i5t size3 & "o o!r effect ( x w be to improve _m manufactur+ processes 9 !mselves4 ,!re are a great _m ?+s :i* c be *eaply turn$ out 9 uni=m bat*es1 e article exactly ! c\nt]p>t ( e o!r1 hide\s 9 economical uni=mity1 because !y all emanate f "o or two great factories1 :i*1 if ! manufacture ( !m 7 di/ribut$ ov] a numb] ( small factories1 w\ld1 f ?is circum/ance alone1 & f ! /ress ( :olesome competition1 be greatly improv$4 ,probably _m indu/ries1 desirable 9 !mselves1 b driv5 out ( successful be+ by our pres5t sy/em ( conc5trat$ manufactur+1 w\ld revive4 ,crafts ( :at we call regretfully ! good old k9ds w\ld spr+ up1 rejuv5at$3 *eap uni=mity w\ld cease to be ! pr9cipal ideal ( manufacture4 ,! p w\ld be able to af=d agreeable furniture1 ut5sils1 decorations1 & h\sehold goods ( all k9ds1 :]e !y n[ h to put up ) horrible b *eap make%ifts4 ,= "o great advantage ( ! ord9ance j pr$ict$ mu/ n be lo/ sight (4 ,:5 y re/ra9 ! ri* f becom+ inord9ately ri*]1 y concurr5tly save ! poor f be+ made proportionately poor]4 ,?is ideal1 x %\ld be rem>k$1 is 9 no s5se sociali/ic4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 ! natural developm5t ( individualism4 ,h>dly less c]ta9 is x t be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5ty-fir/ c5tury all manufactures & all comm]ce w be co-op]ative1 ! work]s 9 e indu/ry be+ paid1 n by fix$ wages1 b by a %>e 9 ! produce ( _! lab\r4 ,in/ead ( ! pr(it ( all trade & manufacture be+ secur$ to ! manag]s & own]s ( l&s1 ma*9]y1 transport & o!r comm]cial utilities2 :ile lab\r1 ! equally necess>y & inde$ ! prepond]ant elem5t ( production1 is reckon$ z a m]e elem5t ( co/1 9 ! =m ( wages2 ! pr(it w be %>$ all r\nd4 ,! m prosp]\s ! ent]prise1 ! m money ! work]s w receive4 ,no man w be able to gr[ ri* by sweat+ 8 workm54 ,nei!r w ! pres5t degrad+ temptation = e workman to p]=m 8 task z p]functorily & z lazily z he c1 s long z he does n get dismiss$ f "w altoge!r1 survive ?is re=m4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w be directly wor? e man's :ile to d 8 "w z well z he possibly c4 ,! dignity ( lab\r--a phrase n[ ju/ly mock$--w become an elevat+ & delightful practicality4 ,a great _m articles ( ev]yday use w be bett] made ?an x is possible to get !m made to-day4 ,! spectacle ( ! produc]s ( weal? h]d+ 9 squalid cab9s1 clo!d 9 ! rags ( ca/-(f clo?+1 eat+ g>bage1 enjoy+ no?+ b intoxication1 w give way to a m :olesome & natural /ate ( affairs4 ,nor w ! own]s ( ma*9]y1 ( factories & ! l long oppose ?is developm5t4 ,:at are call$ lab\r-tr\bles w cease to exi/ :5 ! int]e/ ( employ] & employ$ is id5tical4 ,! problem ( ! unemploy$ w solve itself4 ,leisure1 & an opportunity to employ leisure wisely1 w h be5 be/[$ ^u ! poor z well z we h se5 t x w be be/[$ ^u ! ri*4 ,a man w h no ne$ to sp5d practically all ! unfatigu$ h\rs ( e day at ! b5*1 ! loom1 or ! la!4 ,he w want recreation4 ,:ile "o bat* ( m5 is seek+ ?is !re w be an opportunity = o!r bat*es to "w4 ,& "w itself1 once x is "w = an intellig5t objective1 once x is "w t !re is a compreh5sible reason = try+ to execute z well z x c possibly be execut$1 w lose mu* ( its irksom5ess--to ! va/ improvem5t alike ( ! product & ! produc]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,cult ,,( ,,pleasure ,c]ta9 pr$ictions 9 ! =ego+ *apt] w h sugge/$ to all :o accept !m t ! cultivation ( pleasure mu/ occupy a l>ge "p ( ! en]gy ( ! new age4 ,f ! mom5t :5 m51 suffici5tly a/ute & purposeful to accumulate enorm\s =tunes if !y 7 p]mitt$ to d s1 are requir$ by law to desi/ f useless & injuri\s money-gett+1 a va/ am\nt ( +5uity w be div]t$ to ! developm5t ( ! useless4 ,! skill exp5d$ ^u money-mak+--& let x be admitt$ frankly t1 h[ev] unscrupul\s "o may be1 x is n easy to become a millionaire--w be turn$ to ! task1 almo/ equally difficult1 ( sp5d+ x satisfactorily4 ,we may consid] x z practically c]ta9 t ! pleasures ( ! new age w be l>gely intellectual 9 _! nature4 ,! /upidity ( m]ely s5sual pleasures w revolt ! intellig5ce ( ! future4 ,a?letic sports ( "s k9d1 facilitat$ by c]ta9 inv5tions :i* c easily be =ese51 w no d\bt be a s\rce ( mu* enjoym5t1 ?\gh ! gr[+ g5tl5ess ( mank9d w aboli%1 z b>b>\s1 games :i* take ! =m ( modifi$ assault1 z football1 box+1 wre/l+1 f5c+ & ! l4 ,we %all c]ta9ly acquire a great di/a/e = fight+ 9 any =m :5 gr[+ humanit>ianism %all h put an end to w>--a developm5t :i* may confid5tly be pr$ict$ = ! pres5t c5tury4 ,simil>ly--,am ,i ,god1 to kill & to make alive8--we %all cease to take life = our amusem5t2 z1 = s5tim5tal & o!r reasons1 x has be5 %[n t we %all cease to kill = food4 ,:at !n w be our games8 ,"o ( ! mo/ likely in/rum5ts ( sport w no d\bt be ! small fly+-ma*9e4 ,x is n 9 ! lea/ probable1 s f> z c at pres5t be =ese51 t purely arial & self-direct$ vehicles = purposes ( travel or transportation w be a feature ( ! new civilisation4 ,! dang]s & inconv5i5ce ( l>ge aro/ats are less accid5ts ( imp]fect inv5tion ?an inh]5t difficulties ( ! subject4 ,x is v probable t "s means ( propell+ self-support$ vehicles betwe5 guideways may be discov]$4 ,b1 z x is n at all likely t any means ( susp5d+ ! effect ( air-resi/ance c ev] be devis$1 a fly+-ma*9e mu/ always be sl[ & cumb]some4 ,travel & transportation1 to be attractive 9 ! new age1 mu/ be rapid 9 ! extreme4 ,%ips no d\bt w skim ! surface ( ! sea in/ead ( re/+ ^u x4 ,b air-%ips are n v likely to be any?+ b a sort ( va/ toy1 )91 at all ev5ts1 ! next hundr$ ye>s4 ,b1 z a means ( amusem5t1 ! idea ( arial travel has great promise4 ,small "o-man fly+-ma*9es1 or ! arial c\nt]p>t ( t&em bicycles1 w no d\bt be common en\gh4 ,we %all fly = pleasure2 & j z ?\s&s ( work+ m5 & wom5 n[ take a ,saturday-aft]noon sp9 on a bicycle1 s !y w g = a sky-trip1 & visit int]e/+ m\nta9-tops = 7non-alcoholic7 picnics4 ,! bicycle or ! motor-cycle w p]haps be ! po9t ( developm5t4 ,x is q c]ta9 t )9 ! next t5 or fifte5 ye>s "s means w h be5 discov]$ by :i* we c ride on a s+le :eel4 ,! sav+ ( weight ?us effect$ w g a long way t[>ds surm\nt+ ! flight problem4 ,!n1 :5 motor-unicycles are pres5tly propell$ by =ce transmitt$ 79 ! same way z ,m>coni's telegrams7 f a fix$ p[]-h\se1 ! difficulty ( flight w be )9 sight ( an easy solution4 ,any compet5t me*anician ( ! pres5t day c\ld design a fly+-ma*9e if ! m]e weight ( ! motive appliance c\ld be ov]come4 ,:5 ! motor is fix$ on t]ra firma1 & ! vehicle only ne$s to c>ry a device = utilis+ ! !ric waves :i* ! s\rce ( p[] wirelessly transmits1 flight w be at lea/ z simple a matt] z wireless telegraphy is to-day4 ,:5 x is possible to cross ! ,atlantic 9 a day by means ( surface-rid+ %ips1 propell$1 l ! fly+-ma*9es1 by !ric =ce1 ! field ( amusem5t w be va/ly increas$1 & al?\gh 7z ,i %all %[7 x w no long] be necess>y to travel 9 ord] to see ! sights ( any "p ( ! _w1 ! pleasure ( be+ pres5t at ! actual ev5ts ( life 9 diff]5t c\ntries w probably nev] pall4 ,s long z any p>ts ( ! _w rema9 comp>atively unfamili>1 "y m5 & maid5s w love travel4 ,:5 x is possible1 wrapp$ 9 w>m wooll5s & provid$ ) portable heat+-appliances1 to pay a %ort visit to ! ,arctic circle & enjoy ! mat*less spectacle ( ! ,aurora ,borealis amid ! awe-compell+ obscurities ( ! ,pol> night3 :51 ) ev5 less inconv5i5ce1 we c take a trip to ! tropics & witness1 "h ! un*angeable processes ( ,nature's luxuriance1 !re ! p]haps immutable cons]vatism ( ! ,ea/1 ! new leisure ( ! com+ "t w h great /ores ( recreation = ^? happy en\gh to live 9 ! dawn+ tw5ty-fir/ c5tury4 ,! m di/9ctively intellectual pleasures ( ! new age w be mu* subs]v$ by "o class ( inv5tion1 ( :i* ! rudim5ts already exi/4 ,by means ( ! phonograph we are able1 n v p]fectly1 to reproduce z (t5 z we desire s\nds creat$ 9 fav\rable circum/ances4 ,by v>i\s k9ds ( k9etoscope we c reproduce a rudim5t>y sort ( picture ( an ev5t :i* has tak5 place 9 a good light4 ,b :5 ! phonograph has be5 develop$1 :5 mov+ pictures h be5 p]fect$1 :at a va/ implem5t ( amusem5t may be =ese56 ,ea* ( ^! inv5tions is comp>atively new4 ,if we imag9e ! discov]y ( means1 develop$ f ! phonograph1 by :i* any s\nds :i* h once exi/$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a record+ ma*9e c be reproduc$ at w1 n 9 a make%ift sort ( way1 b )\t any loss ( timbre & quality1 ) p]fect articulation :]e articulation is necess>y1 ) exactly correct "t-regulation automatically det]m9$ by ! fir/ enunciation1 & all ?is *eaply & comp5di\sly1 :at va/ res\rces ( cultur$ enjoym5t are (f]$ to ! lov] ( music6 ,h[ _m p1 d5i$ ! pleasure ( le>n+ to und]/& good music by ! difficulties & ex]tion att5dant ^u our infrequ5t & exp5sive conc]ts1 w become true lov]s & appreciators ( x6 ,= music is only to be really enjoy$ by ! av]age man :5 x is repeat$ly he>d1 repeat$ly consid]$4 ,c]ta9ly ! p ( ! new age w be epicures ( ! emotions :i* compreh5d$ music is s nobly capable ( /irr+4 ,no d\bt ! new age w h solv$1 9 a f> m satisfactory way ?an we h be5 able to solve z yet1 ! problem ( *romatic photography4 ,:5 col\r influ5ces photographic plates or "s contrivance sub/itut$ = !m1 n indirectly by a me*anical sort+-out ( t9ts1 b by affect+ directly ! optical prop]ties ( ! plates or :atev] may succe$ plates1 we %all h m>vell\sly accurate pictures4 #f ,nor is ?is all4 ,! k9etoscope1 z at pres5t exhibit$ "u v>i\s unpleas+ names1 is imp]fect 9 two ways3 fir/ because x is p[]less to reproduce col\r1 & secondly because x gives at be/ a m]e magic-lant]n picture viol5tly out ( focus1 & by its pulsatory motion horribly di/ress+ to ! eyes4 ,*romatic photography w ov]come ! =m] difficulty4 ,:5 we f9d out h[ to increase greatly ! receptive rapidity ( photographic emulsion )\t spoil+ :at photograph]s call ! gra9 ( x2 or :5 we h improv$1 z we e ye> are improv+1 ! optical qualities ( l5ses1 we %all be able to h our pictures 9 focus4 ,! di/ress+ flick] ( mov+ pictures is an objection purely me*anical 9 its cause4 ,b :51 z !y w be 9 a few ye>s1 all ^! objections except ! fir/ h be5 remov$1 & ev5 :5 we h col\r-photography 9 a true s5se ( ! ^w1 !re w /ill rema9 "o field to conqu]4 ,we mu/ h1 in/ead ( mov+ pictures1 some?+ :i* repres5ts all objects z solid4 ,! diff]5ce is ! diff]5ce betwe5 an ord9>y photograph & a highly-improv$ /]eoscopic picture magnifi$ to life-size4 ,:5 ^! advantages are atta9$ x w be possible to repres5t1 exactly z x happ5$1 any ev5t :i* has be5 suitably photograph$4 ,! utility ( ?is z a means ( intellig5t amusem5t w be at once p]ceiv$4 ,imag9e ! !atre ( ! future4 ,probably x w n be beyond ! means ( ! ri*1 ev5 :5 re/ra9$ f ov]-possession z x is evid5t t !y mu/ be1 to h !atre-rooms 9 _! own h\ses4 ,b ! masses w no d\bt g to ! !atre mu* z !y d n[4 ,only in/ead ( see+ a company ( actors & actresses1 m or less m$iocre1 engag$ 9 ! degrad+ task ( repeat+ "t aft] "t ! same words1 ! same ge/ures1 ! same actions1 !y w see ! p]=mance ( a complete /> company1 z once enact$ at its v be/1 reproduc$ z (t5 z x may be want$1 ! p]fect$ k9etoscope exhibit+ ! spectacle ( ! /age1 ! talk+ ma*9e & ! phonograph 7d\btless diff]5tiat$7 r5d]+ p]fectly ! voices ( ! actors & ! music ( ! or*e/ra4 ,!re w be no ne$ = ! employm5t ( inf]ior actors 9 ! small p>ts4 ,z ! production ( any play w only dem& t x be work$ up to ! po9t ( p]fection & !n p]=m$ once1 !re w be no difficulty 9 secur+ ! mo/ p]fect r5d]+ t x is capable (4 ,! actor's art w be imm5sely elevat$1 n only by 8 relief f ! drudg]y ( repeat$ p]=mance & by ! leisure ?us af=d$ him = /udy & reflection1 b also by ! removal ( :at is ke5ly felt by all play]s ( s5sibility & ambition z "o ( ! greate/ drawbacks ( ! /age4 ,we are accu/om$ to ! actor's compla9t t :]eas ! au?or1 ! sculptor1 ! pa9t]1 ! compos] ( music1 makes = himself a fame imp]i%able z ! products ( 8 art1 ! actor frets 8 h\r & disappe>s f ! /age1 to be promptly =gott5 by an ungrateful public4 ,well1 ! actor's art1 l ! art ( ! executant musician1 w h ! end[m5t ( p]man5cy4 ,& !re w be a magnific5t opportunity = ! actor z arti/1 9 t he w be able to comp>e himself & 8 fell[s ) ! actors :o are dead & c act no m4 ,x is probably true t ,irv+ is ! greate/ actor s9ce ,g>rick1 b :o c prove x8 ,! actor's art is transi5t to-day3 x w be p]man5t1 x w be classical1 9 ! next c5tury4 ,by ?is fact n only w ! pleasures ( ! !atre be made *eap1 conv5i5t & v>i$1 b ! art ( ! !atre w be va/ly improv$4 ,j z ! actor w be sp>$ ! drudg]y ( me*anical1 p>rotlike repetition1 s ! indiff]5t maid5s ( ! new age w h no ne$ to wa/e _! "t 9 le>n+ to play ^u musical in/rum5ts m or less imp]fectly4 ,no d\bt "s :o are n pr(essional musicians w d s = _! own pleasure4 ,b ! pr(essional executant himself w cease1 l ! actor1 to rank z a sort ( sup]ior h>lequ9 or p]=m+ animal1 exhibit+ 8 p[]s = ! div]sion ( an assembl$ public4 ,:at he has once play$ c1 if he *oose1 be con/antly repeat$4 ,! executant w be paid by a royalty on ea* reproduction1 :5 he is wise4 ,less prud5t arti/s w sell _! records = a lump sum1 j z ! un?rifty au?or sells 8 copyrights4 ,b let x be not$ t1 on ! assumption t ! reproduction is p]fect1 ! evolution above pr$ict$ is a highly arti/ic "o4 ,in/ead ( ! executant or s+] be+ judg$ by 8 p]=mance on an occasion :5 fatigue1 illness or unfav\rable circum/ances may militate aga9/ 8 p]fect success1 :5 ! n]ve-%att]+ conditions ( ! plat=m probably 9 any case (f5d 8 susceptibilities & detract f ! p]fection ( 8 p]=mance1 he w be able to f\nd 8 reputation ^u ! v be/ p]=mance he is capable (4 ,he w be able to try & try aga9 9 ! privacy ( 8 /udy4 ,:5 he has satisfi$ himself1 & !n alone1 w he publi% 8 arti/ic ef=t to ! _w4 ,he c de/roy z _m unsatisfactory records z he pleases1 j z ! sculptor c break up 8 clay :5 he has n succe$$1 j z ! pa9t] c pa9t out 8 picture :5 x has n pleas$ him1 & be judg$ only by 8 be/4 ,x w\ld be ignor+ ! mo/ obvi\s *>act]i/ics ( mank9d to suppose t ! pleasures ( ! new age w be limit$ to a m]e me*anical developm5t ( ^? :i* we enjoy at pres5t4 ,!re c be no d\bt t new delights w be inv5t$4 ,) a g5]al improvem5t 9 intellig5ce & 9 ! /&>d ( com=t2 ) a money$ class compell$1 by ! enactm5ts :i* we h imag9$1 to enjoy a consid]able accession ( leisure2 ) conditions :i* w1 z we h hop$1 r$uce mat]ially ! necess>y h\rs ( lab\r = ! work]2 ) "s ( ! mo/ engross+ amusem5ts ( ! pres5t age aboli%$ = s5tim5tal reasons2 we may take x = grant$ t a great dem& = new recreations w develop4 ,"s ( ^! consid]ations might easily give u pause4 ,we might p]haps fe> t vice--ei!r ! ext5sion ( exi/+ vices or 7if t inde$ be possible7 ! inv5tion ( new ones--might be a t]rify+ problem ( ! next c5tury1 if we _h n =ese51 concurr5tly ) ! o!r developm5ts anticipat$1 a m>k$ moral improvem5t 9 human nature4 ,!re is 9 ! calculations ( ! pessimi/ & ! reaction>y no fallacy m mis*iev\s ?an ! (t-recit$ aphorism t human nature is ! same 9 all places & at all times4 ,t is precisely :at human nature is n4 ,spectacles :i* delight$ anci5t ,rome w\ld revolt mod]n civilisation4 ,spectacles :i* are /ill ke5ly enjoy$ 9 ,spa9 w\ld revolt ,engl& or ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & probably awak5 ! activity ( ! police4 ,human morality has demon/rably advanc$ 9 hi/oric "t3 x has v p]ceptibly advanc$1 z ,i %[$ 9 an e>li] *apt]1 #g dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b ! improvem5t 9 ?is respect :i* ! next hundr$ ye>s w %[ mu/1 9 all human probability1 greatly excel t ( ! pa/ "t4 ,& ?us1 ?\gh a sane & reasonable anticipation w n exclude ! possibility ( regrettable accid5ts 9 ! future moral hi/ory ( mank9d1 x w also reg>d !m z probably transi5t4 ,! vices reg>d$ z incid5t to complicat$ civilisations h p]haps be5 too ha/ily consid]$ by despair+ morali/s4 ,vice is ess5tially /upid4 ,x is only 9 occasional1 9 sporadic in/ances t we are pres5t$ ) ! t]rible spectacle ( great intellig5ces deprav$ by gross immorality & animalism3 & ev5 !n1 ?is comb9ation is only possible :]e a high degree ( culture is 9 contact ) a widespread un9tellig5ce4 ,mo/ likely x w be f\nd1 :5 ! ab/ract laws ( vice come to be mapp$ out ) m exactness ?an1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 !y h yet be51 t ! deg5]acies & immoralities ( greatly-civilis$ ages are 9 reality only ! product ( luxury seat$ ^u degradation4 ,! ,fr5* morali/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury _h a glimm]+ ( ?is 9 _! idyllic pictures ( re=m$ society1 :5 ! old morality ( ! simple life 0 to return ) ! abolition ( olig>*ic spl5d\r & popul> mis]y4 ,9 "o direction we may see means by :i* intellig5t recreation may be suppos$ capable ( va/ developm5ts4 ,already ! /udy ( ! psy*ical side ( man has be5 ! means ( extraord9>y discov]ies4 ,our k ( hypnotism1 sugge/ion1 ?\ght-transf]5ce & simil> psy*ological wond]s1 obscur$ ?\gh x has unhappily be5 by *>latanism & ! importation into ! subject ( irrelevant follies1 has great promise = ! future man1 ^: psy*ical faculties w unque/ionably develop at ! exp5se ( 8 animal in/9cts4 ,x is h>dly possible to limit our conception ( ! means by :i* ?\ght w be communicat$ 9 ! next c5tury1 b we may see j :]e ! *ange w probably come4 ,a pr9t$ essay1 su* z ?is1 is obvi\sly a successive translation ( ?\ght into words 79 ! bra971 !n ( ! words into lett]s1 & !n ( lett]s into type1 :i* is pick$ up by ! eye1 retranslat$ into words by "o "p ( ! bra91 & f9ally transmut$ into ?\ght aga9 9 ano!r "p4 ,if "s me?od c be discov]$ ( aboli%+ "o or m ( ^! processes1 ?\ght c be convey$ f bra9 to bra9 at an enorm\sly increas$ pace1 & ) a delicacy ( :i* we h no pres5t conception4 ,?is developm5t is n s inconceivable z x at fir/ appe>s4 ,we "k z yet almo/ no?+ ( ! processes by :i* 7= in/ance7 vibration1 accept$ by ! e> z s\nd1 is1 9 ! bra9-cells beh9d ! e>1 conv]t$ into ?\ght4 ,spee* & writ+ are purely conv5tional devices4 ,if1 in/ead ( us+ ^! conv5tions1 we c le>n to transmit ideas imm$iately f bra9 to bra91 ! next /ep may be an extraord9>y developm5t ( intellectual pleasures1 9 ! case ( ^? individuals ^: ta/es are capable ( ?us be+ m9i/]$ to4 ,b to say ?is is n to imply t ! ord9>y means ( human int]communication w be disp5s$ )4 ,= mo/ occasions1 & = all b ! subtle/ & mo/ ref9$ necessities ( ?\ght1 no d\bt books1 newspap]s & lett]s w rema9 a feature ( ev]yday life--?\gh ( c\rse ) su* modifications z ! progress ( ! c5tury w h call$ =?4 ,! future ( ! newspap] 9 p>ticul> is a subject ( su* great importance t x requires to be discuss$ 9 detail4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,newspap] ,,( ,,! ,,future1 ,,& ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,! ,,newspap] ,susp5d+1 z h>dly )9 ! b\nds ( manageable conjecture1 any attempt to foll[ up ! sugge/ion ) :i* ! previ\s *apt] conclud$1 we c v easily imag9e ! l9es on :i* newspap]s su* z we "k are likely to develop me*anically4 ,a numb] ( processes already exi/+ 9 embryo c be %[n to be capable ( v great ext5sion2 & sev]al discov]ies :i* an intellig5t anticipation is capable ( pr$ict+ c\ld1 & d\btless w1 be appli$ to j\rnalism4 ,to =esee ! future ( ! newspap] on :at may be call$ ! editorial side is a mu* m difficult task1 because we h "h to take into acc\nt ! influ5ce ( ! develop$ & rationalis$ education ( ! p1 :i* is c]ta9 to dem& v great *anges4 ,daily newspap]s ( ! pres5t mom5t are 9 a m or less transitional /ate4 ,x c h>dly1 ,i ?9k1 be d5i$ t ! pap]s :i* enjoy ! greate/ popul>ity exhibit retrogression 9 _m respects :5 comp>$ ) ! be/ newspap]s ( tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,b !y are mu* m widely & popul>ly read4 ,! collective influ5ce ( _! l>gely-ext5d$ circulations is no d\bt v great1 ?\gh ! influ5ce ( ! newspap] on ! individual is less1 & is atta9$ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,! old newspap]s aim$1 & ! survivors ( _! class /ill aim1 at an influ5ce bas$ on argum5t4 ,!y us$ to report ev5ts1 spee*es & movem5ts ( _! age m or less col\rlessly1 & to comm5t ^u ^! ?+s m or less "o-sid$ly1 accord+ to _! respective political bias4 ,!y 7 pond]\s1 cultur$1 dignifi$1 & a trifle dull4 ,:5 an adv]se /atesman made a spee* :i* !y did n l1 !y report$ x fai?fully1 & tore x to pieces 9 ! =midable middle pages4 ,! lead+ article 0 _! mo/ important weapon3 !y s\ght _! *ief effect by its means4 ,b ! day ( ! lead+ article is ne>ly end$4 ,! newspap] ( ! e>ly--p]haps ! imm$iate--future w almo/ c]ta9ly disp5se ) lead+ articles altoge!r1 & be mu* m a news-c>ri] ?an an educator4 ,x w attack adv]se op9ion by simply n report+ x4 ,x w sometimes1 no d\bt1 m9imise facts unfav\rable to its political side by g>bl+ !m4 ,b lead+ articles _h a useful function n yet m5tion$--t ( expla9+ ! news-columns4 ,?+s :i* ! ord9>y 7b fairly intellig5t7 newspap]-read] 0 likely to h =gott51 or to be ignorant (1 7 7& /ill are1 :]e lead+ articles wor?y ( ! "n exi/7 expla9$ & amplifi$4 ,9 ! newspap] ( ! future1 little p>agraphs hav+ ! same purpose w no d\bt be1 z !y already beg9 to be1 tack$ on to ! ends ( news-items3 & s f> z comm5t cont9ues to be giv5 at all1 on su* matt]s z political spee*es f ! enemy1 x w be giv5 9 ?is =m4 ,spee*es f ! newspap]'s own side w n require comm5t4 ,newspap] space w h too _m dem&s ^u x to p]mit ( a /atesman's argum5ts be+ fir/ pr9t$ semi-v]batim 7actual v]batim report+ h>dly exi/s ev5 n[7 & !n m>%all$ =? all ov] aga9 9 editorials4 ,:atev] attempt is made to influ5ce op9ion ?r\gh political report+ w be made by selective processes4 ,! argum5ts ( ! adv]s>y w be simply suppress$4 ,al?\gh ! old newspap] 0 really a mu* m intellig5t affair ?an ! popul> dailies ( ! pres5t decade--& x is *iefly ( daily pap]s t ,i am n[ speak+--x is n v likely t a rev]sion w take place4 ,x is a curi\s feature ( all progress1 t h[ev] mu* an exi/+ in/itution may be p]ceiv$ to be retrograde 9 comp>ison ) old] in/itutions1 rev]sion h>dly ev] occurs4 ,we adapt & modify :at we h4 ,we d n revive :at we h lo/4 ,& ! reg5]ation ( ! newspap] w be =c$ ^u ! newspap]-(fice by ! developm5t ( public intellig5ce4 ,comm5t w probably dur+ ! next few decades be elim9at$ f daily j\rnalism altoge!r1 & conf9$ to s]i\s weekly publications1 some:at on ! l9es ( our mon?ly reviews1 & to o!r publications summ>is+ ! latt]1 l ! pres5t ,review ( ,reviews1 p]haps ! mo/ useful p]iodical n[ be+ issu$1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,! ,times4 ,?us ! daily newspap] w be entirely a vehicle = ! propagation ( news1 correctly s call$3 & v likely x w become almo/ entirely col\rless1 politically1 because a well-in=m$ public w res5t obvi\s g>bl+ or cle>ly unfair selection4 ,! newspap] read] w no long] 7z n[7 want only to he> :at is said on a side m or less emotionally & h>dly at all reflectively embrac$4 ,he w want to "k :at is said on all sides1 & w make up 8 own m9d1 in/ead ( swall[+ :ole ! pr9t$ op9ions1 real or mom5t>ily assum$1 ( o!r p4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! frantic popul> pap] ( to-day w no d\bt increase & multiply1 & repl5i% its circulation books1 z long z ! pres5t sy/em ( bl9d half-education survives1 ! newspap] :i* satisfies ! new age w be a v diff]5t affair4 ,x w no d\bt disc>d _m ( ! trivialities n[ report$ z news1 :5 a black woman ( ,timbuctoo c\ld h>dly br+ =? f\r piccan9nies at a bir? )\t ! fact gett+ into ! halfp5ny ,london pap]s2 b x w record ! really important news 9 ways f> m graphic1 & ) a f> m complete appeal to ! imag9ation1 ?an we h z yet any b ! vague/ notion (4 ,! news consid]$ mo/ important a hundr$ ye>s h5ce w probably be news z to developm5ts ( public op9ion4 ,x is h>dly conceivable t exactly ! me?ods ( ,gov]nm5t :i* exi/ at pres5t w satisfy ! develop$ consci\sness ( ! new "t3 & mo/ likely ! me?ods !n adopt$ = ! asc]ta9m5t ( public op9ion1 & ! ma*9]y devis$ = giv+ x adm9i/rative effect1 w create subject-matt] = a type ( j\rnalism ( :i* ! v p]ceptible rudim5ts1 ?\gh /ill no?+ b ! rudim5ts1 already exi/4 ,if ,i am "r 9 expect+ great results to fl[ f new ideas & practice 9 our educational sy/em1 x is c]ta9 t ! notion ( political fre$om w greatly ext5d its effect3 & ! unavoidable coroll>y is t movem5ts ( public ?\ght w become a matt] ( ! v ke5e/ j\rnali/ic int]e/ & ( ! v highe/ j\rnali/ic importance4 ,! mo/ probable means to be adopt$ = giv+ effect1 9 ! middle-di/ance ( ! future1 to develop$ public feel+ mu/ be left = discussion 9 a lat] *apt]3 b :5 we p]ceive t ! political duty ( execut+ ! w ( ! p mu/ con/itute ! p>am\nt "w ( ! con/itution-build] 9 ! latt] half ( ! pres5t c5tury1 we _c fail to d$uce a va/ effect on newspap]s4 ,broadly speak+1 :at w occur w be ! result ( cle>] ?9k+4 ,we %all v likely am5d our political in/itutions aft] ! *>act]i/ic ,engli% mann]1 :i* is p]haps really ! safe/1 ?\gh x r sugge/ ! me?ods ( a cobbl] :o repairs a boot by1 f "t to "t1 successively replac+ sole1 vamp1 golo% & upp]1 until !re rema9s a boot :i* is n a new boot1 ?\gh x conta9s none ( ! orig9al boot's mat]ial4 ,our con/itution has be5 built 7to employ a bett] similitude7 by a s]ies ( ar*itects :o recon/ruct & repair ! old build+1 ) a con/ant adhesion to z mu* ( ! old /yle z !y c reta91 & :o w 9 ! end pres5t ! p ) a h\se entirely recon/ruct$1 b be>+ m>ks all ov] x ( ! orig9al design4 ,we already beg9 to p]ceive t :at is reg>d$ z political fre$om at ! pres5t day has develop$ f ! entire tyranny ( absolute mon>*y1 ?r\gh ! modifi$ tyranny ( limit$ mon>*ies1 /ill n :olly p[]less1 to ! ne>ly absolute tyranny ( p>liam5ts4 ,! la/ n[ beg9 to delegate p[]s to local c\ncils hav+ adm9i/rative functions1 & mu/ pres5tly delegate !m to local p>liam5ts hav+ legislative functions on "s home-rule-all-r\nd pr9ciple1 n because dec5tralisation is lik$1 b because ! intol]able inconv5i5ces ( c5tralisation w make dec5tralisation inevitable4 ,! m en]getic propag&i/s ( v>i\s sy/ems ( con/itutional re=m ne>ly all agree 9 "o respect3 !y all desire to set up "s new k9d ( tyranny4 ,few--except ! philosophical an>*i/s1 :o suff] f ! opprobrium br\ght ^u ! "n ( an>*i/s by q a diff]5t set ( ?9k]s--p]ceive t to end[ ) p[] any sort ( ma*9]y re/+ on ! %ift+ w ( a majority t5ds v little t[>ds fre$om & n at all t[>ds /ability--! latt] ev5 m important 9 "s respects ?an ! =m]4 ,9 proportion to ! developm5t ( education 79 nature ev5 m ?an 9 ext5t71 x is likely t ! pres5t bl9d fai? ( ! public 9 ! ability ( ! ,/ate to d almo/ any?+1 & ! /ill bl9d] t5d5cy ( ! public to require ! ,/ate to d all sorts ( ?+s :i* c\ld be bett] accompli%$ o!rwise1 w dim9i%1 & we %all p]ceive ! enorm\s educational disadvantage ( all[+ ! citiz5 to lean too heavily on ! ,/ate4 ,a public prop]ly & suffici5tly educat$ w1 ) enorm\s difficulty 7because !re is no?+ s h>d to get rid ( z a bad habit ( dep5d5cy71 gradually und]take ! task ( do+ = itself by free comb9ation :at at pres5t we try to get done = u by gov]nm5tal ma*9]y4 ,"o sees h[ ?is sort ( ?+ is gradually evolv+1 9 spite ( ! viol5t ef=ts ( politicians to %ove ! _w backw>ds & keep u walk+ on crut*es in/ead ( /r5g!n+ u to walk alone4 ,/atutes det]m9+ ! wages ( lab\r]s & ! price ( commodities are laugh$ at z examples ( m$ival fooli%ness1 ?\gh 7:at is exactly ! same ?+ 9 pr9ciple7 ,gov]nm5t /ill int]f]es ) ! freights *>g$ by railway companies1 & inde$ is oblig$ ?us to int]f]e because x has already gone out ( ! "r way by ! p[]s x has grant$ to railway companies4 ,! new education--! education :i* builds "* in/ead ( m]ely diffus+ in=mation 7g5]ally useless7--w tea* u ! f> great] advantages atta*+ to results atta9$ by free comb9ation1 & ! ,/ate w be reliev$ ( _m functions at pres5t reg>d$ z ess5tial to x1 & (t5 s\ght to be increas$4 ,n[ ! work+ ( free comb9ation = ! atta9m5t ( ^! results w\ld be almo/ impossible )\t ! con/ant int]*ange ( views :i* newspap]s subs]ve1 & )\t c>eful newsga!r+ z to ! progress 9 detail ( v>i\s s*emes & ( public op9ion conc]n+ !m4 ,to say t ?is k9d ( ?+ w con/itute ! mo/ important class ( news is n to imply t ! public w develop an un9tellig5t indiff]5ce to news ( o!r k9d1 ?\gh x is all[able to hope t x w develop an intellig5t indiff]5ce to ! trivialities at pres5t solemnly *ronicl$ by ! popul> pap]s4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r1 ev5 n[1 ! public is q s passionately int]e/$ 9 ! m9uti ( murd] trials z editors imag9e3 b ) inv5tion /eadily mov+ on1 & its consequ5ces habitually develop+ 9 unexpect$ ways1 !re w be pl5ty ( news to *ronicle4 ,( c\rse ! "o class ( news :i* is at once ! mo/ exp5sive & ! mo/ helpful to a daily pap]--,i mean its individual exclusive w> correspond5ce--w be done ) by ! end ( ?is c5tury4 ,rememb]+ ! rate ( progress =ese5 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is "w #h & ! moral nature ( t progress1 we may take x z q c]ta9 t w> z an in/itution w be z obsolete z gladiators 9 ! ye> #bjjj4 ,ev5 if ! increas+ am5ity ( ! human race did n aboli% w>1 two o!r ?+s w\ld be c]ta9 to d s4 ,"o is ! enorm\s developm5t1 already cle>ly 9 sight1 ( ! means ( de/ruction3 ! o!r ! revolt ( ! peoples aga9/ ! /up5d\s co/1 n m]ely or *iefly 9 "t ( w>1 b also 9 "t ( peace1 ( mod]n armam5ts4 ,! ris+ tide ( educat$ democracy mu/ inevitably bani% w>4 ,we h lately1 9 our own ,s\? ,african exp]i5ce1 se5 h[ cru%+ly exp5sive1 h[ intol]ably impov]i%+1 a t9y w> c be3 & all ?is is a m]e trifle comp>$ ) :at x _h co/ u to be ev5 v ill-prep>$ = ev5 su* an insignificant combat4 ,?is k9d ( ?+ _c g on = v long & ! peace ( ,dives #i mu/ soon be ^u u4 ,b ev5 :ile w> /ill cont9ues to recur x is likely t ! newspap]s w h to sacrifice _m ( ! advantages :i* !y at pres5t d]ive f ! int5se popul> appetite = ! details ( organis$ dea?4 ,! w>-correspond5t1 :5 he c use ! telegraph1 is a great nuisance to comm&]s 9 ! field1 & ! increas+ difficulties & importance ( mod]n combat w h ! effect1 ev5tually1 ( caus+ g5]als to =bid telegraphic communication f ! field or its neighb\rhood altoge!r1 on acc\nt ( ! in=mation1 useful to an al]t enemy1 liable to f9d its way ?r\gh ! wires4 ,consequ5tly #aj w> correspond5ce w be all "u /rict c5sor%ip1 & w take ! =m *iefly ( writt5 & photographic descriptions1 9 a docum5t>y =m1 probably convey$ by ! organisation controll$ by ! fight+ army itself4 ,^! may p]haps be telegraph$ to ! newspap] (fice f "s int]m$iate port :5 ! !atre ( w> is di/ant--= unque/ionably we %all1 be=e v long1 be able to telegraph pictures q z easily z words4 ,& ?is br+s u face to face ) "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & important developm5ts to be look$ = 9 ! v5d+ ( news4 ,beyond d\bt1 newspap] illu/ration w1 9 ev5 ! ne> future1 be ! subject ( great &1 9 fact1 ( revolution>y improvem5t4 ,e daily pap] w be copi\sly illu/rat$1 & illu/rat$ 9 col\r4 ,x is easy to =esee t be=e _m ye>s we %all be able to photograph any object or sc5e 9 its natural col\rs at "o op]ation4 ,we c already d s 9 ?ree1 & by ! same numb] ( ma*9+s we c reproduce su* pictures 9 pr9t1 provid$ we c af=d to pr9t sl[ly en\gh & on a suffici5tly smoo? pap]4 ,! process is 9 its e>lie/ infancy z yet4 ,we %all ultimately make x f> m practicable4 ,b ev5 s1 pr9t+ presses ( ! pres5t sort are f> too sl[ = newspap] use4 ,a hundr$ ye>s h5ce magaz9es & weekly p]iodicals may p]haps /ill be pr9t$ on greatly improv$ presses2 b daily pap]s w be produc$ by photography alone4 ,already ! ,rntg5 rays w pr9t a doz5 or m images at a "t on sup]impos$ s5sitive pap]s4 ,9 ! next c5tury all t w be necess>y 9 ord] to multiply type-matt] & illu/rations 9 any numb] ( col\rs w be to place ! orig9al on a pile ( pap] & expose x to ! rays ( "s s\rce ( en]gy1 :5 ! :ole matt] w be impress$ ^u e %eet1 & ?is n by any m]e contact ( type & process-blocks ) pap] 7:i* involves s]i\s difficulties1 ow+ to ! int]f]5ce ( ! pap]-surface ) ! gra9 ( ! et*$ scre57 b by direct action ( light1 or ( "s influ5ce tak+ ! place ( light1 s t p]fectly cle> pictures w be produc$4 ,& news ( all sorts w be ! subject ( ?is k9d ( illu/ration4 ,:at w happ5 w 9 detail be ?is4 ,! teleautoscope #aa 7! in/rum5t by :i* sight w be wirelessly telegraph$7 w exhibit ! actual facts 9 e newspap] (fice f col\r-photographs tak5 on ! spot4 ,:at x %[s w be rephotograph$ & reproduc$ 9 col\rs4 ,! am\nt ( v]bal description ne$$ w ?us be mu* dim9i%$4 ,:]e an ev5t c be long anticipat$--:5 x is an ev5t l ! ,delhi ,durb> or ! *ri/5+ ( ! ,cz>ewit*1 = in/ance--elaborate prep>ations w be made1 & v p]fect results publi%$4 ,& difficulties ( m]ely photographic detail1 :i* at pres5t re/rict rapid photography to ev5ts 9 full sunlight1 hav+ be5 ov]come1 & in/antane\s photography by artificial light hav+ be5 made possible1 su* an ev5t z an important !atrical production 9 ,london w be pictorially report$ 9 ! ,new ,york & ,san ,francisco pap]s next morn+4 ,:]e an ev5t is ( an unexpect$ "*--su* z a great fire1 a riot1 or "s sudd5 cataclysm ( ,nature--! teleautoscope w /ill be employ$ ) great advantage4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! case ( "s l>ge public build+ or "s !atre de/roy$ by fire--?\gh fires w n be s frequ5t 9 ! new age z !y are to-day4 ,! local newspap] arti/s w select f _! portfolios photographs ( ! build+ kept on h& = su* occasions & get to "w on !m ) pa9t-box & col\rs1 depict+ ! progress ( :at !y w p]haps /ill cl+ suffici5tly to tradition to call ! conflagration2 & !y w transmit ^! ef=ts :5 x is n possible to transmit actual photographs ( ! ev5t4 ,& ( c\rse1 :5 all is ov]1 ! ru9s w be photograph$ 9 col\rs f e desirable /&po9t1 & ! descriptive photograph] w1 9 a great measure1 supplant ! p5ny-a-l9]4 ,_m pieces ( news w d\btless be photograph$ f ! small "o-man air-c>riages1 ! employm5t ( :i*1 z a means ( recreation1 we h already =ese54 #ab ,! real news ( ! _w w !re=e be s]v$ up ) f> m vividness ?an ev5 ! mo/ fev]i% pres5t-day j\rnalism dreams (1 & ! newspap] w be f> m quickly read1 because long descriptive articles w h gone out ( fa%ion1 & a s]ies ( pictures1 occupy+ mu* m space1 b appreh5d$ by ! m9d ) f> great] rapidity1 w supply _! place4 ,ev5 9 :at rema9s ( ! pr9t$ ^w ,i ?9k t great compression is probable4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ev5 9 ! be/-educat$ p>ts ( ,engl& we are h>dly ?r\gh ! fir/ g5]ation :i* univ]sally kn[s h[ to read1 & already newspap]-,engli% is tak+ on a "* ( its own1 v diff]5t f ! j\rnalese ( ! old-fa%ion$ report]s4 ,by degrees a sort ( slang1 di/+ui%$ *iefly by brevity & concis5ess1 w evolve itself 9 ! newspap]s1 especially ^? publi%$ 9 l>ge t[ns--?\gh inde$ x is q evid5t t 9 a few ye>s daily newspap]s w be publi%$ n[h]e else4 ,?is t]se1 quick language w1 aft] a p]iod ( reprobation1 be adopt$ ev5 by ! less progressive newspap]s1 at fir/ %ock$ to te>s ( indignant pr9t]'s ink by ! defilem5t ( ! "m tongue1 & x w accel]ate va/ly ! task ( runn+ ?r\gh ! pap]1 a task :i* mu/1 ev5 9 ! less hurri$ mann]s :i* ,i =esee = ! future1 be made z spe$y z possible by ! newspap] t w\ld ?rive & increase its circulation4 ,?us lit]ature1 already re/ive 9 an uncong5ial w$lock1 w f9ally obta9 divorce f daily j\rnalism4 ,?is does n mean t lit]ature w p]i%4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w develop4 ,& ! p]iodicals o!r ?an newspap]s w excel our own 9 m]it ( e sort4 ,!y w be p]man5t1 dignifi$ &1 above all1 lit]>y4 ,= ) ! education ( ! p really c>ri$ to p]fection1 & ) univ]sal leisure1 ! result ( improv$ social arrangem5ts ev5 m ?an ( improv$ me*anical processes1 we %all h a dem& = a really intellig5t p]iodical lit]ature1 = really arti/ic illu/rations1 :i* w make x comm]cially possible to publi% matt] t only artificial end[m5t c\ld support n[adays4 ,& %all we be cont5t ) x8 ,c]ta9ly n2 = ! new age w /ill be an age ( progress1 & ! v p]fection ( ! p]iodical ,press w be ! greate/ ( all /imulants to fur!r ef=t4 ,al?\gh1 9 "s ( _! *>act]i/ics1 !y w be greatly ameliorat$1 adv]tisem5ts may v likely /ill con/itute "o gr\nd ( discont5t ) ! newspap] ( ! future4 ,!y sometimes are1 9 ! newspap] ( to-day1 ! subject ( compla9t n altoge!r reasonable1 because if !re 7 no adv]tisem5ts !re c\ld be no newspap]s4 ,at all ev5ts1 )\t ?is p[]ful s\rce ( rev5ue our newspap]s c\ld be nei!r s *eap nor s lib]ally conduct$ z !y are2 & all ! economies ( ! new age w probably be insuffici5t to enable newspap] proprietors to disp5se ) !m4 ,! bett] & ! m g5]\sly-conduct$ newspap]s are1 ! m money !y sp5d 9 ! c>eful collection1 edit+1 pr9t+ & illu/rat+ ( public in=mation1 ! m dep5d5t !y w become on ! rev5ue f adv]tis+1 :i* is ! s9ew ( j\rnalism2 & ! m widely & att5tively newspap]s are read1 ! great] w be ! rev5ue !y are able to comm& f ?is s\rce4 ,moreov]1 !y w\ld be incomplete )\t ?is feature4 ,! unreflect+ newspap]-read]1 :o ana!matises 8 fav\rite j\rnal because its weight & bulk are increas$ by ! pres5ce ( adv]tisem5ts :i* he does n want1 seldom takes into acc\nt ! fact t !re are pl5ty ( 8 fell[-read]s :o d want !m1 or "s ( !m1 & t he himself is (t5 9 ! same pr$icam5t4 ,?\s&s ( copies ( newspap]s are b\ght e day 9 ord] to consult adv]tisem5ts :i* !y are kn[n to conta94 ,a man :o purposes to take 8 family to a conc]t (t5 buys ,! ,daily ,telegraph because he kn[s t ,! ,daily ,telegraph has m conc]t ann\ncem5ts 9 x ?an any o!r pap]1 & t x is 9 fact a practically complete directory to all ! curr5t musical opportunities ( ! ,metropolis4 ,ano!r man1 :o wants a secret>y1 or a /ew>d = 8 e/ate1 probably ord]s ,! ,times because he kn[s t ! be/ class ( secret>ies & /ew>ds adv]tise 9 ,! ,times = employm5t4 ,"o h>dly goes to ! !atre or buys a supply ( coals )\t look+ at ! daily pap] = in=mation2 & assur$ly ?is in=mation is n ins]t$ )\t be+ paid =2 9 o!r words1 x =ms "p ( ! adv]tisem5ts4 ,depriv$ ( newspap] adv]tisem5ts z a way ( ann\nc+ its ne$ ( cl]ks1 w>eh\sem51 lab\r]s & assi/ants ( all k9ds1 comm]ce1 ev5 if x c\ld manage )\t adv]tisem5ts ( ! sort m commonly ?\ght ( :5 ! nuisance ( !m is be+ condemn$1 c\ld h>dly keep up its organisation at all4 ,?us1 s f> f ?is feature ( our newspap]s be+ a grievance1 x is bo? directly & indirectly a boon to all :o read !m4 ,& :5 we rememb] 9 addition t ! co/ ( ! pap] & pr9t+ alone 9 a copy ( mo/ newspap]s exce$s ! price at :i* ea* copy is sold by ! proprietor1 s t ! :ole co/ ( newsga!r+1 ! :ole co/ ( edit+1 ! fees ( contributors & arti/s1 & ! co/ ( pictures & engrav+1 z well z ! pr(it :i* induces p]sons to emb>k ^u an ent]prise s tr\blesome & prec>i\s z newspap]-publi%+1 mu/ be obta9$ f ! co/ ( adv]tisem5ts & f ?is alone1 we _c d\bt t ! enorm\sly develop$ newspap] ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce w give u bold adv]tisem5t1 ev5 z n[1 & t our desc5dants w h ! intellig5ce to be v glad t x does s4 ,?is be+ unque/ionable1 we c h>dly ?9k t we h made a complete =eca/ ( ! newspap] ( ! future unless we consid] :at sort ( adv]tisem5ts x w conta91 & 9 ord] to d ?is we mu/ consid] j :at adv]tis+ is likely to be ne$$ 9 ! new age4 ,z e condition ( comm]ce mu/ necess>ily be affect$ by ! me*anical & economic developm5ts ( ano!r c5tury1 evid5tly adv]tis+ w h to und]go va/ *anges 9 ord] to adapt itself to new requirem5ts4 ,already competition & ! urg5t dem& ( ! public = all possible utilities & luxuries to be suppli$ ) ! greate/ economy ( money & tr\ble h produc$ *anges 9 ! ma*9]y ( supply & dem& :i* mu/ develop at an increas+ spe$ z "t goes on4 ,"o t5d5cy ( ^! ?+s is curr5t talk2 we speak ( elim9at+ ! middleman4 ,well1 ! middleman w c]ta9ly be elim9at$ by ! end ( ! c5tury1 & "o ( ! =ces :i* w help to elim9ate him is ! v =ce ) :i*1 at pres5t1 he endeav\rs1 ) a high degree ( transi5t success1 to def5d himself--! v =ce we h to discuss "h2 adv]tisem5t4 ,s long z a population is scatt]$ into gr\ps 9 small t[ns1 & hamp]$ by difficulty & exp5se 9 transportation1 !re is an evid5t advantage 9 ! retail-%op sy/em4 ,b we c h>dly ) conv5i5ce rema9 a nation ( %opkeep]s 9 ! pres5t & future /ate ( conc5tration & ) *eap5$ transport4 ,x is only necess>y to obs]ve ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* we supply ourselves ) commodities1 accord+ to :]e we live1 9 ord] to und]/& ! t5d5cies at "w4 ,9 a village remote f any l>ge t[n !re are g5]ally "o or two g5]al %ops1 at :i* a highly miscellane\s collection ( m]*&ise is h&l$4 ,! small] ! village ! m miscellane\s ! /ock kept at a s+le trad+ e/abli%m5t4 ,9 a small t[n ! %ops diff]5tiate !mselves m3 b !y /ill cross ! b\nd>y l9es ( trade1 & "o gets tobacco at ! *emi/'s & goes to ! drap]'s = writ+ mat]ials & books4 ,:5 we come to t[ns some:at l>g]1 trades keep m to !mselves1 & x is (t5 possible to f9d a place :]e !re are no miscellane\s %ops at all1 except ^? own$ by ! indu/rial co-op]ative societies n[ s common & s useful to ! ?rifti] artisans4 ,x is only :5 we ent] ! l>ge/ t[ns & cities ( all t we f9d l>ge %ops divid$ into dep>tm5ts & aga9 sell+ almo/ ev]y?+ "u "o ro(4 ,! conditions 9 ^! l>ge t[ns are an index to :at is likely to occur a hundr$ ye>s h5ce3 because 7z has already be5 se57 t[ns w c]ta9ly gr[1 & ! population w become m conc5trat$1 :ile1 ev5 :]e improv$ facilities = travel enable m5 to live at a great di/ance f _! "w1 ! same facilities w enable _! wives to d _! %opp+ 9 ! c5tres ( comm]ce4 ,consequ5tly1 except = a few highly p]i%able commodities1 su* z milk1 butt] & ! l1 small %opkeep]s 9 resid5tial neighb\rhoods w be driv5 out ( bus9ess1 z !y are 9 fact already be+ driv5 out ( x 9 ! suburbs & dep5d5cies ( all l>ge cities4 ,x is always possible = a l>ge miscellane\s trad] to sell at a small] p]c5tage ( pr(it ?an a trad] 9 a s+le class ( m]*&ise3 & by 8 bulki] pur*ases ! =m] is also able to />t ) a l[] co/ price1 & ?us he is 9 e way bett] situat$ to meet ! dem& = *eapness4 ,he c also meet ! dem& = conv5i5ce1 because :5 he is gett+ almo/ ! :ole trade ( a family1 ev5 at "s little di/ance1 he c af=d to arrange = ! transportation ( goods 9 ways conv5i5t to ! pur*as]4 ,?us ! small %opkeep] w lose cu/om 9 e way & ! l>ge %opkeep] w ga9 cu/om4 ,b !re is /ill a middleman4 ,we h n yet begun to see h[ he is to be elim9at$1 b only h[ he is to be limit$ 9 8 numb]s :ile be+ individually pamp]$ ) increas$ trade4 ,no "o :o obs]ves ! tr5d ( ?+s1 h[ev]1 c h fail$ to note h[1 f bo? sides1 ! middleman1 qu middleman1 is liable to be squeez$ out4 ,^! v l>ge retail]s t5d m & m to become1 little by little1 manufactur]s in/ead ( m]ely ag5ts = ! manufactures ( o!r p4 ,v (t5 !y are actually =c$ to ?is by ! difficulty ( obta9+ a regul> supply ( goods ( satisfactory quality f ! exi/+ factories4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ companies do+ a miscellane\s retail+ bus9ess has an enorm\s e/ate 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london cov]$ ) or*>ds :]e fruit is gr[n = sale & = jam-mak+2 & x has factories ( v>i\s k9ds dott$ all r\nd ! ,metropolis1 ?\gh a few ye>s ago x 0 a simple trad+ conc]n :i* manufactur$ no?+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 l>ge manufactur]s 9 _m trades 7( :i* ! boot trade is an example :i* mu/ h come "u ! notice ( e read]7 are t5d+ to op5 retail %ops ( _! own 9 fav\rable localities1 s z to obta9 ! retail]'s commission z well z ! manufactur]'s pr(it4 ,evid5tly ^! l>ge manufactur]-%opkeep]s are m likely to be ext5sive adv]tis]s ?an small "o-%op retail]s4 ,ano!r circum/ance :i* w t5d to ! increase ( adv]tis+ is already app>5t 9 ! gr[+ t5d5cy ( ! public to pref] br&$ or pack$ commodities be=e bulk goods4 ,su* groc]ies z tea1 oatmeal & ! l are m & m pur*as$ 9 packets be>+ a manufactur]'s "n or trade-m>k1 in/ead ( be+ pur*as$ f bulk & wrapp$ up by ! groc]4 ,! obvi\s reason is t by ?is means a h\sewife c secure a great] uni=mity ( quality4 ,%e f9ds t %e likes a c]ta9 manufactur]'s oatmeal bett] ?an any o!r1 & always buys x2 :]eas if %e b\ght bulk-oatmeal %e w\ld h ! product n[ ( "o mill1 n[ ( ano!r1 & ^! products w\ld v>y4 ,! only way 9 :i* a manufactur] c call att5tion to 8 speciality is to adv]tise x4 ,! imm$iate consequ5ce ( ?is movem5t is ! degradation ( ! retail]1 :o ceases to be ! cu/odian 7s to speak7 ( 8 cu/om]s' int]e/ & becomes a m]e h&]-out ( pack$ specialities4 ,x is n v likely t e manufactur] ( su* specialities w become a retail] ) %ops ev]y:]e2 b x is practically c]ta9 t tru/s w be =m$ on a sort ( co-op]ative pr9ciple by comb9ations ( manufactur]s1 :o w divide among !mselves ! exp5se ( organisation & obta9 ! :ole pr(it )\t hav+ to %>e x ) any middleman4 ,& 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( comm]ce ! elim9ation ( ! retail] w be secur$ by ! utilisation ( improv$ transport1 ord]s be+ receiv$ at ! works by lett] or telephone & execut$ direct f manufactur] to consum]4 ,su* bus9ess c only be /imulat$ ?r\gh adv]tisem5t1 & ! newspap] ( ! future con/itutes ! mo/ conv5i5t m$ium = su* adv]tisem5t4 ,! intr9sic nature ( ! va/ly-ext5d$ adv]tis+ ( ! new age w be influ5c$ by ! new gr[? ( public intellig5ce4 ,once almo/ :olly1 & n[ to a v great ext5t1 address$ to ! lea/ intellig5t faculties ( ! public--! faculties mo/ liable to be influ5c$ by l>ge type & ad capt&um phras+--adv]tis+ w 9 ! future _w become gradually m & m intellig5t 9 tone4 ,x w seek to influ5ce dem& by argum5t in/ead ( clam\r1 a t5d5cy already m app>5t e ye>4 ,*eap att5tion-call+ tricks & clap-trap w be :olly replac$1 z !y are already be+ greatly replac$1 by s]i\s exposition2 & adv]tisem5ts1 in/ead ( be+ m]e repetitions ( /ale cat*-words1 w be made int]e/+ & in=mative1 s t !y w be welcom$ in/ead ( be+ %unn$2 & x w be j z suicidal = a manufactur] to publi% silly or fallaci\s claims to notoriety z = a %opkeep] ( ! pres5t day to seek cu/om by tell+ lies to 8 cu/om]s4 ,skilful writ]s w be employ$ ^u ! "w1 & skilful j\rnali/s w ?9k x no d]ogation f _! dignity to be employ$ 9 ! writ+ ( comm]cial adv]tisem5ts4 ,no d\bt ! me?ods ( illu/ration employ$ 9 j\rnalism prop] w also be press$ into ! s]vice ( ! adv]tis]1 & 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r respects1 our div9e discont5t w /ill look = improvem5ts1 & ! newspap] ( ! future w be a va/ improvem5t ^u ! newspap] ( to-day4 ,al?\gh ! di/9ction betwe5 j\rnalism & lit]ature is likely to def9e itself m & m %>ply--p]iodicals gr[+ m lit]>y1 & newspap]s less lit]>y--x is "h conv5i5t to pause = a mom5t on ! "q ( ! direction 9 :i* lit]ature is likely to develop--mean+ especially imag9ative lit]ature & poetry4 ,! pa/ ( ?is developm5t1 widely consid]$1 has be51 ( c\rse1 s9ce ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 f ! classical1 ?r\gh ! romantic1 to ! reali/ic s*ool2 & ! la/ has be5 associat$ ) a greatly-increas$ & m9ute consid]ation ( language z an implem5t ( exact & elegant expression4 ,lit]ature has become1 & w no d\bt cont9ue to be1 increas+ly self-consci\s4 ,happy effects are delib]ately s\ght =4 ,felicity ( phrase is no long] a matt] ( unconsci\s1 almo/ accid5tal1 accompli%m5t2 x is purposefully & delib]ately obta9$4 ,we no long] expect inspiration f ! ,muses1 b climb ,p>nassus ) ardu\s consci\sness ( our m]itori\s p$e/rianism4 ,! me?odical1 sci5tific ord]l9ess ( mod]n ?\ght has1 9 %ort1 invad$ ev5 ! field ( art1 & we h sometimes an air ( try+ to make ( lit]ature an exact process4 ,p]haps v great lit]ature1 & c]ta9ly1 accord+ to all prec$5t1 v great poetry1 _c be produc$ 9 t way4 ,!re is some?+ ( my/]y ab\t !m1 some?+ ( ! in/9ctive1 ( ! elem5tal1 or1 to speak ) a m critical exactness1 ( ! spiritual4 ,& ! developm5t & circum/ances ( v elaborate civilisation d n :olly fav\r ! spiritual4 ,b to conclude f ?is t great poetry w nev] aga9 be writt5 w\ld be to ov]look "o ( ! di/urb+1 ! cataclysmal factors ( human life4 ,?is factor is "o ( ! greate/ pitfalls ( ! w\ld-be prophet4 ,by exam9+ ! pa/1 "o c\ld pr$ict almo/ unfail+ly ! future1 if !re 7 n always1 & 9 e dep>tm5t ( life1 ! /range1 incalculable ?+ :i*1 = want ( a bett] "n1 we call g5ius1 to be reckon$ )1 to be almo/ al>m$ by4 ,we may exam9e1 we may reason1 we may reckon up almo/ any?+2 b a?w>t all our conjectures1 *>m we nev] s wisely1 comes g5ius1 & revolutionises ev]y?+6 ,x is ! "o ?+ :i* no =mula c embrace4 ,n 9 ! realms ( lit]ature & art alone w x break 9 & /ultify our be/ prevision4 ,9 e dep>tm5t ( life we mu/ tread cauti\sly1 aw>e t no "o :o w\ld =eca/ ! future c af=d to neglect its di/urb+ possibilities4 ,we mu/ pray]fully & joy\sly expect t f "t to "t g5ius w sudd5ly arrive & pass across ! /age1 *ang+ ev]y?+1 br++ to naught our cunn+e/ anticipations2 & z x is peculi>ly ! quality ( lit]ature to be ?us p]turb$ & reg5]at$1 we mu/ n ev5 attempt to pr$ict :at s*ools ! lit]ature ( ! future w pass ?r\gh4 ,! only ?+ we c be c]ta9 ( is t f "t to "t "s epo*-mak+ m9d w express itself4 ,acqua9t$ ) all ! devices ( ! s*ools x w bru% !m all aside1 & half unconsci\sly1 half a-dream1 z if inde$ x 7 lit]ally inspir$1 x w e/abli% new /&>ds1 eng5d] new me?ods1 & end[ ! "t ) new delights4 ,criticism w dissect1 exam9e & expla91 until ! creative m9d is almo/ p]suad$ t x has all along und]/ood itself2 b ! "o ?+ by :i* criticism mu/ ev] be elud$1 ! "o ?+ :i* mu/ ev] elude prophecy1 is g5ius itself4 ,:5 all is said t man c say1 & all is said 9 va91 ! be/ explanation ( ! unexpla9able is p]haps ! old "o1 t g5ius br+s 9 "s way a message f outside ! _w4 ,p]haps1 s9ce !re is always a dem& = some?+ :i* man c wor%ip1 ?is inspiration may be ! subject ( ! consci\s adoration ( ! new age4 ,p]haps we h "h ! subject ( ! religion ( ! future2 = inspiration1 z we may mo/ conv5i5tly "n ?is my/]y1 has j t "* ( ! unkn[able half-seiz$1 :i* is precisely :at ! s\l ( man is ev] ye>n+ =4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,utilis+ ,,! ,,sea ,except = a small tribute 9 ! %ape ( fi% food & c]ta9 salts ! ocean is to-day almo/ a dead loss to ! _w1 & :at is worse1 ! greate/ ( all ob/acles to progress4 ,x sep>ates u f our k91 wrecks our %ips1 claims a ye>ly toll ( dead1 & is b>r51 fruitless1 a m]e receptacle = g>bage4 ,a hundr$ ye>s h5ce we %all h awak5$ to ^! facts & f\nd means to make ! cav]ns va/ ( ocean old some?+ bett] ?an a subject = ! poet & a re/+-place = ! dead :om x murd]s4 ,n e dream1 h[ev]1 c be realis$--n ev5 ! eng9e]'s4 ,"s ye>s ago c]ta9 ard5t spirits 9 ,france ann\nc$ t ! des]t ( ,sah>a lay bel[ ! level ( ! sea & c\ld be flood$ ) ! ,atlantic or ,m$it]ranean4 ,! effect ( ?is1 x 0 consid]$1 w\ld n m]ely be to inconv5i5ce c]ta9 ,arabs1 b to *ange entirely ! climate ( ! re/ ( equatorial ,africa4 ,lav$ by ! b5efic5t waves ( ocean1 l&s at pres5t un9habitable w\ld1 x 0 decl>$1 become f]tile & salubri\s4 ,! project 0 dismiss$ or %elv$ z impracticable f eng9e]+ difficulties4 ,%all we1 a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 h met ^! difficulties8 ,probably n4 ,to "w su* *anges 9 ! di/ribution ( l& & wat] w be a ?+ n inde$ beyond ! p[] ( ! next c5tury's eng9e]s1 b beyond _! d>+4 ,! accompli%m5t ( !m might1 if at all rapid1 be att5d$ by frightful disa/]s1 "s ( :i* c be readily e/imat$1 b ( :i* ! wor/ w\ld probably rema9 un=ese5 & unimag9$ until ! irrevocable mom5t ( fulfilm5t4 ,to increase to ?is ext5t ! area ( ! _w's oceans1 )\t increas+ 7z ( c\rse we c\ld n increase7 _! mass1 w\ld p]ceptibly l[] ! level ( ! sea ev]y:]e1 & 9 accordance ) ! well-kn[n hydro/atic law ?+s w\ld "r !mselves on a cataclysmal scale4 ,e n>r[ /rait 9 ! _w1 e oceanic canal w\ld become1 = ! "t be+1 a ro>+ cat>act4 ,! ,m$it]ranean w\ld ru% tumultu\sly out ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> & ! ,suez ,canal1 & ! ov]fl[ w\ld flood ! adjac5t l&s4 ,! ,/raits ( ,dov] w\ld ro> l ,niag>a1 & all ,k5t1 & ! l[-ly+ nor?-ea/ corn] ( ,france1 w\ld be deva/at$4 ,! i/hmus ( ,panama might at ! same "t be swept away1 = ! n>r[ banks ( ! complet$ ,panama ,canal w\ld c]ta9ly give way be=e ! weight ( ! two oceans4 ,all ! riv]s ( ! _w w\ld ru% d[n 9 spate until !y ran ne>ly dry f ! increas$ outfall4 ,! sea w\ld rec$e f all ! coa/s4 ,along ) ?is fall 9 ! level ( ! sea w\ld come tempe/s su* z1 s9ce ! appe>ance ( man on ! planet1 ! _w has nev] kn[n4 ,= ! sea-support$ atmosph]e w\ld suck into its vacuum ! :ole weight ( ! ov]-ly+ air until pressure 0 equalis$4 ,& ! climate ( all ! _w w\ld be recon/itut$ 9 new & probably inconv5i5t ways4 ,no4 ,we _c v5ture ?us to *ange ! face ( creation4 ,:at we c & %all d is to make ! be/ ( x4 ,9 a hundr$ ye>s' "t _m c\ntries at pres5t undevelop$ w be ri* & popul\s4 ,canada1 = "o example1 has an area great] ?an t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) a population small] ?an ! population ( ,great] ,london4 ,& ,canada1 end[$ z x is ) almo/ e s\rce ( weal?1 w be=e long become p]haps ! ri*e/ c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,by ?is "t next c5tury x w also be "o ( ! mo/ popul\s4 ,sib]ia1 aga91 ) _m f]tile & salubri\s tracts1 w c]ta9ly h be5 m intellig5tly utilis$ ?an by mak+ a va/ prison ( x4 ,b :5 all ! regions available = human habitation are populat$ & made use (1 ! c5tres ( civilisation w probably lie v mu* :]e !y lie n[2 & "h ! conge/$ populations w h f\nd t !y c no long] tol]ate ! wa/e ( a neglect$ ocean4 ,z we pu% outw>d f ! c5tre ( ! cont95ts1 ! seabo>d w h to be utilis$ & ext5d$4 ,!re is no?+ to daunt ! eng9e]s ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce 9 ! project ( erect+ on ! sea a va/ float+ city1 fully z conv5i5t z ! pres5t cities ( t]ra firma1 &1 :ile va/ly m heal?ful1 q sub/antial en\gh to resi/ /orm & e motion ( ! sea1 except ! tides on :i* ! city w rise & fall--tides :i* w no d\bt furni% ! motive p[] ( _m conv5i5ces 9 ocean cities4 ,!re are great advantages 9 a city ?us f\nd$1 z comp>$ ) ^? we at pres5t inhabit2 & we c]ta9ly %all n be able to neglect !m4 ,!re w be no p>ticul> reason = economy ( space or = insalubri\s ov]cr[d+ 7s9ce ! sea has no l&lord71 & bread? w\ld make = /ability z well z = conv5i5ce4 ,urban traffic w employ an entirely new light vehicle1 ! skimm]4 ,x has be5 m5tion$ z a ?+ beyond d\bt t ! %ips ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce w no long] float 9 ! sea1 b ride on its surface1 ?us evad+ bo? ! in/ability & ! resi/ance at pres5t s tr\blesome to m>9e eng9e]s4 ,z soon z ! necessity arises = provid+ /reet traffic 9 ! ocean city--:5 ! sea is 9 ! broad1 ! n>r[ /reets1 ebb+ & fl[+1 & ! salt we$ cl+s to ! m>ble ( h] palaces--inv5tion w meet ! dem&1 & light /reet waggons & c>riages w ev]y:]e glide ab\t1 p]=m+ ! daily ne$s ( ! inhabitants4 ,some?+ 9 ! nature ( break-wat]s w provide aga9/ wave-play & =m an unequall$ ext]ior b\lev>d2 & by means ( an inv5tion :i* w long s9ce h be5 call$ = by ! requirem5ts ( o!r localities1 ! air ( dwell+-h\ses 9 ! ocean city w be :olesomely fre$ f damp4 ,= we %all c]ta9ly n h fail$ to act ^u our k ( ! fact t irregul>ities 9 ! proportion ( atmosph]ic moi/ure are responsible = ! unheal?9ess ( c]ta9 areas2 & we %all h le>n$1 by means ( ! anhydrator1 to provide any place ) exactly ! degree ( damp or dryness necess>y to heal?4 ,! same app>atus1 by desiccat+ ! air to ! extreme po9t1 w keep ! h\ses ( an ocean city dry & ?us d away ) an objection :i* w\ld make homes built on ! wat] insuff]able to-day4 ,if we h n :olly re=m$ ?r\gh\t ! _w our sy/em ( l& t5ure1 ! conqu]$ ocean w unque/ionably relieve ! t5sion :i* is creat$ by x1 & p]haps a radical *ange ( ?is "* w only become possible :5 ! enorm\s advantages ( x h be5 practically exemplifi$4 ,b !re is ano!r way 9 :i* ! conque/ ( ocean ought to prove a great economic boon to ! _w4 ,except 9 ! case ( a few coal m9es1 ) %afts sunk ne> ! sea bea*1 we h h>dly at all begun to inve/igate ! cont5ts ( ! ocean floor4 ,!re is1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no p>ticul> reason to d\bt t ! con/itution ( ! subt]ranean _w is 9 mo/ respects v mu* ! same "u ! sea z "u ! l&4 ,probably va/ ri*es1 z yet undream$ (1 lie bel[ ! surface ( ! ocean & b5ea? its floor4 ,!re c be no "q t ! ne$s ( ! _w w make u eag] to tap !m1 z we %\ld already h begun to1 if any way c\ld be discov]$ ( ov]com+ ! eng9e]+ difficulties involv$4 ,^! difficulties1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 may well appal ! /\te/ imag9ation4 ,! problem pres5t$ by ! imm5se & p>alys+ air pressure 9 a m9e at ?is great dep? w\ld h to be ov]come4 ,ev5 9 "s great t]re/rial excavations already made ! problem occurs3 & :]e 7z 9 riv] tunnels & else:]e7 m5 attempt to "w 9 great air-pressures artificially induc$1 ! ph5om5on call$ caisson-disease occasions practical difficulty4 ,b ! m]e fact ( an a*ievem5t be+ almo/ inconceivable 9 ! light ( pres5t k & inv5tion mu/ n be all[$ to put a clog ^u a =eca/ ( :at next c5tury may atta94 ,x is a hypo!sis :i* ! read] has be5 invit$ to accept1 n m]ely t discov]y & inv5tion w g on1 b t !y w g at a con/antly-increas+ pace4 ,we mu/ n1 !re=e1 all[ :at may well seem1 at ! pres5t day1 insup]able eng9e]+ difficulties to =bid ! belief t ! undiscov]$ weal? ( ! e>? bel[ ! sea w be tapp$ = ! b5efit ( ! new age4 ,:at m9]als may lie !re1 a ri* heirloom = ! com+ "t1 we c b r\ghly imag9e4 ,b ent]prise & ! _w's necessities w spur u on to se>* !m out1 until ! new p1 d]iv+ l a fre% ,antu con/ant /ores ( /r5g? f ,"m ,e>?1 w ent] into possessions :i* mu/ va/ly relieve _! necessities4 ,individual ent]prise w solve ! problems & reap its /ore ( pr(its4 ,b ! ocean is no-man's l&1 & ! p--p]haps a _w-p1 = ?is purpose at lea/ n subdivid$ into antagoni/ic communities--w beyond d\bt take toll1 = ! relief ( g5]al taxation1 f ! e>n+s ( ! new m9]alogy4 ,9 o!r ways1 too1 ! sea itself w be made use (4 ,we %all get our salt f x1 ! process ( sep>ation be+ electrolytic4 ,fi% w probably be eat5 lat] ?an any o!r =m ( animal food4 ,b ! *ief gift ( ! sea to ! life ( ! future w be ! two gases ( :i* wat] is compos$--oxyg5 & hydrog53 & ! o!r gas1 *lor9e1 :i* =ms half ! salt1 z well z ! metal sodium :i* =ms ! o!r half1 w probably h _m new uses f\nd = !m4 ,liquefi$ oxyg5 w no d\bt be our sole dis9fectant4 ,x w also replace ! poison\s1 noisome & de/ructive blea*+ ag5ts us$ to-day4 ,hydrog51 ! lighte/ ( all gases1 w be ano!r /aple ( comm]ce4 ,x w 7z we h else:]e se57 probably be ! only fuel employ$1 = its combu/ion furni%es ! greate/ heat t]re/rially kn[n1 & its flame is smokeless & yields no poison\s by-product4 ,moreov]1 ! evaporation ( liquid hydrog51 by a sort ( curi\s rev5ge1 produces ! greate/ available cold4 ,if any?+ 9 ! nature ( balloons %\ld survive ! c5tury hydrog5 w inflate !m1 & bo? our hydrog5 & our oxyg5 w mo/ likely be got by pref]5ce f ! sea4 ,!re are _m reasons = ?is pref]5ce4 ,probably !re w be "s advantage 9 ! matt] ( exp5se1 s9ce ! salts ( ocean wat] w\ld be a by-product ( ! op]ation1 & x is conceivable t a use may be f\nd = ! r>] among !m1 :i* c\ld only be obta9$ 9 satisfactory quantities by r$uc+ to dryness huge am\nts ( wat]4 ,& potable or spr+ wat]s w p]haps be too preci\s a commodity to be consum$ unnecess>ily4 ,di/ill$ wat] c\ld no d\bt be us$ = dr9k+ purposes1 & bact]iologically x is ( c\rse unexceptionable2 b !re are c]ta9 objections to x1 & ?\gh ^! may d\btless be ov]come1 natural wat]s h a value :i* _c be ignor$4 ,?us ! oceans ( ! _w1 z yet m]e wat]y des]ts1 useful to h>dly a calculable p]c5tage ( ! p 7& !n only at ! exp5se ( ! re/7 w h become ! _w's inh]itance1 & its ho>d$ weal? w /ave (f ! "t--^: com+ we mu/ n ignore--:5 our _w-capital beg9s to be exhau/$4 ,= t "t mu/ come4 ,we are liv+ ^u ! ho>ds :i* ! womb ( our "m ! e>? has borne to our fa!r ! sun4 ,b our "m is1 9 respect at all ev5ts ( m9]al weal?1 pa/ ! age ( conception2 & e c5tury br+s u m rapidly ne> to ! "t :5 we %all1 l sp5d?rifts1 h liv$ out our capital4 ,already ! end ( coal is 9 sight4 ,:51 at ! end ( a vi/a h[ev] long1 we beg9 to be able to =esee ! exhau/ion ( o!r m9]als1 we %all face a problem appall+ 9 its nature4 ,p]haps be=e our /ore ( heat gives out & r$uces e>? to ! /ate ( a dead _w l ! moon1 we %all already h exhau/$ our /ock4 ,no economies 9 ! use ( scrap metal & ! re-employm5t ( ! mat]ial ( ma*9es :i* h be5 sup]s$$ c save u f ultimate metallic bankruptcy 9 a future calculat$ p]haps 9 ?\s&s 7b n _m ?\s&s7 ( ye>s4 ,our only succ\r seems to lie 9 a conception = :i* 7despite ! ef=ts ( "s lively ?9k]s :o h be5 oblig$ to ignore all b ! lea/ important difficulties ( ! subject7 we h no mat]ial--! conception ( means by :i* ! cold dep?s ( int]planet>y space may be trav]s$4 ,ev5 if we all[ imag9ation1 untrammell$ by ! mo/ evid5t necessities ( ! case1 to sugge/ a spe$ ( transport computable only by a/ronomical analogies1 we /ill lag beh9d any?+ :i* c\ld s]ve ?is purpose1 unless we concurr5tly believe t human life %all1 by t "t1 be l5g!n$ into c5turies4 ,o!rwise1 h[ev] recklessly we may conceive ( spe$ 9 int]planet>y travel1 man w\ld almo/ require to live = _m c5turies 9 ord] to rea* & return f any de/9ation :i* w\ld n inevitably de/roy him by fire or cold :5 he arriv$ at x4 ,mo/ likely man is = ev] de/9$ to accept ! b\nds ( 8 own planet1 & to be limit$ by its res\rces4 ,9 ord] t ^! res\rces may be utilis$ to ! utt]mo/ ( 8 ne$s1 ! cont5ts ( ! ocean floor mu/ und\bt$ly be laid "u contribution1 & probably we %all n ant$ate ?is a*ievem5t if we consid] t x w h be5 at lea/ ent]$ ^u a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,m>* ,,( ,,sci5ce ,9 a =eca/ l ! pres5t x is impossible to avoid a c]ta9 am\nt ( ov]lapp+ 9 diff]5t sections ( ! subject & a c]ta9 bl5d+ ( topics 9 a s+le *apt]4 ,! attempt to diff]5tiate consi/5tly betwe5 ! progress ( sci5ce z sci5ce1 & ! concurr5t advance ( practical inv5tion by :i* sci5tific discov]y is turn$ to use w\ld only involve ne$less repetition4 ,i h already _h occasion to sugge/ elem5ts ( mat]ial progress :i* presuppose ! advance 9 pure sci5ce t w\ld make !m possible4 ,?us1 9 endeav\r+ to sugge/ :at ! me?ods ( comm]ce & ! condition ( our cities are likely to be 9 ! future x 0 necess>y to conceive c]ta9 advances 9 our k ( :at is r clumsily call$ wireless telegraphy1 & to pr$ict ! discov]y ( new & *eap me?ods ( analys+ wat] into its compon5t gases z a s\rce ( fuel & z means = ! production ( electricity3 & 9 ord] to avoid useless repetition x 0 f\nd conv5i5t to "w out 9 a r\gh mann] ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ! *eap & inexhau/ible supplies ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 :i* ,i h imag9$ discov]y to h plac$ at ! disposal ( inv5tion w\ld be employ$ 9 ! arts4 ,simil>ly1 :5 we int]rogate imag9ation on ! subject ( sci5tific discov]y itself1 we %all be =c$ to ?9k *iefly ( ! practical results likely to be a*iev$ by x1 & inde$ !re w\ld o!rwise be h>dly any purpose to s]ve by ! ef=t4 ,:at imports ! greate/ am\nt ( complexity into ! subject is ! difficulty ( conceiv+ ! l9es ^u :i* sci5ce is likely to travel1 unless we all[ ourselves to be guid$ by ! practical requirem5ts ( ! future z f> z we are able to =esee !m4 ,imag9ation has inde$ sup]abundant room 9 :i* to run riot :5 x endeav\rs to give =m to ! probabilities ( sci5tific discov]y2 & ! only dang] is t ef=t may be wa/$ 9 purely fanciful directions1 if x be n pretty securely ti$ d[n by "s su* artificial re/ra9t z ! conv5tion ( keep+ m or less /rictly to ! anticipation ( discov]ies likely to h imm$iate practical application4 ,= in/ance1 !re is h>dly any end to ! developm5ts we might all[ ourselves to imag9e z aris+ out ( ! new !ories1 /ill 9 a probation>y condition1 z to ! ultimate physical /ructure ( ! univ]se4 ,su* conjectures might be foll[$ indef9itely 9 sev]al directions1 & ! result+ conclusions w\ld be m likely to err by timidity ?an by extravagance3 b z !re is no k at pres5t available :i* c\ld s]ve z a guide to ! probably-"r1 & z a w>n+ aga9/ ! probably-wrong1 directions1 x w\ld be nei!r int]e/+ nor useful to pursue !m4 ,radium ! reveal]1 z ,dr ,saleeby has call$ x 9 "o ( ^? brilliant pap]s :i* f9e imag9ation & delicate fancy h adorn$ ) _m ano!r noble phrase & memorable image1 op5s ! door to a :ole _w ( new possibilities4 ,our :ole conception ( cosmic processes may h to be remodell$1 9 ! light ( ^? t9y sc9tillations :i* ! sp9?>iscope has popul>is$4 ,already our notions conc]n+ ! nature ( matt] h be5 revolutionis$4 ,we are told t atoms1 reg>d$ hi!rto z ! ultimate units ( matt]--s small t ,"l ,kelv9 has calculat$ t if a drop ( wat] 7 magnifi$ to ! size ( ! e>? ! atoms 9 x w\ld be some:]e betwe5 ! size ( small %ot & ! size ( cricket balls--are !mselves made up ( a /uff s almo/ inf9itely m t5u\s1 t ! p>ticles ( x )9 ! atom are1 relatively to _! size1 f>!r ap>t ?an ! planets ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,^! p>ticles1 commonly call$ electrons1 if p>ticles !y c /ill be designat$ at all1 7 at fir/ said to c>ry a *>ge ( electricity4 ,b x n[ seems t !y are electricity itself4 ,if ?is be true1 we %\ld seem to be on ! po9t ( bridg+ ! void betwe5 :at us$ to be call$ ! et]nal anti!tics--matt] & =ce3 & :i!r ?is w lead u c only ) ! greate/ caution be pre-imag9$4 ,9 any case ! consequ5ces ( ?is discov]y1 philosophical z well z sci5tific1 are /upefy+ 9 ! possibilities !y op5 up to ! ?9k] z well z to ! man ( practical sci5ce4 ,at la/ sci5ce beg9s to jo9 h&s ) philosophy4 ,:at w be ! philosophy ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 imag9ation pales be=e ! ef=t ( attempt+ to conceive4 ,b ! work+ out ( ! revelations promis$ by radiology belongs r to ?is end ( ! c5tury ?an to ! o!r4 ,dur+ ! int]val !re c be no d\bt t electricity1 already man's *ief h&maid1 w h increas$ & p]haps complet$ h] s]vices to ! race4 ,:51 z ,i v5tur$ to sugge/ 9 a =m] *apt]1 inexhau/ible & *eap curr5t is yield$ to u by "s me?od ( utilis+ ! electrical reciprocity ( ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 gases d]iv$ f wat]1 d\btless all ma*9]y w be electrically driv51 all transport electrically propell$4 ,p]haps ?is discov]y lies s f> 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! future z to be irrelevant to any anticipations ( ! _w's condition a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,! full developm5t ( electrically-driv5 ma*9]y lies 9 ! middle di/ance1 & ! duration ( ! electrical age c h>dly be precalculat$ ) any great] exactness ?an ! sugge/ion t x w probably h rea*$1 or at all ev5ts approa*$1 its end 9 ab\t a c5tury's "t4 ,! mo/ important problem connect$ ) ?is subject is to imag9e1 if we c1 h[ electrical p[] w be appli$4 ,x is q evid5t t ! device ( long conductors1 ei!r ov]head or bel[ gr\nd--! live wires ( al>m$ ,am]ica--is too clumsy & too dang]\s to be long tol]at$4 ,x is inde$ a public sc&al t cables c>ry+ an electrical *>ge capable ( kill+ or p>alys+ at a t\* %\ld be susp5d$ ov] ! heads ( ! citiz5s1 expos$ to mom5t>y breakage by sn[fall1 high w9d1 or ! inevitable we> :i* c>eless inspectors may ov]look3 & ! m]e fact t a horse c occasionally set foot on a gr\nd plate & fall dead f ! contact %[s t ev5 ! vaunt$ conduit sy/em mu/ n be reg>d$ z any?+ b a /rictly-tempor>y device4 ,"s ( ! dang]s ( ! und]gr\nd electric wires arise out ( ! use ( our pres5t illum9at+ gas1 :5 a pipe leaks into a manhole or inspection *amb]1 =m+ an explosive mixture ( gas & air1 :i* pres5tly becomes ignit$ by an electric sp>k & bl[s up ! :ole affair4 ,no d\bt coal gas is )9 easily measurable di/ance ( its end z a conv5i5ce ( civilisation4 ,b x is extremely probable t hydrog5 & oxyg5 w be convey$ by ma9s to h\ses & public build+s dur+ a long "t3 & x is h>dly possible to believe t ! ma9s w n sometimes leak & be capable ( lett+ out mixtures f> m dang]\s on ignition ?an ! mixture ( coal gas & air1 & /ill m dang]\s because nei!r ( ! gases1 nor ! mixture ( !m1 has any smell1 unless inde$ we %\ld take ! precaution ( giv+ !m "o artificially4 ,:atev] we may d1 & we %all d mu*1 to m9imise ! dang]s ( highly-evolv$ civilisation1 accid5ts w always occur1 & _! viol5ce w probably increase4 ,we mu/ pay our toll to ! conv5i5ces ( life1 & we %all ( c\rse comp5sate ourselves by a l[] dea?-rate f diseases1 _m ( :i* w no d\bt 9 a hundr$ ye>s' "t h disappe>$ f ! planet4 ,if we ne$ any motive p[] o!r ?an electricity1 or if we ne$ motive p[] ( "s o!r k9d to produce electricity1 no d\bt ! explosive recomb9ation ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 controll$ by devices develop$ f exi/+ gas-eng9es & petrol-eng9es1 w be a />t+-po9t3 because coal w1 probably be=e ! complete exhau/ion ( ! supply ( x1 h be5 f\nd altoge!r too dirty & unheal?y a ?+ to use1 at all ev5ts by way ( combu/ion1 ?\gh rum\rs are he>d f "t to "t ( new me?ods by :i* ! /or$ en]gy ( coal may be utilis$ directly1 to ! great economy ( ! mat]ial4 #ac ,9 all sorts ( ways ! e>ly ye>s ( ! c5tury w be employ+ !mselves 9 seek+ out new s\rces ( man's *ief necessity--p[]3 & a hundr$ ye>s h5ce we %all h ent]$ ^u ! full inh]itance ( !m4 ,b ! obta9+ ( p[] is only "o problem ( ! me*anician4 ,( almo/ equal1 if n q equal1 importance is t ( apply+ p[] at ! place :]e x is ne$$1 & ! c>eful read] w n h ov]look$ ! fact t :ile we h be5 discuss+ ! use ( electricity z a s\rce ( p[] we h already be5 anticipat+1 & p]haps anticipat+ a good deal4 ,=1 :5 we n[ speak ( ma*9]y & locomotive eng9es be+ driv5 by electricity1 we are really only employ+ a sort ( conv5i5t p]iphrasis4 ,all our electric ma*9]y1 all our electric railways1 our tupp5y tubes & ! horrible electric trams :i* make life almo/ intol]able 9 h\ses along _m ( ! ma9 roads out ( ,london1 are really driv5 by coal-burn+ /eam eng9es4 ,9 a few places 7especially 9 ! ,niag>a valley7 wat]fall p[] is us$4 ,b :atev] ! real s\rce ( p[]1 electricity is only a means1 m or less conv5i5t1 ( transmitt+ x4 ,ev5 electric laun*es1 & sl[-go+ electric br\ghams driv5 by accumulators1 only repres5t slightly m subtle examples ( ! electrical transmission ( p[]4 ,! ultimate s\rce ( p[] is always ei!r a /eam-eng9e or a wat]fall4 ,a few lecture-table toys & ! l are ! only exi/+ examples ( ma*9]y 9 :i* ! actual s\rce ( p[] is electricity4 ,ev5 "h1 x may be object$1 ! actual s\rce ( p[] is n electricity1 b *emical action 9 ! batt]y4 ,b no contrivance ( man is an ultimate s\rce ( p[]4 ,ev5 a /eam-eng9e is only a device = utilis+ ! /or$ sol> en]gy ( coal4 ,( c\rse man c no m create p[] ?an he c create matt]3 ! /ock ( ea* 9 ! univ]se is a fix$ quantity4 ,all t we are able to d is to h>ness to our use a "p ( ! cosmic /ore4 ,:5 ,i speak ( electricity becom+ h]eaft] a s\rce ( p[]1 ,i am m]ely di/+ui%+ betwe5 its use z a means ( transmitt+ =ce already p]ceiv$ z =ce 9 "s o!r =m 7z :]e a dynamo-electric ma*9e receives motion f a /eam-eng9e or wat]fall & turns ?is motion into electricity1 :i* is convey$ by wires or rails to an electric dynamic eng9e t reconv]ts x into motion7 & its use z a prim>y means ( utilis+ ! cosmic /ores ( =ce4 ,be=e we arrive1 !re=e1 at ! po9t ( us+ electricity z a s\rce ( p[] 9 itself1 our me*anicians w h pl5ty to occupy !m 9 ! task ( devis+ saf] & m conv5i5t me?ods ( transmitt+ =ce1 & ev5 at ! end ( ! c5tury1 suppos+ ! use ( electricity n to h be5 entirely sup]s$$ by ! discov]y ( "s entirely new =ce z yet n ev5 conceivable1 inv5tion w d\btless be /ill busy ) fur!r improvem5ts 9 ! transmission z well z 9 ! production ( electricity4 ,x has be5 h9t$ t wireless transmission ( p[] w no d\bt by t "t h become practicable1 & ,signor ,m>coni's a*ievem5t ( wireless telegraphy 0 m5tion$ z a pro( t su* transmission is at lea/ imag9able4 ,9 ,m>coni's inv5tion an enorm\s electrical impulse is laun*$ into ! !r1 & if ! v smalle/ tok5 ( x c be pick$ up 9 any way at ! receiv+ /ation1 ! wireless telegram is satisfactorily receiv$4 ,b ! important fact = our pres5t purpose is t "s product ( ! orig9al impulse c be pick$ up3 & ?\gh ! ef=t ( imag9ation requir$ to see 9 ?is a />t+-po9t = entirely new inv5tions1 capable ( ga!r+ up a practicable modicum ( ! transmitt$ p[] 9 a =m capable ( be+ conv]t$ into motion1 is sev]e1 we %all br+ b a poor imag9ative equipm5t to a task s colossal z t ( guess+ :at ! next c5tury w be capable ( if we refuse to believe t some?+ 9 ! nature ( ,h]tzian waves1 or some?+ propagat$ z ^! are propagat$1 c be us$ to c>ry impulse to ma*9]y at a di/ance f ! s\rce ( p[]4 ,! imag9ative faculty :i* boggles at ?is ef=t w probably ov]look ! fact t ! m]e transmission is only a "p ( ! difficulty :i* is pretty sure to h be5 ov]come by ?is "t next c5tury4 ,x w n be en\gh to laun* waves capable ( be+ us$ :]e !y are int5d$ to be us$4 ,we mu/ also discov] h[ to laun* !m s t !y may be incapable ( be+ us$ any:]e else4 ,i read ! o!r day ! report ( a police-c\rt case 9 :i* a man 0 *>g$ ) /eal+ electricity 7:i* seems a r d\btful indictm5t f ! po9t ( view ( ! lawy]7 by obta9+ ! use ( a public telephone /ation )\t pay+ ! usual fee4 ,! electricians ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce w c]ta9ly h to f9d out h[ to prev5t ! purlo9+ ( wireless =ce1 & p]haps ! police w h to devise means ( detect+ ?is at pres5t some:at recondite crime4 ,?is "q ( wireless transmission lies )9 ! prov9ce ( discov]y r ?an t ( inv5tion4 ,be=e x c receive actuality we h to d m ?an utilise exi/+ k3 we h to acquire new k4 ,9 ! meantime1 portable en]gy w no d\bt be a*iev$ 9 ways o!r ?an electrical4 ,"s v int]e/+ compress$-air tools are already 9 limit$ use4 ,holes are drill$ & rivets driv5 by little contrivances :i* h a /ore ( =ce )9 !mselves furni%$ by compress$ air4 ,"o ( ! _m uses ( ! *eap oxyg5 & hydrog51 & d\btless ( *eaply liquefi$ gases ( high-resi/+ p[]1 #ad w no d\bt be to "w v>i\s k9ds ( ma*9]y4 ,?is use ( liquid airs has be5 mu* d]id$1 & inde$ a good deal ( nons5se has be5 writt5 z to its possibilities1 draw+ f a rec5t & accompli%$ writ] ! rem>k t ,! /atem5ts :i* h sometimes appe>$ 9 ! daily pap]s1 ann\nc+ imp5d+ revolutions 9 ! me?ods ( obta9+ *eap p[] by ! application ( liquid air1 h orig9at$ f an imp]fect compreh5sion ( ! problems involv$4 #ae ,9 pres5t conditions1 & s f> z we are able to see at pres5t1 liquefi$ gases are = a long "t n likely to s]ve any great] me*anical purpose ?an t ( furni%+ a highly portable app>atus by :i* great p[] c be develop$ = a %ort "t at any requir$ place4 ,x is easy to believe t x c\ld n be o!rwise employ$ ) any economy1 ev5 :5 discov]y has greatly simplifi$ ! n[ difficult process ( liquefaction4 ,b 9 reg>d to ?is matt]1 & to almo/ e o!r me*anical & eng9e]+ improvem5t sugge/$ 9 ! pres5t "w1 x is ( ! fir/ importance to rememb] t ! conditions 9 :i* ! "w ( ! _w a hundr$ ye>s h5ce w be done are c]ta9 to diff] v greatly f any?+ we "k to-day2 & t proc$ures at pres5t n m]ely out ( proportion1 b 9 !mselves actually *im]ical1 w become p]fectly workable 9 ! new circum/ances ( ano!r c5tury4 ,no d\bt ! problems at pres5t involv$ make _m ( ! developm5ts h]e9 sugge/$ almo/ laughable to ^? :o exam9e ! subject )\t imag9ation4 ,b :at c\ld h be5 ?\ght ( a man :o1 :5 ,o]/$ discov]$ ! influ5ce ( a batt]y curr5t on ! compass ne$le1 sugge/$ t ! discov]y might1 9 mu* less ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 be practically develop$ 9 su* un=ese5 ways z to produce locomotive ma*9es capable ( c>ry+ va/ weight at a spe$ ( p]haps a hundr$ miles an h\r8 ,he w\ld h be5 told t su* pr$ictions c\ld only h orig9at$ f an imp]fect compreh5sion ( ! problems involv$4 ,b we "k t !y w\ld h be5 p]fectly s\nd1 ?\gh x w\ld h be5 difficult to )hold ass5t f ! d]ision :i* in/ruct$ he>]s w\ld h p\r$ ^u !m4 ,! effect ( any sci5tific discov]y c only be measur$ :5 we are 9 a position to judge ( ! conditions 9 :i* x may be appli$1 & ! fur!r discov]ies :i* may affect x--a consid]ation :i* w help u aga9/ ! dang] ( undue caution 9 e/imat+ ! possible developm5ts ( rec5t discov]y :5 utilis$ 9 ! conditions ( ! next c5tury & re9=c$ by inv5tions & discov]ies yet to come4 ,a l caution w1 h[ev]1 tea* u to re/ra9 our expectations f ! new k :i* radium appe>s to be gradually unfold+1 n because !re is any d\bt t radio-activity w ultimately br+ priceless gifts to civilisation1 b because 9 our pres5t ignorance ( all b a few facts conc]n+ x we c =m no possible conjecture z to ! l9es ^! gifts w foll[4 ,already we seem to h se5 9 "s ( ! radium exp]im5ts "o elem5t turn into ano!r4 ,if ?is %\ld develop until we acquire ! p[] :i* us$ to be dream$ ( z transmutation1 ! social & economic upheavals :i* w\ld result begg> imag9ation4 #af ,! photographic effect ( ,rntg5 rays has already #ag be5 ! subject ( a sugge/ion1 & ev5 ! facts n[ remote/ f practical use 9 connection ) ! rays ( v>i\s sorts s mu* discuss$ 9 ! sci5tific newspap]s w no d\bt be utilis$ 9 a mann] or 9 mann]s f> remov$ f ! limit$ employm5t 9 !rapeutics already f\nd = !m4 ,& inde$ m$ic9e1 n ! mo/ progressive ( mod]n sci5ces1 w no d\bt make va/ /rides dur+ ! p]iod "u discussion4 ,x w\ld be altoge!r fallaci\s to =eca/ ! position & probable a*ievem5ts ( m$ical sci5ce 9 a c5tury's "t on ! l9e ( simple developm5t f ! practice ( to-day4 ,! *anges w be revolution>y r ?an evolution>y4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t only fifty ye>s ago limbs 7 hack$ f ! quiv]+ fle% ( ! s5ti5t pati5t1 held d[n by muscul> assi/ants le/ ! viol5t /ruggles ( 8 agony %\ld emb>rass ! surgeon1 & t w\nds ( all sorts fe/]$ & decay$ until a hospital reek$ ) _! impurity--9 o!r words1 t discov]ies s great z an/hesia & antisepsis are well )9 liv+ memory--we ne$ n hesitate to pr$ict = ! pres5t c5tury *anges 9 m$ical & surgical sci5ce almo/ inconceivable by ! light ( our pres5t atta9m5t4 ,an/hetics--( :i* ! local k9ds1 z coca9e & euca9e1 are ( entirely rec5t use--repres5t an advance 9 "o direction4 ,antiseptic surg]y1 :i* is ! prev5tion & correction ( blood & w\nd-poison+ by *emical dis9fectants1 repres5t$ an advance ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,b antisepsis is already on ! po9t ( be+ sup]s$$ by ! f> m rational & sci5tific me?od ( asepsis1 or ! exclusion f op5 w\nds ( all ! g]ms :i* c set up inflammation & fe/]+4 ,! *ange is typical4 ,! direction 9 :i* m$ic9e is *iefly work+ at ! pres5t "t is t ( introduc+ into ! body "o disease ) ! idea ( exclud+ o!r diseases4 ,x is conceiv$ t c[-pox is antagoni/ic to small-pox1 erysipelas possibly to canc]1 & s on4 ,all ! talk 9 m$ical circles is ( s]um & att5uat$ virus4 ,&1 ap>t f animal products adm9i/]$ by injection1 we cure or attempt to cure all diseases by adm9i/]+ poisons--animal1 vegetable or m9]al4 ,j z by antiseptics we poison ! g]m :i* causes fe/]+ & inflammation1 s by drugs we attempt to poison disease--= all drugs are practically poisons4 ,! pr9ciple ( _! adm9i/ration is almo/ :olly empirical4 ,if y ask a doctor :y ph5acet9 r$uces fev]1 x is impossible to get beyond a metaphysical explanation4 ,he w reply t ph5acet9 r$uces fev] by l[]+ ! blood pressure1 or some?+ ( t k9d4 ,b ?is m]ely re-/ates ! problem4 ,:y does ph5acet9 l[] blood pressure8 ,we d n "k4 ,! sub/itution ( asepsis = antisepsis--t is1 ( cleanl9ess = dis9fection--has h>dly yet be5 p]ceiv$ to be 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! greate/ advance 9 !rapeutics s9ce ,hippocrates4 ,x probably conta9s ! g]m ( future m$ical treatm5t4 ,h]eaft] we %all n try to ca/ out devils ( disease by o!r disease-g]ms only less devili%4 ,we %all le>n en\gh ( ! causes ( disease to /op !m at _! s\rce1 & k gr[+ f m to m1 :i* has taught u exactly h[ matt] 9 ! wrong place--( :atev] sort--is ! s\rce ( all disease1 w also %[ h[ matt] may g5]ally be kept 9 its "r place4 ,al?\gh comp>atively little progress has be5 made by ! curative use ( rays1 o!r discov]ies1 ( :i* we h ev5 n[ pass$ ! br9k1 w h an enorm\s effect on m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,already c]ta9 k9ds ( light cure rod5t ulc]1 "o ( ! mo/ hide\s & t]rible diseases1 n by ! importation ( fre% sub/ances into ! body b by ! modification ( ! tissues !mselves4 ,:5 radiation has be5 fully /udi$ x w almo/ c]ta9ly be f\nd t ! sun1 :i* is ! s\rce ( practically all t]re/rial activity1 has be5 %[]+ ^u u1 ev] s9ce ! homog5e\s vap\r :i* 0 ! bir?-/uff ( ! univ]se aggregat$ itself into worlds & suns & planets1 rays :i* are capable ( correct+ e sort ( disease-g]m9ation &1 prop]ly us$1 ( prev5t+ x4 ,! absolute deadl9ess ( unmodifi$ sunlight to _m sorts ( disease-g]ms is recognis$ already4 ,! value ( sun-ba?s--! exposure ( ! :ole body1 undrap$ or only lightly cov]$1 to ! sunlight--is already discuss$ 9 connection ) anmia1 *lorosis & ! e>ly /ages ( consumption4 ,:5 we "k j :]e all disease orig9ates1 & :y x develops1 x seems likely t sunlight & oxyg5 its *ild w prev5t ne>ly all disease & cure :atev] disease accid5tally arises4 ,9 place ( tempor>y & dang]\s exp$i5ts l antiseptics1 s]um & corrective poisons1 we %all import no?+ into ! human organism1 b only exclude :at ought to be kept out1 & modify into innocu\sness :at has f\nd its way 94 ,a great "p ( ! disease we call con/itutional1 z di/+ui%$ f infective1 arises f food1 ei!r because ! food itself is n free f disease1 or because1 f excess 9 quantity or error 9 *oice1 ! food we take sets up ! production ( poisons 9 ! c\rse ( dige/ion1 & by yield+1 = in/ance1 lactic or uric acid to ! blood causes rheumatism or g\t1 or by introduc+ into ! /oma* matt] 9 a /ate ( incipi5t decay1 fav\rs typhoid & o!r fev]s4 ,:51 = reasons already indicat$1 animal food has be5 elim9at$ f ! m5u "o great s\rce ( disease w h be5 got rid (4 ,:5 we completely und]/& ! nature ( ! infective & contagi\s diseases x seems well )9 ! b\nds ( possibility t ! sy/ematic de/ruction ( _! g]ms may be c>ri$ f> en\gh to remove !m altoge!r f ! planet4 #ah ,we h n[1 ev5 by ! highly imp]fect measure ( qu>ant9e & a p]iod ( muzzl+ 7f :i*1 on no evid5t gr\nd except t x w\ld int]f]e ) ! amusem5ts ( ! gov]n+ class to include !m1 sport+ dogs 7 exclud$71 app>5tly bani%$ hydrophobia f ,great ,brita94 ,if x prove to be ! case t j z hydrophobia _c arise spontane\sly1 b requires to be />t$ by ! entry into ! blood ( an animal ( an exi/+ infection1 o!r infective diseases require pre-exi/+ disease be=e !y c arise1 we may get rid ( !m altoge!r4 ,! dream may appe> a wild "o4 ,b x is n wild] ?an ! dreams ( a ?9k] :o anticipat$ any "o ( a hundr$ common facts ( to-day mu/ h appe>$ to our great-great-gr&fa!rs4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n to be suppos$ t disease c altoge!r be bani%$ f a _w s highly artificial z t ( ! next c5tury w be4 ,und\bt$ly ! gr[? ( sanit>y sci5ce & ! k ( ! l>g] facts ( hygi5e1 :i* is only n[ beg9n+ to dawn ^u u1 w h a great influ5ce 9 correct+ "s ( ! evils :i* ov]-civilisation at pres5t entails4 ,b ! v progress ( ! art ( heal+ w no d\bt h ! effect ( p]petuat+ 9 a mann] ! exi/5ce ( illness4 ,e =w>d /ep 9 m$ic9e s]ves to save alive "s weakl+ t 9 a less advanc$ civilisation w\ld die2 & ^! survivors1 possibly propagat+ _! species1 w h weak desc5dants1 on :om :atev] possibility ( disease cont9ues to exi/ w c]ta9ly fa/54 ,! discov]y ( means by :i* we c make a weak con/itution into a /rong "o is p]haps ! lea/ likely ( m$ical innovations4 ,x w\ld be altoge!r contr>y to ! g5]al _s ( ! times anticipat$ to expect t we %all h /eel$ our he>ts to ! de/ruction ( feeble lives z dang]\s to ! race4 ,we are mu* m likely to g on f9d+ bett] means to p]petuate !m3 & ?is means t !re w always be "w = ! doctor1 ?\gh ! infective fev]s w h be5 bani%$ f ! e>?4 ,m$ic9e1 !re=e1 w /ill aspire4 ,b ap>t f :at are call$ occupation-diseases1 caus$ by c]ta9 manufactur+ processes 7( :i* ! m deadly1 z phosphorus mat*-mak+1 lead-glaz+ ( e>!nw>e & ! manufacture ( enamell$ iron w be=e long c]ta9ly be aboli%$71 ! elaborate ma*9]y & rapid travel ( ! new age mu/ ne$s exact a c]ta9 toll ( dea? & mutilation4 ,! surgeon w h m to d ?an ! physician4 ,frightful accid5ts w occur f "t to "t4 ,! maim1 ! halt & ! bl9d mu/ pay ! price ( progress4 ,& x is h>dly possible t n]v\s diseases & insanity1 incid5t to ! pressure ( civilisation1 c be elim9at$4 ,b c]ta9ly ! alleviations ( all b ! la/1 & ev5 ( t except 9 its extreme expression z total dem5tia1 w h advanc$ to a high /&>d4 ,we %all no d\bt1 = in/ance1 h discov]$ means ( s act+ on ! s5sory sy/em t we %all be able innocu\sly & tempor>ily to p>alyse at any desir$ spot ! n]ves :i* transmit pa94 ,?us1 dur+ convalesc5ce1 ! injur$ w suff] no discom=t except t ( conf9em5t1 & our means ( amus+ ! pati5t by talk+ ma*9es t w read & s+ to him1 & ! !atroscopes t w project be=e him mov+ & col\r$ pictures ( life or ! play1 w make ! sick b$ almo/ a p>adise4 ,z we h se5 t1 ap>t f ! s5tim5tal reasons :i* h be5 sugge/$1 #ai animal & fle% foods mu/1 = economical reasons1 h be5 ab&on$ long be=e ! end ( ! c5tury1 ! graz+ ( cattle be+ f> too exp5sive a me?od ( utilis+ ! soil1 we may be q sure t ! sci5ces connect$ ) agriculture w receive f> great] att5tion ?an !y n[ enjoy4 ,x w gr[ m important ) e decade to obta9 ! greate/ possible tribute f ! portions ( l&1 /eadily decreas+ 9 area1 :i* c be sp>$ f ! gr[+ ne$s ( ! build]4 ,e discov]y ( ! *emi/ :i* c be laid "u contribution by ! agriculturi/ w eag]ly be seiz$ ^u4 ,e means :i* c be devis$ = replac+ :at we take f ! soil w be utilis$ to ! full3 & ( c\rse ! inevitable disappe>ance ( ! horse z a means ( traction1 & ( ! flocks & h]ds :i* n[ yield manure1 & p]haps ! gradual exhau/ion ( ! m9]als 7z rock phosphates7 f :i* artificial soil enri*]s are prep>$1 w make x necess>y to re>range1 on safe1 economical & conv5i5t l9es1 our pres5t plans ( sanitation4 ,! insane wa/efulness ( dra9+ into ! sea _c long be tol]at$4 ,e conceivable means ( cons]v+ our mundane capital w h to be made use (4 ,9 o!r ways sci5ce w come to ! rescue4 ,! f>m]'s suff]+s f ! depr$ations ( v]m9 ( v>i\s k9ds w p]haps nev] be mu* affect$ by inv5tion1 because all nature is s curi\sly int]dep5d5t t ! eradication ( "o pe/ has an awkw>d way ( int5sify+ "s great] evil3 we de/roy birds & are puni%$ by a plague ( cat]pill>s4 ,! accid5ts ( climate1 too1 c p]haps only be obviat$ 9 a v small measure1 ?\gh ! sci5ce ( meteorology1 con/antly be+ help$ by facilities = bett] obs]vation-report+1 w unque/ionably help ! agriculturi/ by giv+ him timely w>n+s4 ,x seems h>dly possible to d\bt t ! ecc5tricities ( climate & ! unexpect$ %ift+ ( ! ra9y season 9 ,man*uria dur+ ! ,russo-,japanese w> mu/ h be5 caus$ by ! va/ atmosph]ic di/urbances creat$ by days & weeks ( cannonad+3 & ( c\rse x is an old !ory t heavy gun-fire br+s d[n ! ra94 ,milit>y hi/orians say t ! numb] ( wet-day battles altoge!r exce$s any expectation :i* c\ld h be5 =m$ )\t all[+ = effects ( ?is sort4 ,:5 sci5ce has pond]$ ^u ! subject1 & in/itut$ 9 an ord]$ mann] exp]im5ts ( a k9d hi!rto nev] tak5 v s]i\sly1 x may v well be t "s means less viol5t ?an ! detonation ( explosives may be discov]$ by ! practical meteorologi/ = creat+ di/urbances 9 ! atmosph]e2 & :ile x may n be possible to prev5t excessive ra9fall at inconv5i5t times1 x seems easy to conceive t :5 !re is moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e we may be able to br+ x d[n z ra94 ,( c\rse ?is is a v diff]5t ?+ f break+ up dr\ghts3 & artificial ra9-mak+ _c 9 itself be any?+ b a mom5t>y exp$i5t4 ,! effects ( de=e/ation h = "s "t be5 obs]v$ & ! plan ( improv+ wat]less areas by ! contr>y process is already discuss$4 ,:ile x seems r a l>ge ord] to und]take to m$dle ) ! balance ( atmosph]ic composition on a l>ge scale1 especially z we "k s little ( ! conditions t ev5 success might v possibly be att5d$ by un=ese5 & p]haps calamit\s results1 !re is no?+ intr9sically absurd 9 ! notion t we might adopt means on a va/ scale = increas+ oceanic evaporation &1 utilis+ ! exact =ekn[l$ge ( w9ds & air curr5ts :i* we %all c]ta9ly h a*iev$1 br+ moi/ure & ra9 to arid tracts or c\ntries suff]+ f dr\ght4 ,! op]ation w\ld no d\bt require to be /up5d\s1 b ! next c5tury is n go+ to be afraid ( /up5d\s op]ations2 & anticipat+ va/ & un=ese5 progress 9 meteorology1 x w\ld be haz>d\s to believe t no practical use w be made ( su* progress4 ,:ile our k & ma/]y ( ! planet we possess1 & ( its =ces1 are be+ /eadily advanc$ by sci5tific discov]y1 & ! rese>*es ( ! pure sci5ti/ are con/antly yield+ practical results at fir/ undream$ (1 x is impossible to d\bt t man's k ( himself w make equal progress4 ,& x is n alone ! physical con/itution ( man t w be int]rogat$4 ,ev]y?+ assi/s ! belief t ?is c5tury w be among o!r ?+s ! c5tury ( psy*ical advance4 ,we appe> to be on ! v]ge ( great discov]ies conc]n+ ! human m9d1 & especially conc]n+ ! relation ( body to consci\sness4 ,hypnotism has only dur+ a comp>atively %ort "t be5 ! subject ( sy/ematic obs]vation1 ev5 9 ,france2 b at any "t dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s results h be5 a*iev$ :i*1 if =ese5 a c5tury ago1 w\ld c]ta9ly h produc$ a widespread recrudesc5ce ( belief 9 wit*craft4 ,:at ! develop$ sci5ce ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce w be capable ( w\ld c]ta9ly be a great deal m surpris+ if we c\ld =esee x to-day4 ,x is report$ f ! ,salpetrire ,hospital t a woman1 "u hypnosis1 has _h ! exi/5ce ( a picture on a blank %eet ( pap] sugge/$ to h] ) su* vividness t1 on ! sugge/ion be+ reviv$ at a subsequ5t p]iod1 ev5 aft] a consid]able int]val1 %e 0 able to detect t ! picture 0 upside d[n1 ! blank pap] hav+ be5 actually rev]s$4 ,?is ph5om5on is attribut$ to a great acc5tuation ( ! s5se ( vision produc$ by hypnotism1 x be+ suppos$ t ! pap]1 p]fectly blank on ord9>y obs]vation1 _h really "s local irregul>ity ( col\r or surface :i* ! %>p5$ vision ( ! subject 0 able1 unconsci\sly1 to utilise4 ,:at secrets 9 ! me*anism ( ! s5ses may n ?is =e-%ad[8 ,)\t any rec\rse to hypnotism1 z we at pres5t und]/& hypnotism1 impressions h1 9 a numb] ( in/ances suffici5t to exclude all possibility ( collusion or error1 be5 convey$ f "o m9d to ano!r )\t ! use ( any ( ! ord9>y means ( communication3 & x is %[n 9 exp]im5ts s]i\sly conduct$ by tra9$ obs]v]s t ! faculties ( ?us communicat+ & receiv+ impressions c be /eadily cultivat$4 ,9 o!r words1 x w\ld appe> t human consci\sness possesses "s sort ( emanation1 & al?\gh c]ta9 ray exp]im5ts possibly connect$ ) ! subject h n receiv$ univ]sal acceptance1 x is evid5t t ! future is go+ to enl>ge consid]ably our k ( ! nature ( m5tal process4 ,at pres5t we "k no?+--& x has be5 said ) "s ra%ness t we mu/ always rema9 9 a l ignorance--( ! int]val betwe5 s5se & consci\sness4 ,we "k h[ ! e> receives air-vibrations1 h[ x collects & conducts !m to ! auditory n]ves1 c>efully protect+ itself1 by ! action ( beautifully ord]$ spr+s & cu%ions1 f ! effects ( vibrations viol5t en\gh to be dang]\s to its own integrity4 ,b ev5 :5 we h foll[$ vibrations z f> z ! n]ve1 & recognis$ ! subtle v>iation ( its own sub/ance by :i* ! n]ve conducts ! impression ( !m to ! bra91 we h no inkl+ ( ! means by :i* ! ph5om5on ( consci\sness :i* we call m9d is produc$4 ,well1 n[ t by sugge/ion alone we c ) p]fect precision1 & )\t ! use ( any air vibration :atev]1 cause a hypnotis$ p]son 7or ev5 a p]son :o has at "s e>li] p]iod be5 hypnotis$ b has recov]$ 8 normal /ate7 to he>--9 8 m9d alone--s\nds :i* h no objective exi/5ce1 j z vividly & cle>ly z any s\nds we c physically produce1 does x seem extravagant to believe t ! :ole me*anism ( s5se1 nay1 ! d>k m9d-gulf beyond me*anism too1 w receive full illum9ation f ! sci5ce ( ! com+ "t8 ,su* a discov]y w\ld1 ( c\rse1 ?r[ utt]ly into %ad[ any?+ we h yet le>n$ ( ! nature ( man4 ,x w\ld br+ u a /ep ne>] to ! k ( ! unkn[n s\l ( him4 ,:at secrets might x n c>ry ) x ( ^? my/]i\s co-p>tn]s1 m9d & body1 ?\ght & bra98 ,) ?is1 ! noble/ subject t c be propos$ to ! intellect ( man1 ! sci5ce ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce w assur$ly be busy1 & imag9ation pales be=e ! contemplation ( a notion s va/4 ,limit$ z we are by ! k ( our own "t1 we _c ev5 conjecture :i!r su* discov]ies might lead u4 ,all we c affirm is t ! :ole outlook ( man1 nay1 ! nature ( man himself1 might v conceivably be *ang$ by !m1 & ! greate/ problems ( ! ?9k] may be resolv$ :5 we eat ( ! fruit t5d]$ u by ?is tree ( ! k ( good & evil4 ,p]haps ! s\l ( man may quail be=e ! revelations 9 /ore1 fe>+ t 9 ! day we eat !re( we %all surely die4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,education ,a ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s ,,h5ce ,all[+1 z e compet5t ?9k] mu/ all[1 a full measure ( validity to ! cont5tion t social developm5ts are matt]s ( sl[ gr[? & gradual atta9m5t r ?an ( sudd5 & cata/rophic *ange2 admitt+ t ev5 9 ! sph]e ( sci5tific discov]y & me*anical inv5tion *anges occur mu* m gradually ?an a cursory glance at individual a*ievem5ts w\ld sugge/2 recognis+ t _m ( ! mo/ rem>kable *anges ^: arrival 9 ! pa/ is ! only possible valid guide to anticipation ( simil> or k9dr$ *anges 9 ! future2 x is /ill a condition ( su* anticipation t we %\ld take acc\nt ( causes likely to be op]ative 9 alt]+ ! rate at :i* ! _w w move4 ,to all[ t social improvem5ts g5]ally h ! air ( occurr+ almo/ automatically is n to conceive t !y are )\t cause4 ,nei!r c x be believ$ by anyone :o has /udi$ ! hi/ory ( su* movem5ts 9 ! pa/1 or wat*$ !m 9 curr5t progress1 t ! rate ( developm5t is ev]y:]e & at all p]iods ! same4 ,!re h be5 eras ( almo/ complete moral1 & ev5 ( almo/ complete me*anical1 /agnation 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,!re h be5 o!r eras ( almo/ viol5t re=mation & recon/ruction4 ,to reason z if ^! *>act]i/ics 7 arbitr>ily or miracul\sly impos$ ^u ! physiognomy ( society1 to be cont5t ) labori\sly un9tellig5t e/imation ( ! facts )\t attempt+ to le>n any?+ f !m ( _! causes1 is to neglect ! only important lesson :i* ei!r hi/ory or obs]vation is capable ( tea*+4 ,:51 !re=e1 an enorm\s accel]ation 9 a rate ( progress already unprec$5t$ 9 ! records ( society has be5 pr$ict$ = ! next hundr$ ye>s ( human hi/ory1 x is evid5t t ?is anticipation mu/ h be5 bas$ ^u "s e/imate ( =ces calculat$ to be op]ative 9 produc+ accel]ation4 ,s f> z sci5tific or mat]ial progress is conc]n$1 x is obvi\s en\gh t we %all move =w>d ) increas+ mom5tum1 because e discov]y & e inv5tion t5ds automatically to facilitate fre% atta9m5t1 & ! v gr[? ( population mu/ act 9 ! same way1 z mu/ also ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,z !re are e ye> m m5 & wom5 work+ on sci5tific rese>* & on me*anical inv5tion1 ! results mu/ be progressively great] e ye>2 & z ! rew>ds ( success are increas$ by ! gr[+ dem& result+ f a gr[+ population1 x is evid5t t ! inc5tives to indu/ry 9 ?is respect are proportionately liable to increase4 ,b ! e?ical progress ( ! _w is actuat$ by =ces entirely diff]5t1 & :at makes = me*anical improvem5t may v easily be conceiv$--9 fact has actually be5 conceiv$ by "o r conspicu\s prophet--to op]ate adv]sely ^u ! moral future ( ! race4 ,no secret1 h[ev]1 has be5 made ( ! pres5t writ]'s belief t our desc5dants a hundr$ ye>s h5ce w h made moral progress q z rem>kable z ! me*anical progress ( :i* ! anticipation is likely to be conte/$ by no reasonably imag9ative obs]v]4 ,?is e?ical improvem5t1 gradual1 & mom5t>ily imp]ceptible z x may be1 necess>ily has causes :i* mu/ n[1 h[ev] t5tatively & h[ev] cursorily1 be exam9$4 ,t ^! causes w be p[]ful1 cont9u\s 9 action & bas$ ^u ! fundam5tals ( human "*1 is evid5t4 ,t 9 _! op]ation !y w be oppos$ by o!r influ5ces n less easy to =esee is equally manife/4 ,:at we h to precognise are ! net results likely to be a*iev$ by ! int]action ( oppos+ =ces1 ( :i* ^? t5d+ to improvem5t are confid5tly believ$ ! /rong]4 ,! mo/ p[]ful ( all moral influ5ces 9 ! future w und\bt$ly be ! re=m ( education1 n m]ely by ! improvem5t ( its me?ods 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts1 b also1 & ) mu* m importance1 9 ! g5]al _s ) :i* its objects w be conceiv$4 ,b 9 ord] to affirm t ?is re=m w occur1 we mu/ fir/ demon/rate t ! gr\nds ^u :i* x is anticipat$ are adequate4 ,we mu/1 9 ! t]ms ( ! =mula above propos$1 be satisfi$ t !y are 9 h>mony ) ! fundam5tals ( human "*4 ,if !re be any human motive ( :i* some?+ approa*+ univ]sality c be pr$ict$--quod semp]1 quod ubique1 quod ab omnibus--x is t ( p>5tal solicitude4 ,no prog5itor ( *ildr51 h[ev] little am5able to high aspirations1 is :olly free f ! wi% t 8 (fspr+ %all gr[ up to be wis]1 /rong]1 bett]1 m prosp]\s ?an himself4 ,! innate hopefulness ( ! race express$ 9 ! arid comm5t t1 9 8 own e/imation1 man nev] is1 b always to be ble/1 is (t5 disc\rag$ by ! "t a man's *ildr5 are beg9n+ to gr[ up1 especially 9 ^! days ( late m>riage & def]r$ p>5?ood4 ,realis+1 z mo/ ( u h realis$ only too acutely by ! "t we are =ty1 t we h m or less fail$ 9 ! ambitions :i* seem$ s easy ( future atta9m5t :5 we 7 tw5ty-five1 aspiration beg9s to ca/ a gold5 light ^u ! c>e] ( our *ildr51 & x is to ! successes & ! fame ( our fir/-born t we look = consolation 9 ! failure :i*1 = ourselves1 we no long] hope to evade4 ,romance1 celebrity1 ev5 p]haps worldly rew>d1 we c no long] expect = ourselves2 b ^! de> h&s t a little "t ago we held :ile ! fir/ tott]+ /eps ( babyhood 7 be+ tri$1 %all return to u h]eaft] ) ! laurel 9 !m t we h nev] pluck$4 ,p]haps we %all n live to see x on our *ild's br[1 b :at ( t8 ,our confid5t prevision ( ?is glory is :at we console ourselves )al3 ?is1 ?\gh we h>dly "k x1 is our ,true ,romance3-- ,! com=tress ( unsuccess1 ,to bid ! dead good-night4 ,nei!r 9 ! mat]ial & ! intellectual sph]es alone d we aspire m nobly = our *ildr5 ?an = ourselves4 ,n success & n fame limit our dem& ( ,fate1 t %e repair 9 our *ildr5 ! inju/ice ( :i* we ourselves cease to compla94 ,we want !m to be bett] m5 & wom5 ?an we h be54 ,to put ! ?+ on its l[e/ gr\nd 7& no?+ b ! l[e/ motives ev] seem to be accord$ ! smalle/ validity by ! m conspicu\s among rec5t vatic9ators ( human action7 x behoves u to make ! be/ we c ( our *ildr5's morals1 if we are pres5tly 9 old age likely to be dep5dant ^u !m4 ,b = ^? :o1 l ,malvolio1 ?9k nobly ( ! s\l1 x is suffici5t to rely ^u ! manife/$ pr$ilection ( e p>5t 9 ord] to be conv9c$ t ! education ( ! future w be moralis$ z well z rationalis$ ?r\gh ! natural emotions ( man4 ,only ! dulle/ & mo/ turgid imag9ation w cons5t to believe t ! horrible conditions ( competitive /ruggle w be p]mitt$ to fo/] only ! l[] faculties1 z gre$1 selfi%ness1 unscrupul\s cunn+ & subtle evasiv5ess1 at ! exp5se ( all ! f9] *>act]i/ics ( man4 ,!re is no cynic s base z w\ld delib]ately seek ! =tune ( 8 sons 9 ! inculcation ( *icane4 ,/ruggle mu/ %>p5 all our intellects z life gr[s ye>ly m difficult1 b "o by-product ( ?is attrition w be ! increas$ morality ) :i* ! education ( ea* g5]ation successively aris+ w be conceiv$4 ,paus+ = a mom5t to rem>k1 9 reg>d to ! me?ods 9 detail by :i* ! improvem5t ( education w mo/ likely be s\ght1 t to =esee :at is probable is n necess>ily to endorse x z ideal1 & t ! object ( ?is book is n to =mulate ,utopia1 b to pr$ict ! consequ5ces impli$ by exi/+ =ces aft] ! latt] h be5 dur+ a /at$ "t 9 op]ation2 & admitt+ t no re=m ev] practis$ )9 ! record$ hi/ory ( man has be5 )\t drawbacks inh]5t 9 its own con/itution1 x may be said at once t ! "w ( in/ruction is capable ( me*anical & in/rum5tal improvem5t n less consid]able ?an any o!r lab\r to be und]tak5 by ourselves & our successors4 ,ev5 )9 a lifetime's limits all sorts ( appliances = assi/+ ! m9d ( ! le>n] to appreh5d ! facts s\ght to be le>nt h be5 inv5t$1 & our *ildr51 z we all "k1 are mu* m easily taught ?an we 7 ourselves4 ,! laudator temporis acti is always pretty ready to depreciate ! value ( ^! improvem5ts1 & p]haps x is natural en\gh 9 mo/ ( u to f9d x difficult to believe t any plan ( tea*+ c be bett] = our *ildr5 ?an ! "o :i* produc$ results s pleas+ly exemplifi$ by ourselves4 ,b at all ev5ts1 x w be g5]ally1 if a little grudg+ly1 admitt$ t any =m ( app>atus capable ( sav+ "t & tr\ble 9 tea*+ is capable ( be+ rank$ z an improvem5t4 ,unque/ionably appliances hav+ ?is object w be con/antly inv5t$ & us$ dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,= in/ance1 x is h>dly conceivable t some?+ less ?an p]fection 9 ! tea*+ ( a =eign pronunciation by ! m\? ( ! be/ tea*] :o c be hir$ = ! "w w cont5t u1 :5 p]fect$ talk+-ma*9es pres5tly enable u to give examples ( ! /ill bett] spee*4 ,evid5tly a boy w\ld le>n to speak ,fr5* ) a pur] acc5t by li/5+ to a phonograph :i*1 fre$ ( ! pres5t t9-trumpet timbre & :irr+1 repeat$ ! spee* ( ! ,comdie ,franaise1 ?an by he>+ an ord9>y ma/] read al\d4 ,to say ?is is n to sugge/ t pr(essors ( languages w be disp5s$ )2 b _! tea*+ c be ?us supplem5t$4 ,simil>ly ! use ( magic-lant]ns & k9etoscopic pictures is capable ( improv+ greatly ^u ! blackbo>d & *alk /ill us$4 ,b ! plan ( education 9 itself is s greatly m important to be =ese5 ?an ! me*anism by :i* ! details c be work$ out1 & ! latt] c ) s v little difficulty be imag9$ by anyone int]e/$ 9 !m1 t ! read] %all n be tr\bl$ ) any discussion ( ?is bran* ( ! subject1 b w r be ask$ to conc5trate 8 att5tion ^u ! moral & intellectual aspects ( x4 ,conceiv+1 :at ,i h all along endeav\r$ to %[ is reasonable to conceive1 t all social in/itutions w be gov]n$ ) ev]-increas+ intellig5ce & rationality z "t goes on1 & t !y c\ld n possibly be tol]at$ o!rwise1 x is easy to see t education z hi!rto & at pres5t practis$ w\ld nev] d = our gr&*ildr51 let alone = our m advanc$ desc5dants a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,to beg9 )1 p>5ts 9 t era w\ld c]ta9ly consid] x hopelessly & crim9ally une?ical1 if n actively immoral4 ,projects ( re=m1 especially 9 morals1 are (t5 dismiss$ z vision>y1 because x is po9t$ out t no *anges c take place 9 ! social ord] :i* d n appeal directly to ! self-int]e/ ( ! individual4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is no ma9spr+ ( social action except aggregat$ selfi%ness4 ,)\t delay+ to exam9e ! validity ( ! belief1 x may be said at once t its full acceptance is no ob/acle to ! admission ( ! :ole case on :i* is f\nd$ ! belief t education w be conduct$ *iefly ) a view to its moral effect at ! p]iod ,i am attempt+ to describe4 ,! v circum/ances on :i* writ]s rely1 :o pr$ict ! e?ical det]ioration ( man1 are ^? :i* make ! e?ical re=m ( education inevitable4 ,precisely 9 proportion z competition t5ds to h>d5 & debase1 !re w arise ! unavoidable necessity = delib]ate c\nt]-action ( ?is t5d5cy1 result+1 z ! effect ( ! measures necessitat$ becomes felt1 9 ! *anges ( comm]cial & political conditions already #bj pr$ict$4 ,if we consid] at all ?\ghtfully ! necessities ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 x is n difficult to =esee ! g5]al l9es ^u :i* !y are likely to be met--l9es n necess>y to be accept$ z repres5t+ a p]fect or ideal /ate1 b broadly indicat+ ! me?ods :i* ! effect ( visible t5d5cies w by t "t dem& ( a practical p4 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e else1 ! only safe guidance z to ! practice ( ! future mu/ be s\ght 9 ! t5d5cies ( ! pres5t4 ,! t5d5cy mo/ =cibly 9 evid5ce dur+ rec5t times is t 9 fav\r ( s(t5+ ! =m] ac]bities ( education4 ,:]eas ! s*oolh\se ( half a c5tury ago 0 some?+ l a p5it5ti>y 9 ! way x 0 conduct$1 ! s*oolh\se ( to-day is manag$ z mu* l a place ( recreation z x possibly c be4 ,at all ev5ts1 recreation is at lea/ z assidu\sly cultivat$ z /udy1 & ! c&idate = an "u-ma/]%ip :o has a good cricket record w f9d employm5t a good deal m easily ?an "o ) a d\ble-fir/4 ,if !re be any compla9t ( public & o!r upp]-class s*ools at ! pres5t "t--& !re is room = pl5ty ( compla9t--x is m (t5 t games are too mu* insi/$ ^u ?an t bra9s are ov]tax$4 ,!re is a visible reaction 9 reg>d to ?is2 b x is n to be reg>d$ z a reaction 9 fav\r ( ! old draconic me?ods4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! gr[+ s5tim5tality ( ! age /eadily dem&s am5ity ( treatm5t = ! =tunate (fspr+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,! late ,james ,payn1 sane/ & k9dlie/ ( m51 0 nev] tir$ ( d5\nc+ :at he call$ ! b>b>\s & indec5t corporal puni%m5ts ( ,eton4 ,he us$ to say t if a picture ( an ,eton boy be+ bir*$ 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news no boy w\ld ev] be bir*$ aga91 & ,i believe t he tri$ to get ei!r ,mr ,latey or ,mr ,%ort] to ins]t su* a picture4 ,be ?is z x may1 :at he said 0 p]fectly true4 ,i %all h some?+ to say pres5tly on ?is same "q ( s*ool discipl9e3 meantime x may ) p]fect safety be pr$ict$ ( ! ma/]'s cane a hundr$ ye>s h5ce t x w be f\nd only 9 museums1 & 7:e!r rightly or wrongly7 be reg>d$ z a relic ( degrad+ b>b>ism4 ,"o reason :y corporal puni%m5t w h to be aboli%$ is t boys & girls w c]ta9ly be educat$ toge!r in/ead ( ap>t4 ,z we c\ld h>dly cane girls 7& x w\ld be ( v little use if we c\ld7 we %all assur$ly h to get on )\t can+ _! mascul9e s*oolmates4 ,i suppose t few w conte/ ! /atem5t t ! religi\s tea*+ practis$ 9 s*ools at ! pres5t "t n only has v little to d ) ! "q ( morality b t5ds di/9ctly1 except 9 ,roman ,ca?olic sem9>ies & "s few non-con=m+ colleges :]e a special k9d ( education is giv51 to h less & less connection !re)4 ,:atev] moral effect s*ool+ has ^u ! adolesc5t is recognisably & recognis$ly due to ! tone ( ! s*ool itself1 t is1 to public op9ion among ! taught1 & only indirectly to any?+ :i* emanates f ! tea*]s4 ,assur$ly a pr(ici5t k ( ,biblical hi/ory has no e?ical effect great] ?an a pr(ici5t k ( ,greek my?ology 7at lea/ ( s mu* ( x z is prop]ly select$ = s*ool use71 & we h x on ! au?ority ( ,mr ,e4 ,h4 ,coop]1 a v ent]ta9+ if n p>ticul>ly s\nd writ] on *ildr51 t ev5 ,confirmation classes are by no means uni=m 9 promot+ a religi\s s5tim5t 9 boys4 #ba ,! moral advantages ( education1 !re=e1 t5d to be f\nd 9 ! effect ( public op9ion & ! g5]al tone ( a s*ool4 ,x is discov]$ 9 practice t direct moral inculcation is n v successful4 ,x is to be assum$ t ! +5uity ( future pdagogues w be devot$ to ! discov]y ( ! be/ ways 9 :i* indirect moral influ5ce c be cultivat$4 ,9 view ( ! high importance :i* w evid5tly be atta*$ to su* influ5ce1 we may take x = grant$ t x is n 9 connection ) any s+le bran* ( tuition t x w be s\ght =1 b t x w be root & bran* ( ! :ole s*eme ( educational "w4 ,"o v p[]ful assi/ance w be r5d]$ to ?is by ! sy/em ( co-education4 ,x is q c]ta9 t boys & girls w always be educat$ toge!r a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! sexes to become less diff]5t intellectually is a kn[n fact ( sociology4 #bb ,x c>ries ) x an inevitable t5d5cy to disp5se ) ! sep>ation ( ! sexes 9 education4 ,:]ev] co-education has be5 tri$ its effects h be5 excell5t4 ,! pres5ce ( female /ud5ts 9 m$ical colleges has _h a m>k$ly re=mative influ5ce on ! mann]s & moral tone ( m$ical /ud5t life1 n long ago ! opprobrium ( civilisation4 ,! advantages to a p>5t ( be+ able to s5d 8 sons & 8 daught]s to "o place ( in/ruction1 & to ! *ildr5 !mselves ( ! companion%ip & ma9t5ance ( family relations ?us af=d$1 are equally obvi\s4 ,9 "o o!r respect1 :i* c only be t\*$ ^u lightly "h1 ! sy/em ( jo9t education mu/ be enorm\sly b5eficial1 at all ev5ts to boys1 & greatly b5eficial to _! si/]s4 ,e compet5t s*oolma/] is acqua9t$ ) special difficulties liable to arise ab\t ! age ( pub]ty4 ,! mona/ic seclusion ( ! s*oolboy 7l t ( ! s+le m5 9 b>racks :o1 accord+ to ,mr ,kipl+1 don't gr[ into pla/] sa9ts71 & ! glamor\s my/]y surr\nd+ ! opposite sex1 t5d to acc5tuate ^! difficulties4 ,! habit ( con/ant association ) girls :o are n 8 si/]s relieves a boy ( ! exagg]at$ s5se ( sexual isolation4 ,a boy always br\ght up ) girls is n liable to be con/antly ?9k+ ab\t girlhood3 & 9 practical exp]i5ce _m p are aw>e t boys :o h _h ! opportunity ( frequ5t association ) ! girl fri5ds ( _! si/]s gr[ into pur]-m9d$ & m *ivalr\s m51 ?an ^? :o h lack$ ?is advantage2 & ! ?\ghtful future w assur$ly cultivate ! sy/em :i* af=ds x4 ,x is q evid5t1 9 addition1 t ! fatu\s & unreasonable my/]y ) :i* = c5turies ! natural facts mo/ liable to be important 9 adult life h be5 made inevitable subjects ( unholy curiosity1 w be swept away1 to ! great enhancem5t ( sane & clean ?\ght 9 girls z well z 9 boys1 9 "y wom5 ev5 m ?an 9 "y m53 :ile ! trag$ies :i* k c av]t1 hidd5 horrors ( our own day t we are too s5tim5tal to envisage1 b t ev]yone mu/ n[ & !n h met ) a h9t (1 w happily exi/ no m1 or occur b r>ely4 ,among ! indirect consid]ations :i* w assi/ u to ! conclusion t co-education is ! be/1 w be ! endeav\r1 ev]y:]e app>5t1 to make ! "w ( tea*+ agreeable to ! taught4 ,?is is ! keynote ( ! t5d5cies ^: fruition we may look = at ! end ( ?is c5tury4 ,x w h be5 recognis$ t to conceive ( education z a process ( =c+ k into unwill+ memories is to place ! greate/ possible ob/acle 9 ! way ( success4 ,ev5 ! *ild ^: natural faculties are joy\sly receptive is b\nd to resi/ m or less unconsci\sly tea*+ t is conduct$ on ! assumption t he won't le>n if he c possibly help x4 ,! wor/ *ild 9 ! class sets ! tone ( ! re/4 ,! boy :o c mo/ successfully evade real le>n+1 & trick 8 in/ructors well en\gh to escape puni%m5t1 is ! h]o ( ! place4 ,no?+ c\ld be mu* worse = morality4 ,public op9ion 9 s*ools1 useful z x is 9 o!r respects1 is ev]y:]e h>mful 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,! pdagogue ( ! future w proce$ on a me?od f> m rational4 ,9 its ess5ce x is q easy to see :at me?od ! t5d5cy ( ?\ght is likely to develop4 ,"h1 z 9 s _m o!r places1 etymology c help u4 ,if we c\ld ?9k1 :5ev] we talk or make plans conc]n+ ! subject1 ( :at education really means--a draw+-out ( ! natural faculties ( ! in/ruct$--we %\ld always conceive m rationally ( ! "w4 ,!re is no animal ^: greate/ pleasures are d]iv$ f any?+ else ?an ! ex]cise ( its faculties4 ,our dog1 :e!r he jumps & te>s ab\t 9 glee z we take him = a walk1 or sits happily by our side1 8 head on our knees1 8 wi/ful eyes scrut9is+ our face1 sympa!tic ) e emotion1 illu/rates ?is fact4 ,9 ! "o case he is ex]cis+ ! natural faculties ( spe$ & vigor\s agility2 9 ! latt]1 ! acquir$ & inh]it$ faculties ( m5tal compreh5sion4 ,%ut him up 9 a room alone1 or ) an unfri5dly p]son1 & he is mis]able or goes to sleep1 provid5tly accumulat+ en]gy = ! next opportunity ( ex]cise4 ,:at ,i am n afraid to call 8 m5tal pleasures are n less ke51 if ,i "k any?+ at all ( dogs 7:o h lov$ _m ( !m7 ?an 8 physical pleasures2 & ,i nev] _h a dog 9 my life :o w\ld n *e]fully neglect 8 food to come indoors & sit ) me 9 my libr>y4 ,are *ildr5's bra9s less en]getic1 less capable ( yield+ pleasure to _! small proprietors ?an ! bra9s ( a dog8 ,"o ( ! mi/akes t we are already beg9n+ to f9d out 7& consequ5tly "o ( ^? :i* we may expect to h am5d$ long be=e ?is "t next c5tury7 is ! tacit assumption t games are ri*] 9 pleasure ?an /udy4 ,x isn't ! boys & girls !mselves t give ?is t9cture to s*ool-gov]nm5t4 ,pl5ty ( !m really pref] books be=e balls1 until !y g to s*ool2 :]e we at once proce$ to %[ !m t we reg>d cricket z a sort ( alleviation ( _! h>d lot1 & ) football console !m = _! ,fr5* lessons1 & r$ress ari?metic by r\nd]s4 ,!re is no reason :y ?is %\ld lead to any neglect ( a?letics4 ,only1 a?letics w be prop]ly treat$ z only "o ( ! joys ( a s*ool life t w be fulfill$ ( o!r pleasures equally absorb+4 ,! me?od :i* w make education agreeable in/ead ( repulsive is "p & p>cel ( ! sy/em on :i* education w be conduct$1 & x is only incid5tally t x w subs]ve ! concurr5t s5tim5tal t5d]ness :i* f9ds expression to-day 9 unwise use ( games 9 !mselves highly b5eficial1 j z else:]e x f9ds expression by cultivat+ gluttony4 #bc ,! true object ( in/ruction be+ to %[ *ildr5 h[ to ?9k1 ! intellectual ex]cise ( ?9k+ w be always f\nd1 z x has already long ago be5 f\nd :]e ?is highly unusual me?od has be5 exp]im5t$ )1 to give ke5 pleasure to ! in/ruct$4 #bd ,a great deal t has be5 said bo? 9 reg>d to ! excessive & 9 "p exclusive tra9+ ( memory1 & 9 reg>d to ! propriety ( rev]s+ ! g5]al ord] ( tuition by proce$+ f concrete facts to g5]alis$ !ories in/ead ( beg9n+ ) g5]alisations & illu/rat+ ^! by specific in/ances1 is1 = practical reasons1 h>dly likely to be act$ ^u by our desc5dants4 ,to beg9 )1 ! culture ( memory is n 9 itself an abuse2 on ! contr>y1 x is a highly necess>y feature ( education4 ,:at is an abuse is ! sub/itution ( remembrance = ratioc9ation4 ,tea*]s 9 ! future w be m anxi\s to develop ! m9d f )9 ?an to graft in=mation ^u x f )\t4 ,b !y c]ta9ly w fo/] ! faculty call$ memory--or to speak m exactly1 !y w refra9 f de/roy+ t faculty 9 ! way t pres5t-day education de/roys x4 ,= z a matt] ( fact1 ! memory ( a "y *ild :o has nev] be5 taught any?+ is inv>iably good1 be+ bo? copi\s & ret5tive4 ,"o (t5 he>s x said t *ildr5 quickly =get2 b x is also ! case t !y v quickly rememb] aga94 ,an ,anglo-,indian fri5d told me a some:at pleas+ anecdote :i* 7?\gh ( c\rse x does n prove7 illu/rates a g5]al fact ( :i* anyone c f9d pro(s = himself by a little obs]vation4 ,hav+ tak5 home = a ye>'s leave 8 *ildr51 re>$1 l all o!r ,engli% *ildr5 9 ,india1 amid native s]vants1 & speak+ q correct ,urdu in/ead ( ! b>b>\s dog-,h9du/ani :i* suffices = _! eld]s1 he 0 "u ! impression1 :5 ! wick$ day ( de/9y arriv$1 & ! family _h to return f refre%m5t 9 ,engl& to lab\r 9 ,india1 t !y _h completely =gott5 ! s(t v]nacul> spee* :i* =m]ly came mu* m easily f !m ?an ,engli%4 ,& 8 belief 0 confirm$ :51 ! *ildr5 hav+ be5 promptly c>ri$ (f by ! ador+ s]vants1 an ag$ be>] came to him almo/ 9 te>s1 compla9+ t ,baba ,sahib c\ld n und]/& him4 ,b ! next day all ! little p 7 *att]+ ,urdu z easily z ev]4 ,! fact is t a *ild's m9d conc5trates itself int5sely ^u :atev] subject int]e/s at a giv5 mom5t1 & neglects ev]y?+ else4 ,by our pres5t me?od ( education we d all t ! mo/ malignant +5uity c\ld devise to de/roy bo? ?is invaluable gift ( m5tal conc5tration & ! accompany+ faculty ( memory4 ,! new tea*+ w indu/ri\sly cultivate bo?4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! premature & unskilful use ( books z implem5ts ( in/ruction is extremely bad = ! memory2 & ! employm5t ( di/a/eful & inconsid]ate me?ods ( tea*+ is equally de/ructive ( conc5tration4 ,a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 :5 x has be5 recognis$ t ! easie/ way to tea* any?+ is to f9d out h[ a *ild c be made to want to le>n ab\t x1 !re w be no difficulty 9 secur+ att5tion4 ,*ildr5's m9ds d n1 z mo/ p suppose1 tire v easily4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are ) great difficulty fatigu$4 ,anyone :o has be5 s imprud5t z to emb>k on a c\rse ( tale-tell+ ne> b$time or ne> a meal h\r1 kn[s t ! little p are almo/ incapable ( be+ satiat$4 ,& ! desc5dants ( ^! little p w be j z insatiable ( be+ taught1 because we %all h f\nd out h[ to make !m want to be taught4 ,h]e9 is ! :ole keynote ( ! education ( ! future1 moral z well z intellectual4 ,we %all no long] treat good behavi\r z if x 7 an artificial & unnatural ab/95ce f ! true desires ( ! *ild or ( man4 ,we %all arrange t p1 "y & old1 may wi% to act rightly4 ,! po9t ( re=m w be %ift$4 ,at pres5t1 all k9ds ( morality are approa*$ on ! assumption t x is requisite to p]suade to an unwill+ ab/95ce f vice1 & t :5 ! desires ( ! wick$ h be5 curb$ into a sort ( ascetic ab/emi\sness prompt$ by fe> ( puni%m5t1 :e!r ov]t or implicit1 a moral feat has be5 p]=m$4 ,! new morality w only be cont5t :5 ! subject ( x w\ld n s9 if y ask$ him to4 ,8 moral s5se w h be5 /oically cultivat$4 ,ob$i5ce & ! law ( ,?\-%alt-n w be de?ron$4 ,?is law repres5ts 9 ! education ( to-day ! highe/ =m ( y\?ful virtue4 ,yet m]e ob$i5ce1 ev5 :]e x has always be5 consid]$ mo/ valuable1 namely1 :]e x takes ! %ape ( milit>y discipl9e1 has prov$ an utt] failure2 ! la/ two great w>s prov$ ! fact4 ,if ! lam5table dogg]el :i* en%r9es ! applaud$ self-immolation ( ,casabianca h n =tunately be5 =gott5 altoge!r a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 x w assur$ly be quot$ only z a monum5tal example ( old-fa%ion$ fat-head$ness1 ev5 m (f5sive to ! s5se ( reason ?an ! v]ses !mselves are to ! s5se ( poetical ta/e4 ,! ,casabiancas ( ! next c5tury w h be5 all[$--,i d n say taught1 because *ildr5 don't ne$ to be taught ?is--to ?9k = !mselves4 ,& no great ex]tion w h be5 requir$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is impossible to li/5 = _m h\rs to :at goes on 9 a mod]n s*ool )\t be+ impress$ ) ! +5i\s arrangem5ts t are requir$ 9 ord] to prev5t boys & girls f ?9k+ = !mselves4 ,! notion ( _! do+ s seems z (f5sive to ! pres5t race ( s*oolma/]s z1 to ,mr ,w4 ,s4 ,gilb]t's s5t9el1-- 444 ! prospect ( a lot ,( dull ,m4,p4s 9 close proximity ,all ?9k+ = !mselves4 ,h[ev]1 ! purpose ( ?is diss]tation is n s mu* to po9t out ! errors ( ! pres5t z to indicate ! improvem5ts ( ! future3 & we may be sure t ! prime virtues ( ! s*ol> a hundr$ ye>s h5ce w be reasonabl5ess & +5uity1 n dull ob$i5ce4 ,?us "r conduct w be inculcat$1 n z an expression ( ob$i5ce b z ! only reasonable way ( behav+1 & ! inc5tive to "r action w be t x is also s5sible action4 ,! te/ ( all conduct w be its results4 ,:atev] does h>m to self & o!rs w be obvi\sly wrong2 :at does good or is indiff]5t w be "r4 ,! /&>d ( ^! ?+s t has to be accept$ all ?r\gh life w be set up f ! fir/1 an enorm\s improvem5t ^u ! vici\s sy/em ( exact+ irrational ob$i5ce = ! fir/ eighte5 or tw5ty-"o ye>s ( life1 & expect+ ?is to produce reasonable self-gov]nm5t !reaft]1 :i* is s fruitful 9 ! wild-oats ( e>ly adul?ood4 ,! latt] c\ld h>dly be m +5i\sly cultivat$4 ,x w\ld be extremely ra% to conclude t books w n be employ$ z implem5ts ( in/ruction3 b x is q c]ta9 t !y w n be employ$ z !y n[ are1 *iefly = ! purpose ( sav+ a s*oolma/] ! tr\ble ( mak+ 8 pupils ?9k = !mselves3 & incid5tally ! abolition ( ?is mi/ake w react mo/ usefully ^u memory1 itself1 ) ! exception ( reason+ p[]1 ! mo/ valuable ( m5tal faculties4 ,oral tea*+1 accompani$ 9 e possible place by practical illu/ration1 w /ore & build up memory 7z x always does :5 we employ x n[7 f> m rapidly ?an any?+ else4 ,! delight :i* ?is me?od ( tea*+ conf]s ^u ! taught is enhanc$ by ! avidity ) :i* su* subjects z *emi/ry1 practical me*anics1 & ev5 geometry :5 taught ) app>atus in/ead ( ) figures1 are receiv$ by *ildr5 ( e gr[?4 ,to imag9e t *ildr5 c ev] inv>iably be controll$ )\t "s sort ( puni%m5ts w\ld1 no d\bt1 be ?\ght ridicul\s ,utopianism4 ,b ! greate/ "p ( ! necessity = correction w h disappe>$ automatically :5 ! greate/ s\rce ( y\?ful misbehavi\r--re/less sup]flu\s activity--has be5 deviat$ into *annels :i* w utilise x4 ,*ildr5 :isp]1 fidget1 or make a noise 9 class1 simply because !y are bor$ by ! dulness ( me*anical processes :i* we p]si/5tly use 9 seek+ to cram in=mation into _! m9ds f )\t in/ead ( ex]cis+ ! reason t dwells )94 ,z ! education ( future g5]ations w assur$ly h to be a great deal m copi\s ?an :at we are cont5t ) n[1 x is =tunate t ?is re=m w also be a great economis] ( "t4 ,e s*oolma/] kn[s t an int]e/$ class progresses f> m rapidly ?an "o t is bor$ & consequ5tly inatt5tive2 & ! same boy :o is alive to ! subtle/ implications ( ! highly complex law ( cricket1 w (t5 be f\nd utt]ly incapable ( apply+ ! v simple def9itions at ! beg9n+ ( ,euclid ,i41 = ! simple reason t cricket int]e/s him1 :ile ,euclid doesn't4 ,?is is n because ! latt] is h>d] ?an cricket1 nor yet because cricket is an outdoor pleasure1 :ile ,euclid is 7or r %\ld be7 an indoor "o4 ,x is because 9 cricket we get him into ! habit ( reason+ = himself1 :ile 9 geometry we only too frequ5tly fail to d :at ,euclid is suppos$ to help u to d4 ,nev]!less1 aft] mak+ e all[ance = r$uc$ temptations to misbehavi\r result+ f ! absorption ( r$undant m5tal activity1 x is /ill to be fe>$ t discipl9>y puni%m5t w sometimes be requir$4 ,?is w c]ta9ly n be corporal4 ,! uncivilis$ & degrad+ exp$i5t ( purposely-inflict$ pa9 is visibly on its la/ legs4 ,!re are /ill reaction>y p :o write to ! pap]s 9 ord] to expla9 t ! use ( s*ola/ic torture makes = manl9ess2 !y mu/ be presum$ to ?9k t x w\ld be on ! :ole r good = boys to be bir*$ at int]vals1 l ,*>les ,lamb1 n z a puni%m5t1 b to keep !m humble4 ,b ! next c5tury w h outgr[n su* ideas4 ,! commone/ ( pres5t-day alt]natives--l9es--is equally obsolesc5t1 ! evil effect ( ?is ^u h&writ+ & heal? be+ already recognis$4 ,keep+-9 is probably ! mo/ injuri\s ( all =ms ( correction1 b x is only too consi/5t ) our pres5t plans ( education to treat extra tuition z a puni%m5t--! be/ possible way to make all tea*+ hat$4 ,x is mu* m likely t ! s*oolma/] ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce w puni% refractory & inatt5tive pupils by keep+-out in/ead ( keep+-94 ,! mo/ dete/$ ( all *a/isem5ts w be exclusion f ! pleasant ex]cise ( le>n+4 ,dur+ ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> newspap] read]s not$ ) saturn9e amusem5t t ! artill]y regim5t :i* 9 ,/ ,pet]sburg _h ! maladroitness to fire a salute ) a %ott$ gun & v ne>ly kill ! ,cz> !reby1 0 puni%$ by be+ s5t to ! front2 :ile at ! beg9n+ ( ho/ilities ! exempl>y conduct ( ! enorm\s ,japanese army cr[d$ 9 ,tokio = transport 0 acc\nt$ = by ! ?reat t any soldi] :o misbehav$ himself w\ld be left at home4 ,x is ! ,japanese & n ! ,russian ideal ( discipl9e t w animate ! s*ools ( ! future4 ,we %all no d\bt emulate ! res]ve ( ! ,confessor 9 ! ,bab ,ballads2 old heads ^u "y %\ld]s we %all n expect to f9d2 & we %all puni% :5 puni% we mu/4 ,future advantage1 ev5 = oneself1 is seldom a v p[]ful motive ) ! "y ( any age4 ,b pres5t deprivation is a *a/isem5t easily & ke5ly compreh5d$3 & ! loss ( intellectual /atus involv$ 9 exclusion f a lesson w no d\bt supplem5t ! imm$iate bor$om v di/a/eful to an agile m9d1 :i* is ! m imm$iate effect4 ,i imag9e t ! naughty *ild ( ! future w be puni%$ by be+ %ut up 9 a well-v5tilat$ & well-light$ b p]fectly empty room1 ) pockets equally empty4 ,at ! same "t1 by treat+ deprivation ( x z an evid5t *a/isem5t1 ! desirable nature ( in/ruction w be 9 a v useful mann] impress$ ^u ! infant m9d4 ,"y p]sons mu* m easily believe :at !y f9d to be treat$ z a matt] ( c\rse ?an :at is labori\sly impress$ ^u !m by explicit inculcation4 ,?us ! effect ( rationalis$ education w n be1 z "o critic has r ra%ly suppos$1 to make *ildr5 little prigs4 ,on ! contr>y1 its effect w be to make !m naturally & happily int]e/$ little le>n]s--a v diff]5t ?+4 ,"o ( ! v greate/ improvem5ts 9 ! rationalis$ education w precisely be t x _c possibly fo/] ! awful priggi%ness :i* is a v common result ( our own me?ods4 ,x has be5 said already t ! education ( ! happy future w h to be mu* m copi\s ?an any?+ t is at all common n[adays4 ,! nature ( its ext5sions w next be discuss$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important & mo/ moral objects ( education is to impress ^u ! m9d1 z a pr9ciple n to be evad$ by any contrivance :atev]1 ! fact t fix$ causes 7among :i* are p]sonal acts ( any k9d7 produce fix$ effects--t !re is no circum/ance :i*1 ) suffici5t k1 c\ld n be trac$ back to pre-exi/+ causative circum/ance4 ,no dep>tm5t ( k t5ds s intimately to give to ! m9d ! impress ( ?is fact 9 ! c\rse ( its acquisition z physical sci5ce4 ,& z a pr(ici5t acqua9tance ) physical sci5ce w be necess>y to a great _m occupations1 :5 "w ( all k9ds is p]=m$ 9 ! intellig5t mann] 9 :i* we h se5 reason to be conv9c$ t x w be p]=m$ a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 !re w be a great] practical ne$ = sci5tific in/ruction ?an !re is n[1 ?\gh sci5ce is disgracefully neglect$ ev5 ) reg>d to our pres5t necessities4 ,z education is to be giv5 ) ! object ( fitt+ *ildr5 = life z well z develop+ _! m9ds1 ! sci5ce ( heal? w c]ta9ly be taught2 b all physical sci5ces w h _! place on ! curriculum ev5 at ! e>ly /ages1 because x w h be5 recognis$ t ! habit ( m9d :i* is =m$ by /udies ( ?is k9d is n only v necess>y to an effici5t work+ life1 b also v helpful z a basis ( practical culture4 ,x may be conceiv$ t a ?or\gh gr\nd+ 9 physical sci5ce w be ?\ght z mu* an ess5tial ( all education 9 ! future z a really good tra9+ 9 ,lat9 & ,greek us$ to be consid]$ 9 ! pa/1 & z _m ( u w\ld l x to be consid]$ n[4 ,fifty ye>s ago we believ$ t no true education c\ld be giv5 9 prep>ation = ord9>y life )\t z mu* ,lat9 z 0 necess>y 9 ord] to be able to write a fair copy ( elegiacs1 & z mu* ,greek z 0 necess>y 9 ord] to read ,hom] ) com=t4 ,a hundr$ ye>s h5ce we %all ?9k x necess>y to be able to read a sci5tific !sis compreh5d+ly4 ,at a lat] p]iod ( s*ool life1 b /ill e>ly 9 x1 specialis$ in/ruction w no d\bt be begun2 & subjects connect$ ) ! evid5t t5d5cy ( a boy's or a girl's m9d1 & ) ! opportunities likely to be pres5t$ to ei!r 9 =m+ a c>e]1 w be develop$ to ! exclusion ( subjects less imm$iately subs]vi5t to ! object ( mak+ a useful citiz5 ( him or h] 9 "s p>ticul> pr(ession or bran* ( indu/ry4 ,practical demon/rations ( sci5ce1 in/ead ( be+ res]v$ = ! m advanc$ /ages ( tuition1 w1 on ! contr>y1 =m ! gr\ndwork2 & *ildr5 w be requir$ to "w practically !mselves in/ead ( m]ely sitt+ /ill to wat* ! p]=mances 79 ?is case apt to be reg>d$ ) little m respect ?an s*ola/ic conjur+ tricks7 ( a tea*]4 ,!y w be invit$ to d$uce laws = !mselves f :at occurs 9 practice1 & :]e !y d$uce wrong ones !y w n be arbitr>ily correct$1 b assi/$ to make fur!r exp]im5ts :i* w %[ :]e ! mi/ake occurs1 until at la/ ! correct g5]alisation is rea*$4 ,only aft] a consid]able c\rse ( practical "w w !y be entru/$ ) books 9 :i* great g5]alisations are to be f\nd ready made1 & ^! books w always be reg>d$ z a sort ( pis all]--a "t-sav+ contrivance to be employ$ z a regrettable alt]native1 because x w\ld take too long to "w ev]y?+ out by ! gold5 implem5t ( individual obs]vation4 ,! habit ( m9d ?us cultivat$1 & ! manual dext]ity ?us obta9$1 w be ( priceless practical wor? 9 aft]-life2 & ) :at raptur\s enjoym5t w our desc5dants acquire k :i* at pres5t we =ce ^u our *ildr5 ) /ripes6 ,along ) ! physical sci5ces ma!matics w h to be greatly cultivat$4 ,b ma!matics1 :5 p]ceiv$ to be ancill>y to ! m imm$iately delightful "w ( concrete & exp]im5tal sci5ce1 w lose mu* t]ror4 ,_m ma!matical op]ations c moreov] be demon/rat$ exp]im5tally1 & no opportunity ( ?us demon/rat+ !m w be lo/4 ,rightly treat$1 ma!matics ne$ nev] be dull4 ,accord+ to my own exp]i5ce & all t ,i h be5 able to ga!r f ! recollections ( o!rs1 algebra 7= in/ance7 is nev] abhorr$ :5 a prop] c>e is tak5 to make use ( its call ^u ! reason+ faculties2 & ! art ( evok+ ?is use w h be5 c>efully develop$ by ! educational speciali/s :o alone w be p]mitt$ to direct s delicate & important a task z ! tra9+ ( ! "y4 ,= s*ool tea*]s w n be m]ely m or less erudite p employ$ to disp5se _! le>n+3 !y w be m5 & wom5 :o h und]gone long & c>eful in/ruction 9 ! art ( pdagogy /udi$ z a specialis$ faculty 9 itself4 ,aft] ma!matics1 no d\bt languages occupy *ief place 9 ! righte\s abhorr5ce ( pres5t-day s*ool-*ildr54 ,i say righte\s abhorr5ce ) int5tion1 because ?is dep>tm5t ( useful le>n+ always has ! air ( be+ purposely plann$ 9 ord] to secure ! maximum ( execration accompani$ by ! m9imum ( advantage4 ,:at languages w be taught a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 & 9 :at mann] w !y be in/ill$ into ! *ildr5 ( our great-great-gr&-*ildr58 ,any op9ions ^u a controv]sy s rec5t z t :i* a few mon?s ago rag$ ab\t ! "q ( compulsory ,greek mu/ be m or less untru/wor?y4 ,e man w take ! view ( ! future ( ! dead languages 7s call$1 z someone #be sangu9ely rem>k$1 because !y c nev] die7 det]m9$ by 8 own view z to :e!r pr(ici5cy 9 ! tongues ( ,hellas & ( ,rome ought to be ma9ta9$ 9 8 own day4 ,b = a reason probably admitt+ ( v little controv]sy1 x is at all ev5ts p]missible to believe t ! classical languages w at lea/ n h to meet ! urg5t competition ( a v>iety ( curr5t languages z subjects ( useful le>n+4 ,?is reason is to be f\nd 9 ! evid5t t5d5cy ( a p>am\nt tongue to extrude o!r tongues f practical employm5t 9 comm]ce2 & comm]ce1 m ?an any?+ else1 w ( c\rse always det]m9e ! "q ( mod]n language /udy4 ,provid$ t ! race :i* becomes p>am\nt 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w dur+ ! c\rse ( ?is c5tury possesses a reasonably philosophical1 copi\s1 precise language1 & "o fairly easy to acquire1 x is likely t = comm]cial purposes x w become 7to use an incorrect1 b n conv5i5tly replaceable t]m7 univ]sal4 ,to ! facile rem>k t e nation consid]s its own spee* easy en\gh = =eign]s to acquire1 & mu* m satisfactory 9 ! o!r respects nam$ ?an any tongue :i* x is invit$ to give itself ! tr\ble ( le>n+1 may be oppos$ ! reply t peoples d 9 fact recognise1 :]e x exi/s1 ! unsatisfactory nature ( _! own spee*4 ,= example1 ne>ly e ,russian :om "o meets 9 polite or comm]cial circles speaks at lea/ ,fr5*1 & (t5 speaks x admirably2 :ile 9 ,norway1 ?\gh ! ,sc&9avian languages are none ( !m any?+ l s difficult to le>n z ,russian1 practically ev]yone speaks ,engli%4 ,! case ( ,japan is ev5 m illu/rative2 = ap>t f ! fact t en\gh ( "s ,european language to enable "o to travel ) p]fect com=t is always to be f\nd curr5t 9 ! ,mikado's empire1 x is ! case t ev5 = dome/ic use ! ,japanese h a popul> language1 pr9t$ 9 newspap]s & 9 "s books alongside ( ! m lit]>y ,*9ese idographs1 & frequ5tly us$ to elucidate ! latt]4 #bf ,?us x is q easy to believe t ! p>am\nt language ( comm]ce w impose itself ^u at lea/ ! bus9ess population ( ! :ole _w4 ,z ! sub/itution ( mod]n languages = ! dead languages is advocat$ solely on utilit>ian gr\nds1 :i* practically means t x is advocat$ because to "k a c\ple or m =eign languages is useful 9 trade2 & z no "o has ev] s]i\sly pret5d$ t ,fr5*1 ,g]man or any o!r mod]n language c comp>e ) ,greek & ,lat9 z intellectual gymna/ics & z tra9+ 9 ! precise expression ( "o's ?\ghts2 x may be assum$ t1 on ! gr\nd ( competitive usefulness1 ! latt] w n ne$ to be disp5s$ )4 ,:e!r ! /udy ( !m w be ab&on$ on ! gr\nd t ! "t !y require c be bett] employ$ 9 "s /udy o!r ?an t ( languages is ano!r & m difficult "q1 ! resolution ( :i* dep5ds ^u ! view we take ( ! lit]>y t5d5cies probably exi/+ aft] ano!r c5tury4 ,if we believe t our desc5dants w h effect$ s _m improvem5ts 9 ! %ape ( lab\r-sav+ contrivances z to af=d a l>ge increase ( leisure = ev]yone1 z comp>$ ) :at ! pres5t "t enjoys1 we %all probably expect ! languages :i* en%r9e ! greate/ lit]ature ( ! _w to rema9 a subject ( /udy4 ,if we believe 9 ! gr[+ intellectuality ( man1 we %all be /r5g!n$ 9 ! same expectation4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we ?9k t ! progress ( our race w exhibit itself 9 ! %ape ( gre$y utilit>ianism & ( idiotic & self-de/ructive immorality1 we %all naturally conclude t no "o w be fool en\gh to tr\ble himself ) ,hom] or ! ,ore/eian trilogy1 ! lam5ts ( ,sappho or ! philosophy ( ,plato4 ,see+ :at great m5 h tak5 ?is some:at despond5t view ( ! future1 x w\ld p]haps be immode/ to express any o!r op9ion on ! subject4 ,9 any ev5t1 we may safely believe t :atev] languages are taught w n be h&l$ 9 ! mann] n[ curr5t4 ,mr ,&rew ,lang has1 9 m ?an "o place1 describ$ 8 own fl\nd]+ into ,hom]--a plunge c]ta9ly att5d$ ) ! happie/ results4 ,a me?od ( tea*+ ali5 languages :i* f\nds itself ^u an imitation ( ! natural pick+-up ( ! "m tongue by babies has be5 sugge/$1 p]haps )\t suffici5t consid]ation ( ! va/ exp5diture ( "t necess>y to ! process1 & c]ta9ly )\t suffici5t all[ance = ! fact t x w\ld be impossible to af=d ! same incessant practice :i* enables *ildr5 to le>n ! language ( _! fa!rs & mo!rs s easily4 ,b !re is no reason :y we %\ld p]petuate ! disc\rag+ prepond]ance ( grammatical & etymological /udy :i* caus$ ! late ,h4 ,d4 ,traill to say ( c]ta9 pr(essors t ,!y he>d ) a smile ( ! fl[]s ( /yle ,= !y recognis$ no?+ b roots6 ,9 fact1 "h z else:]e1 ! p]si/5t dem& t s*ool+ be made agreeable w h ! be/ possible effect 9 facilitat+ in/ruction4 ,x is z lit]ature t all languages--includ+ ! native language ( ! s*ol>s--w be taught2 & !y w be taught f> m easily ?an we h any example to assi/ u 9 imag9+4 ,:]e a =eign language pron\nc$ ) a diff]5t acc5t & intonation f t ( ! le>n] is /udi$1 no d\bt 7z already m5tion$7 talk+ ma*9es w be employ$3 & 9 addition1 pupils w be requir$ to read & speak ! language al\d on all possible occasions1 9 ord] to ex]cise ! organs ( spee* 9 ! ali5 mann]4 #bg ,x is a trite say+1 & "o t ne$ n be dwelt ^u "h1 t hi/ory ought n to be taught z if its sole purpose 7 to /ore ! memory ) ! de$s & misde$s ( k+s & ! progress ( v>i\s w>s4 ,x w c]ta9ly be /udi$ h]eaft] z a va/ lesson 9 sociology & politics1 z an illu/ration ( ! sci5ce ( human dynamics4 ,x is p]haps n sup]flu\s to rem>k t brilliant examples ( ! new hi/oriography h %[n t ! diff]5ce is n1 9 its result1 s great z "s critics imag9e4 ,b ! d$uctions f ! facts ( hi/ory are ! important matt]3 & ! way 9 :i* hi/ory w be us$ a hundr$ ye>s h5ce w be 9 in/ruct+ ! future gov]nors ( ! _w h[ to use _! citiz5%ip wisely4 ,among o!r ?+s expect$ ( ! s*oolma/] ( ! future w be t he implant 9 8 s*ol>s an ard5t desire to d _! "p 9 det]m9+ ! polity ( ! /ate !y live 91 & ! sacr$ duty ( ! ballot w c]ta9ly be taught ) relation to :atev] me?ods ( utilis+ ! popul> vote may by t "t h become curr5t4 ,moreov]1 hi/ory1 l languages1 is capable ( be+ taught z lit]ature2 & ! prote/ aga9/ ! preval5t notion t high civilisation involves ! decad5ce ( beauty 9 any =m implies belief 9 all ! arts z subjects ( cultivation 9 ! s*ools ( ! future4 ,x ne$ n be suppos$ t ! unreasonable wa/e ( "t entail$ by ! pres5t me?od ( tea*+ su* a subject z draw+1 & our curi\s neglect ( sculpture & modell+1 w be p]petuat$4 ,z we c already see ! dawn ( new ideas on bo? ^! subjects ! t5d5cy ( ! future 9 reg>d to !m is n difficult to conceive1 nor ne$ space be consum$ 9 discuss+ !m 9 detail4 ,lit]ature & poetry 7! latt]1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 no long] made m]ely hateful z ! subject ( ! fatu\s torture call$ le>n+ by he>t7 ) belles-lettres1 draw+1 pa9t+1 & sculpture1 w no d\bt be taught 9 an elem5t>y way to all *ildr51 & ! /udy ( !m develop$ fur!r :]e a natural appetite dem&s x4 ,9 reply to ! v natural "q1 ,h[ c an art be taught8 x is only ne$ful to say t m9ds ex]cis$ by be+ made to ?9k ab\t su* subjects1 are q c]ta9 to exhibit special pr$ilections 9 "o place & special av]sions 9 ano!r1 & t ! asc]ta9m5t ( ^! pr$ilections & av]sions w ev]y:]e be made ! subject ( pa9/ak+ ?\ght4 ,:ile nobody s]i\sly pret5ds n[adays t a ta/e = lit]ature or ! arts c be inoculat$ ^u a *ild's und]/&+1 ,i imag9e t few w "q ! belief t a natural b5t = any "o ( !m c be assi/$ 9 its developm5t1 & t ta/e1 :ile x is incapable ( be+ artificially implant$1 c]ta9ly is susceptible ( be+ guid$ & assi/$4 ,! defect ( r\t9e tea*+ 9 /hetics at pres5t is ! defect ( all our sy/ems ( education4 ,we try to d a s*ol>'s ?9k+ = him4 ,we labori\sly %[ him h[ to use a p5cil & h[ to copy draw+s & pictures2 & sometimes 7?\gh ?is k9d ( in/ruction is usually retail$ by ! +5i\s writ]s :o endeav\r to in/ruct ! adult public ?r\gh ! ,press7 we ev5 g to ! tr\ble ( tell+ him ! k9d ( pictures he ought to admire 7usually =gett+ t 9 ! h\se ( ,art !re are _m mansions1 & t a disgu/ = ! e>ly ,dut* ma/]s does n necess>ily imply an incapacity = appreciat+ ,velasquez72 b1 :e!r 9 adolesc5ce or maturity1 we nev] seem to arrive at ! po9t ( try+ to get p to ?9k critically = !mselves4 ,we %all re=m altoge!r ! processes ( arti/ic education 9 ! c\rse ( ?is c5tury4 ,! tra9+ ( eye & h& w c]ta9ly n be neglect$4 ,if only because le>n+ any k9d ( h&icraft gives ! ke5e/ enjoym5t to *ildr51 we may be sure t manual in/ruction w be giv51 & t ! effect ( x w be ( great value1 n only recreative b also practical4 ,our me*anics w n h to inaugurate ! wage-e>n+ p]iod ( _! lives by ! elem5t>y acquisition ( ! use ( tools4 ,_! future occupation w h be5 =ese51 & bo? by sci5tific und]/&+ ( ! processes !y are to subs]ve1 & by manual practice ( ! exact "w !y are to p]=m1 !y w be prep>$ = intellig5t craftsman%ip2 ! glori\s fact t real anxiety to f9d out ! be/ possible me?od ( atta9+ ! be/ possible results makes e craft1 h[ev] humble1 n m]ely delightful b also noble1 be+ automatically grasp$1 s t "w1 l le>n+1 w be a ?+ ( joy & a s\rce1 to ! work]1 ( lifelong self-respect4 ,?us 9 e dep>tm5t ( education ! result ( ! tra9+ adm9i/]$ intellig5tly1 & ) almo/ inf9ite long-sight$ness & subtlety dur+ s*ool-days1 w be to =m "*1 n by repression ( any natural pr$ilection1 b by cultivation ( m5tal & moral impulses to good4 ,we %all nev] be cont5t ) an ob$i5t ab/5tion f misconduct1 b %all unre/+ly contrive t ! desire to act rightly z well z wisely be implant$ 9 ! m9d1 until wisdom1 righte\sness & =e?\ght h be5 /amp$ ^u ! "* ) s indelible an impr9t t x w\ld d viol5ce to ! :ole cont\r ( ! m9d to act 9 defiance ( !m4 ,a p ?us tra9$ w be capable ( all ! re=ms pr$ict$ ( society a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,n by any ( ! unimag9able cataclysms by :i* dream]s h expect$ ,utopia to be e/abli%$1 ready-made1 on a basis ( unre=m$ ob$i5ce to ! w ( fanta/ic lawgiv]s1 b by ! /eady gr[? ( national morality w progress1 ,mov+ z beaute\s ord] t controls ,) gr[+ sway ! gr[+ life ( man1 e/abli%1 on ! basis ( a p]fect h>mony betwe5 ! nature ( ! units & ! in/itutions ( society1 ! rationalis$1 moralis$1 & /ill progressive /ate ( ! _w look$ = by all :o contemplate logically & ) ord]$ fai? ! capabilities ( _! k9d a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,religion3 ,,! ,,f9e ,,arts3 ,,lit]ature ,a good _m p contemplate ! future ( ! _w ) an al>m$ feel+ t va/ mat]ial progress & enl>g$ k ( ! visible & tangible univ]se are likely to be accompani$ by intellectual developm5ts dang]\s to ! religi\s _s 9 mank9d4 ,b to consid] ?us is to ov]look ! manife/ tr5d ( human ?\ght at ! pres5t "t4 ,( ! two influ5ces nam$1 mat]ial progress & enl>g$ in=mation ab\t ! univ]se1 ! =m] is probably mu* m directly liable to affect religi\s feel+ adv]sely ?an ! latt]4 ,epo*s ( high civilisation & great luxury h (t5 accompani$ a g5]al t5d5cy to scepticism1 & ^! conditions are also p]haps 7& = ! same reasons7 n highly fav\rable to ! highe/ developm5ts ( poetry4 ,!re h be5 p]iods ( sci5tific discov]y :i* h co9cid$ ) ! spread ( irreligion4 ,dur+ ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re 01 = in/ance1 no d\bt a great increase ( popul> scepticism aris+ out ( popul> d$uctions 7or suppos$ d$uctions7 f sci5ce4 ,religion unque/ionably lo/ gr\nd 9 ! s5se t dogmatic irreligion became r fa%ionable4 ,:5 ! p began to le>n t geological rese>* _h entirely upset ! ,biblical *ronology1 & t biological rese>* _h prov$ ! developm5t ( animal life by evolution>y processes n compatible ) a lit]al acceptance ( ! acc\nt ( ! creation 9 ,g5esis2 :5 k ( ! developm5ts ( language prov$ t ! v>i\s tongues ( mank9d c\ld n possibly h be5 ! subject ( a sudd51 cataclysmal confusion at ,babel or else:]e1 & :5 x became common k t ! sun & />s 7 n sudd5ly produc$ = ! conv5i5ce ( man1 b 71 on ! contr>y1 = ! mo/ "p mu* old]1 z suns & />s1 ?an ! e>? itself2 x is n surpris+ t m9ds untra9$ 9 philosophical d$uction leap$ t[>ds a!ism1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 none ( ^! discov]ies has any m to d ) religion1 z religion1 ?an1 say1 *emi/ry has to d ) music4 ,unless "o takes a highly an?ropomorphic view ( ! subject !y are n ev5 inimical to revelation4 ,( c\rse x is op5 to anyone :o *ooses1 to say t if ! /atem5ts 9 ! ,bible1 said to be inspir$1 are incorrect1 ! ,creator 7& ,inspir]7 ei!r did n "k h[ ,he _h done ,8 "w1 or told untru?s ab\t x2 & consequ5tly t sci5tific discov]y has disprov$ revelation4 ,b t is :at ,i h call$ a highly an?ropomorphic argum5t1 & x may safely be left to ! apologi/s to demoli%4 ,assur$ly x is n a sort ( argum5t likely to be met ) 9 ! cultur$ & logical future4 ,b x 0 an argum5t :i* comm5d$ itself v widely to ! uncultur$ & illogical pa/1 & great ef=ts 7 made to deal ) x4 ,^! ef=ts 7 really inimical to religi\s fai?4 ,religion hav+ be5 decl>$ to re/ ^u ! irrefragable rock ( ,holy ,scripture1 !re appe>$ to _m excell5t p an urg5t necessity t sci5ce %\ld be set "r1 t ! !ory ( ,evolution 7by :i* 0 meant1 = ^! ?9k]s1 ,d>w9ism7 mu/ be disprov$3 o!rwise all fai? mu/ g by ! bo>d1 & ! _w mu/ desc5d into pure mat]ialism4 ,! ,biblical criticism produc$ 9 ,g]many1 & app>5tly receiv$ 9 ! v he>t ( ! ,*ri/ian camp1 seem$ to pla9 m5 n m]ely to assail ?is irrefragable rock b to /rike at ! roots ( religion itself4 ,a!ism1 hav+ become unfa%ionable1 0 ex*ang$ f an agno/icism ( :i* ! popul> conception 0 n a great deal m philosophical4 ,! :ole "q ( religion 0 conceiv$ to hang toge!r4 ,! ,bible 0 ! ,^w ( ,god3 if ! ,bible c\ld n /&1 ,god mu/ fall4 ,& ! /ability ( ! ,bible 0 consid]$ to re/ ^u sci5tific accuracy4 ,a miscellane\s collection ( writ+s1 c]ta9ly ( great1 b ( v>i\sly comput$ antiquity1 0 to be absolutely "r 7:i* no o!r docum5ts ( any?+ l ! same age h ev] be57 on sci5tific facts2 o!rwise x c\ld n be reta9$ z a text-book ( ! *ur*es4 ,! latt] 7sometimes !mselves claim+ inspiration7 _h decl>$ ! ,bible to be directly inspir$3 & by "s p inspiration 0 tak5 to imply lit]al & detail$ tru?1 ?\gh lit]al & detail$ tru? w\ld c]ta9ly h made ! collection utt]ly incompreh5sible by ! p]sons :o h us$ x dur+ all b ! la/ comp>atively insignificant portion ( its exi/5ce1 & to mo/ p]sons ev5 !n4 ,evid5tly su* a conception ( ! ,bible1 accompani$ by ! op9ion t religion c\ld only exi/ on ! basis ( ! ,bible1 0 dang]\s to popul> religion 9 proportion z ! op9ions "h summ>is$ met ) public support4 ,h>dly less dang]\s 0 ! endeav\r ( "s apologi/s to assi/ ! difficulty ( belief by att5uat+ ! m9imum requir$ ( x4 ,! exposure ( _! r circul> argum5ts--bas+ ,fai? on ! inspir$ ,bible1 & ! inspiration ( ! ,bible on its int]nal evid5ce--titillat$ 9 ! untra9$ ?9k] :o _h reject$ 7z he 0 enc\rag$ to reject7 ! claim ( ! ,*ur* to be ! repository ( inspir$ tradition1 a s5se ( 8 own logical acut5ess4 ,) a w>m gl[ ( self-approval he ab&on$ ! anci5t %ibbole?s & left (f go+ to *ur*1 be+ conv9c$ t no really well-in=m$ intellig5ce c\ld tol]ate ! mutual contradiction ( sci5ce & religion4 ,) no m ability to und]/& ! argum5ts :i* support$ ! "o ?an ! philosophy :i* lay at ! root ( ! o!r1 & q unaw>e t religi\s belief is capable ( developm5t & is z mu* a product ( evolution z any mat]ial ph5om5on1 he consid]$ accord+ to temp]am5t t religion 0 ei!r a mis*iev\s inv5tion calculat$ to clog ! progress ( ! _w1 or a p>donable ab]ration ( amiable m9ds seek+ consolation 9 sup]/ition ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,! religi\sly-m9d$ ?9k] ( ! same calibre welcom$ ) en?usiasm ! antagonisms ( sci5tific s*ools discov]$ = him by ! less w>y ( 8 tea*]s1 & decid$ t ,d>w9 0 wrong1 t ,huxley 0 foll[+ false sc5ts1 & t sci5ce w\ld h to revise all its lat] conclusions4 ,9 nei!r case 7naturally7 0 444 div9e philosophy1 ,n h>% & crabbd z dull fools suppose1 ,b musical z is ,apollo's lute1 call$ into ! assize4 ,mi/akes ( ,moses1 to be ei!r prov$ or ju/ifi$1 7 popul>ly suppos$ to be ! t\*/one ( religion's fate4 ,mean:ile1 ?\gh ! combatants 9 ! popul> ar5a 7 q unaw>e ( x1 ! true ?9k]s 7 realis+ va/ dep?s :i* sci5ce _h left /ill unexplor$1 & ! v inve/igations und]tak5 to acc\nt = ! beg9n+s ( life on ?is planet 7 prov+ ! belief 9 ! spontane\s g5]ation ( life a figm5t4 ,:atev] effect sci5ce may h _h ^u my?1 x 0 do+ no?+ to assail ! ultimate my/]y :i* is ! basic fact ( religion4 ,by degrees1 too1 ! philosophical unt5abl5ess ( mat]ialism began to be popul>is$1 & al?\gh x is a great deal easi] to accept 7or decl9e7 sci5tific discov]ies )\t und]/&+ ! evid5ce = or aga9/ !m ?an to grasp su* ab/ract consid]ations z ! subjectivity ( ph5om5a1 popul> scepticism began to be direct$ into new *annels4 ,if we c\ld only "k ph5om5a we really "k no?+2 & x 0 j z likely t ! mo/ absurd my?s ( ! hagiologi/ might be true z t !y might be false--s9ce "o c\ld "k no?+4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury !re is no d\bt t among ! masses ( ! p ! incompreh5sibl5ess ( ?+s 9 g5]al _h ! effect ( popul>is+ a c]ta9 tol]ance ( ,*ri/ianity among ! class :i*1 a little e>li]1 _h be5 repudiat+ x altoge!r2 & if *ur*-go+1 ,sabba?-keep+ & o!r =mal acts ( religion cont9u$ to be m5tion$ by ! cl]gy & _! adh]5ts z ! subject ( lam5table neglig5ce1 ! habits ?us deplor$ arose1 less & less f conviction & m & m f ta/e4 ,p /ay$ away f *ur* n because !y reject$ ,*ri/ianity b because *ur*-go+ bor$ !m4 ,if ! cl]gy saw _! congregations dw9dle !y _h !mselves to ?ank = x4 ,! atroci\s dulness ( ne>ly all s]mons drove away m *ur*m5 ?an 7 lur$ f _! pews by militant irreligion4 ,!re is n ! smalle/ reason to believe t free ?\ght propag&a _h any really important "p 9 produc+ ! indiff]5ce d5\nc$ by ! *ur*es4 ,! simple fact is t a gr[+ appetite = amusem5ts1 a?letic & o!r1 & an intol]ance ( ! bor$om inflict$ by prea*]s too indol5t or too imp]fectly educat$ to make _! disc\rses tol]able by an active m9d1 robb$ ! *ur*es ( _! visitors4 ,a good prea*] nev] lack$ a cr[d$ congregation ev5 9 ! middle ( a week-day 9 ! city ( ,london2 nor are su* congregations lack+ n[4 ,no d\bt ! =m ( education g5]ally adopt$ 9 non-,ca?olic c\ntries has be5 a great cause ( indiff]5tism4 ,! fo/]+ ( p>5tal indol5ce by ,/ates :i* pr(ess to relieve x ( ! duty ( religi\s z well z ! exp5se ( o!r tea*+1 _c t5d to promote religi\s education4 ,to take our own c\ntry = an example1 fa!rs1 :o w\ld make x a duty to in/il z well z !y 7 able ! pr9ciples ( _! own fai? into ! m9ds ( _! *ildr5 if ! bo>d s*ools 7 n suppos$ to tea* ,*ri/ianity1 d\btless neglect t task 9 ! exi/+ conditions1 a fact :i* makes x q easy to und]/& :y congregations are s l>gely made up ( eld]ly p1 :ile boys & girls1 n "y en\gh to be hal$ unwill+ly to ! p>5tal pew1 & "y m5 & maid5s1 "y wives & husb&s educat$ on ! prevail+ sy/em1 t5d m & m to amuse !mselves1 n 9 irreligion b 9 indiff]5ce4 ,! squabbles ( ! sects h made x impossible to inve/ ,*ri/ianity 9 bo>d s*ools1 unless ! law be flagrantly violat$1 ) any ( ! importance necess>y to ! f\ndation ( a g5u9ely religi\s _s2 & ! v *ildr5 f9d t religion is treat$ z a ?+ ( mu* less importance ?an sums or a good h&writ+4 ,no "o /ruggles & wrangles ab\t ! "r way to d long division4 ,long division1 !re=e1 is a settl$ ?+ & important4 ,b ev]ybody qu>rels & sn>ls z to :o %all tea* 8 p>ticul> k9d ( religion4 ,religion1 !re=e1 is a d\btful sort ( ?+1 ab\t :i* ev5 gr[n-up p d n agree4 ,x _c be ( mu* importance4 ,if y ask fa!r ab\t x1 he says x is ! tea*]'s bus9ess to answ] y4 ,& 9 s*ool1 x has to be att5d$ to at a c]ta9 "t s z n to int]f]e ) ! real bus9ess ( ! day4 ,cle>ly x doesn't mu* matt]2 & ! *ild resolves1 z soon z x is old en\gh1 to escape f ! weekly bor$om ( sitt+ /ill = two h\rs 9 a /uffy *ur* or *apel1 say+ ! same ?+s ov] & ov] aga91 & li/5+ to a dull man 9 a sort ( elevat$ & ornam5t$ witness-box talk+ 9 a patronis+ tone ab\t ?+s n easy to und]/&1 & n 9 ! lea/ practically useful :5 he>d4 ,( c\rse ?is is n ! only sort ( influ5ce :i* has be5 at "w to produce a result likely to affect ! attitude ( ! pres5t c5tury t[>ds ! "q4 ,if ! facts are z ,i h /at$ !m 7:i* ,i d n ?9k anyone w dispute7 we see "o v good reason :y ! y\ng] g5]ation is j n[ some:at irreligi\s4 ,i d n believe x is ne>ly z irreligi\s z _m good p 7on bo? sides7 ?9k4 ,b ,i d believe t we1 at all ev5ts1 h z a nation be5 do+ e ?+ we c to make x s4 ,!re is no sur] way ( prev5t+ a ?+'s be+ done ?an = ! ,/ate to make a %[ ( do+ x & !n neglect x4 ,if ! s*ool bo>ds _h n assum$ ! duty ( tea*+ *ildr5 ,*ri/ianity1 p>5ts w\ld h att5d$ to ! matt]1 & probably done x a great deal bett] ?an ! bo>ds c\ld possibly h done x1 ev5 9 ! be/ conditions4 ,& if anyone says t y c't tea* ,*ri/ianity1 ! reply is1 t 9 ! sort ( conditions :i* exi/ 9 ,engl& at ! pres5t "t1 ! religi\s _s is n fav\r$ unless religion is taught4 ,i said at ! beg9n+ t ! sort ( life we lead n[1 & t we are likely to g on liv+ dur+ ! next hundr$ ye>s1 is probably m unfav\rable to ! _s ?an any directly irreligi\s influ5ce ( sci5ce or discov]y4 ,p :o are cr[d$ into t[ns1 :]e !y are out ( con/ant t\* ) ,nature & ! imm5sities ( space1 & lead a hurri$1 busy exi/5ce unfav\rable to deep ?\ght & my/icism1 are mu* less liable to ye>n = "s explanation ( ! va/ incompreh5sible univ]se1 ! pr(\nd misgiv+s ( ! s\l1 ?an p :o h o!r opportunities1 :o "k ! massive face ( solitude & h la9 "u ! inscrutable />s4 ,! v frequ5cy ( t]rible exp]i5ce1 :5 dea? /alks 9 ! /reets & a fun]al procession is s common a sight t m5 h>dly turn _! unb>$ heads to look ^u x1 blunts ! s5se ( awe2 & 9 ! *eap ,press ! alleg$ humori/ f9ds x a *oice subject = jok+4 ,a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 ?\gh ,i hope our humor\s ,press won't be q s gha/ly1 /ill m ( u w h liv$ always 9 cities1 & be5 r>ely intimate ) ,nature4 ,unless1 !re=e1 "s new influ5ces sup]v5e1 x is likely t ! new age w be ev5 less religi\sly incl9$ ?an ! age we live 94 ,is x probable t su* an influ5ce w arise8 ,or w ! next c5tury h turn$ its face altoge!r f fai? & giv5 up 9 despair ! _w-old riddle ( ! univ]se8 ,assur$ly1 ) ! increase1 impossible to be d5i$1 ( conditions unfav\rable to *ur*-go+1 ! influ5ce :i* c\ld arre/ ! t5d5cies ( ?\ght at pres5t suppos$ to exi/ mu/ be a p[]ful "o4 ,b 9 comput+ ! exact pot5cy :i* x w\ld require to possess we mu/ take an accurate view ( ! t5d5cies !mselves4 ,n[1 al?\gh dogmatic religion has to a c]ta9 ext5t lo/ gr\nd1 & ?\gh =mal obs]vances are some:at neglect$1 x w\ld be a fallacy to consid] t morality is 9 consequ5ce retrograd+4 ,! /eady gr[? ( su* ?+s z teetotalism2 ! revolt ( ! public consci5ce aga9/ tame /ag hunt+ & aga9/ :at 0 aptly call$ murd]\s mill9]y2 ! support af=d$ to ! societies = ! ,protection ( ,*ildr5 & = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals2 ! g5]\s responses made to any appeal = public subscriptions to meet any great disa/]2 ! rem>kable way 9 :i* ! work+ p1 out ( _! mis]able pov]ty1 help ea* o!r 9 "t ( /rikes2 ! waves ( public indignation :i* ! exposure ( any great inju/ice is able to ar\se2 all %[ t ! _w is by no means retrograde 9 respect ( morals4 ,:at is (t5 call$ ! gr[+ s5tim5tality ( ! age1 :i* op5s all pockets at ! call ( want1 & d\btless sometimes leads to ridicul\s exhibitions ( mi/ak5 feel+1 is a pro( t ! e?ical s5se ( ! p is by no means blunt2 & x %[s a con/ant t5d5cy to become ke5]4 ,x is my/icism r ?an morality :i* is *iefly lack+ to a re-developm5t ( ! religi\s _s4 ,& al?\gh ! op9ions ( ! mass ( ! p are likely to be influ5c$ at all times m by ! results at :i* :at are call$ lead]s ( ?\ght arrive ?an by ! reasons :i* lead up to ^? conclusions1 x is rational to expect t ) ! improv$ & mu* m ?or\ghly dissem9at$ education :i* ! necessities ( ! com+ c5tury are go+ to en=ce ^u u1 w make ! p m accessible to philosophical reason+ ?an !y h ev] be5 s9ce ,socrates4 ,consequ5tly1 ! g5]al attitude ( ! _w a hundr$ ye>s h5ce t[>ds my/icism w dep5d greatly ^u ! conclusions ( em95t ?9k]s4 ,^! conclusions w require "t 9 ord] to ex]cise _! influ5ce2 b x seems probable t ! influ5ce w be t[>ds & n away f my/icism4 ,an attempt to =esee ! probable position1 z an in/itution1 ( religion 9 ! future !re=e dem&s ! consid]ation ( :at net result is likely to be d$uc$ f sci5ce & philosophy by ! improv$ av]age intellig5ce ( ?is c5tury4 ,i speak expressly ( religion z an in/itution1 int5d+ !reby to limit ! inquiry to an attempt to det]m9e ! popul> view ( religion2 ! pret5ce to anticipate ! op9ions ( ! great philosoph]s t ?is c5tury w no d\bt produce be+ a little too presumptu\s ev5 = ! pres5t writ]1 :o may n be consid]$ 9 any ev5t to h fall5 into _m errors result+ f excessive mode/y4 ,we c only come )9 reasonable limits ( safety & consi/5cy 9 su* an inquiry by all[+ "h1 z ,i h all[$ all ?r\gh1 = a great increase 9 g5]al intellig5ce4 ,probably ! mass ( ! population w be less greatly remov$ 9 reflective & reason+ p[]s f ! greate/ m9ds ?an at pres5t2 because ! *anges :i* h be5 pr$ict$ are likely to h m effect 9 rais+ ! g5]al /&>d ( intellig5ce ?an 9 produc+ individual & exceptional m9ds ( v great calibre4 ,no d\bt ! p w be 9 clos] t\* ) advanc$ ?9k]s ?an n[4 ,b ,i d n see any reason = suppos+ t ! latt] c be conspicu\sly great] ?an ! ?9k]s ( pa/ "t1 f ,plato to ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,consequ5tly x is impossible to re/rict ! inquiry to /rictly popul> developm5ts4 ,we mu/ ask :at direction ab/ract ?\ght is likely to take3 & x c]ta9ly does n seem t ! influ5ce ( rec5t discov]ies 9 physics--especially ^? :i* h produc$ ! new !ory ( ! con/itution ( ! atom--c t5d to mat]ialism4 ,) atoms resolv$ by ! late/ sci5ce into electrons1 :i* h be5 decl>$ 9 a passage already cit$ to be n m]ely c>ri]s ( electrical *>ge b ! electrical *>ges !mselves1 ! objectivity ( matt] has assur$ly n receiv$ any new support4 ,& if speculation z to ! beg9n+ ( ?+s 7always ! k9d ( speculation mo/ important to philosophy1 :]e philosophy is made ! h&maid ( religion7 is reliev$ ( ! necessity ( acc\nt+ = ! creation ( matt]1 & only has to conc]n itself ) ! creation ( =ce1 we evid5tly approa* ! m ab/ract conception ( a ,some?+ n ourselves :i* is admitt$ly ! philosophical necessity mo/ fav\rable to spiritual religion4 ,b = _m p natural religion is a poor alt]native = revelation1 & if we int]rogate probability z to ! future ( a fai? 9 directly-reveal$ religion we approa* a mu* m difficult "q4 ,! v]bal inspiration ( ,scripture appe>s to be no long] reg>d$ z a necessity ( ?is fai?2 & ) its f9al ab&onm5t we %all no d\bt ent] ^u a p]iod ( mu* m ab/ract ?\ght & ( vagu] belief1 b 7z ,i ?9k7 also a f> m spiritual attitude t[>ds ! ,unse54 ,f ! mom5t :5 fai? is reliev$ ( all dang] f ! critical discr$it+ ( any p>ticul> set ( docum5ts1 x is ( c\rse fre$ f c]ta9 great dang]s4 ,probably ! ,*ri/ian ( ! ye> #bjjj w h ab&on$ all dep5d5ce ^u ! au!nticity ( ! orig9al s\rces ( in=mation1 & w be q ready to let :at us$ to be reg>d$ z ! f\ndations ( belief take _! place ) o!r my?ologies4 ,b ?is position ne$ n be reg>d$ z irreligi\s2 possibly x ne$ n be consid]$ un-,*ri/ian4 ,! hospitality :i* all truly religi\s ?\ght beg9s to ext5d1 n m]ely to uncanonical scriptures b to ! be/ religi\s ?\ght ( all ages1 w /r5g!n r ?an weak5 ! spiritual attitude2 &1 h[ev] we may probe into ! sci5ces ( life & ( ! univ]se1 ! awful my/]ies :i* lie beyond ! sph]e ( sci5ce w always tempt man to speculate & to aspire4 ,always we %all ye>n t[>ds ! et]nities :i* prec$$ & ! et]nities :i* mu/ foll[ ! little int]val t we call ,"t4 ,always beside ! grave t has clos$ ^u :at we h lov$1 despair w lure u on to seek consolation 9 a fai? :i* promises re-union beyond ! b\rn4 ,always ! manifold inju/ice ( ,fate w make aspiration inevitable4 ,always ! uplift+ spectacle ( ! />s1 ! imm5sities ( ocean & inf9ite my/]ies ( ! s\l ( man w make u welcome ! spiritual tea*+ :i* c ?r[ gleams ( my/ic illum9ation ^u ! riddles ( ! univ]se & ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to man4 ,we may n always see our way to f9d efficacy 9 ritual inc5se2 we may n long cont9ue to ask direct int]v5tions ( ! ,deity 9 pray]s :i* we "k 9 a lit]al s5se to be un?9kable & pr(ane2 we may cease ! imp]t95ce ( (f]+ sugge/ions to ! ,mak] ( ! _w on ! subject ( next week's wea!r2 & yet :5 we uplift our he>ts 9 aspiration & beg t we may div9e m spiritually ! nature ( ! ,creator1 & le>n to love our neighb\r m effectually & ) a bett] enlight5m5t1 we may /ill pray & "k t our pray] is answ]$4 ,if we cease to ?9k t wick$ m5 desc5d into "s *a/isem5t ( :i* fire & flames are ! ab&on$ symbols1 we may /ill realise t none c act aga9/ ! moral intuitions ( 8 nature )\t mutilat+ 8 own s\l3 & if ?is s\l ( man be immortal1 its puni%m5t is ?us et]nal also1 & c be cancell$ only by ! act ( div9e m]cy :i* we %all /ill call man's r$emption4 ,we beg9 to "k some?+ ( ! m9d's indep5d5ce ( ! body :]e 79 ph5om5a ( :i* evid5ce seems to be accumulat+7 m9d c speak to m9d by o!r means ?an ! s5ses3 & ev]y?+ :i* po9ts t way cuts fre% gr\nd f "u ! notion t bodily dea? is ! end ( u4 ,al?\gh ! philosophical !ory ( immortality does n ne$ ?is evid5ce1 fai? is assi/$ by x4 ,on ! great ideas :i* are ! support & ju/ification ( religion !re seems no reason to suppose t ! discov]ies ( ! next hundr$ ye>s are likely to ?r[ discr$it4 ,to sum up1 !n1 ,i believe t ! effect ( improv$ education w be to cons]ve r ?an to de/roy religion2 b ,i d n believe t religion w be a hi/orical s mu* z a philosophical conception4 ,! pres5t great ob/acle to religi\s feel+ 9 non-,ca?olic c\ntries1 namely ! pret5ce ( ! ,/ate to tea* religion z if x 7 a sci5ce or an art1 w h be5 remov$ "s :ile be=e ?is "t next c5tury1 & individual ef=t w be cultivat$ 9 ?is1 z 9 c]ta9 o!r respects1 in/ead ( be+ repress$4 ,! ,bible w be read = its morals1 its poetry1 its lit]ature2 & ! aspiration to conceive ! ,div9e w cont9ue to take ! %ape ( "s k9d ( public wor%ip probably mu* unlike any?+ :i* we n[ practise1 & totally divorc$ f any fai? 9 miracles & v]bal inspiration4 ,9 religion m5 w seek _! consolation aga9/ ! buffet+ & inju/ice ( de/9y1 & 9 a m reason$ notion ( immortality dry _! eyes be=e ! poignant spectacle ( ,dea?4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( ! mod]n m9d is to become m spiritually imag9ative4 ,we are (t5 scornfully told t ?is is an age ( hy/]ia1 :5 ! m]e fact is t x is an age ( imag9ation4 ,! highly civilis$ life ( our day #bh naturally exalts intellig5ce 9 comp>ison ) m]e activity ( body2 m9d ga9s asc5d5cy ov] muscle4 ,x is mu* m important to worldly success j n[ t a man %\ld be able to ?9k accurately ?an t he %\ld be able to lift great weights1 endure great physical fatigues or fight satisfactorily4 ,consequ5tly1 !re is a great premium ^u intellig5ce1 & only a mu* small] premium ^u bodily /r5g?2 & ?is condition ( affairs is likely to become acc5tuat$ z ! pres5t c5tury develops4 ,) increase ( intellectual agility we obta9 increase ( subtlety & intuition1 & ( ^? f9] p]ceptive & critical faculties :i* make expression ( ! emotions important & int]e/+4 ,x has (t5 be5 argu$ t epo*s ( high civilisation are unfav\rable to poetry & ! f9e arts1 & a well-kn[n passage ( ,macaulay argues ! po9t at "s l5g?4 ,:e!r su* an epo* z t ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce be probably f]tile 9 art or no1 assur$ly appreciation ( ! f9e arts w be widespread & acute4 ,( c\rse y c nev] acc\nt = ! extraord9>y ph5om5on call$ g5ius1 & :ile x is no d\bt true t g5ius1 l ev]y?+ else1 is ! product ( its age1 yet g5ius consi/5tly transc5ds its age4 ,! numb] ( m9ds 9 a ?\s& able to br+ a reasonable degree ( compet5t appreciation to ! writ+s ( ,%akespe>e is mu* great] n[ ?an :5 ,%akespe>e wrote4 ,!re nev] 0 a "t :5 a great writ]1 or a great pa9t] 7despite :at happ5$ to ,:i/l]7 0 9 less dang] ( public neglect ?an ! pres5t4 ,& ! next c5tury w be yet m critical ?an ?is4 ,e "o ( ! f9e arts w be m g5]ally & m subtly appreciat$ ?an n[4 ,! exi/+ ma/]pieces ( antiquity w be ev5 m rev]5tly enjoy$ ?an n[1 & ! lessons !y embody w be m completely assimilat$4 ,x rema9s to be answ]$1 :e!r ! next c5tury w be f]tile 9 new ma/]pieces ( lit]ature & art4 ,!re has be51 9 my op9ion1 too great a read9ess on ! "p ( mo/ writ]s to assume t high civilisation necess>ily creates epo*s ( ugl9ess4 ,no d\bt railways1 factories & o!r civilis$ & civilis+ conv5i5ces d n1 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 t5d to assume =ms gratify+ to ! /hetician4 ,! pres5t t5d5cy ( dome/ic ar*itecture1 = in/ance1 %[s an abject sort ( _s by bas+ any ef=t :i* x may make = comel9ess on an attempt to imitate ! picturesqu5ess ( ! pa/ r ?an to =m new & beautiful /yles adapt$ to mod]n requirem5ts4 ,because old r$-brick1 timb]$ r\gh-ca/1 & ! qua9tly-%ap$ build+s ( old "t please ! eye by contra/ m ?an by inh]5t beauty1 un9tellig5t build]s j n[ ?9k !y c r$eem dwell+-h\ses f pla9 ugl9ess by imitat+ ^! peculi>ities1 & !y are enc\rag$ 9 ?is c\rse by ! p :o are to live 9 su* h\ses & by ! exploit]s ( e/ate developm5t4 ,b su* f9e examples z ! new ,we/m9/] ,ca!dral %[ t ! _s ( beauty has n left our ar*itects4 ,! gr[+ intellig5ce ( ! new age ought1 at all ev5ts1 to develop1 z its res\rces w rew>d1 orig9ality4 ,& ! develop$ /heticism ( ! age w dem& beautiful build+s1 n slavi%ly copi$ f ! antique1 b creat$ by ! imag9ation ( ! mod]n4 ,rev]5ce = natural beauty1 already manife/ 9 ! revolt aga9/ adv]tisem5t-bo>ds 9 juxtaposition ) notable sc5]y & ev5 along ! sides ( railways 7:]e "o w\ld h ?\ght t a little m ugl9ess c\ld d no great h>m7 w no d\bt be acc5tuat$ :5 ! unviolat$ virg9ities ( ,nature h become few]2 & a /eady gr[? ( public ta/e is evid5c$ ev5 n[ by ! success ( ! bett] sort ( /reet adv]tisem5ts & ! failure ( ! ugli] k9d1 z demon/rat$ by ! /eady ab&onm5t ( ! latt]4 ,! mo/ fa%ionable arti/s no long] ?9k x b5ea? !m to design wall-po/]s4 ,if ! adv]tis]s :o pay _! l>ge fees f9d x pr(itable to pur*ase art 9 an exp5sive m>ket1 x mu/ be because popul> ta/e is bett] ?an x us$ to be2 & ev5 if ! cult ( ! photograph & ! process block 9 illu/rat$ newspap]s1 to ! detrim5t ( draw+s & wood engrav+s1 be cit$ z evid5ce 9 ! o!r direction1 we h a "r to quote 9 rebuttal ( ?is ! r viol5t ef=ts ( ! m intellig5t class ( amateurs to secure a recognition ( selective & manipulat$ photography z an art4 ,moreov]1 j z "s critics h argu$ t x is bett] = ! p to read ! atroci\s lett]press ( ! popul> pap]s ?an n to read any?+1 x c also presumably be cont5d$ t x is bett] = ! p to look at photographs reproduc$ by process ?an n to look at any pictures at all1 ?\gh1 9 reality1 x is d\btful :e!r bad pictures & inf]ior lit]ature are n mu* worse & mu* m degrad+ to popul> ta/e ?an none4 ,t we really d c>e = pictures ev5 9 ,engl& 7h[ev] little critical ability we may possess to di/+ui% good pictures f bad7 is evid5c$ by ! cr[ds :i* ?rong ! ,royal ,academy4 ,x w\ld be bett] if !y ?rong$ ! ,national ,gall]y2 b ev5 ! ,royal ,academy is evid5ce3 & ! success ( ! sixp5ny-admission plan on ! days :5 x is adopt$1 & ! l>ge att5dance at ,burl+ton ,h\se on ,bank ,holidays1 prove t ! ta/e = pictures is %>$ ev5 by ! lea/ educat$ "p ( ! public4 ,?us !re is no reason to be f\nd 9 pres5t t5d5cies = appreh5d+ a decay ( /heticism z a result ( mat]ial progress4 ,probably ev5 ! *eap pap]s w ev5tually improve1 bo? 9 _! read+-matt] & 9 _! illu/rations1 :5 x gr[s less pr(itable ?an x is at pres5t to pr9t ! wor/ atta9able examples ( bo?4 ,( c\rse x w\ld be v easy to argue t ! t5d5cy ( all ?is is r to develop a some:at high] /&>d ( m$iocrity ?an to produce brilliant examples ( art 9 any manife/ation4 ,beauty1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 c be b\ght4 ,! dem& w evoke ! supply4 ,b ! highe/ manife/ations ( ! beautiful mu/ be ! spontane\s product ( subtle bra9s & lissom f+]s work+ = ,art's sake4 ,yet x is also n v difficult to %[ t circum/ances affect production ev5 ( ! highe/4 ,an example may be f\nd 9 ! extraord9>y m]it ( mod]n ,fr5* sculpture1 z comp>$ ) ! wret*$ "w produc$ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,p>is ,salon1 :i* may be said to correspond ) our ,royal ,academy1 sculpture is %[n 9 a mann] :i* r5d]s ! huddl$ cloak-room full ( m$iocre m>ble & ?ird-rate "w 9 clay at ,burl+ton ,h\se almo/ too pa9ful to be ludicr\s4 ,h[ev] m]itori\s ! "w ( an ,engli% /atu>y1 he w\ld get no *ance--does get no *ance--9 ! ,academy exhibition3 & !re is e ju/ification = ! op9ion t x is n bad "w :i* 9 ?is c\ntry produces (ficial neglect1 nor good "w :i* 9 ,france has = _m ye>s l$ to ! lov+ c>e ) :i* sculpture is %[n 9 ,p>is2 b on ! contr>y1 t ! real opportunity :i* a ,fr5* sculptor obta9s has be5 j z in/rum5tal 9 fo/]+ ! art !re z our own utt] neglect to appreciate sculpture ( g5ius has be5 9 /ifl+ ! art "h4 ,! ,fr5* treatm5t ( sculpture has n m]ely rais$ ! /&>d ( av]age production4 ,x has fo/]$ actual g5ius4 ,ev5 s ! opportunities :i* ! social conditions ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce w af=d to art w assur$ly promote ! arti/ic conditions fav\rable to ! developm5t & fo/]+ ( g5ius1 :5ev] g5ius1 9 its %y1 fairy-l way1 contrives to be born1 no man kn[s h[4 ,a g5]al p[] ( appreciat+ ma/]pieces has nev] be5 alleg$ to be unfav\rable to _! production4 ,:at is unfav\rable to x 9 a highly civilis$ age is ! hurry & preoccupation :i* leave no "t = ! appreciative faculties to employ !mselves4 ,x has be5 v well said t ! feature mo/ inimical to art 9 ,am]ican civilisation is ! abs5ce ( a leisure class4 ,if !re be any validity 9 ! conclusions = :i* ,i h be5 try+ to w9 acceptance #bi 9 ! e>li] *apt]s ( ?is "w1 ! new age w be an age ( greatly increas$ leisure 9 all ranks1 & ?is condition ought to fav\r art 9 e way z highly z ! improvem5t 9 ! nature z well z 9 ! ext5t ( education mu/ also fav\r x4 ,& 9 ?is !re w be bo? action & reaction--increas$ leisure & improv$ appreciation t5d+ to fo/] g5ius1 g5ius 9 ! glori\s p]fection ( its "w g5]\sly return+ ! b5efit by cultivat+ & ref9+ ! /hetic s5se ( ! new age4 ,simil>ly 9 lit]ature we may hope t ! atroci\s consequ5ces ( in/ruction appli$ to a va/ numb] ( m9ds :i* no attempt is made to educate w be only tempor>y4 ,popul> lit]ature & j\rnalism at ! pres5t "t might well /rike ) despair ! mo/ hopeful he>t4 ,b :5 we rememb] t no attempt :atev] is be+ made to educate ! faculty ( imag9ation1 & t we /ubbornly re/rict all tea*+ to a vehem5t ef=t to cram z _m facts z possible into ! m9d ( ! s*ol>1 ) no endeav\r at all to improve ! qualities ( t m9d itself2 & :5 we grant1 z ,i ?9k any reasonably intellig5t prevision ( ! future mu/ grant1 t all ?is w be=e _m decades h to give place to really educational processes3 x seems evid5t t ! future w gradually fl+ aside 9 des]v$ contempt ! basely illit]ate products ( ! pr9t+ press :i* enri* popul> publi%]s & newspap] proprietors to-day1 r$eem poetry f its pres5t practical neglect1 & revive & enri* ! belles lettres1 :i*1 ev5 9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & ^! latt] ye>s ( ! dawn+ tw5tie? c5tury1 h contriv$ to appe> 9 ma/]pieces = :i* read]s1 fit1 if few1 h nev] ceas$ to exi/4 ,"o result ( ?is w be to end1 & end = ev]1 ! idiotic & reaction>y policy ( limit$ editions = beautiful books1 by :i* alone1 9 _m cases1 ! production ( su* books has be5 made possible4 ,z ! public = f9e lit]ature dec5tly pr9t$ becomes gradually l>g]1 !re w no long] be any object 9 acc5tuat+ popul> ignorance by )hold+ f ! greate/ "p ( ! public ! opportunity to possess & to enjoy ! be/ "w 9 lett]s t ! age is produc+1 & x w be possible = ! poet ( delicate imag9ation1 ! essayi/ ( subtle insight1 & ! /ory-tell] ( re/ra9$ & mode/ g5ius1 to be z well paid z ! inv5tors ( nightm>e horrors & ! biograph]s ( impossibly +5i\s detectives app>5tly are to-day4 ,!re rema9s to be consid]$ ! mu* less difficult problem ( ! sort ( progress likely to be made 9 ! me*anical implem5ts ( ! f9e arts4 ,"s conceivable developm5ts 9 :at may be call$ ! me*anism ( lit]ature h be5 discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on j\rnalism1 & j z x 0 !re pr$ict$ t ! =ms ( language hall[$ by tradition & made classic by antiquity & intr9sic beauty mu/ always cont9ue to be employ$1 s 9 ! arts x is impossible to believe t ! classical me?ods ( expression c ev] become obsolete4 ,b to say ?is is n to imply t new processes are incapable ( be+ appli$ to ! arts4 ,no?+ :i* ! future may evolve z a modell+ sub/ance c conceivably r5d] obsolete clay or make m>ble antiquat$2 b innovation is always possible & may always 9 ! "r h&s yield new tributes ( lovel9ess4 ,prejudice is difficult to ov]come :]e art is 9 "q4 ,b z 0 rec5tly se5 9 ! inv5tion ( solid oil pa9ts1 new m$ia are q capable ( creat+ new modes ( expression1 & d>+ z is ! flight ( imag9ation requir$ by su* a notion1 may x n be conceiv$ t ! new me?ods ( int]communication betwe5 m9d & m9d1 :i* may develop out ( ! new psy*ology ( our own age1 might furni% ! m$ium ( a new lit]ature8 ,9 music x does n seem necess>y to surmise t ! classical gamut mu/ be ! la/ ^w ( melodic ?\ght4 ,! b>ri] betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ 9 reg>d to musical expression--a b>ri] z yet s firm z to make u feel t nev] ! twa9 c meet--is precisely ( ?is nature4 ,a rem>k by an ,indian s*ol> educat$ 9 ,engl&1 & z well v]s$ 9 ,we/]n z 9 ,ea/]n art1 is pregnant ( promise4 ,he said to a fri5d ( ! pres5t writ]1 ,!re is no d\bt t 9 e =m ( inv5tion1 9 e developm5t ( intellect1 y surpass u1 save 9 "o4 ,y\r music is poor & mean1 comp>$ ) ! music ( ! ,ea/4 ,n[ to any ,engli% e> ! music ( ,asia is z yet a m]e sn>l ( incompreh5sible cacophonies1 de/itute alike ( melody1 h>mony or rhy?m4 ,b t x has laws ( its own1 intricate1 involv$ & subtle1 no "o c d\bt4 ,i rememb]1 "o night1 f9d+ my way into a ,*9ese lodg+-h\se 9 an ,au/ralian city4 ,f "o ( ! cubicles ) :i* x 0 fill$ came :at seem$ to me a rueful noise & a gha/ful--a noise z if "s m ?an usually vocal tom-cat 7 be+ sev]ely ill-us$4 ,f "t to "t ! noise ceas$1 to be succe$$ by en]getic disputations 9 ! ?9 nasal & guttural tones ( ,s\? ,*9a1 !mselves1 ,i knew1 graduat$ 9 pit*1 z all ,*9ese talk requires to be 9 ord] to be und]/ood4 ,mak+ my way to ! s\rce ( ^! s\nds1 ,i f\nd f\r "y ,*9am54 ,"o ( !m 0 engag$ 9 an unaba%$ ba?+ ( 8 l[] limbs4 ,o!r two 7 squatt+ on ! floor to enjoy ! music ( ! f\r?1 :o sat on a high pack+-case1 hold+ a book 9 8 toes1 & p]=m+ on an in/rum5t some?+ l a viol94 ,f "t to "t "o ( ! o!rs w\ld int]rupt1 criticis+ ! executant1 & ! book w\ld !n be ref]r$ to ) en]gy & some?+ z mu* l excitem5t z "o ev] sees a ,*9aman display4 ,! musician w\ld extract a few notes f ! in/rum5t1 cle>ly 9 def5ce ( 8 r5d]+4 ,!n ! tumult w\ld die d[n :ile ! wail+ ( ! smitt5 /r+s w5t on aga94 ,n[ x _c be impossible to fa?om ! obscurities ( ,ori5tal music3 & x is q possible t !y may1 9 ! future1 yield new h>monies & melodies z yet undream$-( to ! ,we/2 = ! diff]5ce is ma9ly1 if ,i und]/& aright :at ,ori5tals say ( x1 a diff]5ce ( scale4 ,no d\bt ! conv5tions are all diff]5t4 ,i h (t5 obs]v$ 9 ,india t music consid]$ to possess a jovial "* is a %rill wail+ 9 sl[ "t2 :]eas fun]eal music always s\nds a lively air4 ,we/]n civilisation f9ds no difficulty 9 compreh5d+ ! decorative art ( ,india & ! ,f> ,ea/1 nor 9 highly appreciat+ x4 ,may n ,ea/]n music h gifts = u z yet undream$-(8 ,b ( c\rse pa9t+ has a mu* m direct appeal to ! emotions ?an music1 & x is n at all difficult to imag9e--nay1 x is h>dly possible to d\bt--t a new mann] 9 pa9t+ w f "t to "t develop1 arriv+ out ( newly-inv5t$ implem5ts & mat]ials4 ,d\btless improv$ me?ods ( reproduction w multiply ! numb]s ( ^? :o c enjoy ! ma/]pieces ( ! new age & ( ! old1 j z 9 music x w unque/ionably be possible to repeat satisfactorily an indef9ite numb] ( times any s\nds t h once exi/$4 ,nei!r w any ( ! arts p]man5tly suff] by ! me*anical improvem5ts appli$ to !m--?\gh ! fir/ employm5t ( ! latt] w d\btless (t5 h results :i* w be1 to ! arti/1 r t]rible4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,economies ,! next c5tury w c]ta9ly be a frugal age 9 ! s5se ( planet>y frugality4 ,) a greatly-increas$ call on ! res\rces ( ! _w entail$ by ! va/ increase ( population x w be absolutely necess>y = u to make ! mo/ ( :at we "h d sp5d4 ,& ) ! m humane & g5tl] notions :i* w prevail x is also c]ta9 t ! new age w be an age ( *eapness4 ,( c\rse1 *eapness is a purely relative matt]4 ,! suit ( clo!s :i* w\ld be v *eap at sev5 gu9eas 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be v de> at t price "h1 n m]ely because by reason ( ! t>iff clo!s & o!r ?+s are exp5sive 9 ,am]ica1 b also because wages are high] !re ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,9 spite ( ! enorm\s gr[? ( population s9ce1 say1 ! accession ( ,que5 ,victoria1 ! /&>d ( com=t is mu* high] n[ ?an !n1 & prices are l[]1 because production has increas$ m quickly ?an population4 ,com=ts are *eap]1 wages are high]4 ,b ! /&>d ( com=t w be high] /ill a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,workm5 w e>n a great] %>e ( ! commodities ( life1 & :e!r _! pay be high]1 comput$ z money1 or l[]1 makes no diff]5ce to ! "q ( *eapness4 ,if wages are l[ commodities w be l[-pric$3 t is all4 ,& probably ?is is ! turn t ev5ts w take1 ?\gh1 ev5 !n1 ! monet>y e>n+s ( ! work] w probably be mu* high] ?an !y are n[adays4 ,x is d\btful :e!r s clumsy a contrivance z metallic curr5cies1 ( intr9sic values correspond+ ) _! titles1 c survive at all2 b ( c\rse ev]y?+ w be comput$ 9 t]ms ( "s curr5cy or o!r--p]haps ( an obsolete curr5cy4 ,we are apt to ?9k t ! /eady value ( gold c be c\nt$ ^u to rema9 a con/ant factor ( economics4 ,b only a v small "p ( ! real bus9ess ( ! _w is ev5 n[ transact$ ) actual gold4 ,mu* ! greate/ "p is transact$ 9 pap]--t is by ! simple balanc+ ( debits aga9/ cr$its 9 v>i\s cle>+-h\ses4 ,( c\rse1 if !re 7 any reason to suppose t ,/ate ,socialism w\ld be ! political basis ( future in/itutions1 curr5cy ( intr9sic value 7:i* practically means1 ev5 n[1 only gold curr5cy7 w\ld be easily disp5s$ )1 because almo/ e transaction w\ld be effect$ by means ( ord]s on ! national treasury1 ! ,/ate own+ practically ev]y?+4 ,"s vision>ies h long includ$ ! abolition ( money 9 _! s*emes = ! imm$iate economic improvem5t ( ! race4 ,b ! disuse ( a curr5cy is n really a means to any end4 ,x is only an effect :i* may or may n arise out ( c]ta9 alt]ations 9 comm]cial me?od4 ,!re are signs t ! p are already gr[+ tir$ ( ! extravagance atta*$ to ! sy/em ( ,/ate1 & ev5 ( municipal1 trad+3 & ?is fact makes socialism improbable4 ,con/ant compla9ts are he>d ab\t su* ?+s z municipal tramways & municipal gasworks1 & ! proposal to transf] ! entire work+ ( telephones to ! ,gov]nm5t has be5 fi]cely oppos$4 ,:]e ! po/-(fice works telephones side by side ) a telephone company1 z 9 ,london1 !re is no indication t ! public pref]s ! ,gov]nm5t s]vice be=e ! private s]vice2 & x is admitt$ t tramways privately own$ "w m *eaply & yield bett] returns on _! capital ?an municipal tramways4 ,any int]f]5ce ( ! ,/ate 9 matt]s t c\ld practically be left to private ent]prise provokes incessant compla9t4 ,:5 cont9u$ & develop$1 h[ev]1 ?is int]f]5ce has a vici\s habit ( ext5d+ itself into fre% fields4 ,hav+ fir/ und]tak5 ! education ( ! p ! ,/ate 0 n long 9 c>ry+ t sy/em to its natural limit by reliev+ p>5ts ( s*ool fees4 ,n[1 free meals = poor *ildr51 or meals sold bel[ co/1 are gradually becom+ ! fa%ion2 :at is ! use ( read+ out lessons to *ildr5 :o are too hungry to li/58 ,s ! ,/ate mu/ fe$ z well z educate4 ,f ?is to ! free clo?+ ( s*ool *ildr5 is a v %ort /ep4 ,b once ! unavoidable sequ5ce ( su* ?+s is recognis$1 public op9ion beg9s to revolt1 ask+ :]e1 if we g on at ?is rate1 we are likely to /op1 s long z !re is any p>5tal duty t ! ,/ate has omitt$ to assume4 ,we p]ceive t1 unless ! process is arre/$1 ! begett] ( *ildr5 w h no obligations left1 & ! awful effects ( reliev+ e memb] ( ! public ( all responsibility be+ at l5g? recognis$1 !re is sure to be a reaction4 ,x is c]ta9ly n beyond ! wit ( man to contrive t x %all be impossible = p>5ts to leave _! *ildr5 untaught1 )\t ,gov]nm5t tak+ ^u itself ! function ( s*oolma/]4 ,a hundr$ ye>s h5ce ,i hope t x w long h be5 unnecess>y to use =ce at all to compel p>5ts to educate _! *ildr53 & by t "t ! folly ( our 7p]haps tempor>ily unavoidable7 exp$i5ts w be laugh$ at1 & ! fatuity ( a m9imum /&>d ( pr(ici5cy1 :i* inevitably becomes ! maximum /&>d also1 w be wond]$ at4 ,9 ! matt] "h select$ z ! mo/ conv5i5t = illu/ration1 & 9 o!r matt]s :]e ,/ate p[]s1 or p[]s devolv$ by ! ,/ate1 are n[ employ$ 9 ent]prises :i* d n prop]ly fall into ! prov9ce ( ,gov]nm5ts1 ! abuses & wa/efulness ( gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce are already act+ z ! be/ possible object-lessons aga9/ fur!r int]f]5ces ( ! k9d :i* makes = socialism4 ,b ( all ! re/ra9+ influ5ces inimical to socialism1 none w be any?+ l s p[]ful 9 ! pres5t c5tury z ! new anxiety ) :i* ! p w safegu>d _! own self-respect4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 & _c be too (t5 repeat$1 t be=e _m decades1 sy/ems ( education w be valu$ *iefly 9 proportion z !y t5d to develop & e/abli% "* 9 ! individual4 ,& ) ! recognition ( ! great tru? t "* is mu* ! mo/ important ?+ 9 ! _w1 !re w gr[ up a great jeal\sy ( any?+ :i* t5ds to damage ! public s5se ( individual responsibility4 ,?is jeal\sy _c b be adv]se to socialism1 ^: ideal is to relieve ! individual ( all responsibilities & to ?r[ !m ^u committees4 ,n t ! value ( organisation & comb9ation = v>i\s objects w at all be lo/ sight (4 ,b we %all p]ceive t volunt>y comb9ation is a =m ( self-gov]nm5t va/ly m fri5dly to ! pres]vation ( self-respect ?an legislative action1 & also a =m mu* less likely to be oppressive4 ,x w be se51 = in/ance1 t x is m desirable = work+ m5 to fix1 ?r\gh _! trade-unions1 ! h\rs ( lab\r 9 v>i\s indu/ries1 arrang+ to meet exceptional circum/ances :]e ! latt] arise1 ?an = ,p>liam5t to decree t nobody %all "w m ?an eight h\rs a day4 ,nei!r is ! panacea ( compulsory arbitration 9 trade disputes likely to be a feature ( future politics1 because we %all c]ta9ly n be long be=e we p]ceive t1 :ile x is no d\bt q easy to compel employ]s & employ$ to submit _! respective cases to a tribunal appo9t$ by law1 !re is no kn[n way 9 :i* ! aw>d ( su* a tribunal c be en=c$1 & if !re 71 ! effect ( its employm5t w\ld be almo/ intol]ably injuri\s to ! comm]ce ( ! c\ntry4 ,:at w happ5 a hundr$ ye>s h5ce is t trade disputes w h disappe>$1 because all ! work]s w be practically _! own employ]s4 ,consequ5tly free contract & n socialism w be ! basis ( ! political sy/em ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 & ! /&>d ( com=t w be adju/$ 9 ! same way z ev]y?+ else4 ,b 9 ord] t ?is /&>d may be z high z ! advanc$ humanity ( ! new age w c]ta9ly dem& = a population va/ly increas$1 x w be necess>y t all ! res\rces ( ! planet be made ! mo/ (4 ,t motive p[]1 "o ( ! mo/ important1 if n ! mo/ important ( all ^! res\rces1 %\ld be economically produc$ is1 z has already be5 said1 an absolute ess5tial4 ,:5 we make ! mo/ ( ! s\rces ( p[]1 & are able to apply p[] 9 conv5i5t & portable ways to all sorts ( "w at pres5t done by h&1 "o ( ! greate/ economies conceivable w h be5 effect$4 ,probably muscle1 z an elem5t ( workman%ip1 w become q obsolete1 ?\gh muscul> /r5g? w be develop$ by a?letics z a recreation & a safegu>d to ! heal? ( ! race4 ,"h aga9 self-respect w be s$ul\sly nurtur$1 = no?+ fo/]s x s mu* z a man's s5se ( 8 inh]5t bodily p[]4 ,all sorts ( wa/efully labori\s me?ods ( lab\r w be sup]s$$1 9 ! same way z ! /eam hamm] has sup]s$$ ! sl$ge hamm]4 ,) ! p]fect developm5t ( p[]-production a*iev$1 a great deal ( ! dirt9ess ( manufacture w vani%3 & moreov]1 a use w h be5 discov]$ = e by-product ( e manufacture4 ,we are hide\sly wa/eful z yet3 & wa/efulness makes = dirt4 ,"o p]ceives ?is at once on comp>+ a factory :]e ! by-products are ( a nature to be utilis$ directly1 ) "o :]e ^! products are ( small value4 ,a goldsmi?'s %op is a clean place comp>$ ) ! gasworks ( ev5 a mod]n t[n3 b ^! aga9 are clean comp>$ ) :at !y us$ to be be=e ! v>i\s *emical uses ( coal-t> & gas-liquor 7 discov]$4 ,9 ! plann+ ( ma*9]y1 not)/&+ ! fact t p[] w be obta9$ at a m9imum ( exp5se1 all contrivances :i* economise =ce w be highly valu$4 ,we h be5 increas+ly valu+ !m ev] s9ce /eam fir/ became important z a s\rce ( motive p[]4 ,e>ly ma*9es 9 ! ,pat5ts' ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton exhibit ! mo/ extraord9>y recklessness 9 ! wa/e ( p[]4 ,consid]+ ! feebl5ess ( ! motive =ce available1 "o w\ld h expect$ t e means w\ld be s\ght to m9imise friction4 ,b in/ead1 ! =ce 0 transmitt$ by contrivances :i*1 to a mod]n eye1 seem$ delib]ately contriv$ to introduce z mu* friction z possible4 ,e ye> br+s out fre% inv5tions = ! avoidance ( friction3 & /ill we are b ^u ! v ?re%old ( ! subject4 ,x 0 only 9 #aijd t a p>ty ( railway eng9e]s 0 ent]ta9$ by a pat5tee :o wi%$ to %[ !m ! sav+ 9 coal p] tra9-mile :i* c be sav$ by a new be>+ = pass5g] coa*es1 & ! sup]ior smoo?ness 7:i* is ( c\rse a factor 9 ! economy7 ( _! runn+4 ,h>dly any vehicle except a bicycle or a trott+ buggy is yet con/ruct$ ) any s]i\s attempt to save friction at ! axles4 ,! numb] ( indu/rial ma*9es to :i* ball-be>+s might be appli$ ) great economy ( p[] is enorm\s4 ,b ball-be>+s are v little us$4 ,x is probably consid]$ z yet t ! sav+ 9 coal w\ld n pay = ! work+ exp5ses connect$ ) !m & ) o!r improvem5ts4 ,b z ma*9]y is fur!r improv$ economies at pres5t m]ely !oretical w become practical & remun]ative4 ,9 a hundr$ ye>s' "t we %all c]ta9ly be able to make g5]ally pr(itable ! use ( _m devices z yet applicable only to delicate & exceptional ma*9es1 & %all be able to use mu* p[] :i* at pres5t runs to wa/e4 ,e "t a locomotive is /opp$ !re is a great wa/e ( p[] 9 ! op]ation ( ! brakes1 because x is n wor? :ile to adopt any contrivance = utilis+ x4 ,x disappe>s1 z heat1 & is lo/4 ,_m simil> wa/ages c\ld be cit$1 & eng9e]s w\ld sc(f at ! citation1 on ! gr\nd t ! loss is n wor? sav+4 ,b x w be wor? sav+ a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,we %all n be able to af=d any wa/e4 ,! _w w h to be work$1 z we say1 = all x is wor?4 ,( c\rse all sorts ( o!r wa/es w be avoid$ ?r\gh ! natural progress ( discov]y & ! natural developm5t ( ?\ght4 ,illness is a wa/e4 ,illness w be mu* less common 9 a hundr$ ye>s' "t4 ,a man :o eats & consumes ! _w's products )\t contribut+ to !m w be too exp5sive a luxury = ! new age to indulge itself )3 & ! pres5t excuse = a leisure class--already scorn$ 9 ,am]ica--t a ri* & leisur$ class fo/]s & patronises ! arts1 w be absurd4 ,all classes w fo/] & patronise ! arts4 ,=1 j z we %all see t idl5ess is wa/e 7& ev5 m injuri\s to ! idl] ?an to 8 fell[s71 s we %all also see t ov]work is a wa/e1 because ! legitimate purpose ( human endeav\r is n weal?1 b happ9ess4 ,:5 all "w1 all w be able to play4 ,planet>y economy w be a det]m9+ factor 9 ! *ange ( diet :i* ! com+ c5tury mu/ inevitably witness4 ,su* a wa/eful food z animal fle% _c survive3 & ev5 ap>t f ! moral necessity :i* w compel mank9d1 = its own pres]vation1 to ab&on ! use ( alcohol1 ! direct & indirect wa/efulness ( alcohol w make x impossible = bev]ages conta9+ x to be tol]at$4 ,v likely tobacco w foll[ x4 ,we are already 9 sight ( legislation to re/ra9 ! use ( tobacco by ! "y4 ,x w probably be unnecess>y = ! law to prohibit its use by adults4 ,! frugal adult ( ! new age w ab&on x unbidd51 ! *ange tak+ place z smoo?ly & sil5tly z ! process f ! univ]sal drunk5ness ( our great-gr&fa!rs to ! relative sobriety ( ourselves1 a process ( :i* x is surpris+ t anyone c fail to p]ceive t ! natural end mu/ be ! total disuse ( alcoholic dr9ks4 ,all ?+s "w _! way to _! natural conclusion1 & !re is no m f]tile s\rce ( sociological bl9dness ?an ! fallacy :i* treats c]ta9 ph5om5a ( society z /atic1 :]eas all ph5om5a ( society are really 9 ! dynamic /ate1 & always mu/ be s4 ,9 su* matt]s z ! exhau/ion ( ! soil1 & ! reckless wa/e ( wood1 our pres5t practice w c]ta9ly be re=m$4 ,!re w be great improvem5ts 9 agricultural *emi/ry1 necessitat$ by ! disappe>ance ( animal manure4 ,! obsolesc5ce ( ! horse is already 9 sight2 probably we ourselves %all see ! day :5 ! horse w cease to be employ$ except 9 ! organis$ mat]ial ( w>3 & z soon z we cease to eat animals we %all cease to h]d cattle1 %eep & p\ltry4 ,b "s means w h to be f\nd = return+ to ! soil ! mat]ials we take out ( x4 ,( c\rse ! idiotic wa/efulness ( _m sy/ems ( sewage disposal1 & ! dang]s1 inconv5i5ces & degrad+ occupations associat$ ) exi/+ alt]natives1 w be rectifi$4 ,by improv$ agricultural me?ods1 l&s at pres5t unutilis$ w be br\ght "u cultivation3 & ! wa/eful & selfi% res]vation ( game pres]ves1 de] =e/s & excessive pleasure-gr\nds w h to be aboli%$--n by legislative enactm5t1 b probably by spontane\s social developm5ts2 by ! natural developm5t1 9 %ort1 ( economy 9 ! _w's possessions4 ,a hundr$ ye>s h5ce we %all cease to behave z ?\gh ! res\rces ( ! planet 7 illimitable & c\ld be wa/$ at w4 ,9 ! succession ( ! ages ! sp5d?rift w h giv5 bir? to ! mis]1 rev]s+ ! usual ord] ( g5]ations4 ,no d\bt ! att5tion conc5trat$ ^u agriculture z a consequ5ce ( ! greatly increas$ use ( vegetable & c]eal foods w h1 z "o ( its consequ5ces1 ! discov]y ( new means = improv+ all sorts ( crops--means ( :i* ev5 ! wond]ful a*ievem5ts ( ! sci5tific agriculture ( ! pres5t day d n conta9 ev5 ! fir/ g]ms4 ,we %all also1 p]haps1 f9d means = avoid+ ! t]rible losses & wa/age entail$ by climatic accid5ts4 ,at all ev5ts1 irrigation w be p]fect$1 & probably we %all be able by acclimatisation & modification to f9d uses = crops t w fl\ri% dur+ t portion ( ! ye> :51 9 temp]ate climates1 ! l& at pres5t lies idle4 ,?is w bo? /imulate & fur!r necessitate ! improvem5ts 9 agricultural *emi/ry already m5tion$4 ,z ! combu/ions ( solids w no long] be a g5]al me?od ( obta9+ heat1 we %all greatly economise wood2 & ! wick$ly mis*iev\s ^w inexhau/ible w n be appli$ to timb] regions l ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 di/rict ( ,canada4 ,arboriculture w become a m practical art ?an x z yet %[s any signs ( be+2 & along ) c>eful af=e/ation w g skill$ improvem5t 9 tree-gr[+4 ,we %all replace all ! trees we use by bett] trees1 bett] cultivat$4 ,ev5 s1 h[ev]1 !re w h to be devis$ great economies 9 ! use ( wood--economies l ! rec5t inv5tion ( a me?od by :i*1 in/ead ( be+ wa/efully sawn into planks1 a tree-trunk c be cut up spirally1 s t almo/ ! :ole ( x may be us$4 ,9 _m places :]e wood is n[ employ$ 9 ! arts1 metals w d\btless be us$ in/ead1 _! great] neatness & durability mak+ x advisable ?us to sub/itute !m1 = reasons ( conv5i5ce z well z economy2 & probably new alloys1 into :i* ! light] metals1 z alum9ium1 w ent]1 may give u increas$ /r5g? )\t increas$ weight1 :i* w aga9 be an economy1 because x w save p[]4 ,b ev5 s1 ! _w's exp5diture ( wood w cont9ue to be enorm\s4 ,w> has be5 allud$ to above4 ,w> is too wa/eful1 z well z too imbecilely uncivilis$1 to survive ?is c5tury4 ,x may be well to inquire z to ! mann] 9 :i* its abolition is mo/ likely to be br\ght ab\t4 ,we may take x = grant$ t no sudd5 political or revolution>y movem5t w aboli% ! physical conflict ( peoples4 ,all ! arts :i* brutalise ! practical polemi/ w n be ab&on$ at a mom5t's notice on ! bidd+ ( any pot5tate or comb9ation ( pot5tates4 ,to conceive ( !m z ?us ab&on$ is to ov]look ! :ole nature ( political *ange4 ,x is absurd 7z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] rem>ks7 to assume t out ( a community morally imp]fect & intellectually imp]fect1 !re may 9 "s way be _h legislative regulation t is n proportionately imp]fect4 ,b x w\ld be equally absurd to believe t ! moral & intellectual advance :i* our pres5t t5d5cies %[ to be gradually tak+ place--an advance c]ta9 to be greatly accel]at$ dur+ ! middle half ( ! next hundr$ ye>s--c fail to put a /op to w> z a political device4 ,w> w probably n be disp5s$ ) 9 response to any great & sudd5 revolt ( ! _w's consci5ce aga9/ ! blood%$ & o!r evils mu* worse ?an blood%$ :i* x entails--( :i* inde$ x actually consi/s4 ,! _w kn[s q well already t w> is wick$1 wa/eful & silly3 if x 7 possible = a sudd5ly-exasp]at$ realisation ( ?is to take an in/antane\s effect1 we c\ld & %\ld simil>ly aboli% num]\s o!r evils :i* we %[ e disposition to tol]ate = "s "t yet4 ,! fact t s+le families are able to hold weal? 9 enorm\s excess ( ! maximum am\nt :i* x c possibly be good = ! community t individuals %\ld hold1 is su* an evil4 ,! ,yell[ j\rnalism ( ,am]ica & ,engl& is ano!r evil j ab\t z difficult1 or z easy1 to aboli% at a /roke z w>1 & n mu* less injuri\s4 ,! manipulation ( t>iffs & curr5cies to suit ! gre$y aims ( manufactur]s1 l&[n]s & capitali/s is ano!r evil :i* is con/antly exp]i5c$ or ?reat5$ 9 "o "p ( ! _w or ano!r2 & if z a race we 7 yet enlight5$ en\gh to utt] t great ,peace2 be /ill6 :i* mu/ "s day be brea!d ov] ! tr\bl$ wat]s ( int]national diplomacy1 we %\ld be enlight5$ en\gh to rid ourselves ( ^! o!r evils4 ,b in/ead1 ! *ange mu/ be gradually work$ up to4 ,x is n ev5 at all c]ta9 t ! :ole _w w at "o giv5 mom5t decide to ab&on w>4 ,x is n necess>ily ! case t ! fir/ nation enlight5$ en\gh to lay d[n ! sword w\ld imm$iately fall "u ! oppression ( its arm$ neighb\rs1 z ,bism>ck prophesi$1 & w\ld no d\bt h practis$ to arrange4 ,nor ne$ we assume1 z s _m h ?\ght x necess>y to believe1 t univ]sal peace c only foll[ ! exhau/ion ( univ]sal w>1 ! dove w++ h] fir/ flight ov] ! %ambles ( ,armag$don4 ,i d n = an in/ant believe t ! actual horrors ( w> are ! likely or possible s\rce ( peace2 on ! contr>y1 w> always t5ds to bre$ w>1 p>tly ?r\gh int]national exasp]ation1 p>tly ?r\gh ! una%am$ & cynical self-seek+ ( pr(essional w>riors4 ,peace ha? h] outrages no less sev]e ?an w>4 ,x is aga9/ ! prep>ation = w>1 r ?an aga9/ w> itself1 t we %all revolt4 ,( c\rse ! increas$ urbanity ( future ?\ght1 ! t5d]] consci5ce ( ! future1 w help ! cause ( peace4 ,! _w's rul]s w be m humane1 less reckless ?an ^? set up by ! inf]ior morality & intellect ( ! pres5t age4 ,x is n f ! rul]s1 b f ! rul$1 h[ev]1 t peace w come4 ,x is ! peoples t w refuse to be ! support]s ( idle1 useless1 pr(ligate & dang]\s millions1 tra9$ to no duty b slaught]1 skilful only 9 ! s]vice ( national crime4 ,e decade w see ! burd5 ( armam5t gr[ heavi]4 ,9 e decade fre% ef=ts w be made to lift ! weight ( !m (f ! ri*1 ! gov]n+ classes1 & ?r[ x ^u ! poor1 ! gov]n$ classes4 ,! work]s w be tax$1 & _! taxes manipulat$ to _! disadvantage4 ,& !y mu/ pay 9 p]son z well z purse4 ,!re is no civilis$ & highly develop$ c\ntry 9 ! _w t c possibly escape univ]sal milit>y s]vice )9 ! next qu>t] ( a c5tury1 unless x be ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 & only t c\ntry if ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ab&on absolutely _! pres5t dreams ( empire & r5\nce ! luxury ( an effective ,=eign ,(fice4 ,z = ourselves1 x is mo/ likely univ]sal naval s]vice t we %all h to endure4 ,& ! rul]s ( ! nations w play ! *ess ( diplomacy1 us+ ! peoples z _! pawns1 until ! pawns1 gr[n wis] ?an ! bi%ops1 & m agile ?an ! knights1 rea* ! eigh? squ>e ( intellect & become sov]eign 9 !mselves4 ,x is n by high diplomacy t w> w be ab&on$1 b by ! w ( ! work]s4 ,only a v c>eless & un?\ghtful obs]v] ( ! la/ fifte5 ye>s' hi/ory c h fail$ to note ! /eady gr[? ( int]national solid>ity 9 lab\r que/ions4 ,! trade societies ( diff]5t nations frequ5tly contribute to ea* o!r's /rike-funds3 !y con/antly communicate & conf]1 & !y d s ) increas+ frequ5cy & effectiv5ess e "t !re is any special advantage to be se5 9 jo9t action aga9/ ! common enemy--gre$4 ,conceive = an in/ant :at is go+ to be ! effect ( ?is :5 work+ m5 & wom51 inf9itely ! mo/ important & mo/ wor?y "p ( ! race1 are no long] degrad$ by /upid re/rictions ( education1 no long] br\ght up on ! insane sy/em ( /riv+ only = a /uff$ memory in/ead ( = a develop$ "*1 & h le>n$ to ?9k ab\t _! political duties in/ead ( only transact+ !m )\t ?\ght1 )\t any possible opportunity ( le>n+ h[ to ?9k4 ,! :ole mass ( work]s ?r\gh\t ! _w w come to an und]/&+4 ,!y h no possible conflict+ int]e/s :i* c comp>e 9 importance ) ! int]e/s :i*1 = _! class1 are id5tical all ! _w ov]4 ,already ! improv$ morality ( ! peoples w h yield$ improv$ gov]nm5ts1 m enlight5$ p>liam5ts1 wis] /atesman%ip4 ,! adm9i/rative organ w only ne$ to be prop]ly /imulat$ by ! solid agreem5t ( work]s ?r\gh\t civilisation4 ,!re is nev] ! lea/ sign ( int]national or racial jeal\sy among work+ m5 9 _! int]national relations1 & :at1 by reason ( ! cla% ( int]national int]e/s & ! dang] ( national aggression diplomati/s c\ld n accompli%1 ! irresi/ible volition ( ! unanim\s peoples w =ce ^u ! cab9ets ( ! _w4 ,x w come ab\t by degrees4 ,! prep>ations = x w be long visible1 long misund]/ood4 ,& we %all usefully t9k] at ! "q1 (t5 /ave (f little dang]s ( w> by arbitrations1 treaties ( mutual und]/&+1 peace conf]5ces & ! l2 & ?\gh probably no great w> necess>y to reconcile ! conflict+ de/9ies ( peoples 0 ev] prev5t$ by su* means1 we %all avoid _m fights :i* might h aris5 out ( ! va9 notions ( pre/ige1 dignity1 & national self-suffici5cy4 ,b once means h be5 f\nd = ! de/ruction ( ! ma*9]y ( w>1 ! wor/ dang] ( w> w h be5 got rid (3 & !n ! practice we %all h _h 9 settl+ disputes peacefully w be ( ! greate/ s]vice to u4 ,:5 ! armies & ! navies ( ! _w are disb&$ !re w be a condition ( affairs :i* x is highly necess>y to consid]4 ,9 all nations entitl$ to rank z _w-p[]s !re is an enorm\s milit>y class4 ,:5 ! armies g home = ! la/ "t1 & magaz9e rifles & ma*9e guns become museum objects & no?+ m2 :5 x is no long] conceiv$ to be ! greate/ s]vice a man c r5d] to 8 c\ntry to organise clubs :]e9 m5 may inexp5sively le>n h[ to %oot1 s z to be able to kill ea* o!r ) a cr$itable precision :5 ! *ance comes2 !n !re w arise ! problem ( h[ to employ ^! disb&$ drones3 & to "s ?is problem has appe>$ to pres5t acute difficulties on acc\nt ( ! lab\r-problem involv$4 ,b to appreh5d any?+ beyond ! mo/ transi5t emb>rassm5ts f ?is cause is surely to misconceive ! :ole subject ( economics4 ,! m5 at pres5t )drawn f productive lab\r by employm5t1 ei!r transi5tly 7z 9 c\ntries :]e conscription is us$71 or m or less p]man5tly 7z 9 ,engl&71 h to be f$1 clo!d & h\s$ 9 any ev5t2 & !y c only be ?us suppli$ ) ! commodities ( life by ! lab\r ( o!r m54 ,:at ! t]m ( _! milit>y s]vice happ5s to be is immat]ial to ! subject4 ,:e!r !re are /&+ armies & navies ) long or %ort s]vice1 & a res]ve2 or armies & navies s]v$ = ?ree ye>s by successive drafts2 ! am\nt ( lab\r )drawn 9 any community is at any "o p]iod ! same 9 t community4 ,! return to civil life ( ! volunte] armies employ$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! ,civil ,w> & ! w> ( ! deliv]ance ( ,cuba did n produce tr\blesome economic conditions2 & only ^? p]sons :o ?9k t a society is enri*$ by ! circulation ( money sp5t 9 wa/eful exp5diture l ! fireworks & banquets consum$ 9 celebrat+ an ev5t l ! visit ( a =eign pot5tate1 or commemorat+ m or less irrelevantly ! failure ( ,gunp[d] treason & plot1 c imag9e t a nation w\ld be impov]i%$ by ! va/ accession to its productive p[] yield$ by ! abolition ( armam5ts4 ,simil>ly1 to ?9k t ! suppression ( ,woolwi* ars5al & ! clos+ ( ,krupp's gun factory w\ld be an indu/rial calamity in/ead ( an enorm\s sav+ ( national money1 is to adopt ! un9/ruct$ view ( politics :i* conceives ( gov]nm5ts z self-support$ & self-creat$ in/itutions ^: exp5diture is a gift to ! p2 in/ead ( z be+ organisations paid by ! p out ( e>n+s :i* w\ld o!rwise be enjoy$ by !mselves4 ,?is sort ( conception1 fatu\s z x appe>s :5 once r$uc$ to logical t]ms1 is common en\gh4 ,:5ev] any object ( popul> desire appe>s inaccessible we are always be+ told t ! ,gov]nm5t ought to provide x--z if ,gov]nm5t 7 a sort ( deity capable ( produc+ weal? f some:]e outside ! _w4 ,b su* notions h only to be = a mom5t exam9$ 9 ord] t _! fallacy may become manife/ & palpable2 & x is equally easy to see t ! weal?-produc+ p[] ( ! m5 compos+ armies w\ld be a direct gift to ! community ( ! _w if armies 7 aboli%$1 & t ! moneys =m]ly1 b no long]1 exp5d$ ^u _! acc\trem5ts1 weapons & su/5ance w\ld be s mu* wa/e obviat$4 ,"h w1 9 fact1 be "o ( ! _m economies ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,x w be conv5i5t to digress1 9 pass+1 9 ord] to notice "o v curi\s cont5tion sometimes r fancifully introduc$ into discussions on ! subject ( univ]sal peace4 ,x is /at$ t w> is an inevitable feature ( national life1 & t x ex]cises a b5efic5t effect ^u national "*--t x fo/]s manl9ess & a respect = ! virile attributes ( c\rage1 /eadfa/ness & self-respect2 t nations :i* h ab&on$ ! art ( w> s9k into effem9acy1 slo?fulness & de/ructive luxury2 & t ! peace ( ! nations1 if x ev] comes1 w be associat$ ) a t]rible det]ioration ( ! race4 ,z to ! notion t any?+ c prev5t ! abolition ( arm$ conflict z a means ( settl+ ! diff]5ces ( peoples1 we may v well be satisfi$ to await ! issue4 ,no "o :o recognises ! /eady gr[? ( humanit>ian feel+2 no "o :o rememb]s1 ev5 to deplore1 our gr[+ s5tim5talism2 no "o :o has insight en\gh to p]ceive t progress1 at an ev]-increas+ spe$1 mu/ inevitably be accompani$ by advanc$ intellectuality1 increas$ self-re/ra9t & great] wisdom1 c d\bt t a process s illogical1 b>b>\s & brutalis+ z battle mu/ be bani%$1 z well by ! new humanity z by ! economic necessities ( our race4 ,b ! notion ( deplor+1 on moral gr\nds1 ! assur$ com+ ( a re=m s salut>y1 calls = m /r5u\s reprobation4 ,"o w\ld h ?\ght x evid5t1 f ! popul> effect ( ! w> 9 ,s\? ,africa1 t1 s f> f be+ a matt] = self-congratulation1 ?is highly necess>y w> 0 a t]rible lesson 9 ! brutalis+ effect ( arm$ conflict1 n alone on ! m5 actually engag$1 b also on ! p :o rema9$ at home4 ,inde$1 s9ce x is only a comp>atively small fraction ( a community t c ev] be p]sonally active 9 milit>y op]ations1 ! effect on ! home-/ay]s is evid5tly :at ! uphold]s ( w> z a civilis+ influ5ce mu/ be ?9k+ (4 ,x w\ld be ridicul\s1 & x is q unnecess>y to ! argum5t1 to d5y ! f9e qualities ( det]m9ation1 ( =titude be=e national disa/]1 & ( calm confid5ce 9 ! pr[ess ( ! nation's arms :i*1 9 ! bulk ( ! ,engli% p1 ! ,transvaal w> call$ =?4 ,x w\ld be j z idle to d5y ! sublime exhibition ( patriotism & self-abnegation :i*1 on "o side at lea/1 0 provok$ by ! ,russo-,japanese w>4 ,b x w\ld also be fooli% n to recognise ! q evid5t brutalisation :i* has foll[$ our w> 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ! rem>kable increase 9 crimes ( murd]\s viol5ce1 & especially ( d\ble crimes--murd] & suicide--:i* has lately occurr$4 ,! true s\rce ( ^! increas$ evils is ! reflex effect ( famili>ity 7ei!r at fir/ h&1 or m remotely ?r\gh newspap] read+ & ?r\gh ! p]sonal n>rative ( return$ soldi]s7 ) ! notion ( viol5t slay+1 & ! dim9i%$ s5se ( ! sanctity ( human life :i* accompanies ! spectacle ( man-slay+ by :olesale held up to popul> admiration1 & inde$ necessitat$ & ju/ifi$ by ! conditions ( w> & ! duty ( patriotism4 ,no d\bt x is true 7z has be5 f9ely said7 t !re is "o ?+ :i* is worse = a nation ?an w>1 & t is t a nation %\ld be s afraid ( w> z to submit to aggression r ?an fight 9 def5ce ( its rights4 ,b to subscribe to ?is doctr9e1 :i* no rational ?9k] w dispute1 is a v diff]5t ?+ f agree+ t ! nations w\ld be o!rwise ?an /r5g!n$ & civilis$ by ! univ]sal ab&onm5t ( battle4 ,probably we are z yet "s decades f ! "t :5 we %all h suffici5t nobility ( s5tim5t to be entirely agre$1 )\t a s+le diss5ti5t1 9 recognis+ ! enorm\s s]vice to national & int]national morality :i* ,mr ,glad/one r5d]$ :5 he _h ! c\rage to )draw f ! conflict ) ! ,bo]s aft] ,majuba4 ,x w be long be=e we are logical en\gh to see t ! fact ( ?is magnanimity hav+ be5 basely abus$ does n 9 ! lea/ detract f its moral weight & moral b5efic5ce4 ,b ! influ5ce ( su* an act _c be )\t effect ^u progress4 ,x is by su* acts1 & ! possibility ( _! glad acceptance by nations ( suffici5t moral elevation to p]=m !m1 t w> w be bani%$4 ,9 ! meantime1 :ile noble virtues c be display$ by nations 9 "t ( combat1 & by civilians z well z soldi]s1 x is a new doctr9e t we are ask$ to accept :5 we are told t !re is any?+ individually elevat+ to ! "* 9 sitt+ at home :ile someone else goes out & fights = t home's protection4 ,"o ( ! lea/ satisfactory features ( public int]e/ 9 games ( manly endeav\r & endurance1 games ( dang] & viol5t ef=t1 l football & cricket1 is t ( ! v greatly increas$ numb]s :o foll[ ^! games & wat* ! =tunes ( select$ teams 9 ! ,cup conte/s only a v small proportion play ! games !mselves4 ,?\s&s ( "y m5 h>dly see a football mat* f ,septemb] to ,april1 ?\gh !y ke5ly foll[ ! admirable descriptions ( !m 9 _! sport+ pap]s4 ,x is tak+ a v %ort-sight$ view to applaud ! gr[+ int]e/ 9 a?letics1 :i*1 j n[1 we %[1 z a sign ( our manl9ess4 ,n v mu* endurance is requir$ 9 ord] to bet on ! success ( a fav\rite team3 & to assi/1 z a contributor to gate-moneys1 9 pay+ select$ a?letes to endure risk & viol5t fatigue 9 a game :i* "o does n play = oneself is exactly on a level ) applaud+ ! exploits ( an army to :i* "o contributes no?+ b taxes4 ,moreov]1 ?is b5efic5t effect ( actual w>-9-progress c\ld only ex]cise itself dur+ limit$ & di/ressful p]iods4 ,no nation is able to be s]i\sly at w>1 9 mod]n conditions1 = v long1 & great p]iods ( recup]ation mu/ int]v5e betwe5 w> & w>2 ! combatant nations be+ mean:ile subject to aggressions f keep]s ( ! peace1 because !y are n 9 a position to fight aga9 ) a fre% & an unexhau/$ adv]s>y4 ,consequ5tly1 any b5efic5t effect mu/ be expect$ to be ex]cis$ *iefly 9 "t ( peace4 ,&1 9 practice1 x does n seem to be ! case t nations 9 :i* ! milit>y /&>d is high & ! milit>y class is exalt$ above ! civil class1 %[ always 9 any rem>kable mann] ! virtues suppos$ to be fo/]$ by ! manly art ( w>4 ,no "o w\ld cont5d t ! av]age ,g]man is m self-reliant & self-respect+1 quick] to decide on action 9 a mom5t ( /ress1 brav]1 manli]1 m endur+ ( rev]ses ( =tune1 ?an ! av]age ,am]ican4 ,yet ,g]many1 :]e milit>y (fic]s are held 9 su* e/eem t !y c behave ) unre/ra9$ arrogance & brutality t[>ds civilians 9 public places )\t provok+ any signs ( popul> indignation1 unless :5 _! acts are comm5t$ ^u 9 ! sociali/ newspap]s2 & c ev5 inflict disgu/+ & degrad+ indignities ^u private soldi]s )\t be+ (ficially puni%$1 except :]e !y h c>ri$ brutality to ! limit 7& !y are puni%$ ) ! greate/ t5d]ness ev5 !n73 ,g]many1 ,i say1 ought to %[ ! virtues ( a milit>y /ate at _! be/4 ,:]eas 9 ,am]ica1 :]e !re is practically no /&+ army1 & :]e milit>y titles1 ! residue ( w>s conduct$ almo/ entirely by volunte] & amateur soldi]s1 are s common t ! v hold]s ( !m treat ^! titles z subjects ( humor\s depreciation1 ! p are conspicu\s = manl9ess1 = high endurance1 = pati5ce "u ! rev]ses ( =tune1 = temp]ance3 & 9 ! av]age ( physical c\rage ,am]ica f> excels any milit>y nation4 ,!re seems to be no reason at all = appreh5d+ t ! obsolesc5ce ( milit>ism w h a delet]i\s effect on ! manhood ( ! race3 :ile !re are inconte/able evid5ces t x w greatly fo/] ! equally important virtues ( g5tl5ess1 humanity1 & respect = ! weak4 ,?us1 :ile1 = reasons ( s5tim5t & common s5se1 w> is c]ta9 to become obsolete be=e ! end ( ?is c5tury1 we %all f9d 9 ! release ( ! funds & ( ! lab\r hi!rto employ$ 9 ! organisation ( w> "o ( ! greate/ economies ( an age :i* 9 all ?+s w be ?rifty3 & !re is no reason at all to appreh5d difficulty 9 provid+ = ! w>rior :o f9ds 8 occupation gone1 :5 we h s reorganis$ 7z we mu/ reorganise7 our social sy/em1 t no man w live 9 excessive luxury on ! lab\r ( 8 fell[s1 b t all w be contributors to a common frugality4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,law ,a ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s ,,h5ce ,us+ ! figurative words1 ! law1 9 _! wide/ possible s5se1 to mean ! entire sy/em :i* gov]ns ! relations ( ! individuals 9 a community ) ea* o!r & ) ! community at l>ge1 we c easily see t 9 a c5tury's "t _m *anges ( law w h tak5 place4 ,if x be true t legislative re/ra9ts are mo/ly necessitat$ by ! ill-conceiv$ en]gies ( mank9d1 & t ! "r function ( ! law is to assure to ea* citiz5 ! l>ge/ possible lib]ty t is consi/5t ) ! equal lib]ty ( e o!r citiz5 & ( all1 !n x w be "r to believe t ! great ext5sion ( g5]al intellig5ce1 & ! equally great ext5sion ( g5]al morality1 anticipat$ = ! next c5tury1 w r5d] _m =ms ( exi/+ re/ra9t obsolete because unnecess>y4 ,reg>d+ (f5ces bo? aga9/ ! p]son & aga9/ prop]ty z manife/ations1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( un9tellig5ce1 we may expect t increas$ intellig5ce w lead to a dim9ution ( _! numb]4 ,9 apply+ /ati/ics to an exam9ation ( ! "q :e!r & to :at ext5t improvem5ts 9 ! g5]al /&>d ( education h 9 ! pa/ dim9i%$ crime1 & consequ5tly h[ f> crime is likely to be /ill fur!r dim9i%$ 9 ! future1 we mu/ be c>eful to keep 9 sight two consid]ations--fir/1 t an increas$ vigilance & elaboration on ! "p ( au?ority may easily make x appe> t crime has fail$ to dim9i% "u educational influ5ces1 :5 x is only ! detection & puni%m5t ( crime t h be5 r5d]$ m p]fect2 & second1 t if "o k9d ( education h n _h all ! salut>y effects expect$ ( x1 x does n foll[ t a diff]5t k9d w n h all ?is expect$ efficacy & m4 ,manife/ly1 legislation aga9/ crimes =m]ly outside ! rea* ( ! law--t creation ( new (f5ces :i* "o he>s r fooli%ly object$ to--w increase /ati/ics ( crime1 if we compute crime 9 t]ms ( prison-admissions2 & ! fact t su* increase1 due entirely to legislation1 has tak5 place concurr5tly ) "s o!r re=m1 su* z ! improvem5t ( education1 obvi\sly does n entitle u to connect ! increase ) ! re=m4 ,! latt] may ev5 be op]at+ 9 exactly ! opposite mann]1 despite ! /ati/ics4 ,a numb] ( new (f5ces 7 creat$1 = in/ance1 by :at is call$ 9 ,engl& ! ,crim9al ,law ,am5dm5t ,act1 & x w\ld be easy = a %ock$ obs]v] ( prison /ati/ics to obs]ve1 9 a p]iod ( ye>s dur+ :i* ! adm9i/ration ( t useful act 0 be+ p]fect$1 dreadful increases 9 ! crimes :i* x represses2 :]eas ! fact probably is t crime ( ?is sort has dim9i%$1 l>gely ?r\gh ! action ( ! v causes :i* w\ld make x appe> to h be5 increas+4 ,!re=e1 if anyone /ill argues t education z a means ( dim9i%+ crime has prov$ a failure1 x is n ^u judicial /ati/ics t he mu/ base 8 cont5tions4 ,probably t argum5t is obsolete3 b if x 7 n1 & if x 7 all[$ all ! validity ( :i* x is capable1 x w\ld /ill furni% no gr\nd :atev] f :i* to ?r[ d\bt ^u ! expectation t 9 a hundr$ ye>s' "t crime w h dim9i%$ v greatly1 z a result ( ! improv$ education ( ! new era4 ,= inde$1 z education is at pres5t conduct$1 x w\ld be r a rem>kable ?+ t x %\ld h any effect ^u crim9ality at all4 ,:at influ5ce increas$ intellig5ce may h 9 re/ra9+ "o "p ( ! population f ! desire to commit crime might easily be neutralis$ by ! effect1 on ano!r portion1 ( ! increas$ craft & subtlety imp>t$ by education4 ,k c facilitate crime z well z det] f x4 ,a man :o has n le>n$ to write1 x has be5 %rewdly rem>k$1 w n commit =g]y3 b t is n a reason = ?9k+ t a k ( writ+ t5ds to promote crim9ality4 ,! man :o1 be+ 7p]haps unduly7 pr(ici5t 9 x1 becomes a =g]1 w\ld n necess>ily h rema9$ blameless if he _h cont9u$ illit]ate4 ,he w\ld v probably h be5 a ?ief1 :i* does n require p5man%ip3 b on ! o!r h&1 ! increas$ facility ( obta9+ employm5t :5 "o c write might j z easily h sav$ him f "s temptations to di%one/y4 ,x is n v rational to expect a great moral effect ^u "* f ! m]e acquisition ( k4 ,b f ! mom5t we conceive t means & me?ods ( education 9 ! future w be valu$ 9 proportion to _! influ5ce 9 develop+ "*1 & especially intellig5t self-control1 x is impossible to d\bt t ! new tea*+ w be among ! mo/ pot5t ( moral influ5ces4 ,"o b5efit d]iv$ f ?is w be ! possibility ( ab&on+ legislative re/rictions ^: effect is inimical to self-control & to intellig5t self-protection4 ,x w no long] be necess>y to protect ! p by law f ! consequ5ces ( _! own fooli%ness1 & we %all h le>n$ t x is mu* bett] = ! public to be enc\rag$ to safegu>d its own int]e/s ?an to be reliev$ ( ! necessity to d s4 ,anticipat+1 !re=e1 t _m exi/+ =ms ( re/ra9t w h become obsolete because unnecess>y1 we may v fairly ask ourselves :e!r1 9 an improv$ moral & intellectual atmosph]e1 x w n h be5 f\nd advisable to aboli% o!r re/ra9ts & requisitions z a directly rem$ial measure4 ,! sugge/ion may1 at ! mom5t1 appe> *im]ical1 b s mu/ e intellig5t anticipation ( a com+ "t appe> to anyone :o approa*es ! subject )\t all[+ = ! diff]5ce ( conditions1 & conceives ( *anges :i* w take place s gradually z to be almo/ unp]ceiv$1 z if !y 7 to occur p] saltum1 )\t any process ( sl[ moral prep>ation4 ,s w\ld ne>ly e social condition ( ! pres5t age h appe>$ individually to a citiz5 ( ! _w ( #ahjj1 if1 possess+ intellig5ce to =esee x1 he lack$ ! imag9ation necess>y to =esee ! accompany+ & subs]vi5t conditions4 ,t public op9ion %\ld be s %ock$ by ! execution ( capital puni%m5t1 t only ! mo/ atroci\s murd]s are ?us puni%$--! s5t5ce1 :]e !re is any real ext5uation at all1 be+ habitually commut$ n[adays--is a condition :i* w\ld h>dly h sugge/$ itself ev5 to ! mo/ al]t imag9ations 9 an age :]e small !fts 7 con/antly puni%$ by dea?4 ,our s5se ( :at may be call$ ! accid5tal influ5ces ( punitive measures is ev5 yet s little develop$ t only a small m9ority ( ! public at ! pres5t day is able to p]ceive t ! det]r5t effect ( flogg+1 z a puni%m5t = viol5t robb]y1 is de>ly pur*as$ at ! exp5se ( ! brutalis+ reli% ) :i* s5t5ces ( flogg+ are welcom$ by ! public1 & ev5 on ! judicial b5*1 :]e expressions ( regret t ! same p5alty _c be inflict$ = o!r crimes are /ill common4 ,yet x w\ld seem obvi\s en\gh t ! sanction giv5 to acts ( viol5ce by ! delib]ate adoption ( hang+ & flogg+ by ! law1 :i* is suppos$ to be ! exempl> ( public morality1 mu/ t5d ne>ly z mu* to p]petuate crimes ( viol5ce z fe> ( ^! *a/isem5ts to det]4 ,9 attempt+ to =esee ! _s ( legislation 9 ! future x is absolutely necess>y to =esee concurr5tly ! _s ( ! communities by :i* ! legislation w be adopt$4 ,anticipat+1 z we _c fail to anticipate1 a s$ul\s c>e = moral effects 9 education1 we mu/ anticipate an equal c>e 9 legislation4 ,x w\ld be unwor?y ( ! supremely logical age :i* assur$ly is com+1 to use all possible measures 9 ! s*oolroom to fo/] 9 *ildhood self-reliance & intellig5t self-protection1 :ile cont9u+ by gr&mo!rly gov]nm5t ( ! p to remove z (t5 z possible any ne$ = self-reliance 9 ! adult4 ,! advantages att5d+ little bits ( protective law-mak+ (t5 bl9d u to _! ill-effects4 ,x is no d\bt v useful to provide1 z we d provide1 t cond5s$ milk1 :5 depriv$ ( its full proportion ( cream1 %all only be sold 9 packages notify+ t deprivation4 ,if we did n d ?is *ildr5 w\ld be />v$ by _! p>5ts' ignorance4 ,b ! necessity = ?is enactm5t is at lea/ 9 "p creat$ by ! exi/5ce ( a ho/ ( simil> laws1 ! aggregate effect ( :i* is to give a g5]al impression t any?+ sold z food is good & useful unless x be>s "s w>n+ to ! contr>y2 & meantime e evasion ( comm]cial morality :i* does n come "u legislative re/ra9t is naturally held to be p]fectly ju/ifiable--n at all a good ?+ = comm]cial morality4 ,n[ x w\ld be a highly p]il\s measure to aboli%1 at a /roke1 all protective legislation aga9/ adult]at$ or impov]i%$ foods4 ,we h built up a social condition 9 :i* e man ?9ks himself entitl$ to be protect$ aga9/ su* frauds4 ,b 9 a community :i* has be5 taught to take c>e ( itself1 & protect itself aga9/ frauds by its own intellig5ce1 su* protections w\ld be retrograde & injuri\s4 ,! aim ( legislatures 9 ! next c5tury w be to fo/] all k9ds ( self-reliance4 ,!y w p]ceive t ev5 ! high importance ( a re=m :i* c be m or less easily en=c$ by law does n comp5sate = ! bad effect ( ?us en=c+ x1 if x c\ld be ma9ta9$ by ! spontane\s vigilance ( a wisely-nurtur$ public2 & ! degrad+ effect ( sup]flu\s law w be m dread$ ?an ! tempor>y dang]s aga9/ :i* ! law might protect ! citiz5s4 ,nev]!less1 x is inevitable t1 dur+ a p]iod m or less ext5d$1 mat]ial progress w be accompani$ by num]\s legal enactm5ts su* z a p]fect /ate w\ld disp5se )1 & possibly ! end ( all ( !m w n h be5 rea*$ ev5 9 a c5tury's "t4 ,h[ inv5tion t5ds to promote legislation has rec5tly be5 noticeable 9 ! new laws affect+ automobile traffic on roads4 ,9 a p]fect /ate x w\ld d\btless be unnecess>y to provide legal ma*9]y to compel ! own]s ( p[]ful & rapid vehicles to respect ! rights ( _! fell[-citiz5s & to ab/a9 f runn+ away )\t id5tify+ !mselves :5 !y _h caus$ an accid5t4 ,9 proportion z ! moral condition ( ! next c5tury approximates to p]fection1 su* ord9ances z ! motor-c> laws w be unnecess>y4 ,b = a long "t new laws w always be com+ into necessity z a result ( new inv5tions4 ,= in/ance1 :51 z 0 sugge/$ 9 an e>li] *apt]1 bus9ess is c>ri$ on l>gely ?r\gh ! m$ium ( record+ telephones1 wirelessly actuat$1 special laws w h to be devis$ to protect trade aga9/ ! v>i\s k9ds ( fraud :i* ?is me?od ( transaction w\ld o!rwise facilitate1 & "s me?ods w h to be devis$ = giv+ legal =ce to arrangem5ts made by telephony1 ak9 to ! me?ods :i* n[ give legal =ce to writt5 contracts4 ,simil>ly1 v>i\s by-laws w h to be enact$ to protect ! public aga9/ ! accid5ts incid5tal to ! v>i\s me?ods ( rapid transit t w h come into use4 ,probably x w no long] be necess>y1 & x w h be5 p]ceiv$ to be injuri\s1 to protect travell]s aga9/ _! own ra%ness4 ,x is a well-kn[n ph5om5on t p]iods ( mat]ial prosp]ity & high wages are fruitful 9 crime4 ,probably increas$ consumption ( alcohol 9 prosp]\s times is ! sole cause ( ?is4 ,!re c be no direct connection betwe5 weal? & crim9ality2 ! bulk ( ! crim9al population is1 on ! contr>y1 poor4 ,x w\ld be idle to speculate z to :e!r ! next c5tury w or w n cont9ue to legislate aga9/ intoxicants1 because x is morally c]ta9 t intoxicants w h be5 legislat$ out ( exi/5ce already1 )\t wait+ = ! p]iod :5 x w\ld no long] be necess>y to aboli% !m =cibly4 ,= at pres5t1 & 9 ! m imm$iate future1 !re is no gr\nd :atev] = anticipat+ t ! legislative h& w be )held :]ev] law-mak+ appe>s ! simple/ & mo/ obvi\s me?od ( gett+ rid ( any cry+ evil3 & !re c be no d\bt t ! abuse ( alcohol is an evil ( precisely ! sort t legislature w be active 9 suppress+4 ,"s *anges 9 ! me?od ( gov]nm5t w h to take place be=e ,p>liam5t c legislate aga9/ alcohol3 b t x w s legislate be=e ! middle ( ?is c5tury is morally c]ta94 ,9 :at c\ntry ! alcohol law is fir/ likely to be pass$ is immat]ial4 ,e c\ntry :i* adopts x w !reby assi/ 9 =c+ ! same measure ^u o!r c\ntries1 because1 ) int]national travel con/antly becom+ *eap] & m easy1 x is c]ta9 t num]\s p :o object to be+ depriv$ ( /imulants & intoxicants 9 "o c\ntry w migrate to o!rs :]e _! appetite c h full play1 & w int5sify ! dr9k problem 9 ^? c\ntries until ^!1 too1 are =c$1 or w ?9k !mselves =c$1 to legislate 9 self-protection4 ,?us su* laws w become univ]sal4 ,no d\bt ?is condition w be rea*$ gradually1 measures ( re/riction prec$+ measures ( prohibition4 ,b ! end w be ! same1 & x w be =c$ ^u ! _w z mu* by ! increas$ evils inflict$ by alcohol on n]ves increas+ly susceptible to its influ5ce1 z by any o!r consid]ation4 ,anyone :o has tak5 ! tr\ble to obs]ve ! n]v\s & physical condition ( m5 & wom5 9 ! av]age1 dur+ ev5 s %ort a p]iod z ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 mu/ h be5 impress$ by ! m>k$ increase ( neurotic /ates1 n m]ely 9 exceptional individuals1 b 9 all ! p4 ,! neurotic temp]am5t is mu* m adv]sely affect$ by alcohol ?an any o!r2 & we are all gr[+ m neurotic4 ,all ! conditions ( mod]n life t5d t way3 & x is n alcohol alone t w h to g1 b all sorts ( habit-induc+ drugs1 su* z morph9e1 coca9e1 & ! re/1 all ( :i*1 l alcohol itself1 w soon be s re/rict$ 9 reg>d to _! sale t _! abuse w be r5d]$ practically impossible1 & _! use re/rict$ to a purely m$ical employm5t4 ,x is ev5 q possible1 & ,i h already v5tur$ to pr$ict1 #cj t :5 ! progress ( neurotism has work$ itself out1 ev5 su* mild exhil>ants z tea & c(fee w h to be made ! subjects ( legal re/riction4 ,!re exi/ _m individuals at ! pres5t mom5t ^u :om c(fee acts z a /imulant ne>ly z p[]ful z alcohol1 mod]ately employ$1 ^u ! re/ ( u--t is to say1 !y exp]i5ce ! same mild exhil>ation aft] a cup ( /rong c(fee z a mod]ate man does aft] a glass ( burgundy or a :isky-&-soda4 ,^! effects are no m injuri\s1 at pres5t1 ?an ^? ( a mod]ate use ( w9e or spirits3 b !y c become p]il\s1 & may develop 9 all sorts ( ways1 :5 ! n]v\s organisation becomes m delicate4 ,?us1 ! abolition ( alcoholic bev]ages1 at pres5t ! fad ( a m9ority n always v respectable 9 ! me?ods ( its propag&a1 w pres5tly be an indisp5sable feature ( social progress4 ,unless all crim9ologi/s are wrong 9 _! d$uctions1 some?+ l fifty p] c5t4 ( all crime w be got rid ( :5 alcohol no long] exi/s to cause crime4 ,!re are fur!r ameliorative influ5ces c]ta9 to be at "w :i* w t5d to r$uce ! sorts ( crime *iefly tr\blesome at pres5t4 ,adopt+ ! famili> division ( crime into 7a7 (f5ces aga9/ ! p]son & 7b7 (f5ces aga9/ prop]ty1 x is v easy to see t :at may be call$ private crime 7z di/+ui%$ f crime aga9/ ! body politic7 w dim9i% automatically4 ,:5 ! extremes ( weal? & pov]ty h become z mu* less m>k$ z ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t !y mu/ become1 x is evid5t t ! temptation to (f5ces ( gre$ w be greatly dim9i%$4 ,a l>ge proportion ( all ^! crimes arises out ( pov]ty alone1 or out ( pov]ty c\pl$ ) /upidity4 ,a man :o has n en\gh intellig5ce to e>n is v likely to /eal 9 ord] to provide = himself2 & "o :o is equipp$ by ! k ( a trade is consequ5tly n s liable to be di%one/ z "o :o is less hopefully situat$4 ,he is also likely to be m intellig5t1 & consequ5tly bett] qualifi$ to p]ceive t ! balance ( com=t is on ! side ( ! hone/ work] & n on ! side ( ! burgl> or ?ief4 ,anyone :o has _h occasion to obs]ve ! proce$+s ( crim9al c\rts mu/ h notic$ ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! description lab\r] is adopt$ by ! (f5d]s *>g$4 ,lab\r] means an unskill$ work]--a man :o has le>n$ no trade1 & br+s no?+ to 8 "w b !ws & s9ews4 ,x is mu* less common to f9d a trade claim$3 "o r>ely sees a ?ief or burgl> describ$ on ! *>ge %eet z ,john ,doe1 c>p5t]1 or ,ri*>d ,roe1 gas-fitt]4 ,!y d n ev5 pr(ess to h a trade4 ,( c\rse :]e a man's bus9ess is su* z to l5d itself to crim9al pursuits1 ! case is diff]5t3 "o f9ds banknote =g]s describ$ z engrav]s & li?ograph]s1 & mak]s ( c\nt]feit money z die s9k]s4 ,b 9 ! av]age ( crime--at lea/ crime ( ! m /upid sorts--x is ! tradeless man :o is ne>ly always *>g$4 ,x is impossible to resi/ ! inf]5ce t pov]ty is a det]m9+ cause 9 mo/ crimes ( gre$4 ,9 a hundr$ ye>s' "t ! spread ( te*nical education w h ?9n$ ! ranks ( ! unskill$4 ,at ! same "t ! inducem5ts to hone/y & /eady indu/ry w h be5 enorm\sly increas$ ?r\gh ! univ]sality ( ! pr(it-%>+ sy/em2 & ! position ( ! /eady work] w h become s greatly m attractive ?an t ( ! casual ?ief1 t only ! utmo/ /upidity c tempt anyone to ! latt]'s c\rse ( life4 ,self-respect+ lab\r = a %>e 9 ! pr(its ( lab\r1 in/ead ( me*anical toil = wages t d n be> any relation to pr(its nor to any?+ else except ! fluctuations ( ! lab\r-m>ket1 w s elevate ! av]age ( indu/rial "* t x w be r>e = workm5 to drift into crime4 ,at ! same "t1 & simil>ly1 ! re/ra9t plac$ ^u undue accumulation ( weal? w dim9i% temptation to crimes ( gre$ at ! o!r extremity ( social life4 ,x w no long] be wor? anyone's :ile to organise colossal s*emes ( di%one/ company-promot+4 ,?us1 crimes aga9/ prop]ty are c]ta9 to become relatively infrequ5t1 because ! greate/ temptations to !m w h be5 remov$4 ,ap>t f ! l>gely prepond]at+ numb] ( cases 9 :i* (f5ces aga9/ ! p]son--assaults & ! l--arise n[ out ( intoxication1 ! t5d5cy to crimes ( viol5ce w also dim9i% z ! temp] ( society gr[s mild]4 ,an age s mu* advanc$ 9 s5tim5tality z to revolt aga9/ ! cruelty ( bre$+ horses = traction & cattle = food is n likely to be fruitful 9 (f5ces ( viol5ce4 ,^! (f5ces1 :]e associat$ nei!r ) dr9k nor robb]y1 probably arise m (t5 f jeal\sy betwe5 ! sexes ?an any?+ else4 ,x is un=tunately impossible to sugge/ t sexual jeal\sy c be :olly elim9at$ f human nature4 ,b no d\bt its viol5t exhibition w h be5 educat$ out ( u to a l>ge measure4 ,o!r p]sonal (f5ces1 z rape1 crim9al assault & v>i\s crim9al vices w d\btless dim9i% 9 frequ5cy z a consequ5ce ( g5]al moral improvem5t4 ,9 %ort1 ! "w ( ! policeman w be greatly eas$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is c5tury1 & no d\bt _m functions at pres5t relegat$ to ! police1 su* z ! direction ( /reet traffic1 ! c>e ( vagrant dogs1 & ! l1 w be p]=m$ by (ficials ( a diff]5t "*4 ,ev5 ^! duties w be f> less on]\s ?an !y n[ are1 :5 we h become intellig5t en\gh to see t ! be/ way = e man to secure 8 own fre$om & com=t is to respect ! fre$om & ! rights ( o!rs4 ,x rema9s an op5 "q :e!r at "s "t dur+ ?is c5tury x may n be tempor>ily ne$ful = ! ,/ate to und]take ! re/ra9t ( (f5ces aga9/ ! intellect1 su* z ! publication ( false or grossly exagg]at$ news1 & ( matt] calculat$ to enc\rage vice1 z bett+4 ,no d\bt ! balance ( advantage is 9 fav\r ( ! entire fre$om ( ! ,press2 b x _c be d5i$ t ?is fre$om is at pres5t greatly abus$4 ,x w\ld be easy to "n a doz5 types ( p]iodicals ^: =cible suppression w\ld be an enorm\s ga9 to ! public2 & 9 an age s increas+ly prone to look to ! gov]n+ body = assi/ance 9 e conceivable matt] no "o c d5y ! probability ( "s legislative /eps be+ tak51 :5 ! public fir/ beg9s to conc]n itself s]i\sly ) public morals4 ,b ?is possibility is mu* ne>] at h& ?an ! end ( ?is c5tury2 at ! latt] p]iod public op9ion w probably be well able to take c>e ( itself1 & any laws ( ! k9d ,i h sugge/$ w1 l num]\s o!r =ms ( legislation1 includ+ _m n[ op]ative1 h fall5 into desuetude because !re w be no temptation to ! misdemean\rs !y are1 or may be1 fram$ to repress4 ,! "q ( ! =m :i* ! repression ( crime w take a hundr$ ye>s h5ce c only be answ]$ if we fir/ endeav\r to see :at ! developm5ts ( p5ology1 or ! sci5ce ( puni%m5t1 are likely to be dur+ ! next hundr$ ye>s4 ,naturally1 !y w h ! same t5d5cies z ! society :i* produces !m4 ,we may safely anticipate t ! m savage puni%m5ts1 z dea?1 flogg+ & pa9ful lab\r w be elim9at$1 toge!r ) all puni%m5ts t are n believ$ to be re=matory 9 _! "*4 ,& ev5 ! relatively mild p5alty ( long imprisonm5t may to ! g5tl] m9d ( a new age appe> unduly v9dictive4 ,puni%m5t w be reg>d$ z a dim9i%+ly necess>y evil2 & our object all sublime w n be to make x fit ! p>ticul> crime = :i* x is aw>d$1 b to make x dim9i% crime z a :ole4 ,punition z a moral =ce w be judg$ accord+ to its effect 9 two diff]5t directions1 namely1 its =ce z a means ( re=m+ ! convict$ individual by prev5t+ 8 relapse into crime1 & its =ce z a means ( det]r+ o!r p]sons f committ+ ! same crimes at all2 & ( ^! two ! second w be consid]$ greatly ! m important 9 an age t w be logical z well z mild2 because x is obvi\sly a great] object to produce an effect ^u ! m9ds ( a possibly great numb] ?an to produce x ^u ! m9d ( "o culprit4 ,consequ5tly1 al?\gh a b5evol5t solicitude = ! re=mation ( ! detect$ (f5d] w n be exclud$ f ! consid]ation ( future p5ologi/s1 ! det]r+ f crime ( ! tempt$ classes w be mu* m dem&$4 ,z to ?is1 x _c be que/ion$ t improvem5ts 9 detection & 9 legal proc$ure 7elim9at+ ! *ances ( escape = ! guilty )\t endang]+ ! fre$om ( ! innoc5t7 are capable ( accompli%+ a great deal m ?an c\ld possibly be look$ = f any alt]ation 9 ! nature ( ! puni%m5t us$4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t hi!rto a f]oci\s puni%m5t n v c]ta9ly appli$ does n det] any?+ l s mu* z comp>atively mild puni%m5t ) v little *ance ( escape4 ,co9+1 = in/ance1 is less common n[ ?an :5 co9]s 7 sl[ly press$ to dea? "u weights1 if detect$2 & ! dim9ution ( ?is crime has n be5 due to fe> ( ! puni%m5t n[ long ab&on$2 nei!r 0 t p5alty remov$ f our sy/em ( crim9al law because x _h done its "w & /amp$ out c\nt]feit+4 ,on ! contr>y1 improvem5ts 9 ! m9t+ ( real money1 by r5d]+ ! detection ( c\nt]feits easy1 may be said to h almo/ elim9at$ ! (f5ce 9 "q1 & ?is result is all ! m rem>kable :5 we rememb] t1 ow+ to ! appreciation ( gold1 real silv] %ill+s1 half-cr[ns & o!r pieces j z good 9 assay z ! royal m9tage c\ld be co9$ by c\nt]feit]s at a h&some pr(it4 ,our v prop] anxiety to avoid e possible *ance ( committ+ & puni%+ ! innoc5t d\btless enables _m guilty p]sons to escape e ye>2 & probably q half ! prison]s acquitt$ at e assize are really guilty 9 "s degree4 ,! jurisprud5ce ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce w c]ta9ly h be5 s mu* improv$ t innoc5t p]sons w r>ely be accus$ at all1 & t guilty ones w n be able to escape on te*nical gr\nds3 & ) improv$ detective me?ods ! *ances ( escape 9 any giv5 case w be greatly dim9i%$4 ,:at puni%m5ts are inflict$ w be ( a re=matory "*1 & no d\bt provisional release1 fre$ f ! _m cry+ sc&als ( ! ticket-(-leave sy/em1 w play a great "p 9 sci5tific p5ology4 ,recidivism w1 ( c\rse1 be ! subject ( mu* %>p] puni%m5t4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! /udy ( m5tal sci5ce 9 its relation to crime w h made great /rides1 & if ! views ( our own age 9 reg>d to h]$ity %\ld be ma9ta9$1 a v great s\rce ( crime w probably be got rid ( altoge!r1 because m5 & wom5 ) j t m5tal twi/ :i* leads to crime w1 by "o device or ano!r1 be absolutely prev5t$ f propagat+ _! race4 #ca ,x is impossible to "w out "h ! v>i\s me?ods ( individual re=m applicable to convicts ( v>i\s sorts1 because ! nature ( ^! me?ods mu/ necess>ily dep5d1 to a great ext5t1 ^u ! conditions ( a society ( :i* only ! mo/ sali5t & extreme peculi>ities c be =ese5 ev5 by ! mo/ imag9ative4 ,b all evid5ce seems to sugge/ t actual crime w h become mu* dim9i%$ 9 am\nt1 :ile ! necessity = deal+ ) :at may be call$ te*nical crimes--misdemean\rs1 & (f5ces aga9/ regulations made = ! conv5i5ce ( society r ?an = ! def5ce ( life & morals--w probably h be5 r$uc$ to a m9imum1 p>tly by ! intellig5ce ( ! population1 & p>tly ?r\gh ! fact t ! m9or (f5ces w h ceas$ to be dealt ) by law1 & w be suffici5tly repress$ by natural causes4 ,n only1 !re=e1 w ! am\nt ( necess>y re/ra9t become less1 ?r\gh ! dim9ution ( crime & ( temptation to crime1 b ! employm5t ( legal re/ra9t w be less dem&$1 ! latt] be+ recognis$ z1 :5 avoidable1 dang]\s to public morals4 ,&1 :ile crim9al law w be less active1 civil litigation w also probably be mu* less heavy4 ,! same causes :i* w t5d to make u m c>eful to avoid committ+ (f5ces aga9/ ! common "r ( o!rs1 w make u m scrupul\s to p]=m contracts4 ,& z a consequ5ce ( ! improv$ morality :i* !re seems e reason to anticipate1 a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 x w no d\bt h become possible to execute a re=m :i* _m ?9k]s h desid]at$ z an elem5t ( p]fect$ polity4 ,x is h>dly necess>y "h to recapitulate ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! cont5tion t ! co/ ( civil suits %\ld be borne1 z ! co/ ( crim9al prosecutions is always suppos$ to be borne1 by ! ,/ate4 ,t ! man :o br+s successfully an action at law1 or successfully def5ds "o1 %\ld be able to d s only at an exp5se to himself1 is aga9/ public policy3 & !re are ev5 n[ num]\s cases e ye> 9 :i* ev5 ! unsuccessful p>ty 9 a lawsuit is really do+ ! public a s]vice4 ,9 a p]fect /ate ( public morality he w\ld always be do+ s3 & 9 a hundr$ ye>s' "t he w c]ta9ly be m (t5 wor?y ( public ?anks ?an he is n[--he w be less (t5 seek+ to impose or def5d a wrong4 ,z matt]s /&1 x is notori\s t ! grant ( co/s foll[+ ! judgm5t 9 a civil suit is only a p>tial relief to ! successful suitor4 ,he has to pay 8 solicitor m ?an 8 solicitor c obta9 leave f ! tax+ ma/] to collect f ! o!r side2 :ile if 7z n infrequ5tly happ5s7 ! o!r side _c pay1 ! co/s aw>d$ by ! ,c\rt h to be borne by ! w9n] ( ! suit4 ,x is a frequ5t reply ( di%one/ def5dants1 :5 ?reat5$ ) legal proce$+s1 t !y w meet ! pla9tiff 9 ! ,bankruptcy ,c\rt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a man w (t5 submit to oppression r ?an be subject$ to ! exp5se ( ev5 a successful def5ce4 ,e litigant :o ma9ta9s 8 "r1 :e!r z pla9tiff or def5dant1 r5d]s v mu* ! same s]vice to ! public :i* we (t5 he> applaud$ on ! "p ( p]sons :o come =w>d to prosecute 9 crim9al or misdemean\r cases4 ,he is assi/+ to make probity pr(itable & evasion dang]\s2 9 o!r words1 he is subs]v+ public morality & help+ to repress di%one/y4 ,x w\ld be mu* to ! public advantage t 8 co/s %\ld be borne by ! public purse1 & borne g5]\sly1 e exp5se legitimately incurr$ be+ all[$ him4 ,logically1 he ought also to receive a suffici5t1 & ev5 a fairly lib]al1 solatium = 8 tr\ble & loss ( "t3 & an hone/ los] ought to be able to receive a c]tificate f ! c\rt entitl+ him to ! same am5ities1 ! )hold+ ( :i* w\ld con/itute a det]r5t p5alty aga9/ facti\s litigation4 ,b x may be urg$ on practical gr\nds t to make ! pa? ( ! litigant too easy w\ld lead to too mu* invocation ( ! law1 & t ! full recognition ( ! public usefulness ( litigants mu/ be po/pon$ to ! mill5nium--:i* age ( ideal p]fection w n occur 7x may be ?\ght necess>y to conc$e7 a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,& x is n difficult to imag9e means by :i* ! public c be protect$ aga9/ ! facti\s & unnecess>y litigation to :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( "s safegu>d1 we %\ld c]ta9ly be expos$4 ,! pla9tiff might be requir$ to obta9 "s sort ( fiat1 su* z is requir$ n[ be=e a suit ( crim9al libel c be prosecut$3 & !re w\ld be no h>d%ip 9 ! litigant :o fail$ to obta9 ! fiat be+ left to be> 8 own exp5ses up to ! "t ( failure1 ?\gh1 9 ! ev5t ( 8 success1 he w\ld ( c\rse h !m repaid4 ,! legal ma*9]y = obta9+ p]mission to sue ne$ n be made too complicat$3 x mu/ n be all[$ to develop into a sort ( prelim9>y trial4 ,probably "s sort ( arrangem5t z ! above w be in/itut$ a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 & all law-co/s borne by ! ,/ate1 except 9 ! case ( obvi\s di%one/y or bad fai?2 ! tr\ble & loss ( "t necess>ily incurr$ ex]cis+ a re/ra9+ influ5ce ^u ! litigi\s4 ,9 reg>d to ! g5]al ma*9]y ( ! law x w\ld be t$i\s to attempt to =esee all ! re=ms ( :i* ! gr[+ complexity ( human affairs w c]ta9ly impose ! necessity ^u u4 ,! clums9ess ( a sy/em by :i* important civil cases h to be tri$ ?ree times1 9 ways diff]+ 9 detail1 be=e a f9al decision is rea*$1 ne$s no insi/+ ^u3 & !re is a manife/ inconsi/5cy 9 ! fact t an action ab\t a matt] wor? #aja c be twice appeal$1 :ile a man tri$ = 8 life1 or some?+ ev5 m important ?an life1 has no appeal at all aga9/ an adv]se v]dict1 except to a secret tribunal ( ,civil ,s]vice cl]ks--= 9 ! commutation ( s5t5ces ! ,cr[n /&s = ! ,home ,secret>y1 & ! ,home ,secret>y is necess>ily oblig$ to dep5d ^u 8 assi/ants1 :o 9 _! turn may v possibly h to d]ive _! in=mation f (ficials ^: cr$it w\ld be damag$ if "s fact fav\rable to ! prison] came out4 ,to admit ?is inconsi/5cy is n by any means equival5t to admitt+ ! necessity = c\rts ( crim9al appeal3 & anyone :o kn[s ! me?ods ( crim9al jurisprud5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ recognise t su* c\rts are capable ( abuse highly dang]\s to public morality1 s dep5d5t ^u respect = law4 ,b ) ! great increase 9 scrupulosity & 9 ! mildness ( public temp] :i* ! t5d5cies ( human developm5t cle>ly vatic9ate = ! next c5tury1 x seems impossible to d\bt t "s me?od w be adopt$ by :i* crim9al trials c be review$1 ev5 ?\gh ! class ( cases 9 :i* ! necessity = review is mo/ (t5 m5tion$ n[ w no d\bt h disappe>$ ) ! abolition ( capital puni%m5t4 ,& x does n seem likely to be beyond ! +5uity ( ! com+ "t to discov] "s means by :i* civil cases c be settl$ 9 "o trial1 in/ead ( requir+ ?ree1 )\t dang] to ! ju/ice ( any individual suit4 ,x is sometimes que/ion$ :e!r trial by jury w cont9ue a feature ( mod]n civilisation4 ,! rem>k ( a legal cynic t ! man ) a good case is always safe ) a judge1 :ile ! man ) a bad case has always a *ance ) a jury1 is suffici5tly s\nd to make x a "q :e!r juries are wor? ! tr\ble giv5 to ! memb]s ( !m1 & ! va/ am\nt ( additional lab\r :i* _! employm5t inflicts on ! c\rts ( :i* !y are a feature4 ,! conditions :i* make trial by jury ! ble/ palladium ( our lib]ties h pass$ away 9 civilis$ c\ntries1 & to a great ext5t 9 ,irel&4 ,x is no d\bt *>act]i/ic ( ! ,briti% p t we %\ld s long z ?is h reta9$ ! use ( juries 9 civil suits1 ?\gh ev5 "h !re are _m cases 7especially 9 divorce & libel7 :]e ! av]age common s5se ( a jury is really helpful to ! judge1 & con/itutes a *eck ^u 8 prejudice or impati5ce4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! jury 0 a g5u9e safegu>d aga9/ oppression 9 private z well z ,cr[n cases1 & x is l u1 z a nation1 to h reta9$ !m :5 _! usefulness 9 ?is respect 0 happily obsolete4 ,b x seems to ! writ] pretty c]ta9 t 9 civil trials juries w h be5 disp5s$ ) long be=e ! end ( ?is c5tury1 & ?is disp5sation w probably be ! /epp+-/one to a sy/em :]eby crim9al causes w be tri$ by a b5* ( judges1 in/ead ( by a judge & jury4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( mod]n conditions 79 :i* mu/ be includ$ our gr[+1 & highly discr$itable1 individual impati5ce ( ! tr\ble ( jury-s]vice7 seems to po9t to ?is4 #cb ,re=ms ( judicial proc$ure ( c\rse con/itute only a relatively small "p ( ! legislative "w :i* w h be5 accompli%$ by ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,ap>t f ! "w ( gradually remodell+ ! law ) ! idea 7:i* n[h]e seems to sugge/ itself to pres5t-day legislators7 ( mak+ x act b5eficially ^u public "*1 !re w no d\bt be a va/ am\nt ( "w = ! v>i\s p>liam5ts ( ! _w 9 codify+ exi/+ /atute- & common-law sy/ems1 :i* 9 all communities h fall5 into complexity & confusion ( a degree :i* makes !m highly unsatisfactory in/rum5ts ( social protection3 & !re w also be a great am\nt ( con/ructive legislation1 p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to ! t5ure ( l&1 to ! simplification ( conveyanc+1 to a m intellig5t ma*9]y ( contracts1 to ! equitable h&l+ ( su* accid5tal or conditional s\rces ( weal? z we call une>n$ increm5t & ! discov]y ( unexpect$ m9]als1 to ! useful limitation ( inh]itance1 & to o!r matt]s too num]\s to be safely nam$4 ,& 9 ord] t ^! great works may be accompli%$1 x is q c]ta9 t1 n only 9 ,engl&1 b 9 all ^? ,/ates :]e really free p>liam5ts exi/1 great re=ms w h be5 f\nd necess>y1 & w h become s mu* a "p ( ! ma*9]y ( legislation & adm9i/ration a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 t our desc5dants w h>dly be able to realise h[ ,gov]nm5t 0 ev] c>ri$ on )\t !m4 ,inde$1 x is by ! difficulty ( adm9i/]+ any?+ at all by p>liam5t>y me?ods--e ye> m evid5tly break+ d[n--r ?an by ! desire to und]take l>ge s*emes ( legislation1 t /atesm5 w 9 a v %ort "t be =c$ to initiate ! *anges ^: full developm5t w h become "t-hon\r$ by ! end ( ?is c5tury4 ,! organisation ( political opposition 9 p>liam5ts has rea*$ a po9t :i* makes x evid5t t be=e long ! m9ority 9 p>liam5ts w h become a non5tity4 ,! m9ority1 9 fact1 has already1 "h & 9 o!r c\ntries 7( :i* ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian empire is1 at ! mom5t1 ! mo/ noticeable example71 become s p[]ful = ob/ruction ( bus9ess t1 by a sort ( p>adox1 its p[] is on ! eve ( complete de/ruction4 ,at ,/ ,/eph5's ! effect ( ob/ruction work+ 9 ?is mann] is pla9ly visible4 ,:atev] p>ty is 9 p[] w always1 s long z ! exi/+ sy/em cont9ues1 be oblig$ to sil5ce ! opposition by ! =ce ( p>liam5t>y ma*9e2 & :atev] p>ty is 9 p[] w always be accus$ ( tyranny & autocracy by ! o!r p>ty4 ,9 practice !re is no me?od by :i* any important gov]nm5t measure c be pass$ ?r\gh ! ,h\se ( ,commons except by =ce4 ,x is a m]e f>ce to make a %[ ( debat+ ! details 9 committee4 ,naturally ! ,opposition1 :5 x does n want ! measure pass$ at all1 w delay its passage to ! la/ possible mom5t1 & w make its enactm5t impossible unless a t]m is set to ! delib]ations ( committee ( ! :ole h\se4 ,:e!r ! "t grant$ by ! ,gov]nm5t be long or %ort makes no diff]5ce3 x is impossible to pass any s]i\s & complex bill except by ! closure4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,gov]nm5t 7:i* practically means ! ,civil ,s]vice (ficials & p>liam5t>y draftsm5 employ$ by ! p>ticul> dep>tm5t conc]n$ ) ! bill--! ,home ,(fice1 ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d ,(fice1 ! ,ex*equ]1 or :at n7 mu/ triumph4 ,ev5 ! sugge/ions ( individual support]s ( ! adm9i/ration 9 p[] mu/ be ignor$1 unless !re is a cave :i* might turn out ! m9i/ry altoge!r4 ,9 detail1 !re=e1 we are gov]n$1 n by ,p>liam5t1 b by ! p]man5t (ficials1 s f> z really important ,gov]nm5t measures are conc]n$3 & x is q evid5t t bills introduc$ by private memb]s w v soon n be consid]$ at all4 ,! private memb] is rapidly be+ r$uc$ to no?+ness by ! =ce ( p>liam5t>y developm5t4 ,meantime1 ! wa/e ( public "t by ! introduction & debat+ ( bills :i* ! ,opposition ev5tually succe$s 9 de/roy+1 is appall+1 & ( c\rse x is aggravat$ by ! idiotic rule :i* de/roys at ! end ( ea* session all ! "w :i* has be5 begun & n complet$4 ,! sy/em1 n less imbecile1 9 :i* op9ion is asc]ta9$ 9 ,p>liam5t is ano!r great "t-wa/]4 ,x is only necess>y to ask = a s+le mom5t :at our gr&sons1 or ev5 ! y\ng] ( our *ildr51 w ?9k ( a ,p>liam5t 9 :i* a vote 0 tak5 by solemnly walk+ ?r\gh lobbies1 ) elaborate arrangem5ts = c\nt+ & *eck+ ! memb]s 7:5 x might all be done by ! simple use ( an electric signal 9 front ( ea* seat 9 ! *amb]7 9 ord] to p]ceive ! mis]able inadequacy ( ev5 ! me*anical arrangem5ts ( all ! p>liam5ts ( ! _w4 ,& if ev5 all ! crass follies & m$ival /upidities ( mod]n p>liam5t>y arrangem5ts 7 re=m$1 z n9e-t5?s ( !m c\ld be by any compet5t bo>d compos$ ( a few eng9e]s1 electricians & ar*itects1 we %\ld /ill be 9 possession ( a legislative ma*9e su* z ! intellig5ce ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce w\ld laugh to scorn if its re/oration 7 sugge/$4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! :ole in/itution ( p>liam5ts1 z a contrivance = giv+ effect to ! w ( ! peoples1 has long be5 utt]ly inadequate1 & mu/ be re=m$ f ! bottom4 ,we elect memb]s to c>ry out s*emes ( legislation & =ms ( policy nev] fully1 & sometimes n ev5 p>tially1 =mulat$1 ^u :i*1 ev5 if !y 7 set out 9 full detail1 we c\ld n possibly h any complete influ5ce 9 giv+ our votes4 ,= in/ance1 let u suppose t1 at a g5]al election1 "o p>ty wi%es to increase ! ,navy1 to aboli% publicans' comp5sation1 & to legalise m>riage ) a deceas$ wife's si/]3 :ile ! o!r p>ty n only objects to all ^! ?ree proposals b also wi%es to put a protective t>iff on food/uffs & ma*9]y1 to give ,home ,rule to ,irel&1 & to dise/abli% ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,a ,home ,rul] :o 0 also a teetotal] c\ld n vote = ei!r p>ty )\t outrag+ "o or o!r ( 8 convictions4 ,a believ] 9 ! support ( our national supremacy :o also consid]$ t ! ,*ur* ought to be dise/abli%$ w\ld h to *oose betwe5 vot+ aga9/ ! increase ( ! ,navy or aga9/ ! ,dise/abli%m5t3 & ! ,deceas$ ,wife's ,si/] ,bill advocate mu/ vote aga9/ all ! proposals on ! o!r side 7all ( :i* he may agree )7 if he d n wi% to assi/ 9 p]petuat+ :at he believes to be a h>d%ip to 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 & v possibly to "s ( 8 own fri5ds1 or to himself4 ,& any ( ^! p]plex$ vot]s1 hav+ someh[ contriv$ to /rike a balance ) 8 consci5ce1 & to give a vote1 w1 p]haps1 9 a ye>'s1 or 9 six ye>s'1 "t f9d t he has be5 ! in/rum5t ( plac+ 9 p[] an adm9i/ration :i* is n[ proce$+ to pass measures t he abhors4 ,he has no r$ress4 ,nor1 ab&on+ ! extreme case ( su* highly-mix$ policies z ,i h endeav\r$ to amuse ! read] by imag9+1 has ! vot] :o *anges 8 m9d1 or :o f9ds t he has be5 bamboozl$ ) false promises1 any means ( help+ to undo ! h>m he has help$ to d4 ,x us$ to be said t1 on an av]age1 p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t work$ well--t x c>ri$ out 9 a r\gh way ! w ( ! p4 ,b ! peoples ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce are go+ to be mu* m p>ticul> ab\t matt]s ( su* high importance4 ,!y are n go+ to be cont5t ) a r\gh approximation 9 matt]s ( ! v highe/ mom5t :5 !y are able to secure ) p]fect accuracy mo/ ( _! wi%es 9 matt]s ( q m9or importance4 ,!y w n be satisfi$ to "k exactly :at "t x is at any mom5t ( ! day 7z ( c\rse !y w "k1 all in/rum5ts = "t-measur+ be+ controll$ by wireless syn*ronisation7 & n to "k exactly :at _! rul]s are go+ to d ab\t matt]s ^u :i* ! v fate ( ! c\ntry may dep5d4 ,nei!r w !y h rema9$ s /upid z to ?9k t :atev] "o body ( politicians consid]s "r mu/ be "r & t :atev] ano!r body ?9ks "r mu/ necess>ily be wrong4 ,x is q c]ta9 t 9 a really intellig5t age s clumsy a sy/em z t ( p>ty gov]nm5t w h be5 relegat$ to oblivion4 ,! political ma*9]y to replace x w be ( a nature det]m9$ by causes mu* too complex to be =ese51 except 9 ! m]e/ outl9e1 z yet2 & probably x w1 l mo/ political in/itutions1 be a developm5t r ?an an inv5tion4 ,! sy/em1 already talk$ (1 by :i* any matt] ( great national importance %\ld be made a ref]5dum1 ! subject ( a direct vote by ! :ole nation1 is no d\bt capable ( +5i\sly modifi$ arrangem5t s z to provide = its exp$iti\s use1 )\t undue int]f]5ce ) ! c\rse ( ord9>y bus9ess4 ,b obvi\sly ?is device is only capable ( limit$ application1 & x c\ld n be employ$ at all1 )\t produc+ dang]\s confusions & incongruities1 except 9 a community ^: political education _h made /rides almo/ inconceivable 9 ! light ( our pres5t limit$ exp]i5ce4 ,x is difficult to see h[ ! g5]al legislative bus9ess ( a consid]able nation c\ld be c>ri$ on unless by committees ( a p>liam5t>y "*2 & limit$ z we are by ! hi/ory ( political in/itutions aris+ out ( /ates ( public intellig5ce :i* w h become contemptible 9 comp>ison ) ! intellig5ce ( ! next c5tury1 !re is a difficulty 9 conceiv+ h[ su* committees or p>liam5ts c\ld "w out o!rwise ?an on "s sort ( p>ty sy/em4 ,b ! analogy ( progress 9 g5]al may help u to a conjecture1 :i* is "h (f]$ only = :at x is wor?4 ,all progress1 z we "k x1 is a developm5t f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s4 ,"o =m ( progress consi/s ( ! developm5t ( specialism4 ,at "o "t1 & n s v long ago1 e h\sewife made h] own jams1 pickles1 p]fumes1 ess5ces & condim5ts1 :i* are n[ pur*as$ ready made4 ,a man ( sci5ce1 9 ,davy's "t1 (t5 embrac$ a numb] ( diff]5t bran*es z 8 prov9ce2 :]eas n[ ev5 a s+le sci5ce is seldom completely h&l$ by any individual pr(essor1 entomologi/s diff]5tiat+ !mselves f g5]al biologi/s1 & coleopt]i/s f g5]al entomologi/s4 ,does x n appe> likely1 !n1 t ! functions ( ! politician & ( ! legislator w pres5tly be diff]5tiat$1 ) great advantage to nations8 ,9 a legislature ( ! pres5t "t pr(essional law-mak]s are num]ically few1 & n v highly reg>d$4 ,:ile 9 a matt] relatively unimportant1 l coa*-build+1 civilisation has made specialism necess>y2 9 a matt] ( ! highe/ importance1 ! mak+ ( a nation's laws1 we cont9ue to tru/ ! g5]al practition]1 & ! sugge/ion t speciali/s alone %\ld be employ$ 9 x w\ld probably awak5 a torr5t ( objection n unm+l$ ) execration4 ,b specialism ( all sorts w h ext5d$ its sway to su* an ext5t a hundr$ ye>s h5ce t ! likelie/ solution ( ! difficulties at pres5t envisag$ is t ! bus9ess ( law-mak+ w be relegat$ to a specially qualifi$ & specially educat$ class1 & t p>liam5ts1 if !y exi/ at all1 w h no?+ to d ) x1 b w conc]n !mselves ) :at !y are (t5 r contumeli\sly told n[ is n _! bus9ess 7?\gh x ought to be72 namely1 ! managem5t ( int]national policy4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is evolution w come ab\t is1 moreov]1 fairly easy to imag9e4 ,at "s "t dur+ ! c5tury ! manifold confusions1 inconsi/5cies & evid5t inconv5i5ces ( ! exi/+ corpus ( ! law are pretty sure to require dra/ic & labori\s treatm5t1 :i* c only be adm9i/]$ by pr(essional exp]ts4 ,at ! same "t1 ! public1 hav+ awak5$ to ! ludicr\s fact t laws are pass$ 9 e session ( e ,p>liam5t 9 ! _w1 :i*1 :5 !y come to be adm9i/]$1 break d[n because !y h ei!r be5 s /upidly & unimag9atively conceiv$1 or s clumsily express$ 9 ! /atutes :i* embody !m1 t practical work+ imm$iately reveals _! fatal defects4 ,a clev] "y lawy] once said to ! pres5t writ] t he knew ( no intellectual pleasure s delightful z t ( discov]+ h[ to circumv5t ! provisions ( an ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,?is div]t+1 if immoral1 rem>k illu/rates ! faults ( a social sy/em 9 :i* laws are made *iefly by p]sons hav+ little exp]i5ce 9 ! work+ ( laws1 & elect$ to t duty by p]sons hav+ no su* exp]i5ce at all4 ,hav+ 9 m9d ! fact t int]national law is already relegat$ practically to speciali/s1 x requires no great ef=t ( imag9ation to =esee t ! ,h]cules t w cleanse ! ,augean /able ( ! ,/atute ,book w be a committee ( pr(essors ( law4 ,& once ! public has become famili>is$ ) ! idea1 :at m natural ?an t a simil> body %\ld be =m$ to provide aga9/ su* legislative blund]s z we 7 all rec5tly laugh+ at1 :51 hav+ provid$ = ! re/ra9t ( habitual drunk>ds by plac+ !m on :at 0 call$ ! black li/1 ,p>liam5t pres5tly le>n$ t x _h s fram$ ! law t no "o c\ld be black-li/$ except by 8 own cons5t8 ,! developm5t f ?is to a sy/em by :i* laws w\ld n m]ely be am5d$1 b devis$ ab ovo1 by pr(essional legislators1 is easy to =esee2 & ) prop]ly-devis$ precautions to ensure t ! laws creat$ %all express ! w ( a sov]eign p suffici5tly educat$ 9 political duty to possess a w wor?y ( consid]ation1 probably no bett] solution ( ! legislative difficulty c be imag9$4 ,! conduct ( =eign affairs is a matt] mu* less easy to re=m4 ,if despotisms 7 n su* desp]ately untru/wor?y ?+s1 a good s\nd autocracy w\ld probably be ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t = ! function ( conduct+ ! affairs ( "o nation ) ano!r4 ,! extraord9>y diplomatic success ( ,russia is an evid5ce ( ?is4 ,b ,russia also illu/rates ! drawbacks ( despotism4 ,9 its managem5t ( =eign affairs ,russia has 7despite ! habit :i* its dep>tm5ts occasionally display ( act+ 9 conflict ) "o ano!r7 beat5 all ! civilis$ nations4 ,russia has a cont9u\s =eign policy4 ,!re are no *anges ( m9i/]s to nullify ea* o!r's "w & to enc\rage ! diplomati/s ( o!r nations to procra/9ate & %illy-%ally ov] negotiations 9 ! hope t a g5]al election w br+ 9 a new set ( /atesm51 easi] to deal )4 ,& ,russia c h]self procra/9ate1 prev>icate & play all sorts ( tricks1 neglect h] promises1 ignore h] pl$ges1 & prosecute h] cryptic aims1 )\t ! smalle/ fe> ( a "q 9 ,p>liam5t to spoil h] game by lett+ all ! _w into h] d>k & devi\s secrets4 ,! m a nation becomes democratis$1 ! less compet5t x is to manage its =eign policy aga9/ less democratic nations1 & a truly popul> ,gov]nm5t is1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w1 ab\t ! wor/ conceivable in/rum5t = t purpose4 ,) an ev]-increas+ democratisation ( all gov]nm5ts su* z we are sure to witness dur+ ?is c5tury1 =eign (fices ( ! pres5t k9d w become m & m incompet5t until "s sort ( ma*9]y is inv5t$ 9 _! place4 ,nor w ! disappe>ance ( ! ultimate resort to arms1 z a possibility always ?reat5+ 9 ! backgr\nd1 t5d to improve matt]s4 ,x w1 on ! contr>y1 make !m worse4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! awful fe> ( w>1 :i* mu/ haunt ! pill[ ( e /atesman 9 our day ) dreams ( pitiable horror1 does ex]cise an influ5ce 9 settl+ controv]sies :i*1 )\t ?is t]ror1 w\ld drag _! sl[ l5g? along f g5]ation to exasp]at$ g5]ation4 ,& if we try to imag9e t ! increas$ consci5ti\sness ( a bett] "t w help nations to deal m hon\rably ) ea* o!r1 x is to be fe>$ t ev5 ! va/ progress ( ! quick-mov+ c5tury on :i* we h ent]$ w n suffice to b9d ! pr9ces to its pleasure & tea* _! s5ators wisdom4 ,x is un=tunately 9 reg>d to hon\r betwe5 nation & nation t consci5ce develops mo/ sl[ly1 & _m a man :o w\ld scorn to trick a fell[-citiz51 or ev5 defraud a railway company1 & :o w\ld q possibly hesitate be=e smuggl+ a box ( cig>s ?r\gh ! cu/om-h\se1 w calmly advocate acts ( int]national di%one/y & oppression abhorr5t to any consci5ti\s m9d4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! mo/ delet]i\s influ5ce ( our times1 :i* enc\rages nations to delay & d5y to ea* o!r ju/ice & ! fulfilm5t ( solemn obligations1 is ! habit ( wait+ ^u ! *ances ( a m9i/]'s fall1 & a result+ *ange ( policy4 ,s long z almo/ any day may br+ a new set ( /atesm51 pr$ispos$ aga9/ any?+ :i* _! pr$ecessors may h approv$1 diplomacy w be disfigur$ by ways t are d>k & tricks t are va93 & ! logical tw5tie? ( ! c5turies may be tru/$ to p]ceive ?is4 ,consequ5tly "s me?od w h to be devis$ by :i* a cont9u\s =eign policy may be made compatible ) ! p]=mance ( a nation's w4 ,& "h ! wis] nature ( ! new age w assi/ ! con/ructive g5ius ( ! re=m]4 ,no d\bt ! habit ( *ang+ our m9ds on ! basic pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t ab\t once e six ye>s w h be5 eradicat$4 ,peoples w delib]ate m intellig5tly ^u ! important que/ions :i* !y decide by _! votes3 & x w no long] be ?\ght--or r1 we %all no long] act z if we ?\ght--t a modification ( g5]al op9ion 9 reg>d 7say7 to ,home ,rule = ,irel& mu/ necess>ily c>ry ) x a *ange ( op9ion z to :e!r x is desirable to ext5d our influ5ce 9 ,afghani/an4 ,:5 ?is error is ab&on$1 probably =eign affairs w no long] be made "p & p>cel ( ! "w ( ! same set ( m5 t is elect$ to manage dome/ic policy4 ,x w !n be possible = ! p to express--z !y r>ely h any opportunity to express "u ! pres5t sy/em--_! sov]eign w 9 reg>d to int]national matt]s4 ,& "h1 z ev]y:]e1 responsibility w c]ta9ly ex]cise an educative influ5ce4 ,:5 m5 intellig5tly realise t by _! votes !y are decid+ ! fate ( _! c\ntry1 !y w delib]ate long be=e yield+ a decision s mom5t\s4 ,inasmu* z ! =eign affairs ( any nation are truly und]/ood only by a v limit$ class1 because v few p are will+ to give up en\gh ( _! leisure to ! /udies necess>y = su* an und]/&+1 x seems reasonable to ?9k t "o feature ( ! polity ( ! ye> #bjjj may be ! limitation ( ! "r to vote on =eign affairs to m5 & wom5 :o h demon/rat$ 9 "s suffici5t mann] _! compet5ce to assi/ 9 direct+ ! action ( _! repres5tatives 9 matt]s s intricate4 ,! increas$ leisure ) :i* o!r re=ms already =ese5 w end[ ! p w ( c\rse facilitate ! acquirem5t ( ?is compet5ce1 & ! "r to vote on =eign affairs w d\btless be a covet$ social di/9ction1 subs]v+ ! p]5nial love ( titles & ! *ildlike pleasure ( hav+ lett]s aft] "o's "n4 ,nor ne$ we be too mu* daunt$ 9 ?is conjecture by ! :isp]$ ^w olig>*y4 ,:5 olig>*y really means gov]nm5t by ^? be/ qualifi$ to gov]n--! nature ( ?is be/ness be+ intellig5tly det]m9$--olig>*y w be recognis$ z ! mo/ satisfactory =m ( gov]nm5t3 & 9 ord] to exclude objectionable "o-sid$ness 9 ! me?od ( select+ vot]s = ! high duty ( gu>d+ ! nation's hon\r1 no d\bt "s me?od ( selection by vote c be discov]$1 free f liability to re9troduce ! baleful evil ( p>ty4 ,com+ n[ to o!r functions ( a ,/ate1 ! mo/ obvi\s subject = conjecture is t sugge/$ by ! t5d5cy 9 rec5t times ( gov]nm5ts 7& foll[+ _! example ( municipalities7 to engage 9 trade4 ,! comm5t :i* ga9$ curr5cy ov] a decade ago1 t we 7 all sociali/s !n1 is /ill m ju/ifi$ n[4 ,w ,/ates cont9ue _! increas+ practice ( usurp+ ! place ( private adv5tur]s8 ,w railways1 canals1 telephonic & teleautographic sy/ems1 /reet conveyances1 & s =?1 be own$ & controll$ by v>i\s public au?orities1 aft] education1 "s o!r functions1 includ+ ! fe$+ & clo?+ ( poor *ildr5 dur+ s*ool age1 & ! c>e ( ! unemploy$ 7:i* ,/ates be=e long w c]ta9ly h embrac$7 h by a m enlight5$ polity be5 return$ to ! prop] h&s8 ,! :ole "q ( :e!r socialism is a probable solution ( ! difficulties :i* its advocates believe x capable ( solv+ is "h involv$4 ,apply+ our famili> pr9ciple ( e/imat+ ! t5d5cies ( ! future by ! tr5d ( ev5ts 9 ! pa/1 x seems c]ta9 t !re w = a good _m ye>s imm$iately to come be an increase 9 ! functions assum$ by ! ,/ate3 b t ! :ole plunge into socialism w n be und]tak54 ,=1 :ile measures undisguis$ly sociali/ic 9 "* are m & m advocat$ & adopt$1 ! op5 pr9ciple ( ,/ate socialism seems to f9d less support e ye>4 ,:5ev] di/ress becomes preval5t1 pl5ty ( writ]s1 = in/ance1 l\dly d5\nce ,gov]nm5ts = n f9d+ "w = ev]yone :o fails to f9d "w = himself--s long z he is a man6 7,no "o appe>s to ?9k x ! ,gov]nm5t's duty to f9d "w = wom547 ,b :5 socialism is op5ly prop\nd$1 ! same au?ors j z vehem5tly d5\nce ! sociali/ic sy/em to :i* ?is pr9ciple ( reg>d+ ! ,/ate z ! duty-b\nd employ] ( ! workless cle>ly t5ds4 ,:at w mo/ likely happ5 is t devices1 m & m sociali/ic1 = deal+ ) em]g5cies1 & inconv5i5ces ( v>i\s sorts1 w be adopt$ & ma9ta9$ until _! own inconv5i5ce & inju/ice h made !mselves felt3 & !n a m reasonable age w get rid ( !m--bett] rem$ies hav+ meantime be5 discov]$--at ! same "t p]ceiv+ _! delet]i\s effect ^u private responsibility1 & wond]+ :y x has tol]at$ ! old me?ods s long4 ,9 o!r words1 sociali/ic exp]im5ts w h demon/rat$ _! own evils be=e ! habit ( indulg+ 9 !m has gone s f> z to all[ ,/ates to drift ! :ole way into socialism4 ,x is ev5 possible t ! example ( "s s+le nation1 drift+ ?us f>1 & sett+ up a sociali/ic ,/ate1 may s]ve z a useful w>n+ to ! re/ ( ! _w1 & det]m9e ! gradual ab&onm5t ( ! dang]\s t5d5cies :i* w h increas+ly manife/$ !mselves4 ,= x is c]ta9 t1 unless 9 exceptional & abnormal in/ances--( :i* ! ,au/ralian ,commonweal? is v likely to furni% an example--political sy/ems w always cont9ue to develop by evolution>y1 & n by revolution>y1 /eps4 ,we %all pass gradually1 & by a process ( con/ruction & elim9ation1 f "o condition to ano!r1 until ! v greatly improv$ sy/em ( gov]nm5t & adm9i/ration ^: p]iod ( exi/5ce ,i h v5tur$ to place at ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury1 has become g5]al ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,we may1 = in/ance1 v easily imag9e h[ a m intellig5t electorate w aboli% "s abuses1 by consid]+ ! condition ( ! po/-(fice dep>tm5t ( ?is & o!r c\ntries4 ,x is h>dly ?9kable t1 dur+ any p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory1 ! bus9ess ( c>ry+ lett]s c be ?r[n op5 to anyone :o *ooses to und]take x4 ,if !re 7 no?+ to be dealt ) except ! dome/ic correspond5ce ( ea* nation1 probably x w\ld be a great deal bett] t x %\ld be ?us ?r[n op5 to competition3 x is h>dly likely t ! va/ bus9ess ( int]national correspond5ce c ev] be satisfactorily conduct$1 except by adm9i/rations act+ 9 ! "n & behalf ( e ,/ate4 ,b !re is n ! lea/ reason = ?9k+ t ! abuses :i* deface ! po/al dep>tm5t ( ?is & e o!r nation w be p]petual4 ,! ,briti% po/-(fice contributes annually a pr(it ( sev]al millions /]l+ to ! ,ex*equ]4 ,e p]son :o writes a lett]1 !re=e1 is tax$ = do+ x4 ,9 proportion to ! intellig5ce1 comm]cial ent]prise1 family affection1 or pr(essional dilig5ce by :i* he is prompt$ to use correspond5ce1 e "o ( u is compell$ to contribute some?+ m to ! up-keep ( ! ,/ate ?an 8 neighb\r :o is too lazy1 too ignorant or too call\s to tr\ble himself ) lett]-writ+4 ,no d\bt x is impossible1 )\t a loss :i* w\ld am\nt to subsidis+1 9 an equally objectionable mann]1 ! us]s ( ! po/-(fice1 to conduct t dep>tm5t except at a pr(it ( "s sort3 b x surely w n be pret5d$ t x c\ld n be conduct$ )\t exact+ su* a surplus z ! po/-(fice does annually contribute to ! ,budget4 ,! vici\s mann] 9 :i* we treat ! po/al s]vice z a sort ( trad+ dep>tm5t1 expect$ to yield ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] a conv5i5t sum t[>ds 8 exp5diture1 is illu/rat$ by ! disgraceful und]paym5t ( ! m9or (ficials1 su* z po/m51 small po/-ma/]s1 telegraph mess5g]s & ! l4 ,! po/-(fice buys its lab\r 9 ! *eape/ m>ket3 !re is b too mu* reason = ! belief t x treats ) oppressive h>%ness attempts on ! "p ( its s]vants to bett] _! wages by organisation3 & :5 reprov$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons = sweat+ 8 "w-p1 a po/ma/]-g5]al c always reply1 amid applause1 t he d>e n emb>rass 8 "r-hon\rable fri5d ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]4 ,! polity ( ! enlight5$ future w assur$ly desi/ f p5alis+ intellig5ce1 ent]prise1 & ! o!r comm5dable *>act]i/ics :i* t5d to increase a man's correspond5ce2 & ! po/ma/]-g5]al :o w be prais$ a hundr$ ye>s h5ce w be t "o :o has succe$$ 9 manag+ 8 dep>tm5t ) ! smalle/ possible surplus4 ,we h only to envisage ! obvi\s ju/ice ( ?is ambition to p]ceive ! objections :i* atta* to ! adoption ( trad+ functions by ! ,/ate4 ,?\gh x is v likely t railways w be nationalis$ 9 ?is1 z !y h be5 nationalis$ or subsidis$ 9 _m o!r c\ntries1 x is q c]ta9 t if we d nationalise !m we %all be comp5sat$ by none ( ! advantages :i* make u tol]ant1 & ev5 unconsci\s1 ( ! abuses ( ! ,briti% po/-(fice--itself 9 mo/ respects "o ( ! lea/ imp]fect ( bureaucracies4 ,! faults g5]ally f\nd ) railways are precisely ! faults ( bureaucracy1 & 9 proportion z railways become m & m unit$ 9 _! policy1 ?r\gh amalgamation & arrangem5ts = mutual assi/ance1 ^? faults con/antly increase4 ,! same w pres5tly be f\nd true ( all gov]nm5tal usurpations ( private ent]prise3 & x _c be d\bt$ t 9 ?is1 z 9 s _m o!r respects1 ! functions ( gov]nm5ts w be greatly r$uc$ a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,"o subject :i* _c be neglect$ 9 any attempt to =esee ! conditions ( ! law 9 ! next c5tury is ! delicate & difficult "o ( m>riage laws3 & on no subject are diff]5ces ( op9ion s num]\s & s acute4 ,all t seems to be g5]ally agre$ is t "u ! pres5t sy/em inconv5i5ces & immoralities occur3 & x is 7( c\rse7 suppos$ to be a coroll>y t if ! sy/em 7 *ang$ ^! inconv5i5ces & immoralities w\ld disappe>4 ,?is is ! usual me?od ( consid]+ social difficulties4 ,h>dly anyone w cons5t to base plans = ! future ^u exp]i5ce ( ! pa/4 ,x is always presum$ t new laws c re=m abuses1 )\t *anges 9 ! _s ( ! age1 :i* gives rise to ! abuses4 ,"o class ( ?9k]s1 despair+ ( moral improvem5t1 consid]s t1 immorality be+ irrem$iable1 ! only ?+ to be done is to give x sanction2 z x mu/ exi/1 x mu/ be made respectable & unsc&al\s4 ,ano!r set ( re=m]s w\ld p5alise immorality by =bidd+ ! guilty p>ty 9 a divorce suit to re-m>ry1 j z !re are p :o w\ld prev5t ! physically unfit f m>ry+ at all4 ,bo? =get t ! prohibition ( legal unions is mu* m likely to lead to an increase ( irregul> connections ?an to produce any o!r effect4 ,no d\bt we c\ld improve ! physical /&>d ( ! legitimately born by ! prohibition la/ digressively m5tion$3 b x w\ld be at ! exp5se ( an increase 9 illegitimate bir?s accompani$ by ! additional disadvantage ( bodily weakness4 ,simil>ly1 s f> f ! prohibition ( re-m>riage re/ra9+ ! immorally dispos$1 x is mu* m likely t x w\ld enc\rage !m3 ! fact t a co-respond5t c\ld n be call$ ^u to m>ry ! woman divorc$ 9 consequ5ce ( h] guilty association ) him w\ld h>dly act g5]ally z a det]r5t2 :ile1 if he _h be5 will+ to face ! probable consequ5ces ( publicity1 exp5se & inconv5i5ce att5d+ a liaison ) a woman "u cov]ture1 ! co-respond5t w\ld n ?9k x necess>y to ab&on 8 conf$]ate1 if he wi%$1 & %e 7 will+1 to cont9ue _! connection aft] all ! p5alties _h be5 suff]$1 m]ely because ! law prev5t$ a regul> union4 ,x is agre$ by all juri/s t ! only ju/ification = ! great] sev]ity ) :i* matrimonial infidelity is visit$ on wom5 z comp>$ ) m5 is ! great] social degradation ) :i* society visits wom5 :o h (f5d$4 ,to p5alise _! (f5ce by prohibit+ re-m>riage w\ld only p]petuate _! degradation1 & does 9 fact s p]petuate & increase x 9 c\ntries :]e ! condemn$ p>ty 9 a divorce is =bidd5 ! alt>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to recognise a sort ( promiscuity1 z "s writ]s h sugge/$ t we %all be oblig$ to d1 w\ld probably be att5d$ by worse effects ?an ! bold & /raight=w>d acceptance ( polygamy z a necess>y rem$y = ! excess ( fem99e population1 :i* a writ] ( lett]s to ! %ock$ & a/oni%$ newspap]s ( ?is city rec5tly propos$4 ,nei!r exp$i5t is capable ( be+ adopt$3 nor does !re seem mu* likelihood t public morality c be improv$ by legislation1 ?\gh x is c]ta9 to be mu* improv$ by ! spontane\s amelioration ( public s5tim5t4 ,no d\bt 9 "o or two p>ticul>s ! m>riage laws w gradually und]go am5dm5t4 ,x w be realis$ t x is mu* m immoral to compel unwill+ c\ples to live toge!r matrimonially1 ?an to set !m free to rem$y "o ( ! mo/ hide\s ( all possible mi/akes4 ,! difficulty ( det]m9+ :at %all be done :]e "o p>ty wi%es = divorce1 :ile ! o!r does n1 is great]3 b on ! :ole x w probably be consid]$ m conducive to morality to dissolve ! m>riage "h1 aft] a precaution>y & exp]im5tal p]iod ( provisional sep>ation1 ?an to insi/ ^u its p]petuation4 ,t age w only be ripe = su* a re=m z ?is1 :i*1 by moral progress1 has r5d]$ intol]able ! position ( a lib]t9e capable ( ent]+ into matrimony ) ! delib]ate int5tion ( gett+ out ( x aga9 :5 x ceases to be attractive1 & 9 :i* ! social e/imate ( a p]son :o act$ 9 ! same mann] ?r\gh in/ability ( "* w\ld be n mu* bett]4 ,9 any re=m ( ! k9d sugge/$1 x w\ld no d\bt be arrang$ t pecuni>y liabilities1 allocat$ to ! support & education ( *ildr51 w\ld foll[ ! p>ty insi/+ on divorce2 & ?is also w\ld act z a *eck ^u di%one/ contracts ( m>riage4 ,?us1 = any radical improvem5t 9 ! sy/em ( matrimonial connections1 we mu/ look to a correspond+ improvem5t 9 ! _s ( ! age1 & ! fir/ /ep 9 advance w h be5 tak5 :5 m>riage ceases to be ! only legal contract :i* is en=c$ not)/&+ ! ignorance ( a contract+ p>ty z to ! engagem5t ent]$ into4 ,! frequ5cy ( divorce petitions w be greatly dim9i%$ f ! "t we get rid ( ! idiotic & almo/ incr$ibly wick$ conv5tion by :i* we take e possible precaution we c ?9k ( to ensure t a girl1 :5 %e m>ries1 %all h no possible means ( kn[+ to :at %e is committ+ h]self4 ,no m +5i\s contrivance = obta9+ m>ital infelicity c\ld be imag9$4 ,! next /ep w h be5 tak5 :5 x is recognis$ z disgraceful = p>5ts to put pressure ^u ! incl9ations ( _! *ildr5 ( ei!r sex to induce !m to m>ry1 & :5 social execration r5d]s su* pressure impossible4 ,concurr5tly ) ?is1 or z a result ( x1 a ?ird /ep w be "s abatem5t ( our pres5t entire neglect ( any dem& = good "* 9 a bridegroom :o w\ld be outrag$ if he ?\ght t ! lea/ asp]sion c\ld be sugge/$ conc]n+ 8 bride4 ,9 o!r words1 ! greate/ improvem5ts 9 ! /atus ( ! _w ) reg>d to matrimony w be effect$ :5 we recognise ! claim ( woman to be made ! equal ( man 9 k1 9 discretion & 9 social rights4 ,no legislative re=m z yet ev] sugge/$ c\ld h any?+ l z mu* effect 9 remov+ ! evils "u :i* we groan1 9 respect to matrimony1 z ?is natural & inevitable developm5t4 ,naturally ! improvem5t 9 ! position ( wom5 9 ! new age w n arrive at a b\nd1 nor w _! rights 9 relation to m>riage be unaccompani$ by o!r rights at pres5t )held1 & p]haps n always unreasonably )held4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! recognition ( "o set ( rights w facilitate & accel]ate ! recognition ( ! o!r4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! t5d5cy ( ! sexes is to become less div]g5t1 intellectually & morally1 = reasons connect$ ) :at ,sp5c] calls ! less e>ly arre/ ( individual evolution1 & ! result ev]y:]e se5 ?r\gh\t ! organic _w1 ( a self-pres]v+ p[] inv]sely proportionate to ! race-pres]v+ p[]4 #cc ,z x w h be5 realis$1 long be=e ! adv5t ( ! next c5tury1 t ! sure/ way to improv$ capacity is to be f\nd 9 increas$ responsibility1 wom5 w n1 a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 be all[$ or compell$ to %irk _! political obligations4 ,we may see ) half an eye t e ye> wom5 are becom+ m capable1 & also m desir\s ( aid+ ! c\nsels ( ! public3 & 9 "s ( our ,colonies1 z well z 9 "s ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union1 !y are already vot+1 & vot+ 7z x turns out7 ) ! mo/ wond]ful intellig5ce & usefulness4 ,! influ5ce ( ! female vote 91 = example1 ,new ,zeal& has be5 = "s "t p]ceptible 9 ! legislation ( t highly-enlight5$ colony3 & ,i nev] he>d anyone object to ! results ( ?is influ5ce except p]sons ^: conduct1 or ! conduct :i* !y approv$ 9 _! associates1 0 likely to be inconv5i5c$ by !m4 ,x is no d\bt true t wom5 are a great deal m fond ( dem&+ t ! law %\ld d "w :i* x w\ld be bett] to leave to natural developm5ts ( public "* ?an c\ld be wi%$3 b !n s are m51 & x is an unque/ionable ?+ t ! misde$s :i* m5 m readily condone ?an wom5 are mu* m likely to be bad = public morality ?an ^? :i* wom5 condone m freely ?an m54 ,!re is no p>ticul> reason = ?9k+ at ! pres5t "t 7?\gh !re 0 ample reason = ?9k+ a few decades ago7 t wom5 w be m prone to legislate unnecess>ily1 & !re=e mis*iev\sly1 ?an m53 & we are 9 any case b\nd to pass ?r\gh a good _m ye>s ( p>liam5t-wor%ip be=e we awak5 to ! fact t ! law _c d ev]y?+1 & t any re=m :i* is accompli%$ by ! spontane\s influ5ce ( public op9ion is always a great deal m complete1 a great deal m conducive to public self-respect1 & a great deal bett] adju/$ to ! special requirem5ts ( e individual circum/ance t x t\*es1 ?an "o :i* is labori\sly & me*anically embodi$ 9 /atutes :i* _c b be imp]fect1 _c possibly fail to act oppressively & unju/ly 9 "o place or ano!r1 & frequ5tly prove to be unworkable f beg9n+ to end4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,g5]al ,,conclusions ,on ! o!r h&1 aft] obs]v+ h[ ! processes t h br\ght ?+s to _! pres5t /age are /ill go+ on1 n ) a decreas+ rapidity indicat+ approa* to cessation1 b ) an increas+ rapidity t implies long cont9uance & imm5se trans=mations2 !re foll[s ! conviction t ! remote future has 9 /ore1 =ms ( social life high] ?an any we h imag9$3 !re comes a fai? transc5d+ t ( ! ,radical1 ^: aim is "s re-organisation admitt+ ( comp>ison to organisations :i* exi/4 ,& :ile ?is conception ( societies has naturally evolv$1 beg9n+ ) small & simple types :i* h _! %ort exi/5ces & disappe>1 advanc+ to high] types t are l>g]1 m complex1 & long]-liv$1 com+ to /ill-high] types l our own1 great 9 size1 complexity1 & duration1 & promis+ types transc5d+ ^! 9 times aft] exi/+ societies h di$ away--:ile ?is conception ( societies implies t 9 ! sl[ c\rse ( ?+s *anges almo/ immeasurable 9 am\nt are possible1 x also implies t b small am\nts ( su* *anges are possible1 )9 %ort p]iods--,h]b]t ,sp5c]3 ,! ,/udy ( ,sociology1 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,x has repeat$ly be5 necess>y1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is survey1 to /imulate ! indulg5ce ( ! read] by a rem9d]1 bas$ ^u ! spe$ ( our progress 9 ! pa/ & its /eady accel]ation 9 rec5t decades1 t !re is mu* m dang] ( und]e/imat+ ?an ( exagg]at+ ! advances likely to h be5 a*iev$ a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ misconception ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! advances w be br\ght ab\t1 x is n[ advisable to m5tion specifically :at has be5 once or twice h9t$ p>5!tically1 namely1 ! fact t ! progress ( ! ,future is c]ta9 to be produc$ 9 a way p]fectly capable ( be+ d$uc$ f ! mann] ( our progress 9 ! pa/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fruitful causes ( error 9 exi/+ progno/ications has be5 ! tacit assumption t1 at "s vague mom5t 9 ! spaci\s middle-di/ance ( ! com+ "t1 sudd5 & cataclysmal movem5ts ( society1 & also unexpect$ & revolution>y discov]ies 9 sci5ce1 w occur3 & x is z a precaution aga9/ "o aspect ( ?is mi/ake t a weighty quotation f ! writ+s ( "o ( ! sane/ & mo/ p]spicu\s ?9k]s :o h ev] writt5 ^u t sci5ce ( society :i* he may almo/ be said to h creat$ has be5 recall$ to ! memory ( ! read] at ! head ( ?is *apt]4 ,! =eca/ n[ almo/ conclud$1 imp]fect & vision>y z x mu/ necess>ily be1 0 comm5c$ ) "s reflections on ! rate ( future progress made probable by ! movem5ts ( ! rec5t pa/4 ,b no?+ :atev] c be d$uc$ f :at hi/ory1 remote or rec5t1 %[s u1 to sugge/ t any /able in/itution c be creat$ o!rwise ?an by /eady developm5t3 x is only ! spe$ ( developm5t :i* is likely to alt]1 & ev5 ?is w only alt] by a progression ga9+ impetus f ! influ5ce ( its own compon5ts4 ,:e!r we consid] mat]ial improvem5ts effect$ by sci5ce & inv5tion & ! int]action ( ^!2 or social improvem5ts effect$ by readju/m5t ( ! conditions ( life =c$ ^u u ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( intellectual & moral *anges 9 ! individual units ( society mak+ !mselves felt z aggregat$ =ces2 ! mann] ( atta9m5t is ne>ly id5tical4 ,x is commonly object$ to ?is view1 t :]eas sci5ce & inv5tion commonly progress 9 a movem5t *>act]is$ 7s to speak7 by a succession ( j]ks1 social conditions *ange imp]ceptibly4 ,b ?us to object is to ov]look ! fact t1 :ile no d\bt society develops f "t to "t c]ta9 ne$s ^: gr[? is s /eady z to preclude ! possibility ( po9t+ to a f9al mom5t :5 ! satisfaction ( !m has become at l5g? inevitable1 yet1 :5 ?is satisfaction is ga9$ by legislative enactm5t1 !re is always a mom5t :5 ! public1 ripe = a giv5 re=m1 takes def9ite possession ( x4 ,= example 7to "n a comp>atively rec5t case71 no d\bt ! desire = "s me?od by :i* ! public c\ld di/+ui% betwe5 =eign & home-made articles ( m]*&ise _h = "s "t be5 g5]ally felt be=e ! pass+ ( ! ,m]*&ise ,m>ks ,act fix$ a mom5t at :i* all dubiety on ! subject w\ld vani%1 by endeav\r+ to require t any import$ object be>+ m>ks calculat$ to give ! impression t x _h be5 manufactur$ 9 ,engl& %\ld also be> a def9ite & correct /atem5t z to its place ( orig94 ,:e!r we consid] ?is enactm5t to h be5 desirable or n1 x is impossible to d5y t !re 0 a specific mom5t :5 x took effect4 ,& simil>ly1 ! bill = ! repression ( secret commissions 9 bus9ess has come s ne> to be+ pass$ ?r\gh ,p>liam5t t _m p imag9e x to be already law1 ?\gh x is n1 at ! "t ( writ+1 ev5 79 a te*nical s5se7 be=e ! legislature4 ,)\t "q1 !re=e1 public op9ion is ripe = ?is re=m1 & has ) great gradualness become s3 b ! re=m itself1 :5 x takes place 7z x may q conceivably h tak5 place by ! "t ?is book is pr9t$71 w occur sudd5ly4 ,!re w be a day :5 ! manag] ( a bus9ess h\se c\ld1 ) immunity f any ov]t puni%m5t except ! loss ( 8 employm5t1 receive a secret bribe f ano!r h\se ) :i* he 0 do+ bus9ess on behalf ( 8 ma/]2 & a succe$+ day on :i*1 = ! same (f5ce aga9/ comm]cial integrity1 he c\ld be *>g$ be=e a magi/rate & ultimately puni%$ by ! law4 ,?us ! diff]5ce betwe5 sci5tific progress & social progress is n s great z has be5 sometimes imag9$4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh to ! casual obs]v] sci5tific discov]ies & new inv5tions (t5 appe> to h be5 atta9$ at a s+le /ep1 to a p]son int]e/$ 9 ! p>ticul> bran* ( sci5ce1 or ! p>ticul> pa? ( inv5tion :]e a new a*ievem5t occurs1 x is g5]ally q evid5t t ! latt] has be5 l$ up to by /eady progress ext5d+ ov] a long p]iod4 ,! exi/5ce ( unid5tifi$ con/itu5ts 9 atmosph]ic air1 = in/ance1 mu/ h be5 long suspect$ be=e ! isolation ( argon gave1 to ! public eye1 ! impression ( a sudd5 discov]y3 & a/ronomical di/urbances h g5]ally puzzl$ a great army ( obs]v]s = a long "t be=e ! public is indulg$ by ! ann\ncem5t ( a new /> 9 ! heav5s4 ,to ! read] :o has be5 good en\gh to grant any validity at all to ! argum5ts by :i* ,i h s\ght to %[ t1 z "t goes on1 !re w be a decreas+ t5d5cy to attempt desir$ re=ms by legislative process1 & an increas+ t5d5cy to make ! public ! gu>dian ( its own security1 x w be evid5t t any diff]5ces :i* exi/ betwe5 ! nature ( sci5tific progress & ! nature ( social progress are likely to be acc5tuat$ r ?an dim9i%$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is c5tury4 ,a *ange br\ght ab\t by ! spontane\s activity ( ! p naturally occurs )\t ! def9ite l9e ( dem>cation creat$ by an ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,b !re is "o way 9 :i* ! analogy betwe5 sci5tific & social progress w be notewor?y4 ,x is a commonplace ( indu/rial hi/ory t an improvem5t 9 "o ma*9e1 or ! introduction ( "s novel me?od ( apply+ p[]1 always produces1 & may v (t5 necessitate1 modifications 9 a numb] ( proc$ures n previ\sly se5 to be connect$ ) x3 & great results f little causes fl[4 ,no "o =esaw1 :5 ,mr ,edison discov]$ ! diff]5ces 9 ! electrical conductivity ( c>bon induc$ by slight v>iations ( pressure--a discov]y at fir/ utilis$ only 9 ! micro-tasimet]1 ! appliance us$ = measur+ small *anges 9 ! size ( objects submitt$ to x--t ! same discov]y w\ld pres5tly r5d] comm]cially practicable ! electrical transmission ( spee* & num]\s o!r conv5i5ces1 !mselves ! prog5itors ( fre% inv5tions n[ 9 con/ant use4 ,simil>ly1 political & social *anges q easy to =esee w und\bt$ly h effects :i* 9 _! entirety no "o c possibly =esee4 ,! rate ( advancem5t _c be calculat$ l a geometrical progression3 all t we c hope to d is to realise m or less vaguely ! accel]ation :i* ! action & int]action ( anticipat$ 7& (t5 antagoni/ic7 =ces w produce2 ! g5]al mann] ( ! _w's progress repres5t+ ! resultant ( _! activities4 ,:at we mu/ con/antly keep 9 m9d is ! fact t *anges 9 ! in/itutions ( society c only be /able :5 !y are ! result ( correspond+ *anges 9 ! temp] ( ! age :i* yields !m4 ,z ?is temp] is a ?+ ( gradual developm5t1 we mu/ believe t _m tempor>y exp$i5ts w h to be tol]at$ by advanc$ ?9k]s s9ce 7z ,sp5c] rem>ks7 society c only be held toge!r :5 ! in/itutions exi/+1 & ! conceptions g5]ally curr5t1 are 9 tol]able h>mony4 ,we c =esee _m *anges :i* w be 9 b5efic5t exi/5ce a hundr$ ye>s h5ce2 b x w\ld be irrational to %[ impati5ce because ^! *anges _c be imm$iately propos$2 s9ce1 be+ n yet 9 h>mony ) ! curr5t conceptions ( ! _w1 _! imm$iate adoption w\ld be mis*iev\s in/ead ( b5eficial1 & _! results an>*ic in/ead ( /able4 ,= a great _m ye>s we mu/ g on pass+ laws = ! regulation ( social life1 :i* we c q easily p]ceive t ! alt]$ social life ( a future age w n ne$1 because !y w\ld be injuri\s to x4 ,! zeal\s re=m] :o wi%es1 z we mu/ all wi%1 to help ! _w 9 its we>i$ way to p]fection mu/ aim r to assi/ ! m9d ( p to dem& great] re=ms ?an x c\ld z yet assimilate1 ?an to procure ! arrival ( re=ms = :i* society is n yet ripe1 & mu/ be cont5t ) ! ef=t 444 to ease ! burd5 ( ! _w ,labori\sly trac+ :at mu/ be ,& :at may yet be bett]4 ,to say ?is is n to deprecate ! greate/ possible en]gy 9 all endeav\r t makes = progress4 ,! doctr9e1 f\nd$ ^u a p]ception ( ! impossibility ( reg5]at+ society except by utilis+ ! natural & evolution>y movem5t ( society itself1 t no?+ ought to be done except to wait ^u ?is movem5t1 betrays an evid5t confusion ( ?\ght1 ak9 to ! fallacy ( ! s*oolm51 commonly call$ realism1 p>tly adopt$ by ,comte4 ,society is n 9 itself an entity sep>able f ! units ( society2 a progress ( society is only possible z ! result ( human volition progressively ex]cis$4 ,:at we h to look = is a /eady enlight5m5t ( public ideals1 issu+ 9 ! triumph ( wisdom ov] folly1 ( virtue ov] laxity1 ( progress ov] reaction & in]tia4 ,always !re w be diff]5ces ( op9ion1 ex]cis+ a salut>y *eck ^u ha/y public action1 & giv+ "t = ! e/abli%m5t ( h>mony betwe5 ! _s ( ! age & ! new in/itutions :i* m>k its progress4 ,naturally !re w h be5 _m *anges 9 ! mat]ial ( daily life :i*1 ei!r because !y did n fit 9 ) any "o ( ! divisions into :i* a =eca/ ( ! future naturally fell1 or because ! consid]ation ( !m w\ld h obscur$ ! exposition ( matt]s m imm$iately connect$ ) ea* o!r1 x has n be5 possible to m5tion4 ,= example1 we h _h occasion to debate ! me?ods by :i* m5 & wom5 w transact ! bus9ess ( trade & comm]ce ) ! aid ( c]ta9 =ese5 conv5i5ces2 & we h glanc$ at ! probable future aspect ( dwell+s1 conveyances & simil> conv5i5ces2 b no?+ has be5 said z to ! clo!s 9 :i* our desc5dants are likely to attire !mselves or ! enjoym5t ( ^! advantages4 ,! latt] & a few o!r m9or subjects may p]haps be consid]$ n[1 )\t v mu* mutual connection4 ,! clo?+ ( m5 & wom5 happ5s to illu/rate r appropriately ! v same t5d5cy ( civilis$ in/itutions to develop by gradual1 r ?an viol5t1 *anges :i* has j be5 ref]r$ to4 ,=1 :ile a good deal is he>d ab\t ! vag>ies ( fa%ion1 te*nical writ]s on ! subject always seem to be able to pr$ict "s "t 9 advance ! movem5ts ( modi% co/ume2 & !y sometimes ev5 condesc5d to expla9 ! processes ( ?\ght & obs]vation by :i* _! app>5tly inspir$ pr$ictions are arriv$ at4 ,moreov]1 admitt+1 & all[+ =1 ! extreme/ v>iations 9 detail1 co/ume 9 civilis$ c\ntries c h>dly be said to h mat]ially & intr9sically alt]$--_c1 t is to say1 be said to h alt]$ its fundam5tal *>act]i/ics--dur+ a c5tury1 9 ! case ( m51 nor dur+ a great _m c5turies 9 ! case ( wom54 ,s9ce ! age ( knee-bree*es succe$$ ! age ( d\blet & hose1 m5 h always protect$ _! legs ) bifurcat$ integum5ts--"s sort ( d\ble tube secur$ to a copi\s bag enclos+ ! middle ( ! body--& ! upp] "p ( ! trunk ) a coat & wai/coat2 :ile wom5 h always worn bodices & petticoats ( "o %ape or ano!r4 ,nei!r has ! l\de/ outcry aga9/ ! irrationality ( co/ume z a :ole1 nor ev5 ! ridicule %[]$ ^u s+le elem5ts ( x1 ev] _h ! lea/ effect 9 produc+ revolution>y modification4 ,pun* laugh$ 9 va9 at cr9ol9es2 ,"l ,ronald ,g[] prote/s 9 va9 aga9/ ! silk *imney-pot hat4 ,w a m sci5tific & a m logical age replace absurd or o!rwise objectionable g>m5ts by o!rs m reasonably design$1 to su* an ext5t z to produce an entire *ange 9 ! s>torial aspect ( civilis$ peoples8 ,x is impossible to d\bt t 9 "s respects x w4 ,already s5sible wom5 decl9e to injure !mselves & risk ! injury ( _! possible (fspr+ at ! comm& ( fa%ion4 ,tight-lac+ & ! we>+ ( su* corsets z unnaturally compress ! int]nal organs ( ! body are evid5tly ne> ! end ( _! long reign4 ,9 a comp>atively %ort "t x is h>dly possible to d\bt t at lea/ ^!1 ! mo/ evid5tly injuri\s articles ( clo?+ /ill surviv+1 w h jo9$ ! f>?+ale & ! ruff 9 ! lumb]-room ( ! obsolete1 & :5 :at is really ! m reasonable moiety ( mank9d is ?us )9 easy rea* ( sacrific+ to hygi5e :at 0 d$icat$ to a :olly mi/ak5 conception ( /hetics1 c we "q t re=ms 9 male dress f\nd$ ^u conv5i5ce & reason w foll[1 ev5 to ! ab&onm5t ( ! silk hat8 ,if "o 7 ask$ to sugge/ ! v>i\s /eps by :i* ! ultimate co/ume ( ! c5tury1 :e!r male or female1 w be arriv$ at1 few w\ld n boggle at ! task4 ,b ! g5]al nature ( ! m-or-less-p]fect$ dress ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce may p]haps be n unsuccessfully imag9$1 hav+ 9 m9d ! consid]ations likely to det]m9e x4 ,we may be q c]ta9 t two *>act]i/ics w be dem&$ ( all co/ume--t x %all give to all movem5ts ( ! body ! greate/ possible fre$om consi/5t ) w>m?1 & t x %all be z easy z possible to put on & take (f4 ,! highly intellectual life ( ! next c5tury w c]ta9ly be impati5t ( any?+ :i* deta9s x ) occupations s un9t]e/+ z ! putt+ on & tak+ (f ( clo!s f pursuits m attractive4 ,h5ce !re w d\btless be a great deal ( simplification ( details1 ! greate/ practical dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( s+le objects worn4 ,! ess5tials ( a satisfactory outfit w be1 fir/1 an inn] g>m5t next ! sk91 worn m]ely = cleanl9ess2 next a middle g>m5t = w>m?1 & f9ally an out] suit = protection4 ,! inn]mo/ g>m5t w no d\bt be made ( "s fabric n mu* unlike ! s(t silky pap]s n[ made 9 ,japan1 s t x c be de/roy$ z soon z x is tak5 (f4 ,x is n 9 ! lea/ likely t s insanit>y & degrad+ an occupation z t ( ! wa%]woman c survive 9 a civilisation really advanc$4 ,! middle g>m5t1 completely cleansable by vacuum action & oxyg5ation1 w ( c\rse h to be made ( "s vegetable fibre l cotton or flax4 ,x w mo/ likely be "s develop$ =m ( comb9ation1 easy to put on & take (f1 fa/5+ by means ( a s+le knot or button1 & w be j tight en\gh to give fre$om to ! movem5ts4 ,its w>m? w be dep5d5t ^u conta9$ air1 & x1 l ev]y?+ else we we>1 w be highly por\s2 = ! importance ( prop]ly v5tilat+ ! sk91 p]fectly well und]/ood ev5 n[1 w by t "t be also act$ ^u4 ,?us f> male co/ume & female co/ume w be practically id5tical4 ,!re is no reason to expect1 h[ev]1 t ?is id5tity w be c>ri$ s f> z ! ext]nals ( dress1 because realis+ 7z we %all ( c\rse realise7 ! t5d5cy ( ! sexes to become less div]g5t 9 _! natural & moral *>act]i/ics1 we %all in/9ctively seek to ma9ta9 all ! salut>y & romantic contra/ t we c4 ,b x is n to be believ$ t woman1 already long s9ce emancipat$ f ! corset1 w h cont9u$ a slave to ! skirt1 ! petticoat & o!r re/ra9+ g>m5ts4 ,) und]clo!s practically id5tical ) ! s5sible g>m5ts ( m51 our female desc5dants w no d\bt we> a co/ume mu* l :at ,miss ,rehan wore z ,rosal9d--a tunic & knee-skirt 7probably 9 "o7 ) gait]s made ( "s ela/ic mat]ial4 ,depriv$ z we %all be ( animal products1 ! lea!r boot w naturally be unavailable1 & a totally diff]5t k9d ( foot cov]+ w be us$4 ,b x is n ! abs5ce ( lea!r :i* w det]m9e ?is *ange4 ,p]fectly satisfactory boots ( ! pres5t =m are worn by "s extreme veget>ians already1 c>ry+ consi/5cy to its limit4 ,) ! disappe>ance ( ! horse f ! /reets1 h[ev]--a disappe>ance :i* w d\btless be at lea/ sev5ty ye>s old by ?is "t next c5tury 7= ! motor c> is fa/ pu%+ out ! horse already7--! *ief ne$ = an entirely imp]vi\s foot-cov]+ w h be5 obviat$4 ,t[ns w be sanit>y und]foot--!y are disgu/+ n[--& free f mud2 :ile ! dry+ appliances m5tion$ 9 an e>li] *apt] w cle> away ra9 z fa/ z x falls4 ,consequ5tly x w no long] be necess>y to we> uncom=table1 unheal?y & de=m+ boots2 ! human foot w cease to be ! s\rce ( discom=t x n[ m or less acutely is to n9e p out ( e t51 & we %all be mu* bett] walk]s & a?letes4 ,= heal? w be ! consid]ation dom9at+ all our actions1 heal? be+ a subject ( c>eful tuition 9 e s*ool3 & z m5 & wom5 w r>ely ne$ to use muscul> /r5g? 9 _! "w1 !y w gratify ! natural ye>n+ ( heal?y animals = ex]tion1 9 a?letic sports1 by no means conf9$ to ! male sex4 ,:e!r fa%ion z an in/itution w cont9ue to exi/ is d\btful1 b probably x w n exhibit ! extravagances1 nor ! caprici\s developm5t :i* n[ *>act]ise x1 & a g5]al uni=mity ) inf9itesimal diff]5ces1 :i* has be5 def9$ z "o ( ,nature's uni=mities1 w be p]ceptible 9 ! natural developm5t ( ! race4 ,( c\rse "o object s\ght consci\sly or unconsci\sly to be atta9$ by ! use ( fa%ions is class di/9ction2 & simil>ly jewell]y is probably worn mu* m because x is a sign ( weal? ?an because ( any intr9sic beauty :i* x is suppos$ to possess4 ,at "o "t a man's occupation 7& consequ5tly 8 rank 9 society7 c\ld be asc]ta9$ by 8 dress2 & sumptu>y laws occasionally made su* di/9ctions obligatory4 ,x is no d\bt ( "s law ( 8 own "t t ,%akespe>e 0 ?9k+ #cd :5 he made ! tribune 9 ,julius ,cs> reprove ! workm5 = appe>+ on a bus9ess-day )\t ! lea!r aprons :i* m>k$ _! trade3-- ,:at1 "k y n ,be+ me*anical y ought n walk1 ,^u a lab\r+ day1 )\t ! sign ,( y\r pr(ession8 ,w class di/9ction survive ! democratis+ influ5ce ( a c5tury8 ,! dress ( our own "t t5ds to oblit]ate ! evid5ce ( ^! di/9ctions2 b a developm5t f het]og5eity to homog5eity is a rev]sal ( ! usual law ( progress1 & x c h>dly be call$ a sign ( social advancem5t t artisans ( our day g5]ally we>1 :5 at "w1 ! ca/-(f clo!s ( ! employ+ classes1 b\ght second-h&1 & = ,sunday be/ (t5 ape ! fa%ions ( ! ri*4 ,9 a hundr$ ye>s' "t assur$ly no work] w be ambiti\s to give himself ! aspect ( an idl]1 & "o may p]p5d ! dry answ] ( an ,am]ican to ! rem>k t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re is no leisure-class4 ,oh1 yes1 !re is1 said ! morali/1 only we don't call !m t2 we call !m tramps4 ,ev]yone w take pride 9 8 "w1 :5 "w is no long] treat$ ) ! disgraceful contempt :i* we are only by degrees becom+ a%am$ (4 ,consequ5tly ! clo!s worn at "w w no d\bt be1 9 e trade1 specially design$ to facilitate ! ex]tions ( ! work]3 & 9 ! copi\s h\rs ( leisure !re w be v>iety1 increas$ by ! we>+ ( special g>m5ts = special amusem5ts4 ,x is difficult to believe t anyone1 :atev] 8 "w1 w disp5se ) ! com=t ( a complete *ange ( dress :5 play-"t comes3 & ! +5i\s simplification ( fa/5+s1 & ! r$uc$ numb] ( g>m5ts worn1 w facilitate ! enjoym5t ( ?is luxury4 ,ev]yone w dress = d9n]--b n 7"o fancies7 9 a swall[-tail coat & /iff %irt4 ,x is q c]ta9 t all our clo!s w be s(t1 supple1 por\s1 light & w>m a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 & ! cle>-/>*] w no long] h ! opportunity to de/roy !m4 ,"s attempt has already be5 made to sugge/ ! g5]al dome/ic & ar*itectural conv5i5ces ( ! next c5tury1 b ! subject ( furniture has n be5 ref]r$ to 9 detail4 ,all[+ = ! fact t animal fabrics1 z wool1 lea!r1 etc41 w be abs5t1 !re is no p>ticul> reason :y *airs1 c>pets & curta9s %\ld be v diff]5t f :at !y are n[4 ,no d\bt light metallic alloys w (t5 be us$ 9 ! framework ( *airs & tables in/ead ( wood1 because ! t5d5cy ( civilisation is to make ?+s light] & less cumb]some :5ev] ?is is possible4 ,at "o "t x might h be5 ?\ght t uphol/]y1 c>pets & curta9s w\ld h to be disp5s$ )4 ,b to a ?\ghtful obs]v] !re mu/ always h be5 a difficulty "h4 ,a wood5 *air1 & ev5 a rattan "o1 h[ev] cunn+ly %ap$1 is s extremely discom=table to sit 9 )\t cu%ions1 t x 0 easi] to imag9e t inv5tion w\ld correct ! unheal?9ess ( cu%ions & /uff+1 ?an t an advanc$ age w\ld cons5t to disp5se ) ^! luxuries4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! =m] solution ( ! difficulty w\ld be atta9$ 0 actually =ese5 by ! pres5t writ] be=e ! introduction ( vacuum clean+ 0 accompli%$1 & sev]al passages 9 an e>li] *apt] _h to be rewritt5 :5 :at _h be5 some:at fancifully describ$ z a conv5i5ce ( ! future sudd5ly became an exi/+ factor ( ! pres5t3 & 9 "o or two places innovations h simil>ly call$ = *anges 9 ! text--a circum/ance :i*1 x is to be hop$1 w give pause to critics dispos$ to condemn c]ta9 sugge/ions 9 ?is book z *im]ical4 #ce ,obvi\sly1 n[ t we c ?or\ghly cleanse & free f e p>ticle ( du/ by a simple me*anical process any fabric or mass ( fabrics1 !re is no long] any reason to expect t our desc5dants w1 on hygi5ic gr\nds1 f9d x necess>y to disp5se ) com=ts s ess5tial to re/ful leisure z easy-*airs1 s(t c>pets & wall hang+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is q c]ta9 t num]\s inv5tions w enhance & beautify ! luxury ( an age :]e rational luxury w reign univ]sally4 ,"o s\rce ( frequ5t discom=t to-day is ! necessity ( liv+ always 9 rooms ( "o size4 ,:e!r we sit alone1 or ent]ta9 a numb] ( fri5ds1 ! same ap>tm5t has to s]ve our ne$s3 consequ5tly we are cr[d$ on "o day & *illy on ! next4 ,) combu/ion aboli%$ z a heat+ device1 !re w be no objection aga9/ light slid+ walls--a conv5i5ce long s9ce adopt$ by our allies ! ,japanese--:i* w\ld be r dang]\s n[adays & n p>ticul>ly desirable1 at all ev5ts 9 ,engl&1 :]e we h no means ( w>m+ mo/ rooms except a fire on "o side1 & no means ( cool+ !m at all except by lett+ 9 draughts & noise ?r\gh ! w9d[4 ,no d\bt :5 mat*es & fireplaces1 ab\t equally causative ( conflagration1 h vani%$1 & :5 we h inv5t$ me?ods ( w>m+ ! air 9 h\ses )\t ! horrible dry+ ( x caus$ by ! ,am]ican pipe-/ove sy/em1 h\ses w be mu* m lightly built3 & x is c]ta9ly n go+ to be impossible to use ?91 light walls )\t be+ able to he> 9 ea* room e s\nd t occurs 9 ! next4 ,concurr5tly1 we %all be able to *ange ! size ( rooms--a conv5i5ce great] ?an might be suppos$ by ^? :o h n ?\ght ab\t ! matt]4 ,9 summ] we %all j z easily cool our h\ses z we %all heat !m 9 w9t]4 ,v few s]vants w be requir$ 7ano!r great com=t72 & light+ arrangem5ts w naturally be free f _! pres5t inadequacy4 ,except t no "o has yet tr\bl$ to ?9k ab\t x1 !re is surely no reason :y ba?+ %\ld be su* a t$i\s op]ation z x is4 ,probably ! spe$ie/ dress] ( our own day does n consume less ?an a qu>t] ( an h\r ov] 8 morn+ tub & ! op]ation ( dry+ himself4 ,a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 p w be s avid ( e mom5t ( life1 life w be s full ( busy delight1 t "t-sav+ inv5tions w be at a huge premium4 ,x is n because we %all be hurri$ 9 n]ve-%att]+ anxiety1 z x is (t5 compla9$ t we n[ are1 b because we %all value at its true wor? ! ref9+ & re/ful influ5ce ( leisure1 t we %all be impati5t ( ! m9or tasks ( e day4 ,! ba? ( ! next c5tury w lave ! body spe$ily ) oxyg5at$ wat] deliv]$ ) a =ce t w r5d] rubb+ unnecess>y1 & beside x w /& ! dry+ cupbo>d1 l9$ ) "s quickly-mov+ arrangem5t ( s(t bru%es1 & f$ ) highly desiccat$ air1 f :i*1 almo/ 9 a mom5t1 ! ba!r w em]ge1 dri$1 & ) a sk9 g5tly /imulat$1 & p]haps electrifi$1 to clo! himself quickly & pass d[n ! lift to 8 breakfa/1 :i* he w eat to ! accompanim5t ( a summ>y ( ! morn+'s news read out = ! b5efit ( ! family1 or :isp]$ into 8 e>s by a talk+-ma*9e4 ,does ?is mann] ( beg9n+ ! day s\nd l a nightm>e8 ,t is only because ! purpose ( x has be5 ov]look$4 ,n because !y w be %ort ( "t w our desc5dants ?us arrange _! lives1 b because !y wi% to res]ve z mu* "t z possible = culture 7physical z well z intellectual7 & = ?\ght2 :i* ! bett] di/ribution ( weal? & lab\r w facilitate2 :ile lab\r itself1 ev]y:]e p]=m$ intellig5tly & ) int]e/1 w be no long] irksome4 ,! work+ man w ply 8 trade ) ze/--work+ = himself & family--in/ead ( seek+ e opportunity to %irk & evade x4 ,&1 8 task accompli%$1 he w ha/5 to enjoym5ts z elevat+ z lab\r itself4 ,w man !n1 ! critic may ask incr$ul\sly1 h really be5 p]fect$ 9 a c5tury8 ,decid$ly n4 ,b unless we d\bt ! evid5ce :i* %[s t improv$ in/itutions n only arise out ( improv$ popul> "*1 b also help to promote x1 we _c resi/ ! inf]5ce t ! removal ( _m causes ( degradation mu/ br+ u ne>] to p]fection1 to :i* ! moral evolution ( ! race is sl[ly proce$+4 ,!re is no?+ ,utopian 9 ! belief t hone/y1 tru?fulness1 respect = ! rights ( o!rs1 w be fo/]$ by ! increas$ intellig5ce ( ! new age2 & f ! mom5t :5 ?is intellig5ce1 dissem9at$ ?r\gh\t all society1 beg9s to make ! moral improvem5t ( ! race a prime object 9 e social re=m1 9 e piece ( legislation 7emancipat+ z well z re/rictive7 we h a "r to expect ! progress ( morality to receive a m>k$ impetus4 ,nature1 c>eless ( ! s+le life1 w be assi/$ 9 ! p]fect+ ( ! moral type1 & ! di%one/ man1 ! li>1 ! s5suali/1 & ! man too /upid to be unselfi%1 w become ) e decade less fit = survival1 because ! same unwisdom :i* is at ! bottom ( 8 faults w h&icap him 9 ! battle ( life1 w h9d] him 9 ! competition = ! "r to p]petuate 8 *>act]i/ics 9 *ildr5 born ( 8 lo9s4 ,x is only ^? :o conceive ( ! race z capable ( rema9+ /ation>y1 or mov+ backw>d1 9 morals1 :ile 9 e o!r respect x moves =w>d ) con/antly-increas+ mom5tum1 :o imag9e t cunn+ & unscrupul\sness are likely to be fo/]$ by enl>g$ civilisation4 ,s long z we all[ ! _w to be exploit$ = ! selfi% advantage ( a h&ful ( millionaires1 no d\bt ^! *>act]i/ics w cont9ue at a premium4 ,b x is impossible to believe t ! irresi/ible p[] ( ! mass ( humanity w submit 9 p]petuity to be ?us made ! tools ( a m9ority4 ,if ! rul+ classes wi%$ to ma9ta9 t /atus !y %\ld h kept ! p f ! s*oolroom4 ,numb]s mu/ inevitably prevail1 & ! _w w h reorganis$ itself 9 ways :i*1 if we c\ld =esee !m 9 _! entirety1 w\ld sugge/ an almo/ un?9kable p]fection4 ,,index ,a ,actor1 ! 78 art71 #fa ,agriculture1 economies 91 #baf ----1 sci5tific developm5t (1 #abg ,alcohol1 ab&onm5t (1 #cf ---- & ! law1 #bdb ---- & crime1 #bdd ,alphabet1 !1 #db ,an/hetics1 #abj ,animal food1 ab&onm5t (1 #cd1 #abf ,antisepsis & asepsis1 #aj ,arboriculture1 #bag ,ar*itecture1 #aid ,argon1 #aa1 #bij ,art1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #aif ,a!ism1 #agg ,b ,bacill>y diseases1 de/ruction (1 #abc ,ballot1 ! 7its inadequacy71 #bfb ,ba?+1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #cje ,b$room1 !1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #be ,bellamy1 ,edw>d1 #e ,bible1 inspiration ( !1 #agf ,bir?-rate1 ! 7its artificial re/riction71 #ad ,bread1 :olemeal1 #cd ,build+s1 high1 #ag ,c ,calculat+ ma*9es1 #de ,canada 7its future71 #ig ,casabianca1 #aee ,c]eals1 #ce ,climate1 artificial manipulation (1 #abh ,clo!s1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #bid ,coal 7its utilisation71 #g ----1 exhau/ion (1 #ajd ,comb9ation1 volunt>y1 z a mode ( self-gov]nm5t1 #baj ,comte1 ,augu/e1 #bic ,consci5ce1 public1 #ahe ,coop]1 ,e4 ,h4 7,! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,*ild71 #ade1 #aej1 note ,co-op]ation1 #ea ,cook+1 #bb ,crime & h]$ity1 #bea ---- & pov]ty1 #bdd ---- elim9ation1 #bdg ,crim9al appeals 79 law71 #beg ,d ,daily ,telegraph1 !1 #hd ,d>w91 ,*>les1 #agi ,davy1 ,sir ,humphry1 #f ,diplomacy1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #bfi ,dome/ic s]vants1 #ah1 #bd ,dra9age1 #be1 note1 #abg ,e ,economy 9 agriculture1 #bae ----1 relation ( prices to1 #bje ---- 9 use ( wood1 #bae ,edison1 ,t4 ,a41 #bia ,education1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 app>atus (1 #adj ----1 art 91 #aga ----1 books 91 #afc ---- by pleasure1 #adi ----1 corporal puni%m5t 91 #add ----1 crime 9 relation to1 #bcd ----1 hi/ory 91 #agj ----1 rational ob$i5ce 91 #aed ----1 languages 91 #afd1 #aff ----1 lit]ature 91 #aga ----1 ma!matics 91 #afc ----1 mix$ 7( boys & girls71 #adf ----1 phonograph 91 #ada1 #cjc1 note ----1 physical sci5ce 91 #afa ----1 puni%m5ts 91 #aeh ----1 specialis$1 #afb ----1 ,sp5c] on1 #aea note ,education1 ,intellectual1 ,moral & ,physical 7,h4 ,sp5c]71 #aea1 note ,electricity1 ! end ( its age1 #aa ----1 wireless transmission (1 #aad ,eton1 puni%m5ts at1 #add ,euclid1 #aeg1 #aeh ,evolution 7! t]m71 #cg1 note ,f ,fa%ion1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #bii ,fly+-ma*9es1 #bg1 #ee ,foods1 vegetable1 #cc ,freight transportation1 #df ,furniture1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #cjb ,g ,games 9 education1 #adc ,gases1 liquefi$1 z a s\rce ( p[]1 #aaf ,h ,h&icrafts1 revival (1 #ej ,horse traffic 7its abolition71 #bb ,h\se con/ruction1 #bj ---- clean+1 #ba ,huxley1 ,?omas ,h41 #f1 #agi ,hydrog51 uses (1 #i1 #ajb ,hypnotism1 #aca ,i ,idography1 ,*9ese1 #aff1 note ,j ,j\rnalism & lit]ature1 #ib ,jury1 trial by1 #beg ,k ,kelv91 ,"l1 #ajh ,kipl+1 ,rudy>d1 #adg ,kit*51 !1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #bb ,l ,lamb1 ,*>les1 #aeh ,l& t5ure1 #ii1 #bei ,lang1 ,&rew1 #abc1 note1 #afd1 note1 #afh ,language1 a univ]sal1 #afe ,languages1 mod]n1 #ai ,lit]ature1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #aic1 #aih ---- & j\rnalism1 #ib ,latey1 ,john1 #add ,law1 !1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #bcc ---- ----1 alcohol &1 #bda ---- ----1 *anges 91 necessitat$ by new conditions1 #bdj ---- ----1 co/ ( civil suits to be borne by ,gov]nm5t1 #bec ---- ----1 education &1 #bcd ---- ----1 m>riage &1 #bgh ---- ----1 me?ods ( legislation1 #bei ---- ----1 new (f5ces &1 #bcd ---- ----1 p5ology &1 #bdi ---- ----1 pov]ty &1 #bdd ---- ----1 protective enactm5ts injuri\s :]e avoidable1 #bci ---- ----1 protect+ prop]ty1 #bde ---- ---- ----1 ! p]son1 #bdf ---- ----1 trial by jury1 #beg ,legislation1 re=m (1 #bff ,m ,macaulay1 ,"l1 #aic ,manures 7see ,agriculture71 #abg ,m>riage1 law (1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #bgh ,m$ic9e1 progress (1 #aai ,memory 7*ildr5's71 #aea ,m]*&ise ,m>ks ,act1 #bhi ,middleman1 !1 #hh ,morality & education1 #aed ---- z affect$ by education1 #acf1 #aci1 #bce4 ---- z affect$ by progress1 #fd ----1 improv+ t5d5cy (1 #cjg ----1 progress (1 #acf ,morris1 ,william1 #e ,motor-c>s1 slot-work$1 #ca ,music1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #eh1 #bja ----1 ,ori5tal1 #bja ,musician1 ! 78 art71 #fb ,n ,napoleon1 #d ,newspap]s1 adv]tisem5ts 91 #hc ----1 editor%ip (1 #fh ----1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 h[ illu/rat$1 #hj ---- ---- ----1 language (1 #hb ---- ---- ----1 h[ pr9t$1 #gi ,o ,ocean cities1 #ih ---- ---- & ! anhydrator1 #ii ---- ----1 urban traffic 91 #ih ,o]/$1 #aag ,oxyg51 uses (1 #i1 #bf1 #ajb ,ozone & ozonators1 #bg ,p ,payn1 ,james1 #add ,p>liam5t1 re=m (1 #bfj ,p5ology1 pr9ciples (1 9 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #bdi ,philosophy1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #aji ,phonograph1 !1 #dj ---- 9 education1 #ada1 #cjc1 note ----1 ! pr9t+1 #da ,photography1 *romatic1 #ei ,plato1 #ahh ,plumb]s 7_! te*nical education71 #be ,poetry ( ! future1 #aic ,po/ ,(fice1 !1 #bgf ---- 9 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #dd ,p[]1 economy (1 #bab ,pray] 9 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #aij ,press1 fre$om ( ! 7its possible re/riction71 #bdg ,prices1 relation (1 & economy1 #bje ----1 significance (1 #cb ,progress1 rate (1 #a1 #ace1 #bhh ,psy*ical faculties1 developm5t (1 #fe1 #acj ,puni%m5t1 capital1 #bcg1 #beg ,puni%m5ts1 viol5t1 w be ab&on$1 #bch 7see ,p5ology7 ,r ,radiation 9 !rapeutics1 #aai ,radium1 #aa1 #ajh1 #aah ,railway transport1 #bg ,rec5t ,developm5t ( ,physical ,sci5ce 7,:e?am71 #aaf1 note ,ref]5dum1 #bfe ,religion1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #age ----1 education &1 #ahb ----1 high civilisation &1 #age ----1 indiff]5ce t[>ds1 #aha ----1 morality &1 #ahf ----1 my/icism &1 #ahf1 #ahh ----1 natural1 #ahh ----1 philosophy &1 #ahg ,review ( ,reviews1 !1 #ga ,roadways1 mov+1 #cj ,s ,sah>a1 des]t (1 proposal to flood1 #ie ,saleeby1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,w41 #ajh1 #abc1 note ,salpetrire ,hospital1 #acj ,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1 #d ,sculpture1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #aih ,sea air1 #bf ----1 !1 m9]al weal? (1 #aja ---- ----1 utilisation (1 #ie ,%akespe>e1 #ahf ,%ips1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #cj ,%ort]1 ,clem5t ,k41 #add ,sib]ia 7its future71 #ic ,socialism1 #ea1 #bjf1 #baj1 #bgc ,society1 gradual progress (1 #bhg ,socrates1 #ahf ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 #ah1 #adf1 note1 #ahh1 #bhg1 #bib ,sports1 a?letic1 #ed ,/ate1 !1 usurpation ( wrong functions by1 #gd1 #bgc 7see ,socialism7 ,/eam-eng9e1 ! 7its imp]fections71 #g ,suburbs1 #ae ,t ,talk+-ma*9es 7see ,phonograph71 #fa ,teleautoscope1 ! 7an in/rum5t = see+ by electricity71 #dc ,telephones1 record+1 #ci ,telephony1 wireless1 #ch ,!atre1 !1 #fj ,times1 ,!1 #fh1 #ga1 #hd ,tobacco1 #bad ,trade1 retail 7its developm5t & *anges71 #hf ,traill1 ,h4 ,d41 #afi ,transmutation ( matt]1 #aai ,travel1 pleasures (1 #eg ,tyndall1 ,john1 #aea1 note ,u ,unemploy$1 problem ( !1 #dh ,v ,vacuum1 clean+ by1 #ba ,vice1 effect ( progress on1 #fd ,w ,wages1 #cc ---- & co-op]ation1 #ea ,w>1 abolition (1 pr$ict$1 #gf ---- correspond5ce1 #gd1 note1 #gf1 #gh1 note ----1 its suppos$ advantages discuss$1 #bbf ,wa/e by alcohol1 #bae ---- by animal food1 #bae ----1 illness reg>d$ z a1 #bad ----1 sewage disposal a1 #bae ----1 w> z a1 #bai 7see ,economy7 ,wat]1 electrolysis (1 #h ,weakl+s1 p]petuation (1 #abe ,weal?1 limitation (1 #di ,well+ton1 #e ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 #e1 #bj ,:e?am1 ,w4 ,c41 #aaf1 note ,woman 7h] political influ5ce71 #bhc ---- 7h] political influ5ce 9 ,am]ica71 #bhd ---- 7h] political influ5ce 9 ,new ,zeal&71 #bhd ----1 position (1 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 #bhc1 7see ,law & ,m>riage7 ,workm51 condition (1 #eb ----1 tra9s =1 #ae ,,notes #a ,dra9s1 x might be suppos$1 w\ld disappe> altoge!r f ! s*eme ( ?+s 9 fav\r ( "s k9d ( de/ructors4 ,= reasons connect$ ) a m enlight5$ view ?an we h yet rea*$ ( c]ta9 aspects ( t]re/rial economy1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k !y w1 ) modifications1 /ill exi/4 #b ,! *ief difficulty 9 utilis+ ! useful integum5t ( :eat disappe>s :5 ! :ole gra9 is f9ely mill$4 #c ,x is necess>y to say "h1 z an (fset to possible miscon/ruction1 t ! ^w evolution has be5 purposely ab/a9$ f4 ,! processes ( evolution are f> sl[] ?an ! *anges "h contemplat$4 ,! latt] are volunt>y & purposeful1 involv+ no con/ructional alt]ation 9 ! physical frame ( man1 b only functional modifications1 int5tionally inaugurat$ & pursu$4 #d ,!re is a contrivance already 9 exi/5ce :i* n only weighs :at is plac$ ^u x1 b c also be made to calculate ! value ( ! goods at any desir$ rate p] ounce1 p\nd or hundr$weight4 #e ,a practical objection to ?is pr9ciple may be "h anticipat$ & answ]$4 ,politicians may say t = any "o nation to be ! pione] 9 ! adoption ( su* a policy w\ld h ! effect ( driv+ trade & manufactures into o!r c\ntries :]e ! re/riction did n exi/4 ,b !re are s _m highly necess>y re=ms op5 to a simil> objection t ,i ?9k !re is no d\bt t ultimately ! juri/s ( all nations w agree ^u "s arrangem5t = univ]sal legislation1 :]eby laws n affect+ ! relations ( "o c\ntry ) ano!r w be simultane\sly enact$ by a comity ( nations4 ,we h already "o v imp]fect example ( su* a proc$ure 9 ! ,conv5tion aga9/ b\nty-help$ sug>4 #f ,n ( c\rse 9 ! arti/ic s5se ( ! ^w2 nor is ! sup]session ( art by optical process 9 ! lea/ contemplat$ "h4 ,! psy*ological int]e/ ( art w h appreciators m & m num]\s 9 virtue ( ! diffusion ( culture confid5tly anticipat$4 #g ,ante1 ,*apt] ,i4 #h ,ante1 ,*apt] ,i4 #i ,kipl+3 ,! ,five ,nations4 #aj ,x c h>dly be disput$ t ! ,briti% g5]als 9 ! late w> 9 ,s\? ,africa w\ld h done well to cut ! cables altoge!r1 or at all ev5ts res]ve !m exclusively = _! own use4 ,!re is v good evid5ce t1 9 spite ( ! int]diction ( cod$ messages1 in=mation pass$ bo? ways betwe5 ! enemy & 8 ag5ts 9 ,europe4 ,! resolute mann] 9 :i* ! ,japanese kept newspap] correspond5ts away f ! sc5e ( action until no action rema9$ = !m to correspond ab\t1 %[s conclusively :at w become ( ! w>-report] dur+ ! few rema9+ decades :i* sep>ate u f ! f9al disappe>ance ( moribund w> itself f ! planet4 #aa ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,iii4 #ab ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,iv4 #ac ,ante1 page #g4 #ad ,t is to say1 ! gases :i* are mo/ difficult to liquefy1 & :i* consequ5tly /ore up mo/ en]gy 9 liquefy+1 viz41 hydrog51 oxyg5 & nitrog51 z di/+ui%$ f ammonia1 c>bon-dioxide1 *lor9e1 & o!r gases relatively easy to liquefy4 #ae ,! ,rec5t ,developm5t ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,:e?am1 ,f4,r4,s41 #aijd4 ,london3 ,john ,murray4 #af ,i d n =get t a good deal ( :at is on record z an acc\nt ( exp]im5ts 9 transmutation is purely my/ical writ+1 & t :5 ,p>acelsus & "s ( ! ,fr5* al*emi/s describe :at appe> to be *emical exp]im5ts !y are 9 reality ref]r+ to some?+ q diff]5t4 ,b ! le>n$ 9 ^! matt]s tell me t "o ( _! *ief difficulties arises f ! fact t1 contempor>y ) ! my/ics1 !re 7 o!r inve/igators :o1 n hav+ ! key to ! occult significance ( ! ma/]s' writ+s1 really devot$ !mselves to rese>*1 "s valuable1 if accid5tal1 results ( :i* h come d[n to u & are record$ 9 all text-books ( *emi/ry4 #ag ,ante1 page #gi4 #ah ,i might h boggl$ 7to use "o ( ,mr ,&rew ,lang's /ately colloquialisms7 be=e ?is sugge/ion1 b = a rem>k by ,dr ,c4 ,w4 ,saleeby1 :i* may "h be quot$1 to keep me 9 c\nt5ance4 ,mal>ia1 he writes 9 ,nova ,m$ica1 ,nov4 #aijd1 :i* causes m illness ?an any o!r disease1 is already obsolesc5t4 ,tub]culosis1 :i* causes m dea?s ?an any o!r disease1 c be dispos$ (1 app>5tly1 :5ev] ! human race1 n[ mightily smitt5 ) int]nec9e /rife1 decides t ?is campaign aga9/ a common foe is wor? :ile4 ,x takes "s seconds to realise--or beg9 to realise--:at ! ext9ction ( tub]culosis w signify 9 private & hospital practice4 ,yet ! ext]m9ation ( ! la/ tub]cle bacillus is an ev5t q c]ta9ly hidd5 9 ! womb ( "t--"t pregnant by sci5ce4 #ai ,ante1 page #cd4 #bj ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,iii4 #ba ,! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,*ild4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 #bb ,sp5c]3 ,/udy ( ,sociology4 ,*apt] ,,xv4 #bc ,hav+ prop]ly decid$ t x is well = *ildr5 to be f$ pla9ly :ile at s*ool1 p>5ts take ! greate/ pleasure 9 alleviat+ ?is pla9ness by tuck baskets dur+ t]m1 & ! mo/ wick$ & immoral palate-tickl+ dur+ holidays4 ,inde$ an excessive appetite seems to be reg>d$ ev5 by q s5sible p z r an ornam5t to ! juv5ile "*4 ,mr ,coop]1 ^: *>m+ book1 ,! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,*ild1 has already be5 ref]r$ to1 describes ) :at ,i am afraid is approval ! incid5t ( a boy :om he br\ght away f s*ool = a pleasure-trip j aft] lun*1 & :o *e]fully dev\r$ a second lun* 9 ! company ( 8 fri5d4 ,assur$ly our desc5dants w make no su* mi/akes z ?is4 #bd ,tyndall ,on ! ,importance ( ! ,/udy ( ,physics z a ,bran* ( ,education1 a lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution3 quot$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 8 ,education1 ,intellectual1 ,moral & ,physical1 a "w :i*1 ?\gh n v practical1 conta9s a mass ( v sugge/ive matt] on a subject :i* no "o else1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 has approa*$ 9 q ! same _s4 ,z ?is book has be5 repr9t$ at s l[ a price z sixp5ce1 !re is no excuse = any p>5t :o is unacqua9t$ ) its absolutely invaluable tea*+s4 #be ,i ?9k ,mr ,&rew ,lang4 #bf ,%\ld we ev] h a univ]sal language1 is x altoge!r *im]ical to imag9e t x might be an idographic "o8 ,provid$ t "s simple code ( idographic writ+ 7 inv5t$ to d5ote ! v limit$ numb] ( concrete notions ess5tial to comm]cial correspond5ce1 no "o :o has _h occasion to /udy ,*9ese1 ev5 9 ! mo/ cursory mann]1 w\ld ?9k x at all a sev]e ef=t ( ! imag9ation to conceive ( an idographic notation z be+ us$ = bus9ess correspond5ce4 ,9 ,*9ese1 ! unit ( expression is an idea4 ,words :i* relate to k9dr$ subjects include1 9 _! idographs1 ! sign = ! connect+ l9k4 ,?us ! idograph = agriculture is made up ( ! sign = /r5g? & = a field4 ,consequ5tly1 al?\gh ! ,japanese language :5 spok5 s\nds s entirely unlike ,*9ese t a p]son kn[+ nei!r c di/+ui% "o f ! o!r :5 he>d across ! wid? ( a /reet1 ! ,japanese c read ,*9ese books )\t difficulty1 & "o =m ( pr9t+ c be read by ! ,*9ese ( ! ,nor? & ^? ( ! ,s\?1 al?\gh ! spok5 dialects diff] s mu* t pidg9 ,engli% is (t5 us$ by ! two z a means ( spok5 communication4 ,an idographic m$ium ( comm]cial writ+ 7n ( c\rse s ar*aic nor s cumb]some z ,*9ese1 b philosophically devis$ = ! purpose7 w\ld release ! /ud5t f all difficulties ( spee* & acc5t2 he w\ld always "n ! signs to himself 9 8 own language4 #bg ,a me?od1 x may be add$1 :i* c v usefully be practis$ n[4 ,^? ( u :o rub-up our ,fr5* or ,g]man a little be=e a summ] holiday by read+ a novel or two1 w\ld always f9d ! results ( ?is rubb+-up process to be greatly m effective1 :5 pres5tly utilis$ abroad1 if we w\ld read always al\d in/ead ( 9 sil5ce accord+ to ! usual proc$ure4 #bh ,ov]-civilis$1 if "o please1 b ,i d n admit = an in/ant t man c be ov]-civilis$4 #bi ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,iii4 #cj ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,ii4 #ca ,aga9/ "s me?ods ( secur+ ?is object no d\bt ! un9tellig5t s5tim5tality ( ! pres5t "t w\ld rebel2 b if any inconsi/5cy be detect$ 9 my sugge/ion t ! next c5tury1 :i* is expect$ to be ev5 mild] ?an ?is1 w accept !m1 x only ne$s to be repli$ t ! g5tl5ess ( our desc5dants w be a reasonable & ord]$ g5tl5ess1 n a m]e effect ( morbid s5tim5tality4 ,!y w n hesitate be=e an app>5t & tempor>y cruelty :i* is capable ( prev5t+ mu* great] suff]+ 9 a mu* great] numb] ( p]sons4 ,! crime ( p]mitt+ *ildr5 to be born ) bra9s abnormally pr$ispos$ to evil ( any sort w m greatly revolt an intellig5t age ?an any conceivable measure adopt$ = its prev5tion4 #cb ,x may1 p]haps1 be ?\ght t ! disuse ( trial by jury w\ld be liable to p]petuate a some:at gl>+ abuse ( our pres5t jurisprud5ce--! disproportionately sev]e repression ( (f5ces aga9/ prop]ty z comp>$ ) ! disproportionately light repression ( (f5ces aga9/ ! p]son4 ,b ! m]e fact t ! unle>n$ b5* is conspicu\sly inept 9 ?is p>ticul> is no reason = ?9k+ t le>n$ c\rts w\ld be s3 & meantime1 z judges1 l o!r m51 are *ildr5 ( _! epo*1 we may suppose t ! increas$ mildness ( ! new age w be reflect$ "h z else:]e1 & t ext5uat+ circum/ances w be all[$ m weight 9 det]m9+ a s5t5ce = l>c5y1 & less weight 9 det]m9+ a s5t5ce = assault4 #cc ,/udy ( ,sociology1 ,*apt] ,,xv4 #cd ,at lea/ ?is 0 ! op9ion ( ! editors ( ! ,cl>5don ,press edition ( ! ,plays4 #ce ,:ile actually correct+ ! pro( %eets ,i read 9 a ,london ev5+ newspap]1 ,! ,/>1 t gramophones _h be5 utilis$ 9 c]ta9 s*ools = ! tea*+ ( =eign languages1 a device ,i _h sugge/$ 9 ! *apt] on ,education z likely to be adopt$ 9 ! s*ools ( ! future4 ,,! ,,end ,,col/on ,,& ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,ed9burgh