,the ,works of the ,emperor ,julian ,volume #a ,with an ,english ,translation by ,wilmer ,cave ,wright ,harvard ,university ,press ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts #aiac ,,contents ,introduction ,bibliography ,oration ,i ,oration ,,ii ,oration ,,iii ,introduction ,to ,oration ,,iii ,oration ,,iv ,introduction ,to ,oration ,,iv ,oration ,v ,introduction ,to ,oration ,v ,index ,footnotes ,cover ,art ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the above cover image was produced by the submitter at ,distributed ,proofreaders1 and is being placed into the public domain4 ,,introduction ,,flavius ,,claudius ,,julianus17#a7 son of ,julius ,constantius and nephew of the ,emperor ,constantine1 was born at ,constantinople in #cca ,a4,d4 ,his father1 eldest brother1 and cousins were slain in the massacre by which ,constantius1 ,constantine ,,ii41 and ,constans secured the empire for themselves on the death of their father ,constantine in #ccg4 ,julian and his elder brother ,gallus spent a precarious childhood and youth1 of which six years were passed in close confinement in the remote castle of ,macellum in ,cappadocia1 and their position was hardly more secure when1 in #cej1 ,gallus was elevated to the ,caesarship by ,constantius1 who1 after the violent deaths of his two brothers1 was now sole ruler of the empire4 ,but ,julian was allowed to pursue his favourite studies in ,greek literature and philosophy1 partly at ,nicomedia and ,athens1 partly in the cities of ,asia ,minor1 and he was deeply influenced by ,maximus of ,ephesus1 the occult philosopher1 ,libanius of ,nicomedia1 the fashionable sophist1 and ,themistius the ,aristotelian commentator1 the only genuine philosopher among the sophists of the fourth century ,a4,d4 ,when the excesses of the revolutionary ,gallus ended in his death at the hands of ,constantius1 ,julian1 an awkward and retiring student1 was summoned to the court at ,milan1 where he was protected by the ,empress ,eusebia from the suspicions of ,constantius and the intrigues of hostile courtiers4 ,constantius had no heir to continue the dynasty of the ,constantii4 ,he therefore raised ,julian to the ,caesarship in #cee1 gave him his sister ,helena in marriage1 and dispatched him to ,gaul to pacify the ,gallic provinces4 ,to the surprise of all1 ,julian in four successive campaigns against the ,franks and the ,alemanis proved himself a good soldier and a popular general4 ,his ,commentaries on these campaigns are praised by ,eunapius7#b7 and ,libanius17#c7 but are not now extant4 ,in #cegceh ,constantius1 who was occupied by wars against the ,quadi and the ,sarmatians1 and threatened with a renewal of hostilities by the ,persian king ,sapor1 ordered ,julian1 who was then at ,paris1 to send to his aid the best of the ,gallic legions4 ,julian would have obeyed1 but his troops1 unwilling to take service in the ,east1 mutinied and proclaimed him ,emperor 7#cei ,a4,d474 ,julian issued manifestoes justifying his conduct to the ,senates of ,rome and ,athens and to the ,spartans and ,corinthians1 a characteristic anachronism1 since their opinion no longer had any weight4 ,it was not till #cfa that he began his march eastward to encounter the army of ,constantius4 ,his troops1 though seasoned and devoted1 were in numbers no match for the legions of his cousin4 ,but the latter1 while marching through ,cilicia to oppose his advance1 died suddenly of a fever near ,tarsus1 and ,julian1 now in his thirtieth year1 succeeded peacefully to the throne and made a triumphal entry into ,constantinople in ,december1 #cfa4 ,the eunuchs and courtiers who had surrounded ,constantius were replaced by sophists and philosophers1 and in the next six months ,julian set on foot numerous economic and administrative reforms4 ,he had long been secretly devoted to the ,pagan religion1 and he at once proclaimed the restoration of the ,pagan gods and the temple worship4 ,christianity he tolerated1 and in his brief reign of sixteen months the ,christians were not actively persecuted4 ,his treatise ,against the ,christians1 which survives only in fragments1 was an explanation of his apostasy4 ,the epithet 8,apostate0 was bestowed on him by the ,christian ,fathers4 ,meanwhile he was preparing--first at ,constantinople then at ,antioch1 where he wrote the ,misopogon1 a satire on the luxury and frivolity of the inhabitants--for a campaign against ,sapor1 a task which he had inherited from ,constantius4 ,in ,march1 #cfb he left ,antioch and crossed the ,euphrates1 visited ,carrhae1 memorable for the defeat of ,crassus1 then crossed the ,tigris1 and1 after burning his fleet1 retired northwards towards ,armenia4 ,on the march he fought an indecisive battle with the ,persians at ,maranga1 and in a skirmish with the retreating enemy he was mortally wounded by a javelin 7,january #bfth1 #cfc74 ,his body was carried to ,tarsus by his successor the ,emperor ,jovian1 and was probably removed later to ,constantinople4 ,the legend that as he died he exclaimed3 1 8,thou hast conquered1 ,o ,galilan60 appears first in the ,christian historian ,theodoret in the fifth century4 ,julian was the last male descendant of the famous dynasty founded by ,constantius ,chlorus4 ,in spite of his military achievements1 he was1 first of all1 a student4 ,even on his campaigns he took his books with him1 and several of his extant works were composed in camp4 ,he had been trained1 according to the fashion of his times1 in rhetorical studies by professional sophists such as ,libanius1 and he has all the mannerisms of a fourth century sophist4 ,it was the sophistic etiquette to avoid the direct use of names1 and ,julian never names the usurpers ,magnentius1 ,silvanus1 and ,vetranio1 whose suppression by ,constantius he describes in his two first ,orations1 regularly refers to ,sapor as 8the barbarian10 and rather than name ,mardonius1 his tutor1 calls him 8a certain ,scythian who had the same name as the man who persuaded ,xerxes to invade ,hellas407#d7 ,he wrote the literary ,greek of the fourth century ,a4,d4 which imitates the classical style1 though barbarisms and late constructions are never entirely avoided4 ,his pages are crowded with echoes of ,homer1 ,demosthenes1 ,plato1 and ,isocrates1 and his style is interwoven with half verses1 phrases1 and whole sentences taken without acknowledgment from the ,greek masterpieces4 ,it is certain that1 like other sophists1 he wished his readers to recognise these echoes1 and therefore his source is always classical1 so that where he seems to imitate ,dio ,chrysostom or ,themistius1 both go back to a common source1 which ,julian had in mind4 ,another sophistic element in his style is the use of commonplaces1 literary allusions that had passed into the sophistic language and can be found in all the writers of reminiscence ,greek in his day4 ,he himself derides this practice7#e7 but he cannot resist dragging in the wellworn references to ,cyrus1 ,darius1 and ,alexander1 to the nepenthe poured out by ,helen in the ,odyssey1 to the defiance of nature by ,xerxes1 or the refusal of ,socrates to admit the happiness of the ,great ,king4 ,julian wished to make ,neo,platonism the philosophy of his revived ,hellenism1 but he belonged to the younger or ,syrian branch of the school1 of which ,iamblichus was the real founder1 and he only once mentions ,plotinus4 ,iamblichus he ranked with ,plato and paid him a fanatical devotion4 ,his philosophical writing1 especially in the two prose ,hymns1 is obscure1 partly because his theories are only vaguely realised1 partly because he reproduces the obscurity of his model1 ,iamblichus4 ,in satire and narrative he can be clear and straightforward4 ,,bibliography ,manuscripts ,the ,vossianus 7,v71 ,leyden1 #acth or #adth cent4 7contains also the ,letters of ,libanius71 is the only reliable ,,ms4 of ,julian1 and was once complete except for a few ,letters4 ,where pages are lost from ,v a group of inferior ,,mss4 are used1 ,marcianus #cff 7,m71 #bea 7,mb71 both #aeth cent41 five ,monacenses 7at ,munich71 and several ,parisini 7at ,paris74 ,cobet's contributions to the text are in ,mnemosyne #h1 #i1 #aj 7old series #aheiahfa7 and #aj1 #aa 7new series #ahhbahhc74 ,a4 ,papadoulos ,kerameus published in ,rheinisches ,museum1 #ahhg1 six new ,letters discovered on the island of ,chalcis4 ,editions ,misopogon and ,letters 7with ,latin version7 ,martin1 ,paris1 #aeff4 ,martin and ,cantoclarus1 ,paris1 #aehc4 ,petau 7,petavius7 ,paris1 #afcj4 ,spanheim1 ,leipzig1 #afif4 ,oration ,i1 ,schaefer1 ,leipzig1 #ahjb 7with ,latin version and ,wyttenbach's ,critical ,epistle to ,ruhnken74 ,hertlein1 ,leipzig 7,teubner71 #ahgeahgf47f7 ,against the ,christians1 ,neumann1 ,leipzig1 #ahhj4 ,letters3 ,heyler1 ,mainz1 #ahbh4 ,westermann1 ,leipzig1 #ahed4 ,literature ,la ,vie de l',empereur ,julien1 ,abb de la ,bleterie1 ,paris1 #agce4 ,strauss1 ,der ,romantiker auf dem ,throne der ,caesaren1 ,mannheim1 #ahdg4 ,mcke ,julian's ,leben und ,schriften1 ,gotha1 #ahfh4 ,naville1 ,julien l',apostat1 ,neufchtel1 #ahgg4 ,schwartz1 ,de vita et scriptis ,juliani1 ,bonn1 #ahhh4 ,gildersleeve ,julian in ,essays and ,studies1 ,baltimore1 #ahij4 ,gardner1 ,julian1 ,new ,york1 #ahie4 ,france 7,w4 ,c4 ,wright71 ,julian's ,relation to ,neo,platonism and the ,new ,sophistic1 ,london1 #ahif4 ,negri1 ,l',imperatore ,giuliano1 ,milan1 #aijb 7translated by ,letta,visconti,arese1 ,london1 #aijf74 ,bidez and ,cumont1 ,recherches sur la tradition manuscrite des lettres de ,julien1 ,brussels1 #ahih4 ,asmus1 ,julian und ,dio ,chrysostomus1 ,tauberbischofsheim1 #ahie4 ,brambs1 ,studien1 ,eichsttt1 #ahig4 ,allard1 ,julien l',apostat1 ,paris1 #aijc4 ,cumont1 ,sur l'authenticit de quelques lettres de ,julien1 ,gaud1 #ahhi4 ,translations ,latin3 ,misopogon and ,letters1 ,martin in edition4 ,oration ,i1 ,schaefer in edition4 ,letters1 ,heyler in edition4 ,french3 ,tourlet1 ,paris1 #c vols4 #ahba4 ,traduction de quelques ,ouvrages de l',empereur ,julien1 ,abb de la ,bleterie1 ,paris1 #agdh4 ,caesars1 ,spanheim1 ,paris1 #afhc4 ,german3 ,against the ,christians1 ,neumann1 ,leipzig1 #ahhj4 ,english3 ,select ,works by ,duncombe1 ,london1 #aghd 7contains also some translations of ,libanius74 ,bibliographical ,addendum 7#aihj7 ,j4 ,bidez3 ,la tradition manuscrite et les ditions des discours de ,julien 7#aibi74 ,j4 ,bidez3 ,la vie de l'empereur ,julien 7#aicj74 ,g4 ,w4 ,bowersock3 ,julian the ,apostate1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 7#aigh74 ,r4 ,browning3 ,the ,emperor ,julian 7#aige74 ,g4 ,gigli3 ,giuliano l',apostata 7#aifj74 ,w4 ,e4 ,kaegi3 8,research on ,julian1 #aideaifd10 ,,cw #eh 7#aife7 #bbi;ff4 ,g4 ,ricciotti3 ,julian the ,apostate1 trans4 ,m4 ,j4 ,costelloe 7#aifj74 ,,oration ,i ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the original book had pages with ,greek on the left page and the corresponding ,english translation on the facing right page4 ,in this ebook1 each ,greek paragraph will be immediately followed by the ,english translation paragraph1 surrounded in parentheses4 ,the ,greek text contains markings such as #c and ,b2 they are section and subsection markings that in the original book were in the right margin4 ,these are different from numbers within parentheses such as 7#aj71 which are used as footnote references in some ebook formats4 7,,panegyric ,,in ,,honour ,,of ,,the ,,emperor ,,constantius7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 #b 4 1 1 4 ,b 1 1 1 7#g7 4 1 ,c 1 1 7#h7 4 7,i have long desired1 most mighty ,emperor1 to sing the praises of your valour and achievements1 to recount your campaigns1 and to tell how you suppressed the tyrannies2 how your persuasive eloquence drew away one usurper's7#i7 bodyguard2 how you overcame another7#aj7 by force of arms4 ,but the vast scale of your exploits deterred me1 because what ,i had to dread was not that my words would fall somewhat short of your achievements1 but that ,i should prove wholly unequal to my theme4 ,that men versed in political debate1 or poets1 should find it easy to compose a panegyric on your career is not at all surprising4 ,their practice in speaking1 their habit of declaiming in public supplies them abundantly with a well warranted confidence4 ,but those who have neglected this field and chosen another branch of literary study which devotes itself to a form of composition little adapted to win popular favour and that has not the hardihood to exhibit itself in its nakedness in every theatre1 no matter what1 would naturally hesitate to make speeches of the epideictic sort4 ,as for the poets1 their ,muse1 and the general belief that it is she who inspires their verse1 obviously gives them unlimited license to invent4 ,to rhetoricians the art of rhetoric allows just as much freedom2 fiction is denied them1 but flattery is by no means forbidden1 nor is it counted a disgrace to the orator that the object of his panegyric should not deserve it4 ,poets who compose and publish some legend that no one had thought of before increase their reputation1 because an audience is entertained by the mere fact of novelty4 ,orators1 again1 assert7#aa7 that the advantage of their art is that it can treat a slight theme in the grand manner1 and again1 by the use of mere words1 strip the greatness from deeds1 and1 in short1 marshall the power of words against that of facts47 1 1 ,d 1 4 1 1 7#ab7 7#ac7 4 #c 7#ad7 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,b 4 7,if1 however1 ,i had seen that on this occasion ,i should need their art1 ,i should have maintained the silence that befits those who have had no practice in such forms of composition1 and should leave your praises to be told by those whom ,i just now mentioned4 ,since1 on the contrary1 the speech ,i am to make calls for a plain narrative of the facts and needs no adventitious ornament1 ,i thought that even ,i was not unfit1 seeing that my predecessors had already shown that it was beyond them to produce a record worthy of your achievements4 ,for almost all who devote themselves to literature attempt to sing your praises in verse or prose2 some of them venture to cover your whole career in a brief narrative1 while others devote themselves to a part only1 and think that if they succeed in doing justice to that part they have proved themselves equal to the task47 1 1 1 4 ,c 1 1 1 1 4 7,yet one can but admire the zeal of all who have made you the theme of a panegyric4 ,some did not shrink from the tremendous effort to secure every one of your achievements from the withering touch of time2 others1 because they foresaw that they could not compass the whole1 expressed themselves only in part1 and chose to consecrate to you their individual work so far as they were able4 ,better this1 they thought1 than 8the reward of silence that runs no risk407#ae7 ,now if ,i were one of those whose favourite pursuit is epideictic oratory1 ,i should have to begin my speech by asking from you no less goodwill than ,i now feel towards yourself1 and should beg you graciously to incline your ear to my words and not play the part of a severe and inexorable critic4 ,but since1 bred as ,i have been and educated in other studies1 other pursuits1 other conventions1 ,i am criticised for venturing rashly into fields that belong to others1 ,i feel that ,i ought to explain myself briefly on this head and begin my speech more after my own fashion47 ,d 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 #d 1 1 4 1 1 ,b 4 7#af7 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 7,there is an ancient maxim taught by him who first introduced philosophy to mankind1 and it is as follows4 ,all who aspire to virtue and the beautiful must study in their words1 deeds1 conversation1 in short1 in all the affairs of life1 great and small1 to aim in every way at beauty4 ,now what sensible man would deny that virtue is of all things the most beautiful8 ,wherefore those are bidden to lay firm hold on her who do not seek to blazon abroad her name in vain1 appropriating that which in no way belongs to them4 ,now in giving this counsel1 the maxim does not prescribe any single type of discourse1 nor does it proclaim to its readers1 like a god from the machine in tragedy1 8,ye must aspire to virtue and eschew evil40 ,many are the paths that it allows a man to follow to this goal1 if he desire to imitate the nature of the beautiful4 ,for example1 he may give good advice1 or use hortatory discourse1 or he may rebuke error without malice1 or applaud what is well done1 or condemn1 on occasion1 what is ill done4 ,it permits men also to use other types of oratory1 if they please1 so as to attain the best end of speech1 but it enjoins on them to take thought in every word and act how they shall give account of all they utter1 and to speak no word that cannot be referred to the standard of virtue and philosophy4 ,that and more to the same effect is the tenour of that precept47 1 1 ,c 1 1 2 2 2 ,d 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 #e 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 7#ag7 1 ,b 1 4 1 4 7,and now1 what am ,i to do8 ,what embarrasses me is the fact that1 if ,i praise you1 ,i shall be thought simply to curry favour1 and in fact1 the department of panegyric has come to incur a grave suspicion due to its misuse1 and is now held to be base flattery rather than trustworthy testimony to heroic deeds4 ,is it not obvious that ,i must put my faith in the merit of him whom ,i undertake to praise1 and with full confidence devote my energies to this panegyric8 ,what then shall be the prelude of my speech and the most suitable arrangement8 ,assuredly ,i must begin with the virtues of your ancestors through which it was possible for you to come to be what you are4 ,next ,i think it will be proper to describe your upbringing and education1 since these contributed very much to the noble qualities that you possess1 and when ,i have dealt with all these1 ,i must recount your achievements1 the signs and tokens1 as it were1 of the nobility of your soul1 and finally1 as the crown and consummation of my discourse1 ,i shall set forth those personal qualities from which was evolved all that was noble in your projects and their execution4 ,it is in this respect that ,i think my speech will surpass those of all the others4 ,for some limit themselves to your exploits1 with the idea that a description of these suffices for a perfect panegyric1 but for my part ,i think one ought to devote the greater part of one's speech to the virtues that were the steppingstones by which you reached the height of your achievements4 ,military exploits in most cases1 nay in almost all1 are achieved with the help of fortune1 the bodyguard1 heavy infantry and cavalry regiments4 ,but virtuous actions belong to the doer alone1 and the praise that they inspire1 if it be sincere1 belongs only to the possessor of such virtue4 ,now1 having made this distinction clear1 ,i will begin my speech47 4 1 4 ,c 1 1 1 1 1 1 7#ah7 ,d 7#ai7 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 #f 4 1 4 7#bj7 4 1 ,b 1 4 7#ba7 7#bb7 1 1 1 4 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 4 2 2 1 4 7,the rules of panegyric require that ,i should mention your native land no less than your ancestors4 ,but ,i am at a loss what country ,i ought to consider peculiarly yours4 ,for countless nations have long asserted their claim to be your country4 ,the city7#bc7 that rules over them all was your mother and nurse1 and in an auspicious hour delivered to you the imperial sceptre1 and therefore asserts her sole title to the honour1 and that not merely by resorting to the plea that has prevailed under all the emperors4 ,i mean that1 even if men are born elsewhere1 they all adopt her constitution and use the laws and customs that she has promulgated1 and by that fact become ,roman citizens4 ,but her claim is different1 namely that she gave your mother birth1 rearing her royally and as befitted the offspring who were to be born to her4 ,then again1 the city on the ,bosporus which is named after the family of the ,constantii1 though she does not assert that she is your native place1 but acknowledges that she became your adopted land by your father's act1 will think she is cheated of her rights if any orator should try to deprive her of at least this claim to kinship4 ,thirdly1 the ,illyrians1 on whose soil you were born1 will not tolerate it if anyone assign you a different fatherland and rob them of the fairest gift of fortune4 ,and now ,i hear some even of the ,eastern provinces protest that it is unjust of me to rob them of the lustre they derive from you4 ,for they say that they sent forth your grandmother to be the consort of your grandfather on the mother's side4 ,almost all the rest have hit on some pretension of more or less weight1 and are determined1 on one ground or another1 to adopt you for their own4 ,therefore let that country7#bd7 have the prize which you yourself prefer and have so often praised as the mother and teacher of the virtues2 as for the rest1 let each one according to her deserts obtain her due4 ,i should be glad to praise them all1 worthy as they are of glory and honour1 but ,i am afraid that my compliments1 however germane they may seem to my subject1 might1 on account of their length1 be thought inappropriate to the present occasion4 ,for this reason1 then1 ,i think it better to omit a eulogy of the others1 but as for ,rome1 your imperial ,majesty summed up her praises in two words when you called her the teacher of virtue1 and1 by bestowing on her the fairest of all encomiums1 you have forestalled all that others might say4 ,what praise of mine would come up to that8 ,what indeed is left for anyone to say8 ,so ,i feel that ,i1 who naturally hold that city in reverence1 shall pay her a higher honour if ,i leave her praise in your hands47 4 1 ,d 4 1 4 1 1 1 7#be7 1 1 #g 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 ,b 1 1 1 4 1 1 7#bf7 1 ,c 1 1 4 4 1 4 ,d 4 1 1 4 1 2 4 1 #h 4 1 1 1 1 ,b 4 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 1 4 1 4 1 1 4 ,d 1 1 1 4 7,now perhaps ,i ought at this point to say a few words about your noble ancestors4 ,only that here too ,i am at a loss where to begin4 ,for all your ancestors1 grandfathers1 parents1 brothers1 cousins and kinsfolk were emperors1 who had either acquired their power by lawful means or were adopted by the reigning house4 ,why should ,i recall ancient history or hark back to ,claudius and produce proofs of his merit1 which are manifest and known to all8 ,to what end recount his campaigns against the barbarians across the ,danube or how righteously and justly he won the empire8 ,how plainly he lived while on the throne6 ,how simple was his dress1 as may be seen to this day in his statues6 ,what ,i might say about your grandparents7#bg7 is comparatively recent1 but equally remarkable4 ,both of them acquired the imperial sceptre as the reward of conspicuous merit1 and having assumed the command1 they were on such good terms with each other and displayed such filial piety to him7#bh7 who had granted them a share in the empire1 that he used to say that of all the safeguards designed by him for the realm1 and they were many1 this was his masterstroke4 ,they1 meanwhile1 valued their mutual understanding more than undivided empire1 supposing that it could have been bestowed on either of them separately4 ,this was the temper of their souls1 and nobly they played their part in action1 while next to the ,supreme ,being they reverenced him who had placed authority in their hands4 ,with their subjects they dealt righteously and humanely1 and expelled the barbarians who had for years settled in our territory and had occupied it with impunity as though it were their own1 and they built forts to hinder encroachment1 which procured for those subjects such peaceful relations with the barbarians as1 at that period1 seemed to be beyond their dreams4 ,this1 however1 is a subject that deserves more than a passing mention4 ,yet it would be wrong to omit the strongest proof of their unanimity1 especially as it is related to my subject4 ,since they desired the most perfect harmony for their children1 they arranged the marriage of your father and mother47#bi7 ,on this point also ,i think ,i must say a few words to show that virtue was bequeathed to you as well as a throne4 ,but why waste time in telling how your father1 on his father's death1 became emperor both by the choice of the deceased monarch and by the vote of all the armies8 ,his military genius was made evident by his achievements and needs no words of mine4 ,he traversed the whole civilised world suppressing tyrants1 but never those who ruled by right4 ,his subjects he inspired with such affection that his veterans still remember how generous he was with largess and other rewards1 and to this day worship him as though he were a god4 ,as for the mass of the people1 in town and country alike1 they prayed that your father might be victorious over the tyrants1 not so much because they would be delivered from that oppression as because they would then be governed by him4 ,but when he had made his power supreme1 he found that the tyrant's7#cj7 greed had worked like a drought1 with the result that money was very scarce1 while there were great hoards of treasure in the recesses of the palace2 so he unlocked its doors and on the instant flooded the whole country with wealth1 and then1 in less than ten years1 he founded and gave his name to a city7#ca7 that as far surpasses all others as it is itself inferior to ,rome2 and to come second to ,rome seems to me a much greater honour than to be counted first and foremost of all cities beside4 ,here it may be proper to mention ,athens 8the illustrious107#cb7 seeing that during his whole life he honoured her in word and deed4 ,he who was emperor and lord of all did not disdain the title of ,general of the ,athenians1 and when they gave him a statue with an inscription to that effect he felt more pride than if he had been awarded the highest honours4 ,to repay ,athens for this compliment he bestowed on her annually a gift of many tens of thousands of bushels of wheat1 so that while she enjoyed plenty1 he won applause and reverence from the best of men47 1 1 1 #i 1 1 4 4 4 1 1 4 ,b 7#cc7 1 4 1 1 4 7,your father's achievements were many and brilliant4 ,some ,i have just mentioned1 and others ,i must omit for the sake of brevity4 ,but the most notable of all1 as ,i make bold to say and ,i think all will agree1 was that he begat1 reared and educated you4 ,this secured to the rest of the world the advantages of good government1 and that not for a limited time but for a period beyond his own lifetime1 as far as this is possible4 ,at any rate your father seems still to be on the throne4 ,this is more than ,cyrus himself could achieve4 ,when he died his son proved far inferior1 so that while men called ,cyrus 8father10 his successor was called 8master407#cd7 ,but you are even less stern than your father1 and surpass him in many respects1 as ,i well know and will demonstrate in my speech as occasion shall arise4 ,yet1 in my opinion1 he should have the credit of this as well1 since it was he who gave you that admirable training concerning which ,i shall presently speak1 but not till ,i have described your mother and brothers47#ce77 1 4 1 ,c 4 1 4 7#cf7 1 1 1 1 4 ,d 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 17#cg7 #aj 1 7#ch7 1 1 7#ci7 47#dj7 1 1 1 1 7#da7 4 7,your mother's ancestry was so distinguished1 her personal beauty and nobility of character were such that it would be hard to find her match among women4 ,i have heard that saying of the ,persians about ,parysatis1 that no other woman had been the sister1 mother1 wife1 and daughter of kings4 ,parysatis1 however1 was own sister of her husband1 since their law does not forbid a ,persian to marry his sister4 ,but your mother1 while in accordance with our laws she kept pure and unsullied those ties of kinship1 was actually the daughter of one emperor17#db7 the wife of another1 the sister of a third1 and the mother not of one emperor but of several4 ,of these one aided your father in his war against the tyrants2 another conquered the ,getae and secured for us a lasting peace with them2 the third7#dc7 kept our frontiers safe from the enemy's incursions1 and often led his forces against them in person1 so long at least as he was permitted by those who were so soon punished for their crimes against him4 ,though by the number and brilliance of their achievements they have indeed earned our homage1 and though all the blessings of fortune were theirs in abundance1 yet in the whole tale of their felicity one could pay them no greater compliment than merely to name their sires and grandsires4 ,but ,i must not make my account of them too long1 lest ,i should spend time that ,i ought to devote to your own panegyric4 ,so in what follows ,i will1 as indeed ,i ought1 endeavour--or rather1 since affectation is out of place1 let me say ,i will demonstrate--that you are far more august than your ancestors47 ,b 1 1 1 1 4 7#dd7 4 ,c 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 ,d 4 1 1 4 4 1 1 #aa 1 1 1 1 1 4 17#de7 1 1 ,b 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 ,c 4 1 4 1 4 ,d 1 1 7#df7 1 1 #ab 1 1 1 4 1 ,b 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,c 4 7,now as for heavenly voices and prophecies and visions in dreams and all such portents7#dg7 as are common gossip when men like yourself have achieved brilliant and conspicuous success1 ,cyrus1 for instance1 and the founder7#dh7 of our capital1 and ,alexander1 ,philip's son1 and the like1 ,i purposely ignore them4 ,indeed ,i feel that poetic license accounts for them all4 ,and it is foolish even to state that at the hour of your birth all the circumstances were brilliant and suited to a prince4 ,and now the time has come for me to speak of your education as a boy4 ,you were of course bound to have the princely nurture that should train your body to be strong1 muscular1 healthy1 and handsome1 and at the same time duly equip your soul with courage1 justice1 temperance1 and wisdom4 ,but this cannot result from that loose indulgence which naturally pampers body and soul1 weakening men's wills for facing danger and their bodies for work4 ,therefore your body required training by suitable gymnastics1 while you adorned your mind by literary studies4 ,but ,i must speak at greater length about both branches of your education1 since it laid the foundation of your later career4 ,in your physical training you did not pursue those exercises that fit one merely for public display4 ,what professional athletes love to call the pink of condition you thought unsuitable for a king who must enter for contests that are not makebelieve4 ,such a one must put up with very little sleep and scanty food1 and that of no precise quantity or quality or served at regular hours1 but such as can be had when the stress of work allows4 ,and so you thought you ought to train yourself in athletics with a view to this1 and that your exercises must be military and of many kinds1 dancing and running in heavy armour1 and riding4 ,all these you have continued from early youth to practise at the right time1 and in every exercise you have attained to greater perfection than any other hoplite4 ,usually a hoplite who is a good infantryman cannot ride1 or1 if he is an expert horseman1 he shirks marching on foot to battle4 ,but of you alone it can be said that you can put on the cavalry uniform and be a match for the best of them1 and when changed into a hoplite show yourself stronger1 swifter1 and lighter on your feet than all the rest4 ,then you practised shooting at a mark1 that even your hours of leisure might not be hours of ease or be found without the exercise of arms4 ,so by work that was voluntary you trained your body to stand the exertions that you would be compelled to undertake4 ,your mind1 meanwhile1 was trained by practice in public speaking and other studies suitable to your years4 ,but it was not to be wholly without the discipline of experience1 nor was it for you to listen merely to lectures on the virtues as though they were ballads or saga stories1 and so wait all that time without actual acquaintance with brave works and undertakings4 ,plato1 that noble philosopher1 advised7#di7 that boys should be furnished as it were with wings for flight by being mounted on horseback1 and should then be taken into battle so that they may be spectators of the warfare in which they must soon be combatants4 ,this1 ,i make bold to say1 was in your father's mind when he made you governor and king of the ,celtic tribes while you were still a youth1 or rather a mere boy in point of years1 though in intelligence and endurance you could already hold your own with men of parts4 ,your father wisely provided that your experience of war should be free from risks1 having arranged that the barbarians should maintain peace with his subjects4 ,but he instigated them to internal feuds and civil war1 and so taught you strategy at the expense of their lives and fortunes4 ,this was a safer policy than the wise ,plato's4 ,for1 by his scheme1 if the invading army were composed of infantry1 the boys could indeed be spectators of their fathers' prowess1 or1 if need arose1 could even take part4 ,but supposing that the enemy won in a cavalry engagement1 then1 on the instant1 one would have to devise some means to save the boys1 which would be difficult indeed4 ,but to inure the boys to face the enemy1 while the hazard belongs to others1 is to take counsel that both suffices for their need and also secures their safety47 4 1 1 4 ,d 4 17#ej7 4 7#ea7 #ac 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 7,it was in this way then that you were first trained in manliness4 ,but as regards wisdom1 that nature with which you were endowed was your self sufficing guide4 ,but also1 ,i think1 the wisest citizens were at your disposal and gave you lessons in statecraft4 ,moreover1 your intercourse with the barbarian leaders in that region gave you an acquaintance at first hand with the manners1 laws1 and usages of foreigners4 ,indeed1 when ,homer set out to prove the consummate wisdom of ,odysseus1 he called him 8muchtravelled10 and said that he had come to know the minds of many peoples and visited their cities1 so that he might choose what was best in every one and be able to mix with all sorts and conditions of men4 ,yes1 even ,odysseus1 who never ruled an empire1 needed experience of the many and divers minds of men4 ,how much more necessary that one who was being brought up to guide an empire like this should not fit himself for the task in some modest dwelling apart2 neither should he1 like young ,cyrus in his games1 play at being emperor1 nor give audiences to his playmates1 as they say7#eb7 ,cyrus did4 ,rather he ought to mix with nations and peoples1 and give orders to his troops definitely indicating what is to be done1 and generally he should be found wanting in none of those things which1 when he comes to manhood1 he must perform without fear47 ,b 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 ,c 7#ec7 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 ,d 7#ed7 7#ee7 1 4 1 #ad 7#ef7 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,b 2 1 1 1 1 1 7#eg7 1 ,c 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 ,d 7#eh7 4 1 47#ei7 #ae 7#fj7 7#fa7 4 4 ,b 1 4 7,accordingly1 when you had gained a thorough knowledge of the ,celts1 you crossed to the other continent and were given sole command against the ,parthians and ,medes4 ,there were already signs that a war was smouldering and would soon burst into flame4 ,you therefore quickly learned how to deal with it1 and1 as though you took as model the hardness of your weapons1 steeled yourself to bear the heat of the summer season4 ,i have heard say that ,alcibiades alone1 among all the ,greeks1 was naturally so versatile that when he cast in his lot with the ,spartans he copied the self restraint of the ,lacedaemonians1 then in turn ,theban and ,thracian manners1 and finally adopted ,persian luxury4 ,but ,alcibiades1 when he changed his country changed his character7#fb7 too1 and became so tainted with perversity and so illconditioned that he was likely to lose utterly all that he was born to4 ,you1 however1 thought it your duty to maintain your severity of life wherever you might be1 and by hard work inuring your constitution to change1 you easily bore the march inland from ,galatia to ,parthia1 more easily in fact than a rich man who lives now here1 now there1 according to the season1 would bear it if he were forced to encounter unseasonable weather4 ,i think ,heaven smiled on you and willed that you should govern the whole world1 and so from the first trained you in virtue1 and was your guide when you journeyed to all points1 and showed you the bounds and limits of the whole empire1 the character of each region1 the vastness of your territory1 the power of every race1 the number of the cities1 the characteristics of the masses1 and above all the vast number of things that one who is bred to so great a kingship cannot afford to neglect4 ,but ,i nearly forgot to mention the most important thing of all4 ,from a boy you were taught to govern this great empire1 but a better thing you learned1 to be governed1 submitting yourself to the authority that is the best in the world and the most just1 that is to say nature and law4 ,i mean that both as son and subject you obeyed your father4 ,indeed1 had he been only your father or only your king1 obedience was his due4 ,now what rearing and education for a king could one find in history better than this8 ,consider the ,greeks4 ,not thus did the ,spartans train the ,heracleidae1 though they are thought to have enjoyed the best form of government1 that of their kings4 ,as for the barbarians1 not even the ,carthaginians1 though they were particularly wellgoverned by their kings1 chose the best method of training their future rulers4 ,the moral discipline and the studies prescribed by their laws were pursued by all alike1 as though the citizens were brothers1 all destined both to govern and be governed1 and in the matter of education they made no difference between their princes and the rest of the citizens4 ,yet surely it is foolish to demand superlative excellence from one's rulers when one takes no pains to make them better than other men4 ,among the barbarians1 indeed1 no man is debarred from winning the throne1 so one can excuse them for giving the same moral training to all4 ,but that ,lycurgus1 who tried to make the dynasty of the ,heracleidae proof against all shocks17#fc7 should not have arranged for them a special education better than that of other ,spartan youths is an omission for which he may well be criticised4 ,he may have thought that all the ,lacedaemonians ought to enter the race for virtue1 and foster it1 but for all that it was wrong to provide the same nurture and education for private citizens as for those who were to govern4 ,the inevitable familiarity little by little steals into men's souls and breeds contempt for their betters4 ,though1 for that matter1 they are not in any sense one's betters unless it was their own merit that earned them the right to rule4 ,this1 in my opinion1 is the reason why the ,spartan kings often found their subjects hard to govern4 ,in proof of what ,i say one might quote the rivalry of ,lysander and ,agesilaus1 and many other instances1 if one should review the history of the ,spartan kings47 7#fd7 1 1 4 1 ,c 4 1 1 7#fe7 7#ff7 4 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 7,the ,spartan polity1 however1 by securing a satisfactory development of the moral qualities in their kings1 even if it gave them a training in no way different from that of the crowd1 at least endowed them with the attributes of wellbred men4 ,but as for the ,carthaginians1 there was nothing to admire even in the discipline that they all shared4 ,the parents turned their sons out of doors and bade them win the necessaries of life by their own efforts1 with the injunction to do nothing that is considered disgraceful4 ,the effect of this was not to uproot the evil inclinations of the young1 but to require them to take pains not to be caught in wrong doing4 ,for it is not selfindulgence only that ruins character1 but the lack of mere necessaries may produce the same result4 ,this is true at any rate in the case of those whose reason has not yet assumed the power to decide1 being swayed by physical needs and persuaded by desire4 ,it is especially true when one fails to control the passion for moneygetting1 if from boyhood one is accustomed to it and to the trading and bartering of the marketplaces4 ,this business1 unfit for a youth of gentle birth to mention1 or so much as hear spoken of1 whether the youth finds it out for himself or learns it from those of greater experience1 leaves many scars on the soul2 and even a respectable citizen ought to be free from all this1 not a king or general alone47 #af 7#fg7 1 1 1 17#fh7 1 1 1 ,b 7#fi7 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 4 1 4 7,but it is not for me to criticise the ,carthaginians in this place4 ,i will only point out how different was your education1 and how you profited by it and have come to excel in looks1 strength1 justice1 and temperance4 ,by your active life you achieved perfect health2 your temperance was the result of obedience to the laws2 you enjoy a body of unusual strength by reason of your selfcontrol1 and a soul of unusual rectitude because of your physical powers of endurance4 ,you left nothing undone to improve your natural talents1 but ever acquired new talents by new studies4 ,you needed nothing yourself but gave assistance to others1 and lavished such generous gifts that the recipients seemed as rich as the monarch of the ,lydians47#gj7 ,though you indulged yourself less in the good things that were yours than the most austere of the ,spartans1 you gave others the means of luxury in abundance1 while those who preferred temperance could imitate your example4 ,as a ruler you were mild and humane2 as your father's subject you were ever as modest as any one of his people4 ,all this was true of you in boyhood and youth1 and much more about which there is now no time to speak at length47 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 #ag 4 1 ,b 1 7#ga7 1 1 4 1 4 7,when you had come to man's estate1 and after fate had decreed the ending of your father's life7#gb7 and ,heaven had granted that his last hours should be peculiarly blest1 you adorned his tomb not only by lavishing on it splendid decorations7#gc7 and so paying the debt of gratitude for your birth and education1 but still more by the fact that you alone of his sons hastened to him when he was still alive and stricken by illness1 and paid him the highest possible honours after his death4 ,but all this ,i need only mention in passing4 ,for now it is your exploits that cry aloud for notice and remind me of your energy1 courage1 good judgment1 and justice4 ,in these qualities you are unsurpassed1 unrivalled4 ,in your dealings with your brothers17#gd7 your subjects1 your father's friends1 and your armies you displayed justice and moderation2 except that1 in some cases1 forced as you were by the critical state of affairs1 you could not1 in spite of your own wishes1 prevent others from going astray4 ,towards the enemy your demeanour was brave1 generous1 and worthy of the previous reputation of your house4 ,while you maintained the friendly relations that already existed1 kept the capital free from civil discord1 and continued to cherish your brothers who were your partners in empire1 you granted to your friends1 among other benefits1 the privilege of addressing you as an equal and full freedom of speech without stint1 and perfect frankness4 ,not only did you share with them all whatever you possessed1 but you gave to each what he seemed most to need4 ,anyone who wants testimony to all this might reasonably call your friends to witness1 but if he does not know your friends1 the facts themselves are sufficient to demonstrate the policy of your whole life47 ,c 4 1 1 1 1 1 7#ge7 1 1 ,d 4 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 #ah 27#gf7 1 1 2 ,b 1 4 1 1 4 1 ,c 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 1 #ai 1 1 1 1 1 4 7#gg7 4 ,b 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 7#gh7 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 ,d 2 1 1 7#gi7 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 #bj 1 1 1 1 4 7,but ,i must postpone the description of your personal qualities and go on to speak of your achievements4 ,the ,persians in the past conquered the whole of ,asia1 subjugated a great part of ,europe1 and had embraced in their hopes ,i may almost say the whole inhabited world1 when the ,macedonians deprived them of their supremacy1 and they provided ,alexander's generalship with a task1 or rather with a toy4 ,but they could not endure the yoke of slavery1 and no sooner was ,alexander dead1 than they revolted from his successors and once more opposed their power to the ,macedonians1 and so successfully that1 when we took over what was left of the ,macedonian empire1 we counted them to the end as foes with whom we must reckon4 ,i need not now remind you of ancient history1 of ,antony and ,crassus17#hj7 who were generals with the fullest powers1 or tell how after longcontinued dangers we succeeded in wiping out the disgrace they incurred1 and how many a prudent general retrieved their blunders4 ,nor need ,i recall the second chapter of our misfortunes and the exploits of ,carus7#ha7 that followed1 when after those failures he was appointed general4 ,among those who sat on the throne before your father's time and imposed on the ,persians conditions of peace admired and welcomed by all1 did not the ,caesar7#hb7 incur a disgraceful defeat when he attacked them on his own account8 ,it was not till the ruler of the whole world7#hc7 turned his attention to them1 directing thither all the forces of the empire1 occupying all the passes with his troops and levies of hoplites1 both veterans and new recruits1 and employing every sort of military equipments1 that fear drove them to accept terms of peace4 ,that peace they somehow contrived to disturb and break during your father's lifetime1 but they escaped punishment at his hands because he died in the midst of preparations for a campaign4 ,it was left for you later on to punish them for their audacity4 ,i shall often have to speak of your campaigns against them1 but this one thing ,i ask my hearers to observe4 ,you became master of a third of the empire17#hd7 that part in fact which seemed by no means strong enough to carry on a war1 since it had neither arms nor troops in the field1 nor any of those military resources which ought to flow in abundantly in preparation for so important a war4 ,then1 too1 your brothers1 for whatever reason1 did nothing to make the war easier for you4 ,and yet there is no sycophant so shameless and so envious as not to admit that the harmony existing between you was mainly due to you4 ,the war in itself presented peculiar difficulties1 in my opinion1 and the troops were disaffected owing to the change of government2 they raised the cry that they missed their old leader and they wished to control your actions4 ,nay1 more2 a thousand strange and perplexing circumstances arose on every hand to render your hopes regarding the war more difficult to realise4 ,the ,armenians1 our ancient allies1 revolted1 and no small part of them went over to the ,persians and overran and raided the country on their borders4 ,in this crisis there seemed to be but one hope of safety1 that you should take charge of affairs and plan the campaign1 but at the moment this was impossible1 because you were in ,paeonia7#he7 making treaties with your brothers4 ,thither you went in person1 and so managed that you gave them no opening for criticism4 ,indeed1 ,i almost forgot to mention the very first of your achievements1 the noblest of all1 or at any rate equal to the noblest4 ,for there is no greater proof of your prudence and magnanimity than the fact that1 in planning for interests of such importance1 you thought it no disadvantage if you should1 of your own free will1 concede the lion's share to your brothers4 ,imagine1 for instance1 a man dividing among his brothers their father's estate of a hundred talents1 or1 if you prefer1 twice as much4 ,then suppose him to have been content with fifty minae less than the others1 and to raise no objection1 because he secured their goodwill in exchange for that trifling sum4 ,you would think he deserved all praise and respect as one who had a soul above money1 as far sighted1 in short as a man of honour4 ,but here is one whose policy with regard to the empire of the world seems to have been so high minded1 so prudent1 that1 without increasing the burdens of administration1 he willingly gave up some of the imperial revenues in order to secure harmony and peace among all ,roman citizens4 ,what praise such a one deserves6 ,and certainly one cannot1 in this connection1 quote the saying1 8,well done1 but a bad bargain40 ,nothing1 in my opinion1 can be called a good bargain if it be not honourable as well4 ,in general1 if anyone wish to apply the test of expediency alone1 he ought not to make money his criterion or reckon up his revenues from estates1 like those old misers whom writers of comedy bring on to the stage1 but he should take into account the vastness of the empire and the point of honour involved4 ,if the ,emperor had disputed about the boundaries and taken a hostile attitude1 he might have obtained more than he did1 but he would have governed only his allotted share4 ,but he scorned and despised such trifles1 and the result was that he really governed the whole world in partnership with his brothers1 but had the care of his own portion only1 and1 while he kept his dignity unimpaired1 he had less than his share of the toil and trouble that go with such a position47 4 1 ,b 1 17#hf7 17#hg7 1 1 1 4 1 1 ,c 7#hh7 7#hi7 1 4 1 1 ,d 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 #ba 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 ,b 4 1 1 4 7,on that subject1 however1 ,i shall have a chance later to speak in more detail4 ,this is perhaps the right moment to describe how you controlled the situation1 encompassed as you were1 after your father's death1 by so many perils and difficulties of all sorts--confusion1 an unavoidable war1 numerous hostile raids1 allies in revolt1 lack of discipline in the garrisons1 and all the other harassing conditions of the hour4 ,you concluded in perfect harmony the negotiations with your brothers1 and when the time had arrived that demanded your aid for the dangerous crisis of affairs1 you made forced marches1 and immediately after leaving ,paeonia appeared in ,syria4 ,but to relate how you did this would tax my powers of description1 and indeed for those who know the facts their own experience is enough4 ,but who in the world could describe adequately how1 at the prospect of your arrival1 everything was changed and improved all at once1 so that we were set free from the fears that hung over us and could entertain brighter hopes than ever for the future8 ,even before you were actually on the spot the mutiny among the garrisons ceased and order was restored4 ,the ,armenians who had gone over to the enemy at once changed sides again1 for you ejected from the country and sent to ,rome those who were responsible for the governor's7#ij7 exile1 and you secured for the exiles a safe return to their own country4 ,you were so merciful to those who now came to ,rome as exiles1 and so kind in your dealings with those who returned from exile with the governor1 that the former did1 indeed1 bewail their misfortune in having revolted1 but still were better pleased with their present condition than with their previous usurpation2 while the latter1 who were formerly in exile1 declared that the experience had been a lesson in prudence1 but that now they were receiving a worthy reward for their loyalty4 ,on the returned exiles you lavished such magnificent presents and rewards that they could not even resent the good fortune of their bitterest enemies1 nor begrudge their being duly honoured4 ,all these difficulties you quickly settled1 and then by means of embassies you turned the marauding ,arabs against our enemies4 ,then you began preparations for the war1 about which ,i may as well say a few words47 1 7#ia7 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 7#ib7 1 1 1 ,d 1 4 1 1 1 1 7#ic7 4 7#id7 1 #bb 4 4 1 1 1 1 ,b 1 1 4 4 1 2 1 ,c 7#ie7 1 1 1 1 1 1 17#if7 ,d 1 4 7,the previous period of peace had relaxed the labours of the troops1 and lightened the burdens of those who had to perform public services4 ,but the war called for money1 provisions1 and supplies on a vast scale1 and even more it demanded endurance1 energy1 and military experience on the part of the troops4 ,in the almost entire absence of all these1 you personally provided and organised everything1 drilled those who had reached the age for military service1 got together a force of cavalry to match the enemy's1 and issued orders for the infantry to persevere in their training4 ,nor did you confine yourself to speeches and giving orders1 but yourself trained and drilled with the troops1 showed them their duty by actual example1 and straightway made them experts in the art of war4 ,then you discovered ways and means1 not by increasing the tribute or the extraordinary contributions1 as the ,athenians did in their day1 when they raised these to double or even more4 ,you were content1 ,i understand1 with the original revenues1 except in cases where1 for a short time1 and to meet an emergency1 it was necessary that the people should find their services to the state more expensive4 ,the troops under your leadership were abundantly supplied1 yet not so as to cause the satiety that leads to insolence1 nor1 on the other hand1 were they driven to insubordination from lack of necessaries4 ,i shall say nothing about your great array of arms1 horses1 and riverboats1 engines of war and the like4 ,but when all was ready and the time had come to make appropriate use of all that ,i have mentioned1 the ,tigris was bridged by rafts at many points and forts were built to guard the river4 ,meanwhile the enemy never once ventured to defend their country from plunder1 and every useful thing that they possessed was brought in to us4 ,this was partly because they were afraid to offer battle1 partly because those who were rash enough to do so were punished on the spot4 ,this is a mere summary of your invasions of the enemy's country4 ,who1 indeed1 in a short speech could do justice to every event1 or reckon up the enemy's disasters and our successes8 ,but this at least ,i have space to tell4 ,you often crossed the ,tigris with your army and spent a long time in the enemy's country1 but you always returned crowned with the laurels of victory4 ,then you visited the cities you had freed1 and bestowed on them peace and plenty1 all possible blessings and all at once4 ,thus at your hands they received what they had so long desired1 the defeat of the barbarians and the erection of trophies of victory over the treachery and cowardice of the ,parthians4 ,treachery they had displayed when they violated the treaties and broke the peace1 cowardice when they lacked the courage to fight for their country and all that they held dear47 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 #bc 1 4 1 1 4 1 4 1 4 ,b 1 1 7#ig7 4 1 4 1 4 ,c 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 ,d 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 #bd 1 1 4 1 1 1 7#ih7 1 1 ,b 7#ii7 7#ajj7 4 7#aja7 1 1 1 4 ,c 7#ajb7 1 4 4 7#ajc7 1 1 4 ,d 1 1 1 1 #be 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 4 ,b 2 2 2 7,but lest anyone should suppose that1 while ,i delight in recalling exploits like these1 ,i avoid mentioning occasions when luck gave the enemy the advantage--or rather it was the nature of the ground combined with opportunity that turned the scale--and that ,i do so because they brought us no honour or glory but only disgrace1 ,i will try to give a brief account of those incidents also1 not adapting my narrative with an eye to my own interests1 but preferring the truth in every case4 ,for when a man deliberately sins against the truth he cannot escape the reproach of flattery1 and moreover he inflicts on the object of his panegyric the appearance of not deserving the praise that he receives on other accounts4 ,this is a mistake of which ,i shall beware4 ,indeed my speech will make it clear that in no case has fiction been preferred to the truth4 ,now ,i am well aware that all would say that the battle we fought before ,singara7#ajd7 was a most important victory for the barbarians4 ,but ,i should answer and with justice that this battle inflicted equal loss on both armies1 but proved also that your valour could accomplish more than their luck2 and that although the legions under you were violent and reckless men1 and were not accustomed1 like the enemy1 to the climate and the stifling heat4 ,i will relate exactly what took place4 ,it was still the height of summer1 and the legions mustered long before noon4 ,since the enemy were awestruck by the discipline1 accoutrements and calm bearing of our troops1 while to us they seemed amazing in numbers1 neither side began the battle2 for they shrank from coming to close quarters with forces so well equipped1 while we waited for them to begin1 so that in all respects we might seem to be acting rather in selfdefence1 and not to be responsible for beginning hostilities after the peace4 ,but at last the leader7#aje7 of the barbarian army1 raised high on their shields1 perceived the magnitude of our forces drawn up in line4 ,what a change came over him6 ,what exclamations he uttered6 ,he cried out that he had been betrayed1 that it was the fault of those who had persuaded him to go to war1 and decided that the only thing to be done was to flee with all speed1 and that one course alone would secure his safety1 namely to cross1 before we could reach it1 the river1 which is the ancient boundaryline between that country and ours4 ,with this purpose he first gave the signal for a retreat in good order1 then gradually increasing his pace he finally took to headlong flight1 with only a small following of cavalry1 and left his whole army to the leadership of his son and the friend in whom he had most confidence4 ,when our men saw this they were enraged that the barbarians should escape all punishment for their audacious conduct1 and clamoured to be led in pursuit1 chafed at your order to halt1 and ran after the enemy in full armour with their utmost energy and speed4 ,for of your generalship they had had no experience so far1 and they could not believe that you were a better judge than they of what was expedient4 ,moreover1 under your father they had fought many battles and had always been victorious1 a fact that tended to make them think themselves invincible4 ,but they were most of all elated by the terror that the ,parthians now shewed1 when they thought how they had fought1 not only against the enemy1 but against the very nature of the ground1 and if any greater obstacle met them from some fresh quarter1 they felt that they would overcome it as well4 ,accordingly they ran at full speed for about one hundred stades1 and only halted when they came up with the ,parthians1 who had fled for shelter into a fort that they had lately built to serve as a camp4 ,it was1 by this time1 evening1 and they engaged battle forthwith4 ,our men at once took the fort and slew its defenders4 ,once inside the fortifications they displayed great bravery for a long time1 but they were by this time fainting with thirst1 and when they found cisterns of water inside1 they spoiled a glorious victory and gave the enemy a chance to retrieve their defeat4 ,this then was the issue of that battle1 which caused us the loss of only three or four of our men1 whilst the ,parthians lost the heir to the throne7#ajf7 who had previously been taken prisoner1 together with all his escort4 ,while all this was going on1 of the leader of the barbarians not even the ghost was to be seen1 nor did he stay his flight till he had put the river behind him4 ,you1 on the other hand1 did not take off your armour for a whole day and all the night1 now sharing the struggles of those who were getting the upper hand1 now giving prompt and efficient aid to those who were hard pressed4 ,and by your bravery and fortitude you so changed the face of the battle that at break of day the enemy were glad to beat a safe retreat to their own territory1 and even the wounded1 escorted by you1 could retire from the battle4 ,thus did you relieve them all from the risks of flight4 ,now what fort was taken by the enemy8 ,what city did they besiege8 ,what military supplies did they capture that should give them something to boast about after the war87 1 1 17#ajg7 7#ajh7 4 7,but perhaps some one will say that never to come off worse than the enemy must indeed be considered good fortune and felicity1 but to make a stand against fortune calls for greater vigour and is a proof of greater valour47 1 ,c 2 1 2 1 2 ,d 1 2 1 4 1 1 4 1 1 #bf 1 4 7#aji7 1 1 1 4 7,is a man a skilful pilot because he can steer his ship in fair weather when the sea is absolutely calm8 ,would you call a charioteer an expert driver who on smooth and level ground has in harness horses that are gentle1 quiet and swift1 and under such conditions gives a display of his art8 ,how much more skilful is the pilot who marks and perceives beforehand the coming storm and tries to avoid its path1 and then1 if for any reason he must face it1 brings off his ship safe and sound1 cargo and all8 ,just so1 the skilful charioteer is he who can contend against the unevenness of the ground1 and guide his horses and control them at the same time1 if they grow restive4 ,in short1 it is not fair to judge of skill of any sort when it is aided by fortune1 but one must examine it independently4 ,cleon was not a better general than ,nicias because he was fortunate in the affair of ,pylos1 and the same may be said of all whose success is due to luck rather than to good judgment4 ,but if ,i did not claim that your fortune was both better and better deserved than that of your opponents1 or rather of all men1 ,i should with reason be thought to do it an injustice1 since it prevented the enemy from even perceiving their advantage4 ,for1 in my opinion1 an impartial judge of my narrative ought to ascribe our reverse to the extreme and insupportable heat1 and the fact that you inflicted loss on the enemy equal to ours he would regard as achieved by your valour1 but that1 though they were aware of their losses1 they took no account of their success1 he would regard as brought about by your good fortune47 ,b 1 7#aaj7 1 1 4 1 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 4 1 1 4 ,d 1 1 7#aaa7 4 4 7#aab7 1 1 #bg 4 7,that ,i may not1 however1 by saying more on this subject1 spend time that belongs to more important affairs1 ,i will try to describe next the multitude of difficulties that beset us1 the magnitude of our perils1 and how you faced them all1 and not only routed the numerous following of the usurpers1 but the barbarian forces as well4 ,about six years had passed since the war ,i have just described1 and the winter was nearly over1 when a messenger arrived with the news7#aac7 that ,galatia7#aad7 had gone over to the usurper1 that a plot had been made to assassinate your brother and had been carried out1 also that ,italy and ,sicily had been occupied1 lastly that the ,illyrian garrisons were in revolt and had proclaimed their general7#aae7 emperor1 though for a time he had been inclined to resist what seemed to be the irresistible onset of the usurpers47#aaf7 ,indeed1 he himself kept imploring you to send money and men to his aid1 as though he were terribly afraid on his own account of being overpowered by them4 ,and for a while he kept protesting that he would do his duty1 that for his part he had no pretensions to the throne1 but would faithfully guard and protect it for you4 ,such were his assertions1 but it was not long before his treachery came to light and he received his punishment1 tempered though it was with mercy4 ,on learning these facts you thought you ought not to waste your time in idleness to no purpose4 ,the cities of ,syria you stocked with engines of war1 garrisons1 food supplies1 and equipment of other kinds1 considering that1 by these measures1 you would1 though absent1 sufficiently protect the inhabitants1 while you were planning to set out in person against the usurpers47 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,b 47#aag7 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 ,c 4 4 1 1 1 1 4 7#aah7 4 ,d 4 1 1 7#aai7 4 7,but the ,persians ever since the last campaign had been watching for just such an opportunity1 and had planned to conquer ,syria1 by a single invasion4 ,so they mustered all forces1 every age1 sex1 and condition1 and marched against us1 men and mere boys1 old men and crowds of women and slaves1 who followed not merely to assist in the war1 but in vast numbers beyond what was needed4 ,for it was their intention to reduce the cities1 and once masters of the country1 to bring in colonists in spite of us4 ,but the magnitude of your preparations made it manifest that their expectations were but vanity4 ,they began the siege and completely surrounded the city7#abj7 with dykes1 and then the river ,mygdonius flowed in and flooded the ground about the walls1 as they say the ,nile floods ,egypt4 ,the siegeengines were brought up against the ramparts on boats1 and their plan was that one force should sail to attack the walls while the other kept shooting on the city's defenders from the mounds4 ,but the garrison made a stout defence of the city from the walls4 ,the whole place was filled with corpses1 wreckage1 armour1 and missiles1 of which some were just sinking1 while others1 after sinking from the violence of the first shock1 floated on the waters4 ,a vast number of barbarian shields and also ship's benches1 as a result of the collisions of the siegeengines on the ships1 drifted on the surface4 ,the mass of floating weapons almost covered the whole surface between the wall and the mounds4 ,the lake was turned to gore1 and all about the walls echoed the groans of the barbarians1 slaying not1 but being slain7#aba7 in manifold ways and by all manner of wounds47 2 1 1 #bh 1 1 7#abb7 4 2 1 1 4 ,b 1 1 4 1 ,c 1 1 4 1 1 ,d 1 4 1 1 4 7,who could find suitable words to describe all that was done there8 ,they hurled fire down on to the shields1 and many of the hoplites fell half burned1 while others who fled from the flames could not escape the danger from the missiles4 ,but some while still swimming were wounded in the back and sank to the bottom1 while others who jumped from the siegeengines were hit before they touched the water1 and so found not safety indeed but an easier death4 ,as for those who knew not how to swim1 and perished more obscurely than those just mentioned1 who would attempt to name or number them8 ,time would fail me did ,i desire to recount all this in detail4 ,it is enough that you should hear the sum of the matter4 ,on that day the sun beheld a battle the like of which no man had ever known before4 ,these events exposed the historic boastings of the ,medes as only empty conceit4 ,till then men had hardly believed that ,xerxes could have had so huge an armament1 seeing that for all its size its fate was so shameful and ignominious2 but these events made the fact clearer to us than things long familiar and obvious4 ,xerxes tried to sail and to march by fighting against the laws of nature1 and1 as he thought1 overcame the nature of the sea and of the dry land1 but he proved to be no match for the wisdom and endurance of a ,greek whose soldiers had not been bred in the school of luxury1 nor learned to be slaves1 but knew how to obey and to use their energies like freeborn men4 ,that man17#abc7 however1 though he had no such vast armament as ,xerxes1 was even more insensate1 and outdid the ,aloadae in his infatuation1 as if almost he had conceived the idea of overwhelming the city with the mountain7#abd7 that was hard by4 ,then he turned the currents of rivers against its walls and undermined them1 but even when the city had lost its walls he could not succeed in taking it1 so that he had not even that triumph to boast of1 as ,xerxes had when he set fire to ,athens4 ,so1 after spending four months1 he retreated with an army that had lost many thousands1 and he who had always seemed to be irresistible was glad to keep the peace1 and to use as a bulwark for his own safety the fact that you had no time to spare and that our own affairs were in confusion47 1 #bi 1 4 7#abe7 1 1 4 1 1 ,b 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 2 ,c 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 ,d 4 1 2 1 1 4 7,such were the trophies and victories that you left behind you in ,asia1 and you led your troops to ,europe in perfect condition1 determined to fill the whole world with the monuments of your victories4 ,even if ,i had nothing more wonderful to relate about you1 what ,i have said is enough to demonstrate that in good sense and energy you surpass all those in the past whose fortune was the same as yours4 ,indeed to have repulsed the whole strength of ,persia and remain unscathed1 not to have lost so much as a soldier from the ranks1 much less a town or fort1 and finally to have brought the siege to so brilliant and unprecedented a conclusion1--what achievement ,i ask in the past could one compare with this8 ,the ,carthaginians were famous for their daring in the face of danger1 but they ended in disaster4 ,the siege of ,plataea shed lustre on its citizens1 but all that their valour could do for those unhappy men was to make their misfortunes more widely known4 ,what need to quote ,messene or ,pylos1 since there the defeated did not make a brave defence nor was a vigorous assault necessary to subdue them8 ,as for the ,syracusans1 they had their famous man of science7#abf7 to aid them against the armaments of ,rome and our illustrious general17#abg7 but what did he avail them in the end8 ,did they not fall more ignominiously than the rest1 and were only spared to be a glorious monument of their conqueror's clemency8 ,but if ,i wished to reckon up all the states that could not withstand armaments inferior to their own1 how many volumes do you think would suffice8 ,rome1 however1 ,i ought perhaps to mention1 because long ago she had just such a fortune1 ,i mean when the ,galatians and ,celts7#abh7 conspired together1 and without warning poured down on the city like a winter torrent47#abi7 ,the citizens occupied the famous hill7#acj7 on which stands the statue of ,jupiter4 ,there they intrenched themselves with wicker barricades and such like defences1 as though with a wall1 while the enemy offered no hindrance nor ventured to approach to attack at close quarters1 and so they won the day47 #cj 1 4 17#aca7 1 1 1 27#acb7 1 1 4 ,b 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 2 7,it is with this siege that the recent one may well be compared1 at least in the issue of its fortunes2 for the actual occurrences could not be paralleled in all history4 ,for who ever heard of surrounding a city with water1 and from without throwing hills about it like nets1 then hurling at it1 like a siegeengine1 a river that flowed in a steady stream and broke against its walls1 or of fighting like that which took place in the water and about the wall where it had fallen in8 ,for my purpose1 this is1 as ,i said1 evidence enough4 ,but what remains to tell is far more aweinspiring4 ,and perhaps1 since ,i have undertaken to record1 as far as possible1 all that you accomplished1 it is not fair to break off my narrative at the point where you were at the very height of your activity4 ,for even while you were occupied by the interests ,i have just described1 you arranged your affairs in ,europe1 despatching embassies1 spending money1 and sending out the legions that were garrisoning ,paeonia against the ,scythians1 all of which was with the intention of preventing that feeble old man7#acc7 from being overpowered by the usurper47#acd7 ,but how could one1 with the best will in the world1 present all this in a short speech87 1 1 1 1 ,d 7#ace7 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 #ca 1 1 1 7#acf7 1 1 1 1 ,b 1 7#acg7 1 1 1 1 ,c 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 7#ach7 1 4 ,d 1 4 7#aci7 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 #cb 4 1 1 1 1 2 7,no sooner had you set out for the seat of war1 than this very man1 who had all along protested that he would loyally continue to guard your interests1 though you had reinforced him with money1 troops1 and everything of the sort1 was driven to folly and madness by ,i know not what evil spirit1 and came to terms with the most execrable of mankind1 the common enemy of all who care for peace and cherish harmony above all things1 and more particularly your enemy for personal reasons4 ,but you were undismayed by the magnitude of his preparations1 nor would you admit that a conspiracy of traitors could overreach your own wise purpose4 ,one7#adj7 of the pair you justly accused of treason1 the other7#ada7 of infamous crimes besides1 and deeds of lawless violence1 and you summoned the former to trial and judgment before the legions1 the latter you decided to leave to the arbitrament of war4 ,then he met you face to face1 that honourable and prudent old man1 who used to change his opinions more easily than any child1 and1 though he had begged for them1 forgot all your favours as soon as the need had passed4 ,he arrived with his phalanxes of hoplites and squadrons of cavalry1 intending to compel1 if he could not persuade you1 to take no action and return the way you came4 ,when1 then1 you saw this man1 who had protested that he would continue to be your ally and general1 playing an enemy's part and claiming an equal share of your empire1 you were not at all dismayed1 though his troops outnumbered yours4 ,for you had not brought your whole force with you since you decided that to fight it out with such odds against you might be courageous but was in every way hazardous1 even if you won the battle1 because of that other savage usurper7#adb7 who was lying in wait for a favourable opportunity7#adc7 when you should be in difficulties4 ,you therefore made a wise resolve in preferring to achieve success singlehanded1 and you mounted the platform with him who for the moment was your colleague in empire4 ,he was escorted by a whole host of hoplites with glittering weapons17#add7 presenting drawn swords and spears1 a sight to make a coward shake with fear1 though it inspired and supported one so brave and gallant as yourself4 ,now when first you began to speak1 silence fell on the whole army and every man strained his ears to hear4 ,many shed tears and raised their hands to heaven1 though even this they did in silence1 so as to be unobserved4 ,some again showed their affection in their faces1 but all showed it by their intense eagerness to hear your words4 ,when your speech reached its climax1 they were carried away by enthusiasm and burst into applause1 then eager to miss no word they became quiet again4 ,finally1 won by your arguments1 they hailed you as their only ,emperor1 demanded that you alone should rule the whole empire1 and bade you lead them against your adversary1 promising to follow you and begging you to take back the imperial insignia4 ,you1 however1 thought it beneath you to stretch out your hand for them or to take them by force4 ,then against his will and with reluctance1 but yielding at last to what is called ,thessalian persuasion17#ade7 he took off the purple robe and offered it to you4 ,what a heroic figure yours was then1 when1 in a single day1 you became master of all those races1 those legions1 all that wealth1 when you stripped of his power and took prisoner one who1 if not in fact yet in intention1 had shown that he was your enemy67 1 1 2 ,b 7#adf7 2 7#adg7 2 7#adh7 1 1 ,c 4 1 7#adi7 4 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 4 1 1 1 #cc 1 1 4 2 1 7#aej7 7#aea7 1 ,b 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 ,c 1 7#aeb7 1 4 7,did you not behave more nobly and more generously to him than ,cyrus did to his own grandfather8 ,for you deprived your enemy's followers of nothing1 but protected their privileges and1 ,i understand1 gave many of them presents besides4 ,who saw you despondent before your triumph or unduly elated after it8 ,orator1 general1 virtuous emperor1 distinguished soldier1 though men give you all these titles1 how can any praise of ours be adequate8 ,long had the orator's platform been wholly disconnected from the general's functions7#aec72 and it was reserved for you to combine them once more in your person1 in this surely following the example of ,odysseus and ,nestor and the ,roman generals who sacked ,carthage2 for these men were always even more formidable to wrongdoers whom they attacked from the platform than to the enemy in the field of battle4 ,indeed ,i pay all the homage due to the forcible eloquence of ,demosthenes and his imitators1 but when ,i consider the conditions of your harangue ,i can never admit that there is any comparison between your theatre and theirs4 ,for they never had to address an audience of hoplites nor had they such great interests at stake1 but only money1 or honour1 or reputation1 or friends whom they had undertaken to assist1 yet when the citizens clamoured in dissent1 they often1 ,i believe1 left the platform pale and trembling1 like generals who prove to be cowards when they have to face the enemy in battleline4 ,indeed from all history it would be impossible to cite an achievement as great as yours when you acquired control of all those races by judicial pleading alone2 and moreover you had to make out your case against a man not by any means to be despised1 as many people think1 but one who had won distinction in many campaigns1 who was full of years1 who had the reputation of experience gained in a long career1 and had for a considerable period been in command of the legions there present4 ,what overwhelming eloquence that must have been6 ,how truly did 8persuasion sit on your lips07#aed7 and had the power to 8leave a sting0 in the souls of that motley crowd of men1 and to win you a victory that in importance rivals any that were ever achieved by force of arms1 only that yours was stainless and unalloyed1 and was more like the act of a priest going to the temple of his god than of an emperor going to war4 ,it is true indeed that the ,persians have a similar instance to quote1 but it falls far short of what you did1 ,i mean that on their father's death the sons of ,darius quarrelled about the succession to the throne and appealed to justice rather than to arms to arbitrate their case4 ,but between you and your brothers there never arose any dispute1 either in word or deed1 nay not one1 for it was in fact more agreeable to you to share the responsibility with them than to be the sole ruler of the world4 ,but your quarrel was with one who1 though his actions had not so far been impious or criminal1 was shown to have a treasonable purpose1 and you brought proofs to make that treason manifest47 1 1 7#aee7 1 ,d 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 7,after your harangue there followed a brilliant campaign and a war truly sacred1 though it was not on behalf of sacred territory1 like the ,phocian war1 which we are told was waged7#aef7 in the days of our ancestors1 but was to avenge the laws and the constitution and the slaughter of countless citizens1 some of whom the usurper7#aeg7 had put to death1 while others he was just about to kill or was trying to arrest4 ,it was really as though he was afraid that otherwise he might be considered1 for all his vices1 a ,roman citizen instead of a genuine barbarian4 ,as for his crimes against your house1 though they were quite as flagrant as his outrages against the state1 you thought it became you to devote less attention to them4 ,so true it is1 that1 then as now1 you rated the common weal higher than your private interests47 #cd 7#aeh7 1 1 1 7#aei7 1 ,b 1 1 2 4 1 1 ,c 1 7#afj7 2 1 1 1 1 7#afa7 1 7#afb7 1 ,d 1 1 4 1 7#afc7 4 #ce 1 4 ,b 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 ,c 4 1 7#afd7 1 4 4 ,d 1 1 1 4 7,i need not mention all the usurper's offences against the community and against individuals4 ,he assassinated his own master4 ,for he had actually been the slave of the murdered emperor's ancestors1 a miserable remnant saved from the spoils of ,germany4 ,and then he aimed at ruling over us1 he who had not even the right to call himself free1 had you not granted him the privilege4 ,those in command of the legions he imprisoned and put to death1 while to the common soldiers he behaved with such abject servility and deference that he ruined their discipline4 ,then he enacted those fine laws of his1 a property tax of fifty per cent41 and threatened the disobedient with death1 while any slave who pleased might inform against his master4 ,then he compelled those who did not want it to purchase the imperial property4 ,but time would fail me were ,i to tell of all his crimes and of the vast proportions that his tyranny had assumed4 ,as for the armament which he had collected to use against the barbarians but actually employed against us1 who could give you an adequate report of its strength8 ,there were ,celts and ,galatians7#afe7 who had seemed invincible even to our ancestors1 and who had so often like a winter torrent that sweeps all before it17#aff7 poured down on the ,italians and ,illyrians1 and1 following up their repeated victories on the field of battle1 had even invaded ,asia1 and then became our subjects because they had no choice4 ,they had been enrolled in the ranks of our armies and furnished levies that won a brilliant reputation1 being enlisted by your ancestors1 and1 later1 by your father4 ,then1 since they enjoyed the blessings of long continued peace1 and their country increased in wealth and population1 they furnished your brothers with considerable levies1 and finally1 by compulsion1 not choice1 they all in a body took part in the usurper's campaign4 ,the most enthusiastic of his followers were1 in virtue of their ties of kinship1 the ,franks and ,saxons1 the most warlike of the tribes who live beyond the ,rhine and on the shores of the western sea4 ,and since every city and every fortified place on the banks of the ,rhine was shorn of its garrison1 that whole region was left with no defence against the barbarians1 and all that splendidly organised army was despatched against us4 ,every town in ,galatia7#afg7 was like a camp preparing for war4 ,nothing was to be seen but weapons of war and forces of cavalry1 infantry1 archers1 and javelin men4 ,when these allies of the usurper began to pour into ,italy from all quarters and there joined the troops who had been enrolled long before1 there was no one so bold as not to feel terror and dismay at the tempest that threatened47#afh7 ,it seemed to all as though a thunderbolt had fallen from the ,alps1 a bolt that no action could avert1 no words describe4 ,it struck terror into the ,illyrians1 the ,paeonians1 the ,thracians1 the ,scythians2 the dwellers in ,asia believed it was directed entirely against themselves1 and even the ,persians began to get ready to oppose it in their country's defence4 ,but the usurper thought his task was easy1 and that he would have little difficulty in baffling your wisdom and energy1 and already fixed his covetous gaze on the wealth of ,india and the magnificence of ,persia4 ,to such an excess of folly and rashness had he come1 and after a success wholly insignificant1 ,i mean the affair of the scouts whom1 while they were unprotected by the main army1 he ambushed and cut in pieces4 ,so true it is that when fools meet with undeserved success7#afi7 they often find it is but the prelude to greater misfortunes4 ,and so1 elated by this stroke of luck1 he left the fortified posts that protected the ,italian frontier1 and marched towards the ,norici and the ,paeonians1 taking no precautions1 because he thought that speed would serve him better than force of arms or courage47 1 1 1 1 4 1 #cf 7#agj7 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 ,b 1 4 1 1 1 4 ,c 1 1 4 7#aga7 4 7,the moment that you learned this1 you led your army out of the narrow and dangerous passes1 and he followed in pursuit1 as he thought1 unaware that he was being outgeneralled1 until you both reached open country4 ,when the plains before ,myrsa7#agb7 were in sight1 the cavalry of both armies were drawn up on the wings1 while the infantry formed the centre4 ,then your ,majesty kept the river on your right1 and1 outflanking the enemy with your left1 you at once turned and broke his phalanx1 which indeed had from the first the wrong formation1 since it had been drawn up by one who knew nothing of war or strategy4 ,then he who so far had thought he was the pursuer did not even join battle1 but took to headlong flight1 dismayed by the clash of weapons2 he could not even listen without trembling when the legions shouted their battlesong4 ,his ranks had been thrown into disorder1 but the soldiers formed into companies and renewed the battle4 ,for they disdained to be seen in flight1 and to give an example in their own persons of what had hitherto been inconceivable to all men1 ,i mean a ,celtic or ,galatian7#agc7 soldier turning his back to the enemy4 ,the barbarians too1 who1 if defeated1 could not hope to make good their retreat1 were resolved either to conquer1 or not to perish till they had severely punished their opponents4 ,just see the extraordinary daring of the usurper's troops in the face of dangers and their great eagerness to come to close quarters67 1 1 1 ,d 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 #cg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 ,b 1 4 7,our men1 on the other hand1 had so far carried all before them and were anxious to retain the good opinion of their comrades and of the ,emperor1 and were moreover stimulated by their successes in the past and by the almost incredible brilliance of their exploits in this very engagement1 and1 ambitious as they were to end the day as gloriously as they had begun it1 cheerfully encountered toil and danger4 ,so they charged again as though the battle had only just begun1 and gave a wonderful display of daring and heroism4 ,for some hurled themselves full on the enemy's swords1 or seized the enemy's shields1 others1 when their horses were wounded and the riders thrown1 at once transformed themselves into hoplites4 ,the usurper's army meanwhile did the same and pressed our infantry hard4 ,neither side gained the advantage1 till the cuirassiers by their archery1 aided by the remaining force of cavalry1 who spurred on their horses to the charge1 had begun to inflict great loss on the enemy1 and by main force to drive the whole army before them4 ,some directed their flight to the plain1 and of these a few were saved just in time by the approach of night4 ,the rest were flung into the river1 crowded together like a herd of oxen or brute beasts4 ,thus did the usurper's army reap the fruits of his cowardice1 while their valour availed him nothing47 4 1 1 1 4 ,c 2 4 1 4 7#agd7 1 1 ,d 1 1 7#age7 1 1 4 1 #ch 4 1 1 4 7,the trophy that you set up for that victory was far more brilliant than your father's4 ,he led an army that had always proved itself invincible1 and with it conquered a miserable old man47#agf7 ,but the tyranny that you suppressed was flourishing and had reached its height1 partly through the crimes that had been committed1 but still more because so many of the youth were on that side1 and you took the field against it with legions that had been trained by yourself4 ,what emperor can one cite in the past who first planned and then reproduced so admirable a type of cavalry1 and such accoutrements8 ,first you trained yourself to wear them1 and then you taught others how to use such weapons so that none could withstand them4 ,this is a subject on which many have ventured to speak1 but they have failed to do it justice1 so much so that those who heard their description1 and later had the good fortune to see for themselves1 decided that their eyes must accept what their ears had refused to credit4 ,your cavalry was almost unlimited in numbers and they all sat their horses like statues1 while their limbs were fitted with armour that followed closely the outline of the human form4 ,it covers the arms from wrist to elbow and thence to the shoulder1 while a coat of mail protects the shoulders1 back and breast4 ,the head and face are covered by a metal mask which makes its wearer look like a glittering statue1 for not even the thighs and legs and the very ends of the feet lack this armour4 ,it is attached to the cuirass by fine chainarmour like a web1 so that no part of the body is visible and uncovered1 for this woven covering protects the hands as well1 and is so flexible that the wearers can bend even their fingers47#agg7 ,all this ,i desire to represent in words as vividly as ,i can1 but it is beyond my powers1 and ,i can only ask those who wish to know more about this armour to see it with their own eyes1 and not merely to listen to my description47 1 1 ,b 2 7#agh7 2 4 1 4 ,c 1 4 1 4 1 4 ,d 1 1 4 1 1 1 #ci 4 1 1 ,b 1 7#agi7 4 1 1 4 7,now that ,i have told the story of this first campaign1 which was fought at the end of the autumn1 shall ,i here break off my narrative8 ,or is it altogether unfair to withhold the end and issue of your achievements from those who are eager to hear8 ,winter overtook us and gave the usurper a chance to escape punishment4 ,then followed a splendid proclamation worthy of your imperial generosity4 ,an amnesty was granted to those who had taken sides with the usurper1 except when they had shared the guilt of those infamous murders4 ,thus they who had never hoped even to see again anything that they held dear1 recovered their houses1 money1 and native land4 ,then you welcomed the fleet which arrived from ,italy bringing thence many citizens who1 no doubt1 had fled from the usurper's savage cruelty4 ,then when the occasion demanded that you should take the field1 you again menaced the usurper4 ,he however took cover in the fastnesses of ,italy and hid his army away there in the mountains1 wildbeast fashion1 and never even dared to carry on the war beneath the open heavens4 ,but he betook himself to the neighbouring town7#ahj7 which is devoted to pleasure and high living1 and spent his time in public shows and sensual pleasures1 believing that the impassable mountains alone would suffice for his safety4 ,moreover1 intemperate as he was by nature1 he thought it clear gain to be able to indulge his appetites at so dangerous a crisis1 and he evidently placed too much confidence in the safety of his position1 because the town is cut off from that part of ,italy by a natural rampart of mountains1 except the half that is bounded by a shoaling sea1 which resembles the marshes of ,egypt and makes that part of the country inaccessible even to an invading fleet4 ,it seems however as though nature herself will not devise any safeguard for the sensual and cowardly against the temperate and brave1 for when prudence and courage advance hand in hand she makes everything give way before them4 ,long since she revealed to us those arts through which we have attained an abundance of what was once thought to be unattainable1 and in the field of individual effort we see that what seemed impossible for many working together to achieve can be accomplished by a prudent man4 ,and since by your own actions you demonstrated this fact it is only fair1 ,o my ,emperor1 that you should accept my words to that effect47 1 1 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 4 1 4 ,d 1 1 1 1 4 4 7#aha7 4 #dj 1 1 1 1 1 ,b 1 4 7#ahb7 1 1 1 ,c 1 4 7,for you conducted the campaign under the open skies1 and that though there was a city of some importance near at hand1 and moreover you encouraged your men to work hard and to take risks1 not merely by giving orders1 but by your own personal example4 ,you discovered a path hitherto unknown to all1 and you sent forward a strong detachment of hoplites chosen from your whole army2 then when you had ascertained that they had come up with the enemy1 you led forward your army in person1 surrounded them1 and defeated his whole force4 ,this happened before dawn1 and before noon the news was brought to the usurper4 ,he was attending a horserace at a festival1 and was expecting nothing of what took place4 ,how his attitude changed1 what was his decision about the crisis1 how he abandoned the town and in fact all ,italy1 and fled1 thus beginning to expiate his murders and all his earlier crimes1 it is not for this speech to relate4 ,yet though the respite he gained was so brief1 he proceeded to act no less wickedly than in the past4 ,so true is it that by the sufferings of the body alone it is impossible for the wicked to cleanse their souls of evil4 ,for when he reached ,galatia17#ahc7 this ruler who was so righteous and lawabiding1 so far surpassed his own former cruelty that he now bethought himself of all the ruthless and brutal modes of punishment that he had then overlooked1 and derived the most exquisite pleasure from the spectacle of the sufferings of the wretched citizens4 ,he would bind them alive to chariots and1 letting the teams gallop1 would order the drivers to drag them along while he stood by and gazed at their sufferings4 ,in fact he spent his whole time in amusements of this sort1 until1 like an ,olympic victor1 you threw him in the third encounter7#ahd7 and forced him to pay a fitting penalty for his infamous career1 namely to thrust into his own breast that very sword which he had stained with the slaughter of so many citizens47#ahe7 ,never1 in my opinion1 was there a punishment more suitable or more just than this1 nor one that gave greater satisfaction to the whole human race1 which was now really liberated from such cruelty and harshness1 and at once began to exult in the good government that we enjoy to this day4 ,long may we continue to enjoy it1 ,o allmerciful ,providence67 1 1 1 1 7#ahf7 1 1 ,d 1 4 7#ahg7 4 1 #da 4 4 1 1 7#ahh7 1 2 ,b 4 7,i would fain recite every single one of your achievements1 but you will with reason pardon me1 most mighty ,emperor1 if ,i fall short of that ambition and omit to mention the naval armament against ,carthage which was equipped in ,egypt and set sail from ,italy to attack her1 and also your conquest of the ,pyrenees1 against which you sent an army by sea1 and your successes against the barbarians1 which of late have been so frequent1 and all such successes in the past as have not become a matter of common knowledge4 ,for example1 ,i often hear that even ,antioch now calls herself by your name4 ,her existence she does indeed owe to her founder17#ahi7 but her present wealth and increase in every sort of abundance she owes to you1 since you provided her with harbours that offer good anchorage for those who put in there4 ,for till then it was considered a dangerous risk even to sail past ,antioch2 so full were all the waters of that coast1 up to the very shores1 of rocks and sunken reefs4 ,i need not stop to mention the porticoes1 fountains1 and other things of the kind that you caused to be bestowed on ,antioch by her governors4 ,as to your benefactions to the city of your ancestors17#aij7 you built round it a wall that was then only begun1 and all buildings that seemed to be unsound you restored and made safe for all time4 ,but how could one reckon up all these things8 ,time will fail me if ,i try to tell everything separately47 1 4 1 1 1 ,c 1 4 4 1 4 7#aia7 1 17#aib7 1 ,d 4 1 1 1 1 #db 4 1 4 4 2 ,b 7#aic7 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 4 2 1 1 ,d 1 4 7,the time has now come when it is proper to consider whether your career1 so far as ,i have described it1 is at every point in harmony with virtue and the promptings of a noble disposition4 ,for to this1 as ,i said at the beginning of my speech1 ,i think it right to pay special attention4 ,let me therefore mention once more what ,i said some time ago1 that to your father you were dutiful and affectionate1 and that you constantly maintained friendly relations with your brothers1 for your father you were ever willing to obey1 and as the colleague of your brothers in the empire you always displayed moderation4 ,and if anyone thinks this a trifling proof of merit1 let him consider the case of ,alexander the son of ,philip1 and ,cyrus the son of ,cambyses1 and then let him applaud your conduct4 ,for ,alexander1 while still a mere boy1 showed clearly that he would no longer brook his father's control1 while ,cyrus dethroned his grandfather4 ,yet no one is so foolish as to suppose that1 since you displayed such modesty and self control towards your father and brothers1 you were not fully equal to ,alexander and ,cyrus in greatness of soul and ambition for glory4 ,for when fortune offered you the opportunity to claim as your right the empire of the world1 you were the first to make the essay1 though there were many who advised otherwise and tried to persuade you to the contrary course4 ,accordingly1 when you had carried through the war that you had in hand1 and that with the utmost ease and so as to ensure safety for the future1 you resolved to liberate that part of the empire which had been occupied by the enemy1 and the reason that you assigned for going to war was most just and such as had never before arisen1 namely your detestation of those infamous men4 ,civil war one could not call it1 for its leader was a barbarian who had proclaimed himself emperor and elected himself general4 ,i dislike to speak too often of his evil deeds and the crimes that he committed against your house4 ,but could anything be more heroic than your line of action8 ,for should you fail in your undertaking the risk involved was obvious4 ,but you faced it1 and you were not bidding for gain1 nay nor for undying renown1 for whose sake brave men so often dare even to die1 selling their lives for glory as though it were gold1 nor was it from desire of wider or more brilliant empire1 for not even in your youth were you ambitious of that1 but it was because you were in love with the abstract beauty of such an achievement1 and thought it your duty to endure anything rather than see a barbarian ruling over ,roman citizens1 making himself master of the laws and constitution and offering public prayers for the common weal1 guilty as he was of so many impious crimes and murders4 ,who could fail to be dazzled by the splendour of your armament and the vast scale of your expenditure8 ,and yet ,i am told that ,xerxes1 when he mustered all ,asia against the ,greeks1 spent no less than ten years in preparing for that war4 ,then he set out with twelve hundred triremes1 from the very spot1 as ,i understand1 where you gathered your fleet together1 having built it in rather less than ten months1 and yet you had more ships than ,xerxes4 ,but neither his fortune nor his achievements can properly be compared with yours47 1 4 #dc 7#aid7 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 ,b 1 1 1 ,c 2 1 4 1 ,d 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 #dd 1 4 1 1 7#aie7 1 2 1 ,b 4 7,i fear that it is beyond my powers to describe the magnificence of your outlay for other purposes1 nor will ,i risk being tedious by staying now to count up the sums you bestowed on cities that had long been destitute4 ,for whereas1 in the time of your predecessors1 they lacked the necessaries of life1 they have all become rich through you1 and the general prosperity of each city increases the welfare of every private household in it4 ,but it is proper that ,i should mention your gifts to private persons1 and give you the title of a generous and openhanded ,emperor2 for since there were many who long ago had lost their property1 because1 in some cases justly1 in others unjustly1 their ancestral estates had suffered loss1 you had no sooner come into power1 than like a just judge you set right in the latter cases the errors committed by men in the past1 and restored them to the control of their property1 while in the former cases you were a kindly arbiter1 and granted that they should recover what they had lost1 thinking that to have suffered so long was punishment enough4 ,then you lavished large sums from your privy purse1 and increased the reputation for wealth of many who even in the past had prided themselves on their large incomes4 ,but why should ,i remind you of all this and seem to waste time over trifles8 ,especially as it must be obvious to all that no king except ,alexander the son of ,philip was ever known to bestow such splendid presents on his friends4 ,indeed some kings have thought that the wealth of their friends gave more grounds for suspicion and alarm than did the resources of their enemies1 while others were jealous of the aristocrats among their subjects1 and therefore persecuted the wellborn in every possible way1 or even exterminated their houses1 and thus were responsible for the public disasters of their cities and1 in private life1 for the most infamous crimes4 ,there were some who went so far as to envy mere physical advantages1 such as health or good looks1 or good condition4 ,and as for a virtuous character among their subjects1 they could not bear even to hear of it1 but counted it a crime like murder or theft or treason to appear to lay claim to virtue4 ,but perhaps someone will say1 and with truth1 that these were the actions and practices not of genuine kings but of base and contemptible tyrants4 ,nay1 but that other malady which has been known to attack not only those who were irrational1 but some even who were just and mild1 ,i mean the tendency to quarrel with friends who were too prosperous and to wish to humble them and deprive them of their rightful possessions1 who ,i ask has ever dared so much as to mention such conduct in your case8 ,yet such1 they say1 was the treatment that ,cyrus the ,persian1 the king's soninlaw1 received from his kinsman17#aif7 who could not brook the honour in which ,cyrus was held by the common people1 and ,agesilaus also is well known to have resented the honours paid to ,lysander by the ,ionians47 7#aig7 1 1 1 1 ,c 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 4 ,d 1 1 1 #de 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 4 ,b 1 4 4 2 1 2 4 7,all these1 then1 you have surpassed in merit1 for you have made their wealth more secure for the rich than a father would for his own children1 and you take thought that your subjects shall be wellborn1 as though you were the founder and lawgiver of every single city4 ,those to whom fortune has been generous you still further enrich1 and in many cases men owe all their wealth to your generosity1 so that in amount your gifts clearly surpass those of other princes1 while1 in security of ownership of what has once been given1 you cast into the shade any favours bestowed by democracies47#aih7 ,and this is1 ,i think1 very natural4 ,for when men are conscious that they lack certain advantages1 they envy those who do possess them1 but when a man is more brilliantly endowed by fortune than any of his fellows1 and by his own initiative has won even higher dignities than fate had assigned him1 he lacks nothing1 and there is none whom he need envy4 ,and since you realise that in your case this is especially true1 you rejoice at the good fortune of others and take pleasure in the successes of your subjects4 ,you have already bestowed on them certain honours1 and other honours you are on the point of bestowing1 and you are making plans for the benefit of yet other persons4 ,nor are you content to award to your friends the government of a single city or nation1 or even of many such1 with the honours attaching thereto4 ,but unless you chose a colleague7#aii7 to share that empire on whose behalf you had spared no pains to exterminate the brood of usurpers1 you thought that no act of yours could be worthy of your former achievements4 ,that you reached this decision not so much because it was necessary as because you take pleasure in giving all that you have to give1 is1 ,i suppose1 well known to all4 ,for you chose no colleague to aid you in your contests with the usurpers1 but you thought it right that one who had not shared in the toil should share in the honour and glory1 and that only when all danger seemed to be over4 ,and it is well known that from that honour you subtract not even a trifling part1 though you do not demand that he should share the danger even in some small degree1 except indeed when it was necessary for a short time that he should accompany you on your campaign4 ,does my account of this call for any further witnesses or proofs8 ,surely it is obvious that he who tells the tale would not be the one to introduce a fictitious account4 ,but on this part of my subject ,i must not spend any more time47 1 ,c 4 7#bjj7 1 2 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 4 7#bja7 2 7#bjb7 2 1 1 1 #df 4 1 1 4 2 1 4 1 ,b 1 2 4 1 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 7,a few words about your temperance1 your wisdom1 and the affection that you inspired in your subjects1 will not1 ,i think1 be out of place4 ,for who is there among them all who does not know that from boyhood you cultivated the virtue of temperance as no one had ever done before you8 ,that in your youth you possessed that virtue your father is a trustworthy witness1 for he entrusted to you alone the management of affairs of state and all that related to your brothers1 although you were not even the eldest of his sons4 ,and that you still display it1 now that you are a man1 we are all well aware1 since you ever behave towards the people and the magistrates like a citizen who obeys the laws1 not like a king who is above the laws4 ,for who ever saw you made arrogant by prosperity8 ,who ever saw you uplifted by those successes1 so numerous and so splendid1 and so quickly achieved8 ,they say that ,alexander1 ,philip's son1 when he had broken the power of ,persia1 not only adopted a more ostentatious mode of life and an insolence of manner obnoxious to all1 but went so far as to despise the father that begat him1 and indeed the whole human race4 ,for he claimed to be regarded as the son of ,ammon instead of the son of ,philip1 and when some of those who had taken part in his campaigns could not learn to flatter him or to be servile1 he punished them more harshly than the prisoners of war4 ,but the honour that you paid to your father need ,i speak of in this place8 ,not only did you revere him in private life1 but constantly1 where men were gathered together in public1 you sang his praises as though he were a beneficent herogod4 ,and as for your friends1 you grant them that honour not merely in name1 but by your actions you make their title sure4 ,can any one of them1 ,i ask1 lay to your charge the loss of any right1 or any penalty or injury suffered1 or any overbearing act either serious or trifling8 ,nay there is not one who could bring any such accusation4 ,for your friends who were far advanced in years remained in office till the appointed end of their lives1 and only laid down with life itself their control of public business1 and then they handed on their possessions to their children or friends or some member of their family4 ,others again1 when their strength failed for work or military service1 received an honourable discharge1 and are now spending their last days in prosperity2 yet others have departed this life1 and the people call them blessed4 ,in short there is no man who having once been held worthy of the honour of your friendship1 ever suffered any punishment great or small1 even though later he proved to be vicious4 ,for them all that he had to do was to depart and give no further trouble47 ,d 1 1 4 1 1 4 #dg 7#bjc7 1 4 4 7,while this has been your character from first to last in all these relations1 you always kept your soul pure of every indulgence to which the least reproach is attached4 ,in fact ,i should say that you alone1 of all the emperors that ever were1 nay of all mankind almost1 with very few exceptions1 are the fairest example of modesty1 not to men only but to women also in their association with men4 ,for all that is forbidden to women by the laws that safeguard the legitimacy of offspring1 your reason ever denies to your passions4 ,but though ,i could say still more on this subject1 ,i refrain47 1 4 4 ,b 1 7#bjd7 47#bje7 1 1 4 1 4 ,c 4 1 4 1 1 1 7#bjf7 4 1 1 ,d 4 1 7#bjg7 4 #dh 4 4 1 1 1 ,b 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 7,your wisdom it is by no means easy to praise as it deserves1 but ,i must say a few words about it4 ,your actions1 however1 are more convincing1 ,i think1 than my words4 ,for it is not likely that this great and mighty empire would have attained such dimensions or achieved such splendid results1 had it not been directed and governed by an intelligence to match4 ,indeed1 when it is entrusted to luck alone1 unaided by wisdom1 we may be thankful if it last for any length of time4 ,it is easy by depending on luck to flourish for a brief space1 but without the aid of wisdom it is very hard1 or rather ,i might say impossible1 to preserve the blessings that have been bestowed4 ,and1 in short1 if we need cite a convincing proof of this1 we do not lack many notable instances4 ,for by wise counsel we mean the ability to discover most successfully the measures that will be good and expedient when put into practice4 ,it is therefore proper to consider in every case whether this wise counsel may not be counted as one of the things you have achieved4 ,certainly when there was need of harmony you gladly gave way1 and when it was your duty to aid the community as a whole you declared for war with the utmost readiness4 ,and when you had defeated the forces of ,persia without losing a single hoplite1 you made two separate campaigns against the usurpers1 and after overcoming one of them7#bjh7 by your public harangue1 you added to your army his forces1 which were fresh and had suffered no losses1 and finally1 by intelligence rather than by brute force1 you completely subdued the other usurper who had inflicted so many sufferings on the community4 ,i now desire to speak more clearly on this subject and to demonstrate to all what it was that you chiefly relied on and that secured you from failure in every one of those great enterprises to which you devoted yourself4 ,it is your conviction that the affection of his subjects is the surest defence of an emperor4 ,now it is the height of absurdity to try to win that affection by giving orders1 and levying it as though it were a tax or tribute4 ,the only alternative is the policy that you have yourself pursued1 ,i mean of doing good to all men and imitating the divine nature on earth4 ,to show mercy even in anger1 to take away their harshness from acts of vengeance1 to display kindness and toleration to your fallen enemies1 this was your practice1 this you always commended and enjoined on others to imitate1 and thus1 even while the usurper still controlled ,italy1 you transferred ,rome to ,paeonia by means of the ,senate and inspired the cities with zeal for undertaking public services47 2 1 ,c 1 4 1 7#bji7 4 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 7#baj7 4 4 4 1 1 #di 1 1 4 4 4 99 99 99 7,as for the affection of your armies1 what description could do it justice8 ,even before the battle at ,myrsa1 a division of cavalry came over to your side17#baa7 and when you had conquered ,italy bodies of infantry and distinguished legions did the same4 ,but what happened in ,galatia7#bab7 shortly after the usurper's miserable end demonstrated the universal loyalty of the garrisons to you2 for when1 emboldened by his isolated position1 another7#bac7 dared to assume the effeminate purple1 they suddenly set on him as though he were a wolf and tore him limb from limb47#bad7 ,your behaviour after that deed1 your merciful and humane treatment of all those of his friends who were not convicted of having shared his crimes1 and that in spite of all the sycophants who came forward with accusations and warned you to show only suspicion against friends of his1 this ,i count as the culmination of all virtue4 ,what is more1 ,i maintain that your conduct was not only humane and just1 but prudent in a still higher degree4 ,he who thinks otherwise falls short of a true understanding of both the circumstances and your policy4 ,for that those who had not been proved guilty should be protected was of course just1 and you thought you ought by no means to make friendship a reason for suspicion and so cause it to be shunned1 seeing that it was due to the loyal affection of your own subjects that you had attained to such power and accomplished so much4 ,but the son of that rash usurper1 who was a mere child1 you did not allow to share his father's punishment4 ,to such a degree does every act of yours incline towards clemency and is stamped with the mintmark of perfect virtue 99 99 99 99 99477#bae7 ,,oration ,,ii ,introduction ,to ,oration ,,ii ,the ,second ,oration is a panegyric of the ,emperor ,constantius1 written while ,julian1 after his elevation to the rank of ,caesar1 was campaigning in ,gaul47#baf7 ,it closely resembles and often echoes the ,first1 and was probably never delivered4 ,in his detailed and forced analogies of the achievements of ,constantius with those of the ,homeric heroes1 always to the advantage of the former1 ,julian follows a sophistic practice that he himself condemns17#bag7 and though he more than once contrasts himself with the 8ingenious rhetoricians0 he is careful to observe all their rules1 even in his historical descriptions of the ,emperor's campaigns4 ,the long ,platonic digression on ,virtue and the ideal ruler is a regular feature of a panegyric of this type1 though ,julian neglects to make the direct application to ,constantius4 ,in the ,first ,oration he quoted ,homer only once1 but while the ,second contains the usual comparisons with the ,persian monarchs and ,alexander1 its main object is to prove1 by direct references to the ,iliad1 that ,constantius surpassed ,nestor in strategy1 ,odysseus in eloquence1 and in courage ,hector1 ,sarpedon and ,achilles4 7,julian1 ,caesar7 4 7,the ,heroic ,deeds of the ,emperor ,constantius1 ,or1 ,on ,kingship7 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,d 1 1 1 4 #ej 1 1 4 1 7,achilles1 as the poet tells us1 when his wrath was kindled and he quarrelled with the king17#bah7 let fall from his hands his spear and shield2 then he strung his harp and lyre and sang and chanted the deeds of the demigods1 making this the pastime of his idle hours1 and in this at least he chose wisely4 ,for to fall out with the king and affront him was excessively rash and violent4 ,but perhaps the son of ,thetis is not free from this criticism either1 that he spent in song and music the hours that called for deeds1 though at such a time he might have retained his arms and not laid them aside1 but later1 at his leisure1 he could have sung the praises of the king and chanted his victories4 ,though indeed the author of that tale tells us that ,agamemnon also did not behave to his general either temperately or with tact1 but first used threats and proceeded to insolent acts1 when he robbed ,achilles of his prize of valour4 ,then ,homer brings them1 penitent now1 face to face in the assembly1 and makes the son of ,thetis exclaim7 1 1 1 78,son of ,atreus1 verily it had been better on this wise for both thee and me607#bai77 ,b 1 7#bbj7 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 1 1 4 7,later on he makes him curse the cause of their quarrel1 and recount the disasters due to his own wrath1 and we see the king blaming ,zeus and ,fate and ,erinys4 ,and here1 ,i think1 he is pointing a moral1 using those heroes whom he sets before us1 like types in a tragedy1 and the moral is that kings ought never to behave insolently1 nor use their power without reserve1 nor be carried away by their anger like a spirited horse that runs away for lack of the bit and the driver2 and then again he is warning generals not to resent the insolence of kings but to endure their censure with selfcontrol and serenely1 so that their whole life may not be filled with remorse47#bba77 1 1 7#bbb7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 7#bbc7 1 1 1 1 1 #ea 4 1 1 4 1 1 ,b 2 7,when ,i reflect on this1 my beloved ,emperor1 and behold you displaying in all that you do the result of your study of ,homer1 and see you so eager to benefit every citizen in the community in every way1 and devising for me individually such honours and privileges one after another1 then ,i think that you desire to be nobler than the king of the ,greeks1 to such a degree1 that1 whereas he insulted his bravest men1 you1 ,i believe1 grant forgiveness to many even of the undeserving1 since you approve the maxim of ,pittacus which set mercy before vengeance4 ,and so ,i should be ashamed not to appear more reasonable than the son of ,peleus1 or to fail to praise1 as far as in me lies1 what appertains to you1 ,i do not mean gold1 or a robe of purple1 nay by ,zeus1 nor raiment embroidered all over1 the work of ,sidonian women17#bbd7 nor beautiful ,nisaean horses17#bbe7 nor the gleam and glitter of goldmounted chariots1 nor the precious stone of ,india1 so beautiful and lovely to look upon4 ,and yet if one should choose to devote his attention to these and think fit to describe every one of them1 he would have to draw on almost the whole stream of ,homer's poetry and still he would be short of words1 and the panegyrics that have been composed for all the demigods would be inadequate for your sole praise4 ,first1 then1 let me begin1 if you please1 with your sceptre and your sovereignty itself4 ,for what does the poet say when he wishes to praise the antiquity of the house of the ,pelopids and to exhibit the greatness of their sovereignty87 1 1 87,then uprose their lord ,agamemnon and in his hand was the sceptre that ,hephaistos made and fashioned4707#bbf7 1 1 17#bbg7 7and gave to ,zeus2 then ,zeus gave it to his own and ,maia's son1 and ,hermes the prince gave it to ,pelops1 and ,pelops7 1 ,c 78,gave it to ,atreus1 shepherd of the host1 and ,atreus at his death left it to ,thyestes1 rich in flocks2 and he in turn gave it into the hands of ,agamemnon1 so that he should rule over many islands and all ,argos407 1 1 4 1 ,d 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 #eb 1 4 4 1 1 1 ,b 4 27#bbh7 1 1 2 1 7,here then you have the genealogy of the house of ,pelops1 which endured for barely three generations4 ,but the story of our family began with ,claudius2 then its supremacy ceased for a short time1 till your two grandfathers succeeded the throne4 ,and your mother's father7#bbi7 governed ,rome and ,italy and ,libya besides1 and ,sardinia and ,sicily1 an empire not inferior certainly to ,argos and ,mycenae4 ,your father's father7#bcj7 ruled the most warlike of all the tribes of ,galatia17#bca7 the ,western ,iberians7#bcb7 and the islands that lie in the ,ocean17#bcc7 which are as much larger than those that are to be seen in our seas as the sea that rolls beyond the pillars of ,heracles is larger than the inner sea47#bcd7 ,these countries your grandfathers entirely cleared of our foes1 now joining forces for a campaign1 when occasion demanded1 now making separate expeditions on their own account1 and so they annihilated the insolent and lawless barbarians on their frontiers4 ,these1 then1 are the distinctions that they won4 ,your father inherited his proper share of the ,empire with all piety and due observance1 waiting till his father reached his appointed end4 ,then he freed from intolerable slavery the remainder1 which had sunk from empire to tyranny1 and so governed the whole1 appointing you and your brothers1 his three sons1 as his colleagues4 ,now can ,i fairly compare your house with the ,pelopids in the extent of their power1 the length of their dynasty1 or the number of those who sat on the throne8 ,or is that really foolish1 and must ,i instead go on to describe your wealth1 and admire your cloak and the brooch that fastens it1 the sort of thing on which even ,homer loved to linger8 ,or must ,i describe at length the mares of ,tros that numbered three thousand1 and7 1 ,c 78pastured in the marshmeadow077#bce7 2 1 1 2 1 1 ,d 1 2 4 1 1 1 7#bcf7 4 7and the theft that followed87#bcg7 ,or shall ,i pay my respects to your ,thracian horses1 whiter than snow and faster than the storm winds1 and your ,thracian chariots8 ,for in your case also we can extol all these1 and as for the palace of ,alcinous and those halls that dazzled even the son of prudent ,odysseus and moved him to such foolish expressions of wonder17#bch7 shall ,i think it worth while to compare them with yours1 for fear that men should one day think that you were worse off than he in these respects1 or shall ,i not rather reject such trifling8 ,nay1 ,i must be on my guard lest someone accuse and convict me of using frivolous speech and ignoring what is really admirable4 ,so ,i had better leave it to the ,homerids to spend their energies on such themes1 and proceed boldly to what is more closely allied to virtue1 and things to which you yourself pay more attention1 ,i mean bodily strength and experience in the use of arms47 2 #ec 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 ,b 4 1 1 1 1 1 7,and now which one of those heroes to whom ,homer devotes his enchanting strains shall ,i admit to be superior to you8 ,there is the archer ,pandaros in ,homer1 but he is treacherous and yields to bribes7#bci72 moreover his arm was weak and he was an inferior hoplite3 then there are besides1 ,teucer and ,meriones4 ,the latter employs his bow against a pigeon7#bdj7 while ,teucer1 though he distinguished himself in battle1 always needed a sort of bulwark or wall4 ,accordingly he keeps a shield in front of him17#bda7 and that not his own but his brother's1 and aims at the enemy at his ease1 cutting an absurd figure as a soldier1 seeing that he needed a protector taller than himself and that it was not in his weapons that he placed his hopes of safety4 ,but ,i have seen you many a time1 my beloved ,emperor1 bringing down bears and panthers and lions with the weapons hurled by your hand1 and using your bow both for hunting and for pastime1 and on the field of battle you have your own shield and cuirass and helmet4 ,and ,i should not be afraid to match you with ,achilles when he was exulting in the armour that ,hephaistos made1 and testing himself and that armour to see7 ,c 78,whether it fitted him and whether his glorious limbs ran free therein207#bdb77 4 7for your successes proclaim to all men your proficiency47 2 2 1 ,d 1 4 1 1 1 #ed 4 1 4 4 1 ,b 1 4 7,as for your horsemanship and your agility in running1 would it be fair to compare with you any of those heroes of old who won a name and great reputation8 ,is it not a fact that horsemanship had not yet been invented8 ,for as yet they used only chariots and not ridinghorses4 ,and as for their fastest runner1 it is an open question how he compares with you4 ,but in drawing up troops and forming a phalanx skilfully ,menestheus7#bdc7 seems to have excelled1 and on account of his greater age the ,pylian7#bdd7 is his equal in proficiency4 ,but the enemy often threw their line into disorder1 and not even at the wall7#bde7 could they hold their ground when they encountered the foe4 ,you1 however1 engaged in countless battles1 not only with hostile barbarians in great numbers1 but with just as many of your own subjects1 who had revolted and were fighting on the side of one who was ambitious of grasping the imperial power2 yet your phalanx remained unbroken and never wavered or yielded an inch4 ,that this is not an idle boast and that ,i do not make a pretension in words that goes beyond the actual facts1 ,i will demonstrate to my hearers4 ,for ,i think it would be absurd to relate to you your own achievements4 ,i should be like a stupid and tasteless person who1 on seeing the works of ,pheidias should attempt to discuss with ,pheidias himself the ,maiden ,goddess on the ,acropolis1 or the statue of ,zeus at ,pisa4 ,but if ,i publish to the rest of the world your most distinguished achievements1 ,i shall perhaps avoid that blunder and not lay myself open to criticism4 ,so ,i will hesitate no more but proceed with my discourse47 1 1 1 ,c 4 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 4 1 1 4 2 4 7,i hope no one will object if1 when ,i attempt to deal with exploits that are so important1 my speech should become proportionately long1 and that though ,i desire to limit and restrain it lest my feeble words overwhelm and mar the greatness of your deeds2 like the gold which when it was laid over the wings of the ,eros at ,thespiae7#bdf7 took something1 so they say1 from the delicacy of its workmanship4 ,for your triumphs really call for the trumpet of ,homer himself1 far more than did the achievements of the ,macedonian47#bdg7 ,this will be evident as ,i go on to use the same method of argument which ,i adopted when ,i began4 ,it then became evident that there is a strong affinity between the ,emperor's exploits and those of the heroes1 and ,i claimed that while one hero excelled the others in one accomplishment only1 the ,emperor excels them all in all those accomplishments4 ,that he is more kingly than the king himself7#bdh7 ,i proved1 if you remember1 in what ,i said in my introduction1 and again and again it will be evident4 ,but now let us1 if you please1 consider his battles and campaigns4 ,what ,greeks and barbarians did ,homer praise above their fellows8 ,i will read you those of his verses that are most to the point47 #ee 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 78,tell me1 ,muse1 who was foremost of those warriors and horses that followed the sons of ,atreus4 ,of warriors far the best was ,ajax1 son of ,telamon1 so long as the wrath of ,achilles endured4 ,for he was far the foremost407#bdi77 7,and again he says of the son of ,telamon37 1 1 1 ,b 4 78,ajax who in beauty and in the deeds he wrought was of a mould above all the other ,danaans1 except only the blameless son of ,peleus407#bej77 1 4 2 7#bea7 ,c 4 1 4 1 4 4 7,these two1 he says1 were the bravest of the ,greeks who came to the war1 and of the ,trojan army ,hector and ,sarpedon4 ,do you wish1 then1 that ,i should choose out their most brilliant feats and consider what they amounted to8 ,and1 in fact1 the fighting of ,achilles at the river resembles in some respects certain of the ,emperor's achievements1 and so does the battle of the ,achaeans about the wall4 ,or ,ajax again1 when1 in his struggle to defend the ships1 he goes up on to their decks1 might be allowed some just resemblance to him4 ,but now ,i wish to describe to you the battle by the river which the ,emperor fought not long ago4 ,you know the causes of the outbreak of the war1 and that he carried it through1 not from desire of gain1 but with justice on his side4 ,there is no reason why ,i should not briefly remind you of the facts47 ,d 1 1 1 1 7,a rash and traitorous man7#beb7 tried to grasp at power to which he had no right1 and assassinated the ,emperor's brother and partner in empire4 ,then he began to be uplifted and dazzled by his hopes1 as though he was about to imitate ,poseidon and to prove that ,homer's story was not mere fiction but absolutely true1 where he says about the god7 1 1 1 78,three strides did he make1 and with the fourth came to his goal1 even to ,aegae107#bec77 4 7and how he took thence all his armour and harnessed his horses and drove through the waves37 #ef 1 1 78,and with gladness the sea parted before him1 and the horses fared very swiftly1 and the bronze axle was not wetted beneath107 1 4 1 4 17#bed7 1 ,b 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,c 7#bee7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 4 1 1 1 7#bef7 1 4 #eg 1 7#beg7 1 1 1 1 1 4 7#beh7 1 ,b 1 4 1 4 1 4 7for nothing stood in his way1 but all things stood aside and made a path for him in their joy4 ,even so the usurper thought that he had left behind him nothing hostile or opposed to him1 and that there was nothing at all to hinder him from taking up a position at the mouth of the ,tigris4 ,and there followed him a large force of heavy infantry and as many cavalry1 yes1 and good fighters they were1 ,celts1 ,iberians and ,germans from the banks of the ,rhine and from the coasts of the western sea4 ,whether ,i ought to call that sea the ,ocean or the ,atlantic1 or whether it is proper to use some other name for it1 ,i am not sure4 ,i only know that its coasts are peopled by tribes of barbarians who are not easy to subdue and are far more energetic than any other race1 and ,i know it not merely from hearsay1 on which it is never safe to rely1 but ,i have learned it from personal experience4 ,from these tribes1 then1 he mustered an army as large as that which marched with him from home1 or rather many followed him because they were his own people1 allied to him by the ties of race1 but our subjects--for so we must call them--,i mean all his ,roman troops followed from compulsion and not from choice1 like mercenary allies1 and their position and rle was like that of the proverbial ,carian17#bei7 since they were naturally illdisposed to a barbarian and a stranger who had conceived the idea of ruling and embarked on the enterprise at the time of a drunken debauch1 and was the sort of leader that one might expect from such a preface and prelude as that4 ,he led them in person1 not indeed like ,typho1 who1 as the poet tells us17#bfj7 in his wonder tale1 was brought forth by the earth in her anger against ,zeus1 nor was he like the strongest of the ,giants1 but he was like that ,vice incarnate which the wise ,prodicus created in his fable17#bfa7 making her compete with ,virtue and attempt to win over the son of ,zeus17#bfb7 contending that he would do well to prize her above all else4 ,and as he led them to battle he outdid the behaviour of ,capaneus17#bfc7 like the barbarian that he was1 in his insensate folly1 though he did not1 like ,capaneus1 trust to the energy of his soul or his physical strength1 but to the numbers of his barbarian followers2 and he boasted that he would lay everything at their feet to plunder1 that every general and captain and common soldier of his should despoil an enemy of corresponding rank of his baggage and belongings1 and that he would enslave the owners as well4 ,he was confirmed in this attitude by the ,emperor's clever strategy1 and led his army out from the narrow passes to the plains in high spirits and little knowing the truth1 since he decided that the ,emperor's march was merely flight and not a manoeuvre4 ,thus he was taken unawares1 like a bird or fish in the net4 ,for when he reached the open country and the plains of ,paeonia1 and it seemed advantageous to fight it out there1 then and not before the ,emperor drew up his cavalry separately on both wings47 1 ,c 1 4 1 4 ,d 4 1 47#bfd7 1 1 1 #eh 4 7,of these troops some carry lances and are protected by cuirasses and helmets of wrought iron mail4 ,they wear greaves that fit the legs closely1 and kneecaps1 and on their thighs the same sort of iron covering4 ,they ride their horses exactly like statues1 and need no shield4 ,in the rear of these was posted a large body of the rest of the cavalry1 who carried shields1 while others fought on horseback with bows and arrows4 ,of the infantry the hoplites occupied the centre and supported the cavalry on either wing4 ,in their rear were the slingers and archers and all troops that shoot their missiles from the hand and have neither shield nor cuirass4 ,this1 then1 was the disposition of our phalanx4 ,the left wing slightly outflanked the enemy1 whose whole force was thereby thrown into confusion1 and their line broke4 ,when our cavalry made a charge and maintained it stubbornly1 he who had so shamefully usurped the imperial power disgraced himself by flight1 and left there his cavalry commander and his numerous chiliarchs and taxiarchs1 who continued to fight bravely1 and in command of all these the real author7#bfe7 of that monstrous and unholy drama1 who had been the first to suggest to him that he should pretend to the imperial power and rob us of our royal privilege47 7#bff7 1 4 1 1 ,b 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 4 4 7,for a time indeed he enjoyed success1 and at his first attempt met with no repulse or failure1 but on that day he provoked the punishment that justice had in store for his misdeeds1 and had to pay a penalty that is hardly credible4 ,for all the others who abetted the usurper in that war met death openly or their flight was evident to all1 as was the repentance of others4 ,for many came as suppliants1 and all obtained forgiveness1 since the ,emperor surpassed the son of ,thetis in generosity4 ,for ,achilles1 after ,patroclus fell1 refused any longer even to sell those whom he took captive1 but slew them as they clasped his knees and begged for mercy4 ,but the ,emperor proclaimed an amnesty for those who should renounce the conspiracy1 and so not only freed them from the fear of death or exile or some other punishment1 but1 as though their association with the usurper had been due to some misadventure or unhappy error1 he deigned to reinstate them and completely cancel the past4 ,i shall have occasion to refer to this again47 1 4 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 1 4 1 #ei 4 1 1 4 1 7#bfg7 1 1 1 4 ,b 2 7#bfh7 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 7,but what ,i must now state is that the man who had trained and tutored the usurper was neither among the fallen nor the fugitives4 ,it was indeed natural that he should not even hope for pardon1 since his schemes had been so wicked1 his actions so infamous1 and he had been responsible for the slaughter of so many innocent men and women1 of whom many were private citizens1 and of almost all who were connected with the imperial family4 ,and he had done this not with shrinking nor with the sentiments of one who sheds the blood of his own people1 and because of that stain of guilt fears and is on the watch for the avenger and those who will exact a bloody reckoning1 but1 with a kind of purification that was new and unheard of1 he would wash his hands of the blood of his first victims1 and then go on to murder man after man1 and then1 after those whom they held dear1 he slew the women as well4 ,so he naturally abandoned the idea of appealing for mercy4 ,but likely as it is that he should think thus1 yet it may well be otherwise ,for the fact is that we do not know what he did or suffered before he vanished out of sight1 out of our ken4 ,whether some avenging deity snatched him away1 as ,homer says of the daughters of ,pandareos17#bfi7 and even now is carrying him to the very verge of the world to punish him for his evil designs1 or whether the river7#bgj7 has received him and bids him feed the fishes1 has not yet been revealed4 ,for till the battle actually began1 and while the troops were forming the phalanx1 he was full of confidence and went to and fro in the centre of their line4 ,but when the battle was ended as was fitting1 he vanished completely1 taken from our sight by ,i know not what god or supernatural agency1 only it is quite certain that the fate in store for him was far from enviable4 ,at any rate he was not destined to appear again1 and1 after insulting us with impunity1 live prosperous and secure as he thought he should2 but he was doomed to be completely blotted out and to suffer a punishment that for him indeed was fatal but to many was beneficial and gave them a chance of recovery47 1 ,c 7#bga7 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 1 4 1 7#bgb7 1 1 4 #fj 1 47#bgc7 1 4 7#bgd7 ,b 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 ,c 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 ,d 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 #fa 1 1 1 7#bge7 1 4 4 ,b 1 17#bgf7 1 4 1 4 1 7,now though it would be well worth while to devote more of my speech to this man who was the author of that whole enterprise1 yet it breaks the thread of my narrative1 which had reached the thick of the action4 ,so ,i must leave that subject for the present1 and going back to the point where ,i digressed1 describe how the battle ended4 ,for though their generals showed such cowardice1 the courage of the soldiers was by no means abated4 ,when their line was broken1 which was due not to their cowardice but to the ignorance and inexperience of their leader1 they formed into companies and kept up the fight4 ,and what happened then was beyond all expectation2 for the enemy refused altogether to yield to those who were defeating them1 while our men did their utmost to achieve a signal victory1 and so there arose the wildest confusion1 loud shouts mingled with the din of weapons1 as swords were shattered against helmets and shields against spears4 ,it was a hand to hand fight1 in which they discarded their shields and attacked with swords only1 while1 indifferent to their own fate1 and devoting the utmost ardour to inflicting severe loss on the foe1 they were ready to meet even death if only they could make our victory seem doubtful and dearly bought4 ,it was not only the infantry who behaved thus to their pursuers1 but even the cavalry1 whose spears were broken and were now entirely useless4 ,their shafts are long and polished1 and when they had broken them they dismounted and transformed themselves into hoplites4 ,so for some time they held their own against the greatest odds4 ,but since our cavalry kept shooting their arrows from a distance as they rode after them1 while the cuirassiers made frequent charges1 as was easy on that unobstructed and level plain1 and moreover night overtook them1 the enemy were glad at last to take to flight1 while our men kept up a vigorous pursuit as far as the camp and took it by assault1 together with the baggage and slaves and baggage animals4 ,directly the rout of the enemy had begun1 as ,i have described1 and while we kept up a hot pursuit1 they were driven towards the left1 where the river was on the right of the victors4 ,and there the greatest slaughter took place1 and the river was choked with the bodies of men and horses1 indiscriminately4 ,for the ,drave was not like the ,scamander1 nor so kind to the fugitives2 it did not put ashore and cast forth from its waters the dead in their armour1 nor cover up and hide securely in its eddies those who escaped alive4 ,for that is what the ,trojan river did7#bgg71 perhaps out of kindness1 perhaps it was only that it was so small that it offered an easy crossing to one who tried to swim or walk4 ,in fact1 when a single poplar was thrown into it1 it formed a bridge17#bgh7 and the whole river roared with foam and blood and beat upon the shoulders of ,achilles17#bgi7 if indeed we may believe even this1 but it never did anything more violent4 ,when a slight fire scorched it1 it gave up fighting at once and swore not to play the part of ally4 ,however this1 too1 was probably a jest on ,homer's part1 when he invented that strange and unnatural sort of duel4 ,for in the rest of the poem also he evidently favours ,achilles1 and he sets the army there as mere spectators while he brings ,achilles on to the field as the only invincible and resistless warrior1 and makes him slay all whom he encounters and put every one of the foe to flight1 simply by his voice and bearing and the glance of his eyes1 both when the battle begins and on the banks of the ,scamander1 till the fugitives were glad to gather within the wall of the city4 ,many verses he devotes to relating this1 and then he invents the battles of the gods1 and by embellishing his poem with such tales he corrupts his critics and prevents us from giving a fair and honest vote4 ,but if there be any one who refuses to be beguiled by the beauty of the words and the fictions that are imported into the poem 4447#bhj71 then1 though he is as strict as a member of the ,areopagus1 ,i shall not dread his decision4 ,for we are convinced by the poem that the son of ,peleus is a brave soldier4 ,he slays twenty men2 then7 1 1 4 78,he chose twelve youths alive out of the river and led them forth amazed like fawns to atone for the death of ,patroclus1 son of ,menoitius4077#bha7 1 ,c 4 2 ,d 1 1 2 1 7#bhb7 1 7,but his victory1 though it had some influence on the fortunes of the ,achaeans1 was not enough to inspire any great fear in the enemy1 nor did it make them wholly despair of their cause4 ,on this point shall we set ,homer aside and demand some other witness8 ,or is it not enough to recall the verses in which he describes how ,priam came to the ships bringing his son's ransom8 ,for after he had made the truce for which he had come1 and the son of ,thetis asked37 1 78,for how many days dost thou desire to make a funeral for noble ,hector807 7,he told him not only that1 but concerning the war he said37 17#bhc7 4 78,and on the twelfth day we will fight again1 if fight we must407#bhd77 #fb 4 1 4 17#bhe7 1 4 7,you see he does not hesitate to announce that war will be resumed after the armistice4 ,but the unmanly and cowardly usurper sheltered his flight behind lofty mountains and built forts on them2 nor did he trust even to the strength of the position1 but begged for forgiveness4 ,and he would have obtained it had he deserved it1 and not proved himself on many occasions both treacherous and insolent1 by heaping one crime on another47 1 ,b 1 1 4 1 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 7#bhf7 1 ,d 4 1 4 1 4 #fc 4 1 7#bhg7 1 4 7,and now with regard to the battle1 if there be anyone who declines to heed either the opinion expressed in my narrative or those admirably written verses1 but prefers to consider the actual facts1 let him judge from those4 ,accordingly we will next1 if you please1 compare the fighting of ,ajax in defence of the ships and of the ,achaeans at the wall with the ,emperor's achievements at that famous city4 ,i mean the city to which the ,mygdonius1 fairest of rivers1 gives its name1 though it has also been named after ,king ,antiochus4 ,then1 too1 it has another1 a barbarian name7#bhh7 which is familiar to many of you from your intercourse with the barbarians of those parts4 ,this city was besieged by an overwhelming number of ,parthians with their ,indian allies1 at the very time when the ,emperor was prepared to march against the usurper4 ,and like the sea crab which they say engaged ,heracles in battle when he sallied forth to attack the ,lernaean monster17#bhi7 the ,king of the ,parthians1 crossing the ,tigris from the mainland1 encircled the city with dykes4 ,then he let the ,mygdonius flow into these1 and transformed all the space about the city into a lake1 and completely hemmed it in as though it were an island1 so that only the ramparts stood out and showed a little above the water4 ,then he besieged it by bringing up ships with siegeengines on board4 ,this was not the work of a day1 but ,i believe of almost four months4 ,but the defenders within the wall continually repulsed the barbarians by burning the siegeengines with their firedarts4 ,and from the wall they hauled up many of the ships1 while others were shattered by the force of the engines when discharged and the weight of the missiles4 ,for some of the stones that were hurled on to them weighed as much as seven ,attic talents47#bij7 ,when this had been going on for many days in succession1 part of the dyke gave way and the water flowed in in full tide1 carrying with it a portion of the wall as much as a hundred cubits long47#bia77 4 1 1 1 ,b 4 4 4 1 4 1 7#bib7 4 1 4 1 ,c 4 1 4 4 ,d 4 4 1 1 1 7#bic7 4 7,thereupon he arrayed the besieging army in the ,persian fashion4 ,for they keep up and imitate ,persian customs1 ,i suppose1 because they do not wish to be considered ,parthians1 and so pretend to be ,persians4 ,that is surely the reason why they prefer the ,persian manner of dress4 ,and when they march to battle they look like them1 and take pride in wearing the same armour1 and raiment adorned with gold and purple4 ,by this means they try to evade the truth and to make it appear that they have not revolted from ,macedon1 but are merely resuming the empire that was theirs of old4 ,their king1 therefore1 imitating ,xerxes1 sat on a sort of hill that had been artificially made1 and his army advanced accompanied by their beasts47#bid7 ,these came from ,india and carried iron towers full of archers4 ,first came the cavalry who wore cuirasses1 and the archers1 and then the rest of the cavalry in huge numbers4 ,for infantry they find useless for their sort of fighting and it is not highly regarded by them4 ,nor1 in fact1 is it necessary to them1 since the whole of the country that they inhabit is flat and bare4 ,for a military force is naturally valued or slighted in proportion to its actual usefulness in war4 ,accordingly1 since infantry is1 from the nature of the country1 of little use to them1 it is granted no great consideration in their laws4 ,this happened in the case of ,crete and ,caria as well1 and countless nations have a military equipment like theirs4 ,for instance the plains of ,thessaly have proved suitable for cavalry engagements and drill4 ,our state1 on the other hand1 since it has had to encounter adversaries of all sorts1 and has won its preeminence by good judgment combined with good luck1 has naturally adapted itself to every kind of armour1 and to a varying equipment47 1 1 1 #fd 4 4 4 4 7,but perhaps those who watch over the rules for writing panegyric as though they were laws1 may say that all this is irrelevant to my speech4 ,now whether what ,i have been saying partly concerns you ,i shall consider at the proper time4 ,but at any rate ,i can easily clear myself from the accusation of such persons4 ,for ,i declare that ,i make no claim to be an expert in their art1 and one who has not agreed to abide by certain rules has the right to neglect them4 ,and it may be that ,i shall prove to have other convincing excuses besides4 ,but it is not worth while to interrupt my speech and digress from my theme any longer when there is no need4 ,let me1 then1 retrace my steps to the point at which ,i digressed47 ,b 1 17#bie7 1 1 4 ,c 4 1 4 1 1 1 ,d 1 7#bif7 4 1 4 #fe 1 7#big7 1 1 1 4 4 ,b 1 7#bih7 4 7,now when the ,parthians advanced to attack the wall in their splendid accoutrements1 men and horses1 supported by the ,indian elephants1 it was with the utmost confidence that they would at once take it by assault4 ,and at the signal to charge they all pressed forward1 since every man of them was eager to be the first to scale the wall7#bii7 and win the glory of that exploit4 ,they did not imagine that there was anything to fear1 nor did they believe that the besieged would resist their assault4 ,such was the exaggerated confidence of the ,parthians4 ,the besieged1 however1 kept their phalanx unbroken at the gap in the wall1 and on the portion of the wall that was still intact they posted all the noncombatants in the city1 and distributed among them an equal number of soldiers4 ,but when the enemy rode up and not a single missile was hurled at them from the wall1 their confidence that they would completely reduce the city was strengthened1 and they whipped and spurred on their horses so that their flanks were covered with blood1 until they had left the dykes behind them4 ,these dykes they had made earlier to dam the mouth of the ,mygdonius1 and the mud thereabouts was very deep4 ,in fact there was hardly any ground at all because of the wood17#cjj7 and because the soil was so rich1 and of the sort that conceals springs under its surface4 ,moreover there was in that place a wide moat that had been made long ago to protect the town1 and had become filled up with a bog of considerable depth4 ,now when the enemy had already reached this moat and were trying to cross it1 a large force of the besieged made a sally1 while many others hurled stones from the walls4 ,then many of the besiegers were slain1 and all with one accord turned their horses in flight1 though only from their gestures could it be seen that flight was what they desired and intended4 ,for1 as they were in the act of wheeling them about1 their horses fell and bore down the riders with them4 ,weighed down as they were by their armour1 they floundered still deeper in the bog1 and the carnage that ensued has never yet been paralleled in any siege of the same kind47 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 4 1 1 4 1 7#cja7 1 4 ,d 4 1 4 1 1 7#cjb7 #ff 7#cjc7 4 4 7,since this fate had overtaken the cavalry1 they tried the elephants1 thinking that they would be more likely to overawe us by that novel sort of fighting4 ,for surely they had not been stricken so blind as not to see that an elephant is heavier than a horse1 since it carries the load1 not of two horses or several1 but what would1 ,i suppose1 require many waggons1 ,i mean archers and javelin men and the iron tower besides4 ,all this was a serious hindrance1 considering that the ground was artificially made and had been converted into a bog4 ,and this the event made plain4 ,hence it is probable that they were not advancing to give battle1 but rather were arrayed to overawe the besieged4 ,they came on in battle line at equal distances from one another1 in fact the phalanx of the ,parthians resembled a wall1 with the elephants carrying the towers1 and hoplites filling up the spaces between4 ,but drawn up as these were they were of no great use to the barbarian4 ,it was1 however1 a spectacle which gave the defenders on the wall great pleasure and entertainment1 and when they had gazed their fill at what resembled a splendid and costly pageant in procession1 they hurled stones from their engines1 and1 shooting their arrows1 challenged the barbarians to fight for the wall4 ,now the ,parthians are naturally quicktempered1 and they could not endure to incur ridicule and lead back this imposing force without striking a blow2 so by the king's express command they charged at the wall and received a continuous fire of stones and arrows1 while some of the elephants were wounded1 and perished by sinking into the mud4 ,thereupon1 in fear for the others also1 they led them back to the camp47 1 1 4 ,b 7#cjd7 4 4 1 1 1 1 4 ,c 1 4 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 #fg 1 4 7,having failed in this second attempt as well1 the ,parthian king divided his archers into companies and ordered them to relieve one another and to keep shooting at the breach in the wall1 so that the beseiged could not rebuild it and thus ensure the safety of the town4 ,for he hoped by this means either to take it by surprise1 or by mere numbers to overwhelm the garrison4 ,but the preparations that had been made by the ,emperor made it clear that the barbarian's plan was futile4 ,for in the rear of the hoplites a second wall was being built1 and while he thought they were using the old line of the wall for the foundations and that the work was not yet in hand1 they had laboured continuously for a whole day and night till the wall had risen to a height of four cubits4 ,and at daybreak it became visible1 a new and conspicuous piece of work4 ,moreover the besieged did not for a moment yield their ground1 but kept relieving one another and shooting their javelins at those who were attacking the fallen wall1 and all this terribly dismayed the barbarian4 ,nevertheless he did not at once lead off his army but employed the same efforts over again4 ,but when he had done as before1 and as before suffered repulse1 he did lead his army back1 having lost many whole tribes through famine1 and squandered many lives over the dykes and in the siege4 ,he had also put to death many satraps one after another1 on various charges1 blaming one of them because the dykes had not been made strong enough1 but gave way and were flooded by the waters of the river1 another because when fighting under the walls he had not distinguished himself2 and others he executed for one offence or another4 ,this is in fact the regular custom among the barbarians in ,asia1 to shift the blame of their illsuccess on to their subjects4 ,thus then the king acted on that occasion1 and afterwards took himself off4 ,and from that time he has kept the peace with us and has never asked for any covenant or treaty1 but he stays at home and is thankful if only the ,emperor does not march against him and exact vengeance for his audacity and folly47 2 4 4 ,b 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 ,c 1 1 7#cje7 1 1 4 7,and now am ,i justified in comparing this battle with those that were fought in defence of the ,greek ships and the wall8 ,observe the following points of similarity1 and note also the difference4 ,of the ,greeks the two ,ajaxes1 the ,lapithae and ,menestheus fell back from the wall and looked on helplessly while the gates were battered down by ,hector1 and ,sarpedon scaled the battlements4 ,but our garrison did not give way even when the wall fell in of itself1 but they fought and won1 and repulsed the ,parthians1 aided though these were by their ,indian allies4 ,then again ,hector went up on to the ships and fought from their decks on foot1 and as though from behind a rampart1 whereas our garrison first had to fight a naval battle from the walls1 and finally1 while ,hector and ,sarpedon had to retreat from the battlements and the ships1 the garrison routed not only the forces that brought ships to the attack but the land force as well4 ,now it is appropriate that by some happy chance my speech should have alluded to ,hector and ,sarpedon1 and to what ,i may call the very crown of their achievements1 ,i mean the destruction of that wall which ,homer tells us the ,achaeans built only the day before1 on the advice of the princely orator7#cjf7 of ,pylos 8to be an impregnable bulwark for the ships and the army407#cjg77 1 7#cjh7 1 1 7,for that ,i think was almost the proudest of ,hector's achievements1 and he did not need the craft of ,glaucus to help him1 or any wiser plan1 for ,homer says plainly that the moment ,achilles appeared7 4 78,he shrank back into the crowd of men407#cji77 ,d 1 4 7,again1 when ,agamemnon attacked the ,trojans and pursued them to the wall1 ,zeus stole away7#caj7 ,hector so that he might escape at his leisure4 ,and the poet is mocking him and ridiculing his cowardice when he says that as he was sitting under the oaktree1 being already near the gate1 ,iris came to him with this message from ,zeus37 1 1 #fh 4 78,so long as thou seest ,agamemnon1 shepherd of the host1 raging among the foremost fighters and cutting down the ranks of men1 so long do thou keep back from the fight407#caa77 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 ,b 1 1 1 4 1 7#cab7 ,c 1 4 7,for is it likely that ,zeus would give such base and cowardly advice1 especially to one who was not even fighting1 but was standing there very much at his ease8 ,and while the son of ,tydeus1 on whose head ,athene kindled a mighty flame1 was slaying many and forcing to flight all who stayed to encounter him1 ,hector stood far away from the battle4 ,though he had to endure many taunts1 he despaired of making a stand against the ,achaeans1 but made a specious excuse for going to the city to advise his mother to propitiate ,athene in company with the ,trojan women4 ,and yet if in person he had besought the goddess before the temple1 with the elders1 he would have had good reason for that1 for it is only proper1 in my opinion1 that a general or king should always serve the god with the appointed ritual1 like a priest or prophet1 and not neglect this duty nor think it more fitting for another1 and depute it as though he thought such a service beneath his own dignity47 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 4 7#cac7 1 1 4 7#cad7 1 17#cae7 1 7#caf7 #fi 1 1 1 4 1 1 4 ,b 1 4 4 4 7#cag7 1 4 ,c 1 1 1 4 1 ,d 4 4 7,for here ,i think ,i may without offence adapt slightly ,plato's language where he says that the man1 and especially the king1 best equipped for this life is he who depends on ,god for all that relates to happiness1 and does not hang in suspense on other men1 whose actions1 whether good or bad1 are liable to force him and his affairs out of the straight path47#cah7 ,and though no one should allow me to paraphrase or change that passage or alter that word17#cai7 and though ,i should be told that ,i must leave it undisturbed like something holy and consecrated by time1 even in that case ,i shall maintain that this is what that wise man meant4 ,for when he says 8depends on himself10 assuredly he does not refer to a man's body or his property1 or long descent1 or distinguished ancestors4 ,for these are indeed his belongings1 but they are not the man himself2 his real self is his mind1 his intelligence1 and1 in a word1 the god that is in us4 ,as to which1 ,plato elsewhere calls it 8the supreme form of the soul that is within us10 and says that 8,god has given it to each one of us as a guiding genius1 even that which we say dwells in the summit of our body and raises us from earth towards our celestial affinity407#cbj7 ,it is on this that he plainly says every man ought to depend1 and not on other men1 who have so often succeeded when they wish to harm and hinder us in other respects4 ,indeed it has happened before now that even without such a desire men have deprived us of certain of our possessions4 ,but this alone cannot be hindered or harmed1 since 8,heaven does not permit the bad to injure what is better than itself407#cba7 ,this saying also is from ,plato4 ,but it may be that ,i am wearying you with these doctrines of his with which ,i sprinkle my own utterances in small quantities1 as with salt or gold dust4 ,for salt makes our food more agreeable1 and gold enhances an effect to the eye4 ,but ,plato's doctrines produce both effects4 ,for as we listen to them they give more pleasure than salt to the sense1 and they have a wonderful power of sweetly nourishing and cleansing the soul4 ,so that ,i must not hesitate or be cautious of criticism if someone reproaches me with being insatiable and grasping at everything1 like persons at a banquet who1 in their greed to taste every dish1 cannot keep their hands from what is set before them47#cbb7 ,for something of this sort seems to happen in my case when1 in the same breath1 ,i utter panegyric and philosophic theories1 and1 before ,i have done justice to my original theme1 break off in the middle to expound the sayings of philosophers4 ,i have had occasion before now to reply to those who make such criticisms as these1 and perhaps ,i shall have to do so again47 4 1 #gj 4 4 1 8 1 1 10 1 ,b 4 1 1 7#cbc7 1 1 1 ,c 7#cbd7 1 1 1 2 ,d 4 1 4 1 4 7,i will now1 however1 resume the thread of my discourse and go back to my startingpoint1 like those who1 when a race is being started1 run ahead out of the line4 ,well1 ,i was saying1 a moment ago1 that ,plato declares that a man's real self is his mind and soul1 whereas his body and his estate are but his possessions4 ,this is the distinction made in that marvellous work1 the ,laws4 ,and so if one were to go back to the beginning and say 8,that man is best equipped for life who makes everything that relates to happiness depend on his mind and intelligence and not on those outside himself who1 by doing or faring well or ill force him out of the straight path10 he is not changing or perverting the sense of the words1 but expounds and interprets them correctly4 ,and if for ,plato's word 8genius07#cbe7 he substitutes the word 8,god0 he has a perfect right to do so4 ,for if ,plato gives the control of our whole life to the presiding 8genius0 within us which is by nature unaffected by sensation and akin to ,god1 but must endure and suffer much because of its association with the body1 and therefore gives the impression to the crowd that it also is subject to sensation and death2 and if he says that this is true of every man who wishes to be happy1 what must we suppose is his opinion about pure intelligence unmixed with earthly substance1 which is indeed synonymous with ,god8 ,to this ,i say every man1 whether he be a private citizen or a king1 ought to entrust the reins of his life1 and by a king ,i mean one who is really worthy of the name1 and not counterfeit or falsely so called1 but one who is aware of ,god and discerns his nature because of his affinity with him1 and being truly wise bows to the divine authority and yields the supremacy to ,god4 ,for it is senseless and arrogant indeed for those who cultivate virtue not to submit to ,god once and for all1 as far as possible4 ,for we must believe that this above all else is what ,god approves4 ,again1 no man must neglect the traditional form of worship or lightly regard this method of paying honour to the higher power1 but rather consider that to be virtuous is to be scrupulously devout4 ,for ,piety is the child of ,justice1 and that justice is a characteristic of the more divine type of soul is obvious to all who discuss such matters47 #ga 1 1 4 1 1 7#cbf7 4 1 1 7#cbg7 ,b 1 1 1 7,for this reason1 then1 while ,i applaud ,hector for refusing to make a libation because of the bloodstains on his hands1 he had1 as ,i said1 no right to go back to the city or forsake the battle1 seeing that the task he was about to perform was not that of a general or of a king1 but of a messenger and underling1 and that he was ready to take on himself the office of an ,idaeus or ,talthybius4 ,however1 as ,i said at first1 this seems to have been simply a specious excuse for flight4 ,and indeed when he obeyed the bidding of the seer and fought a duel with the son of ,telamon17#cbh7 he was very ready to make terms and to give presents1 and rejoiced to have escaped death4 ,in short1 as a rule1 he is brave when in pursuit of the retreating foe1 but in no case has he the credit of a victory or of turning the tide of battle1 except when7 78,he was the first to leap within the wall of the ,achaeans07#cbi77 4 1 1 ,c 2 1 1 1 1 4 ,d 1 4 1 1 4 1 #gb 1 4 1 1 4 7#ccj7 1 1 ,b 1 1 4 1 4 1 ,c 1 1 1 1 4 ,d 1 1 1 4 7together with ,sarpedon4 ,shall ,i therefore shrink from competition as though ,i could not cite on behalf of the ,emperor any such exploit1 and must therefore avoid seeming to compare the trivial with the important and things of little account with what deserves more serious consideration1 or shall ,i venture to enter the lists even against an achievement so famous8 ,now that wall was to protect the beach1 and was a palisade such as we are wont to construct1 and was completed in less than a morning4 ,but the wall that was on the ,alps was an ancient fort1 and the usurper used it after his flight1 converting it into a defence as strong as though it had been newly built1 and he left there an ample garrison of seasoned troops4 ,but he did not himself march all the way there1 but remained in the neighbouring city47#cca7 ,this is a trading centre of the ,italians on the coast1 very prosperous and teeming with wealth1 since the ,mysians and ,paeonians and all the ,italian inhabitants of the interior procure their merchandise thence4 ,these last used1 ,i think1 to be called ,heneti in the past1 but now that the ,romans are in possession of these cities they preserve the original name1 but make the trifling addition of one letter at the beginning of the word4 ,its sign is a single character7#ccb7 and they call it 8oo10 and they often use it instead of 8b10 to serve1 ,i suppose1 as a sort of breathing1 and to represent some peculiarity of their pronunciation4 ,the nation as a whole is called by this name1 but at the time of the founding of the city an eagle from ,zeus flew past on the right1 and so bestowed on the place the omen derived from the bird47#ccc7 ,it is situated at the foot of the ,alps1 which are very high mountains with precipices in them1 and they hardly allow room for those who are trying to force their way over the passes to use even a single waggon and a pair of mules4 ,they begin at the sea which we call ,ionian1 and form a barrier between what is now ,italy and the ,illyrians and ,galatians1 and extend as far as the ,etruscan sea4 ,for when the ,romans conquered the whole of this country1 which includes the tribe of the ,heneti and some of the ,ligurians and a considerable number of ,galatians besides1 they did not hinder them from retaining their ancient names1 but compelled them to acknowledge the dominion of the ,italian republic4 ,and1 in our day1 all the territory that lies within the ,alps and is bounded by the ,ionian and the ,etruscan seas has the honour of being called ,italy4 ,on the other side of the ,alps1 on the west1 dwell the ,galatians1 and the ,rhaetians to the north where the ,rhine and the ,danube have their sources hard by in the neighbouring country of the barbarians4 ,and on the east1 as ,i said1 the ,alps fortify the district where the usurper stationed his garrison4 ,in this way1 then1 ,italy is contained on all sides1 partly by mountains that are very hard to cross1 partly by a shallow sea into which countless streams empty and form a morass like the marshlands of ,egypt4 ,but the ,emperor by his skill gained control of the whole of that boundary of the sea1 and forced his way inland47 1 1 1 #gc 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,b 1 4 17#ccd7 1 4 1 4 17#cce7 ,c 1 1 47#ccf7 7,i will now relate how the city was actually taken1 lest you should think ,i am wasting time by describing once more the difficulties of the ground1 and how it was impossible to plant a camp or even a palisade near the city or to bring up siegeengines or devices for storming it1 because the country all about was terribly short of water1 and there were not even small pools4 ,and if you wish to grasp the main point of my narrative in a few words1 remember the ,macedonian's7#ccg7 expedition against those ,indians who lived on the famous rock7#cch7 up to which not even the lightest birds could wing their flight1 and how he took it by storm1 and you will be content to hear no more from me4 ,however ,i will add this merely1 that ,alexander in storming the rock lost many of his ,macedonians1 whereas our ruler and general lost not a single chiliarch or a captain1 nay not even a legionary from the musterroll1 but achieved an unsullied and 8tearless07#cci7 victory4 ,now ,hector and ,sarpedon1 no doubt1 hurled down many men from the wall1 but when they encountered ,patroclus in all his glory ,sarpedon was slain near the ships1 while ,hector1 to his shame1 fled without even recovering the body of his friend4 ,thus without intelligence and emboldened by mere physical strength they ventured to attack the wall4 ,but the ,emperor1 when strength and daring are required1 employs force of arms and good counsel together1 and so wins the day1 but where good judgment alone is necessary it is by this that he steers his course1 and thus achieves triumphs such as not even iron could ever avail to erase47#cdj77 1 4 7#cda7 ,d 1 1 47#cdb7 4 1 7,but since my speech has of its own accord reached this point in its course and has long been eager to praise the ,emperor's wisdom and wise counsel1 ,i allow it to do so4 ,and in fact ,i spoke briefly on this subject some time ago1 and all the cases where there seemed to me to be any affinity between the heroes of ,homer and the ,emperor1 ,i described because of that resemblance1 comparing great things with small4 ,and indeed if one considers the size of their armaments1 the superiority of his forces also becomes evident4 ,for in those days all ,greece was set in motion17#cdc7 and part of ,thrace and ,paeonia1 and all the subject allies of ,priam17 4 78,all that ,lesbos1 the seat of ,makar1 contains within1 and ,phrygia on the north and the boundless ,hellespont407#cdd77 #gd 47#cde7 1 4 2 1 7#cdf7 1 1 4 ,b 7#cdg7 1 1 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 1 ,d 4 7,but to try to count up the nations who lately marched with the ,emperor and fought on his side in the war1 would be idle talk1 superfluous verbiage1 and absurd simplicity4 ,and it is natural that1 in proportion as the armies are larger1 their achievements are more important4 ,so it follows of necessity that1 in this respect as well1 the ,emperor's army surpassed ,homer's heroes4 ,in mere numbers1 at any rate1 at what point1 ,i ask1 could one justly compare them8 ,for the ,greeks fought all along for a single city and the ,trojans when they prevailed were not able to drive away the ,greeks1 nor were the ,greeks strong enough1 when they won a victory1 to destroy and overthrow the power and the royal sway of the house of ,priam1 and yet the time they spent over it was ten years long4 ,but the ,emperor's wars and undertakings have been numerous4 ,he has been described as waging war against the ,germans across the ,rhine1 and then there was his bridge of boats over the ,tigris1 and his exposure of the power and arrogance of the ,parthians7#cdh7 was no trivial thing1 on that occasion when they did not venture to defend their country while he was laying it waste1 but had to look on while the whole of it was devastated between the ,tigris and the ,lycus4 ,then1 when the war against the usurper was concluded1 there followed the expeditions to ,sicily and ,carthage1 and that stratagem of occupying beforehand the mouth of the ,po1 which deprived the usurper of all his forces in ,italy1 and finally that third and last fall7#cdi7 at the ,cottian ,alps1 which secured for the ,emperor the pleasure of a victory that was sure1 and carried with it no fears for the future1 while it compelled the defeated man to inflict on himself a just penalty wholly worthy of his misdeeds47 1 1 1 #ge 1 4 1 1 7#cej7 4 7,i have given this brief account of the ,emperor's achievements1 not adding anything in flattery and trying to exaggerate things that are perhaps of no special importance1 nor dragging in what is farfetched and unduly pressing points of resemblance with those achievements1 like those who interpret the myths of the poets and analyse them into plausible versions which allow them to introduce fictions of their own1 though they start out from very slight analogies1 and having recourse to a very shadowy basis1 try to convince us that this is the very thing that the poets intended to say4 ,but in this case if anyone should take out of ,homer's poems merely the names of the heroes1 and insert and fit in the ,emperor's1 the epic of the ,iliad would be seen to have been composed quite as much in his honour as in theirs47 7#cea7 ,b 1 1 1 1 1 1 7#ceb7 4 1 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 7#cec7 7#ced7 4 1 4 #gf 1 4 7#cee7 7#cef7 17#ceg7 4 1 1 ,b 1 1 4 7,but that you may not think1 if you hear only about his achievements and successes in war1 that the ,emperor is less well endowed for pursuits that are loftier and rightly considered of more importance1 ,i mean public speaking and deliberations and all those affairs in which judgment combined with intelligence and prudence take the helm1 consider the case of ,odysseus and ,nestor1 who are so highly praised in the poem2 and if you find that the ,emperor is inferior to them in any respect1 put that down to his panegyrists1 but we should rather in fairness concede that he is far superior4 ,nestor1 for instance1 when they began to disagree and quarrel about the captive damsel17#ceh7 tried to address them1 and he did persuade the king and the son of ,thetis1 but only to this extent that ,achilles broke up the assembly in disorder1 while ,agamemnon did not even wait to complete his expiation to the god1 but while he was still performing the rite and the sacred ship was in view1 he sent heralds to the tent of ,achilles1 just as though1 it seems to me1 he were afraid that he would forget his anger1 and1 once free from that passion1 would repent and avoid his error4 ,again1 the fartravelled orator from ,ithaca1 when he tried to persuade ,achilles to make peace1 and offered him many gifts and promised him countless others1 so provoked the young warrior that1 though he had not before planned to sail home1 he now began to make preparations47#cei7 ,then there are those wonderful proofs of their intelligence1 their exhortations to battle and ,nestor's building of the wall1 a cowardly notion and worthy indeed of an old man4 ,nor in truth did the ,achaeans benefit much from that device4 ,for it was after they had finished the wall that they were worsted by the ,trojans1 and naturally enough4 ,for before that1 they thought that they were themselves protecting the ships1 like a noble bulwark4 ,but when they realised that a wall lay in front of them1 built with a deep moat and set at intervals with sharp stakes1 they grew careless and slackened their valour1 because they trusted to the fortification4 ,yet it is not anyone who blames them and shows that they were in the wrong who is therefore a fit and proper person to praise the ,emperor4 ,but he who1 in a worthy manner1 recounts the ,emperor's deeds1 which were done not idly or automatically1 or from an irrational impulse1 but were skilfully planned beforehand and carried through1 he alone praises adequately the ,emperor's keen intelligence47 7#cfj7 4 4 1 ,c 1 7#cfa7 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 4 1 #gg 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 ,b 1 4 7#cfb7 1 1 4 7#cfc7 7#cfd7 1 ,c 1 1 1 7,but to report to you those speeches which he made at every public gathering to the armies and the common people and the councils1 demands too long a narrative1 though it is perhaps not too much to ask you to hear about one of these4 ,pray then think once more of the son of ,laertes when the ,greeks were rushing to set sail and he checked the rush and diverted their zeal back to the war17#cfe7 and then of the ,emperor's assembly in ,illyria1 when that old man17#cff7 persuaded by mere youths to think childish thoughts1 forgot his treaties and obligations and proved to be the enemy of his preserver and benefactor1 and came to terms with one against whom the ,emperor was waging a war that allowed no truce nor herald of a truce17#cfg7 and who was not only getting an army together1 but came to meet the ,emperor on the border of the country1 because he was anxious to hinder him from advancing further4 ,and when those two armies met1 and it was necessary to hold an assembly in the presence of the hoplites1 a high platform was set up and it was surrounded by a crowd of hoplites1 javelinmen and archers and cavalry equipped with their horses and the standards of the divisions4 ,then the ,emperor1 accompanied by him who for the moment was his colleague1 mounted the platform1 carrying no sword or shield or helmet1 but wearing his usual dress4 ,and not even one of his bodyguard followed him1 but there he stood alone on the platform1 trusting to that speech which was so impressively appropriate4 ,for of speeches too he is a good craftsman1 though he does not plane down and polish his phrases nor elaborate his periods like the ingenious rhetoricians1 but is at once dignified and simple1 and uses the right words on every occasion1 so that they sink into the souls not only of those who claim to be cultured and intelligent1 but many unlearned persons too understand and give hearing to his words4 ,and so he won over many tens of thousands of hoplites and twenty thousand cavalry and most warlike nations1 and at the same time a country that is extremely fertile1 not seizing it by force1 or carrying off captives1 but by winning over men who obeyed him of their own free will and were eager to carry out his orders4 ,this victory ,i judge to be far more splendid than that for which ,sparta is famous47#cfh7 ,for that was 8tearless0 for the victors only1 but the ,emperor's did not cause even the defeated to shed tears1 but he who was masquerading as ,emperor came down from the platform when he had pleaded his cause1 and handed over to the ,emperor the imperial purple7#cfi7 as though it were an ancestral debt4 ,and all else the ,emperor gave him in abundance1 more than they say ,cyrus gave to his grandfather1 and arranged that he should live and be maintained in the manner that ,homer recommends for men who are past their prime3--7 1 1 ,d 4 78,for it is fitting that such a one1 when he has bathed and fed1 should sleep soft1 for that is the manner of the aged407#cgj77 1 4 1 1 #gh 4 1 1 1 7#cga7 4 4 ,b 1 7#cgb7 1 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 4 4 1 ,d 1 7#cgc7 7#cgd7 1 1 4 1 1 4 7,now for my part ,i should have been glad to repeat to you the words that the ,emperor used1 and no fear would overtake me when handling words so noble4 ,but modesty restrains me and does not permit me to change or interpret his words to you4 ,for it would be wrong of me to tamper with them1 and ,i should blush to have my ignorance exposed1 if someone who had read the ,emperor's composition or heard it at the time should remember it by heart1 and demand from me not only the ideas in it but all the excellences with which they are adorned1 though they are composed in the language of our ancestors47#cge7 ,now this at any rate ,homer had not to fear when1 many generations later1 he reported his speeches1 since his speakers left no record of what they said in their assemblies1 and ,i think he was clearly confident that he was able to relate and report what they said in a better style4 ,but to make an inferior copy is absurd and unworthy of a generous and noble soul4 ,now as to the marvellous portion of his achievements and those of which the great multitude was spectator and hence preserves their memory and commends them1 since it looks to the result and is there to judge whether they turn out well or ill1 and eulogises them in language that is certainly not elegant1--as to all this ,i say you have often heard from the ingenious sophists1 and from the race of poets inspired by the ,muses themselves1 so that1 as far as these are concerned1 ,i must have wearied you by speaking about them at too great length4 ,for you are already surfeited with them1 your ears are filled with them1 and there will always be a supply of composers of such discourses to sing of battles and proclaim victories with a loud clear voice1 after the manner of the heralds at the ,olympic games4 ,for you yourselves1 since you delight to listen to them1 have produced an abundance of these men4 ,and no wonder4 ,for their conceptions of what is good and bad are akin to your own1 and they do but report to you your own opinions and depict them in fine phrases1 like a dress of many colours1 and cast them into the mould of agreeable rhythms and forms1 and bring them forth for you as though they had invented something new4 ,and you welcome them eagerly1 and think that this is the correct way to eulogise1 and you say that these deeds have received their due4 ,and this is perhaps true but it may well be otherwise1 since you do not really know what the correct way should be47 #gi 7#cgf7 1 1 1 1 ,b 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 ,c 4 1 1 4 7,for ,i have observed that ,socrates the ,athenian--you know the man by hearsay and that his reputation for wisdom was proclaimed aloud by the ,pythian oracle7#cgg7--;,i say ,i have observed that he did not praise that sort of thing1 nor would he admit7#cgh7 that they are happy and fortunate who are masters of a great territory and many nations1 with many ,greeks too among them1 and still more numerous and powerful barbarians1 such men as are able to cut a canal through ,athos and join continents7#cgi7 by a bridge of boats whenever they please1 and who subdue nations and reduce islands by sweeping the inhabitants into a net17#chj7 and make offerings of a thousand talents' worth of frankincense47#cha7 ,therefore he never praised ,xerxes or any other king of ,persia or ,lydia or ,macedonia1 and not even a ,greek general1 save only a very few1 whomsoever he knew to delight in virtue and to cherish courage with temperance and to love wisdom with justice4 ,but those whom he saw to be cunning1 or merely clever1 or generals and nothing more1 or ingenious1 or able1 though each one could lay claim to only one small fraction of virtue1 to impose on the masses1 these too he would not praise without reserve4 ,and his judgment is followed by a host of wise men who reverence virtue1 but as for all those wonders and marvels that ,i have described1 some say of them that they are worth little1 others that they are worth nothing47 1 1 7#chb7 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 #hj 4 1 1 4 4 7,now if you also are of their opinion1 ,i feel no inconsiderable alarm for what ,i said earlier1 and for myself1 lest possibly you should declare that my words are mere childishness1 and that ,i am an absurd and ignorant sophist and make pretensions to an art in which ,i confess that ,i have no skill1 as indeed ,i must confess to you when ,i recite eulogies that are really deserved1 and such as you think it worth while to listen to1 even though they should seem to most of you somewhat uncouth and far inferior to what has been already uttered4 ,but if1 as ,i said before1 you accept the authors of those other eulogies1 then my fear is altogether allayed4 ,for then ,i shall not seem wholly out of place1 but though1 as ,i admit1 inferior to many others1 yet judged by my own standard1 not wholly unprofitable nor attempting what is out of place4 ,and indeed it is probably not easy for you to disbelieve wise and inspired men who have much to say1 each in his own manner1 though the sum and substance of all their speeches is the praise of virtue4 ,and virtue they say is implanted in the soul and makes it happy and kingly1 yes1 by ,zeus1 and statesmanlike and gifted with true generalship1 and generous and truly wealthy1 not because it possesses the ,colophonian7#chc7 treasures of gold17 ,b 78,nor all that the stone threshold of the ,far,darter contained within107#chd77 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 4 8in the old days1 in times of peace107#che7 when the fortunes of ,greece had not yet fallen2 nay nor costly clothing and precious stones from ,india and many tens of thousands of acres of land1 but that which is superior to all these things together and more pleasing to the gods2 which can keep us safe even in shipwreck1 in the marketplace1 in the crowd1 in the house1 in the desert1 in the midst of robbers1 and from the violence of tyrants4 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 1 4 4 #ha 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 ,b 4 4 1 1 ,c 2 1 1 1 7#chf7 4 1 ,d 4 1 2 7#chg7 #hb 7#chh7 1 4 1 1 1 4 ,b 1 1 1 1 1 7#chi7 1 4 1 1 ,c 4 1 4 1 4 ,d 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 #hc 1 1 1 1 1 ,b 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 1 1 7#cij7 1 7#cia7 1 1 4 1 ,d 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 #hd 4 1 1 ,b 1 7#cib7 4 1 1 1 ,c 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 4 1 1 1 #he 4 1 1 1 7#cic7 1 ,b 1 4 1 1 1 ,c 7#cid7 4 17#cie7 1 7#cif7 ,d 2 7#cig7 4 7,for there is nothing at all superior to it1 nothing that can constrain and control it1 or take it from him who has once possessed it4 ,indeed it seems to me that this possession bears the same relation to the soul as its light to the sun4 ,for often men have stolen the votive offerings of the ,sun and destroyed his temples and gone their way1 and some have been punished1 and others let alone as not worthy of the punishment that leads to amendment4 ,but his light no one ever takes from the sun1 not even the moon when in their conjunctions she oversteps his disc1 or when she takes his rays to herself1 and often1 as the saying is1 turns midday into night47#cih7 ,nor is he deprived of his light when he illumines the moon in her station opposite to himself and shares with her his own nature1 nor when he fills with light and day this great and wonderful universe4 ,just so no good man who imparts his goodness to another was ever thought to have less virtue by as much as he had bestowed4 ,so divine and excellent is that possession1 and most true is the saying of the ,athenian stranger1 whoever that inspired man may have been3 8,all the gold beneath the earth and above ground is too little to give in exchange for virtue407#cii7 ,let us therefore now boldly call its possessor wealthy1 yes and ,i should say wellborn also1 and the only king among them all17#djj7 if anyone agree to this4 ,for as noble birth is better than a lowly pedigree1 so virtue is better than a character not in all respects admirable4 ,and let no one say that this statement is contentious and too strong1 judging by the ordinary use of words4 ,for the multitude are wont to say that the sons of those who have long been rich are wellborn4 ,and yet is it not extraordinary that a cook or cobbler1 yes1 by ,zeus1 or some potter who has got money together by his craft1 or by some other means1 is not considered wellborn nor is given that title by the many1 whereas if this man's son inherit his estate and hand it on to his sons1 they begin to give themselves airs and compete on the score of noble birth with the ,pelopids and the ,heraclids8 ,nay1 even a man who is born of noble ancestors1 but himself sinks down in the opposite scale of life1 could not justly claim kinship with those ancestors1 seeing that no one could be enrolled among the ,pelopids who had not on his shoulder the birthmark7#dja7 of that family4 ,and in ,boeotia it was said that there was the impression of a spear on the ,sownmen7#djb7 from the clod of earth that bore and reared them1 and that hence the race long preserved that distinguishing mark4 ,and can we suppose that on men's souls no mark of that sort is engraved1 which shall tell us accurately who their fathers were and vindicate their birth as legitimate8 ,they say that the ,celts also have a river7#djc7 which is an incorruptible judge of offspring1 and neither can the mothers persuade that river by their laments to hide and conceal their fault for them1 nor the fathers who are afraid for their wives and sons in this trial1 but it is an arbiter that never swerves or gives a false verdict4 ,but we are corrupted by riches1 by physical strength in its prime1 by powerful ancestors1 an influence from without that overshadows and does not permit us to see clearly or discern the soul2 for we are unlike all other living things in this1 that by the soul and by nothing else1 we should with reason make our decision about noble birth4 ,and it seems to me that the ancients1 employing a wondrous sagacity of nature1 since their wisdom was not like ours a thing acquired1 but they were philosophers by nature1 not manufactured17#djd7 perceived the truth of this1 and so they called ,heracles the son of ,zeus1 and ,leda's two sons also1 and ,minos the lawgiver1 and ,rhadamanthus of ,cnossus they deemed worthy of the same distinction4 ,and many others they proclaimed to be the children of other gods1 because they so surpassed their mortal parents4 ,for they looked at the soul alone and their actual deeds1 and not at wealth piled high and hoary with age1 nor at the power that had come down to them from some grandfather or greatgrandfather4 ,and yet some of them were the sons of fathers not wholly inglorious4 ,but because of the superabundance in them of that virtue which men honoured and cherished1 they were held to be the sons of the gods themselves4 ,this is clear from the following fact4 ,in the case of certain others1 though they did not know those who were by nature their sires1 they ascribed that title to a divinity1 to recompense the virtue of those men4 ,and we ought not to say that they were deceived1 and that in ignorance they told lies about the gods4 ,for even if in the case of other gods or deities it was natural that they should be so deceived1 when they clothed them in human forms and human shapes1 though those deities possess a nature not to be perceived or attained by the senses1 but barely recognisable by means of pure intelligence1 by reason of their kinship with it2 nevertheless in the case of the visible gods it is not probable that they were deceived1 for instance1 when they entitled ,aeetes 8son of ,helios0 and another7#dje7 8son of the ,dawn10 and so on with others4 ,but1 as ,i said1 we must in these cases believe them1 and make our enquiry about noble birth accordingly4 ,and when a man has virtuous parents and himself resembles them1 we may with confidence call him nobly born4 ,but when1 though his parents lack virtue1 he himself can claim to possess it1 we must suppose that the father who begat him is ,zeus1 and we must not pay less respect to him than to those who are the sons of virtuous fathers and emulate their parents4 ,but when a bad man comes of good parents1 we ought to enrol him among the bastards1 while as for those who come of a bad stock and resemble their parents1 never must we call them wellborn1 not even though their wealth amounts to ten thousand talents1 not though they reckon among their ancestors twenty rulers1 or1 by ,zeus1 twenty tyrants1 not though they can prove that the victories they won at ,olympia or ,pytho or in the encounters of war--which are in every way more brilliant than victories in the games--were more than the first ,caesar's1 or can point to excavations in ,assyria7#djf7 or to the walls of ,babylon and the ,egyptian pyramids besides1 and to all else that is a proof of wealth and great possessions and luxury and a soul that is inflamed by ambition and1 being at a loss how to use money1 lavishes on things of that sort all those abundant supplies of wealth4 ,for you are well aware that it is not wealth1 either ancestral or newly acquired and pouring in from some source or other1 that makes a king1 nor his purple cloak nor his tiara and sceptre and diadem and ancestral throne1 nay nor numerous hoplites and ten thousand cavalry2 not though all men should gather together and acknowledge him for their king1 because virtue they cannot bestow on him1 but only power1 illomened indeed for him that receives it1 but still more for those that bestow it4 ,for once he has received such power1 a man of that sort is altogether raised aloft in the clouds1 and in nowise differs from the legend of ,phaethon and his fate4 ,and there is no need of other instances to make us believe this saying1 for the whole of life is full of such disasters and tales about them4 ,and if it seems surprising to you that the title of king1 so honourable1 so favoured by the gods1 cannot justly be claimed by men who1 though they rule over a vast territory and nations without number1 nevertheless settle questions that arise by an autocratic decision1 without intelligence or wisdom or the virtues that go with wisdom1 believe me they are not even free men2 ,i do not mean if they merely possess what they have with none to hinder them and have their fill of power1 but even though they conquer all who make war against them1 and1 when they lead an invading army1 appear invincible and irresistible4 ,and if any of you doubt this statement1 ,i have no lack of notable witnesses1 ,greek and barbarian1 who fought and won many mighty battles1 and became the masters of whole nations and compelled them to pay tribute1 and yet were themselves slaves in a still more shameful degree of pleasure1 money and wantonness1 insolence and injustice4 ,and no man of sense would call them even powerful1 not though greatness should shine upon and illumine all that they achieved4 ,for he alone is strong whose virtue aids him to be brave and magnanimous4 ,but he who is the slave of pleasure and cannot control his temper and appetites of all sorts1 but is compelled to succumb to trivial things1 is neither brave himself nor strong with a man's strength1 though we may perhaps allow him to exult like a bull or lion or leopard7#djg7 in his brute force1 if indeed he do not lose even this and1 like a drone1 merely superintend the labours of others1 himself a 8feeble warrior107#djh7 and cowardly and dissolute4 ,and if that be his character1 he is lacking not only in true riches1 but in that wealth also which men so highly honour and reverence and desire1 on which hang the souls of men of all sorts1 so that they undergo countless toils and labours for the sake of daily gain1 and endure to sail the sea and to trade and rob and grasp at tyrannies4 ,for they live ever acquiring but ever in want1 though ,i do not say of necessary food and drink and clothes2 for the limit of this sort of property has been clearly defined by nature and none can be deprived of it1 neither birds nor fish nor wild beasts1 much less prudent men4 ,but those who are tortured by the desire and fatal passion for money must suffer a lifelong hunger17#dji7 and depart from life more miserably than those who lack daily food4 ,for these1 once they have filled their bellies1 enjoy perfect peace and respite from their torment1 but for those others no day is sweet that does not bring them gain1 nor does night with her gift of sleep that relaxes the limbs and frees men from care7#daj7 bring for them any remission of their raging madness1 but distracts and agitates their souls as they reckon and count up their money4 ,and not even the wealth of ,tantalus and ,midas1 should they possess it1 frees those men from their desire and their hard toil therewith1 nay nor 8,tyranny the greatest and sternest of the gods107#daa7 should they become possessed of this also4 ,for have you not heard that ,darius1 the ruler of ,persia1 a man not wholly base1 but insatiably and shamefully covetous of money1 dug up in his greed even the tombs of the dead7#dab7 and exacted the most costly tribute8 ,and hence he acquired the title7#dac7 that is famous among all mankind4 ,for the notables of ,persia called him by the name that the ,athenians gave to ,sarambos47#dad77 1 1 1 4 #hf 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,b 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 4 7#dae7 1 1 1 #hg 1 1 1 7#daf7 1 1 ,b 7#dag7 1 1 7#dah7 1 1 4 ,c 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 ,d 1 1 4 1 17#dai7 2 #hh 1 4 4 4 ,b 4 7,but it seems that my argument1 as though it had reached some steep descent1 is glutting itself with unsparing abuse1 and is chastising the manners of these men beyond what is fitting1 so that ,i must not allow it to travel further4 ,but now ,i must demand from it an account1 as far as is possible1 of the man who is good and kingly and greatsouled4 ,in the first place1 then1 he is devout and does not neglect the worship of the gods1 and secondly he is pious and ministers to his parents1 both when they are alive and after their death1 and he is friendly to his brothers1 and reverences the gods who protect the family1 while to suppliants and strangers he is mild and gentle2 and he is anxious to gratify good citizens1 and governs the masses with justice and for their benefit4 ,and wealth he loves1 but not that which is heavy with gold and silver1 but that which is full of the true goodwill of his friends17#dbj7 and service without flattery4 ,though by nature he is brave and gallant1 he takes no pleasure in war1 and detests civil discord1 though when men do attack him1 whether from some chance1 or by reason of their own wickedness1 he resists them bravely and defends himself with energy1 and carries through his enterprises to the end1 not desisting till he has destroyed the power of the foe and made it subject to himself4 ,but after he has conquered by force of arms1 he makes his sword cease from slaughter1 because he thinks that for one who is no longer defending himself to go on killing and laying waste is to incur pollution4 ,and being by nature fond of work1 and great of soul1 he shares in the labours of all2 and claims the lion's share of those labours1 then divides with the others the rewards for the risks which he has run1 and is glad and rejoices1 not because he has more gold and silver treasure than other men1 and palaces adorned with costly furniture1 but because he is able to do good to many1 and to bestow on all men whatever they may chance to lack4 ,this is what he who is truly a king claims for himself4 ,and since he loves both the city and the soldiers17#dba7 he cares for the citizens as a shepherd for his flock1 planning how their young may flourish and thrive1 eating their full of abundant and undisturbed pasture2 and his soldiers he oversees and keeps together1 training them in courage1 strength and mercy1 like wellbred dogs1 noble guardians of the flock17#dbb7 regarding them both as the partners of his exploits and the protectors of the masses1 and not as spoilers and pillagers of the flock1 like wolves and mongrel dogs which1 forgetting their own nature and nurture1 turn out to be marauders instead of preservers and defenders4 ,yet on the other hand1 he will not suffer them to be sluggish1 slothful and unwarlike1 lest the guardians should themselves need others to watch them1 nor disobedient to their officers1 because he knows that obedience above all else1 and sometimes alone1 is the saving discipline in war4 ,and he will train them to be hardy and not afraid of any labour1 and never indolent1 for he knows that there is not much use in a guardian who shirks his task and cannot hold out or endure fatigue4 ,and not only by exhorting1 or by his readiness to praise the deserving or by rewarding and punishing severely and inexorably1 does he win them over to this and coerce them2 but far rather does he show that he is himself what he would have them be1 since he refrains from all pleasure1 and as for money desires it not at all1 much or little1 nor robs his subjects of it2 and since he abhors indolence he allows little time for sleep1 ,for in truth no one who is asleep is good for anything17#dbc7 nor if1 when awake he resembles those who are asleep4 ,and he will1 ,i think1 succeed in keeping them wonderfully obedient to himself and to their officers1 since he himself will be seen to obey the wisest laws and to live in accordance with right precepts1 and in short to be under the guidance of that part of the soul which is naturally kingly and worthy to take the lead1 and not of the emotional or undisciplined part4 ,for how could one better persuade men to endure and undergo fatigue1 not only in a campaign and under arms1 but also in all those exercises that have been invented in times of peace to give men practice for conflicts abroad1 than by being clearly seen to be oneself strong as adamant8 ,for in truth the most agreeable sight for a soldier1 when he is fighting hard1 is a prudent commander who takes an active part in the work in hand1 himself zealous while exhorting his men1 who is cheerful and calm in what seems to be a dangerous situation1 but on occasion stern and severe whenever they are over confident4 ,for in the matter of caution or boldness the subordinate naturally imitates his leader4 ,and he must plan as well1 no less than for what ,i have mentioned1 that they may have abundant provisions and run short of none of the necessaries of life4 ,for often the most loyal guardians and protectors of the flock are driven by want to become fierce towards the shepherds1 and when they see them from afar they bark at them and do not even spare the sheep47#dbd77 1 1 ,c 4 7#dbe7 1 7#dbf7 4 1 7#dbg7 4 ,d 1 1 1 7#dbh7 4 1 #hi 4 1 7#dbi7 1 4 7#dcj7 1 1 ,b 1 4 7,such then is the good king at the head of his legions1 but to his city he is a saviour and protector1 not only when he is warding off dangers from without or repelling barbarian neighbours or invading them2 but also by putting down civil discord1 vicious morals1 luxury and profligacy1 he will procure relief from the greatest evils4 ,and by excluding insolence1 lawlessness1 injustice and greed for boundless wealth1 he will not permit the feuds that arise from these causes and the dissensions that end in disaster to show even the first sign of growth1 and if they do arise he will abolish them as quickly as possible and expel them from his city4 ,and no one who transgresses and violates the law will escape his notice1 no more than would an enemy in the act of scaling his defences4 ,but though he is a good guardian of the laws1 he will be still better at framing them1 if ever occasion and chance call on him to do so4 ,and no device can persuade one of his character to add to the statutes a false and spurious and bastard law1 any more than he would introduce among his own sons a servile and vulgar strain4 ,for he cares for justice and the right1 and neither parents nor kinsfolk nor friends can persuade him to do them a favour and betray the cause of justice4 ,for he looks upon his fatherland as the common hearth and mother of all1 older and more reverend than his parents1 and more precious than brothers or friends or comrades2 and to defraud or do violence to her laws he regards as a greater impiety than sacrilegious robbery of the money that belongs to the gods4 ,for law is the child of justice1 the sacred and truly divine adjunct of the most mighty god1 and never will the man who is wise make light of it or set it at naught4 ,but since all that he does will have justice in view1 he will be eager to honour the good1 and the vicious he will1 like a good physician1 make every effort to cure47 1 1 1 1 ,c 4 1 1 1 47#dca7 1 ,d 17#dcb7 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 #ij 4 1 4 1 1 1 ,b 4 1 1 1 ,c 1 1 7#dcc7 47#dcd7 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 7#dce7 1 1 #ia 7#dcf7 4 1 4 1 ,b 1 4 1 4 1 ,c 4 1 1 4 1 1 ,d 1 4 4 7,but there are two kinds of error1 for in one type of sinner may dimly be discerned a hope of improvement1 nor do they wholly reject a cure1 while the vices of others are incurable4 ,and for the latter the laws have contrived the penalty of death as a release from evil1 and this not only for the benefit of the criminal1 but quite as much in the interest of others4 ,accordingly there must needs be two kinds of trials4 ,for when men are not incurable the king will hold it to be his duty to investigate and to cure4 ,but with the others he will firmly refuse to interfere1 and will never willingly have anything to do with a trial when death is the penalty that has been ordained by the laws for the guilty4 ,however1 in making laws for such offences1 he will do away with violence and harshness and cruelty of punishment1 and will elect by lot1 to judge them1 a court of staid and sober men who throughout their lives have admitted the most rigid scrutiny of their own virtue1 men who will not rashly1 or led by some wholly irrational impulse1 after deliberating for only a small part of the day1 or it may be without even debating1 cast the black votingtablet in the case of a fellowcitizen4 ,but in his own hand no sword should lie ready to slay a citizen1 even though he has committed the blackest crimes1 nor should a sting lurk in his soul1 considering that1 as we see1 nature has made even the queenbee free from a sting4 ,however it is not to bees that we must look for our analogy1 but in my opinion to the king of the gods himself1 whose prophet and viceregent the genuine ruler ought to be4 ,for wherever good exists wholly untainted by its opposite1 and for the benefit of mankind in common and the whole universe1 of this good ,god was and is the only creator4 ,but evil he neither created nor ordered to be17#dcg7 but he banished it from heaven1 and as it moves upon earth and has chosen for its abode our souls1 that colony which was sent down from heaven1 he has enjoined on his sons and descendants to judge and cleanse men from it4 ,now of these some are the friends and protectors of the human race1 but others are inexorable judges who inflict on men harsh and terrible punishment for their misdeeds1 both while they are alive and after they are set free from their bodies1 and others again are as it were executioners and avengers who carry out the sentence1 a different race of inferior and unintelligent demons4 ,now the king who is good and a favourite of the gods must imitate this example1 and share his own excellence with many of his subjects1 whom1 because of his regard for them1 he admits into this partnership2 and he must entrust them with offices suited to the character and principles of each2 military command for him who is brave and daring and high spirited1 but discreet as well1 so that when he has need he may use his spirit and energy2 and for him who is just and kind and humane and easily prone to pity1 that office in the service of the state that relates to contracts1 devising this means of protection for the weaker and more simple citizens and for the poor against the powerful1 fraudulent and wicked and those who are so buoyed up by their riches that they try to violate and despise justice2 but to the man who combines both these temperaments he must assign still greater honour and power in the state1 and if he entrust to him the trials of offences for which are enacted just pains and penalties with a view to recompensing the injured1 that would be a fair and wise measure4 ,for a man of this sort1 together with his colleagues1 will give an impartial decision1 and then hand over to the public official the carrying out of the verdict1 nor will he through excess of anger or tenderheartedness fall short of what is essentially just4 ,now the ruler in our state will be somewhat like this1 possessing only what is good in both those qualities1 and in every quality that ,i mentioned earlier avoiding a fatal excess47#dch7 ,and though he will in person oversee and direct and govern the whole1 he will see to it that those of his officials who are in charge of the most important works and management and who share his councils for the general good1 are virtuous men and as far as possible like himself4 ,and he will choose them1 not carelessly or at random1 nor will he consent to be a less rigorous judge than a lapidary or one who tests gold plate or purple dye4 ,for such men are not satisfied with one method of testing1 but since they know1 ,i suppose1 that the wickedness and devices of those who are trying to cheat them are various and manifold1 they try to meet all these as far as possible1 and they oppose to them the tests derived from their art4 ,so too our ruler apprehends that evil changes its face and is apt to deceive1 and that the cruellest thing that it does is that it often takes men in by putting on the garb of virtue1 and hoodwinks those who are not keen sighted enough1 or who in course of time grow weary of the length of the investigation1 and therefore he will rightly be on his guard against any such deception4 ,but when once he has chosen them1 and has about him the worthiest men1 he will entrust to them the choice of the minor officials47 4 #ib 1 4 1 1 ,b 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 ,c 4 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 ,d 4 7,such is his policy with regard to the laws and magistrates4 ,as for the common people1 those who live in the towns he will not allow to be idle or impudent1 but neither will he permit them to be without the necessaries of life4 ,and the farming class who live in the country1 ploughing and sowing to furnish food for their protectors and guardians1 will receive in return payment in money1 and the clothes that they need4 ,but as for ,assyrian palaces and costly and extravagant public services1 they will have nothing to do with them1 and will end their lives in the utmost peace as regards enemies at home and abroad1 and will adore the cause of their good fortune as though he were a kindly deity1 and praise ,god for him when they pray1 not hypocritically or with the lips only1 but invoking blessings on him from the bottom of their hearts4 ,but the gods do not wait for their prayers1 and unasked they give him celestial rewards1 but they do not let him lack human blessings either2 and if fate should compel him to fall into any misfortune1 ,i mean one of those incurable calamities that people are always talking about1 then the gods make him their follower and associate1 and exalt his fame among all mankind4 ,all this ,i have often heard from the wise1 and in their account of it ,i have the firmest faith4 ,and so ,i have repeated it to you1 perhaps making a longer speech than the occasion called for1 but too short in my opinion for the theme4 ,and he to whom it has been given to hear such arguments and reflect on them1 knows well that ,i speak the truth4 ,but there is another reason for the length of my speech1 less forcible1 but ,i think more akin to the present argument4 ,and perhaps you ought not to miss hearing this also47 1 4 1 1 1 4 #ic 7#dci7 1 7#ddj7 1 4 1 1 1 ,b 1 4 7,in the first place1 then1 let me remind you briefly of what ,i said before1 when ,i broke off my discourse for the sake of this digression4 ,what ,i said was that1 when seriousminded people listen to sincere panegyrics1 they ought not to look to those things of which fortune often grants a share even to the wicked1 but to the character of the man and his virtues1 which belong only to those who are good and by nature estimable2 and1 taking up my tale at that point1 ,i pursued the arguments that followed1 guiding myself as it were by the rule and measure to which one ought to adjust the eulogies of good men and good kings4 ,and when one of them harmonises exactly and without variation with this model1 he is himself happy and truly fortunate1 and happy are those who have a share in such a government as his4 ,and he who comes near to being like him is better and more fortunate than those who fall further short of him4 ,but those who fail altogether to resemble him1 or who follow an opposite course1 are illfated1 senseless and wicked1 and cause the greatest disasters to themselves and others47 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 ,c 1 4 1 1 7#dda7 4 1 ,d 1 1 1 4 7,and now if you are in any way of my opinion1 it is time to proceed to those achievements that we have so admired4 ,and lest any should think that my argument is running alone1 like a horse in a race that has lost its competitor and for that reason wins and carries off the prizes1 ,i will try to show in what way my encomium differs from that of clever rhetoricians4 ,for they greatly admire the fact that a man is born of ancestors who had power or were kings1 since they hold that the sons of the prosperous and fortunate are themselves blest4 ,but the question that next arises they neither think of nor investigate1 ,i mean how they employed their advantages throughout their lives4 ,and yet1 after all1 this is the chief cause of that happiness1 and of almost all external goods4 ,unless indeed someone objects to this statement that it is only by wise use of it that property becomes a good1 and that it is harmful when the opposite use is made4 ,so that it is not a great thing1 as they think1 to be descended from a king who was wealthy and 8rich in gold10 but it is truly great1 while surpassing the virtue of one's ancestors1 to behave to one's parents in a manner beyond reproach in all respects47 2 1 #id 17#ddb7 7#ddc7 1 1 1 1 1 ,b 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 ,c 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 7#ddd7 4 1 ,d 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 #ie 1 4 4 1 1 1 4 7,do you wish to learn whether this is true of the ,emperor8 ,i will offer you trustworthy evidence1 and ,i know well that you will not convict me of false witness4 ,for ,i shall but remind you of what you know already4 ,and perhaps you understand even now what ,i mean1 but if it is not yet evident you very soon will1 when you call to mind that the ,emperor's father loved him more than the others1 though he was by no means overindulgent to his children1 for it was character that he favoured rather than the ties of blood2 but he was1 ,i suppose1 won over by the ,emperor's dutiful service to him1 and as he had nothing to reproach him with1 he made his affection for him evident4 ,and a proof of his feeling is1 first1 that he chose for ,constantius that portion of the empire which he had formerly thought best suited to himself1 and1 secondly1 that when he was at the point of death he passed over his eldest7#dde7 and youngest7#ddf7 sons1 though they were at leisure1 and summoned ,constantius1 who was not at leisure1 and entrusted him with the whole government4 ,and when he had become master of the whole1 he behaved to his brothers at once so justly and with such moderation1 that1 while they who had neither been summoned nor had come of themselves quarrelled and fought with one another1 they showed no resentment against ,constantius1 nor ever reproached him4 ,and when their feud reached its fatal issue7#ddg71 though he might have laid claim to a greater share of empire1 he renounced it of his own free will1 because he thought that many nations or few called for the exercise of the same virtues1 and also1 perhaps1 that the more a man has to look after and care for the greater are the anxieties beset him4 ,for he does not think that the imperial power is a means of procuring luxury1 nor that1 as certain men who have wealth and misapply it for drink and other pleasures set their hearts on lavish and everincreasing revenues1 this ought to be an emperor's policy1 nor that he ought ever to embark on a war except only for the benefit of his subjects4 ,and so he allowed his brother7#ddh7 to have the lion's share1 and thought that if he himself possessed the smaller share with honour1 he had the advantage in what was most worth having4 ,and that it was not rather from fear of his brother's resources that he preferred peace1 you may consider clearly proved by the war that broke out later4 ,for he had recourse to arms later on against his brother's forces1 but it was to avenge him7#ddi74 ,and here again there are perhaps some who have admired him merely for having won the victory4 ,but ,i admire far more the fact that it was with justice that he undertook the war1 and that he carried it through with great courage and skill1 and1 when fortune gave him a favourable issue1 used his victory with moderation and in imperial fashion1 and showed himself entirely worthy to overcome47 ,b 2 1 1 1 1 7#dej7 1 ,c 7,now do you wish that1 as though ,i were in a lawcourt1 ,i should summon before you by name witnesses of this also8 ,but it is plain even to a child that no war ever yet arose that had so good an excuse1 not even of the ,greeks against ,troy or of the ,macedonians7#dea7 against the ,persians1 though these wars1 at any rate1 are thought to have been justified1 since the latter was to exact vengeance in more recent times for very ancient offences1 and that not on sons or grandsons1 but on him7#deb7 who had robbed and deprived of their sovereignty the descendants of those very offenders4 ,and ,agamemnon set forth7 1 78,to avenge the strivings and groans of ,helen107#dec77 4 1 1 4 ,d 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 #if 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 1 1 7for it was because he desired to avenge one woman that he went to war with the ,trojans4 ,but the wrongs done to ,constantius were still fresh1 and he7#ded7 who was in power was not1 like ,darius or ,priam1 a man of royal birth who1 it may be1 laid claim to an empire that belonged to him by reason of his birth or his family1 but a shameless and savage barbarian who not long before had been among the captives of war47#dee7 ,but all that he did and how he governed is neither agreeable for me to tell nor would it be welltimed4 ,and that the ,emperor was justified in making war on him you have heard1 and of his skill and courage what ,i said earlier is proof enough1 but deeds are1 ,i think1 more convincing than words4 ,but what happened after the victory1 and how he no longer made use of the sword1 not even against those who were under suspicion of serious crimes1 or who had been familiar friends of the usurper1 nay not even against anyone who1 to curry favour with the latter1 had stooped to win a talebearer's fee by slandering the ,emperor1 consider1 in the name of ,zeus the god of friendship1 that not even these paid the penalty of their audacity1 except when they were guilty of other crimes4 ,and yet what a terrible thing is slander6 ,how truly does it devour the heart and wound the soul as iron cannot wound the body6 ,this it was that goaded ,odysseus to defend himself by word and deed4 ,at any rate it was for this reason that he quarrelled with his host7#def7 when he was himself a wanderer and a guest1 and though he knew that7 444 1 1 78,foolish and of nothing worth is that man who provokes a violent quarrel with his host407#deg77 7#deh7 4 ,c 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 ,d 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 17#dei7 #ig 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 7,and so it was with ,alexander1 ,philip's son1 and ,achilles1 son of ,thetis1 and others who were not worthless or ignoble men4 ,but only to ,socrates1 ,i think1 and a few others who emulated him1 men who were truly fortunate and happy1 was it given to put off the last garment that man discards--the love of glory47#dfj7 ,for resentment of calumny is due to the passion for glory1 and for this reason it is implanted most deeply in the noblest souls4 ,for they resent it as their deadliest foe1 and those who hurl at them slanderous language they hate more than men who attack them with the sword or plot their destruction2 and they regard them as differing from themselves1 not merely in their acquired habits1 but in their essential nature1 seeing that they love praise and honour1 and the slanderer not only robs them of these1 but also manufactures false accusations against them4 ,they say that even ,heracles and certain other heroes were swayed by these emotions4 ,but for my part ,i do not believe this account of them1 and as for the ,emperor ,i have seen him repelling calumny with great self restraint1 which in my judgment is no slighter achievement than 8to take ,troy07#dfa7 or rout a powerful phalanx4 ,and if anyone does not believe me1 and thinks it no great achievement nor worth all these praises1 let him observe himself when a misfortune of this sort happens to him1 and then let him decide2 and ,i am convinced that he will not think that ,i am talking with exceeding folly47 1 ,b 7#dfb7 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 ,c 1 1 4 1 1 ,d 7#dfc7 1 4 1 1 4 1 #ih 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 4 ,b 1 4 7,now since this was and is the ,emperor's behaviour after the war1 he is naturally loved and 8longed for by his friends107#dfd7 since he has admitted many of them to honour and power and freedom of speech1 and has bestowed on them as well vast sums of money1 and permits them to use their wealth as they please2 but even to his enemies he is the same4 ,the following may serve as a clear proof of this4 ,those members of the ,senate who were of any account and surpassed the rest in reputation and wealth and wisdom1 fled to the shelter of his right hand as though to a harbour1 and1 leaving behind their hearths and homes and children1 preferred ,paeonia7#dfe7 to ,rome1 and to be with him rather than with their dearest4 ,again1 a division of the choicest of the cavalry together with their standards1 and bringing their general7#dff7 with them1 chose to share danger with him rather than success with the usurper4 ,and all this took place before the battle on the banks of the ,drave1 which the earlier part of my speech described to you4 ,for after that they began to feel perfect confidence1 though before that it looked as though the usurper's cause was getting the upper hand1 when he gained some slight advantage in the affair of the ,emperor's scouts17#dfg7 which indeed made the usurper beside himself with joy and greatly agitated those who were incapable of grasping or estimating generalship4 ,but the ,emperor was unperturbed and heroic1 like a good pilot when a tempest has suddenly burst from the clouds1 and next moment1 the god shakes the depths and the shores4 ,then a terrible and dreadful panic seizes on those who are inexperienced1 but the pilot begins to rejoice1 and is glad1 because he can now hope for a perfect and windless calm4 ,for it is said that ,poseidon1 when he makes the earth quake1 calms the waves4 ,and just so fortune deceives the foolish and deludes them about more important things by allowing them some small advantage1 but in the wise she inspires unshaken confidence about more serious affairs even when she disconcerts them in the case of those that are less serious4 ,this was what happened to the ,lacedaemonians at ,pylae17#dfh7 but they did not despair nor fear the onset of the ,mede because they had lost three hundred ,spartans and their king7#dfi7 at the entrance into ,greece4 ,this often happened to the ,romans1 but they achieved more important successes later on4 ,wherefore1 since the ,emperor knew this and counted on it1 he in no way wavered in his purpose47 1 1 ,c 2 1 1 1 7#dgj7 1 ,d 1 4 1 #ii 1 4 1 4 1 1 ,b 4 1 7#dga7 4 ,c 1 1 1 2 ,d 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 #ajj 4 1 4 7#dgb7 1 1 1 1 1 ,b 4 1 1 7#dgc7 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 1 4 1 1 1 ,d 1 7#dgd7 4 1 4 #aja 1 1 1 4 1 ,b 1 1 4 7,but seeing that my argument has1 of its own accord1 once reached this point and is describing the affection that the ,emperor inspires in the common people1 the magistrates1 and the garrisons who aid him to protect the empire and repulse its enemies1 are you willing that ,i should relate to you a signal proof of this1 which happened1 one may say1 yesterday or the day before8 ,a certain man7#dge7 who had been given the command of the garrisons in ,galatia--you probably know his name and character--left his son behind him as a hostage for his friendship and loyalty to the ,emperor1 though not at the ,emperor's request4 ,then he proved to be more treacherous than 8lions who have no faithful covenants with man107#dgf7 as the poet says1 and plundered the cities of their wealth and distributed it among the invading barbarians1 paying it down as a sort of ransom1 though he was well able to take measures to win security by the sword rather than by money4 ,but he tried to win them over to friendliness by means of money4 ,and finally he took from the women's apartments a purple dress1 and showed himself truly a tyrant and tragical indeed4 ,then the soldiers1 resenting his treachery1 would not tolerate the sight of him thus dressed up in women's garb17#dgg7 and they set on the miserable wretch and tore him limb from limb17#dgh7 nor would they endure either that the crescent moon7#dgi7 should rule over them4 ,now it was the affection of his garrison that gave the ,emperor this guerdon1 a wonderful recompense for his just and blameless rule4 ,but you are eager to hear how he behaved after this4 ,this too1 however1 you cannot fail to know1 that he chose neither to be harsh towards that man's son7#dhj7 nor suspicious and formidable to his friends1 but in the highest possible degree he was merciful and kindly to them all1 though many desired to bring false accusations7#dha7 and had raised their stings to strike the innocent4 ,but though many were perhaps really involved in the crimes of which they were suspected1 he was merciful to all alike1 provided they had not been convicted or proved to be partners in the usurper's monstrous and abominable schemes4 ,and shall we not declare that the forbearance shown by him towards the son of one who had broken the laws and trampled on loyalty and sworn covenants was truly royal and godlike2 or shall we rather approve ,agamemnon1 who vented his rage and cruelty not only on those ,trojans who had accompanied ,paris and had outraged the hearth of ,menelaus1 but even on those who were yet unborn1 and whose mothers even were perhaps not yet born when ,paris plotted the rape8 ,anyone therefore who thinks that cruelty and harshness and inhumanity ill become a king1 and that mercy and goodness and human kindness befit one who takes no pleasure in acts of vengeance1 but grieves at the misfortunes of his subjects1 however they may arise1 whether from their own wickedness and ignorance or aimed at them from without by fate1 will1 it is evident1 award to the ,emperor the palm of victory4 ,for bear in mind that he was kinder and more just to the boy than his own father1 and to the usurper's friends he was more loyal than he who acknowledged the tie of friendship4 ,for the usurper forsook them all1 but the ,emperor saved them all4 ,and if the usurper1 knowing all this about the ,emperor's character1 since he had for a long time been able to observe it1 was entirely confident that his son was safely at anchor and his friends securely also1 then he did indeed understand him aright1 but he was many times over criminal and base and accursed for desiring to be at enmity with such a man1 and for hating one whom he knew to be so excellent and so surpassingly mild1 and for plotting against him and trying to rob him of what it was a shame to take from him4 ,but if1 on the other hand1 his son's safety was something that he had never hoped for1 and the safety of his friends and kinsfolk he had thought difficult or impossible1 and he nevertheless chose to be disloyal1 this is yet another proof that he was wicked and infatuated and fiercer than a wild beast1 and that the ,emperor was gentle and mild and magnanimous1 since he took pity on the youth of the helpless child1 and was merciful to those who were not proved guilty1 and ignored and despised the crimes of the usurper4 ,for he who grants what not one of his enemies expects1 because the guilt that is on their conscience is so great1 beyond a doubt carries off the prize for virtue3 for while he tempers justice with what is nobler and more merciful1 in selfrestraint he surpasses those who are merely moderate in their vengeance2 and in courage he excels because he thinks no enemy worthy of notice2 and his wisdom he displays by suppressing enmities and by not handing them down to his sons and descendants on the pretext of strict justice1 or of wishing1 and very reasonably too1 to blot out the seed of the wicked like the seed of a pinetree47#dhb7 ,for this is the way of those trees1 and in consequence an ancient tale7#dhc7 gave rise to this simile4 ,but the good ,emperor1 closely imitating ,god1 knows that even from rocks swarms of bees fly forth1 and that sweet fruits grow even from the bitterest wood1 pleasant figs1 for instance1 and from thorns the pomegranate1 and there are other instances where things are produced entirely unlike the parents that begat them and brought them forth4 ,therefore he thinks that we ought not to destroy these before they have reached maturity1 but to wait for time to pass1 and to trust them to cast off the folly and madness of their fathers and become good and temperate1 but that1 if they should turn out to emulate their fathers' practices1 they will in good time suffer punishment1 but they will not have been uselessly sacrificed because of the deeds and misfortunes of others4 2 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 7,now do you think ,i have made my sincere panegyric sufficiently thorough and complete8 ,or are you anxious to hear also about the ,emperor's powers of endurance and his august bearing1 and that not only is he unconquerable by the enemy1 but has never yet succumbed to any disgraceful appetite1 and never coveted a fine house or a costly palace or a necklace of emeralds1 and then robbed their owners of them either by violence or persuasion2 and that he has never coveted any freeborn woman or handmaid or pursued any dishonourable passion2 and that he does not even desire an immoderate surfeit of the good things that the seasons produce1 or care for ice in summer1 or change his residence with the time of year2 but is ever at hand to aid those portions of the empire that are in trouble1 enduring both frost and extreme heat8 ,but if you should bid me bring before you plain proofs of this1 ,i shall merely say what is familiar to all1 and ,i shall not lack evidence1 but the account would be long1 a monstrous speech1 nor indeed have ,i leisure to cultivate the ,muses to such an extent1 for it is now time for me to turn to my work47#dhd77 ,,oration ,,iii ,introduction ,to ,oration ,,iii ,the ,third ,oration is an expression of gratitude 7 77#dhe7 to the ,empress ,eusebia1 the first wife of ,constantius4 ,after ,julian's intractable stepbrother ,gallus ,caesar had been murdered by the ,emperor1 he was summoned to the court at ,milan1 and there1 awkward and ill at ease1 cut off from his favourite studies and from the society of philosophers1 surrounded by intriguing and unfriendly courtiers1 and regarded with suspicion by the ,emperor1 ,julian was protected1 encouraged and advised by ,eusebia4 ,his praise and gratitude are1 for once1 sincere4 ,the oration must have been composed either in ,gaul or shortly before ,julian set out thither after the dangerous dignity of the ,caesarship had been thrust upon him4 ,his sincerity has affected his style1 which is simpler and more direct than that of the other two ,panegyrics4 7,julian1 ,caesar7 7,panegyric in ,honour of the ,empress ,eusebia7 #ajb 7#dhf7 1 1 1 1 2 ,b 2 1 1 1 1 4 ,c 1 1 4 #ajc 7#dhg7 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 ,b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 4 1 1 4 4 ,d 1 1 7#dhh7 1 4 #ajd 4 1 4 1 1 7#dhi7 7#dij7 4 ,b 1 7#dia7 1 1 4 7#dib7 7#dic7 1 7#did7 ,c 2 1 4 4 1 1 ,d 1 2 1 1 4 1 #aje 1 7#die7 1 1 7#dif7 1 4 7,what1 pray1 ought we to think of those who owe things of price and beyond price--,i do not mean gold or silver1 but simply any benefit one may happen to receive from one's neighbour--suppose that they neither try nor intend to repay that kindness1 but are indolent and do not trouble themselves to do what they can and try to discharge the debt8 ,is it not evident that we must think them mean and base8 ,far more ,i think than any other crime do we hate ingratitude1 and we blame those persons who have received benefits and are ungrateful to their benefactors4 ,and the ungrateful man is not only he who repays a kindness with evil deeds or words1 but also he who is silent and conceals a kindness and tries to consign it to oblivion and abolish gratitude4 ,now of such brutal and inhuman baseness as the repayment with evil the instances are few and easily reckoned2 but there are many who try to conceal the appearance of having received benefits1 though with what purpose ,i know not4 ,they assert1 however1 that it is because they are trying to avoid a reputation for a sort of servility and for base flattery4 ,but though ,i know well enough that what they say is all insincere1 nevertheless ,i let that pass1 and suppose we assume that they1 as they think1 do escape an undeserved reputation for flattery1 still they at the same time appear to be guilty of many weaknesses and defects of character that are in the highest degree base and illiberal4 ,for either they are too dense to perceive what no one should fail to perceive1 or they are not dense but forgetful of what they ought to remember for all time4 ,or again1 they do remember1 and yet shirk their duty for some reason or other1 being cowards and grudging by nature1 and their hand is against every man without exception1 seeing that not even to their benefactors do they consent to be gentle and amiable2 and then if there be any opening to slander and bite1 they look angry and fierce like wild beasts4 ,genuine praise they somehow or other avoid giving1 as though it were a costly extravagance1 and they censure the applause given to noble actions1 when the only thing that they need enquire into is whether the eulogists respect truth and rate her higher than the reputation of showing their gratitude by eulogy4 ,for this at any rate they cannot assert1 that praise is a useless thing1 either to those who receive it or to others besides1 who1 though they have been assigned the same rank in life as the objects of their praise1 have fallen short of their merit in what they have accomplished4 ,to the former it is not only agreeable to hear1 but makes them zealous to aim at a still higher level of conduct1 while the latter it stimulates both by persuasion and compulsion to imitate that noble conduct1 because they see that none of those who have anticipated them have been deprived of that which alone it is honourable to give and receive publicly4 ,for to give money openly1 and to look anxiously round that as many as possible may know of the gift1 is characteristic of a vulgar person4 ,nay no one would even stretch out his hands to receive it in the sight of all men1 unless he had first cast off all propriety of manner and sense of shame4 ,arcesilaus indeed1 when offering a gift1 used to try to hide his identity even from the recipient47#dig7 ,but in his case the manner of the deed always made known the doer4 ,for a eulogy1 however1 one is ambitious to obtain as many hearers as possible1 and even a small audience is1 ,i think1 not to be despised4 ,socrates1 for instance1 spoke in praise of many1 as did ,plato also and ,aristotle4 ,xenophon1 too1 eulogised ,king ,agesilaus and ,cyrus the ,persian1 not only the elder ,cyrus1 but him whom he accompanied on his campaign against the ,great ,king1 nor did he hide away his eulogies1 but put them into his history4 ,now ,i should think it strange indeed if we shall be eager to applaud men of high character1 and not think fit to give our tribute of praise to a noble woman1 believing as we do that excellence is the attribute of women no less than of men4 ,or shall we who think that such a one ought to be modest and wise and competent to assign to every man his due1 and brave in danger1 high minded and generous1 and that in a word all such qualities as these should be hers1--shall we1 ,i say1 then rob her of the encomium due to her good deeds1 from any fear of the charge of appearing to flatter8 ,but ,homer was not ashamed to praise ,penelope and the consort of ,alcinous7#dih7 and other women of exceptional goodness1 or even those whose claim to virtue was slight4 ,nay nor did ,penelope fail to obtain her share of praise for this very thing4 ,but besides these reasons for praise1 shall we consent to accept kind treatment from a woman no less than from a man1 and to obtain some boon whether small or great1 and then hesitate to pay the thanks due therefor8 ,but perhaps people will say that the very act of making a request to a woman is despicable and unworthy of an honourable and high spirited man1 and that even the wise ,odysseus was spiritless and cowardly because he was a suppliant to the king's daughter7#dii7 as she played with her maiden companions by the banks of the river4 ,perhaps they will not spare even ,athene the daughter of ,zeus1 of whom ,homer says7#ejj7 that she put on the likeness of a fair and noble maiden and guided him along the road that led to the palace1 and was his adviser and instructed him what he must do and say when he had entered within2 and that1 like some orator perfect in the art of rhetoric1 she sang an encomium of the queen1 and for a prelude told the tale of her lineage from of old4 ,homer's verses about this are as follows37 1 1 ,b 1 4 78,the queen thou shalt find first in the halls4 ,arete is the name she is called by1 and of the same parents is she as those who begat king ,alcinous407#eja77 1 1 1 1 7,then he goes back and begins with ,poseidon and tells of the origin of that family and all that they did and suffered1 and how when her father perished1 still young and newlywed1 her uncle married her1 and honoured her7 1 78,as no other woman in the world is honoured107 ,c 7and he tells of all the honour she receives7 1 78,from her dear children and from ,alcinous himself107 1 1 1 7and from the council of elders also1 ,i think1 and from the people who look upon her as a goddess as she goes through the city2 and on all his praises he sets this crown1 one that man and woman alike may well envy1 when he says7 78,for indeed she too has no lack of excellent understanding107 1 1 1 ,d 4 1 1 7and that she knows well how to judge between men1 and1 for those citizens to whom she is kindly disposed1 how to reconcile with justice the grievances that arise among them4 ,now if1 when you entreat her1 the goddess says to him1 you find her well disposed17 78,then is there hope that you will see your friends and come to your highroofed house407 4 1 2 #ajf 1 1 1 2 7#ejb7 1 ,b 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 7,and he was persuaded by her counsel4 ,shall ,i then need yet greater instances and clearer proofs1 so that ,i may escape the suspicion of seeming to flatter8 ,shall ,i not forthwith imitate that wise and inspired poet and go on to praise the noble ,eusebia1 eager as ,i am to compose an encomium worthy of her1 though ,i shall be thankful if1 even in a moderate degree1 ,i succeed in describing accomplishments so many and so admirable8 ,and ,i shall be thankful if ,i succeed in describing also those noble qualities of hers1 her temperance1 justice1 mildness and goodness1 or her affection for her husband1 or her generosity about money1 or the honour that she pays to her own people and her kinsfolk4 ,it is proper for me1 ,i think1 to follow in the track as it were of what ,i have already said1 and1 as ,i pursue my panegyric1 so arrange it as to give the same order as ,athene1 making mention1 as is natural1 of her native land1 her ancestors1 how she married and whom1 and all the rest in the same fashion as ,homer47 1 ,c 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 1 ,d 7#ejc7 4 4 1 1 #ajg 1 1 1 4 1 1 ,b 4 1 7#ejd7 1 1 4 ,c 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 ,d 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 7,now though ,i have much that is highly honourable to say about her native land17#eje7 ,i think it well to omit part1 because of its antiquity4 ,for it seems to be not far removed from myth4 ,for instance1 the sort of story that is told about the ,muses1 that they actually came from ,pieria7#ejf7 and that it was not from ,helicon that they came to ,olympus1 when summoned to their father's side4 ,this then1 and all else of the same sort1 since it is better suited to a fable than to my narrative1 must be omitted4 ,but perhaps it is not out of the way nor alien from my present theme to tell some of the facts that are not familiar to all4 ,they say7#ejg7 that ,macedonia was colonised by the descendants of ,heracles1 the sons of ,temenus1 who had been awarded ,argos as their portion1 then quarrelled1 and to make an end of their strife and jealousy led out a colony4 ,then they seized ,macedonia1 and leaving a prosperous family behind them1 they succeeded to the throne1 king after king1 as though the privilege were an inheritance4 ,now to praise all these would be neither truthful1 nor in my opinion easy4 ,but though many of them were brave men and left behind them very glorious monuments of the ,hellenic character1 ,philip and his son surpassed in valour all who of old ruled over ,macedonia and ,thrace1 yes and ,i should say all who governed the ,lydians as well1 or the ,medes and ,persians and ,assyrians1 except only the son of ,cambyses17#ejh7 who transferred the sovereignty from the ,medes to the ,persians4 ,for ,philip was the first to try to increase the power of the ,macedonians1 and when he had subdued the greater part of ,europe1 he made the sea his frontier limit on the east and south1 and on the north ,i think the ,danube1 and on the west the people of ,oricus17#eji7 ,and after him1 his son1 who was bred up at the feet of the wise ,stagyrite17#eaj7 so far excelled all the rest in greatness of soul1 and besides1 surpassed his own father in generalship and courage and the other virtues1 that he thought that life for him was not worth living unless he could subdue all men and all nations4 ,and so he traversed the whole of ,asia1 conquering as he went1 and he was the first of men7#eaa7 to adore the rising sun2 but as he was setting out for ,europe in order to gain control of the remainder and so become master of the whole earth and sea1 he paid the debt of nature in ,babylon4 ,then ,macedonians became the rulers of all the cities and nations that they had acquired under his leadership4 ,and now is it still necessary to show by stronger proofs that ,macedonia was famous and great of old8 ,and the most important place in ,macedonia is that city which they restored1 after1 ,i think1 the fall of the ,thessalians1 and which is called after their victory over them47#eab7 ,but concerning all this ,i need not speak at greater length47 2 17#eac7 #ajh 1 1 1 1 1 ,b 1 1 1 1 1 1 7#ead7 ,c 1 4 1 1 1 ,d 4 1 4 4 1 1 1 7#eae7 #aji 4 1 1 1 4 7,and of her noble birth why should ,i take any further trouble to seek for clearer or more manifest proof than this8 ,i mean that she is the daughter of a man who was considered worthy to hold the office that gives its name to the year17#eaf7 an office that in the past was powerful and actually called royal1 but lost that title because of those who abused their power4 ,but now that in these days its power has waned1 since the government has changed to a monarchy1 the bare honour1 though robbed of all the rest1 is held to counterbalance all power1 and for private citizens is set up as a sort of prize and a reward of virtue1 or loyalty1 or of some favour done to the ruler of the empire1 or for some brilliant exploit1 while for the emperors1 it is added to the advantages they already possess as the crowning glory and adornment4 ,for all the other titles and functions that still retain some feeble and shadowy resemblance to the ancient constitution they either altogether despised and rejected1 because of their absolute power1 or they attached them to themselves and enjoy the titles for life4 ,but this office alone1 ,i think1 they from the first did not despise1 and it still gratifies them when they obtain it for the year4 ,indeed there is no private citizen or emperor1 nor has ever been1 who did not think it an enviable distinction to be entitled consul4 ,and if there be anyone who thinks that1 because he ,i spoke of was the first of his line to win that title and to lay the foundations of distinction for his family1 he is therefore inferior to the others1 he fails to understand that he is deceived exceedingly4 ,for it is1 in my opinion1 altogether nobler and more honourable to lay the foundations of such great distinction for one's descendants than to receive it from one's ancestors4 ,for indeed it is a nobler thing to be the founder of a mighty city than a mere citizen and to receive any good thing is altogether less dignified than to give4 ,indeed it is evident that sons receive from their fathers1 and citizens from their cities1 a start1 as it were1 on the path of glory4 ,but he who by his own effort pays back to his ancestors and his native land that honour on a higher scale1 and makes his country show more brilliant and more distinguished1 and his ancestors more illustrious1 clearly yields the prize to no man on the score of native nobility4 ,nor is there any man who can claim to be superior to him ,i speak of4 ,for the good must needs be born of good parents4 ,but when the son of illustrious parents himself becomes more illustrious1 and fortune blows the same way as his merit1 he causes no one to feel doubt1 if he lays claim1 as is reasonable1 to be of native nobility47 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,b 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 ,c 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 7#eag7 1 1 ,d 1 4 1 1 #aaj 4 7,now ,eusebia1 the subject of my speech1 was the daughter of a consul1 and is the consort of an ,emperor who is brave1 temperate1 wise1 just1 virtuous1 mild and highsouled1 who1 when he acquired the throne that had belonged to his ancestors1 and had won it back from him who had usurped it by violence1 and desired to wed that he might beget sons to inherit his honour and power1 deemed this lady worthy of his alliance1 when he had already become master of almost the whole world4 ,and indeed why should one search for stronger evidence than this8 ,evidence1 ,i mean1 not only of her native nobility1 but of all those combined gifts which she who is united to so great an ,emperor ought to bring with her from her home as a dowry1 wit and wisdom1 a body in the flower of youth1 and beauty so conspicuous as to throw into the shade all other maidens beside1 even as1 ,i believe1 the radiant stars about the moon at the full are outshone and hide their shape47#eah7 ,for no single one of these endowments is thought to suffice for an alliance with an ,emperor1 but all together1 as though some god were fashioning for a virtuous ,emperor a fair and modest bride1 were united in her single person and1 attracting not his eyes alone1 brought from afar that bridegroom blest of heaven4 ,for beauty alone1 if it lacks the support of birth and the other advantages ,i have mentioned1 is not enough to induce even a licentious man1 a mere citizen1 to kindle the marriage torch1 though both combined have brought about many a match1 but when they occur without sweetness and charm of character they are seen to be far from desirable47 1 1 1 1 17#eai7 1 ,b 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 1 7#ebj7 1 ,d 1 7#eba7 4 7,i have good reason to say that the ,emperor in his prudence understood this clearly1 and that it was only after long deliberation that he chose this marriage1 partly making enquiries about all that was needful to learn about her by hearsay1 but judging also from her mother of the daughter's noble disposition4 ,of that mother why should ,i take time to say more1 as though ,i had not to recite a special encomium on her who is the theme of my speech8 ,but so much perhaps ,i may say briefly and you may hear without weariness1 that her family is entirely ,greek1 yes ,greek of the purest stock1 and her native city was the metropolis of ,macedonia1 and she was more selfcontrolled than ,evadne7#ebb7 the wife of ,capaneus1 and the famous ,laodameia7#ebc7 of ,thessaly4 ,for these two1 when they had lost their husbands1 who were young1 handsome and still newlywed1 whether by the constraint of some envious powers1 or because the threads of the fates were so woven1 threw away their lives for love4 ,but the mother of the ,empress1 when his fate had come upon her wedded lord1 devoted herself to her children1 and won a great reputation for prudence1 so great indeed1 that whereas ,penelope1 while her husband was still on his travels and wanderings1 was beset by those young suitors who came to woo her from ,ithaca and ,samos and ,dulichium1 that lady no man however fair and tall or powerful and wealthy ever ventured to approach with any such proposals4 ,and her daughter the ,emperor deemed worthy to live by his side1 and after setting up the trophies of his victories1 he celebrated the marriage with great splendour1 feasting nations and cities and peoples47 1 1 1 1 #aaa 1 1 1 1 1 ,b 1 7#ebd7 1 ,c 1 1 7#ebe7 1 1 7#ebf7 7#ebg7 2 1 ,d 1 4 7#ebh7 1 1 #aab 1 4 1 1 1 4 ,b 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 ,c 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 7,but should any haply desire to hear of such things as how the bride was bidden to come from ,macedonia with her mother1 and what was the manner of the cavalcade1 of the chariots and horses and carriages of all sorts1 decorated with gold and silver and copper of the finest workmanship1 let me tell him that it is extremely childish of him to wish to hear such things4 ,it is like the case of some player on the cithara who is an accomplished artist--let us say if you please ,terpander or he of ,methymna7#ebi7 of whom the story goes that he enjoyed a divine escort and found that the dolphin cared more for music than did his fellowvoyagers1 and was thus conveyed safely to the ,laconian promontory47#ecj7 ,for though he did indeed charm those miserable sailors by his skilful performance1 yet they despised his art and paid no heed to his music4 ,now1 as ,i was going to say1 if some one were to choose the best of those two musicians1 and were to clothe him in the raiment suited to his art1 and were then to bring him into a theatre full of men1 women and children of all sorts1 varying in temperament and age and habits besides1 do you not suppose that the children and those of the men and women who had childish tastes would gaze at his dress and his lyre1 and be marvellously smitten with his appearance1 while the more ignorant of the men1 and the whole crowd of women1 except a very few1 would judge his playing simply by the criterion of pleasure or the reverse2 whereas a musical man who understood the rules of the art would not endure that the melodies should be wrongly mixed for the sake of giving pleasure1 but would resent it if the player did not preserve the modes of the music and did not use the harmonies properly1 and conformably to the laws of genuine and inspired music8 ,but if he saw that he was faithful to the principles of his art and produced in the audience a pleasure that was not spurious but pure and uncontaminated1 he would go home praising the musician1 and filled with admiration because his performance in the theatre was artistic and did the ,muses no wrong4 ,but such a man thinks that anyone who praises the purple raiment and the lyre is foolish and out of his mind1 while1 if he goes on to give full details about such outward things1 adorning them with an agreeable style and smoothing away all that is worthless and vulgar in the tale1 then the critic thinks him more ridiculous than those who try to carve cherry stones17#eca7 as ,i believe is related of ,myrmecides7#ecb7 who thus sought to rival the art of ,pheidias4 ,and so neither will ,i1 if ,i can help it1 lay myself open to this charge by reciting the long list of costly robes and gifts of all kinds and necklaces and garlands that were sent by the ,emperor1 nor how the folk in each place came to meet her with welcome and rejoicing1 nor all the glorious and auspicious incidents that occurred on that journey1 and were reported4 ,but when she entered the palace and was honoured with her imperial title1 what was the first thing she did and then the second and the third and the many actions that followed8 ,for however much ,i might wish to tell of them and to compose lengthy volumes about them1 ,i think that1 for the majority1 those of her deeds will be sufficient that more conspicuously witnessed to her wisdom and clemency and modesty and benevolence and goodness and generosity and her other virtues1 than does now the present account of her1 which tries to enlighten and instruct those who have long known it all from personal experience4 ,for it would not be at all proper1 merely because the task has proved to be difficult or rather impossible1 to keep silence about the whole1 but one should rather try1 as far as one can1 to tell about those deeds1 and to bring forward as a proof of her wisdom and of all her other virtues the fact that she made her husband regard her as it is fitting that he should regard a beautiful and noble wife47 ,d 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 #aac 1 7,therefore1 though ,i think that many of the other qualities of ,penelope are worthy of praise1 this ,i admire beyond all1 that she so entirely persuaded her husband to love and cherish her1 that he despised1 we are told1 unions with goddesses1 and equally rejected an alliance with the ,phaeacians4 ,and yet they were all in love with him1 ,calypso1 ,circe1 ,nausicaa4 ,and they had very beautiful palaces and gardens and parks withal1 planted with widespreading and shady trees1 and meadows gay with flowers1 in which soft grass grew deep3 8,and four fountains in a row flowed with shining water407#ecc77 7#ecd7 1 1 1 ,b 1 4 7#ece7 7#ecf7 1 1 ,c 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 4 2 2 1 #aad 1 7,and a lusty wild vine bloomed about her dwelling17#ecg7 with bunches of excellent grapes1 laden with clusters4 ,and at the ,phaeacian court there were the same things1 except that they were more costly1 seeing that1 as ,i suppose1 they were made by art1 and hence had less charm and seemed less lovely than those that were of natural growth4 ,now to all that luxury and wealth1 and moreover to the peace and quiet that surrounded those islands1 who do you think would not have succumbed1 especially one who had endured so great toils and dangers and expected that he would have to suffer still more terrible hardships1 partly by sea and partly in his own house1 since he had to fight all alone against a hundred youths in their prime1 a thing which had never happened to him even in the land of ,troy8 ,now if someone in jest were to question ,odysseus somewhat in this fashion3 8,why1 ,o most wise orator or general1 or whatever one must call you1 did you endure so many toils1 when you might have been prosperous and happy and perhaps even immortal1 if one may at all believe the promises of ,calypso8 ,but you chose the worse instead of the better1 and imposed on yourself all those hardships7#ech7 and refused to remain even in ,scheria1 though you might surely have rested there from your wandering and been delivered from your perils2 but behold you resolved to carry on the war in your own house and to perform feats of valour and to accomplish a second journey1 not less toilsome1 as seemed likely1 nor easier than the first60 ,what answer then do you think he would give to this8 ,would he not answer that he longed always to be with ,penelope1 and that those contests and campaigns he purposed to take back to her as a pleasant tale to tell8 ,for this reason1 then1 he makes his mother exhort him to remember everything1 all the sights he saw and all the things he heard1 and then she says37 1 78,so that in the days to come thou mayst tell it to thy wife407#eci77 4 1 1 1 1 1 ,b 1 4 1 7#edj7 1 ,c 2 7#eda7 1 4 1 4 ,d 1 1 1 1 #aae 1 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 ,b 1 7#edb7 1 17#edc7 4 4 7#edd7 1 7#ede7 ,c 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 4 #aaf 7#edf7 4 1 4 7,and indeed he forgot nothing1 and no sooner had he come home and vanquished1 as was just1 the youths who caroused in the palace1 than he related all to her without pause1 all that he had achieved and endured1 and all else that1 obeying the oracles1 he purposed still to accomplish47#edg7 ,and from her he kept nothing secret1 but chose that she should be the partner of his counsels and should help him to plan and contrive what he must do4 ,and do you think this a trifling tribute to ,penelope1 or is there not now found to be yet another woman whose virtue surpasses hers1 and who1 as the consort of a brave1 magnanimous and prudent ,emperor1 has won as great affection from her husband1 since she has mingled with the tenderness that is inspired by love that other which good and noble souls derive from their own virtue1 whence it flows like a sacred fount8 ,for there are two jars17#edh7 so to speak1 of these two kinds of human affection1 and ,eusebia drew in equal measure from both1 and so has come to be the partner of her husband's counsels1 and though the ,emperor is by nature merciful1 good and wise1 she encourages him to follow yet more becomingly his natural bent1 and ever turns justice to mercy4 ,so that no one could ever cite a case in which this ,empress1 whether with justice1 as might happen1 or unjustly1 has ever been the cause of punishment or chastisement either great or small4 ,now we are told that at ,athens1 in the days when they employed their ancestral customs and lived in obedience to their own laws1 as the inhabitants of a great and humane city1 whenever the votes of the jurymen were cast evenly for defendant and plaintiff1 the vote of ,athene7#edi7 was awarded to him who would have incurred the penalty1 and thus both were acquitted of guilt1 he who had brought the accusation1 of the reputation of sycophant1 and the defendant1 naturally1 of the guilt of the crime4 ,now this humane and gracious custom is kept up in the suits which the ,emperor judges1 but ,eusebia's mercy goes further4 ,for whenever the defendant comes near to obtaining an equal number of votes1 she persuades the ,emperor1 adding her request and entreaty on his behalf1 to acquit the man entirely of the charge4 ,and of free will with willing heart he grants the boon1 and does not give it as ,homer says ,zeus1 constrained by his wife1 agreed as to what he should concede to her 8of free will but with soul unwilling407#eej7 ,and perhaps it is not strange that he should concede this pardon reluctantly and under protest in the case of the violent and depraved4 ,but not even when men richly deserve to suffer and be punished ought they to be utterly ruined4 ,now since the ,empress recognises this1 she has never bidden him inflict any injury of any kind1 or any punishment or chastisement even on a single household of the citizens1 much less on a whole kingdom or city4 ,and ,i might add1 with the utmost confidence that ,i am speaking the absolute truth1 that in the case of no man or woman is it possible to charge her with any misfortune that has happened1 but all the benefits that she confers and has conferred1 and on whom1 ,i would gladly recount in as many cases as possible1 and report them one by one1 how for instance this man1 thanks to her1 enjoys his ancestral estate1 and that man has been saved from punishment1 though he was guilty in the eyes of the law1 how a third escaped a malicious prosecution1 though he came within an ace of the danger1 how countless persons have received honour and office at her hands4 ,and on this subject there is no one of them all who will assert that ,i speak falsely1 even though ,i should not give a list of those persons by name4 ,but this ,i hesitate to do1 lest ,i should seem to some to be reproaching them with their sufferings1 and to be composing not so much an encomium of her good deeds as a catalogue of the misfortunes of others4 ,and yet1 not to cite any of these acts of hers1 and to bring no proof of them before the public seems perhaps to imply that they are lacking1 and brings discredit on my encomium4 ,accordingly1 to deprecate that charge1 ,i shall relate so much as it is not invidious for me to speak or for her to hear47 1 1 1 1 4 ,b 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 ,c 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 ,d 4 7,when she had1 in the beginning1 secured her husband's goodwill for her actions like a 8frontage shining from afar10 to use the words of the great poet ,pindar17#eea7 she forthwith showered honours on all her family and kinsfolk1 appointing to more important functions those who had already been tested and were of mature age1 and making them seem fortunate and enviable1 and she won for them the ,emperor's friendship and laid the foundation of their present prosperity4 ,and if anyone thinks1 what is in fact true1 that on their own account they are worthy of honour1 he will applaud her all the more4 ,for it is evident that it was their merit1 far more than the ties of kinship1 that she rewarded2 and one could hardly pay her a higher compliment than that4 ,such then was her treatment of these4 ,and to all who1 since they were still obscure on account of their youth1 needed recognition of any sort1 she awarded lesser honours4 ,in fact she left nothing undone to help one and all4 ,and not only on her kinsfolk has she conferred such benefits1 but whenever she learned that ties of friendship used to exist with her ancestors1 she has not allowed it to be unprofitable to those who owned such ties1 but she honours them1 ,i understand1 no less than her own kinsfolk1 and to all whom she regards as her father's friends she dispensed wonderful rewards for their friendship47 1 1 7#eeb7 1 1 7#eec74 #aag 1 7#eed7 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 1 4 7,but since ,i see that my account is in need of proofs1 just as in a law court1 ,i will offer myself to bear witness on its behalf to these actions and to applaud them4 ,but lest you should mistrust my evidence and cause a disturbance before you have heard what ,i have to say1 ,i swear that ,i will tell you no falsehood or fiction2 although you would have believed1 even without an oath1 that ,i am saying all this without intent to flatter4 ,for ,i already possess1 by the grace of ,god and the ,emperor1 and because the ,empress too was zealous in my behalf1 all those blessings to gain which a flatterer would leave nothing unsaid1 so that1 if ,i were speaking before obtaining these1 perhaps ,i should have to dread that unjust suspicion4 ,but as it is1 since this is the state of my fortunes1 ,i will recall her conduct to me1 and at the same time give you a proof of my own right mindedness and truthful evidence of her good deeds4 ,i have heard that ,darius1 while he was still in the bodyguard of the ,persian monarch17#eee7 met1 in ,egypt1 a ,samian stranger7#eef7 who was an exile from his own country1 and accepted from him the gift of a scarlet cloak to which ,darius had taken a great fancy1 and that later on1 in the days when1 ,i understand1 he had become the master of all ,asia1 he gave him in return the tyranny of ,samos4 ,and now suppose that ,i acknowledge that1 though ,i received many kindnesses at ,eusebia's hands1 at a time when ,i was still permitted to live in peaceful obscurity1 and many also1 by her intercession1 from our noble and magnanimous ,emperor1 ,i must needs fall short of making an equal return2 for as ,i know1 she possesses everything already1 as the gift of him who was so generous to myself2 yet since ,i desire that the memory of her good deeds should be immortal1 and since ,i am relating them to you1 perhaps ,i shall not be thought less mindful of my debt than the ,persian1 seeing that in forming a judgment it is to the intention that one must look1 and not to an instance in which fortune granted a man the power to repay his obligation many times over47 ,d 1 4 1 1 1 #aah 1 4 1 ,b 4 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 ,d 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 #aai 4 4 7,why1 then1 ,i say that ,i have been so kindly treated1 and in return for what ,i acknowledge that ,i am her debtor for all time1 that is what you are eager to hear4 ,nor shall ,i conceal the facts4 ,the ,emperor was kind to me almost from my infancy1 and he surpassed all generosity1 for he snatched me from dangers so great that not even 8a man in the strength of his youth07#eeg7 could easily have escaped them1 unless he obtained some means of safety sent by heaven and not attainable by human means1 and after my house had been seized by one of those in power1 as though there were none to defend it1 he recovered it for me1 as was just1 and made it wealthy once more4 ,and ,i could tell you of still other kindnesses on his part towards myself1 that deserve all gratitude1 in return for which ,i ever showed myself loyal and faithful to him2 but nevertheless of late ,i perceived that1 ,i know not why1 he was somewhat harsh towards me4 ,now the ,empress no sooner heard a bare mention1 not of any actual wrongdoing but of mere idle suspicion1 than she deigned to investigate it1 and before doing so would not admit or listen to any falsehood or unjust slander1 but persisted in her request until she brought me into the ,emperor's presence and procured me speech with him4 ,and she rejoiced when ,i was acquitted of every unjust charge1 and when ,i wished to return home1 she first persuaded the ,emperor to give his permission1 and then furnished me with a safe escort4 ,then when some deity1 the one ,i think who devised my former troubles1 or perhaps some unfriendly chance1 cut short this journey1 she sent me to visit ,greece1 having asked this favour on my behalf from the ,emperor1 when ,i had already left the country4 ,this was because she had learned that ,i delighted in literature1 and she knew that that place is the home of culture4 ,then indeed ,i prayed first1 as is meet1 for the ,emperor1 and next for ,eusebia1 that ,god would grant them many blessings1 because when ,i longed and desired to behold my true fatherland1 they made it possible4 ,for we who dwell in ,thrace and ,ionia are the sons of ,hellas1 and all of us who are not devoid of feeling long to greet our ancestors and to embrace the very soil of ,hellas4 ,so this had long been1 as was natural1 my dearest wish1 and ,i desired it more than to possess treasures of gold and silver4 ,for ,i consider that intercourse with distinguished men1 when weighed in the balance with any amount whatever of gold1 drags down the beam1 and does not permit a prudent judge even to hesitate over a slight turn of the scale47 4 ,b 1 4 1 1 4 ,c 1 7#eeh7 1 4 1 1 ,d 4 7,now1 as regards learning and philosophy1 the condition of ,greece in our day reminds one somewhat of the tales and traditions of the ,egyptians4 ,for the ,egyptians say that the ,nile in their country is not only the saviour and benefactor of the land1 but also wards off destruction by fire1 when the sun1 throughout long periods1 in conjunction or combination with fiery constellations1 fills the atmosphere with heat and scorches everything4 ,for it has not power enough1 so they say1 to evaporate or exhaust the fountains of the ,nile4 ,and so too neither from the ,greeks has philosophy altogether departed1 nor has she forsaken ,athens or ,sparta or ,corinth4 ,and1 as regards these fountains1 ,argos can by no means be called 8thirsty107#eei7 for there are many in the city itself and many also south of the city1 round about ,mases17#efj7 famous of old4 ,yet ,sicyon1 not ,corinth1 possesses ,peirene itself4 ,and ,athens has many such streams1 pure and springing from the soil1 and many flow into the city from abroad1 but no less precious than those that are native4 ,and her people love and cherish them and desire to be rich in that which alone makes wealth enviable47 2 7#efa7 1 1 7#efb7 2 1 1 #abj 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 ,b 1 1 1 4 7#efc7 1 4 1 ,c 4 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 7,but as for me1 what has come over me8 ,and what speech do ,i intend to achieve if not a panegyric of my beloved ,hellas1 of which one cannot make mention without admiring everything8 ,but perhaps someone1 remembering what ,i said earlier1 will say that this is not what ,i intended to discuss when ,i began1 and that1 just as ,corybants when excited by the flute dance and leap without method1 so ,i1 spurred on by the mention of my beloved city1 am chanting the praises of that country and her people4 ,to him ,i must make excuse somewhat as follows3 ,good sir1 you who are the guide to an art that is genuinely noble1 that is a wise notion of yours1 for you do not permit or grant one to let go even for a moment the theme of a panegyric1 seeing that you yourself maintain your theme with skill4 ,yet in my case1 since there has come over me this impulse of affection which you say is to blame for the lack of order in my arguments1 you really urge me1 ,i think1 not to be too much afraid of it or to take precautions against criticism4 ,for ,i am not embarking on irrelevant themes if ,i wish to show how great were the blessings that ,eusebia procured for me because she honoured the name of philosophy4 ,and yet the name of philosopher which has been1 ,i know not why1 applied to myself1 is really in my case nothing but a name and lacks reality1 for though ,i love the reality and am terribly enamoured of the thing itself1 yet for some reason ,i have fallen short of it4 ,but ,eusebia honoured even the name4 ,for no other reason can ,i discover1 nor learn from anyone else1 why she became so zealous an ally of mine1 and an averter of evil and my preserver1 and took such trouble and pains in order that ,i might retain unaltered and unaffected our noble ,emperor's goodwill2 and ,i have never been convicted of thinking that there is any greater blessing in this world than that goodwill1 since all the gold above the earth or beneath the earth is not worth so much1 nor all the mass of silver that is now beneath the sun's rays or may be added thereto17#efd7 not though the loftiest mountains1 let us suppose1 stones and trees and all were to change to that substance1 nor the greatest sovereignty there is1 nor anything else in the whole world4 ,and ,i do indeed owe it to her that these blessings are mine1 so many and greater than anyone could have hoped for1 for in truth ,i did not ask for much1 nor did ,i nourish myself with any such hopes47 1 1 #aba 47#efe7 1 4 1 1 ,b 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 ,c 7#eff7 4 1 1 1 1 4 ,d 1 1 1 1 1 1 #abb 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 7#efg7 1 ,b 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 1 1 7#efh7 1 1 7#efi7 4 1 1 1 7#egj7 ,d 1 1 1 1 1 7,but genuine kindness one cannot obtain in exchange for money1 nor could anyone purchase it by such means1 but it exists only when men of noble character work in harmony with a sort of divine and higher providence4 ,and this the ,emperor bestowed on me even as a child1 and when it had almost vanished it was restored again to me because the ,empress defended me and warded off those false and monstrous suspicions4 ,and when1 using the evidence of my life as plain proof1 she had completely cleared me of them1 and ,i obeyed once more the ,emperor's summons from ,greece1 did she ever forsake me1 as though1 now that all enmity and suspicion had been removed1 ,i no longer needed much assistance8 ,would my conduct be pious if ,i kept silence and concealed actions so manifest and so honourable8 ,for when a good opinion of me was established in the ,emperor's mind1 she rejoiced exceedingly1 and echoed him harmoniously1 bidding me take courage and neither refuse out of awe to accept the greatness7#ega7 of what was offered to me1 nor1 by employing a boorish and arrogant frankness1 unworthily slight the urgent request of him who had shown me such favour4 ,and so ,i obeyed1 though it was by no means agreeable to me to support this burden1 and besides ,i knew well that to refuse was altogether impracticable4 ,for when those who have the power to exact by force what they wish condescend to entreat1 naturally they put one out of countenance and there is nothing left but to obey4 ,now when ,i consented1 ,i had to change my mode of dress1 and my attendants1 and my habitual pursuits1 and my very house and way of life for what seemed full of pomp and ceremony to one whose past had naturally been so modest and humble1 and my mind was confused by the strangeness1 though it was certainly not dazzled by the magnitude of the favours that were now mine4 ,for in my ignorance ,i hardly regarded them as great blessings1 but rather as powers of the greatest benefit1 certainly1 to those who use them aright1 but1 when mistakes are made in their use1 as being harmful to many houses and cities and the cause of countless disasters4 ,so ,i felt like a man who is altogether unskilled in driving a chariot17#egb7 and is not at all inclined to acquire the art1 and then is compelled to manage a car that belongs to a noble and talented charioteer1 one who keeps many pairs and many fourinhands too1 let us suppose1 and has mounted behind them all1 and because of his natural talent and uncommon strength has a strong grip on the reins of all of them1 even though he is mounted on one chariot2 yet he does not always remain on it1 but often moves to this side or that and changes from car to car1 whenever he perceives that his horses are distressed or are getting out of hand2 and among these chariots he has a team of four that become restive from ignorance and high spirit1 and are oppressed by continuous hard work1 but none the less are mindful of that high spirit1 and ever grow more unruly and are irritated by their distress1 so that they grow more restive and disobedient and pull against the driver and refuse to go in a certain direction1 and unless they see the charioteer himself or at least some man wearing the dress of a charioteer1 end by becoming violent1 so unreasoning are they by nature4 ,but when the charioteer encourages some unskilful man1 and sets him over them1 and allows him to wear the same dress as his own1 and invests him with the outward seeming of a splendid and skilful charioteer1 then if he be altogether foolish and witless1 he rejoices and is glad and is buoyed up and exalted by those robes1 as though by wings1 but1 if he has even a small share of common sense and prudent understanding1 he is very much alarmed7 1 78,lest he both injure himself and shatter his chariot withal107#egc77 1 4 1 #abc 4 1 4 1 4 1 ,b 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 7#egd7 1 4 1 1 ,c 4 7and so cause loss to the charioteer and bring on himself shameful and inglorious disaster4 ,on all this1 then1 ,i reflected1 taking counsel with myself in the night season1 and in the daytime pondering it with myself1 and ,i was continually thoughtful and gloomy4 ,then the noble and truly godlike ,emperor lessened my torment in every way1 and showed me honour and favour both in deed and word4 ,and at last he bade me address myself to the ,empress1 inspiring me with courage and giving me a very generous indication that ,i might trust her completely4 ,now when first ,i came into her presence it seemed to me as though ,i beheld a statue of ,modesty set up in some temple4 ,then reverence filled my soul1 and my eyes were fixed upon the ground7#ege7 for some considerable time1 till she bade me take courage4 ,then she said3 8,certain favours you have already received from us and yet others you shall receive1 if ,god will1 if only you prove to be loyal and honest towards us40 ,this was almost as much as ,i heard4 ,for she herself did not say more1 and that though she knew how to utter speeches not a whit inferior to those of the most gifted orators4 ,and ,i1 when ,i had departed from this interview1 felt the deepest admiration and awe1 and was clearly convinced that it was ,modesty herself ,i had heard speaking4 ,so gentle and comforting was her utterance1 and it is ever firmly settled in my ears47 2 1 17#egf7 2 ,d 1 4 1 7,do you wish then that ,i should report to you what she did after this1 and all the blessings she conferred on me1 and that ,i should give precise details one by one8 ,or shall ,i take up my tale concisely as she did herself1 and sum up the whole8 ,shall ,i tell how many of my friends she benefited1 and how with the ,emperor's help she arranged my marriage8 ,but perhaps you wish to hear also the list of her presents to me37 1 78,seven tripods untouched by fire and ten talents of gold107#egg77 4 1 7#egh7 #abd 1 1 1 1 7#egi7 1 4 1 1 ,b 4 7#ehj7 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 7#eha7 4 1 ,d 1 1 4 4 7and twenty caldrons4 ,but ,i have no time to gossip about such subjects4 ,nevertheless one of those gifts of hers it would perhaps not be ungraceful to mention to you1 for it was one with which ,i was myself especially delighted4 ,for she gave me the best books on philosophy and history1 and many of the orators and poets1 since ,i had brought hardly any with me from home1 deluding myself with the hope and longing to return home again1 and gave them in such numbers1 and all at once1 that even my desire for them was satisfied1 though ,i am altogether insatiable of converse with literature2 and1 so far as books went1 she made ,galatia7#ehb7 and the country of the ,celts resemble a ,greek temple of the ,muses4 ,and to these gifts ,i applied myself incessantly whenever ,i had leisure1 so that ,i can never be unmindful of the gracious giver4 ,yes1 even when ,i take the field one thing above all else goes with me as a necessary provision for the campaign1 some one narrative of a campaign composed long ago by an eye witness4 ,for many of those records of the experience of men of old1 written as they are with the greatest skill1 furnish to those who1 by reason of their youth1 have missed seeing such a spectacle1 a clear and brilliant picture of those ancient exploits1 and by this means many a tiro has acquired a more mature understanding and judgment than belongs to very many older men2 and that advantage which people think old age alone can give to mankind1 ,i mean experience 7for experience it is that enables an old man 8to talk more wisely than the young07#ehc771 even this the study of history can give to the young if only they are diligent4 ,moreover1 in my opinion1 there is in such books a means of liberal education for the character1 supposing that one understands how1 like a craftsman1 setting before himself as patterns the noblest men and words and deeds1 to mould his own character to match them1 and make his words resemble theirs4 ,and if he should not wholly fall short of them1 but should achieve even some slight resemblance1 believe me that would be for him the greatest good fortune4 ,and it is with this idea constantly before me that not only do ,i give myself a literary education by means of books1 but even on my campaigns ,i never fail to carry them like necessary provisions4 ,the number that ,i take with me is limited only by particular circumstances47 1 #abe 4 4 1 1 1 1 ,b 1 1 17#ehd7 4 1 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 7#ehe7 4 7,but perhaps ,i ought not now to be writing a panegyric on books1 nor to describe all the benefits that we might derive from them1 but since ,i recognise how much that gift was worth1 ,i ought to pay back to the gracious giver thanks not perhaps altogether different in kind from what she gave4 ,for it is only just that one who has accepted clever discourses of all sorts laid up as treasure in books1 should sound a strain of eulogy if only in slight and unskilful phrases1 composed in an unlearned and rustic fashion4 ,for you would not say that a farmer showed proper feeling who1 when starting to plant his vineyard1 begs for cuttings from his neighbours1 and presently1 when he cultivates his vines1 asks for a mattock and then for a hoe1 and finally for a stake to which the vine must be tied and which it must lean against1 so that it may itself be supported1 and the bunches of grapes as they hang may nowhere touch the soil2 and then1 after obtaining all he asked for1 drinks his fill of the pleasant gift of ,dionysus1 but does not share either the grapes or the must with those whom he found so willing to help him in his husbandry4 ,just so one would not say that a shepherd or neatherd or even a goatherd was honest and good and rightminded1 who in winter1 when his flocks need shelter and fodder1 met with the utmost consideration from his friends1 who helped him to procure many things1 and gave him food in abundance1 and lodging1 and presently when spring and summer appeared1 forgot in lordly fashion all those kindnesses1 and shared neither his milk nor cheeses nor anything else with those who had saved his beasts for him when they would otherwise have perished47 1 ,d 1 7#ehf7 2 2 1 17#ehg7 2 #abf 1 1 7#ehh7 4 1 1 1 1 4 4 ,b 4 7,and now take the case of one who cultivates literature of any sort1 and is himself young and therefore needs numerous guides and the abundant food and pure nourishment that is to be obtained from ancient writings1 and then suppose that he should be deprived of all these all at once1 is it1 think you1 slight assistance that he is asking8 ,and is it slight payment that he deserves who comes to his aid8 ,but perhaps he ought not even to attempt to make him any return for his zeal and kind actions8 ,perhaps he ought to imitate the famous ,thales1 that consummate philosopher1 and that answer which we have all heard and which is so much admired8 ,for when someone asked what fee he ought to pay him for knowledge he had acquired1 ,thales replied 8,if you let it be known that it was ,i who taught you1 you will amply repay me40 ,just so one who has not himself been the teacher1 but has helped another in any way to gain knowledge1 would indeed be wronged if he did not obtain gratitude and that acknowledgement of the gift which even the philosopher seems to have demanded4 ,well and good4 ,but this gift of hers was both welcome and magnificent4 ,and as for gold and silver ,i neither asked for them nor1 were they in question1 should ,i be willing thus to wear out your patience47 7#ehi7 1 7#eij7 1 1 4 1 ,c 1 1 4 1 1 ,d 4 1 1 #abg 4 1 1 1 1 ,b 4 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 ,c 4 1 2 7#eia7 ,d 1 7,but ,i wish to tell you a story very well worth your hearing1 unless indeed you are already wearied by the length of this garrulous speech4 ,indeed it may be that you have listened without enjoyment to what has been said so far1 seeing that the speaker is a layman and entirely ignorant of rhetoric1 and knows neither how to invent nor how to use the writer's craft1 but speaks the truth as it occurs to him4 ,and my story is about something almost of the present time4 ,now many will say1 ,i suppose1 persuaded by the accomplished sophists1 that ,i have collected what is trivial and worthless1 and relate it to you as though it were of serious import4 ,and probably they will say this1 not because they are jealous of my speeches1 or because they wish to rob me of the reputation that they may bring4 ,for they well know that ,i do not desire to be their rival in the art by setting my own speeches against theirs1 nor in any other way do ,i wish to quarrel with them4 ,but since1 for some reason or other1 they are ambitious of speaking on lofty themes at any cost1 they will not tolerate those who have not their ambition1 and they reproach them with weakening the power of rhetoric4 ,for they say that only those deeds are to be admired and are worthy of serious treatment and repeated praise which1 because of their magnitude1 have been thought by some to be incredible1 those stories for instance about that famous woman7#eib7 of ,assyria who turned aside as though it were an insignificant brook the river7#eic7 that flows through ,babylon1 and built a gorgeous palace underground1 and then turned the stream back again beyond the dykes that she had made4 ,for of her many a tale is told1 how she fought a naval battle with three thousand ships1 and on land she led into the field of battle three million hoplites1 and in ,babylon she built a wall very nearly five hundred stades in length1 and the moat that surrounds the city and other very costly and expensive edifices were1 they tell us1 her work4 ,and ,nitocris7#eid7 who came later than she1 and ,rhodogyne7#eie7 and ,tomyris17#eif7 aye and a crowd of women beyond number who played men's parts in no very seemly fashion occur to my mind4 ,and some of them were conspicuous for their beauty and so became notorious1 though it brought them no happiness1 but since they were the causes of dissension and long wars among countless nations and as many men as could reasonably be collected from a country of that size1 they are celebrated by the orators as having given rise to mighty deeds4 ,and a speaker who has nothing of this sort to relate seems ridiculous because he makes no great effort to astonish his hearers or to introduce the marvellous into his speeches4 ,now shall we put this question to these orators1 whether any one of them would wish to have a wife or daughter of that sort1 rather than like ,penelope8 ,and yet in her case ,homer had no more to tell than of her discretion and her love for her husband and the good care she took of her fatherinlaw and her son4 ,evidently she did not concern herself with the fields or the flocks1 and as for leading an army or speaking in public1 of course she never even dreamed of such a thing4 ,but even when it was necessary for her to speak to the young suitors17 78,holding up before her face her shining veil07#eig77 4 4 #abh 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 7#eih7 2 ,b 7#eii7 1 1 4 4 7#fjj7 1 2 7it was in mild accents that she expressed herself4 ,and it was not because he was short of such great deeds1 or of women famous for them1 that he sang the praises of ,penelope rather than the others4 ,for instance1 he could have made it his ambition to tell the story of the ,amazon's7#fja7 campaign and have filled all his poetry with tales of that sort1 which certainly have a wonderful power to delight and charm4 ,for as to the taking of the wall and the siege1 and that battle near the ships which in some respects seems to have resembled a seafight1 and then the fight of the hero and the river17#fjb7 he did not bring them into this poem with the desire to relate something new and strange of his own invention4 ,and even though this fight was1 as they say1 most marvellous1 he neglected and passed over the marvellous as we see4 ,what reason then can anyone give for his praising ,penelope so enthusiastically and making not the slightest allusion to those famous women8 ,because by reason of her virtue and discretion many blessings have been gained for mankind1 both for individuals and for the common weal1 whereas from the ambition of those others there has arisen no benefit whatever1 but incurable calamities4 ,and so1 as he was1 ,i think1 a wise and inspired poet1 he decided that to praise ,penelope was better and more just4 ,and since ,i adopt so great a guide1 is it fitting that ,i should be afraid lest some person think me trivial or inferior87 ,c 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,d 1 1 7#fjc7 1 4 1 1 1 #abi 2 1 1 1 2 ,b 1 1 1 2 1 4 7,but it is indeed a noble witness that ,i shall now bring forward1 that splendid orator ,pericles1 the renowned1 the ,olympian4 ,it is said7#fjd7 that once a crowd of flatterers surrounded him and were distributing his praises among them1 one telling how he had reduced ,samos17#fje7 another how he had recovered ,euboea17#fjf7 some how he had sailed round the ,peloponnesus1 while others spoke of his enactments1 or of his rivalry with ,cimon1 who was reputed to be a most excellent citizen and a distinguished general4 ,but ,pericles gave no sign either of annoyance or exultation1 and there was but one thing in all his political career for which he claimed to deserve praise1 that1 though he had governed the ,athenian people for so long1 he had been responsible for no man's death1 and no citizen when he put on black clothes had ever said that ,pericles was the cause of his misfortune4 ,now1 by ,zeus the god of friendship1 do you think ,i need any further witness to testify that the greatest proof of virtue and one better worth praise than all the rest put together is not to have caused the death of any citizen1 or to have taken his money from him1 or involved him in unjust exile8 ,but he who like a good physician tries to ward off such calamities as these1 and by no means thinks that it is enough for him not to cause anyone to contract a disease1 but unless he cures and cares for everyone as far as he can1 considers that his work is unworthy of his skill1 do you think that in justice such a one ought to receive no higher praise than ,pericles8 ,and shall we not hold in higher honour her character and that authority which enables her to do what she will1 since what she wills is the good of all8 ,for this ,i make the sum and substance of my whole encomium1 though ,i do not lack other narratives such as are commonly held to be marvellous and splendid47 1 1 ,c 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,d 4 1 4 7#fjg7 1 #acj 4 1 4 7,for if anyone should suspect that my silence about the rest is vain affectation and empty and insolent pretension1 this at least he will not suspect1 that the visit which she lately made to ,rome17#fjh7 when the ,emperor was on his campaign and had crossed the ,rhine by bridges of boats near the frontiers of ,galatia1 is a false and vain invention4 ,i could indeed very properly have given an account of this visit1 and described how the people and the senate welcomed her with rejoicings and went to meet her with enthusiasm1 and received her as is their custom to receive an ,empress1 and told the amount of the expenditure1 how generous and splendid it was1 and the costliness of the preparations1 and reckoned up the sums she distributed to the presidents of the tribes and the centurions of the people4 ,but nothing of that sort has ever seemed to me worth while1 nor do ,i wish to praise wealth before virtue4 ,and yet ,i am aware that the generous spending of money implies a sort of virtue4 ,nevertheless ,i rate more highly goodness and temperance and wisdom and all those other qualities of hers that ,i have described1 bringing before you as witnesses not only many others but myself as well and all that she did for me4 ,now if only others also try to emulate my proper feeling1 there are and there will be many to sing her praises47 ,,oration ,,iv ,introduction ,to ,oration ,,iv ,in the fourth century ,a4,d4 poetry was practically extinct1 and hymns to the gods were almost always written in prose4 ,julian's ,fourth ,oration is1 according to the definition of the rhetorician ,menander1 a 1 a hymn that describes the physical qualities of a god4 ,julian was an uncritical disciple of the later ,neo,platonic school1 and apparently reproduces without any important modification the doctrines of its chief representative1 the ,syrian ,iamblichus1 with whom begins the decadence of ,neo,platonism as a philosophy4 ,oriental superstition took the place of the severe spiritualism of ,plotinus and his followers1 and a philosophy that had been from the first markedly religious1 is now expounded by theurgists and the devotees of strange ,oriental cults4 ,it is ,mithras the ,persian sun god1 rather than ,apollo1 whom ,julian identifies with his 8intellectual god0 ,helios1 and ,apollo plays a minor part among his manifestations4 ,mithras worship1 which ,tertullian called 8a ,satanic plagiarism of ,christianity10 because in certain of its rites it recalled the sacraments of the ,christian church1 first made its appearance among the ,romans in the first century ,b4,c47#fji7 ,less hospitably received at first than the cults of ,isis and ,serapis and the ,great ,mother of ,pessinus1 it gradually overpowered them and finally dominated the whole ,roman ,empire1 though it was never welcomed by the ,hellenes4 ,for the ,romans it supplied the ideals of purity1 devotion and selfcontrol which the other cults had lacked4 ,the worshippers of ,mithras were taught to contend against the powers of evil1 submitted themselves to a severe moral discipline1 and their reward after death was to become as pure as the gods to whom they ascend4 8,if ,christianity10 says ,renan1 8had been checked in its growth by some deadly disease1 the world would have become ,mithraic40 ,julian1 like the ,emperor ,commodus in the second century1 had no doubt been initiated into the ,mysteries of ,mithras1 and the severe discipline of the cult was profoundly attractive to one who had been estranged by early associations from the very similar teaching of the ,christians4 ,julian followed ,plotinus and ,iamblichus in making the supreme principle the ,one 77 or the ,good 7 7 which presides over the intelligible world 7 71 where rule ,plato's ,ideas1 now called the intelligible gods 7 74 ,iamblichus had imported into the ,neo ,platonic system the intermediary world of intellectual gods 7 74 ,on them ,helios,mithras1 their supreme god and centre1 bestows the intelligence and creative and unifying forces that he has received from his transcendental counterpart among the intelligible gods4 ,the third member of the triad is the world of senseperception governed by the sun1 the visible counterpart of ,helios4 ,what distinguishes ,julian's triad7#faj7 from other ,neo,platonic triads is this hierarchy of three suns in the three worlds3 and further1 the importance that he gives to the intermediary world1 the abode of ,helios,mithras4 ,he pays little attention to the remote intelligible world and devotes his exposition to ,helios1 the intellectual god1 and the visible sun4 ,helios is the link that relates the three members of the triad4 ,his 8middleness0 77 is not only local3 he is in every possible sense the mediator and unifier4 is the ,aristotelian word for the 8mean10 but there is no evidence that it was used with the active sense of mediation before ,julian4 ,a passage in ,plutarch however seems to indicate that the 8middleness0 of the sun was a ,persian doctrine3 8,the principle of good most nearly resembles light1 and the principle of evil darkness1 and between both is ,mithras2 therefore the ,persians called ,mithras the ,mediator0 7747#faa7 ,naville has pointed out the resemblance between the sun as mediator and the ,christian ,logos1 which ,julian may have had in mind4 ,julian's system results in a practically monotheistic worship of ,helios1 and here he probably parts company with ,iamblichus4 ,but though deeply influenced by ,mithraism1 ,julian was attempting to revive the pagan gods1 and if he could not1 in the fourth century1 restore the ancient faith in the gods of ,homer he nevertheless could not omit from his creed the numerous deities whose temples and altars he had rebuilt4 ,here he took advantage of the identification of ,greek1 ,roman1 and ,oriental deities which had been going on for centuries4 ,the old names1 endeared by the associations of literature1 could be retained without endangering the supremacy of ,helios4 ,julian identifies ,zeus1 ,helios1 ,hades1 ,oceanus and the ,egyptian ,serapis4 ,but the omnipotent ,zeus of ,greek mythology is now a creative force which works with ,helios and has no separate existence4 ,tradition had made ,athene the child of ,zeus1 but ,julian regards her as the manifestation of the intelligent forethought of ,helios4 ,dionysus is the vehicle of his fairest thoughts1 and ,aphrodite a principle that emanates from him4 ,he contrives that all the more important gods of ,greece1 ,egypt and ,persia shall play their parts as manifestations of ,helios4 ,the lesser gods are mediating demons as well as forces4 ,his aim was to provide the ,hellenic counterpart of the positive revealed religion of ,christianity4 ,hence his insistence on the inspiration of ,homer1 ,hesiod1 and ,plato1 and his statement7#fab7 that the allegorical interpretations of the mysteries are not mere hypotheses1 whereas the doctrines of the astronomers deserve no higher title4 ,the ,oration is dedicated to his friend and comrade in arms ,sallust who is probably identical with the ,neo,platonic philosopher1 of the school of ,iamblichus1 who wrote about #cfj the treatise ,on the ,gods and the ,world4 ,cumont calls this 8the official catechism of the ,pagan empire10 and ,wilamowitz regards it as the positive complement of ,julian's pamphlet ,against the ,christians4 ,julian's ,eighth ,oration is a discourse of consolation1 1 for the departure of ,sallust when ,constantius recalled him from ,gaul in #ceh4 7,julian1 ,caesar7 7,hymn ,to ,king ,helios4 ,dedicated ,to ,sallust7 ,b 1 7,what ,i am now about to say ,i consider to be of the greatest importance for all things7 17#fac7 78,that breathe and move upon the earth107 1 4 ,c 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 4 1 #aca 4 1 47#fad7 1 1 2 4 7#fae7 1 1 ,b 1 4 1 1 1 ,c 17#faf7 1 4 17#fag7 1 7#fah7 17#fai7 1 4 1 1 1 ,d 1 4 7and have a share in existence and a reasoning soul7#fbj7 and intelligence1 but above all others it is of importance to myself4 ,for ,i am a follower of ,king ,helios4 ,and of this fact ,i possess within me1 known to myself alone1 proofs more certain that ,i can give47#fba7 ,but this at least ,i am permitted to say without sacrilege1 that from my childhood an extraordinary longing for the rays of the god penetrated deep into my soul2 and from my earliest years my mind was so completely swayed by the light that illumines the heavens that not only did ,i desire to gaze intently at the sun1 but whenever ,i walked abroad in the night season1 when the firmament was clear and cloudless1 ,i abandoned all else without exception and gave myself up to the beauties of the heavens2 nor did ,i understand what anyone might say to me1 nor heed what ,i was doing myself4 ,i was considered to be over curious about these matters and to pay too much attention to them1 and people went so far as to regard me as an astrologer when my beard had only just begun to grow4 ,and yet1 ,i call heaven to witness1 never had a book on this subject come into my hands2 nor did ,i as yet even know what that science was4 ,but why do ,i mention this1 when ,i have more important things to tell1 if ,i should relate how1 in those days1 ,i thought about the gods8 ,however let that darkness7#fbb7 be buried in oblivion4 ,but let what ,i have said bear witness to this fact1 that the heavenly light shone all about me1 and that it roused and urged me on to its contemplation1 so that even then ,i recognised of myself that the movement of the moon was in the opposite direction to the universe1 though as yet ,i had met no one of those who are wise in these matters4 ,now for my part ,i envy the good fortune of any man to whom the god has granted to inherit a body built of the seed of holy and inspired ancestors1 so that he can unlock the treasures of wisdom2 nor do ,i despise that lot with which ,i was myself endowed by the god ,helios1 that ,i should be born of a house that rules and governs the world in my time2 but further1 ,i regard this god1 if we may believe the wise1 as the common father of all mankind47#fbc7 ,for it is said with truth that man and the sun together beget man1 and that the god sows this earth with souls which proceed not from himself alone but from the other gods also2 and for what purpose1 the souls reveal by the kind of lives that they select4 ,now far the best thing is when anyone has the fortune to have inherited the service of the god1 even before the third generation1 from a long and unbroken line of ancestors2 yet it is not a thing to be disparaged when anyone1 recognising that he is by nature intended to be the servant of ,helios1 either alone of all men1 or in company with but few1 devotes himself to the service of his master47 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 #acb 1 1 4 1 4 7#fbd7 17#fbe7 ,b 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 ,c 4 7,come then1 let me celebrate1 as best ,i may1 his festival which the ,imperial city7#fbf7 adorns with annual sacrifices47#fbg7 ,now it is hard1 as ,i well know1 merely to comprehend how great is the ,invisible1 if one judge by his visible self17#fbh7 and to tell it is perhaps impossible1 even though one should consent to fall short of what is his due4 ,for well ,i know that no one in the world could attain to a description that would be worthy of him1 and not to fail of a certain measure of success in his praises is the greatest height to which human beings can attain in the power of utterance4 ,but as for me1 may ,hermes1 the god of eloquence1 stand by my side to aid me1 and the ,muses also and ,apollo1 the leader of the ,muses1 since he too has oratory for his province1 and may they grant that ,i utter only what the gods approve that men should say and believe about them4 ,what1 then1 shall be the manner of my praise8 ,or is it not evident that if ,i describe his substance and his origin1 and his powers and energies1 both visible and invisible1 and the gift of blessings which he bestows throughout all the worlds17#fbi7 ,i shall compose an encomium not wholly displeasing to the god8 ,with these1 then1 let me begin47 7#fcj7 1 1 17#fca7 1 1 4 ,d 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 #acc 1 8 10 1 8 1 1 1 1 407#fcb7 1 47#fcc7 1 ,b 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 4 7,this divine and wholly beautiful universe1 from the highest vault of heaven to the lowest limit of the earth1 is held together by the continuous providence of the god1 has existed from eternity ungenerated1 is imperishable for all time to come1 and is guarded immediately by nothing else than the ,fifth ,substance7#fcd7 whose culmination is the beams of the sun2 and in the second and higher degree1 so to speak1 by the intelligible world2 but in a still loftier sense it is guarded by the ,king of the whole universe1 who is the centre of all things that exist4 ,he1 therefore1 whether it is right to call him the ,supra,intelligible1 or the ,idea of ,being1 and by ,being ,i mean the whole intelligible region1 or the ,one1 since the ,one seems somehow to be prior to all the rest1 or1 to use ,plato's name for him1 the ,good2 at any rate this uncompounded cause of the whole reveals to all existence beauty1 and perfection1 and oneness1 and irresistible power2 and in virtue of the primal creative substance that abides in it1 produced1 as middle among the middle and intellectual1 creative causes1 ,helios the most mighty god1 proceeding from itself and in all things like unto itself4 ,even so the divine ,plato believed1 when he writes1 8,therefore 7said ,i7 when ,i spoke of this1 understand that ,i meant the offspring of the ,good which the ,good begat in his own likeness1 and that what the ,good is in relation to pure reason and its objects in the intelligible world1 such is the sun in the visible world in relation to sight and its objects40 ,accordingly his light has the same relation to the visible world as truth has to the intelligible world4 ,and he himself as a whole1 since he is the son of what is first and greatest1 namely1 the ,idea of the ,good1 and subsists from eternity in the region of its abiding substance1 has received also the dominion among the intellectual gods1 and himself dispenses to the intellectual gods those things of which the ,good is the cause for the intelligible gods4 ,now the ,good is1 ,i suppose1 the cause for the intelligible gods of beauty1 existence1 perfection1 and oneness1 connecting these and illuminating them with a power that works for good4 ,these accordingly ,helios bestows on the intellectual gods also1 since he has been appointed by the ,good to rule and govern them1 even though they came forth and came into being together with him1 and this was1 ,i suppose1 in order that the cause which resembles the ,good may guide the intellectual gods to blessings for them all1 and may regulate all things according to pure reason47 1 1 7#fce7 4 ,d 47#fcf7 2 1 1 1 4 17#fcg7 1 1 1 #acd 1 1 4 4 4 1 1 ,b 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 7#fch7 7#fci7 4 ,c 1 4 1 2 1 1 4 ,d 4 1 4 7,but this visible disc also1 third7#fdj7 in rank1 is clearly1 for the objects of senseperception the cause of preservation1 and this visible ,helios7#fda7 is the cause for the visible gods7#fdb7 of just as many blessings as we said mighty ,helios bestows on the intellectual gods4 ,and of this there are clear proofs for one who studies the unseen world in the light of things seen4 ,for in the first place1 is not light itself a sort of incorporeal and divine form of the transparent in a state of activity8 ,and as for the transparent itself1 whatever it is1 since it is the underlying basis1 so to speak1 of all the elements1 and is a form peculiarly belonging to them1 it is not like the corporeal or compounded1 nor does it admit qualities peculiar to corporeal substance47#fdc7 ,you will not therefore say that heat is a property of the transparent1 or its opposite cold1 nor will you assign to it hardness or softness or any other of the various attributes connected with touch or taste or smell2 but a nature of this sort is obvious to sight alone1 since it is brought into activity by light4 ,and light is a form of this substance1 so to speak1 which is the substratum of and coextensive with the heavenly bodies4 ,and of light1 itself incorporeal1 the culmination and flower1 so to speak1 is the sun's rays4 ,now the doctrine of the ,phoenicians1 who were wise and learned in sacred lore1 declared that the rays of light everywhere diffused are the undefiled incarnation of pure mind4 ,and in harmony with this is our theory1 seeing that light itself is incorporeal1 if one should regard its fountainhead1 not as corporeal1 but as the undefiled activity of mind7#fdd7 pouring light into its own abode3 and this is assigned to the middle of the whole firmament1 whence it sheds its rays and fills the heavenly spheres with vigour of every kind and illumines all things with light divine and undefiled4 ,now the activities proceeding from it and exercised among the gods have been1 in some measure at least1 described by me a little earlier and will shortly be further spoken of4 ,but all that we see merely with the sight at first is a name only1 deprived of activity1 unless we add thereto the guidance and aid of light4 ,for what1 speaking generally1 could be seen1 were it not first brought into touch with light in order that1 ,i suppose1 it may receive a form1 as matter is brought under the hand of a craftsman8 ,and indeed molten gold in the rough is simply gold1 and not yet a statue or an image1 until the craftsman give it its proper shape4 ,so too all the objects of sight1 unless they are brought under the eyes of the beholder together with light1 are altogether deprived of visibility4 ,accordingly by giving the power of sight to those who see1 and the power of being seen to the objects of sight1 it brings to perfection1 by means of a single activity1 two faculties1 namely vision and visibility47#fde7 ,and in forms and substance are expressed its perfecting powers47 1 1 1 2 4 #ace 2 1 1 1 2 ,b 7#fdf7 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,c 2 7,however1 this is perhaps somewhat subtle2 but as for that guide whom we all follow1 ignorant and unlearned1 philosophers and rhetoricians1 what power in the universe has this god when he rises and sets8 ,night and day he creates1 and before our eyes changes and sways the universe4 ,but to which of the other heavenly bodies does this power belong8 ,how then can we now fail to believe1 in view of this1 in respect also to things more divine that the invisible and divine tribes of intellectual gods above the heavens are filled with power that works for good by him1 even by him to whom the whole band of the heavenly bodies yields place1 and whom all generated things follow1 piloted by his providence8 ,for that the planets dance about him as their king1 in certain intervals1 fixed in relation to him1 and revolve in a circle with perfect accord1 making certain halts1 and pursuing to and fro their orbit17#fdg7 as those who are learned in the study of the spheres call their visible motions2 and that the light of the moon waxes and wanes varying in proportion to its distance from the sun1 is1 ,i think1 clear to all4 ,then is it not natural that we should suppose that the more venerable ordering of bodies among the intellectual gods corresponds to this arrangement87 7#fdh7 1 1 7#fdi7 1 4 ,d 1 1 1 1 1 7#fej7 8 1 1 #acf 01 4 1 1 7#fea7 4 1 ,b 1 1 1 7#feb7 1 4 1 1 1 1 ,c 4 1 7#fec7 2 2 1 4 ,d 7#fed7 2 17#fee7 4 1 1 17#fef7 #acg 1 7,let us therefore comprehend1 out of all his functions1 first his power to perfect1 from the fact that he makes visible the objects of sight in the universe1 for through his light he perfects them2 secondly1 his creative and generative power from the changes wrought by him in the universe2 thirdly1 his power to link together all things into one whole1 from the harmony of his motions towards one and the same goal2 fourthly1 his middle station we can comprehend from himself1 who is midmost2 and fifthly1 the fact that he is established as king among the intellectual gods1 from his middle station among the planets4 ,now if we see that these powers1 or powers of similar importance1 belong to any one of the other visible deities1 let us not assign to ,helios leadership among the gods4 ,but if he has nothing in common with those other gods except his beneficent energy1 and of this too he gives them all a share1 then let us call to witness the priests of ,cyprus who set up common altars to ,helios and ,zeus2 but even before them let us summon as witness ,apollo1 who sits in council with our god4 ,for this god declares3 8,zeus1 ,hades1 ,helios ,serapis1 three gods in one godhead607#feg7 ,let us then assume that1 among the intellectual gods1 ,helios and ,zeus have a joint or rather a single sovereignty4 ,hence ,i think that with reason ,plato called ,hades a wise god47#feh7 ,and we call this same god ,hades ,serapis also1 namely the ,unseen7#fei7 and ,intellectual1 to whom ,plato says the souls of those who have lived most righteously and justly mount upwards4 ,for let no one conceive of him as the god whom the legends teach us to shudder at1 but as the mild and placable1 since he completely frees our souls from generation3 and the souls that he has thus freed he does not nail to other bodies1 punishing them and exacting penalties1 but he carries aloft and lifts up our souls to the intelligible world4 ,and that this doctrine is not wholly new1 but that ,homer and ,hesiod the most venerable of the poets held it before us1 whether this was their own view or1 like seers1 they were divinely inspired with a sacred frenzy for the truth1 is evident from the following4 ,hesiod1 in tracing his genealogy1 said7#ffj7 that ,helios is the son of ,hyperion and ,thea1 intimating thereby that he is the true son of him who is above all things4 ,for who else could ,hyperion7#ffa7 be8 ,and is not ,thea herself1 in another fashion1 said to be most divine of beings8 ,but as for a union or marriage1 let us not conceive of such a thing1 since that is the incredible and paradoxical trifling of the poetic ,muse4 ,but let us believe that his father and sire was the most divine and supreme being2 and who else could have this nature save him who transcends all things1 the central point and goal of all things that exist8 ,and ,homer calls him ,hyperion after his father and shows his unconditioned nature1 superior to all constraint4 ,for ,zeus1 as ,homer says1 since he is lord of all constrains the other gods4 ,and when1 in the course of the myth1 ,helios says that on account of the impiety of the comrades of ,odysseus7#ffb7 he will forsake ,olympus1 ,zeus no longer says17 1 78,then with very earth would ,i draw you up and the sea withal107#ffc77 1 1 4 2 1 ,b 2 7nor does he threaten him with fetters or violence1 but he says that he will inflict punishment on the guilty and bids ,helios go on shining among the gods4 ,does he not thereby declare that besides being unconditioned1 ,helios has also the power to perfect8 ,for why do the gods need him unless by sending his light1 himself invisible1 on their substance and existence1 he fulfils for them the blessings of which ,i spoke8 ,for when ,homer says that7 7#ffd7 78,oxeyed ,hera1 the queen1 sent unwearied ,helios to go1 all unwilling1 to the streams of ,oceanus107 4 1 17#ffe7 7he means that1 by reason of a heavy mist1 it was thought to be night before the proper time4 ,and this mist is surely the goddess herself1 and in another place also in the poem he says17 4 ,c 78,hera spread before them a thick mist407 1 4 7,but let us leave the stories of the poets alone4 ,for along with what is inspired they contain much also that is merely human4 ,and let me now relate what the god himself seems to teach us1 both about himself and the other gods47 4 2 2 ,d 1 1 1 4 1 1 #ach 4 4 1 1 ,b 4 2 2 4 ,c 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 7,the region of the earth contains being in a state of becoming4 ,then who endows it with imperishability8 ,is it not he7#fff7 who keeps it all together by means of definite limits8 ,for that the nature of being should be unlimited was not possible1 since it is neither uncreated nor self subsistent4 ,and if from being something were generated absolutely without ceasing and nothing were resolved back into it1 the substance of things generated would fail4 ,accordingly this god1 moving in due measure1 raises up and stimulates this substance when he approaches it1 and when he departs to a distance he diminishes and destroys it2 or rather he himself continually revivifies it by giving it movement and flooding it with life4 ,and his departure and turning in the other direction is the cause of decay for things that perish4 ,ever does his gift of blessings descend evenly upon the earth4 ,for now one country now another receives them1 to the end that becoming may not cease nor the god ever benefit less or more than is his custom this changeful world4 ,for sameness1 as of being so also of activity1 exists among the gods1 and above all the others in the case of the ,king of the ,all1 ,helios2 and he also makes the simplest movement of all the heavenly bodies7#ffg7 that travel in a direction opposite to the whole4 ,in fact this is the very thing that the celebrated ,aristotle makes a proof of his superiority1 compared with the others4 ,nevertheless from the other intellectual gods also1 forces clearly discernible descend to this world4 ,and now what does this mean8 ,are we not excluding the others when we assert that the leadership has been assigned to ,helios8 ,nay1 far rather do ,i think it right from the visible to have faith about the invisible47#ffh7 ,for even as this god is seen to complete and to adapt to himself and to the universe the powers that are bestowed on the earth from the other gods for all things1 after the same fashion we must believe that among the invisible gods also there is intercourse with one another2 his mode of intercourse being that of a leader1 while the modes of intercourse of the others are at the same time in harmony with his4 ,for since we said that the god is established midmost among the midmost intellectual gods1 may ,king ,helios himself grant to us to tell what is the nature of that middleness among things of which we must regard him as the middle47 ,d 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 #aci 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 17#ffi7 ,b 1 1 4 7,now 8middleness07#fgj7 we define not as that mean which in opposites is seen to be equally remote from the extremes1 as1 for instance1 in colours1 tawny or dusky1 and warm in the case of hot and cold1 and the like1 but that which unifies and links together what is separate2 for instance the sort of thing that ,empedocles7#fga7 means by ,harmony when from it he altogether eliminates ,strife4 ,and now what does ,helios link together1 and of what is he the middle8 ,i assert then that he is midway between the visible gods who surround the universe and the immaterial and intelligible gods who surround the ,good--for the intelligible and divine substance is as it were multiplied without external influence and without addition4 ,for that the intellectual and wholly beautiful substance of ,king ,helios is middle in the sense of being unmixed with extremes1 complete in itself1 and distinct from the whole number of the gods1 visible and invisible1 both those perceptible by sense and those which are intelligible only1 ,i have already declared1 and also in what sense we must conceive of his middleness4 ,but if ,i must also describe these things one by one1 in order that we may discern with our intelligence how his intermediary nature1 in its various forms1 is related both to the highest and the lowest1 even though it is not easy to recount it all1 yet let me try to say what can be said47 1 7#fgb7 4 2 1 27#fgc7 1 ,c 1 4 4 2 17#fgd7 2 7#fge7 1 1 ,d 1 1 1 1 4 1 #adj 1 2 1 4 4 ,b 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 4 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 7,wholly one is the intelligible world1 preexistent from all time1 and it combines all things together in the ,one4 ,again is not our whole world also one complete living organism1 wholly throughout the whole of it full of soul and intelligence1 8perfect1 with all its parts perfect08 ,midway then between this uniform twofold perfection--,i mean that one kind of unity holds together in one all that exists in the intelligible world1 while the other kind of unity unites in the visible world all things into one and the same perfect nature--between these1 ,i say1 is the uniform perfection of ,king ,helios1 established among the intellectual gods4 ,there is1 however1 next in order1 a sort of binding force in the intelligible world of the gods1 which orders all things into one4 ,again is there not visible in the heavens also1 travelling in its orbit1 the nature of the ,fifth ,substance1 which links and compresses7#fgf7 together all the parts1 holding together things that by nature are prone to scatter and to fall away from one another8 ,these existences1 therefore1 which are two causes of connection1 one in the intelligible world1 while the other appears in the world of senseperception1 ,king ,helios combines into one1 imitating the synthetic power of the former among the intellectual gods1 seeing that he proceeds from it1 and subsisting prior to the latter which is seen in the visible world4 ,then must not the unconditioned also1 which exists primarily in the intelligible world1 and finally among the visible bodies in the heavens1 possess midway between these two the unconditioned substance of ,king ,helios1 and from that primary creative substance do not the rays of his light1 illumining all things1 descend to the visible world8 ,again1 to take another point of view1 the creator of the whole is one1 but many are the creative gods7#fgg7 who revolve in the heavens4 ,midmost therefore of these also we must place the creative activity which descends into the world from ,helios4 ,but also the power of generating life is abundant and overflowing in the intelligible world2 and our world also appears to be full of generative life4 ,it is therefore evident that the lifegenerating power of ,king ,helios also is midway between both the worlds3 and the phenomena of our world also bear witness to this4 ,for some forms he perfects1 others he makes1 or adorns1 or wakes to life1 and there is no single thing which1 apart from the creative power derived from ,helios1 can come to light and to birth4 ,and further1 besides this1 if we should comprehend the pure and undefiled and immaterial substance7#fgh7 among the intelligible gods--to which nothing external is added1 nor has any alien thing a place therein1 but it is filled with its own unstained purity--and if we should comprehend also the pure and unmixed nature of unstained and divine substance1 whose elements are wholly unmixed1 and which1 in the visible universe1 surrounds the substance that revolves17#fgi7 here also we should discover the radiant and stainless substance of ,king ,helios1 midway between the two2 that is to say1 midway between the immaterial purity that exists among the intelligible gods1 and that perfect purity1 unstained and free from birth and death1 that exists in the world which we can perceive4 ,and the greatest proof of this is that not even the light which comes down nearest to the earth from the sun is mixed with anything1 nor does it admit dirt and defilement1 but remains wholly pure and without stain and free from external influences among all existing things47 1 1 #ada 4 1 4 2 1 1 2 ,b 4 7,but we must go on to consider the immaterial and intelligible forms17#fhj7 and also those visible forms which are united with matter or the substratum4 ,here again1 the intellectual will be found to be midmost among the forms that surround mighty ,helios1 by which forms in their turn the material forms are aided2 for they never could have existed or been preserved1 had they not been brought1 by his aid1 into connection with being4 ,for consider3 is not he the cause of the separation of the forms1 and of the combination of matter1 in that he not only permits us to comprehend his very self1 but also to behold him with our eyes8 ,for the distribution of his rays over the whole universe1 and the unifying power of his light1 prove him to be the master workman who gives an individual existence to everything that is created47 1 1 4 1 ,c 1 1 4 7#fha7 1 4 7,now though there are many more blessings connected with the substance of the god and apparent to us1 which show that he is midway between the intelligible and the mundane gods7#fhb7 let us proceed to his last visible province4 ,his first province then in the last of the worlds is1 as though by way of a pattern1 to give form and personality to the sun's angels47#fhc7 ,next is his province of generating the world of sense perception1 of which the more honourable part contains the cause of the heavens and the heavenly bodies1 while the inferior part guides this our world of becoming1 and from eternity contains in itself the uncreated cause of that world4 ,now to describe all the properties of the substance of this god1 even though the god himself should grant one to comprehend them1 is impossible1 seeing that even to grasp them all with the mind is1 in my opinion1 beyond our power47 1 ,d 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 #adb 1 1 1 1 17#fhd7 1 7#fhe7 ,b 1 4 7,but since ,i have already described many of them1 ,i must set a seal1 as it were1 on this discourse1 now that ,i am about to pass to other subjects that demand no less investigation4 ,what then that seal is1 and what is the knowledge of the god's substance that embraces all these questions1 and as it were sums them up under one head1 may he himself suggest to my mind1 since ,i desire to describe in a brief summary both the cause from which he proceeded1 and his own nature1 and those blessings with which he fills the visible world4 ,this then we must declare1 that ,king ,helios is ,one and proceeds from one god1 even from the intelligible world which is itself ,one2 and that he is midmost of the intellectual gods1 stationed in their midst by every kind of mediateness that is harmonious and friendly1 and that joins what is sundered2 and that he brings together into one the last and the first1 having in his own person the means of completeness1 of connection1 of generative life and of uniform being3 and that for the world which we can perceive he initiates blessings of all sorts1 not only by means of the light with which he illumines it1 adorning it and giving it its splendour1 but also because he calls into existence1 along with himself1 the substance of the ,sun's angels2 and that finally in himself he comprehends the ungenerated cause of things generated1 and further1 and prior to this1 the ageless and abiding cause of the life of the imperishable bodies47#fhf77 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 1 4 4 7,now as for what it was right to say about the substance of this god1 though the greater part has been omitted1 nevertheless much has been said4 ,but since the multitude of his powers and the beauty of his activities is so great that we shall now exceed the limit of what we observed about his substance1--for it is natural that when divine things come forth into the region of the visible they should be multiplied1 in virtue of the superabundance of life and lifegenerating power in them1--consider what ,i have to do4 ,for now ,i must strip for a plunge into this fathomless sea1 though ,i have barely1 and as best ,i might1 taken breath1 after the first part of this discourse4 ,venture ,i must1 nevertheless1 and putting my trust in the god endeavour to handle the theme47 4 1 1 ,d 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 4 7#fhg7 #adc 1 1 7#fhh7 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 1 ,b 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 ,c 1 4 7,we must assume that what has just been said about his substance applies equally to his powers47#fhi7 ,for it cannot be that a god's substance is one thing1 and his power another1 and his activity1 by ,zeus1 a third thing besides these4 ,for all that he wills he is1 and can do1 and puts into action4 ,for he does not will what is not1 nor does he lack power to do what he wills1 nor does he desire to put into action what he cannot4 ,in the case of a human being1 however1 this is otherwise4 ,for his is a two fold contending nature of soul and body compounded into one1 the former divine1 the latter dark and clouded4 ,naturally1 therefore1 there is a battle and a feud between them4 ,and ,aristotle also says that this is why neither the pleasures nor the pains in us harmonise with one another4 ,for he says that what is pleasant to one of the natures within us is painful to the nature which is its opposite4 ,but among the gods there is nothing of this sort4 ,for from their very nature what is good belongs to them1 and perpetually1 not intermittently4 ,in the first place1 then1 all that ,i said when ,i tried to show forth his substance1 ,i must be considered to have said about his powers and activities also4 ,and since in such cases the argument is naturally convertible1 all that ,i observe next in order concerning his powers and activities must be considered to apply not to his activities only1 but to his substance also4 ,for verily there are gods related to ,helios and of like substance who sum up the stainless nature of this god1 and though in the visible world they are plural1 in him they are one4 ,and now listen first to what they assert who look at the heavens1 not like horses and cattle1 or some other unreasoning and ignorant animal17#fij7 but from it draw their conclusions about the unseen world4 ,but even before this1 if you please1 consider his supramundane powers and activities1 and out of a countless number1 observe but a few47 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 1 2 1 #add 1 7#fia7 47#fib7 7,first1 then1 of his powers is that through which he reveals the whole intellectual substance throughout as one1 since he brings together its extremes4 ,for even as in the world of senseperception we can clearly discern air and water set between fire and earth17#fic7 as the link that binds together the extremes1 would one not reasonably suppose that1 in the case of the cause which is separate from elements and prior to them--and though it is the principle of generation1 is not itself generation--it is so ordered that1 in that world also1 the extreme causes which are wholly separate from elements are bound together into one through certain modes of mediation1 by ,king ,helios1 and are united about him as their centre8 ,and the creative power of ,zeus also coincides with him1 by reason of which in ,cyprus1 as ,i said earlier1 shrines are founded and assigned to them in common4 ,and ,apollo himself also we called to witness to our statements1 since it is certainly likely that he knows better than we about his own nature4 ,for he too abides with ,helios and is his colleague by reason of the singleness of his thoughts and the stability of his substance and the consistency of his activity47 4 ,b 4 1 1 4 7,but ,apollo too in no case appears to separate the dividing creative function of ,dionysus7#fid7 from ,helios4 ,and since he always subordinates it to ,helios and so indicates that ,dionysus7#fie7 is his partner on the throne1 ,apollo is the interpreter for us of the fairest purposes that are to be found with our god4 ,further ,helios1 since he comprehends in himself all the principles of the fairest intellectual synthesis1 is himself ,apollo the leader of the ,muses4 ,and since he fills the whole of our life with fair order1 he begat ,asclepios7#fif7 in the world1 though even before the beginning of the world he had him by his side47 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 1 4 7,but though one should survey many other powers that belong to this god1 never could one investigate them all4 ,it is enough to have observed the following3 ,that there is an equal and identical dominion of ,helios and ,zeus over the separate creation which is prior to substances1 in the region1 that is to say1 of the absolute causes which1 separated from visible creation1 existed prior to it2 secondly we observed the singleness of his thoughts which is bound up with the imperishableness and abiding sameness that he shares with ,apollo2 thirdly1 the dividing part of his creative function which he shares with ,dionysus who controls divided substance2 fourthly we have observed the power of the leader of the ,muses1 revealed in fairest symmetry and blending of the intellectual2 finally we comprehended that ,helios1 with ,asclepios1 fulfils the fair order of the whole of life47 ,d 1 4 7#fig7 1 1 1 4 4 #ade 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 ,b 1 1 1 1 7#fih7 1 1 4 ,c 1 17#fii7 1 1 1 4 1 ,d 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 7,so much then in respect to those powers of his that existed before the beginning of the world2 and coordinate with these are his works over the whole visible world1 in that he fills it with good gifts4 ,for since he is the genuine son of the ,good and from it has received his blessed lot in fulness of perfection1 he himself distributes that blessedness to the intellectual gods1 bestowing on them a beneficent and perfect nature4 ,this then is one of his works4 ,and a second work of the god is his most perfect distribution of intelligible beauty among the intellectual and immaterial forms4 ,for when the generative substance7#gjj7 which is visible in our world desires to beget in the ,beautiful7#gja7 and to bring forth offspring1 it is further necessary that it should be guided by the substance that1 in the region of intelligible beauty1 does this very thing eternally and always and not intermittently1 now fruitful now barren4 ,for all that is beautiful in our world only at times1 is beautiful always in the intelligible world4 ,we must therefore assert that the ungenerated offspring in beauty intelligible and eternal guides the generative cause in the visible world2 which offspring7#gjb7 this god7#gjc7 called into existence and keeps at his side1 and to it he assigns also perfect reason4 ,for just as through his light he gives sight to our eyes1 so also among the intelligible gods through his intellectual counterpart--which he causes to shine far more brightly than his rays in our upper air--he bestows1 as ,i believe1 on all the intellectual gods the faculty of thought and of being comprehended by thought4 ,besides these1 another marvellous activity of ,helios the ,king of the ,all is that by which he endows with superior lot the nobler races--,i mean angels1 daemons17#gjd7 heroes1 and those divided souls7#gje7 which remain in the category of model and archetype and never give themselves over to bodies4 ,i have now described the substance of our god that is prior to the world and his powers and activities1 celebrating ,helios the ,king of the ,all in so far as it was possible for me to compass his praise4 ,but since eyes1 as the saying goes1 are more trustworthy than hearing--although they are of course less trustworthy and weaker than the intelligence--come1 let me endeavour to tell also of his visible creative function2 but let first me entreat him to grant that ,i speak with some measure of success47 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 #adf 1 4 1 1 1 ,b 1 4 1 4 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 1 4 ,d 1 4 1 4 #adg 1 1 1 4 1 2 7#gjf7 1 2 4 1 2 1 7#gjg7 ,b 4 1 4 4 ,c 1 4 1 4 4 1 1 4 7,from eternity there subsisted1 surrounding ,helios1 the visible world1 and from eternity the light that encompasses the world has its fixed station1 not shining intermittently1 nor in different ways at different times1 but always in the same manner4 ,and if one desired to comprehend1 as far as the mind may1 this eternal nature from the point of view of time1 one would understand most easily of how many blessings for the world throughout eternity he is the cause1 even ,helios the ,king of the ,all who shines without cessation4 ,now ,i am aware that the great philosopher ,plato17#gjh7 and after him a man who1 though he is later in time1 is by no means inferior to him in genius--,i mean ,iamblichus7#gji7 of ,chalcis1 who through his writings initiated me not only into other philosophic doctrines but these also--,i am aware1 ,i say1 that they employed as a hypothesis the conception of a generated world1 and assumed for it1 so to speak1 a creation in time in order that the magnitude of the works that arise from ,helios might be recognised4 ,but apart from the fact that ,i fall short altogether of their ability1 ,i must by no means be so rash2 especially since the glorious hero ,iamblichus thought it was not without risk to assume1 even as a bare hypothesis1 a temporal limit for the creation of the world4 ,nay rather1 the god came forth from an eternal cause1 or rather brought forth all things from everlasting1 engendering by his divine will and with untold speed and unsurpassed power1 from the invisible all things now visible in present time4 ,and then he assigned as his own station the midheavens1 in order that from all sides he may bestow equal blessings on the gods who came forth by his agency and in company with him2 and that he may guide the seven spheres7#gaj7 in the heavens and the eighth sphere7#gaa7 also1 yes and as ,i believe the ninth creation too1 namely our world which revolves for ever in a continuous cycle of birth and death4 ,for it is evident that the planets1 as they dance in a circle about him1 preserve as the measure of their motion a harmony between this god and their own movements such as ,i shall now describe2 and that the whole heaven also1 which adapts itself to him in all its parts1 is full of gods who proceed from ,helios4 ,for this god is lord of five zones in the heavens2 and when he traverses three of these he begets in those three the three ,graces47#gab7 ,and the remaining zones are the scales of mighty ,necessity47#gac7 ,to the ,greeks what ,i say is perhaps incomprehensible--as though one were obliged to say to them only what is known and familiar4 ,yet not even is this altogether strange to them as one might suppose4 ,for who1 then1 in your opinion1 are the ,dioscuri17#gad7 ,o ye most wise1 ye who accept without question so many of your traditions8 ,do you not call them 8alternate of days10 because they may not both be seen on the same day8 ,it is obvious that by this you mean 8yesterday0 and 8today40 ,but what does this mean1 in the name of those same ,dioscuri8 ,let me apply it to some natural object1 so that ,i may not say anything empty and senseless4 ,but no such object could one find1 however carefully one might search for it4 ,for the theory that some have supposed to be held by the theogonists1 that the two hemispheres of the universe are meant1 has no meaning4 ,for how one could call each one of the hemispheres 8alternate of days0 is not easy to imagine1 since the increase of their light in each separate day is imperceptible4 ,but now let us consider a question on which some may think that ,i am innovating4 ,we say correctly that those persons for whom the time of the sun's course above the earth is the same in one and the same month share the same day4 ,consider therefore whether the expression 8alternate of days0 cannot be applied both to the tropics and the other1 the polar1 circles4 ,but some one will object that it does not apply equally to both4 ,for though the former are always visible1 and both of them are visible at once to those who inhabit that part of the earth where shadows are cast in an opposite direction17#gae7 yet in the case of the latter those who see the one do not see the other47 ,d 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 ,however1 not to dwell too long on the same subject2 since he causes the winter and summer solstice1 ,helios is1 as we know1 the father of the seasons2 and since he never forsakes the poles1 he is ,oceanus1 the lord of twofold substance4 ,my meaning here is not obscure1 is it1 seeing that before my time ,homer said the same thing8 1 17#gaf7 78,oceanus who is the father of all things07 1 1 2 4 #adh 1 4 2 2 4 7yes1 for mortals and for the blessed gods too1 as he himself would say2 and what he says is true4 ,for there is no single thing in the whole of existence that is not the offspring of the substance of ,oceanus4 ,but what has that to do with the poles8 ,shall ,i tell you8 ,it were better indeed to keep silence7#gag72 but for all that ,i will speak47 1 1 7#gah7 1 ,b 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 4 1 4 7,some say then1 even though all men are not ready to believe it1 that the sun travels in the starless heavens far above the region of the fixed stars4 ,and on this theory he will not be stationed midmost among the planets but midway between the three worlds3 that is1 according to the hypothesis of the mysteries1 if indeed one ought to use the word 8hypothesis0 and not rather say 8established truths10 using the word 8hypothesis0 for the study of the heavenly bodies4 ,for the priests of the mysteries tell us what they have been taught by the gods or mighty daemons1 whereas the astronomers make plausible hypotheses from the harmony that they observe in the visible spheres4 ,it is proper1 no doubt1 to approve the astronomers as well1 but where any man thinks it better to believe the priests of the mysteries1 him ,i admire and revere1 both in jest and earnest4 ,and so much for that1 as the saying is47#gai77 ,c 1 47#gbj7 1 1 4 ,d 1 1 1 4 4 7#gba7 4 1 2 #adi 1 1 7#gbb7 4 7#gbc7 1 1 4 ,b 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 7,now besides those whom ,i have mentioned1 there is in the heavens a great multitude of gods who have been recognised as such by those who survey the heavens1 not casually1 nor like cattle4 ,for as he divides the three spheres by four through the zodiac17#gbd7 which is associated with every one of the three1 so he divides the zodiac also into twelve divine powers2 and again he divides every one of these twelve by three1 so as to make thirtysix gods in7#gbe7 all4 ,hence1 as ,i believe1 there descends from above1 from the heavens to us1 a threefold gift of the ,graces3 ,i mean from the spheres1 for this god1 by thus dividing them by four1 sends to us the fourfold glory of the seasons1 which express the changes of time4 ,and indeed on our earth the ,graces imitate a circle7#gbf7 in their statues4 ,and it is ,dionysus who is the giver of the ,graces1 and in this very connection he is said to reign with ,helios4 ,why should ,i go on to speak to you of ,horus7#gbg7 and of the other names of gods1 which all belong to ,helios8 ,for from his works men have learned to know this god1 who makes the whole heavens perfect through the gift of intellectual blessings1 and gives it a share of intelligible beauty2 and taking the heavens as their starting point1 they have learned to know him both as a whole and his parts also1 from his abundant bestowal of good gifts4 ,for he exercises control over all movement1 even to the lowest plane of the universe4 ,and everywhere he makes all things perfect1 nature and soul and everything that exists4 ,and marshalling together this great army of the gods into a single commanding unity1 he handed it over to ,athene ,pronoia7#gbh7 who1 as the legend says1 sprang from the head of ,zeus1 but ,i say that she was sent forth from ,helios whole from the whole of him1 being contained within him2 though ,i disagree with the legend only so far as ,i assert that she came forth not from his highest part1 but whole from the whole of him4 ,for in other respects1 since ,i believe that ,zeus is in no wise different from ,helios1 ,i agree with that ancient tradition4 ,and in using this very phrase ,athene ,pronoia1 ,i am not innovating1 if ,i rightly understand the words37 4 78,he came to ,pytho and to greyeyed ,pronoia407#gbi77 ,c 4 1 1 7,this proves that the ancients also thought that ,athene ,pronoia shared the throne of ,apollo1 who1 as we believe1 differs in no way from ,helios4 ,indeed1 did not ,homer by divine inspiration--for he was1 we may suppose1 possessed by a god--reveal this truth1 when he says often in his poems37 17#gcj7 78,may ,i be honoured even as ,athene and ,apollo were honoured07 1 2 7#gca7 1 ,d 1 #aej 1 1 4 7#gcb7 4 4 ,b 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 1 4 7#gcc7 1 4 7#gcd7 1 1 4 ,d 1 1 1 1 1 4 7--by ,zeus1 that is to say1 who is identical with ,helios8 ,and just as ,king ,apollo1 through the singleness of his thoughts1 is associated with ,helios1 so also we must believe that ,athene7#gce7 has received her nature from ,helios1 and that she is his intelligence in perfect form3 and so she binds together the gods who are assembled about ,helios and brings them without confusion into unity with ,helios1 the ,king of the ,all3 and she distributes and is the channel for stainless and pure life throughout the seven spheres1 from the highest vault of the heavens as far as ,selene the ,moon37#gcf7 for ,selene is the last of the heavenly spheres which ,athene fills with wisdom3 and by her aid ,selene beholds the intelligible which is higher than the heavens1 and adorns with its forms the realm of matter that lies below her1 and thus she does away with its savagery and confusion and disorder4 ,moreover to mankind ,athene gives the blessings of wisdom and intelligence and the creative arts4 ,and surely she dwells in the capitols of cities because1 through her wisdom1 she has established the community of the state4 ,i have still to say a few words about ,aphrodite1 who1 as the wise men among the ,phoenicians affirm1 and as ,i believe1 assists ,helios in his creative function4 ,she is1 in very truth1 a synthesis of the heavenly gods1 and in their harmony she is the spirit of love and unity47#gcg7 ,for she7#gch7 is very near to ,helios1 and when she pursues the same course as he and approaches him1 she fills the skies with fair weather and gives generative power to the earth3 for she herself takes thought for the continuous birth of living things4 ,and though of that continuous birth ,king ,helios is the primary creative cause1 yet ,aphrodite is the joint cause with him1 she who enchants our souls with her charm and sends down to earth from the upper air rays of light most sweet and stainless1 aye1 more lustrous than gold itself4 ,i desire to mete out to you still more of the theology of the ,phoenicians1 and whether it be to some purpose my argument as it proceeds will show4 ,the inhabitants of ,emesa17#gci7 a place from time immemorial sacred to ,helios1 associate with ,helios in their temples ,monimos and ,azizos47#gdj7 ,iamblichus1 from whom ,i have taken this and all besides1 a little from a great store1 says that the secret meaning to be interpreted is that ,monimos is ,hermes and ,azizos ,ares1 the assessors of ,helios1 who are the channel for many blessings to the region of our earth47 1 1 4 4 #aea 1 1 4 7,such then are the works of ,helios in the heavens1 and1 when completed by means of the gods whom ,i have named1 they reach even unto the furthest bounds of the earth4 ,but to tell the number of all his works in the region below the moon would take too long4 ,nevertheless ,i must describe them also in a brief summary4 ,now ,i am aware that ,i mentioned them earlier when ,i claimed7#gda7 that from things visible we could observe the invisible properties of the god's substance1 but the argument demands that ,i should expound them now also1 in their proper order47 1 1 1 ,b 1 1 17#gdb7 1 1 ,c 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 2 ,d 2 47#gdc7 1 1 4 2 2 #aeb 1 1 1 4 7,i said then that ,helios holds sway among the intellectual gods in that he unites into one1 about his own undivided substance1 a great multitude of the gods3 and further1 ,i demonstrated that among the gods whom we can perceive1 who revolve eternally in their most blessed path1 he is leader and lord2 since he bestows on their nature its generative power1 and fills the whole heavens not only with visible rays of light but with countless other blessings that are invisible2 and1 further1 that the blessings which are abundantly supplied by the other visible gods are made perfect by him1 and that even prior to this the visible gods themselves are made perfect by his unspeakable and divine activity4 ,in the same manner we must believe that on this our world of generation certain gods have alighted who are linked together with ,helios3 and these gods guide the fourfold nature of the elements1 and inhabit1 together with the three higher races17#gdd7 those souls which are upborne by the elements4 ,but for the divided souls7#gde7 also1 of how many blessings is he the cause6 ,for he extends to them the faculty of judging1 and guides them with justice1 and purifies them by his brilliant light4 ,again1 does he not set in motion the whole of nature and kindle life therein1 by bestowing on it generative power from on high8 ,but for the divided natures also1 is not he the cause that they journey to their appointed end87#gdf7 ,for ,aristotle says that man is begotten by man and the sun together4 ,accordingly the same theory about ,king ,helios must surely apply to all the other activities of the divided souls4 ,again1 does he not produce for us rain and wind and the clouds in the skies1 by employing1 as though it were matter1 the two kinds of vapour8 ,for when he heats the earth he draws up steam and smoke1 and from these there arise not only the clouds but also all the physical changes on our earth1 both great and small47 7#gdg7 1 2 4 ,b 1 1 4 7#gdh7 4 ,c 1 4 4 1 1 1 4 17#gdi7 ,d 4 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 #aec 1 1 1 1 1 4 7,but why do ,i deal with the same questions at such length1 when ,i am free at last to come to my goal1 though not till ,i have first celebrated all the blessings that ,helios has given to mankind8 ,for from him are we born1 and by him are we nourished4 ,but his more divine gifts1 and all that he bestows on our souls when he frees them from the body and then lifts them up on high to the region of those substances that are akin to the god2 and the fineness and vigour of his divine rays1 which are assigned as a sort of vehicle for the safe descent of our souls into this world of generation2 all this1 ,i say1 let others celebrate in fitting strains1 but let me believe it rather than demonstrate its truth4 ,however1 ,i need not hesitate to discuss so much as is known to all4 ,plato says that the sky is our instructor in wisdom4 ,for from its contemplation we have learned to know the nature of number1 whose distinguishing characteristics we know only from the course of the sun4 ,plato himself says that day and night were created first47#gej7 ,and next1 from observing the moon's light1 which was bestowed on the goddess by ,helios1 we later progressed still further in the understanding of these matters3 in every case conjecturing the harmony of all things with this god4 ,for ,plato himself says somewhere that our race was by nature doomed to toil1 and so the gods pitied us and gave us ,dionysus and the ,muses as playfellows4 ,and we recognised that ,helios is their common lord1 since he is celebrated as the father of ,dionysus and the leader of the ,muses4 ,and has not ,apollo1 who is his colleague in empire1 set up oracles in every part of the earth1 and given to men inspired wisdom1 and regulated their cities by means of religious and political ordinances8 ,and he has civilised the greater part of the world by means of ,greek colonies1 and so made it easier for the world to be governed by the ,romans4 ,for the ,romans themselves not only belong to the ,greek race1 but also the sacred ordinances and the pious belief in the gods which they have established and maintain are1 from beginning to end1 ,greek4 ,and beside this they have established a constitution not inferior to that of any one of the best governed states1 if indeed it be not superior to all others that have ever been put into practice4 ,for which reason ,i myself recognise that our city is ,greek1 both in descent and as to its constitution47 ,b 1 1 1 1 7#gea7 2 ,c 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 ,d 4 1 1 1 4 7,shall ,i now go on to tell you how ,helios took thought for the health and safety of all men by begetting ,asclepios7#geb7 to be the saviour of the whole world8 and how he bestowed on us every kind of excellence by sending down to us ,aphrodite together with ,athene1 and thus laid down for our protection what is almost a law1 that we should only unite to beget our kind8 ,surely it is for this reason that1 in agreement with the course of the sun1 all plants and all the tribes of living things are aroused to bring forth their kind4 ,what need is there for me to glorify his beams and his light8 ,for surely everyone knows how terrible is night without a moon or stars1 so that from this he can calculate how great a boon for us is the light of the sun8 ,and this very light he supplies at night1 without ceasing1 and directly1 from the moon in those upper spaces where it is needed1 while he grants us through the night a truce from toil4 ,but there would be no limit to the account if one should endeavour to describe all his gifts of this sort4 ,for there is no single blessing in our lives which we do not receive as a gift from this god1 either perfect from him alone1 or1 through the other gods1 perfected by him47 4 1 7#gec7 4 #aed 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 4 7#ged7 ,b 1 4 1 2 1 7,moreover he is the founder of our city47#gee7 ,for not only does ,zeus1 who is glorified as the father of all things1 inhabit its citadel7#gef7 together with ,athene and ,aphrodite1 but ,apollo also dwells on the ,palatine ,hill1 and ,helios himself under this name of his which is commonly known to all and familiar to all4 ,and ,i could say much to prove that we1 the sons of ,romulus and ,aeneas1 are in every way and in all respects connected with him1 but ,i will mention briefly only what is most familiar4 ,according to the legend1 ,aeneas is the son of ,aphrodite1 who is subordinate to ,helios and is his kinswoman4 ,and the tradition has been handed down that the founder of our city was the son of ,ares1 and the paradoxical element in the tale has been believed because of the portents which later appeared to support it4 ,for a shewolf1 they say1 gave him suck4 ,now ,i am aware that ,ares1 who is called ,azizos by the ,syrians who inhabit ,emesa1 precedes ,helios in the sacred procession1 but ,i mentioned it before1 so ,i think ,i may let that pass4 ,but why is the wolf sacred only to ,ares and not to ,helios8 ,yet men call the period of a year 8lycabas107#geg7 which is derived from 8wolf40 ,and not only ,homer7#geh7 and the famous men of ,greece call it by this name1 but also the god himself1 when he says37 4 78,with dancing does he bring to a close his journey of twelve months1 even the lycabas407 ,c 1 1 1 1 4 ,d 1 7#gei7 1 4 1 4 7,now do you wish me to bring forward a still greater proof that the founder of our city was sent down to earth1 not by ,ares alone1 though perhaps some noble daemon with the character of ,ares did take part in the fashioning of his mortal body1 even he who is said to have visited ,silvia7#gfj7 when she was carrying water for the bath of the goddess17#gfa7 but the whole truth is that the soul of the god ,quirinus7#gfb7 came down to earth from ,helios2 for we must1 ,i think1 believe the sacred tradition4 ,and the close conjunction of ,helios and ,selene1 who share the empire over the visible world1 even as it had caused his soul to descend to earth1 in like manner caused to mount upwards him whom it received back from the earth1 after blotting out with fire from a thunderbolt7#gfc7 the mortal part of his body4 ,so clearly did she who creates earthly matter1 she whose place is at the furthest point below the sun1 receive ,quirinus when he was sent down to earth by ,athene1 goddess of ,forethought2 and when he took flight again from earth she led him back straightway to ,helios1 the ,king of the ,all47 #aee 2 1 7#gfd7 4 1 4 1 ,b 4 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 1 17#gfe7 1 1 ,d 4 4 1 1 #aef 1 4 1 4 1 ,b 4 1 1 1 4 7,do you wish me to mention yet another proof of this1 ,i mean the work of ,king ,numa87#gff7 ,in ,rome maiden priestesses7#gfg7 guard the undying flame of the sun at different hours in turn2 they guard the fire that is produced on earth by the agency of the god4 ,and ,i can tell you a still greater proof of the power of this god1 which is the work of that most divine king himself4 ,the months are reckoned from the moon by1 one may say1 all other peoples2 but we and the ,egyptians alone reckon the days of every year according to the movements of the sun4 ,if after this ,i should say that we also worship ,mithras1 and celebrate games in honour of ,helios every four years1 ,i shall be speaking of customs that are somewhat recent47#gfh7 ,but perhaps it is better to cite a proof from the remote past4 ,the beginning of the cycle of the year is placed at different times by different peoples4 ,some place it at the spring equinox1 others at the height of summer1 and many in the late autumn2 but they each and all sing the praises of the most visible gifts of ,helios4 ,one nation celebrates the season best adapted for work in the fields1 when the earth bursts into bloom and exults1 when all the crops are just beginning to sprout1 and the sea begins to be safe for sailing2 and the disagreeable1 gloomy winter puts on a more cheerful aspect1 others again award the crown to the summer season17#gfi7 since at that time they can safely feel confidence about the yield of the fruits1 when the grains have already been harvested and midsummer is now at its height1 and the fruits on the trees are ripening4 ,others again1 with still more subtlety1 regard as the close of the year the time when all the fruits are in their perfect prime and decay has already set in4 ,for this reason they celebrate the annual festival of the ,new ,year in late autumn4 ,but our forefathers1 from the time of the most divine king ,numa1 paid still greater reverence to the god ,helios4 ,they ignored the question of mere utility1 ,i think1 because they were naturally religious and endowed with unusual intelligence2 but they saw that he is the cause of all that is useful1 and so they ordered the observance of the ,new ,year to correspond with the present season2 that is to say when ,king ,helios returns to us again1 and leaving the region furthest south and1 rounding ,capricorn as though it were a goalpost1 advances from the south to the north to give us our share of the blessings of the year4 ,and that our forefathers1 because they comprehended this correctly1 thus established the beginning of the year1 one may perceive from the following4 ,for it was not1 ,i think1 the time when the god turns1 but the time when he becomes visible to all men1 as he travels from south to north1 that they appointed for the festival4 ,for still unknown to them was the nicety of those laws which the ,chaldans and ,egyptians discovered1 and which ,hipparchus7#ggj7 and ,ptolemy7#gga7 perfected3 but they judged simply by senseperception1 and were limited to what they could actually see47 1 1 4 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 1 1 #aeg 1 1 1 7#ggb7 1 1 4 1 ,b 1 1 1 1 1 4 7,but the truth of these facts was recognised1 as ,i said1 by a later generation4 ,before the beginning of the year1 at the end of the month which is called after ,kronos17#ggc7 we celebrate in honour of ,helios the most splendid games1 and we dedicate the festival to the ,invincible ,sun4 ,and after this it is not lawful to perform any of the shows that belong to the last month1 gloomy as they are1 though necessary4 ,but1 in the cycle1 immediately after the end of the ,kronia7#ggd7 follow the ,heliaia4 ,that festival may the ruling gods grant me to praise and to celebrate with sacrifice6 ,and above all the others may ,helios himself1 the ,king of the ,all1 grant me this1 even he who from eternity has proceeded from the generative substance of the ,good3 even he who is midmost of the midmost intellectual gods2 who fills them with continuity and endless beauty and superabundance of generative power and perfect reason1 yea with all blessings at once1 and independently of time6 ,and now he illumines his own visible abode1 which from eternity moves as the centre of the whole heavens1 and bestows a share of intelligible beauty on the whole visible world1 and fills the whole heavens with the same number of gods as he contains in himself in intellectual form4 ,and without division they reveal themselves in manifold form surrounding him1 but they are attached to him to form a unity4 ,aye1 but also1 through his perpetual generation and the blessings that he bestows from the heavenly bodies1 he holds together the region beneath the moon4 ,for he cares for the whole human race in common1 but especially for my own city17#gge7 even as also he brought into being my soul from eternity1 and made it his follower4 ,all this1 therefore1 that ,i prayed for a moment ago1 may he grant1 and further may he1 of his grace1 endow my city as a whole with eternal existence1 so far as is possible1 and protect her2 and for myself personally1 may he grant that1 so long as ,i am permitted to live1 ,i may prosper in my affairs both human and divine2 finally may he grant me to live and serve the state with my life1 so long as is pleasing to himself and well for me and expedient for the ,roman ,empire67 1 1 ,c 1 4 1 ,d 4 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 1 1 #aeh 4 1 1 7#ggf7 1 7#ggg7 1 1 7,this discourse1 friend ,sallust17#ggh7 ,i composed in three nights at most1 in harmony with the threefold creative power of the god17#ggi7 as far as possible just as it occurred to my memory3 and ,i have ventured to write it down and to dedicate it to you because you thought my earlier work on the ,kronia7#ghj7 was not wholly worthless4 ,but if you wish to meet with a more complete and more mystical treatment of the same theme1 then read the writings of the inspired ,iamblichus on this subject17#gha7 and you will find there the most consummate wisdom which man can achieve4 ,and may mighty ,helios grant that ,i too may attain to no less perfect knowledge of himself1 and that ,i may instruct all men1 speaking generally1 but especially those who are worthy to learn4 ,and so long as ,helios grants let us all in common revere ,iamblichus1 the beloved of the gods4 ,for he is the source for what ,i have here set down1 a few thoughts from many1 as they occurred to my mind4 ,however ,i know well that no one can utter anything more perfect than he1 nay not though he should labour long at the task and say very much that is new4 ,for he will naturally diverge thereby from the truest knowledge of the god4 ,therefore it would probably have been a vain undertaking to compose anything after ,iamblichus on the same subject if ,i had written this discourse for the sake of giving instruction4 ,but since ,i wished to compose a hymn to express my gratitude to the god1 ,i thought that this was the best place in which to tell1 to the best of my power1 of his essential nature4 ,and so ,i think that not in vain has this discourse been composed4 ,for the saying7 7#ghb7 78,to the extent of your powers offer sacrifice to the immortal gods107 1 ,b 4 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 4 7,i apply not to sacrifice only1 but also to the praises that we offer to the gods4 ,for the third time1 therefore1 ,i pray that ,helios1 the ,king of the ,all1 may be gracious to me in recompense for this my zeal2 and may he grant me a virtuous life and more perfect wisdom and inspired intelligence1 and1 when fate wills1 the gentlest exit that may be from life1 at a fitting hour2 and that ,i may ascend to him thereafter and abide with him1 for ever if possible1 but if that be more than the actions of my life deserve1 for many periods of many years67 ,,oration ,v ,introduction ,to ,oration ,v ,the cult of ,phrygian ,cybele the ,mother of the ,gods1 known to the ,latin world as the ,great ,mother1 ,magna ,mater1 was the first ,oriental religion adopted by the ,romans4 ,in the ,fifth ,oration1 which is1 like the ,fourth1 a hymn1 ,julian describes the entrance of the ,goddess into ,italy in the third century ,b4,c4 ,in ,greece she had been received long before1 but the more civilised ,hellenes had not welcomed1 as did the ,romans1 the more barbarous features of the cult1 the mutilated priests1 the ,galli1 and the worship of ,attis47#ghc7 ,they preferred the less emotional cult of the ,syrian ,adonis4 ,in ,athens the ,mother of the ,gods was early identified with ,gaia the ,earth ,mother1 and the two became inextricably confused47#ghd7 ,but ,julian1 in this more ,roman than ,greek1 does not shrink from the ,oriental conception of ,cybele as the lover of ,attis1 attended by eunuch priests1 or the frenzy of renunciation described by ,catullus47#ghe7 ,but he was first of all a ,neo ,platonist1 and the aim of this hymn as of the ,fourth ,oration is to adapt to his philosophy a popular cult and to give its ,mysteries a philosophic interpretation4 ,the ,mithraic religion1 seeking to conciliate the other cults of the empire1 had from the first associated with the sungod the worship of the ,magna ,mater1 and ,attis had been endowed with the attributes of ,mithras4 ,though ,julian's hymn is in honour of ,cybele he devotes more attention to ,attis4 ,originally the myth of ,cybele symbolises the succession of the seasons2 the disappearance of ,attis the sungod is the coming of winter2 his mutilation is the barrenness of nature when the sun has departed2 his restoration to ,cybele is the renewal of spring4 ,in all this he is the counterpart of ,persephone among the ,greeks and of ,adonis in ,syria4 ,julian interprets the myth in connection with the three worlds described in the ,fourth ,oration4 ,cybele is a principle of the highest1 the intelligible world1 the source of the intellectual gods4 ,attis is not merely a sungod3 he is a principle of the second1 the intellectual world1 who descends to the visible world in order to give it order and fruitfulness4 ,julian expresses the ,neo,platonic dread and dislike of matter1 of the variable1 the plural and unlimited4 ,cybele the intelligible principle would fain have restrained ,attis the embodiment of intelligence from association with matter4 ,his recall and mutilation symbolise the triumph of unity over multiformity1 of mind over matter4 ,his restoration to ,cybele symbolises the escape of our souls from the world of generation4 ,julian follows ,plotinus7#ghf7 in regarding the myths as allegories to be interpreted by the philosopher and the theosophist4 ,they are riddles to be solved1 and the paradoxical element in them is designed to turn our minds to the hidden truth4 ,for laymen the myth is enough4 ,like all the ,neo ,platonists he sometimes uses phrases which imply human weakness or chronological development for his divinities and then withdraws those phrases1 explaining that they must be taken in another sense4 ,his attitude to myths is further defined in the ,sixth7#ghg7 and ,seventh ,orations4 ,the ,fifth ,oration can hardly be understood apart from the ,fourth1 and both must present many difficulties to a reader who is unfamiliar with ,plotinus1 ,porphyry1 the treatise ,on the ,mysteries1 formerly attributed to ,iamblichus1 ,sallust1 ,on the ,gods and the ,world1 and the extant treatises and fragments of ,iamblichus4 ,julian composed this treatise at ,pessinus in ,phrygia1 when he was on his way to ,persia1 in #cfb ,a4,d4 7,julian1 ,caesar7 7,hymn to the ,mother of the ,gods7 2 7#ghh7 2 #aei 1 1 1 7#ghi7 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ,b 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,c 1 4 7#gij7 4 1 1 ,d 4 4 1 1 1 #afj 1 4 1 1 1 1 ,b 4 1 4 7#gia7 1 4 1 1 ,c 4 4 1 ,d 1 1 7#gib7 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 #afa 7#gic7 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 4 7,ought ,i to say something on this subject also8 ,and shall ,i write about things not to be spoken of and divulge what ought not to be divulged8 ,shall ,i utter the unutterable8 ,who is ,attis7#gid7 or ,gallus17#gie7 who is the ,mother of the ,gods17#gif7 and what is the manner of their ritual of purification8 ,and further why was it introduced in the beginning among us ,romans8 ,it was handed down by the ,phrygians in very ancient times1 and was first taken over by the ,greeks1 and not by any ordinary ,greeks but by ,athenians who had learned by experience that they did wrong to jeer at one who was celebrating the ,mysteries of the ,mother4 ,for it is said that they wantonly insulted and drove out ,gallus1 on the ground that he was introducing a new cult1 because they did not understand what sort of goddess they had to do with1 and that she was that very ,deo whom they worship1 and ,rhea and ,demeter too4 ,then followed the wrath of the goddess and the propitiation of her wrath4 ,for the priestess of the ,pythian god who guided the ,greeks in all noble conduct1 bade them propitiate the wrath of the ,mother of the ,gods4 ,and so1 we are told1 the ,metroum was built1 where the ,athenians used to keep all their state records47#gig7 ,after the ,greeks the ,romans took over the cult1 when the ,pythian god had advised them in their turn to bring the goddess from ,phrygia as an ally for their war against the ,carthaginians47#gih7 ,and perhaps there is no reason why ,i should not insert here a brief account of what happened4 ,when they learned the response of the oracle1 the inhabitants of ,rome1 that city beloved of the gods1 sent an embassy to ask from the kings of ,pergamon7#gii7 who then ruled over ,phrygia and from the ,phrygians themselves the most holy statue7#hjj7 of the goddess4 ,and when they had received it they brought back their most sacred freight1 putting it on a broad cargoboat which could sail smoothly over those wide seas4 ,thus she crossed the ,aegean and ,ionian ,seas1 and sailed round ,sicily and over the ,etruscan ,sea1 and so entered the mouth of the ,tiber4 ,and the people and the ,senate with them poured out of the city1 and in front of all the others there came to meet her all the priests and priestesses in suitable attire according to their ancestral custom4 ,and in excited suspense they gazed at the ship as she ran before a fair wind1 and about her keel they could discern the foaming wake as she cleft the waves4 ,and they greeted the ship as she sailed in and adored her from afar1 everyone where he happened to be standing4 ,but the goddess1 as though she desired to show the ,roman people that they were not bringing a lifeless image from ,phrygia1 but that what they had received from the ,phrygians and were now bringing home possessed greater and more divine powers than an image1 stayed the ship directly she touched the ,tiber1 and she was suddenly as though rooted in midstream4 ,so they tried to tow her against the current1 but she did not follow4 ,then they tried to push her off1 thinking they had grounded on a shoal1 but for all their efforts she did not move4 ,next every possible device was brought to bear1 but in spite of all she remained immovable4 ,thereupon a terrible and unjust suspicion fell on the maiden who had been consecrated to the most sacred office of priestess1 and they began to accuse ,claudia7#hja7--;for that was the name of that noble maiden7#hjb7--of not having kept herself stainless and pure for the goddess2 wherefore they said that the goddess was angry and was plainly declaring her wrath4 ,for by this time the thing seemed to all to be supernatural4 ,now at first she was filled with shame at the mere name of the thing and the suspicion2 so very far was she from such shameless and lawless behaviour4 ,but when she saw that the charge against her was gaining strength1 she took off her girdle and fastened it about the prow of the ship1 and1 like one divinely inspired1 bade all stand aside3 and then she besought the goddess not to suffer her to be thus implicated in unjust slanders4 ,next1 as the story goes1 she cried aloud as though it were some nautical word of command1 8,o ,goddess ,mother1 if ,i am pure follow me60 ,and lo1 she not only made the ship move1 but even towed her for some distance up stream4 ,two things1 ,i think1 the goddess showed the ,romans on that day3 first that the freight they were bringing from ,phrygia had no small value1 but was priceless1 and that this was no work of men's hands but truly divine1 not lifeless clay but a thing possessed of life and divine powers4 ,this1 ,i say1 was one thing that the goddess showed them4 ,and the other was that no one of the citizens could be good or bad and she not know thereof4 ,moreover the war of the ,romans against the ,carthaginians forthwith took a favourable turn1 so that the third war was waged only for the walls of ,carthage itself47#hjc77 ,b 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 47#hjd7 7,as for this narrative1 though some will think it incredible and wholly unworthy of a philosopher or a theologian1 nevertheless let it here be related4 ,for besides the fact that it is commonly recorded by most historians1 it has been preserved too on bronze statues in mighty ,rome1 beloved of the gods47#hje7 ,and yet ,i am well aware that some overwise persons will call it an old wives' tale1 not to be credited4 ,but for my part ,i would rather trust the traditions of cities than those too clever people1 whose puny souls are keensighted enough1 but never do they see aught that is sound47 1 1 1 1 4 1 ,d 1 1 4 1 1 #afb 4 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 ,b 1 4 1 4 1 1 ,c 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 ,d 4 7,i am told that on this same subject of which ,i am impelled to speak at the very season of these sacred rites1 ,porphyry too has written a philosophic treatise4 ,but since ,i have never met with it ,i do not know whether at any point it may chance to agree with my discourse4 ,but him whom ,i call ,gallus or ,attis ,i discern of my own knowledge to be the substance of generative and creative ,mind which engenders all things down to the lowest plane of matter17#hjf7 and comprehends in itself all the concepts and causes of the forms that are embodied in matter4 ,for truly the forms of all things are not in all things1 and in the highest and first causes we do not find the forms of the lowest and last1 after which there is nothing save privation7#hjg7 coupled with a dim idea4 ,now there are many substances and very many creative gods1 but the nature of the third creator17#hjh7 who contains in himself the separate concepts of the forms that are embodied in matter and also the connected chain of causes1 ,i mean that nature which is last in order1 and through its superabundance of generative power descends even unto our earth through the upper region from the stars1--this is he whom we seek1 even ,attis4 ,but perhaps ,i ought to distinguish more clearly what ,i mean4 ,we assert that matter exists and also form embodied in matter4 ,but if no cause be assigned prior to these two1 we should be introducing1 unconsciously1 the ,epicurean doctrine4 ,for if there be nothing of higher order than these two principles1 then a spontaneous motion and chance brought them together4 8,but10 says some acute ,peripatetic like ,xenarchus1 8we see that the cause of these is the fifth or cyclic substance4 ,aristotle is absurd when he investigates and discusses these matters1 and ,theophrastus likewise4 ,at any rate he overlooked the implications of a wellknown utterance of his4 ,for just as when he came to incorporeal and intelligible substance he stopped short and did not inquire into its cause1 and merely asserted that this is what it is by nature2 surely in the case of the fifth substance also he ought to have assumed that its nature is to be thus2 and he ought not to have gone on to search for causes1 but should have stopped at these1 and not fallen back on the intelligible1 which has no independent existence by itself1 and in any case represents a bare supposition40 ,this is the sort of thing that ,xenarchus says1 as ,i remember to have heard4 ,now whether what he says is correct or not1 let us leave to the extreme ,peripatetics to refine upon4 ,but that his view is not agreeable to me is1 ,i think1 clear to everyone4 ,for ,i hold that the theories of ,aristotle himself are incomplete unless they are brought into harmony with those of ,plato7#hji72 or rather we must make these also agree with the oracles that have been vouchsafed to us by the gods47 1 4 1 4 2 2 1 #afc 7#haj7 2 1 4 1 4 ,b 1 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 1 ,c 4 1 7#haa7 1 4 17#hab7 1 1 1 1 ,d 4 2 7#hac7 1 1 1 1 4 1 #afd 4 1 4 7,but this it is perhaps worth while to inquire1 how the cyclic substance7#had7 can contain the incorporeal causes of the forms that are embodied in matter4 ,for that1 apart from these causes1 it is not possible for generation to take place is1 ,i think1 clear and manifest4 ,for why are there so many kinds of generated things8 ,whence arise masculine and feminine8 ,whence the distinguishing characteristics of things according to their species in welldefined types1 if there are not preexisting and preestablished concepts1 and causes which existed beforehand to serve as a pattern87#hae7 ,and if we discern these causes but dimly1 let us still further purify the eyes of the soul4 ,and the right kind of purification is to turn our gaze inwards and to observe how the soul and embodied ,mind are a sort of mould7#haf7 and likeness of the forms that are embodied in matter4 ,for in the case of the corporeal1 or of things that though incorporeal come into being and are to be studied in connection with the corporeal1 there is no single thing whose mental image the mind cannot grasp independently of the corporeal4 ,but this it could not have done if it did not possess something naturally akin to the incorporeal forms4 ,indeed it is for this reason that ,aristotle himself called the soul the 8place of the forms107#hag7 only he said that the forms are there not actually but potentially4 ,now a soul of this sort1 that is allied with matter1 must needs possess these forms potentially only1 but a soul that should be independent and unmixed in this way we must believe would contain all the concepts1 not potentially but actually4 ,let us make this clearer by means of the example which ,plato himself employed in the ,sophist1 with reference certainly to another theory1 but still he did employ it4 ,and ,i bring forward the illustration1 not to prove my argument2 for one must not try to grasp it by demonstration1 but only by apprehension4 ,for it deals with the first causes1 or at least those that rank with the first1 if indeed1 as it is right to believe1 we must regard ,attis also as a god4 ,what then1 and of what sort is this illustration8 ,plato says that1 if any man whose profession is imitation desire to imitate in such a way that the original is exactly reproduced1 this method of imitation is troublesome and difficult1 and1 by ,zeus1 borders on the impossible2 but pleasant and easy and quite possible is the method which only seems to imitate real things4 ,for instance1 when we take up a mirror and turn it round we easily get an impression of all objects1 and show the general outline of every single thing4 ,from this example let us go back to the analogy ,i spoke of1 and let the mirror stand for what ,aristotle calls the 8place of the forms0 potentially47 4 1 1 1 2 2 ,b 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 4 1 1 ,d 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 #afe 2 4 1 1 4 1 1 ,b 1 1 1 1 4 7#hah7 4 ,c 1 7#hai7 2 4 1 4 1 7#hbj7 1 ,d 1 1 47#hba7 7#hbb7 7,now the forms themselves must certainly subsist actually before they subsist potentially4 ,if1 therefore1 the soul in us1 as ,aristotle himself believed1 contains potentially the forms of existing things1 where shall we place the forms in that previous state of actuality8 ,shall it be in material things8 ,no1 for the forms that are in them are evidently the last and lowest4 ,therefore it only remains to search for immaterial causes which exist in actuality prior to and of a higher order than the causes that are embodied in matter4 ,and our souls must subsist in dependence on these and come forth together with them1 and so receive from them the concepts of the forms1 as mirrors show the reflections of things2 and then with the aid of nature it bestows them on matter and on these material bodies of our world4 ,for we know that nature is the creator of bodies1 universal nature in some sort of the ,all2 while that the individual nature of each is the creator of particulars is plainly evident4 ,but nature exists in us in actuality without a mental image1 whereas the soul1 which is superior to nature1 possesses a mental image besides4 ,if therefore we admit that nature contains in herself the cause of things of which she has however no mental image1 why1 in heaven's name1 are we not to assign to the soul these same forms1 only in a still higher degree1 and with priority over nature1 seeing that it is in the soul that we recognise the forms by means of mental images1 and comprehend them by means of the concept8 ,who then is so contentious as to admit on the one hand that the concepts embodied in matter exist in nature--even though not all and equally in actuality1 yet all potentially--while on the other hand he refuses to recognise that the same is true of the soul8 ,if therefore the forms exist in nature potentially1 but not actually1 and if also they exist potentially in the soul17#hbc7 only in a still purer sense and more completely separated1 so that they can be comprehended and recognised2 but yet exist in actuality nowhere at all2 to what1 ,i ask1 shall we hang the chain of perpetual generation1 and on what shall we base our theories of the imperishability of the universe8 ,for the cyclic substance7#hbd7 itself is composed of matter and form4 ,it must therefore follow that1 even though in actuality these two1 matter and form1 are never separate from one another1 yet for our intelligence the forms must have prior existence and be regarded as of a higher order4 ,accordingly1 since for the forms embodied in matter a wholly immaterial cause has been assigned1 which leads these forms under the hand of the third creator7#hbe7--who for us is the lord and father not only of these forms but also of the visible fifth substance--from that creator we distinguish ,attis1 the cause which descends even unto matter1 and we believe that ,attis or ,gallus is a god of generative powers4 ,of him the myth relates that1 after being exposed at birth near the eddying stream of the river ,gallus1 he grew up like a flower1 and when he had grown to be fair and tall1 he was beloved by the ,mother of the ,gods4 ,and she entrusted all things to him1 and moreover set on his head the starry cap47#hbf7 ,but if our visible sky covers the crown of ,attis1 must one not interpret the river ,gallus as the ,milky ,way87#hbg7 ,for it is there1 they say1 that the substance which is subject to change mingles with the passionless revolving sphere of the fifth substance4 ,only as far as this did the ,mother of the ,gods permit this fair intellectual god ,attis1 who resembles the sun's rays1 to leap and dance4 ,but when he passed beyond this limit and came even to the lowest region1 the myth said that he had descended into the cave1 and had wedded the nymph4 ,and the nymph is to be interpreted as the dampness of matter2 though the myth does not here mean matter itself1 but the lowest immaterial cause which subsists prior to matter4 ,indeed ,heracleitus also says37 78,it is death to souls to become wet407 1 1 1 1 1 #aff 7#hbh7 7#hbi7 4 7,we mean therefore that this ,gallus1 the intellectual god1 the connecting link between forms embodied in matter beneath the region of the moon1 is united with the cause that is set over matter1 but not in the sense that one sex is united with another1 but like an element that is gathered to itself47 2 1 1 1 1 1 ,b 4 7#hcj7 7#hca7 4 1 4 ,c 1 7#hcb7 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,d 7#hcc7 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 #afg 1 7#hcd7 4 1 4 4 4 ,b 4 1 1 1 4 2 1 7#hce7 1 ,c 7#hcf7 17#hcg7 4 2 1 ,d 1 7#hch7 4 1 4 #afh 4 7#hci7 1 1 ,b 4 1 4 1 4 1 1 ,c 1 4 7,who then is the ,mother of the ,gods8 ,she is the source of the intellectual7#hdj7 and creative gods1 who in their turn guide the visible gods3 she is both the mother and the spouse of mighty ,zeus2 she came into being next to and together with the great creator2 she is in control of every form of life1 and the cause of all generation2 she easily brings to perfection all things that are made2 without pain she brings to birth1 and with the father's7#hda7 aid creates all things that are2 she is the motherless maiden17#hdb7 enthroned at the side of ,zeus1 and in very truth is the ,mother of all the ,gods4 ,for having received into herself the causes of all the gods1 both intelligible and supramundane1 she became the source of the intellectual gods4 ,now this goddess1 who is also ,forethought1 was inspired with a passionless love for ,attis4 ,for not only the forms embodied in matter1 but to a still greater degree the causes of those forms1 voluntarily serve her and obey her will4 ,accordingly the myth relates the following3 that she who is the ,providence who preserves all that is subject to generation and decay1 loved their creative and generative cause1 and commanded that cause to beget offspring rather in the intelligible region2 and she desired that it should turn towards herself and dwell with her1 but condemned it to dwell with no other thing4 ,for only thus would that creative cause strive towards the uniformity that preserves it1 and at the same time would avoid that which inclines towards matter4 ,and she bade that cause look towards her1 who is the source of the creative gods1 and not be dragged down or allured into generation4 ,for in this way was mighty ,attis destined to be an even mightier creation1 seeing that in all things the conversion to what is higher produces more power to effect than the inclination to what is lower4 ,and the fifth substance itself is more creative and more divine than the elements of our earth1 for this reason1 that it is more nearly connected with the gods4 ,not that anyone1 surely1 would venture to assert that any substance1 even if it be composed of the purest aether1 is superior to soul undefiled and pure1 that of ,heracles for instance1 as it was when the creator sent it to earth4 ,for that soul of his both seemed to be and was more effective than after it had bestowed itself on a body4 ,since even ,heracles1 now that he has returned1 one and indivisible1 to his father one and indivisible1 more easily controls his own province than formerly when he wore the garment of flesh and walked among men4 ,and this shows that in all things the conversion to the higher is more effective than the propensity to the lower4 ,this is what the myth aims to teach us when it says that the ,mother of the ,gods exhorted ,attis not to leave her or to love another4 ,but he went further1 and descended even to the lowest limits of matter4 ,since1 however1 it was necessary that his limitless course should cease and halt at last1 mighty ,helios the ,corybant17#hdc7 who shares the ,mother's throne and with her creates all things1 with her has providence for all things1 and apart from her does nothing1 persuaded the ,lion7#hdd7 to reveal the matter4 ,and who is the ,lion8 ,verily we are told that he is flame coloured47#hde7 ,he is1 therefore1 the cause that subsists prior to the hot and fiery1 and it was his task to contend against the nymph and to be jealous of her union with ,attis4 7,and who the nymph is1 ,i have said47 ,and the myth says that the ,lion serves the creative ,providence of the world1 which evidently means the ,mother of the ,gods4 ,then it says that by detecting and revealing the truth1 he caused the youth's castration4 ,what is the meaning of this castration8 ,it is the checking of the unlimited4 ,for now was generation confined within definite forms checked by creative ,providence4 ,and this would not have happened without the socalled madness of ,attis1 which overstepped and transgressed due measure1 and thereby made him become weak so that he had no control over himself4 ,and it is not surprising that this should come to pass1 when we have to do with the cause that ranks lowest among the gods4 ,for consider the fifth substance1 which is subject to no change of any sort1 in the region of the light of the moon3 ,i mean where our world of continuous generation and decay borders on the fifth substance4 ,we perceive that in the region of her light it seems to undergo certain alterations and to be affected by external influences4 ,therefore it is not contradictory to suppose that our ,attis also is a sort of demigod--for that is actually the meaning of the myth--or rather for the universe he is wholly god1 for he proceeds from the third creator1 and after his castration is led upwards again to the ,mother of the ,gods4 ,but though he seems to lean and incline towards matter1 one would not be mistaken in supposing that1 though he is the lowest in order of the gods1 nevertheless he is the leader of all the tribes of divine beings4 ,but the myth calls him a demigod to indicate the difference between him and the unchanging gods4 ,he is attended by the ,corybants who are assigned to him by the ,mother2 they are the three leading personalities of the higher races7#hdf7 that are next in order to the gods4 ,also ,attis rules over the lions1 who together with the ,lion1 who is their leader1 have chosen for themselves hot and fiery substance1 and so are1 first and foremost1 the cause of fire4 ,and through the heat derived from fire they are the causes of motive force and of preservation for all other things that exist4 ,and ,attis encircles the heavens like a tiara1 and thence sets out as though to descend to earth47 4 1 4 ,d 1 1 4 1 1 7#hdg7 1 #afi 1 1 7#hdh7 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,b 1 1 4 1 1 1 ,c 4 7,this1 then1 is our mighty god ,attis4 ,this explains his once lamented flight and concealment and disappearance and descent into the cave4 ,in proof of this let me cite the time of year at which it happens4 ,for we are told that the sacred tree7#hdi7 is felled on the day when the sun reaches the height of the equinox47#hej7 ,thereupon the trumpets are sounded47#hea7 ,and on the third day the sacred and unspeakable member of the god ,gallus is severed47#heb7 ,next comes1 they say1 the ,hilaria7#hec7 and the festival4 ,and that this castration1 so much discussed by the crowd1 is really the halting of his unlimited course1 is evident from what happens directly mighty ,helios touches the cycle of the equinox1 where the bounds are most clearly defined4 7,for the even is bounded1 but the uneven is without bounds1 and there is no way through or out of it47 ,at that time then1 precisely1 according to the account we have1 the sacred tree is felled4 ,thereupon1 in their proper order1 all the other ceremonies take place4 ,some of them are celebrated with the secret ritual of the ,mysteries1 but others by a ritual that can be told to all4 ,for instance1 the cutting of the tree belongs to the story of ,gallus and not to the ,mysteries at all1 but it has been taken over by them1 ,i think because the gods wished to teach us1 in symbolic fashion1 that we must pluck the fairest fruits from the earth1 namely1 virtue and piety1 and offer them to the goddess to be the symbol of our wellordered constitution here on earth4 ,for the tree grows from the soil1 but it strives upwards as though to reach the upper air1 and it is fair to behold and gives us shade in the heat1 and casts before us and bestows on us its fruits as a boon2 such is its superabundance of generative life4 ,accordingly the ritual enjoins on us1 who by nature belong to the heavens but have fallen to earth1 to reap the harvest of our constitution here on earth1 namely1 virtue and piety1 and then strive upwards to the goddess of our forefathers1 to her who is the principle of all life47 4 1 1 17#hed7 1 1 ,d 4 1 1 2 1 1 4 7,therefore1 immediately after the castration1 the trumpet sounds the recall for ,attis and for all of us who once flew down from heaven and fell to earth4 ,and after this signal1 when ,king ,attis stays his limitless course by his castration1 the god bids us also root out the unlimited in ourselves and imitate the gods our leaders and hasten back to the defined and uniform1 and1 if it be possible1 to the ,one itself4 ,after this1 the ,hilaria must by all means follow4 ,for what could be more blessed1 what more joyful than a soul which has escaped from limitlessness and generation and inward storm1 and has been translated up to the very gods8 ,and ,attis himself was such a one1 and the ,mother of the ,gods by no means allowed him to advance unregarded further than was permitted3 nay1 she made him turn towards herself1 and commanded him to set a limit to his limitless course47 1 1 #agj 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 7#hee7 1 ,b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 4 7,but let no one suppose my meaning to be that this was ever done or happened in a way that implies that the gods themselves are ignorant of what they intend to do1 or that they have to correct their own errors4 ,but our ancestors in every case tried to trace the original meanings of things1 whether with the guidance of the gods or independently--though perhaps it would be better to say that they sought for them under the leadership of the gods--then when they had discovered those meanings they clothed them in paradoxical myths4 ,this was in order that1 by means of the paradox and the incongruity1 the fiction might be detected and we might be induced to search out the truth4 ,now ,i think ordinary men derive benefit enough from the irrational myth which instructs them through symbols alone4 ,but those who are more highly endowed with wisdom will find the truth about the gods helpful2 though only on condition that such a man examine and discover and comprehend it under the leadership of the gods1 and if by such riddles as these he is reminded that he must search out their meaning1 and so attains to the goal and summit of his quest7#hef7 through his own researches2 he must not be modest and put faith in the opinions of others rather than in his own mental powers47 1 2 1 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 1 1 1 7#heg7 1 1 4 7,what shall ,i say now by way of summary8 ,because men observed that1 as far as the fifth substance1 not only the intelligible world but also the visible bodies of our world must be classed as unaffected by externals and divine1 they believed that1 as far as the fifth substance1 the gods are uncompounded4 ,and when by means of that generative substance the visible gods came into being1 and1 from everlasting1 matter was produced along with those gods1 from them and through their agency1 by reason of the superabundance in them of the generative and creative principle2 then the ,providence of the world1 she who from everlasting is of the same essential nature as the gods1 she who is enthroned by the side of ,king ,zeus1 and moreover is the source of the intellectual gods1 set in order and corrected and changed for the better all that seemed lifeless and barren1 the refuse and so to speak offscourings of things1 their dregs and sediment3 and this she did by means of the last cause7#heh7 derived from the gods1 in which the substances of all the gods come to an end47 #aga 1 1 ,b 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 ,c 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 ,d 1 1 4 1 1 4 7,for it is evident that ,attis of whom ,i speak1 who wears the tiara set with stars1 took for the foundation of his own dominion the functions of every god as we see them applied to the visible world4 ,and in his case all is undefiled and pure as far as the ,milky ,way4 ,but1 at this very point1 that which is troubled by passion begins to mingle with the passionless1 and from that union matter begins to subsist4 ,and so the association of ,attis with matter is the descent into the cave1 nor did this take place against the will of the gods and the ,mother of the ,gods1 though the myth says that it was against their will4 ,for by their nature the gods dwell in a higher world1 and the higher powers do not desire to drag them hence down to our world3 rather through the condescension of the higher they desire to lead the things of our earth upwards to a higher plane more favoured by the gods4 ,and in fact the myth does not say that the ,mother of the ,gods was hostile to ,attis after his castration3 but it says that though she is no longer angry1 she was angry at the time on account of his condescension1 in that he who was a higher being and a god had given himself to that which was inferior4 ,but when1 after staying his limitless progress1 he has set in order the chaos of our world through his sympathy with the cycle of the equinox1 where mighty ,helios controls the most perfect symmetry of his motion within due limits1 then the goddess gladly leads him upwards to herself1 or rather keeps him by her side4 ,and never did this happen save in the manner that it happens now2 but forever is ,attis the servant and charioteer of the ,mother2 forever he yearns passionately towards generation2 and forever he cuts short his unlimited course through the cause whose limits are fixed1 even the cause of the forms4 ,in like manner the myth says that he is led upwards as though from our earth1 and again resumes his ancient sceptre and dominion3 not that he ever lost it1 or ever loses it now1 but the myth says that he lost it on account of his union with that which is subject to passion and change47 1 #agb 1 4 1 4 1 1 4 1 1 4 ,b 7#hei7 1 1 4 4 2 ,c 1 1 1 7#hfj7 1 ,d 4 1 47#hfa7 1 1 1 1 1 #agc 4 7,but perhaps it is worth while to raise the following question also4 ,there are two equinoxes1 but men pay more honour to the equinox in the sign of ,capricorn than to that in the sign of ,cancer47#hfb7 ,surely the reason for this is evident4 ,since the sun begins to approach us immediately after the spring equinox1--for ,i need not say that then the days begin to lengthen1--this seemed the more agreeable season4 ,for apart from the explanation which says that light accompanies the gods1 we must believe that the uplifting rays7#hfc7 of the sun are nearly akin to those who yearn to be set free from generation4 ,consider it clearly3 the sun1 by his vivifying and marvellous heat1 draws up all things from the earth and calls them forth and makes them grow2 and he separates1 ,i think1 all corporeal things to the utmost degree of tenuity1 and makes things weigh light that naturally have a tendency to sink4 ,we ought then to make these visible things proofs of his unseen powers4 ,for if among corporeal things he can bring this about through his material heat1 how should he not draw and lead upwards the souls of the blessed by the agency of the invisible1 wholly immaterial1 divine and pure substance which resides in his rays8 ,we have seen then that this light is nearly akin to the god1 and to those who yearn to mount upwards1 and moreover1 that this light increases in our world1 so that when ,helios begins to enter the sign of ,capricorn the day becomes longer than the night4 ,it has also been demonstrated that the god's rays are by nature uplifting2 and this is due to his energy1 both visible and invisible1 by which very many souls have been lifted up out of the region of the senses1 because they were guided by that sense which is clearest of all and most nearly like the sun4 ,for when with our eyes we perceive the sun's light1 not only is it welcome and useful for our lives1 but also1 as the divine ,plato said when he sang its praises1 it is our guide to wisdom4 ,and if ,i should also touch on the secret teaching of the ,mysteries in which the ,chaldean17#hfd7 divinely frenzied1 celebrated the ,god of the ,seven ,rays1 that god through whom he lifts up the souls of men1 ,i should be saying what is unintelligible1 yea wholly unintelligible to the common herd1 but familiar to the happy theurgists47#hfe7 ,and so ,i will for the present be silent on that subject47 1 1 1 7#hff7 1 7#hfg7 4 4 ,b 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 ,c 4 1 7#hfh7 4 1 4 1 1 ,d 1 1 4 4 7,i was saying that we ought not to suppose that the ancients appointed the season of the rites irrationally1 but rather as far as possible with plausible and true grounds of reason2 and indeed a proof of this is that the goddess herself chose as her province the cycle of the equinox4 ,for the most holy and secret ,mysteries of ,deo and the ,maiden7#hfi7 are celebrated when the sun is in the sign of ,libra1 and this is quite natural4 ,for when the gods depart we must consecrate ourselves afresh1 so that we may suffer no harm from the godless power of darkness that now begins to get the upper hand4 ,at any rate the ,athenians celebrate the ,mysteries of ,deo twice in the year1 and the ,lesser ,mysteries as they call them in the sign of ,capricorn1 and the ,great ,mysteries when the sun is in the sign of ,cancer1 and this for the reason that ,i have just mentioned4 ,and ,i think that these ,mysteries are called ,great and ,lesser for several reasons1 but especially1 as is natural1 they are called great when the god departs rather than when he approaches2 and so the ,lesser are celebrated only by way of reminder47#hgj7 ,i mean that when the saving and uplifting god approaches1 the preliminary rites of the ,mysteries take place4 ,then a little later follow the rites of purification1 one after another1 and the consecration of the priests4 ,then when the god departs to the antipodes1 the most important ceremonies of the ,mysteries are performed1 for our protection and salvation4 ,and observe the following3 ,as in the festival of the ,mother the instrument of generation is severed1 so too with the ,athenians1 those who take part in the secret rites are wholly chaste and their leader the hierophant forswears generation2 because he must not have aught to do with the progress to the unlimited1 but only with the substance whose bounds are fixed1 so that it abides for ever and is contained in the ,one1 stainless and pure4 ,on this subject ,i have said enough47 1 1 1 #agd 4 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 ,b 1 2 4 1 1 4 1 4 1 7#hga7 1 ,c 1 1 1 1 1 7#hgb7 4 ,d 4 1 1 4 1 1 7#hgc7 1 1 1 4 7,it only remains now to speak1 as is fitting1 about the sacred rite itself1 and the purification1 so that from these also ,i may borrow whatever contributes to my argument4 ,for example1 everyone thinks that the following is ridiculous4 ,the sacred ordinance allows men to eat meat1 but it forbids them to eat grains and fruits4 ,what1 say they1 are not the latter lifeless1 whereas the former was once possessed of life8 ,are not fruits pure1 whereas meat is full of blood and of much else that offends eye and ear8 ,but most important of all is it not the case that1 when one eats fruit nothing is hurt1 while the eating of meat involves the sacrifice and slaughter of animals who naturally suffer pain and torment8 ,so would say many even of the wisest4 ,but the following ordinance is ridiculed by the most impious of mankind also4 ,they observe that whereas vegetables that grows upwards can be eaten1 roots are forbidden1 turnips1 for instance2 and they point out that figs are allowed1 but not pomegranates or apples either4 ,i have often heard many men saying this in whispers1 and ,i too in former days have said the same1 but now it seems that ,i alone of all men am bound to be deeply grateful to the ruling gods1 to all of them1 surely1 but above all the rest to the ,mother of the ,gods4 ,for all things am ,i grateful to her1 and for this among the rest1 that she did not disregard me when ,i wandered as it were in darkness47#hgd7 ,for first she bade me cut off no part indeed of my body1 but by the aid of the intelligible cause7#hge7 that subsists prior to our souls1 all that was superfluous and vain in the impulses and motions of my own soul4 ,and that cause gave me1 to aid my understanding1 certain beliefs which are perhaps not wholly out of harmony with the true and sacred knowledge of the gods4 ,but it looks as though1 not knowing what to say next1 ,i were turning round in a circle4 ,i can1 however1 give clear and manifest reasons in every single case why we are not allowed to eat this food which is forbidden by the sacred ordinance1 and presently ,i will do this4 ,but for the moment it is better to bring forward certain forms1 so to speak1 and regulations which we must observe in order to be able to decide about these matters1 though perhaps1 owing to my haste1 my argument may pass some evidence by47 #age 1 1 4 1 1 1 ,b 1 7#hgf7 4 1 4 4 7,first ,i had better remind you in a few words who ,i said ,attis is2 and what his castration means2 and what is symbolised by the ceremonies that occur between the castration and the ,hilaria2 and what is meant by the rite of purification4 ,attis then was declared to be an original cause and a god1 the direct creator of the material world1 who descends to the lowest limits and is checked by the creative motion of the sun so soon as that god reaches the exactly limited circuit of the universe1 which is called the equinox because of its effect in equalising night and day47#hgg7 ,and ,i said that the castration meant the checking of limitlessness1 which could only be brought about through the summons and resurrection of ,attis to the more venerable and commanding causes4 ,and ,i said that the end and aim of the rite of purification is the ascent of our souls47 4 1 1 ,c 47#hgh7 1 1 4 1 1 ,d 47#hgi7 1 1 1 4 1 #agf 4 1 4 1 ,b 1 1 4 4 ,c 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 8 2 02 4 4 ,d 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 #agg 1 4 4 1 4 1 1 ,b 1 1 1 7#hhj7 1 47#hha7 1 1 ,c 4 4 4 4 1 1 4 ,d 4 7,for this reason then the ordinance forbids us first to eat those fruits that grow downwards in the earth4 ,for the earth is the last and lowest of things4 ,and ,plato also says7#hhb7 that evil1 exiled from the gods1 now moves on earth2 and in the oracles the gods often call the earth refuse1 and exhort us to escape thence4 ,and so1 in the first place1 the life generating god who is our providence does not allow us to use to nourish our bodies fruits that grow under the earth2 and thereby enjoins that we turn our eyes towards the heavens1 or rather above the heavens47#hhc7 ,one kind of fruit of the earth1 however1 some people do eat1 ,i mean fruit in pods1 because they regard this as a vegetable rather than a fruit1 since it grows with a sort of upward tendency and is upright1 and not rooted below the soil2 ,i mean that it is rooted like the fruit of the ivy that hangs on a tree or of the vine that hangs on a stem4 ,for this reason then we are forbidden to eat seeds and certain plants1 but we are allowed to eat fruit and vegetables1 only not those that creep on the ground1 but those that are raised up from the earth and hang high in the air4 ,it is surely for this reason that the ordinance bids us also avoid that part of the turnip which inclines to the earth since it belongs to the under world1 but allows us to eat that part which grows upwards and attains to some height1 since by that very fact it is pure4 ,in fact it allows us to eat any vegetables that grow upwards1 but forbids us roots1 and especially those which are nourished in and influenced by the earth4 ,moreover in the case of trees it does not allow us to destroy and consume apples1 for these are sacred and golden and are the symbols of secret and mystical rewards4 ,rather are they worthy to be reverenced and worshipped for the sake of their archetypes4 ,and pomegranates are forbidden because they belong to the underworld2 and the fruit of the datepalm1 perhaps one might say because the datepalm does not grow in ,phrygia where the ordinance was first established4 ,but my own theory is rather that it is because this tree is sacred to the sun1 and is perennial1 that we are forbidden to use it to nourish our bodies during the sacred rites4 ,besides these1 the use of all kinds of fish is forbidden4 ,this is a question of interest to the ,egyptians as well as to ourselves4 ,now my opinion is that for two reasons we ought to abstain from fish1 at all times if possible1 but above all during the sacred rites4 ,one reason is that it is not fitting that we should eat what we do not use in sacrifices to the gods4 ,and perhaps ,i need not be afraid that hereupon some greedy person who is the slave of his belly will take me up1 though as ,i remember that very thing happened to me once before2 and then ,i heard someone objecting3 8,what do you mean8 ,do we not often sacrifice fish to the gods80 ,but ,i had an answer ready for this question also4 8,my good sir10 ,i said1 8it is true that we make offerings of fish in certain mystical sacrifices1 just as the ,romans sacrifice the horse and many other animals too1 both wild and domesticated1 and as the ,greeks and the ,romans too sacrifice dogs to ,hecate4 ,and among other nations also many other animals are offered in the mystic cults2 and sacrifices of that sort take place publicly in their cities once or twice a year4 ,but that is not the custom in the sacrifices which we honour most highly1 in which alone the gods deign to join us and to share our table4 ,in those most honoured sacrifices we do not offer fish1 for the reason that we do not tend fish1 nor look after the breeding of them1 and we do not keep flocks of fish as we do of sheep and cattle4 ,for since we foster these animals and they multiply accordingly1 it is only right that they should serve for all our uses and above all for the sacrifices that we honour most40 ,this then is one reason why ,i think we ought not to use fish for food at the time of the rite of purification4 ,the second reason which is1 ,i think1 even more in keeping with what ,i have just said1 is that1 since fish also1 in a manner of speaking1 go down into the lowest depths1 they1 even more than seeds1 belong to the underworld4 ,but he who longs to take flight upwards and to mount aloft above this atmosphere of ours1 even to the highest peaks of the heavens1 would do well to abstain from all such food4 ,he will rather pursue and follow after things that tend upwards towards the air1 and strive to the utmost height1 and1 if ,i may use a poetic phrase1 look upward to the skies4 ,birds1 for example1 we may eat1 except only those few which are commonly held sacred17#hhd7 and ordinary fourfooted animals1 except the pig4 ,this animal is banned as food during the sacred rites because by its shape and way of life1 and the very nature of its substance--for its flesh is impure and coarse--it belongs wholly to the earth4 ,and therefore men came to believe that it was an acceptable offering to the gods of the underworld4 ,for this animal does not look up at the sky1 not only because it has no such desire1 but because it is so made that it can never look upwards4 ,these then are the reasons that have been given by the divine ordinance for abstinence from such food as we ought to renounce4 ,and we who comprehend share our knowledge with those who know the nature of the gods47 1 17#hhe7 1 1 #agh 7#hhf7 1 1 1 4 1 1 ,b 1 4 1 1 1 1 ,c 1 4 1 1 1 47#hhg7 1 ,d 1 1 1 8 0 4 7,and to the question what food is permitted ,i will only say this4 ,the divine law does not allow all kinds of food to all men1 but takes into account what is possible to human nature and allows us to eat most animals1 as ,i have said4 ,it is not as though we must all of necessity eat all kinds--for perhaps that would not be convenient--but we are to use first what our physical powers allow2 secondly1 what is at hand in abundance2 thirdly1 we are to exercise our own wills4 ,but at the season of the sacred ceremonies we ought to exert those wills to the utmost so that we may attain to what is beyond our ordinary physical powers1 and thus may be eager and willing to obey the divine ordinances4 ,for it is by all means more effective for the salvation of the soul itself that one should pay greater heed to its safety than to the safety of the body4 ,and moreover the body too seems thereby to share insensibly in that great and marvellous benefit4 ,for when the soul abandons herself wholly to the gods1 and entrusts her own concerns absolutely to the higher powers1 and then follow the sacred rites--these too being preceded by the divine ordinances--then1 ,i say1 since there is nothing to hinder or prevent--for all things reside in the gods1 all things subsist in relation to them1 all things are filled with the gods--straightway the divine light illumines our souls4 ,and thus endowed with divinity they impart a certain vigour and energy to the breath7#hhh7 implanted in them by nature2 and so that breath is hardened as it were and strengthened by the soul1 and hence gives health to the whole body4 ,for ,i think not one of the sons of ,asclepios would deny that all diseases1 or at any rate very many and those the most serious1 are caused by the disturbance and derangement of the breathing4 ,some doctors assert that all diseases1 others that the greater number and the most serious and hardest to cure1 are due to this4 ,moreover the oracles of the gods bear witness thereto1 ,i mean that by the rite of purification not the soul alone but the body as well is greatly benefited and preserved4 ,indeed the gods when they exhort those theurgists who are especially holy1 announce to them that their 8mortal husk of raw matter07#hhi7 shall be preserved from perishing47 1 7#hij7 1 1 #agi 2 4 1 1 1 2 ,b 1 1 1 1 4 ,c 1 4 1 1 7#hia7 2 1 2 1 ,d 1 4 2 2 7,and now what is left for me to say8 ,especially since it was granted me to compose this hymn at a breath1 in the short space of one night1 without having read anything on the subject beforehand1 or thought it over4 ,nay1 ,i had not even planned to speak thereof until the moment that ,i asked for these writingtablets4 ,may the goddess bear witness to the truth of my words6 ,nevertheless1 as ,i said before1 does there not still remain for me to celebrate the goddess in her union with ,athene and ,dionysus8 ,for the sacred law established their festivals at the very time of her sacred rites4 ,and ,i recognise the kinship of ,athene and the ,mother of the ,gods through the similarity of the forethought that inheres in the substance of both goddesses4 ,and ,i discern also the divided creative function of ,dionysus1 which great ,dionysus received from the single and abiding principle of life that is in mighty ,zeus4 ,for from ,zeus he proceeded1 and he bestows that life on all things visible1 controlling and governing the creation of the whole divisible world4 ,together with these gods we ought to celebrate ,hermes ,epaphroditus47#hib7 ,for so this god is entitled by the initiated who say that he kindles the torches for wise ,attis4 ,and who has a soul so dense as not to understand that through ,hermes and ,aphrodite are invoked all generated things everywhere1 since they everywhere and throughout have a purpose which is peculiarly appropriate to the ,logos87#hic7 ,but is not this ,logos ,attis1 who not long ago was out of his senses1 but now through his castration is called wise8 ,yes1 he was out of his senses because he preferred matter and presides over generation1 but he is wise because he adorned and transformed this refuse1 our earth1 with such beauty as no human art or cunning could imitate4 ,but how shall ,i conclude my discourse8 ,surely with this hymn to the ,great ,goddess47 1 1 1 #ahj 1 1 1 1 1 ,b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,c 17#hid7 4 7,o ,mother of gods and men1 thou that art the assessor of ,zeus and sharest his throne1 ,o source of the intellectual gods1 that pursuest thy course with the stainless substance of the intelligible gods2 that dost receive from them all the common cause of things and dost thyself bestow it on the intellectual gods2 ,o lifegiving goddess that art the counsel and the providence and the creator of our souls2 ,o thou that lovest great ,dionysus1 and didst save ,attis when exposed at birth1 and didst lead him back when he had descended into the cave of the nymph2 ,o thou that givest all good things to the intellectual gods and fillest with all things this sensible world1 and with all the rest givest us all things good6 ,do thou grant to all men happiness1 and that highest happiness of all1 the knowledge of the gods2 and grant to the ,roman people in general that they may cleanse themselves of the stain of impiety2 grant them a blessed lot1 and help them to guide their ,empire for many thousands of years6 ,and for myself1 grant me as fruit of my worship of thee that ,i may have true knowledge in the doctrines about the gods4 ,make me perfect in theurgy4 ,and in all that ,i undertake1 in the affairs of the state and the army1 grant me virtue and good fortune1 and that the close of my life may be painless and glorious1 in the good hope that it is to you1 the gods1 that ,i journey67 ,,index ,references to ,homer are not given on account of their number4 ,achilles1 #acc1 #adc1 #adg1 #aee1 #afa1 #aha1 #aii1 #bee ,acropolis1 the1 #dde ,adonis1 #dci1 #ddj1 #ddc ,aeetes1 #bba ,aeneas1 #dba ,aeschines1 #hc ,aeschylus1 #aii1 #dji ,agamemnon1 #acc1 #ade1 #aha1 #aii1 #bec1 #bfc ,agesilaus1 #ci1 #aac1 #bgi ,ajax1 #adg1 #ahi ,alcibiades1 #cc ,alcinous1 #ada1 #bee1 #bha1 #bhc ,alexander1 #be1 #de1 #ajg1 #aaa1 #aai1 #ade1 #aic1 #bbi1 #bec1 #bee1 #bhg ,alexandria1 #dbi ,aloadae1 the1 #gc ,alps1 the1 #aic1 #aii ,amazon1 the1 #cci ,ammianus1 ,marcellinus1 #cfe ,antioch1 #aje ,antiochus1 king1 #afg ,antony1 #de ,aphrodite1 #cea1 #daa1 #dai1 #dba1 #eja ,apollo1 #cdh1 #ceg1 #cfi1 #cia1 #cic1 #dji ,aquileia1 #ii1 #aia1 #aic ,arabs1 the1 #ec ,arcadians1 the1 #bjg ,arcesilaus1 #bgi ,archidamus1 #bjg ,archilochus1 #bae ,archimedes1 #ge ,areopagus1 the1 #afc ,argolis1 #cag ,argos1 #bhe1 #cag ,arion1 #big ,aristophanes1 #bae1 #beg ,aristotle1 #bgi1 #bhg1 #cec1 #ced1 #cei1 #cfb1 #cfc1 #chi1 #dje1 #dae1 #dec1 #dee1 #deg1 #dii ,armenians1 the1 #dg1 #ec ,arsaces1 #ec ,asclepios1 #cic1 #cie1 #dai1 #dii ,assyria1 #bbc1 #ccg ,astyages1 #hc ,athenaeus1 #bee ,athene1 #bha1 #bhe1 #cje1 #cea1 #djg1 #dji1 #daa1 #dai1 #dfc1 #dii ,athenians1 the1 #ee1 #dhe ,athens1 #ba1 #gc1 #cje1 #cag ,athos1 #baa ,atlantic1 the1 #adi ,attalids1 the1 #dde ,attis1 #dci1 #ddj1 #ddcejc ,augustine1 ,saint1 #che ,augustus1 #de ,aurelian1 #dbe ,azizos1 #dac1 #dbc ,baal1 #dac ,babylon1 #bbc1 #bhg1 #ccg ,brennus1 #gg ,briseis1 #aii ,cadmus1 #bag ,caesar1 ,julius1 #bbc ,calypso1 #cja1 #cjb ,cambyses1 #ajg1 #bhg1 #cac ,cancer1 tropic of1 #dha1 #dhe ,capaneus1 #aea1 #bie ,capitoline1 the1 #gg1 #dba ,capricorn1 tropic of1 #dbg1 #dha1 #dhe ,caria1 #afi ,carians1 the1 #aea ,carrhae1 #de ,carthage1 #hc1 #aje1 #ddi ,carthaginians1 the1 #ce1 #ci1 #da1 #ge1 #aii1 #dde ,carus1 ,emperor1 #de ,catullus1 #dci1 #dfg ,celts1 the1 #bi1 #cc1 #gg1 #hi1 #adi1 #cbi ,chaldaeans1 the1 #dbi1 #dhc ,cimon1 #cda ,circe1 #cja ,claudia1 #ddg ,claudius1 ,emperor1 #ag1 #acg ,cleon1 #fe ,cnossus1 #bai ,colophon1 #bae ,commodus1 #cdi ,constans1 #bc1 #be1 #dc1 #bdi1 #bea ,constantine1 #ai1 #bc1 #dc1 #aci1 #bdi ,constantine ,,ii1 #bc1 #dc1 #bdi1 #bea ,constantinople1 #ae1 #ba1 #aje ,constantius1 #cabg1 #cje1 #cji1 #caa1 #cae1 #cba1 #cbg1 #cdc1 #cea ,constantius ,chlorus1 #ag1 #aci ,corinth1 #cag ,corybants1 #cai1 #dfg1 #dfi ,crassus1 #de ,crete1 #afi ,cumont1 #cdh1 #cea1 #dci ,cyaxares1 #aac ,cybele1 #cdi1 #dci1 #ddj1 #ddcejc ,cyprus1 #cfi1 #cia ,cyrus1 #bc1 #be1 #cc1 #hc1 #ajg1 #aac1 #bjg1 #bgi1 #bhg ,cyrus the ,younger1 #bgi ,damascius1 #dhc ,danube1 the1 #aic1 #bhg ,darius1 #he1 #bbg1 #cac ,darius ,,iii1 #bec ,demeter1 #dhc ,demosthenes1 #fg1 #hc1 #hg1 #ia1 #bje ,deo1 #dhc1 #dhe ,dio ,chrysostom1 #bca ,diocletian1 #ai ,dionysus1 #ccc1 #cea1 #cfi1 #cic1 #cie1 #djg1 #dag1 #dai1 #dii1 #eja1 #ejc ,dioscorides1 #bee ,dioscuri1 the1 #dja ,drave1 the1 #afa1 #bei ,dulichium1 #bie ,egypt1 #cac ,egyptians1 the1 #cag1 #dbi1 #dic ,eleusinian ,mysteries1 #dhc ,emesa1 #dac1 #dbc ,empedocles1 #cgc1 #cgi ,epicureans1 the1 #dea ,euboea1 #cda ,euphrates1 the1 #ccg ,eupolis1 #he ,euripides1 #ha1 #bbg1 #beg1 #bfa1 #cca ,eusebia1 ,empress1 #bgccde ,eustathius1 #dji ,evadne1 #bie ,fausta1 #ai1 #bc ,franks1 the1 #ia ,frazer1 #dci1 #dga ,galatia 7,gaul71 #ce1 #fg1 #cbi1 #cde ,galatians 7,gauls71 #gg1 #hi ,galerius 7,maximianus71 #de ,galli1 the1 #dci1 #dfg ,gallus1 #aae1 #ddc1 #dga1 #dgc ,gallus1 the river1 #dea1 #dfa ,gallus ,caesar1 vii1 #bgc ,germans1 the1 #adi1 #aii ,getae1 the1 #be ,gibbon1 #ec ,graces1 the1 #dja1 #djg ,gyges1 #da ,hades1 #cea1 #cfi ,harrison1 #dci ,hecate1 #dic ,hector1 #adg1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahi1 #aic ,helen1 #bec ,heliaia1 the1 #dbe1 #dbi ,helicon1 #bhe ,heliogabalus1 #dac ,helios1 ,hymn to1 #cecdce1 #dea1 #dfa1 #dfg1 #dga ,heneti 7,veneti71 #aic ,hera1 #cgc ,heracleidae1 the1 #ce1 #cg1 #bag ,heracleitus1 #dfc ,heracles1 #aci1 #aea1 #bai1 #beg1 #bhe1 #dfe1 #dfg ,hermes1 #ceg1 ,epaphroditus1 #eja ,herodotus1 #bc1 #cc1 #baa1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bfg1 #bhe1 #cac1 #ccg1 #cci ,hesiod1 #aea1 #cea1 #cga ,hilaria1 the1 #dga1 #dgc1 #dhi ,hipparchus1 #dbi ,homerids1 the1 #ada ,horace1 #cc1 #bag1 #dbc ,horus1 #djg ,hyperion1 #cga ,iamblichus1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #cej1 #cea1 #cec1 #cei1 #cfe1 #cig1 #cii1 #dja1 #daa1 #dac1 #dcc1 #dda1 #dec1 #dhc ,iberians1 the1 #adi ,illyria1 #ae1 #fg1 #bje1 #bhg ,illyrians1 the1 #ia1 #bae ,india1 #ia1 #aic ,ionia1 #cag ,iris1 #aha ,isis1 #cdi ,isocrates1 #c1 #g1 #aic1 #bbi1 #bca ,italy1 #fg ,ithaca1 #bie ,juno1 #dba ,jupiter1 #gg ,kronia1 the1 #dca ,kronos1 #dbi ,lacedaemonians1 the1 #cc1 #ce ,laodameia1 #bie ,latin1 #bji ,leda1 #bai ,leonidas1 #bfa ,libanius1 #c ,libra1 #dhe ,licinius1 #ig ,ligurians1 the1 #aic ,livy1 #dbc1 #dde ,lucifer1 #dac ,lycurgus1 #cg ,lycus1 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#ca1 #hc1 #aii1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bee1 #cjc1 #cga ,olympia1 games at1 #bji1 #bbc ,olympus1 #bhe ,oricus1 #bhg ,osiris1 #cfi ,ovid1 #dbc1 #dde ,palatine1 the1 #dba ,pandareos1 #aee ,pandarus1 #ada ,pannonia 7,paeonia71 #di1 #ec1 #gg1 #ia1 #ic1 #bei ,paris1 #bfc ,parthia1 #ce ,parthians1 the1 #cc1 #ce1 #eg1 #fa1 #aii ,parysatis1 #bc ,patroclus1 #aic ,peirene1 #cai ,pelopids1 the1 #bag ,peloponnesus1 the1 #cda ,penelope1 #bha1 #bie1 #cja1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cci1 #cda ,penthesilea1 #cci ,pergamon1 #dde ,pericles1 #he1 #cda1 #cdc ,persephone1 #ddj1 #dhc ,persians1 the1 #de1 #dg1 #fi1 #ia1 #bec1 #bhg1 #cej ,phaeacians1 the1 #cja ,phaethon1 #bbc ,pheidias1 #ade1 #bii ,philip of ,macedon1 #be1 #bhg ,phocian war1 the1 #hg ,phoenicians1 the1 #cfc1 #daa ,phrygia1 #ddi1 #dic ,phrygians1 the1 #ddc1 #ddg ,pieria1 #bhe ,pindar1 #ba1 #cji1 #ceh1 #cga ,pittacus1 #ace ,plataeans1 the1 #ge ,plato1 #bi1 #cf1 #ace1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #aii1 #baa1 #bag1 #bai1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bci1 #bdc1 #bgi1 #cdi1 #cea1 #cec1 #ced1 #cei1 #cfi1 #cgi1 #cha1 #chc1 #cia1 #cic1 #cie1 #cig1 #cii1 #dje1 #daa1 #dag1 #ddj1 #ddh1 #dec1 #dee1 #deg1 #dhc1 #dhe ,plautus1 #bbi ,plotinus1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #cec1 #cig1 #ddj1 #dda1 #dea1 #dei ,plutarch1 #aic1 #bgi1 #cda1 #cdh1 #cej1 #dje1 #dbc1 #ddj1 #dhe ,po1 river1 #aii ,porphyry1 #cec1 #che1 #dda1 #dea1 #dfg1 #dha1 #die ,poseidon1 #bei1 #bhc ,praxiteles1 #ade ,priam1 #aic1 #bec ,proclus1 #cic1 #daa1 #dca1 #dhc ,prodicus1 #aea ,propertius1 #ddg ,ptolemy1 ,claudius1 #dbi ,ptolemy ,soter1 #cfi ,pylos1 #fe1 #ge ,pyramids1 the1 #bbc ,pythian oracle1 the1 #baa ,pytho1 #bbc ,quintilian1 #bgc ,quirinus 7,romulus71 #dbc1 #dbe ,remus1 #dbc ,renan1 #cdi ,rhadamanthus1 #bai ,rhine1 the1 #aic1 #cde ,rhodogyne1 #ccg ,rhodopis1 #ccg ,romans1 the1 #bfa1 #dai1 #ddc1 #ddi1 #dic1 #ejc ,rome1 #ac1 #ae1 #ag1 #ge1 #gg1 #bei1 #cdc1 #ceg1 #dac1 #dba1 #dbe1 #ddi ,romulus1 #bc1 #dba1 #dbe ,sallust1 #cea1 #cec1 #dca1 #dda1 #dfa1 #dgg ,samos1 #bie1 #cac1 #cda ,sapor1 ,king1 #ec1 #fa1 #fc1 #fi1 #gc1 #afi ,sappho1 #bic ,sarambos1 #bbi ,sarpedon1 #adg1 #aei1 #agc1 #agi ,saturn1 #dbi ,saxons1 the1 #ia ,scamander1 the1 #afa ,scheria1 #cjc ,scipio1 #ddi ,scythians1 the1 #gg1 #ia ,selene1 #daa1 #dbc ,seleucus1 #aje ,semiramis1 #ccg ,serapis1 #cdi1 #cea1 #cfi ,showerman1 #cdh ,sicily1 #fg1 #aii1 #dde ,sicyon1 #cag ,silius ,italicus1 #dde ,silvanus1 #abe1 #bei1 #bfa ,silvia1 #dbc ,simonides1 #i ,socrates1 #baa1 #bee1 #bgi ,sogdiana1 #aic ,sophocles1 #ceh ,sparta1 #bjg1 #cag ,spartans1 the1 #bfa ,sparti1 the1 #bag ,stobaeus1 #bbi ,stoics1 the1 #dii ,syloson1 #cac ,syracuse1 #ge ,syria1 #fi ,syrians1 the1 #dbc ,taenarum1 #big ,tantalus1 #bbg ,telemachus1 #ada ,temenus1 #bhe ,terpander1 #big ,tertullian1 #cdh ,teucer1 #ada ,thales1 #cce ,thea1 #cga ,themistius1 #aic1 #bje1 #bbi1 #dec ,theophrastus1 #dec ,thermopylae1 #bei ,thessalians1 the1 #hc1 #bhi ,thessalonica1 #bhi ,thessaly1 #afi ,thrace1 #bhg1 #cag ,tiber1 the1 #dde ,tigris1 the1 #eg1 #adi1 #afg1 #aii ,tiranus1 #ec ,tiridates1 #ec ,tomyris1 ,queen1 #cci ,troy1 #beg ,typho1 #aea ,usener1 #dbe ,veneti1 the1 #aia ,vesta1 #dbc ,vetranio1 #e1 #fg1 #gg1 #gi1 #abc1 #aic1 #bje1 #bjg ,wilamowitz1 #cea ,xenarchus1 #dec ,xenophon1 #cg1 #aea1 #bjg1 #bgi ,xerxes1 #gc1 #aji1 #afi1 #baa ,zeller1 #djg ,zeus1 #cea1 #cga1 #cia1 #cic1 #djg1 #dji1 #dgg1 #eja ,,footnotes #a ,the chief sources for the life of ,julian are his ,orations1 his ,letter to the ,athenians1 ,ammianus ,marcellinus1 and the ,orations and ,epistles of ,libanius4 #b fr4 #hi4 #c ,epistle1 #cc4 #d #ceb ,a4 #e #bcf ,a4 #f ,the text of the present edition is ,hertlein's1 revised4 #g ,v4 #h ,wyttenbach1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #i ,vetranio4 #aj ,magnentius4 #aa ,isocrates1 ,panegyricus1 #db ,c4 #ab ,reiske adds4 #ac ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #ad ,schaefer adds4 #ae ,simonides fr4 #ff4 ,horace1 ,odes #c4 #b4 #be4 #af ,reiske adds4 #ag ,,mss4 #ah ,,mss1 ,m1 1 ,hertlein suggests4 #ai ,wright1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #bj ,schaefer adds4 #ba ,cobet1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #bb ,wyttenbach ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #bc ,rome4 #bd ,rome4 #be ,hertlein adds4 #bf ,cobet1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #bg ,constantius ,chlorus and ,maximianus4 #bh ,diocletian4 #bi ,constantine and ,fausta4 #cj ,maxentius4 #ca ,constantinople4 #cb ,pindar fr4 #df4 #cc ,cobet1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #cd ,herodotus #c4 #hi4 #ce ,constantine ,,ii4 and ,constans4 #cf ,reiske1 lacuna ,hertlein4 #cg ,wyttenbach adds1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #ch ,schaefer adds4 #ci ,petavius1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #dj ,wyttenbach adds4 #da ,wyttenbach adds4 #db ,maximianus4 #dc ,constans4 #dd ,wyttenbach adds4 #de ,wyttenbach1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #df ,cobet1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #dg ,isocrates1 ,evagoras #ba4 #dh ,romulus4 #di ,republic #dfg ,e4 #ej ,cobet1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #ea ,wright1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein1 ,v4 #eb ,herodotus #a4 #aad4 #ec ,cobet adds4 #ed ,cobet1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #ee ,reiske adds4 #ef ,petavius1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #eg ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #eh ,hertlein4 #ei ,cobet1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #fj ,wright1 cf4 ,rep4 #dbd ,d1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #fa ,wyttenbach1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein1 ,petavius4 #fb ,cf4 ,aeschines ,against ,ctesiphon #gh4 ,horace ,epistles #a4 #aa4 #bg4 #fc cf4 ,xenophon ,rep4 ,lac4 #ae4 #g4 #fd ,wyttenbach adds4 #fe ,cobet1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein1 ,schaefer4 #ff ,spanheim1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #fg ,,mss1 ,cobet1 ,v1 ,hertlein4 #fh ,cobet ,,mss1 ,hertlein1 ,v4 #fi ,,mss1 ,cobet1 ,hertlein4 #gj ,gyges4 #ga ,petavius1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #gb ,at ,nicomedia #ccg ,a4,d4 #gc ,isocrates1 ,evagoras #a4 #gd ,constans and ,constantine4 #ge ,,mss4 #gf 4 4 4 4 ,,mss4 #gg ,schaefer adds4 #gh ,reiske1 ,cobet1 ,,mss4 #gi ,petavius1 ,wyttenbach1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #hj ,defeated at ,carrhae ,b4,c4 #ec3 the ,roman standards were recovered by ,augustus ,b4,c4 #bj4 #ha ,emperor #bhbbhc ,a4,d4 #hb ,galerius ,maximianus1 soninlaw of ,diocletian1 was defeated in ,mesopotamia1 #bif ,a4,d41 by ,narses4 #hc ,diocletian4 #hd ,the provinces of the ,east4 #he ,regularly in ,greek for ,pannonia4 #hf ,wyttenbach1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #hg ,capps suggests1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #hh ,capps suggests1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #hi ,petavius1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #ij ,tiranus1 ,king of ,armenia1 was now1 #ccg ,a4,d41 deposed and imprisoned by ,sapor4 ,his son1 ,arsaces1 succeeded him in #cda4 ,julian is describing the interregnum4 ,gibbon1 chap4 #ah1 wrongly ascribes these events to the reign of ,tiridates1 who died #cad ,a4,d4 #ia ,reiske adds4 #ib ,reiske adds4 #ic ,cobet1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 ,v1 ,hertlein conjectures4 #id ,wright1 ,schaefer1 ,hertlein4 #ie ,cobet1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #if ,hertlein4 ,m omits before 1 hence ,petavius omits 4 #ig ,hertlein suggests1 ,v1 ,,mss4 #ih ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #ii ,cobet1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #ajj ,cobet1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #aja ,rouse suggests1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #ajb ,naber1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #ajc ,,mss1 ,cobet 7 7 ,hertlein4 #ajd ,in ,mesopotamia1 #cdh ,a4,d4 7,bury argues for #cdd ,a4,d47 #aje ,sapor4 #ajf ,sapor's son4 #ajg ,schaefer1 ,cobet1 ,hertlein1 ,v1 ,m1 ,,mss4 #ajh ,reiske1 ,,mss4 #aji ,cobet1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #aaj ,reiske1 lacuna ,hertlein following ,petavius4 #aaa ,reiske1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 ,petavius omits 4 #aab ,v1 ,,mss4 #aac cf4 ,demosthenes1 ,de ,corona #afi4 #aad ,gaul4 #aae ,vetranio4 #aaf ,demosthenes1 ,de ,corona #fa4 #aag ,hertlein suggests1 ,wyttenbach1 ,v1 ,,mss4 #aah ,reiske1 ,,mss1 ,herlein4 ,reiske suggests 4 4 #aai ,cobet1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #abj ,nisibis4 #aba cf4 ,iliad1 #d4 #dea4 4 #abb ,cobet1 ,hertlein1 ,v1 ,,mss4 #abc ,sapor4 #abd ,odyssey #h4 #di4 #abe ,cobet1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #abf ,archimedes4 #abg ,marcellus #bab ,b4,c4 #abh ,the ,galatians1 i4e4 the ,gauls1 and ,celts are often thus incorrectly distinguished1 cf4 #cd ,c4 #cf ,b4 #abd ,a4 #abi #cij ,b4,c4 under ,brennus4 #acj ,the ,capitoline4 #aca ,reiske1 ,,mss4 #acb 2 ,wright1 4 ,hertlein4 #acc ,vetranio4 #acd ,magnentius4 #ace ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #acf ,hertlein adds4 #acg ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss1 cf4 #bbb ,a #cec ,c4 #ach ,hertlein adds4 #aci ,reiske adds4 #adj ,vetranio4 #ada ,magnentius4 #adb ,magnentius4 #adc ,demosthenes1 ,de ,chersoneso #db4 #add ,euripides1 ,andromache #aadf4 #ade ,a proverb for necessity disguised as a choice1 cf4 #bgd ,c4 #adf ,reiske adds4 #adg ,hertlein suggests4 #adh ,cobet1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #adi ,after ,petavius adds 4 #aej ,cobet1 ,reiske adds1 ,hertlein4 #aea ,cobet1 ,schaefer1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #aeb ,reiske adds1 ,v4 #aec ,aeschines1 ,ctesiphon #gd4 #ah4 #aed ,from the description of the oratory of ,pericles1 ,eupolis fr4 #id3 4 ,cf4 #dbf ,b4 #aee ,petavius1 ,cobet1 ,schaefer1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #aef ,demosthenes1 ,de ,corona #bcj1 a favourite commonplace4 #aeg ,magnentius4 #aeh ,schaefer1 ,hertlein1 ,v1 ,,mss4 #aei ,hertlein adds4 #afj ,schaefer adds4 #afa ,reiske1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #afb ,wyttenbach adds4 #afc ,hertlein suggests4 #afd ,hertlein4 #afe ,gauls4 #aff ,demosthenes1 ,de ,corona #aec4 #afg ,gaul4 #afh #cea ,a4,d4 #afi ,demosthenes1 ,olynthiac l4 #bc4 #agj ,wyttenbach1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #aga ,wyttenbach1 ,cobet1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 4 4 4 ,hertlein suggests1 4 4 4 ,,mss4 #agb ,in ,pannonia #cec ,a4,d4 #agc ,gallic4 #agd ,v1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #age ,reiske adds4 #agf ,licinius4 #agg cf4 ,oration #b4 #eg ,c4 #agh ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #agi ,after ,reiske thinks has fallen out4 #ahj ,aquileia4 #aha ,cobet1 ,v1 ,,mss4 #ahb #ahc ,gaul4 #ahd ,in wrestling1 the third fall secured the victory4 ,cf4 ,or4 #b4 #gd ,c4 #ahe #cee ,a4,d4 #ahf ,reiske1 ,,mss4 #ahg ,wyttenbach1 ,reiske1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #ahh ,hertlein suggests4 #ahi ,seleucus son of ,antiochus4 #aij ,constantinople4 #aia ,reiske adds4 #aib ,reiske adds4 #aic ,hertlein suggests 4 #aid ,cobet1 ,wyttenbach1 ,hertlein1 ,v1 ,,mss4 #aie ,reiske1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #aif ,cyaxares4 #aig ,,mss4 #aih ,an echo of ,demosthenes1 ,against ,leptines #ae4 #aii ,gallus #cea ,a4,d43 then ,julian #cee ,a4,d4 #bjj ,hertlein suggests4 #bja ,hertlein suggests4 #bjb ,v1 ,,mss4 #bjc ,,mss1 ,cobet1 ,v1 ,hertlein4 #bjd ,m and ,petavius omit 4 4 4 4 #bje ,wyttenbach1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein1 ,v and ,spanheim omit4 #bjf ,hertlein suggests1 ,cobet1 cf4 #id ,d #ie ,a1 ,v1 ,,mss4 #bjg ,,mss4 #bjh ,vetranio4 #bji ,,mss1 ,hertlein suggests4 #baj ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #baa ,under ,silvanus4 #bab ,gaul4 #bac ,silvanus4 #bad #cee ,a4,d4 #bae ,the peroration is lost4 #baf #ef ,b and #aja ,d4 #bag #gd ,d4 #bah ,agamemnon4 #bai ,iliad #ai4 #ef4 #bbj ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #bba ,republic #egg ,e4 #bbb ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss1 cf4 #dc ,d1 #ea ,d4 #bbc ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #bbd ,iliad #f4 #bhi4 #bbe ,herodotus #g4 #dj2 horses from the plain of ,nisaea drew the chariot of ,xerxes when he invaded ,greece4 #bbf ,iliad #b4 #aja4 #bbg 1 ,reiske1 ,hertlein4 #bbh ,hertlein4 #bbi ,maximianus4 #bcj ,constantius ,chlorus4 #bca ,gaul4 #bcb ,julian is in error2 according to ,bury1 in ,gibbon1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #ehh1 ,spain was governed by ,maximianus4 #bcc ,the ,atlantic4 #bcd ,the ,mediterranean4 #bce ,iliad #bj4 #bba4 #bcf ,cobet1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #bcg ,iliad #e4 #bbb4 #bch ,odyssey #d4 #fi foll4 #bci ,iliad #d4 #ig4 #bdj ,iliad #bc4 #hgj4 #bda ,iliad #h4 #bff4 #bdb ,iliad #ai4 #che4 #bdc ,iliad #b4 #eeb4 #bdd ,nestor3 ,iliad #b4 #eee4 #bde ,the building of a wall with towers1 to protect the ships1 is described in ,iliad #g4 #dcf foll4 #bdf ,by ,praxiteles4 #bdg ,alexander4 #bdh ,agamemnon4 #bdi ,iliad #b4 #gfa foll4 #bej ,odyssey #aa4 #eej4 #bea ,hertlein4 #beb ,magnentius4 #bec ,iliad #ac4 #bj4 #bed ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #bee ,cobet1 ,v ,hertlein ,,mss4 #bef 77 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #beg ,,mss41 ,hertlein1 ,cobet1 cf4 ,plato1 ,theaetetus #age ,c4 #beh ,hertlein1 cf4 #ee ,b4 #bei ,the ,carians were proverbially worthless2 cf4 #cbj ,d4 #bfj ,hesiod1 ,theogony4 #bfa ,xenophon1 ,memorabilia #b4 #a4 #b4 #bfb ,heracles4 #bfc ,aeschylus1 ,seven ,against ,thebes #ddj2 ,euripides1 ,phoenissae #aahb4 #bfd ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #bfe ,marcellinus4 #bff ,reiske adds4 #bfg ,v1 ,naber1 cf4 ,odyssey #bj1 #ff ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #bfh ,,mss41 ,hertlein1 ,naber4 #bfi ,odyssey #bj4 #ff4 #bgj ,the ,drave4 #bga ,v1 ,hertlein1 ,reiske1 ,,mss4 #bgb ,naber suggests 4 #bgc ,after ,petavius1 ,hertlein omit 4 #bgd ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #bge -- ,wright 4-- ,hertlein 4-- ,,mss4 #bgf -- ,hertlein suggests 8as though by gold or silver work in a picture40 #bgg ,iliad #ba4 #cbe foll4 #bgh ,iliad #ba4 #bdb4 #bgi ,iliad #ba4 #bfi4 #bhj ,for eight words the text is hopelessly corrupt4 #bha ,iliad #ba4 #bg4 #bhb ,reiske1 ,hertlein4 #bhc ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,v1 ,hertlein1 ,m4 #bhd ,iliad #bd4 #feg4 #bhe ,reiske adds4 #bhf ,hertlein suggests1 cf4 #bg ,b1 ,,mss4 #bhg ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #bhh ,nisibis4 #bhi ,sapor becomes the ally of ,magnentius as the crab was the ally of the ,hydra in the conflict with ,heracles4 #bij #djj lbs4 in all4 #bia #aej feet4 #bib ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #bic ,cobet1 ,,mss41 77 ,reiske1 ,hertlein4 #bid ,elephants4 #bie ,hertlein suggests1 ,v1 ,,mss4 #bif -- corrupt4 ,reiske suggests 4 ,v1 ,,mss4 #big ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss41 ,v omits4 #bih ,reiske suggests1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #bii ,iliad #ab4 #dch2 cf4 #ga ,b4 #cjj ,the text here is corrupt4 #cja corrupt1 ,hertlein4 #cjb ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #cjc ,reiske1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #cjd ,hertlein suggests1 ,reiske1 ,,mss4 #cje ,reiske adds4 #cjf ,nestor4 #cjg ,iliad #ad4 #ef4 #cjh ,reiske1 cant4 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #cji ,iliad #bj4 #cgi4 #caj ,iliad #aa4 #afc4 #caa ,iliad #aa4 #bjb4 #cab ,hertlein adds4 #cac ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #cad ,cobet1 cf4 ,menexenus #bdg ,e ,hertlein suggests 1 ,v1 ,,mss4 #cae -- ,hertlein suggests1 -- ,,mss4 #caf -- ,hertlein suggests1 -- ,,mss4 ,hertlein suspects corruption4 #cag ,hertlein1 ,v adds4 #cah ,menexenus #bdg ,e4 #cai ,plato says 8who depends on himself40 #cbj ,timaeus #ij ,a4 #cba ,apology #cj ,d4 #cbb ,republic #ced ,b4 #cbc ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #cbd ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #cbe 1 cf4 #fi ,a4 #cbf ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein suggests cf4 #ai ,d4 #cbg ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #cbh ,ajax4 #cbi ,iliad #ab4 #dch4 #ccj ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #cca ,aquileia4 #ccb 8v04 #ccc ,because of this favourable omen the city was called ,aquileia1 8the city of the ,eagle40 #ccd ,reiske1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #cce ,hertlein suggests1 ,wyttenbach1 ,,mss4 #ccf ,hertlein suggests 1 but cf4 ,phoenissae #eaf1 ,,mss4 -- ,hertlein suggests1 -- ,,mss4 #ccg ,alexander4 #cch ,a hill fort in ,sogdiana where the ,bactrian chief ,oxyartes made his last stand against ,alexander1 #cbg ,b4,c4 #cci cf4 #gg ,b41 ,plutarch1 de ,fort4 ,rom4 c4 #d4 #cdj ,julian refers to the triumph of ,constantius over ,vetranio1 described in ,or4 #a4 #ca foll4 and echoes ,euripides1 ,phoenissae #eaf1 4 ,themistius1 ,or4 #b1 #cg ,b quotes these verses to illustrate the same incident4 #cda ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #cdb ,reiske1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #cdc ,isocrates1 ,evagoras #fe1 ,panegyricus #hc4 #cdd ,iliad #bd4 #edd4 #cde ,reiske1 ,hertlein1 ,cobet1 ,,mss4 #cdf ,hertlein adds4 #cdg ,horkel1 lacuna ,hertlein2 the inappropriate verb 8register1 record10 indicates corruption4 #cdh cf4 ,oration #a4 #bb4 #bh4 #cdi ,in wrestling the third fall was final3 the phrase became proverbial1 cf4 ,plato1 ,phaedrus #bef ,b1 ,aeschylus1 ,eumenides #eib1 ,julian1 ,or4 #a4 #dj ,b4 #cej ,before ,hertlein1 ,reiske omit 4 #cea ,hertlein adds4 #ceb ,hertlein adds4 #cec ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #ced ,cobet adds4 #cee ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #cef ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #ceg ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #ceh ,briseis1 ,iliad #a4 #bdg4 #cei ,iliad #i4 #bfj4 #cfj ,reiske adds4 #cfa ,hertlein4 #cfb before ,v1 ,hertlein omit4 #cfc ,naber adds4 #cfd ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #cfe ,iliad #b4 #ahh4 #cff ,vetranio2 ,themistius1 ,or4 #b4 #cg ,b1 who in a panegyric on ,constantius describes this oratorical triumph4 #cfg ,demosthenes1 ,de ,corona #bfb1 444 4 #cfh ,the victory of ,archidamus over the ,arcadians ,xenophon1 ,hellenica #g4 #a4 #cb4 #cfi cf4 ,oration #a4 #cb ,a4 #cgj ,odyssey #bd4 #bec4 #cga ,petavius1 ,cobet1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss41 cant4 and fl4 #cgb ,reiske adds4 #cgc ,reiske adds4 #cgd ,,mss41 ,cobet1 ,hertlein4 #cge ,latin2 of which ,julian had only a slight knowledge4 ,the fourth century ,sophists were content with ,greek4 ,themistius never learned ,latin1 and ,libanius needed an interpreter for a ,latin letter1 ,epistle #ief4 #cgf ,reiske1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #cgg cf4 #aia ,a4 #cgh ,plato1 ,gorgias #dgj ,d4 #cgi ,plato1 ,laws #fii ,a4 #chj ,plato1 ,laws #fih ,d2 ,herodotus #f4 #ca4 #cha ,herodotus #a4 #ahc4 #chb ,cobet1 ,mnemosyne #aj4 7earlier conjecture ,cobet7 ,hertlein1 ,v1 ,,mss4 #chc ,the gold work of ,colophon was proverbial for its excellence4 ,cf4 ,aristophanes1 ,cocalus fr4 #h4 #chd ,iliad #i4 #djd4 #che ,iliad #bb4 #aef4 #chf ,hertlein adds4 #chg ,,mss41 cf4 #hb ,a ,b1 ,hertlein4 #chh ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #chi ,,mss41 ,cobet1 ,hertlein4 #cij ,hertlein adds4 #cia ,hertlein suggests4 #cib ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #cic ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss41 cf4 #ei ,a1 ,v4 #cid ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #cie ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein suggests 1 ,reiske1 ,v4 #cif ,after ,cobet omits 4 #cig ,cobet1 ,hertlein1 ,v1 ,m1 ,,mss4 #cih ,first used by ,archilochus1 fr4 #gd1 in a description of an eclipse of the sun4 #cii ,plato1 ,laws #gbh ,a4 #djj ,horace1 ,epistles #a4 #a4 #ajf4 #dja ,one shoulder was white as ivory4 #djb ,the ,sparti1 sprung from the dragon's teeth sown by ,cadmus4 #djc ,the ,rhine2 cf4 ,julian1 ,epistle #af4 #djd ,plato1 ,laws #fdb ,c4 #dje ,memnon4 #djf cf4 ,oration #c4 #abf4 #djg ,iliad #ag1 #bj4 #djh ,homeric phrase3 ,iliad #ag4 #ehh4 #dji ,plato1 ,laws #hcb ,a4 #daj ,odyssey #bj4 #ef4 #daa ,euripides1 ,phoenissae #ejf and fr4 #beb1 ,nauck4 #dab ,of ,queen ,nitocris1 ,herodotus #a4 #ahg4 #dac 8,huckster0 77 ,herodotus #c4 #hi4 #dad ,or ,sarabos1 a ,plataean wineseller at ,athens2 ,plato1 ,gorgias #eah ,b2 perhaps to be identified with the ,vinarius ,exaerambus in ,plautus1 ,asinaria #dcf2 cf4 ,themistius #big ,d4 #dae ,hertlein suggests1 but cf4 ,isocrates ,to ,nicocles #ae4 #daf ,hertlein adds4 #dag ,hertlein suggests4 #dah ,reiske1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #dai ,naber1 cf4 #bgb ,d1 #bha ,a1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #dbj ,a saying of ,alexander1 cf4 ,themistius #bjc ,c2 ,stobaeus1 ,sermones #bad2 ,isocrates1 ,to ,nicocles #ba4 #dba ,isocrates1 ,to ,nicocles #ae2 ,dio ,chrysostom1 ,oration i4 #bh4 #dbb ,republic #daf ,a4 #dbc ,plato1 ,laws #hjh ,b4 #dbd ,republic #daf ,a4 #dbe ,before ,hertlein omits 4 #dbf ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #dbg ,hertlein adds4 #dbh ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #dbi ,after ,hertlein omits 4 #dcj ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #dca ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #dcb ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #dcc ,reiske1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #dcd 4 ,reiske1 1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #dce ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #dcf ,reiske1 1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #dcg ,plato1 ,theaetetus #agf ,a4 #dch ,plato1 ,laws #icg ,d4 #dci ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #ddj ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #dda ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #ddb ,cobet1 ,hertlein1 ,v1 ,m1 ,,mss4 #ddc ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #ddd ,cobet1 ,hertlein1 who suggests 1 ,m1 ,v1 ,,mss4 #dde ,constantine ,,ii4 #ddf ,constans4 #ddg ,constantine ,,ii was slain while marching against ,constans4 #ddh ,constans4 #ddi ,constans was slain by the soldiers of ,magnentius4 #dej ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #dea ,under ,alexander4 #deb ,darius ,,iii4 #dec ,iliad #b4 #cef4 #ded ,magnentius4 #dee cf4 ,oration l4 #cd ,a4 #def ,alcinous4 #deg ,odyssey #h4 #bji4 #deh ,v1 ,,mss4 #dei ,hertlein suggests1 ,petavius1 ,,mss4 #dfj ,dioscorides in ,athenaeus #ejg ,d2 ,tacitus ,hist4 #d4 #f2 cf4 ,milton ,lycidas1 8,fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise 7,that last infirmity of noble mind740 #dfa ,a proverb1 cf4 ,euripides1 ,andromache #cfh4 #dfb fl41 ,hertlein prefers1 ,,mss4 #dfc ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #dfd ,aristophanes1 ,frogs #hd4 #dfe ,pannonia4 #dff ,silvanus1 cf4 ,oration #a4 #fj4 #dfg cf4 ,oration #a4 #ce ,c4 #dfh ,thermopylae4 #dfi ,leonidas4 #dgj ,hertlein4 #dga ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #dgb -- ,hertlein suggests1 -- ,,mss4 #dgc ,hertlein adds4 #dgd ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #dge ,silvanus4 #dgf ,iliad #bb4 #bfb4 #dgg ,euripides1 ,bacchae #hbb4 #dgh cf4 ,oration #a4 #dh ,c4 #dgi ,his ,oriental dress suggested ,persian rule1 symbolised by the crescent4 #dhj cf4 ,oration l4 #di ,a4 #dha cf4 ,oration l4 #dh ,c1 ,d4 #dhb ,a proverb2 the pine when cut down does not send up shoots again4 #dhc ,herodotus #f4 #cg4 #dhd ,his campaign in ,gaul4 #dhe cf4 ,quintilian #c4 #g4 #aj4 on the ,gratiarum actio4 #dhf ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #dhg ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #dhh ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #dhi ,cobet1 ,naber ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #dij ,cobet1 ,hertlein4 #dia ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #dib ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #dic ,petavius1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #did ,cobet adds4 #die ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #dif ,hertlein4 #dig ,plutarch1 ,moralia #fc ,d4 #dih ,arete4 #dii ,nausicaa4 #ejj ,odyssey #g4 #bj4 #eja ,odyssey #g4 #ed4 #ejb ,petavius1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein suggests 1 ,reiske suggests 4 4 8,i am at a loss which of her noble qualities to discuss first40 #ejc ,,mss41 ,v1 ,hertlein4 #ejd ,hertlein suggests4 #eje ,eusebia belonged to a noble family of ,thessalonica1 in ,macedonia2 she was married to ,constantius in #ceb ,a4,d4 #ejf ,near ,mount ,olympus4 #ejg ,herodotus #h4 #acg4 #ejh ,cyrus4 #eji ,a town on the coast of ,illyria4 #eaj ,aristotle2 8who bred ,great ,alexander to subdue the world40 ,milton1 ,paradise ,regained #d4 #eaa i4e4 of ,greeks4 #eab ,thessalonica4 #eac ,hertlein adds4 #ead -- ,hertlein suggests1 -- ,,mss4 #eae ,hertlein suggests1 ,v1 ,m1 ,,mss4 #eaf ,the consulship4 #eag ,,mss41 ,v1 ,hertlein4 #eah 4 ,sappho fr4 #c4 #eai ,cobet adds4 #ebj ,before ,horkel and ,hertlein omit 4 #eba ,naber1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #ebb ,euripides1 ,suppliants #did4 #ebc ,the wife of ,protesilaus4 #ebd before ,hertlein omits4 #ebe ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #ebf ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #ebg ,hertlein4 #ebh 4 ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #ebi ,arion4 #ecj ,taenarum4 #eca ,literally seeds or small beads4 #ecb ,famed for his minute carving of ivory4 #ecc ,odyssey #e4 #gj4 #ecd ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #ece ,hertlein suggests1 ,reiske ,,mss4 #ecf ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #ecg ,the cave of ,calypso4 #ech cf4 ,misopogon #cdb;,a4 ,in both passages ,julian evidently echoes some line1 not now extant1 from ,menander1 ,duskolos4 #eci ,odyssey #aa4 #bbc4 #edj ,horkel1 ,,mss4 #eda ,bruno ,friederich1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein1 ,cobet omits4 #edb -- ,cobet1 1 -- ,,mss41 ,hertlein1 ,v1 ,v1 ,m4 #edc ,reiske4 #edd ,hertlein suggests4 #ede ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #edf ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #edg ,odyssey #bc4 #bhd4 #edh cf4 ,iliad #bd4 #ebg2 ,oration #g4 #bcf ,c4 #edi ,the traditional founding of the ancient court of the ,areopagus1 which tried cases of homicide1 is described in ,aeschylus1 ,eumenides4 ,orestes1 on trial at ,athens for matricide1 is acquitted1 the votes being even1 by the decision of ,athene1 who thereupon founds the tribunal1 #dhe foll4 #eej ,iliad #d4 #dc4 #eea ,olympian ,ode #f4 #d4 ,pindar says that1 as though he were building the splendid forecourt of a house1 he will begin his ,ode with splendid words4 #eeb ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #eec -- -- ,cobet1 -- -- ,,mss41 ,v1 ,hertlein1 ,v4 #eed -- ,hertlein suggests1 -- ,,mss4 #eee ,cambyses4 #eef ,syloson1 ,herodotus #c4 #aci2 cf4 ,julian1 ,epistle #bi2 ,themistius #fg ,a1 #aji ,d4 #eeg ,iliad #ab4 #chb 4 #eeh ,reiske adds4 #eei ,iliad #d4 #aga4 #efj ,the port of ,argolis4 #efa ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #efb ,horkel adds4 #efc ,cobet1 ,v1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #efd ,iliad #i4 #chj4 #efe ,reiske1 lacuna ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #eff ,hertlein4 #efg ,hertlein adds4 #efh -- ,reiske1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #efi ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #egj ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #ega ,the title of ,caesar4 #egb ,to illustrate the skill and1 at the same time1 the difficult position of ,constantius as sole ,emperor1 ,julian describes an impossible feat4 ,the restive teams are the provinces of the ,empire1 which had hitherto been controlled by two or more ,emperors4 #egc ,iliad #bc4 #cda4 #egd ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #ege ,iliad #c4 #bag4 #egf ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #egg ,iliad #i4 #abb4 #egh ,hertlein4 #egi ,reiske1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #ehj ,hertlein4 #eha ,before ,klimek omits 4 #ehb ,gaul4 #ehc ,euripides1 ,phoenissae #ecb4 #ehd ,naber1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #ehe ,naber1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #ehf ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #ehg ,petavius adds4 #ehh ,horkel1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #ehi ,cobet1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #eij ,,mss41 ,cobet1 ,v1 ,m1 ,hertlein4 #eia ,reiske adds4 #eib ,semiramis1 ,herodotus #a4 #ahd4 #eic ,the ,euphrates4 #eid ,herodotus #a4 #ahe2 ,oration #b4 #he ,c4 #eie ,rhodopis8 wrongly supposed to have built the third pyramid4 #eif ,herodotus #a4 #bje4 #eig ,odyssey #a4 #ccd4 #eih ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #eii ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #fjj ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #fja ,penthesilea4 #fjb ,achilles and the ,scamander2 ,iliad #ba4 #bcd foll41 ,oration #b4 #fj ,c4 #fjc ,cobet adds4 #fjd ,julian tells1 incorrectly1 the anecdote in ,plutarch1 ,pericles #ch4 #fje #ddj ,b4,c4 #fjf #dde ,b4,c4 #fjg ,cobet adds4 #fjh #ceg ,a4,d4 #fji ,plutarch1 ,pompeius #bd4 ,for a full description of the origin and spread of ,mithraism see ,cumont1 ,textes et ,monuments figurs relatifs aux mystres de ,mithra1 #ahif1 #ahii1 ,les ,mystres de ,mithra1 #aijb1 and ,les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain1 #aiji 7,english translation by ,g4 ,showerman1 #aiaa74 #faj ,on ,julian's triad cf4 ,naville1 ,julien l',apostat et la philosophie du polythisme1 ,paris1 #ahgg4 #faa ,concerning ,isis and ,osiris #df4 #fab #adh ,b4 #fac ,iliad #ag4 #ddg4 #fad ,cobet1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #fae ,reiske1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #faf ,petavius1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #fag ,aristotle1 ,physics #b4 #b4 #aid b2 cf4 #aea ,d4 #fah ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #fai ,plato1 ,timaeus #db ,d4 #fbj ,as opposed to the unreasoning soul1 1 that is in animals other than man4 ,plato1 ,aristotle1 ,plotinus1 and ,porphyry allowed some form of soul to plants1 but this was denied by ,iamblichus1 ,julian1 and ,sallust4 #fba ,he refers to his initiation into the cult of ,mithras4 #fbb ,when he was still a professed ,christian4 #fbc i4e4 not only prophets and emperors but all men are related to ,helios4 #fbd cf4 ,oration #g4 #bcg ,c4 #fbe cf4 #add ,a1 #adi ,c4 #fbf ,rome4 #fbg ,at the beginning of ,january2 cf4 #aef ,c4 #fbh ,julian distinguishes the visible sun from his archetype1 the offspring of the ,good4 #fbi i4e4 the intelligible world1 1 comprehended only by pure reason2 the intellectual1 1 endowed with intelligence2 and thirdly the world of senseperception 4 ,the first of these worlds the ,neo,platonists took over from ,plato1 ,republic #ejh foll42 the second was invented by ,iamblichus4 #fcj ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #fca ,pindar fr4 #ajg1 and ,sophocles1 ,antigone #ajj 4 #fcb ,republic #ejh ,b4 #fcc ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #fcd ,though ,aristotle did not use this phrase1 it was his theory of a fifth element superior to the other four1 called by him 8aether0 or 8first element10 ,de ,coelo #a4 #c #bgj ,b1 that suggested to ,iamblichus the notion of a fifth substance or element2 cf4 ,theologumena ,arithmeticae #ce1 #bb ,ast1 where he calls the fifth element 8aether40 #fce ,after ,hertlein suggests 4 #fcf cf4 #ach ,b4 #fcg ,aristotle1 ,de ,anima #dah ,a4 #fch ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #fci #acc ,b4 #fdj ,julian conceives of the sun in three ways2 first as transcendental1 in which form he is indistinguishable from the ,good in the intelligible world1 secondly as ,helios,mithras1 ruler of the intellectual gods1 thirdly as the visible sun4 #fda #acc ,d#acd ,a is a digression on the light of the sun4 #fdb i4e4 the stars4 #fdc ,de ,anima #dai ,a2 ,aristotle there says that light is the actualisation or positive determination of the transparent medium4 ,julian echoes the whole passage4 #fdd ,mind1 1 is here identified with ,helios2 cf4 ,macrobius1 ,saturnalia #a4 #ai4 #i4 ,sol mundi mens est1 8the sun is the mind of the universe02 ,iamblichus1 ,protrepticus #ba1 #aae2 ,ammianus ,marcellinus1 #ba4 #a4 #aa4 #fde ,julian echoes ,plato1 ,republic #ejg1 #ejh4 #fdf cf4 #adf ,d4 #fdg i4e4 the stationary positions and the direct and retrograde movements of the planets4 #fdh #aeg ,c4 #fdi ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #fej #add ,a1 ,b1 #adi ,c4 #fea ,cratylus #djc ,b4 #feb ,phaedo #hc ,d4 #fec ,,mss1 ,v1 ,hertlein4 #fed ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #fee ,iliad #h4 #dhj2 ,odyssey #a4 #h4 #fef ,odyssey #ab4 #chc4 #feg ,this oracular verse is quoted as ,orphic by ,macrobius1 ,saturnalia #a4 #ah4 #ah2 but ,julian1 no doubt following ,iamblichus1 substitutes ,serapis for ,dionysus at the end of the verse4 ,the worship of ,serapis in the ,graeco,roman world began with the foundation of a ,serapeum by ,ptolemy ,soter at ,alexandria4 ,serapis was identified with ,osiris1 the ,egyptian counterpart of ,dionysus4 #feh ,phaedo #hj ,d2 in ,cratylus #djc ,plato discusses1 though not seriously1 the etymology of the word 8,hades40 #fei 1 8,unseen40 #ffj ,theogony #cga2 cf4 ,pindar1 ,isthmian #d4 #a4 #ffa ,hyperion means 8he that walks above40 #ffb ,they had devoured the oxen of the sun2 ,odyssey #ab4 #ceb foll4 #ffc ,iliad #h4 #bd2 ,zeus utters this threat against the gods if they should aid either the ,trojans or the ,greeks4 #ffd ,iliad #ah4 #bci4 #ffe ,iliad #ba4 #f4 #fff ,julian now describes the substance or essential nature1 1 of ,helios1 #acg ,d#adb ,b4 #ffg i4e4 ,the sun1 moon and planets2 the orbits of the planets are complicated by their direct and retrograde movements4 #ffh cf4 #acc ,d4 #ffi ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #fgj ,julian defines the ways in which ,helios possesses 1 or middleness2 he is mediator and connecting link as well as locally midway between the two worlds and the centre of the intellectual gods2 see ,introduction1 p4 #cej4 #fga cf4 ,empedocles1 fr4 #ah2 #abb1 #b2 #ag1 #ai ,diels4 #fgb ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #fgc ,plato1 ,timaeus #cc ,a4 #fgd cf4 #aci ,c2 ,oration #e4 #afe ,c1 #aff ,d1 #agj ,c4 #fge ,hertlein suggests4 #fgf cf4 #afg ,d4 ,in ,timaeus #eh ,a it is the revolution of the whole which by constriction compresses all matter together1 but ,julian had that passage in mind4 ,in ,empedocles it is the ,titan1 ,aether1 i4e4 the ,fifth ,substance1 that 8binds the globe40 fr4 #ch ,diels4 #fgg ,plato in ,timaeus #da ,a1 distinguishes 8the gods who revolve before our eyes0 from 8those who reveal themselves so far as they will40 ,julian regularly describes1 as here1 a triad2 every one of his three worlds has its own unconditioned being 772 its own creative power 772 its own power to generate life 7 72 and in every case1 the middle term is ,helios as a connecting link in his capacity of thinking or intellectual god 774 #fgh ,julian now describes the three kinds of substance 77 and its three forms 77 in the three worlds4 #fgi i4e4 the visible heavenly bodies4 #fhj ,helios connects the forms 7,plato's ,ideas7 which exist in the intelligible world1 with those which in our world ally themselves with matter2 cf4 ,oration #e4 #aga ,b4 #fha ,v1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #fhb i4e4 the heavenly bodies4 #fhc ,these angels combine1 as does a model1 the idea and its hypostazisation2 cf4 #adb ,a1 ,letter to the ,athenians #bge ,b4 ,julian nowhere defines angels1 but ,porphyry as quoted by ,augustine1 ,de civitate ,dei #aj1 #i1 distinguished them from daemons and placed them in the aether4 #fhd ,v1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #fhe cf4 #ada ,b4 #fhf i4e4 the heavenly bodies2 cf4 ,fragment of a ,letter #bie ,a4 #fhg ,nichomachean ,ethics #g4 #ad4 #aaed b4 #fhh ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #fhi ,the powers and activities of ,helios are now described1 #adb ,d#aeb ,a4 #fij cf4 #adh ,c1 ,timaeus #dg ,a1 ,republic #ebi ,b1 where ,plato distinguishes mere stargazing from astronomy4 #fia ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #fib cf4 #add ,c4 #fic ,timaeus #cb ,b2 ,plato says that to make the universe solid1 8,god set air and water between fire and earth40 #fid cf4 #add ,c4 #agi ,a2 ,proclus on ,plato1 ,timaeus #bjc ,e1 says that because ,dionysus was torn asunder by the ,titans1 his function is to divide wholes into their parts and to separate the forms 774 #fie ,julian calls ,dionysus the son of ,helios #aeb ,c1 ,d1 and the son of ,zeus1 ,oration #e4 #agi ,b4 #fif cf4 #aec ,b1 where ,asclepios is called 8the saviour of the ,all10 and ,against the ,christians #bjj ,a4 #fig ,,mss1 ,v1 ,hertlein4 #fih ,petavius adds4 #fii cf4 #ada ,b1 ,letter to the ,athenians #bge ,b4 #gjj ,the sun4 #gja ,plato1 ,symposium #bjf ,b 4 #gjb i4e4 ,intellectual ,helios4 #gjc i4e4 ,intelligible ,helios4 #gjd ,plato1 ,laws #gac ,d defines daemons as a race superior to men but inferior to gods2 they were created to watch over human affairs2 ,julian1 ,letter to ,themistius #beh ,b echoes ,plato's description2 cf4 ,plotinus #c4 #e4 #f2 pseudo,iamblichus1 ,de ,mysteriis #a4 #bj4 #fa2 ,julian #b4 #ij ,b4 #gje i4e4 the individual souls2 by using this term1 derived from the ,neo,platonists and ,iamblichus1 ,julian implies that there is an indivisible world soul2 cf4 ,plotinus #d4 #h4 #h 77 444 4 #gjf ,odyssey #aa1 #cjc2 ,philo ,judaeus1 ,de ,decalogo #b4 #aij1 1 1 4 #gjg ,hertlein suggests1 ,mb1 ,,mss4 #gjh ,timaeus #cg ,c2 when the ,creator had made the universe1 he invented ,time as an attribute of 8divided substance40 #gji ,for ,julian's debt to ,iamblichus cf4 #aej ,d1 #aeg ,b1 ,c4 #gaj ,kronos1 ,zeus1 ,ares1 ,helios1 ,aphrodite1 ,hermes1 ,selene are the seven planets2 cf4 #adi ,d4 ,though ,helios guides the others he is counted with them4 #gaa i4e4 the fixed stars2 cf4 ,iamblichus1 ,theologumena arithmeticae #ef4 #d 1 8the eighth sphere that encompasses all the rest40 #gab ,the ,graces are often associated with ,spring2 ,julian seems to be describing obscurely the annual course of the sun4 #gac ,necessity played an important part in the cult of ,mithras and was sometimes identified with the constellation ,virgo who holds the scales of ,justice4 #gad ,for the adoption of the ,dioscuri into the ,mithraic cult see ,cumont4 ,julian does not give his own view1 though he rejects that of the later ,greek astronomers4 ,macrobius1 ,saturnalia #a4 #ba4 #bb identifies them with the sun4 #gae i4e4 the torrid zone4 ,on the equator in the winter months shadows fall due north at noon1 in the summer months due south2 this is more or less true of the whole torrid zone2 cf4 which has the same meaning4 #gaf ,iliad #ad4 #bdf4 #gag ,for the affectation of mystery cf4 #aeb ,b1 #aei ,a1 #agb ,d4 #gah ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #gai ,plutarch1 ,demosthenes #d1 quotes this phrase as peculiarly ,platonic2 cf4 ,plato1 ,laws #fgf ,a4 #gbj cf4 #adc ,b and note4 #gba ,spanheim1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #gbb ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #gbc ,wright1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss lacuna ,petavius4 #gbd ,literally 8lifebringer10 ,aristotle's phrase for the zodiac4 #gbe cf4 ,zeller1 ,philosophie der ,griechen ,,iii4 #b1 p4 #gec1 notes4 #gbf ,there is a play on the word 1 which means both 8sphere0 and 8circle40 #gbg ,the ,egyptian sungod1 whose worship was introduced first into ,greece and later at ,rome4 #gbh ,athene as goddess of ,forethought was worshipped at ,delphi1 but her earlier epithet was 8whose statue is in front of the temple02 cf4 ,aeschylus1 ,eumenides #ba1 ,herodotus #h4 #cg2 late writers often confuse these forms4 ,julian applies the epithet to the mother of the gods #agi ,a1 and to ,prometheus #ahb ,d2 cf4 #aca ,c4 #gbi ,this verse was quoted from an unknown source by ,eustathius on ,iliad #a4 p4 #hc4 8,the ,greyeyed0 is a name of ,athene4 #gcj ,iliad #h4 #ech2 #ac4 #hbg4 #gca ,hertlein adds4 #gcb ,hertlein adds4 #gcc ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #gcd ,spanheim1 cf4 #aed ,b1 ,,mss4 #gce ,on ,athene cf4 ,oration #g4 #bcj ,a2 ,against the ,christians #bce ,c4 #gcf cf4 #aeb ,d4 ,julian derives his theory of the position and functions of the moon from ,iamblichus2 cf4 ,proclus on ,plato1 ,timaeus #beh f4 #gcg cf4 #aed ,a1 and ,proclus on ,plato1 ,timaeus #aee ,f1 #bei ,b1 where ,aphrodite is called 8the binding goddess0 1 and 8harmoniser0 4 #gch i4e4 as the planet ,venus4 #gci cf4 ,caesars #cac ,a1 ,misopogon #ceg ,c4 ,emesa in ,syria was famous for its temple to ,baal1 the sungod4 ,the ,emperor ,heliogabalus 7#bahbbb ,a4,d47 was born at ,emesa and was1 as his name indicates1 a priest of ,baal1 whose worship he attempted to introduce at ,rome4 #gdj ,the 8strong god10 identified with the star ,lucifer4 #gda #acc ,d1 #ach ,b4 #gdb ,marcilius1 cf4 #aej ,b1 #aea ,c1 lacuna ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #gdc ,physics #b4 #b4 #aid b2 cf4 #aca ,c4 #gdd cf4 #ade ,c4 #gde cf4 #ade ,c4 #gdf i4e4 their ascent after death to the gods4 #gdg ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #gdh ,republic #ebi1 #ecj2 ,epinomis #igg ,a4 #gdi ,laws #fec ,c1 ,d1 #ffe ,a4 #gej i4e4 as a unit of measurement2 ,timaeus #ci ,b1 #dg ,a4 #gea ,mau1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #geb cf4 #add ,c3 ,against the ,christians #bjj1 #bce ,b4,c4 ,asclepios plays an important part in ,julian's religion1 and may have been intentionally opposed1 as the son of ,helios,mithras and the 8saviour of the world10 to ,jesus ,christ4 #gec ,hertlein suggests4 #ged ,spanheim1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein2 cf4 #aej ,c4 #gee ,rome4 #gef ,this refers to the famous temple of ,jupiter on the ,capitoline2 cf4 ,oration #a4 #bi ,d4 ,the three shrines in this temple were dedicated to ,jupiter1 ,minerva and ,juno1 but ,julian ignores ,juno because he wishes to introduce ,aphrodite in connection with ,aeneas4 #geg ,julian accepts the impossible etymology 8path of the wolf02 ,lycabas means 8path of light10 cf4 lux4 #geh ,odyssey1 #ad4 #afa4 ,the word was also used on ,roman coins with the meaning 8year40 #gei ,marcilius1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #gfj ,silvia the ,vestal virgin gave birth to twins1 ,romulus and ,remus1 whose father was supposed to be ,mars 7,ares74 #gfa ,vesta1 the ,greek ,hestia1 the goddess of the hearth4 #gfb ,the name given to ,romulus after his apotheosis2 cf4 ,caesars #cjg ,b4 #gfc ,for the legend of his translation see ,livy #a4 #af2 ,plutarch1 ,romulus #ba2 ,ovid1 ,fasti #b4 #dif2 ,horace1 ,odes #c4 #c4 #ae foll4 #gfd ,after ,hertlein omits 4 #gfe ,hertlein1 ,naber suggest1 ,,mss1 cf4 ,episile #ddd4 #dbe ,c4 #gff ,to ,numa ,pompilius1 the legendary king who reigned next after ,romulus1 the ,romans ascribed the foundation of many of their religious ceremonies4 #gfg ,the ,vestal virgins4 #gfh ,the ,heliaia1 solis agon1 was founded by the ,emperor ,aurelian at ,rome in #bgd ,a4,d42 but the 8unconquerable sun10 sol invictus1 had been worshipped there for fully a century before ,aurelian's foundation2 see ,usener1 ,sol invictus1 in ,rheinisches ,museum1 #aije4 ,julian once again1 ,caesars #ccf ,c calls ,helios by his ,persian name ,mithras4 #gfi ,the ,attic year began with the summer solstice4 #ggj ,a ,greek astronomer who flourished in the middle of the second century ,b4,c4 ,his works are lost4 #gga ,claudius ,ptolemy an astronomer at ,alexandria #abgaea ,a4,d4 #ggb ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #ggc i4e4 ,december4 #ggd ,the festival of ,saturn1 the ,saturnalia1 was celebrated by the ,latins at the close of ,december1 and corresponds to our ,christmas holidays4 ,saturn was identified with the ,greek god ,kronos1 and ,julian uses the ,greek word for the festival in order to avoid1 according to sophistic etiquette1 a ,latin name4 #gge ,rome4 #ggf ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #ggg ,hertlein suggests1 ,m1 ,,mss4 #ggh ,see ,introduction1 p4 #cea4 #ggi ,for the threefold creative force cf4 ,proclus on ,timaeus #id ,,cd4 ,here ,julian means that there are three modes of creation exercised by ,helios now in one1 now in another1 of the three worlds2 cf4 #ace ,b4,c4 #ghj ,this work is lost4 #gha i4e4 his treatise ,on the ,gods1 which is not extant4 #ghb ,hesiod1 ,works and ,days #ccf4 #ghc ,for the ,attis cult see ,frazer1 ,attis1 ,adonis and ,osiris2 for the introduction of the worship of ,cybele into ,italy1 ,cumont1 ,les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain4 #ghd ,see ,harrison1 ,mythology and ,monuments of ,ancient ,athens4 #ghe ,catullus #fc4 #ghf #e4 #a4 #g2 #c4 #f4 #ai2 #a4 #f4 #h2 cf4 ,plato1 ,theaetetus #aeb ,c2 and ,plutarch1 ,on ,isis and ,osiris1 444 4 #ghg ,cf4 #bjf ,d4 ,myths are like toys which help children through teething4 #ghh ,cobet adds1 ,,mss1 ,hertlein4 #ghi ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #gij ,hertlein1 ,naber1 who thinks a gloss1 cf4 ,oration vii4 #bgf ,c1 ,,mss1 ,reiske4 #gia ,petavius adds4 #gib ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #gic ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #gid ,the ,phrygian god of vegetation who corresponds to the ,syrian ,adonis4 ,his name is said to mean 8father10 and he is at once the lover and son of the ,mother of the ,gods4 ,his death and resurrection were celebrated in spring4 #gie ,the generic name for the eunuch priests of ,attis4 #gif ,the ,phrygian ,cybele1 the ,asiatic goddess of fertility2 the chief seat of her worship was ,pessinus in ,phrygia4 #gig i4e4 after the middle of the fifth century ,b4,c42 before that date the records were kept in the ,acropolis4 #gih ,in #bjd ,b4,c42 cf4 ,livy #bi4 #aj foll42 ,silius ,italicus #ag4 #a foll42 ,ovid1 ,fasti #d4 #bee foll4 tells the legend and describes the ritual of the cult4 #gii ,the ,attalids4 #hjj ,a black meteoric stone embodied the goddess of ,pessinus4 #hja ,claudia1 turritae rara ministra deae4 8,claudia thou peerless priestess of the goddess with the embattled crown40--,propertius #d4 #aa4 #eb4 #hjb ,a matron in other versions4 #hjc ,in the ,third ,punic ,war1 which began #adi ,b4,c41 ,carthage was sacked by the ,romans under ,scipio4 #hjd ,plato1 ,republic #eai ,a 4 #hje ,a relief in the ,capitoline ,museum shows ,claudia in the act of dragging the ship4 #hjf i4e4 the world of senseperception4 #hjg ,plotinus #a4 #h4 #d called matter 8the privation of the ,good10 4 #hjh ,helios2 cf4 ,oration #d4 #adj ,a4 ,attis is here identified with the light of the sun4 #hji ,julian here sums up the tendency of the philosophy of his age4 ,the ,peripatetics had been merged in the ,platonists and ,neo,platonists1 and ,themistius the ,aristotelian commentator often speaks of the reconciliation1 in contemporary philosophy1 of ,plato and ,aristotle2 cf4 #bce ,c1 #bcf1 #cff ,c4 ,julian1 following the example of ,iamblichus1 would force them into agreement2 but the final appeal was to revealed religion4 #haj ,hertlein suggests1 cf4 #afe ,d1 ,,mss4 #haa #bcc ,d4 #hab ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hac ,sophist #bce ,a2 cf4 ,republic #eif ,d4 #had i4e4 aether1 the fifth substance4 #hae i4e4 the causes of the forms that are embodied in matter have a prior existence as ,ideas4 #haf ,an echo of ,plato1 ,theaetetus #aia ,c1 #aif ,a2 ,timaeus #ej ,c4 #hag ,de ,anima #c4 #d4 #dbi ,a2 ,aristotle quotes the phrase with approval and evidently attributes it to ,plato2 the precise expression is not to be found in ,plato1 though in ,parmenides #acb ,b he says that the ,ideas are 8in our souls40 #hah ,hertlein suggests1 cf4 ,sallust1 ,on the ,gods and the ,world #bdi1 3 ,,mss4 #hai ,hertlein suggests1 cf4 ,sallust #bej 3 ,,mss4 #hbj cf4 ,porphyry1 ,on the ,cave of the ,nymph #g2 and ,plato1 ,republic #ead ,a4 #hba ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hbb fr4 #cf1 ,diels4 #hbc ,for the superiority of the soul to nature cf4 ,de ,mysteriis #h4 #g4 #bgj2 and for the theory that the soul gives form to matter1 ,plotinus #d4 #c4 #bj4 #hbd i4e4 the fifth substance4 #hbe ,helios2 cf4 #afa ,d4 ,the whole passage implies the identification of ,attis with nature1 and of the worldsoul with ,helios2 cf4 #afb ,a where ,attis is called 8,nature10 4 #hbf cf4 #agj ,d1 #afh ,c2 ,sallust1 ,on the ,gods and the ,world #d4 #af4 #a4 #hbg cf4 #aga ,a2 ,sallust also identifies ,gallus with the ,milky ,way1 #d4 #ad4 #be4 #hbh ,shorey suggests1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #hbi ,petavius suggests1 lacuna ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #hcj ,hertlein suggests4 #hca ,hertlein suggests4 #hcb ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hcc ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hcd ,shorey1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #hce ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hcf ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hcg ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hch ,a finite verb e4g4 is needed to complete the construction4 #hci ,friederich1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #hdj cf4 #agj ,d1 #agi ,d4 #hda i4e4 ,zeus4 #hdb ,hence she is the counterpart of ,athene1 cf4 #agi ,a4 ,athene is ,forethought among the intellectual gods2 ,cybele is ,forethought among the intelligible gods and therefore superior to ,athene2 cf4 #ahj ,a4 #hdc ,the ,corybantes were the ,phrygian priests of ,cybele1 who at ,rome were called ,galli4 #hdd ,the ,asiatic deities1 especially ,cybele1 are often represented holding lions1 or in cars drawn by them4 cf4 ,catullus #fc4 #gf1 juncta juga resolvens ,cybele leonibus1 8,cybele unharnessed her team of lions02 she sends a lion in pursuit of ,attis1 cf4 #afh ,b2 ,porphyry1 ,on the ,cave of the ,nymph #c4 #b4 #bhg calls the sign of the lion 8the dwelling of ,helios40 #hde ,iliad #aj4 #bc 4 #hdf cf4 ,oration #d4 #ade ,c4 #hdg ,a finite verb is needed to complete the construction4 ,for the anacoluthon cf4 #afg ,d4 #hdh ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hdi ,a pine sacred to ,attis was felled on ,march #bbnd2 cf4 ,frazer1 ,attis1 ,adonis and ,osiris1 p4 #bbb4 #hej cf4 #aga ,c1 #age ,a4 #hea ,march #bcrd4 #heb ,march #bdth was the date of the castration of the ,galli1 the priests of ,attis4 #hec ,on ,march #beth the resurrection of ,attis and the freeing of our souls from generation 77 was celebrated by the feast of the ,hilaria4 #hed ,shorey1 cf4 #agj ,a1 ,b1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #hee ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hef #afi ,d#agj ,c is a digression on the value of myths1 which the wise man is not to accept without an allegorising interpretation2 cf4 ,oration #g4 #baf ,c4 #heg ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #heh ,in #afg ,d ,attis was identified with the light of the moon2 cf4 ,oration #d4 #aej ,a2 where the moon is called the lowest of the spheres1 who gives form to the world of matter that lies below her2 cf4 ,sallust1 ,on the ,gods and the ,world #d4 #ad4 #bc2 where ,attis is called the creator of our world4 #hei ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hfj ,hertlein suggests1 ,v1 ,,mss4 #hfa ,phaedrus #bej ,d1 ,timaeus #dg ,a1 ,republic #ejgejh4 #hfb ,porphyry1 ,on the ,cave of the ,nymph #bb1 says that ,cancer and ,capricorn are the two gates of the sun2 and that souls descend through ,cancer and rise aloft through ,capricorn4 #hfc ,this seems to identify ,attis with the sun's rays4 #hfd ,chaldean astrology and the ,chaldean oracles are often cited with respect by the ,neo,platonists2 for allusions to their worship of the ,sevenrayed ,mithras 7,helios7 cf4 ,damascius #bid and ,proclus on ,timaeus #a4 #aa4 #hfe e4g4 ,iamblichus and especially ,maximus of ,ephesus who is a typical theurgist of the fourth century ,a4,d4 and was supposed to work miracles4 #hff ,shorey1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #hfg ,wright1 ,,mss41 ,hertlein4 #hfh ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hfi ,the ,eleusinian ,mysteries of ,demeter and ,persephone2 the ,lesser were celebrated in ,february1 the greater in ,september4 #hgj ,plato1 ,gorgias #dig ,c2 ,plutarch1 ,demetrius #ijj ,b4 #hga ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hgb ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hgc ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hgd cf4 ,oration #d4 #aca ,a4 #hge ,attis4 #hgf ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hgg cf4 #afh ,d#afi ,a1 #aga ,c4 #hgh ,wyttenbach1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #hgi ,the construction of is not clear2 ,petavius suspects corruption or omission4 #hhj ,naber1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #hha ,naber4 #hhb ,theaetetus #agf ,a2 cf4 ,oration #b4 #ij ,a4 #hhc i4e4 to the intelligible world and the ,one2 cf4 #afi ,c4 #hhd ,porphyry1 ,on ,abstinence #c4 #e1 gives a list of these sacred birds2 e4g4 the owl sacred to ,athene1 the eagle to ,zeus1 the crane to ,demeter4 #hhe ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hhf ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hhg ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4 #hhh cf4 ,aristotle1 ,on the ,generation of ,animals #gcf b4 #cg1 for the breath 1 that envelops the disembodied soul and resembles aether4 ,the ,stoics sometimes defined the soul as a 8warm breath10 4 #hhi ,the phrase probably occurred in an oracular verse4 #hij ,oration #f4 #bjc ,c2 ,demosthenes1 ,de ,corona #cjh1 444 4 #hia ,shorey1 ,hertlein1 ,,mss4 #hib ,the epithet means 8favoured by ,aphrodite40 #hic ,in this rendering of 7which may here mean 8,reason07 ,i follow ,mau p4 #aac1 and ,asmus1 ,julians ,galilerschrift p4 #ca4 #hid ,hertlein suggests1 ,,mss4