,,library ,,cataloguing ,library ,cataloguing ,,by ,j4 ,,henry ,,quinn ,librarian1 ,metropolitan ,borough of ,chelsea2 ,library ,association ,examiner in ,cataloguing and ,lecturer in ,librarianship1 ,london ,school of ,economics 7,univ4 of ,london47 ,,london3 ,,truslove ,,hanson1 ,,ltd4 #aiac4 ,,london3 ,,truslove ,,and ,,bray1 ,,ltd41 ,,printers1 ,,west ,,norwood1 ,s4,e4 ,,preface4 ,some years ago ,i prepared a ,manual of ,library ,cataloguing1 which met with more acceptance than was expected1 and has been out of print for some time4 ,upon considering requests for a new edition1 ,i concluded that a book upon somewhat different lines would be more likely to meet the present requirements of librarians and library assistants--this volume is the result4 ,no pretence is made that the work is exhaustive or complete1 but it is hoped that it will serve as a practical and useful introduction to the several codes of cataloguing rules4 ,the statements made in it are not meant to be dogmatic1 but they indicate the lines upon which good and accurate work is to be accomplished4 ,as the illustrative examples were chosen from every-day books1 and are worked out as simply as possible1 they should be found useful by beginners2 especially in preparing for the examinations of the ,library ,association in this subject4 ,i am indebted to my friend ,mr4 ,frank ,pacy1 ,city ,librarian of ,westminster1 for reading my proofs and suggesting many improvements1 although ,i am sure he would not care to accept responsibility for all the views expressed or the mode of expressing them4 ,j4 ,h4 ,q4 ,chelsea1 ,london1 ,s4,w4 ,july1 #aiac4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,introductory4 ,,page ,the ,difficulties of ,cataloguing a ,library--,the ,qualities ,desirable in a ,cataloguer--,the ,necessity for ,systematic ,cataloguing #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,short ,history of ,modern ,cataloguing4 ,the ,british ,museum ,rules--,jewett's ,rules--,crestadoro's ,catalogues--,huggins' ,liverpool ,catalogue--,cutter's ,rules--,the ,anglo-,american ,code--,dziatzko's ,instruction--,dewey's ,classification--,the ,british ,museum and other ,catalogues #g ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,dictionary versus ,classified ,catalogues4 ,form to be fixed--,the users of ,catalogues--,questions ,catalogues are expected to answer--,the ,dictionary ,catalogue--,the ,classified ,catalogue--,the ,alphabetico-,classed ,catalogue--,definitions #ai ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,single ,author ,principal-,entry4 ,stationery--,the ,author-,entry--,full ,names--,imprint and ,collation--,order of ,information ,tabulated--,subject-,entry--,headings-- ,class-,entry #cb ,,chapter ,v4 ,joint-,authors4 ,joint-,authors--,collations--,synonymou s ,subject-,headings--,participants in a ,correspondence--,references--,man and ,wife as ,joint ,authors #dh ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,books by more than ,two ,authors4 ,composite ,books4 ,books by ,three ,authors--,choice of ,subject-,headings--,cross-,references-- ,books by a ,number of ,authors--,ecclesiastical and other ,titles of ,honour--,the use of ,capitals--,editors--,dates of ,publication--,title-,entries--,punctuat ion--,indexing ,contents of ,composite ,books--,separate ,works printed together--,volumes of ,essays by ,single ,authors #eh ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,illustrated ,books4 ,music4 ,authors and ,illustrators--,translations of ,foreign ,titles of ,books of ,illustrations and of ,music--,the ,cataloguing of ,music--,librettists--,indexing ,miscellaneous ,music--,dates of ,publication #hj ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,publications of ,governments1 ,societies1 and ,corporate ,bodies4 ,co-operative ,indexes--,publications of ,societies--,publishing ,societies--,government ,publications--,statutes--,colonial and ,foreign ,government ,publications--,local ,government ,publications--,associations and ,institutions--,congresses #ie ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,compound ,names4 ,names with ,prefixes4 ,greek and ,roman ,names4 ,rendering of the ,names of ,foreign ,authors--,compound ,names--,changed ,names--,foreign ,compound ,names--,names with ,prefixes--,short ,entries--,title-,entries--,foreign ,names with ,prefixes--,greek and ,latin ,authors #aaj ,,chapter ,x4 ,first ,name ,entry4 ,monarchs--,queens--,order of ,arrangement--,princes--,popes--,series ,entries--,saints--,friars--,medival ,names--,artists1 c4 #acb ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,noblemen4 ,oriental ,names4 ,noblemen--,title v4 ,family ,name--,double ,subject-,entry--,oriental ,names--,indian ,names--,japanese and ,chinese ,names--,hebrew ,names--,maori ,names #adh ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,pseudonyms4 ,married ,women4 ,pseudonyms v4 ,real ,names--,the ,better-known ,name--,methods of ,marking ,pseudonyms--,writers who use ,two ,names--,phrase-,pseudonyms--,specific ,entry--,repetition ,dashes--,use of ,capitals for ,emphasis--,women's ,names ,changed by ,marriage--,anonymous ,books--,the ,discovery of ,authors of ,anonymous ,books--,by the ,author of ------,names consisting of ,initials only #afa ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,the ,bible and other ,sacred ,books4 ,newspapers1 c4 ,anonyma continued--,the ,bible and other ,sacred ,books--,commentaries and ,concordances--,newspapers and ,periodicals--,directories and ,annuals #ahe ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,miscellaneous4 ,title-,entries--,classics--,specific ,subject--,concentration of ,subject--,definite ,headings--,popular ,terms--,historical ,fiction--,novels in ,series--,sequels--,fiction ,known by ,special ,titles--,books with ,changed ,titles--,annotations--,form ,entries--,summary ,hints #aii ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,the ,printing of ,catalogues4 ,the ,preparation of ,copy--,markings for ,type--,styles of ,printing in ,various ,catalogues--,table of ,types--,tenders for ,printing--,model ,specification--,reading and ,correction of ,proofs--,type ,kept ,standing #bag ,,appendix ,a4--,the ,correction of ,printer's ,proof #bcf ,b4--,a ,list of ,contractions #bci ,c4--,a ,list of ,pseudonyms with the ,real ,names #bdb ,,index #bej ,library ,cataloguing4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,introductory4 ,the difficulties of ,cataloguing a ,library4 ,the qualities desirable in a ,cataloguer4 ,the necessity for ,systematic ,cataloguing4 ,among the varied duties of a librarian that of cataloguing his books is generally supposed by the uninitiated to be one of the easiest4 ,the popular idea is that books are sent to libraries--public libraries at any rate--by grateful publishers1 when all the librarian has to do is to catalogue them1 put them up in rows on shelves1 and hand them out to the first person who asks for them4 ,the cataloguing of a library is ranked with that of any other inventory1 and a catalogue popularly regarded as a mere list1 calling for no particular knowledge1 effort1 or care in its production4 ,the late ,prof4 ,john ,fiske opens an interesting essay on ,a ,librarian's ,work in his ,darwinism and other ,essays 7,macmillan1 #ahgi7 in these words1 which are equally applicable to any library of any pretension3-- ,i am very frequently asked what in the world a librarian can find to do with his time1 or am perhaps congratulated on my connection with ,harvard ,college ,library1 on the ground that being virtually a sinecure office 767 it must leave so much leisure for private study and work of a literary sort4 ,those who put such questions1 or offer such congratulations1 are naturally astonished when told that the library affords enough work to employ all my own time1 as well as that of twenty assistants2 and astonishment is apt to rise to bewilderment when it is added that seventeen of these assistants are occupied chiefly with cataloguing2 for1 generally1 ,i find1 a library catalogue is assumed to be a thing that is somehow made at a single stroke1 as ,aladdin's palace was built1 at intervals of ten or a dozen years1 or whenever a new catalogue is thought to be needed4 ,how often do you make a catalogue8 or ,when will your catalogue be completed8 are questions revealing such transcendent misapprehension of the case that little but further mystification can be got from the mere answer1 ,we are always making a catalogue1 and it will never be finished4 ,prof4 ,fiske then proceeds to describe the difficulties of cataloguing a library3 just cataloguing a book not being by any means so simple a task2 and he goes on to demonstrate that the work requires considerable judgment and discrimination besides a great deal of slow1 plodding research4 ,perhaps there is no literary labour of the kind1 mere hewing of wood and drawing of water though it be1 that so quickly takes the conceit out of those essaying it1 they finding it both arduous and perplexing4 ,the peculiarities of titles are1 like the idiosyncrasies of authors1 innumerable4 ,books are in all languages and treat of subjects as multitudinous as the topics of human thought4 ,a good cataloguer should be learned in the history of all literary1 scientific1 religious1 philosophical1 economic1 and political movements of all ages and all countries1 and especially must he be abreast of the times in a knowledge of men and things1 literary1 scientific1 and otherwise4 ,he needs be something of a linguist1 should be exact1 orderly1 methodical1 with fixed ideas and yet an open mind1 painstaking1 and persevering4 ,even with the exercise of all these attainments and qualities1 his work will not be found to be beyond criticism4 ,no pretence is made to assert that cataloguers as a body do conform to this ideal2 if they did it is probable they would find more profitable employment4 ,the next best thing to possessing these qualifications1 however1 is to have as many as can be attained1 and make up for the rest by knowing where to find information as needed4 ,if the cataloguer be not a walking encyclopdia in himself1 he at least should know how to utilise the printed ones1 and all other literature at his command4 ,there are many kinds of library catalogues ranging from the mere lists made by private persons of their own books to the great ,catalogue of ,printed ,books in the ,british ,museum1 which is so extensive by reason of the number of books contained in it1 that its entries are virtually limited to a single item for each book4 ,whether small or great1 the principles governing their compilation are much the same1 the following chapters being principally intended as a guide to the cataloguing of a public library of average size4 ,no matter how good a library may be1 its collections are practically lost and useless without an adequate1 properly-compiled catalogue4 ,as ,carlyle puts it ,a big collection of books without a good catalogue is a ,polyphemus with no eye in his head4 ,even an indifferent library can be made to render comparatively good service with a good catalogue4 ,in order to compile such a catalogue it is essential that certain particulars be given descriptive of the books1 and in so systematic a way that1 while the entries will afford all reasonable information to the person well-versed in books1 they shall1 at the same time1 be so clear and simple in character as to be understood without much effort by anyone of average intelligence4 ,these particulars should be comprehensive enough to afford some general idea of the nature and scope of the book described without actually examining it1 though in this respect much depends upon the character and resources of the library4 ,the full descriptions usual in special bibliographies meant for experts are not to be expected or required in the catalogue of a popular general library4 ,the value of a good catalogue does not depend upon its extent or size any more than does that of a good book1 but rather upon the exactness of the method by which the information given is digested and concentrated4 ,there are library catalogues so elaborately compiled and imposing in appearance that they might be1 and often are1 considered to be most excellent productions1 whereas those who use them find them little more than a medley of book-titles--pedantic without being learned4 ,on the other hand1 infinite riches in a little room would often be an appropriate motto for some insignificant-looking catalogue4 ,sometimes it happens that quite a small library has a large catalogue4 ,this does not always arise from a desire to make the most of the library1 but may1 likely enough1 be owing to the fact that the compilation was undertaken by some over-zealous committeeman or other amateur1 who1 being fond of books1 considered this a sufficient qualification for cataloguing them without knowing that it is far easier to over-catalogue a library than to do the work judiciously--the result being both wasteful and disastrous4 ,the first catalogues of the smaller public libraries are sometimes of this character1 not always for the reason just stated2 probably owing to the desire to save the salary of the librarian by postponing his appointment to the last moment4 ,he is then expected to select and purchase the books as well as produce a printed catalogue of them within a few weeks3 the conception being that a library can be selected1 arranged1 and listed in bulk as goods are bought1 displayed1 and ticketed in a shop1 and in as short a time4 ,the cataloguing1 then1 has perforce to be delegated to an assistant1 who possibly has no training whatever4 ,for this reason and others the catalogue of a new public library can seldom be taken as representing the knowledge or ability of the librarian as a cataloguer4 ,with the spread and rise in the standard of education1 more exact and better work is now demanded in libraries than was the case during the early years after the passing of the first ,public ,libraries ,act4 ,the slipshod1 unsystematic cataloguing at one time in vogue is not acceptable now1 and the public demands something more than bald lists compiled upon no principle in particular1 which are often more bewildering than helpful to an inquiring reader4 ,the student and that interesting person the general reader have a better understanding than formerly of the uses and peculiarities of books1 and look for precise information concerning them4 ,no better evidence of the general interest taken in books is needed than that afforded by the large place occupied by the reviewing of literature of all kinds in the daily press and popular journals1 even in minor periodicals4 ,there must be a public for such reviews1 otherwise editors would not provide them2 and1 no doubt1 the spread of libraries has something to do with it4 ,the old dictum that it was not the business of a cataloguer to go behind1 or add to1 the information deemed sufficient by an author for the title-page of his book does not now find acceptance4 ,those who are possessed of even a little experience will know that it is impossible to compile a library catalogue in a haphazard fashion1 and that clear and definite rules for guidance must be laid down before any part of the work is attempted1 otherwise confusion and want of proportion will result1 to say nothing of the likelihood of the loss of work already done4 ,happily for a number of years now the rules governing the proper compilation of catalogues have been codified1 and the following chapters1 while based upon no particular code1 are meant to serve as a practical introduction to the best-known of them with some little modifications that have been found to be convenient in practice4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,short ,history of ,modern ,cataloguing4 ,the ,british ,museum ,rules4 ,jewett's ,rules4 ,crestadoro's ,catalogues4 ,huggins' ,liverpool ,catalogue4 ,cutter's ,rules4 ,the ,anglo-,american ,code4 ,dziatzko's ,instruction4 ,dewey's ,classification4 ,the ,british ,museum and other ,catalogues4 ,before proceeding to consider the practical side of the subject1 we may take a brief glance at the history of modern cataloguing of public libraries in this country4 ,the earlier catalogues were limited either to author-entries or were classified according to the whims of the compiler1 sometimes according to the rooms or shelves in which the books were placed4 ,the subject of cataloguing received the most serious attention in the year #ahej1 and1 roundly1 we may date its history from then4 ,the ,rules for the ,compilation of the ,catalogue of ,printed ,books in the ,library of the ,british ,museum had been adopted in #ahci1 and were printed in #ahda4 ,in a great measure they may be regarded as the basis of all cataloguing rules since that time1 at any rate for author-entry or its equivalent4 ,in #ahej a ,royal ,commission on the management of the ,british ,museum had sat and issued its report1 and rate-supported public libraries were coming into existence4 ,there had been much discussion on the need for an adequate and promptly-produced catalogue of the books in the ,museum1 and many views upon the subject were set forth1 especially by literary experts4 ,their criticism was in the main directed against the existing rules known as ,panizzi's4 ,anthony ,panizzi1 then ,principal ,librarian1 with others of the ,museum staff1 including ,thomas ,watts1 ,winter ,jones1 and ,edward ,edwards1 had each separately prepared a set of rules according to his own ideas for the compilation of the projected catalogue1 and these were afterwards discussed by the compilers collectively1 and differences of opinion decided by vote4 ,the ,secretary of this ,royal ,commission was ,j4 ,payne ,collier1 and he was one of the opposers of ,panizzi's rules1 especially taking exception to the fulness of entry because of the delay it entailed4 ,to show practically how he would catalogue he tried his hand on twenty-five books in his own library and submitted the results4 ,mr4 ,winter ,jones reported upon it1 and said it contained almost every possible error which can be committed in cataloguing books4 ,payne ,collier's attempt and his justification of it appear in the first part of the ,gentleman's ,magazine for #ahej1 where it will be seen that a ,german edition of ,shakespeare is entered under the editor alone1 and a play of ,aristophanes is also so treated1 besides other mistakes of a very amateurish nature4 ,in this same year 7#ahej7 attention was being directed in ,america to library cataloguing4 ,the ,smithsonian ,institution sent out a circular to the effect that1 being desirous of facilitating research in literature and science1 and of thus aiding in the increase and diffusion of knowledge1 it had resolved to form a general catalogue of the various libraries in the ,united ,states4 ,the librarian of the institution1 ,prof4 ,charles ,c4 ,jewett1 had prepared plans for the accomplishment of this object4 ,the first part related to the stereotyping of catalogues by separate titles in a uniform style4 ,this stereotyping was proposed to save time1 labour1 and expense in the preparation of new editions of such a general catalogue4 ,only as many copies as were needed for present use were to be struck off1 and then new editions were to be printed from time to time with later additions also in stereotype4 ,this idea1 though it crops up from time to time1 has now no novelty about it1 though recent inventions in type-setting machines have certainly given cause for its reconsideration4 ,no plan of this kind1 particularly if it were to be co-operative among the libraries1 could be of the least value unless there were uniformity of compilation according to fixed rules1 and so the second part consists of a set of general rules to be recommended for adoption by the different libraries of the ,united ,states in the preparation of their catalogues4 ,jewett's code was based upon ,panizzi's ,rules for the ,british ,museum1 with modifications and additions to suit them to general use1 and more especially in connection with his proposed co-operative catalogue4 ,upon this point he says1 ,the rules for cataloguing must be stringent1 and should meet as far as possible all difficulties of detail4 ,nothing1 so far as can be avoided1 should be left to the individual taste or judgment of the cataloguer4 ,he should be a man of sufficient learning1 accuracy1 and fidelity1 to apply the rules4 ,in order to emphasise further the need for uniformity1 he proceeds to say that if the one adopted were that of the worst of our catalogues1 if it were strictly followed in all alike1 their uniformity would render catalogues thus made far more useful than the present chaos of irregularities4 ,from his point of view of a national catalogue1 he was perfectly right1 though for general cataloguing the argument is not convincing4 ,probably there is room for a greater degree of uniformity in the catalogues of public libraries than exists at present1 and a better understanding upon this point might be of some advantage to readers and workers generally4 ,the fact that catalogue rules of a standard kind exist does not seem to have exercised any great influence in this respect4 ,the full title of ,jewett's work is ,on the ,construction of ,catalogues of ,libraries and their ,publication by means of separate ,stereotyped ,titles1 with ,rules and ,examples1 by ,chas4 ,c4 ,jewett1 ,librarian of the ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,washington4 ,the first edition was issued in #aheb1 and another in the following year4 ,the number of rules is thirty-nine1 and they are furnished with a series of examples and a specimen subject-index4 ,this may be regarded as the first code of rules which contains subject-entries as well as author-entries4 ,in #ahef1 some two years before ,jewett put his rules into practice in a catalogue of the ,boston ,public ,library1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,crestadoro published a pamphlet on ,the ,art of ,making ,catalogues of ,libraries4 ,the system he recommended was to compile the catalogue with the titles of the books given fully1 leading off with the author's names1 but arranged in no particular order4 ,these entries were to be consecutively numbered4 ,to this list of books there was to be an index of authors and subjects in a brief form with the number referring to the entry in the main catalogue4 ,the subject-words were to be taken from the titles of the books themselves and accordingly books with synonymous titles were entered under those titles with such cross-references as were needed4 ,this method was put into force by ,crestadoro when librarian of the ,manchester ,public ,library1 and the catalogue still remains in use for the older books in the ,reference ,library there4 ,the first volume was published in #ahfd1 the entries being numbered from #a to #bf1ecd1 though they are arranged more or less alphabetically under authors' names1 or the principal subject-words if anonymous4 ,to this volume is attached a brief subject-matter index4 ,two later volumes were published in #ahgi1 and in these the books are apparently entered very much as they were received into the ,library4 ,a separate volume1 however1 serves as an index1 both of authors and subjects1 to all three volumes1 and this volume is still the real finding catalogue1 the volumes with the full particulars being little used in comparison4 ,this index-form of brief entries of authors and subjects in one alphabet was utilised for catalogues of lending libraries in ,manchester2 the following example of later date being taken from one of these3-- ,glacial ,period1 ,man and the4 ,by ,wright ,glaciers of the ,alps3 a ,lecture4 ,by ,molloy ,gladiators4 ,by ,melville ,gladman 7,f4 ,j47 ,school ,method ,gladstone 7,catherine7 ,life of4 ,by ,pratt ,gladstone 7,j4 ,h47 ,michael ,faraday4 ,gladstone 7,w4 ,e47 ,biography of4 ,by ,russell -- ,biography of4 ,by ,smith -- ,character of4 -- ,england under4 ,by ,mc,carthy -- ,essay on4 ,by ,brown -- ,gladstone's ,house of ,commons4 ,by ,o',connor -- ,gleanings of ,past ,years -- ,government4 ,by ,kent -- ,homer -- ,impregnable ,rock of ,holy ,scripture ,a similar arrangement was also adopted for the ,birmingham ,public ,library by the late ,j4 ,d4 ,mullins in #ahfi4 ,at this time1 or a little earlier1 ,samuel ,huggins1 a retired architect1 was engaged by the ,liverpool ,corporation to compile a catalogue of the ,public ,reference ,library there4 ,he took ,jewett's ,catalogue of the ,boston ,public ,library as his model1 but with certain modifications4 ,he says in the shaping out of all its chief features--,poetry1 ,painting1 ,music1 ,architecture1 the ,drama1 ,novels1 and the ,bible group1 it has been so treated as to constitute it an original and unique catalogue1 which in regard both to form and detail of these great departments of the field of knowledge is superior1 so far as ,i know1 to any other work of the kind4 ,the subjects generally are more concentrated1 brought into fewer and larger groups than in the excellent catalogue just named--that is ,jewett's ,boston one4 ,one of the principles that he lays down is that a book of science or art with a geographical limitation will be found not under the scientific subject of which it treats1 but under the name of the country or place to which the scientific research is confined1 and so a book on the conchology of ,france does not appear under ,conchology but under ,france--subject division ,natural ,history4 ,mr4 ,huggins apparently was not satisfied that this idea met all needs as he printed an appendix to his volume wherein for the greater convenience of the student1 those works in the catalogue which1 by the geographical principle of distribution1 are classed under the places to which their subjects respectively are confined1 and so1 wide scattered1 are brought together1 and grouped according to their subject4 ,the work was published in #ahgb1 its main principles being more distinctly those we now understand by the form a dictionary catalogue and it was probably the first of the kind in this country4 ,under the older index catalogues a book upon ,palestine might be under such headings as ,palestine1 ,holy ,land1 ,land of ,promise1 ,lands of the ,bible1 ,bible ,lands1 or any other title adopted by the authors on their title-pages1 whereas these were all concentrated under a single heading with such reasonable references and cross-references as were needed to bind the whole together or syndetic as ,cutter terms it4 ,this catalogue is still in use in the ,liverpool ,reference ,library1 but has been improved in detail in the later supplementary volumes1 including the elimination of the form-headings1 of which ,mr4 ,huggins made so much4 ,other developments in library cataloguing about this period lay more in the direction of attempts to combine the hitherto almost general classified catalogues with subject and author catalogues in the unsatisfactory alphabetico-classed form4 ,up to this time1 however1 there was no adequate code of rules suited to all requirements4 ,as we have seen1 the ,british ,museum rules were for author-entry1 and ,jewett's were by no means complete enough for the purpose4 ,in #ahgf1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,cutter published his ,rules for a ,printed ,dictionary ,catalogue1 this work forming the second volume or part of the ,special ,report of the ,u4,s4 ,bureau of ,education on the ,history1 ,condition1 and ,management of ,public ,libraries in the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,these rules numbered #bje as compared with ,jewett's #ci1 and ,mr4 ,cutter put them into use in1 if they were not actually based upon1 his large ,catalogue of the ,library of the ,boston ,athenum4 ,a second edition of these rules1 with corrections and additions1 was issued as a separate work in #ahhi1 a third in #ahia1 and a fourth in #aijd4 ,this last edition contained ,mr4 ,cutter's latest corrections and additions 7he died in ,september1 #aijc71 the number of rules being increased thereby to #cfi4 ,it is at present the standard and most exhaustive work of the kind1 and is unlikely to be soon superseded1 though it will be improved upon from time to time as library practice requires and its essential principles become embodied in other codes4 ,librarians of all ranks are indebted to the ,american ,government for the generosity with which they distributed it freely to applicants4 ,both the ,american and ,british ,library ,associations formulated rules--the former in #ahgh and the latter in #ahhc--though neither can be said to have been of much service1 the ,american being a condensation of ,cutter with some unimportant variations1 and the ,british getting no further than author and title entries4 ,the two ,associations have now combined in a series of rules known as the ,anglo-,american code and entitled ,cataloguing ,rules1 ,author and ,title ,entries1 compiled by ,committees of the ,american ,library ,association and of the ,library ,association4 ,this was published in #aijh1 and the history of its production forms a preface to the work4 ,a fuller history and description of it by the ,secretary of the ,british ,committee1 ,mr4 ,john ,minto1 is contained in the ,library ,association ,record1 volume #aa1 #aiji4 ,a noteworthy statement he makes is ,i do not think that it was supposed to be the business of the ,committee to provide for the needs of very small libraries1 which1 on account of the inadequacy of their funds1 are unable to provide full catalogues1 and are obliged to be content with mere title-a-line lists4 ,the requirements of such libraries are already well served with existing codes--for example ,cutter's ,rules which provide alternative forms1 short1 medium1 and full1 for various grades of libraries4 ,for this very reason the ,anglo-,american code will never find much favour for practical use in this country1 though it is at present the basis for the ,library ,association examinations in this subject4 ,in #ahhf ,prof4 ,dziatzko published his ,instruction fr die ,ordnung der ,titel im alphabetischen ,zettelkatalog der ,kniglichen und ,universitts-,bibliothek zu ,breslau which ,mr4 ,k4 ,a4 ,linderfelt of ,milwaukee translated and adapted in #ahij1 with the other standard rules1 under the title ,eclectic ,card ,catalog ,rules1 ,author and ,title ,entries1 based on ,dziatzko's ',instruction' compared with the ,rules of the ,british ,museum1 ,cutter1 ,dewey1 ,perkins1 and other ,authorities4 ,it is so ample in its details that it covers all possible forms of authors' names and is therefore most valuable for reference or for compiling any catalogues1 though it may contain a great deal that is rarely required in average library practice4 ,the appendix1 containing a list of oriental titles and occupations with their significance1 is a useful feature of the work4 ,so many classified catalogues have appeared of late years arranged according to the ,dewey ,decimal ,system that no notes upon the history of cataloguing would be complete without some reference to that system4 ,there is no doubt that it is mainly responsible for the revival of this form of catalogue4 ,the system was planned or invented by ,mr4 ,melvil ,dewey1 when librarian of ,amherst ,college1 ,u4,s4,a41 and was in the first instance intended for cataloguing and indexing purposes1 though it is now more commonly used for classifying and numbering the books upon the shelves4 ,it was the result of a good deal of careful study of library needs and1 on the face of it1 is simple and practical4 ,as to this ,dewey says in all the work philosophical theory and accuracy have been made to yield to practical usefulness4 ,the impossibility of making a satisfactory classification of all knowledge1 as preserved in books1 has been appreciated from the first1 and nothing of the kind attempted4 ,theoretical harmony and exactness have been repeatedly sacrificed to the practical requirements of the library4 ,in spite of this statement it is astonishing how few defects it has as a system of classification1 especially when it is remembered that every class and every subject is divided into ten heads4 ,this limitation has the tendency to congest some subjects while others do not admit of the use of so many as ten numbers4 ,withal it is very elastic and useful1 though1 as may be expected1 things ,american get preferential and fuller treatment4 ,the first edition was published from ,amherst ,college ,library in #ahgf1 the second from ,columbia ,college ,library in #ahhe1 the third in #ahhh1 the fourth from the ,new ,york ,state ,library in #ahia2 the last 7edition #g7 being that of #aiaa1 each being a revision and enlargement of the earlier edition4 ,the very full index attached to the scheme makes it comparatively easy to use1 but1 in the process of using1 it is astonishing how many books have to be specially considered as to their correct place1 a comparison of catalogues compiled under the system showing that different minds have interpreted the scheme quite differently4 ,there are other schemes of classification applicable to cataloguing1 as for instance that known as the ,expansive1 the compilation of the late ,c4 ,a4 ,cutter1 and the ,adjustable of ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,brown4 ,this last is used in several public libraries worked upon what is termed the open access system4 ,the earlier history of classified cataloguing is treated fully enough for most purposes in ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,brown's books on library classification4 ,even this mere sketch in outline of cataloguing history would be incomplete without some allusion to the printing of the ,british ,museum ,catalogue of ,printed ,books4 ,the printing of the first portion1 containing the books to the end of #ahha1 was the work of twenty years1 and consists of #cic parts1 which superseded more than #b1jjj folio volumes of the manuscript catalogue4 ,the supplement containing the books added to the ,museum during the years #ahhb-ahii was completed in #aije1 and those who have the opportunity of constant reference to the pages of the complete work know how valuable--even indispensable--it is1 and look forward to the appearance of the next supplement4 ,decennial supplements would be none too frequent4 ,when to-day so many excellent catalogues of libraries are produced it would be invidious to single out any for special praise1 but no excuse is needed for naming that of the ,london ,library published in #aijc with its subject volume of #aiji1 both volumes being remarkable for condensation and accuracy4 ,at this time 7#aiac7 a new revised and enlarged edition is announced for publication4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,wheatley's interesting little book1 ,how to ,catalogue a ,library1 must not be overlooked in connection with the history of modern library cataloguing1 particularly the chapter on ,the ,battle of the ,rules4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,dictionary versus ,classified ,catalogues4 ,form to be fixed4 ,the users of ,catalogues4 ,questions ,catalogues are expected to answer4 ,the ,dictionary ,catalogue4 ,the ,classified ,catalogue4 ,the ,alphabetico-,classed ,catalogue4 ,definitions4 ,we now proceed to consider the needs of those for whom our catalogues are prepared4 ,it may be presumed that most of those who use this book are engaged in municipal or similar libraries1 where the requirements of the many must be taken into account rather than the special needs of the few4 ,for those who have yet to acquire experience it is as well to state that in cataloguing1 as in most other departments of library work1 a definite decision as to the form and methods to be adopted must be made at the outset1 as it is impossible to start upon one form and then change to another without confusion or the sacrifice of work already done4 ,then1 again1 readers as a rule are extremely conservative1 and not only dislike a change but are quick to resent it even when the advantages are sufficiently obvious to warrant it4 ,librarians and their assistants1 too1 get accustomed to a particular method1 and after several years of working find it difficult to make a change to another without it affecting their work1 often unconsciously4 ,the spread of education and reading nowadays would lead us to suppose that most people possess a sufficient amount of general knowledge to enable them to make an intelligent use of a catalogue1 provided it is compiled upon well-defined and logical principles4 ,should the compiler happen to have all the accomplishments named in ,chapter ,i41 and yield to the temptation to air them by the production of a highly scientific catalogue1 he will find that his labours are unappreciated1 and that he must adapt his work to the needs of the average man in the street4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,wheatley says as to this that some persons seem to think that everything is to be brought down to the comprehension of the fool2 but if by doing this we make it more difficult for the intelligent person1 the action is surely not politic4 ,the consulter of a catalogue might at least take the trouble to understand the plan upon which it is compiled before using it4 ,mr4 ,wheatley's experience is not that of public librarians generally1 as not one person in a thousand does take this trouble4 ,however this may be1 there is no difficulty in attaining the happy medium whereby the ignorant 7speaking1 of course1 comparatively7 finds his wants met as readily as the most learned1 and with simplicity and thoroughness4 ,it has been put in other words thus3 ,the right doctrine for a public library catalogue is that it should be made not from the scientific cataloguer's point of view1 with a minimum of indulgence for ignoramuses1 but from the ignoramus's point of view with a minimum1 of indulgence for the scientific cataloguer4 ,that the person who not only does not know but does not even know how to search should be primarily provided for4 ,therefore this idea of suiting the needs of the particular public using the library must never be overlooked by the cataloguer4 ,besides considering what are likely to be the needs of the majority of the readers who will use the library to be catalogued1 we must decide what is the maximum amount of information that the catalogue should afford them1 also which form will give the most of this information with the least trouble and delay to the inquirer4 ,what are the questions likely to be asked that a catalogue can be reasonably expected to answer8 ,these do not exceed a dozen1 and are as follows3-- #a4--;,have you a particular book by a given author8 #b4--,what books have you by a given author8 #c4--,what books in the library has a particular person edited1 translated1 or illustrated8 #d4--,what books have you upon a specific subject8 say roses4 #e4--,what books are there relating to a general subject8 say all kinds of flowers4 #f4--,what books have you in a particular class of literature8 say biography or theology4 #g4--,what books have you in a particular language8 #h4--,what books have you in a particular literature8 say ,french4 7,this is a somewhat remote but not unreasonable question47 #i4--;,have you a book 7author unnamed7 bearing a particular title8 and1 on the same footing with this inquiry1 ,have you any of the series called so and so8 #aj4--,what books have you in a particular form of literature8 as poetry4 #aa4--;,have you a novel or other work by a particular author dealing with a particular period8 or any similar question relating to the inner nature of a book4 #ab4--;,in what volume of an author's works is a particular essay contained8 7,this last question is really the same as the first in another form47 ,the first and second questions will be answered by a catalogue consisting of author-entries1 that is a dictionary of authors1 or if compiled under the ,british ,museum rules it will answer these and the third also to a large extent4 ,in addition it should answer ,no4 #ab4 ,questions #d1 #e1 #f1 and #aj can be answered by means of the catalogue known as classified--the entries being arranged in general classes and sub-divided as necessary1 but logically1 according to the scientific relations of the subjects of the books4 ,if an author-index is added other questions also would be answered with a little trouble4 ,the same questions will be answered by the form known as alphabetico-classed--that is a catalogue of subject1 class1 and form entries arranged alphabetically4 ,no one style of catalogue1 however1 will answer all of these questions1 but the one that will answer most of them with the least trouble and loss of time to the user is that known as the dictionary catalogue4 ,it consists of an arrangement of author1 subject1 and 7to a limited extent7 title entries in a single alphabetical sequence1 and is by far the most popular form4 ,it is neither economical nor the most logical1 but its convenience for ready reference compensates for these defects4 ,it ordinarily answers questions #a1 #b1 #d1 #e1 #i1 and can be made to answer questions #c1 #g1 #aa1 and #ab--that is nine questions out of the twelve4 ,the two most common forms of catalogues are the dictionary and the classified4 ,for many years much controversy has arisen respecting their comparative usefulness1 and there is much to be said in favour of both1 each having merits1 as already shown1 not possessed by the other4 ,the late ,c4 ,a4 ,cutter points out the advantages of the classified catalogue1 thus3 ,one who is pursuing any general course of study finds brought together in one part of the catalogue most of the books he needs4 ,he sees not merely books on the particular topic in which he is interested1 but in immediate neighbourhood works on related topics1 suggesting to him courses of investigation which he might otherwise overlook4 ,he finds it an assistance to have all these works spread out before him1 so that he can take a general survey of the ground before he chooses his route2 and as he goes back1 day after day1 to his particular part of the catalogue he becomes familiar with it1 turns to it at once1 and uses it with ease4 ,the same is true of the numerous class who are not making any investigation or pursuing any definite course of study1 but are merely desultory readers4 ,their choice of books is usually made from certain kinds of literature or classes of subjects4 ,some like poetry or essays or plays curiously he omits novels2 others like religious works1 or philosophical works1 or scientific works1 not caring about the particular subject of the book so much as whether it be well-written or interesting4 ,to these persons it is a convenience that their favourite kind of reading should all be contained in one or two parts of the catalogue1 and freed from the confusing admixture of titles of a different sort4 ,an alphabetical list of specific subjects is to them little more suggestive than an alphabetical list of authors4 ,it is true that by following up all the references of a dictionary catalogue under ,theology1 for example1 a man may construct for himself a list of the theological literature in the library2 but to do this requires time and a mental effort1 and it is the characteristic of the desultory reader that he is averse to mental effort4 ,what is wanted by him and by the busy man when now and then he has the same object1 is to find the titles from which he would select brought together within the compass of a few pages2 few1 that is1 in comparison with the whole catalogue4 ,it may be #ejj pages1 but #ejj pages are better than #aj1jjj4 ,the classed catalogue is better suited also than any other to exhibit the richness of the library in particular departments4 ,cutter1 at the same time1 proceeds to name some of the disadvantages of this style of catalogue4 ,a large part of the public are not pursuing general investigations4 ,they want to find a particular book or a particular subject quickly2 and the necessity of mastering a complex system before using the catalogue is an unwelcome delay or an absolute bar to its use4 ,then1 again1 there is the difficulty of want of agreement as to classifications4 ,the simple remedy for such difficulty is an alphabetical index of all the subjects appearing in the catalogue1 whereby an inquirer is directed to the particular part of the catalogue in which he will find books upon the subject or topic he wants4 ,there are very few1 if any1 catalogues of the kind without indexes now1 though in the early days they were seldom provided4 ,as said already1 early catalogues of libraries were mostly either classified or simply author catalogues4 ,the classification was1 often enough1 very poor1 the sub-division not being carried very far1 and this led to the invention or evolution of the dictionary catalogue and brought the classified1 such as it was1 into disrepute4 ,the cataloguing of a library is one of the most troublesome and expensive departments of its administration4 ,the cost of printing is greater than ordinary printing1 and the expense to a library with its limited income is always serious1 because people will not buy a catalogue even at half the cost price of printing but prefer to make use of the copies provided at the desks4 ,moreover1 at the end of six or even fewer months after publication the public usually regard it as out of date and decides to wait for the next edition4 ,in this respect the classified catalogue has the advantage1 as it costs less to print1 and for this reason1 as well as owing to the custom of admitting readers to the shelves of public libraries1 there has been a revival of this style of catalogue in late years1 especially as it serves as a key or guide to the arrangement of the books upon the shelves of open access libraries4 ,it can moreover be printed and issued in sections without affecting its completeness in the end4 ,the dictionary form1 as distinguished from a mere alphabetical list of authors1 consists of entries of books under their specific subjects1 instead of their classes4 ,to quote ,cutter again3 ,thus if a book treats of ,natural ,history it is put under that heading2 if it treats of ,zoology alone that word is the rubric2 if it is on ,mammals it will be found under mammals2 and1 finally1 if one is looking for a treatise on the elephant1 he need not know if that animal is a mammal2 he need not even be sure that it is an animal2 he has merely to be sufficiently acquainted with his alphabet to find the word ,elephant1 under which will appear all the separate works that the library contains on that subject4 ,nothing1 one would think1 can be more simple1 easy to explain1 easy and expeditious to use than this4 ,no matter what he wants he will find it at once provided that the library has a book on just that subject and that it has been entered under the very word which he is thinking of4 ,if these conditions are not fulfilled1 however1 there is more trouble4 ,if the library has no book or article sufficiently important to be catalogued on that topic he must look in some more comprehensive work in which he will find it treated 7as the history of ,assyrian art is related in the histories of ,art71 in which case he will get no help whatever from any dictionary catalogue yet made1 in finding the general work1 he must trust to his own knowledge of the subject and of ordinary classification to guide him to the including class1 or there may be something to his purpose in less general works 7as books on ,iron bridges or ,suspension bridges might be better than nothing to a man who was studying the larger subject ,bridges71 but in this case also he will very seldom get any assistance from dictionary catalogues1 and must rely entirely upon his previous knowledge of the possible branches of his subject4 ,even in those catalogues which relieve him of this trouble by giving cross-references1 he must look twice1 first for his own word and then for the word to which he is referred from that4 ,a judicial statement of the merits of both these styles of catalogue is contained in a paper by ,mr4 ,f4 ,t4 ,barrett1 of ,glasgow1 entitled ,the ,alphabetical and ,classified ,forms of ,catalogues compared1 printed in the ,transactions of the ,second ,international ,library ,conference1 #ahig4 ,in the ,library ,association ,record1 #aija 7pt4 #a71 pp4 #ead-eca1 there is a verbal and friendly duel between ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,doubleday and the author upon the matter1 mainly from the practical point of view4 ,the ,alphabetico-,classed catalogue1 as its name denotes1 is an attempt at a classified catalogue in alphabetical order of subjects or classes1 and is a mixture of the two systems already spoken of1 and about as satisfactory as hybrids usually are4 ,the late ,prof4 ,justin ,winsor characterised it as the mongrel alphabetico-classed system1 a primarily classed system with an alphabetical graft upon it is a case of confusion worse confounded4 ,the great difficulty both to compiler and user is to know where the subjects leave off and the classes begin--in other words1 whether a subject or a class entry is likely to be the one wanted4 ,one of the best examples of this kind of catalogue is the late ,mr4 ,fortescue's ,subject ,index to the ,british ,museum ,catalogue1 and he apparently experienced the difficulty of deciding1 as for instance a book on the elephant appears under ,elephant1 but a work upon the ,elk must be looked for under ,deer4 ,the usefulness of this particular catalogue cannot be gainsaid as its value is too well known1 mainly because there is no other form of subject-catalogue for the library of the ,british ,museum4 ,besides it has such a comprehensive series of cross-references that difficulty is largely obviated1 and then again it is only meant as a subject supplement to the principal catalogue4 ,admirable as it is1 we may see how it works out in practice4 ,suppose we are interested in ,law4 ,under the heading ,law we find a large number of entries divided into particular kinds of law as ,commercial1 ,criminal1 ,ecclesiastical1 c41 and these are further sub-divided under the names of countries4 ,one would suppose that the subject would be here treated in a most exhaustive manner4 ,but that is not so1 as if we require books on the ,laws of ,england we must turn to the word ,england4 ,thus we have books on ,english criminal law under ,law2 a book upon ,english general law under ,england2 and a book say upon ,english election law under ,elections1 ,law of4 ,if it is right to put books on the law of elections under ,elections it might be assumed that books on criminal law would go under ,criminal law1 but there is not even a reference to say where they are to be found4 ,admittedly ,law is a large and complex subject1 and would fill many pages if the books upon it were brought together4 ,as it is the searcher must take a long time to ascertain in any exhaustive manner what books upon the subject are contained in ,mr4 ,fortescue's ,indexes4 ,even if the inquiry is narrowed down to say ,italian law1 searches must be made in many places without touching special ,italian law at all4 ,however there is no system but has its drawbacks1 though probably the alphabetico-classed has the most4 ,there is such a thing as a dictionary system that combines an unseen but systematically classified system4 ,its root method would be to adopt some thorough scheme of classification permitting of the finest possible detail in topic and adjust thereto any necessary cross-references to cover synonymous names and double subjects4 ,the cataloguer would keep the complete scheme in all its details before him and1 by means of an alphabetical index to every adopted name1 he would have a list of the subject-headings in dictionary order and to these he would adhere4 ,there would still be specific entry4 ,this is the method that should be pursued in the compilation of dictionary catalogues4 ,the classification may exist only in the mind of the cataloguer and be formulated in no other way unless he relies upon headings already fixed in his catalogue4 ,by trying to adjust headings in such catalogues to any logical classification one can soon ascertain whether they are systematic or haphazard4 ,the following definitions should be noted before proceeding to the next chapter3-- ,author-,catalogue is one in which the entries are arranged alphabetically according to the names of the authors 7a dictionary of authors74 ,title-,catalogue is one in which the entries are arranged alphabetically according to some word of the title1 especially the first 7a dictionary of titles74 ,subject-,catalogue is one in which the entries are arranged according to the subjects of the books1 alphabetically by the words selected to denote those subjects 7dictionary arrangement74 ,if these subject entries are not arranged alphabetically1 but are formed into classes philosophically according to the scientific relations of the subjects1 then it is a classed or classified catalogue4 ,form-,catalogue is one in which the entries are arranged according to the forms of literature and the languages in which the books are written1 either alphabetically or according to the relations of the forms to one another4 ,apart from these there is a style of catalogue in which the entries are selected to suit the kind of person for whom the books are designed4 ,a catalogue of books for children would be of this order4 ,while it would include books in all classes of literature written to suit juvenile capacity1 yet it may reasonably be regarded as a class in itself1 and a place is usually assigned to it in a classified catalogue4 ,when a catalogue of a particular class of literature is separately published it is called a ,class-,list4 ,a catalogue of novels1 or of poetry1 or of music would be so termed4 ,by the term ,dictionary ,catalogue we understand a combination of the first three1 viz41 ,author1 ,title1 and ,subject catalogues in a single alphabet4 ,the last two forms when thrown together1 not in alphabetical but in logical arrangement1 make the ,classified ,catalogue4 ,the same two if arranged alphabetically and not logically form the ,alphabetico-,classed ,catalogue4 ,with this last form the author-catalogue could be combined without any disturbance of its arrangement4 ,it can only be added to the classified as an index or appendix4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,single ,author ,principal-,entry4 ,stationery4 ,the ,author-,entry4 ,full ,names4 ,imprint and ,collation4 ,order of ,information ,tabulated4 ,subject-,entry4 ,headings4 ,class-,entry4 ,to study systematically the various codes of cataloguing rules is of great value to the beginner in the work of cataloguing a library1 though the apparent variations and contradictions in the codes are at first somewhat confusing4 ,their practical application to work in hand serves better to prove the usefulness and necessity of adopting some code or a modification of it before much progress is made4 ,once a choice is made1 it is better to adhere to it uniformly throughout4 ,the purpose of the catalogue has a bearing upon the nature of the stationery required4 ,a catalogue cannot be written into a book like an inventory2 each item--even books by the same author or upon the same subject--must be upon a separate paper slip or card cut uniformly to any size fixed upon4 ,paper slips serve quite well for manuscript1 or copy as it is termed1 for the printer1 but tough cards of good quality are needed for a catalogue on cards to be handled by many persons4 ,it is a good plan in any case first to prepare the catalogue upon slips or cards for office use2 then1 when checked and revised1 to copy from these for public use1 either upon the good quality cards as suggested1 or into the book-form of catalogues with separate leaves1 known as sheaf-catalogues4 ,this last-named form is preferable for public use1 and takes up less room4 ,any size of slips or cards may be adopted provided they are exactly cut to a fixed size1 #e inches by #c inches being convenient2 or the size usually provided with the index filing outfits1 now so generally in commercial use1 which were first used in the cataloguing of libraries1 and then applied to other purposes4 ,if the slips or cards are for handwriting1 they should be ruled feint across1 and whether so written or typed1 are better with red lines marking margins of about half an inch at each side4 ,if written by hand1 the writing should be round1 clear1 of fair size1 and above all1 free from flourishes1 whether written for public use or for the printer4 ,two of the first questions a catalogue will be expected to answer are ,have you a particular book by a given author8 ,what books have you by a named author8 ,these two questions are not precisely identical1 though they are both answered by the same form of catalogue entry1 namely1 that under the surname of the writer of the book1 known as the author-entry4 ,this1 or some substitute therefor1 is invariably regarded as the main1 or principal1 entry4 ,though the placing or position of such an entry is not the same in both the dictionary and classified forms of catalogue1 one falling under the author's name according to its place in the alphabet1 and the other into its position in a class1 the form of the entry itself is the same in both4 ,the particulars for this entry must always be taken from the full title-page of the book1 never from the binding or from the preliminary or half-title1 though at times this half or bastard-title will furnish the name of the series or some other detail not given elsewhere but wanted for full-entry4 ,the title-page of the first book we deal with reads3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,in ,,portugal ,,by ,,aubrey ,f4 ,g4 ,,bell ,oh quem fra a ,portugal ,terra que ,deus bemdizia6 ,romance4 7,o to go to ,portugal1 land heaven-blest7 ,,london3 ,john ,lane1 ,the ,bodley ,head4 ,,new ,,york3 ,john ,lane ,company4 ,,mcmxii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,the surname of the author then is ,bell1 and we either enclose his further names in parentheses1 as ,bell 7,aubrey ,f4 ,g47 or with a comma and full stop1 as ,bell1 ,aubrey ,f4 ,g4 ,there is no reason for advocating the adoption of one of these styles more than the other1 especially in these days of type-setting machines4 ,where hand composition is still in use1 and particularly in small printing offices1 the use of a large number of parentheses 77 causes a run on sorts1 that is1 the supply wanted is greater than is ordinarily found with a fount of jobbing type4 ,nowadays1 it being merely a question of taste1 and not one of expediency1 it matters less1 and as my personal preference is for the use of the comma and point1 that style is used in the examples given throughout this book4 ,the form decided upon must be adhered to if only to ensure uniform appearance--certainly both forms should not be found in one catalogue4 ,attention to details of this kind is the essence of good work1 and after a time cataloguers1 becoming accustomed to a particular style1 fall1 as a matter of course1 into its use quite readily4 ,the surname is followed1 as shown1 by the ,christian or forenames1 but we are often confronted with the necessity for deciding how much of these forenames shall go in--shall they be given as on the title-page1 or shall we find out the full names covered by the initials1 or will initials alone suffice8 ,in some catalogues the full names are given1 in others only the initials1 and in a few rare instances of index-entry catalogues the surname alone4 ,for an average catalogue to give the name in its fullest possible form is more than is required1 and is wasteful of space1 while the bare initials do not enable us to discern whether the author is a man or a woman4 ,it is more helpful to give the first or other important forename1 and to do so does not lengthen the catalogue to any appreciable extent4 ,the danger of this omission is exemplified at the end of this chapter4 ,in the catalogues of large libraries it is often necessary to take the trouble to get all names as fully and correctly as possible1 otherwise1 owing to the likelihood of numerous entries under persons with the same surnames1 errors may result if the authors are not distinguished from one another in this way4 ,this does not imply that the cataloguer of a collection of books up to #ajj1jjj volumes need go to the trouble of giving every name in full as if he were compiling a biographical dictionary2 nor need he add the dates of the author's birth and death to the name1 as is sometimes done1 because the labour will be unappreciated1 and be wasted4 ,such dates1 however1 have at times to be given to distinguish between authors whose names are alike4 ,it is a wise plan1 in any case1 to limit the forenames or initials to those used by an author on his books at any time during his career4 ,for all reasonable purposes1 or any purpose1 ,dante ,gabriel ,rossetti1 for example1 is sufficient1 though his name was properly ,gabriel ,charles ,dante ,rossetti1 ,charles ,dickens1 instead of ,charles ,john ,huffam ,dickens1 will not be mistaken for any other of the name1 and ,joaquin ,miller will serve better than ,cincinnatus ,heine ,miller4 ,a few instances taken from recent books by well-known authors will show how difficulties may arise in this connection4 ,george ,bernard ,shaw's ,man and ,superman according to the title-page is by ,bernard ,shaw1 whereas his ,the quintessence of ,ibsenism is by ,g4 ,bernard ,shaw4 ,martin ,hume's work on ,the love affairs of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots is given as by ,martin ,hume1 but his ,spain3 its greatness and decay is by ,martin ,a4 ,s4 ,hume4 ,there is the ,life of ,gladstone by ,herbert ,woodfield ,paul1 a book ,men and letters by ,herbert ,paul1 and ,matthew ,arnold 7in the ,english ,men of ,letters series71 by ,herbert ,w4 ,paul4 ,then we have the case of the well-known writer on animal life who changed his name recently on his books from ,ernest ,seton ,thompson to ,ernest ,thompson ,seton4 ,this leads the unwary cataloguer into the mistake of getting books by the same author under different names4 ,it must be confessed that the risk is not great where such well-known writers are concerned1 but if they should be unknown authors of a past age or another country1 the cataloguer would probably not be so well-informed1 and fall into error4 ,to cite an instance of this1 the ,french author1 ,louis ,jacques ,napoleon ,bertrand1 we are told1 took the name of ,ludovic ,bertrand1 and later substituted ,aloysius for ,ludovic1 the wonder being that he did not change the ,bertrand also4 ,there is need to be constantly on the alert for those who have no fixity of name4 ,the only little satisfaction the cataloguer has if he finds he has tripped is that few will have sufficient knowledge to discover his fault4 ,besides the catalogues of important libraries1 the following may be named as among the more useful works of reference for working out the names of authors and other personages3-- ,,phillips1 ,lawrence ,b4 ,the dictionary of biographical reference4 #ahga and later reprints4 ,,stephen1 ,sir ,leslie1 and ,sir ,sidney ,,lee 7,eds47 ,the dictionary of national biography2 with the supplements4 #ahhe-aiab4 ,,allibone1 ,s4 ,a4 ,critical dictionary of ,english literature and ,british and ,american authors2 with supplement of ,j4 ,f4 ,kirk4 #ahhe-ia4 ,,smith1 ,b4 ,e4 7,ed47 ,the ,century cyclopedia of names4 #ahid4 ,,auge1 ,claude 7,ed47 ,nouveau ,larousse illustr2 avec supplement4 ,biographie universelle1 ancienne et moderne4 #ahaa-bh4 ,nouvelle biographie gnrale4 #aheb-ff4 ,allgemeine deutsche ,biographie4 #ahge-aijh4 ,appleton's ,cyclopdia of ,american biography4 #ahhh-hi4 ,the ,new ,york ,state ,university ,library ,bulletin1 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #e1 issued in #ahih at the price of #c;d41 consists of ,a selection of ,reference ,books for the use of ,cataloguers in finding ,full ,names4 ,to revert to the book we are dealing with4 ,as the author gives his first ,christian name in full and two initials for the others we may regard it as quite full enough for any style of catalogue1 and adding the title of the book1 the entry becomes ,,bell1 ,aubrey ,f4 ,g4 ,in ,portugal4 ,the quotation on the title-page1 with its translation1 is ignored altogether1 as would be anything of a similar nature1 such as a motto2 these are merely adornments of the title-page1 and have no bearing whatever upon the book from the cataloguer's standpoint4 ,if it were intended to be very exact the omission could be indicated by three dots 74447 but the need for doing this only applies in the case of rare or special editions4 ,we have now got the first two parts of our catalogue entry1 and in the order from which there can be no deviation4 ,our next step is to decide how much further information is to be given4 ,a catalogue of a library has been defined as a list of the titles of books which it contains1 and that it 7the catalogue7 must not be expected to give any further description of a book than the author gives1 or ought to give1 on the title-page1 and the publisher in the imprint1 or colophon4 ,the catalogue can be made to give1 besides the titles of books1 such descriptions1 more or less extended1 drawn from all available sources of information1 as may be necessary to furnish means of identifying each work1 of distinguishing its different editions1 of ascertaining the requisites of a perfect copy1 of learning all facts of interest respecting its authorship1 publication1 typography1 subsequent causalities1 alterations1 etc41 its market value1 and the estimation in which it is held4 ,for our entry we shall adopt the happy mean between these two and add to this entry1 because it is the principal one1 the information contained in the imprint at the foot of the title-page1 giving the place of publication1 the publisher's 7or printer's7 name1 and the date of publication4 ,in the early days of printing this information was given at the end of a book1 and termed the colophon4 ,we shall also give the information spoken of as the collation1 consisting of a statement of the number of pages in the book1 whether it is illustrated1 and how1 by maps1 portraits1 or otherwise1 and even if the illustrations are in colour4 ,the first-named place of publication on the title-page of the book is ,london4 ,in the catalogues of ,british libraries it is a recognised custom to omit naming the place of publication when a book is unmistakably published in ,london1 this being taken as understood1 all other places being given4 ,except in booksellers' lists and similar catalogues1 the name of the publisher may also be left out1 though it is often given in the full form of library catalogues4 ,in the case of this book1 the name of the second place1 ,new ,york1 is merely supplemental1 the book being printed as well as published in this country4 ,the date of publication must always be given1 and in every entry 7with the single exception of works of fiction1 referred to later71 not in ,roman numerals1 however1 but in ,arabic4 ,when books are in a number of volumes1 the earliest and latest dates are given4 ,these dates are not necessarily those of the first and last volumes1 as the volumes may not have appeared in regular sequence1 or a set may be made up from editions of varying dates4 ,for the collation we carefully examine the book and find that it has eight pages of prefatory matter marked with ,roman numerals 7i4--viii471 and the body of the work contains #bbg1 paged in ,arabic4 ,this is shown as pp4 viii4 #bbg1 or as pp4 viii41 #bbg4 ,the book has no map or illustrations4 ,the enumeration of the pages in this way1 it may be said1 conveys no very exact idea of the extent of the work1 as1 of course1 large type requires many more pages than small4 ,even the thickness of the book is not indicated by stating the number of pages1 as an ,india-paper edition will contain just the same number of pages as one on thick paper4 ,for these and other reasons1 such information can be omitted if economy of space is of any consequence4 ,if a book is in more than one volume it is unusual to give the number of pages1 though it is sometimes done in publishers' lists4 ,a book is invariably understood to mean a complete work1 whether in one or many volumes4 ,the size of the book may also be given1 and will occasionally prove useful1 while completing the entry4 ,the book we are dealing with is octavo in size1 coming between the sizes known as crown and demy1 but as these terms convey no special idea to the uninformed in book sizes1 and1 indeed1 no very definite idea to those who are1 it will suffice for most purposes to call the book #h 7octavo7 unless the height is given instead in inches or in centimetres1 as #h;in4 or #ba;cm4 ,for most catalogues it will be found sufficient to give the sizes when they exceed octavo1 it being understood that all books are of that size1 or less1 unless the contrary is indicated by the signs #d7quarto7 or f 7folio74 ,the entry completed upon these lines becomes ,,bell1 ,aubrey ,f4 ,g4 ,in ,portugal4 ,london and ,new ,york1 ,john ,lane1 #aiab4 pp4 viii41 #bbg4 #h ,the information to be given1 when tabulated1 falls into this order #a4--;,author's surname4 #b4--,the author's forenames4 #c4--,the title of the book4 #d4--,the name of editor or translator4 #e4--,the edition if stated4 #f4--,the name of series or publication society 7if any74 #g4--,place of publication4 #h4--,publisher's 7or printer's7 name4 #i4--,the date of publication4 #aj4--,the collation 7or the number of volumes if more than one74 #aa4--,the size4 #ab4--,the shelf1 press1 or other finding mark4 #ac4--;,any descriptive note or contents4 ,numbers #d1 #e1 #f1 #ab1 and #ac are not required or given in the above entry1 but are here inserted to make the table complete4 ,with the exception of numbers #a to #d1 this order may be varied at will1 but only at the outset1 as whatever order is decided upon must afterwards be adhered to4 ,the following statement of the order given in some of the rules is of interest in this connection1 and will be helpful3-- ,british ,museum order under its ,rules 7#c1 #af-bb73 #a1 ,author4 #b1 ,title4 #c1 ,edition4 #d1 ,number of parts or volumes or numbered pages if a single volume4 #e1 ,place of printing or publication and printer's name 7if necessary74 #f1 ,date4 #g1 ,size4 #h1 ,press mark4 #i1 ,note1 if required4 ,cutter's ,rules3 #a1 ,author4 #b1 ,title4 #c1 ,edition4 #d1 ,place of publication4 #e1 ,publisher's name4 #f1 ,date4 #g1 ,number of volumes or number of pages1 illustrations1 etc4 #h1 ,size4 #i1 ,notes of contents4 ,library ,association and ,american ,library ,association ,rules3 #a1 ,author4 #b1 ,title4 #c1 ,additions to title1 if any4 #d1 ,edition4 #e1 ,place of publication4 #f1 ,publisher's name4 #g1 ,place of printing1 if given4 #h1 ,date4 #i1 ,volumes or pages1 illustrations1 etc4 #aj1 ,size4 #aa1 ,series4 #ab1 ,contents and notes4 ,for most libraries the information can be satisfactorily curtailed and limited to the following3-- #a1 ,author4 #b1 ,title4 #c1 ,edition4 #d1 ,date4 #e1 ,press mark4 #f1 ,contents or annotations4 ,to these may be added1 between #c and #d1 an abbreviation telling if the book is illustrated1 as illus41 instead of giving the collation in full4 ,the reduced entry for our book accordingly becomes ,,bell1 ,aubrey ,f4 ,g4 ,in ,portugal4 #aiab ,having the author or principal entry complete1 we now proceed to examine the book for subject-entry1 and find that it consists of descriptions of journeys to places off the beaten track in ,portugal4 ,even with the title of the book so obvious and the subject so clearly named in it1 it is wise not to take it for granted1 and examine the book as it may contain something of value belonging to another subject--for example1 there is a book of travel in the ,near ,east bearing the title ,pen and pencil in ,asia ,minor which contains no less than thirteen chapters upon silkworms and the silk industry1 not only in the ,levant1 but in ,france and elsewhere--quite a respectable book within a book1 but this the title-page fails to reveal4 ,the subject of our book1 however1 is open to no doubt1 and for the dictionary catalogue the subject-entry is ,portugal3 ,bell1 ,a4 ,f4 ,g4 ,in ,portugal4 #aiab ,no further entries are called for than these two 7author and subject74 ,in all entries subordinate to the main entry1 where the fullest particulars concerning the book are given1 the information is condensed sufficiently to identify the book upon the supposition that those who require more details will turn to the main entry for them4 ,the omissions from the subordinate entries are the full ,christian names of authors 7initials alone being given71 the names of editors1 translators1 or illustrators1 the names of series1 the collations1 sizes1 and places of publication4 ,the entries used throughout this work demonstrate this4 ,the dates of publications are invariably given in all entries except where shown4 ,it has been contended that all details are as much wanted under the subject as under the author4 ,there is much to be said in favour of this1 but it is impossible to make every entry a main-entry when expense and the size of the catalogue have to be considered4 ,when the time comes for preparing the manuscript of the catalogue for the press1 should it happen that there was no other book upon the subject1 then the form of entry can be changed to what may be called a subject-title-entry1 thus ,portugal1 ,in4 ,bell1 ,a4 ,f4 ,g4 #aiab upon the principle that a heading is not required unless there are two or more books to go under it4 ,by the reverse process1 if there should be two or more title-entries of books unquestionably upon the same subject then these are converted into entries under a single subject-heading4 ,if the two entries were ,portugal1 ,in4 ,bell1 ,a4 ,f4 ,g4 #aiab ,portugal1 ,sunshine and storm in4 ,watson1 ,g4 #aijd they are changed to ,portugal3 ,bell1 ,a4 ,f4 ,g4 ,in ,portugal4 #aiab ,watson1 ,g4 ,sunshine and storm in ,portugal4 #aijd ,it is possible further to economise these entries3 ,portugal3 ,bell1 ,a4 ,f4 ,g4 ,in ,p4 #aiab ,watson1 ,g4 ,sunshine1 etc4 in ,p4 #aijd ,this style was adopted in quite good catalogues1 and there is no particular loss of information through it1 though the gain of space hardly compensates for the want of clearness1 to say nothing of the somewhat bald appearance of the entries4 ,in all the subject-entries above it will be observed that the author's surname leads1 the reason for this being that it serves to guide to the name under which the main-entry is to be found4 ,the books are also arranged in alphabetical order by these surnames under the subject-heading4 ,if the catalogue we are compiling is not dictionary but classified in its arrangement1 then1 as already stated1 there is but one entry 7other than the brief index entries71 and that the main-entry4 ,upon this is marked the numerical symbols of the classification adopted1 which we shall presume throughout is the best-known and most used1 ,dewey's ,decimal ,classification4 ,for convenience in sorting1 the numbers are better written on the top right-hand of the slip or card4 ,our entry is marked accordingly #iad4fi ,,bell1 ,aubrey ,f4 ,g4 ,in ,portugal4 ,london and ,new ,york1 ,john ,lane1 #aiab4 pp4 viii41 #bbg4 #h ,this entry can be curtailed if considered desirable1 as shown above for the dictionary catalogue4 ,as some persons may not have used the ,dewey ,classification1 it may be explained that these numerical symbols signify #ijj ,history 7the ,general ,class74 #iaj ,geography and ,travels4 #iad ,europe4 #iad4f ,spain 7the ,iberian ,peninsula74 #iad4fi ,portugal4 ,brief entries are needed for the author and subject-index or indexes1 which appear at either the end or beginning of the catalogue when printed1 thus ,bell1 ,a4 ,f4 ,g4 ,in ,portugal4 #iad4fi ,portugal 7,travels74 #iad4fi ,in the following pages all the examples given to illustrate the various points which arise in the cataloguing of books are worked out in full for both the dictionary and classified catalogues1 in order to show the whole method of treatment1 as well as to prevent the misunderstanding which arose upon explanations given only by way of suggestion1 and not as completed examples1 in my former book upon this subject4 ,to show how difficult it is for experienced cataloguers to avoid error and the pitfalls in their way1 it may be mentioned that several otherwise good catalogues have these two books ,here and there in ,italy and over the border1 by ,linda ,villari4 #ahic ,italian life in town and country1 by ,l4 ,villari4 #aijb entered as ,,villari1 ,linda4 ,here and there in ,italy4 #ahic -- ,italian life in town and country4 #aijb though the latter book is by ,luigi ,villari4 ,with nothing in either book to show this1 the presumption that both books are by the same author is excusable1 the initials of the authors' names and the subject being alike1 yet it proves that it does not do to jump to conclusions4 ,correctly catalogued1 the entries are ,,villari1 ,linda4 ,here and there in ,italy and over the border4 pp4 viii41 #bfi4 #ahic ,,villari1 ,luigi4 ,italian life in town and country4 7,our neighbours47 pp4 xii41 #bfa1 illus4 #aijb and the subject-entries are ,italy4 ,villari1 ,l4 ,here and there in ,italy4 #ahic ,villari1 ,l4 ,italian life in town and country4 #aijb ,both entries will be marked #iad4e for the classified catalogue 7,history--,geography and ,travels--,europe--,italy71 and the index entries will be ,villari1 ,linda4 ,here and there in ,italy4 #iad4e ,villari1 ,luigi4 ,italian life4 #iad4e ,italy 7,travel74 #iad4e ,,chapter ,v4 ,joint-,authors4 ,joint-,authors4 ,collations4 ,synonymous ,subject-,headings4 ,participants in a ,correspondence4 ,references4 ,man and ,wife as ,joint-,authors4 ,when a book is written by two authors1 the entry is given under the first-named on the title-page4 ,the following is an illustration of the method of treatment in such a case1 and in order to make the matter clear1 the title-page is set out in full as before4 ,the whole title is printed in capital letters1 and has no other punctuation than that shown4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,elementary ,,principles ,,of ,,economics ,,together ,,with ,a ,,short ,,sketch ,,of ,,economic ,,history ,,by ,,richard ,t4 ,,ely1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,,professor ,,of ,,political ,,economy ,,in ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,wisconsin ,,and ,,george ,,ray ,,wicker1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,assistant ,,professor ,,of ,,economics ,,in ,,dartmouth ,,college ,,new ,,york ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #aiaj ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,upon the lines already laid down1 the main-entry becomes ,,ely1 ,richard ,t41 and ,george ,ray ,,wicker4 ,elementary principles of economics2 together with a short sketch of economic history4 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan ,co41 #aiaj4 pp4 xii41 #chh ,frequently the names of the authors are seen rendered in this fashion ,,ely1 ,richard ,t41 and ,,wicker1 ,george ,ray ,while it is essential and unavoidable that the name of the first author should be turned about to get his surname as the leading word1 yet there is no object in twisting about the second author's name in like manner1 as it is not so required1 therefore the ordinary reading of the name is better and simpler1 as given in the first entry4 ,unless needed to distinguish between different authors of the same name1 the academical degrees are omitted1 as well as any statement concerning the professorships held by these authors1 although the fact that they hold such offices goes to prove their qualifications for dealing with this subject4 ,if it were desired to direct attention to this1 it could be done by means of a note or annotation to the entry1 after this manner ,the first author is ,prof4 of ,pol4 ,econ41 ,wisconsin ,univ41 and the second ,asst4 ,prof4 of ,economics1 ,dartmouth ,coll4 ,the share of the second author in the book needs to be recognised1 and this is accomplished by means of a reference1 as ,,wicker1 ,george ,ray 7,joint-,author47 ,see ,ely1 ,richard ,t4 ,if this writer happens to be the sole author of another work1 then the form of reference is made to read ,,wicker1 ,george ,ray4 -- 7,joint-,author74 ,see also ,ely1 ,richard ,t4 ,to give the reference in this form may seem to be a contradiction of the previous statement that the second author's name need not be turned about1 but in this case it is necessary to point directly to the name ,ely under which the entry is found4 ,an alternative style for both the above references so far as the use of capitals and punctuation is concerned is ,,wicker1 ,geo4 ,ray 7joint-author7 see ,,ely1 ,richard ,t4 ,,wicker1 ,geo4 ,ray4 -- 7joint-author7 see also ,ely1 ,richard ,t4 ,it must be borne in mind that whatever style is adopted should be strictly followed throughout4 ,an explanation concerning the collation 7number of pages7 is required4 ,the book has six prefatory leaves1 paged in ,roman numerals1 i4 to xi41 made up of the half-title and the title 7both unpaged71 three pages of preface 7the second and third being marked vi41 vii471 a blank page1 three pages with a list of contents 7the second and third are marked x41 xi471 and a blank page1 making twelve pages in all4 ,doubt will arise in a case of this kind as to whether the title leaves and the blank pages should be taken into account1 but as the printer has seen fit to include them all in his pagination1 the statement of these prefatory pages is better given as xii4 ,the rest of the book is straightforward1 being paged from #a to #chh4 ,a briefer form of author-entry is ,,ely1 ,r4 ,t41 and ,g4 ,r4 ,,wicker4 ,elementary principles of economics2 with a short sketch of economic history4 ,n4,y41 #aiaj ,the places of publication may be shortened in this way where the abbreviation used can be readily recognised--,n4,y4 for ,new ,york4 ,examples of other places will readily occur to the cataloguer1 especially if they are in common use1 as ,edin4 for ,edinburgh1 ,dub4 for ,dublin1 ,oxf4 for ,oxford1 ,camb4 for ,cambridge1 ,manc4 for ,manchester1 ,l'pool for ,liverpool1 and so on4 ,the ,london ,library ,catalogue goes much further than this1 and gives ,a4 for ,amsterdam1 ,c4 for ,cambridge1 ,d4 for ,dublin1 ,l4 for ,leipzig1 and other bare initials in the same way1 though they are not consistently used4 ,it not only omits ,london as the place of publication from ,english books1 as already recommended herein1 but carries out the idea to the exclusion of all capital cities in the cases of native published books1 leaving ,paris1 ,berlin1 ,madrid1 to be taken as understood when these cities are the places of publication of ,french1 ,german1 and ,spanish books respectively4 ,in many ways the economies effected in the ,london ,library ,catalogue are notable1 though so numerous that a considerable explanatory list has to be given in the preface4 ,the book we are dealing with would appear in this style in the ,author ,catalogue ,ely 7,richard ,theodore7 ,g4 ,r4 ,wicker4 ,elem4 princ4 of economics1 w4 a short sketch of econ4 hist4 s#h ,n4,y4 #aiaj and in the ,subject ,index would be further condensed4 ,the shortest form allowable in the catalogue of a popular library1 without abbreviating the words1 is ,,ely1 ,r4 ,t41 and ,g4 ,r4 ,,wicker4 ,elementary principles of economics4 #aiaj ,in considering the subject-heading for this book1 we have the choice of synonymous terms1 viz41 ,economics and ,political ,economy4 ,the first is the more modern term which is gradually supplanting the other in use1 and for that reason it is the better to adopt4 ,having made the choice definitely1 we at once proceed to write a cross-reference1 which will prevent the placing of any other book upon the same subject under the discarded heading whatever be the terms on the title-page4 ,the reader will be thus guided to the heading which has been chosen for the subject4 ,it is a fundamental principle of the dictionary catalogue1 which cannot be too often impressed upon the cataloguer1 that a book is entered under its specific subject quite irrespective of the terms used upon the title-page1 and that two books upon the same subject ought not to be in two places4 ,accordingly the reference to this end will be ,political ,economy4 ,see ,economics4 which prevents the placing of any book under ,political ,economy4 ,the subject-entry is ,economics3 ,ely1 ,r4 ,t41 c4 ,elementary principles of economics4 #aiaj ,besides the economies in subordinate entries already referred to1 it will be seen that the second author's name has etc4 substituted for it2 as a well-recognised further economy that may be adopted without hesitation4 ,no other entries of any kind are needed for the dictionary catalogue1 as the book is adequately catalogued as shown4 ,for the classified catalogue1 the author-entry is marked #ccj4b 7#cjj ,sociology1 #ccj ,political ,economy1 #ccj4b ,compends71 and the entries for the indexes are ,economics #ccj ,political ,economy #ccj ,ely1 ,r4 ,t41 c4 ,elem4 economics #ccj4b ,the writers of a published correspondence are regarded as joint-authors in the same way1 except that a book like ,the correspondence of ,thomas ,carlyle and ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson1 #ahcd-ahgb4 #b v4 ports4 #ahhc cannot be covered very satisfactorily by an entry under the first-named and a reference under the second1 as in the ,ely-,wicker above1 such a book needing two entries4 ,an examination of it shows that the letters were edited by ,charles ,eliot ,norton1 and1 though this is not stated on the title-page1 it goes into the principal entry1 but between brackets 7not parentheses71 which1 as ,cutter says in his ,rules1 are important1 both as a check on indiscriminate addition and as an aid to identification4 ,the main-entry is ,,carlyle1 ,thomas1 and ,ralph ,waldo ,,emerson4 ,correspondence1 #ahcd-gb2 ed4 by ,charles ,eliot ,norton4 #b v4 ports4 #ahhc and the second entry under ,,emerson1 ,ralph ,waldo1 and ,thomas ,,carlyle4 ,correspondence1 #ahcd-gb4 #b v4 #ahhc ,a reference is required under the editor's name1 thus ,,norton1 ,charles ,e4 7,ed47 ,see ,carlyle1 ,thomas4 ,most catalogues will have a goodly number of entries under ,carlyle4 ,to enlarge the reference sufficiently to describe the particular book involves a reference as long as an entry4 ,in such case give the entry ,,norton1 ,charles ,e4 7,ed47 ,correspondence of ,thomas ,carlyle and ,ralph ,w4 ,emerson4 #b v4 #ahhc or1 shorter still1 ,,norton1 ,chas4 ,e4 7,ed47 ,correspondence of ,carlyle and ,emerson4 #b v4 #ahhc ,this is better than a reference1 as it takes up no more room and saves the searcher the trouble of turning to another part of the catalogue4 ,a book of this kind1 obviously1 has no subject-entry4 ,in the classified catalogue a dual book like this needs two entries--one in #haf4c 7,american ,letters7 for ,emerson1 and another in #hbf4h 7,english ,letters7 for ,carlyle1 with the index entries ,carlyle1 ,thos4 ,correspondence with ,emerson1 #hbf4h ,emerson1 ,r4 ,w4 ,correspondence with ,carlyle1 #haf4c ,the book itself cannot go under both these numbers on the shelves2 choice of one must be made1 preferably the ,carlyle number1 though this does not affect the entries in the catalogue except so far as the necessary clue to the position of the book for finding is concerned4 ,a somewhat exceptional example of joint-authors1 fortunately for the cataloguer1 is that of a man and wife whose names appear on their books sometimes with the one leading1 sometimes the other4 ,this is to be found in the books by the mountaineers and explorers ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,workman1 two of whose books may be taken to illustrate the matter1 and catalogued as they would be under ordinary circumstances1 viz41 ,,workman1 ,william ,hunter and ,fanny ,bullock4 ,through town and jungle3 fourteen thousand miles awheel among the temples and people of the ,indian ,plain4 #aijd4 pp4 xxiv41 #chj1 map1 illus4 ,,workman1 ,fanny ,bullock and ,william ,hunter4 ,in the ice world of ,himlaya3 among the peaks and passes of ,ladakh1 ,nubra1 ,suru1 and ,baltistan4 #aijj4 pp4 xvi41 #bjd1 maps1 illus4 ,owing to the names being reversed1 these entries would not come together in the catalogue1 so the cataloguer is quite justified in stretching the meaning of the rules in order to avoid their separation4 ,the name that appears first in the majority of the books by the two authors is adopted for the entry1 which in this case is the lady4 ,accordingly the first book will be brought under the second form of the names1 and other books they have written conjointly will be so entered1 that all of them may come together4 ,in order to prevent misunderstanding1 and lest the second name be read as ,hunter1 the names can be shortened1 as ,,workman1 ,fanny ,b4 and ,wm4 ,h4 ,in the ice world of ,himlaya3 among the peaks and passes of ,ladakh1 ,nubra1 ,suru1 and ,baltistan4 #aijj4 pp4 xvi41 #bjd1 maps1 illus4 -- ,through town and jungle3 #ad1jjj miles awheel among the temples and people of the ,indian ,plain4 #aijd4 pp4 xxiv41 #chj1 map1 illus4 ,it is allowable to interpret fourteen thousand as #ad1jjj1 in the middle of a title1 as above2 if the title commenced with it1 the words are better4 ,although the separate names of these authors may come together in the catalogue1 it is better not to anticipate that they will1 so it is safer to give the necessary reference-- ,,workman1 ,william ,h4 7joint-author47 ,see ,workman1 ,fanny ,b4 ,at the time of printing this reference may be omitted if it is found that no other name comes between1 though the reference stands if the rules are literally followed4 ,for the first of these two books the subject-entry is ,himalayas1 ,the3 ,workman1 ,f4 ,b41 c4 ,in the ice world of ,himlaya4 #aijj and two references will be desirable and necessary1 ,india3 ,see also ,himalayas4 ,mountaineering3 ,see also ,himalayas4 ,the first of these will insure that a person requiring books upon ,india in all parts will not overlook those upon the ,himalayas1 and the second will show that books upon mountain climbing in particular regions are entered under the names of those regions4 ,as the journey chronicled in the second of these books covered the length and breadth of ,india1 it is entered under the name of the country accordingly1 and placed in that sub-division of the subject allotted to books of travel4 ,india3 ,travels and ,description4 ,workman1 ,f4 ,b41 c4 ,through town and jungle4 #aijd ,any subject-heading comprising a comparatively large number of books is better sub-divided1 as it not only facilitates reference1 but in a way indicates the character of the books4 ,here again title-entries under ,in or ,through would be useless and wasteful4 ,for the classified catalogue the first of these books is marked #iae4db 7,history1 ,geography and ,travels1 ,asia1 ,india1 ,north-west ,provinces1 etc471 and the second #iae4d 7,travels in ,india generally74 ,the index-entries are ,workman1 ,f4 ,b41 c4 ,ice world of ,himlaya4 #iae4db4 -- ,through town and jungle4 #iae4d ,himalayas1 ,the #iae4db ,india 7,travels71 #iae4d ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,books by more than ,two ,authors4 ,composite ,books4 ,books by ,three ,authors4 ,choice of ,subject-,headings4 ,cross-,references4 ,books by a number of ,authors4 ,ecclesiastical and other ,titles of ,honour4 ,the use of ,capitals4 ,editors4 ,dates of ,publication4 ,title-,entries4 ,punctuation4 ,indexing ,contents of ,composite ,books4 ,separate ,works printed together4 ,volumes of ,essays by ,single ,authors4 ,a book written by more than two authors or of a composite character needs careful consideration as to the best method of entry4 ,if the number of authors does not exceed three1 the book can be dealt with on the lines indicated in the preceding chapter4 ,the principal entry of a book of this nature is ,,cadbury1 ,edward1 ,m4 ,ccile ,,matheson1 and ,george ,,shann4 ,women's work and wages3 a phase of life in an industrial city4 #aijf ,the method of giving the imprint and collation having already been shown1 they are omitted as far as they can be from this and all subsequent entries taken in illustration1 upon the understanding that those who desire to give them in full know how to do so1 and others--the majority--who look upon them as burdening the entry1 can see how far they may be judiciously left out4 ,the second and third authors of the above book require references from their names ,,matheson1 ,m4 ,ccile 7joint-author47 ,see ,cadbury1 ,edward4 ,,shann1 ,george 7joint-author47 ,see ,cadbury1 ,edward4 ,where strict economy of entry is of importance1 these two references could be dispensed with1 though it is undesirable to omit them if space can be spared4 ,the economy can1 of course1 be carried much further by laying down a rule to the effect that1 when a book has more than two authors1 only the first shall be taken into account1 in this way ,,cadbury1 ,edward1 and others4 ,women's work and wages4 #aijf in which case the references cannot be given1 as there is nothing to refer to1 the names of the other authors not appearing in the entry4 ,some catalogues economise by leaving out all references from the names of joint-authors without any serious difficulty arising1 though it is not in accordance with good cataloguing principles4 ,an alternative method of entry1 and one recognised by the rules1 though it is cumbersome1 is to take the name of the first-mentioned author as the heading1 followed by and others1 and bring the names of all into the entry1 after this fashion ,,cadbury1 ,edward1 and others4 ,women's work and wages3 a phase of life in an industrial city1 by ,edward ,cadbury1 ,m4 ,ccile ,matheson1 and ,george ,shann4 #aijf the references 7added entries7 from the two last-named authors being given as recommended above4 ,this book requires two subject-entries and a reference1 it being upon women's work and the payment therefor among the poorer class of workers in ,birmingham1 and is a contribution to the literature of the labour question as regards women4 ,therefore it is entered under the heading ,labour1 with a sub-heading ,women's work4 ,labour3 ,women's work4 ,cadbury1 ,e41 c4 ,women's work and wages4 #aijf ,we have the choice of another heading1 viz41 ,women2 and as there will certainly be other books in a reasonably sized library upon the labour and wages aspects of the question1 it would be a waste of space to give double entries 7under both headings71 therefore we proceed to put the matter right by a reference-- ,women3 ,see also ,labour 7,women's work74 ,if we consider that the book has some bearing1 as this has1 upon the social question in general1 sweating1 and poverty1 we add ,see also references under any headings adopted for these subjects4 ,social ,question1 ,the3 ,see also ,labour4 ,sweating3 ,see also ,labour4 ,poor3 ,see also ,labour4 ,when the time for printing arrives1 if the completed catalogue has no books entered under any of these headings1 the ,see also reference must either be withdrawn altogether or converted into a ,see reference4 ,for example1 the reference from ,sweating might be given as ,sweating4 ,see ,labour4 upon the supposition that books solely upon this aspect of the labour question might be better placed under the more general heading1 though this is somewhat against the rule for specific entry4 ,the difference between these two forms of reference may again be emphasised4 ,the ,see reference is intended to prevent books being entered under the subject-heading referred from in order that they be placed under the heading referred to2 the ,see also reference is an appendix to a subject-heading1 under which books relating to the subject in general are entered1 and is meant to direct to lesser or related divisions of the same subject4 ,the scope of the inquiry of the book is local and has an important bearing upon social conditions in ,birmingham1 which must be taken into account1 therefore an entry is given ,birmingham3 ,social1 c4 ,conditions4 ,cadbury1 ,e41 c4 ,women's work and wages4 #aijf ,the fact that the book is so entered signifies in itself that it applies particularly to ,birmingham1 without any further necessity for showing the connection4 ,in the classified catalogue the book is placed at #cca4d 7,sociology4 ,capital4 ,labour and ,wages4 ,labour of ,women71 and the index entries are ,cadbury1 ,e41 c4 ,women's work4 #cca4d ,labour1 #cca4d ,women's work1 #cca4d ,birmingham1 ,women's work1 #cca4d ,the next book we take in hand has the names of no less than twenty-three contributors on its title-page1 and is entitled ,the ,church and life of to-day1 by the ,bishop of ,bristol1 the ,dean of ,manchester1 the ,bishop of ,durham and twenty other names following4 #aiaj ,clearly all the names cannot be reckoned with in this case1 and so we take the first1 the ,bishop of ,bristol4 ,under no circumstances would the book be entered by the name of the ,see or ,deanery of any of the writers1 and1 if not given in the book1 the name of the ,bishop or ,dean must be ascertained from a ,clergy ,list or any other available source1 taking care that the name is that of the right person4 ,accordingly the entry under the surname of the first-named author becomes ,,browne1 ,g4 ,f41 ,bp4 of ,bristol1 and others4 ,the ,church and life of to-day4 #aiaj ,the ,bp4 of ,bristol may be curtailed to simple ,bp41 as bishops change their sees at times1 and it must be a rare occurrence to have two bishops of the same surname at the same date4 ,it is the rule to give the highest position attained at the time the catalogue is prepared1 irrespective of the date of publication of the book1 even though it may appear to be an anachronism4 ,this1 by the way1 applies not only to ecclesiastical preferment1 but to changes in the peerage or any other accessions in rank4 ,the second essay in this volume illustrates this point1 though not so far as this book is concerned4 ,it is by the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,welldon1 ,dean of ,manchester1 late ,bishop of ,calcutta4 ,the cataloguer does not trouble to notice both offices1 but takes the highest which has been held1 and enters as ,,welldon1 ,j4 ,e4 ,c41 ,bp4 ,while the rules recommend reference from the name of the ,see1 it serves no very useful purpose1 and would multiply entries largely if always given4 ,the form when used would be ,bristol1 ,bishop of4 ,see ,browne1 ,g4 ,f4 ,it has already been shown that the offices held by a writer and his academical or other honours are ignored by the cataloguer unless for the special purpose of distinguishing between authors of the same name4 ,if the title is so used1 it is given as ,,smith1 ,rev4 ,john4 if the degree1 as ,,smith1 ,john1 ,m4,a4 and not in the form occasionally seen1 of ,,smith1 ,m4,a41 ,john4 ,anything required to distinguish between authors may be used1 even the name of the place with which a man is identified4 ,a good example of four authors1 sometimes mixed for want of this1 is ,,taylor1 ,isaac1 ,baptist minister1 ,calne4 ,,taylor1 ,isaac1 ,canon of ,york4 ,,taylor1 ,isaac1 ,indep4 minister1 ,ongar4 ,,taylor1 ,isaac1 of ,stanford ,stevens4 ,as three of these are ,rev41 no purpose is served by affixing that title to their names1 and in cataloguing would generally be no more useful than to attach ,mr4 to others4 ,it is considered to be quite in order to ignore all ecclesiastical titles below that of a dean1 and1 in the democracy of cataloguing1 military and civil distinctions share the same fate4 ,it is a matter of no moment to the cataloguer that the compiler say of a dictionary of quotations holds the rank of colonel4 ,civil distinctions below that of a knight may safely be disregarded1 even ,hon4 omitted from the names of younger sons and daughters of the nobility1 though it is customary and better to give the higher courtesy titles of ,lord and ,lady4 ,the custom here outlined works quite satisfactorily in practice1 and is economical of space1 but any who wish to be particularly exact and deferential in this respect cannot do better than follow the ,british ,museum rule 7,no4 #ae7 in its entirety and after the manner of the examples attached thereto4 ,the honours lists of each ,new ,year and ,king's ,birthday must be closely examined1 and the changes in titles noted for alteration in the catalogue4 ,something must be said here as to the use of capital letters in cataloguing4 ,until comparatively recent years it was the recognised custom to give a capital initial to every word that would admit of it1 but this fashion is not now so generally observed4 ,perhaps our ,american cousins are to be blamed 7or praised7 for this4 ,as has been truly said ,the reasons for writing and printing all catalogue titles in small letters and with only such capitals as cannot be avoided is two-fold4 ,first1 there can be no standard prescribing what words should or should not be capitalised that is1 a rule saying what words should have a capital letter under the older fashion1 and so the cataloguer will be constantly at a loss1 or will use capitals in the most unprincipled way4 ,he will write one day1 ,the ,dangers of great ,cities1 and the next1 ,the dangers of ,great ,cities2 with no particular reason for either form4 ,secondly1 the appearance--the symmetry--of a title or a sentence1 whether written or printed1 is best attained by the exclusion of capitals4 ,nothing can be more unsightly than the constant breaking up of the harmony of a line by the capricious use of capitals4 ,the use of capitals is now mostly limited to proper names and to adjectives derived from them1 besides those customary in ordinary usage4 ,in foreign names the custom of the language is followed1 and1 therefore1 speaking generally1 there would be more capital letters in the ,teutonic languages1 and fewer in the ,romance languages4 ,in the entry of the book under notice it is seen that the word ,church has an initial capital because the ,church of ,england is meant and not the ,christian church in general4 ,there is a recommendation to the effect that a capital initial should be used to the second word in the title of a book if the first word is an article1 and this1 though not commonly adopted in practice1 has the advantage of emphasising the word whereby the entry is usually alphabetised 7as shown later71 as the articles a1 an1 and the1 are invariably ignored for this purpose when beginning a title1 though they are taken into account in the middle of a title4 ,the use made of capital letters throughout the illustrative entries in this book is that becoming general1 and can be noted in passing4 ,it is not intended to dogmatise on the use of capitals1 as it resolves itself into a question of taste rather than one of utility--the rule is1 however1 in all doubtful cases avoid the use of capitals4 ,the twenty-three essays or articles in the book before us range over as many topics1 opening with one on novels and novelists1 and closing with one on training in patriotism4 ,as there is a more or less single purpose or idea running through them all1 viz41 the influence or bearing of the ,church of ,england on the ethical and social questions of the day1 the whole book is entered under the name of that ,church for subject4 ,church of ,england3 ,browne1 ,g4 ,f41 c4 ,the ,church and life of to-day4 #aiaj ,as already stated1 when the number of entries under such a subject-heading warrant it1 they should be sub-divided to facilitate reference and indicate as far as possible the nature of the books4 ,as a rule such divisions suggest themselves by the quantity and nature of the material in hand when arranging it under the heading1 the entries falling into sections like ,history1 ,customs1 ,ritual1 ,polity1 etc41 this being marked and placed with the sub-division most appropriate4 ,the book also has a large bearing upon the ethics of these days1 and seems to need an additional entry under ,morals or ,ethics4 ,if any doubt exists as to the value of the book as a contribution to the subject1 let the mistake be made on the right side1 and give the entry ,ethics3 ,browne1 ,g4 ,f41 c4 ,the ,church and life of to-day4 #aiaj and the reference from the synonym ,morals4 ,see ,ethics4 ,for the classified catalogue the entry is marked #bfa4d 7,religion4 ,the ,church4 ,church and ,morals471 and the index entries ,ethics1 ,church and1 #bfa4d ,church of ,england and ,morals1 #bfa4d ,morals1 ,church and1 #bfa4d ,browne1 ,g4 ,f41 c4 ,the ,church and life of to-day4 #bfa4d ,a book somewhat similar to the last but varying in the method of treatment is ,the citizen of to-morrow3 a handbook on social questions edited by ,samuel ,e4 ,keeble for the ,wesleyan ,methodist ,union for ,social ,service4 ,london1 ,charles ,h4 ,kelly ,examining the book we find that there are three series1 each consisting of five essays1 classified as ,historical and ,general1 ,labour and ,poverty1 and ,citizenship and ,service4 ,the book1 having a general editor1 the main-entry is given under his name1 and because of this is not entered under that of the writer of the first essay1 as in the previous example4 ,,keeble1 ,samuel ,e4 7,ed47 ,the citizen of to-morrow3 a handbook on social questions4 7,wesleyan ,methodist ,union for ,social ,service47 #aijf ,the abbreviation ,ed4 may be used either for editor or edited1 the position marking the meaning4 ,the year of publication is not on the title-page1 but is taken from the end of the preface1 which is dated ,june #cj1 #aijf2 being1 therefore1 an addition to the title-page it is enclosed in brackets4 ,the value of giving the year of publication wherever possible is unquestionable4 ,when there is no clue to it in the book itself1 all available sources of reference should be searched1 more particularly the ,english ,catalogue of ,books and library catalogues4 ,in the event of the search proving fruitless1 the letters n4d41 signifying no date1 are put in place of the date4 ,as was the case with the previous book1 each essay in the book deals with a separate subject1 yet the whole forms a single subject1 and may be fitly placed under a heading entitled1 say1 ,social ,question1 ,the3 ,keeble1 ,s4 ,e4 7,ed47 ,the citizen of to-morrow4 #aijf ,such a heading would be specially reserved for books dealing with the whole social problem1 and no book should find a place under it if upon a particular phase1 such as housing1 the land1 unemployment1 etc41 as the position for these is under the name of the special subject they deal with4 ,as recommended already1 ,see also references should be given from it as books upon the separate subjects come up for cataloguing4 ,the book is unlike that upon the ,church of ,england1 inasmuch as it lays no particular stress upon the efforts of the ,wesleyan ,methodists towards social reform4 ,at the same time1 the work has been prepared under the auspices of the ,wesleyan ,methodist ,union for ,social ,service1 and this must be recognised1 in full catalogues at any rate1 by the entry ,wesleyan ,methodist ,union for ,social ,service4 ,the citizen of to-morrow2 ed4 by ,s4 ,e4 ,keeble4 #aijf ,a book of this varied nature is a little puzzling in regard to its right place in the classified catalogue1 as some parts of it bear on topics in the class ,sociology1 though in the aggregate it may be regarded as belonging to ,social ,ethics1 and so is marked #agg4 ,in the books hitherto taken as examples1 no entries have been given under the first words of the titles1 as it is not considered that they are required4 ,there is the remote possibility in this instance of the book being remembered by its title1 but that does not justify the entry1 as any person interested would remember one of the three entries already given4 ,when it is thought essential or desirable to give a title-entry1 it will be shown as we proceed4 ,the older catalogues of popular libraries were largely based upon the principle of a title-entry for every item2 the first or some other striking word of the title-page being taken2 it being considered rank heresy to go behind the words of the title1 as already mentioned4 ,the result was often confusing1 if not actually misleading4 ,a case in point is that of the first book we took in illustration 7page #cd74 ,under the old system this would have appeared as ,portugal1 ,in4 ,by ,a4 ,f4 ,g4 ,bell4 while ,lady ,jackson's ,fair ,lusitania1 though identical in subject1 would be in another part of the catalogue1 as ,lusitania1 ,fair4 ,by ,lady ,jackson4 ,it may be noted in passing that every book taken so far in illustration is virtually without a punctuation mark of any kind on the title-page4 ,if the title-pages had been punctuated by the printer1 it is probable that no two of them would have been alike in principle1 therefore the cataloguer must provide the punctuation as he proceeds1 certainly it cannot be left to the printer4 ,the entry above under ,keeble lends itself to an explanation of the punctuation used in it4 ,the parentheses enclosing the 7,ed47 serve to isolate it from the initials of the author's name1 and so prevent misunderstanding in that respect4 ,occasionally the form used is ,,keeble 7,samuel ,e47 ed4 ,a colon is used between the title of the book 7,the citizen of to-morrow7 and its explanatory sub-title 7a handbook on social questions7 which makes the distinction clear4 ,if the second title were an alternative one preceded by or1 the first title is followed by a semi-colon and the second preceded by a comma1 as ,the citizen of to-morrow2 or1 a handbook on social questions4 ,the printing of the name of the ,union of ,social ,service in italics enclosed in parentheses emphasises in some measure the fact that it is published for that body1 and indicates the point of view taken4 ,in the entry under ,wesleyan ,methodist ,union the semi-colon before the ed4 by ,s4 ,e4 ,keeble is a good form1 separating the name from the title of the book without cutting it off altogether as a full stop would do4 ,on the other hand1 if he were the sole author of the book1 the ed41 being omitted1 the by would be preceded by a comma1 as ,wesleyan ,methodist ,union for ,social ,service4 ,the citizen of to-morrow1 by ,s4 ,e4 ,keeble4 ,the next is apparently of the same kind as the two preceding books1 yet it calls for quite different treatment4 ,the title-page reads ,essays and studies by members of the ,english ,association4 ,collected by ,a4 ,c4 ,bradley4 ,oxford1 at the ,clarendon ,press1 #aiaj ,here the ,english ,association in its corporate capacity is regarded as the author of its own publications1 the editor or collector occupying a subsidiary place1 more particularly in this case1 as each of the three volumes of these ,essays and studies so far published has a different editor4 ,accordingly our entry becomes ,english ,association1 ,the4 ,essays and studies2 collected by ,a4 ,c4 ,bradley4 ,oxf41 #aiaj with a reference ,,bradley1 ,a4 ,c4 7,ed47 ,see ,english ,association4 ,the volume contains seven essays1 each by a different author upon a separate subject1 and1 unlike the other two books1 without a general idea running through the whole4 ,for full1 and1 indeed1 for average catalogues1 each of these essays must be reckoned with1 both for authors and subjects4 ,where space is not of much consequence1 and it is desired to catalogue the book fully1 then the contents are set out under the principal entry1 and each of the essays dealt with as if it were a distinct work4 ,this is for the dictionary catalogue4 ,to carry it out adequately fifteen entries are necessary1 and are here fully worked out4 ,english ,association1 ,the4 ,essays and studies2 ed4 by ,a4 ,c4 ,bradley4 ,oxf41 #aiaj ,english place-names1 by ,h4 ,bradley4 ,on the present state of ,english pronunciation1 by ,r4 ,bridges4 ,browning1 by ,w4 ,p4 ,ker4 ,blind ,harry's ,wallace1 by ,g4 ,neilson4 ,shakespeare and the grand style1 by ,g4 ,saintsbury4 ,some suggestions about bad poetry1 by ,e4 ,sichel4 ,carlyle and his ,german masters1 by ,c4 ,e4 ,vaughan4 ,this is the principal entry for the dictionary catalogue1 and the only one for the classified catalogue1 where it is marked #hbj4f 7,english ,literature4 ,societies47 ,the extent to which the contents of such a book would be noticed in the indexes to a classified catalogue is a matter of discretion1 and presumably they would be ignored4 ,not so1 however1 in the good dictionary catalogue2 as it is a matter of every-day experience with librarians to find that essays of the kind often give the gist of a subject in such a way as to be sufficient for the needs of most of those interested in it1 and1 moreover1 such an article or essay may prove to be the only contribution to the subject appearing in the catalogue1 or the only one the library contains4 ,the further entries then for the dictionary catalogue are these3 ,,bradley1 ,henry4 ,english place-names4 7,english ,assoc1 essays47 #aiaj ,place-,names3 ,bradley1 ,h4 ,english place-names4 7,english ,assoc1 essays47 #aiaj ,names1 ,place4 ,see ,place-names4 ,it is essential that the 7,english ,assoc1 essays7 be in every entry as a guide to the book containing the essay4 ,more correctly it should be given with more detail1 as ,,bridges1 ,robert4 ,on the present state of ,english pronunciation4 7,english ,assoc4 ,essays and studies47 #aiaj but the shorter form serves its purpose4 ,for the subject-entry of this last item we can choose between ,pronunciation1 ,english1 ,english ,pronunciation1 and ,phonetics4 ,an examination of the essay proves that for several reasons the first is the best to select1 and it becomes ,pronunciation1 ,english3 ,bridges1 ,r4 ,the present state of ,english pronunciation4 7,english ,assoc1 essays47 #aiaj ,the matter can be easily put right1 as before1 by the serviceable references ,english pronunciation4 ,see ,pronunciation1 ,english4 ,phonetics4 ,see also ,pronunciation4 ,the apparent frequency of such references seems to suggest that the catalogue would be chiefly composed of references1 but as a matter of actual practice this is not so1 as often a single reference serves for many books4 ,,ker1 ,w4 ,p4 ,browning4 7,english ,assoc1 essays47 #aiaj ,browning1 ,robert4 ,ker1 ,w4 ,p4 ,browning4 7,english ,assoc4 essays47 #aiaj ,,neilson1 ,geo4 ,on ,blind ,harry's ,wallace4 7,english ,assoc4 essays47 #aiaj ,harry1 ,blind4 ,see ,henry the ,minstrel4 ,henry the ,minstrel4 ,blind ,harry's ,wallace4 ,neilson1 ,g4 7,english ,assoc4 essays47 #aiaj ,,saintsbury1 ,geo4 ,shakespeare and the grand style4 7,english ,assoc4 essays47 #aiaj ,shakespeare1 ,wm4 ,saintsbury1 ,g4 ,shakespeare and the grand style4 7,english ,assoc4 essays47 #aiaj ,this heading is likely to be so large in quantity of material that it will need some sub-division of the works on ,shakespeare 7which will follow those by him47 ,,sichel1 ,edith4 ,some suggestions about bad poetry4 7,english ,assoc4 essays47 #aiaj ,poetry4 ,sichel1 ,e4 ,some suggestions about bad poetry4 7,english ,assoc4 essays47 #aiaj ,a heading of this kind1 of course1 only includes books upon poetry as a subject1 and not works because they are written in poetical form4 ,,vaughan1 ,c4 ,e4 ,carlyle and his ,german masters4 7,english ,assoc4 essays47 #aiaj ,carlyle1 ,thomas4 ,vaughan1 ,c4 ,e4 ,carlyle and his ,german masters4 7,english ,assoc4 essays47 #aiaj ,the suggestion made in the ,shakespeare entry above also applies to this ,carlyle entry4 ,there is no occasion to repeat the heading of ,carlyle as subject when printing1 as this style of type seems to imply1 though it is sometimes done1 and there is nothing against it4 ,books by and on an author can be distinguished by the use of the dash and indent1 as below1 or by printing the books on in smaller type4 ,,carlyle1 ,thomas4 ,the ,french ,revolution4 #c v4 #ahhh -- ,the life of ,friedrich ,schiller4 #ahgc -- ,sartor resartus4 #ahia ,arnold1 ,a4 ,s4 ,the story of ,carlyle4 #ahhh ,vaughan1 ,c4 ,e4 ,carlyle and his ,german masters4 7,english ,assoc4 essays47 #aiaj ,if the exigencies of space necessitate making choice between setting out the contents of a volume of this miscellaneous character1 as in the principal entry above1 or index-entries for author and subject in this way1 there can be no question that indexing is the better1 because each of the articles is a contribution to the subject1 and if not so indexed is lost4 ,this loss must perforce be risked when the collections are so voluminous that they require an enormous number of entries to complete4 ,unless space and expense are of no consequence1 there is no alternative but to dispense with the index entries4 ,sainte ,beuve's ,causeries du lundi is a case in point1 and the opposite course of setting out the contents of these volumes under the principal entry must suffice for most catalogues4 ,whatever doubt may arise as to the policy of indexing such a work1 none whatever exists as to the necessity for dealing separately with the contents of a volume which consists in reality of several works brought together by an editor or publisher4 ,a good example of this is ,ideal commonwealths3 ,plutarch's ,lycurgus1 ,more's ,utopia1 ,bacon's ,new ,atlantis1 ,campanella's ,city of the ,sun1 and a fragment of ,hall's ,mundus alter et idem2 with an introduction by ,henry ,morley4 #ajth edition4 ,london3 ,routledge4 ,each of the individual works must be catalogued separately and completely precisely as if each were a separate publication4 ,the main-entry may appear under the name of ,morley as editor 7though his share in the production seems to consist merely of a preface of four pages7 in this form ,,morley1 ,henry 7,ed47 ,ideal commonwealths4 n4d4 ,plutarch's ,lycurgus4 ,more's ,utopia4 ,bacon's ,new ,atlantis4 ,campanella's ,city of the ,sun4 ,hall's ,mundus alter et idem 7fragment74 ,the subordinate or added entries in this case being given under each author4 ,,plutarch4 ,life of ,lycurgus4 7,morley4 ,ideal commonwealths47 n4d4 ,,more1 ,sir ,thomas4 ,utopia4 7,morley4 ,ideal commonwealths47 n4d4 ,,bacon1 ,francis1 ,lord4 ,new ,atlantis4 7,morley4 ,ideal commonwealths47 n4d4 ,,campanella1 ,tommaso4 ,the ,city of the ,sun4 7,morley4 ,ideal commonwealths47 n4d4 ,,hall1 ,joseph4 ,mundus alter et idem2 transl4 by ,wm4 ,king4 7,morley4 ,ideal commonwealths47 n4d4 ,in the ,campanella item above the ,christian name is kept in the vernacular1 as it is a customary rule to so enter all names instead of anglicizing them1 even when the books are translations4 ,in addition to the foregoing entries1 all the works contained in the book1 the ,plutarch excepted1 will need title-entries in the dictionary catalogue4 ,utopia4 ,more1 ,sir ,t4 7,morley4 ,ideal commonwealths47 n4d4 ,the 7,morley4 ,ideal commonwealths7 must be inserted in every entry as a guide to the book containing the works4 ,the form more correctly is 7,morley1 ,h4 7,ed47 ,ideal commonwealths471 though the shorter form is sufficiently distinctive4 ,even this could be left out if it happened that the entry covered the only edition of any of the books contained in a library1 when the usual shelf-mark attached to the entry might be regarded as a sufficient guide1 and the entry reduced to the simplest form of ,utopia4 ,more1 ,sir ,t4 n4d4 #cbj4a though this is not recommended4 ,on the other hand1 if a library had a collection of editions of the ,utopia1 it would be a good and reasonable economy to cover the whole by a reference to the author's name1 where they would be found set out in detail1 as ,utopia4 ,more1 ,sir ,t4 ,see under ,more1 ,sir ,thomas4 ,the remaining entries1 continued on the same lines1 are ,new ,atlantis4 ,bacon1 ,lord4 7,morley4 ,ideal commonwealths47 n4d4 ,city of the ,sun1 ,the4 ,campanella1 ,t4 7,morley4 ,ideal commonwealths47 n4d4 ,mundus alter et idem4 ,hall1 ,j4 7,morley4 ,ideal commonwealths47 n4d4 ,for the classified catalogue the full entry1 as shown under ,morley above1 is numbered #cbj4a 7,political ,science4 ,theory of the ,state71 and each author must appear in the index4 ,the foregoing rules and suggestions are also applicable to works of a varied character when the work of a single author--volumes of essays usually meriting and receiving separate entries under the subjects4 ,fletcher's ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,index to ,general ,literature1 ,boston1 #aije1 is a useful work of reference in this connection1 though it does not compensate for the want of the indexing referred to in this chapter4 ,a volume may consist of a number of essays or articles by an individual author upon topics so closely related that they are a contribution to a single subject4 ,such1 for example1 is ,,pelham1 ,henry ,f4 ,essays2 collected and ed4 by ,f4 ,haverfield4 pp4 xxiv41 #cbh1 map4 la4#h ,oxf41 #aiaa #icg ,this is lettered on the publisher's cover ,essays on ,roman ,history4 ,the contents of the volume1 which should be set out under the above entry1 are ,biographical note4 ,the ,roman curi4 ,chronology of the ,jugurthine ,war4 ,the early ,roman emperors 7,csar-,nero74 ,problems in the constitution of the ,principate4 ,the domestic policy of ,augustus4 ,notes on the reign of ,claudius4 ,hadrian4 ,the ,roman frontier system4 ,the ,roman frontier system in ,southern ,germany4 ,arrian as legate of ,cappadocia4 ,discoveries at ,rome1 #ahgj-hi4 ,the imperial domains and the colonate4 ,pascua4 ,pagus4 ,although so miscellaneous in character1 this book requires but one subject-entry1 as it would be a work of supererogation to index each essay separately4 ,rome3 ,history4 ,pelham1 ,h4 ,f4 ,essays4 #aiaa #icg ,for the classified catalogue the book is not placed under ,english ,essays 7#hbd71 but under ,ancient ,history--,rome 7#icg71 the index entries being ,pelham1 ,henry ,f4 ,essays4 #icg ,rome1 ,ancient 7,history74 #icg ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,illustrated ,books4 ,music4 ,authors and ,illustrators4 ,translations of ,foreign ,titles of ,books of ,illustrations and of ,music4 ,the ,cataloguing of ,music4 ,librettists4 ,indexing ,miscellaneous ,music4 ,dates of ,publication4 ,in these days of cheap processes of reproduction of illustrations1 particularly in colour1 the cataloguer is called upon to decide whether the author 7that is1 the writer of the text7 or the illustrator is the more important person in connection with a book4 ,the real occasion of a book's existence may be that an artist has produced a series of pictures considered to be worth reproduction1 and the author has been engaged to write appropriate text for them4 ,to put it another way1 the former custom was for the artist to illustrate an author's text1 whereas nowadays an author may write text for illustrations4 ,this does not by any means imply that the text in itself is not valuable apart from the illustrations1 and therefore most of such books need double entry1 or at least references1 as in the case of joint-authors4 ,the following three books are of this class3 ,hampshire1 painted by ,wilfrid ,ball1 ,r4,e41 described by ,rev4 ,telford ,varley1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,,sc4 #aiji ,kent1 by ,w4 ,teignmouth ,shore1 painted by ,w4 ,biscombe ,gardner4 #aijg ,the ,channel ,islands1 painted by ,henry ,b4 ,wimbush1 described by ,edith ,f4 ,carey4 #aijd ,in each of these examples the first-named1 whether artist or author1 should be taken for the main-entry1 but the mode of entry does not follow that for joint-authors2 the share of each in the book must be shown1 as ,,ball1 ,wilfrid 7,illus47 ,hampshire2 described by ,telford ,varley4 pp4 xii41 #caf1 #ge col4 illus41 map4 #aiji ,,varley1 ,telford4 ,hampshire described2 illus4 by ,w4 ,ball4 #aiji ,hampshire3 ,ball1 ,w41 c4 ,hampshire painted and described4 #aiji ,for short-entry catalogues1 or as an economy1 the added entry for the second of the persons named may be reduced to the reference1 as ,,varley1 ,telford4 ,see ,ball1 ,wilfrid4 ,where the artist's name appears in the secondary place1 as in the second book1 a reference like this meets all reasonable requirements1 though the same cannot be said when the writer of the text occupies that place1 as in the first instance1 and an entry is preferable to the reference if the trifling additional space can be afforded4 ,in reality it does not resolve itself into a question of sparing space for the entry of a particular book1 but of finding room for many similar cases4 ,the second book is ,,shore1 ,w4 ,teignmouth4 ,kent2 illus4 by ,w4 ,biscombe ,gardner4 pp4 x41 #bdj1 #gc col4 illus41 map4 #aijg ,,gardner1 ,w4 ,biscombe 7,illus47 ,kent2 described by ,w4 ,t4 ,shore4 #aijg or alternatively ,,gardner1 ,w4 ,biscombe 7,illus47 ,see ,shore1 ,w4 ,teignmouth4 ,kent3 ,shore1 ,w4 ,t41 c4 ,kent4 #aijg ,the abbreviation illus4 is used equally to mean illustrator1 illustrated1 and1 in the collation1 illustrations1 without any likelihood of confusion of idea by a person of ordinary intelligence1 the position and context denoting the meaning4 ,sometimes this abbreviation is curtailed to il41 or ill41 with a loss of clearness1 and as no real saving of space results1 it cannot be recommended4 ,the third book is ,,wimbush1 ,henry ,b4 7,illus47 ,the ,channel ,islands2 described by ,edith ,f4 ,carey4 pp4 xiv41 #bid1 #gf col4 illus41 map4 #aijd ,,carey1 ,edith ,f4 ,the ,channel ,islands2 illus4 by ,h4 ,b4 ,wimbush4 #aijd ,channel ,islands1 ,the3 ,wimbush1 ,h4 ,b41 c4 ,the ,channel ,islands painted and described4 #aijd ,as a rule there is no occasion for the cataloguer to notice the illustrator1 except for books of this special character4 ,where the artist is famous and his illustrations lend value to a book1 or where books are likely to be required because illustrated by a notable artist1 it is well to mark the fact either by entry or reference4 ,such illustrators as ,bewick1 ,beardsley1 ,blake1 ,brangwyn1 ,crane1 ,cruikshank1 ,dulac1 ,phiz1 ,rackham1 ,rowlandson1 ,hugh ,thomson1 ,turner1 to name a dozen among the best known1 should be noticed1 either by entry under their names1 or after the manner shown in the following entries4 ,suppose the first book received is ,tales from ,shakespeare1 by ,charles and ,mary ,lamb1 illustrated by ,arthur ,rackham4 #aiji we proceed to write our main-entry1 taking care to note that the book is illustrated by this particular artist1 ,,lamb1 ,charles and ,mary4 ,tales from ,shakespeare2 illus4 by ,arthur ,rackham4 #aiji4 ,we then give the reference from the artist ,,rackham1 ,arthur 7,illus47 ,see ,lamb1 ,charles and ,mary4 ,later we get a book1 the title-page of which reads ,the ,rhinegold and the ,valkyrie1 by ,richard ,wagner1 with illustrations by ,arthur ,rackham1 translated by ,margaret ,armour4 #aiaj and on the half-title we find ,the ,ring of the ,niblung a trilogy with a prelude by ,richard ,wagner translated into ,english by ,margaret ,armour4 ,i4 so we combine and adapt the two titles1 as ,,wagner1 ,richard4 ,the ,ring of the ,niblung2 transl4 by ,margt4 ,armour2 illus4 by ,arthur ,rackham4 ,i4 #aiaj ,i1 ,the ,rhinegold4 ,the ,valkyrie4 and give the usual references ,,armour1 ,margaret 7,transl47 ,see ,wagner1 ,richard4 ,,rackham1 ,arthur 7,illus47 ,see ,wagner1 ,richard4 ,transl4 is a perfectly clear abbreviation for either translated or translator--the shorter form1 tr41 may mean anything1 and is to be avoided4 ,later still we get another book1 the principal entry for which is ,,barrie1 ,jas4 ,m4 ,peter ,pan in ,kensington ,gardens2 illus4 by ,arthur ,rackham4 #aiaj when we make another reference ,,rackham1 ,arthur 7,illus47 ,see ,barrie1 ,jas4 ,m4 ,last of all we receive the second part of ,the ,ring of the ,niblung1 which we embody in the former entry1 converting it into ,,wagner1 ,richard4 ,the ,ring of the ,niblung2 transl4 by ,margt4 ,armour2 illus4 by ,arthur ,rackham4 #b v4 #aiaj-aa v4 #a4 ,the ,rhinegold4 ,the ,valkyrie4 v4 #b4 ,siegfried4 ,the twilight of the gods4 ,if we have forgotten that the former reference was made1 which is unlikely1 we make another1 as before ,,rackham1 ,arthur 7,illus47 ,see ,wagner1 ,richard4 ,when the time comes for printing the catalogue1 if it has not already been done1 these references are all amalgamated into3 ,,rackham1 ,arthur 7,illus47 ,see ,barrie1 ,jas4 ,m42 ,lamb1 ,chas4 and ,mary2 ,wagner1 ,richard4 ,a certain amount of knowledge and discretion is required in cataloguing the illustrators of books2 cheap modern reprints of standard books with illustrations by ,cruikshank or ,phiz hardly call for notice by the cataloguer4 ,although it is the duty of the cataloguer to adhere to the language of the title-page in transcribing a title1 it is conceivable that the usefulness of books in foreign languages1 when they consist altogether or mainly of illustrations1 may be extended in popular libraries1 if a free explanatory translation of the title or a note is attached to the entry1 after the manner shown in the following three entries3-- ,s,,guy1 ,e4 ,les fleurs et leurs applications dcoratives ,flowers and their application in ornament4 pl4 #cj4 f ,paris1 #aijc ,r,,mon1 ,georges4 ,soixante planches de peintre dcorative4 f ,dourdan1 n4d4 ,sixty plates in colour for house decoration4 ,,lehner1 ,jos41 und ,ed4 ,,mader4 ,neue ,dekorations-,malereien im modernen ,stil4 pl4 #fj4 f ,wien1 #aijd ,original ornamental designs in colour4 ,so far as the orthodox rules for cataloguing are concerned1 it is something of a heresy to suggest that1 as these books contain no text1 the original titles might be ignored1 and a translation alone be given if space is a consideration1 but if so catalogued1 they would make a larger appeal in many libraries1 and1 after all1 books are catalogued for the purpose of ensuring that they shall be used4 ,the entries might be ,s,,guy1 ,e4 ,flowers and their application in ornament1 pi4 #cj4 f #aijc ,it must be understood that this translation is not a recommendation1 but is only by way of suggestion1 as there are not many books similar in character4 ,if the suggestion is adopted1 it must be carried out uniformly through all entries4 ,r,,mon1 ,georges4 ,sixty plates of decorative painting house4 f n4d4 ,,lehner1 ,j41 and ,e4 ,,mader4 ,new painted decorations in the modern style1 pl4 #fj4 f #aijd ,the subject entries and references required for these books are ,ornament3 ,sguy1 ,e4 ,les fleurs et leurs applications dcoratives4 #aijc ,decoration4 ,see ,ornament4 ,design1 ,ornamental4 ,see ,ornament4 ,flowers in ornament4 ,see ,ornament4 ,the first two references are for synonymous terms for the subject4 ,the last is required for two reasons4 ,firstly1 there are sure to be other books in the catalogue in which floral design will form the principal feature without any reference to flowers on the title-page2 secondly1 a book of the kind is better placed under the subject-word ,ornament or whatever term is taken for the decorative arts1 rather than ,flowers1 to prevent it being mistaken for a work on botany or gardening4 ,the next book is on ornament as applied to house decoration only1 and the designs are not meant for other purposes1 certainly not for ornament generally1 therefore the entry is ,house ,decoration3 ,rmon1 ,g4 ,soixante planches de peintre dcorative4 n4d4 and the supplementary references are ,decoration1 ,house4 ,see ,house ,decoration4 ,ornament4 ,see also ,house ,decoration4 ,if the title of this book were printed #fj planches de peintre dcorative1 and the title had to be transcribed in full1 the language of the original must be followed1 and not a hybrid title given1 as ,sixty planches de peintre dcorative4 ,the third book1 being upon ornament in general1 receives an entry accordingly ,ornament3 ,lehner1 ,j41 c4 ,neue ,dekorations-,malereien im modernen ,stil4 #aijd ,no further references are needed beyond those already given to the first of these three books4 ,it would be literally correct but none the less pedantic to convert the c4 of the above entry to u4s4w4 7und so weiter71 as ,lehner1 ,j41 u4s4w4 and such a procedure is not recommended4 ,the entries of the first and third of these books would be marked for the classified catalogue #gde 7,art4 ,ornamental ,design71 and the second #gbi4d 7,art4 ,architectural ,design and ,decoration4 ,painted ,decoration71 the index-entries being ,sguy1 ,e4 ,les fleurs dcoratives1 #gde ,ornament1 #gde ,floral ,ornament1 #gde ,decoration1 ,ornamental1 #gde ,rmon1 ,g4 ,peintre dcorative1 #gbi4d ,house ,decoration1 #gbi4d ,decoration1 ,house1 #gbi4d ,lehner u4 ,mader4 ,dekorations-,malereien1 #gde ,the foregoing suggestion for the translation of title-pages1 where the text of the book is nonexistent or immaterial1 is also applicable in the case of music1 more especially instrumental music1 as many persons understand music without understanding continental languages1 and therefore to give a translation of the title-pages of musical works 7not works upon music1 which is a different matter7 in a catalogue may serve a most useful purpose4 ,take these as examples3-- ,,beethoven1 ,ludwig van4 ,smmtliche ,sinfonien fr das ,pianoforte zu zwei und vier ,hnden2 arrangirt von ,f4 ,w4 ,markull4 ,no4 #h-i1 vierhandig4 #d ,wolfenbttel1 n4d4 ,,jadassohn1 ,s4 ,sechs ,clavierstcke4 #d ,leipzig1 n4d4 ,,leclair1 ,jean ,m4 ,le tombeau3 sonate violon avec la basse continue2 arrange pour le violon avec accompagnement de piano par ,gustav ,jensen4 #d n4d4 ,there is no great reason why these and similar works should not be usefully adapted for the catalogues of popular libraries at any rate1 as ,,beethoven1 ,ludwig van4 ,collected pianoforte symphonies2 arranged by ,f4 ,w4 ,markull4 ,nos4 #h-i1 ,piano duet4 #d ,wolfenbttel1 n4d4 ,,jadassohn1 ,s4 ,six pianoforte pieces4 #d ,leipzig1 n4d4 ,,leclair1 ,jean ,m4 ,le tombeau3 sonata1 with continued thorough-bass2 arranged for the violin1 with piano accompaniment by ,gustav ,jensen4 #d n4d4 ,as ,le tombeau is the distinctive title of this particular piece1 it is as well to give it in the original form1 or1 if in translation1 as ,le tombeau 7,the tomb74 ,it should be unnecessary to add that1 where space is of no consideration1 the above titles can be given in the original with the translation following enclosed within brackets2 to do this would conform with literal accuracy4 ,as music is introduced here in connection with translated titles1 we may also at this place consider the whole question of cataloguing it4 ,usually the catalogue of music is printed apart from the general catalogue of a library1 in the form of a class-list1 the entries being sub-divided into sections and divisions1 according to the amount of material4 ,whether in a separate publication or in the general catalogue1 the composer occupies the place held by the authors of other works1 and his surname is taken for the main-entry1 as shown in the following examples of operas4 ,the title-pages read3-- ,maritana4 ,opera in three acts1 the music composed by ,w4 ,vincent ,wallace4 ,the words by ,edward ,fitzball4 ,edited by ,myles ,b4 ,foster4 ,boosey ,co4 ,the ,bohemians 7founded upon ,la vie de ,bohme by ,henry ,murger47 ,an opera in four acts by ,giuseppe ,giacosa and ,luigi ,illica4 ,music by ,giacomo ,puccini4 ,english version of ,acts ,i4 and ,,ii4 by ,william ,grist1 ,acts ,,iii4 and ,,iv4 by ,percy ,pinkerton4 ,arranged by ,carlo ,carignani4 ,g4 ,ricordi ,co4 ,copyright #ahig4 7,printed in ,italy47 and these we proceed to condense and adapt after this manner3-- ,,wallace1 ,w4 ,vincent4 ,maritana3 opera2 words by ,edward ,fitzball2 ed4 by ,myles ,b4 ,foster4 7,royal ed47 pp4 ii41 #bhd4 n4d4 ,,puccini1 ,giacomo4 ,the ,bohemians3 an opera by ,giuseppe ,giacosa and ,luigi ,illica2 ,english version by ,wm4 ,grist and ,percy ,pinkerton2 arranged by ,carlo ,carignani4 pp4 viii41 #bjd4 #d #ahig ,in the first entry the added words denoting the edition are taken from the printed cover of the book4 ,the above represent the full form for the dictionary catalogue4 ,any additional entries would be in the way of references from the names of the writers of the libretti1 the translators1 editors1 or arrangers1 as ,,fitzball1 ,edward4 ,see ,wallace1 ,w4 ,vincent4 ,,foster1 ,myles ,b4 ,see ,wallace1 ,w4 ,vincent4 ,it may be considered that the writer of the libretto is of equal importance with the composer in such work1 both often being named together in connection therewith1 as the ,gilbert-,sullivan operas4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that in musical works like these the libretto as given seldom represents the complete work of the author1 the spoken words being omitted2 therefore1 not only is his place secondary1 but his share in the work is incomplete4 ,for this reason even the reference can be dispensed with1 except in full catalogues1 where every name is taken into account4 ,in the contrary case1 where the words of an opera are published without the music1 the reverse method would be followed1 and the name of the composer ignored for cataloguing1 because his work is not included4 ,besides references as above1 there is the possible usefulness of title-entries 7in the dictionary catalogue only71 as ,maritana3 opera4 ,wallace1 ,w4 ,v4 n4d4 ,bohemians1 ,the3 opera4 ,puccini1 ,g4 #ahig ,if the collection of music in a library is not sufficient to warrant the publication of a separate catalogue1 it is desirable to embody in the dictionary catalogue a class-list of music under the heading ,music1 treated as subject1 although this is not strictly in accordance with the principles governing the compilation of such a catalogue4 ,the entries under the heading would be sub-divided as required1 in this way ,music4 ,operas4 7,vocal scores1 with pianof4 accom47 ,puccini1 ,g4 ,the ,bohemians4 #ahig ,wallace1 ,w4 ,v4 ,maritana4 n4d4 ,music and musical works fall logically into place as part of a classified catalogue1 and are as readily dealt with there as in a separately published ,catalogue of music4 ,the two principal entries of the above operas are marked #ghb4a 7,music--,dramatic ,music--,opera47 ,when a library contains an extensive or comparatively large selection of music1 there are sure to be included volumes of albums1 gems1 selections1 and other miscellaneous collections1 which in the ordinary way are catalogued after this manner3-- ,music4 ,pianof4 solos4 ,klassiker-,perlen3 ,gems from the classics4 7,conservatoire ed47 ,bk4 #a4 #d n4d4 ,bk4 #a4 ,prelude1 ,c major1 by ,bach4 ,largo1 by ,handel4 ,gavotte1 by ,gluck4 ,trumerei1 ,warum8 and ,summerlied1 by ,schumann4 ,nocturne1 by ,field4 ,the song of the lark1 ,chant sans paroles1 and ,bacarolle1 by ,tschaikowsky4 ,moment musical and ,menuett1 by ,schubert4 ,melody in ,f1 by ,rubinstein4 ,unless the contents of such volumes are at least set out as above they cannot be regarded as properly catalogued4 ,if the library had any one of these pieces as a separate publication1 it would1 no doubt1 receive individual treatment1 and be dealt with in this way 7to take the last item in the above book73-- ,music4 ,pianof4 solos4 ,rubinstein1 ,anton4 ,melody in ,f4 7,op4 #c1 no4 #a47 n4d4 ,for this reason1 when the number of books is large1 and the separate catalogue1 therefore1 of considerable size1 such miscellaneous collections should be dealt with 7indexed7 as if each item were a separate work4 ,if it is essential to index the contents of other books of a miscellaneous character1 it is doubly necessary for miscellaneous music1 more especially as it brings all the works of a composer together according to the nature of the compositions4 ,if this course is pursued1 then1 as a counter-balancing economy1 the contents need not be set forth under the principal entry1 the separate indexing being sufficient1 as ,music4 ,pianof4 solos4 ,bach1 ,j4 ,sebastian4 ,prelude4 7,gems from the classics1 ,bk4 #a47 n4d4 ,this recommendation of separate entry is for a class-list of music 7that is1 a separately-published catalogue of music71 and only applies to volumes containing works by several composers4 ,separate entries are not required in the case of a collection of pieces by a single composer4 ,one entry only is needed1 as ,music4 ,pianof4 solos4 ,menynski1 ,m4 ,esquisses russes pour piano4 pp4 #dh4 #d n4d4 ,this contains six pieces1 each with a distinctive title1 and these titles can be set out1 if thought well1 as contents under the above entry4 ,no further entries should be given1 even in the dictionary catalogue1 as title-entries for the items in works of this kind are superfluous4 ,there are1 also1 many collections of miscellaneous music much too comprehensive to allow of the separate cataloguing of each item1 and these must1 of necessity1 be simply catalogued1 even without the contents being set out4 ,examples of collections of this type are3-- ,,hatton1 ,j4 ,l4 7,ed47 ,the songs of ,england3 a collection of #bjj ,english melodies1 including the most popular traditional ditties1 c41 of the last three centuries4 7,royal ed47 #b v4 n4d4 ,,pauer1 ,e4 7,ed47 ,march-album3 a collection of the most celebrated ,italian1 ,french1 and ,german marches4 pp4 #aad4 n4d4 ,in either the music or the classified catalogue1 these would be respectively allotted to the divisions ,music--,vocal ,music--,ballad and ,song 7,dewey #ghd4c7 and ,music--,pianoforte ,solos--,marches 7,dewey #ghf4dd74 ,in a short-entry catalogue1 they can be condensed to ,,hatton1 ,j4 ,l4 7,ed47 ,the songs of ,england4 #b v4 n4d4 ,,pauer1 ,e4 7,ed47 ,march-album3 ,italian1 ,french1 and ,german marches4 n4d4 ,experience proves that no useful purpose is served by giving the dates of publication of modern music in an ordinary catalogue2 in fact1 it can only be given in exceptional cases1 the majority being n4d41 as the above examples testify4 ,the works of the classic masters appear in so many forms and editions that the dates1 when ascertained1 are of no particular help4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,publications of ,governments1 ,societies1 and ,corporate ,bodies4 ,co-operative ,indexes4 ,publications of ,societies4 ,publishing ,societies4 ,government ,publications4 ,statutes4 ,colonial and ,foreign ,government ,publications4 ,local ,government ,publications4 ,associations and ,institutions4 ,congresses4 ,the extent to which the work of dissecting and indexing the contents of books of a miscellaneous nature is to be carried out in a library catalogue depends largely on the nature and purpose of the library1 though a limit must be set to it in any case4 ,it would be unusual to index the proceedings or transactions of a society1 or the contents of reviews1 or other periodical publications1 however valuable they might be4 ,for this most libraries must depend upon the co-operative indexes1 such as the ,royal ,society's ,catalogue of ,scientific ,papers1 the ,international ,catalogue of ,scientific ,literature1 the ,international ,institute of ,technical ,bibliography1 ,poole's ,index to ,periodical ,literature1 the ,engineering ,index1 the ,index to ,archological ,papers 7unfortunately of little value because it is only an index of authors instead of subjects71 and other works of the kind4 ,the ,library ,association publishes a ,class-,catalogue of ,current ,serial ,digests and ,indexes of the ,literature of ,pure and ,applied ,science4 ,the form of entry for the publications of societies will vary according to their nature4 ,as already stated1 societies or other bodies in their corporate capacity are regarded as the authors of their memoirs1 transactions1 proceedings1 journals1 etc41 and entry is made under their names accordingly4 ,the question arises1 under what part of the name8 and it may be laid down in general terms that if a society be national or general in its scope and character1 and its headquarters are in ,london1 then the first word of the official name of the society1 other than an article1 is the correct entry-word4 ,the following are illustrative examples of this3-- ,royal ,society of ,london4 ,catalogue of scientific papers1 #ahjj-aijj4 ,subject-index1 v4 #c1 ,physics1 pt4 #a4 ,camb41 #aiac ,society of ,antiquaries of ,london4 ,archologia2 or1 miscellaneous tracts relating to antiquity4 v4 #a-ei1 with indexes4 #d #aggj-aije ,chemical ,society4 ,abstract of papers4 #ag v4 #ahif-aiab ,linnean ,society4 ,proceedings1 #ahch-ee4 #b v4 #ahdi-ee ,british ,association for the ,advancement of ,science4 ,reports4 #bj v4 #ahia-aiaj ,institution of ,civil ,engineers4 ,minutes of proceedings4 v4 #ef-adb4 #ahgi-aijj ,on the other hand1 if the society be national for ,scotland1 ,wales1 or ,ireland1 or provincial1 colonial1 or foreign1 the entry-word depends upon the nature of the society4 ,the publications of the ,royal ,society of ,edinburgh1 for instance1 might be better placed under ,edinburgh1 ,royal ,society than under ,scotland4 ,royal ,society of ,edinburgh1 notwithstanding that it is a national and not a local body4 ,against this1 the publications of the ,society of ,antiquaries of ,scotland are better entered under ,scotland1 ,society of ,antiquaries of1 although there is much to be said in favour of treating such important bodies after the manner shown in the previous entries1 as ,royal ,society of ,edinburgh4 ,society of ,antiquaries of ,scotland4 in which case these references are necessary3-- ,scotland1 ,society of ,antiquaries of4 ,see ,society of ,antiquaries of ,scotland4 ,edinburgh1 ,royal ,society of4 ,see ,royal ,society of ,edinburgh4 ,the ,british ,museum practice is inconvenient and affords no help in cataloguing the publications of societies1 because all of them are brought together1 irrespective of character1 country1 or locality1 under the general heading of ,academies1 and arranged according to the names of the places of publication in one general alphabet 7not in national or geographical order71 as ,abbeville1 ,aberdeen1 ,abo1 ,acireale1 ,adelaide1 etc4 ,if it is desired to find say the ,proceedings of the ,institution of ,mechanical ,engineers1 it is necessary to turn first to ,academies1 and then to ,birmingham1 provided one knows or remembers that the ,institution has its centre there4 ,publications like those of the ,early ,english ,text ,society or the ,hakluyt ,society must be sought first under ,academies and afterwards under ,london4 ,this method of general1 then local entry1 is not a simple and ready one4 ,even local entry is not always satisfactory1 as often enough the place of publication or of the meetings of a society are merely incidental1 and1 therefore1 the proceedings of a county antiquarian society should be entered under the name of the county or society1 and not the place--the ,kent ,archological ,society under ,kent and not ,maidstone1 the ,historic ,society of ,lancashire and ,cheshire under ,lancashire 7,lancashire and ,cheshire1 ,historic ,society of71 not under ,liverpool1 and the ,chetham ,society under that distinctive name1 not under ,manchester4 ,these societies cause little or no trouble1 as their names usually suggest the best entry-word1 even in the case of foreign societies4 ,it must clearly be understood that when a society is established for the publication of separate works upon subjects coming within the scope of the society's purpose1 and not for the reading and discussion of papers1 its publications require full cataloguing1 as if each work had been issued independently1 in addition to whatever entry is given under the name of the society4 ,a case in point would be this3-- ,chetham ,society4 ,remains1 historical and literary1 connected with the palatine counties of ,lancaster and ,chester1 v4 #fa1 new ser4 ,m'chester1 #aijg v4 #f4 ,materials for the history of ,lancaster1 by ,wm4 ,oliver ,roper4 ,pt4 #a4 ,this is the main-entry in full catalogues4 ,the essential sub-entries are ,,roper1 ,wm4 ,o4 ,materials for the history of ,lancaster4 ,pt4 #a4 7,chetham ,soc41 v4 #fa1 new ser47 #aijg ,lancaster3 ,roper1 ,w4 ,o4 ,materials for the history of ,lancaster4 ,pt4 #a4 7,chetham ,soc41 v4 #fa1 new ser47 #aijg ,whatever economy may be exercised1 neither of these two last entries can be dispensed with1 rather let the list of contents and the volumes under the main-entry be omitted1 especially if the list is a long one1 involving a hunt through many items to find a particular book4 ,under ordinary circumstances a summary entry for a whole set can be made to suffice in this fashion3-- ,chetham ,society4 ,remains1 historical and literary1 connected with the palatine counties of ,lancaster and ,chester4 #aaf v4 ,m'chester1 #ahdd-ic ,includes indexes to v4 #a-cj and v4 #ca-aad4 ,similar entries for the whole set would be made under ,lancashire and ,cheshire4 ,by this arrangement a person requiring a particular work in the series could find it by reference to the entry under the author's name1 or under the definite subject1 if the book does not deal with either of these counties in general1 and one or the other is certain to be remembered4 ,it may be explained that the summary entry for the whole series1 when given under the names of the two counties1 obviates any necessity for separately entering any particular book under these counties4 ,for example1 the late ,chancellor ,christie's volume 7,no4 #g of the new series7 on the old church and school libraries of ,lancashire requires no separate entry under ,lancashire1 as it is covered by the general entry under the name of this county--the separate entries are given under ,christie and ,libraries4 ,the book by ,roper1 taken in illustration above1 which is given as ,pt4 #a1 does not require a second entry for ,pt4 #b when it is received later4 ,all that is necessary is to adapt the entries in this way ,chetham ,society4 ,remains 7and the rest of the entry as before74 v4 #fa-fb4 ,materials for the history of ,lancaster1 by ,wm4 ,oliver ,roper4 #b v4 ,,roper1 ,wm4 ,o4 ,materials for the history of ,lancaster4 7,chetham ,soc41 v4 #fa-fb1 new ser47 #b v4 #aijg ,lancaster3 ,roper1 ,w4 ,o4 ,materials for the history of ,lancaster4 7,chetham ,soc41 v4 #fa-fb1 new ser47 #b v4 #aijg ,there are other societies which publish separate and independent books1 lending themselves to this separate treatment1 when each work must be dealt with individually4 ,among them may be named the ,camden1 ,early ,english ,text1 ,folk-,lore1 ,hakluyt1 ,harleian1 ,malone1 ,navy ,records1 and ,surtees ,societies4 ,these publications present the same problem for the classified catalogue as they do for shelf-classification1 viz41 shall they be kept together under the name of the ,society1 or be distributed throughout the catalogue according to the nature of their contents8 ,if the volumes of the ,camden ,society or the ,hakluyt ,society are so scattered1 they appear in many parts of the catalogue1 whereas they are not usefully entered if grouped together4 ,some of the other societies do not raise this difficulty1 and the correct solution appears to be1 as in the case of the dictionary catalogue1 to give a general entry for the whole set in its place1 and a separate entry for each volume in its own particular place4 ,it is true there is usually a special place in the ,dewey ,classification for such collections 7the ,hakluyt ,society is #iaj4f71 but whether the volumes are all kept together on the shelves or not1 they are virtually lost for usefulness unless1 as already suggested1 the entries are distributed according to countries or other subjects in the catalogue4 ,the publications of the state1 of local government authorities1 and other official bodies are regarded in much the same light for the main entry as societies4 ,in a ,british catalogue the publications of the home government or its departments cannot be usefully or conveniently grouped together under a general heading of ,england or ,great ,britain1 but are better placed under the names of the respective departments4 ,on the other hand1 the publications of any other government and its departments are brought together under the name of the state1 and those of the governing body of any specified area1 local1 home1 or colonial1 under the name of that area4 ,these points can be made plainer by examples4 ,to take the home government reports first3 ,local ,government ,board4 ,annual report1 #aijh-i4 #b v4 #aiji #ceb4jdb ,board of ,trade1 ,labour ,department4 ,abstract of labour statistics of the ,united ,kingdom1 #aijh-i4 #aiaa #cca4h ,board of ,education4 ,special reports on educational subjects1 v4 #ba4 #aijg #cgb4idb v4 #ba4 ,school excursions and vacation schools4 ,imperial ,education ,conference1 #aiaa4 ,report4 #aiaa #cgj4f ,commissioner of ,police of the ,metropolis4 ,report1 #aiaa4 #aiab #ceb4b ,while these official titles of the respective departments are the correct form of entry1 there is no particular objection to reversing the titles1 when they admit of it1 thus bringing them under the name of the public service concerned1 as ,trade1 ,board of1 ,labour ,department4 ,education1 ,board of4 ,education ,conference1 ,imperial4 ,police1 ,commissioner of1 of the ,metropolis4 ,any necessary guiding references must be furnished if required1 as ,board of ,trade4 ,see ,trade1 ,board of4 ,board of ,education4 ,see ,education1 ,board of4 ,imperial ,education ,conference4 ,see ,education ,conference4 ,if the entries are so reversed1 this does not convert them into a combined form of corporate-author and subject-entries2 they will still need entries under whatever subject to which they appertain1 unless a reference is substituted to meet the case under the subject4 ,should a library contain1 say1 many of the volumes of the special reports of the ,board of ,education1 or a collection of the various reports on ,labour issued by the ,board of ,trade1 the setting of them out in detail twice over can be avoided by these two references ,education4 ,see also ,education1 ,board of4 ,labour4 ,see also ,trade1 ,board of 7,labour ,dept47 ,the police report can be entered under ,london1 though by ,metropolis is meant a much larger district than that usually understood as ,london1 as it includes several outside county and other boroughs while excluding the ,city itself4 ,nominally the report is that of the chief officer1 but there is no occasion to enter it under his name4 ,upon the principle already outlined1 editions of the statutes would1 in the ordinary course1 be entered under ,parliament1 but it is better to take a separate heading1 as ,acts of ,parliament or ,statutes1 ,british1 referring from ,parliament4 ,illustrative examples are ,acts of ,parliament3 ,statutes1 ,the4 ,a4,d4 #abce-aijj4 #bnd revised ed4 #bj v4 #ahhh-aiji #cdf4b ,chitty's ,statutes of practical utility4 #fth ed41 by ,w4 ,h4 ,aggs4 v4 #a-ad4 #aiaa-ac #cdf4b ,statutes1 ,british4 ,see ,acts of ,parliament4 ,parliament4 ,see also ,acts of ,parliament4 ,law4 ,see also ,acts of ,parliament4 ,references should be given from the names of any editors1 compilers1 digesters1 or annotators1 as ,chitty and ,aggs4 ,a volume of ,acts relating to a specified subject1 say1 ,copyright1 ,theatres1 or ,workmen1 is not entered under the general heading1 but under the name of the subject and the compiler4 ,such works ordinarily contain the law as well as the statutes1 and therefore any references required from the general to the particular would be given under ,law4 ,legislative publications of other countries corresponding to our ,acts of ,parliament are entered under the names of those countries4 ,the manner of stating the number of volumes in the second 7,chitty7 of the above examples indicates that the work is still in course of publication2 if it were complete the number of volumes would be given as in the first entry4 ,this first entry also takes precedence of the ,chitty for order because it is the official ,by authority edition4 ,as said above1 the publications of colonial and foreign governments are first entered under the names of places1 then by departments1 as ,united ,states4 ,bureau of ,education4 ,circular of information ,no4 #a1 #aijb4 ,contributions to ,american educational history2 ed4 by ,herbert ,b4 ,adams4 ,no4 #cj1 ,history of education in ,west ,virginia1 by ,a4 ,r4 ,whitehill4 ,washington1 #aijb #egb4igc ,canada4 ,department of ,mines4 ,summary report of the ,geological ,survey ,branch1 #aiaa4 ,ottawa1 #aiab #eeg4a ,an item like that of the ,u4,s4 ,bureau of ,education needs entries for subject and for the author of the particular section4 ,presuming that the whole series is covered under the heading ,education by a reference to ,united ,states4 ,bureau of ,education1 the other entries are ,virginia1 ,west3 ,whitehill1 ,a4 ,r4 ,history of education in ,west ,virginia4 7,u4,s4 ,bureau of ,education1 ,circulars of information1 ,no4 #a1 #aijb47 #aijb #egb4igc ,,whitehill1 ,a4 ,r4 ,history of education in ,west ,virginia4 7,u4,s4 ,bureau of ,education1 ,circulars of information1 ,no4 #a1 #aijb47 #aijb #egb4igc ,the first of these entries raises a question in connection with double place-names1 i4e41 should the entry be given as above or under ,west8 ,following the recommendation of the ,joint-,code rule 7,no4 #acj71 three standard gazetteers were consulted2 two gave the name under ,virginia 7as in our entry71 and one under ,west4 ,accumulation of headings in one place is prevented when place-names qualified by the points of the compass1 or in some similar way1 are entered under the name following the prefix4 ,all the same1 each name must be considered independently4 ,to enter ,new ,york or ,new ,zealand under ,york and ,zealand is incorrect1 though the ,isle of ,man or the ,isle of ,wight are better under ,man and ,wight respectively4 ,if there is the least doubt give the reference1 which in this case is ,west ,virginia4 ,see ,virginia1 ,west4 ,examples of local government publications would be ,london ,county ,council4 ,statistical abstract for ,london1 #aiaa-ab4 v4 #ad4 #aiab #cad4ba -- ,education ,committee4 ,report on vacation schools and organised vacation play4 #aiab f #cga4gd ,the f attached to the classification numbers is meant to mark the book as a folio1 and1 while indicating the size1 serves also as a guide to its probable position on the shelves1 because folios are not usually placed with octavos4 ,if the book were a quarto1 it would be marked q1 as q #cga4gd4 ,another local government publication is ,hammersmith ,borough ,council4 #abth annual report1 #aiaa-ab4 #aiac #ceb4jdb4a ,the libraries of various localities usually make a point of obtaining all reports and documents bearing upon their particular areas1 and1 therefore1 need special methods both for classification and cataloguing1 according to the extent of their collections1 so we may consider how the above items may be treated in a typical ,london public library4 ,presuming that all the publications of the ,london ,county ,council are received1 they would be so numerous that it is not worth while entering them again under ,london as subject4 ,the entries under ,london ,county ,council and under ,london would not only be many in number1 but would come together in the catalogue4 ,a better plan is carefully to enter all under ,london ,county ,council1 subdividing the entries according to their nature4 ,though the ,hammersmith report needs a reference under ,london1 an entry thereunder could not be justified1 as in the case of the publications of the larger body4 ,the references would be in this manner ,london3 ,local ,government4 ,london ,county ,council4 ,publications4 ,see ,london ,county ,council4 ,this is placed in order exactly as if it were an entry1 whereas the ,hammersmith reference comes at the end of the entries in the usual way1 as ,see also the names of the ,metropolitan boroughs1 as ,hammersmith1 ,shoreditch1 ,stepney4 ,perhaps the first form of what may be termed an entry-reference is better exemplified by supposing it to be the most suitable style when under a general heading like ,education1 and the entry references are ,education3 ,board of ,education4 ,reports1 c4 ,see ,board of ,education4 ,london ,county ,council4 ,education reports4 ,see ,london ,county ,council4 ,united ,states4 ,board of ,education4 ,publications4 ,see ,united ,states4 ,these fall into place under the heading as ,board1 ,london1 ,united ,states1 and not as references at the end4 ,this style is only recommended where there are many entries under both the heading and the name referred to1 the ordinary method being ,education3 ,see also ,board of ,education1 ,london ,county ,council1 ,united ,states 7,bureau of ,education74 ,the foregoing principles for the entry of government documents also apply to the publications of associations and institutions4 ,the officers making reports in an official capacity are usually disregarded so far as their personal names are concerned1 though at times a special report or other publication may justify and require an entry under the name of the writer1 but this depends upon its nature4 ,international and local exhibitions are entered under the names of the places where held1 unless the organisations arranging such exhibitions are1 more or less1 permanent bodies having exhibitions at intervals in different places1 when the entries are given1 not under the names of places1 but under the official name of the organising body1 as ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 ,national ,rose ,society1 ,international ,horticultural ,exhibition4 ,the same applies more particularly to congresses and conferences of all kinds regularly held1 the places of meeting being merely incidental4 ,the following is an example of such a congress1 which is held at intervals in different parts of the world1 and with a certain continuity3-- ,national ,council of ,peace ,societies4 ,official report of the #agth ,universal ,congress of ,peace1 held at ,caxton ,hall1 ,westminster1 ,london1 ,july #bgth to ,august #ast1 #aijh4 #aiji #agb4d ,the ,national ,council is1 apparently1 a central body representing ,british peace societies1 and is responsible for this report only4 ,when the congress is held in another country1 presumably some body in that country makes itself responsible for the publication of the report1 in which case it is probable the title would be in ,german or in ,french1 whichever country issues the report1 and this must be remembered4 ,the title ,universal ,congress of ,peace1 not being the name of a body1 but the purpose of the congress1 is met by a subject-entry1 the above serving as a main-entry for this particular report4 ,peace ,question1 ,the3 ,national ,council of ,peace ,societies4 ,report of the ,universal ,congress of ,peace1 ,london1 #aijh4 #aiji #agb4d ,this is a subject-heading that permits of a concentration of books1 both for and against international peace1 and may be made to include those upon international arbitration1 the ,hague ,conferences1 reducing of armaments1 and other phases of the subject1 even with the opposite term of war in their titles1 provided the books bear upon the question in the ethical1 social1 or economic aspect1 and are not purely military in character4 ,the references then would be of this nature3-- ,war versus ,peace4 ,see ,peace ,question4 ,arbitration1 ,international4 ,see ,peace ,question4 ,armaments1 ,reduction of4 ,see ,peace ,question4 ,militarism4 ,see ,peace ,question4 ,the heading is better sub-divided1 the books in favour of international peace and arbitration leading1 and those opposed to it following1 under some suitable sub-headings4 ,amalgamation of subjects under a single heading is further referred to in ,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,compound ,names4 ,names with ,prefixes4 ,greek and ,roman ,names4 ,rendering of the ,names of ,foreign ,authors4 ,compound ,names4 ,changed ,names4 ,foreign ,compound ,names4 ,names with ,prefixes4 ,short ,entries4 ,title-,entries4 ,foreign ,names with ,prefixes4 ,greek and ,latin ,authors4 ,we shall not have proceeded very far with the work of cataloguing before problems in connection with the varying forms of personal names will arise4 ,translations of works by foreign authors will1 at times1 have varieties of renderings of their names1 making it necessary to hunt out and decide which is the vernacular form or transcription of the name1 and1 therefore1 the right one to adopt4 ,an instance of a troublesome name of the kind is that of the ,russian novelist1 rendered upon title-pages as ,turgenev1 ,turgnieff1 ,tourguneff1 ,turgueniev1 and ,tourgnief4 ,another source of worry is that of compound names1 or their equivalent hyphenated-surnames1 that is to say1 names compounded without the authority of a deed-poll1 or even without obligations as beneficiaries under a will4 ,it is a growing affectation1 to which many persons are partial1 especially if their surnames happen to be among those most common4 ,a person is born1 say1 ,smith1 and having the maternal surname as a second ,christian name1 he compounds with it1 and ,thomas ,jackson ,smith in time becomes ,t4 ,jackson-,smith4 ,generally speaking1 the simplest and most convenient plan is to enter all such names1 if ,english1 under the last name4 ,when authors have undoubtedly changed or added to their names1 and have written under both forms1 this may be a good reason for entering under the first part of a double name1 though the necessity for it can be obviated by the ever-useful reference4 ,whatever method of entry may be adopted1 the latest form of the name must be given1 particularly in the case of those who have written under both forms4 ,the ,dean of ,gloucester1 for example1 who has written some historical works under his name of ,h4 ,d4 ,m4 ,spence1 has now published a guide to ,gloucester ,cathedral1 under the name of ,h4 ,d4 ,m4 ,spence-,jones4 ,if the entries are retained under the first form of name1 the ,jones must be added to all entries--subject as well as author2 if the new name is taken1 it should be dealt with after the manner shown in the next paragraph4 ,to enter under the last name will not be strictly in accordance with the orthodox rules1 but it will prove by far the most convenient method for all concerned4 ,accordingly the undermentioned books are so entered1 and not under the double names of ,eardley ,wilmot1 ,betham ,edwards1 and ,collison ,morley1 although these writers may at times be spoken of by their double names4 ,,wilmot1 ,sir ,s4 ,eardley4 ,forest life and sport in ,india1 pp4 viii41 #cbd1 illus4 #aiaj ,,edwards1 ,matilda ,betham4 ,unfrequented ,france by river1 and mead1 and town4 pp4 x41 #bjd1 illus4 #aiaj ,,morley1 ,l4 ,collison-4 ,modern ,italian literature4 pp4 viii41 #cef4 #aiaa ,the hyphen may be put in1 as shown in the last entry1 but this is not essential1 at any rate in short-entry catalogues4 ,full catalogues give the references ,,eardley-,,wilmot1 ,sir ,s4 ,see ,wilmot4 ,,betham-,,edwards1 ,matilda4 ,see ,edwards4 ,,collison-,,morley1 ,l4 ,see ,morley4 ,the cataloguer sometimes comes across a name which he may remember as a decidedly changed name from his point of view1 when there is no alternative but to adopt the newer form4 ,a writer1 for example1 who at one time was known as ,f4 ,h4 ,perry ,coste1 has now become ,perrycoste1 and1 unless the cataloguer's memory serves him well1 this author's books will be entered under ,coste and ,perrycoste4 ,the subject-entries of the foregoing books are as follows3-- ,india3 ,travel and ,description4 ,wilmot1 ,sir ,s4 ,e4 ,forest life and sport in ,india4 #aiaj ,as this book is for the most part concerned with state forestry in ,india1 it is likely to be serviceable in connection with forestry as a subject1 though not specifically upon it1 the meaning of the rules may be liberally interpreted to include the entry ,forestry3 ,wilmot1 ,sir ,s4 ,e4 ,forest life1 c41 in ,india4 #aiaj4 ,at the time of publication the author was a ,c4,i4,e41 but later1 becoming a ,k4,c4,i4,e41 the ,sir is added to his name4 ,france3 ,travel and ,description4 ,edwards1 ,m4 ,b4 ,unfrequented ,france4 #aiaj ,italian ,literature3 ,morley1 ,c4 ,l4 ,modern ,italian literature4 #aiaa ,the last book1 not being upon literature in the universal sense or in the abstract1 is entered under its definite subject of ,italian literature as shown4 ,here the serviceable covering reference again removes all possible doubt4 ,literature4 ,see also the names of national literatures as ,english1 ,italian1 ,spanish4 ,to enter compound names under the last name1 as recommended1 does not by any means imply that the first part of the hyphenated name should be reduced to initials in the principal entry of even a short-form catalogue1 and1 therefore1 the briefest style for these names is ,wilmot1 ,sir ,s4 ,eardley2 ,edwards1 ,m4 ,betham2 ,morley1 ,l4 ,collison4 ,if the codes of rules which stipulate for entry under the first part of a compound name are followed1 the names are given after this fashion1 to take one of the above books in illustration1 ,,betham-,,edwards1 ,matilda4 ,unfrequented ,france by river1 and mead1 and town4 pp4 x41 #bjd1 illus4 #aiaj ,france3 ,betham-,edwards1 ,m4 ,unfrequented ,france4 #aiaj ,the reverse form of reference then becomes necessary1 as ,,edwards1 ,matilda ,betham4 ,see ,betham-,edwards4 ,the ,dewey numbers for the classified catalogue of these three books are respectively #iae4d 7,geography and ,travels--,india71 #iad4d 7,geography and ,travels--,france71 and #hej4i 7,literature--,italian ,literature--,history74 ,the index entries are ,wilmot1 ,sir ,s4 ,e4 ,forest life in ,india1 #iae4d ,india 7,travels7 #iae-d ,edwards1 ,m4 ,b4 ,unfrequented ,france1 #iad4d ,france 7,travels7 #iad4d ,italian ,literature 7,history71 #hej4i ,morley1 ,l4 ,c4 ,mod4 ,italian literature1 #hej4i ,compound names are a greater source of worry where foreign authors are concerned1 and1 irrespective of the rules1 it is an excellent plan to use a native biographical dictionary to ensure correctness of entry4 ,a rule of a general character may be laid down to the effect that foreign names are subject to the opposite method of treatment to that for ,english names1 and the first part of the name is taken4 ,it is said1 though the statement is not vouched for1 that in ,france1 and1 no doubt1 elsewhere1 such names are obtained in an odd way4 ,a person say of the name of ,saluste lives in a small town and on the left bank of the river running through it4 ,in order that he may not be confused with another person of the same name living in another part1 he is spoken of as ,saluste of the ,left ,bank1 and in course of time this distinguishing name is absorbed by his family1 its patronymic eventually becoming ,saluste de la ,rive ,gauche4 ,however this may be1 the following represent the correct forms for such names3-- ,,barbey ,d',,aurevilly1 ,jules4 ,ce qui ne meurt pas4 #b v4 ,paris1 n4d4 ,,leroy-,,beaulieu1 ,pierre4 ,la rnovation de l',asie3 ,sibrie1 ,chine1 ,japon4 pp4 xx41 #dhb4 ,paris1 #aijj ,,cantacuz,,ne-,,altieri1 ,princesse ,olga4 ,responsable4 #bme d4 pp4 #cdi4 ,paris1 #ahig ,foreign names of this kind rarely require references from the latter or other part of the name1 but they may be given in very doubtful cases4 ,the first and third of these books being works of fiction1 require no subject-entries4 ,works of this class receive instead an entry under the first word of the title1 other than an article 7a title-entry71 because people often remember and ask for such works by their titles without knowing the author's names4 ,these will be ,ce qui ne meurt pas4 ,barbey d',aurevilly1 ,j4 #b v4 n4d4 ,responsable4 ,cantacuzne-,altieri1 ,princesse4 #ahig ,while it is altogether against the principle of the dictionary catalogue to gather novels together under a heading ,fiction or ,novels in any part of it1 yet there can be no objection to furnishing a guide to the authors of fiction in a particular foreign language contained in the catalogue after this style ,french ,fiction4 ,see the names of the following authors3 ,barbey d',aurevilly1 ,cantacuzne-,altieri4 ,the second of the above books needs not only a subject-entry under ,asia1 but also one under the names of the three countries dealt with in it1 as ,asia1 ,eastern3 ,leroy-,beaulieu1 ,p4 ,la rnovation de l',asie4 #aijj ,siberia3 ,leroy-,beaulieu1 ,p4 ,la rnovation de l',asie4 #aijj with similar entries under ,china and ,japan1 and references1 binding the whole together1 in this way ,east1 ,the ,far4 ,see ,asia1 ,eastern4 ,asia1 ,eastern4 ,see also ,china4 ,japan4 ,siberia4 ,it is hardly necessary to say that the translation of works by a foreign author in no way alters the form of name4 ,because ,m4 ,leroy-,beaulieu's name is attached to a book in ,english1 it does not bring him under the rules for ,english compound names1 any more than it makes an ,englishman of him4 ,this last book in translation1 therefore1 appears as ,,leroy-,,beaulieu1 ,pierre4 ,the awakening of the ,east3 ,siberia1 ,japan1 ,china2 transl4 by ,richard ,davey1 with a preface by ,sir ,henry ,norman4 pp4 xxviii41 #bii4 #aijj ,the fullest form of catalogue will have references under the translator and the writer of the preface1 thus ,,davey1 ,richard 7,transl47 ,see ,leroy-,beaulieu1 ,pierre4 ,,norman1 ,sir ,henry4 ,see also ,leroy-,beaulieu1 ,pierre4 ,the average catalogue will not only dispense with these references1 but may make them impossible by omitting to mention the names in the main-entry4 ,it may be said in passing that it is customary to give works in the original precedence over translations in the order of arrangement and altogether irrespective of the alphabetical order of the titles4 ,the subject-entries for this work1 being the same as before1 need not be repeated except to give both books under one of them to show this order ,asia1 ,eastern3 ,leroy-,beaulieu1 ,p4 ,la rnovation de l',asie4 #aijj -- ,the awakening of the ,east4 #aijj ,the classified catalogue entry for the book will be marked #iej 7,history--,asia71 although each of the countries named has a separate number4 ,the novels will fall into #hdc4hi 7,literature--,french ,fiction--,later #aith ,century74 ,though this sub-division may be of service on the shelves1 it is more convenient in the catalogue to arrange ,french fiction1 or any other fiction1 under a general number 7in this case #hdc71 and place the entries in one alphabetical sequence by authors' names without regard to their period4 ,as a rule1 however1 both on the shelves and in the catalogues fiction receives special treatment4 ,names with prefixes are also troublesome1 and call for variation in treatment according to nationality4 ,in all ,british names the entry is made under the prefix and not under the name following4 ,accordingly the ,fitzes1 the ,macs1 the ,aps1 and the ,o's attached to names are regarded as being embodied in them1 as ,fitz,herbert1 ,mc,coll1 ,ap ,john1 ,o',brien1 and all with similar prefixes are brought together4 ,this statement also applies to those surnames preceded by ,st4 ,the following are examples of all these3-- ,,fitz-,,gerald1 ,s4 ,j4 ,adair4 ,stories of famous songs4 pp4 xviii41 #dbf4 #ahih ,the style in which the author prints his name in the book should be adhered to by the cataloguer1 though whether printed as ,fitz-,gerald1 ,fitz ,gerald1 or ,fitzgerald1 all are regarded as alike1 and arranged together for alphabetical position in the catalogue4 ,,mccabe1 ,joseph4 ,the ,iron ,cardinal3 the romance of ,richelieu4 pp4 xii41 #chi1 ports4 #aiji ,here also the alphabetical order remains the same whether the prefix is spelled ,mac1 ,mc1 or ,m'1 this name being arranged as if ,maccabe4 ,as the illustrations to the book consist exclusively of portraits1 this is stated by ports4 instead of illus4 given with the collation4 ,if the illustrations consist of portraits1 pictures1 and maps1 they are separately named1 as shown in the ,st4 ,john entry below4 ,,ap ,,john1 ,lewis4 ,william ,ewart ,gladstone3 his life and times4 pp4 #cbi1 port4 #ahhg ,the preliminary pages in this book are marked i4 to xvi41 and the succeeding pages #ag to #cbi1 and these are given as above instead of as pp4 xvi41 #cac4 ,o',,grady1 ,standish4 ,the story of ,ireland4 pp4 viii41 #bad4 #ahid ,,st4 ,,john1 ,charles4 ,short sketches of the wild sports and natural history of the ,highlands4 ,new ed41 with 444 memoir by ,m4 ,g4 ,watkins4 pp4 xxiv41 #cai1 port41 illus41 map4 #ahic ,the author's name in this entry is according to the title-page1 but a full catalogue will either give it in full--,charles ,william ,george ,st4 ,john--or with initials1 as ,charles ,w4 ,g4 ,st4 ,john4 ,in the sorting of this and similar entries for alphabetical order1 the procedure of taking the prefix as part of1 and one with1 the name following does not apply4 ,the others were regarded as ,fitzg1 ,macc1 ,apj1 and ,obr respectively1 but in this case the ,st41 besides being taken as ,saint in full1 stands isolated from the rest of the name1 when it falls into place among all names with a similar prefix and then in the alphabetical order of the main name4 ,accordingly ,st4 ,john1 or ,saint-,simon1 or ,saint-,yves come before ,sainta or ,sainte-,beuve4 ,before proceeding further1 these books may be completed for the dictionary catalogue and assigned their places in the classified4 ,songs3 ,fitz-,gerald1 ,s4 ,j4 ,a4 ,stories of famous songs4 #ahih ,if but a single book appears on the subject a title-entry suffices ,songs1 ,famous1 ,stories of4 ,fitz-,gerald1 ,s4 ,j4 ,a4 #ahih ,this is better and less clumsy than ,songs1 ,stories of famous4 ,fitz-,gerald1 ,s4 ,j4 ,a4 #ahih ,richelieu1 ,cardinal3 ,mc,cabe1 ,j4 ,the ,iron ,cardinal4 #aiji ,in full form catalogues the heading can be given at length ,richelieu1 ,armand-,jean ,du ,plessis1 ,cardinal 7#aehe-afdb74 ,the title ,the ,iron ,cardinal must be so given1 and not as ,the iron cardinal1 although it may be a fanciful title made use of by this author alone4 ,gladstone1 ,william ,ewart3 ,ap ,john1 ,l4 ,gladstone3 his life and times4 #ahhg ,in arranging the order it is the correct and better plan to put the books by a person before those upon him1 and it is an advantage to print the latter in smaller type4 ,the books in the extract from the ,manchester catalogue given on pages #aa and #ab would be better arranged in this order3-- ,,gladstone 7,w4 ,e47 ,gleanings of past years4 -- ,homer4 -- ,impregnable ,rock of ,holy ,scripture4 ,biography of1 by ,russell4 ,biography of1 by ,smith4 ,character of4 ,essay on1 by ,brown4 ,this meagre1 telegraphese style of catalogue can never be satisfactory1 so it is not surprising to learn that ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,sutton1 the ,manchester ,librarian1 has superseded it by the classified form4 ,ireland3 ,history4 ,o',grady1 ,s4 ,the story of ,ireland4 #ahid ,scotland3 ,natural ,history1 c4 ,st4 ,john1 ,c4 ,wild sports and natural history of the ,highlands4 #ahic ,highlands1 ,scottish4 ,see ,scotland4 ,there is no occasion to give a title-entry for any of these books as they are adequately catalogued as shown4 ,it may be assumed that any person who wants them will remember either the authors' names or the subjects4 ,to give entries under ,stories1 ,iron ,cardinal1 ,story of ,ireland1 ,short sketches1 would be both futile and wasteful4 ,in the classified catalogue the main-entries given above would be numbered and arranged1 the book on songs1 #hba4jd 7,english ,literature--,poetry--,lyric1 ,ballads71 ,richelieu as #ibc4b 7,biography of ,sociology--,statesmen7--rather than #ibb4b 7,biography of ,religion--,cardinals7--and the ,gladstone would be the same number1 #ibc4b4 ,it is a convenience in the case of biographies in a classified catalogue to lead off with1 and arrange by1 the name of the subject of the biography1 in which case the entries are changed to this form3-- #ibc4b ,biography of ,sociology--,statesmen4 ,gladstone1 ,william ,ewart3 his life and times1 by ,lewis ,ap ,john4 pp4 #cbi1 port4 #ahhg ,richelieu1 ,cardinal4 ,the ,iron ,cardinal1 by ,joseph ,mc,cabe4 pp4 xii41 #chi1 ports4 #aiji ,it is still more convenient to throw all the works of biography into a single alphabet of the names of the subjects without any sub-division4 ,this enables the consulter of the catalogue to find a biography without having to stop and consider whether the person was a cardinal or a statesman4 ,the story of ,ireland is #ida4e 7,history--,ireland71 it being a general history1 and not one upon a particular period4 ,the book on the ,highlands deals with the fish1 birds1 and animals1 and is therefore allocated to #eia4ida 7,science--,zoology--,geographical ,distribution--,scotland74 ,the index entries are ,fitz-,gerald1 ,s4 ,j4 ,a4 ,famous songs4 #hba4jd ,songs and ,ballads 7,literature7 #hba4jd ,mc,cabe1 ,j4 ,iron ,cardinal 7,richelieu7 #ibc4b ,richelieu1 ,cardinal1 #ibc4b ,ap ,john1 ,l4 ,gladstone1 #ibc4b ,gladstone1 ,william ,e4 7biographies7 #ibc4b ,o',grady1 ,s4 ,story of ,ireland1 #ida4e ,ireland 7,history71 #ida4e ,st4 ,john1 ,c4 ,wild sports of the ,highlands1 #eia4ida ,scotland 7,zoology71 #eia4ida ,highlands1 ,scottish 7,zoology71 #eia4ida ,other prefixes1 mostly of foreign origin1 as ,de1 ,de la1 ,le1 ,van1 become the entry-word when attached to ,british surnames1 as in the following examples3-- ,,de ,,morgan1 ,william4 ,alice-for-,short4 ,,de ,,la ,,warr1 ,constance1 ,countess4 ,a twice crowned queen3 ,anne of ,brittany4 #aijf ,,le ,,feuvre1 ,amy4 ,a bit of rough road4 ,,van ,,dyke1 ,henry4 ,the blue flower4 ,all these are alphabetized as if the prefixes were part of the names following1 as ,demor1 ,delawa1 ,lefeu1 ,vandyke4 ,the illustrative entries worked out from this point onwards will be curtailed to the limits of an average or short-entry catalogue1 upon the supposition that most of those who use this book will require compressed entries1 the style for full-entry catalogues having been already sufficiently indicated4 ,it is easier to give entries in full than to condense them without the loss of any information of moment4 ,in the following pages an endeavour will be made to show reasonable condensation of entries or other economies that may be effected and adopted4 ,putting this into practice1 it will be observed that the collation has been left out of these entries1 and that the dates of publication are not given in three of them4 ,this latter omission is because they are works of fiction1 and books in this class of literature are frequently worn out in popular libraries4 ,the editions replacing them are seldom of the same date1 therefore it serves no particular purpose to give the dates2 the great majority of persons wanting such books are not in the least concerned as to when the book was published1 unless it be that it is the latest out4 ,the title-entries for these same three books are ,alice-for-,short4 ,de ,morgan1 ,w4 ,bit of rough road1 ,a4 ,le ,feuvre1 ,a4 ,blue flower1 ,the4 ,van ,dyke1 ,w4 ,it is often a puzzle where properly to introduce the articles a1 an1 and the1 in titles turned about to bring the word following into place2 under no circumstances should entries be given under the articles4 ,generally they fall into place to read easily and correctly if brought in before the possessive or at the end4 ,guidance must be largely a matter of sight or sound1 as no definite rule can be laid down4 ,it is incorrect to omit them altogether1 because the sense of the title is often changed or spoiled4 ,under the author-entry the articles should be left in their place1 as shown1 and not twisted about1 as is occasionally seen1 after this fashion4 ,,deeping1 ,warwick4 ,bertrand of ,brittany4 -- ,lame ,englishman1 ,the4 -- ,red ,saint1 ,the4 -- ,woman's war1 ,a4 ,under the author-entry the books are placed in alphabetical order by the word following the article4 ,some rules recommend that this be emphasised by the use of a capital initial to it1 in this way ,,deeping1 ,warwick4 ,bertrand of ,brittany4 -- ,the ,lame ,englishman4 -- ,the ,red saint4 -- ,a ,woman's war4 ,this point is further referred to and illustrated in ,chapter ,,xii4 ,every article when part of a title 7apart from the initial one7 is taken into account for alphabetising purposes1 as ,story of a play4 ,story of ,aline4 ,story of an ,african farm4 ,story of ,leah4 ,story of the ,gadsbys4 ,the historical biography yet remains for attention and requires a title-as-subject entry4 ,anne of ,brittany4 ,a twice crowned queen4 ,de la ,warr1 ,countess4 #aijf ,a title-entry may be given if desired1 but it cannot be said to be of much use4 ,twice crowned queen1 ,a3 ,anne of ,brittany4 ,de la ,warr1 ,countess4 #aijf ,for the classified catalogue the works of fiction1 in a free library at any rate1 will hardly be marked #hbc 7,literature--,english ,fiction71 but will be treated as a class apart2 all the entries being arranged alphabetically by author's names1 not by the periods in which the books were written1 or the nationalities of the authors4 ,it is true there are other possibilities in arranging works of fiction in the classified catalogue1 though they introduce an element of obscurity and hinder ready reference4 ,historical fiction can be kept apart and arranged under the countries and periods1 or the idea can be carried further and the books sub-divided under such headings as ,human ,careers1 ,adventures ,abroad1 ,america1 ,english ,life1 ,irish ,life1 ,scottish ,life1 ,short ,stories and ,sketches1 ,detectives and ,crime4 ,it is conceivable that there are people who would appreciate a division of this kind1 though it would not suit the general convenience4 ,to bring all the works of fiction together under a heading ,novels in the dictionary catalogue1 as said previously1 is foreign to its nature1 and should not be attempted4 ,the foregoing illustrations were examples of ,anglicized foreign prefixes4 ,when the prefixes are to genuine foreign names they require careful consideration and varying treatment according to their character4 ,if ,de is part of a name undoubtedly ,french1 it is not the entry word1 but the name which follows or precedes it4 ,if a prefix embodies the definite article in it1 as ,du1 then that is the entry-word1 whether the name be ,english or ,french1 so also is the definite article of de la1 as shown in the de la ,brte item below4 ,the above points are all illustrated in the following examples3-- ,,harcourt1 ,louis d'4 ,le sabre du notaire4 ,,maupassant1 ,guy de4 ,fort comme la mort4 ,,du ,,boisgobey1 ,fortun4 ,la loge sanglante4 ,,la ,,br,,te1 ,jean de4 ,mon oncle et mon cur4 ,,le ,,roux1 ,hugues4 ,le fils papa4 ,when the prefix is embodied as part of the surname1 then the whole name is regarded as a single one1 and comes under the ordinary rule4 ,it is as well to give examples of these also4 ,,decourcelle1 ,a4 ,un homme d'argent4 ,,delaborde1 ,vicomte ,henri4 ,la gravure3 prcis lmentaire4 #ahhb ,all the above are works of fiction1 the last excepted1 and therefore receive the usual first-word title-entries in the dictionary catalogue1 the rules governing the use of the article remaining the same for foreign fiction4 ,to prevent misunderstanding1 the correct form for such entries is here shown ,sabre1 ,le1 du notaire4 ,harcourt1 ,l4 d'4 ,fort comme la mort4 ,maupassant1 ,g4 de4 ,loge sanglante1 ,la4 ,du ,boisgobey1 ,f4 ,mon oncle et mon cur4 ,la ,brte1 ,j4 de4 ,fils papa1 ,le4 ,le ,roux1 ,h4 ,homme d'argent1 ,un4 ,decourcelle1 ,a4 ,whatever economy may be effected by leaving out the articles in ,english titles1 it is better and more correct not to attempt it in ,french4 ,the last of the books is on engraving1 which word becomes the subject-heading1 as under no circumstances should the name of any subject be given in any form but ,english in the catalogue unless1 as happens in remote cases1 there is no equivalent in ,english for the subject4 ,accordingly the entry is ,engraving3 ,delaborde1 ,vicomte ,h4 ,la gravure4 #ahhb ,the instruction that when the definite article is a prefix1 or part of a prefix1 to a name it becomes the entry word must not be blindly followed in all cases1 as there are exceptions4 ,if it were the middle part 7conjunction7 of a double name1 for example1 it is not the entry-word4 ,to name some instances of this ,viollet-le-,duc is so entered1 and not as ,le ,duc2 ,verdy du ,vernois1 and not ,du ,vernois2 ,leconte de ,lisle1 and not ,lisle or ,de ,lisle2 and ,puvis de ,chavannes1 not ,chavannes or ,de ,chavannes4 ,such names require to be treated with knowledge and discretion4 ,the inexperienced and the young cataloguer1 they are not necessarily the same1 need to exercise due care lest they blunder stupidly if unwittingly4 ,perhaps they have a book by1 say1 ,j4-,h4 ,rosny le ,jeune one day1 and on another one by ,j4-,h4 ,rosny ,ain1 when it need hardly be said the entry-names are not ,le ,jeune or ,ain1 or even ,rosny le ,jeune or ,rosny ,ain1 but ,,rosny1 ,j4-,h41 ain4 ,,rosny1 ,j4-,h41 le jeune4 and in this order4 ,this note of warning is not unnecessary1 as might be supposed4 ,much the same principles govern ,italian and ,spanish names with prefixes4 ,in ,german and ,dutch von and van are not the entry-words1 except in ,anglicized names as already shown1 or if clearly embodied in the surname4 ,this latter remark applies to van1 as von is seldom1 if ever1 so found4 ,it is customary in entering books by the ,greek and ,latin classical authors to adopt the name contained in some modern standard dictionary1 such as ,smith's ,dictionary of ,greek and ,roman ,biography4 ,this is usually the ,latin form1 as ,virgilius1 ,homerus1 and while it is wise in the case of a college or other library to follow this1 it is better for a public library to adopt the ,english style1 as ,homer1 ,horace1 ,ovid1 ,pliny1 ,virgil2 at the same time taking care to adhere to the ,english forms throughout and to see that all the books are entered under that adopted1 no matter what may be the languages of the various editions4 ,the author's name as the entry-word must1 of course1 be turned into the nominative1 and not left in the case in which it appears on the title-page1 though this difficulty does not arise when the ,english renderings of the names are chosen4 ,the following examples are given to elucidate the matter as well as emphasise it4 ,the title-pages of the four books selected for the purpose read3-- ,q4 ,horati ,flacci ,opera ,edited by ,t4 ,e4 ,page1 ,m4,a4 ,london ,macmillan ,co4 #ahie ,sophoclis ,tragoediae ,edited by ,robert ,yelverton ,tyrell4 ,london ,macmillan ,co4 #ahig ,p4 ,vergili ,maronis ,bucolica ,georgica ,aeneis ,edited by ,t4 ,e4 ,page1 ,m4,a4 ,london ,macmillan ,co4 #ahie ,m4 ,tullii ,ciceronis ,de ,finibus ,bonorum et ,malorum ,libri ,quinque ,with ,introduction and ,commentary by ,w4 ,m4 ,l4 ,hutchinson4 ,london ,edward ,arnold #aiji ,the first three books have on the preliminary title-pages ,the ,parnassus ,library of ,greek and ,latin ,texts4 ,to revert to the style of the full form of entry1 these would appear as ,,horatius ,,flaccus1 ,quintus4 ,opera2 ed4 by ,t4 ,e4 ,page4 7,parnassus lib4 of ,greek and ,latin texts47 pp4 xxii41 #beb4 #ahie ,,sophocles4 ,tragoediae2 ed4 by ,robert ,y4 ,tyrrell4 7,parnassus lib4 of ,greek and ,latin texts47 pp4 xxvi41 #bgb4 #ahig ,,virgilus ,,maro1 ,publius4 ,bucolica1 ,georgica1 ,aeneis2 ed4 by ,t4 ,e4 ,page4 7,parnassus lib4 of ,greek and ,latin texts47 pp4 xxii41 #cgf4 #ahie ,,cicero1 ,marcus ,tullius4 ,de finibus bonorum et malorum2 with intro4 and commentary by ,w4 ,m4 ,l4 ,hutchinson1 pp4 xxxii41 #bch4 #aiji ,it should be noted that the form of words of the titles of the books is not altered or amended1 the dipthongs in ,tragdi and neis being taken from the books1 as it is the rule to follow the wording of a title-page literally1 even to the extent of copying obvious mistakes4 ,references are required from the names of the various editors ,,page1 ,t4 ,e4 7,ed47 ,see ,horatius4 ,virgilius4 ,,tyrrell1 ,robert ,y4 7,ed47 ,see ,sophocles4 ,,hutchinson1 ,w4 ,m4 ,l4 7,ed47 ,see ,cicero4 ,for an average catalogue--by which is meant one that is intended for the use of all classes1 learned or unlearned--the popular form of names is not only more suitable but is more convenient ,the entries1 then1 would be ,,horace4 ,opera2 ed4 by ,t4 ,e4 ,page4 7,parnassus lib47 #ahie ,,sophocles4 ,tragoediae2 ed4 by ,r4 ,y4 ,tyrrell4 7,parnassus lib47 #ahhg ,,virgil4 ,bucolica1 ,georgica1 ,aeneis2 ed4 by ,t4 ,e4 ,page4 7,parnassus lib47 #ahie ,,cicero4 ,de finibus bonorum et malorum2 ed4 by ,w4 ,m4 ,l4 ,hutchinson4 #aiji ,the fact that the titles of the books are given in ,latin would in itself be a sufficient indication to the observant that the works are in the original and not translations4 ,apart from the references from editor's names1 the above would be the sole entries in any style of catalogue1 as most classical authors1 certainly the ,greek and ,latin1 do not have subject-entries1 or anything corresponding thereto1 probably upon the supposition that the contents of their works are so well known by those who read them that further entries are uncalled for4 ,in the classified catalogue most of the classic authors have a specific place1 those above being respectively #hgd4e 7,literature--,latin ,lyric ,poetry--,horace71 #hhb4b 7,literature--,greek ,dramatic ,poetry--,sophocles71 #hgc4a 7,literature--,latin ,epic ,poetry--,virgil71 and #hge4d 7,literature--,latin ,oratory--,cicero--,philosophical ,works47 ,in all subsequent illustrations the position in the ,dewey ,classification will be shown by the number attached to each principal entry1 as if it were the shelf 7finding or location7 number in the dictionary catalogue1 and this will obviate the necessity for any separate statement relating to the classified catalogue unless it seems to be required4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,first ,name ,entry4 ,monarchs4 ,queens4 ,order of ,arrangement4 ,princes4 ,popes4 ,series ,entries4 ,saints4 ,friars4 ,medival ,names4 ,artists1 c4 ,among other names rather puzzling to the cataloguer are those of persons who have no surnames in the ordinary accepted sense1 and who are known and entered by their ,christian or forenames1 such as potentates1 popes1 saints1 and medival writers4 ,their names will arise more frequently for subject-entry than as authors1 but the style of entry remains the same in either case4 ,to take the names of royal personages first1 the book chosen is catalogued as ,,victoria1 ,queen4 ,letters3 a selection1 #ahcg-fa2 ed4 by ,arthur ,c4 ,benson and ,viscount ,esher4 #c v4 ports4 #aijg #idb4jha ,this would be a sufficiently full entry for most catalogues1 yet the title-page of the first volume reads ,the ,letters of _/ ,queen ,victoria _/ a ,selection from ,her ,majesty's _/ ,correspondence between the _/ ,years #ahcg and #ahfa _/ ,published by ,authority of _/ ,his ,majesty the ,king _/ ,edited by ,arthur ,christopher ,benson1 ,m4,a4 _/ and ,viscount ,esher1 ,g4,c4,v4,o41 ,k4,c4,b4 _/ ,in three volumes _/ ,vol4 ,i _/ #ahcg-ahdc _/ ,london _/ ,john ,murray1 ,albemarle ,street1 ,w4 _/ #aijg ,the markings in this title denote the division into lines of the title-page1 and are introduced merely to illustrate and explain such markings when seen in catalogues4 ,they are only used in the case of rare editions and bibliographical curiosities1 or where a very exact description is wanted4 ,this book is not allotted to the biography of sociology in the classified catalogue1 but to ,english ,history--,queen ,victoria1 where it rightly belongs4 ,the biographies of monarchs are rarely separable from the histories of their reigns1 and these letters are regarded accordingly4 ,the usual references are required from the names of the editors individually1 as ,,benson1 ,arthur ,c4 7,ed47 ,see ,victoria1 ,queen4 ,,esher1 ,viscount 7,ed47 ,see ,victoria1 ,queen4 ,the next work is one of a purely literary character by the queen of a reigning monarch1 viz41 ,,elisabeth1 ,queen of ,roumania 7,carmen ,sylva47 ,pilgrim sorrow3 a cycle of tales2 transl4 by ,helen ,zimmern4 #ahhd #hcc4hi ,a title-entry is required for the book ,pilgrim sorrow3 tales4 ,elisabeth1 ,queen of ,roumania4 #ahhd #hcc4hi ,this book is not placed with ,roumanian literature in the classified catalogue1 but with ,german fiction of the later #aith century1 as the ,queen writes in her native ,german4 ,in the remaining illustrations the royal personages come as subjects1 not as authors4 ,the principal entries are-- ,,baird1 ,henry ,m4 ,the ,huguenots and ,henry of ,navarre4 #b v4 #ahhf #bgb4d ,,beazley1 ,c4 ,raymond4 ,prince ,henry the ,navigator1 the hero of ,portugal and of modern discovery1 #acid-adfj4 7,heroes of the nations47 illus4 #ahie #ibc4i ,,bigelow1 ,poultney4 ,the ,german ,emperor and his ,eastern neighbours1 port4 #ahib #idc4jhd ,,capefigue1 ,j4 ,b4 ,gabrielle d',estres et la politique de ,henri ,,iv4 #ahei #idd4jca ,,younghusband1 ,lady ,helen ,a4 ,marie-,antoinette3 her early youth1 #aggj-gd4 ports41 illus4 #aiab #ibc4a ,the first and fourth of these books come together under the same heading-- ,henry ,,iv41 of ,france3 ,baird1 ,h4 ,m4 ,the ,huguenots and ,henry of ,navarre4 #b v4 #ahhf #bgb4d ,capefigue1 ,j4 ,b4 ,gabrielle d',estres et la politique de ,henri ,,iv4 #ahei #idd4jca ,a reference is desirable ,henry of ,navarre4 ,see ,henry ,,iv41 of ,france4 ,these books need further entries for subject1 the first under the heading ,huguenots1 ,the1 and the other a title-entry ,estres1 ,gabrielle d'1 et la politique de ,henri ,,iv4 ,capefigue1 ,j4 ,b4 #ahei #idd4jca ,presuming that the catalogue will contain no other book than that above on ,prince ,henry1 we write a title-entry ,henry1 ,prince1 the ,navigator4 ,beazley1 ,c4 ,r4 #ahie #ibc4i ,the next book becomes ,william ,,ii41 ,emperor of ,germany3 ,bigelow1 ,p4 ,the ,german ,emperor and his ,eastern neighbours4 #ahib #idc4jhd ,whenever a number is used in the titles of monarchs either in the heading or in transcribing the title of a book1 it is given in ,roman numerals1 as shown above1 and not as ,henry #dth1 or even as ,william the ,second4 ,the last book requires a further entry under ,russia1 the ,eastern neighbours of the title1 as the book bears upon ,german relations with ,russia4 ,it does not need an entry under ,germany1 as all books dealing with a particular monarch or his reign are entered under his name1 as in this instance1 and covered by a reference from the name of the country1 as ,germany4 ,see also ,william ,,ii4 or more comprehensively ,germany4 ,for the lives of monarchs and the histories of their reigns see their names as ,william ,,ii4 ,this example affords an opportunity for explaining that in the catalogues of popular libraries the names of foreign monarchs are ,anglicized1 where they admit of it1 as shown 7,william instead of ,wilhelm72 that all ,english monarchs of the same name take precedence in the order of arrangement2 and that the sovereigns with the same name of a particular country are kept together1 and then arranged in chronological order4 ,the following list demonstrates this point-- ,william ,i41 the ,conqueror4 ,william ,,ii4 7#ajhg-aajj74 ,william ,,iii4 ,william ,,iv4 ,william ,i41 ,emperor of ,germany 7#ahfa-hh74 ,william ,,ii41 ,emperor of ,germany4 ,if considered desirable1 the dates of the reigns can be added1 as shown in the second and fifth of these names4 ,this adds a certain clearness to the entry1 though the catalogue is not meant to serve as an historical dictionary4 ,the last of the above selection of books is entered ,marie-,antoinette1 ,queen3 ,younghusband1 ,lady4 ,marie-,antoinette3 her early youth4 #aiab ,in assigning a place in the classified catalogue for this and similar books we are faced with the necessity for deciding whether they shall go in #ibc4a 7,biography of ,sociology--,chief ,rulers1 ,kings1 ,queens1 etc474 ,by the ,queen ,victoria book it was shown that her letters were inseparable from the history of her reign1 and the same view is taken of the biographical and other books above1 as indicated by the numbers attached to the entries4 ,if this is considered to be the better and more useful placing for a book dealing with a monarch1 it is a moot point whether the lives of their consorts are not also to a large extent contributions to the histories of their periods1 and warrant similar treatment1 when this book would be numbered with others on the reign of ,louis ,,xvi4 7#idd4jce74 ,a confirmation of this view is found in the ,subject-,index of the ,london ,library1 where no references whatever to books on ,marie-,antoinette are to be found under her name1 as they are under ,louis ,,xvi41 though this is no criterion for so dealing with books catalogued according to the principles laid down in these pages4 ,in the classified catalogue the books can be entered at #idd4jce1 and a reference given to it at #ibc4a4 ,following out the contrary idea1 the book upon ,prince ,henry the ,navigator is not put with the ,biography of ,princes1 but with the ,biography of ,travellers1 ,discovery4 ,we may take two books upon ,popes at this point1 though the method of treatment is virtually the same1 ,,mccarthy1 ,justin4 ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 7,public men of to-day47 #ahif #ibb4ba ,,stephens1 ,w4 ,r4 ,w41 ,dean4 ,hildebrand and his times4 7,epochs of church hist47 map4 #ahhh #ibb4ba ,contrary also to the views expressed above1 but with as good reason1 these two books are not classified with ,religion--,history of the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 but with the ,biography of ,religion--,popes4 ,the subject-entries for the dictionary catalogue are ,leo ,,xiii41 ,pope3 ,mc,carthy1 ,j4 ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 #ahif #ibb4ba ,gregory ,,vii41 ,pope3 ,stephens1 ,w4 ,r4 ,w4 ,hildebrand and his times4 #ahhh #ibb4ba ,this last calls for the reference ,hildebrand4 ,see ,gregory ,,vii41 ,pope4 ,the lives of popes1 or any other works dealing with them as individuals1 do not need references from their family names1 because these names are merged when the bearers are raised to the pontificate1 and it is unlikely that anyone will look under ,pecci for ,leo ,,xiii4 ,two useful general references can be added ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,see also ,popes4 ,popes4 ,see also the names of ,popes as ,gregory ,,vii41 ,leo ,,xiii4 ,these references assume that there are books in the catalogue upon the popes generally4 ,it will have been observed in passing that both these books1 and that upon ,prince ,henry the ,navigator1 in the previous examples1 belong to series1 the titles of which are contained in the entries4 ,they are usually noticed for headings in the dictionary catalogue1 as it can be made to furnish a list of the volumes in a library1 belonging to a series1 under the name of the series4 ,as such a list is not intended to serve as a makeshift form of subject-entry1 the first word 7articles excepted7 of the title of the series is taken for the entry-word of the heading1 as ,heroes of the ,nations1 ,public ,men of ,to-day1 ,epochs of ,church ,history1 capitals being used to denote that these are special names4 ,there are three ways of entering under a series heading1 viz41 7#a7 by the authors' names arranged in alphabetical order1 as ,heroes of the ,nations2 ed4 by ,evelyn ,abbott3 ,beazley1 ,c4 ,r4 ,prince ,henry the ,navigator1 #ahie #ibc4i 7#b7 by the subject1 especially in a series of a biographical or personal nature1 as ,public ,men of ,to-day3 ,leo ,,xiii41 by ,j4 ,mc,carthy4 #ahif #ibb4ba and 7#c7 by the number if the volumes in the series bear a consecutive number1 as ,international ,scientific ,series3 v4 #gd4 ,stebbing1 ,t4 ,r4 ,r4 ,history of crustacea4 #ahih #eie4c ,though allowed for by some of the codes of rules1 this latter is a form not to be commended1 as it often involves a search through a long list to find a particular book4 ,the only possible advantage it has is that the latest published volumes are to be found at the end of the list1 though this would not apply to new and revised editions if they had the old volume numbers4 ,when economy of space is of some moment1 as it too often is in the printed catalogues1 there being a certain element of doubt as to the utility of these series entries1 they can be dispensed with1 upon the presumption that a person requiring a book will know either the name of the author or its subject1 and the author-entry reveals if it is one of a series4 ,whatever likelihood there may be of a person wishing to read all the books in the ,heroes of the ,nations or ,english ,men of ,letters ,series1 it is improbable that anyone will want to read systematically from volume #a to #gd of the ,international ,scientific ,series owing to the variety of subjects4 ,the name of the series should be given in the author-entry even in the brief form of catalogue4 ,a certain amount of discretion has to be exercised in giving lists of series1 as many publishers' series1 like the ,pitt ,press ,series1 ,bohn's ,libraries1 ,clarendon ,press ,series1 ,everyman's ,library1 pass unnoticed4 ,if space can be afforded1 it serves some little purpose towards indicating the character and scope of books to give the names of such series in the principal entry4 ,there is no place in the classified catalogue for separate lists of series4 ,the saints and similar personages next claim our attention4 ,the entries will be under their names1 and not under ,saint4 ,examples of the correct form are ,,augustine1 ,st41 ,bp4 of ,hippo4 ,confessions2 with an ,eng4 transl4 by ,wm4 ,watts1 #afca4 7,loeb classical lib47 #b v4 #aiab #ibb4a ,augustine1 ,st41 of ,canterbury3 ,cutts1 ,e4 ,l4 ,augustine of ,canterbury4 #ahie #ibb4a ,francis1 ,st41 of ,assisi3 ,little1 ,w4 ,j4 ,k4 ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi4 #ahig #ibb4b ,,francis1 ,st41 de ,sales4 ,spiritual letters3 a selection1 transl4 #ahhj #bdb ,francis ,xavier1 ,st43 ,venn1 ,h4 ,missionary life and labours of ,francis ,xavier4 #ahfb #ibb4b ,only the first and fourth of these are main-entries1 and neither of them really needs a subject-entry4 ,the main-entries for the rest are ,,cutts1 ,edward ,l4 ,augustine of ,canterbury4 7,leaders of religion47 #ahie #ibb4a ,,little1 ,w4 ,j4 ,knox4 ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi3 his times1 life1 and work4 port4 #ahig #ibb4b ,,venn1 ,henry4 ,the missionary life and labours of ,francis ,xavier4 #ahfb #ibb4b ,the process of canonization does not affect cataloguing so materially that all persons canonized must be entered under their ,christian names1 indeed1 the ,francis ,xavier at least needs the reference ,xavier1 ,st4 ,francis4 ,see ,francis ,xavier4 ,comparatively modern instances1 as ,sir ,thomas ,more or ,bishop ,john ,fisher--now the ,blessed ,thomas ,more and ,blessed ,john ,fisher--continue to receive the usual entries under ,more and ,fisher1 though they will not be found under those names in the recently-published ,catholic ,encyclopedia1 but under ,thomas and ,john respectively4 ,whatever form of name may be adopted for the heading1 it does not affect the title of the book1 which must be retained as given by the writer1 thus ,more1 ,sir ,thomas3 ,bridgett1 ,t4 ,e4 ,wit and wisdom of ,blessed ,thomas ,more4 #ahib ,friars or other ecclesiastics who drop their surnames and adopt a religious name happily are not often found among the writers of books in an average library1 though the cataloguer of a theological library will have to reckon with them4 ,one example will suffice ,,hyacinthe1 ,pre 7,chas4 ,j4 ,m4 ,loyson74 ,catholic reform and the ,anglican ,church3 correspondence2 transl4 by ,lady ,durand4 #ahgi #bhb ,a reference from ,loyson to ,hyacinthe is necessary2 indeed1 in this case the ,british ,museum ,catalogue enters under ,loyson with the reference the reverse way4 ,in the event of a friar leaving his order1 and resuming his worldly name1 entry is by that name4 ,a modern instance of this would be ,,mccabe1 ,joseph4 ,life in a modern monastery4 #ahih #bga the author having been ,father ,antony of the ,franciscans4 ,no reference is needed here1 and it would only be required in the event of his having published books under his monastic name4 ,the first book takes two subject-entries1 one under ,roman ,catholic ,church 7or ,roman ,catholicism71 and the other under ,church of ,england1 as ,roman ,catholic ,church3 ,hyacinthe1 ,pre4 ,catholic reform and the ,anglican ,church4 #ahgi #bhb ,the subject-entry for the other book is ,monasticism3 ,mc,cabe1 ,j4 ,life in a modern monastery4 #ahih #bga ,there are yet others who are entered by their ,christian names1 for lack of another2 mostly medival writers1 who are1 however1 usually distinguished by means of their place1 or office1 or occupation4 ,it will suffice to name a few as examples of the type without adding book-titles to them1 viz41 ,mathew of ,paris 7,parisiensis72 ,mathew of ,westminster2 ,paulus ,diaconus2 ,reginald1 ,monk of ,durham2 ,thomas ,kempis2 ,walter of ,henley2 ,william of ,malmesbury4 ,among the books set for cataloguing by library assistants and students at a recent examination was one1 the title-page of which read ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,willelmi ,,malmesbiriensis ,,monachi ,,de ,,gestis ,,regum ,,anglorum ,,libri ,,quinque2 ,,histori ,,novell ,,libri ,,tres4 ,edited from ,manuscripts ,by ,,william ,,stubbs1 ,d4,d4 ,bishop of ,chester1 and ,honorary ,student of ,christ ,church1 ,oxford4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,published by ,the ,authority of the ,lords ,commissioners of ,her ,majesty's ,treasury1 under the ,direction of the ,master of the ,rolls4 ,,london3 ,printed for ,her ,majesty's ,stationery ,office1 ,by ,eyre and ,spottiswoode1 ,printers to the ,queen's ,most ,excellent ,majesty4 #ahhg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,the results1 as worked out1 were surprising1 and proved the great difficulty experienced by most in interpreting a title-page4 ,among the renderings were these1 with others equally incorrect3-- ,stubbs1 ,william1 editor4 ,histori novell libri tres4 ,vol4 #a4 ,lond4 #ahhg ,this had a further entry under ,histori ,novell1 ,william of ,malmesbury being ignored altogether4 ,the punctuation and markings for the printer are copied as given1 and are here printed accordingly4 ,willelmi ,malmesbiriensis1 ,monachi de ,gestis ,regum ,anglorum ,libri ,quinque ,histori ,nouvell ,libri ,tres4 ed4 by ,william ,stubbs1 7,bp47 vol4 #a4 #ahhg with a further entry in all particulars the same under ,stubbs1 ,william 7,bp4 ,ed474 ,stubbs1 ,william 7,bp4 of ,chester afterwards ,truro7 7ed47 ,willelmi ,malmesbiriensis ,monachi ,de ,gestis ,regum ,anglorum ,libri ,quinque2 ,histori ,novell ,libri ,tres4 v4 #a4 ,london1 ,h4,m4 ,stationery ,office1 #ahhg with references from ,chester and ,truro in this manner ,truro1 ,william1 ,bp4 of4 ,see ,stubbs1 ,william4 ,as the students were not permitted to use books of reference1 the mistake of placing ,bishop ,stubbs at ,truro instead of ,oxford was pardonable1 if not commendable1 because it proved that the student had the knowledge that ,chester was not the last bishopric held by ,stubbs1 and that1 under ordinary circumstances1 the correct see would have been named4 ,malmsbury 7,william7 ,duke4 ,histori novell libri tres2 ed4 from manuscripts by ,william ,stubbs4 vol4 #a4 with a reference equal to the full entry1 in this manner ,stubbs 7,william7 ed4 ,see also ,malmsbury 7,william7 ,duke4 ,histori novell libri tres4 vol4 #a4 ,one gave the main-entry under ,malmesbirienses1 with references from ,stubbs and ,malmesbury1 ,william1 and apparently tripping over the word libri added a subject-entry under ,libraries1 ,monastic4 ,another translated the title and marked it for printing in this style ,william 7of ,malmesbury74 ,story of the reigns of the ,kings of ,england4 ,ed4 by ,william ,stubbs 7,bishop of ,chester7 vol #a #hvo ,london #ahhg4 ,this punctuation1 or want of it1 as well as the indifferent use of a parenthesis and bracket1 are characteristic of the work of many young cataloguers4 ,if the copy were sent to press without revision and followed by the printer1 the result would be peculiar1 to say the least4 ,the correct form of entry upon the lines so far laid down is ,,william ,,of ,,malmesbury4 ,de gestis regum anglorum4 ,histori novell2 ed4 by ,wm4 ,stubbs4 7,chronicles and memorials47 v4 #a4 #ahhg #idb4ja ,the requisite additional entries being ,,stubbs1 ,wm41 ,bp4 7,ed47 ,see ,william of ,malmesbury4 ,chronicles and ,memorials of ,great ,britain1 c4 7,rolls ,series74 ,william of ,malmesbury4 ,de gestis regum anglorum4 v4 #a4 #ahhg #idb4ja ,english ,history4 ,see also ,chronicles and ,memorials4 ,rolls series4 ,see ,chronicles and ,memorials4 ,if it is considered desirable1 fuller references may be given ,stubbs1 ,william1 ,bp4 of ,oxford 7,ed47 ,see ,william of ,malmesbury4 ,england4 ,history4 ,see also ,chronicles and ,memorials4 provided this style is generally adopted throughout the catalogue4 ,as an allowance for all possible needs1 a reference can be added ,history of ,england4 ,see ,england 7,history74 ,in arranging the order of names of the description shown in this chapter it is customary to place them 7a7 apostles1 7b7 saints1 7c7 monarchs1 7d7 medival names1 7e7 friars1 7f7 surnames as usual4 ,to put this into concrete form it becomes ,james1 ,st41 the ,apostle4 ,james1 ,st4 ,james ,i41 ,king4 ,james ,edward1 ,prince4 ,james1 ,archbp4 of ,bulgaria4 ,james of ,huntingdon4 ,james1 ,brother4 ,james1 ,abraham4 ,james1 ,g4 ,p4 ,r4 ,there are other personages who have first-name entries for whom no definite rule can be laid down other than that which common knowledge or custom dictates4 ,certain of the great artists are so entered1 ,michael ,angelo 7sometimes given as ,michel ,angelo and ,michelangelo7 as ,michael1 and not ,buonarotti1 ,raphael not ,santi1 ,rembrandt not ,rhijn4 ,others are known and always referred to by a sobriquet1 or nickname1 which may be the best name for entry1 but reference to a good dictionary of artists1 like ,bryan's1 settles any doubt that may arise4 ,there are also medival writers of the later period who have what may be termed special names1 by which they are more generally known1 but these names are1 as a rule1 in such common use that they are unlikely to present any special difficulty4 ,erasmus1 ,grotius1 ,melancthon are examples of this class4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,noblemen4 ,oriental ,names4 ,noblemen4 ,title v4 ,family ,name4 ,double ,subject-,entry4 ,oriental ,names4 ,indian ,names4 ,japanese and ,chinese ,names4 ,hebrew ,names4 ,maori ,names4 ,whether noblemen are to be entered in the catalogue as authors or subjects1 the question of entry by title or family name requires careful consideration4 ,difference of opinion exists on this point4 ,this difference is carried into the codes of rules1 the ,library ,association of this country1 curiously enough1 advocating entry by the family name1 whereas the ,american ,association1 ignoring the republican tradition1 recommends entry under the latest title4 ,this latter recommendation is certainly far more convenient1 because1 as a rule1 the title is better remembered1 even in cases of recent creations4 ,those who make any large use of the ,dictionary of ,national ,biography know how troublesome it is in this respect1 invariably entailing two references4 ,for the catalogues of popular libraries1 entry under the latest and highest title is by far the most convenient and satisfactory1 while no possibility of mistake can arise if references are given in doubtful cases from the family name to the title1 or from an earlier and lower to a later and higher title4 ,some illustrations of such names are the following3-- ,,rosebery1 ,earl of4 ,napoleon3 the last phase4 #aijd #idd4je ,under the rule in the ,english ,code 7,joint-,code7 this would be given as ,,primrose1 ,archibald ,p41 ,earl of ,rosebery4 ,napoleon3 the last phase4 #aijd #idd4je ,for the former entry no reference is needed from ,primrose to ,rosebery1 but in the latter the reference from ,primrose is absolutely indispensable4 ,the indexer of a lately-published book on dress gets over the difficulty in a very easy if unsophisticated way by entering under ,lord1 after this manner ,lord ,beaconsfield1 how dressed1 #bce ,brougham1 his check trousers1 #ajd ,it is of importance to have the books entered under the highest title attained at the time the catalogue is published4 ,the two undermentioned books illustrate this point4 ,the first is described as by the late ,alexander1 ,earl of ,crawford and ,balcarres1 ,lord ,lindsay1 ,etc41 and the second as by ,lord ,balcarres4 ,we distinguish between them and enter in this way ,,crawford ,,and ,,balcarres1 ,alexander1 #beth ,earl of4 ,the ,earldom of ,mar in sunshine and shade during #ejj years4 #b v4 ,edin41 #ahhb #ibc4b ,,crawford ,,and ,,balcarres1 ,david1 #bgth ,earl of4 ,the evolution of ,italian sculpture1 illus4 #d #aiji #ghd ,this latter work being published while the author was ,lord ,balcarres necessitates the reference ,,balcarres1 ,lord4 ,see ,crawford and ,balcarres1 ,earl of4 which will fit any ,earl of ,crawford who might have published a book while using the courtesy title of ,lord ,balcarres4 ,it may be admitted that entry by the family name would bring all books together by members of this particular family1 irrespective of the titles under which they may have written1 whether ,lord ,balcarres1 ,lord ,lindsay1 or ,earl of ,crawford1 but such cases are few4 ,when the title of a nobleman is adopted for the entry in cases where he has written books before being raised to the peerage1 it is essential that the reference from his former name be given1 particularly if it differs from the title he has assumed1 as ,,lubbock1 ,sir ,john4 ,see ,avebury1 ,lord4 ,,mitford1 ,a4 ,b4 ,freeman4 ,see ,redesdale1 ,lord4 ,if the family name and the title are alike1 or almost so1 the reference is seldom necessary1 as the two names come near together4 ,examples are3-- ,,courtney ,,of ,,penwith1 ,lord 7,leonard ,h4 ,courtney74 ,,morley ,,of ,,blackburn1 ,lord 7,john ,morley74 ,in the event of there being many entries under the names of ,courtney and ,morley1 the references are required4 ,in arranging these names for order they would1 of course1 precede those of commoners1 irrespective of the alphabetical order of the secondary parts1 that is to say ,courtney of ,penwith1 ,lord1 comes before1 say1 ,courtney1 ,abram4 ,as exceptions which prove the rule1 there are a few noblemen who are decidedly better known and are always referred to by their family names1 of which two outstanding instances are ,francis ,bacon 7,viscount ,st4 ,albans7 and ,horace ,walpole 7,earl of ,orford74 ,the subject-entries for the three books given above are ,napoleon ,i41 ,emperor3 ,rosebery1 ,earl of4 ,napoleon3 the last phase4 #aijd #idd4je ,mar1 ,the ,earldom of4 ,crawford1 ,earl of4 #b v4 #ahhb #ibc4b ,sculpture3 ,crawford1 ,earl of4 ,the evolution of ,italian sculpture4 #aiji #ghd ,there is no occasion to distinguish between the ,earls of ,crawford in the sub-entries except in the very remote possibility of two of them having written on the same subject4 ,the book on ,italian sculpture raises a very troublesome question in connection with subject-entries for the dictionary catalogue1 namely1 whether double entry is required or not4 ,the youthful beginner may be told here1 as a kind of aside1 that there is no third subject to this book1 it has nothing to do with ,evolution as such4 ,the book is not upon sculpture as a whole1 but upon that subject with a geographical 7or national7 limitation1 yet the prominence of ,italian sculpture in that art calls for an entry under ,sculpture1 as shown above4 ,the book1 moreover1 is not specifically upon ,italian art1 but only upon a phase of it1 yet those who want to study ,italian art in all its aspects must have their attention directed to it4 ,accordingly we either need an entry1 as ,italy3 ,art4 ,crawford1 ,earl of4 ,the evolution of ,italian sculpture4 #aiji #ghd or the more economical reference3-- ,italy3 ,art4 ,see also ,sculpture4 ,when space is a consideration1 then the reference will suffice1 but where it can be afforded1 double entry is advised4 ,if there are many entries under such a heading it can be sub-divided to simplify reference--divisions as ,general1 ,greek and ,roman1 ,italian1 ,british1 suggest themselves1 though the amount of sub-division usually depends upon the material to be arranged4 ,the heading need not necessarily be the geographical one 7,italy71 as here shown2 a term more direct1 say ,italian ,art1 might be chosen4 ,in any case a book of this definite character would not be entered under ,art in the dictionary catalogue1 sculpture being but a branch of the ,fine ,arts1 as also are painting and architecture4 ,the heading ,art then would be reserved for books dealing with art generally1 including all the arts1 or1 at least1 the two principal1 painting and sculpture1 which people mostly mean when speaking of art1 though in no case must the valuable guiding reference be omitted ,art3 ,see also ,sculpture4 ,furthermore1 there is no reason why this heading should not be reserved for books upon art generally without a qualification1 and the books upon national art be placed under the names of the country concerned1 with a further reference of a comprehensive nature1 to this effect ,art3 ,see also ,architecture4 ,painting4 ,sculpture4 ,for the art of particular countries see their names as ,greece1 ,italy1 ,japan4 ,though not quite in the same category1 by far the most troublesome names the cataloguer has to contend with are the ,oriental1 both of the far and near ,east4 ,they are increasingly coming under notice1 not only attached to translations1 but to books written in ,english1 and have to be reckoned with for the catalogues of even comparatively small libraries4 ,if the cataloguer should stumble in his selection of the name under which he makes the entry1 he has the satisfaction of knowing that he errs in good company1 with the further consolation of believing that there will be few who know enough to discover his mistake1 though these facts will be no justification1 and should only serve to put him on his guard4 ,in ,abdullah ,yusuf-,ali's ,life and labour of the people of ,india 7#aijg7 we read3-- ,if ,miss ,toru ,dutt were to come to life again1 and had nothing better to do than go to the ,british ,museum1 she would never be able to trace her own book from the ,catalogue4 ,her name is to be found neither under ,dutt nor under ,toru1 but as ,tarulata ,datta4 ,mrs4 ,naidu's name appears under ,s4 as ,sarojini ,nayadu4 ,perhaps some sympathy might be extended to the ,frenchman who never could understand why names were treated so badly in ,england2 there was one he knew which they wrote as ,marjoribanks and pronounced as ,chumley6 ,to be consistent the ,british ,museum ,catalogue ought 7especially after the recent spelling crusade7 to spell the names of the ,president of the ,united ,states ,rs-felt and classify it under ,t as ,theodoros--,theodore being only a modern corruption of a good ,greek name4 ,this is quoted for what it is worth1 though coming as it does from a native source and from one who can also write in ,english1 it is entitled to great respect4 ,the following paragraph taken from ,the ,westminster ,gazette is helpful in this connection3-- ,the usually full telegrams from ,india during the past week have furnished several examples of that perpetual puzzle the proper use of ,indian names4 ,both the home and the ,anglo-,indian ,press are apt to stumble1 and to an ,indian reader their mistakes must be as amusing as the ',lord ,balfour' and ',sir ,morley' of certain ,french newspapers are to us4 ,as a rule1 the blunders occur in reference to ,parsee or ,bengali names4 ,roughly speaking1 every ,bengali man has three names4 ,the first is his given name1 the second is conventional or honorific1 the third is the patronymic1 analogous to an ,irish or ,scottish clan-name4 ,for example1 ,dr4 ,rash ,behari ,ghose 7who should have been president of this year's ,national ,congress71 ,mr4 ,romesh ,chandra ,dutt 7the historian and ex-,civil servant71 ,bepin ,chandra ,pal 7the well-known agitator74 ,in each case the important names are the first and third2 the second cannot be used without the first1 though in certain forms of address the third is omitted4 ,thus1 while it is permissible to speak of ,dr4 ,rash ,behari1 ,reuter is quite wrong with his ',dr4 ,behari ,ghose4' ,similarly1 the ,times should not speak of ',mr4 ,chandra ,pal1' nor the ,morning ,post of ',babu ,banerjea4' ,we may say ',bepin ,babu' or ',mr4 ,pal1' ',surendra ,babu1' or ,mr4 ,banerjea2 but it is safer to give the full names4 ,parsee names are another matter1 and a more intricate one4 ,we may take a book by way of illustration1 and examine it for cataloguing4 ,the title-page of that chosen reads ,the ,tarikh-i-,rashidi of ,mirza ,muhammad ,haidar1 ,dughlt4 ,a history of the ,moghuls of ,central ,asia4 ,an ,english version edited1 with commentary1 notes1 and map by ,n4 ,elias4 ,the translation of ,e4 ,denison ,ross4 ,london1 ,sampson ,low1 c4 #ahie ,upon somewhat general principles--too general to be always reliable--the entry in such names is usually made under the first name1 which in this instance is ,mirza1 the author being referred to throughout the preface as ,mirza ,haidar1 though it appears that other ,european writers have called him ,haidar ,mirza4 ,in some parts of ,asia the reversal of the name in this way makes considerable difference2 when ,mirza leads it means simply ,mr4 or ,esq41 but at the end of the name it is equivalent to ,prince1 and is so used only by persons who belong to a reigning family4 ,as the writer was a prince1 his name could properly be given either way4 ,mirza being a title and not a name1 cannot be the entry-name1 yet it is so entered1 with other ,mirzas1 in the ,catalogue of the ,london ,library4 ,the ,british ,museum enters the name as ,muhammad ,haidar1 ,dughlt4 ,for most libraries an entry to the following effect will prove sufficient ,,muhammad ,,haidar1 ,mirza4 ,the ,tarikh-i-,rashidi3 a history of the ,moghuls of ,central ,asia2 ed4 by ,n4 ,elias4 #ahie #iej ,the book from which the paragraph criticising the ,british ,museum ,catalogue was taken will serve as a further example1 though it is a very simple one2 the author1 apparently appreciating the difficulty his name presents to ,westerns1 has given it at the end of the preface and on the binding as ,a4 ,yusuf-,ali1 though it is in full1 ,abdullah ,yusuf-,ali1 on the title-page4 ,this enables us to see that it is correct to treat the name as if it were an occidental one1 and the entry is ,,yusuf-,,ali1 ,abdullah4 ,life and labour of the people of ,india1 illus4 #aijg ,for ascertaining the meaning of terms attached to ,oriental names1 the ,list of ,oriental titles and occupations with their signification1 given in ,linderfelt's ,eclectic ,card ,catalog ,rules already named is useful4 ,for ,indian names such works of reference as ,whitworth's ,anglo-,indian ,dictionary1 ,beale and ,keene's ,oriental ,biographical ,dictionary1 and ,lethbridge's ,golden ,book of ,india are serviceable4 ,japanese and ,chinese names present the same difficulty1 though the books themselves often indicate the correct name for entry1 especially in translations4 ,works in the original will necessitate obtaining the aid of an expert1 not only for giving the name of the author and stating the subject with which he deals1 but for making a transliteration or some rendering suitable for a catalogue entry4 ,on the rare occasions when this is required1 there is seldom any difficulty in obtaining reliable voluntary help4 ,quite recently the ,chelsea ,library obtained the loan of a ,japanese manuscript from the ,swedish ,royal ,library1 and a ,frenchman translated it into ,english4 ,for the present ,japanese names are oftener met with than ,chinese1 not only attached to translations1 but to books written in ,english and continental languages1 and first name entry is not always the correct form4 ,to take two examples in illustration ,the ideals of the ,east1 with special reference to the art of ,japan1 by ,kakasu ,okakura4 #aijc ,a ,japanese artist in ,london1 written and illustrated by ,yoshio ,markino4 #aiaj ,in the prefaces of these books the writers are referred to as ,mr4 ,okakura and ,mr4 ,markino respectively1 therefore1 these names may be looked upon as corresponding to1 although not actually the same as1 the family name in ,european usage1 and the entries are given accordingly ,,okakura1 ,kakasu4 ,the ideals of the ,east1 with special reference to the art of ,japan4 #aijc #gji4eb ,,markino1 ,yoshio4 ,a ,japanese artist in ,london1 illus4 #aiaj #iad4ba ,there is every probability that had these books been published in ,japan the names of the authors would have been reversed upon the title-pages1 as ,okakura ,kakasu and ,markino ,yoshio1 but that fact does not involve any necessity for references in an ,english catalogue4 ,chinese names may need quite different treatment1 and1 failing any clue as to the correct name for entry1 the first given should be taken4 ,the following will not only illustrate this point1 but serve to demonstrate the method of condensing a title which in full is ,the ,light of ,china4 ,the ,to ,teh ,king of ,lo ,tsze1 #fjd-ejd ,b4,c4 ,an accurate metrical rendering1 translated directly from the ,chinese text1 and critically compared with the standard translations1 the ancient and modern ,chinese commentaries1 and all accessible authorities4 ,with preface1 analytical index1 and full list of important words1 and their radical significations4 ,by ,i4 ,w4 ,heysinger1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,author of ,solar ,energy1 its ,source and ,mode ,throughout the ,universe1 ,etc41 ,etc4 ,research ,publishing ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,,mdcccciii4 ,this is more advertisement than title-page1 and the cataloguer renders it all as simply as possible in this way3-- ,l,o ,,tsze4 ,the ,light of ,china3 the ,to ,teh ,king2 metrical transl41 ed4 by ,i4 ,w4 ,heysinger4 ,philad41 #aijc #bii4e ,before proceeding further1 these books by ,orientals must have subject-entries to complete them4 ,the first is a history of the ,mongols1 and not of the ,mohammedan ,empire in ,india as the title might seem to imply1 therefore the entry is ,mongols1 ,the3 ,muhammed ,haidar4 ,tarikh-i-,rashidi3 history of the ,moghuls4 #ahie #iej ,the author's name here cannot be curtailed to ,muhammed ,h4 ,two references are needed1 none being required from ,moghuls to ,mongols1 ,asia1 ,central3 ,see also ,mongols4 ,,elias1 ,n4 7,ed47 ,see ,muhammed ,haidar4 ,india3 ,social life4 ,yusuf-,ali1 ,a4 ,life and labour of the people of ,india4 #aijg #iae4d ,japan3 ,okakura1 ,kakasu4 ,the ideals of the ,east4 #aijc #gji4eb ,london3 ,markino1 ,yoshio4 ,a ,japanese artist in ,london4 #aiaj #iad4ba ,where names have become so much adapted to the ,western style1 as the above two1 it might be possible to reduce them to ,okakura1 ,k4 and ,markino1 ,y41 though the full form is preferable1 even in sub-entries4 ,the ,chinese work being by the founder of the religion known as ,taoism1 receives an entry accordingly ,taoism3 ,lo ,tsze4 ,the ,light of ,china3 the ,to ,teh ,king4 #aijc #bii4e ,the necessary reference is ,china3 ,religions4 ,see also ,taoism4 ,hebrew names1 those of ,jewish rabbis especially1 come up occasionally for entry1 but a general recommendation to consult the ,jewish ,encyclopedia 7#ab v4 #aija-f7 will suffice4 ,there are many other forms of foreign names1 but the foregoing remarks and illustrations will enable the cataloguer to see that no definite rule governing all forms of names1 even those of a particular nationality1 can be laid down4 ,for instance1 to go further afield in the world1 no code gives any guidance for ,maori names1 yet it is conceivable that people of this race may yet figure as authors of ,english books1 even if only sermons1 as a number of them are clergymen of the ,church of ,england4 ,so far as ,crockford's ,clerical ,directory serves as a guide1 their names appear mostly under ,te1 as ,te ,awekotuku1 ,te ,hana1 ,te ,ngara1 ,te ,raro1 but there are no names of the kind in the ,british ,museum ,catalogue under ,te1 and1 therefore1 the careful cataloguer will take heed1 when the occasion arises1 to ascertain exactly the really important and distinguishing part of the name1 and enter accordingly4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,pseudonyms4 ,married ,women4 ,pseudonyms v4 ,real ,names4 ,the ,better-known ,name4 ,methods of ,marking ,pseudonyms4 ,writers who use ,two ,names4 ,phrase-,pseudonyms4 ,specific ,entry4 ,repetition ,dashes4 ,use of ,capitals for ,emphasis4 ,women's ,names ,changed by ,marriage4 ,anonymous ,books4 ,the ,discovery of ,authors of ,anonymous ,books4 ,by the ,author of----4 ,names consisting of ,initials only4 ,the cataloguer's troubles do not end when the1 to him1 vexatious styles of names referred to in the previous pages are settled4 ,he has to decide for himself the somewhat difficult question of entry under pseudonyms or real names when known1 or under married or maiden names when both have been used by women authors4 ,these classes come into the same division as changed names1 though the standard codes of rules make different recommendations1 some to enter by the real name1 others by the pseudonym1 but most are in favour of the latter4 ,the ,a4,l4,a4 and ,l4,a4 ,joint-,code rule is to enter under the pseudonym of a writer when the real name is not known1 which is another way of saying enter under the real name when known4 ,a great deal of attention has from time to time been paid to this subject by librarians4 ,some years ago the whole tendency was to hunt in all places1 likely or unlikely1 in the hope of discovering the real name of an author who used a pseudonym1 and1 when the search was successful1 of getting it into print as soon as possible4 ,a librarian thereby may have scored by being ahead of his fellows with the information1 and the user of the catalogue may have acquired knowledge1 though possibly he did not want it1 especially if it involved looking up two references instead of one4 ,the tendency is now somewhat in the other direction1 and it may safely be said that1 except for some excellent reason1 the entries should be given under the pseudonym1 rules or no rules4 ,it may reasonably be contended that the better-known1 whether it be the pseudonym or the real name1 is the right one for the entry1 as being the more reasonable and satisfactory4 ,should there be any doubt which is the better known1 then it is a mistake on the right side to enter under the real name of the author4 ,there is a little variation in the styles of printing such entries in a catalogue4 ,some give them after this manner ,,annunzio1 ,gabriele d'1 pseud4 7i4e4 ,gaetano ,rampagnetto74 ,the triumph of death4 ,others print the assumed name in italics1 as ,dale1 ,darley1 pseud4 7,francesca ,m4 ,steele74 ,seven sons2 or1 the story of ,malcolm and his brothers4 while others put it shorter still1 without any loss of clearness as to meaning ,,france1 ,anatole 7,a4 ,franois ,thibault47 ,le livre de mon ami4 ,in none of these cases is it deemed necessary1 at least in an average catalogue1 to refer from the real name to the pseudonym1 for the reason that not one person in a thousand would think of looking under the real names of these authors4 ,in the catalogues of large and important libraries1 particularly reference libraries1 these references can be given1 as a matter of course1 according to the rules1 otherwise there is the risk of the same author appearing in two places under different names4 ,it is well1 on principle1 to take a rooted objection to this1 though under special circumstances it is conceivable that it might be no great disadvantage4 ,take a modern instance ,,danby1 ,frank4 ,pigs in clover4 which is by ,julia ,frankau1 the author of two important books--one on colour prints and the other on the mezzotinto engraver1 ,j4 ,r4 ,smith--both published under her real name4 ,these books are so far apart in character from her novels that both names might very well be used in the catalogue4 ,in the classified catalogue the use of the two names would not matter1 but in the dictionary catalogue it requires consideration4 ,again1 there is little likelihood of these books all appearing in the same catalogue2 the lending library would not have the books on prints1 and the reference or other special library which might contain them would hardly have the novels4 ,this illustration is named simply to show the consideration that can be given to a case of the kind4 ,it does not really end here1 because there is always the chance of the author writing more fiction under her real name4 ,remembering this1 and the fact that she has already published books under her proper name1 the reference becomes necessary for safety in the future4 ,that is to say1 for the novel the reference is given from ,frankau to the pseudonym until the time comes to reverse the process4 ,there are several similar instances where the books1 though widely differing in character1 are none the less likely to appear in the same catalogue4 ,the writings of the late ,rev4 ,john ,m4 ,watson may be cited as a case in point1 those on religious subjects being published under his real name1 and his stories under the pseudonym of ,ian ,maclaren4 ,a present-day example of the same thing is the book ,,hannay1 ,james ,o4 ,the spirit and origin of ,christian monasticism4 #aijc #bga which is by the same author who writes novels under the pseudonym of ,george ,a4 ,birmingham4 ,in the case of a library publishing a separate catalogue of fiction there can be no objection to following the course already recommended1 by entering under the pseudonym ,,birmingham1 ,george ,a4 7,jas4 ,o4 ,hannay74 ,the red hand of ,ulster4 ,if there is no separate catalogue of fiction1 the author's books must all be brought together1 when it is inevitable that the real name1 rather than the fictitious1 be taken for all entries4 ,here arises the problem whether the pseudonym is to be attached to the entry for the book on monasticism or limited to the books written under the assumed name4 ,it is helpful to mark the distinction in this way ,,hannay1 ,jas4 ,o4 ,the spirit and origin of ,christian monasticism4 #aijc #bga -- 7,geo4 ,a4 ,birmingham74 ,the red hand of ,ulster4 not overlooking the essential reference ,,birmingham1 ,george ,a4 ,see ,hannay1 ,jas4 ,o4 ,there is at least one example of an author publishing works of fiction under both his real name and a pseudonym1 viz41 ,j4 ,e4 ,preston ,muddock1 who writes some stories under his true name1 and his detective stories under that of ,dick ,donovan4 ,the right course to pursue in this case is to enter all under ,muddock4 ,unless there is strong objection to placing books by one writer in two places1 there is no reason why the separate entries should not appear under both names4 ,while introduced here to show a possible method of treatment1 it must not be taken as recommended4 ,,muddock1 ,j4 ,e4 ,p4 ,the dead man's secret4 -- ,the lost laird4 ,see also ,donovan1 ,dick4 ,,donovan1 ,dick 7,j4 ,e4 ,p4 ,muddock74 ,tales of terror4 -- ,the sin of ,preaching ,jim4 ,see also ,muddock1 ,j4 ,e4 ,p4 ,when the name of an author is known to be1 or1 from its nature1 is obviously a pseudonym1 it is better given in inverted commas1 or whatever other style is adopted to mark a pseudonym1 whether the real name be known or not4 ,such names are ,skelton ,kuppord1 ,walker ,miles1 ,home ,counties1 ,daniel ,chaucer4 ,a pseudonym which consists of a phrase can rarely be regarded as a name1 and it is wiser to treat the book as if it were anonymous1 after the manner referred to later1 bringing the phrase-pseudonym into the title-entry in this way ,kruger's secret service1 by ,one who was in it4 #aijj #ifh ,to enter under ,one who was in it would be useless as well as wasteful4 ,a similar example is ,the life of a prig1 by ,one4 #ahhf when the entry under ,one would be equally futile and absurd4 ,so also would be ,the danger of spiritualism1 by a ,member of the ,society for ,psychical ,research4 #aija if entered under ,member4 ,the first of these two receives a title-entry1 which is a recognition of the pseudonym1 as ,prig1 ,the life of a1 by ,one4 #ahhf ,in these examples the non-recognition of the pseudonym is due to the fact that its application is confined to a particular instance or a particular book4 ,this recommendation for treating phrase-pseudonyms must be carefully considered in relation to the books produced by the users4 ,those who write regularly and publish several works under such pseudonyms must be recognised--as witness the case of ,a ,son of the ,marshes4 ,at this point the arrangement of working out the foregoing entries in full may be continued4 ,the first is ,monasticism3 ,hannay1 ,j4 ,o4 ,the spirit1 c41 of ,christian monasticism4 #aijc #bga or1 in the event of there being but a single work on the subject ,monasticism1 ,christian1 ,the spirit1 c41 of4 ,hannay1 ,j4 ,o4 #aijc #bga ,if there is a separate fiction catalogue or class-list1 the entry for the novel by the same author is ,red hand of ,ulster1 ,the4 ,birmingham1 ,g4 ,a4 ,when the entries are embodied in the dictionary catalogue1 and the real name of the author is taken for the main-entry1 the title-entry becomes ,red hand of ,ulster1 ,the4 ,hannay1 ,j4 ,o4 ,it must be admitted that this might puzzle a person who remembers the title of the book and could recognise it by the name of the author1 but would fail to identify ,hannay with ,birmingham4 ,the entry must1 all the same1 be given in this form to guide to the name of ,hannay1 where the principal entry is to be found4 ,the same remark equally applies to the title-entries requisite for ,mr4 ,muddock's books1 if they are all entered under ,muddock in orthodox fashion and not divided4 ,if divided the entries would be ,dead man's secret1 ,the4 ,muddock1 ,j4 ,e4 ,p4 ,lost laird1 ,the4 ,muddock1 ,j4 ,e4 ,p4 ,tales of terror4 ,donovan1 ,d4 ,sin1 ,the1 of ,preaching ,jim4 ,donovan1 ,d4 ,the ,kruger book comes under some such heading as ,boers1 ,the1 and ,boer ,wars3 ,kruger's secret service1 by ,one who was in it4 #aijj #ifh with references thereto from ,africa1 ,south1 ,transvaal1 ,the1 and ,orange ,free ,state4 ,at the risk of labouring the point--an important one which will bear emphasis--the last book affords an opportunity for again demonstrating the handling of a book for specific subject-entry in the dictionary catalogue4 ,this form of entry requires that books bearing upon the ,boer ,wars1 the ,french ,revolution1 the ,crimean ,war1 the ,indian ,mutiny1 the ,gunpowder ,plot1 the ,american ,revolution1 or any other historical happening to which a definite name is attached1 shall be entered under such specific name1 not under the name of the country or countries concerned4 ,it might be possible to evade this by giving a reference from the name of the event to the name of the country1 but it is against the principles of the dictionary catalogue4 ,the matter has to be reasoned out like this3 a history of the last ,boer ,war is not a history of ,south ,africa1 is not even a history of the ,transvaal or of the ,orange ,free ,state1 although it terminated the existence of the republics of those states4 ,similarly a history of the ,crimean ,war is not a history of ,russia1 and has as much to do with ,turkey1 to say nothing of this country or of ,france2 a history of the ,franco-,german ,war is neither a history of ,france nor of ,germany1 but merely a detached epoch in the history of both countries1 however much it had to do with the founding of the present ,german ,empire and the fall of the ,french ,empire4 ,therefore1 literal exactness requires1 as already stated1 that entry be made under the names whereby such events are known with ,see also references thereto from the names of the countries involved4 ,it is also required that the term chosen for the heading shall be definite and not general4 ,if the heading1 say1 of ,civil ,war were taken in a ,british catalogue for books upon the great ,civil ,war of the #agth century1 it would be incorrect1 because too inclusive1 as books upon civil war in the abstract or on civil wars generally or in any country1 as the ,civil ,war between ,north and ,south in ,america1 could all be grouped under it1 therefore the heading must be earmarked in some way to show what particular civil war is meant1 say1 ,civil ,war1 ,the ,great1 or ,civil ,war and ,commonwealth1 or even ,civil ,war1 ,the4 ,the addition of the definite article to the last heading serves to show that the ,puritan revolution is meant1 though it would not give the same meaning in an ,american catalogue4 ,in this way headings to be adopted are reasoned out before being decided upon4 ,the ,life of a prig is already sufficiently disposed of1 though it is not a story1 but is more or less in the nature of a satire recounting the troubles of an ,oxford man1 uncertain as to whether he should belong to the ,anglican or ,roman ,church4 ,it is marked for the classified catalogue as a satire of the late ,victorian period4 ,this is a type of book that is the bane of the cataloguer's life1 and he is not to be blamed if he summarily disposes of it under any heading or title that does not altogether relegate it to obscurity4 ,the last is ,spiritualism3 ,dangers1 ,the1 of spiritualism1 by a ,member of the ,society for ,psychical ,research4 #aija #acc4i and is the sole entry for this book4 ,attention may here be directed to two points arising in connection with some of the above entries4 ,it will be noticed that in the ,hannay entry a repetition dash 7--7 has been given in lieu of the name for the second entry1 as it would be for all subsequent entries under the same name4 ,to make use of this dash for any other purpose is dangerous1 and should be avoided4 ,the old-fashioned custom of using it to save repeating words in the title-entries1 led to the well-known catalogue jokes3-- ,mill on ,liberty4 -- -- the ,floss4 ,lead1 kindly ,light4 -- ,silver and4 and others equally ridiculous4 ,every word omitted was indicated by a separate dash1 after this manner ,three ,men in a ,boat4 -- -- on the ,bummel4 ,toilers of the ,field4 -- -- -- ,sea4 ,told by the ,colonel4 -- -- -- ,death's ,head4 ,it is hardly necessary to say that in all the above cases no dashes were required2 every word should have been given1 both for the sake of understanding and appearance4 ,the second point relates to the recommendation1 already referred to1 that the word following the article in titles whereby the entries are alphabetized should have a capital letter1 and also that one should be given to the first word of an alternative title4 ,nothing can be said against these proposals unless it is that they give certain words an undue prominence4 ,the books of ,j4 ,e4 ,p4 ,muddock serve admirably as illustrations3-- ,,muddock1 ,j4 ,e4 ,p4 ,the ,dead man's secret2 or1 ,the valley of gold4 -- ,the ,great white hand2 or1 ,the ,tiger of ,cawnpore4 -- ,the ,lost laird4 -- ,the ,man from ,manchester4 ,this1 however1 resolves itself more into a question of taste than of expediency4 ,in the same category as pseudonyms come the women who1 in changing their names by marriage1 perhaps more than once1 have written under all forms of their names--aggravating ladies as they have been called4 ,at times they are better known by the names of their husbands1 as ,mrs4 ,mark ,pattison1 ,mrs4 ,humphry ,ward1 ,mrs4 ,sidney ,webb4 ,it would be injudicious to adopt a fixed rule to cover all cases of this kind4 ,the best-known name recommendation again applies1 although the rule usually laid down is to enter a married woman under whatever name she first used as an author1 with references thereto from her later names4 ,in some cases this is quite a safe and convenient rule1 while in others it involves looking in two places4 ,to state a case1 people are now more familiar with the works of ,mrs4 ,sidney ,webb under that name than under her maiden name of ,beatrice ,potter4 ,if entry were made under ,potter it would in any case necessitate a reference to ,webb for those books which she had written jointly with her husband4 ,therefore1 it being admitted that the better-known name1 also the more correct1 is that of ,webb1 the entries are so given1 with the reference from ,potter1 i4e41 ,,webb1 ,beatrice 7,potter74 ,the co-operative movement in ,great ,britain4 #ahia #ccd -- 7joint-author47 ,see also ,webb1 ,sidney4 ,,potter1 ,beatrice4 ,see ,webb1 ,beatrice4 ,webb1 ,sidney4 ,socialism in ,england4 #crd ed4 #aija #cce4a -- and ,beatrice4 ,the history of trade unionism4 #ahid #cca4hh ,for order of arrangement it will be noticed that books written by ,sidney ,webb alone precede those written by him as a joint-author1 with his name in the leading place4 ,if the last-named book had been published as by ,beatrice and ,sidney ,webb the entry would1 as a matter of course1 be under ,mrs4 ,webb's name1 her book on co-operation coming before it4 ,the ,workman illustration given in ,chapter ,v4 should be considered in this connection4 ,another1 and rather different difficulty of the kind1 is when a man and his wife have collaborated and published with the wife's maiden name in the leading place4 ,if the lady has written other books before marriage and continues to use her maiden name on books written by herself1 it settles the matter sufficiently to warrant entry under the maiden name1 as ,,fowler1 ,ellen ,thornycroft 7,mrs4 ,felkin74 ,concerning ,isabel ,carnaby4 -- ,in subjection4 -- and ,alfred ,l4 ,,felkin4 ,kate of ,kate ,hall4 with the usual references ,,felkin1 ,alfred ,l4 7joint-author74 ,see ,fowler1 ,ellen ,t4 ,,felkin1 ,ellen ,t4 ,see ,fowler1 ,ellen ,t4 and the customary title-entries under ,concerning1 ,in1 and ,kate4 ,the subject-entries for the foregoing books are ,co-operation3 ,webb1 ,b4 ,the co-operative movement in ,great ,britain4 #ahia #ccd ,it would be incorrect1 for the sake of economy1 to omit the definite article in this1 as it somewhat alters the sense4 ,at times it can be left out without any risk of changing the meaning1 as in the book on trades unions below4 ,some cataloguers make a feature of giving the ,christian name in full in subordinate entries if the author is a woman4 ,socialism3 ,webb1 ,s4 ,socialism in ,england4 #aija #cce4a ,trades ,unions3 ,webb1 ,s41 c4 ,history of trade unionism4 #ahid #cca4hh ,a reference is needed to assist towards that coordination between the subject-entries of a catalogue serving to bring its related parts together1 and is helpful by way of suggestion to the inquirer when using it4 ,labour3 ,see also ,trades ,unions4 ,there can be no objection in the above instance1 or in those of ,mrs4 ,humphry ,ward and other ladies well known and commonly spoken of by their husband's names1 to giving1 if desired1 the entries under those names1 provided the usual references are furnished4 ,,webb1 ,beatrice4 ,see ,webb1 ,mrs4 ,sidney4 ,,ward1 ,mary ,a4 ,see ,ward1 ,mrs4 ,humphry4 ,it would1 however1 be possible to dispense with the references altogether1 if only a comparatively small number of entries under ,webb or ,ward appear in the catalogue4 ,to show the difficulty experienced by cataloguers in keeping pace with ladies who change their names by marriage1 it may be mentioned that even a well-known author like the late ,lady ,dilke1 who was ,mrs4 ,mark ,pattison1 can be found in good catalogues placed accidentally under both names4 ,on the other hand it is as well to be quite sure when following up the changed names of women authors4 ,the ,london ,library and some lesser catalogues have confused ,anne ,manning and ,mrs4 ,a4 ,m4 ,rathbone1 with the result that books are amalgamated erroneously under one name though written by different persons4 ,in other catalogues of minor importance ,george ,eliot has figured as ,mrs4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes and ,marie ,corelli as ,marion ,mackay4 ,although recommended by some rules1 there is no real necessity for giving references from the married names of writers of the importance of ,george ,eliot or ,charlotte ,bront1 as it is improbable that anyone would refer to ,cross or ,nicholls for these authors4 ,this treatment of women authors may be summed up by repeating the recommendation use the best-known name in all cases--if the lady writes under her maiden name and is mostly known thereby1 that is the name to use2 if by her married name1 then use that4 ,if she has been married more than once and written under all forms of her name 7of which examples are ,a4 ,mary ,f4 ,robinson1 who was ,madame ,duclaux and then ,madame ,darmesteter1 and ,mrs4 ,aubrey ,le ,blond1 ne ,whitshed1 formerly ,mrs4 ,fred4 ,burnaby and ,mrs4 ,main7 then1 again1 the best-known 7in these cases ,robinson and ,le ,blond7 are the right ones to use1 not neglecting the references from the others4 ,if a writer has consistently used a pseudonym1 that1 again1 is the best to adopt for the entry4 ,for example1 there is a ,spanish novelist1 known as ,fernan ,caballero1 who1 surviving three husbands1 resumed her maiden name4 ,in her case it is not worth while searching for or discussing which of her names should be chosen1 that by which she is universally known being undoubtedly the best4 ,books published anonymously--that is where the authors' names are not upon the title-pages1 and no clue to them is to be found in the books--are more annoying to the cataloguer than pseudonymous works4 ,at times a preface or a dedication in a book may bear the author's name or initials1 or there may be something serving to reveal his identity in the text1 and such evidence must be searched for4 ,in the event of the book itself yielding no help1 then the customary sources of information are turned to1 the best for ,british cataloguers being ,halkett and ,laing's ,dictionary of the ,anonymous and ,pseudonymous ,literature of ,great ,britain 7though this is not absolutely reliable74 ,the ,british ,museum1 ,london ,library1 or other important catalogues at command should be consulted1 particularly the catalogues of the place from which the book comes1 as the wanted information may be known locally4 ,for ,french books ,barbier's ,dictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes is useful4 ,the method of cataloguing an anonymous book may be shown here4 ,the title-page of that chosen reads ,the failure of ,lord ,curzon3 a study in imperialism3 an open letter to the ,earl of ,rosebery1 by ,twenty-eight years in ,india4 #aijc ,the preface opens with a statement that the writer has adopted anonymity though quite aware that it is the thinnest of screens if there is any wish to pierce behind it1 and he goes on to say that a twenty-eight years' acquaintance with ,india1 etc41 suggests some knowledge of the matter he discusses1 thus showing that ,twenty-eight years in ,india is not the title of another book1 but a species of pseudonym4 ,if this thinnest of screens cannot be penetrated1 and the mere suggestion that it can should serve to put the cataloguer on his mettle1 then there are two ways of entering the book regarding it as strictly anonymous4 ,one is to enter uniformly by the first word of the title not an article as ,failure1 ,the1 of ,lord ,curzon3 a study in imperialism1 by ,twenty-eight years in ,india4 #aijc ,the better way to enter anonymous books when concerned with particular persons or places is under the names of such persons or places1 provided they are named on the title-pages1 as ,curzon of ,kedleston1 ,lord4 ,the failure of ,lord ,curzon3 a study in imperialism1 by ,twenty-eight years in ,india4 #aijc ,this is a sufficient entry1 as any person wanting the book could not fail to remember that it related to ,lord ,curzon unless he thought of ,indian administration1 which would be the subject-entry for it4 ,another method1 much the same in principle1 is to enter under the first substantive in the title4 ,if the name of the author is ascertained later and with certainty1 as this was1 the entry must be altered accordingly ,o',,donnell1 ,c4 ,j4 ,the failure of ,lord ,curzon3 a study in imperialism1 by ,twenty-eight years in ,india4 #aijc #ced4ed ,when literal exactness is the custom of the library the author's name as above would be enclosed in brackets to show that it is an addition made by the cataloguer under the rule previously alluded to4 ,if that is the method decided upon for entering anonymous books1 the first-word entry is still retained1 with the author's name added4 ,failure1 ,the1 of ,lord ,curzon3 a study in imperialism1 by ,twenty-eight years in ,india ,c4 ,j4 ,o',donnell4 #aijc #ced4ed ,with the author's name revealed the entry under ,lord ,curzon becomes a subject-entry ,curzon of ,kedleston1 ,lord3 ,o',donnell1 ,c4 ,j4 ,the failure of ,lord ,curzon4 #aijc #ced4ed ,the author's name was obtained from a newspaper paragraph some months after the publication of the book1 and verified before use4 ,if the paragraph had been of the speculative nature of the following1 it would have been wiser to ignore it1 and wait for something more definite ,the mention of ,mr4 ,jack ,london suggests an interesting question of authorship4 ,there has been some discussion about the anonymous author of the lately published ',kempton ,wace ,letters4' ,now1 in that book we find the superscription1 ',the ,ridge1 ,berkeley1 ,california'2 and we can think of only three writers who talk about ,california--',gertrude ,atherton1' ,miss ,beatrice ,harraden1 and ,mr4 ,jack ,london4 ,the style of the ',kempton ,wace ,letters' is so remote from that of the two first-named1 and on the other hand is so much like that of the young ,californian1 that we venture to suggest ,mr4 ,london as the author4 ,paragraphs of this kind always appeal to the careful cataloguer1 and keep his mind on the alert until the point is settled one way or other4 ,one so obviously inspired as the following is authoritative enough for use ,sir ,charles ,eliot1 whose authorship of the important work on the ,near ,east1 ',turkey in ,europe1' by ',odysseus1' is now an open secret1 has produced in ',the ,east ,africa ,protectorate1' to be published by ,mr4 ,edward ,arnold on ,march #hth1 an account of the country of which he recently resigned the ,commissionership4 ,there is another method of cataloguing anonymous books sometimes seen1 viz41 bringing them all together under a heading ,anon4 ,it has nothing to commend it unless it be the apparent advantage of having all anonymous books in one place4 ,this is somewhat akin to the practice of grouping all thin books under the comprehensive heading ,pamphlets--comprehensive because if the idea is carried out logically only two headings are required1 ,pamphlets and ,books4 ,another class of anonymous books is that in which they are stated to be ,by the ,author of some other book which is named4 ,these are dealt with in the same way as any other anonymous books1 except that it is convenient to furnish a list of the books that a library possesses written by such an author1 this list being given under the title of the best-known book1 if such can be distinguished--if not1 the one most frequently named on the title-pages of the rest of the books is taken1 when references can be given from the others4 ,examples are ,laddie4 -- ,miss ,toosey's mission4 -- ,tip cat4 ,miss ,toosey's mission1 by the ,author of ,laddie4 ,see also ,laddie4 ,if italics are preferred to quotation marks1 the style will be instead ,tip cat1 by the ,author of ,laddie4 ,see also ,laddie4 ,instead of grouping the books under ,laddie1 a covering note can be appended to each book by the author as ,laddie4 ,other books by the same author are ,lil1 ,miss ,toosey's mission1 ,tip cat4 or the style1 if preferred1 may be ,miss ,toosey's mission4 ,other books by the same author are ,laddie1 ,lil1 ,tip cat4 ,it is all the more necessary to follow out this method of entry in the case of sequels to such books4 ,for example there is a book ,lady of the decoration1 ,the4 and its sequel ,lady married1 ,the1 by the ,author of ,the lady of the decoration4 when the books can be entered together and in order of reading as ,lady of the decoration1 ,the4 -- ,lady married1 ,the1 by the same author4 ,other and better-known instances are the books by the ,author of ',elizabeth and her ,german ,garden4' ,here1 however1 the identity of the author has been ascertained1 and the books are all brought together in the ordinary way under her name 7,countess von ,arnim71 and are not put under ,elizabeth and her ,german ,garden1 the entry for which book would disclose the name of the author and direct to the main-entry 7,arnim71 where all her books are to be found4 ,further troublesome books are those in which the authors' names are veiled by initials which may be given on the title-pages or at the end of the prefaces4 ,the method of entry is much the same as that for books altogether anonymous1 except that either an entry or a reference is given from the last initial 7from the first also if thought to be required7 to the entry word adopted4 ,the full title of the book taken in illustration reads3 ,the makers of ,hellas3 a critical inquiry into the philosophy and religion of ,ancient ,greece1 by ,e4,e4,g42 with an introduction1 notes1 and conclusion by ,frank ,b4 ,jevons1 ,m4,a41 ,litt4,d4 #aijc ,the editor tells us that the author died before the work was in print1 and the author requested him to publish it without revealing the authorship4 ,even if the author had lived the book would have appeared anonymously or under a pseudonym4 ,we may presume that the initials are those of the author's name1 when we have choice of entry as if the initials were not given1 as ,makers of ,hellas1 ,the3 the philosophy and religion of ,ancient ,greece1 by ,e4,e4,g42 ed4 by ,frank ,b4 ,jevons4 #aijc #ahj with references from the initials and the ,editor as ,g41 ,e4 ,e4 ,see ,makers of ,hellas4 ,jevons1 ,frank ,b4 7,ed47 ,see ,makers of ,hellas4 or1 more conveniently and just as usefully1 with an entry instead of a reference under the initials ,g41 ,e4 ,e4 ,the makers of ,hellas3 the philosophy and religion of ,ancient ,greece2 ed4 by ,frank ,b4 ,jevons4 #aijc #ahj the reference from the ,editor then being changed to ,,jevons1 ,frank ,b4 7,ed47 ,see ,g41 ,e4 ,e4 or1 under the circumstances1 an entry might be given ,,jevons1 ,frank ,b4 7,ed47 ,the makers of ,hellas1 by ,e4 ,e4 ,g4 #aijc #ahj when the first entry that under ,makers can be dispensed with4 ,the subject-entry is ,greece1 ,ancient3 ,philosophy and ,religion4 ,g41 ,e4 ,e4 ,the makers of ,hellas4 #aijc #ahj and a reference1 hardly wanted1 but better given ,hellas4 ,see ,greece1 ,ancient4 ,an entry of the above character with a bare initial takes precedence of all the ,g's in the alphabetical arrangement1 and therefore is not placed as ,gee but before ,gaa1 because the letters following the initial are an unknown quantity 7,g----74 ,in the event1 likely enough1 of the name covered by the initials being ascertained1 the entry should then be given under the name4 ,instances of these are ,on the banks of the ,seine1 by ,a4,m4,f41 ,authoress of ,foreign courts and foreign homes4 #aijj ,days and hours in a garden1 by ,e4,v4,b4 #ahhd when the authors being known the entries are ,,falls1 ,alice ,m4 ,on the banks of the ,seine4 #aijj or more particularly exact ,f,,alls1 ,alice ,m4 ,on the banks of the ,seine4 #aijj ,b,,oyle1 ,e4 ,v4 ,days and hours in a garden4 #ahhd with the essential references in such cases ,f41 ,a4,m4 ,see ,falls1 ,alice ,m4 ,b41 ,e4,v4 ,see ,boyle1 ,e4 ,v4 ,these books may serve to illustrate more than the one point4 ,the first does not need a title-entry under ,on1 and certainly none under ,banks or ,seine1 as the title is a fanciful one1 which is hardly likely to be remembered in any connection apart from its author and subject4 ,if a contrary view were taken1 the most that could be given would be this entry3 ,seine1 ,on the banks of the4 ,falls1 ,a4 ,m4 #aijj which is altogether misleading1 as the book has nothing to do with the river1 but is a series of sketches of ,french historical events occurring in ,paris4 ,the correct entry therefore is ,france3 ,history4 ,falls1 ,a4 ,m4 ,on the banks of the ,seine4 #aijj #idd ,in contradistinction the second book is most likely to be remembered by its title as ,days and hours in a garden4 ,boyle1 ,e4 ,v4 #ahhd ,this is one of the forerunners of a long series of books of garden diaries or essays1 containing notes upon flowers1 birds1 and other things connected with gardens1 and the thoughts they suggest upon a variety of subjects1 and is1 by no means1 a practical book for the working gardener4 ,such books1 while inevitably coming under a heading ,gardens and ,gardening1 need to be grouped together apart from the practical books under a sub-division1 ,literary ,miscellany1 or some other suitable term4 ,there are books1 too1 with initials in the place of the authors' names which obviously do not stand for a name as ,the ,athanasian ,creed1 by ,,ll4,d4 #ahfa or the last initial is clearly not part of the name1 as ,a sermon preached at the funeral of ,lady ,mary ,armyne1 by ,j4 ,d41 ,m4,a4 #afgf ,the first book is better regarded as entirely anonymous1 which it virtually is1 as ,athanasian ,creed1 ,the1 by ,,ll4,d4 #ahfa #bch4a and the second upon the lines previously indicated as ,d41 ,j41 ,m4,a4 ,a sermon preached at the funeral of ,lady ,mary ,armyne4 #afgf #beb4i or1 even better still1 as ,armyne1 ,lady ,mary1 ,sermon preached at the funeral of1 by ,j4 ,d41 ,m4,a4 #afgf #beb4i with the reference1 if considered necessary1 ,d41 ,j41 ,m4,a4 ,see ,armyne1 ,lady ,mary4 ,the initials may at times cover a pseudonym when1 if this happens to be unknown1 the method of entry would as a matter of course be similar to that outlined above4 ,if it is known that the initials represent a pseudonym or phrase-pseudonym1 of which ,a4,l4,o4,e41 meaning ,a ,lady of ,england1 is a well-known example1 then the entry is given under the first letter and not the last1 thus ,a4,l4,o4,e4 7,charlotte ,m4 ,tucker74 ,house ,beautiful2 or1 the ,bible museum4 #ahfh and following the customary procedure for pseudonym the reference is given from the real name ,tucker1 ,charlotte ,m4 ,see ,a4,l4,o4,e4 ,here again it is recommended to alphabetize as if the first initial 7,a7 stood alone1 and at the beginning of the alphabet rather than as ,aloe4 ,this may not be a matter of much moment1 but it is one of those apparently trivial details which in the aggregate make the catalogue more accurate1 more convenient1 and more useful4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,the ,bible and other ,sacred ,books4 ,newspapers1 c4 ,anonyma continued4 ,the ,bible and other ,sacred ,books4 ,commentaries and ,concordances4 ,newspapers and ,periodicals4 ,directories and ,annuals4 ,there are various books which1 while not strictly anonymous1 are regarded for cataloguing as if they were4 ,some of these have already been referred to under ,societies1 but there remain a few others to consider4 ,among them are the ,bible and other sacred books1 the ,koran1 the ,talmud1 the ,vedas1 etc4 ,the ,bible calls more frequently for attention than any of the others4 ,all editions of the text or portions of it are entered under the heading ,bible1 and1 if they are numerous1 the entries are sub-divided and arranged in this or some similar order3-- a4 ,the whole ,bible 7whether including the apocryphal books or not74 #a4 ,original language4 ,polyglots4 #b4 ,greek and ,latin4 #c4 ,english4 #d4 ,all other languages alphabetically by the names of the languages4 #e4 ,selections from the ,old and ,new ,testaments in the order of the ,books 7,authorised ,version74 b4 ,the ,old ,testament4 #a4 ,hebrew4 #b4 ,english4 #c4 ,other languages 7as before74 #d4 ,selections from the ,old ,testament4 c4 ,the ,new ,testament4 #a4 ,greek4 #b4 ,english4 #c4 ,other languages4 #d4 ,selections from the ,new ,testament4 ,if there were a number of entries under any one of these sub-divisions1 they would be placed in chronological order by editions4 ,the selections1 if many1 would be arranged first by the names of the books1 then by languages1 and lastly by editions as before4 ,a few illustrations typical of the form of entry will be useful4 ,bible1 ,the3 ,old and ,new ,testaments4 ,greek4 ,british ,museum4 ,facsimile of the ,codex ,alexandrinus4 #d v4 #d #ahgi-hc #bbj4dh ,english4 ,the ,holy ,bible4 #d ,oxford ,univ4 ,press1 #aheg #bbj4eb -- ,authorised version1 in the easy reporting style of ,pitman's shorthand4 #bjth cent4 ed4 n4d4 #bbj4eb ,french4 ,la sainte ,bible2 traduction d' ,ostervald4 ,paris1 #ahii #bbj4ed ,italian4 ,la sacra ,bibbia2 tradotta da ,diodati4 ,roma1 #ahhj #bbj4ee ,old ,testament4 ,irish2 transl4 by ,wm4 ,bedel4 #d #afhe #bba4efb ,parts of ,old ,testament4 ,genesis2 ed4 by ,g4 ,w4 ,wade4 #ahif #bbb4aa -- and part of ,exodus3 a revised version1 with marginal references1 c41 by ,henry ,alford4 #ahgb #bbb4aa ,psalms4 ,greek4 ,the ,psalms according to the ,septuagint2 ed4 by ,h4 ,b4 ,swete4 ,camb41 #ahif #bbc4b ,daniel and ,ezra4 ,hebrew and ,english4 ,john ,leusden's translation of all the ,syriac verses into pure ,biblical ,hebrew1 with the parallel text in ,english4 #aijj #bbd4e ,the ,new ,testament wholly or in parts would be similarly arranged4 ,all the foregoing remarks apply only to editions of the text as far as the dictionary catalogue is concerned4 ,commentaries on the whole ,bible1 or on the separate books1 follow the customary rules for main entry1 and only come under the general heading of ,bible as subject when they deal with the ,bible as a whole4 ,commentaries upon the ,old ,testament or the ,new ,testament separately are entered under ,old ,testament and ,new ,testament respectively--not under ,bible2 and isolated commentaries upon a particular book under the name of that book4 ,these points are more clearly shown by examples4 ,when a commentary covers the whole ,bible1 or is meant to do so1 as ,the ,speaker's ,commentary1 ,the ,expositor's ,bible1 ,the ,international ,critical ,commentary1 ,the ,cambridge ,bible for ,schools and ,colleges1 and others1 there would be a main-entry under the general editor's name1 and subordinate entries or references 7entries are better7 under the writers or editors of the separate volumes4 ,the contents of the volumes must either be set out under the main-entry or under the heading ,bible4 ,,driver1 ,samuel ,r41 and others 7,eds47 ,the international critical commentary on the ,holy ,scriptures4 #bd v4 #aiji-ac #bbj4g ,in course of publication4 ,for the contents of the volumes see ,bible 7,commentaries74 ,bible1 ,the3 ,commentaries4 ,driver1 ,s4 ,r4 c4 7,eds47 ,international critical commentary4 #bd v4 #aiji-ac #bbj4g ,genesis1 by ,john ,skinner2 ,exodus1 by ,a4 ,r4 ,s4 ,kennedy 7following on through the rest of the books in the ,bible order74 ,it is literally more correct to set out the contents of these different volumes under the main-entry 7,driver71 but it is far more convenient to give them under ,bible1 as above4 ,if given under ,driver1 then the note should be attached to the entry under ,bible4 ,the different volumes1 as said before1 are catalogued under the names of the individual authors1 but not under the names of the separate books when they are part of a general commentary1 as ,,skinner1 ,john4 ,a critical and exegetical commentary on ,genesis4 7,international critical commentary47 #aiaj #bbj4g ,an alternative and briefer form is ,,brooke1 ,a4 ,e4 ,international critical commentary3 ,the ,johannine ,epistles4 #aiab #bbj4g ,when a writer has contributed more than one volume to the work the entries can be amalgamated in this fashion ,,sanday1 ,wm4 ,international critical commentary3 ,synopsis of the four ,gospels4 ,the ,epistle to the ,romans4 #b v4 #aijg-ac #bbj4g ,in the event of it being decided to give references instead of entries under the names of the authors of the separate volumes1 such references must direct to the entry where the contents of the volumes are set out1 otherwise the connection will not be apparent4 ,the contents being under ,bible in the above instance1 the reference should read ,,skinner1 ,john4 ,see ,bible 7,commentaries73 ,driver4 ,international critical commentary4 ,without the latter part this reference would be too indefinite to be useful4 ,the entry itself1 first shown under ,skinner1 takes hardly less space1 and is preferable4 ,when a book is what may be called a monograph-commentary1 i4e41 a book standing alone upon a single book or two or three books of the ,bible1 it receives the same treatment as would any other work1 irrespective of its connection with the ,bible4 ,for example ,,tholuck1 ,a4 ,commentary on the ,gospel of ,st4 ,john4 #ahfj #bbf4e is placed with any other books upon the ,fourth ,gospel1 as ,john1 ,st41 ,gospel of3 ,tholuck1 ,a4 ,commentary on the ,gospel of ,st4 ,john4 #ahfj #bbf4e ,monographs of this character are not lost to the inquirer who only consults the heading ,bible1 if the guiding references are provided4 ,bible1 ,the3 ,commentaries4 ,see also ,old ,testament2 ,new ,testament2 and the names of the separate ,books as ,genesis1 ,job1 ,john1 ,st4 ,old ,testament3 ,see also the names of the separate ,books4 ,new ,testament3 ,see also the names of the separate ,books4 ,there is a gain in economy by entering books upon any or all of ,st4 ,paul's ,epistles under his name1 instead of distributing them under the names of the churches to which they were addressed4 ,books to illustrate this are ,,lightfoot1 ,j4 ,b41 ,bp4 ,st4 ,paul's ,epistle to the ,philippians3 a revised text2 with intro41 notes1 and dissertations4 #aijj #bbg4f -- ,st4 ,paul's ,epistles to the ,colossians and to ,philemon3 a revised text2 with intros41 notes1 and dissertations4 #gth ed4 #ahhd #bbg4g -- ,st4 ,paul's ,epistle to the ,galatians3 a revised text2 with intro41 notes1 and dissertations4 #aijb #bbg4d ,,pridham1 ,arthur4 ,notes and reflections on the ,epistle to the ,philippians4 #ahgi #bbg4f ,although the ,lightfoot volumes contain the original text of the ,epistles1 their value may be said to lie in the notes and dissertations which bring them under the monograph-commentary arrangement4 ,they may1 further1 be regarded as a single work in three volumes--as in reality they are1 though it is not so stated on the title-pages4 ,the entries for subject are ,paul1 ,st43 ,lightfoot1 ,j4 ,b4 ,st4 ,paul's ,epistles4 #c v4 #ahhd-aijb #a4 ,galatians #bbg4d #b4 ,philippians #bbg4f #c4 ,colossians and ,philemon #bbg4g ,pridham1 ,a4 ,notes1 c4 on the ,epistle to the ,philippians4 #ahgi #bbg4f ,references can be given from the names of the several ,epistles1 always provided there are books upon them under the heading1 as ,galatians1 ,epistle to the4 ,see ,paul1 ,st4 ,those who have but limited space at their disposal may consider that the principal entries above given under ,lightfoot are too full1 and should be reduced4 ,in their case the style given under ,paul1 ,st4 may1 with a little amplification1 be taken to afford more definite information1 as ,,lightfoot1 ,j4 ,b41 ,bp4 ,st4 ,paul's ,epistles2 with intros41 notes1 c4 #c v4 #a4 ,galatians4 #aijb #bbg4d #b4 ,philippians4 #aijj #bbg4f #c4 ,colossians and ,philemon4 #ahhd #bbg4g ,the cataloguing of the ,bible or its parts1 and books upon it1 presents little or no trouble in the classified catalogue1 as the systems of classification are very fully and carefully worked out under this division1 as in ,dewey's #bbj to #bbi4 ,the editions of the sacred books of other religions will not be so many in most libraries1 and consequently need no special consideration4 ,the following two books upon the ,koran will suggest the method of entry for others3 ,koran1 ,the2 transl4 from the ,arabic by ,j4 ,m4 ,rodwell4 7,everyman's lib47 #aiji #big ,wherry1 ,e4 ,m4 ,commentary on the ,qurn1 comprising ,sale's translation4 #d v4 #ahif #big ,references are necessary from the names of the religions concerned4 ,mohammedanism3 ,see also ,koran4 ,varieties of the name1 as ,qurn and ,coran1 hardly need notice for reference purposes1 as presumably a searcher would not fail to look under ,koran4 ,the same remark applies to ,mahomet and ,muhammed1 though a reference from ,islam to ,mohammedanism is desirable4 ,a reference from ,christianity to the ,bible would be superfluous4 ,it will be noticed that the main-entry for the ,wherry book is not given under ,koran4 ,the reason for this is the same as that for the books by ,bishop ,lightfoot1 viz41 that the commentary1 and not the text1 is the essential part of the work4 ,therefore the principal entry is ,,wherry1 ,e4 ,m4 ,a comprehensive commentary on the ,qurn1 comprising ,sale's translation and preliminary discourse4 7,trbner's ,oriental ser47 #d v4 #ahif #big ,references from the translators named in both the books are essential1 especially as ,sale's is the better known1 though the reference is more usefully given to the ,koran1 as ,sale1 ,george 7transl47 ,see ,koran1 ,the4 ,rodwell1 ,j4 ,m4 7transl47 ,see ,koran1 ,the4 ,though both of these books belong to series1 neither series is of the character that calls for an entry under its name1 unless it be the ,trbner's ,oriental ,series4 ,the ,everyman's ,library is too comprehensive1 and both are sufficiently noticed by naming the series in the main-entries1 as shown4 ,the instructions laid down in some of the codes of rules would seem to imply that the writers of commentaries should be left in obscurity4 ,this is not so3 they stand upon the same footing as other authors1 and are entitled to the same consideration2 their names being adopted for the main-entry1 as shown in the ,lightfoot and ,wherry examples given above2 unless the commentaries are of so slight a character1 being mere notes1 or otherwise occupy so small a place as to be nothing more than an editing of the text4 ,an instance of this latter type is a book bearing the title ,sartor resartus3 a fully annotated edition with an introductory essay on ,thomas ,carlyle1 by ,rev4 ,james ,wood4 #aijb ,carlyle's name does not appear upon the title-page as the author1 probably because it was deemed unnecessary to give it1 but it is rendered simply as ,,carlyle1 ,thomas4 ,sartor resartus2 annotated1 with an intro4 essay on ,carlyle1 by ,james ,wood4 #aijb #hbd4hb with the usual reference from the editor ,,wood1 ,jas4 7,ed47 ,see ,carlyle1 ,thos4 or more definitely ,,wood1 ,james 7,ed47 ,see ,carlyle1 ,thomas 7,sartor resartus47 ,the first of these references contains abbreviated forms of ,christian names1 which1 as economies1 are quite allowable1 because they are well recognised and convey the same meaning as if given in full4 ,other names of the kind are ,alex41 ,alf4 or ,alfd41 ,chas41 ,edwd41 ,eliz41 ,fredk41 ,geo41 ,margt41 ,robt41 ,saml41 ,wm41 though it is inadvisable to use them in the transcriptions of book titles2 ,the marriage of ,wm4 ,ashe1 ,sir ,geo4 ,tressady1 ,geo4's mother1 must be avoided4 ,in the same category as commentaries come concordances1 with some differences of opinion as to the necessity for giving the main-entry under the compiler's name or the author concordanced4 ,the compiler is entitled to an acknowledgment of his work1 although it is of the scissors and paste order of literature2 it is1 however1 not a matter of great moment1 as under any circumstances both entries are given4 ,the following are illustrations3 ,,ellis1 ,f4 ,s4 ,a lexical concordance to the poetical works of ,percy ,bysshe ,shelley4 #ahib #hba4gg ,,husband1 ,m4 ,f4 ,a4 ,a dictionary of the characters in the ,waverley ,novels of ,sir ,walter ,scott4 #aiaj #hbc4gc ,shelley1 ,percy ,b43 ,ellis1 ,f4 ,s4 ,concordance to the poetical works of ,shelley4 #ahib #hba4gg ,scott1 ,sir ,walter3 ,husband1 ,m4 ,f4 ,a4 ,dictionary of the characters in the ,waverley ,novels4 #aiaj #hbc4gc ,newspapers1 magazines1 periodicals1 reviews1 directories1 annuals1 almanacks1 and publications of like kind are also regarded as anonymous1 and are given a first-word title-entry4 ,newspapers of a general character published in ,london would be entered in ,british catalogues without any regard to the place of publication1 as ,times1 ,the4 ,daily ,telegraph1 ,the4 ,westminster ,gazette1 ,the4 ,illustrated ,london ,news1 ,the4 and not as ,london ,times1 ,london ,daily ,telegraph1 ,london ,westminster ,gazette1 ,london ,news1 ,illustrated4 ,local papers1 on the other hand1 are entered under the name of the place1 whether the name appears in their titles or not1 as ,chelsea4 ,west ,london ,press4 ,manchester ,guardian1 ,the4 ,liverpool4 ,porcupine1 ,the4 ,leeds ,mercury1 ,the4 ,the number of volumes and period covered should be given as well as any change of names the papers have undergone4 ,the editors1 even when known1 pass unnoticed1 and no general heading of ,newspapers 7or any other entry7 is required except in the classified catalogue1 where all newspapers fall into place under the heading--in the ,dewey classification #jgb 7,newspapers--,english74 ,magazines and periodicals receive similar treatment1 being entered under the first word of their distinctive titles1 as ,athenum1 ,the4 ,blackwood's ,edinburgh ,magazine4 ,dublin ,review1 ,the4 ,nature4 ,review of ,reviews1 ,the4 ,spectator1 ,the4 ,when newspapers1 periodicals1 or magazines change their titles without breaking the continuity of publication1 retaining some connection between their old and new titles1 the entries are given under the latest titles1 with references from the earlier if required1 as ,nineteenth ,century1 ,the1--and after4 ,nation1 ,the 7formerly ,the ,speaker74 ,speaker1 ,the4 ,see ,nation1 ,the4 ,the alternative and better form1 especially where the periodical has a separate volume number sequence under each of the titles1 is to enter both as if quite distinct publications1 but with notes attached marking the connection1 as ,speaker1 ,the4 #aj v4 #ahij-aijj #jeb ,see under ,nation1 ,the1 for continuation4 ,nation1 ,the4 v4 #a-ab4 #aijj-ab #jeb ,and continuation4 ,formerly ,the ,speaker4 ,see under ,speaker4 ,weekly and monthly periodicals are sometimes the official organs of learned or scientific societies1 in which case the name of the society becomes the entry word1 as ,society of ,arts1 ,journal of the4 ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,journal of the4 ,society of ,chemical ,industry1 ,journal of the4 ,references are given1 where deemed necessary1 from the first word of the title to the name of the society ,journal of the ,society of ,arts4 ,see ,society of ,arts4 ,publications such as these1 and other technical or scientific periodicals1 deserve1 and should receive1 additional entries under the names of the subjects with which they are mainly concerned1 even if the subjects are not indicated by their titles4 ,the building papers1 for example1 are as much devoted to architecture as to building1 and need subject-entries as well as main-entries1 thus3-- ,architecture3 ,periodicals4 ,architect1 ,the4 ,architectural ,review1 ,the4 ,british ,architect1 ,the4 ,builder1 ,the4 ,building ,news1 ,the4 ,so far as the nature of the contents of all these papers goes1 they may fitly be entered in the same manner under ,building--,the ,architect and ,the ,british ,architect1 having as much to do with building as ,the ,builder and ,the ,building ,news4 ,to prevent misunderstanding1 it may be explained that the mere titles above are given to show the method of entry2 the number of volumes1 dates of publication1 or other particulars must be added in the ordinary way4 ,directories1 annuals1 and other books which are not books1 receive first-word entry as already stated1 but a few examples may be cited4 ,medical directory1 ,the4 #aiab #ibf4a ,law list1 ,the4 #aiac #ibc4d ,crockford's ,clerical directory4 #aiac #ibb ,kelly's ,handbook to the titled1 landed1 and official classes4 #aiab #ibc ,statesman's year-book1 ,the2 ed4 by ,j4 ,scott ,keltie4 #aiab #caj ,,whitaker1 ,joseph4 ,almanack4 #aiac #caj ,of these1 the first two hardly need further entries1 unless they be under ,doctors and ,lawyers1 the third must be entered under ,clergy1 the fourth1 though merely a directory of selected names1 receives a title-entry1 as ,titled1 landed1 c4 classes1 ,kelly's ,handbook4 #aiab #ibc ,the last two might very well be entered under a heading of ,statistics2 although not on statistics1 they contain much statistical information4 ,general directories are not entered under a heading ,directories1 but under the names of the places or classes with which they are concerned4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,miscellaneous4 ,title-,entries4 ,classics4 ,specific ,subject4 ,concentration of ,subject4 ,definite ,headings4 ,popular ,terms4 ,historical ,fiction4 ,novels in ,series4 ,sequels4 ,fiction ,known by ,special ,titles4 ,books with ,changed ,titles4 ,annotations4 ,form ,entries4 ,summary ,hints4 ,without dwelling too much on the various points that seem to need emphasis1 some may be recapitulated with advantage4 ,there is a great tendency among cataloguers to overdo the title-entries in a dictionary catalogue1 thereby adding to its bulk and cost without gaining any compensating advantage4 ,one of the chief objections to the dictionary catalogue is superfluous first-word title-entries4 ,to give a title-entry is an easy method of disposing of a book when its precise subject is not readily discerned4 ,to enter books with titles like ,factors in modern history under ,factors1 ,the ,winter ,queen under ,winter1 ,romance of the renaissance chateaux under ,romance1 ,wanderings by ,southern waters under ,wanderings1 ,england's case against ,home ,rule under ,england's1 serves no practical purpose2 in fact often leads to hotch-potch like the following3 ,dutch at ,home4 ,by ,esquiros -- ,dialogues4 ,by ,harlen -- ,dictionary -- ,figure ,painters4 ,by ,gower -- ,guiana4 ,by ,palgrave -- ,painters4 ,by ,stanley -- ,pictures4 ,by ,sala -- ,republic3 ,address on4 ,by ,harrison -- -- ,rise of the4 ,by ,motley -- ,school of ,painting4 ,by ,havard ,the second of these alone needed a title-entry1 the others should have been allocated to their proper subjects4 ,title-entries of this type are seldom necessary outside works of fiction1 volumes of essays or of poems with specific titles1 and a few books that are specially known by their titles1 of which ,eothen1 ,sesame and lilies1 ,sartor resartus1 are types4 ,title-entries should be the exception1 not the rule4 ,in the case of classics--that is classics in a wide sense1 not merely the ,greek and ,latin--there is rarely any occasion to give more than the principal entries1 the authors being so thoroughly well known that title-entries or references are redundant4 ,none of ,shakespeare's plays requires a title-entry2 no entries are needed under ,iliad or ,odyssey1 or under ,inferno1 or ,divine ,comedy1 or even under ,paradise ,lost or ,faust 7for ,goethe's74 ,it is a useful axiom for the cataloguer that he must ascertain clearly what is the definite subject of a book before he decides upon the proper subject-heading for it in the dictionary catalogue1 as he is compelled to do before he can assign the exact place for a book in the classified catalogue4 ,further1 he should not attach too much importance to the terms of the title-page in the process1 else he will stumble on pitfalls in the shape of titles that may mislead1 and so be induced to place a book on artificial lighting with the title ,the art of illumination under the wrong kind of ,illuminating1 an ,essay on ,irish bulls under ,cattle1 ,the psychology of socialism under ,mind1 and ,the ,fine ,art of ,jujutsu under ,art1 even misread ,jujutsu as the name of an artist4 ,as already stated1 it is well to avoid scattering books upon a single subject1 even if viewed from varying standpoints1 under several headings throughout the catalogue1 if they can be reasonably brought together1 and the fact that the books are in different languages must not be allowed to affect the matter4 ,as a case in point1 we may take such a subject of the day as ,tariff ,reform4 ,it is both possible and desirable to concentrate under some appropriate and inclusive heading1 say ,free ,trade ,question or ,tariffs1 the books for and against free trade2 embodying under it those dealing with special aspects of the question1 instead of scattering them1 on account of the terms used on their title-pages1 under ,protection1 ,food ,taxes1 ,imperial ,preference1 ,tariffs1 ,fiscal ,question1 ,tariff ,reform1 ,fair ,trade1 ,reciprocity1 etc4 ,when these terms occur in the titles1 a reference from them to the heading can easily be given if thought desirable4 ,omitting the principal entries1 this may be illustrated by showing several books of apparently very different views that really bear upon this question1 and justify inclusion under it4 ,free ,trade ,question3 ,ashley1 ,p4 ,modern tariff history4 #aijd ,aubry1 ,p4 ,etude critique de la politique commerciale de l',angleterre4 #aijd ,avebury1 ,lord4 ,free trade4 #aijd ,taussig1 ,f4 ,w4 ,the tariff history of the ,united ,states4 #aija ,unwin1 ,mrs4 ,c4 7,ed47 ,the hungry forties4 #aijd ,williams1 ,e4 ,e4 ,the case for protection4 #ahii -- ,made in ,germany4 #ahif ,williamson1 ,a4 ,british industries and foreign competition4 #ahid ,this also serves to show the convenience of fixing upon some term of a permanent character for a subject-heading1 and so ear-marking it by means of cross-references that synonymous headings cannot occur4 ,it may be argued that these terms are not strictly synonymous1 indeed1 are mostly opposites1 ,free ,trade not being ,tariff ,reform or ,protection4 ,it must be remembered that every book upon such a subject contains something on the other side of the question1 therefore bringing books together in this fashion certainly gives a whole view of the subject4 ,were the entries numerous under the heading1 they could be divided to show the books advocating free trade and those against4 ,there are other subjects that lend themselves to similar treatment1 as for example that shown on page #aji4 ,where the terms used are undoubtedly synonymous1 definite choice of one has to be made1 and the cross-reference given from the other2 ,ethics or ,moral ,philosophy1 ,political ,economy or ,economics1 ,physics or ,natural ,philosophy1 and so on2 the more modern or commonly used terms being preferable1 as ,ethics1 ,economics1 ,physics4 ,popular1 rather than scientific or technical1 names should be chosen for subject-headings1 especially for the catalogues of libraries used by all classes of the community--,spiders not ,arachnida1 ,worms not ,annelida1 ,fishes not ,ichthyology1 ,crime 7,punishment1 etc41 of7 not ,penology1 ,stamp-,collecting not ,philately1 ,consumption not ,phthisis4 ,care must be taken that the popular term means the same thing--thus a book upon alg cannot be entered under ,sea-weeds if it includes the freshwater species4 ,it is also customary to avoid the use of foreign terms if there are ,english equivalents1 but this is not always the case--jiu-jitsu 7or jujutsu71 for example1 has no word in ,english meaning the same thing4 ,it is trite and commonplace to say that there is much reliable history written in the form of fiction1 and a great deal of fiction in the guise of serious books3 this being so1 the cataloguer is well advised to reckon with it4 ,whether we shall notice all novels with a purpose opens too wide a question1 but many are not only true to life but are real history1 and meant to be so4 ,for example1 a recently published book ,,diver1 ,maud4 ,the hero of ,herat4 while ostensibly a novel1 is a biography1 which may be read as such1 of ,major ,eldred ,pottinger1 who devoted his life to furthering ,british interests on the ,indian frontier4 ,another book of the kind1 nominally fiction yet virtually a life of ,hamilton1 the ,american statesman1 is ,,atherton1 ,gertrude ,f4 ,the ,conqueror4 ,on the other hand1 works of historical romance are got up in size and appearance1 including the provision of portraits as illustrations1 to range with histories and biographies1 and thus they deceive the unwary1 who are apt to regard them as authoritative and genuine1 although perhaps it is not the intention of the author that they should be so regarded4 ,such a book is ,,hare1 ,christopher 7,mrs4 ,andrews47 ,isabella of ,milan1 ,princess d',aragona1 and wife of ,duke ,gian ,galeazzo ,sforza3 the intimate story of her life in ,milan4 #aiaa ,while written in the form of letters1 it is pure romance1 with an historical basis4 ,in the ordinary way these books would receive quite different treatment1 even for the classified catalogue4 ,for the dictionary catalogue the books palpably novels would have title-entries given them1 as ,hero of ,herat1 ,the4 ,diver1 ,m4 ,conqueror1 ,the4 ,atherton1 ,g4 ,f4 whereas the larger-sized book receives a subject-entry as a serious book1 ,isabella of ,milan1 ,princess d',aragona1 c4 ,hare1 ,c4 #aiaa and would be placed with historical biography in the classified catalogue4 ,this raises the important question whether the cataloguer is ever justified in giving subject-entries for works of fiction1 especially historical romances4 ,much depends upon the nature and quality of the book4 ,when it can be read as a contribution to the subject or period with which it deals1 without being to any extent misleading1 then it may fairly and usefully receive a subject-entry4 ,where so entered1 it will prevent misunderstanding if a note 7annotation7 is appended to the entry1 stating that the work is in fiction form4 ,a schoolmaster1 who was versed in the life of ,sir ,thomas ,more1 read ,anne ,manning's ,the household of ,sir ,thomas ,more more than once1 and could hardly be convinced that it was a work of fiction4 ,catalogued according to the suggestions here outlined1 the entries for the works of fiction would be ,,diver1 ,maud4 ,the ,hero of ,herat3 a frontier biography in romantic form4 ,though in fiction form the book is a biography of ,major ,eldred ,pottinger1 who devoted his life to furthering ,british interests on the frontier of ,india4 ,pottinger1 ,major ,eldred1 ,the ,hero of ,herat4 ,diver1 ,m4 ,a novel embodying ,pottinger's life4 ,,atherton1 ,gertrude ,f4 ,the ,conqueror3 being the true and romantic story of ,alexander ,hamilton4 ,life of ,hamilton1 the ,american statesman1 in fiction form4 ,hamilton1 ,alexander3 ,atherton1 ,g4 ,f4 ,the ,conqueror4 ,fiction1 incorporating ,hamilton's life4 ,,manning1 ,anne4 ,the household of ,sir ,thomas ,more4 ,a story based on ,more's life4 ,more1 ,sir ,thomas3 ,manning1 ,a4 ,the household of ,sir ,thomas ,more4 ,a story founded on fact4 ,the foregoing remarks not only relate to historical fiction1 but also to other works that are undoubtedly contributions to their subjects apart from the form in which they are written4 ,a book just published is ,,richardson1 ,leslie4 ,vagabond days in ,brittany4 illus4 #aiac #idd4a ,the preface opens with a statement to the effect that although the book is cast in the form of a story1 all the facts about ,brittany and her people are true1 and may be relied upon by those who care to use the work as a guide-book4 ,this warrants an entry under the subject ,brittany1 and justifies the ,dewey number given to it4 ,if the proportion of fiction outweighs the fact so largely that the book is valueless except as romance1 it is wiser to limit the entries to author and title4 ,it is possible 7but undesirable7 to enter all the works of fiction dealing with a particular person1 or epoch1 or event1 under the subjects1 but they should be kept apart from serious works1 under a sub-heading marking them distinctly as fiction4 ,valuable helps in this connection are ,dr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,baker's ,guide to the ,best ,fiction and ,historical ,fiction4 ,when novels belong to a connected series1 and are meant to be read in a particular order1 it is helpful to indicate the order of reading4 ,french fiction is noteworthy in this respect1 ,balzac's ,scnes de la vie1 ,zola's ,les ,rongon-,macquart1 ,ohnet's ,les batailles de la vie1 and ,rolland's ,jean-,cristophe1 may be named as examples4 ,in ,english fiction we have ,trollope's ,chronicles of ,barsetshire and ,mrs4 ,oliphant's ,chronicles of ,carlingford4 ,a recent example is that of ,mr4 ,hugh ,walpole1 whose novels are arranged in order of sequence in this way ,,walpole1 ,hugh4 ,studies in place3 ,the wooden horse4 ,maradick at forty4 ,mr4 ,perrin and ,mr4 ,traill4 -- ,prologues to ,the rising city3 ,the prelude to adventure4 ,fortitude4 -- ,the rising city4 ,they can be given in this order in the catalogue1 instead of alphabetically1 for the reason that a general title is accorded to the series4 ,title-entries are required in the customary manner under ,wooden1 ,maradick1 ,mr41 ,prelude1 ,fortitude1 ,rising1 but not under ,studies in place or ,prologues4 ,the order of reading of sequels is indicated by means of notes to the entries1 as ,,wood1 ,mrs4 ,henry4 ,the ,channings4 -- ,roland ,yorke4 ,sequel to the above4 ,,dumas1 ,alexandre4 ,chicot the jester4 ,sequel to ,marguerite de ,valois4 -- ,forty-five guardsmen4 ,sequel to ,marguerite de ,valois and ,chicot the jester4 -- ,marguerite de ,valois4 ,the sequels are ,chicot the ,jester and ,forty-five guardsmen4 ,sometimes the books are placed in the order they are intended to be read1 and numbered accordingly4 ,the first comes into place in its alphabetical order of title1 and the rest follow irrespective of the alphabetical order1 after this manner ,,dumas1 ,alexandre4 ,the ,chevalier d',harmental -- #a4 ,the companions of ,jehu -- #b4 ,the first republic -- #a4 ,the conspirators -- #b4 ,the ,regent's daughter -- ,the ,count of ,monte-,cristo -- ,the last ,vende2 or1 the she-wolves of ,machecoul -- #a4 ,marguerite de ,valois -- #b4 ,chicot the jester -- #c4 ,forty-five guardsmen ,this is not so desirable a form as the notes appended to the entries1 because it is less clear in meaning4 ,it also needs an explanatory note that the books are numbered in the order of sequence1 otherwise it will not be understood that each series of numbers stands apart from the rest4 ,at this point it may be mentioned that well-known works of fiction are often more familiarly known by short titles than by what may be called their official titles1 especially if those titles include proper names4 ,this has to be taken into account for title-entries1 if not in the main entries4 ,accordingly ,the life and adventures of ,robinson ,crusoe is entered as ,robinson ,crusoe1 ,the posthumous papers of the ,pickwick ,club as ,pickwick ,papers1 and ,the personal history and experience of ,david ,copperfield the ,younger as ,david ,copperfield4 ,books with changed titles are among the pitfalls that beset the path of the librarian1 and call for special alertness on the part of the cataloguer4 ,three such books came under notice on a single day recently1 and are here named1 as they show the difficulty of preventing the acquisition of duplicates and of the consequent addition of superfluous entries to the catalogue4 ,an ,american edition of a novel by ,agnes and ,egerton ,castle1 entitled ,the heart of ,lady ,anne1 was duly catalogued by that title until found to be the same book as ,french ,nan 7,american editions are troublesome in this respect72 ,anderson's ,the a b c of artistic photography in theory and practice 7#aiac7 was found to be identical with his ,the artistic side of photography 7#aijh72 and ,norton's ,bible student's handbook of ,assyriology 7#aiac7 to be merely a new edition of his ,popular handbook of useful and interesting information for beginners in the elementary study of ,assyriology 7#aijh74 ,a most commendable feature of modern cataloguing is the explanatory notes and other annotations appended to catalogue entries4 ,these are for the most part to be found in the lists of additions to libraries published monthly1 quarterly1 or annually2 such publications lending themselves readily to this descriptive form of cataloguing4 ,the classified catalogue has also the advantage over the dictionary form for this purpose1 because1 rarely having more than a single entry for each book1 the question as to where the note is to go does not arise4 ,the dictionary catalogue having two or more entries1 the addition of annotations enlarges it materially1 besides presenting the difficulty of deciding to which of the entries the note is to be attached1 if not to all4 ,some notes are better under the author-entry1 and others are more appropriate to the subject4 ,nevertheless1 some fully annotated dictionary catalogues have been issued1 notably ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,f4 ,goss's catalogues of the ,bishopsgate ,institute ,library and ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,doubleday's ,hampstead ,public ,library catalogues4 ,when annotations are given1 they should be pithy1 to the point1 and1 as far as possible1 free from criticism4 ,a bookseller may have some strong religious leanings or political opinions which he can afford to publish by means of notes in his catalogues without anybody being more than amused thereby1 but the wise public official1 as the servant of all creeds and parties1 will respect all alike1 and take care1 if only for his own sake1 that he does not hurt the susceptibilities of any4 ,he will keep his personal opinions to himself in a water-tight compartment1 where they cannot affect or influence his public work1 whether it be in cataloguing or in book-selection4 ,it is greatly to the credit of public librarians that they pursue this policy as a mere matter of course1 their training enabling them to view all literature broadly1 without prejudice or any reference to the bias of the contents of books4 ,to say this1 does not mean that a cataloguer may not attach a note to a controversial book of any kind indicating the point of view taken by the author1 but he should do so without expressing his own opinion4 ,some annotations are nothing more than a repetition or paraphrase of the title-page1 and so add nothing to the information contained in the catalogue entry4 ,they appear to be given upon the supposition that every book in an annotated catalogue must have an annotation1 but this is a mistake1 as the majority of title-pages admirably summarize the contents of books1 for which purpose they exist4 ,it is when they fail to do this1 or do it indefinitely1 or when the book has some especial feature not noticed in the title to which it is worth while directing attention1 that the annotation is required and proves of value4 ,other features enter into the composition of an annotation4 ,brevity is not only the soul of it1 but is absolutely essential if a catalogue is to be kept within bounds4 ,a note based upon a review should avoid any appearance of partiality1 as reviewers are not invariably impartial4 ,it is helpful to readers to get some rough idea of the amount of knowledge needed to understand a book--for example1 a book dealing with astronomy mathematically would be above the heads of most people1 and when a work is of this nature it should be so stated4 ,the qualifications of an author for writing upon a subject are often noted--he may be a professor of the subject at a university1 or have some other position or some experience that marks him as an authority4 ,this1 perhaps1 is not of first-rate importance1 as it may be presumed that no one would write a book upon a subject of which he knows nothing1 or who is not qualified in some way to deal with it2 a kindly1 if not always correct1 view to take4 ,summed up1 the whole object of an annotation is to assist in the choice of a book1 and to elucidate the treatment of its subject1 though it may be said that the purpose is defeated in these days when so many opportunities for examining the book itself exist4 ,the subject is exhaustively dealt with in ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,savage's ,manual of ,descriptive ,annotations for ,library ,catalogues4 ,the following are typical examples of annotations selected from various sources3-- ,mc,carthy1 ,justin4 ,story of ,gladstone's life4 ,n4,y4 and ,london ,macmillan #ahig4 #abdcf p4 illus4 portraits1 plates1 ,o4 ,a ,home-ruler's memoir of ,gladstone2 based upon personal acquaintance2 of permanent value as a memoir2 written in an entertaining style and well illustrated1 but partisan-eulogistic1 gossipy and inaccurate4 ,see for best biography ,g4 ,b4 ,smith1 for best short one ,g4 ,w4 ,e4 ,russell4 ,careful ,gladstone bibliography1 ,notes and queries1 ,dec4 #aj1 #bd1 #ahib2 ,jan4 #g1 #ba1 #ahic4 ,ath4 #ahih4 #a3ahb2 ,sat4 ,r4 #he3agh2 ,spec4 #hj3cdb2 ,acad4 #ec3aii4 ,this is taken from a catalogue of ,american origin1 and appeared before the publication of ,morley's authoritative ,life of ,gladstone4 ,the note is a somewhat elaborate one1 valuable in its references to other books1 but questionable in its criticism4 ,the entry was meant for a card-catalogue1 and not prepared for any particular library4 ,,street1 ,g4 ,s4 ,trials of the ,bantocks4 ,a satire4 ,the trials of the ,bantocks come in their endeavour to be fashionable4 ,,richter1 ,eugene4 ,pictures of the socialistic future2 freely adapted from ,bebel4 #aijg ,a satire against socialism4 ,it tells the experiences of an ardent socialist workman and his family in ,berlin and the dire results of the coming revolution4 ,,unwin1 ,p4 ,w4 ,practical solid geometry4 7,camb4 mathematical ser47 #aiji ,an elementary course1 complete in itself1 covering ,stage #a of the ,board of ,education examination4 ,,jacoby1 ,geo4 ,w4 ,suggestion and psychotherapy4 #aiab ,the influence of the mind in the causation and in the cure of disease4 ,,ruffini1 ,francesco4 ,religious liberty2 with a preface by ,j4 ,b4 ,bury4 7,theol4 transl4 lib47 #aiab ,the author is ,prof4 of ,ecclesiastical ,law at ,turin4 ,the history of religious liberty and toleration in a wide sense4 ,whether a catalogue makes any pretence of being annotated or not1 every library contains books with some features that render them unique or almost so1 when it is worth while showing this by means of a note attached to the entries as a matter of course4 ,the books may be in manuscript1 be works of the early printers1 be extra illustrated1 or be first editions of some value1 and these facts are usually stated4 ,the two following are taken from a catalogue containing no annotations except such as may be characterised as inevitable3-- ,,camden1 ,william4 ,britannia2 transl4 and enlarged by ,richard ,gough4 #d v4 in #bc4 f #ahjf ,interleaved copy1 illustrated with engraved maps1 views1 portraits1 c41 and original drawings and sketches1 c4 ,bible3 -- ,english4 ,the ,second ,folio1 ,bishops' ,version4 #gjg leaves4 f ,london1 ,richard ,jugge1 #aegb ,note4--,the ,book of ,psalms is printed in parallel columns of black letter and ,roman type1 the black letter from the ,great ,bible1 and the ,roman1 a new version4 ---- ,the ,holy ,b42 containing the ,old ,testament and the ,new4 f ,london1 ,robert ,barker1 #afaa ,note4--,this is the #bnd ,issue of the #ast ed4 of the ,authorised ,version of ,king ,james' ,bible1 and is commonly called the ,great ,she ,bible from ,ruth iii4 #ae4 ,other forms of notes that are unavoidable have already been indicated1 as for example1 those denoting the order of reading for sequels1 and the amount of reliable history in works of fiction4 ,in the previous pages it has been more or less hinted that form entries--that is1 entries for books written in a particular literary form1 as poetry1 drama1 essays1 fiction--are out of place in a dictionary catalogue1 and to introduce them is to drag in sections from the classified catalogue which do not suitably fit4 ,while it is an exaggeration to say that if books in poetical form are to be entered under the heading ,poetry1 then it logically follows that prosy books require a heading ,prose1 or if novels and romances are to be entered under ,fiction1 then serious books should be placed under ,fact2 there is1 all the same1 a certain amount of truth behind it4 ,if a poetical work has a general title1 as ,poems or ,poetical ,works1 then there is no need to do more than enter it under the author's name2 if it has a distinctive title1 a title-entry is given in addition4 ,this also applies to dramas and dramatic works1 and to volumes of sermons1 letters1 or essays4 ,the method of dealing with volumes of essays has been more definitely shown in ,chapter ,,vi41 and with works of fiction in other chapters4 ,volumes of letters or sermons bearing upon a definite subject are entered for subject as any other books1 the form not signifying4 ,beginners in cataloguing may find the following direct and simple hints or rules useful for treating subjects in a dictionary catalogue3-- #a4--;,clearly ascertain what is the definite subject of a book before cataloguing it4 #b4--;,do not rely entirely upon the wording of the title-page4 #c4--;,fix permanently the name adopted for a subject and in such a way that synonymous headings cannot occur4 #d4--;,bring together all books upon the same subject irrespective of the language in which they are written4 #e4--;,adopt popular terms in preference to scientific for subject-headings1 if the ,library is intended to be used by all classes of the community4 #f4--,make sure that the popular term has the same meaning as the scientific1 and is as comprehensive4 #g4--;,avoid scattering books upon a single subject1 though viewed from different standpoints1 under several headings1 if they can be concentrated under one heading4 #h4--;,avoid entries under first or other word of the title as far as possible1 where a subject-entry is all that is needed4 ,title-entries should be the exception not the rule4 #i4--,make a subject-heading when there are two or more books upon the same subject2 when only one gives a subject title-entry4 #aj4--,series entries are to be given as such and not as a makeshift form of subject-entry4 #aa4--;,form entries1 generally speaking1 are out of place in the dictionary catalogue4 ,if given they are better relegated to an appendix4 #ab4--,references and cross-references should be always subordinate and connected4 #ac4--,references are rarely given from lesser to greater subjects1 but should not be overlooked from greater to lesser4 #ad4--;,in no case should references be given from author to subject or vice versa1 or in any form not distinctly relative1 otherwise they are apt to be incongruous4 #ae4--,volumes of a collective or miscellaneous character require that each item be considered and catalogued as if a separate work4 #af4--,works of a marked classical character are not considered to require title entries1 and seldom need subject-entries4 #ag4--,works of fiction with proper names in their titles call for consideration as to the best form of title-entry4 #ah4--,when a book deals with a subject with a geographical limitation1 choice between subject and geographical heading is sometimes necessary for the sake of economy4 ,when in doubt give both entries4 #ai4--,the above rule can be departed from in the case of the home country4 #bj4--,the judicious abbreviation of entries is not so simple as it appears on the surface and requires care4 #ba4--;,alphabetical arrangement is not by any means as simple as a b c4 #bb4--,the use of repetition dashes should be strictly limited1 and never exceed two under any circumstances4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,the ,printing of ,catalogues4 ,the ,preparation of ,copy4 ,markings for ,type4 ,styles of ,printing in ,various ,catalogues4 ,table of ,types4 ,tenders for ,printing4 ,model ,specification4 ,reading and ,correction of ,proofs4 ,type ,kept ,standing4 ,the preparation of the manuscript of the catalogue for the press1 and the reading and correction of proofs1 call for great care on the part of the cataloguer1 if the results of his labours are to be entirely satisfactory when in print4 ,the slips being all sorted into exact order1 it is well to paste them down on sheets of paper1 to make the copy for the printer4 ,any kind of paper serves the purpose1 provided it is strong and the sheets are uniform in size2 back numbers of periodicals1 if on good paper1 do quite well4 ,when the entries in the dictionary catalogue under a subject-heading are fairly numerous1 they are sub-divided before they are pasted down2 the entries themselves usually suggesting the appropriate sub-headings--or arrangement according to material4 ,some sub-divisions have been added to the illustrative entries in these pages to show this4 ,the headings of the second and subsequent entries under an author's name1 and under a subject1 are cut away before the slips are pasted down1 or they must be scored through afterwards2 watchful care has to be exercised lest too much be cut off the slips at this time4 ,if the catalogue is classified the numerical symbols are interpreted1 and such class-headings1 divisions1 and sub-divisions written as are required to be printed4 ,the sheets of paper should be pasted and the slips laid on them and rubbed down1 instead of pasting each slip separately4 ,should the catalogue entries be written or typed on good cards1 inconvenient to paste down1 or which it is desired to preserve1 they can be numbered consecutively and strung together for the printer2 anything upon them not meant to be printed being marked out1 including in this case also the headings of second and subsequent entries under a single heading and an author's name4 ,whether sent on separate cards or as pasted sheets1 each entry must be marked for the sizes and styles of type the printer is to use4 ,the following is a convenient and recognised method of doing this3-- ,for ,,capitals underline three times in black ink4 ,for ,,small ,,capitals underline twice in black ink4 ,for ,italics underline once in black ink4 ,for ,clarendon1 ,antique1 or other heavy type underline as before but in red4 ,for smaller type than the body of the catalogue mark the portions down the margin with a vertical line4 ,various considerations enter into the question of the style or get-up 7i4e41 size1 types1 paper1 binding7 of the catalogue4 ,in all rate-supported libraries the foremost of these is the expense involved4 ,owing to the disconnected nature of catalogue entries the setting is somewhat troublesome work for the compositor1 and1 taking longer time than straightforward work1 costs more1 though the modern type-setting machines1 ,linotype and ,monotype1 have facilitated the work4 ,it is a well-known fact in connection with public libraries that the public will not pay more than a merely nominal sum for a catalogue1 and certainly nothing approaching the cost of printing--to be compelled to sell a catalogue for #f;d4 which cost #as4 #f;d4 or #bs4 per copy to produce is a common experience4 ,sometimes the difference in cost is made good by advertisements1 though this is an unreliable source of revenue4 ,advertisers do not regard a catalogue as a good medium for this purpose owing to the small number in an edition2 the fact that it is in constant use does not weigh much with them4 ,if advertisements can be dispensed with so much the better1 as they detract from the appearance of a catalogue even if they do not actually disfigure it4 ,the extent of the library catalogued also enters into the matter4 ,a small one not requiring a large catalogue can use larger type in printing1 though a small library and a small income often go together1 when strict economy has to be exercised4 ,again there is the question of including the books of the reference department in the catalogue1 making it a general one1 which adds to its bulk and cost4 ,the reference books having to be used upon the premises are quite sufficiently brought under notice by means of the card or sheaf form of catalogues1 typewritten or in manuscript1 now in general use1 though it may be desirable for a newly-established library to have a complete catalogue of all departments4 ,those persons who understand a reference department to consist of a few directories1 dictionaries1 and almanacks1 may thus learn that it comprises much more4 ,the extent of the collection also affects this1 as it is desirable1 if not actually necessary1 that the printed catalogue shall be kept within such limits as to be portable1 and in a single volume1 because some people prefer to have their own copies rather than make use of those provided in the library1 and others make their choice of books solely at home4 ,all this applies more especially to the catalogues of lending libraries1 as1 generally speaking1 printed catalogues of reference libraries are seldom seen nowadays--they are more of a luxury than a necessity4 ,the illustrative examples throughout this work give an idea of the styles of types recommended1 though the choice is more one of usage or personal preference4 ,the following examples1 taken from various catalogues1 are selected as representing the styles of printing usually met with in catalogues4 ,a common and very economical form is set in #h-point 7or brevier7 old-style type1 with authors' names1 when leading1 in small capitals1 the subject-headings in antique1 with the entries under them in #f-point 7or nonpareil7 as well as all contents and annotations4 ,it is printed in double columns with a double rule dividing the columns1 and on a royal octavo page3-- ,,hayne1 ,m4 ,h4 ,e41 and ,h4 ,w4 ,,taylor4 ,the pioneers of the ,klondyke4 #ahig ,i #dabf ,,haynes1 ,e4 ,s4 ,p4 ,religious persecution3 a study in political psychology4 #aijd ,b #aecj ,hayti3-- ,pritchard1 ,h4 ,where black rules white4 #aijj ,i #dihf ,st4 ,john1 ,sir ,s4 ,hayti2 or1 the ,black ,republic4 #ahhi ,i #dcgh ,texier1 ,c4 ,au pays des gnraux3 ,haiti4 #ahia ,i #aade ,heber4 ,reginald1 ,bp4 ,poetical works4 '#ge ,h #ij ,robinson1 ,t4 ,the last days of ,bishop ,heber4 #ahca ,i #bcdh ,a variation has the authors' names1 wherever they occur1 printed in clarendon 7heavy type7 and the subject-headings in capitals and small capitals after this fashion3-- ,cellini1 ,benvenuto4 ,life of1 by himself2 transl41 with an introduction1 by ,john ,a4 ,symonds4 ,illus4 #b v4 roy4 #h4 #ahhh ,e #gjcb -- ,birrell1 ,a4 ,a rogue's memoirs4 7,in his ,obiter dicta1 ser4 ,i47 #ahhd ,h #cdfb -- ,goethe1 ,j4 ,w4 von4 ,benvenuto ,cellini4 7,in his ,smtliche ,werke1 v4 #bi47 #ahhe ,h #caca ,celsus1 ,aurelius ,c4 ,de medicina2 ad fidem optimorum librorum denuo recensuit adnotatione critica indicibusque instruxit ,c4 ,daremberg4 7,bibl4 script ,graec4 et ,roman4 ,teubneriana47 pp4 xlviii1 #djg sm4 #h4 ,lipsiae1 #ahei ,o #dcj -- ,froude1 ,j4 ,a4 ,origen and ,celsus4 7,in his ,short studies1 ser4 #d47 #ahhc ,e #bibf ,,celts4 -- ,guest1 ,e4 ,origines ,celticae #b v4 #ahcc ,e #eagh -- ,lemire1 ,p4 ,l4 ,etude sur les ,celtes et les ,gaulois #ahha ,e #chdh -- ,revue celtique4 ,tomes #d-aa #h v4 #ahha-ia ,h #aheg -- ,rhys1 ,j4 ,origin and growth of religion as illustrated by ,celtic heathendom #ahhh ,a #cdha -- ,warren1 ,f4 ,e4 ,the liturgy and ritual of the ,celtic church #ahha ,a #ceie -- see also ,ireland 7,language and literature47 ,the disadvantage of this style is the over-emphasis of authors' names at the cost of subject-headings1 which are somewhat obscured instead of being made prominent4 ,the general appearance is not good1 the page having a spotty look4 ,the next example is much the same in character as the first1 except that it is set in modern-faced type1 the shelf numbers are given in heavy type1 and the gauge is different4 ,on the whole it presents a pleasing appearance1 though the punctuation is unusual3-- ,glaciers4 ,green 7,w4 ,s47 ,among the ,selkirk glaciers4 #ahij4 ill4 maps4 ,c #bcgf ,helmholtz 7,h47 ,ice and glaciers3 in his ,popular lectures1 v4 #a4 #ahhd4 ,e #dgbf ,molloy 7,g47 ,the glaciers of the ,alps3 in his ,gleanings in science4 #ahhh4 ,e #dibf ,rendu 7 7 ,theory of the glaciers of ,savoy4 #ahgd4 map4 ,e #dfbc in ,tyndall 7,j47 ,the forms of water4 #ahhe4 ill4 ,e #dagi ,gladiators2 by ,g4 ,j4 ,w4 ,melville4 v4 d4 ,f #fjda1 ,f #fjdb ,,gladstone 7,j4 ,h47 ,the life of ,faraday3 in ,science lectures1 ,manchester1 v4 #b4 #ahhe4 ,e #chda ,,gladstone 7,,william ,e47 ,gleanings of past years4 #ahgi-ig4 #hv4 #ab ,h #haad-ba #a4 ,the ,throne and the ,prince ,consort2 ,the ,cabinet and constitution4 #b4 ,personal and literary4 #c4 ,historical and speculative4 #d4 ,foreign4 #e-f4 ,ecclesiastical #g4 ,miscellaneous4 #h4 ,theological and ,ecclesiastical4 ,homer4 #ahgh4 #ab ,g #gbcc ,old-style in type does not mean old-fashioned1 but the more artistic and readable type modelled on the lettering of the early printers1 principally those of the ,italian presses1 and is that most preferred at present4 ,if anything1 modern-faced type is the older fashioned4 ,fantastic or decorated types1 even for initial capitals at the commencement of a division of the catalogue1 are better avoided4 ,the following is an example somewhat after the style of the second given above1 but applied to a classified catalogue3-- #idd ,french ,history4 ,coignet 7,clarisse7 ,francis ,i4 of ,france and his times4 ,translated from the ,french by ,fanny ,twemlow4 ,lond4 #ahhh4 #hvo4 pp4 iv4 #cga4 #idd4jbh ,c #a ,beauchamp 7,comte de7 ,louis ,,xiii4 d'aprs sa correspondance avec le ,cardinal de ,richelieu4 ,paris1 #aijb4 fol4 pp4 iv4 #dfj4 ,ports41 map and illus4 ,f #idd4jcb ,b #a ,furse 7,george ,armand7 #ahjj4 ,marengo and ,hohenlinden4 ,lond4 #aijc4 #hvo4 pp4 xii4 #dgh4 ,port41 illus4 and maps4 #idd4jdf ,f #b ,bowles 7,thomas ,gibson7 ,the defence of ,paris1 #ahgj-ga narrated as it was seen4 ,lond4 #ahga4 #hvo4 pp4 x4 #dje4 ,map and illus4 #idd4jh ,b #d ,when varying sizes of type are used for distinctive purposes1 the contrast is better brought about by using for the smaller type one which is two sizes under that of the body of the catalogue4 ,thus if #aj-point 7or long primer7 is used1 then #h-point 7or brevier7 is taken for the small type rather than #i-point 7or bourgeois71 which would not be sufficiently distinctive4 ,all the above examples are in #h-point 7or brevier7 with #f-point 7or nonpareil7 for the small size4 ,the following table of types and the space they occupy is useful for reference3-- ,,sizes ,,of ,,types4 ,this is old-style #ab-point 7,pica7 ,this is old-style #aa-point 7,small ,pica7 ,this is old-style #aj-point 7,long ,primer7 ,this is old-style #i-point 7,bourgeois7 ,this is old-style #h-point 7,brevier7 ,this is old-style #g-point 7,minion7 ,this is old-style #f-point 7,nonpareil7 ,this is modern-faced #ab-point 7,pica7 ,this is modern-faced #aa-point 7,small ,pica7 ,this is modern-faced #aj-point 7,long ,primer7 ,this is modern faced #i-point 7,bourgeois7 ,this is modern-faced #h-point 7,brevier7 ,this is modern faced #g-point 7,minion7 ,this is modern-faced #f-point 7,nonpareil7 ,where cost has not to be considered1 a better effect is obtained by printing a catalogue across the page instead of in double columns4 ,this takes up nearly twice as much space1 given the same size of type1 and is usually printed in demy octavo size 7#h inches by #e74 ,if the number of entries is large the catalogue makes a thick volume1 though this depends largely upon the size of type used4 ,the following example is taken from a class-list printed in #h-point 7or brevier7 with notes and contents in #f-point 7or nonpareil7 as in the double-columned catalogues shown above3-- ,,poole1 ,g4 ,,ayliffe4 ,history of ecclesiastical architecture in ,england1 pp4 xiv1 #dae1 port #h4 #ahdh -- and ,,others4 ,architectural notices of the churches of the archdeaconry of ,northampton3 deaneries of ,higham ,ferrers and ,haddon4 pp4 xii4 #bhh1 illus4 roy4 #h4 #ahdi ,,potter1 ,,joseph4 ,remains of ancient monastic architecture in ,england roy4 f4 #ahde-g ,contents--,buildwas ,abbey church1 pl4 #cc4--,wenlock ,priory church4 pl4 #cj4--,tintern ,abbey church4 pl4 #di4 -- ,specimens of antient ,english architecture3 444 plans1 elevations1 sections1 and details4--,ecclesiastical4 pp4 #ca1 pl4 #db4 roy4 #d4 #ahdh ,,prickett1 ,,marmaduke4 ,historical and architectural description of the ,priory church of ,bridlington4 pp4 xxviii1 #acj1 pl4 #ag4 #h4 ,cambridge1 #ahca ,,prioux1 ,,stanislas4 ,monographie de l'ancienne abbaye royale ,saint-,yved de ,braine2 avec plans1 lvations1 c4 pp4 iii1 #ajd1 pl4 #bf4 f4 ,paris1 #ahei ,it is with the object of using larger-sized types that catalogues are printed across the page1 as the double-columned catalogue does not admit of the use of large type without adopting a wide page1 which is somewhat inconvenient4 ,the next three examples are of the larger-type character3-- ,the following is set in #i-point 7bourgeois7 with the contents and notes in #e-point 7or pearl74 ,the setting of works of fiction in double columns is an economical feature1 as the short titles of this class of literature permit a saving4 ,the catalogue from which it is taken1 including preface and key to the indicator of #ej pages1 contains #gfj pages for a lending library of just under #bj1jjj volumes3-- ,r,e,e,v,es1 ,wm4 ,p4 ,the ,long ,white ,cloud--,ao ,tea ,roa4 ,new ,zealand4 #ahih #cjbf ,h ,state ,experiments in ,australia and ,new ,zealand4 #b vols4 #aijb #faj ,c ,reflection1 ,aids to1 by ,s4 ,t4 ,coleridge4 #ahgc #ai ,b ,reflets sur la sombre route1 par ',pierre ,loti4' #ahii #ahji ,g ,reform ,bill4 ,epoch of ,reform1 #ahcj-ej1 by ,j4 ,mc,carthy4 #ahhb #ajah ,h ,reformation1 ,the3-- ,beard1 ,c4 ,the ,reformation of the #afth century4 ,hibbert ,lect4 #ahig #hci ,b ,beckett1 ,w4 ,h4 ,the ,english ,reformation of the #afth century4 #ahij #fid ,b ,bettany1 ,g4 ,t4 ,popular history of the ,reformation and ,modern ,protestantism4 #ahie #ahjh ,h ,,reich1 ,emil4 ,foundations of modern ,europe4 #aijd #dcca ,h ,the ,war of ,american ,independence1 #agfc-hc4 ,the ,french ,revolution4 ,napoleon4 ,the ,re-action4 ,the ,revolutions4 ,the ,unity of ,italy4 ,the ,unity of ,germany4 ,the ,franco-,german ,war4 ,,reid1 ,capt4 ,mayne4 ,odd ,people2 singular races of man4 #ahhe #edc ,d and #aeih ,k ,tales2-- ,afloat in the ,forest #bfjh ,i and #aagd ,k ,boy ,hunters #bfji ,i and #aage ,k ,boy ,slaves #bfaj ,i and #aagf ,k ,boy ,tar #bfaa ,i and #aagg ,k ,bruin #bfab ,i and #aagh ,k ,bush ,boys #bfac ,i and #aagi ,k ,chase of the ,leviathan #bfad ,i and #aahj ,k ,child ,wife #bfae ,i and #aaha ,k ,cliff ,climbers #bfaf ,i and #aahb ,k ,sequel to ',plant ,hunters4 ,death-,shot #bfag ,i and #aahc ,k ,the type here is #aa-point 7or small pica7 with contents and notes in #f-point 7nonpareil74 ,this catalogue runs to #gij pages 7for #cb1jjj volumes7 without advertisements1 and a bound copy weighs #b lbs43-- ,burlesque plays and poems ,f #aeaa ,chaucer's ',rime of ,thopas4' ,beaumont and ,fletcher's ',knight of the burning pestle4' ,villier's ',rehearsal4' ,phillips's ',splendid shilling4' ,fielding's ',tom ,thumb the ,great4' ,carey's ',namby ,pamby and ,chrononhotonthologos4' ,canning's ',rovers4' ,rhode's ',bombastes ,furioso4' ,smith's ',rejected addresses4' ,hood's ',odes to great people4' ,,burls1 ,robert4 ,plan and ,operations of the ,essex ,congregational ,union4 #ahdh ,ref4 #ccdf ,burmah3 ,,clifford1 ,h4 ,further ,india4 #aijd ,g#afebb ,,cuming1 ,e4 ,d4 ,in the shadow of the pagoda4 #ahic ,g #gjdb ,,hall1 ,h4 ,f4 ,soul of a people4 #aijb ,g#aebbg -- ,a people at school4 #aijf ,g#afgej ,,murray's ,handbook for ,india1 ,burmah ,ceylon4 '#jg ,ref4 #cddf ,,nisbet1 ,j4 ,burma under ,british rule and before4 #b v4 ,g#aedac-ad ,refer also to ,manipur1 ,shan ,states4 ,,burn1 ,r4 ,s41 ,ed4 ,ornamental draughtsman and designer4 #ahib ,e #gbgg ,,burnaby1 ,e4 ,ride from ,land's ,end to ,john o' ,groats4 #ahic #dffa ,,burnaby1 ,fred4 ,ride to ,khiva4 #ahgg ,g #agf1 #aeha ,,burnand1 ,sir ,f4 ,c4 ,happy thoughts4 #ahgd #efji ,in this the type of the body of the catalogue is the same in size as the previous example 7#aa-point71 the contents under subject-heading being in #h-point 7brevier7 take up less room4 ,the catalogue contains #ejj pages for #ae1jjj volumes4 ,,wilson 7,john7 ,christopher ,north ,noctes ambrosian4 #d v4 ,see also ,de ,quincey 7,t47 ,works4 v4 #af -- ,hall 7,s4 ,c47 ,book of memories4 #ahgf ,,wilson 7,j4 ,p47 ,scriptural proofs4 #ahhg ,,wilson 7,r47 ,steam boilers4 #ahgi ,,wilson 7,w47 ,swimming instructor1 il4 #ahhc ,wiltshire4 ,murray's ,handbook for ,wiltshire1 etc4 map4 #ahhb ,worth 7,r4 ,n47 ,guide to ,wiltshire1 map4 #ahhg ,willert 7,p4 ,f47 ,henry of ,navarre and the ,huguenots in ,france4 il4 #ahic ,,william ,i4 ,freeman 7,e4 ,a47 ,william the ,conqueror4 #ahhh ,planche 7,j4 ,r47 ,the ,conqueror and his companions4 #b v4 ,,william ,,ii4 ,freeman 7,e4 ,a47 ,reign of ,william ,rufus4 #b v4 ,,william ,,iii4 ,traill 7,h4 ,d47 ,william ,,iii4 #ahhh ,,william ,,iv4 ,fitzgerald 7,p47 ,life and times of ,william ,,iv4 #b v4 #ahhd ,greville 7,c4 ,c4 ,f47 ,journals4 v4 #b-c4 #ahhh ,huish 7,r47 ,life and reign of ,william ,,iv4 il4 ,,william of ,malmesbury4 ,chronicle of the kings of ,england4 #ddi-aadb4 #ahdg ,,williams 7,e4 ,e47 ,made in ,germany4 #ahif ,there are other sizes of catalogues from a quarto to a duodecimo1 so far as the size of the pages is concerned1 but the above examples include all sizes of type that it is advisable to use2 anything larger than #aa-point 7small pica7 being too large1 and anything smaller than #f-point 7nonpareil7 is hardly readable4 ,brevier1 or the nearest to it1 #h-point1 is a useful and economical size1 as examination of the foregoing examples proves1 and while it is comparatively small it must be remembered that catalogues are merely looked at and not read through in the ordinary meaning of the term4 ,the styles of types having been settled1 it is customary to invite tenders for the work from printing firms selected because of their repute1 experience1 and ability to carry out such work4 ,the possibility of securing a satisfactory or economical piece of work is very remote if it is open to all who choose to tender1 even within a local area4 ,the cheapest tender obtained in this way frequently proves the dearest in the end1 to say nothing of the worry and vexation caused to the librarian by people undertaking work they have not the material or competence to execute properly4 ,all firms must tender upon the same basis1 and therefore it is essential that a specification be prepared for the purpose4 ,the following is prepared for the style of printing first mentioned 7page #bbj71 though it can be easily altered in this and other respects to suit requirements4 ,it is fairer to all concerned if a specimen page is set up embodying the cataloguer's intentions and all the styles of type it is proposed to use as nearly as possible in the right proportions1 though this is not of first-rate importance if the various sizes to be used are separately priced and measured up for payment at the completion of the work4 ,it must be remembered that though smaller type occupies less space it costs more to compose than the larger4 ,it is also an advantage to have some portion of the manuscript 7copy7 ready in order that a printer tendering may examine it and judge of its nature if he so desires4 ,specification for ,printing4 ,,county ,,borough ,,of ,,biblioville4 ,specification for ,printing a ,catalogue of the ,public ,library4 ,the ,committee of the ,public ,library invite tenders for printing a catalogue of their ,lending ,library upon the following conditions3 ,edition and ,size4--,the edition to consist of three thousand copies1 royal octavo in size 7not less than #i by #f when bound74 ,,note4--,the number of the edition depends entirely upon local circumstances and probable sales4 ,a library of #e1jjj borrowers will take about seven years to sell #c1ejj copies of a catalogue at #f;d4 per copy4 ,paper4--,to be at least #cblbs4 royal to the ream1 of good finish1 white1 uniform in tint throughout4 ,type and ,setting4--#h-point ,old-style1 with occasional small capitals1 italics1 and ,clarendon or antique1 with #f-point for subjects1#a notes1 and contents1 and the proper accented letters in foreign languages4 ,to be set solid1 two columns to the page1 seventy lines #h-point to the column 7apart from page-heading1 which is to contain a title and catch-word syllables71 each fifteen ems wide1 with double division rules between4 ,turnover lines to be indented one em1 the repeat dash to be a one em rule1 the class-letter and number to stand clear four ems1 the #f-point indent to be two ems4 ,spaces between the end of the book-entry and the class-letter to be filled with leaders4 ,the type must not be worn or broken1 and must be free from wrong-founts4 ,the copy must be closely followed for the punctuation and use of capitals4 #a ,if the entries under subject-headings are to be in smaller type4 ,machining4--,the sheets to be well worked in perfect register1 with good ink and uniform impression1 afterwards rolling or pressing if needed4 ,,note4--,good printers do not now need to hot press or roll the sheets4 ,time4--,from the first receipt of copy1 the work to be proceeded with at a rate of not less than two sheets of sixteen pages each per week until completed or in default thereof the printer to pay a sum of two pounds per week as damages4 ,,note4--,a penalty clause is optional2 much depends upon the printer1 who may be very dilatory and use the work to fill up with when not otherwise busy4 ,proofs4--,two copies of proof in galley and two copies of a revise in page to be furnished for reading and correction4 ,the ,librarian to have the right to demand a revise in galley and such revises in page as he shall deem necessary4 ,no sheet to be sent to press until ordered by the endorsement of the ,librarian thereon4 ,additions and corrections4--,the ,librarian to have the right to insert additional matter in galley but not in page except as an author's correction4 ,no extra charge to be allowed for author's corrections unless pointed out and priced at the time they are made4 ,number of pages4#b--,the number of pages is estimated to be #bej more or less1 but this is not guaranteed1 and no allowance will be made for any miscalculation in this respect4 #b ,an estimate made from the copy is liable to turn out wrong when the work is in type1 the tendency being to overstate the number of pages1 when the printer is within his rights1 according to trade usages1 in claiming for profit upon the full number of pages upon which his estimate is based2 therefore it is wise to leave the matter open in this way4 ,covers4--,three thousand covers to be printed upon coloured paper of an approved tint1 not less than #cdlbs4 to the ream 7royal74 ,the front of this cover to be printed with the title of the catalogue4 ,,note4--,if the catalogue is not to be bound in boards1 but is to have paper covers only1 the weight of the paper should be at least #gjlbs4 ,binding4--,the whole edition is to be bound in good strawboards of suitable thickness1 with cloth strip backs1 and strongly sewn with thread1 the covers being pasted on the front and back and the whole cut flush4 ,fourteen days will be allowed for binding after the last sheet has been returned for the press4 ,delivery4--,the catalogues when completed are to be securely tied up in brown paper parcels of fifty each and delivered to the ,librarian at the ,public ,library4 ,tender4--,the tender is to state the price per page for #h-point and for #f-point type respectively1 this price to be inclusive of all charges for press corrections1 covers1 binding1 and delivery as aforesaid4 ,when completed the work is to be measured up1 and charges will be allowed according to the quantity used of each of the above types4 ,payment will be made within three months afterwards4 ,other conditions4--,the work is to be executed to the entire satisfaction of the ,librarian1 and if he is dissatisfied with it in any respect he is authorised to stop the work and refer the matter to the ,library ,committee for their decision1 which shall be final and binding4 ,contract4--,the ,committee may require the firm whose tender is accepted to enter into a contract with the ,borough ,council to carry out the work in accordance with this specification and its conditions1 and to give an undertaking that the rate of wages paid and hours of labour observed are those that are generally accepted as fair by the printing trades4 ,the ,committee do not bind themselves to accept the lowest or any tender4 ,specimens of the kind of work required can be inspected at the ,librarian's office1 where also the copy can be seen as far as ready4 ,tenders1 with samples of the papers proposed to be used1 are to be sent in sealed envelopes1 endorsed ,catalogue1 to reach the undersigned not later than noon on the #eth day of ,november1 #aiac4 ,,john ,,smith1 ,librarian4 ,public ,library1 ,the ,broadway1 ,biblioville1 #bjth ,october1 #aiac4 ,the preliminaries having been settled1 the work of printing is put in hand by furnishing the printer with a supply of copy1 of say #ajj sheets1 duly marked for varieties of type and other details4 ,in due course the printer will send two or three copies of proofs printed in single column on long strips of paper known as galleys1 with ample margins on which to mark the corrections4 ,the corrections are not marked on the printed matter alone1 but the nature of the correction required is also marked in the margin4 ,an assistant1 possessing some knowledge of the subject1 should read out the copy slowly and distinctly to the cataloguer1 at the same time directing attention to any peculiarities of spelling1 punctuation1 accented letters1 and the like4 ,it is a very difficult task to correct the proofs by reference to the copy without having it read aloud4 ,each galley having been once read through should have the shelf numbers called again1 as mistakes in these cause most trouble4 ,after this the cataloguer will be well advised to read the galleys through carefully once more1 apart from the copy1 provided he can spare the time1 and is not overwhelmed with proofs by the printer4 ,he should also mark the places for the insertion of any additions1 which are either written on the margins or1 if large in number1 made into a new sheet of copy1 with a separate numbering for each item1 this numbering being used for marking the exact place where it is to be inserted4 ,when the corrections are many1 as they often are in the early stages of the work before the compositor has got into the right way1 it is advisable to have a revise in galley--that is1 an additional pull after the corrections are made4 ,should the corrections be comparatively few1 the printer may safely be trusted to put them right1 and a revise in page form will suffice4 ,this revise in page needs careful reading for catch-letters and other page headings1 and for the repetition of authors' names and subject-headings when they are divided at the tops of columns 7or pages74 ,this reading is done without the copy1 which1 once being read1 is not needed again1 except for reference4 ,most catalogues are now set up on the ,linotype or ,monotype machines1 when it is as well to ascertain which of these machines is in use4 ,by the ,linotype a single addition of a word or correction of a letter involves the resetting of the whole line1 possibly two1 and the lines must be re-read4 ,corrections on the ,monotype are made by single pieces in the ordinary way4 ,it is essential in hand-setting to look out for wrong founts1 that is pieces of another size or style of type which have been accidentally mixed up with that being used1 and if printed will mar the appearance4 ,broken and worn letters also should be marked to be changed4 ,work on the type-setting machines is not so much subject to these faults1 though they are possible4 ,the method of correcting a proof and the signs used in the process are shown in ,appendix ,a4 ,with the object of saving expense in the printing of new editions of catalogues1 some librarians are trying the experiment of keeping the type standing and paying a small rental4 ,the edition printed is then not so large as usual1 and when a new edition is required the type is again used and the new additions inserted4 ,an arrangement of this kind requires that the original estimate shall include a price per page for reprints with additions and for re-imposition4 ,this attempt at economy has not yet got beyond the experimental stage4 ,the storage of type until wanted for reprinting does not enter into consideration where the ,monotype setting machine is used1 the perforated paper rolls being easily filed away until required again2 though this is rather the concern of the printer than of the librarian4 ,we may conclude with the following quotation taken from the preface of a library catalogue3-- ,in the former catalogue it was said that ',it would seem to be impossible to produce a catalogue absolutely free from errors of compilation or the press1 and some are already noted for correction when the next edition is called for4' ,this statement still holds good4 ,,appendix ,a#a4 ,specimen ,page showing ,marked ,proof4 ,illustration3 ,,loisy1 ,alfred4 ,the gospel and th church4 #aijc ,b #aeag ,,loli,e1 ,fredric4 ,a short ,history of l4c4 comparative literature4 #aijf ,h #bdhe w4f4 ,lollards1 ,the1 of the ,chiltern ,hills4 ,summers1 ,w4 ,h4 #aijf ,b #afeb s4c4 ,lollis1 ,cesare de4 ,vita di ,cristoforo ,colombo4 #ahie ,i #efjh cap4 ,lombard street4 ,bagehot ,w4 #ahib ,c #dja 1_/ ,lombock4 ,with the ,dutch in in the ,east4 ,cool1 ,w4 #ahig ,i #cigh ,,lom,,nie1 ,louis de4 ,beaumarchais and his times4 #d v #ahef ,i #eefc-ff ,,lommel1 ,e4 ,the nature of light4 7,int4 ital4 scien4 ser47 #ahhe ,e #ajh trs4 ,,london1 ,jack4 ,the callthe_/ofwild ,k #baee ,a daughter of the ,k #eeij stet -- ,the people of the abyss4 #aijc ,c #adda ,x ,the lives ofpoor in ,london4 the_/ ,london3-- ,history and ,descriptien4 o_/ l4c4 ,allbut1 ,r4 ,london ,rambles with ,chasles r_/ ,dickens1 n4d4 ,i #daeg ,apperson1 ,g4 ,l4 ,bygone ,london life4 #aijc ,i #dgcb ,arundell1 ,t4 ,historical reminiscences of the ,city and its livery companies4 #ahfi ,i #adjd boroughs ,see also the names of parishes as ,chelsea1 ,kensing -_/ ton1 of buildings as the ,tower1 ,westminster ,abbey1 etc42 and of places as ,charing ,cross1 _/rom4 ,hyde,park1 ,ludgate ,hill4 c4 ,social1 c4 life4 ,dogberry7,ed74 ,humours and oddities of the _/ ,london police courts4 #ahid ,c #hhc ,wynter1 ,a4 ,curiosities of civilization1 n4d4 ,h #bagb ,,long1 ,a4 ,l4 ,memoirs of 7,general _/ ,robert ,e43 ,lee4 #ahhf ,i #bbei ,long exile1 ,the4 ,tolstoy1 ,count ,j #ahge _/ ,illustration3 s4c4 ,small capitals4 cap ,capital4 ,full stop to be inserted4 trs4 ,transpose4 -- ,insert a dash4 ,x ,broken or worn letter4 ,alignment to be straightened4 l4c4 ,change capital to lower case 7i4e4 small letter74 ,space to be inserted4 ,indent 7one em74 ,push down space showing4 ,a turned letter4 w4f4 ,wrong fount 7the letter is of the wrong type74 ,space out to gauge4 1_/ ,insert a comma4 ,delete2 remove letters or words4 ital4 ,italic to be used4 stet ,word not to be altered4 ,straighten perpendicularly4 ,join letters to make one word4 -_/ ,a hyphen to be inserted4 rom4 ,change from italic to roman4 _/ ,insert quotation mark4 _/ ,substitute a bracket4 ,n4,p4 ,commence new paragraph4 ,,appendix ,a#c4 ,b #aeag ,specimen ,page ,corrected4 ,,loisy1 ,alfred4 ,the gospel and the church4 #aijc ,,loli,e1 ,frdric4 ,a short history of comparative literature4 #aijf ,h #bdhe ,lollards1 ,the1 of the ,chiltern ,hills4 ,summers1 ,w4 ,h4 #aijf ,b #afeb ,,lollis1 ,cesare de4 ,vita di ,cristoforo ,colombo4 #ahie ,i #efjh ,lombard ,street4 ,bagehot1 ,w4 #ahib ,c #dja ,lombock4 ,with the ,dutch in the ,east4 ,cool1 ,w4 #ahig ,i #cigh ,,lom,,nie1 ,louis de4 ,beaumarchais and his times4 #d v4 #ahef ,i #eefc-ff ,,lommel1 ,e4 ,the nature of light4 7,int4 scien4 ser47 #ahhe ,e #ajh ,,london1 ,jack4 ,the call of the wild ,k #baee -- ,a daughter of the snows ,k #eeij -- ,the people of the abyss4 #aijc ,c #adda ,the lives of the poor in ,london4 ,london3-- ,history and ,description4 ,allbut1 ,r4 ,london rambles with ,charles ,dickens1 n4d4 ,i #daeg ,apperson1 ,g4 ,l4 ,bygone ,london life4 #aijc ,i #dgcb ,arundell1 ,t4 ,historical reminiscences of the ,city and its livery companies4 #ahfi ,i #adjd ,see also the names of boroughs as ,chelsea1 ,kensington1 of buildings as the ,tower1 ,westminster ,abbey1 c41 and of places as ,charing ,cross1 ,hyde ,park1 ,ludgate ,hill1 c4 ,dogberry 7,ed474 ,humours and oddities of the ,london police courts4 #ahid ,c #hhc ,wynter1 ,a4 ,curiosities of civilization1 n4d4 ,h #bagb ,,long1 ,a4 ,l4 ,memoirs of ,general ,robert ,e4 ,lee4 #ahhf ,i #bbei ,long exile1 ,the4 ,tolsto1 ,count ,j #ahge ,,appendix ,b4 ,,list ,,of ,,abbreviations4 ,the following are some of the words most frequently used in connection with books and in cataloguing1 with suitable abbreviations4 ,all abbreviations must be used guardedly and with discretion1 so that they cannot be confused with other words1 and are self-explanatory with the context4 ,for a full list see a useful book1 ,author and ,printer1 by ,f4 ,howard ,collins 7,frowde74 ,about 7circa7 c4 7with a date following7 ,account acct4 ,advertisements advts4 ,ancient anc4 ,anonym1 ,anonymous anon4 ,archbishop ,archbp41 ,abp4 ,atlas atl4 ,ausgabe ,ausg4 ,band 7,german for volume7 ,bd4 ,bibliography1 ,bibliographical bibliog4 ,biography1 biographical biog4 ,bishop ,bp4 ,book1 ,books bk41 bks4 ,born b4 ,calf 7in binding7 cf4 ,cardinal ,card4 ,century cent4 ,chapter1 ,chapters chap41 chaps4 ,cloth cl4 ,colonel ,col4 ,coloured col4 ,company co4 ,compiled1 ,compiler comp4 ,complete compl4 ,continued contd4 ,county co4 ,crown 7in book sizes7 cr4 ,demy dy4 ,dictionary dict4 ,died d4 ,duodecimo #ab1 #abmo41 duo4 ,east ,e4 ,economy econ4 ,edited1 ,editor1 ,edition ed4 ,editors1 ,editions eds4 ,england1 ,english ,eng4 ,enlarged enl4 ,explanation1 ,explanatory explan4 ,facsimile facs4 ,folio f ,folios ff4 ,frontispiece frontis4 or front4 ,gilt edges g4e4 ,great ,britain ,gt4 ,brit4 ,half 7in binding7 hf4 7as hf4 cf47 ,handbook hdbk4 ,herausgegeben hrsg4 or herausg4 ,historical1 ,history hist4 ,illustrator1 ,illustrated1 illus4 ,illustrations ,imperial 7in book sizes7 imp4 ,including1 ,inclusive incl4 ,international internat4 ,introduction1 ,introductory intro4 ,large la4 ,large paper l4p4 ,leaves ll4 ,lectures lecs4 ,library lib4 ,literary1 ,literature lit4 ,manuscript ,,ms4 ,manuscripts ,,mss4 ,modern mod4 ,morocco 7in binding7 mor4 ,new edition n4e4 or new ed4 ,new series n4s4 or new ser4 ,new ,testament ,n4,t4 ,no date n4d41 ,n4,d41 or s4a4 7sine anno7 ,no place 7of publication7 n4pl4 ,no date or place s4a4 et l4 ,no title-page n4t4-p4 ,north ,n4 ,number1 ,numbers no41 nos4 ,oblong obl4 ,octavo #h1 #hvo1 ,o4 ,old ,testament ,o4,t4 ,original orig4 ,out of print o4p4 ,pages pp4 ,pamphlet1 ,pamphlets pamph4 or phlt41 phlts4 ,parliamentary parly4 7as parly4 paper7 ,part1 ,parts pt41 pts4 ,plate1 ,plates pl41 pls4 ,portrait1 ,portraits port41 ports4 ,preface1 prefatory pref4 ,preliminary prelim4 ,printed1 ,printer pr4 ,privately printed priv4 pr4 ,proceedings proc4 ,professor ,prof4 ,pseudonym1 ,pseudonymous pseud4 or ps4 ,published pubd4 ,quarto #d1 #dto1 ,q4 ,re-edited re-ed4 ,reference ref4 ,reprint1 ,reprinted repr4 ,reproduction1 ,reproduced reprod4 ,reverend ,rev4 ,revised rev4 ,royal 7in book sizes7 roy4 ,saint ,st4 ,sequel seq4 ,series ser4 ,sextodecimo #af1 #afmo4 ,small 7in book sizes7 sm4 ,society soc4 7names of ,societies as ,royal ,soc47 ,south ,s4 ,super 7in book sizes7 sup4 ,supplement suppl4 ,thus 7sic7 inserted to mark mistakes or peculiarities4 ,title-page wanting t4-p4w4 ,traduit1 ,tradotto trad4 ,translator1 ,translated transl4 or tr4 ,united ,kingdom ,u4,k4 ,united ,states ,u4,s4,a4 ,university ,univ4 ,various dates v4d4 ,vocabulary vocab4 ,volume1 ,volumes v4 or vol4 ,von1 ,van v4 ,with w4 as w4 col4 illus4 7with coloured illustrations74 ,places of publication 7specimen abbreviations73-- ,birmingham ,b'ham4 ,cambridge ,camb4 ,dublin ,dub4 ,edinburgh ,edin4 ,glasgow ,glasg4 ,liverpool ,l'pool4 ,manchester ,m'chester4 ,new ,york ,n4,y4 ,oxford ,oxf4 ,philadelphia ,philad4 ,,appendix ,c4 ,a short list of pseudonyms with the real names1 including women authors whose names are changed by marriage3-- ,,pseudonym4 ,,real ,,name4 ,a4,l4,o4,e4 ,charlotte ,m4 ,tucker ,acheta ,domestica ,l4 ,m4 ,budgen ,ackworth1 ,john ,f4 ,r4 ,smith ,adams1 ,mrs4 ,leith ,mrs4 ,r4 ,s4 de ,courcy ,laffan ,adeler1 ,max ,charles ,h4 ,clark ,agnus1 ,orme ,john ,c4 ,higginbotham ,aimard1 ,gustave ,olivier ,gloux ,ainslie1 ,noel ,edith ,lister ,alexander1 ,mrs4 ,annie ,f4 ,hector ,alien ,mrs4 ,l4 ,a4 ,baker ,allen1 ,f4 ,m4 ,edmund ,downey ,amateur ,angler1 ,the ,edward ,marston ,amyand1 ,arthur ,andrew ,haggard ,andom1 ,r4 ,alfred ,w4 ,barrett ,angell1 ,norman ,r4 ,norman ,a4 ,lane ,annunzio1 ,gabriele d' ,gaetano ,rapagnetto ,anstey1 ,f4 ,thos4 ,anstey ,guthrie ,argles1 ,mrs4 ,mrs4 ,hungerford ,aubrey1 ,frank ,francis ,h4 ,atkinson ,audley1 ,john ,mrs4 ,e4 ,m4 ,davy ,aunt ,judy ,mrs4 ,margaret ,gatty ,aunt ,naomi ,gertrude ,a4 ,landa ,ayscough1 ,john ,f4 ,d4 ,bickerstaffe ,drew ,b41 ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,boyd ,b41 ,e4 ,v4 ,eleanor ,v4 ,boyle ,barker1 ,lady ,lady ,broome ,basil ,richard ,ashe ,king ,bede1 ,cuthbert ,edward ,bradley ,belgian ,hare1 ,the ,lord ,alfred ,douglas ,bell1 ,nancy ,mrs4 ,arthur ,bell ,belloc1 ,marie ,a4 ,mrs4 ,belloc ,lowndes ,bentzon1 ,th4 ,thrse ,blanc ,bickerdyke1 ,john ,c4 ,h4 ,cook ,billings1 ,josh ,henry ,w4 ,shaw ,bird1 ,isabella ,l4 ,mrs4 ,i4 ,l4 ,bishop ,birmingham1 ,george ,a4 ,james ,o4 ,hannay ,blackburne1 ,e4 ,owens ,elizabeth ,casey ,boldrewood1 ,rolf ,thos4 ,a4 ,browne ,bovet1 ,m4 ,a4 de ,marquise de ,bois ,hbert ,bowen1 ,marjorie ,gabrielle ,v4 ,m4 ,campbell ,brada ,comtesse ,puliga ,braddon1 ,m4 ,e4 ,mrs4 ,maxwell ,breitmann1 ,hans ,charles ,g4 ,leland ,brenda ,mrs4 ,castle ,smith ,buckley1 ,arabella ,b4 ,mrs4 ,fisher ,burnett1 ,frances ,hodgson ,mrs4 ,h4 ,townesend ,caballero1 ,fernan ,cecilia ,boehl de ,faber ,cambridge1 ,ada ,mrs4 ,g4 ,f4 ,cross ,carmen1 ,sylva ,elisabeth1 ,queen of ,roumania ,carroll1 ,lewis ,charles ,l4 ,dodgson ,cassidy1 ,james ,mrs4 ,e4 ,m4 ,story ,cavendish ,henry ,jones ,cellarius ,thos4 ,w4 ,fowle ,champfleury ,jules ,f4 ,f4 ,husson-,fleury ,chester1 ,norley ,emily ,underdown ,christian1 ,sydney ,m4 ,l4 ,lord ,clare1 ,austin ,w4 ,m4 ,james ,cleeve1 ,lucas ,mrs4 ,h4 ,kingscote ,cobbleigh1 ,tom ,walker ,raymond ,collingwood1 ,harry ,wm4 ,j4 ,c4 ,lancaster ,colmore1 ,george ,mrs4 ,baillie ,weaver ,connor1 ,marie ,marie ,c4 ,leighton ,connor1 ,ralph ,charles ,w4 ,gordon ,conrad1 ,joseph ,joseph ,c4 ,korzeniowski ,conway1 ,derwent ,henry ,d4 ,inglis ,conway1 ,hugh ,f4 ,j4 ,fargus ,conway1 ,james ,jas4 ,conway ,walter ,coo-ee ,wm4 ,s4 ,walker ,coolidge1 ,susan ,sarah ,c4 ,woolsey ,cooper1 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,m4 ,james ,g4 ,bertram ,corthis1 ,andr ,mdlle4 ,husson ,craddock1 ,c4 ,e4 ,mary ,n4 ,murfree ,crawley1 ,captain ,g4 ,f4 ,pardon ,cromarty1 ,deas ,mrs4 ,r4 ,a4 ,watson ,coulevain1 ,pierre de ,mdlle4 ,f4 de ,coulevain ,counties1 ,home ,j4 ,w4 ,k4 ,scott ,dale1 ,darley ,francesca ,m4 ,steele ,dall1 ,guillaume ,madame ,jules ,lebaudy ,danby1 ,frank ,julia ,frankau ,d',anvers1 ,n4 ,mrs4 ,arthur ,bell ,dean1 ,mrs4 ,andrew ,mrs4 ,alfred ,sidgwick ,dehan1 ,richard ,clotilde ,graves ,donovan1 ,dick ,j4 ,e4 ,preston ,muddock ,douglas1 ,george ,geo4 ,d4 ,brown ,douglas1 ,o4 ,miss ,buchan ,douglas1 ,theo ,mrs4 ,h4 ,d4 ,everett ,dowie1 ,mnie ,m4 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,a4 ,fitzgerald ,duncan1 ,sara ,j4 ,mrs4 ,everard ,cotes ,ecilaw1 ,ary ,comtesse ,czapska ,egerton1 ,george ,mrs4 ,r4 ,golding ,bright ,eha ,edward ,h4 ,aitken ,eliot1 ,george ,mary ,anne ,evans 7afterwards ,mrs4 ,cross7 ,elbon1 ,barbara ,leonora ,b4 ,halsted ,elizabeth1 ,charlotte ,charlotte ,e4 ,tonna ,ellis1 ,luke ,j4 ,page ,hopps ,fairless1 ,michael ,margaret ,fairless ,barber ,falconer1 ,lanoe ,mary ,e4 ,hawker ,fane1 ,violet ,lady ,philip ,currie ,farningham1 ,marianne ,mary ,a4 ,hearne ,ferval1 ,claude ,baronne de ,pierrebourg ,field1 ,michael ,misses ,bradley and ,cooper ,fin ,bec ,w4 ,b4 ,jerrold ,fleming1 ,george ,julia ,c4 ,fletcher ,flynt1 ,josiah ,frank ,willard ,foreman ,pattern-,maker1 ,a ,j4 ,g4 ,horner ,forester1 ,george ,george ,greenwood ,fowler1 ,edith ,a4 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,hamilton ,fowler1 ,ellen ,thornycroft ,mrs4 ,a4 ,l4 ,felkin ,france1 ,anatole ,anatole ,franois ,thibault ,francis1 ,m4 ,e4 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,blundell ,francis1 ,r4 ,e4 ,frances ,poynter ,free ,lance1 ,a4 ,f4 ,h4 ,perrycoste ,freer1 ,martha ,w4 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,w4 ,robinson ,frost1 ,george ,mrs4 ,s4 ,eddison ,g4 ,g4 -- ,harper ,garrett1 ,edward ,isabella ,f4 ,mayo ,gaunt1 ,mary ,mrs4 ,lindsay ,miller ,gerard1 ,dorothea ,mdme4 ,longard de ,longgarde ,gerard1 ,emily ,mdme4 de ,laszowska ,gerard1 ,morice ,j4 ,jessop ,teague ,gerrare1 ,wirt ,w4 ,o4 ,greener ,gift1 ,theo4 ,dorothy ,h4 ,boulger ,grand1 ,sarah ,mrs4 ,m',fall ,gray1 ,maxwell ,m4 ,g4 ,tuttiett ,green1 ,anna ,k4 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,rohlfs ,grey1 ,rowland ,lilian ,r4 ,brown ,grier1 ,sydney ,c4 ,hilda ,gregg ,grville1 ,henry ,alice ,m4 ,c4 ,durand ,grove1 ,lilly ,mrs4 ,j4 ,g4 ,frazer ,gubbins1 ,nathaniel ,edward ,spencer ,gyp ,comtesse de ,martel de ,janville ,haliburton1 ,hugh ,j4 ,l4 ,robertson ,hall1 ,eliza ,calvert ,lina ,c4 ,obenchain ,hamel1 ,frank ,miss ,f4 ,hamel ,hamst1 ,olphar ,ralph ,thomas ,hay1 ,ian ,j4 ,a4 ,beith ,hay1 ,marie ,baroness von ,hindenburg ,hare1 ,christopher ,mrs4 ,andrews ,hayes1 ,henry ,mrs4 ,e4 ,o4 ,kirk ,heddle1 ,ethel ,f4 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,marshall ,hegan1 ,alice ,c4 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,c4 ,rice ,henry1 ,o4 ,sydney ,porter ,hertz-,garten1 ,theodor ,mrs4 de ,mattos ,hickson1 ,mrs4 ,murray ,mrs4 ,s4 ,kitcat ,hieover1 ,harry ,charles ,bindley ,hill1 ,headon ,f4 ,grainger ,hilliers1 ,ashton ,h4 ,m4 ,wallis ,hobbes1 ,john ,oliver ,mrs4 ,pearl ,m4 ,t4 ,craigie ,hoffmann1 ,professor ,a4 ,j4 ,lewis ,holcombe1 ,arnold ,arnold ,golsworthy ,holdsworth1 ,annie ,mrs4 ,e4 ,lee ,hamilton ,holland1 ,clive ,c4 ,j4 ,hankinson ,hope1 ,andre ,mrs4 ,harvey ,hope1 ,anthony ,anthony ,h4 ,hawkins ,hope1 ,ascott ,r4 ,robt4 ,h4 ,moncreiff ,hope1 ,graham ,jessie ,hope ,hope1 ,laurence ,violet ,nicholson ,hopper1 ,nora ,mrs4 ,chesson ,houville1 ,grard d' ,mde4 ,h4 de ,regnier ,howard1 ,keble ,keble ,bell ,hume1 ,martin ,a4 ,s4 ,martin ,a4 ,sharp ,ingoldsby1 ,thomas ,richard ,h4 ,barham ,intelligence ,officer ,lionel ,james ,iota ,kathleen ,caffyn ,iron1 ,ralph ,mrs4 ,o4 ,cronwright-,schreiner ,ironside1 ,john ,e4 ,m4 ,tait ,jacberns1 ,raymond ,georgina ,m4 ,i4 ,ash ,jacomb1 ,a4 ,e4 ,a4 ,e4 ,jacomb ,hood ,james1 ,croake ,james ,paterson ,janus ,johann ,j4 ,i4 von ,dllinger ,joubert1 ,carl ,adolphus ,w4 ,c4 ,grottey ,k41 ,o4 ,mdme4 ,olga ,novikoff 7ne ,kireff7 ,keith1 ,leslie ,mrs4 ,g4 ,l4 ,keith ,johnston ,king1 ,k4 ,douglas ,mrs4 ,godfrey ,burr ,kipling1 ,alice ,mrs4 ,fleming ,l41 ,l4 ,e4 ,letitia ,e4 ,mac,lean 7ne ,landon7 ,la ,pasture1 ,mrs4 ,h4 de ,lady ,hugh ,clifford ,laffan1 ,may ,mrs4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hartley ,larwood1 ,jacob ,l4 ,r4 ,sadler ,laurence1 ,a4 ,st4 ,alfred ,l4 ,felkin ,law1 ,john ,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,harkness ,layland1 ,f4 ,mrs4 ,francis ,barratt ,leander1 ,richard ,r4 ,volkmann ,lee1 ,holme ,harriet ,parr ,lee1 ,vernon ,violet ,paget ,legrand1 ,martin ,james ,rice ,lennox ,lennox ,pierson ,lenotre1 ,g4 ,thodore ,gosselin ,lesueur1 ,daniel ,jeanne ,loiseau ,lvi1 ,eliphas ,alphonse ,l4 ,constant ,lindsay1 ,harry ,h4 ,lindsay ,hudson ,london1 ,john o' ,wilfred ,whitten ,loti1 ,pierre ,louis ,m4 ,j4 ,viaud ,lucka1 ,sydney ,henry ,harland ,lyall1 ,edna ,ada ,e4 ,bayly ,lys1 ,christian ,percy ,j4 ,brebner ,maartens1 ,maarten ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 van der ,poorten ,schwartz ,mc,aulay1 ,allan ,charlotte ,stewart ,maclaren1 ,ian ,john ,m4 ,watson ,macleod1 ,fiona ,william ,sharp ,main1 ,mrs4 ,mrs4 ,aubrey ,le ,blond ,malet1 ,lucas ,mrs4 ,m4 ,st4 ,l4 ,harrison 7ne ,kingsley7 ,mansergh1 ,jessie ,mrs4 ,g4 de ,h4 ,vaizey ,marchant1 ,bessie ,mrs4 ,j4 ,a4 ,comfort ,markham1 ,mrs4 ,mrs4 ,eliz4 ,penrose ,marlitt1 ,e4 ,henriette ,f4 ,c4 ,e4 ,john ,marlowe1 ,charles ,harriet ,jay ,marryat1 ,florence ,mrs4 ,f4 ,lean ,marvell1 ,ik4 ,donald ,g4 ,mitchell ,mathers1 ,helen ,mrs4 ,h4 ,reeve ,meade1 ,l4 ,t4 ,mrs4 ,toulmin ,smith ,melville1 ,lewis ,lewis ,s4 ,benjamin ,meredith1 ,isabel ,olivia ,f4 ,m4 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