,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,?is text uses ,,utf-#h 7unicode7 file encod+4 ,if ! apo/rophes & quotation m>ks 9 ?is p>agraph appe> z g>bage1 y may h an incompatible br[s] or unavailable fonts4 ,fir/1 make sure t y\r br[s]'s 8"* set0 or 8file encod+0 is set to ,unicode 7,,utf-#h74 ,e4g41 ) ,mozilla ,firefox1 set x to ,view-,"* ,encod+-,unicode 7,,utf-#h74 ,e4g41 ) ,int]net ,explor]1 set x to ,view-,encod+-,unicode 7,,utf-#h74 ,y may also ne$ to *ange ! default font4 ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution--,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology4 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,si\an ,,cults4 ,,by ,,james ,,ow5 ,,dorsey4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,introduction #cfa ,def9itions ( 8,cult0 & 8,si\an0 #cfa ,si\an ,family #cfa ,au?orities #cfa ,alphabet #cfc ,abbreviations #cfd ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,def9itions #cfe ,alleg$ belief 9 a ,great ,_s #cfe ,ph5om5a divid$ into human & sup]human #cfe ,t]ms = 8my/]i\s10 8lightn+10 etc4 #cff ,o!r ,omaha & ,ponka t]ms #cfg ,significance ( p]sonal names & k9%ip t]ms #cfh ,my? & leg5d di/+ui%$ f ! sup]human #cfh ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,cults ( ! ,omaha1 ,ponka1 ,kansa1 & ,osage #cga ,beliefs & practices n f\nd #cga ,omaha1 ,ponka1 & ,kansa belief 9 a wak&a #cgb ,sev5 great wak&as #cgb ,invocation ( w>m? & /reams #cgb ,pray] to wak&a #cgc ,accessories ( pray] #cgc ,omaha & ,kansa expressions ab\t wak&a #cgd ,ponka belief ab\t malevol5t spirits #cgd ,an old ,omaha cu/om #cge ,! sun a wak&a #cgf ,invocations #cgf ,! (f]+ ( tobacco #cgg ,! ,ponka sun dance ( #ahgc #cgh ,! moon a wak&a #cgh ,b]da*es #cgh ,/>s z wak&as #cgi ,! w9ds z wak&as #chj ,invocation #chj ,kansa sacrifice to ! w9ds #chj ,osage consecration ( my/ic fireplaces #chj ,! ?und]-be+ a wak&a #cha ,omaha & ,ponka invocation ( ! ?und]-be+ #cha ,?und]-be+ invok$ by w>riors #chb ,ictas&a cu/om #chc ,kansa wor%ip ( ! ?und]-be+ #che ,subt]ranean & subaquatic wak&as #chf ,! indaiga #chf ,o!r ,kansa wak&as #chg ,omaha invocations ( ! trap1 etc4 #chg ,fa/+ #cij ,my/ic trees & plants #cij ,ia#8e #cib ,p]sonal my/]y decorations #cid ,ord] ( ?und] %amans #cie ,g5]ic =ms ( decoration #cig ,specific =ms ( decoration #cih ,corn & ! buffalo #djc ,o!r ,omaha my/]y decorations #djc ,kansa my/]y decorations #dje ,omaha nikie decorations #djg ,omaha nikie cu/oms #daj ,gov]nm5tal in/rum5talities #daa ,omaha & ,ponka taboos #daa ,feti*ism #dab ,feti*es ( ! tribe & g5s #dac ,omaha tribal feti*es #dac ,osage tribal feti*es #dad ,kansa tribal feti*es #dae ,p]sonal feti*es #dae ,sorc]y #daf ,juggl]y #dag ,omaha & ,ponka belief z to a future life #dai ,kansa beliefs respect+ dea? & a future life #dba ,,*apt] ,,iv4--ciw]e & ,w9nebago cults #dbc ,au?orities #dbc ,t]m 8,great ,_s0 nev] he>d among ! ,i[a #dbc ,! sun a wakanta #dbc ,! w9ds z wakantas #dbc ,! ?und]-be+ a wakanta #dbd ,subt]ranean p[]s #dbd ,subaquatic p[]s #dbd ,animals z wakantas #dbe ,apo!oses #dbe ,dwell+s ( gods #dbe ,wor%ip #dbe ,taboos #dbf ,public or tribal feti*es #dbg ,symbolic e>? =mations ( ! ,w9nebago #dbg ,p]sonal feti*es #dbh ,danc+ societies #dbh ,! ,ott] danc+ society #dbi ,! ,r$ ,m$ic9e danc+ society #dbi ,! ,gre5 ,corn dance #dbi ,! ,buffalo danc+ society #dbi iw]e traditions #dcj ,belief 9 a future life #dcj ,,*apt] ,v4--,dakota & ,ass9ibo9 cults #dca ,alleg$ ,dakota belief 9 a ,great ,_s #dca ,riggs on ! ,taku wakan #dcb ,mean+ ( wakan #dcc ,daimonism #dcc ,animism #dcc ,pr9cipal ,dakota gods #dcd ,miss ,flet*] on ,indian religion #dcd ,pray] #dce ,sacrifice #dce ,use ( pa9t 9 wor%ip #dch ,! unktei1 or subaquatic & subt]ranean p[]s #dch ,"* ( ! unktei #dch ,p[] ( ! unktei #dci ,subord9ates ( ! unktei #dci ,! my/]y dance #ddj ,! m9iwatu #ddj ,! ,wakiya1 or ?und]-be+s #dda ,! armor gods #ddc ,! w> prophet #ddd ,! spirits ( ! my/]y sacks #dde ,takukaka1 ! ,mov+ deity #dde ,tunkan or ,inyan1 ! ,/one god or ,l+am #ddg ,iya a #ddh ,mato tipi #ddh ,! sun & moon #ddi ,nature ( concepts #ddi ,! sun dance #dej ,a ,dakota's acc\nt ( ! sun dance #dej ,object ( ! sun dance #dea ,rules obs]v$ by h\seholds #dea ,! 8u-ma-ne0 #dea ,rules obs]v$ by ! devotee #deb ,tribes invit$ to ! sun dance #deb ,discipl9e ma9ta9$ #deb ,camp+ circle =m$ #dec ,m5 select$ to seek ! my/]y tree #dec ,t5t ( prep>ation #ded ,exp$ition to ! my/]y tree #dee ,fell+ ! tree #def ,tree tak5 to camp #deg ,rais+ ! sun pole #deg ,build+ ( danc+ lodge #deh ,! ,uuita #deh ,decoration ( c&idates or devotees #deh ,(f]+s ( c&idates #dei ,c]emonies at ! danc+ lodge #dfj ,! dance #dfj ,c&idates sc>ifi$ #dfj ,pieces ( fle% (f]$ #dfb ,torture ( own] ( horse #dfb ,end ( ! dance #dfb ,intrusive dances #dfc ,capta9 ,b\rke on ! sun dance #dfd ,b]da*es #dfg ,a/ronomical lore #dfg ,day & night #dfg ,! dawn #dfh ,wea!r _s #dfh ,heyoka #dfh ,! concepts ( ,heyoka #dfh ,heyoka fea/ #dfi ,/ory ( a ,heyoka man #dfi ,heyoka wom5 #dga ,iya1 ! god ( gluttony #dga ,ikto1 ,iktomi1 or ,unktomi #dga aotida & ,honoia #dgc ,anug-ite #dgc ,p5ates #dge ,gu>dian spirits #dge ,beliefs ab\t ! buffalo #dge ,preval5ce ( ! beliefs #dge ,orig9 ( ! buffalo #dgf ,! ,tatagnakiya1 or ,my?ic buffalo #dgg ,! be> #dgg ,! wolf #dgg ,horses #dgi ,spid]s #dgi ,snake lore #dgi ,! d\ble woman #dhj ,de] wom5 #dhj ,dw>fs or elves #dha ,bogs #dha ,trees #dhb ,cu/oms relat+ to *ildhood #dhb ,pub]ty #dhc ,gho/ lore & ! future life #dhd ,mean+ ( wanai #dhd ,ass9ibo9 beliefs ab\t ! dead #dhe ,gho/s n always visible #dhe ,dea? & burial lore #dhe ,:y ! ,teton /opp$ bury+ 9 ! gr\nd #dhf ,importance ( tattoo+ #dhf ,c]emonies at ! gho/ lodge #dhg ,good & bad gho/s #dhi ,int]c\rse ) gho/s #dhi ,gho/ /ories #dhi ,! gho/ husb& #dhi ,! solit>y travel] #dhi ,! gho/ on ! hill #dhi ,! ,indian :o wre/l$ ) a gho/ #dhi ,! man :o %ot a gho/ #dib ,ass9ibo9 beliefs ab\t gho/s #dib ,pray]s to ! dead1 includ+ ance/ors #dic ,metamorphoses & transmigration ( s\ls #dic ,exhortations to abs5t w>riors #dic ,my/]i\s m5 & wom5 #dic ,goph] lore #dif ,causes ( boils & sores #dif ,results ( ly+1 /eal+1 etc4 #dig ,secret societies #dig ,feti*ism #dih ,public or tribal feti*es #dih ,private or p]sonal feti*es #dih ,ordeals1 or modes ( swe>+ #dii ,sorc]y & juggl]y #dii ,om5s #ejj ,bodily om5s #ejj ,animal om5s #ejj ,om5s f dreams #ejj ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,cults ( ! ,m&an1 ,hidatsa1 & ,sapona #eja ,au?orities #eja ,alleg$ belief 9 a ,great ,_s #eja ,! great my/]y a mod]n deity #eja ,poly!ism #ejb ,wor%ip #ejb ,fa/+ #ejb ,sacrifice #ejb ,! ,okipa #ejb ,! ,dapike #ejc ,cult ( ! ,yoni #eje ,abs>oka fe> ( a :ite buffalo c[ #eje ,m&an cults #ejf ,m&an div9ities #ejf ,gu>dian spirits #ejg ,m&an belief ab\t s]p5ts & giants #ejg ,?und] lore ( ! ,m&an #ejh ,a/ronomical lore #ejh ,my/]y objects & places ( ! ,m&an & ,hidatsa #ejh ,! my/]y rock #ejh ,dreams #eaj ,oracles #eaj ,feti*es #eaj ,folklore #eaa ,sorc]y #eaa ,juggl]y #eab ,gho/ lore #eab ,! future life #eab ,f\r z a my/ic numb] among ! ,m&an #eac ,hidatsa cults #eac ,hidatsa div9ities #eac ,animism #ead ,wor%ip ( ! elem5ts1 etc4 #ead ,s]p5t wor%ip #ead ,feti*es #eae ,tribal feti*es #eae ,p]sonal feti*es #eae ,oracles #eaf ,dreams #eaf ,b]da*es #eaf ,a/ronomical lore #eag ,food lore #eag ,f\r s\ls 9 ea* human be+ #eag ,sorc]y #eag ,disposal ( ! dead #eah ,hidatsa belief z to future exi/5ce #eah ,sapona cults #eah ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,conclud+ rem>ks #ebj ,peet on ,indian religions #ebj ,! au?or's reply #eba ,cults ( ! elem5ts #ebb ,! f\r qu>t]s #ebd ,symbolic colors #ebg ,colors 9 p]sonal names #ecc ,! e>? p[]s #ecd ,e>? g5tes #ecd ,! fire p[]s #ecd ,fire g5tes #ecf ,! w9d-mak]s #ecf ,w9d g5tes #ecg ,ea* qu>t] reckon$ z ?ree #ecg ,names ref]r+ to o!r worlds #ecg ,! wat] p[]s #ecg ,wat] p #ech ,cautions & qu]ies #ech ,composite names #eci ,p]sonal names f horn$ be+s #eda ,names d]iv$ f sev]al homog5e\s objects or be+s #edb ,return ( ! _s to ! eponym #edb ,functions ( g5tes & subg5tes #edb ,! 8,messiah craze0 #edd ,epilogue #edd ,,illu/rations4 ,,plate ,,xliv4 ,si\an t5ts 7,a1 t5t ( ejequta2 ,b1 t5t ( ,mazi-jiga 7man 9 ! sun72 ,c1 t5t ( ,heqaga2 ,d1 t5t ( ,kaxe-aba's fa!r2 ,e1 t5t ( ,hupea1 ,sr41 & ,agaha-wacuce7 #cfa ,,xlv4 ,camp+ circle at ! "t ( ! sun dance #ded ,,xlvi4 ,! danc+ lodge #deh ,,xlvii4 ,sc>ification ( c&idates 7#a1 ,okska na92 #b1 ,ptepa k9 wai7 #dfj ,,xlviii4 ,! sun dance #dfb ,,xlix4 ,a susp5d$ devotee #dfd ,l4 ,! d\ble woman #dhj ,,fig4 #aef4 ,george ,mill]'s p]sonal my/]y decoration #cid #aeg4 ,a v>iant ( ,fig4 #aef #cid #aeh4 ,robe ( ,wanukige #cie #aei4 ,t5t ( ,wanukige #cif #afj4 ,robe ( aqube #cif #afa4 ,robe ( ahe-ap#8 #cig #afb4 ,g5]ic decoration ref]r+ to night1 etc4 #cig #afc4 ,t5t ( ,apa-ska1 ,sr4 #cih #afd4 ,robe ( ,apa-ska1 ,sr4 #cii #afe4 ,t5t ( ,mazi-jiga 7gho/ vision7 #cii #aff4 ,a t5t ( ,nikuiba #cii #afg4 ,ano!r t5t ( ,nikuiba #cii #afh4 ,blanket ( ,cua mai #djj #afi4 ,t5t ( esa2 vision ( a c$> #dja #agj4 ,t5t ( esa2 sun & ra9b[ vision #dja #aga4 ,corn/alk decoration ( ! t5ts ( ,fire ,*ief & ,waqaga #djb #agb4 ,robe ( ,ni-actage #djc #agc4 ,duba-mai's fa!r's t5t #djc #agd4 ,matcu-naba's t5t #djc #age4 ,wackahi's t5t #djd #agf4 ,t5t ( an unkn[n ,omaha #djd #agg4 ,t5t ( ebi#8a #dje #agh4 ,t5t ( a ,kansa :o _h an eagle vision #dje #agi4 ,kansa decorat$ t5t #djf #ahj4 ,kansa decorat$ t5t #djf #aha4 ,maze-guhe's robe #djf #ahb4 ,maze-guhe's t5t #djg #ahc4 ,duba-mai's fa!r's blanket #djg #ahd4 ,ike-sab t5t decoration #djh #ahe4 ,ike-sab t5t decoration #dji #ahf4 ,waqaga's robe #dji #ahg4 ,sacr$ t5t 9 :i* ! pole 0 kept #dac #ahh4 ,be> ,butte1 ,s\? ,dakota #ddi #ahi4 ,! 8u-ma-ne0 symbol #dea #aij4 ,eagle-w+ flute #dee #aia4 ,! t5t ( prep>ation & ! danc+ lodge #dei #aib4 ,! gho/ lodge #dhg #aic4 ,! atada g5tile circle #ebc #aid4 ,! f\r elem5ts1 etc4 #ebc #aie4 ,kansa ord] ( invok+ w9ds1 etc4 #ebe #aif4 ,tsiu 7,osage7 ord] ( plac+ ! f\r /icks1 etc4 #ebe #aig4 ,paka 7,osage7 ord] ( plac+ ! f\r /icks1 etc4 #ebf #aih4 ,kase 7,osage7 ord] ( circumambulation #ebf #aii4 ,%[+ h[ ! ,osage prep>$ ! scalp = ! dance #ebf #bjj4 ,omaha lightn+s & ! f\r qu>t]s #ebg ,illu/ration3 ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,elev5? ,annual ,report4 ,plate ,,xliv image ,,ga/ ,,li?4 ,,co4 ,,si\an ,,t5ts4 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,si\an ,,cults4 ,,by ,,james ,,ow5 ,,dorsey4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,,def9itions ,,( 8,,cult0 ,,& 8,,si\an40 #a4 ,cult1 z us$ 9 ?is article1 means a sy/em ( religi\s belief & wor%ip1 especially ! rites & c]emonies employ$ 9 su* wor%ip4 ,! pres5t article treats ( ! cults ( a few ( ! ,si\an tribes--t is1 ) two exceptions1 ( su* tribes z h be5 visit$ by ! au?or4 8,si\an0 is a t]m orig9at$ by ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,x is d]iv$ f 8,si\x10 ! popul> "n = ^? ,indians :o call !mselves 8,dakota0 or 8,lakota10 ! latt] be+ ! ,teton appellation4 8,si\an0 is us$ z an adjective1 b1 unlike its primitive1 x ref]s n only to ! ,dakota tribes1 b also to ! entire l+ui/ic /ock or family4 ,,si\an ,,family4 ,! ,si\an family includes ! ,dakota1 ,ass9ibo91 ,omaha1 ,ponka1 ,osage1 ,kansa1 ,kwapa1 ,i[a1 ,oto1 ,miss\ri1 ,w9nebago1 ,m&an1 ,hidatsa1 ,cr[1 ,tutelo1 ,biloxi1 ,catawba1 & o!r ,indians4 ,! ,sapona1 :o are n[ ext9ct1 probably belong$ to ?is family4 ,! au?or 0 mission>y to ! ,ponka ,indians1 9 :at is n[ "p ( ,nebraska1 f #ahga to #ahgc4 ,s9ce #ahgh he has acquir$ native texts & o!r in=mation f ! ,omaha1 ,ponka1 ,osage1 ,kansa1 ,w9nebago1 ,i[a1 ,oto1 ,miss\ri1 & ,dakota4 ,9 seek+ in=mation respect+ ! anci5t beliefs ( ! ,indians ! au?or has always f\nd x exp$i5t to "q ! ,indian :5 no int]pret] 0 pres5t4 ,,au?orities4 #b4 ,?is /udy is bas$ = ! mo/ "p ^u /atem5ts made by ,indians1 ?\gh sev]al publications 7 consult$ dur+ ! prep>ation ( ! fif? & six? *apt]s4 ,! foll[+ ,indians _h become ,*ri/ians be=e ! au?or met !m3 ,joseph ,la ,fl*e1 ,frank ,la ,fl*e1 ,john ,big ,elk1 & ,george ,mill]1 all ,omaha4 ,joseph ,la ,fl*e1 :o di$ 9 #ahhh1 0 ! lead] ( ! civilization p>ty 9 ! ,omaha tribe aft] #ahee4 ,he 0 at "o "t a head *ief4 ,he spoke sev]al ,indian languages1 hav+ sp5t ye>s among o!r tribes1 includ+ ! ,pawnee1 :5 he 0 9 ! s]vice ( ! fur company4 ,8 son1 ,frank1 has be5 9 ! ,indian ,bureau at ,wa%+ton s9ce #ahha4 ,! au?or has obta9$ consid]able l+ui/ic mat]ial f ! fa!r & son4 ,! fa!r1 ) ,two ,cr[s1 aid$ ! au?or 9 ! summ] ( #ahhb 9 revis+ 8 sociologic notes1 result+ 9 ! prep>ation ( 8,omaha ,sociology10 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ?ird annual report ( ! director ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,john ,big ,elk1 a full ,omaha1 ( ! ,elk g5s1 furni%$ an article on 8,sacr$ ,traditions & ,cu/oms10 & sev]al hi/orical pap]s1 publi%$ 9 8,contributions to ,nor? ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,vol4 ,,vi40 ,george ,mill]1 ( ! ,ictas&a or ,?und] g5s1 is a full ,omaha1 f :om 0 obta9$ ne>ly half ( ,*apt] ,,iii1 includ+ mo/ ( ! ,omaha illu/rations4 ,! foll[+ ,indians 7 n ,*ri/ians3 ,gahige1 ,two ,cr[s1 ai-napaj1 & ,samuel ,fremont1 all ,omaha2 ,nuda-axa1 a ,ponka2 & ! ,kansa1 ,osage1 ,miss\ri1 ,i[a1 & ,w9nebago in=mants4 ,two ,cr[s has be5 connect$ 9 sev]al ways ) ! anci5t organizations ( 8 p4 ,he has be5 a head man1 or nikagahi1 be+ ?us an ex-(ficio memb] ( ! class :i* ex]cis$ ! civil & religi\s functions ( ! /ate4 ,he has be5 a policeman dur+ ! buffalo hunt4 ,he has act$ z capta91 or w> *ief1 & he is ! lead+ doctor 9 ! ord] ( ,buffalo %amans1 be+ ! keep] ( ! 8sweet m$ic9e40 ai-napaj1 or ,he-:o-fe>s-n-!-sight-(-a-,pawnee1 is a memb] ( ! ,black ,be> subg5s1 & he is also "o ( ! s]vants ( ! ,elk g5s1 x be+ 8 duty to be pres5t at ! sacr$ t5t ( t g5s1 & to assi/ 9 ! c]emonies p]ta9+ to ! invocation ( ! ,?und] ,be+s4 ,gahige 0 ! *ief ( ! ,ike-sab1 a ,buffalo g5s1 & at ! "t ( 8 dea? he 0 ! keep] ( ! two sacr$ pipes4 ,samuel ,fremont is a memb] ( ! ,eagle subg5s4 ,he came to ,wa%+ton 9 ! autumn ( #ahhh & assi/$ ! au?or till ,febru>y1 #ahhi4 ,nuda-axa is a *ief ( a "p ( ! ,?und]-,be+ g5s ( ! ,ponka4 ,! au?or has kn[n him s9ce #ahga4 ,! o!r ,indian au?orities ne$ n be nam$1 z !y are 9 sub/antial agreem5t4 ,! foll[+ au?orities 7 consult$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! ,dakota & ,ass9ibo9 *apt]3 ,,bruyi] 7,,john71 a ,dakota1 ,,ms4 ,teton texts4 #ahhh4 ,translat$ by himself4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,,bu%ott] 7,,george71 a ,dakota1 ,,ms4 ,teton texts4 #ahhg-'hh4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,ow5 ,dorsey4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,,flet*] 7,miss ,,alice ,c471 ,! ,sun-dance ( ! ,ogalalla ,si\x4 ,9 ,proc4 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 ,montreal meet+1 #ahhb1 pp4 #ehj-ehd4 ,,flet*] 7,miss ,,alice ,c471 sev]al articles 9 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 vol4 #c1 #ahhd1 pp4 #bfj-ccc4 ,,hovey 7,rev4 ,h4 ,c471 8,eyay ,%ah10 9 ,am4 ,antiqu>ian1 ,jan41 #ahhg1 pp4 #ce1 #cf4 ,,long 7,maj4 ,s4 ,h471 ,skiff ,voyage to ,falls ( ,/4 ,an?ony4 ,9 ,m9n4 ,hi/or4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #ah1 #ai1 #ee4 ,,lynd 7,j4 ,w471 ,religion ( ! ,dakotas4 ,9 ,m9n4 ,hi/or4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #eg-hd4 ,,pond 7,g4 ,h471 ,dakota ,sup]/itions4 ,9 ,m9n4 ,hi/or4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #c1 pp4 #cb-fb4 ,,riggs 7,s4 ,r471 ,!ogony ( ! ,si\x4 ,9 ,am4 ,antiqu>ian1 vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d1 pp4 #bfe-bgj4 ----4 ,9 ,am4 ,antiq41 vol4 ,v1 #ahhc1 p4 #adi4 ----4 ,9 ,am4 ,philolog4 ,assoc4 ,proc41 #c;d ,an4 ,sess41 #ahgb1 pp4 #e1 #f4 ----4 ,tah-koo ,wah-kon1 or1 ,! ,gospel ,among ! ,dakotas1 #ahfi4 ,,say 7,,?os471 9 ,james 7,e471 ,acc\nt ( ,long's ,exp$4 ,rocky ,mts41 vol4 ,i1 ,phil41 #ahbc4 ,,%ea 7,j4 ,,gilm>y71 ,am4 ,ca?4 ,missions1 ,n4 ,y4 7aft] #ahed74 ,,smet 7,rev4 ,p4 ,j4 ,,de71 ,we/]n ,missions & ,mission>ies1 ,n4 ,y4 7n4 d474 ,,woodburn 7,dr4 ,j4 ,m41 ,jr471 ,,ms4 ,lett] & ,teton ,vocabul>y1 #ahij4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,,alphabet4 #c4 ,) ! exception ( sev5 lett]s tak5 f ,riggs's ,dakota ,diction>y1 & :i* are us$ only 9 ! ,dakota words1 ! *>act]s us$ 9 record+ ! ,indian words occurr+ 9 ?is pap] belong to ! alphabet adopt$ by ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 _m ( ! lett]s 9 ! orig9al book _c be repres5t$ fai?fully 9 ! "* set available4 ,! foll[+ table expla9s ! conv5tions us$ to repres5t su* *>act]s4 ,9 ! table1 #8x' & #8y' are us$ to mean 8any lett]04 ,symbol ,symbol 9 book #8 ,inv]t$ comma1 to ! left ( a lett] & rais$ above ! basel9e1 l a s+le op5+ quotation m>k4 ' ,comma1 to ! "r ( a lett] & rais$ above ! basel9e1 l a s+le clos+ quotation m>k4 8,acc5t m>k0--a diagonal sla% indicat+ a /ress$ syllable4 x ,! lett] upside-d[n4 ,?is is us$ = upside-d[n l[]-case #8p'1 because an upside-d[n l[]-case p looks too mu* l a #8d'2 & = upside-d[n #8s'1 :i* looks too mu* l a "r-side-up #8s'2 & = an upside-d[n upp]-case ,k1 because ,i don't ?9k t "* exi/s 9 ,unicode4 ,a l[]case #8c' ) an acute acc5t & a m>k bel[4 ,an upp]case #8c' ) an acute acc5t & a m>k bel[4 ,,end ,,( ,,transcrib]',s ,,note4 a1 z 9 fa!r4 #8a1 an initially explod$ a4 1 z 9 :at1 or z o 9 n4 #81 an initially explod$ 4 1 z 9 hat4 c1 z % 9 %e4 ,see 4 1 a m$ial %1 a sonant-surd4 7,dakota lett]71 z * 9 *ur*4 1 z ? 9 ?94 1 a m$ial 1 sonant-surd4 1 z ? 9 !4 e1 z 9 !y4 #8e1 an initially explod$ e4 1 z 9 get4 #8 an initially explod$ 4 g1 z 9 g4 79 ,dakota71 gh4 ,see x4 79 ,osage71 an h aft] a pure or nasaliz$ v[el1 expell$ ?r\gh ! m\? ) ! lips wide ap>t4 79 ,dakota71 kh1 etc4 ,see q4 i1 z 9 ma*9e4 #8i1 an initially explod$ i4 1 z 9 p94 j1 z z 9 azure1 or z j 9 ! ,fr5* ,jacques4 a m$ial k1 a sonant-surd4 k'1 an explod$ k4 ,see next lett]4 79 ,dakota71 an explod$ k4 79 ,dakota71 aft] a v[el has ! s\nd ( n 9 ! ,fr5* bon4 ,see 4 79 ,kansa71 a m$ial m1 a s\nd betwe5 m & b4 1 z ng 9 s+4 hn1 its initial s\nd is expell$ f ! no/rils & is sc>cely he>d4 o1 z 9 no4 #8o1 an initially explod$ o4 p1 a m$ial b or p1 a sonant-surd4 p'1 an explod$ p4 q1 z ,g]man * 9 a*4 ,see 4 s1 a m$ial z or s1 a sonant-surd4 79 ,dakota71 z % 9 %e4 ,see c4 1 a m$ial d or t1 a sonant-surd4 t'1 an explod$ t4 u1 z oo 9 tool4 #8u1 an initially explod$ u4 1 z oo 9 foot4 1 a s\nd betwe5 o & u4 1 z 9 ,g]man khl1 sss4 x1 gh1 or ne>ly ! ,arabic gha94 ,see 4 79 ,dakota71 z z 9 azure4 ,see j4 dj1 z j 9 judge4 tc1 z * 9 *ur*4 ,see 4 tc'1 an explod$ tc4 1 a m$ial tc1 a sonant-surd4 ts'1 an explod$ ts4 s1 a m$ial ts1 a sonant-surd4 ai1 z 9 aisle4 au1 z ow 9 h[4 yu1 z u 9 tune1 or ew 9 few4 ,! foll[+ h ! ord9>y ,engli% s\nds3 b1 d1 h1 k1 l1 m1 n1 p1 r1 s1 t1 w1 y1 & z4 ,a sup]ior n 77 aft] a v[el 7comp>e ! ,dakota 7 has ! s\nd ( ! ,fr5* n 9 bon1 v91 etc4 ,a plus sign 77 aft] any lett] prolongs x4 ,! v[els #8a1 #8e1 #8i1 #8o1 #8u1 & _! modifications are /yl$ initially explod$ v[els = want ( a bett] appellation1 !re be+ 9 ea* case an initial explosion4 ,^! v[els c n be call$ 8brea?s10 z no aspiration is us$ ) any ( !m2 nor c !y be spok5 ( z 8guttural brea?s10 z !y are approximately or p>tially pectoral s\nds4 ,!y h be5 f\nd by ! au?or n only 9 ! ,si\an languages1 b also 9 "s ( ! languages ( we/]n ,oregon4 ,9 #ahhj a bro!r ( ! late ,g54 ,arm/rong1 ( ,hampton1 ,va41 :o 0 born on "o ( ! ,hawaiian isl&s1 in=m$ ! au?or t ?is class ( v[el s\nds occurr$ 9 ! language ( 8 native l&4 ,,abbreviations4 ,! abbreviations 9 ! int]l9e> translations are z foll[s3 sub4--subject4 ob4--object4 /4--sitt+4 /d4--/&+4 recl4--recl9+4 mv4--mov+4 col4--collective4 lg4--long4 cv4--curvil9e>4 pl4--plural4 s+4--s+ul>4 an4--animate4 94--inanimate4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,def9itions4 ,,alleg$ ,,belief ,,9 ,a ,,great ,,_s4 #d4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ = sev]al hundr$ ye>s t ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian 0 a believ] 9 "o ,great ,_s prior to ! com+ ( ! :ite race to ?is cont95t1 & t1 z he 0 a mono!i/1 x 0 an easy matt] to conv]t him to ,*ri/ianity4 ,indians h be5 repres5t$ z speak+ ( 8,! ,great ,_s10 8,! ,ma/] ( ,life10 etc41 z if ! idea ( ! "o & only ,god 0 famili> to our aborig9es dur+ ! pre-,columbian p]iod4 ,:ile ! au?or is unwill+ to commit himself to a g5]al d5ial ( ?is ass]tion1 he has be5 =c$ to conclude t x ne$s consid]able modification1 at lea/ s f> z x ref]s to ! tribes ( ! ,si\an /ock4 7,see #g1 #ae1 #ba-dc1 #gb-gi1 #ib-ii1 #caa1 #cab1 #cbb-cbf1 #cda-cdf47 ,on close inve/igation x w be f\nd t 9 _m cases ,indians h be5 quick to adopt ! phrases ( civilization 9 communicat+ ) :ite p1 b 9 speak+ to "o ano!r !y use _! own t]ms4 ,! /ud5t ( ! unciviliz$ races mu/ ev] be on 8 gu>d aga9/ lead+ que/ions & _! answ]s4 ,! au?or has le>n$ by exp]i5ce t x is saf] to let ! ,indian tell 8 own /ory 9 8 own words ?an to endeavor to "q him 9 su* a mann] z to reveal :at answ]s are desir$ or expect$4 #e4 ,9 #ahhc ! au?or publi%$ an article on 8,! ,religion ( ! ,omahas & ,ponkas10 9 ,! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ( ,*icago4 ,s9ce !n he has obta9$ additional data1 furni%+ him ) _m undesign$ co9cid5ces1 :i* lead him to a broad] view ( ! subject4 ,,ph5om5a ,,divid$ ,,into ,,human ,,& ,,sup]human4 #f4 ,9 consid]+ ! subject f an ,indian's po9t ( view1 "o mu/ avoid speak+ ( ! sup]natural z di/+ui%$ f ! natural4 ,x is saf] to divide ph5om5a z !y appe> to ! ,indian m9d into ! human & ! sup]human1 z _m1 if n mo/ natural ph5om5a are my/]i\s to ! ,indian4 ,nay1 ev5 man himself may become my/]i\s by fa/+1 pray]1 & vision4 ,"o fruitful s\rce ( error has be5 a misund]/&+ ( ,indian t]ms & phrases4 ,x is v important to attempt to settle ! exact mean+s ( c]ta9 native words & phrases ere we proce$ fur!r ) ! consid]ation ( ! subject4 ,,t]ms ,,= 8,,my/]i\s10 8,,lightn+10 ,,etc4 #g4 ,! att5tion ( ! au?or hav+ be5 call$ to ! article on 8,s]p5t ,symbolism0 ( ! ,iroquoian languages1 by ,mr4 ,hewitt#a ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 a simil> inve/igation ( ! ,si\an t]ms 0 made1 ! results ( :i* are n[ pres5t$4 ,9 connection ) ! t]ms = 8s]p5t10 ,mr4 ,hewitt %[$ h[ !y are relat$ 9 ! languages ) :i* he 0 famili> ) o!r t]ms1 su* z 8demon10 8devil10 8wiz>d10 8wit*10 8subtile10 8occult10 8my/]i\s10 & 8sup]natural40 ,9 ,dakota we f9d ! foll[+3 ,waka1 my/]i\s1 wond]ful1 incompreh5sible1 (t5 r5d]$ 8holy0 by ! mission>ies2 waka-hdi 79 ,santee71 waka-kdi 79 ,yankton71 lightn+1 p]haps conta9+ a ref]5ce to a zigzag l9e or =k$ lightn+2 waka etco1 to practice sleight ( h&2 & wamducka1 s]p5t4 ,!re are _m d]ivatives ( waka1 among :i* are1 ,taku ,waka1 lit]ally 8some?+ my/]i\s10 r5d]$ 8"s "o my/]i\s10 or 8holy be+10 & ,waka-taka1 lit]ally1 8,great my/]i\s 7"o710 bo? ( :i* t]ms are n[ appli$ to ,god by ! mission>ies & _! conv]ts1 ?\gh ,waka-taka is a "n = ! ,?und]-be+4 ,9 ,riggs's alphabet 7,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n41 ,vol4 ,,vii71 ^! words are ?us writt53 ,waka1 wakahdi1 wakakdi1 waka eo1 wamduka1 ,taku ,waka1 & ,wakataka4 ,"o ( ! ,dakota words = 8ag$0 is ka 7ka 9 ,riggs's alphabet72 b ?\gh ?is ref]s to p]sons we c n tell :e!r x is relat$ to waka 7or waka74 ,9 ! egiha1 ! language spok5 by ! ,ponka & ,omaha1 ,wak&a means 8! my/]i\s0 or 8p[]ful "o10 & x is appli$ 9 sev]al s5ses4 ,x is n[ us$ to d5ote ! ,god ( mono!ism4 ,"s ( ! old p say t _! ance/ors always believ$ 9 a supreme ,wak&a or ,my/]i\s ,p[]4 ,x sometimes ref]s to ! ,?und]-be+4 ,on "o occasion1 a ,ponka %aman1 ,cramp$ ,h&1 said to ! au?or3 8,i am a ,wak&a40 ,wak&agi1 z a n\n1 means a subt]ranean or wat] mon/]1 a l>ge horn$ reptile m5tion$ 9 ! my?s1 & /ill suppos$ to dwell b5ea? ! bluffs along ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,) ?is t]m comp>e ! ,dakota ,ukteqi 7,uktei1 ( ,riggs7 & ! ,w9nebago ,waktceqi1 ! latt] hav+ giv5 a "n to ! ,wat] ,mon/] g5s 7,waktceqi ikik>atcada74 ,wak&agi is sometimes us$ adv]bially1 z1 si wak&agi1 he is wond]fully /+y6 ,e wak&agi1 he 7a small *ild7 speaks surpris+ly well 7= "o s "y76 ai wak&agi1 he runs v well 7= "o s "y76 ,mai wak&agi1 he 7a small *ild7 walks v well6 ,wak&ie1 to be 9 great ha/e1 p]haps conta9s ! idea ( putt+ =? a great ef=t 9 ord] to accompli% some?+ spe$ily4 ,ws#81 a s]p5t1 is n relat$ to ! o!rs j giv54 ,nor c ! ^w = 8wiz>d0 or 8conjur]0 be f\nd relat$ to !m4 ,9 ,kansa1 ,wak&a is us$ ( sup]human be+s or p[]s1 z 9 ,omaha & ,ponka1 b ! au?or nev] he>d a %aman apply ! t]m to himself4 ,wak&agi has ano!r mean+1 my/]i\s1 wond]ful1 incompreh5sible1 z1 nika wak&agi1 my/]i\s man1 %aman1 juggl]1 doctor2 nanba wak&agi1 my/]i\s or sacr$ pipe2 wak&agi wagaxe1 ! sleight-(-h& tricks ( ! my/]i\s m5 & wom54 ,wak&a qudje1 ! gray my/]i\s "o1 ! elephant4 ,waka does n mean s]p5t1 b pumpk91 answ]+ to ! ,omaha & ,ponka1 wata1 & to ! ,osage1 wakqa & watqa4 ,myets#8a 7almo/1 ,byets#8a7 is ! ,kansa ^w = a s]p5t4 ,9 ,osage1 ,wakaa answ]s to ! ,kansa ,wak&a1 & ,waka-a-i is ! same z ! ,kansa1 ,wak&agi4 ,wets#8a is a s]p5t4 ,9 ,kwapa1 ,wakaai seems to answ] to ! ,kansa ,wak&agi4 ,9 iw]e 7,i[a1 ,oto1 ,miss\ri71 ,wakaa is ! same z ! ,kansa ,wak&a4 ,waka means a s]p5t4 ,waka kirae1 ! ,s]p5t g5s4 ,wa-hu-pri1 my/]i\s1 z a p]son or animal2 b wa-qo-nyi-ta1 my/]i\s1 z an inanimate object4 ,9 ! ,w9nebago1 ?ree names = sup]human be+s h be5 f\nd4 ,"o is ,wause or ,waguze1 :i* c n be translat$2 ano!r is ,ma#8u-na1 ,e>?-mak]1 ! ?ird be+ ,qo-pi-ne qe-te-r1 ,great ,my/]i\s ,"o4 ,qopine seems relat$ to waqop9i 7) :i* comp>e ! iw]e1 wahupri71 a t]m us$ to di/+ui% p ( o!r races f ,indians1 j z 9 ,dakota wacitcu 79 ,riggs's alphabet1 waiu71 n[ us$ = 8:ite man10 8black man10 etc41 reta9s 9 ! ,teton dialect its anci5t mean+ ( sup]human be+ or gu>dian _s4 ,wakawax1 9 ,w9nebago1 d5otes a wit* or wiz>d4 ,waka-na is a s]p5t1 & waka ikik>atca-da1 ! ,s]p5t g5s2 ,wakatca1 or ,wakatca-ra1 ?und]1 ! ,?und]-,be+2 ,wakatcaka-ra1 a %aman or my/]i\s man4 ,,o!r ,,omaha ,,& ,,ponka ,,t]ms4 #h4 ,o!r t]ms are giv5 z be+ p]t95t to ! subject4 ,!y occur 9 ! language ( ! ,omaha & ,ponka4 ,qube1 my/]i\s z a p]son or animal 7all animals 7 p]sons 9 anci5t times72 b a my/]i\s inanimate object is spok5 ( z be+ 8waqube40 ,uqube means ! my/]i\sness ( a human be+ or animal4 ,uqubeaaica1 p]ta9+ to su* my/]i\sness4 ,wak&aaica1 p]ta9+ or ref]r+ to ,wak&a4 ,nikie is a t]m t ref]s to a my?ical ance/or1 to "s "p ( 8 body1 to "s ( 8 acts1 or to "s anci5t rite ascrib$ to him4 ,a 8nikie "n0 is a p]sonal "n ( su* a "*4 ,ia#8e1 lit]ally1 8to pity him on acc\nt ( x1 grant+ him c]ta9 p[]40 ,its prim>y ref]5ce is to ! my/]i\s animal1 b x is transf]r$ to ! p]son hav+ ! vision1 h5ce1 x means 8to receive my/]i\s ?+s f an animal1 z 9 a vision aft] fa/+2 to see z 9 a vision1 face to face 7n 9 a dream72 to see :5 awake1 & 9 a my/]i\s mann] hav+ a conv]sation ) ! animal ab\t my/]i\s ?+s40 #i4 ,! names = gr&fa!r1 gr&mo!r1 & old man are t]ms ( v5]ation1 sup]human be+s hav+ ^! names appli$ to !m 9 invocations4 7,see #ae1 #ii47 ,,significance ,,( ,,p]sonal ,,names ,,& ,,k9%ip ,,t]ms4 ,9 a note ^u 8,! ,religi\s ,c]emony ( ! ,f\r ,w9ds or ,qu>t]s1 z ,obs]v$ by ! ,santee ,si\x10 ,miss ,flet*]#b rem>ks3 8,a "n implies relation%ip1 & consequ5tly protection2 favor & influ5ce are claim$ f ! s\rce ( ! "n1 :e!r ?is be ! g5s or ! vision4 ,a "n1 !re=e1 %[s ! affiliation ( ! individual2 x grades him1 s to speak1 & he is apt to lean ^u its impli$ p[]4 99 99 99 ,! sacr$ import ( a "n 9 ! m9d ( ! ,indian is indicat$ 9 t "p ( ! c]emony :]e ! 8,some?+ t moves0 seems to ov]%ad[ & inclose ! *ild1 & addresses ! wakan man z fa!r4 ,! wakan man replies1 call+ ! god1 *ild1 at ! same "t invok+ ! sup]natural protection & c>e = ! boy1 z he lays at ! feet ( ! mess5g] ( ,unse5 ,p[] ! (f]+s ( gifts & ! honor ( ! fea/4 ,! p]sonal "n#c among ,indians1 !re=e1 indicates ! protect+ pres5ce ( a deity1 & mu/1 !re=e1 p>take ( ! c]emonial "* ( ! ,indian's religion40 ,9 ?is c]emony ! sup]human be+ is address$ by ! t]m imply+ juniority1 & ! human be+1 ! wakan man1 by t associat$ ) s5iority1 an app>5t rev]sal ( ! usual cu/om2 b1 d\btless1 !re c be f\nd "s explanation = ?is seem+ exception to ! rule4 ,,my? ,,& ,,leg5d ,,di/+ui%$ ,,f ,,! ,,sup]human4 #aj4 ,! ,omaha1 ,ponka1 & cognate tribes di/+ui% at ! pres5t day betwe5 ! my? 7higa1 higu7 & ! leg5d or /ory 7iua1 etc47 on ! "o h&2 & :at on ! o!r h& is call$ 8,wak&aaica10 8uqubeaaica10 & 8ia#8eaaica40 ,! =m] are told only = amusem5t & are call$1 8iusicta iua10 ly+ tales4 ,!y are reg>d$ z 8iqawaaaica10 p]ta9+ to ! ludicr\s4 ,) ?is may be comp>$ ! /atem5ts ( ,lang3#d 8,among ! l[e/ & mo/ backw>d1 z among ! mo/ advanc$ races1 !re coexi/ ! my?ical & ! religi\s elem5ts 9 belief4 ,! rational factor 7or :at approves itself to u z ! rational factor7 is visible 9 religion2 ! irrational is prom95t 9 my?40 99 99 99 8,! rational & irrational aspects ( my?ology & religion may be ( coeval antiquity = all t is c]ta9ly kn[n1 or ei!r ( !m1 9 ! d>k backw>d ( mortal exp]i5ce1 may h prec$$ ! o!r40 ,! au?or has f\nd c]ta9 ,indian my?s :i* ab\nd 9 :at to ! civiliz$ m9d is ! grosse/ obsc5ity1 & t too )\t ! slighte/ ref]5ce to ! orig9 ( any natural ph5om5a4 ,my?s ( ?is class appe> to h be5 told f a love ( ! obsc5e4 ,no?+ ( a my/]i\s or religi\s "* c be f\nd 9 !m4 ,p]haps su* my?s are ( mod]n orig92 b ?is mu/ rema9 an enigma4 #aa4 ,! ,omaha & ,ponka are 9 a transition /ate1 h5ce _m ( _! old cu/oms & beliefs are disappe>+4 ,"s h be5 lo/ )9 ! pa/ fifty ye>s1 o!rs )9 ! la/ decade1 accord+ to unimpea*able te/imony4 ,! ,ponka are m cons]vative ?an ! ,omaha1 & ! ,kansa & ,osage are m s ?an ! ,ponka1 9 ! e/imation ( ! au?or4 #ab4 ,?\gh x has be5 said t ! ,indians fe>$ to tell my?s except on w9t] nights 7& "s ,indians h told ?is to ! au?or71 ! au?or has _h no tr\ble 9 obta9+ my?s dur+ ! day at v>i\s seasons ( ! ye>4 #ac4 ,james ,alex&]1 a full ,w9nebago ( ! ,wolf g5s & a non-,*ri/ian1 told ! au?or t ! my?s ( ! ,w9nebago1 call$ wai-ka-na by !m1 h und]gone mat]ial *ange 9 ! c\rse ( transmission1 & t x is v probable t _m ( !m are entirely diff]5t f :at !y 7 sev]al g5]ations ago4 ,ev5 9 ! same tribe at ! pres5t day1 ! au?or has f\nd no less ?an ?ree v]sions ( ! same my?1 & !re may be o!rs4 ,! my? ( ! ,big ,turtle is a case 9 po9t4#e ,! n>rator ackn[l$g$ t he _h made "s additions to x himself4 #ad4 ,no fa/+ or pray] is requir$ be=e "o c tell a my?4 ,f> diff]5t is x ) ^? ?+s :i* are 8,wak&aaica10 or are connect$ ) visions or ! secret societies4 ,?is agrees 9 ! ma9 ) :at ,mr4 ,james ,mooney1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 has le>n$ f ! ,*]okee ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,mr4 ,frank ,h4 ,cu%+ has f\nd t ! ,zui ,indians di/+ui% betwe5 _! folk-lore & _! cult-lore1 i4e41 betwe5 _! leg5ds & my?ic tales on ! "o h&1 & _! dramatiz$ /ories ( creation & _! religi\s obs]vances on ! o!r1 a special "n be+ giv5 to ea* class ( k4 ,to !m ! my?ic tales & folk-lore 9 g5]al are b ! fr+e ( ! g>m5t1 n ! g>m5t itself4 ,:5 !y enact ! creation /ory1 etc41 !y believe t !y are repeat+ ! circum/ances repres5t$1 & t !y are !n surr\nd$ by ! v be+s ref]r$ to 9 ! sacr$ /ories4 ,simil> beliefs 7 f\nd by ,dr4 ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws1 z %[n 9 8 article entitl$ 8,! ,pray] ( a ,navajo ,%aman10 publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/ ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 = ,april1 #ahhh4 #ae4 ,at ! same "t !re seems to be "s connection betwe5 c]ta9 my?s & ! p]sonal names call$1 8nikie names40 ,?is w be consid]$ 9 detail 9 a future monograph on 8,indian ,p]sonal ,names10 n[ 9 c\rse ( prep>ation4 ,"o example mu/ suffice = ! pres5t4 ,9 ! ,kaze g5s ( ! ,omaha !re is a nikie "n1 asi duba1 ,f\r ,peaks4 ,! au?or did n und]/& its d]ivation until he /udi$ ! my? ( ,haxige & obs]v$ ! pray]s made 9 ga!r+ ! /ones = ! sweat-ba?4 ,ea* /one 0 invok$ z a v5]able man 7see #i71 ! ,f\r ,peaks 7 m5tion$ sev]al times1 & ! two sup]ior deities or *ief my/]i\s ones 7,wak&a aga agaaha hnakace7 7 invok$4#f ,?is la/ ref]s to ! ,wak&a resid+ above & ! "o 9 ! gr\nd4 ,x is !re=e possible t 9 pa/ ages ! ,si\an tribes did n diff]5tiate betwe5 ! my? & :at is 8,wak&aaica40 ,b we h no means ( prov+ ?is4 #af4 ,mo/ ( ! ,omaha gov]nm5tal in/rum5talities 78wewaspe07 7 8,wak&aaica10 b !re 7 ?+s t 7 8,wak&aaica10 :i* 7 n 8wewaspe10 su* z ! law ( catam5ial seclusion4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,am4 ,an?ropologi/1 ,april1 #ahhi1 pp4 #agi1 #ahj4 ,footnote #b3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bie4 ,footnote #c3 ,& also ! k9%ip t]m 9 "s cases4 ,footnote #d3 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 pp4 #cbh1 #cbi4 ,footnote #e3 ,see ,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n4 ,vol4 ,,vi1 #bga-bgg4 ,footnote #f3 ,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #bcd1 #bdb ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,cults ,,( ,,! ,,omaha1 ,,ponka1 ,,kansa1 ,,& ,,osage4 ,,beliefs ,,& ,,practices ,,n ,,f\nd4 #ag4 ,!re are c]ta9 beliefs & practices :i* h n be5 f\nd among ! f\r tribes ^: cults are treat$ ( 9 ?is *apt]4 ,ance/ors 7 n wor%ip$4 ,!y 7 address$ rev]5tly :5 alive1 & :5 !y di$ x 0 n contr>y to cu/om to ref] to !m by "n1 nor did _! dea?s involve ! *ange ( "n = a s+le object or ph5om5on4 ,x 0 a v common occurr5ce = ! "n ( ! deceas$ to be assum$ by a surviv+ k9sman4 ,?is is %[n by g5ealogical tables ( a few ,si\an tribes1 ! mat]ial = :i* 0 collect$ by ! au?or1 & :i* w =m "p ( 8 monograph on 8,indian ,p]sonal ,names10 n[ 9 c\rse ( prep>ation = publication by ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 #ah4 ,!y nev] he>d ( ,satan or ! devil until !y le>n$ ( him f ! :ite p4 ,n[ !y h adopt$ ! t]ms1 8,wanxe pij10 8,igaxe pij10 & 8,wak&a pij40 ,! fir/ is us$ by ! ,omaha & ,ponka1 ! o!rs 7 he>d only among ! ,ponka4 ,!y h a c]ta9 say+1 applicable to a "y man :o is a li>1 or :o is bad 9 "s o!r way3 8,wanxe pij ga ha10 i4e4 8,he is l ! bad _s60 ,?is becomes1 :5 address$ to ! bad p]son1 8,wanxe pij ikiga-qti ja10 i4e4 8,y act j l ! 7or a7 bad _s40 #ai4 ,?\gh x has be5 said t h]o wor%ip 0 unkn[n among ! ,omaha & ,ponka1 x has be5 le>n$ t ,omaha mo!rs us$ to sc>e _! unruly *ildr5 by tell+ !m t ,icibaj 7a h]o ( ! e-snde g5s7 or 8 fri5d exuja 7a h]o ( ! ,kaze g5s7 w\ld cat* !m if !y did n behave4 ,!re 0 no wor%ip ( demigods1 z demigods 7 unkn[n4 ,two ,cr[s & ,joseph ,la ,fl*e said t phallic wor%ip 0 unkn[n1 & !y 7 surpris$ to he> t x _h be5 practic$ by any tribe4 7,see #acb1 #afd47 ,z ! ,ponka obta9$ ! sun-dance f _! ,dakota neighbors1 x is probable t !y practic$ ! phallic cult4 #bj4 ,totems & %amans 7 n wor%ip$1 ?\gh !y are /ill rev]5c$4 ,alt>s or alt>-/ones 7 unkn[n4 ,inc5se 0 n us$1 unless by ?is "n we ref] to ! odor ( tobacco smoke z x asc5d$ to ! ,?und]-be+1 or to ! use ( c$> fronds 9 ! sweat lodge4 ,!re 7 no human sacrifices1 & cannibalism 0 n practic$4 ,,omaha1 ,,ponka1 ,,& ,,kansa ,,belief ,,9 ,a ,,wak&a4 #ba4 ,accord+ to ,two ,cr[s & ,joseph ,la ,fl*e1 ! ance/ors ( ! ,omaha & ,ponka believ$ t !re 0 a ,supreme ,be+1 :om !y call$ ,wak&a4 8,wak&a t#8ai t eegai1 !y believ$ t ,wak&a exi/$40 ,!y did n "k :]e ,he 01 nor did !y und]take to say h[ ,he exi/$4 ,!re 0 no public ga!r+ at :i* "s ( ! p told o!rs t !re 0 a ,wakauda1 nor 0 !re any g5]al assembly = ! purpose ( (f]+ ,him wor%ip & pray]4 ,ea* p]son ?\ght 9 8 he>t t ,wak&a exi/$4 ,"s address$ ! sun z ,wak&a1 ?\gh _m did n s reg>d him4 ,_m address$ ,wak&a1 z x 71 bl9dly or at r&om4 ,"s wor%ip$ ! ,?und]-be+ "u ?is "n4 ,?is 0 especially ! case :5 m5 und]took to g on ! w> pa?4 #g ,mr4 ,say record$ ( ! ,kansa3 8,!y say t !y h nev] se5 ,wak&a1 s !y _c pret5d to p]sonify ,him2 b !y h (t5 he>d ,him speak 9 ! ?und]4 ,!y (t5 we> a %ell :i* is 9 honor or 9 repres5tation ( ,him1 b !y d n pret5d t x resembles ,him1 or has any?+ 9 common ) 8 =m1 organization1 or size40 ,,sev5 ,,great ,,wak&as4 #bb4 ai-na-paj said t !re 7 sev5 great ,wak&as1 z foll[s3 8,ugahanapaze or ,d>kness1 ,maxe or ! ,upp] ,_w1 &e or ! ,gr\nd1 ,iga or ! ,?und]-be+1 ,mi or ! ,sun1 ,niaba or ! ,moon1 & ! ,morn+ ,/>4 ,! pr9cipal ,wak&a is 9 ! upp] _w1 above ev]y?+40 7,?is 0 d5i$ by ,joseph ,la ,fl*e & ,two ,cr[s2 see #ic47 ,! au?or ?\ght at fir/ t ^! 7 ! p[]s wor%ip$ by ai-napaj & ! memb]s ( 8 g5s or subg5s2 b subsequ5t inquiries & /atem5ts occurr+ 9 ! c\rse ( texts furni% cumulative evid5ce favor+ ! view t "s or all ^! p[]s _h _m believ]s among ! ,omaha & ! cognate tribes4 ,,invocation ,,( ,,w>m? ,,& ,,/reams4 #bc4 ai-napaj said t ,macte or ,w>m? 0 a good ,wak&a4 ,ni i1 ! fl[+ ,/ream1 accord+ to him1 0 ?us address$ by a man :o wi%$ to =d x3 8,y are a p]son & a ,wak&a4 ,i1 too1 am a p]son4 ,i desire to pass ?r\gh y & rea* ! o!r side40 ,two ,cr[s d5i$ ?is1 say+ t 8 p nev] pray$ to a /ream2 b ,george ,mill] said t x 0 true1 = 8 fa!r1 ,little ,soldi]1 pray$ to a /ream :5 he 0 on ! w> pa?1 & t su* invocations 7 made only 9 "t ( w>4 ,,pray] ,,to ,,wak&a4 #bd4 ,pray] to ,wak&a1 said ,la ,fl*e & ,two ,cr[s1 0 n made = small matt]s1 su* z go+ fi%+1 b only = great & important und]tak+s1 su* z go+ to w> or />t+ on a j\rney4 ,:5 a man wi%$ to travel he fir/ w5t alone to a bluff1 :]e he pray$ to ,wak&a to help him & 8 family by protect+ !m dur+ 8 abs5ce & by grant+ him a successful j\rney4 ,at a "t :5 ! ,ponka 7 )\t food1 ,horse-)-yell[-hair1 or ,cage-hi-zi1 pray$ to ,wak&a on ! hill beyond ! ,/ony ,butte4 ,! latt] is a prom95t l&m>k 9 nor!rn ,nebraska 79 :at 0 ,todd c\nty1 ,dakota1 9 #ahga-'gc71 ab\t #g miles f ! ,miss\ri ,riv] & ! ,ponka ,ag5cy 7( #ahgj-'gg7h4 ,sev]al ,omaha said t ! places = pray] 7 rocks1 high bluffs1 & m\nta9s4 8,all ,omaha w5t to su* places to pray1 b !y did n pray to ! visible object1 ?\gh !y call$ x ,gr&fa!r40--7,frank ,la ,fl*e47 ,!y smok$ t[>ds ! invok$ object & plac$ gifts ( killick9nick1 etc41 ^u x4 ,comp>e ) ?is ! ,dakota cu/om ( invok+ a b[ld] on ! prairie2 call+ x ,tkacida 7,tukaida71 or ,gr&fa!r1 symboliz+ ! ,e>?-be+4#i ,?\gh x has be5 said t a high bluff 0 m]ely a place = pray+ to ,wak&a1 & t x 0 n itself address$ z ,wak&a1 ! au?or has le>n$ f memb]s ( ! ,omaha & ,p\ka tribes t :5 !y w5t on ! w>pa? = ! fir/ "t1 _! names 7 !n *ang$ & "o ( ! old m5 0 s5t to ! bluffs to tell ! news to ! v>i\s ,wak&as1 includ+ ! bluffs1 trees1 birds1 insects1 reptiles1 etc4#aj ,,accessories ,,( ,,pray]4 ,among ! accessories ( pray] 7 ! foll[+3 7a7 ,! action call$ i/ube by ! ,omaha & ,ponka1 rit[e by ! ?ree iw]e tribes1 & yuwitapi 7yuwitapi7 by ! ,dakota1 consi/+ ( ! elevation ( ! suppliant's arms ) ! palms t[>d ! object or ! face ( ! be+ invok$1 foll[$ by a passage ( ! h& d[nw>d t[>d ! gr\nd1 )\t t\*+ ! object or p]son 7see #bh1 #ce1 #cf74 7b7 ,! pres5tation ( ! pipe ) ! m\?piece t[>d ! p[] invok$ 7see #bi1 #ce1 #dj74 7c7 ,! use ( smoke f ! pipe 7,see #bg1 #cf71 or ( ! odor ( burn+ c$> ne$les1 z 9 ! sweat lodge4 7d7 ,! application ( ! k9%ip t]m1 8gr&fa!r10 or its alt]native1 8v5]able man10 to a male p[]1 & 8gr&mo!r0 to a female p[] 7see #cj1 #ca1 #ce1 #ci1 #ei1 #fj1 etc474 7e7 ,c]emonial wail+ or cry+ 7,xage1 to wail or cry--,dakota eya4 ,see #ajj74aa 7f7 ,sacrifice or (f]+ ( goods1 animals1 pieces ( ! suppliant's fle%1 etc4 ,9 mod]n times ! ,kansa h sub/itut$ ! lives ( animals1 z de]1 gr\se1 etc41 = ^? ( human enemies 7see #bh1 #cc1 etc474 ,,omaha ,,& ,,kansa ,,expressions ,,ab\t ,,wak&a4 #be4 ,samuel ,fremont said t be=e ! adv5t ( ! :ite race ! ,omaha _h c]ta9 expressions :i* !y us$ 9 speak+ ( ,wak&a4 ,:5 an ,indian met ) unexpect$ good =tune ( any sort ! p us$ to say1 8,wak&a has giv5 him "s assi/ance40#ab ,or !y might say1 8,wak&a kn[s him40#ac ,sometimes !y said1 8,wak&a has plann$ = 8 own 7i4 e41 = 8 fri5d1 relation1 or subject740#ad ,if a ,kansa prosp]s1 he says1 8,wakanda ak amayxdje aka eya10 i4 e41 8,wak&a has inde$ be5 look+ at me60 ,& 9 speak+ ( ! success ( ano!r1 he says1 8,wakanda ak nka yik uyxdje ak eya10 i4 e41 8,wak&a has inde$ be5 look+ at ! man40 ,samuel ,fremont said t :5 an animal detect$ ! approa* ( ! hunt] & consequ5tly fl$ f him1 ! man pray$ ?us3 ,hau ,wakanda1 wanita wi a#8i ite c igize ,ho1 ,wak&a1 quadrup$ "o y gave p]haps aga9 y take to me y\rs back f me ga4 ,c wi wanaakie kabga1 some:at aga9 "o y cause to appe> ,i hope to me i4 e41 8,ho1 ,wak&a1 y may h giv5 me an animal1 b n[ x seems t y h tak5 x f me4 ,i hope t y w cause ano!r to appe> to me40 ,b if ! hunt] %ot at an animal & miss$ x1 he said no?+4 ,,ponka ,,belief ,,ab\t ,,malevol5t ,,spirits4 #bf4 ,ab\t eighte5 ye>s ago1 ! au?or 0 told by ! ,ponka1 ^: res]vation 0 !n 9 s\!rn ,dakota1 t !y believ$ dea? to be caus$ by c]ta9 malevol5t spirits1 :om !y fe>$4 ,9 ord] to prev5t future visits ( su* spirits1 ! survivors gave away all _! prop]ty1 hop+ t z !y 7 9 su* a wret*$ plight ! spirits w\ld n ?9k x wor? :ile to make !m m unhappy4 ,at ! burial ( ,mazi-kide1 an ,omaha1 ! au?or obs]v$ t "s "o approa*$ ! corpse & address$ x4 ,9 ref]r+ to ?is 9 #ahhh1 ,samuel ,fremont said t ! speak] said1 8,wak&a has caus$ y\r dea?40 ,9 tell+ ?is1 ,fremont us$ ! s+ul>4 8,wak&a aka40 ,on repeat+ ?is to ,george ,mill]1 ! latt] said t x %\ld h be5 8,wak&a ama10 9 ! plural1 8! ,my/]i\s ,p[]s10 z ! ,omaha believ$ 9 m ?an "o ,wak&a be=e !y le>n$ ab\t ! "o ,god ( mono!ism4 ,?is agrees ) :at 0 le>n$ ab\t ! ,dakota by ! late mission>ies1 ,messrs4 ,s4 ,r4 ,riggs & ,g4 ,h4 ,pond1 & by ! late ,james ,w4 ,lynd1 z /at$ 9 *apt] ,v4 ,,an ,,old ,,omaha ,,cu/om4 #bg4 8,abicude10 said ,samuel ,fremont1 8is a ^w :i* ref]s to an old ,omaha & ,ponka cu/om1 i4e41 t ( bl[+ ! smoke d[nw>d to ! gr\nd :ile pray+4 ,! ,omaha & ,ponka us$ to hold ! pipe 9 six directions :ile smok+3 t[>d ! f\r w9ds1 ! gr\nd1 & ! upp] _w40 ,! exact ord] has be5 =gott5 by ,fremont1 b ,lewis & ,cl>ke h record$ ! correspond+ ,%o%oni cu/om4 ,capt4 ,lewis tells h[ ! ,%o%oni *ief1 aft] light+ 8 pipe ( transp>5t gre5/one 7in/ead ( catl9ite71 made a spee*1 aft] :i* he po9t$ ! /em ( ! pipe t[>d ! f\r po9ts ( ! heav5s1 beg9n+ ) ! ea/ & conclud+ ) ! nor?4 ,aft] ext5d+ ! /em ?rice t[>d ,capt4 ,lewis1 he po9t$ x fir/ t[>d ! heav5s & !n t[>d ! c5t] ( ! little circle ( gue/s1 probably t[>d ! gr\nd1 symboliz+ ! subt]ranean p[]4#ae ,9 address+ ! f\r w9ds1 a peculi> expression is employ$ by ! ,omaha3 ap dba ha ic1 i wiai-g1 ,?\ :o cause/ ,w9d f\r y cause y 7s+47 help ye me4 x to rea* :o move !re ! f\r w9ds to rea* a place1 help ye me6 ,in/ead ( ! s+ul> classifi]1 aice1 ! regul> plural1 nakc1 ye :o sit1 /&1 or move1 might h be5 expect$4 7,see #cc47 ,9 smok+ t[>d ! gr\nd & upp] _w1 ! suppliant _h to say1 8,i petition to y :o are "o ( ! two1 y :o are recl9+ on y\r back1 & to y :o are ! o!r "o1 sitt+ directly above u4 ,bo? ( y help me60 8,"h10 said ,fremont1 8! gr\nd itself 0 address$ z a p]son40 ,two ,cr[s said t "s ,omaha appeal$ to a subt]ranean ,wak&a :5 _! ^w 0 d\bt$1 say+1 8,ic#8ge hdeaa ak an#8ai10 8,! v5]able man at ! bottom he>s me40 ,! au?or is unable to say :e!r ?is 0 &e or ,wak&agi4 7,see #cg47 ,! foll[+ 0 record$ ( ! ,omaha1 & ref]s to a cu/om relat+ to ! buffalo hunt4#af ,on com+ 9 sight ( ! h]d1 ! hunt]s talk k9dly to _! horses1 apply+ to !m ! ende>+ names ( fa!r1 bro!r1 uncle1 etc4 ,!y petition !m n to fe> ! bisons1 b to run well & keep close to !m1 b at ! same "t to avoid be+ gor$4 ,! p>ty hav+ approa*$ z ne> to ! h]d z !y suppose ! animals w p]mit )\t tak+ al>m1 !y halt to give ! pipe be>] an opportunity to p]=m ! c]emony ( smok+1 :i* is consid]$ necess>y to _! success4 ,he lights 8 pipe1 & rema9s a %ort "t ) 8 head incl9$1 & ! /em ( ! pipe ext5d$ t[>d ! h]d4 ,he !n smokes1 & puffs ! smoke t[>d ! bisons1 & ! e>?1 & f9ally to ! c>d9al po9ts successively4 ,,! ,,sun ,a ,,wak&a4 #bh4 ,9 ! ,osage traditions ! 8my/]i\s "o ( day0 is invok$ z 8gr&fa!r40#ag ,he replies t he is n ! only ,wakana4 ,t ! ,kansa wor%ip$ ! sun z a ,wak&a appe>s f ! foll[+3 8,on "o occasion1 :5 ! ,kansa w5t aga9/ ! ,pawnees1 ! /ick 0 set up = ! my/ic attack or #8waqpele gaxe4' ,! w> capta9 address$ ! ris+ sun ?us3 8,pyi qli kbla eya4 ,cge wbli al kbla ,pawnee ,i /un by ,i wi% inde$4 ,horse ,i h ,i h ,i wi% hitt+ !m come back eya4 ,wayqpe ck kbla eya4 ,halje ublage4 inde$4 ,pull+ d[n too ,i wi% inde$4 ,calico 7%irt7 ,i tell y 7a foe7 ab\t x4 ,haqi ublage4 ,hask cki ,pyi qli-da mk' ,robe ,i tell y ,blanket too ,pawnee ,i /un :5 ,i give to ab\t x4 by hitt+ y t mike1 ,wk&a-1 gayakiy-da4 8,i wi% to kill w ,i :o ,o ,wak&a6 t y cause me to :54 7sit7 be return+ ,transcrib]'s note3 ! hyph5 9 8gayakiy-da0 0 at ! end ( a l9e2 ! ^w may h be5 8gayakiyda0 or 8gayakiy-da04 a ,pawnee6 ,i desire to br+ horses :5 ,i return4 ,i long to pull d[n an enemy6 ,i promise y a calico %irt & a robe4 ,i w give y a blanket also1 ,o ,wak&a1 if y all[ me to return 9 safety aft] kill+ a ,pawnee60 ,:5 w>riors p]=m$ ! 8waqpele gaxe0 or ! attack on ! /ick repres5t+ ! foe1 no memb] ( ! ,l or ,?und] g5s c\ld p>ticipate4 ,on su* an occasion ! w>rior turn$ to ! ea/ & said3 8,amapye kbla a4 ,hask ,to foll[ me787 ,i wi% 4 ,blanket or ,we foll[ x787 ublage a1 ,wk&a-10 i4e41 ,i wi% my p>ty to pass along ,i tell y ( x 4 ,o ,wak&a ! road to ! foe7874 ,i promise y a blanket1 ,o ,wak&a 7if ,i succe$8740 ,on turn+ to ! we/ he said3 8,uh ,boil+ ublage a1 ,wk&a-10 i4e41 8,i promise y a fea/1 ,o ,i tell y ( x 4 ,o ,wak&a ,wak&a 7if ,i succe$8740 ,:5 x 0 decid$ to p]=m ! 8waqpele gaxe10 ! dudahaga or w> capta9 made "o ( ! lieut5ants c>ry ! sacr$ bag1 & two ( ! kettle t5d]s took bundles ( /icks1 :i* !y laid d[n 9 ! road4 ,! f\r rema9+ kettle t5d]s rema9$ at ! camp+ place4 ,! next morn+ all ! w>riors b ^? ( ! ,l g5s w5t to ! place :]e ! /icks _h be5 laid1 drew a circle ar\nd ! bundles1 set up "o ( ! /icks1 & attack$ x1 z if x 7 a ,pawnee4 ,?is c]emony (t5 caus$ ! dea? ( real enemies4 ,among ! ,osage & ,kansa pray] 0 made t[>d ! ris+ sun 9 ! morn+ & t[>ds ! sett+ sun 9 ! aft]noon & ev5+4 ,among ! ,omaha & ,kansa ! head ( a corpse is laid t[>ds ! ea/4 ,= ?is reason no ,omaha w cons5t to recl9e ) 8 head t[>ds t po9t4 ,! ,kansa lodges also are ori5tat$1 & s 7 ^? ( ! ,omaha 7see #ei74 ,! ea/ appe>s to symbolize life or ! s\rce !re(1 b#ah ! we/ ref]s to dea?2 s among ! ,osage ! c\rse ( a w> p>ty 0 t[>ds ! my?ic or symbolic we/1 t[>ds :i* po9t ! entrances ( ! lodges 7 turn$#ai 7see #hc & #chd74 ,gahige1 ! late ,omaha *ief1 said t :5 he 0 "y all ! ,omaha pray$ to ! sun1 hold+ up _! h&s ) ! palms t[>ds ! sun & say+1 8,wakanda1 #8eaa-g10 etc41 i4 e41 8,o ,wak&a1 pity me60 ,!y ab/a9$ f eat+1 dr9k+1 & 7ord9>y7 smok+ f sunrise to sunset2 b aft] sunset ! re/rictions 7 remov$4#bj ,= f\r nights ! m5 :o ?us pray$ did n sleep at home4 ,at ! end ( t p]iod ! task 0 f9i%$4 8wacka gxai10 i4 e41 !y made or ga9$ sup]human p[]4 ,!y c\ld ?us pray at any "t f ! appe>ance ( grass 9 ! spr+ until ! gr\nd became froz54 ,,! ,,(f]+ ,,( ,,tobacco4 #bi4 ,9 #ahhi ,george ,mill] gave an acc\nt ( :at he call$ 8,n9 baha t10 i4 e4 ! (f]+ or pres5tation ( tobacco4 ,:e!r ?is phrase 0 ev] us$ except 9 a religi\s or sup]human connection is m ?an ! au?or is able to say4 ,:5ev] ! ,indians travel$ !y us$ all ! words :i* foll[ z !y ext5d$ ! pipe ) ! m\?piece t[>d ! sun3 8,ha1 n9 gak ,wakanda1 ,mi ,ho tobacco t ,wak&a ,sun ?is lg4 ob4 nikc6 ,ujage ia k gaqti uha t 4 y :o sit ,road y\r ! j s ,i foll[ w 6 lg4 ob4 its c\rse ,igxa-g6 ,edda ctcte daqti kipakia-g6 ,edda ,make x = me ,:at soev] v good cause me to meet x ,:at jaj wi d$te betaaki-g6 i-na inf]ior "o x is !re if cause me to pass ,only ?\ ar\nd x mu/a wana agi1 n-uanda a aska dega1 directly 9 sight y sit isl& ?is ?is l>ge b above 7u7 place edda wanta ande uckacka a bgaqti nkaciga :at quadrup$ gr\nd mv4 on x "h ! all p]son & !re a ctwa wi aba ata aniga 1 ga-na4 ! soev] "o day h[ y decide = :5 always s4 long him da wia-na ma h1 ,wakanda0 ,?is may be r5d]$ ,!re=e ,i ask a favor alone 4 ,wak&a ( y freely ?us3 8,ho1 ,my/]i\s ,p[]1 y :o are ! ,sun6 ,"h is tobacco6 ,i wi% to foll[ y\r c\rse4 ,grant t x may be s6 ,cause me to meet :atev] is good 7i4 e41 = my advantage7 & to give a wide b]? to any?+ t may be to my injury or disadvantage4 ,?r\gh\t ?is isl& 7! _w7 y regulate ev]y?+ t moves1 includ+ human be+s1 :5 y decide = "o t 8 la/ day on e>? has come1 x is s4 ,x c n be delay$4 ,!re=e1 ,o ,my/]i\s ,p[]1 ,i ask a favor ( y40 ,,! ,,ponka ,,sun ,,dance ,,( #ahgc4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahgc1 :5 ! au?or 0 mission>y to ! ,ponka 9 :at 0 ,todd ,c\nty1 ,dakota1 t tribe _h a sun dance on ! prairie ne> ! mission h\se4 ,! sc>ifications & subsequ5t tortures & danc+ la/$ b ?ree h\rs in/ead ( a long] p]iod1 ow+ to ! remon/rances ( ,bi%op ,h>e1 ! ag5t1 & ! mission>y4 ,! head *ief1 ,:ite ,eagle1 0 ti$ to 8 pony1 aft] he _h be5 sc>ifi$ & fa/5$ to ! sun pole4 ,"s ( 8 policem51 arm$ ) :ips1 la%$ ! pony until x leap$ aside1 te>+ out ! l>iat t fa/5$ ! *ief to ! sun pole1 & t]m9at+ 8 p>ticipation 9 ! c]emony4 7,see ,pl4 ,,xlvi & #ahg47 ,= obvi\s reasons ! au?or did n view ! sun dance1 b he 0 told ab\t x by "s ( ! spectators4 ,z ! *ief1 ,/&+ ,buffalo1 _h said to ,bi%op ,h>e 9 ! c\ncil previ\s to ! sun dance1 8,y :ite p pray to ,wak&a 9 y\r way1 & we ,indians pray to ,wak&a 9 ! sun dance4 ,%\ld y *ance to lose y\r way on ! prairie y w\ld p]i%1 b if we got lo/ we w\ld pray to ,wak&a 9 ! sun dance1 & f9d our way aga940 ,,! ,,moon ,a ,,wak&a4 #cj4 ,no examples ( invocations ( ! moon h yet be5 f\nd among ! ,omaha & ,ponka4 ,b t ! moon is 8qube0 appe>s f ! decorations ( robes & t5ts4 7,see #de-dg47 ,! moon is address$ z a 8gr&fa!r0 & is describ$ z ! 8,wakana ( night0 9 8,osage ,traditions10 l9es #ee-ei4ba ,,b]da*es4 ,! ,omaha believe t ! un=tunate be+s1 call$ 8,mi-qu-ga10 are my/]i\s or sacr$ because !y h be5 affect$ by ! ,moon ,be+4 ,:5 a "y ,omaha fa/$ = ! fir/ "t on rea*+ pub]ty1 x 0 ?\ght t ! ,moon ,be+ appe>$ to him1 hold+ 9 "o h& a b[ & arr[s & 9 ! o!r a pack /rap1 su* z ! ,indian wom5 use4 ,:5 ! y\? tri$ to grasp ! b[ & arr[s ! ,moon ,be+ cross$ 8 h&s v quickly1 & if ! y\? 0 n v c>eful he seiz$ ! pack /rap in/ead ( ! b[ & arr[s1 !reby fix+ 8 lot 9 aft] life4 ,9 su* a case he c\ld n help act+ ! woman1 speak+1 dress+1 & work+ j z ,indian wom5 us$ to d4 ,l\is ,sanss\ci said t ! mi-quga took o!r m5 z _! husb&s4 ,frank ,la ,fl*e knew "o su* man1 :o _h _h sev]al m5 z 8 husb&s4 ,a ,ponka *ild once said to ! au?or1 8,mijiga-ma nujiga ama i-gaxe-n&i1 miquga1 ai10 i4e41 8,if boys make a practice ( play+ ) ! girls !y become 7or are call$7 miquga40 ,?is t]m may be r5d]$ 8h]maphrodite0 :5 x ref]s to animals1 z 8e miquga10 a h]maphrodite buffalo4 ,x mu/ h be5 ( ?is class ( p]sons1 call$ 8,mi-quge0 by ! ,kansa t ,say wrote :5 he said3 ,_m ( ! subjects ( x 7i4e41 sodomy among ! ,kansa7 are publicly kn[n1 & d n appe> to be despis$ or to excite disgu/4 ,"o 0 po9t$ out to u4 ,he _h submitt$ himself to x 9 consequ5ce ( a v[ he _h made to 8 my/ic m$ic9e1 :i* oblig$ him to *ange 8 dress = t ( a woman1 to d _! "w1 & to p]mit 8 hair to gr[4#bb ,aft] giv+ an acc\nt ( ! ,miquga :i* agrees ) :at has be5 writt5 above1 ,miss ,flet*]#bc tells ( 8a man :o _h ! mis=tune to be =c$ to ?is life & tri$ to resi/4 ,8 fa!r gave him a b[ & "s arr[s1 b ! p5alty ( 8 vision s wr\ght ^u 8 m9d t1 unable to endure ! abnormal life1 he committ$ suicide40 7,see #bab1 #cec47 ,,/>s ,,z ,,wak&as4 #ca4 ,t ! ,omaha & ,ponka reg>d$ ! />s z ,wak&as seems probable f ! exi/5ce ( nikie names & ! p]sonal my/]y decorations4 7,see #de1 #dg1 & #eb47 ,!re are /> names 9 ! ,night g5s ( ! ,kansa1 & !y po9t to ! my?ical orig9 ( ! g5s4 ,! ,kansa made (f]+s to ! morn+ />4 ,among ! ,osage ! traditions ( ! ,tsiu ,wactae & ,bald ,eagle p m5tion sev]al ,wakanz among ! />s4 ,^! are z foll[s3 ,watse ua1 a 8gr&fa!r20 ,watse mia1 a 8gr&mo!r20 ,mikak'e pepa1 ! ,sev5 ,/>s 7,pleiades871 a 8gr&fa!r20 ! con/ellation ,ta api or ! ,?ree ,de]1 a 8gr&fa!r20 ! morn+ />1 ,mikak'e taa 7lit]ally1 l>ge />71 a 8gr&fa!r20 ! small />1 a 8gr&fa!r20 ! b[l ( ! ,dipp]1 call$ 8,wapaha ikce2 ! ,fun]al ,bi]10 a 8gr&fa!r10 & ! ,female ,r$ ,bird1 a 8gr&mo!r10 ! eponym ( ! ,tsiu ,wactae or 8,r$ ,eagle0 g5s4 ,%e1 too1 0 probably a />4#bd #cb ,ga edda i ctwa aha-nai niaciga ama1 pahe ,& :at ! soev] usually ,indian ! hill col4 pray$ 7to7 pl4 ob4 sub4 aga i1 ctwa4 8,wakanda bugaqti wiai 10 e-nai4 l>ge ! soev] ,wak&a all ,i ask a 6 !y said col4 favor ( usually ob4 8,hau1 ande nik c1 aci jiga ega awita te 10 ,ho ,gr\nd y :o sit "s little s ,i tread w 6 "t on y ai nikaciga ama4 ade ui dubaha t ct say ,indians ! ,:5ce ! w9d 9 f\r ! too pl4 sub4 is s5t hi!r787 places aha-nai4 8ade ui dubaha nakac1 iwiai-g40 !y usually ,:5ce ! w9d 9 f\r ye :o are help ye me pray 7to7 is s5t hi!r787 places ,ga gagegiai niaciga ukei ama1 ,wakanda & !y speak 9 t ,indian ord9>y ! pl4 ,wak&a mann] to 7"o7 sub4 waahai tdi4 8,! ,indians us$ to invoke v>i\s objects1 !y pray to :5 !m includ+ ! m\nta9s1 say+1 #8,o1 all ye my/]i\s p[]s1 ,i ask a favor ( y6' ,!y pray$ to ! gr\nd1 say+1 #8,o1 y :o are ! gr\nd6 ,may ,i tread y a little :ile long]6' i4 e41 #8,may my life on e>? be prolong$6' ,:5 "o pray$ to ! f\r w9ds1 he w\ld say1 #8,ho1 ye f\r w9ds1 help me6' ,?us did speak :5 !y pray$ to ! ,wak&as40--7,george ,mill]47 ,,! ,,w9ds ,,z ,,wak&as4 #cc4 ,! ,omaka & ,ponka invok$ ! w9ds1 z has be5 /at$ 9 "p ( ! prec$+ section4 ,see also ! /atem5t ( ,samuel ,fremont 7 #bg74be ,9 prep>+ = ! pipe dance ! tobacco p\*1 two g\rd rattles1 & ! e> ( corn h a figure drawn on ea* ( !m ) gre5 pa9t2 x is ! cross1 indicat+ ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! heav5s or ! f\r w9ds4#bf ,,kansa ,,sacrifice ,,to ,,! ,,w9ds4 8,9 =m] days ! ,kansa us$ to remove ! he>ts ( sla9 foes & put !m 9 ! fire z a sacrifice to ! f\r w9ds4 ,ev5 n[ 7#ahhb7 (f]+s are made to e ,wak&a by ! ,kansa1 to ! p[] or p[]s above1 to ^? "u ! hills1 to ! w9ds1 ! ?und]-be+1 ! morn+ />1 etc4 ,z ,alikawahu & ,pahalegaqli are ,yata m5 7i4 e41 memb]s ( g5tes camp+ on ! left side ( ! tribal circle71 !y elevate _! left h&s & beg9 at ! left ) ! ea/ w9d1 !n !y turn to ! s\? w9d1 !n to ! we/ w9d1 & f9ally to ! nor? w9d1 say+ to ea*1 #8,g-tc1 ,wakanda1 mik' eyau1' i4 e41 #8,o ,wak&a1 ,i really give t to y4' ,9 =m] days !y us$ to pi]ce !mselves ) knives & spl9t]s ( wood1 & (f] small pieces ( _! fle% to ! ,wak&as40#bg ,,osage ,,consecration ,,( ,,my/ic ,,fireplaces4 ,! au?or consid]s t ! foll[+ /atem5t ( ! ,osage *ief1 ,kahie-waayia 7( ! ,tsiu ,wactae g5s71 ref]s to ! invocation ( ! f\r w9ds4 ,x appe>s to h be5 associat$ ) fire or he>? wor%ip4 ,:5ev] a p]man5t village ( e>? lodges 0 e/abli%$ among ! ,osage & ,kansa1 !re 0 a consecration ( a c]ta9 numb] ( fireplaces be=e ! ord9>y fireplaces c\ld be made by ! common p4 ,! consecrat$ fireplaces 7 made 9 two p>allel r[s1 beg9n+ at ! we/ & end+ at ! ea/4 ,among ! ,kansa !re 7 sev5 on "o side & six on ! o!r1 b among ! ,osage !re seem to h be5 sev5 on ea* side4 ,among ! ,osage1 ! ,tsiu ,wactae & ,paka g5tes 7 ! #8roadmak]s1' i4 e41 ^? :o consecrat$ ! two r[s ( fireplaces4 ,kahie-waayia said1 8,:5 ! old ,tsiu man made 8 spee*1 he w5t into details ab\t e "p ( a lodge1 ! fireplace1 build+ mat]ials1 implem5ts1 etc4 ,f\r /icks 7 plac$ 9 ! fireplace1 ! fir/ "o po9t+ to ! we/ 7see #dj1 #hd74 ,:5 ! fir/ /ick 0 laid d[n1 ! ,tsiu lead] spoke ab\t ! we/ w9d1 & also ab\t a "y buffalo bull 7,tse-ia71 repeat+ ! "n1 ,wanie-sk 7mean+ n ga9$74 ,:5 ! /ick po9t+ to ! nor? 0 laid d[n he spoke ( ,tsehe-qse 7gray buffalo horns71 or a buffalo bull4 ,:5 ! /ick at ! ea/ 0 laid d[n1 he spoke ( ,tse-a-taa 7a l>ge buffalo bull74 ,on lay+ d[n ! f\r? /ick1 po9t+ to ! s\?1 he spoke ( ,tse mia 7a buffalo c[74 ,at ! same "t a simil> c]emony 0 p]=m$ by ! ag$ ,paka man = ! g5tes on ! "r side ( ! tribal circle4 ,9 plac+ ! /ick to ! ea/1 he m5tion$ ,tase ,kaqpa ts 7! ea/ w9d7 & ,tahe cape 7d>k horn$ de]74 ,9 plac+ t to ! nor?1 ,tase asa ts 7! nor? w9d1 lit]ally1 #8! p9e w9d'7 & ,tahe qse 7! de] ) gray horns7 7 m5tion$4 ,9 plac+ t po9t+ to ! we/1 ,tase ,maha ts 7! we/ w9d7 & an animal :i* makes a lodge & is ) ! ,tahe pasie 7probably a de] "n7 7 m5tion$4 ,9 plac+ ! /ick po9t+ to ! s\?1 he spoke ( ,tase ,ak'a ts 7! s\? w9d7 & ,ta waka he aai skutaa 7probable mean+1 a l>ge :ite female de] )\t any horns74 #cd4 ,9 "t ( w>1 pray]s 7 made ab\t ! fire 7 #bhg71 :5 a w>rior pa9t$ 8 face r$1 us+ ! 8fire pa9t10 a cu/om ( ! left or ,tsiu side ( ! tribe4 ,^? on ! "r or ,haa side us$ 8! "y buffalo bull decoration10 & probably (f]$ pray] 9 connection !re)1 9 ord] to be fill$ ) ! _s ( _! 8little gr&fa!r0 7! "y buffalo bull71 z !y ru%$ on ! enemy4 ,?is w be se5 f ! words employ$ by ! w>rior3 8,my little gr&fa!r is always dang]\s z he makes an attempt4 ,v close d ,i /&1 ready to g to ! attack60#bh ,,! ,,?und]-,,be+ ,a ,,wak&a4 ,,omaha ,,& ,,ponka ,,invocation ,,( ,,! ,,?und]-,,be+4 #ce4 ,among ! ,omaha & ,ponka1 :5 ! fir/ ?und] 0 he>d 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 ! ,black be> p w5t to ! sacr$ t5t ( ! ,elk g5s1 & !re !y assi/$ ! ,elk p 9 ! invocation ( ! ,?und]-be+4 ,at a simil> ga!r+ ( ! ,ponka1 ! ,ponka ,black be> p said1 8,hau1 ic#8ge1 icpa u aga-ta ganxiwaai4 ,maciah maig10 i4 e41 8,ho1 v5]able man6 by y\r /rik+ 7) y\r club7 y are fright5+ u1 y\r gr&*ildr51 :o are "h4 ,dep>t on high40#bi ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! hyph5 9 8aga-ta0 0 at ! end ( a l9e2 ! ^w may h be5 8agata0 or 8aga-ta04 ,,?und]-,,be+ ,,invok$ ,,by ,,w>riors4 ,! ,?und]-be+ is invok$ by all pres5t dur+ ! fea/ prep>atory to />t+ on ! w>pa?1 :5 !re is a small p>ty ( w>riors4 ,ea* "o addresses ! ,?und]-be+ z 8,nudahaga10 lead] 9 w>1 or w> capta94#cj ,:5 a l>ge w> p>ty is desir$1 ! ,?und]-be+ is invok$ 7,see hi/ory ( ,wabaskaha1 9 ,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #cid74 ,wabaskaha himself pray$1 say+1 8,oh1 ,wak&a1 ?\gh =eign]s h injur$ me1 ,i hope t y may help me40 ,all :o he>d him knew t he desir$ to lead a l>ge w> p>ty4 ,:5 ! f\r capta9s 7 *os51 !y _h to cry incessantly at night z well z by day1 say+1 8,oh1 ,wak&a6 pity me6 help me 9 t ab\t :i* ,i am 9 a bad humor40 ,dur+ ! day !y ab/a9$ f food & dr9k2 b !y c\ld satisfy _! ?ir/ & hung] :5 night came4 ,at ! fea/ prep>atory to />t+ (f z a l>ge w> p>ty1 ! keep]s ( ! sacr$ bags s+ ?und] songs z well z o!r sacr$ songs4 ,"o ( ! ?und] songs us$ on su* an occasion beg9s ?us3 8,wi--ga na-pe-w- -ga1 ,wi--ga na-pe-w- -ga1 ,w-ti k gi-ha-ha 1 ,na-pe-w- ----40 8,z my gr&fa!r is dang]\s1 ,z my gr&fa!r is dang]\s1 ,dang]\s :5 he br&i%es 8 club1 ,dang]\s ----40 ,:5 he _h proce$$ ?us f>1 ai-napaj /opp$ & refus$ to tell ! re/1 z x 0 v 8waqube40 ,he said t ! pr9cipal capta9s ( a l>ge w> p>ty ti$ pieces ( twi/$ grass ar\nd _! wri/s & ankles1 & wore simil> pieces ar\nd _! heads4 ,b ,two ,cr[s1 :o has be5 a capta91 says t he nev] did ?is4 7,see1 h[ev]1 ! ,i[a cu/om 9 #ge47 ,,ictas&a ,,cu/om4 ,! foll[+ 8nikie0 or anci5t cu/om ( ! ,ictas&a g5s 0 relat$ by ,george ,mill]3 ,naji dacta 1 napai 1 ga ,wakanda-ma ,ra9 p]haps if !y fe> if s ! ,wak&as 7pl4 ob47 se5 dang] n9i uji wa#8ii t4 ,ga n9i uji wa#8ii tobacco put 9 !y ! 7pa/ & tobacco put 9 !y gave gave to act7 to !m !m tdi egiai t3 u waqpai-qti aihe1 :5 !y said to ! ,"h v poor ,i :o move 7"o7 7pa/ act7 ,transcrib]'s note3 ! hyph5 9 8waqpai-qti0 0 at ! end ( a l9e2 ! ^w may h be5 8waqpaiqti0 or 8waqpai-qti04 awawaaica ctectewa ide tige gxai-g1 9 :at direction soev] to become ab&on$ make ye 7sudd5ly7 igaha4 d$i aic 77 jami4 ,o gr&fa!r4 ,y are mv4 !re ,i suspect4 igze-mai1 d$ ic 77 jami4 ,walk+ ,=k$-lightn+1 y are mv4 !re ,i suspect4 iaba-tige1 d$ aic4 77 jami4 ,%eet-lightn+ fla%es y are mv4 !re ,i suspect4 sudd5ly iaba-g-na1 d$i ic 77 jami4 ,%eet-lightn+ is (t5 y are mv4 !re ,i suspect4 return+ hi!r4 ,gagigda d$ ic 77 jami4 ,ga 7a "n ref]r+ y are mv4 !re ,i suspect4 ,& to pass+ ?und]7 gatga gxa-bj ct naciga ciiqde ga 9 t mann] he does n if man 7,see ,note47 ?us najii1 maqpi kica xag najii4 ,ga ,wakanda /&s1 cl\d t[>d ! lg ob4 cry+ /&s4 ,& ,wak&a am wgipaha-bi1 a4 ,nkaciga ! pl4 sub4 t !y "k ab\t !y say4 ,p]son !m1 _! own tawaga wdaj am ai napai1 g5s else:]e ! pl4 sub4 to h x !y fe> se5 dang]1 ijje g ctwa4 gudict nkaciga am "n ! pl4 94 ob4 ev54 ,9 "s places p]son ! pl4 sub4 7n specifi$47 ia#8e am ,ictas&a cka eai t ega ^? :o h visions1 etc4 ,ictas&a cu/om _! ! ob4 s gaxai4 ,waa qti gaxai dact gia !y d4 song !y !mselves !y make p]haps s++ _! own najii4 ,n9iba k uji aii ega maqpi !y /&4 ,pipe ! lg4 ob4 fill$ !y h z cl\d kica gaqe baha najii4 ,nikaciga t[>ds ! lg4 ob4 fac+ hold+\tto !y /&4 ,p]son ama aji ct gaxe-nai4 ,atact n9iba ! pl4 sub4 diff]5t too !y (t5 d4 ,sometimes pipe ai-baj ga waa siae dact naji-nai4 ,k !y d n h s s++ alone p]haps !y /& (t54 ,& nikaciga ama e ia#8e ama cka edada da p]son ! pl4 sub4 ?is ^? :o h de$ :at good visions1 etc4 uha #8i tai ct ibahai1 c cka to foll[ ! c\rse promise w ev5 !y "k1 aga9 de$ jaj akipa tai ct ibahai4 ,ga nikaciga i unsuitable !y w meet ev5 !y "k4 ,& p]son ! mv4 "o awawaa gaqa mai ctwa n9i uji 9 :at direction l>ge hunt+ walks soev] tobacco puts 9 exp$ition #8ii ega waigakiai4 ,e#8a ujage uha tai gives to z causes him to prophesy4 ,h[ road he w foll[ its him c\rse ct ibaha gigaai ega waakiai4 ,k ev5 to "k wi%es = him z causes him to s+4 ,& atact nikaciga ama egai1 aade-nai1 sometimes p]son ! pl4 sub4 j s1 !y (t5 pron\nce1 wanita dact ubesni 1 wanita d#8uba a#8ii h1 e quadrup$ p]haps !y f9d if quadrup$ "s !y h 4 he out giv5 to me says dactai4 p]haps4 ,notes4 #chc1 #d1 et passim4 aice ejami1 contract$ 9 rapid pronunciation to1 aicejami4 #chc1 #d-f4 igize-mai1 iaba-tige1 iaba-gna1 & ,gaagigeda are 8nikie names0 ( ! ,ictas&a or ,?und] g5s ( ! ,omaha4 ,!y may ref] to f\r ,?und] be+s1 "o at ea* po9t ( ! compass1 or "o dwell+ 9 ! direction ( ea* ( ! f\r w9ds4 #chc1 #h4 ,ciiqade1 ) ! arms elevat$ & ! h&s /ret*$ out1 palms d[n1 t[>ds ! cl\ds4 #chc1 #i-aj4 ,nikaciga w$aj ama1 etc4 ,o!r g5tes ( ,omaha fe> to m5tion ^! ,ictas&a names1 or to be/[ !m on memb]s ( _! g5tes4 #chc1 #aa4 ,agudict 444 ia#8e ama1 etc4 ,ref]s to ! ,iga ia#8e ama1 or ! ,?und] %amans1 ( ! o!r ,omaha g5tes4 ,translation4 ,:5 ! ,ictas&a p become fe>ful dur+ a %[]1 !y fill a pipe ) tobacco & (f] x to ! ,?und]-be+s4 ,& :5 !y (f] ! tobacco1 !y speak ?us3 8,o gr&fa!r6 ,i am v poor "h4 ,9 "s direction or o!r cause a place to be ab&on$ by ^? 7:o w\ld injure me874 ,i ?9k t y are !re ,o igize-mai6 ,i ?9k t y are !re4 ,o iaba-tige6 ,i ?9k t y are !re4 ,o iaba-gi na6 ,i ?9k t y are !re4 ,o ,gaagigeda6 ,i ?9k t y are !re40 ,& :5 !y d n (f] ! tobacco1 !y /& ) ! arms elevat$ & ! h&s /ret*$ out1 palms d[n1 z !y cry t[>ds ! cl\ds4 ,& !y say t ! ,?und]-be+s "k ab\t !m1 _! wor%ipp]s4 ,! ,omaha ( ! o!r g5tes fe> to m5tion ^! ,ictas&a nikie names1 or to be/[ !m on memb]s ( _! g5tes1 z well z to invoke ! ,?und]-be+ or be+s1 unless !y belong to ! ord] ( ,?und] %amans4 ,9 t case1 !y c d z ! ,ictas&a p d4 ,!y make songs ab\t ! ,?und]-be+s1 & /& s++ _! own songs4 ,!y fill ! pipe ) tobacco1 & /&1 hold+ x ) ! m\?-piece t[>d ! cl\ds1 z !y gaze t[>ds !m4 ,^! %amans (t5 act o!rwise4 ,sometimes !y d n fill ! pipe1 & !n !y /& s++ ! ,?und] songs1 )\t (f]+ any?+ to ! ,?und]-be+s4 ,& ^! %amans "k :5 any?+ promises to result 9 good or evil to ! p]son und]tak+ x4 ,s :5 a p]son wi%es to jo9 a l>ge hunt+ p>ty1 he fills a pipe ) tobacco1 & (f]s x to a %aman1 ?us caus+ him to prophesy4 ,z he wi%es him to "k ! result ( foll[+ a c]ta9 c\rse1 7i4 e41 ( travel+ 9 a c]ta9 direction71 he induces ! %aman to s+ 7sacr$ songs74 ,& sometimes ! %aman pr$icts ! v occurr5ce :i* comes to pass2 if1 = in/ance1 he =etells t ! inquir+ man w kill game1 he may say1 #8,! ,?und]-be+s 787 h giv5 me "s quadrup$s4' ,,kansa ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,?und]-,,be+4 #cf4 ,! foll[+ 0 a cu/om ( ! ,l or ,?und]-be+ g5s4 ,at ! "t ( ! fir/ ?und]-/orm 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 ! ,l p put a quantity ( gre5 c$> on a fire1 mak+ a great smoke4 ,! /orm ceas$ aft] ! memb]s ( ! o!r g5tes (f]$ pray]s4 ,! ,buffalo or ,tc$ga g5s aid$ ! ,l g5s 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,?und]-be+1 by s5d+ "o ( _! m5 to op5 ! sacr$ bag ( gray hawk sk9 & remove ! my/]y pipe4 ,^! objects 7 kept by a ,l man1 ,k9uyige1 :o 0 n all[$ to op5 ! bag4 ,pahale-gaqli1 ( ! ,l>ge ,haga g5s1 & ,alikawahu1 ( ! ,small ,haga1 are ! lead]s 9 ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to w>4 ,pahale-gaqli furni%$ ! au?or ) a copy ( 8 w> *>t1 on :i* are repres5t$ symbols ( ! my/]y songs4 ,9 ! middle ( ! *>t !re %\ld be a repres5tation ( fire1 b ,pahale-gaqli said t he 0 afraid to draw x !re1 unless he fa/$ & took o!r necess>y precautions4 ,! songs us$ 9 connection ) ! *>t are v 8wak&agi10 or my/]i\s4 ,!y are nev] sung on common occasions1 or 9 a pr(ane mann]1 le/ ! (f5d] %\ld be kill$ by ! ,?und]-be+4 ,"o ( ! ?ree songs ab\t ! sacr$ pipe1 sung :5 ! wrapp+s are tak5 f ! pipe 7,see #he7 by ,alikawahu is z foll[s3 8,ha-h6 tc-ga-n ha-h6 ,ha-h6 tc-ga-n ha-h6 ,ha-h6 tc-ga-n ha-h6 ,h-h60 7,un9telligible to ! au?or4 ,said :5 ,alikawahu presses d[n on ! cov]s or wrapp+s ( ! pipe47 8,yu6 yu6 y6 ,h-h6 ,h-h60 7,*orus sung by all ! ,l>ge & ,small ,haga m547 ,?is la/ l9e is an invocation ( ! ,?und]-be+4 ,! arms1 :i* are kept ap>t & p>allel1 are held up t[>d ! sky1 ) ! palms ( ! h&s out4 ,ea* arm is !n rubb$ f ! wri/ to ! %\ld] by ! o!r h&4#ca ,aft] ! s++ ( ^! ?ree songs1 ,pahale-gaqli c>ries ! sacr$ clam %ell on 8 back4 ,! second figure on ! *>t is t ( ! v5]able man or ,wak&a1 :o 0 ! fir/ s+] ( all ! ,haga songs4 ,:5 ,alikawahu & ,pahale-gaqli are s++ !m1 !y ?9k t ?is ,wak&a walks beh9d !m1 hold+ up 8 h&s t[>d ! ,?und]-be+1 to :om he prays = !m4 ,:5 ! w> pipe is smok$ by any ,haga man1 he holds ! pipe 9 8 "r h&1 & bl[s ! smoke into ! sacr$ clam %ell1 9 8 left4 ,! smoke asc5ds f ! clam %ell to ! ,?und]-be+1 to :om x is pleasant4 ,! ,kansa us$ to 8cry to0 ! ,?und]-be+ be=e go+ on ! w>pa?4 ,:5 ! capta9 7! head ( ! ,l>ge ,haga g5s7 smok$ 8 pipe1 he us$ to say1 ,ha1 ,wk&a-1 ,pyi-mha mi ts'e kbla ,ho8 ,o ,wak&a6 ,skidi "o to die ,i wi% eyau10 i4 e4 8,ho1 ,wak&a6 ,i really wi% a ,skidi0 7or1 ,pawnee ,l\p7 inde$ 8to die60 ,! m5 ( ! two ,haga g5tes unite 9 s++ songs to /op ra91 :5 fair wea!r is ne$$1 & songs to cause ra9 :5 !re has be5 a dr\ght4 7,see #dc47 ,,subt]ranean ,,& ,,subaquatic ,,wak&as4 #cg4 ,! ,omaha & ,ponka believe 9 ! ,wak&agi1 mon/]s t dwell b5ea? ! bluffs & 9 ! ,miss\ri riv]4 ,^! mon/]s h v long bodies1 ) horns on _! heads4 ,"o my? relates h[ an orphan kill$ a ,wak&agi ) sev5 heads4#cb ,! ,omaha h a tradition t a ,wak&agi 0 se5 9 ! lake into :i* ,blackbird creek empties1 ne> ! ,omaha ag5cy4 ,x is impossible to say :e!r ! ,wak&agi & ! &e or ,gr\nd 7 diff]5tiat$ 7,see #bg74 ,! ,kansa ,mi--l-cka 7 some:at l ! ,wak&agi1 ?\gh 9 "o respect !y resembl$ ! my?ical -snu-ta ( ! ,omaha1 i4 e41 9 hav+ enorm\s heads4 ,! ,kansa speak ( ! ,mialcka z a race ( dreadful be+s ) l>ge heads & long hair4#cc ,!y dwelt 9 remote places1 to :i* !y 7 suppos$ to entice any unw>y ,indian :o travel$ alone4 ,! victim became crazy & subsequ5tly liv$ z a miquga or catamite4 ,"s ( ! ,mialcka dwelt und]gr\nd or 9 ! wat]1 sitt+ close to ! bank ( ! /ream4 ,! anci5t ,mialcka 0 a b5efactor to ! ,indians1 = he took "s wet clay & made fir/ a buffalo calf & !n ?ree buffalo bulls1 :i* he ord]$ ! ,indians to %oot1 aft] tea*+ !m h[ to make b[s & arr[s & to use !m4 ,,! ,,inda,i,,ga4 #ch4 ,! ,ponka1 9 #ahga1 told ! au?or ( a be+ :om !y call$ ! ndiga4 ,?is be+ 0 a sup]human "*1 :o dwelt 9 ! =e/s4 ,he hoot$ l an owl1 & he 0 s p[]ful t he c\ld uproot a tree or ov]turn a lodge4 ,! ,ponka _h a song ab\t him1 & mo!rs us$ to sc>e _! *ildr5 by say+1 8,behave1 else ! ndaiga w cat* y60 ,joseph ,la ,fl*e _h he>d x spok5 ( z a mon/] 9 human %ape1 cov]$ ) ?ick hair4 ,z ! ,ponka = we>+ a mask is 8ndiga gxe10 or 8to act ! ndiga10 x may be t ?is "* 0 an aborig9al bogy4 ,comp>e ! ,dakota aotida1 ,honoia1 ,ugnaiala1 etc4 7 #bcb47 ,omaha mo!rs us$ to sc>e _! *ildr5 by tell+ !m t if !y did n behave1 ,icibaj 7a h]o ( ! e-snde g5s7 or exuja 7a h]o ( ! ,kaze g5s7 w\ld cat* !m4#cd ,ano!r fe>ful be+ 0 nde-naba1 or ,two ,faces1 ! v sight ( :om kill$ a woman :o 0 ence9te4#ce ,?is be+ resembl$1 9 "s respects1 ,ict9ike1 ! deceiv]1#cf ?\gh ,ict9ike 0 usually ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,dakota ,ikto1 ,iktomi1 or ,uktomi4 7,see #bbh-bca47 ,z a work] ( evil ,ict9ike may be comp>$ ) ! ,dakota ,ang-ite or ,two ,faces1 & ! latt] 9 turn resembl$ ! ndiga ( ! ,ponka4 7,see #bcc1 #bcd47 ,,o!r ,,kansa ,,wak&as4 #ci4 ,! ?ird figure on ! ,kansa w> *>t is#cg t ( ! ,wak&a or ag$ man :o gives success to ! hunt]4 ,he is ?us address$ by ,alikawahu & ,pahale-gaqli3 ,ts#8ge-jiga ha6 ,dble ,v5]able man ,ho6 ,to hunt l>ge quadrup$s mayi-a6 ,dda wadjta nkaciga ckda wyakpa-bpa walk ?\ ,:at quadrup$ p]son soev] y meet !m & 7pl47 ,transcrib]'s note3 ! hyph5 9 8mayi-a0 0 at ! end ( a l9e2 ! ^w may h be5 8mayia0 or 8mayi-a04 ts'ya-bna-hau6 kill ye 6 ,transcrib]'s note3 ! la/ hyph5 9 8ts'ya-bna-hau0 0 at ! end ( a l9e2 ! ^w may h be5 8ts'ya-bnahau0 or 8ts'ya-bna-hau04 i4e41 8,v5]able man1 g hunt+6 ,kill :atev] p]sons or quadrup$s meet y60 ,!y ?9k t ?is be+ drives ! game t[>ds ! hunt]4 ,9 ! w> *>t !re are sev5 songs ( ! ,wak&a :o makes night songs4 ,fig4 #af ( t *>t ref]s to a song ( ano!r ,wak&a :o is n describ$4 ,fig4 #ah ref]s to two %ade songs4 ,%ade is made by a ,wak&a4 ,fig4 #ai is a dream song4 ,!re is a ,wak&a :o makes p sleepy1 an ,indian ,somnus4 #dj4 ,,omaha ,,invocations ,,( ,,! ,,trap1 ,,etc4 ,jbe dact ji 1 maka gaxe maii 1 ,beav] = in/ance he if1 m$ic9e mak+ he walks if1 t traps = t x purpose n9 bah e t 4 7,! invisible be+ :o fir/ made tobacco %[+ 8 ! x4 ! m$ic9e 0 ?us address$37 ,nkaciga pahaga maka ,p]son fir/ m$ic9e cpaha nikc1 pjehde ckaz nikc1 n9 gak6 u y knew y :o m$ic9e y y :o tobacco t ,"h 7sit71 taught 7sit71 lg4 ob4 edda ckaz g ipaha-maj-qti wi igaaih :at y taught ! ,i d n "k at all "o ,i am c>ry+ on pl4 my arm & 9 my 94 ob4 h& z ,i move aja1 caedda ctcte wamaka t 4 ,n9 ?\gh1 yet :at soev] ,i get x easily by w 6 ,tobacco means ( gak1 a naciga am4 7,he !n prays to ! beav]37 ,ha1 ,jbe6 t1 says p]son ! mv4 ,ho1 ,beav]6 lg4 ob41 sub4 ,n9 gak6 bahi e#8a ckxai g bgaqti uggacai-g6 ,tobacco t6 ,fe$+ h[ y made ! all travel ye 9 y\r place !m pl4 own6 9 ob4 ,n9 gak6 7,next1 to ! m$ic9e37 ,ha1 jehde1 n9 gak6 ,tobacco t6 ,ho1 ,m$ic9e1 tobacco t6 lg4 ob4 lg4 ob4 #8,aqti ctcte wanta wi uh ea tat1 ega ,no matt] h[ x quadrup$ "o pass me on ! %all1 ?9k+ x is 7or ,at any road 7to ! rate7 trap7 naji-g4 #8,aqti ctcte pquge aask tat1 /& ?\4 ,at any rate no/rils l>ge en\gh %all1 = me 7i4 e41 to smell me47 ega naji-g4 ,n9 gak6 7,invocation ( ! trap37 ,ha1 ?9k+ x /& ?\4 ,tobacco t6 ,ho1 lg ob4 ,maz nakc6 n9 gak6 #8,aqti ctcte wi wat'a ,iron ye :o 7sit7 tobacco t6 ,at any rate "o ,i kill x lg4 ob4 t mike1 ega gii-g4 7,invocation ( ! pack-/rap37 w ,i :o1 ?9k+ x sit ye4 ,ha1 ,w#8i nikc6 n9 gak6 ,aqti ctcte w ,ho1 ,pack/rap y :o 7sit76 tobacco t6 ,at any rate ,i lg4 ob4 wanta higi wet#81 ega-g4 ,ha1 ijbe nuga quadrup$ _m ,i t\* ?9k ?\4 ,ho1 ,entrance at ! "r !m1 side tac6 n9 gak6 #8,aqti ctcte w wanta aabaknde y :o tobacco t6 ,at any rate ,i quadrup$ bru%+ by me /&6 lg4 ob4 anji t mike1 ega-g4 ,ha1 e-snde ugcke ,i /& w ,i :o ?9k ?\4 ,ho1 ,buffalo-tail ti$ to x 7sit71 tac6 n9 gak6 #8,aqti ctcte w wanta ap#8 y :o tobacco t6 ,at any rate ,i quadrup$ ne> to me /&6 lg4 ob4 anji t mike1 ega-g4 ,ha1 ,un nikc6 n9 ,i /& w ,i :o ?9k ?\4 ,ho1 ,fireplace y :o tobacco 7sit71 7sit76 gak6 #8,aqti ctcte wi wanta anaa agi t mike1 t6 ,at any rate ,i quadrup$ drops ov] ,i sit w ,i :o lg4 ob4 on me 7f 7sit7 ! kettle7 ega-g4 ?9k ?\4 ,notes4 ,told by ,george ,mill]4 ,9 ! la/ invocation1 he began to dictate ?us3 8,ha1 ,nwixe dba kipasande nakc60 i4 e41 8,ho1 ye ,ho1 ,firebr& f\r meet at a common ye :o po9t f\r firebr&s t meet at a common po9t 7i4 e41 9 ! middle ( ! fireplace760 ,he subsequ5tly *ang$ x to an invocation ( ! fireplace itself4 ,b x is v probable t !re 0 an invocation ( ! f\r firebr&s1 resembl+ ! c]emonies ( ! ,kansa & ,osage 7see #cc74 ,george has giv5 all t he rememb]s ( ! invocations1 b he does n recollect ! exact ord]4 #chg1 #c4 peje-hide1 8l[] "p10 or 8roots ( grass10 an ar*aic "n = 8maka01 m$ic9e4 ,n9i gak--! classifi] k %[s t a long object1 ! pipe1 is ref]r$ to1 ! tobacco be+ 9 ! pipe :5 x is (f]$ to ! p[]s4 #chh1 #a4 aiagaaihe1 contr4 f igaa ih1 us$ "h 9 ! s5se ( 8abi10 ,i h4 #chh1 #ab4 aabaknde1 eq4 to aabi/a wa1 to s5d !m 7?r\gh7 :5 !y are s close t !y t\* me4 ,translation4 ,! invisible be+ :o fir/ made ! beav] m$ic9e & taught its use to mank9d1 0 ?us address$3 8,oh1 ,?\ :o did/ tea* h[ to make ! m$ic9e1 "h is tobacco6 ,?\gh ,i h y\r m$ic9e1 ! nature ( :i* ,i d n und]/& at all1 grant t ,i may easily acquire some?+ or o!r by means ( x6 ,"h is tobacco60 ,:5 he address$ ! beav]s1 he said1 8,ho1 ye ,beav]s6 ,"h is tobacco6 ,let all ( y travel 9 y\r fe$+ places :i* y h made4 ,"h is tobacco60 ,to ! beav] m$ic9e itself1 he said1 8,ho1 ,m$ic9e6 ,"h is tobacco6 ,/& ?9k+ ?us1 #8,at any rate an animal %all surely pass me & be caught 9 ! trap1 & its no/rils %all be l>ge en\gh to smell me4'0 ,! trap itself 0 ?us address$3 8,ho1 ye pieces ( iron6 ,"h is tobacco6 ,sit ye & ?9k ?us3 #8,at any rate ,i w kill "o6'0 ,to ! pack-/rap 0 said1 8,ho1 pack-/rap6 ,"h is tobacco6 ,?9k ?\1 #8,at any rate ,i %all press aga9/ _m quadrup$s4'0 ,! "r side ( ! entrance to ! t5t 787 0 ?us address$3 8,ho1 ,?\ :o /&e/ at ! "r side ( ! entrance to ! t5t6 7 #bcb7 ,"h is tobacco6 ,?9k ?\1 #8,at any rate ,i %all cont9ue to h "s "o br+ dead animals on 8 back & s5d ?r\gh me sudd5ly1 rubb+ aga9/ me z !y pass ?r\gh4'0 ,to ! pr9cipal t5t pole ^! words 7 said1 8,ho1 ,?\ :o /&e/ ) ! buffalo tail ti$ to !e6 ,"h is tobacco6 ,?9k ?\1 #8,at any rate1 ,i %all h a quadrup$ to come ne> me4'0 ,:5 ! man invok$ ! fireplace1 he said1 8,ho1 ,fireplace6 ,"h is tobacco6 ,?9k ?\1 #8,at any rate ,i %all sit & h ! wat] fall on me 9 drops z x boils ov] f ! kettle conta9+ ! quadrup$4'0 ,^! invocations may be comp>$ ) :at ! prophet ,habakkuk tells u ab\t ! ,*aldeans1 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 prophecy4 ,9 8 pray] to ,god1 he says1 8,^! plund]]s pull out all m5 ) ! hook1 draw !m 9 ) _! ca/+ net1 & ga!r !m ) _! draw net1 & rejoice & are glad 9 x4 ,!re=e !y make (f]+s to _! ca/+ net1 & burn inc5se to _! draw net1 = ?r\gh !m _! cat* is ri* & _! food da9ty40#ch ,,fa/+4 #da4 ,?is topic naturally prec$es t ( visions or dreams ab\t my/]y1 animals1 & objects4 ,two ,cr[s & ,joseph ,la ,fl*e he>d ! foll[+ spok5 ( z an anci5t cu/om4 ,x 0 told !m 9 _! y\? by "s ( ! old m5 ( t day1 :o _h receiv$ x f _! eld]s z hav+ be5 practic$ by ! tribe = unnumb]$ g5]ations4 ,:5 old m5 _h sons1 si/]s' sons1 or gr&sons1 :o approa*$ manhood1 !y us$ to direct ^? y\?s to ab/a9 f food & dr9k1 & to put clay on _! faces1 say+3 8,qaxaa ,f> away xage maii-g4 ,aba abi duba ja 1 wata-baji-g1 cry+ walk ye4 ,day ?ree f\r sleep if1 d n eat 7pl471 k n ata-baji-g4 iqubaj ctectwa1 ca ,wakanda & wat] d n dr9k 7pl47 ,y are n ev5 if1 /ill ,wak&a 8qube0 ak uia t aka4 ,waawaqpni manii 1 ! sub4 he w aid y4 ,y act z if poor y walk if1 wanha-de axxage 1 uia ta aka10 i4 e41 8,walk ye 9 remote y pray :5 y cry if he w aid y4 places1 cry+ to ,wak&a4 ,nei!r eat nor dr9k = ?ree or f\r days4 ,ev5 ?\gh y d n acquire p]sonal my/]i\s p[]1 ,wak&a w aid y4 ,if y act z poor m51 & pray z y cry1 he w help y40 ,:5 _! ?roats became dry1 _! voices gave out4 ,:5 !y _h complet$ _! fa/s1 !y w5t home1 be+ exce$+ly emaciat$4 ,at t "t !y c\ld n swall[ solid food1 s !y 7 oblig$ to subsi/ on mu% mix$ ) mu* wat]1 till by degrees !y became able to eat :at !y pleas$4 ,_m ?\ght t ?is fa/+ enabl$ !m to h sup]human communications ) ,wak&a4 ,fa/+ 0 practic$ at o!r times1 b always 9 ord] to obta9 sup]human assi/ance or to acquire a transf] ( sup]human p[]4 ,a ,ponka w> capta9 exhort$ ea* ( 8 foll[]s ?us3 8,aha6 ,wacka ega-g6 ,qubekia-bi ihe60 i4e41 8,oho6 ,d ex]t y\rself6 ,be sure to make y\rself ! possessor ( sup]human p[] by ! aid ( ! animal t y h se5 9 y\r vision aft] fa/+60#ci ,memb]s ( a small w> p>ty _h to fa/ f\r days1 c\nt+ f ! "t t !y />t$ on ! w>pa?4#dj ,be=e ! l>ge w> p>ty 0 =m$ to av5ge ! wrongs ( ,wabaskaha1 ! f\r prospective capta9s fa/$4#da ,:5 ! ,kansa capta9 fa/$1 he c\ld n visit 8 family1 b a small fa/+ lodge 0 erect$ = him at "s di/ance f 8 own h\se4#db ,,my/ic ,,trees ,,& ,,plants4 #db4 ,! ,omaha h two sacr$ trees1 ! a% & ! c$>4 ,! a% is connect$ ) ! b5efic5t natural p[]s4 ,"p ( ! sacr$ pole ( ! ,omaha & ,ponka is made ( a%1 ! o!r "p be+ ( cottonwood4 ,! /ems ( ! n9iba weawa1 or 8sacr$ pipes ( fri5d%ip10 are made ( a%4 ,b ! c$> is l9k$ ) ! de/ructive ag5cies1 ?und]1 lightn+1 w>s4#dc ,:5 ! sev5 old m5 took ! pipes ar\nd ! ,omaha tribal circle1 ! bad ,maika-gaxe p wore plumes 9 _! hair & wrapp$ bran*es ( c$> ar\nd _! heads1 be+ awful to behold4 ,s ! old man pass$ !m by & gave ! pipe to ! o!r ,maika-gaxe1 :o 7 good4 ,9 ! ,osage traditions1 c$> symbolizes ! tree ( life4 ,:5 a woman is initiat$ into ! secret society ( ! ,osage1 ! (ficiat+ man ( h] g5s gives h] f\r sips ( wat]1 symboliz+1 s !y say1 ! riv] fl[+ by ! tree ( life1 & !n he rubs h] f head to foot ) c$> ne$les ?ree times 9 front1 ?ree times at h] back1 & ?ree times on ea* side1 twelve times 9 all1 pron\nc+ a sacr$ "n ( ,wakana z he makes ea* pass4 ,"p ( ! ,paka g5s ( ! ,osage tribe#dd are ,r$ ,c$> p4 ,! ,paka g5s ( ! ,kansa tribe is call$ 8,qndjala10 i4e41 8we>]s ( c$> 7bran*es7 on ! head40 ,c$> is us$ by ! ,santee ,dakota 9 _! c]emony ( ! f\r w9ds4 7,see #abh47 ,! ,teton ,dakota believe 9 ! efficacy ( ! smell ( c$> wood or ( ! smoke f c$> 9 sc>+ away gho/s4 7,see #bgb47 ,9 ! ,a?apascan creation my? ( ,oregon1 obta9$ by ! au?or 9 #ahhd1 ! smoke ( c$> took ! place ( food = ! two gods :o made ! _w1 & ! r$ c$> is held sacr$ z well z ! a%1 because ^! two trees 7 ! fir/ to be discov]$ by ! gods4#de ,t ! ,hidatsa h a simil> notion ab\t ! r$ c$> is %[n by _! "n = x1 8midahopa10 my/]i\s or sacr$ tree4 ,comp>e :at ,mat!ws tells ab\t ! ,hidatsa rev]5ce = ! cottonwood ) :at is record$ above ab\t ! ,omaha sacr$ pole4#df 7 #cdd47 ,! cottonwood tree also seems to h be5 reg>d$ z a my/ic tree by ! ,omaha & ,ponka1 j z x is by ! ,hidatsa4 ,! sacr$ pole ( ! two tribes 0 made f a tall cottonwood4#dg ,:5 ! l[] "p ( ! sacr$ pole became worn away1 ab\t #h feet rema9$1 & to ?is 0 fa/5$ a piece ( a% wood ab\t #ah in*es long4 ,9 prep>+ = ! dance call$ ! ,h$e watci1 ! ,ike-sab p s\ght a cottonwood tree1 :i* !y ru%$ on1 fell$1 & bore to ! c5t] ( ! tribal circle1 :]e !y plant$ x 9 ! 8ujei40 ,my/ic names tak5 f ! cottonwood are f\nd 9 ! ixida & ,nikapana1 ! two w> g5tes ( ! ,ponka tribe1 & 9 ! atada & ,kaze g5tes ( ! ,omaha4#dh ,t !re 7 o!r my/ic trees & plants1 appe>s f an exam9ation ( ! p]sonal names ( ! ,omaha1 ,ponka1 & cognate tribes4 ,= in/ance1 ackahiga1 a nikie "n ( ! apa1 or ,de] g5s ( ! ,omaha1 conveys "s ref]5ce to a :ite oak tree1 ackahi2 & 9 ! ,nuqe1 a ,buffalo g5s ( ! ,ponka tribe1 we f9d ! "n abehi1 f a plant1 bu%1 or tree f\nd 9 ,nebraska1 ! leaves ( :i*1 resembl+ ^? ( r$ *]ry trees1 are us$ by ! ,omaha = mak+ a tea4 ,fur!r /udy may %[ t ! ,w9nebago1 :o h ! "n ,wazia1 ,p9e ,p]son1 rev]5ce a p9e tree4 7,qu]y3 ,may n ?is "n be ,c$> ,p]son1 r ?an ,p9e ,p]son87 ,among ! ,i[a1 ,oto1 & ,miss\ri1 we f9d sev]al c$>1 corn1 & pumpk9 names4 ,sev]al corn & pumpk9 names occur 9 ! "n li/ ( ! ,kansa tribe4 ,corn1 elm1 & black haw?orn names are f\nd 9 ! ,osage "n li/1 z well z c$> names2 & _! traditions tell ( ! c$>1 r$ oak1 & sycamore1 z well z ( ! corn & pumpk94#di 7,see #di47 ,i,a#8,e4 #dc4 ,?is t]m has be5 def9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii 7 #h74 ,x is v probable t fa/+ = sev]al days t5d$ to produce ! condition ( m9d & body requisite = ! suppos$ sup]human communications4 ,accord+ to ai-napaj & o!r ,omaha1 "s p]sons ?\ght t !y saw or he>d gho/s or v>i\s animals4 ,sometimes m5 7 r\s$ f sleep1 imag9+ t !y he>d my/]i\s voices4 ,!y claim$ to h int]views ) ,u-ga-ha-na-pa-ze1 or ! ,anci5t ( ,d>kness2 ,ma-qpi1 or ! ,anci5t ( ,cl\ds2 &e1 or ! ,gr\nd ,be+2 ,iga1 or ! ,?und]-be+2 ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 ! ,morn+ ,/>1 ! ,anci5t ( ,rattlesnakes1 ! ,anci5t ( ,grizzly ,be>s1 ! ,anci5t ( ,black ,be>s1 ! ,anci5t ( ,buffaloes1 ! ,anci5t ( ,big ,wolves1 & ! ,anci5t ( ,prairie ,wolves4 ,ea* be+ or animal ?us se5 9 a dream or vision seems to h be5 reg>d$ z ! special gu>dian _s ( ! p]son claim+ to h _h int]views ) him4 ,! ,iga ia#8e-ma1 or ,^? :o _h int]views ) ! ,?und]-be+1 nev] danc$ at ! meet+s ( _! society4 ,!y invit$ "o ano!r to fea/1 & !y sang z !y rema9$ seat$4 ,! songs ref]r$ to ! ,?und]-be+4 ,:5 !y f9i%$ eat+ & s++ ! c]emonies end$4 ,?is ord] ( ,?und] %amans claim$ ! p[] to make ra9 7see #cf74 ,accord+ to ai-napaj & ,little ,village ,mak]1 ^! %amans c\ld also make circles ( sev5 colors ar\nd ! sun & moon1 & ! two m5 j nam$ said t !y _h se5 ?is done4 ,joseph ,la ,fl*e & ,two ,cr[s gave ! foll[+ explanation3 8,:5 !re are cl\ds t obscure ! moon1 a circle is se5 ar\nd ! moon1 & x sometimes resembles a ra9b[40 ,?\gh ,two ,cr[s belongs to ! ,buffalo society 7e ia#8e-ma1 or ,ord] ( ,buffalo %amans--see #hi71 he said t he _h nev] _h an int]view ) a my/]i\s buffalo1 b t 8 "w 9 ! ord] 0 conf9$ to ! practice ( surg]y1 he be+ ! keep] ( ! 8maka ski10 or sweet m$ic9e4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 !re are c]ta9 buffalo songs1 ! prop]ty ( ! ord]1 & :i* !y claim to be p[]ful *>ms capable ( work+ cures1 :5 us$ by ! surgeons ( _! ord]4 ,said ,two ,cr[s to ! au?or1 8,if !y _h s5t = ! doctors ( our ord] we c\ld h cur$ ,presid5t ,g>field40 ,! au?or obta9$ two ( ^! ,buffalo songs f an ,omaha1 b !y are record$ only 9 s++ notation4#ej ,among ! ,omaha societies are ! ,cage ia#8e-ma1 ! ,horse %amans1#ea ! ,caaga ia#8e-ma1 ! ,big ,wolf %amans1#eb & ! ,matcu ia#8e-ma1 ! ,grizzly ,be> %amans4#ec ,accord+ to ,francis ,la ,fl*e1#ed 8,!re are ?ree degrees ( p[]s :i* come to m5 ?r\gh visions3 ,fir/1 :5 ! vision takes ! =m ( an animal :i* addresses ! man1 he w !n h acquir$ a p[] :i* w /ead him 9 dang]1 & give him success 9 life4 ,second1 if ! vision assumes ! appe>ance ( a cl\d1 or a human %ape hav+ w+s l an eagle1 & a voice addresses ! man1 he w h ! additional p[] ( be+ able to =etell ev5ts4 ,?ird1 :5 ! vision comes )\t any semblance & only a voice is he>d1 ! man is giv5 n only ! p[] to a*ieve success & =etell ev5ts1 b he c =esee ! com+ ( dea?4 ,%\ld a man end[$ ) ! ?ird degree s elect1 he c 9 due =m jo9 ! ,gho/ ,society2 or1 if he pref]s1 he c practice 8 p[]s individually40 ,8 fa!r1 ! late ,joseph ,la ,fl*e1 told ! au?or 9 #ahhb t ! ,gho/ ,dance =m]ly belong$ to ! ,ponka tribe1 f :om ! ,omaha took x2 ?\gh x has n be5 us$ by ! ,omaha s9ce ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #ahej4ee ,! only inf]5ce :i* ! au?or c draw f ?is /atem5t ( ! fa!r is t if ! ,omaha obta9$ ! ,gho/ ,dance f ! ,ponka1 ! ,gho/ ,society or ord] ( ,gho/ %amans is n an orig9al ,omaha society4 ,t ! two are closely connect$ is prov$ by ! names1 ,wanaxe ia#8e-ma1 ! 7ord] (7 ,gho/ %amans 7or1 ,! ,gho/ ,society71 & ,wanaxe ia#8e watcigaxe1 ,! dance ( ^? :o h visions ( gho/s1 or1 ,! ,gho/ ,dance4 ,! ,kansa h ! ,tce wactce1 or ,buffalo %aman1 & an ord] ( su* %amans4 ,:5 a ,kansa _h a vision or dream 7i-ya-k'e-ye7 ( an animal1 etc41 he pa9t$ ! my/]y object on 8 %ield4 ,an old woman us$ to 8iyak'eye0 ( a fly+ s]p5t1 ! ,myets#8a tji lcka4 ,! rema9s ( su* enorm\s s]p5ts are f\nd 9 ! ,black ,hills1 8& if "o f9ds su* a reptile1 he mu/ die40 ,= an acc\nt ( ! ,kansa 8wak&agi0 see #ff4 ,! ,kwapa or ,ukaqpa ,indians speak a dialect m closely alli$ to t ( ! ,omaha & ,ponka ?an to ^? ( ! ,kansa & ,osage4 ,) !m1 to h sup]human communications is call$ da-q#8-d2 %amans & doctors are nka qw1 my/]i\s m51 & among _! societies ( su* m5 are ! foll[+3 ,te dq#8ed1 ,^? hav+ sup]human communications ) ! ,buffalo2 ! ,mat daq#8d1 ,^? hav+ int]views ) ! ,grizzly ,be>2 ! ,itada taa daq#8d1 ,^? hav+ int]views ) ! ,pan!r2 & ! ,jaw daq#8d1 ,^? hav+ int]views ) ! ,beav]4 ,!re 7 d\btless o!r ord]s1 b !y are unkn[n to ! au?or's ,kwapa in=mant1 ,alphonsus ,valli]e1 ( ! ,wajia or ,bird g5s4#ef ,,p]sonal ,,my/]y ,,decorations4 #dd4 ,! ,omaha & ,ponka h c]ta9 p]sonal my/]y decorations1 "s ( :i* are worn on g>m5ts1 & o!rs appe> on ! t5ts ( _! own]s4 ,! mak]s & we>]s ( su* decorations mu/ be memb]s ( "o ( ! ord]s ( %amans4 ,george ,mill]'s fa!r1 ,little ,soldi]1 us$ to we> a buffalo robe decorat$ 9 ! /yle %[n 9 ,figs4 #aef & #aeg4 ,x 0 8 p]sonal my/]y decoration1 :i* no "o else c\ld use4 ,ev5 memb]s ( 8 g5s 7! ,ictas&a1 a ,?und] & ,reptile g5s7 fe>$ to imitate x4 ,! fa!r promis$ to pa9t ?is decoration on f\r :ite blankets = 8 son ,george1 b he di$ be=e he c\ld pa9t ! f\r? "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4--;,george ,mill]'s p]sonal my/]y decoration4 ,george receiv$ ! fir/ "o :5 he 0 ab\t sev5te5 ye>s ( age4 ,be=e he m>ri$ he _h worn out ?ree4 ,he /ill has ! "r to decorate & we> ! f\r? blanket1 accord+ to 8 fa!r's int5tion4 ,he c\ld decorate o!r :ite blankets 9 ?is /yle1 & we> !m1 if he wi%$1 b he c\ld n transmit to any "o ( 8 *ildr5 7! gr&*ildr5 ( ,little ,soldi]7 ! "r to make & we> su* a decoration1 unless ,george himself %\ld h]eaft] see ! objects 9 a dream or vision4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4--;,a v>iant ( ,fig4 #aef4 ,! "r to use su* designs on a buffalo robe1 blanket1 t5t1 etc41 mu/ orig9ate ) "o :o has _h a vision or dream 9 :i* ! my/]y objects are manife/$4 ,^? :o c\ld use ! class ( designs repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations 7,figs4 #aef-afa7 7 memb]s ( ! ord] ( ,?und] %amans 7,iga ia#8e-ma74 ,,ord] ,,( ,,?und] ,,%amans4 #de4 ,?is ord] is compos$ ( ^? :o h _h dreams or visions1 9 :i* !y h se5 ! ,?und]-be+1 ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 or "s h] sup]t]re/rial objects or ph5om5a4 ,:5 a p]son saw ! ,?und]-be+ or "s o!r my/]y object1 he kept ! matt] a secret = "s "t4 ,he took c>e to jo9 ! fir/ w> p>ty t w5t f 8 camp or village4 ,:5 ! p>ty rea*$ ! l& ( ! enemy or got into "s tr\ble ! man told ( 8 dream or vision4 ,%\ld ! dream] or se] kill or grasp a foe :ile a memb] ( ! exp$ition he made a ,?und] song4 ,he :o br\ght back "o ( ! enemy's horses also _h ! "r to make a ,?und] song4 ,"s "t hav+ elaps$ aft] ! return ( ! w>riors1 ! se] pa9t$ ! my/]y objects on a robe or blanket1 & prep>$ a fea/1 to :i* he invit$ all ! memb]s ( ! ord] ( ,?und] %amans4 ,:5 ! gue/s _h assembl$ ! robe 0 hung up & %[n to !m4 ,!n all :o 7 pres5t rejoic$4 ,f t "t onw>d ! ho/ 0 a memb] ( ! ord]1 & he c\ld we> ! robe ) safety4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4--,robe ( ,wanukige4 ,he c\ld give 8 son ! "r to we> su* a robe1 b unless t son _h a simil> vision he c\ld n transmit ! "r to "o ( ! next g5]ation4 ,little ,soldi] pa9t$ a buffalo robe ) 8 p]sonal my/]y decoration1 & gave x to ,two ,cr[s1 ^: fa!r _h be5 "o ( ! lead]s ( ! ord] ( ,?und] %amans4 ,s ,two ,cr[s wore ! robe1 & he c make ano!r l x2 b he c n transmit ! "r to 8 son1 ,ga#8i-baj4 ,two ,cr[s w\ld h be5 afraid to we> ! robe or to copy ! decoration on x _h he n be5 a memb] ( ! ord] by direct inh]itance f 8 fa!r4 ,a fa!r c clo! 8 son 9 su* a robe :5 t son is l>ge en\gh to g c\rt+4 ,! man c n give su* a robe to 8 daught]1 b he c give "o to 8 son's son1 or to 8 daught]'s son1 %\ld t gr&son be a l>ge y\?1 :o has ne>$ or rea*$ ! age ( pub]ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4--,t5t ( ,wanukige4 ,if a man :o became eligible by 8 vision to memb]%ip 9 ! ord] ( ,?und] %amans v5tur$ to we> ! decorat$ robe )\t invit+ ! memb]s ( ! ord] to a fea/1 he incurr$ ! ang] ( ! memb]s & mis=tune 0 sure to foll[4 ,%\ld a man we> su* a decorat$ robe )\t hav+ _h a vision ( ! my/]y object1 he 0 9 dang] 7if ! object 0 connect$ ) ! ,?und]-be+1 etc47 ( be+ kill$ by lightn+4 ,e ,omaha fe>$ to decorate 8 robe1 t5t1 or blanket ) an object se5 by ano!r p]son 9 a dream or vision4 ,= in/ance1 ,george ,mill] w\ld n d>e to h be>s' claws1 horses' ho(s1 etc41 on 8 robe1 because nei!r he nor 8 fa!r ev] saw a be> or horse my/]i\sly4 ,!re are p5alties atta*$ to violations ( ! prohibitions ( ! o!r ord]s1 b ,george ,mill] did n "k ab\t !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4--,robe ( aqube4 ,besides ! p]sonal my/]y decoration ( ! robe or blanket1 is t ( ! t5t4 ,pl4 ,,xliv1 ,e is a sket* ( a t5t1 furni%$ to ! au?or by ,dri$ ,buffalo ,skull1 an old man ( ! atada g5s ( ! ,omaha4 ,! decoration ( ?is t5t 0 ! p]sonal my/]y or 8qube0 ( ,hupea1 ,sr41 fa!r ( ,hupea1 ,jr4 7n[ kn[n z enugaaga71 ( ! ,wasabe-hit#8aj or ,black ,be> sub-g5s ( ! atada4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,hupea1 ,sr41 ! decoration became ! prop]ty ( 8 k9sman1 ,agaha-wacuce1 ( ! same sub-g5s1 & fa!r ( ainapaj4 ,! circle at ! top1 repres5t+ a be>'s cave1 is sometimes pa9t$ blue1 ?\gh ,agaha-wacuce _h x r$d5$4 ,bel[ ! f\r zigzag l9es 7repres5t+ ! lightn+s ( diff]5t colors7 are ! pr9ts ( be>s' paws4 ,! l[] "p ( ! t5t 0 black5$ ) a%es or *>coal4 ,among ! f\r zigzag l9es1 r$1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,francis ,la ,fl*e1 symbolizes ! ea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4--,robe ( ahe-ap#84 ,wanukige1 a *ief ( ! ,ictas&a g5s1 _h a vision ( ! aurora borealis1 s he depict$ ?is on 8 robes & t5t1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #aeh & #aei4 ,on ! t5t 7 sev5 /ripes1 ?ree on ea* side ( ! entrance & "o 9 ! re>4 ,ea* robe t he wore _h sev5 /ripes4 ,fig4 #afj repres5ts ! p]sonal my/]y decoration ( aqube ( ! ,kaze g5s4 ,george ,mill]'s fa!r c\ld we> ?is decoration1 b ! "r to x c\ld n be transmitt$ by him to any "o else4 ahe-ap#81 ( ! ,ke-#8i subg5s ( ! atada g5s1 once _h a vision ( two />s & ! new moon4 ,consequ5tly he decorat$ 8 buffalo robe1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #afa1 & jo9$ ! ord] ( ,?und] %amans4 ,he di$ :5 ! au?or 0 at ! ,omaha ag5cy 7betwe5 #ahgh & #ahhj74 ,,g5]ic ,,=ms ,,( ,,decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4--;,g5]ic decoration ref]r+ to night1 etc4 #df4 ,!re are examples ( g5]ic =ms ( decoration1 z well z ^? ( specific =ms4 ,= in/ance1 :5 a p]son _h a vision ( ! night1 or ( ! ,?und]-be+1 or "o ( "s o!r sup]t]re/rial object1 he black5$ ! upp] "p ( 8 t5t & a small portion on ea* side ( ! entrance1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #afb4 ,x 0 giv5 ?us by ,george ,mill]3 ,naciga am gudi ct ha dact a#8e am ,p ! :]e ev] night = example !y h ! t5t pl4 visions sub4 ( x ugii 1 widta sbea1 k ci gud ct !y if "o-half ! !y black5 & aga9 :]e ev] dwell l5g? 9 nkaciga am iga a#8e am c ga p ! pl4 ?und] !y h ! pl4 aga9 s sub4 be+ visions sub4 ( x4 ugi-biam4 !y dwell 91 !y say4 ,,specific ,,=ms ,,( ,,decoration4 ,a specific =m relat$ to ! g5]ic "o j describ$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #afc4 ,! black5$ "p ( ! t5t repres5ts ! night1 & ! /> d5otes ! morn+ />4 ,!re 0 a /> on ! left h& at ! back ( ! t5t1 & ano!r /> on ! "r side4 ,black & blue are occasionally int]*angeable 9 ,omaha symbolism2 h5ce we f9d t ! night is repres5t$ by a blue b& on a coyote sk9 worn by ! eld] ,apa-sk1 & subsequ5tly by 8 son & namesake1 :5 ! latt] 0 a small boy4 ,! blue b& 0 worn next ! %\ld]s ( ! own] 7,fig4 #afd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4--,t5t ( ,apa-sk1 ,sr4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4--,robe ( ,apa-sk1 ,sr4 ,! decoration ref]s to 8 8qube0 or 8sacr$ vision40 ,little ,c$>1 ( ! ,maika-gaxe 7,omaha7 g5s1 belong$1 we are told1 to ! ,mi ia#8e-ma1 or ord] ( ,sun & ,moon %amans1 probably id5tical ) ! ord] ( ,?und] %amans4 ,fig4 #afe repres5ts a vision :i* ,little ,c$> once _h1 describ$ ?us by ,george ,mill]3 ,ga naciga ak a#8e-bi ega etga i ug t ,& man ! hav+ _h a vision1 l ?is t5t pa9t$ ! sub4 !y say /d4 ob4 ugi-biam4 ,mzi-jiga ijje ai-biam4 ,sbe t ha he dwelt 91 ,c$> ,little 8 "n _h1 !y ,black ! night !y say1 say k gxai2 niaba a abe t gxai4 ,niaba ! t made moon ! cv4 em]g+ ! made4 ,moon lg4 ob4 ob4 uanda andi nkaciga ugi gxai1 ga a#8ea ik 9 ! 9 ! p]son sitt+ made & "o se5 9 ! "o mid/ ( "p 9 a vision :o t4 ,niaba abe at-n&i nqi t ! ,moon em]g+ comes regul>ly1 blazes :5 7s5ds up light7 ga-nai4 ,! black b& ref]s to ! night2 ! circle1 to some:at usually4 ! moon2 ! circumscrib$ figure is a gho/ t he saw 9 ! moon2 & ! dots above ! moon ref] to ! 8:ite :i* /&s above ! ris+ sun or moon40 ,pl4 ,,xliv ,b %[s ano!r t5t decoration ( ! same man4 ,! r$ circle repres5ts ! sun1 9 :i* /&s a man hold+ ! a-c-ge1 or de] rattles1 made ( ! h>d or call\s knobs f\nd ne> ! ho(s ( ! de]4 ,^! knobs are split1 holl[$ out1 & /rung on /icks4 ,! t5t be+ v l>ge1 ! figure ( ! man 0 almo/ life size1 & a real fea!r 0 ti$ to 8 head4 ,! blue b& at ! bottom may repres5t night1 b !re is no c]ta9ty ab\t x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4--,t5t ( ,mazi-jiga--gho/ vision4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4--;,a t5t ( ,nikuiba4 #dg4 ,fig4 #aff is ! decoration ( "o ( ! t5ts ( ,ni-ku-i-ba1 fa!r ( ! pres5t ,wacka-mai 7,h>d ,walk]71 an ex-*ief ( ! ,omaha4 ,nikuiba 0 "o ( ! two lead]s ( ! ord] ( ,?und] %amans1 & 0 reg>d$ z be+ v 8qube0 or my/]i\s4 ,! black b& at ! bottom ref]s to ! night1 & above x are se5 ! moon & a />4 ,! old man nam$ "o ( 8 gr&*ildr5 ,haakipa 7,meets ! ,night71 aft] ! vision to :i* ! t5t decoration ref]s4 ,george ,mill] furni%$ ! description ( ,nikuiba's t5t1 obta9$ f an old woman1 :o is 8 wid[3 8,ga wqti aba-mj aja1 ua ga ana#8a h4 ,ga ,& ,i ,i did n ?\gh !y h z ,i h ,& myself see him told ab\t he>d x4 him iga a#8e-biam1 da unige gxai t ,?und] he _h a vision ( !re=e ra9b[ made x ! ,be+ him1 !y say 7pa/ act7 gt4 hua a bagjai t1 ua h t ob4 ,smoke-hole at ! pa9t$ 9 ! t told x 4 "p spots 7pa/ act7 wa#8jiga igqa ak4 ,macia ai aki1 -biam4 old woman 8 wife ! sub4 ,on high hav+ _h he said1 him rea*$ !y say4 !re aga9 ,e ct maja ga1 -biam4 ,qubqti gxai ,!re too l& ?is l he said1 !y ,v my/]i\s !y say4 made him naciga1 da ug t watga gxe gaai man !re=e t5t pa9t$ ! h[ to make he wi%$ x 1 ga ga gxai4 ,bagjai t msi waka :5 at any s he made x4 ,made spott$ he hail t x meant rate by pa9t+ t40 ! 7pa/ act74 ,t is1 8,i myself did n see him1 b ,i h he>d :at 0 told4 ,!y say t he _h a vision ( ! ,?und]-be+1 s he made t ra9b[ :i* appe>s 9 ! figure 7,fig4 #afg74 ,! old woman1 8 wid[1 has told t he pa9t$ ! top ( ! t5t1 ne> ! smoke-hole1 9 spots4 ,!y say t he said t ! ,?und]-be+ _h c>ri$ him up on high1 & t ! place !re resembl$ ?is _w4 ,! man 0 reg>d$ z v my/]i\s2 !re=e he decorat$ 8 t5t accord+ to ! patt]n t he wi%$ to make4 ,! pa9t$ spots repres5t hail40 ,_m ye>s ago1 ,nikuiba said t he _h be5 c>ri$ up into ! _w above ?is "o1 & t he f\nd x resembl$ ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,! ra9b[ & hail depict$ on ! t5t =m$ "p ( ! vision1 b _! exact significance has n be5 expla9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4--;,ano!r t5t ( ,nikuiba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4--;,blanket ( ,cua-mai4 ,cu-a ma-i1 an ,omaha1 _h a vision :i* gave him ! "r to use ! decoration giv5 9 ,fig4 #afh4 ,! mean+s ( ! diff]5t m>ks h n be5 le>n$4 ,cua mai bequea!d ! blanket to 8 son1 ,kaxe-gia 7,fly+ ,cr[71 n[ kn[n z ,gilb]t ,morris4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4--,t5t ( e-sa2 vision ( a c$>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4--,t5t ( e-sa2 sun & ra9b[ vision4 #dh4 ,! old *ief e-sa 7,ta sone ( ,maj4 ,long71 ,di/ant-:ite ,buffalo1 fa!r ( ! *iefs ,/&+ ,hawk & ,fire ,*ief1 _h a vision ( a c$> tree1 :i* he pa9t$ on ea* side ( 8 t5t1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #afi4 ,! next sket* 7,fig4 #agj7 %[s ! back "p ( ano!r t5t ( e-sa4 ,! blue b& ne> ! top is call$ 8sabe0 7black72 bel[ ?is is ! sun & a blue ra9b[2 ne> ! bottom are two horsetails4 ,! only decorations on ! front ( ! t5t are two horsetails1 "o on ea* side ( ! entrance4 ,?is t5t 0 us$ by ,/&+ ,hawk aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r4 ,?is decoration may h be5 made aft] a vision ( horses1 z ,/&+ ,hawk 0 a memb] ( ! ord] ( ,horse ,%amans 7,cage ia#8e-ma74 ,george ,mill] speaks ?us ab\t x3 ,ga naciga ak nkagah tai ega a#8 daetai ,& man ! sub4 *ief he 0 z he _h a p]haps beyond vision t1 mi a uga1 i4 ,c cag snde ! 7pa/ sun ! he pa9t$ he pa9t$ ! ,aga9 horse tail act7 cv4 ob4 t5t ) x4 ct gxai1 hid kdi4 hua pz a too he made bottom at ! ,smoke hole tip end ! "p sbai4 ,t is1 8,z ! man 0 a head *ief1 he may h _h a he black5$4 vision1 = he occupi$ a t5t on :i* he pa9t$ ! sun1 & he also decorat$ x ) horse-tails at ! l[] "p4 ,he pa9t$ ! bord] ( ! smoke-hole a d>k blue 7u sab1 :i* is "s-times call$1 sab740 8,idi am dact ga gxai tdi1 ijige am ,8 fa!r ! pl4 sub4 p]haps s did :5 8 son ! pl4 sub4 a#8a-bj ctwa ga gxe-na-biam1 da ga !y did n h ev5 s usually did1 !y !re=e s visions ( x say gxai40 ,t is1 8,:5 ! fa!rs decorate _! t5ts 9 consequ5ce he did ( _! respective visions1 _! sons 7:o succe$ !m7 usually imitate !m 7or dwell 9 ! decorat$ t5ts71 ev5 :5 !y !mselves h n _h visions ( ! objects4 ,!re=e he 7i4e41 ,/&+ ,hawk7 did s40 ,george ,mill] told ! foll[+ ab\t ede-gahi or ,fire ,*ief1 ano!r son ( e-sa3 ,c ga de-ghi ak ugii waabe4 ,watazihi i ,aga9 s ,fire ,*ief ! he sat 9 ,i saw ,corn-/alk pa9t$ sub x on ! t5t waabe aja1 watga ipaha-mj aja1 nkaghi ga ,i saw ?\gh ( :at sort ,i knew n ?\gh *ief l ga ugii t4 ,watazi i ct waqube gxai4 ,k s he sat 9 ! ,corn ! col4 too my/]i\s he made & 7pa/ ob4 x act7 c de-ghi ak tawaga e am ,wajiga-atj am aga9 ,fire ,*ief ! g5s 8 ! pl4 ,bird eat n ! pl4 sub4 sub4 sub4 wahba pahaga jut#8a tdi at-baj wahba e> ( corn fir/ matures :5 !y d n e> ( corn eat i1 nkaciga am nawape at tai t4 ata 1 ! col4 p ! pl4 fe> !m !y w ! ,!y if ob4 sub4 eat 7act7 eat wahba i1 wajiga asni weuba4 ,ik-sab e> ( corn ! col4 bird dev\r !y fe> ,%\ld] black ob4 !m kad ct ga gxe-na-biam ug4 ,haga among too s make usually !y say t5t pa9t+4 ,=emo/ ! ! kad ct ga gxe-na-biam ug4 among too s make usually !y say t5t pa9t+4 ,?is ref]s to ,fig4 #aga1 & may be ?us r5d]$3 8,& ,i h likewise se5 ! t5t ( ,fire ,*ief4 ,x 0 decorat$ ) corn/alks1 b ,i d n "k ! reason = x4 ,he dwelt 9 su* a t5t because he 0 a *ief4 ,corn 0 reg>d$ z 8waqube10 my/]i\s4 ,9 ! sub-g5s ( ,fire ,*ief1 ! ,wajiga-ataj1 or1 ^? :o eat no small birds1 ! p fe>$ to eat ! fir/ e>s ( corn t matur$1 le/ ! small birds 7p>ticul>ly blackbirds7 %\ld come & dev\r ! re/ ( ! crop4 ,!re 0 a simil> t5t decoration 9 ! ,ike-sab & ,haga g5tes40 ,9 ! =m]1 x 0 us$ by ,waqaga 7see #ec74 ,! corn/alks & e>s 7 gre51 ! tips ( ! e>s 7 black4 ,!re 7 two simil> corn/alks on ! back ( ! t5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4--;,corn/alk decoration ( ! t5ts ( ,fire ,*ief & ,waqaga4 ,,corn ,,& ,,! ,,buffalo4 #di4 ,corn is reg>d$ z a 8"m0 & ! buffalo z a 8gr&fa!r0 among ! ,omaha & o!r tribes4#eg ,9 ! ,osage tradition1 corn 0 be/[$ ^u ! p by f\r buffalo bulls or 8gr&fa!rs40#eh ,dr4 ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws tells ( a simil> ,arik>a belief ab\t an e> ( corn4#ei 7,see #db47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4--,robe ( ,ni-actage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4--;,duba-mai's fa!r's t5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4--,matcu-naba's t5t4 ,,o!r ,,omaha ,,my/]y ,,decorations4 #ej4 ,among ! memb]s ( ! ord] ( ,buffalo 7e ia#8e-ma7 0 ,niactage1 ^: robe is %[n 9 ,fig4 #agb4 ,! r$ b& is at ! top4 ,! black spots repres5t ! places :]e ! buffaloes play 8buffalo wall[s40 ,buffalo ho(s are 9 blue4 ,duba-mai's fa!r _h a vision ( horses1 h5ce he wi%$ to depict horse-tails & tracks on 8 t5t1 z f\nd 9 ,fig4 #agc2 b he di$ be=e he f9i%$ x4 ,! fa!r ( ,matcu-naba _h a vision ( horses1 & bequea!d to 8 son ,matcu-naba ! "r to decorate 8 t5t 9 ! /yle %[n 9 ,fig4 #agd4 ,! yell[ 0 connect$ ) ! vision4 ,:5 ! own] dwelt 9 an e>?-lodge1 ! horse-tail 0 ti$ to a long pole1 :i* 0 ?ru/ ?r\gh ! op5+ at ! top ( ! lodge4 ,s :5 he us$ 8 sk9 t5t1 ! horse-tail hung f ! top ( a long pole above ! smoke-hole4 ,:5 ! ,omaha dwelt ne> ! pres5t t[n ( ,hom]1 ,nebr41 & ,wackahi 0 a "y *ild1 he w5t out to play1 & fell asleep4 ,he said t he 0 ar\s$ by ! s\nds made by _m *ick5s cr[+ & cackl+4 ,9 ^? days 7fide ,george ,mill]7 !re 7 no :ite p 9 t neighborhood2 b n[ 9 t v place :]e ,wackahi _h ! vision1 !re is a weal?y family liv+1 & besides l>ge h]ds !y h a great _m *ick5s4 ,9 remembrance ( t occurr5ce1 ,wackahi pa9t$ 8 t5t ) 8 p]sonal decoration z giv5 9 ,fig4 #age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4--,wackahi's t5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4--,t5t ( unkn[n ,omaha4 ,an unkn[n ,omaha _h a vision ( de]1 s he decorat$ 8 t5t accord+ly4 7,see ,fig4 #agf47 ,george ,mill] c\ld n furni% ! man's "n4 #ea4 ,among ! memb]s ( ! ord] ( ,grizzly ,be> %amans 0 an ,omaha nam$ ebi#8a 7,frog74 ,! top ( 8 t5t 0 pa9t$ yell[1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #agg4 ,!re 0 no o!r decoration2 b ?is yell[ evid5tly 0 connect$ ) a grizzly be> vision1 z x appe>s 9 ! decoration adopt$ by ! fa!r ( ,two ,cr[s1 :o 0 n only "o ( ! two lead]s ( ! ord] ( ,?und] %amans 7,iga ia#8e-ma7 b also a memb] ( ! ord]s ( ,buffalo & ,grizzly ,be> %amans 7e ia#8e-ma & ,matcu ia#8e-ma74 7,see ,pl4 ,,xliv1 ,d1 9 :i* a grizzly be> is depict$ z em]g+ f 8 d54 ,! blue "p repres5ts ! gr\nd47 ,?is decoration 7( ! t5t ( ,two ,cr[s' fa!r7 is ?us describ$ by ,george ,mill]3 ,matc ia#8ea ega t ga gxai4 ,grizzly be> !y h z t5t ! s !y visions ( x /d4 ob4 make x ,matc wadabai tdi ande k mataa abe t ,grizzly be> !y see !m :5 gr\nd ! )9 em]g+ come lg4 ob4 wadabai1 ga ga gxai t4 ande k -nai1 !y see !m & s !y t5t ! ,gr\nd ! !y usually make x /d4 lg4 ob4 pa9t blue ob4 hbe k z-nai40 ,t is1 8,:5 !y h _h visions t5t "p ! !y usually lg ob4 pa9t yell[4 ( grizzly be>s1 !y decorate _! t5ts accord+ly4 ,:5 !y see grizzly be>s1 !y behold !m com+ out ( ! gr\nd1 & s !y pa9t ! t5ts4 ,!y always 7or usually7 pa9t ! gr\nd blue1 & "p ( ! t5t !y pa9t 9 a yell[ b&40 ,?is %[s ! conv5tional use ( colors4 ,see ,pl4 ,,xliv1 ,e1 = ! sket* ( ano!r t5t repres5t+ ! vision ( a grizzly be>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4--,t5t ( ebi#8a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4--,t5t ( a ,kansa :o _h an eagle vision4 ,,kansa ,,my/]y ,,decorations4 #eb4 ,?ree ,kansa decorations foll[4 ,!y are tak5 f an orig9al sket* made by a ,kansa man1 kn[n to ! :ite p z ,/eph5 ,/ubbs4 ,! fir/ t5t 7,fig4 #agh7 is t ( a man :o _h fa/$ & held my/]i\s communication ) an eagle :i* gave him "s fea!rs4 ,he _h danc$ ! pipe dance once = "s "o4 ,at ! base ( ?is t5t are se5 two peace pipes on ea* side ( ! entrance4 ,at ! back are a black be> & a l>ge turtle4 ,! second t5t 7,fig4 #agi7 is t ( a man :o _h danc$ ! pipe dance ?ree times4 ,buffalo tails are fa/5$ to ! tops ( ! triangul> pieces =m+ ! %elt] ( ! smoke-hole1 fea!rs hang f ! two %ields1 & ! />s are above & on ! base ( ! t5t sk9s4 ,fea!rs1 %ields1 & />s are also on ! back ( ?is t5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4--,kansa decorat$ t5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4--,kansa decorat$ t5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4--,maze-guhe's robe4 ,fig4 #ahj is ! t5t ( a man :o has danc$ ! pipe dance f\r times4 ,x is v probable1 judg+ f ! />s on ! t5ts1 t ! own]s ( ! second & ?ird ,kansa t5ts _h _h visions4 ,! ,kansa say t :5 a man has danc$ ! pipe dance twice1 8 t5t c be decorat$ ) two corn/alks at ! front 7"o on ea* side ( ! entrance71 & two m at ! back4 ,! pipes us$ 9 ! calumet or pipe dance are reg>d$ z 8,wak&aaica0 by ! ,omaha & ,ponka1 & ! inf]5ce is t ! ,kansa & ,osage _h a simil> belief ab\t ^! pipes & ! accompany+ dance4 ,p]haps !re 0 a "t :5 no man c\ld und]take ! pipe dance unless he _h a vision ( "s k9d4 ,,omaha ,,nikie ,,decorations4 #ec4 ,z ! g5tes ( ! ,omaha & ,ponka are reg>d$ z be+ 8,wak&aaica10 ! 8nikie0 & 8nikie names0 h a religi\s significance4 ,george ,mill] has furni%$ ! au?or ) a few nikie decorations1 :i* are n[ giv54 ,maze-guhe1 an ,omaha1 belong$ to ! ,waigije sub-g5s ( ! ,ike-sab g5s4 ,! decoration ( 8 robe 7,fig4 #aha7 m>ks ! nikie ( ! sub-g5s1 z x consi/$ ( spiral =ms kn[n z 8waigije40 ,t ( ! t5t 7,fig4 #ahb7 ref]s to ! nikie ( ! entire g5s4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! buffalo head 0 pa9t$ on ! back ( ! t5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4--,maze-guhe's t5t4 ,duba-mai1 :o has a nikie "n ref]r+ to ! buffalo1 belongs to ! ,waigije sub-g5s4 ,8 fa!r wore a black blanket embroid]$ ) beadwork 9 two r[s ( spirals1 betwe5 :i* 0 a />4 ,all ^! figures 7 made ( :ite beads4 7,see ,fig4 #ahc47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4--;,duba-mai's fa!r's blanket4 ,9 ! ,pipe sub-g5s ( ! ,ike-sab !re 7 sev]al t5t decorations4 ,( ! fir/1 ,george ,mill] speaks ?us3 ,nkaciga-ma tawaga-ma n9ba t#8a am ,ik-sab ,! p ^? 9 ! g5tes pipe h ! pl4 ,black %\ld] sub4 akdi uga1 n9ba i4 ,k wdaj-ma among t5t !y pipe pa9t$ ! ,& ^? else:]e ! pa9t t5t ) wdaha-mj1 aka-bj ebga4 ,ik-sab akdi ,i d n "k !m !y are n s ,i ?9k4 ,black %\ld] among ! nkaghi ak ga gxai ebga1 actwa gxa-bj *ief ! sub4 s made ,i ?9k ( any patt]n he did n make ebga4 ,n9ba waqbe gxai 1 n9ba ja k bska gxai1 ,i ?9k4 ,pipe my/]i\s made :5 pipe wood ! flat made ?+ lg4 ob4 uskai1 wajigad jii t1 hi jde put porcup9e bird heads put _m ! 8de] fur0 r$ "w ar\nd x on x pa/ act katai40 ti$ to x4 ,t is1 8,^? p]sons :o belong to ! ,ike-sab sub-g5s kn[n z ,keep]s ( ! ,pipes1 pa9t _! t5t7s7 ) ! pipe decoration4 ,i d n "k ( any o!r p]sons1 memb]s ( o!r g5tes1 us+ ?is decoration2 ,i ?9k t no o!rs use x4 ,i ?9k t ! ,ikesab *ief decorates 8 t5t 9 ?is mann]1 & t he did n decorate x 9 any way he pleas$4 ,:5 ! sacr$ pipes 7 made 7on ! t5t7 ! pipe/em 0 made flat1 porcup9e "w 0 put ar\nd x1 sev]al heads ( birds 7 fa/5$ on x1 & tufts ( r$d5$ horses' hair 7 ti$ to x at int]vals40 7,see ,fig4 #ahd & ,pl4 ,,xliv1 ,c47 ,?is ,ike-sab t5t _h only two pipes on x--"o on ea* side ( ! entrance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4--;,ike-sab t5t decoration4 ,! second ,ike-sab t5t decoration is ?us describ$ by ! same au?ority3 ,ajiga tdi i-ugi waabe 1 ekga ,! small :5 t5t dwelt 9 ,i saw !m :5 l ?is lg4 ob4 ugii4 ,n9ba mca ug i waabe ,n9ba t#8a !y dwelt ,pipe quill atta*$ pa9t$ ,i saw ,pipe _h 9 fea!r to at ! t5t "r ) angles akdi1 ,waqga ga i waabe4 ,n9ba waqbe k among ,burrs s pa9t$ ,i saw !m ,pipe sacr$ ! lg4 ! ! t5t ob4 ) kigaqti aja1 e mca ug gxai1 n9ba j l x ?\gh t quill atta*$ to made pipe fea!r at "r angles wawa ak h4 aja n9ba k nikaghi calumet t is x 4 ,?\gh pipe ! lg4 t *ief by ob4 a=esaid means ( x ixai1 naciga am taqti gxai n9ba waqbe4 !y make p ! pl4 exce$+ly make x pipe sacr$ !mselves sub4 ,naciga am pjqti ctctwa1 ukt#8 kikiqti ,p ! pl4 v bad not)/&+ =eign cont5d+ sub4 nation fi]cely toge!r maii ctctwa1 kikdqti maii ctctwa1 !y walk not)/&+ %oot+ (t5 !y walk not)/&+ & fi]cely n9ba k abe ai ahi 1 uci k uh pipe ! lg4 com+ !y take x :5 9 ! ! foll[+ ob4 =? ?i!r middle lg4 its c\rse l9e ai aai 1 mkicta tai4 ,tqi gxai naciga !y :5 !y /op w ,preci\s !y p take x %oot+ at make x "o ano!r am4 ! pl4 sub4 ,t is1 8,:51 9 my *ildhood1 ,i saw ! t5ts 9 :i* ! p dwelt1 !y 7 ( ?is sort4 7,see ,fig4 #ahe47 ,i saw ! t5t decorat$ ) ! pipes hav+ fea!rs atta*$ to ea* pipe at "r angles4 ,i saw a t5t ( ?is sort :5 x 0 occupi$ by ,waqaga ( ! ,pipe sub-g5s4 7,see ano!r t5t decoration ( ?is man1 #dh47 ,?\gh ^! pipes closely resemble ! peace pipes 7n9iba waqube71 !y are made ) ! fea!rs atta*$ to ! /ems at "r angles4 ,^! are ! pipes us$ 9 ! pipe dance4 ,by means ( ! pipes ! p made = !mselves t :i* 0 equival5t to 7or1 lead to7 ! *iefta9%ip4 ,s !y reg>d$ ! sacr$ pipes z ( ! greate/ importance4 ,ev5 :5 ! p 7 v bad1 ev5 :5 diff]5t tribes cont9u$ to /ruggle ) "o ano!r2 ev5 :5 !y %ot (t5 at "o ano!r1 :5 "s p]sons came =? ) ! peace pipes1 & bore !m to a place betwe5 ! oppos+ =ces1 c>ry+ !m all along ! l9es1 !y /opp$ %oot+ at "o ano!r4 ,! ,indians reg>d$ ! pipes z preci\s40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4--;,ike-sab t5t decoration4 ,a apa nikie t5t decoration is %[n 9 ! t5t ( ,heqaga4 7,pl4 ,,xliv1 ,c47 ,?is t5t _h two pipes on ea* side ( ! t5t1 d\ble ! numb] on ! ,ike-sab t5t 7,fig4 #ahd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4--,waqaga's robe4 ,fig4 #ahf is giv5 z ! nikie decoration ( a robe belong+ to ,waqaga4 ,! bird on ! robe is an eagle4 ,memb]s ( ! ,pipe sub-g5s ( ! ,ike-sab h eagle bir? names4 ,& we "k t ,waqaga belong$ to t sub-g5s4 ,! au?or und]/ood ,joseph ,la ,fl*e & ,two ,cr[s to say1 9 #ahhb1 t :ile nikie names possess$ a sacr$ness1 x 0 only ! sacr$ness ( antiquity1 & t !y 7 n 8,wak&aaica40 ,b ! au?or n[ ?9ks t su* a /atem5t ne$s modification2 =1 besides :at appe>s at ! beg9n+ ( ?is section1 we "k t among ! ,osage & ,kansa ! nikie names are associat$ ) ! traditions pres]v$ 9 ! secret society ( sev5 degrees1 & t ?is applies n only to names ( g5tes & sub-g5tes1 b also to p]sonal nikie names4 ,! au?or fright5$ an ,osage 9 ,janu>y1 #ahhc1 by m5tion+ 9 public "s ( ?is class ( names4 ,,omaha ,,nikie ,,cu/oms4 #ed4 ,among ! nikie ( ! ,omaha1 ! foll[+ may be m5tion$3 ,! ,wajiga-ataj1 or 8,blackbird p10 _h a curi\s cu/om dur+ ! h>ve/ season4 ,at t "t ! birds us$ to dev\r ! corn1 s ! m5 ( ?is sub-g5s und]took to prev5t !m1 by *ew+ "s gra9s ( corn :i* !y spit ar\nd ov] ! field4#fj ,dur+ a fog1 ! ,ke-#8i m5 w\ld draw ! figure ( a turtle on ! gr\nd1 ) its head to ! s\?4 ,on ! head1 tail1 middle ( ! back1 & ea* leg1 7 plac$ small pieces ( a 7r$7 bree*clo? ) "s tobacco4 ,!y imag9$ t ?is w\ld make ! fog disappe> v soon4#fa ,! ,kaze g5s1 be+ ,w9d p1 flap _! blankets to />t a breeze :5 mosquitoes ab\nd4#fb ,! a-pa g5s h a =m = ! nam+ ( a *ild on ! fif? morn+ aft] its bir?1 accord+ to ,lion1 "o ( ! *iefs ( t g5s4#fc ,9 ! fea/ on ! he>ts & tongues1#fd ! ,haga m5 :o belong to ! sub-g5s keep+ ! sacr$ pole1 eat ! buffalo tongues1 ?\gh ! buffalo is _! 8gr&fa!r0 & ! eponym ( _! g5s2 b !y c n eat ! 8a0 or buffalo sides4 ,h[ev]1 ! o!r ,haga m51 :o c n eat ! tongues1 are all[$ to eat ! consecrat$ buffalo sides1 aft] ! c]emonies connect$ ) ! ?anksgiv+ & ano9t+ ( ! sacr$ pole4#fe ,no ,omaha *ild _h its hair cut until x _h be5 tak5 to an old man ( ! ,ictas&a g5s1 to h ! fir/ locks cut1 ! fir/ moccas9s put on ! *ild's feet1 & pray]s to be said ov] x4 ,sometimes ! old man said 8ucpha1 ,wakanda ,o gr&*ild1 ,wak&a a#8i-de ci maika s ag tate10 i4e41 ,o pity y :5 a long "t soil foot y set x %all1 erect on gr&*ild1 may ,wak&a pity y1 & may y\r feet re/ a long "t on ! gr\nd60 ,ano!r =m 0 sometimes us$--8,wak&a a#8eie tate4 ,maika si aage tate4 ,gudihega ne tate10 i4e41 8,may ,wak&a pity y6 ,may y\r feet tread ! gr\nd6 ,may y g ahead 7or1 live h]eaft]760#ff #ee4 ,:5 !re is a 8blizz>d10 ! o!r ,kansa beg ! memb]s ( ! ,tcihaci or ,kaze g5s to int]pose1 z !y are ,w9d p4 8,mitcigu-e1 haba yali kbla eyau4 ,cigajiga yita ,o gr&fa!r1 day good ,i desire inde$4 ,*ild y\r be decorat$ 7or pa9t$7 kik'yakiye tce au#fd1 abe au40 i4e41 8,!y say1 #8,o y cause him to w 4 !y 4 be decorat$ 7or say pa9t$7 gr&fa!r 7said to "o ( ! ,kaze g5s71 ,i wi% good wea!r4 ,please cause "o ( y\r *ildr5 to be decorat$6'0 ,!n ! y\nge/ son ( "o ( ! ,kaze m51 say "o ov] #d feet high1 is *os5 = ! purpose1 & pa9t$ ) r$ pa9t 7,igama jdje ikik'kiyabe au74 ,! y\? rolls ov] & ov] 9 ! sn[ & r$d5s x = "s di/ance all ar\nd him4 ,?is is suppos$ to /op ! /orm4 ,,gov]nm5tal ,,in/rum5talities4 #ef4 ,among ! ,omaha gov]nm5tal in/rum5talities :i* are 8,wak&aaica0 are ! *iefs1 ! keep]s ( ! ?ree sacr$ t5ts1 ! keep]s ( ! sacr$ pipes1 ! g5tes1 sub-g5tes1 & taboos1 none ( :i* c be reg>d$ z feti*es1 & ! foll[+ :i* appe> to be feti*es3 ,! sacr$ pipes 7includ+ ! w> pipes ( ! ,elk g5s1 ! two peace pipes kept by ! ,ike-sab g5s1 ! my/]i\s objects kept by ! 8keep]s ( ! pipes0 9 ! atada1 ,kaze1 ,maika-gaxe1 e-snde1 a-pa1 & ,ictas&a g5tes1 & ! weawa or pipes us$ 9 ! calumet dance71 ! sacr$ pole1 ! sacr$ hide ( a :ite buffalo1 ! sacr$ arr[s ( div9ation1 & ! sacr$ clam %ell ( ! ,elk g5s4#fg #eg4 ,,omaha ,,& ,,ponka ,,taboos4 ,buffalo skull n t\*$ by-- #a4 e-pa x#8aj sub-g5s ( atada 7,omaha74 #b4 ,waigije sub-g5s ( ,ike-sab 7,om474 #c4 e-snde g5s 7,om474 #d4 ,"p ( ! ,wacabe g5s 7,ponka74 #e4 ,"p ( ,necta g5s 7,p474 ,buffalo tongue n eat5 by-- #a4 ,waigije sub-g5s ( ,ike-sab 7,om474 #b4 ,hagaqti or ,wacabe sub-g5s ( ,haga 7,om474 #c4 ,"p ( ,nikapana g5s 7,p474 #d4 ,"p ( ,wacabe g5s 7,p474 #e4 ,"p ( ,necta g5s 7,p474 ,buffalo 7black7 horns n t\*$ by "p ( ,ike-sab g5s 7,om474 ,buffalo sides 7:5 consecrat$71 n eat5 by a waqube ataj sub-g5s ( ,haga g5s 7,om474 ,buffalo rib 7l[e/ "o1 ei-ucage71 n eat5 by e-snde g5s 7,om474 ,buffalo & dome/ic calf n eat5 :5 ! hair is r$1 b c be eat5 :5 ! hair turns black1 by e-snde g5s 7,om474 ,buffalo calf c n be t\*$1 :5 its hair is 8zi0 7yell[ or r$71 by a sub-g5s ( ! ,necta g5s 7,p474 ,buffalo calf c n be eat5 at any "t by-- #a4 ,ige-jide g5s 7,om474 #b4 ,"p ( ,wacabe g5s 7,p474 #c4 ,"p ( ,necta g5s 7,p474 ,de] n eat5 by-- #a4 ,"p ( ,hisada g5s 7,p474 #b4 ,"p ( ,nikapana g5s 7,p474 ,male de] n eat5 by ,elk g5s 7,om472 b ,de] g5s c eat v5ison4 ,sk9 ( any animal ( ! de] family c n be t\*$ by ada g5s 7,om474 ,fle% ( male elk n eat5 by ,elk g5s 7,om474 ,bladd] & s9ew ( male elk n t\*$ by ,elk g5s 7,om474 ,elk n eat5 by "p ( ,nikapana g5s 7,p474 ,turtles n eat5 by ,turtle sub-g5s 7,om474 ,black be> sk9 n t\*$ by-- #a4 ,black be> sub-g5s 7,om474 #b4 ,black be> sub-g5s 7,p474 ,wild-cat sk91 n t\*$ by pipe sub-g5s ( ,de] g5s 7,om474 ,cranes & swans n eat5 by "p ( ,haga g5s 7,om474 ,swans n t\*$ 7=m]ly87 by ,mixasa wet#8aj sub-g5s ( ,ma-ika-gaxe g5s 7,om474 ,small birds n eat5 by ,wajiga-ataj 7,blackbird or ,small bird7 sub-g5s ( ! atada g5s 7,om474 ,!y c eat wild turkeys1 ducks1 geese1 swans1 cranes4 ,:5 memb]s ( ?is sub-g5s are sick !y c eat gr\se4 7,small birds7 blackbirds1 7black ones71 swall[s1 & gr\se n eat5 by "p ( ,hisada g5s 7,p474 ,reptiles nei!r t\*$ nor eat5 by-- #a4 ,ictas&a g5s 7,om474 #b4 ,wajaje g5s 7,p474 ,blood n t\*$ by "p ( ! ixida g5s 7,p471 h5ce _! "n1 ,wami x#8aj4 ,r$ corn n eat5 by a sub-g5s ( ! ,ike-sab g5s 7,om474 ,*>coal n t\*$ by-- #a4 ,a sub-g5s ( ! ,ike-sab g5s 7,om474 #b4 ,! ,pipe sub-g5s ( ! ,de] g5s 7,om474 #c4 ,a sub-g5s ( ! ixida g5s 7,p474 #d4 ,! ,pipe sub-g5s ( ! ,wajaje g5s 7,p474 ,v]digris n t\*$ by-- #a4 ,kaze g5s 7,om474 #b4 ,pipe sub-g5s ( ,de] g5s 7,om474 #c4 ,"p ( ! ixida g5s 7,p474 #d4 ,pipe sub-g5s ( ! ,wajaje g5s 7,p474 ,,feti*ism4 #eh4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,tylor1 8,feti*ism is ! doctr9e ( spirits embodi$ 91 or atta*$ to1 or convey+ influ5ce ?r\gh1 c]ta9 mat]ial objects40#fh ,feti*es may be reg>d$ z ( two k9ds--^? p]ta9+ to ! tribe or g5s1 & ^? belong+ to individual memb]s ( ! social organization4 ,"s feti*es are amulets1 o!rs are *>ms4 ,,feti*es ,,( ,,! ,,tribe ,,& ,,g5s4 #ei4 ,omaha tribal feti*es4--,! sacr$ pole & :ite buffalo hide1 9 ! keep+ ( ! ,haga g5s until a few ye>s ago1 b n[ 9 ! ,peabody ,museum ( ,ar*ology & ,e?nology at ,cambridge1 ,mass41 7 reg>d$ by ! ,omaha z 8wak&a ega10 i4e41 8l ,wak&as10 or 8p>tak+ ( ! nature ( deities40 ,dur+ ! public ?anksgiv+ aft] ! buffalo hunt1 pray] 0 made t[>ds ! sacr$ pole4#fi ,! sacr$ t5t 9 :i* ! sacr$ pole ( ! two tribes 0 kept 0 nev] pa9t$4 ,:5 ! p rema9$ 9 _! p]man5t villages ( e>? lodges1 ! entrance ( ! sacr$ t5t fac$ ! sunrise2 b :5 ! tribe migrat$1 ! entrance ( ! t5t fac$ ! direction 9 :i* !y travel$4 ,! pole 0 nev] expos$ to dew1 ra91 or sn[1 b 0 kept )9 ! lodge1 dur+ any k9d ( bad wea!r4 ,x 0 nev] laid d[n1 b 0 ti$ to a t5t pole4 ,9 good wea!r x 0 expos$ to view4 ,sometimes x 0 ti$ to "o ( ! t5t poles ne> ! entrance1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,:5 n ti$ ?us1 x re/$ on a =k$ po/ set 9 ! gr\nd1 ei!r 9 ! re> ( ! t5t or 9 front ( x4 ,! top ( ! pole1 to :i* ! scalp 0 fa/5$1 project$ beyond ! =k$ po/4 ,:5 ?is po/ 0 9 ! re> ( ! t5t1 ! top ( ! pole po9t$ t[>ds ! t5t2 b :5 ! po/ 0 set up 9 front1 ! pole po9t$ 9 ! direction to be travel$4 ,! place = ! pole 9 good wea!r 0 det]m9$ by its keep]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4--,sacr$ t5t 9 :i* ! pole 0 kept4 ,! p fe>$ ! pole1 & !y w\ld n d>e to tread on ! t5t or its t5t-poles4 ,%\ld a horse tread on a t5t-pole ( ?is t5t1 its legs 7 sure to be brok5 subsequ5tly4 ,george ,mill] knew ( two horses t did ?is1 & _! legs 7 brok5 :5 ! p 7 surr\nd+ a h]d ( buffalo4 ,frank ,la ,fl*e has told ! au?or ab\t "s sacr$ /one arr[s :i* 7 us$ = purposes ( div9ation4 ,h5ce1 ! nikie "n1 ,ma pj1 ,bad ,arr[1 i4e4 ,good ,arr[1 a p]sonal "n ( ! ,haga g5s4 ,o!r objects1 :i* may h be5 feti*es1 h be5 nam$ 9 #ef4 ,9 addition to all :i* h be5 m5tion$ mu/ be nam$ ! waixabe or my/]i\s bags4 ,:ile ^! are n gov]nm5tal in/rum5talities1 !y are 8waqube0 my/]i\s ?+s1 & on c]ta9 occasions !y are address$ z 8gr&fa!rs40 ,!re us$ to be five ( ^! bags among ! ,omaha1 b only ?ree are n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,^? :i* c\ld be c>ri$ 9 "t ( w> 7 made ( ! sk9s & fea!rs ( ! geda or pigeon hawk1 ! ibe-jaka or =k-tail$ hawk1 & ! nickucku or swall[4#gj ade ue1 accord+ to ,big ,elk 7b d5i$ by ,joseph ,la ,fl*e & ,two ,cr[s7 is ! my/ic rite p]=m$ by ! pr9cipal capta9 :5 ne> ! camp ( ! enemy4 ,x is ?us describ$ by ,big ,elk 7,see #fb73 8,f\r times he unti$ ! bag :i* he _h made sacr$4 ,he caus$ ! w9d to waft ! odor ( ! m$ic9e t[>d ! lodges4 ,:5 ! m$ic9e arriv$ !re1 x made ! ,pawnees =get _! w>like temp]2 x made !m =get _! weapons40#ga ,t !re 0 "s f\ndation = ?is /atem5t1 comp>e :at is said 9 ,omaha ,sociology1 p4 #cba3 8,:5 ! pr9cipal capta9s wi% to op5 _! sacr$ bags1 !y assemble _! foll[]s 9 a circle1 mak+ !m sit d[n4 ,any ( ! foll[]s or s]vants may be ord]$ to make an 8ujei0 9 ! c5t] ( ! circle by pull+ up ! grass1 !n mak+ a hole 9 ! gr\nd 7! 8,u-ma-ne0 ( ,miss ,flet*]#gb74 ,!n ! sacr$ bags are laid at ! feet ( ! pr9cipal capta9s1 ea* "o ( :om op5s 8 own bag 7i4e4 ! "o borr[$ by him f its keep]71 hold+ ! m\? ( ! bird t[>d ! foe1 ev5 :5 "s ( ! w>riors are go+ to /eal horses40 ,dur+ ! ordeal ( ! 8wa/egi/u10 z ! ,omaha call x1 ! successful w>riors 7 call$ up1 "o by "o1 & z ea* man /ood ov] "o ( ! sacr$ bags1 he address$ ! bag itself ?us3 8,hau1 ic#8age-ha1 edada uwiba t mike aja1 ,ho6 old man 6 :at ,i w tell y ?\gh iusicta-maj uwiba ta mike10 i4e41 8,ho1 v5]able man6 ,i tell a ,i n ,i w tell y lie ?\gh ,i w tell y some?+1 ,i w n lie :5 ,i tell x to y40 ,z he spoke he let a small /ick drop on ! bag4 ,x 0 suppos$ t if ! /ick re/$ on ! bag in/ead ( roll+ (f1 ! man _h told ! tru? 7,om4 ,soc41 p4 #cbh74 #fj4 ,osage tribal feti*es4--,! correspond+ ,osage cu/om has be5 describ$ by ! au?or3#gc ,! old m5 assembl$ at ! w> t5t4 ,! sacr$ bags 7 br\ght into ! t5t to te/ ! w>riors1 :o 7 wat*$ v closely by ! old m54 ,all ! old m5 :o _h be5 di/+ui%$ 9 w> 7 pa9t$ ) ! decorations ( _! respective g5tes4 99 99 99 ,ea* w>rior _h f\r /icks ab\t #f in*es long1 & he 0 requir$ to lay !m 9 succession on ! sacr$ bag4 ,! w>riors 7 tak5 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,fir/1 ! capta91 next ! lieut5ants1 !n ! h]alds1 aft] :om came ! man :o _h /ruck ! fir/ bl[1 !n he :o gave ! second bl[1 & s on4 ,z ea* capta9 laid 8 fir/ /ick on ! bag he said1 8,ho1 ,o gr&fa!r6 ,i lay ?is d[n on y because ,i am ! "o :o has kill$ a man40 ,on lay+ d[n ! second /ick1 he said1 8,ho1 ,o gr&fa!r6 ,i wi% to be =tunate 9 /eal+ horses6 ,i wi% our *ildr51 too1 to be z =tunate z we h be560 ,:5 he put d[n ! ?ird1 he said1 8,ho1 ,o gr&fa!r6 ,i wi% to raise a dome/ic animal4 ,i wi% to succe$ 9 br++ x to maturity40 ,by ?is he meant a son4 ,! pray] made :5 ! la/ /ick 0 laid d[n 0 z foll[s3 8,ho1 ,o gr&fa!r6 ,may we cont9ue a p )\t su/a9+ any injuries60 ,simil> petitions 7 made by ! lieut5ants & h]alds4 ,he :o gave ! fir/ bl[ said1 z he laid d[n ! fir/ /ick1 8,ho1 ,o gr&fa!r6 ,i lay ?is d[n on y z "o :o has caus$ ano!r to /un a foe60 ,! re/ ( 8 petitions 7 ^? made by ! capta9s4 ,he :o /ruck ! second bl[ said z foll[s1 on lay+ d[n ! fir/ /ick3 8,ho1 ,o gr&fa!r6 ,i place ?is on y because ,i 0 ! next "o to /rike & /un a man60 ,! o!r petitions foll[1 z giv5 above4 ,! fir/ petition ( ea* ( ! rema9+ w>riors is z foll[s3 8,ho1 ,o gr&fa!r6 ,i lay ?is on y z a tok5 t ,i h aid$ 9 ov]com+ ! enemy40 #fa4 ,kansa tribal feti*es4--,among ! ,kansa1 ! foll[+ feti*es belong to ! two ,haga g5tes3 ,! w> pipe & ! w> clam %ell4 ,! w> pipe 0 kept 9 #ahhb by ,pahale-wak'1 ! son ( ,alikawahu1 = ! two ,haga g5tes4 ,?is pipe has an eye on ea* side1 s t x may see ! enemy6 ,!re is no pipe/em1 b !re is "o hole to :i* ! m\? is appli$1 & 9 ! b[l is ano!r hole 9 :i* ! tobacco is plac$4 ,! pipe1 :i* is all 9 "o piece1 is ( catl9ite1 ab\t z ?ick z two h&s4 ,x is nev] tak5 f ! wrapp+s1 except :5 all ! m5 ( ! two ,haga g5tes assemble at ! lodge ( ! *ief ,alikawahu4 ,! sacr$ clam %ell 0 kept 9 #ahhb by ,pahale-gaqli1 ! *ief ( ! o!r ,haga g5s4 ,x is wrapp$ 9 five cov]+s1 simil> to ^? ar\nd ! w> pipe4 ,!y are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! inn]mo/ cov]+1 ! bladd] ( a buffalo bull2 7#b7 next cov]+1 made ( ! spott$ fur ( a fawn2 7#c7 made ( braid$ ru%es or 8sa20 7#d7 a v broad piece ( de]sk92 7#e7 ! out]mo/ cov]+1 made ( braid$ hair f ! head ( a buffalo bull4 ,,p]sonal ,,feti*es4 #fb4 ai-napaj said t !re 7 "s ,omaha :o consid]$ z 8waqube0 ! sk9s ( animals & ! sk9s & fea!rs ( birds us$ 9 mak+ _! 8waixabe0 or my/]y bags4 ,among ^! birds & animals he nam$ ! eagle1 sp>r[ hawk1 yell[-back$ hawk1 gre5-neck$ duck1 great owl1 swall[1 ott]1 fly+ squirrel1 m9k1 mia sk 78:ite raccoon0 sic71 & mazahe4 ,! la/ is an animal resembl+ an ott]4 ,x is cov]$ ) ?ick black & r$di%-yell[ hair1 & its tail is bu%y4 ,samuel ,fremont said 79 #ahhi7 t ?is animal 0 n f\nd 9 t "p ( ,nebraska :]e ! ,omaha dwelt1 b t he _h he>d ( its be+ f\nd among ! ,dakota4 ,two ,cr[s & ,joseph ,la ,fl*e nev] he>d ( ! mia sk & mazahe among _! own p2 b !y said t :5 ! ,omaha travel$1 "s us$ to take ) !m _! respective 8maka0 or m$ic9es1 evid5tly _! p]sonal feti*es1 = !y us$ to say1 8,our m$ic9es are wise2 !y c talk l m51 & !y tell u h[ _m horses we are to receive f ! p to :om we are go+40 ,:5 ! ,omaha w5t aga9/ ! ,pawnee dur+ ! boyhood ( ! pres5t ,big ,elk1 "o ( ! capta9s1 nam$ ,gi#8ahabi1 _h a w> club ( ! k9d call$ 8weaqade40 ,he made ?is club 8waqube10 9 ord] to use x my/]i\sly4 ,:5 ne> ! camp ( ! enemy he br&i%$ ! club f\r times t[>d ! ,pawnees4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! use ( ! sacr$ bag1 z relat$ 9 #ei4 ,x is probable t ! m$ic9es ( ! ,watci ,waupi1 ,wase-jide ai-ma1 & ! ai-wasab watcigaxe ikageki1 ( ! ,omaha1#gd ! ,r$ ,m$ic9e ( ! ,kansa1 & ! ,r$ ,m$ic9e ( ! ,osage ,maka se watsi or ,r$ ,m$ic9e ,dance1 7 us$ z feti*es1 z !y conf]r$ wond]ful p[]s on ^? :o us$ !m4 ,:5 ! au?or 0 at ! ,omaha ,ag5cy1 9 #ahgh1 he obta9$ ! foll[+3 ,rocky ,m\nta9 beans1 :i* are sc>let1 & are call$ 8,maka jide0 or ,r$ ,m$ic9e1 conf] good luck on _! own]s4 ,if ! beans l _! own]s1 !y w nev] be lo/2 ev5 if dropp$ accid5tally1 !y w return to ! possession ( _! own]s4 ,ni-k'-mi1 an ag$ ,oto woman1 told "o ( h] gr&daught]s 7!n ,susette ,la ,fl*e1 kn[n z ,bright ,eyes aft] #ahgi1 & n[ ! wife ( ,t4 ,h4 ,tibbles7 ( h] own exp]i5ce ) "o ( ^! beans4 ,%e _h dropp$ x 9 ! grass1 b %e f\nd x on retrac+ h] /eps4 ,x is impossible to say :e!r ?is sc>let bean 0 id5tical ) ! ,r$ ,m$ic9e ( ! ,i[a 7 #hg71 ,kansa1 & ,osage2 b x c]ta9ly diff]$ f t ( ! ,wase-jide aima ( ! ,omaha4 ,!re are sacr$ or my/]y rites practic$ by ! danc+ societies1 includ+ ^? to :i* ! waze or doctors belong4 ,two ,cr[s said t he did n "k ^? ( 8 society1 ! e ia#8e-ma4 ,z initiation into "o ( ^! societies is v exp5sive1 x is unreasonable to suppose t ,two ,cr[s w\ld communicate ! secrets ( 8 ord] = a small sum1 su* z #a a day4 ,,sorc]y4 #fc4 ,!re h be5 sorc]]s1 i4e41 su* z prep>$ love potions = ^? :o b\ght !m1 & :o 7 ?\ght to cause ! dea? ( ^? p]sons :o _h incurr$ _! displeasure4 ,! au?or has be5 told t ! sorc]]s give a high price = a small quantity ( ! catam5ial dis*>ge ( a virg94 ,x is mix$ ) a love potion1 & :5 ! comp\nd is adm9i/]$ to a man he c n help c\rt+ ! woman1 ev5 :5 he kn[s t he does n love h]4 ,,juggl]y4 #fd4 ,ickade or sleight ( h& exi/s n only 9 ! secret societies b also along ) ! practice ( m$ic9e1 gov]nm5t1 & religion4 ,"s ( ! ,omaha & ,ponka doctors ( ! fir/ class 7! waze1 n ! maka ai-ma or root doctors7 pret5d to draw /icks f ! bodies ( _! pati5ts1 or worms f a*+ tee?1 say+ t ^? ?+s are ! causes ( ! diseases4 ,e disease is a 8nie0 or 8pa910 & !re mu/ be a cause = t pa94 #fe4 ,9 #ahgb ,big ,grizzly ,be>1 a subord9ate ,ponka *ief1 told ! foll[+ to ! au?or3 8,"o day ,:ip1 a head *ief1 said1 #8,i am go+ to make ! sun blue4' ,& he did s4 ,!n he said1 #8,i am go+ to pull out "s ( ! hair ( ! man 9 ! moon4' ,he held up 8 h&s to %[ t !y _h no hair 9 !m4 ,!n he began to s+4 ,sudd5ly he _h "s bloody hair 9 ea* h&4 ,ga-i-de ma-i & a great _m o!rs 7 witnesses4 ,once1 :5 ! ,ponka 7 de/itute ( food1 ,buffalo ,bull1 ! fa!r ( ,grizzly ,be>'s ,e>1 said1 #8,i w use magic4' ,8 wife repli$1 #8,please d s4' ,s he made a pile ( e>? ab\t #b feet high & %ot f\r arr[s into x4 ,a l>ge de] 0 sla91 furni%+ !m ) pl5ty to eat40 ,9 #ahga ! au?or saw an exhibition ( ! skill ( ,cramp$ ,h& & ,b5t ,horn1 two ,ponka %amans4 ,"o aft]noon1 ne> sunset1 ab\t two hundr$ p]sons1 mo/ly ,indians1 /ood 9 a l>ge circle ar\nd a t5t 9 :i* sat ! %amans & _! assi/ants4 ,pres5tly ! %amans & ! ag$ *ief1 ,anto9e ,primeau1 came out ( ! t5t & /ood )9 ! circle4 ,"o ( ! %amans1 ,cramp$ ,h&1 danc$ along ! inn] side ( ! circle1 exhibit+ a revolv] 7,all5's pat5t71 "o *amb] ( :i* he seem$ to load z ! p look$ on4 ,aft] he _h put on ! cap1 he h&$ ! weapon to ! *ief1 :o fir$ at ! %aman4 ,cramp$ ,h& fell imm$iately1 z if badly w\nd$4 ,b5t ,horn ru%$ to 8 relief & began to manipulate him4 ,x 0 n long be=e ,cramp$ ,h& 0 able to crawl ar\nd on 8 h&s & knees1 ?\gh ! bullet _h app>5tly hit him 9 ! m\?4 ,he groan$ & c\gh$ incessantly1 & aft] a t9 bas9 0 put d[n be=e him he c\gh$ up a bullet :i* fell 9 ! bas91 & 0 %[n 9 triumph to ! cr[d4 ,?is is told m]ely to %[ h[ ! ,indian juggl] has adopt$ "s ( ! tricks ( 8 :ite bro!r4 ,9 a few mom5ts ,b5t ,horn danc$ ar\nd1 %[+ to ea* ( u an object :i* appe>$ to be a /one z l>ge z a man's fi/1 & too l>ge to be =c$ into ! m\? ( ! av]age man4 ,cramp$ ,h& /ood ab\t #aj or #ae feet away & ?rew ?is /one t[>d ,b5t ,horn1 hitt+ ! latt] 9 ! m\? & disappe>+4 ,b5t ,horn fell & appe>$ 9 great pa91 groan+ & foam+ at ! m\?4 ,:5 ! bas9 0 put d[n be=e him1 !re fell into x1 n "o l>ge /one1 b at lea/ f\r small ones4 ,we 7 told t ! *ief1 ,anto9e1 _h to give a horse = ! privilege ( %oot+ at ! %aman4 ,x is probable t "s ( ! ,omaha %amans p]=m$ simil> tricks1 ?\gh ! au?or has be5 unable to obta9 any acc\nts ( !m4 #ff4 ,he 0 =tunate1 h[ev]1 9 mak+ ! acqua9tance ( ! *ief 8wak&agi10 or %aman ( ! ,kansa1 :5 at ,kaw ,ag5cy1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahhb4 ,?is man1 ,nixdje-yige1 0 v communicative4 ,he said t !re us$ to be t5 %amans 9 ! tribe1 & all _h r\nd pebbles :i* !y blew f _! m\?s aga9/ ! p]sons :om !y 8ilxe0 or 8%ot 9 a my/]i\s mann]40 ,! arr[ ( ! %amans 0 call$ 8,mi-pa-ha10 :i* is a "n ( ! ,buffalo g5s4 ,?is missile 0 made ( "p ( ! r$-brea/$ turtle4 ,a woman nam$ ,sa-si-le _h two 8maka0 7m$ic9es1 feti*es87 :i* %e us$ = 8ickade0 or 8wak&agi wagaxe0 7magic1 %amani/ic leg]dema974 ,%e c\ld swall[ a knife2 & :5 %e swall[$ a c]ta9 k9d ( grass %e drew a gre5 snake f h] m\?4 ,john ,kickapoo's fa!r _h a r$ m$ic9e1 :i* 0 us$ = wom5 :o desir$ to become enci5te1 = horses1 & = caus+ good dreams4 ,nixdje-yige's "m1 :o 0 a %aman1 has a small pebble & a clam %ell1 :i* %e us$ 9 h] my/]y acts4 ,pagani _h a 8sika-hyuka0 or 8ne$le0 7s repres5t$ by ,nixdje-yige1 b x may n h be5 a /eel ne$le71 :i* he swall[$ & void$ ?r\gh ! ure?ra4 ,gahige-wadayiga us$ to /ab himself ) a 8mahis0 or arr[-po9t1 ab\t #f in*es long1 caus+ ! blood to spurt f 8 left %\ld] z he danc$4 ,! o!r %amans us$ to spurt wat] on 8 back f _! m\?s1 :ile he held 8 arms horizontally f 8 body1 ) ! =e>ms po9t+ upw>d4 ,:5 !y f9i%$ no w\nd c\ld be f\nd4 ,"o %aman _h a fi% call$ 8hu blaska0 or flat fi%1 to :i* he talk$4 ,he made a necklace ( ! sk91 & he us$ x = 8ilxe40 ,wak&a-zi _h ! sk9 ( a small black be> z 8 sacr$ bag4 ,z he danc$ he held x by ! tail & %ook ! sk94 ,aft] %oot+ ! r\nd pebble f 8 m\? at a p]son he ?ru/ ! be> sk9 at ! w\nd$ man1 draw+ x back v quickly4 ,! r\nd pebble 0 drawn into ! m\? ( ! be> & dropp$ on ! gr\nd :5 ! sk9 bag 0 held ) ! tail up4 ,he :o wi%$ to be %ot at h&$ a gun to "s "o1 :o %ot him 9 ! side1 mu* blood escap+4 ,he seem$ to be dead2 b ! %amans assembl$ & manipulat$ him4 ,"o put ! m\? ( ! ott] 7( ! ott]sk9 sacr$ bag7 to ! m\? ( ! pati5t 9 ord] to p]=m ! act call$ 8lpayi0 7to raise up or resuscitate 8 own74 ,!n1 8,zbe ak eya tuhnage ak10 i4e41 :5 ! bag 0 drawn away rapidly1 ! ott] made ! s\nd 8zbe10 z :5 "o draws 9 ! brea?1 & ! bullet 0 9 its m\?4 ,on ! pati5t's recov]y he gave a horse to ! man :o %ot at him4 ,mage-zi _h a clam %ell & a snake t he us$ 9 8 sleight-(-h& acts4 ,he also swall[$ 8mahi-tu10 a k9d ( gre5 grass ab\t a foot long & z ?ick z a p5cil4 ,be=e swall[+ ?is1 he w>m$ x at a fire4 ,he rubb$ himself on 8 *e/ aft] swall[+ x1 say+1 8,let all look at me60 ,!n he call$ to him a man to act z 8 assi/ant4 ,he c\gh$ & 9 ! assi/ant's h& !re 0 a snake1 :i* he took ar\nd ! circle ( spectators1 %[+ x to e "o1 ?\gh no "o h&l$ x4 ,on 8 return+ ! snake to ,mage-zi1 ! latt] swall[$ x & c\gh$ up ! long grass4 ,nixdje-yige said t !re 7 eight objects us$ by ! %amans = 8%oot+10 ! ne$le2 fl9t 787 arr[ head2 beav] tee?2 ! half ( a knife blade1 i4e41 t "p next to ! po9t2 ! fi%-fan1 made ( 8huqtci0 or 8real fi%20 ! r$ m$ic9e2 ! hiydadxe or m$ic9e bag t 0 caus$ to fly2 & ! tuhnage1 or ott] sk9 bag4 7,see #bib-bie1 #cjg47 ,,omaha ,,& ,,ponka ,,belief ,,z ,,to ,a ,,future ,,life4 #fg4 ,!y h a v crude belief4 ,ea* p]son is taught to h a wanaxe or _s1 :i* does n p]i% at dea?4 ,accord+ to ,joseph ,la ,fl*e & ,two ,cr[s1 ! old m5 us$ to say to ! p1 8iuda 1 wanaxe uda-maa ci tate4 ipij 1 wanaxe pij-maa ci tate10 i4e41 8,if y are good1 y w g to ! good gho/s4 ,if y are bad1 y w g to ! bad gho/s40 ,no?+ 0 ev] said ( go+ to dwell ) ,wak&a1 or ) demons4#ge ,rev4 ,william ,hamilton f\nd a belief t retribution is 9 ?is life1 & he says1 8,_! notions are exce$+ly crude40 #fh4 ,frank ,la ,fl*e told ! au?or be=e #ahhb t he _h he>d "s old m5 relate a tradition t ye>s ago a man came back to life & told ab\t ! _s l&4 ,he said t = f\r nights aft] dea? ! gho/ _h to travel a v d>k road1 b t aft] he rea*$ ! ,milky ,way !re 0 pl5ty ( light4 ,= ?is reason1 said he1 ! p ought to aid _! deceas$ fri5ds by light+ fires at ! graves1 & by keep+ !m burn+ = f\r nights 9 ea* case4 ,aft] go+ along ! ,milky ,way1 ! gho/ came at la/ to a place :]e ! road =k$2 & !re sat an ag$ man1 clo!d 9 a buffalo robe ) ! hair outside4 7,see #cei47 ,he said no?+1 b po9t$ to ea* inquir] ! road = :i* he ask$4 ,"o road 0 a v %ort "o1 & he :o foll[$ x soon came to ! place :]e ! good gho/s dwelt4 ,! o!r road 0 an endless "o1 along :i* ! gho/s w5t cry+4 ,! spirits ( suicides c\ld n travel ei!r road2 b !y hov]$ ov] _! graves4 ,b ,joseph ,la ,fl*e & ,two ,cr[s 79 #ahhb7 said t ! road ( ! gho/s 0 n ! ,milky ,way1 & !y reg>d$ ! acc\nt ( ! endless road z a mod]n addition1 :i* is v probable4 ,! late/ /atem5ts ( ,frank ,la ,fl*e are giv5 9 ! ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,folk-,lore1 vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d1 pp4 #aj1 #aa3 ,!re are a v>iety ( beliefs conc]n+ ! imm$iate action ( ! _s ^u its )drawal f ! body4 ,"s ?9k t ! s\l at once />ts ^u its j\rney to ! _s l&2 o!rs1 t x hov]s ab\t ! grave z if reluctant to dep>t4 ,because ( ?is latt] belief1 food & wat] are plac$ at ! head ( ! grave = sev]al days aft] ! burial4 ,! _s is suppos$ to p>take ( ?is food4 ,no ,indian w\ld t\* any article ( food ?us expos$2 if he did1 ! gho/ w\ld snat* away ! food & p>alyze ! m\? ( ! ?ief1 & twi/ 8 face out ( %ape = ! re/ ( 8 life2 or else he w\ld be pursu$ by ! gho/1 & food w\ld lose its ta/e1 & hung] ev] aft] haunt ! (f5d]4 ,!re is a belief 9 ! tribe t be=e ! spirits f9ally dep>t f m5 :o di$ ( w\nds or _! results1 !y float t[>d a cliff ov]hang+ ! ,miss\ri1 n f> f ! pres5t ,santee ,ag5cy1 9 ,nebraska1 & cut ^u ! rocks a picture %[+ =? _! mann] ( dea?4 ,a l9e 9 ! picture indicates ! spot :]e ! disease or w\nd 0 locat$ :i* caus$ ! dea?4 ,aft] ?is record is complete1 ! _s flies (f to ! l& ( ! h]eaft]4 ,x is said t ^! pictures are easily recogniz$ by ! relatives & fri5ds ( ! deceas$4 ,?is place is kn[n z ,i-ga-xe i--xai a1#gf or1 ,:]e ! spirits make pictures ( !mselves4 ,a suicide ceases to exi/2 = him !re is no h]eaft]4 ,a man /ruck by lightn+ is buri$ :]e he fell1 & 9 ! position 9 :i* he di$4 ,8 grave is fill$ ) e>?1 & no m\nd is rais$ ov] "o :o is ?us tak5 f life4 ,9 #ahgc "s ( ! ,ponka said !y _h ! foll[+ beliefs conc]n+ a murd]]3 7#a7 ,! gho/s surr\nd him & keep up a con/ant :i/l+2 7#b7 he c nev] satisfy 8 hung]1 ?\gh he eat mu* food2 7#c7 he mu/ n be all[$ to roam at l>ge le/ high w9ds arise4 ,x is important to comp>e ?is :ole section ) ! ,dakota beliefs f\nd 9 #bff-bgh4 ,! au?or 0 told by ! ,omaha t :5 a man 0 kill$ by lightn+1 he ought to be buri$ face d[nw>ds1 & ! soles ( 8 feet _h to be slit4 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 ! _s w5t at once to ! _s l&1 )\t giv+ fur!r tr\ble to ! liv+4 ,9 "o case 7t ( a ,wejicte man1 ,jadegi1 accord+ to ,george ,mill] & ,frank ,le ,fl*e7#gg ?is 0 n done1 s x 0 said t ! gho/ walk$1 & he did n re/ 9 peace till ano!r p]son 78 bro!r7 0 sla9 by lightn+ & laid beside him4 ,:5 ,joseph ,la ,fl*e & ,two ,cr[s he>d :at ,frank _h told ab\t ! ,milky ,way1 etc41 !y rem>k$1 8,we h nev] be5 to ! _s l&1 s we c n tell :at is done !re4 ,no "o has ev] come back & told u40 ,all t !y _h ev] he>d 0 ! old /ory ab\t ! =k$ road4 #fi4 ,gahige1 ! late *ief ( ! ,ike-sab 7a buffalo g5s71 told ! au?or ab\t ! address made to a memb] ( 8 g5s1 :5 dy+4 ,accord+ to him1 ! p]son 0 address$ ?us3 8,y are go+ to ! animals 7! buffalos74 ,y are go+ to y\r ance/ors4 nita dbaha hn 7:i* may be r5d]$1 ,y are go+ to ! f\r liv+ ones1 if n1 ! f\r w9ds74 ,wacka-g 7,be /rong740 ,gahige 0 und]/ood to speak ( f\r spirits or s\ls to ea* p]son1 b ,joseph ,la ,fl*e & ,two ,cr[s said t ! ,omaha did n believe t a p]son _h m ?an "o _s4 ,two ,cr[s gave ! foll[+ z ! address to a dy+ memb] ( 8 g5s1 ! ,haga1 ano!r buffalo g5s3 8,wana eta ,quadrup$ f at4 ,ga a ag tat h4 ,ga dduagaqaj te h4 y ,& ?i!r y g %all 4 ,& y d n face w 4 h ?is way 7please7 come ,hn ta caca mai-g h10 i4e41 8,y came hi!r f ! y g to ! always walk ?\ 6 animals4 ,& y are go+ back ?i!r4 ,d n face ?is way aga94 ,:5 y g1 cont9ue walk+40 ,! la/ s5t5ce is a petition to ! dep>t+ _s n to return to ?is e>? to worry or injure ! survivors4 ,t ! dead are ref]r$ to z /ill exi/+1 & z hav+ "s k ( :at is happ5+ "h1 may be se5 f ! address to a ,ponka *ief at 8 in/allation3 8idi ghi1 iji ghi1 iga ghi1 mu/qti idabe mai tai20 i4e41 8,y\r fa!r 0 a *ief1 y\r eld] bro!r 7i4e41 8 pot5tial eld] bro!r1 ,ubisk1 a =m] head *ief ( ! ,ponka7 0 a *ief1 & y\r gr&fa!r 0 a *ief2 may !y cont9ue to look directly d[n on y60#gh #gj4 ,^? :o boil sacr$ food1 z = ! w>pa?1 p\r "s ( ! s\p outside ! lodge1 z an (f]+ to ! gho/s4 7,omaha cu/om47 ,!re has be5 no belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! body1 b simply "o 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! gho/ or _s4 ,:ile "s ( ! ,i[as express$ to ,mr4 ,hamilton a belief 9 ! transmigration ( spirits1 t doctr9e has n be5 f\nd among ! ,omaha & ,ponka1 nor has ! au?or he>d ( x among o!r ,si\an tribes4 ,n all gho/s are visible to ! liv+4 ,!y may be he>d )\t be+ se54 ,"o ,omaha woman1 ! "m ( ,two ,cr[s1 told h[ %e _h be5 9 a lodge ) _m p]sons1 :o 7 invisible f ! knees upw>d4#gi ,,kansa ,,beliefs ,,respect+ ,,dea? ,,& ,a ,,future ,,life4 #ga4 ,:5 ! au?or 0 at ,kaw ,ag5cy1 ,indian ,t]ritory1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahhb-'hc1 a man nam$ ,ho-sa-sa-ge di$4 ,aft] ! repres5tatives ( all ! g5tes _h assembl$ at ! h\se1 ,wak&a 7nam$ aft] ! ,?und]-be+71 ! fa!r-9-law ( ! deceas$1 remov$ ! lock ( hair call$ ! 8gho/10 & took x to 8 own h\se1 weep+ z he dep>t$4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,say 0 among ! ,kansa#hj he obta9$ ! foll[+ in=mation ab\t _! beliefs conc]n+ dea? & ! future life3 ,:5 a man is kill$ 9 battle ! ?und] is suppos$ to take him up1 !y d n "k :i!r4 ,9 go+ to battle ea* w>rior traces an imag9>y figure ( ! ?und] on ! soil2 he :o repres5ts x incorrectly is kill$ by ! ?und]4 ,a p]son saw ?is ?und] "o day on ! gr\nd1 ) a beautiful moccas9 on ea* side ( x4 ,hav+ ne$ ( a pair1 he took !m & w5t 8 way2 b on 8 return to ! same spot ! ?und] took him (f1 & he has n s9ce be5 he>d (4 ,!y seem to h vague notions ab\t ! future /ate4 ,!y ?9k t a brave man or a good hunt] w walk 9 a good pa?2 b a bad man & a c[>d w f9d a bad pa?4 ,?9k+ t ! deceas$ has f> to travel1 !y bury ) 8 body moccas9s1 "s articles ( food1 etc41 to support him on ! j\rney4 ,_m p]sons1 !y believe1 :o h reviv$ h be51 dur+ _! app>5t dea?1 to /range villages1 :]e !y 7 n treat$ well by ! p1 s !y return$ to life4 ,! au?or1 :5 among ! ,kansa1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahhb-'hc1 le>n$ ! foll[+1 :i* diff]s f any?+ he has ev] obta9$ else:]e3 8,! ,kansa believe t :5 !re is a dea? ! gho/ returns to ! _s village ne>e/ ! pres5t habitat ( ! liv+4 ,t is to say1 all ,indians d n g to "o _s village or #8happy hunt+ gr\nd1' b to diff]5t ones1 z !re is a s]ies ( _s villages = ! ,kansa1 beg9n+ ) ! "o at ,c\ncil ,grove1 :]e ! tribe dwelt be=e !y remov$ to _! pres5t res]vation 9 ,indian ,t]ritory1 & ext5d+ along bo? sides ( ! ,kansas ,riv] to its m\?1 !nce up ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 z f> z ! tribe w&]$ be=e meet+ ! ,*ey5nes 7ne> ! ,/ate l9e71 !nce d[n ! riv] to ! m\? ( ,osage ,riv]1 & s on1 d[n to ! m\?s ( ! ,miss\ri & ,ohio riv]s10 etc4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #g3 ,see ,james1 ,acc\nt ,exp$4 to ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #h3 ,see ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,folk-lore1 vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #i3 ,see #acb-acf1 & ,tukaila1 9 ,riggs's ,dakota-,engli% ,diction>y1 ,contr4 ,n4,a4 ,e?nology1 vol4 ,,vii4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see ,contr4 ,n4,a4 ,e?n41 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #cgb1 #cgc1 #cgf1 & ,omaha ,sociology1 9 #c;d ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?nology1 pp4 #cbd1 #cbe4 ,footnote #aa3 ,contr4 ,n4,a4 ,e?n41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #cid1 l9es #aj-ai2 p4 #cie1 l9es #ad-af4 ,footnote #ab3 ,wak&a aka uiai ega4 ,footnote #ac3 ,wak&a aka ibahai4 ,footnote #ad3 ,wak&a aka igiigai4 ,footnote #ae3 ,lewis & ,cl>ke1 ,exp$ition1 ed4 ,all51 ,dubl91 vol4 ,i1 #ahag1 pp4 #deg1 #deh2 also ,m',vick>'s abridgm5t ( ! same1 ,h>p]s1 ,n4 ,y4 vol4 ,i1 #ahdb1 p4 #cjc4 ,footnote #af3 ,james's ,acc\nt ( ,long's ,exp$41 ,phila41 vol1 ,i1 #ahbc1 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #ag3 ,ha1 witsiue4 #f? ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 p4 #che1 l9e #ej2 p4 #chi1 l9e #ej2 p4 #cia1 l9e #d1 etc4 ,footnote #ah3 ,am4 ,naturali/1 ,feb4 #ahhd1 p4 #abf2 ,ibid41 ,july1 #ahhe1 p4 #fgj4 ,footnote #ai3 ,ibid41 ,feb4 #ahhd1 pp4 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abj1 #abc1 #abe4 ,footnote #bj3 ,a simil> rule ab\t fa/+ obta9$ among ! ,kansa :5 m\rn+ = ! dead4 ,see ,am]4 ,naturali/1 ,july1 #ahhe1 pp4 #fgj1 #fgb1 #fgi4 ,footnote #ba3 ,see #f? ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 pp4 #che1 #chi4 ,footnote #bb3 ,james' ,acc\nt ,long's ,exp$41 ,phil41 vol4 ,i1 #ahbc1 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #bc3 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bha1 note4 ,footnote #bd3 ,see 8,osage ,traditions10 pp4 #chd-cie1 9 #f? ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ,footnote #be3 ,= an acc\nt ( ! (f]+ ( meat to ! f\r w9ds1 see ,om4 ,soc41 #c;d ,ann4 ,rept41 ,bur4 ,e?n41 p4 #bhd4 ,footnote #bf3 ,see ,miss ,a4 ,c4 ,flet*] on ! 8,wawan or ,pipe ,dance ( ! ,omahas10 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #caa1 note #aa1 & ! au?or's pap]1 ,om4 ,soc41 pp4 #bgh1 #bgi4 ,footnote #bg3 ,pahale-gaqli & ,waqube-k'i gave ?is in=mation 9 ! w9t] ( #ahhb-'hc4 ,comp>e ! self-inflict$ tortures ( ! ,dakota & ,ponka 9 ! sun dance 7 #bi1 #aha-c1 #ahe1 #ahg74 ,footnote #bh3 ,acc\nt ( ! w> cu/oms ( ! ,osages3 9 ,am]4 ,naturali/1 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 ,no4 #b1 ,febru>y1 #ahhd1 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #bi3 ,see ,omaha ,sociology1 #bd1 #c;d4 ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #cj3 ,omaha ,sociology1 9 #c;d4 ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 p4 #caf4 ,footnote #ca3 ,?is song & ! invocation ( ! ,?und]-be+ are us$ by ! ,ponka z well z by ! ,kansa4 ,accord+ to ,miss ,flet*]1 ! 8sign ( giv+ ?anks0 among ! ,hunkpapa ,dakota is made by mov+ ! h&s 9 ! opposite direction1 i4 e41 8f ! %\ld] to ! wri/40 ,see 8,! ,:ite ,buffalo ,fe/ival ( ! ,uncpapas10 9 ,peabody ,museum ,rept41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bfh4 ,footnote #cb3 ,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n41 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #ajh-aca4 ,footnote #cc3 ,comp>e ! hair ( ! ,?und]-m51 9 ,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n41 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,footnote #cd3 ,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n1 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #cij4 ,see also #ai4 ,footnote #ce3 ,ibid41 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #cf3 ,ibid41 pp4 #dj1 #acd1 etc4 ,footnote #cg3 ,am4 ,naturali/1 ,july1 #ahhe1 vol4 #ai1 ,pl4 ,,xx1 p4 #fgf4 ,footnote #ch3 ,geikie's p>aphrase1 9 8,h\rs ) ! ,bible10 vol4 ,v1 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #ci3 ,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n41 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #cgj1 #cga4 ,footnote #dj3 ,om4 ,sociology1 9 #c;d4 ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 p4 #cag4 ,footnote #da3 ,ibid1 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #db3 8,kansas ,m\rn+ & ,w> ,cu/oms10 9 ,am4 ,naturali/1 ,july #ahhf1 p4 #fgb4 ,footnote #dc3 ,miss ,flet*]1 9 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 ,proc41 vol4 ,,xxxiii1 pt4 #b1 #ahhe1 pp4 #faf1 #fag4 ,francis ,la ,fl*e1 ibid41 p4 #fad4 ,footnote #dd3 ,osage ,traditions1 9 #f? ,ann4 ,rept4 ( ! ,director ,bur4 ,e?n41 #ahhh1 p4 #cgg4 ,footnote #de3 ,am4 ,an?ropologi/1 vol4 ,,ii41 ,no4 #a1 #ahhh1 p4 #ei4 78,janu>y1 #ahhi407 ,footnote #df3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 & ,geogr4 ,survey1 ,hayd52 ,miscel4 ,publ41 ,no4 #g1 #ahgg2 ,mat!ws' ,e?nography & ,philology ( ! ,hidatsa1 #ahgg1 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #dg3 ,om4 ,soc41 p4 #bcd4 ,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n41 vol4 ,,vi1 #dfh1 l9e #c4 ,footnote #dh3 ,om4 ,soc41 p4 #big4 ,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n41 vol4 ,,vi1 #dga1 l9es #c-e4 ,footnote #di3 ,osage ,traditions1 9 #f? ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 pp4 #cgg1 #cgi1 #cij4 ,footnote #ej3 ,see ,j\r4 ,am4 ,folk-lore1 vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #c1 p4 #bji2 & ,om4 ,sociology1 9 #c;d ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 pp4 #cdg-h4 ,footnote #ea3 ,om4 ,sociology1 p4 #cdh4 ,footnote #eb3 ,ibid1 pp4 #cdh1 #cdi4 ,footnote #ec3 ,ibid1 p4 #cdi4 ,footnote #ed3 8,dea? & ,fun]al ,cu/oms among ! ,omahas10 9 ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,folk-lore1 vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #ee3 ,om4 ,soc41 p4 #cec4 ,footnote #ef3 ,?is ,kwapa in=mation 0 obta9$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahia1 "s "t aft] ! prep>ation ( ! great] "p ( ?is pap]4 ,9 su* a comb9ation z d ! is sc>cely he>d4 ,footnote #eg3 ,see ,om4 ,soc41 9 #c;d ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 #abc1 #afc1 & sev]al my?s 9 ,contr4 to ,n4 ,a4 ,e?nology1 vol4 ,,vi4 ,footnote #eh3 ,see ,osage ,traditions1 9 #f? ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 p4 #cgi4 ,footnote #ei3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 & ,geogr4 ,surv41 ,hayd51 ,miscell4 ,publ41 ,no4 #g1 #ahgg2 ,e?nography & ,philology ( ,hidatsa ,indians1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #fj3 ,om4 ,soc41 9 #c;d ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 p4 #bch4 ,footnote #fa3 ,ibid41 p4 #bdj4 ,footnote #fb3 ,ibid41 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #fc3 ,ibid41 pp4 #bde1 #bdf4 ,footnote #fd3 ,ibid41 pp4 #bij1 #bia4 ,footnote #fe3 ,ibid41 p4 #bie4 ,footnote #ff3 ,= detail$ acc\nts1 see 8,glimpses ( ,*ild-life among ! ,omaha ,indians10 by ,miss ,a4 ,c4 ,flet*]1 9 ,j\r4 ,am4 ,folk-lore1 vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #aae-aah2 & ,omaha ,sociology1 9 #c;d ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 pp4 #bdi1 #bej4 ,footnote #fg3 ,see pp4 #bba-bea & ,*ap4 ,,xi ( ,omaha ,sociology1 9 #c;d ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ,footnote #fh3 ,prim4 ,culture1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #fi3 ,see ,om4 ,soc41 9 #c;d4 ,an4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 p4 #bie4 ,footnote #gj3 ,see ,om4 ,soc41 p4 #cbj4 ,footnote #ga3 ,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #djd4 ,footnote #gb3 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bfc1 note #h4 ,footnote #gc3 ,9 ! ,am4 ,naturali/1 ,feb41 #ahhd1 pp4 #abh1 #abi4 ,footnote #gd3 ,see ,om4 ,soc41 pp4 #cdi-cea4 ,footnote #ge3 ,comp>e ! ,oregon /ory3 ,no ,indians g aft] dea? to ! upp] _w to dwell ) ,qawaneca4 ,am4 ,an?ropologi/1 ,jan41 #ahhi1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #gf3 ,?is "n is giv5 9 ! notation ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 n z publi%$ by ,mr4 ,la ,fl*e4 ,footnote #gg3 ,see ,j\r4 ,am4 ,folklore1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #f1 p4 #aij4 ,footnote #gh3 ,om4 ,soc41 p4 #cfj4 ,footnote #gi3 ,see 8,dea? & ,fun]al ,cu/oms ( ! ,omahas10 by ,francis ,la ,fles*e1 9 ,j\r4 ,am4 ,folk-lore1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d1 pp4 #d1 #e4 ,footnote #hj3 ,see ,james's ,acc\nt ,exp$4 to ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #abe4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,c,,iw]e ,,& ,,w9nebago ,,cults4 #gb4 ,! ,rev4 ,william ,hamilton1 :o 0 a mission>y to ! ,i[a & ,sac ,indians ( ,nebraska1 f #ahcg to #ahec1 is ! au?ority = mo/ ( ! ,i[a mat]ial 9 ?is *apt]4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahdh1 he publi%$ a s]ies ( lett]s ab\t ! ,i[a ,indians 9 a ,presbyt]ian weekly newspap]1 & ) 8 p]mission ! pres5t writ] transcrib$ ^! lett]s 9 #ahgi1 = 8 own future use4 ,o!r in=mation ab\t ! ?ree iw]e tribes 7,i[a1 ,oto & ,miss\ri7 0 obta9$ by ! au?or f ,ke-ree1 an ,oto2 ,ckainye1 a ,miss\ri2 & ! delegation ( ,i[a *iefs t visit$ ,wa%+ton 9 #ahhb4 ,! pr9cipal ,w9nebago au?ority 0 ,james ,alex&]1 a full-blood & a memb] ( ! ,wolf g5s4 ,,t]m 8,,great ,,_s0 ,,nev] ,,he>d ,,among ,,! ,,i[a4 ,mr4 ,hamilton wrote ?us 9 "o ( 8 lett]s3 ,x is (t5 said t ! ,indians are n idolat]s1 & t !y believe 9 "o ,supreme ,be+1 :om !y call ! ,great ,_s4 ,i d n n[ recollect t ,i ev] he>d ! ,i[as use ! t]m ,great ,_s s9ce ,i h be5 among !m4 ,!y speak ( ,god 7,wakanta71 & sometimes ( ! ,great ,god or ,bad ,god4 ,b ( ! true "* ( ,god !y are entirely ignorant4 ,_m ( !m speak ( ,god z ! creator ( all ?+s1 & use a t]m t signifies 8,creator ( ! e>?40 ,sometimes !y call him 8,gr&fa!r0 7hituka74 ,b !y imag9e him to be possess$ ( l passions ) !mselves1 & pleas$ ) _! w> p>ties1 scalp dances1 !fts1 & su* l s94 99 99 99 ,!y sometimes speak ( ! sun z a god1 because x gives light & heat4 ,! moon !y sometimes speak ( z a god1 because x seems to be to ! night :at ! sun is to ! day4 ,i ask$ an ,indian ! o!r day h[ _m gods ! ,i[as _h1 & he promptly repli$1 #8,sev54' ,,! ,,sun ,a ,,wakanta4 #gc4 ,an ,i[a told ,mr4 ,hamilton t he _h once kill$ a be>1 :i* he (f]$ to ! sun1 all[+ ! animal to lie :]e he _h kill$ x4 ,,! ,,w9ds ,,z ,,wakantas4 #gd4 ,an ,i[a told ,mr4 ,hamilton t ,tatce1 or ,w9d1 0 "o ( ! sev5 great gods ( 8 tribe4 ,ano!r told him t he _h made (f]+s to ! ,s\? ,w9d1 :o 0 consid]$ a b5efic5t ,wakanta4 ,b ! ,nor?-ea/ ,w9d 0 a malefic5t "o4 ,judg+ f "s ( ! ,w9nebago p]sonal names1 x is probable t ! w9ds 7 reg>d$ z p[]s by t p4 ,,! ,,?und]-,,be+ ,a ,,wakanta4 #ge4 ,among ! ,i[a & ,oto1 ! ,tcexita is ! eagle & ?und]bird g5s1 & ,mr4 ,hamilton 0 told by ! ,i[a t ! ,?und]-be+ 0 call$ ,tcexita1 & ,wakanta1 ! latt] be+ its peculi> title4 8,!y suppos$ ! ,?und]-be+ to be a l>ge bird4 ,:5 !y fir/ he> ! ?und] 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 !y h a sacr$ fea/ 9 honor ( ?is god40 ,! ,w9nebago call$ ! ,?und]-be+ 8,wakatca-ra10 & "o division ( ! ,bird g5s is ! ,wakatca ikik>atca-da1 or ,?und]-be+ sub-g5s4 ,! ,?und]-be+s are ! enemies ( ! ,waktceqi or ,subm>9e ,wakantas4 ,"o p]son 9 ! ,?und]-be+ sub-g5s is nam$ ,five-horn$ ,male1 probably ref]r+ to a ,?und]-be+ ) five horns6 ,o!r p]sonal names are z foll[s3 ,gre5 ,?und]-be+1 ,black ,?und]-be+1 ,:ite ,?und]-be+1 & ,yell[ ,?und]-be+2 b ,james ,alex&]1 a full-blood ,w9nebago ( ! ,wolf g5s1 says t ^! colors h no connection ) ! f\r w9ds or qu>t]s ( ! e>? 7,see #cha74 ,! ,i[a told ,mr4 ,hamilton ( a ,w9nebago :o saw a ,?und]-be+ fight+ a subaquatic p[]4 ,sometimes ! =m] bore ! latt] up into ! air1 & at o!r times ! subaquatic p[] took 8 adv]s>y b5ea? ! wat]4 ,! ,w9nebago wat*$ !m all day1 & ea* ,p[] ask$ 8 assi/ance 9 ov]com+ ! o!r1 promis+ him a great rew>d4 ,! man did n "k :i* "o to help2 b at la/ he %ot an arr[ at ! subaquatic p[]1 :o 0 c>ri$ up into ! air by ! ,?und]-be+1 b ! w\nd$ "o said to ! man1 8,y may become a great man y\rself1 b y\r relations mu/ die40 ,& s !y say x happ5$4 ,he became v great1 b 8 relatives di$4 ,:5 ! w>riors return$ home f an exp$ition aga9/ _! enemies1 !y plait$ grass & ti$ ! pieces ar\nd _! arms1 necks1 & ankles4 ,sometimes to ea* ankle !re 0 a trail+ piece ( plait$ grass a y>d long4 ,?is 0 probably associat$1 z 7 all w> cu/oms1 ) ! wor%ip ( ! ,?und]-be+ 7,see ,*ap4 ,,iii1 #ce74 ,,subt]ranean ,,p[]s4 #gf4 ,an ,indian became d]ang$ f ! use ( :isky1 & ran wild = sev]al days4 ,! ,i[a suppos$ t 8 madness 0 caus$ by a subt]ranean p[]1 :om he _h se51 & ^: picture he _h drawn on ! gr\nd1 repres5t+ x ) l>ge horns4 ,,subaquatic ,,p[]s4 #gg4 ,"s ,i[a claim to h se5 !m4 ,no ,he>t 7,natce-nie7 told ,mr4 ,hamilton t he _h se5 a 8wat] god 9 ! ,miss\ri riv]1 :5 a man 0 dr[n$4 ,:5 a p]son is dr[n$ !y sometimes say t ! god :o lives 9 ! wat] has tak5 him = a s]vant4 ,n a ye> s9ce1 "s ,i[a w5t ov] ! riv] = meat4 ,a "y girl sat d[n 9 ! canoe ) h] load on h] back4 ,:5 ne> ! %ore ! canoe 0 upset accid5tally1 & ! girl 0 dr[n$4 ,! m5 ?\ght t !y he>d a god halloo 9 ! wat]1 & t he _h tak5 h]4 ,"o told me t ! gods ( ! air 7i4 e4 ! ,?und]-be+s7 f\ght ! gods ( ! wat]1 & :5 ! latt] came out ( ! wat]1 ! =m] /ole ^u !m & kill$ !m40 ,! subt]ranean & subaquatic p[]s are call$ 8waktceqi0 by ! ,w9nebago1 & ?is tribe has a g5s call$ ,waktceqi ikik>atcada4 ,! ,w9nebago say t ! waktceqi dwell "u ! gr\nd & ! high bluffs1 & 9 subt]ranean wat]1 t !y are caus$ to uphold ! e>?1 trees1 riv]s1 etc41 & t !y are ! enemies ( ! ,?und]-be+s 7 #chf74 ,9 ! ,w9nebago ,waktceqi g5s are ! foll[+ p]sonal names3 ,black ,waktceqi1 ,:ite ,waktceqi1 ,gre5 ,waktceqi1 8,waktceqi t is sa0 7:i* may be gray or br[n71 ,f\r ,horn$ ,male1 ,two ,horn$ ,male1 & ,lives 9 ! ,hill4 ,,animals ,,z ,,wakantas4 #gh4 ,mr4 ,hamilton wrote t ! ,i[a (t5 spoke ab\t ! buffaloes1 :om !y reg>d$ z gods1 address+ !m z 8,gr&fa!rs40 ,he also told ( a doctor :om he met "o day2 ! doctor seiz$ a jo9t-snake t 0 h&$ him by ano!r doctor1 call+ x 8 8god10 spoke ( x z be+ good m$ic9e1 & aft] putt+ its head into 8 m\?1 he bit x twice4 ,,apo!oses4 #gi4 8,!y also seem to ?9k t human be+s may become gods1 & 9 ?is respect !y are l ! ,mormons40 ,,dwell+s ,,( ,,gods4 #hj4 8,high rocks are suppos$ by ! ,i[a to be ! dwell+s ( gods40 8,!re is a ,w9nebago tradition t a woman c>ry+ h] *ild 0 runn+ f h] enemies1 s %e jump$ d[n a /eep place & 0 turn$ into a rock4 ,& n[ :5 !y pass t place !y make (f]+s to h]40 ,,wor%ip4 #ha4 8,"o ( _! mo/ common acts ( wor%ip1 & app>5tly "o ( daily occurr5ce1 is obs]v$ :5 a p]son is ab\t to smoke 8 pipe4 ,he looks to ! sky & says1 #8,wakanta1 "h is tobacco6' 7,see #bi1 #dj1 #8,n9i bahai t4'7 ,!n he puffs a m\?ful ( smoke up t[>ds ! sky1 aft] :i* he smokes z he pleases40 8,!y also make (f]+s ( tobacco by ?r[+ a small quantity into ! fire40 8,!y frequ5tly (f] a small portion ( food at _! fea/s1 be=e !y beg9 eat+40 ,mr4 ,hamilton saw dogs hung by _! necks to trees or to /icks plant$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & he 0 told t ^! dogs 7 (f]+s4 8,no ,he>t told me t :5 ! smallpox rag$ among !m ab\t fifty ye>s ago0 7i4 e4 ab\t #agih71 8& swept (f s _m1 t !y made a great _m (f]+s40 ,said he1 8,we ?rew away a great _m g>m5ts1 blankets1 etc41 & (f]$ _m dogs to ,god4 ,my fa!r ?rew away a flag :i* ! ,briti% _h giv5 him4 ,:5 we _h ?r[n away ^! ?+s1 ! smallpox left u40 ,^! (f]+s to ,god 7lit]ally1 to ,wakanta7 7 ! means ( *eck+ x4 8,to ?r[ away10 9 ,i[a1 is ! same z 8to (f] 9 sacrifice40 ,,taboos4 #hb4 ,mr4 ,hamilton 0 told by ! ,i[a t no memb] ( any g5s c\ld eat ! fle% ( ! eponymic animal4 ,! au?or ga9$ ! foll[+ taboos f a ,miss\ri1 ,ckae-yie or ,ckainye1 :o visit$ ! ,omaha 9 #ahgi3 ,! memb]s ( ! ,tunap'i1 a ,black ,be> g5s 9 ! ,oto & ,nyut'atci 7or ,miss\ri7 tribes c n t\* a clam %ell4 ,! ,momi p1 n[ a subg5s ( ! ,miss\ri ,bird g5s1 ab/a9 f small birds :i* h be5 kill$ by l>ge birds1 & !y c n t\* ! fea!rs ( su* small birds4 ,,public ,,or ,,tribal ,,feti*es4#ha #hc4 ,among ^! are ! sacr$ pipes1 ! sacr$ bags1 or w>uxawe1 & ! sacr$ /one or iron4 ,! sacr$ pipes are us$ only on solemn occasions1 & !y are kept envelop$ 9 ! sk9 wrapp]s4 ,! sacr$ bags1 or w>uxawe1 are made f ! sk9s ( animals4 ,!y are e/eem$ z my/]i\s1 & !y are rev]5c$ z mu* z ,wakanta4 ,among ! ,w9nebago 7& presumably among ! iw]e tribes7 no woman is all[$ to t\* ! w>uxawe4 ,!re us$ to be sev5 w>uxawe among ! ,i[a1 8relat$ to "o ano!r z bro!rs & si/]s10 & us$ by w> p>ties4 ,on ! return f w> ! sev5 bags 7 op5$ & us$ 9 ! scalp dance4 ,!y conta9$ ! sk9s ( animals & birds ) m$ic9e 9 !m1 also wild tobacco & o!r w> m$ic9e1 also ! w> club4 ,!re us$ to be sev5 w> clubs1 "o = ea* w>uxawe1 b dur+ ! la/ exp$ition ( ! ,i[a1 prior to ! date ( ,mr4 ,hamilton's lett]s1 ! w> club & pipes or :i/les 7 lo/ f ! pr9cipal bag4 ,! next k9d ( sacr$ bags1 ! ,waci w>uxawe1 numb]$ sev54 ,!y 7 ! bad-m$ic9e bags1 by means ( :i* !y pr(ess$ to deprive _! enemies ( p[]1 :5 !y _h disc\rag$ !m by bl[+ ! :i/les4 ,ow+ to ?is en*antm5t1 !y said1 _! enemies c\ld nei!r %oot nor run1 & 7 soon kill$4 ,! next k9d 7 ! ,tce w>uxawe1 or buffalo m$ic9e bags4 ,!y 7 n us$ 9 w>1 b 9 heal+ ! w\nd$4 ,^! bags conta9 m$ic9e & ! /icks ) ! de] ho(s atta*$ :i* !y %ake :ile treat+ ! sick2 also a piece ( buffalo tail1 & p]haps a piece f ! sk9 cov]+ ! ?roat ( an elk4 ,! ,ta w>uxawe1 or de] m$ic9e bags1 conta9 ! sacr$ ott] sk9s us$ 9 ! ,ott] dance4 7,see #hf47 ,9 "s ( ! sacr$ bags are r\nd /ones1 :i* ! w>riors rub ov] !mselves be=e go+ to w>1 to prev5t _! be+ kill$ or w\nd$4 ,! w>uxawe is always c>ri$ ) ! same end =emo/1 ! heads ( ! animals or birds be+ plac$ 9 ! same direction1 & c>e is tak5 to keep !m s4 7,see #bh47 ,on "o occasion a lead] broke up a w> p>ty by turn+ ! bag ar\nd4 ,! ,i[a claim to h a my/]i\s object by :i* !y try m51 or make !m swe> to speak ! tru?4 ,?is my/]i\s iron or /one _h n be5 gaz$ ^u )9 ! recollection ( any ( ! ,i[a liv+ 9 #ahdh4 ,x 0 wrapp$ 9 sev5 sk9s4 ,no woman 0 all[$ to see ev5 ! out] cov]+1 & ,mr4 ,hamilton 0 told t he w\ld die if he look$ at x4 ,ckainye1 ! ,miss\ri1 told ! au?or t !re 7 f\r ,tu-nap'i m5 :o kept sacr$ pipes 7raqn[e waqonyita71 _! names be+ ,weqa-nayi1 ,c-iq[e1 ,nararae1 & ,nae-yie4 ,x is probable t two ( ^! m5 belong to ! ,tunap'i g5s ( ! ,oto tribe & two to ! ,tunap'i g5s ( ! ,nyut'atci tribe1 z ^! two tribes h be5 consolidat$ = ye>s4 ,9 ! ,aruqwa or ,buffalo g5s ( ! ,oto1 e-o-nayi & e-waeihi are ! keep]s ( ! sacr$ pipes ( t g5s4 ,,symbolic ,,e>? ,,=mations ,,( ,,! ,,w9nebago4#hb #hd4 ,! ,w9nebago t5t us$ = sacr$ dances is long & n>r[2 n m ?an #bj feet wide & v>y+ f #ej to #ajj feet long4 ,9 ! ,buffalo dance1 :i* is giv5 f\r times 9 ! mon? ( ,may & e>ly ,june1 ! danc]s are f\r m5 & a l>ge numb] ( wom54 ,z ! danc]s ent] ea* woman br+s 9 a h&ful ( f9e e>? & 9 ?is way two m\nds are rais$ 9 ! c5t] at ! ea/--t is1 betwe5 ! ea/]n entrance & ! fire1 :i* is ab\t #ae feet f ! ea/]n entrance4 ,! m\nds ?us =m$ are truncat$ cones4 ,an old man said to me1 8,t is ! way all m\nds 7 built2 t is :y we build s = ! buffalo40 ,! m\nds 7 ab\t #d in*es high & n f> f #ah in*es 9 diamet]4 ,on top ( ! m\nds 7 plac$ ! head-ge> worn by ! m51 ! claws1 tails1 & o!r articles us$ by ! f\r lead]s or male danc]s4 ,! m5 imitate ! buffalo 9 8 wild tramp+ & ro>+1 & dance ) great vigor4 ,!y are foll[$ by a long l9e ( gaily deck$ wom5 9 s+le file4 ,ea* woman z %e dances keeps h] feet ne>ly /raight & heels close toge!r1 & ! body is propell$ =w>d by a s]ies ( j]ks :i* j>s ! :ole frame1 b ! g5]al effect on ! long1 closely pack$ l9e is t ( ! undulat+ appe>ance ( a va/ h]d mov+4 ,! wom5 dance ) _! eyes turn$ t[>d ! gr\nd & ) _! h&s hang+ closely 9 front1 palms next to ! p]son4 ,! track left by _! feet is v pretty1 be+ l a close-leav$ v9e4 ,x is a/oni%+ to notice h[ ea* woman c leap into h] pr$ecessor's track4 ,wat] is p>tak5 ( & ! entire dance is cle>ly indicative ( ! pray] = increase & pl5ty ( buffalo4 ,! two m\nds rem9d "o ( l>g] /ructures & sugge/ _m speculations1 p>ticul>ly :5 tak5 9 connection ) ! mann] ( _! build+4 ,9 ! great my/]y lodge1 :5ce s _m ( ! sacr$ societies among o!r tribes pr(ess$ly take _! rise & inspiration1 ! fire is at ! ea/1 & is made by plac+ f\r /icks meet+ 9 ! c5t] & ! o!r ends po9t+ to ! f\r po9ts ( ! compass4#hc ,j at t "p ( ! initiation ( ! c&idate :5 he is to fall dead to ! old life1 be cov]$ z ) a pall1 & !n be rais$ to ! new life1 ! rema9s ( ! f\r /icks are tak5 away & ! a%es rais$ 9 a %>p conical m\nd1 aga9 sugge/+ h9ts ( a peculi> pa/4 ,^u ! bluffs ( ! ,miss\ri1 on a promontory 99 99 99 is a little depression cut 9 ! gr\nd1 circul> 9 =m1 ) an elongat$ end at ! ea/4 ,! depression is #a foot 9 diamet] & ab\t #f in*es deep4 ,plac+ my compass 9 ! c5t]1 ! long end or entrance 0 f\nd to be exactly to ! ea/4 ,to ! s\? ( ?is sacr$ spot1 = x is cle>$ & clean$ 99 99 99 e ye>1 /ood a l>ge c$> tree1 n[ p>tly bl[n d[n4 ,?is 0 ! sacr$ tree on :i* miracul\s imp]sonation ( visions lit2 & "h ! spirits t>ri$ z !y pass$ f "o re/+ place to ano!r go+ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,ab\t e #ej miles !re is "o ( ^! /range1 sup]natural re/+ places4 ,,p]sonal ,,feti*es4 #he4 ,all m$ic9es 7 reg>d$ z my/]i\s or sacr$4 ,! he>t ( a sla9 enemy 0 sometimes dri$ & put 9 ! m$ic9e bag to be pulv]iz$ & mix$ ) ! o!r m$ic9es4 8,"o or two days be=e a w> p>ty />t$ f ! village ( ! ,i[a1 ! man :o 0 to c>ry ! sacr$ bag hid x :ile ! o!rs busi$ !mselves ) prep>+ sacr$ articles0 7probably _! p]sonal feti*es74 8,! hunt]s (t5 br\ght 9 de]1 aft] eat+ :i*1 ! w>riors pa9t$ !mselves z !y w\ld d if !y expect$ to see an enemy4 ,next1 "o ( _! numb] measur$ a c]ta9 numb] ( /eps 9 front1 :5 ea* man took 8 place1 & knelt d[n4 ,z soon z ! ^w 0 giv51 ea* "o pull$ away ! grass & /icks1 mov+ backw>ds till he came to ! poles1 :5 he arose4 ,!n ea* plac$ 8 own sacr$ objects 7p]sonal feti*es87 be=e him1 & began 8 own song4 ,:ile s++1 !y op5$ _! sacr$ objects1 ask+ = good luck4 ,!y sang "o song on op5+ !m 7z among ! ,kansa1 see #cf71 & ano!r :ile putt+ !m back into _! places1 a song be+ suppos$ necess>y = e c]emony 9 :i* !y engag$4 ,9 ! conv]sations :i* ensu$1 !y 7 at lib]ty to je/1 provid$ !y avoid$ common or vulg> t]ms40 ,,danc+ ,,societies4 ,!re is v probably "s connection betwe5 ^! societies & ! cults ( ! tribes n[ "u consid]ation4 7,see #dc1 #fb1 #aaa1 #aac1 #abj1 et passim47 ,,! ,,ott] ,,danc+ ,,society4 #hf4 ,! memb]s ( ?is ord] %ot at "o ano!r ) _! ott]sk9 bags1 z has be5 ! cu/om 9 ! ,wacicka danc+ society ( ! ,omaha 7,om4 ,soc41 pp4 #cde1 #cdf74 ,"s h said t !y wav$ _! ott]-sk9 bags ar\nd 9 ord] to infuse ! _s ( ! ott] into a bead 9 its m\?1 & t x 0 by ! _s ( ! ott] t !y knock$ "o ano!r d[n4 ,ea* "o :o practic$ ?is dance pr(ess$ to keep "s small r\nd object 9 8 brea/ to c\gh x up be=e or dur+ ! dance1 & to use x = %oot+ "o ( 8 companions 9 ! neck4 ,he :o 0 ?us %ot did 9 turn c\gh up ! my/]i\s object1 & at ! end ( ! dance ea* memb] swall[$ 8 own %ell or pebble4 ,,! ,,r$ ,,m$ic9e ,,danc+ ,,society4 #hg4 ,! ,indians us$ to obta9 9 ! prairies1 t[>ds ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 an object ab\t ! size ( a bean or small hazelnut & ( a r$ color4 ,mr4 ,hamilton 0 told t x grew on bu%es1 & t x 0 consid]$ to be alive1 & !y look$ on x z a my/]i\s animal4 ,9 ! r$ m$ic9e dance ! p]son :o makes ! m$ic9e kills ! animals by cru%+ ! beans & boil+ !m 9 a l>ge kettle fill$ ) wat]4 ,?is dr9k is design$ = or appropriat$ by a few memb]s1 & !y dr9k ! liquid :5 x is q hot4 ,! m t !y dr9k ! m !y desire1 & !y seem able to dr9k almo/ any quantity4 ,x produces a k9d ( intoxication1 mak+ !m full ( life1 z !y say1 & enabl+ !m to dance a long "t4 7,see #fb47 ,,gre5 ,,corn ,,dance4 #hh4 ,?is dance did n orig9ate ) ! ,i[a4 ,x is said t ! ,sac tribe obta9$ x f ! ,%awnee4 ,x is held aft] night4 ,m5 & wom5 dance toge!r1 & if any wom5 or m5 wi% to leave _! consorts !y d x at ?is dance & mate anew1 no?+ be+ urg$ aga9/ x4 ,,buffalo ,,danc+ ,,society4 #hi4 ,! ,i[a h ! buffalo dance1 & by a comp>ison ( ,mr4 ,hamilton's description ( x1 & 8 acc\nt ( ! buffalo doctors1 & ( ! m$ic9e or my/]y bag ( buffalo hide1 ) :at has be5 le>n$ ab\t ! ,omaha ord] ( buffalo %amans 7see #dc71 x seems probable t among ! ,i[a ?is dance 0 n p>ticipat$ 9 by any b ^? :o _h _h visions ( ! buffalo1 & t !re 0 also "s connection betwe5 all ?ree--! danc+ society1 ! buffalo doctors1 & ! my/]i\s bag ( buffalo hide4 ,z among ! ,omaha1 ! buffalo doctors ( ! ,i[a are ! only surgeons4 ,c,,iw]e ,,traditions4 #ij4 ,! iw]e tribes h traditions ( _! orig9 simil> to ^? f\nd among ! ,osage1 ,kansa1 & ,ponka1 & ^! traditions are consid]$ z 8waqonyita10 or my/]i\s ?+s1 n to be spok5 ( lightly or told on ord9>y occasions4 ,z among ! ,osage & ,kansa1 ! traditions tell ( a p]iod :5 ! ance/ors ( ! pres5t g5tes dwelt1 "s 9 ! upp] _w1 & o!rs 9 ! gr\nd 7or 9 ! _w b5ea? ?is "o74 ,mr4 ,hamilton's in=mant said1 8,^! are sacr$ ?+s1 & ,i d n l to speak ab\t !m1 z x is n our cu/om to d s except :5 we make a fea/ & collect ! p & use ! sacr$ pipe40 ,^! traditions 7 pres]v$ 9 ! secret societies ( ! tribes4 ,!y expla9 ! orig9 ( ! g5tes & subg5tes1 ( fire1 corn1 ! pipes1 b[s & arr[s1 etc4 ,x is probable t simil> secret societies exi/ among ! ,w9nebago4 ,james ,alex&]1 a ,w9nebago ( ! ,wolf g5s1 told a "p ( ! secret tradition ( 8 g5s1 9 :i* appe> "s resemblances to ! iw]e traditions1 su* z ! creation ( f\r k9ds ( wolves1 & _! dwell+ und]gr\nd1 or 9 ! _w b5ea? ?is "o4 7,see #cha1 #chc47 ,,belief ,,9 ,,future ,,life4 ,t ! iw]e believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! gho/ or _s aft] dea? is evid5t f :at ,mr4 ,hamilton obs]v$3 ,!y (t5 put provisions1 a pit*] ( wat]1 & "s cook+ ut5sils on ! grave = ! use ( ! _s = "s "t aft] burial4 99 99 99 ,at ! "t ( burial1 !y (t5 put new clo?+ & ornam5ts on ! corpse1 if !y are able1 & place by its side su* ?+s z !y ?9k necess>y4 ,i once saw a little *ild ) "s ( its play?+s :i* its "m _h plac$ by x1 9 h] ignorance1 ?9k+ t !y w\ld be pleas+ to x4 99 99 99 ,!y are g5]ally c>eful = a ye> or s1 to keep d[n all ! we$s & grass ab\t ! grave1 p]haps = #aj feet ar\nd4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ha3 ,see #eh4 ,footnote #hb3 ,miss ,flet*] 9 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 ,proc4 ,m9neapolis meet+1 #ahhc4 ,salem1 #ahhd4 pp4 #cif1 #cig4 ,footnote #hc3 ,see #cc & #dj4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,dakota ,,& ,,ass9ibo9 ,,cults4 ,,alleg$ ,,dakota ,,belief ,,9 ,a ,,great ,,_s4 #ib4 ,t ! ,dakota tribes1 be=e ! adv5t ( ! :ite race1 believ$ 9 "o ,great ,_s1 has be5 ass]t$ by sev]al writ]s2 b x c n be prov$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ev5 ^? writ]s :o are quot$ 9 ?is /udy z /at+ ! ,dakota belief 9 a ,great ,_s1 also tell u ( beliefs 9 _m spirits ( evil4 ,among ! e>li] writ]s ( ?is class is ,say1 :o obs]ves3 ,_! ,wahconda seems to be a protean god2 he is suppos$ to appe> to diff]5t p]sons "u diff]5t =ms4 ,all :o are favor$ ) 8 pres5ce become m$ic9e m5 & magicians 9 consequ5ce ( _! hav+ se5 & conv]s$ ) ,wahconda1 & ( hav+ receiv$ f him "s p>ticul> m$ic9e ( wondr\s efficacy4 ,! same writ] records t 8,wahconda0 appe>$ sometimes z a grizzly be>1 sometimes z a bison1 at o!rs z a beav]1 or an owl1 or "s o!r bird or animal4#hd ,x is pla9 t ,say mi/ook ! g5]ic t]m1 8,wahconda10 = a specific "o4 7,see #f1 #ba-bd47 ,%ea says3 ,al?\gh poly!ism did n exi/1 al?\gh !y all recogniz$ "o ,supreme ,be+1 ! creator ( all1 99 99 99 !y n[h]e ador$ ! ,god :om !y knew4 99 99 99 ,! demons ) :i* !y peopl$ nature1 ^! alone1 9 _! fe> !y s\ght to appease4 99 99 99 ,pure unmix$ devil-wor%ip prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! l&4#he #ic4 ,lynd made "s v p]t95t rem>ks3 ,a /rang] com+ among ! ,dakotas = ! fir/ "t1 & obs]v+ ! endless v>iety ( objects ^u :i* !y be/[ _! devotion1 & ! manifold =ms :i* t wor%ip assumes1 at once pron\nces !m pan!i/s4 ,a fur!r acqua9tance ) !m conv9ces him t !y are pan!i/s ( no ord9>y k9d--t _! pan!ism is negative z well z positive1 & t ! engraftm5ts ( religion are ev5 m num]\s ?an ! true bran*es4 ,^u a sup]ficial glance he sees naught b an inextricable maze ( gods1 demons1 spirits1 beliefs & c\nt]-beliefs1 e>ne/ devotion & reckless skepticism1 pray]s1 sacrifices1 & sne]s1 w9d+ & int]m+l+ ) "o ano!r1 until a labyr9? ( pan!ism & skepticism results1 & ! ,dakota1 ) all 8 inf9ity ( deities appe>s a creature ( irreligion4 ,"o speaks ( ! m$ic9e dance ) respect1 :ile ano!r smiles at ! "n--"o makes a religion ( ! raw fi% fea/1 :ile ano!r /&s by & laughs at 8 p]=mance--& o!rs1 li/5+ to ! suppos$ revelations ( ! circle dance1 ) rev]5t att5tion1 are sne]$ at by a class :o d5y 9 toto ! wakan nature ( t c]emony4#hf ,9 common ) all nations ( ! e>? ! ,dakotas believe 9 a ,wakantanka or ,great ,_s4 ,b ?is ,be+ is n alone 9 ! univ]se4 ,numb]s ( m9or deities are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t space1 "s ( :om are plac$ high 9 ! scale ( p[]4 ,_! ideas ( ! ,great ,_s appe> to be t ,he is ! creator ( ! _w & has exi/$ f all "t2 b aft] creat+ ! _w & all t is 9 x ,he sank into sil5ce & s9ce !n has fail$ to take any int]e/ 9 ! affairs ( ?is planet4 ,!y nev] pray to ,him1 = !y deem ,him too f> away to he> !m1 or z n be+ conc]n$ 9 _! affairs4 ,no sacrifices are made to ,him1 nor dances 9 ,8 honor4 ,( all ! spirits ,he is ! ,great ,_s2 b ,8 p[] is only lat5t or negative4 ,!y swe> by ,him at all times1 b m commonly by o!r div9ities4#hg ,yet ,lynd is n always consi/5t1 = he says on ano!r page 7#ga7 ( ! same "w3 8,no "o deity is held by !m all z a sup]ior object ( wor%ip40 #id4 ,pond writes3 ,evid5ce is also want+ to %[ t ! ,dakotas embrac$ 9 _! religi\s t55ts ! idea ( "o supreme exi/5ce1 ^: exi/5ce is express$ by ! t]m ,great ,_s4 ,if "s clans at ! pres5t "t ent]ta9 ?is idea x seems highly probable t x has be5 imp>t$ to !m by individuals ( ,european extraction4 ,no ref]5ce to su* a be+ is f\nd 9 _! fea/s1 fa/s1 or sacrifices4 ,or if !re is su* a ref]5ce at ! pres5t "t x is cle> t x is ( rec5t orig9 & does n belong to _! sy/em4 ,x is inde$ true t ! ,dakotas d sometimes appeal to ! ,great ,_s :5 9 c\ncil ) :ite m51 b x is because !y !mselves h embrac$ ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es4 ,/ill1 x is g5]ally ! int]pret] :o makes ! appeal to ! ,great ,_s1 :5 ! ,indian speak] really appeal$ to ! ,taku ,wakan1 & n to ! ,wakantanka4 ,x is true t 99 99 99 all ! ,dakota gods 99 99 99 are mortal4 ,!y are n ?\ght ( z be+ et]nal1 except x may be by succession4#hh ,! au?or agrees ) ,pond 9 :at he says ab\t ! av]age ,indian int]pret] ( e>ly days1 :o seldom gave a correct r5d]+ ( :at 0 spok5 9 c\ncil4 ,b at ! pres5t "t great improvem5t has d\btless be5 obs]v$4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,messrs4 ,riggs & ,pond 7 mission>ies to ! ,dakotas1 :ile ,messrs4 ,say1 ,%ea1 & ,lynd mu/ be class$ among ! laity4 ,yet ! mission>ies1 n ! laym51 are ! ones :o make ! positive /atem5ts ab\t ! abs5ce ( a belief 9 "o ,great ,_s4 ,,riggs ,,on ,,! ,,taku ,,wakan4 #ie4 ,riggs rem>ks3 ,! religi\s fai? ( ! ,dakota is n 9 8 gods z su*4 ,x is an intangible1 my/]i\s some?+ ( :i* !y are only ! embodim5t1 & t 9 su* a measure & degree z may accord ) ! individual fancy ( ! wor%ip]4 ,ea* "o w wor%ip "s ( ^! div9ities & neglect & despise o!rs2 b ! great object ( all _! wor%ip1 :atev] its *os5 m$ium1 is ! ,,ta-,,koo ,,wah-,,kon1 :i* is ! sup]natural & my/]i\s4 ,no "o t]m c express ! full mean+ ( ! ,dakota's ,wakan4 ,x compreh5ds all my/]y1 secret p[]1 & div9ity4 99 99 99 ,all life is ,wakan4 ,s also is ev]y?+ :i* exhibits p[]1 :e!r 9 action1 z ! w9ds & drift+ cl\ds1 or 9 passive endurance1 z ! b[ld] by ! wayside4#hi ,,mean+ ,,( 8,,wakan40 ,9 ! m9d ( a ,dakota 99 99 99 ?is ^w ,wah-kon 7we write1 wa-kan7 cov]s ! :ole field ( _! fe> & wor%ip4 ,_m ?+s also t are nei!r fe>$ nor wor%ip$1 b are simply wond]ful1 come "u ?is designation4 ,x is relat$ ( ,h5nep9 t :5 he & 8 two companions 7 tak5 captive by a ,si\x w> p>ty1 z !y asc5d$ ! upp] ,mississippi "o ( ! m5 took up 8 gun & %ot a de] on ! bank4 ,! ,indians said1 8,wah-kon *i80--,is n ?is my/]i\s8 ,& f t day 99 99 99 ! gun has be5 call$ ,mah-za wah-kon1 my/]i\s iron4 ,?is is %ort5$ into ,mah-za-kon4 ,! same ?+ we may believe is true :51 probably less ?an two c5turies ago1 !y fir/ saw a horse4 ,!y said 8,%oon-ka wah-kon10 wond]ful dog4 ,& f t day ! horse has be5 call$ by ! ,si\x wond]ful dog1 except :5 x has be5 call$ big dog1 ,%oon-ka tonka4 ,^! hi/orical facts h satisfi$ u t ! idea ( ! ,great ,_s ascrib$ to ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica does n belong to ! orig9al !ogony ( ! ,si\x1 b has come f )\t1 l t 7sic7 ( ! horse & gun1 & probably dates back only to _! fir/ he>+ ( ! :ite man's ,god4#ij ,taku ,wakan4--,?is is a g5]al t]m1 includ+ all t is wond]ful1 incompreh5sible1 sup]natural--:at is wakan2 b especially cov]+ ! objects ( _! wor%ip4 ,until us$ 9 ref]5ce to our ,god1 x is believ$ t ! phrase 0 n appli$ to any individual object ( wor%ip1 b 0 equival5t to 8! gods40#ia ,z tuwe1 :o1 ref]s to p]sons1 & taku1 :at1 to ?+s1 ! correctness ( ,riggs's conclusion c h>dly be que/ion$1 provid$ we add t ! ,dakota t]m1 ,taku ,wakan1 c\ld n h convey$ to ! ,dakota m9d ! idea ( a p]sonal ,god1 us+ ! t]m p]son z x is commonly employ$ by civiliz$ peoples4 ,,daimonism4 #if4 ,lynd says3 ,! div9ities ( evil among ! ,dakotas may be call$ legion4 ,_! special delight is to make man mis]able or to de/roy him4 ,demons w&] ?r\gh ! e>?1 caus+ sickness & dea?4 ,spirits ( evil are ev] ready to p\nce ^u & de/roy ! unw>y4 ,spirits ( e>?1 air1 fire1 & wat] 7see #cf7 surr\nd him ^u e side1 & ) b "o great gov]n+ object 9 view--! mis]y & de/ruction ( ! human race4#ib ,,animism4 #ig4 ,_! religi\s sy/em gives to ev]y?+ a s\l or _s4 ,ev5 ! commone/ /icks & clays h a spiritual ess5ce atta*$ to !m :i* mu/ ne$s be rev]5c$2 = ^! spirits1 too1 v5t _! wra? ^u mank9d4 ,inde$1 !re is no object1 h[ev] trivial1 b has its _s4#ic ,9 8 article on ! ,my?ology ( ! ,dakotas1#id ,riggs says ( ! ,dakota3 ,!y pray to ! sun1 e>?1 moon1 lakes1 riv]s1 trees1 plants1 snakes1 & all k9ds ( animals & vegetables--_m ( !m say1 to ev]y?+1 = !y pray to _! guns & arr[s--to any object1 artificial z well z natural1 = !y suppose t e object1 artificial z well z natural1 has a _s :i* may hurt or help1 & s is a prop] object ( wor%ip4 ,lynd says3 ,! ess5tially physical ca/ ( ! ,indian m9d 7if ,i may be all[$ ! expression7 requires "s outw>d & tangible repres5tation ( ?+s spiritual be=e he c compreh5d !m4 ,! god mu/ be pres5t1 by image or 9 p]son1 ere he c (f] up 8 devotions4 99 99 99 ,simil> to ?is 8belief 9 a spiritual ess5ce0 is ! g5]al ,dakota belief t ea* class ( animals or objects ( a l k9d possesses a peculi> gu>dian div9ity1 :i* is ! "m ar*etype4 99 99 99 ,sexuality is a prom95t feature 9 ! religion ( ! ,dakotas4 ,( e species ( div9ity1 ) ! exception ( ! ,wakantanka1 !re is a plurality1 "p male & "p female4 ,ev5 ! spirits1 :i* are suppos$ to dwell 9 ! e>?1 twigs1 & o!r inanimate sub/ances1 are inve/$ ) di/9ctions ( sex4#ie #ih4 ,pond ass]ts t 8evid5ce is want+ to %[ t ^! p divide _! ,taku-wakan into classes ( good & evil4 ,!y are all simply wakan40#if ,,pr9cipal ,,dakota ,,gods4 ,! gods ( ! ,dakotas are ( c\rse innum]able2 b ( ! sup]ior gods ^! are ! *ief3 ,! ,unktei1 or god ( ! wat]2 ! ,wak9yan1 or ?und] god2 ! ,takukankan1 or mov+ god2 ! ,tunkan1 ,inyan1 or /one god2 ! ,heyoka god2 ! ,sun2 ! ,moon2 ! ,armor god2 ! ,_s ( ! ,m$ic9e ,sack2 & ! ,wakantanka1 :o is probably an intrusive deity4#ig ,,miss ,,flet*] ,,on ,,indian ,,religion4 #ii4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks are ^? ( a lat] writ]1 ,miss ,flet*]3 ,! ,indian's religion is g5]ally spok5 ( z a nature & animal wor%ip4 ,! t]m seems too broadca/ & indiscrim9ate4 ,c>eful inquiry & obs]vation fail to %[ t ! ,indian actually wor%ips ! objects :i* are set up or m5tion$ by him 9 8 c]emonies4 ,! e>?1 f\r w9ds1 ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 ! /ones1 ! wat]1 ! v>i\s animals1 are all expon5ts ( a my/]i\s life & p[] encompass+ ! ,indian & fill+ him ) vague appreh5sion & desire to propitiate & induce fri5dly relations4 ,! latt] is attempt$ n s mu* ?r\gh ! ideas ( sacrifice z ?r\gh m or less c]emonial appeals4 ,m fai? is put 9 ritual & a c>eful obs]vance ( =ms ?an 9 any act ( self-d5ial 9 its moral s5se1 z we und]/& x4 ,! claim ( relation%ip is us$ to /r5g!n ! appeal1 s9ce ! tie ( k9dr$ among ! ,indians is "o :i* c n be ignor$ or disreg>d$1 ! t]ms gr&fa!r & gr&mo!r be+ mo/ g5]al & imply+ dep5d5ce1 respect1 & ! recognition ( au?ority4 7,see #i1 #ajj47 ,"o ( ! simple/ & mo/ picturesque explanations ( ! use ( ! v>i$ =ms ( life 9 ! ,indian wor%ip 0 giv5 to me by a ?\ghtful ,indian *ief4 ,he said3 8,ev]y?+ z x moves1 n[ & !n1 "h & !re1 makes /ops4 ,! bird z x flies /ops 9 "o place to make its ne/1 & 9 ano!r to re/ 9 its flight4 ,a man :5 he goes =? /ops :5 he wills4 ,s ! god has /opp$4 ,! sun1 :i* is s bright & beautiful1 is "o place :]e he has /opp$4 ,! moon1 ! />s1 ! w9ds1 he has be5 )4 ,! trees1 ! animals1 are all :]e he has /opp$1 & ! ,indian ?9ks ( ^! places & s5ds 8 pray]s !re to rea* ! place :]e ! god has /opp$ & w9 help & a bless+40 ,! vague feel+ aft] unity is "h disc]nible1 b x is l ! cry ( a *ild r ?an ! articulate spee* ( a man4 ,to ! ,indian m9d ! life ( ! univ]se has n be5 analyz$1 classifi$1 & a great syn!sis =m$ ( ! p>ts4 ,to him ! v>i$ =ms are equally important & noble4 ,a dev\t old ,indian said3 8,! tree is l a human be+1 = x has life & gr[s2 s we pray to x & put our (f]+s on x t ! god may help u40 ,9 ! same _s ! apology is (f]$ ov] a slaught]$ animal1 = ! life ( ! "o is tak5 to supplem5t ! life ( ! o!r1 8t x may cause u to live10 "o =mula expresses x4 ,^! manife/ations ( life1 /opp+ places ( ! god1 c n !re=e be accurately call$ objects ( wor%ip or symbols2 !y appe> to be m l m$ia ( communication ) ! p]meat+ occult =ce :i* is vaguely & fe>fully appreh5d$4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! ,indian /&s abrea/ ( nature4 ,he does n face x1 & h5ce c n ma/] or co]ce x1 or view x sci5tifically & ap>t f 8 own m5tal & emotional life4 ,he appeals to x1 b does n wor%ip x4#ih ,,pray]4 #ajj4 ,e p[] is pray$ to by "s ( ! ,dakota & ,ass9ibo94 ,among ! accessories ( pray] ! ,dakota reckons ! foll[+3 7a7 ,c]emonial wail+ or cry+ 7ya1 to weep1 wail2 :5ce1 kiya1 to cry1 to pray1 & wokiye1 pray]71 sometimes accompani$ by articulate spee* 7 #agg1 #bjh72 7b7 ! action call$ yuwitapi 7yuwitapi7 describ$ 9 #bd2 7c7 hold+ ! pipe ) ! m\?piece t[>d ! p[] invok$1 z ! ,heyoka devotees sometimes d 7 #bbc1 #bbd72 7d7 ! use ( smoke f ! pipe or ! odor ( burn+ c$> ne$les 7 #aei1 #afh72 7e7 ! application ( ! k9%ip t]ms1 8gr&fa!r0 7or its alt]native1 8v5]able man07 to a male p[]1 & 8gr&mo!r0 to a female "o 7 #ii1 #ajg1 #bci72 7f7 sacrifice1 or (f]+ ( goods1 animals1 or pieces ( "o's own fle%1 etc4 7see #ahe74 ,,sacrifice4 #aja4 ,! radical =ms ( wor%ip among ! ,dakota1 accord+ to ,lynd1 are few & simple4 ,"o ( ! mo/ primitive is t ( ,wocnapi 7,wonapi7 or ,sacrifice4 ,to e div9ity t !y wor%ip !y make sacrifices4 ,ev5 ^u ! mo/ trivial occasions ! gods are ei!r ?ank$ or supplicat$ by sacrifice4 ,! religi\s idea x c>ries ) x is at ! f\ndation ( ! e-day life ( ! ,dakota4 ,! wohduze or taboo has its orig9 !re2 ! wiwayag waipi or sundance 7 #ada-baa7 c>ries ) x ! same idea2 ! waka wohapi or sacr$ fea/ 7fea/ ( ! fir/-fruits7 is a practical embodim5t ( x2 & hamdepi or god-seek+ ( ! extreme we/]n tribes is b a =m ( self-sacrifice4 ,no ,dakota 9 8 wor%ip neglects ?is c]emony4 ,x ent]s into 8 religi\s ?\ghts at all times1 ev5 at ! h\r ( dea?4 ,! sacrifices made ^u recov]y f sickness are nev] compos$ ( any?+ v valuable1 = ! pov]ty ( ! ,indian w n p]mit ?is4 ,usually a small /rip ( musl91 or a piece ( r$ clo?1 a few sk9s ( "s animals1 or o!r ?+s ( no great use or value are employ$4 ,sometimes a pan or kettle is laid up = a sacrifice4 ,b aft] a %ort "t1 ! end = :i* ! sacrifice 0 made is atta9$1 & x is remov$4 ,^? 9 ne$ ( su* ?+s z !y see (f]$ 9 sacrifice may take !m = _! own use1 be+ c>eful to sub/itute "s o!r articles4 ,p]haps ! mo/ common =ms ( sacrifice are ^? :i* are made 9 ! hunt4 ,p>ticul> portions ( ea* animal kill$ are held sacr$ to ! god ( ! *ase or "s o!r deities4 ,if a de] is kill$1 ! head1 he>t1 or "s o!r "p ( x is sacrific$ by ! p]son :o has sla9 x4 ,! "p sacrific$ diff]s ) diff]5t individuals4 ,9 ducks & f[ls ! mo/ common sacrifice is ( ! w+1 ?\gh _m sacrifice ! he>t1 & a few ! head4 ,?is cu/om is call$ wohduze1 & is always con/ant ) individuals1 i4 e41 ! same "p is always sacrific$4 ,! o!r wohduze or taboo is connect$ ) ! wotawe or armor1#ii & w be describ$ h]eaft] 7 #abe74 #ajb4 ,hamdepi or god-seek+4--,hamdepi or god-seek+ is a =m ( religion among ! ,dakotas t po9ts back to a remote antiquity4 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w1 9 its common acceptation1 appe>s to be greatly misund]/ood by "s4 ,lit]ally1 x means only to dream1 & is b ano!r =m ( hama2 b 9 its use x is appli$ almo/ :olly to ! cu/om ( seek+ = a dream or revelation1 practic$ by ! ,sisitonwan1 ,ihanktonwanna1 & ,titonwan 7,si\x71 & by ! ,cr[1 ,m9net>ee1 ,ass9ibo91 & o!r we/]n ,dakota4 ,9 ?is respect x has no ref]5ce :atev] to ! common dreams ( sleep1 b means simply ! =m ( religion practic$4 ,if a ,dakota wi%es to be p>ticul>ly successful 9 any 7to him7 important und]tak+1 he fir/ purifies himself by ! ,inipi or /eam ba?1 & by fa/+ = a t]m ( ?ree days4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ?is "t he avoids wom5 & society1 is seclud$ 9 8 habits1 & endeavors 9 e way to be pure en\gh to receive a revelation f ! deity :om he invokes4 ,:5 ! p]iod ( fa/+ is pass$ he is ready = ! sacrifice1 :i* is made 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"s1 pass+ a knife ?r\gh ! brea/ & arms1 atta* ?ongs !reto1 :i* are fa/5$ at ! o!r end to ! top ( a tall pole rais$ = t purpose2 & ?us !y hang1 susp5d$ only by ^! ?ongs1 = two1 ?ree1 or ev5 f\r days1 gaz+ ^u vacancy1 _! m9ds be+ int5tly fix$ ^u ! object 9 :i* !y desire to be assi/$ by ! deity1 & wait+ = a vision f above4 ,once a day an assi/ant is s5t to look ^u ! p]son ?us sacrific+ himself4 ,if ! deities h v\*saf$ him a vision or revelation1 he signifies ! same by motions1 & is releas$ at once2 if he be sil5t1 8 sil5ce is und]/ood1 & he is left alone to 8 rev]ie4 ,o!rs atta* a buffalo hair rope to ! head ( a buffalo j z x is sev]$ f ! animal1 & to ! o!r end affix a hook1 :i* is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! l>ge muscles 9 ! small ( ! back1 & ?us fa/5$ !y drag ! head all ov] ! camp1 _! m9ds mean:ile be+ fix$ int5tly1 z 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ^u ! object 9 :i* !y are besee*+ ! deity to assi/ !m4 ,a ?ird class pass knives ?r\gh ! fle% 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 & wait 9 sil5ce1 ?\gh ) fix$ m9d1 = a dream or revelation4 ,a few1 ei!r n bless$ ) ! p[]s ( endurance or else lack+ ! c\rage ( ! class fir/ nam$1 w plant a pole ^u ! /eep bank ( a /ream1 & atta*+ ropes to ! muscles ( ! arm & brea/1 z 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 w /&1 b n hang1 gaz+ into space1 )\t food or dr9k1 = days4 ,/ill ano!r class practice ! hamdepi )\t su* horrid self-sacrifice4 ,= weeks1 nay1 = mon?s1 !y w fix _! m9ds int5tly ^u any desir$ object1 to ! exclusion ( all o!rs1 frequ5tly cry+ ab\t ! camp1 occasionally tak+ a little food1 b fa/+ = ! mo/ "p1 & e>ne/ly seek+ a revelation f _! god4#ajj #ajc4 ,simil> te/imony has be5 giv5 respect+ ! ,m&an1 ,hidatsa1 & ,arik>a1 ?\gh ?is la/ tribe belongs to ! ,caddoan /ock4 ,smet wrote ?us ab\t !m3 ,!y cut (f _! f+]s & make deep incisions 9 ! fle%y p>ts ( ! body be=e />t+ = w>1 9 ord] to obta9 ! favors ( _! false gods4 ,on my la/ visit to ^! ,ric>ies1 ,m9at>ies1 & ,m&ans ,i c\ld n disc]n a s+le man at all advanc$ 9 ye>s ^: body _h n be5 mutilat$1 or :o possess$ 8 full numb] ( f+]s4#aja ,9 treat+ ( ! religi\s op9ion ( ! ,ass9ibo91 ,smet says3 ,"s burn tobacco1 & pres5t to ! ,great ,_s ! mo/ exquisite pieces ( buffalo meat by ca/+ !m into ! fire2 :ile o!rs make deep incisions 9 ! fle%y p>ts ( _! bodies1 & ev5 cut (f ! fir/ jo9ts ( _! f+]s to (f] !m 9 sacrifice4#ajb ,lynd says3 #ajd4 ,frequ5tly ! dev\t ,dakota w make images ( b>k or /one1 &1 aft] pa9t+ !m 9 v>i\s ways & putt+ sacr$ d[n ^u !m1 w fall d[n 9 wor%ip be=e !m1 pray+ t all dang] may be av]t$ f him & 84 ,x mu/ n be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ! ,dakota is an idolat]4 ,x is n ! image t he wor%ips1 99 99 99 b ! spiritual ess5ce :i* is repres5t$ by t image1 & :i* is suppos$ to be ev] ne> x4#ajc ,?is plausible di/9ction has be5 made by p]sons ( diff]5t nations at v>i\s p]iods 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 b x seems to be ( d\btful value4 ,,use ,,( ,,pa9t ,,9 ,,wor%ip4 #aje4 ,9 ! wor%ip ( _! deities pa9t =ms an important feature4 ,sc>let or r$ is ! religi\s color = sacrifices1 :ile blue is us$ by ! wom5 9 _m ( ! c]emonies 9 :i* !y p>ticipate 7 #cgd1 #cge74 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a con/ant di/9ction ( sex1 = ! wom5 frequ5tly use r$ or sc>let4 ,! use ( pa9ts ! ,dakotas av] 0 taught !m by ! gods4#ajd ,= acc\nts ( ! ,sun-dance & a sacrifice to ! ,dawn1 see #ada1 #baa1 #bae4 ,,! ,,unkte,i1 ,,or ,,subaquatic ,,& ,,subt]ranean ,,p[]s4 #ajf4 ,! gods ( ?is "n1 = !re are _m1 are ! mo/ p[]ful ( all4 ,9 _! ext]nal =m !y are said to resemble ! ox1 only !y are ( imm5se proportions4 ,!y c ext5d _! horns & tails s z to rea* ! skies4 ,^! are ! organs ( _! p[]4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt ! ,unktei inhabit all deep wat]s1 & especially all great wat]falls4 ,two hundr$ & elev5 ye>s ago1 :5 ,h5nep9 & ,du ,lu? saw ! ,falls ( ,/4 ,an?ony toge!r1 !re 7 "s buffalo robes hang+ !re z sacrifices to ! ,unktei ( ! place4#aje #ajg4 ,ano!r acc\nt writt5 by ! same au?or in=ms u t ! male ,unktei dwell 9 ! wat]1 & ! spirits ( ! females animate ! e>?4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! ,dakota seems to be (f]+ sacrifices to ! wat] or ! e>?1 x is to ?is family ( gods t ! wor%ip is r5d]$4 ,!y address ! males z 8gr&fa!rs10 & ! females z 8gr&mo!rs40 ,x is believ$ t "o ( ^! gods dwells "u ! ,falls ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 9 a d5 ( great dim5sions1 :i* is con/ruct$ ( iron4#ajf #ajh4 8,! ^w ,unktei defies analysis1 only ! latt] "p giv+ u ! idea ( difficult sic1 & s no?+ c be ga!r$ f ! "n itself ( ! functions ( ^! gods4 ,b ,indian leg5d g5]ally describes ! g5esis ( ! e>? z f ! wat]4 ,"s animal1 z ! beav] comp>e ! ,i[a & ,oto ,beav] g5tes1 ,paa & ,paqa4--,j4 ,o4 ,d4 liv+ 9 ! wat]s1 br\ght up1 f a great dep?1 mud to build dry l&40#ajg ,accord+ to ! ,dakota cosmogony1 ?is 0 done by ! ,unktei1 call$ 9 ! ,teton dialect ktcexila or ,ukeila4 7,comp>e ! ,w9nebago1 ,waktceqi ikik>atcada or wat]-mon/] g5s1 & ! ,wak&agi ( ! ,omaha & ,ponka1 see #g1 #gg74 #aji4 ,! ,i[a & ,oto tribes h among _! nikie names1 ,niwacike1 ,wat] ,p]son1 & ,niwacikemi1 ,wat] ,p]son ,female4 ,if ^! d n ref] to ! beav]1 !y may h "s connection ) ! wat] mon/]s or deities4 ,an ,omaha told ! au?or a ,yankton leg5d ab\t ^! gods ( ! wat]s4 ,! wife ( ! special ,unktei covet$ an ,indian *ild & drew x b5ea? ! surface ( ! riv]4 ,! fa!r ( ! *ild _h to (f] a :ite dog to ! deity 9 ord] to recov] 8 son2 b ! latt] di$ on em]g+ f ! wat]1 z he _h eat5 "s ( ! food ( ! ,unktei dur+ 8 /ay ) ! deity4 ,aft] a:ile ! p>5ts lo/ a daught] 9 l mann]1 b z %e did n eat any ( ! food ( ! ,unktei1 %e 0 recov]$ aft] an (f]+ ( f\r :ite dogs4#ajh ,smet tells ( (f]+s made by ! ,ass9ibo9 to 8! wat]0 & 8! l&10 b x is probable t !y 7 made to ! ,unktei4#aji #aaj4 ,! ,dakota pray to lakes & riv]s1 accord+ to ,riggs1#aaj b he does n say :e!r ! visible objects 7 wor%ip$ or :e!r ! wor%ip 0 int5d$ = ! ,unktei suppos$ to dwell 9 ^? lakes & riv]s4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,unkte,i4 #aaa4 ,^! gods h p[] to s5d f _! bodies a wakan influ5ce :i* is irresi/ible ev5 by ! sup]ior gods4 ,?is influ5ce is t]m$ 8tonwan40 ,?is p[] is common to all ! ,taku ,wakan4 ,& x is claim$ t ?is tonwan is infus$ into ea* my/]y sack :i* is us$ 9 ! my/]y dance4 ,a little to ! left ( ! road lead+ f ,=t ,snell+ to ,m9nehaha1 9 sight ( ! =t1 is a hill :i* is us$ at pres5t z a burial place4 ,?is hill is kn[n to ! ,dakota z 8,taku ,wakan tipi10 ! dwell+ place ( ! gods4 ,x is believ$ t "o ( ! ,unktei dwells !re4 #aab4 ,! ,unktei are ?\ght to fe$ on ! spirits ( human be+s1 & ref]5ces to ?is occur 9 ! my/ic songs4 ,! my/]y fea/ & ! my/]y dance h be5 receiv$ f ^! gods4 ,! sacrifices requir$ by !m are ! s(t d[n ( ! swan r$d5$ ) v]milion1 de] sk9s1 dog1 my/]y fea/ & my/]y dances4 ,9 ,miss ,flet*]'s article on 8,! ,%ad[ or ,gho/ ,lodge3 ,a c]emony ( ! ,ogallala ,si\x10 we read t #b y>ds ( r$ clo? are 8c>ri$ out beyond ! camp1 to an elevation if possible1 & buri$ 9 a hole ab\t #c feet deep4 ,?is is an (f]+ to ! e>?1 & ! *ant$ pray] asks t ! life1 or p[] 9 e>?1 w help ! fa!r0 ( ! dead *ild 89 keep+ successfully all ! requirem5ts ( ! gho/ lodge40#aaa 7,see #adf47 ,,subord9ates ,,( ,,! ,,unkte,i4 ,! subord9ates ( ! ,unktei are s]p5ts1 liz>ds1 frogs1 gho/s1 owls1 & eagles4 ,! ,unktei made ! e>? & m51 & gave ! ,dakota ! my/]y sack1 & also prescrib$ ! mann] 9 :i* "s ( ^? pigm5ts mu/ be appli$ :i* are rubb$ ov] ! bodies ( _! vot>ies 9 ! my/]y dance1 & on ! w>rior z he goes into action4 ,,! ,,my/]y ,,dance4 #aac4 ,imm$iately aft] ! production ( ! e>? & m51 ! ,unktei gave ! ,indians ! my/]y sack & in/itut$ ! ,wakan waipi or my/]y dance4 ,!y orda9$ t ! sack %\ld consi/ ( ! sk9 ( ! ott]1 raccoon1 weasel1 squirrel1 loon1 "o v>iety ( fi%1 & ( s]p5ts4 ,x 0 also orda9$ t ! sack %\ld conta9 f\r species ( m$ic9es ( wakan qualities1 :i* %\ld repres5t f[ls1 m$ic9al h]bs1 m$ic9al trees1 & quadrup$s4 ,! d[n ( ! female swan repres5ts ! fir/1 & may be se5 at ! "t ( ! dance ins]t$ 9 ! nose ( ! sack4 ,grass roots repres5t ! second1 b>k f ! roots ( ! trees ! ?ird1 & hair f ! back or head ( a buffalo ! f\r?4 ,^! are c>efully pres]v$ 9 ! sack4 ,f ?is comb9ation proce$s a wakan influ5ce s p[]ful t no human be+1 unassi/$1 c resi/ x4 ,^? :o violat$ _! obligations z memb]s ( ! ,my/]y dance1 7 sure ( puni%m5t4 ,if !y w5t into =e/s1 ! black owl 0 !re1 z a s]vant ( ! ,unktei2 if !y desc5d$ into ! e>?1 !y enc\nt]$ ! s]p5t2 if !y asc5d$ into ! air1 ! eagle w\ld pursue & ov]take !m2 & if !y v5tur$ into ! wat]1 !re 7 ! ,unktei !mselves4#aab ,an acc\nt ( ! my/]y or m$ic9e dance is giv5 by ,pond1 op4 cit41 pp4 #cg-da4 8,^? ,dakotas10 said ,lynd1 8:o belong to ! m$ic9e dance e/eem ! ,unktei z ! greate/ div9ity4 ,among ! ea/]n ,dakotas ! m$ic9e dance appe>s to h tak5 ! place ( ^! m b>b>\s c]emonies 7i4 e41 ! self-tortures ( ! hanmdepi1 pi]c+ ( ! fle%1 etc47--among ! ,w9nebagoes entirely40 ,! ,omaha d n h ! sun dance1 b ! wacicka ai1 answ]+ to ! ,dakota my/]y dance1 is said to be ( anci5t use among !m4 8,inde$1 ! m$ic9e dance1 ?\gh an intrusive religi\s =m1 may be consid]$ z an elevat+ & enlight5+ religion 9 comp>ison ) ! hanmdepi40#aac ,,! ,,m9iwatu4 #aad4 ,! ,teton ,dakota tell ( ! ,m9iwatu1 ,wamnitu1#aad & ,m9i waiu1 all ( :i* are probably names = ! same class ( mon/]s1 ! la/ mean+ 8,wat] ,god or ,gu>dian ,_s40 ,^! p[]s are said to be horn$ wat] mon/]s ) f\r legs ea*4 8,!y make waves by pu%+ ! wat] t[>d ! l[l&s2 !re=e1 ! ,indians pref] to encamp on or ne> ! bluffs4 ,!y fe> to swim ! ,miss\ri ,riv] on acc\nt ( ! wat] mon/]s1 :o c draw p into _! m\?s40 ,c ^! be ! ,unktei1 :om ! ,teton call ,ukeila8 #aae4 8,long ago10 accord+ to ,bu%ott]1 8! p saw a /range ?+ 9 ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,at night !re 0 "s r$ object1 %9+ l fire1 mak+ ! wat] ro> z x pass$ up/ream4 ,%\ld any "o see ! mon/] by daylight he became crazy soon aft]1 wri?+ z ) pa91 & dy+4 ,"o man :o said t he saw ! mon/] describ$ x ?us3 #8,x has r$ hair all ov]1 & "o eye4 ,a horn is 9 ! middle ( its =ehead1 & its body resembles t ( a buffalo4'#aae ,its backbone is l a cross-cut saw1 be+ flat & not*$ l a saw or cog :eel4 ,:5 "o sees x he gets bewild]$1 & 8 eyes close at once4 ,he is crazy = a day1 & !n he dies4 ,! ,teton ?9k t ?is matt] is /ill 9 ! riv]1 & !y call x ! ,m9iwatu or wat] mon/]4 ,!y ?9k t x causes ! ice on ! riv] to break up 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>40#aaf ,! ,teton say t ! bones ( ! ,ukeila are n[ f\nd 9 ! bluffs ( ,nebraska & ,dakota4 ,,! ,,waki,,ya 7,,waki,,ya71 ,,or ,,?und]-,,be+s4 #aaf4 ,! "n signifies ! fly+ ones1 f k9yan1 to fly4 ,! ?und] is ! s\nd ( _! voices4 ,! lightn+ is ! missile or tonwan ( ! w+$ mon/]s1 :o live & fly ?r\gh ! heav5s %ield$ f mortal vision by ?ick cl\ds4 ,by "s ( ! wakan m5 x is said t !re are f\r v>ieties ( ! =m ( _! ext]nal manife/ation4 ,9 ess5ce1 h[ev] !y are b "o4 ,"o ( ! v>ieties is black1 ) a long beak1 & has f\r jo9ts 9 8 w+4 ,ano!r is yell[1 )\t any beak at all2 ) w+s l ! fir/1 except t he has six quills 9 ea* w+4 ,! ?ird is sc>let1 & rem>kable *iefly = hav+ eight jo9ts 9 ea* ( its enorm\s p9ions4 ,! f\r? is blue & globul> 9 =m1 & x is de/itute ( bo? eyes & e>s4 ,imm$iately ov] ! places :]e ! eyes %\ld be !re is a semicircul> l9e ( lightn+ resembl+ an inv]t$ half moon f b5ea? :i* project d[nw>d two *a9s ( lightn+ div]g+ f ea* o!r 9 zigzag l9es z !y desc5d4 ,two plumes l s(t d[n1 com+ out ne> ! roots ( ! desc5d+ *a9s ( lightn+1 s]ve = w+s4#aag ,^! ?und]]s1 ( c\rse1 are ( t]rific proportions4 ,!y creat$ ! wild rice & a v>iety ( prairie grass1 ! se$ ( :i* be>s "s resemblance to t ( ! rice4 ,at ! we/]n extremity ( ! e>?1 :i* is suppos$ to be a circul> pla9 surr\nd$ by wat]1 is a high m\nta91 on ! summit ( :i* is a beautiful m\nd4 ,on ?is m\nd is ! dwell+ ( ! ,wak9yan gods4 ,! dwell+ op5s t[>d ea* ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! e>?1 & at ea* doorway is /ation$ a s5t9el4 ,a butt]fly /&s at ! ea/ entrance1 a be> at ! we/1 a re9de] sic1 probably int5d$ = a de]4--,j4 ,o4 ,d4 at ! nor?1 & a beav] at ! s\? ! beav] seems out ( place "h z a s]vant ( ! ,wak9yan gods1 =1 judg+ f analogy1 he ought to be ! s]vant ( ! ,unktei 7see #ajh7--;,j4 ,o4 ,d44 ,except ! head1 ea* ( ^! wakan s5t9els is envelop$ 9 sc>let d[n ( ! mo/ extraord9>y beauty4#aah #aag4 ,! ,teton texts ( ,bu%ott] /ate ! belief t 8"s ( ^! anci5t p /ill dwell 9 ! cl\ds4 ,!y h l>ge curv$ beaks resembl+ bison humps1 _! voices are l\d1 !y d n op5 _! eyes except :5 !y make lightn+1 h5ce ! ar*aic ,teton "n = ! lightn+1 ,wak9yan tunwanpi1 8,! ?und]-be+s op5 _! eyes40 ,!y are arm$ ) arr[s & 8maza wakan0 or 8my/]i\s irons0 7n 8guns071 ! latt] be+ ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,kaitame1 /ones resembl+ coal1 are f\nd 9 ! ,bad ,l&s1 & !y are said to be ! missiles ( ! ,?und]]s4 ,:5 ^! gods s desire !y kill v>i\s my/]i\s be+s & objects1 z well z human be+s t are my/]i\s4 ,_! anci5t foes 7 ! giant rattlesnakes & ! prehi/oric wat] mon/]s 7,ukeila3 see #ajh1 #aad1 #aae74 #aah4 ,long ago ! ,teton encamp$ by a deep lake ^: %ore 0 inclos$ by v high cliffs4 ,!y notic$ t at night1 ev5 :5 !re 0 no breeze1 ! wat] 9 ! middle ( ! lake 0 con/antly ro>+4 ,:5 "o gaz$ 9 t direction1 he saw a huge eye z bright z ! sun1 :i* caus$ him to vomit some?+ resembl+ black e>? moi/5$ ) wat]1 & dea? soon foll[$4 ,t v night ! ,?und]]s came1 & ! cra%+ s\nds 7 s t]rible t _m p fa9t$4 ,! next morn+ ! %ore 0 cov]$ ) ! bodies ( all k9ds ( fi%1 "s ( :i* 7 l>g] ?an m51 & !re 7 also "s huge s]p5ts4 ,! wat] mon/] :i* ! ,?und]]s _h f\ght resembl$ a rattlesnake1 b he _h %ort legs & ru/y-yell[ fur4 #aai4 ,! ,?und]]s are repres5t$ z cruel & de/ructive 9 disposition4 ,!y are ev] on ! w> pa?4 ,a mortal hatr$ exi/s betwe5 !m & ! family ( ! ,unktei4 ,nei!r has p[] to resi/ ! tonwan ( ! o!r if x /rikes him4 ,_! attacks are nev] op51 & nei!r is safe except he eludes ! vigilance ( ! o!r4 ,! ,wak9yan1 9 turn1 are (t5 surpris$ & kill$ by ! ,unktei4 ,_m /ories are told ( ! combats ( ^! gods4 ,mr4 ,pond once li/5$ to ! relation1 by an eyewitness 7z he call$ himself71 ( a /ory 9 sub/ance z foll[s3 ,a ,wak9yan measur+ #be to #cj y>ds betwe5 ! tips ( 8 w+s 0 kill$ & fell on ! bank ( ! ,blue ,e>? riv] 7,m9nesota74 ,f ! ,wak9yan ! ,dakota h receiv$ _! w> implem5ts1 ! spe> & tomahawk1 & _m ( ! pigm5ts1 :i*1 if prop]ly appli$1 w %ield !m f ! weapons ( _! enemies4#aai #abj4 ,:5 a p]son dreams ( ! ,?und]]s1 x is a sign t he & !y mu/ fight4 ,! ,wak9yan are n ! only gods ( w>2 !re are also ! ,takuckacka 7,takukankan7 & ! ,armor gods4 7,see #abb-c1 #abg-i47 ,( ! circle dance1 ,riggs says 79 ,am]4 ,antiq41 ,,ii1 #bfg73 8,!y cut an image ( ! great bird f b>k & susp5d x at ! top ( ! c5tral pole1 :i* is %ot to pieces at ! close ( ! dance40 7,he probably means t ! image ( ! great bird1 a ,?und] bird1 is %ot to pieces1 n ! pole47 ,sacrifices are made to ! ,wak9yan & songs are sung bo? to ! ,wak9yan & ! ,unktei4 #aba4 ,!re seems to be "s connection betwe5 ! ,heyoka gods & ! ,wak9yan2 b x is n pla94 ,! ,heyoka god uses a small ,wak9yan god z 8 drum/ick4 7,see #bah47 ,! ,wak9yan songs are sung by memb]s ( ! ,heyoka danc+ ord]4 ,smet 0 told t ! ,dakota-- ,pret5d t ! ?und] is an enorm\s bird1 & t ! muffl$ s\nd ( ! di/ant ?und] is caus$ by a c\ntless numb] ( "y 7?und]7 birds4 ,! great bird1 !y say1 gives ! fir/ s\nd1 & ! "y ones repeat x2 ?is is ! cause ( ! rev]b]ations4 ,! ,si\x decl>e t ! "y ?und]]s d all ! mis*ief1 l giddy y\? :o w n li/5 to good advice2 b ! old ?und]] or big bird is wise & excell5t2 he nev] kills or injures any "o4#abj ,next to ! ,sun1 accord+ to ,smet1 ,?und] is ! great deity ( ! ,ass9ibo94 ,e spr+1 at ! fir/ peal ( ?und]1 !y (f] sacrifices to ! ,wak9yan4#aba ,! ,ass9ibo91 accord+ to ,maximilian1 ascrib$ ! ?und] to an enorm\s bird4#abb ,,! ,,armor ,,gods4 #abb4 ,z ea* "y man comes to maturity a tutel> div9ity1 sometimes call$ 8,waiu0 7see #bcf71 is assign$ to him4 ,x is suppos$ to reside 9 ! consecrat$ armor !n giv5 to him1 consi/+ ( a spe>1 an arr[1 & a small bundle ( pa9t4 ,x is ! _s ( "s bird or animal1 z ! wolf1 beav]1 loon1 or eagle4 ,he mu/ n kill ?is animal1 b hold x ev] sacr$1 or at lea/ until he has prov$ 8 manhood by kill+ an enemy4 ,frequ5tly ! "y man =ms an image ( ?is sacr$ animal & c>ries x ab\t ) him1 reg>d+ x z hav+ a direct influ5ce ^u 8 ev]yday life & ultimate de/9y4 ,p>kman says 79 8 8,jesuits 9 ,nor? ,am]ica10 p4 ,,lxxi1 note7 t ! k ( ?is gu>dian _s comes ?r\gh dreams at ! initiatory fa/4 ,if ?is is ev] true among ! ,dakota1 x is n ! rule4 ,?is k is communicat$ by ! 8w> prophet40#abc 7,see #abj1 #abg1 #abi1 #cje1 etc47 ,a%ley tells u t among ! ,sisseton & ,wahpeton ,dakota ! w>rior1 z su*1 0 =bidd5 by cu/om ( law to eat ! tongue1 head1 or he>t ( _m bea/s4 ,!re 7 o!r animals ( :i* ! heads might be eat51 b n ! tongues4 ,a w>rior ab\t to g on ! w> pa? c\ld n h int]c\rse ) wom51 b mu/ g ?r\gh ! purification ( ! inipi or sweat ba?1 :i* la/s f\r days4 ,a m>ri$ w>rior c\ld n t\* 8 own weapons until he _h ?us purifi$ himself4#abd #abc4 ,! ,armor god & ! ,_s ( ! my/]y sack are sometimes spok5 ( z if !y 7 individual & sep>ate div9ities2 b !y seem r to be ! god-p[] :i* is put into ! armor & sack by consecration4 ,!y %\ld be reg>d$ z ! indwell+ ( ! ,unktei or ( ! ,takukankan4 ,a "y man's w> weapons are wakan & mu/ n be t\*$ by a woman4 ,a man prays to 8 armor 9 ! day ( battle4 ,9 ! consecration ( ^! weapons ( w> & ! hunt a "y man comes "u c]ta9 taboo re/rictions4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( an animal are sacr$ & mu/ n be eat5 until he has kill$ an enemy4#abe ,,! ,,w> ,,prophet4 #abd4 ,! w> prophet has be5 ref]r$ to4 ,9 ?is capacity ! wakan man is a necessity4 ,e male ,dakota #af ye>s old & upw>d is a soldi]1 & is =mally & my/]i\sly enli/$ into ! s]vice ( ! w> prophet4 ,f him he receives ! implem5ts ( w>1 c>efully con/ruct$ aft] models furni%$ f ! armory ( ! gods1 pa9t$ aft] a div9e prescription1 & *>g$ ) a missive virtue--! tonwan--( ! div9ities4 ,f him he also receives ^? pa9ts :i* s]ve z an armature = ! body4 ,to obta9 ^! necess>y articles ! pr\d applicant is requir$ = a "t to abuse himself & s]ve him1 :ile he goes ?r\gh a s]ies ( pa9ful & exhau/+ p]=mances :i* are necess>y on 8 "p to enli/ ! favorable notice ( ! gods4 ,^! p]=mances consi/ *iefly ( vapor ba?s1 fa/+s1 *ants1 pray]s1 & nightly vigils4 ,! spe> & ! tomahawk be+ prep>$ & consecrat$1 ! p]son :o is to receive !m approa*es ! wakan man & pres5ts a pipe to him4 ,he asks a favor1 9 sub/ance z foll[s3 8,pity ?\ me1 poor & helpless1 a woman1 & conf] on me ! ability to p]=m manly de$s40 ,! prophet gives him ! weapons & tells him n to =get 8 v[s to ! gods :5 he returns 9 triumph1 a man4 ,! weapons are c>efully pres]v$ by ! w>rior4 ,!y are wrapp$ 9 clo?1 toge!r ) ! sacr$ pigm5ts4 ,9 fair wea!r !y are laid outside ( ! lodge e day4 ,!y mu/ nev] be t\*$ by an adult female4#abf #abe4 ,lynd's acc\nt is slightly diff]5t1 ?\gh 9 sub/antial accord ) ! prec$+ "o3 ,:5 a y\? arrives at ! age prop] = go+ on ! w>pa? he fir/ purifies himself by fa/+ & ! inipi or /eam ba? = ?ree days1 & !n goes1 ) te>s 9 8 eyes1 to "s wakan man ^: influ5ce is und\bt$1 & prays t he w pres5t him ) ! wotawe or consecrat$ armor4 ,?is wakan man is usually "s old & exp]i5c$ zuya wakan or sacr$ w> lead]4 ,aft] a "t ! armor is pres5t$ to ! "y man1 b until x is s pres5t$ he mu/ fa/ & cont9ue 8 purifications incessantly4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t no?+ b ! spe> ( ?is armor is ev] us$ 9 battle1 ?\gh x is always c>ri$ :5 ! own] accompanies a w> p>ty4 ,at ! same "t t ! old man pres5ts ! armor he tells ! y\? to :at animal x is d$icat$1 & enjo9s ^u him to hold t animal wakan4 ,he mu/ nev] h>m or kill x1 ev5 ?\gh />vation ?reat5 him4 ,at all times & "u all circum/ances ! taboo or wohduze is ^u x1 until by slay+ num]\s enemies x is gradually remov$4 ,by "s ! animal is held sacr$ dur+ life1 ! taboo be+ volunt>ily reta9$4#abg 7,see #aja1 #abg47 ,,! ,,spirits ,,( ,,! ,,my/]y ,,sacks4 #abf4 ,^! are simil> to ! armor gods1 9 t !y are div9ities :o act z gu>dian spirits4 ,ea* ( ^! p[]s is appropriat$ by a s+le individual1 protect+ & aid+ him1 & receiv+ 8 wor%ip4 ,^! spirits are conf]r$ at ! "t ( initiation into ! ord] ( ! ,my/]y ,dance1 & ( c\rse are conf9$ to ! memb]s ( t ord]4#abh ,ea* _s ( ! my/]y sack is n a sep>ate god1 b a wakan p[] d]iv$ f ! ,unktei1 accord+ to a lat] /atem5t ( ,riggs4#abi ,,taku,,ka,,ka1 ,,! ,,mov+ ,,deity4 #abg4 ,?is is a =m ( ! wakan :i* juggl]s1 s-call$ my/]y m51 & w> prophets invoke4 ,9 _! e/imation he is ! mo/ p[]ful ( _! gods2 ! "o mo/ to be fe>$ & propitiat$1 s9ce1 m ?an all o!rs1 he influ5ces human weal & woe4 ,he is suppos$ to live 9 ! f\r w9ds1 & ! f\r black spirits ( night d 8 bidd+4 ,! consecrat$ spe> & tomahawk 7see #abd7 are its weapons4 ,! buzz>d1 rav51 fox1 wolf1 & o!r animals are its lieut5ants1 to produce disease & dea?4#acj 7,comp>e ?is ) "s ( ! pictographs on ! w> *>t ( ! ,kansa tribe3 ,fig4 #d1 ,w9d songs2 ! connection betwe5 ! w9ds & w> is %[n 9 #cc4 ,fig4 #h1 ,de] songs4 ,fig4 #i1 an ,elk song4 ,fig4 #aj1 sev5 songs ( ! ,wak&a :o makes night songs4 ,fig4 #aa1 five songs ( ! ,big ,rock4 ,?is is a r\gh r$ rock ne> ,topeka1 ,kans4 8,?is rock has a h>d body1 l t ( a wak&a4 ,may y walk l x40 ,fig4 #ab1 ,wolf songs4 ,! wolf h[ls at night4 ,fig4 #ac1 ,moon songs4 ,fig4 #ad1 ,cr[ songs4 ,! cr[ flies ar\nd a dead body :i* x wi%es to dev\r4 ,fig4 #ah1 ,%ade songs4 ,!re is a ,wak&a :o makes %ade4 ,fig4 #bj1 song ( ! ,small ,rock4 ,fig4 #bb1 songs ( ! "y ,moon4 ,fig4 #bc1 songs ( ! ,buffalo ,bull4 ,fig4 #bg1 ,owl songs4 ,! owl hoots at night4#aca7 #abh4 ,miss ,flet*] has giv5 u a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8,! ,religi\s ,c]emony ( ! ,f\r ,w9ds or ,qu>t]s1 z obs]v$ by ! ,santee ,si\x40 8,among ! ,santee 7,si\x7 ,indians ! ,f\r ,w9ds are symboliz$ by ! rav5 & a small black /one1 less ?an a h5's egg 9 size40 8,an intellig5t ,santee said to me3 #8,! wor%ip ( ! ,f\r ,w9ds is ! mo/ difficult to expla9 = x is ! mo/ complicat$4' ,! ,f\r ,w9ds are s5t by ! #8,some?+ t ,moves4'0#acb ,!re is a 8,some?+ t ,moves0 at ea* ( ! f\r directions or qu>t]s4 ,! w9ds are1 !re=e1 ! mess5g]s or expon5ts ( ! p[]s :i* rema9 at ! f\r qu>t]s4 ,^! f\r qu>t]s are spok5 ( z uphold+ ! e>?1#acc & are connect$ ) ?und] & lightn+ z well z ! w9d4#acd 99 99 99 8,my in=mant w5t on to tell me t ! spirits ( ! f\r w9ds 7 n "o1 b twelve1 & !y are spok5 ( z twelve40#ace 7,see #db47 #abi4 ,9 ,tah-koo ,wah-kon1 pp4 #fd1 #fe1 ,riggs says3 ,?is god is too subtle 9 ess5ce to be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 & is z subtle 9 disposition4 ,he is pres5t ev]y:]e4 ,he ex]ts a controll+ influ5ce ov] in/9ct1 intellect1 & passion4 ,he c rob a man ( ! use ( 8 rational faculties1 & inspire a bea/ ) intellig5ce1 s t ! hunt] w w&] idiot-l1 :ile ! game on :i* he hop$ to fea/ 8 family at night escapes ) p]fect ease4 ,or1 if he please1 ! god c rev]se 8 influ5ce4 ,he is mu* gratifi$ to see m5 9 tr\ble1 & is p>ticul>ly glad :5 !y die 9 battle or o!rwise4 ,passionate & caprici\s 9 ! highe/ degree1 x is v difficult to reta9 8 favor4 ,8 symbol & suppos$ resid5ce is ! b[ld] 7see ,big ,rock & ,small ,rock1 #abg71 z x is also ( ano!r god1 ! ,tunkan4 ,pond assigns to him ! armor fea/ & inipi or vapor ba? 7call$ /eam or sweat ba?74 ,he says3#acf ,! armor fea/ is ( ord9>y occurr5ce :5 ! provisions are ( suffici5t abundance to support x1 9 :i* ! w>riors assemble & exhibit ! sacr$ implem5ts ( w>1 to :i* !y burn inc5se ar\nd ! smok+ sacrifice4 #acj4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahha1 ! late ,s4 ,d4 ,h9man read a pap] be=e ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,wa%+ton1 entitl$ 8,! ,/one ,god or ,oracle ( ! ,pute-temni b& ( ,hunkpati ,dakotas40 ,he said t ?is oracle _h be5 se5 by him :ile on an exp$ition ) "s ,dakotas across ! ,james ,riv] valley 9 ,dakota ,t]ritory4 ,a ,hunkpati man ( ! p>ty gave ! hi/ory ( ! /one & an acc\nt ( its miracul\s movem5t f ! ,sacr$ ,hill to ! old dirt lodge village4 ,?is oracle 0 call$ ! ,takukaka4 #aca4 ,b ! ,takukaka assum$ o!r %apes4 ,said ,bu%ott]1 9 "o ( 8 ,teton texts3 ,! ,lakotas reg>d c]ta9 small /ones or pebbles z my/]i\s1 & x is said t 9 =m] days a man _h "o z 8 help] or s]vant4 ,!re are two k9ds ( ^! my/]i\s /ones 7i4e41 pebbles1 n rocks74 ,"o is :ite1 resembl+ ice or glass 7i4e41 is probably transluc5t2 comp>e ! transluc5t pebbles ( ! ,i-ugi ord] ( ! ,omaha1 see ,om4 ,soc41 p4 #cdf72 ! o!r resembles ord9>y /ones4 ,x is said t "o ( !m once ent]$ a lodge & /ruck a man1 & p spoke ( ! /ones s5d+ 9 rattles ?r\gh ! smoke hole ( a lodge4 ,:5 any?+ 0 miss$ 9 ! village ! p appeal$ to ! /ones = aid1 & ! own] ( "o ( ! /ones boil$ food = a my/]y fea/1 to :i* ! p came4 ,!n !y told ! /one ( _! loss & ! /one help$ !m4 ,x is said t ! /ones br\ght back diff]5t messages4 ,if anyone /ole horses ! /ones always reveal$ 8 "n4 ,once ! ,omahas came to /eal horses1 b ! /ones knew ab\t !m & disappo9t$ _! secret plans2 s t ! ,lakotas le>n$ to prize ! /ones1 & !y decorat$ !m ) pa9t1 wrapp$ !m up1 & hung a bun* ( m$ic9e ) ea* "o4 ,x is v probable t ! ,ass9ibo9 also wor%ipp$ ! ,takukaka2 = !y rev]5c$ ! f\r w9ds1 z ,smet tells u4#acg ,,tunkan ,,oe ,,inyan1 ,,! ,,/one ,,god ,,or ,,l+am4 #acb4 ,x has be5 said by ,lynd#ach t ! we/]n tribes 7probably ! ,teton1 ,yanktonai1 ,yankton1 etc471 neglect ! ,unktei1 & pay _! ma9 devotion to ,tunkan or ,invan1 answ]+ to ! ,h9doo ,l+am4 ,tunkan1 ! ,dakotas say1 is ! god t dwells 9 /ones & rocks1 & is ! olde/ god4 ,if ask$ :y he is consid]$ ! olde/1 !y w tell y because he is ! h>de/--an ,indian's reason4 ,! usual =m ( ! /one employ$ 9 wor%ip is r\nd1 & x is ab\t ! size ( ! human head4 ,! dev\t ,dakota pa9ts ?is ,tunkan r$1 putt+ color$ swan's d[n ^u x1 & !n he falls d[n & wor%ips ! god t is suppos$ to dwell 9 x or hov] ne> x4#aci ,! ,tunkan is pa9t$ r$ 7see #acf7 z a sign ( active wor%ip4#adj ,9 cases ( extremity ,i h ev] notic$ t !y appeal to _! ,tunkan or /one god1 fir/ & la/1 & !y d ?is ev5 aft] ! c]emonies ( ! m$ic9e dance h be5 gone ?r\gh )4 ,all ,si\x agree 9 say+ t ! ,tunkan is ! ma9 recipi5t ( _! pray]s2 & among ! ,tetons1 ,m&ans1 ,yanktons1 & ,we/]n ,dakotas !y pray to t & ! _s ( ! buffalo almo/ entirely4#ada #acc4 ,riggs says3#adb 8,! ,inyan or ,toon-kan is ! symbol ( ! greate/ =ce or p[] 9 ! dry l&4 ,& ^! came to be ! mo/ common objects ( wor%ip4 ,l>ge b[ld]s 7 select$ & adorn$ ) r$ & gre5 7sic7 pa9t1 :i!r ! dev\t ,dakota might g to pray & (f] 8 sacrifice4 ,& small] /ones 7 (t5 f\nd1 set up on end & prop]ly pa9t$1 ar\nd :i* lay eagles' fea!rs1 tobacco1 & r$ clo?4 ,once ,i saw a small dog t _h be5 rec5tly sacrific$4 ,9 all _! incantations & dances1 notably 9 ! circle dance1 ! pa9t$ /one is ! god supplicat$ & wor%ipp$ ) fe> & trembl+40 #acd4 ,long tells ( a gigantic /one figure resembl+ a human be+1 :i* he f\nd on ! bank ( ,kickapoo ,creek4 ,! ,indians made (f]+s to x ( tobacco & o!r objects4#adc ,i,,ya ,a4 #ace4 ,rev4 ,horace ,c4 ,hovey says3#add 8,x 0 ! cu/om ( ! ,dakotas to wor%ip b[ld]s :5 9 p]plexity & di/ress4 ,cle>+ a spot f grass & bru% !y w\ld roll a b[ld] on x1 /reak x ) pa9t1 deck x ) fea!rs & fl[]s1 & !n pray to x = ne$$ help or deliv]ance4 ,usually :5 su* a /one _h s]v$ its purpose its sacr$ness 0 gone4 ,b ! peculi>ity ( ! /one n[ describ$ is t f g5]ation to g5]ation x 0 a %r9e to :i* pilgrimages & (f]+s 7 made4 ,its ,indian "n1 #8,eyah ,%ah1' simply means ! #8,r$ ,rock1' & is ! same t]m by :i* !y designate catl9ite1 or ! r$ pipe clay4 ,! rock itself is n naturally r$1 be+ m]ely a h>d specim5 ( granite1 symmetrical 9 %ape1 & ab\t #e feet long by #c feet ?ick4 ,! ,indians also call$ x #8waukon' 7my/]y7 & speculat$ z to its orig94 99 99 99 ,! p>ticul> clan t claim$ ?is rude alt> 0 kn[n z ! ,m5dewakantons4 ,al?\gh be+ b #b miles bel[ ! village ( ! ,kaposias1 x 0 to "s ext5t resort$ to by !m likewise4#ade ,! hunt+ gr\nd ( ! clan 0 up ! ,/4 ,croix1 & inv>iably be=e />t+ !y w\ld lay an (f]+ on ,eyah ,%ah4 ,twice a ye> ! clan w\ld meet m =mally1 :5 !y w\ld pa9t ! /one ) v]milion1 or1 z "s say1 ) blood1 !n trim x ) fl[]s & fea!rs1 & dance ar\nd x be=e sunrise ) *ants & pray]s4 ,_! la/ visit 0 9 #ahfb1 prior to ! massacre t occurr$ 9 ,augu/ ( t ye>4 ,s9ce t date1 ! /ripes 7 r5ew$ ?ree ye>s ago4 ,i c\nt$ ! /ripes & f\nd !m twelve 9 numb]1 ea* ab\t #b in*es wide1 ) int]v5+ spaces f #b to #f in*es wide4 ,by ! compass1 ,eyah ,%ah lies exactly nor? & s\?4 ,x is twelve paces f ! ma9 bank ( ! ,mississippi1 at a po9t #f miles bel[ ,/4 ,paul4 ,! nor? end is adorn$ by a rude repres5tation ( ! sun ) fifte5 rays40 #acf4 ,bu%ott] writes ?us3 8,sometimes a /one1 pa9t$ r$ all ov]1 is laid )9 ! lodge & hair is (f]$ to x4 ,9 cases ( sickness !y pray to ! /one1 (f]+ to x tobacco or v>i\s k9ds ( good ?+s1 & !y ?9k t ! /one he>s !m :5 !y sacrifice to x4 ,z ! /eam arose :5 !y made a fire on a /one1 ! ,dakotas conclud$ t /ones _h life1 ! /eam be+ _! brea?1 & t x 0 impossible to kill !m40 ,,mato ,,tipi4 #acg4 ,eight miles f ,=t ,meade1 ,s4 ,dakota1 is ,mato tipi1 ,grizzly be> ,lodge1 kn[n to ! :ite p z ,be> ,butte4 ,x c be se5 f a di/ance ( a hundr$ miles4 ,( ?is l&m>k ,bu%ott] writes ?us3 8,! ,teton us$ to camp at a flat-topp$ m\nta91 & pray to x4 ,?is m\nta9 _h _m l>ge rocks on x1 & a p9e =e/ at ! summit4 ,! *ildr5 pray$ to ! rocks z if to _! gu>dian spirits1 & !n plac$ "s ( ! small] ones betwe5 ! bran*es ( ! p9e trees4 ,i 0 caus$ to put a /one up a tree4 ,"s trees _h z _m z sev5 /ones apiece4 ,no *ild repeat$ ! c]emony ( putt+ a /one up 9 ! tree2 b on subsequ5t visits to ! ,butte he or %e wail$ = ! dead1 ( :om ! /ones 7 tok5s40 7,see #cjd47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4--;,be> ,butte1 ,s\? ,dakota4 7,copyright by ,grabill1 #ahij47 ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,moon4 #ach4 ,! sun z well z ! moon is call$ 8wi0 by ! ,dakota & ,ass9ibo9 tribes4 ,9 ord] to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two bodies1 ! =m] is call$ apetu wi1 day moon1 & ! latt]1 hahepi wi or hayetu wi1 night moon4 ,! correspond+ t]m 9 egiha is mi1 :i* is appli$ to bo? sun & moon1 ?\gh ! latt] is sometimes call$ niaba4 8,! moon is wor%ip$ r z ! repres5tative ( ! sun1 ?an sep>ately4 ,?us1 9 ! sun dance1 :i* is held 9 ! full ( ! moon1 ! danc]s at night fix _! eyes on h]40#adf #aci4 ,accord+ to ,smet#adg-- ,! sun is wor%ip$ by ! great] numb] ( ! ,indian tribes z ! au?or ( light & heat4 ,! ,ass9ibo9s consid] x likewise to be ! favorite resid5ce ( ! ,ma/] ( ,life4 ,!y evid5ce a great respect & v5]ation = ! sun1 b r>ely address x4 ,on great occasions1 !y (f] x _! pray]s1 b only 9 a l[ tone4 ,:5ev] !y light ! calumet1 !y (f] ! sun ! fir/ :iffs ( its smoke4 ,?is la/ mu/ ref] to :at ,smet describes on p4 #acf z ! great 8fe/ival la/+ sev]al days10 dur+ :i* ! 8high prie/0 (f]s ! calumet to ! ,great ,_s1 to ! sun1 to ea* ( ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 to ! wat]1 & to ! l&1 ) words analog\s to ! b5efits :i* !y obta9 f ea*4 #adj4 ,bu%ott]1 9 8 ,teton text1 says3 ,!y pray$ to ! sun1 & !y ?\ght t ) 8 yell[ eye he saw all ?+s1 & t :5 he desir$ he w5t "u ! gr\nd4 ,riggs /ates 9 ,tah-koo ,wah-kon 7p4 #fi73 ,al?\gh z a div9ity1 ! sun is n repres5t$ z a malignant be+1 yet ! wor%ip giv5 him is ! mo/ dreadful :i* ! ,dakotas (f]4 ,aside f ! sun dance1 !re is ano!r pro( ( ! div9e "* ascrib$ to ! sun 9 ! oa? tak5 by "s ( ! ,dakotas3 8,z ! sun he>s me1 ?is is s40 ,,! ,,sun ,,dance4 #ada4 ,pond#adh gave an acc\nt ( ! sun dance obta9$ f ,riggs1 9 :i* occurs ! foll[+3 8,! c]emonies ( ! sun dance comm5ce 9 ! ev5+4 ,i h be5 "u ! impression t ! "t ( ! full moon 0 select$1 b ,i am n[ 7#ahfg7 in=m$ t x is n ess5tial40 ,nei!r ,capt4 ,b\rke 7 #aig-baj7 nor ,bu%ott] speaks ( ! "t ( ! full moon4 ,9 ,miss ,flet*]'s acc\nt ( ! ,oglala sun dance ( #ahhb1adi %e says3 8,! fe/ival g5]ally occurs 9 ! latt] "p ( ,june or e>ly 9 ,july & la/s ab\t six days4 ,! "t is fix$ by ! budd+ ( ! ,artemisia ludoviciana40 7,see #ach1 #aej47 #adb4 ,lynd writes3#aej ,! wiwanyag wacipi1 or wor%ip ( ! sun z a div9ity1 is evid5tly "o ( ! mo/ radical bases ( ,dakota religion4 ,x has a subord9ate orig9 9 ! wihanmnapi1 or dream+1 & is intimately connect$ ) ! hanmdepi1 or vision hunt+4 ,?is mo/ anci5t ( all wor%ips1 ?\gh x is ( v frequ5t occurr5ce among ! ,dakotas1 does n take place at /at$ int]vals1 z among ! old nations ( ! ,ea/1 nor does ! :ole tribe p>ticipate 9 ! c]emonies4 ,x is p]=m$ by "o p]son alone1 su* ( 8 relatives & fri5ds assi/+ 9 ! c]emonies z may deem fit or z he may designate4 ,prep>atory to ?is1 z to all ! o!r sacr$ c]emonies ( ! ,dakotas1 are fa/+ & purification4 ,! dance comm5ces ) ! ris+ ( ! sun & cont9ues = ?ree days1 or until su* "t z ! dream+ wor%ip] %all receive a vision f ! _s or div9ity ( ! sun4 ,he faces ! sun con/antly1 turn+ z x turns1 & keep+ up a con/ant bl[+ ) a wood5 :i/le4 ,a rude drum is beat5 at int]vals1 to :i* he keeps "t ) 8 feet1 rais+ "o aft] ! o!r1 & b5d+ 8 body t[>ds ! sun4 ,%ort int]vals ( re/ are giv5 dur+ ! dance4 ,! m9d ( ! wor%ip] is fix$ int5tly ^u "s great desire t he has1 & is1 z x 71 isolat$ f ! body4 ,9 ?is /ate ! danc] is said to receive revelations f ! sun1 & to hold direct int]c\rse ) t deity4 ,if ! wor%ip] ( ?is lum9>y1 h[ev]1 %\ld fail to receive ! desir$ revelation be=e ! close ( ! c]emonies1 !n self-sacrifice is resort$ to1 & ! c]emonies ( ! hanmdepi become a "p ( ! wor%ip ( ! sun4 ,a ,,dakota',s ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,dance4 #adc4 ,sev]al acc\nts ( ! sun dance h be5 publi%$ )9 ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 b !y h1 )\t exception1 be5 writt5 by :ite p]sons4 ,! foll[+ diff]s 9 "o respect f all :i* h prec$$ x2 x 0 writt5 9 ! ,teton dialect ( ! ,dakota1 by ,george ,bu%ott]1 a ,teton4 ,z he did n furni% 8 description ( ! dance 9 a s+le text1 b 9 sev]al1 :i* 7 writt5 on diff]5t occasions1 x devolv$ on ! pres5t writ] to und]take an arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial aft] translat+ x4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations 7 made by ,mr4 ,bu%ott]4 #add4 ,object ( ! sun dance4--,! ,dakota "n = ! sun dance is 8,wi wa-yag wa-tci-pi 7,wi wayag waipi710 lit]ally1 8,sun look+-at !y-dance40 ,! foll[+ are assign$ z ! reasons = celebrat+ ?is dance3 ,dur+ any w9t] :5 ! p suff] f fam9e or an epidemic1 or :5 !y wi% to kill any enemy1 or !y desire horses or an abundance ( fruits & vegetables dur+ ! com+ summ]1 diff]5t ,indians pray m5tally to ! sun1 & ea* "o says1 8,well1 ,i w pray to ,wakantanka e>ly 9 ! summ]40 ,?r\gh\t ! w9t] all ^? m5 :o h made su* v[s take frequ5t ba?s 9 sweat lodges4 ,ea* ( ^! devotees or c&idates invites p]sons to a fea/1 on :i* occasion he jo9s 8 gue/s 9 dr9k+ great quantities ( v>i\s k9ds ( h]b teas4 ,!n ! ho/ notifies ! gue/s ( 8 v[1 & f t "t =w>d ! p treat him ) great respect4 #ade4 ,rules obs]v$ by h\seholds4--,! memb]s ( ! h\seholds ( ! devotees always ab/a9 f l\d talk+ & f bad acts ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! foll[+ rules mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ! lodge ( ea* devotee3 ,a piece ( ! soil is cut (f betwe5 ! back ( ! lodge & ! fireplace1 & :5 virg9 e>? is rea*$ v]milion is scatt]$ ov] ! expos$ place4 ,:5 ! m5 smoke _! pipes & h burn$ out all ( ! tobacco 9 _! pipe b[ls1 !y mu/ n ?r[ away ! a%es z !y w\ld common refuse2 !y mu/ be c>eful to empty ! a%es on ! expos$ e>? at ! back ( ! lodge4 ,no "o v5tures to /ep on t virg9 e>?1 & n ev5 a h& is ev] /ret*$ t[>d x4 ,only ! man :o expects to p>ticipate 9 ! sun-dance c empty ! a%es !re1 & aft] s do+ he returns ea* pipe to its own]4 #adf4 ,! 8,u-ma-ne40--8,! mell[$ e>? space1 ,u-ma-ne 9 ,dakota1 & call$ by "s peculi> names 9 o!r tribes1 has nev] be5 abs5t f any religi\s ex]cise ,i h yet se5 or le>n$ ( f ! ,indians4 ,x repres5ts ! unappropriat$ life or p[] ( ! e>?1 h5ce man may obta9 x4 ,! squ>e or oblong1 ) ! f\r l9es /&+ out1 is inv>iably int]pret$ to mean ! e>? or l& ) ! f\r w9ds /&+ t[>d x4 ,! cross1 :e!r diagonal or upright1 always symbolizes ! f\r w9ds or f\r qu>t]s40#aea ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4--,! 8,u-ma-ne0 symbol4 ,miss ,flet*] uses ?is t]m1 8,u-ma-ne10 to d5ote two ?+s3 ! mell[$ e>? space 7probably answ]+ to ! u-j-i ( ! ,omaha & ,ponka7 & ! symbol ( ! e>? & ! f\r w9ds made )9 t mell[$ e>? space4 ,a sket* ( ! latt] symbol is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahi4 7,see #aab1 #aee1 etc42 also ,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n41 ,vol4 ,,vi1--#dga-dge47 #adg4 ,rules obs]v$ by ! devotee4--,dur+ ! "t ( prep>ation ! devotee goes hunt+1 & if he kills a de] or buffalo he cuts up ! body 9 a 8wakan0 mann]4 ,he sk9s x1 b leaves ! horns atta*$ to ! skull4 ,he r$d5s ! sk9 all ov]1 & 9 ! re> ( ! lodge1 9 ! op5 air1 he prep>es a b$ ( wild sage 7,artemisia71 on :i* he lays ! skull4 ,he erects a po/1 on :i* he hangs a tobacco p\* & a robe t is to be (f]$ z a sacrifice4 ,:5 ! devotee takes a meal ev]y?+ :i* he t\*es mu/ be p]fectly clean4 ,he uses a new knife1 :i* no "o else d>es to h&le4 ,:atev] he eats mu/ be prep>$ 9 ! be/ possible mann] by ! o!r memb]s ( ! h\sehold4 ,!y make = him a new pipe ornam5t$ ) porcup9e "w1 a new tobacco p\*1 & a /ick = pu%+ ! tobacco d[n into ! b[l1 bo? ornam5t$ 9 l mann]4 #adh4 ,! devotee mu/ n g swimm+1 b he c ent] ! sweat-lodge4 ,!re he rubs 8 body all ov] ) wild sage2 he _c use calico or cotton = t purpose4 ,no unclean p]son ( ei!r sex mu/ g ne> him4 ,! devotee is prohibit$ f fight+1 ev5 %\ld ! camp be attack$4 ,he mu/ n act ha/ily1 b at all times mu/ he proce$ leisurely4 ,he has 8 regul> p]iods = cry+ & pray+4#aeb #adi4 ,all 8 female k9dr$ make _m pairs ( moccas9s & collect money & an abundance ( all k9ds ( goods1 9 ord] to give pres5ts to poor p at ! "t ( ! sun dance4 ,!n !y c make gifts to :omsoev] !y please1 & on t acc\nt !y w w9 ! "r to h a *ild's e>s pi]c$4 ,! goods or horses1 on acc\nt ( :i* ! *ild's e>s are to be pi]c$1 are res]v$ = t occasion at "s o!r place4 ,! man ^: (fice x w be to pi]ce ! *ildr5's e>s has to be notifi$ 9 advance t 8 s]vices w be requir$4 7,see #bje47 ,,tribes ,,invit$ ,,to ,,! ,,sun-,,dance4 #aej4 ,:5 ! devotees h p]=m$ all ! prelim9>y duties requir$ ( !m1 messages are s5t to all ! neighbor+ tribes1 i4 e41 ! ,omaha1 ,pawnee ,l\p1 ,*ey5ne1 ,ree1 ,hidatsa1 ,blackfeet1 ,nez ,p]c1 ,w9nebago1 ,yankton1 & ,santee4 ,! latt] "p ( ,june is fix$ ^u z ! "t = ! dance4 7,see #ach1 #ada47 ,! visitors f ! diff]5t nations beg9 to come toge!r 9 ! spr+1 ea* visit+ tribe =m+ its sep>ate camp4 ,?\gh "s ( ! visitors are h]$it>y enemies1 x matt]s n dur+ ! sun-dance2 !y visit "o ano!r2 !y %ake h&s & =m alliances4 ,9 ?is mann] sev]al weeks are sp5t v pleasantly4 ,,discipl9e ,,ma9ta9$4 #aea4 ,policem5 are appo9t$1 & a cri] proclaims to ea* lodge t at a specifi$ place !re is a broad & pleasant prairie :]e all are expect$ to pit* _! t5ts4 ,! ov]se]s or ma/]s ( c]emonies h guns1 & _! ord]s are obey$2 = if "o disobeys 8 horses & dogs are kill$ by ! policem54 ,?is puni%m5t is call$ akiita wiaktepi1 or1 9 common p>lance1 8soldi]-kill+40 ,all :o jo9 ! camp mu/ erect ! upright 7or conical7 t5ts1 z no l[ ru% or mat t5ts1 su* z are f\nd among ! ,osage & ,w9nebago1 are all[$ 9 ! camp circle4 ,,camp+ ,,circle ,,=m$4 #aeb4 ,at l5g? ord]s are giv5 = all ! p to pit* _! t5ts 9 ! =m ( a tribal circle1 ) an op5+ to ! nor?4#aec 7,see ,pl4 ,,xlv47 ,x takes sev]al days to accompli% ?is1 & !n all ! m5 & y\?s are requir$ to take spades & g c>efully ov] ! :ole area )9 ! circle & fill up all ! holes & unev5 places :i* might cause ! horses to /umble & fall4 ,,m5 ,,select$ ,,to ,,seek ,,! ,,my/]y ,,tree4 #aec4 ,?\gh ,bu%ott] has writt5 t ?is "w requires sev]al days1 x is probable1 judg+ f :at foll[s 9 8 manuscript1 t only two days are requir$ = su* "w4 ,= he cont9ues ?us3 ,on ! ?ird day "s m5 are select$ to g 9 se>* ( ! an-wakan or ,my/]y ,tree1 out ( :i* !y are to =m ! sun pole4#aed ,^! m5 mu/ be select$ f ^? :o are kn[n to be brave1 m5 acqua9t$ ) ! w> pa?1 m5 :o h ov]come difficulties1 m5 :o h be5 w\nd$ 9 battle1 m5 ( consid]able exp]i5ce4 #aed4 ,! m5 select$ to fell ! my/]y tree ride v swift horses1 & !y decorate _! horses & attire !mselves j z if !y 7 go+ to battle4 ,!y put on _! fea!r w> bonnets4 ,!y race _! horses to a hill & !n back aga94 ,9 =m] days x 0 cu/om>y on su* occasions = any wom5 :o _h lo/ *ildr5 dur+ "s previ\s attack on ! camp1 to wail (t5 z !y ran t[>ds ! m\nt$ m51 & to s+ at int]vals z !y w5t4 ,b t is n ! cu/om at ! pres5t day4 ,?ree times d ! m\nt$ m5 tell ( _! brave de$s 9 imitation ( ! w>riors ( ! old5 times1 & !n !y und]take to repres5t _! own de$s 9 pantomime4 #aee4 ,on ! f\r? day1 ! select$ m5 g to se>* = ! my/]y tree4 ,!y return to camp toge!r1 & if !y h f\nd a suitable tree1 !y cut out pieces ( ! soil )9 ! camp+ circle1 go+ d[n to virg9 e>?4 7,see #adf47 ,?is expos$ e>? ext5ds ov] a consid]able area4 ,on x !y place a species ( sweet-smell+ grass 7a trail+ v>iety7 & wild sage1 on :i* !y lay ! buffalo skull4 ,,t5t ,,( ,,prep>ation4 #aef4 ,aft] ?is !re is set up )9 ! camp+ circle a good t5t kn[n z ! t5t ( prep>ation4#aee ,:5 ! manag]s wi% to set up ! t5t ( prep>ation1 !y borr[ t5t sk9s "h & !re4 ,"p ( ^! t5t sk9s !y use = cov]+ ! smoke hole1 & "p 7 us$ z curta9s1 = :5 !y decorate ! c&idates !y use ! curta9s = %utt+ !m 9 f ! gaze ( ! p & :5 !y f9i% pa9t+ !m !y ?r[ d[n ! curta9s4 ,9 ! back "p ( ?is t5t ( prep>ation are plac$ ! buffalo skulls1 "o = ea* c&idate4 ,a new knife :i* has nev] be5 us$ is expos$ to smoke4 ,a new ax1 too1 is r$d5$ & smok$4 #aeg4 ,wild sage 7,artemisia7 is us$ 9 v>i\s ways prior to & dur+ ! sun dance4 ,"s ( x !y spread on ! gr\nd to s]ve z c\*es1 & ) "s !y wipe ! te>s f _! faces4 ,!y fumigate ) ! plant kn[n z 8a ililya10 or else !y use 8walipe watema10 sweet-smell+ leaves4 ,day aft] day !y fumigate !mselves ) 8waaa10 a sweet-smell+ grass4 ,!y hold e object :i* !y use ov] ! smoke ( "o ( ^! grasses4 ,!y we> a k9d ( m$ic9e on _! necks1 & t keeps !m f be+ hungry or ?ir/y1 = occasionally !y *ew a small quantity ( x4 ,or if !y tie "s ( ?is m$ic9e to _! feet !y d n get we>y s soon4#aef #aeh4 ,:5 ! t5t ( prep>ation is erect$1 !re are provid$ = x new t5t p9s1 new /icks = fa/5+ ! t5t sk9s toge!r above ! entrance1 & new poles = pu%+ out ! flaps beside ! smoke hole4 ,^! objects & all o!rs1 :i* _h to be us$1 are br\ght into ! t5t ( prep>ation & fumigat$ ov] a fire into :i* ! m$ic9e has be5 dropp$4 ,by ?is "t ano!r day has be5 sp5t4 ,n[ all ! c&idates assemble 9 ! t5t ( prep>ation1 ea* "o we>+ a buffalo robe ) ! hair outside4 ,"o :o acts z lead] sits 9 ! place ( honor at ! back "p ( ! t5t1 & ! o!rs sit on ei!r side ( him ar\nd ! fireplace4 ,!y smoke _! pipes4 ,:5 night comes !y select "o ( ! songs ( ! sun dance1 9 ord] to rehe>se x4 ,c]ta9 m5 h be5 *os5 z s+]s ( ! danc+ songs1 &1 :5 "o set ( !m re/1 !re are o!rs to take _! places4 ,! drumm]s beat ! drum rapidly1 b s(tly 7z ! ,teton call x1 kpakpayela1 ! act ( sev]al drumm]s hitt+ 9 quick succession74 ,illu/ration3 ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,elev5? ,annual ,report4 ,plate ,,xlv image ,,ga/ ,,li?4 ,,co4 ,,camp+ ,,circle ,,at ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,sun-,,dance4 ,?ree times d !y beat ! drums 9 t mann]1 & !n !y beat x rapidly1 z at ! beg9n+ ( ! sun dance4 ,at ?is juncture1 z _m z h flutes--made ( ! bones ( eagles' w+s1 ornam5t$ ) porcup9e quills1 & hung ar\nd _! necks1 ) cords simil>ly ornam5t$1 ) "s eagle d[n at ! tip ends ( ! flutes--bl[ !m (t5 & =cibly z !y dance4 ,:ile ! drum is beat5 ?ree times 9 succession 7kpakpayela1 z has be5 describ$71 all ! c&idates cry al\d 7eya71 b :5 x is beat5 ! f\r? "t1 !y cry or wail no long]1 b dance & bl[ _! flutes or :i/les4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aij4--;,eaglew+ flute4 7,f orig9al1 loan$ by ,capt4 ,j4 ,g4 ,b\rke1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a47 #aei4 ,:5 ! c&idates take _! seats 9 ! t5t ( prep>ation1 !y select a man to fill ! pipe ) tobacco4 ,:5 !y wi% to smoke1 ?is man passes along ! l9e ( c&idates4 ,he holds ! pipe ) ! m\?piece t[>d ea* man1 :o smokes )\t grasp+ ! pipe /em4#aeg ,:5 ! c&idates are all[$ to eat1 ! att5dant fe$s !m4 ,no "o c be loquaci\s )9 ! t5t ( prep>ation4 ,if a dog or p]son approa*es ! t5t1 ! (f5d] is *as$ away be=e he c rea* x4 ,no spectators are all[$ to ent] ! t5t4 ,& ?is regulation is en=c$ by bl[s1 :5ev] anyone attempts to violate x4 ,,exp$ition ,,to ,,! ,,my/]y ,,tree4 #afj4 ,! next morn+1 :i* is t ( ! fif? day1 !y prep>e to g aft] ! tree t is to s]ve z ! sun pole4#aeh ,! m>ri$ & s+le m51 ! boys1 & ev5 ! wom51 are all ord]$ to g horseback4 ,:oev] is able to move rapidly accompanies ! p>ty4 ,:5 ! *os5 p]sons g to fell ! my/]y tree !y ru% on x z !y w\ld ^u a real enemy1 j z tradition relates t ! ,omaha & ,ponka ru%$ on _! sacr$ tree4 7,see #db47aei ,!n !y turn quickly & run f x until !y arrive at ! o!r side ( ! hill 7ne>e/ to ! my/]y tree71 aft] :i* !y return to ! tree4#afj ,!y tie leaves toge!r v tightly1 mak+ a m>k ( ! bundle1 assault+ x 9 turn z a foe4 #afa4 ,! tree is rea*$ by noon4 ,! p]sons *os5 to fell x :isp] to "o ano!r z !y assemble ar\nd x4 ,!y approa* "s "o :o has a *ild1 & take hold ( him4 ,!n !y br+ robes & o!r goods :i* !y spread on ! gr\nd1 & on ! pile !y seat ! *ild1 :o is sometimes a small girl1 or ev5 a l>ge "o4 ,,fell+ ,,! ,,tree4 #afb4 ,ea* ( ! *os5 m5 takes 8 turn 9 /rik+ ! tree4 ,e "o mu/ fir/ tell 8 exploits1 !n he br&i%es ! ax ?ree times )\t /rik+ a bl[1 aft] :i* he /rikes ! tree once1 & only once1 mak+ a ga%4 ,he leaves ! ax /ick+ 9 ! tree1 :5ce x is remov$ by ! next man4 ,he :o leaves ! ax 9 ! tree is by ?is act consid]$ to make a pres5t ( a horse to "s "o4 ,z soon z he gives ! bl[1 8 fa!r 7or "s ne> k9sman7 approa*es & h&s him a /ick1 :]eupon ! "y man returns x1 ask+ him to give x to su* a "o1 call+ him by "n4 ,= in/ance1 let u suppose t a "y man1 ,mato uwi maza1 ,grizzly be> ) an ,iron ,side1 reque/s t 8 /ick be giv5 to ,psia wakantuya1 or ,leap+ ,high4 ,! old man :o is employ$ z ! cri] goes to ! camp & s+s ?us3 8,mato uwi maza -ya-ha-he6 ,mato uwi maza -ya-ha-he604 ,! la/ ^w is a sign ( a brave de$ on ! "p ( ! donor1 & x is s und]/ood by e "o4 ,on rea*+ ! t5t ( ! o!r man1 ! cri] says1 8,psia wakantuya ukawaka wa hiyo u ye6 ,mato uwi maza a-waka kaksa a tauke wa hiyo u ye60 i4 e41 8,o ,leap+ ,high1 a horse is br\ght to y6 ,a horse is br\ght to y because ,mato uwi maza has giv5 a bl[ to ! my/]y tree60 ,on he>+ ?is1 ,psia wakantuya says1 8,h-ye10 or 8,?anks60 z he ext5ds 8 h&s ) ! palms t[>ds ! cri]2 & he br+s !m d[n t[>d ! gr\nd & takes ! /ick repres5t+ ! horse4 ,!n ! cri] passes along ar\nd ! circle1 s++ ! praises ( ! donor1 & nam+ ! man :o has receiv$ ! pres5t4 #afc4 ,aft] all ! *os5 m5 h told ( _! de$s1 & h p]=m$ _! p>ts1 ! wom5 select a man to speak ( :at g5]\s ?+s !y h done1 & :5 he has spok51 ! l>g] wom5 :o are able to fell trees rise to _! feet1 & take _! turns 9 giv+ "o bl[ apiece to ! tree4 ,by ! "t t all ! wom5 h /ruck ! tree x falls1 & all pres5t %\t & s+4 ,_m pres5ts are made1 & "s ( ! p wail1 mak+ ! entire =e/ e*o _! voices4 ,!n ^? m5 :o are select$ = t purpose cut (f all ! limbs ( ! tree except ! highe/ "o1 & !y d n di/urb ! tree top4 ,:]ev] a bran* is cut (f !y rub r$ pa9t on ! w\nd4 #afd4 ,!y make a bundle ( "s wood 9 imitation ( t = :i* !y h pray$1 & hang x crosswise f ! =k ( ! tree4 ,above ! bundle !y susp5d a sc>let blanket1 a buffalo robe or a weasel sk91 & "u ! bundle !y fa/5 two pieces ( dri$ buffalo hide1 "o be+ cut 9 ! %ape ( a buffalo1 & ! o!r 9 t ( a man4 ,?\gh ,bu%ott] did n /ate ! circum/ance1 x is rem>kable t bo? ! figures h ! membrum virile rigid4 ,! au?or le>n$ ab\t ?is f two tru/wor?y p]sons1 :o obta9$ all ! p>aph]nalia ( ! sun dance1 & "o ( !m1 ,capt4 ,john ,g4 ,b\rke1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 %[$ him ! figures ( ! man & buffalo us$ at ! sun dance at ,r$ ,cl\d ,ag5cy1 9 #ahhb4 ,9 ! =m] figure1 ! l+am is ( abnormal size4 ,! connection betwe5 ! phallic cult & ! sun is obvi\s to ! /ud5t4 7,see #ai1 #acb1 #adf1 #aee1 #afi1 #agj1 #agf74 ,,! ,,tree ,,tak5 ,,to ,,camp4 #afe4 ,no "o ( ! company d>e to t\* ! sun pole z !y take x to ! camp4 ,be=e wagons 7 available1 !y made a horse c>ry mo/ ( ! weight ( ! pole1 "p ( x be+ on "o side ( him & "p on ! o!r1 :ile ! waka m5 *os5 = ! purpose walk$ on bo? sides ( ! horse 9 ord] to support ! ends ( ! pole4 7,see #cag47 ,at ! pres5t day1 a wagon is us$ = transport+ ! sun pole to ! camp4#afa ,:ile !y are on ! way no p]son d>es to g 9 advance ( ! pole1 = :oev] violates ! law is 9 dang] ( be+ ?r[n f 8 horse & hav+ 8 neck brok54 ,! m>ri$ m5 & y\?s c>ry leaf %ields on _! backs1 & "s ( ! rid]s make _! horses race z f> z !y are able4 ,any memb] ( ! p>ty c appropriate ! small bran*es :i* h be5 cut f ! my/]y tree4 ,:5 !y rea* ! camp circle1 all ( ! p>ty :o c>ry bran*es & leaves drop !m 9 ! places :]e !y int5d erect+ _! respective t5ts4 #aff4 ,judg+ f ,mr4 ,bu%ott]'s fir/ text1 ! t5ts are n pit*$ :5 ! p return ) ! sun pole4 ,b z soon z !y lay ! pole 9 ! place :]e x is to be erect$1 ! t5ts are pit*$ aga94 ,!n all ! objects t are to be atta*$ to ! sun pole are ti$ to x1 & "s ( ! m5 take lea!r /raps1 su* z ! wom5 use :5 !y c>ry wood & o!r burd5s1 & fa/5 !m to ! sun pole 9 ord] to raise x into position4 ,,rais+ ,,! ,,sun ,,pole4 #afg4 ,?is rais+ ( ! sun pole seems to be symbolic ( ! f\r w9ds1 ! tatye tpa1 or 8! f\r qu>t]s ( ! heav5s10 z ,dr4 ,riggs translates ! ,dakota t]m4 ,^? :o assi/ 9 rais+ ! sun pole mu/ be m5 :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves4 ,!y raise ! pole a %ort di/ance f ! gr\nd1 & !n !y %\t1 mak+ an indi/9ct s\nd2 !y re/ a:ile & pull x a little high]1 %\t+ aga92 re/+ a second "t1 !y r5ew _! ef=ts1 pull+ x high] /ill4 ,!y %\t ! ?ird "t1 re/ aga91 & at ! f\r? pull ! pole is p]p5dicul>4 ,!n ! m5 ar\nd ! camp+ circle fire guns1 mak+ ! horses flee4 ,^? :o rais$ ! pole h a new spade1 & !y use x "o aft] ano!r 9 ?r[+ a suffici5t quantity ( e>? ar\nd ! base ( ! pole1 press+ ! e>? d[n firmly 9 ord] to /eady ! pole4 ,,build+ ,,( ,,danc+ ,,lodge4 #afh4 ,next foll[s ! build+ ( ! danc+ lodge4 7,see ,pl4 ,,xlvi4 & #cag47 ,=k$ po/s are set 9 ! gr\nd 9 two conc5tric circles4 ,^? po/s =m+ ! circle ne>] ! sun pole are a few feet high] ?an ! po/s 9 ! out] circle1 ?us mak+ a slant suffici5t = a ro(4 ,f ! inn] circle ( po/s to ! sun pole !re is no ro(1 z ! danc]s :o /& ne> ! pole mu/ see ! sun & moon4 ,f ea* =k$ po/ to ! next "o 9 ! same circle is laid a t5t pole2 & on ! two s]ies ( ^! horizontal t5t-poles are plac$ ! sapl+s or poles =m+ ! ro(4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! wall ( ! danc+ lodge !y use ! leaf %ields1 & probably "s poles or bran*es ( trees1 ! %ields & leaves /uck 9 ! wall "h & !re1 9 no regul> ord]1 leav+ int]/ices ?r\gh :i* ! spectators c peep at ! danc]s4 ,a v wide entrance is made1 ?r\gh :i* c be tak5 a horse1 z well z ! num]\s (f]+s br\ght to be giv5 away to ! poor4 ,!n !y smoke ! pipe1 z 9 t mann] !y ?9k t !y c induce _! ,great ,my/]i\s ,"o to smoke4 #afi4 ,all hav+ be5 made ready1 ! ag$ m5 & ! *ief m5 ( ! camp kick (f _! legg9s & moccas9s1 & z _m z h pi/ols take !m to ! danc+ lodge1 ar\nd ! int]ior ( :i* !y p]=m a dance4 ,z !y pass ar\nd ! sun pole1 all %oot at once at ! objects susp5d$ f ! pole 7 #afd71 knock+ !m aside sudd5ly4 ,leav+ ! danc+ lodge1 !y dance ar\nd ! int]ior ( ! camp+ circle till !y rea* _! respective t5ts4 ,,! ,,uu,,ita4 #agj4 ,?is is foll[$ by ! 8uuita40 ,ea* man ties up ! tail ( 8 horse & dresses himself 9 8 be/ attire4 ,:5 !y are ready1 !y proce$ two abrea/ ar\nd ! int]ior ( ! camp+ circle1 %oot+ into ! gr\nd z !y pass along1 & fill+ ! entire area ) smoke4 ,!re are s _m ( !m t !y ext5d almo/ ar\nd ! entire circle4 ,if any ( ! rid]s are ?r[n f _! horses z !y da% along1 ! o!rs pay no att5tion to !m1 b /ep ov] !m1 reg>d+ no?+ b ! c5t] ( ! camp+ circle4 7,see ,pl4 ,,xlv47 #aga4 ,by ?is "t x is ne>ly sunset4 ,! "y m5 & "y wom5 m\nt horses & proce$ 9 pairs1 a "y man beside a "y woman1 s++ z !y pass sl[ly ar\nd ! circle4 ,! "y m5 s+ fir/1 & ! "y wom5 respond1 act+ z a *orus4 ,t night ! t5t ( prep>ation is aga9 erect$4 ,! c&idates dance !re4 ,! p gaze t[>ds t t5t1 = x is rumor$ t ! c&idates w m>* =? f x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology4 ,,elev5? ,,annual ,,report4 ,,plate ,,xlvi4 image ,,ga/ ,,li?4 ,,co4 ,,! ,,danc+ ,,lodge4 ,,decoration ,,( ,,c&idates ,,or ,,devotees4 #agb4 ,! c&idates sp5d ! night 9 decorat+ !mselves4 ,ea* "o we>s a f9e sc>let blanket arrang$ z a skirt & ) a good belt fa/5$ ar\nd 8 wai/4 ,f ! wai/ up he is nude1 & on 8 *e/ he pa9ts "s design4 ,sometimes ! design is a sunfl[]4 ,a man c pa9t ! designs ref]r+ to ! brave de$s ( 8 fa!r1 8 "m's bro!r1 or ( "s o!r k9sman1 if he himself has done no?+ wor?y ( commemoration4 ,if a man has kill$ an animal1 he c pa9t ! sign ( ! animal on 8 *e/1 & "s hold betwe5 _! lips ! tails ( animals1 signify+ t !y h scalp$ _! enemies4 ,o!rs %[ by _! designs t !y h /ol5 horses f enemies4 #agc4 ,ea* "o all[s 8 hair to hang loosely d[n 8 back4 ,"s we> head-dresses consi/+ ( ! sk9s ( buffalo heads ) ! horns atta*$4 ,o!rs we> eagle w>-bonnets4 ,ea* c&idate we>s a buffalo robe ) ! ?ick hair outside4 ,he fills 8 pipe1 :i* is a new "o ornam5t$ ) porcup9e "w1 & he holds x ) ! /em po9t+ 9 front ( him4 ,?us d all ! c&idates appe> z !y come out ( ! t5t ( prep>ation4 ,z !y m>* to ! danc+ lodge ! lead] goes fir/1 ! o!rs m>* abrea/ aft] him4 ,he :o acts z lead] c>ries a buffalo skull pa9t$ r$4 ,all cry z !y m>*1 & on ! way !y are jo9$ by a woman :o takes ! place ( h] 8hakata10 or c\s92 & sometimes !y are jo9$ by a horse t is highly priz$ by 8 own]4 ,,(f]+s ,,( ,,c&idates4 #agd4 ,! fir/ "t t !y em]ge f ! t5t :]e !y sleep !y m>* ar\nd x f\r times1 & !y make (f]+s ( f\r blankets1 :i* !y susp5d f z _m po/s set up 9 ! =m ( a squ>e )9 :i* ! t5t is erect$4 ,:5 !y proce$ f ! t5t ( prep>ation to ! danc+ lodge1 "o ( _! s]vants sets up /icks at int]vals1 =m+ a /raight l9e f ! t5t ( prep>ation to ! danc+ lodge1 & on ^! /icks he places _! (f]+s ( blankets & tobacco p\*es4 ,aft] ! gifts are ?us susp5d$1 none ( ! spectators c cross ! l9e ( /icks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4--,! t5t ( prep>ation & ! danc+ lodge4 #age4 ,capt4 ,j4 ,g4 ,b\rke has a w& t 0 us$ by "o ( ! h]alds1 or cri]s1 dur+ ! sun dance4 ,x 0 ab\t #e feet long1 & 0 decorat$ ) beadwork & a tuft ( horse hair at ! sup]ior extremity4 ,:5ev] ! cri] rais$ ?is w& ! p fell back1 leav+ an op5 space ( ! requir$ area4 ,,c]emonies ,,at ,,! ,,danc+ ,,lodge4 #agf4 ,on rea*+ ! danc+ lodge1 ! c&idates pass sl[ly ar\nd ! ext]ior1 />t+ at ! left side ( ! lodge & turn+ t[>ds ! "r4 ,!y d ?is f\r times & !n ent] ! lodge4 ,!y /ret* _! h&s t[>ds ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! heav5s z !y walk ar\nd ! int]ior ( ! lodge4 ,!y sit d[n at ! back "p ( ! lodge1 & !n !y s+4 ,betwe5 !m & ! pole !y cut out ! soil 9 ! %ape ( a half-moon1 go+ d[n to virg9 e>?1 & on ?is b>e spot !y place all ! buffalo skulls4 ,aft] ?is !y pa9t !mselves anew ) r$ pa9t1 on complet+ :i* !y are lift$ to _! feet by _! att5dants4 ,aga9 !y walk ar\nd ! int]ior ( ! lodge1 /ret*+ out _! h&s t[>ds ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! heav5s4 #agg4 ,a song ( ! sun dance is />t$ by "o ( ! c&idates1 & ! o!rs jo9 him1 "o aft] ano!r1 until all are s++4 ,mean:ile ! m5 :o h be5 select$ = ! purpose r$d5 _! entire h&s1 & x devolves on !m to dance )\t t\*+ any?+1 su* z ! )es connect$ ) ! sun pole or ! buffalo skulls2 all t !y are requir$ to d is to ext5d _! h&s t[>ds ! sun1 ) ! palms turn$ f !m4 ,at ?is "t all ! c&idates are rais$ aga9 to _! feet1 & br\ght to ! back "p ( ! lodge1 :]e !y are plac$ 9 a r[4 ,!y soon beg9 to cry1 & !y are jo9$ by ! woman :o has tak5 ! place ( h] eld] bro!r4 #agh4 ,x is cu/om>y1 :5 a man is too poor to take "p himself 9 ! sun dance1 = a female relation to take 8 place1 if su* a woman pities him4 ,%e suff]s z ! male c&idates d1 except 9 "o respect--h] fle% is n sc>ifi$4 ,?is woman we>s a bucksk9 skirt1 & %e lets h] hair fall loosely d[n h] back4 ,%e c>ries ! pipe ( h] bro!r or k9sman 9 ^: place %e is danc+4 #agi4 ,z ! drums beat1 ! c&idates dance & bl[ _! flutes4 ,! woman /&s1 danc+ sl[ly1 ) h] head b5t d[nw>d1 b ) %\ld]s erect1 & %e is %ak+ h] head & body by b5d+ h] knees (t5 )\t rais+ h] feet f ! gr\nd4 ,%e ab/a9s f food & dr9k1 j z h] bro!r or k9sman w\ld h done _h he p>ticipat$ 9 ! dance4 ,9 fact1 all ! c&idates h to fa/ f ! "t t ! sun pole is cut1 & f t "t !y cry & dance at int]vals4 #ahj4 ,if ! own] ( a horse decides t 8 /e$ mu/ take "p 9 ! dance1 he ties ! horse to "o ( ! ?ongs fa/5$ to ! sun pole1 & /&s ne> ! animal4 ,:5ev] he wi%es he approa*es ! horse1 takes him by ! l[] jaw z he /&s & cries1 & !n he1 too1 jo9s 9 ! dance4 ,?is horse is decorat$ 9 ! f9e/ mann]2 he is pa9t$ r$1 8 tail is roll$ up into a bundle & ti$ toge!r1 & he we>s fea!rs 9 ! tail & =elock4 #aha4 ,c&idates sc>ifi$4 ,:5 ! "t comes = sc>ify+ ! c&idates1#afb if "o wi%es to dance 9 ! mann] ab\t to be describ$1 he is made to /& betwe5 f\r po/s arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a squ>e1 & 8 fle% on 8 back be+ sc>ifi$ 9 two places1 ?ongs are run ?r\gh !m & fa/5$ to !m & to ! po/s beh9d him4 ,8 *e/ is also sc>ifi$ 9 two places1 ?ongs are ins]t$ & ti$1 & !n fa/5$ to ! two po/s 9 front ( him 7see ,pl4 ,,xlvii1 #a1 ,okaka na91 or 8,he /&s fa/5$ to0 or 8)9074 ,bu%ott] says no?+ ab\t ! skew]s us$ 9 tortur+ ! danc]s2 b ,capt4 ,b\rke obta9$ ?ree ornam5tal ones :i* _h be5 run ?r\gh ! w\nds ( "s ( ! devotees1 9 ord] to be /a9$ ) blood & kept !reaft] z s\v5irs ( ! brav]y ( ! danc]s4 ,besides ^! 7 ! regul> skew]s :i* 7 ?ru/ horizontally ?r\gh ! fle%2 & to ! ends ( ^! skew]s 7 fa/5$ ! ?ongs t 7 secur$ by ! opposite ends to ! sun pole4 ,! la/ dance all[$ by ! ,gov]nm5t 0 9 #ahhc1 & x w\ld be difficult n[ to f9d any ( ^! skew]s4 7,see #bjd47 ,illu/ration3 ,bureau ( ,e?nology ,elev5? ,annual ,report4 ,plate ,,xlvii4 image ,,ga/ ,,li?4 ,,co4 ,n4,y4 #a4 ,,ptepa ,,k9 ,,waci4--#b4 ,,okaska ,,naz94 ,ano!r man has 8 back sc>ifi$ & a ?ong ins]t$1 f :i* a buffalo skull is susp5d$1 z %[n 9 ,pl4 ,,xlvii1 #b1 ,pte-pa 9 wai1 or 8,he dances c>ry+ a buffalo skull on 8 back40 ,he dances ?us1 ?9k+ t ! weight ( ! skull w soon cause ! ?ong to break ?r\gh ! fle%4 ,! blood runs 9 /ripes d[n 8 back4 #ahb4 ,ano!r man decides to be fa/5$ to ! sun pole4 ,= ! use ( su* danc]s !re are eight lea!r ?ongs hang+ d[n f ! pole1 be+ fa/5$ to ! pole at a po9t ab\t midway f ! top4 ,= ea* man ti$ to ! pole x is ! rule to take two ( ! ?ongs & run !m ?r\gh 8 fle% aft] ! holes are made ) ! knife 7see ,pl4 ,,xlviii74 ,aft] ! ?ongs are fa/5$ to him1 ! danc] is requir$ to look upw>d4 ,:5 ! c&idate is a %ort man1 8 back is sc>ifi$ & 8 att5dants pu% him up high en\gh f ! gr\nd = ! ?ongs to be ins]t$ & ti$4 ,9 ?is case ! weight ( ! man /ret*es ! sk9 :]e ! ?ongs are ti$1 & = a long "t he rema9s !re )\t fall+ 7see ,pl4 ,,xlix74 #ahc4 ,a v long "t ago x happ5$ t ! fri5ds ( su* a %ort man piti$ him1 s !y gave a horse to ano!r man1 :om !y direct$ to release _! fri5d by pull+ at ! ?ongs until !y broke out4 ,s ! o!r man approa*$ ! danc]1 tell+ ( 8 own de$s4 ,he grasp$ ! %ort man ar\nd ! body1 ?rew himself viol5tly to ! gr\nd1 break+ (f ! ?ong1 :i* flew upw>d1 & br++ ! %ort man to ! gr\nd4 ,!n ! k9dr$ ( ! %ort man br\ght pres5ts ( calico or moccas9s & ano!r horse1 ) o!r prop]ty1 & !y made ! old wom5 ( ! camp scramble = ! possession ( ! gifts4 ,! horse 0 giv5 away by ! act call$ 8,kaol yeyapi10 or 8,!y ?rew x (f sudd5ly40 ,! fa!r ( ! danc] /ood at ! entrance ( 8 t5t1 hold+ a /ick 9 8 h&4 ,he ?rew ! /ick into ! air1 & ! by/&]s /ruggl$ = its possession4 ,:oev] grasp$ ! /ick1 & succe$$ 9 hold+ x1 won ! horse4 ,if a =k$ /ick is ?r[n up & caught x entitles ! hold] to a m>e & h] colt4 #ahd4 ,:5 a "y man has 8 fle% pi]c$ = him1 if he is belov$ by 8 female relations1 !y furni% him ) _m objects decorat$ ) porcup9e quills1 & ^! objects are susp5d$ f ! pi]c$ places ( 8 fle%1 ?is be+ consid]$ z a m>k ( respect %[n by ! wom5 to _! k9sman4 ,v (t5 ! wom5 by su* acts deprive !mselves ( all _! prop]ty4 #ahe4 ,pieces ( fle% (f]$4--,:5 ! c&idates h _! fle% pi]c$ = ! ins]tion ( ! ?ongs1 a numb] ( m5 :o d n int5d to dance approa* ! sun pole & take seats ne> x4 ,) a new knife small pieces ( fle% are cut out 9 a r[ f ! %\ld]s ( ea* ( ^! m51 :o hold up ! pieces ( _! own fle%1 %[+ !m to ! pole4 ,!y also cov] ! base ( ! pole ) e>?4 ,if "s ( ! wom5 desire to (f] pieces ( _! fle%1 !y come & d s4 #ahf4 ,v soon aft] ?is ! p :o are outside ( ! danc+ lodge s+ a song 9 praise ( ! devotees ( all k9ds1 & ! old wom5 are walk+ ab\t ) _! clo?+ & hair 9 disord]1 ! g>m5ts flapp+ up & d[n z !y dance4 ,! att5dants hold ! pipes = ! c&idates to smoke1 & !y decorate !m anew4 ,aft] !y decorate !m1 ! danc+ is resum$4 ,by ?is "t x is pa/ noon1 s ! girls & boys ^: e>s are to be pi]c$ are collect$ 9 "o place1 & pres5ts are giv5 to all ! poor p4#afc ,aft] ! *ildr5's e>s h be5 pi]c$1 ! att5dants make ! c&idates rise aga9 & cont9ue ! dance4 #ahg4 ,torture ( own] ( horse4--,! man ^: horse has tak5 "p 9 ! dance is ti$ to ! tail ( 8 horse1 & 8 *e/ is pi]c$ 9 two places & fa/5$ by ?ongs to ! sun pole4 ,"s ( ! att5dants :ip ! horse sev]al times1 mak+ him d>t away f ! pole1 !reby releas+ ! man1 z ! ?ongs are brok5 by ! sudd5 /ra9 7see #bi74 #ahh4 ,! devotees dance ?r\gh ! night1 & :5 x is ne>ly midnight !y re/4 ,beg9n+ at ! left side ( ! danc+ lodge1 e devotee /ops & cries at ea* po/ until he makes ! circuit ( ! lodge4 ,by ?is "t x is midnight1 s ! att5dants make !m face ab\t & /& look+ t[>ds ! ea/1 j z 9 ! aft]noon !y _h made !m face ! we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,bureau ( ,e?nology ,elev5? ,annual ,report4 ,plate ,,xlviii4 image ,,ga/ ,,li?4 ,,co4 ,,! ,,sun-,,dance4 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,dance4 #ahi4 ,at sunrise !y /op danc+ & !y leave ! danc+ lodge4 ,z !y come =?1 !y pass out by ! "r side1 & m>* f\r times ar\nd ! ext]ior ( ! lodge4 ,aft] :i* !y proce$ directly to ! lodge ( prep>ation1 ar\nd :i* !y m>* f\r times prior to ent]+ x4 #aij4 ,:5 ! devotees em]ge f ! danc+ lodge1 "o ( _! att5dants places m gifts on ! l9e ( /icks betwe5 ! two lodges1 & aft] ! procession has mov$ on !re is consid]able disput+ among ! small boys ( ! camp = ! possession ( ! gifts4 #aia4 ,aft] leav+ ! lodge ( prep>ation1 ! exhau/$ devotees are tak5 back to _! own t5ts1 :]e ea* "o is giv5 f\r sips ( wat] & a small piece ( food1 & by ! "t t he gets accu/om$ to food aft] 8 long fa/1 he eats :at he pleases1 ent]s ! sweat lodge1 rubs himself ) ! wild sage1 & !nce=w>d he is reg>d$ z hav+ p]=m$ 8 v[4 #aib4 ,! spectators scramble = ! possession ( ! blankets & long pieces ( calico left z sacrifices at ! danc+ lodge1 & "s ( !m climb to ! top ( ! sun pole & remove ! objects fa/5$ !re4 ,! sun pole is all[$ to rema9 9 its place4 ,! au?or saw a sun pole at ,ponka ,ag5cy1 !n 9 ,dakota1 9 #ahga4 ,x _h be5 !re = "s "t1 & x rema9$ till x 0 bl[n d[n by a high w9d4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! dance ! camp breaks up & ! visitors return to _! respective homes4 #aic4 ,all :o p>ticipate 9 ! dance mu/ act accord+ to rule = if "o slights "p ( ! rites !y ?9k t he is 9 great dang]4 ,! m5 select$ z ov]se]s or manag]s are ! p]sons :o act z ! att5dants ( ! c&idates4 ,! c&idates ?9k t all _! devotions are pleas+ to ! sun4 ,z !y dance1 !y pray m5tally1 8,please pity me6 ,br+ to pass all ! ?+s :i* ,i desire60 ,,intrusive ,,dances4 #aid4 ,dur+ ! sun dance1 o!r dances--intrusive dances1 z ,lynd t]ms !m--are go+ on 9 ! camp4 ,among ^! are ! foll[+3 ,! ,m&an dance1 p]=m$ by ! ate iza okolakiiye1 or ! ,society ( ! ,/\t-he>t$ ,ones2 ! ,waka waipi or my/]y dance1 ! ,pei mignaka waipi or ! dance ( ^? we>+ grass 9 _! belts1 ! gho/ dance1 ! buffalo dance1 & ! ,omaha kiyotag a-i1 popul>ly call$ ! grass dance4 #aie4 ,:5 a man jo9s ! ,m&an dance z a lead]1 he we>s a fea!r headdress ( owl fea!rs1 a sc>f1 call$ 8,wai-iake10 is worn ar\nd 8 neck & hangs d[n 8 back1 & he c>ries a pipe1 a b[1 & arr[s4 ,9 ! ,pei mignaka waipi1 bo? "y m5 & "y wom5 take "p4 ,all ^! dances are held outside ! lodge ( ! sun dance1 )9 :i* lodge only ! "o dance c be p]=m$4 ,! grass dance is nam$ aft] ! ,omaha tribe4 ,z _m m5 z are able to p>ticipate 9 t dance m>* abrea/ until !y rea* ! camp ( "s g5s1 :]e !y sit d[n fac+ ! p :om !y visit1 h5ce ! "n1 mean+1 8! ,omaha rea* !re & sit d[n40 ,!n ! visitors s+ :ile a noise is made by hitt+ ! gr\nd ) /icks1 etc4 ,! s+]s & danc]s sit look+ at ! t5ts ( ! g5s t !y h visit$1 & rema9 s until prop]ty & food are br\ght out & giv5 to !m4 ,!n !y arise & probably dance4 ,!y ?9k t if !y ask ,wakantanka = any?+ aft] ! conclusion ( ! sun dance !y w receive x4 ,s !y call on him 9 diff]5t songs1 ?us3 8,o ,wakantanka1 please pity me6 ,let me h _m horses60 ,or1 8,o ,wakantanka1 please pity me6 ,let !re be pl5ty ( fruits & vegetables60 ,or1 8,o ,wakantanka1 please pity me6 ,let me live a long "t60 #aif4 ,dur+ ! sun dance !y s+ ab\t "s old woman1 call+ h] by "n4 ,!y c s+ ab\t any old woman on su* an occasion4 ,"o ( ^! songs has be5 giv5 by ,mr4 ,bu%ott]1 b ! writ] mu/ cont5t himself 9 giv+ ! words )\t ! music4 8,w9a u tkiya l huwo8 ,he-ye-ye6 ,yatla u uka wk9ipe4 ,h-ye-ye6 ,e-ya-ya-ha ya-ha ya-ha yo-ho he-ye-ye6 ,e-ya-ya-ha ya-ha ya-ha yo-ho he-ye-y60 ,t is3 8,old woman1 y :o h be5 m5tion$1 :i!r are y go+8 ,:5 !y scrambl$ = ! /ick repres5t+ a horse1 ( c\rse y 7 on h&6 ,h[ brave y are60 ,!y s+ ?is 9 a high key1 & :5 !y cease sudd5ly1 !y call out1 8,howo6 ,howo6 ,e-ya-ha-he6 ,e-ya-ha-he60 8,come on6 ,come on6 ,h[ brave y are6 ,h[ brave y are60 ,:5 !y h said ?is repeat$ly an old woman ent]s ! circle1 mak+ !m laugh by h] s++ & danc+4 ,?us ends ! ,bu%ott] acc\nt ( ! sun dance1 :i* 0 read at a meet+ ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,wa%+ton1 ,may #f1 #ahij4 ,,capt4 ,,b\rke ,,on ,,! ,,sun-,,dance4 #aig4 ,aft] ! read+ ( ! pap]1 ,capt4 ,john ,g4 ,b\rke1 ,u4,s4 ,army1 rem>k$ t he _h se5 ! sun dance ( ! ,dakota sev]al times1 & once _h enjoy$ excell5t opportunities ( tak+ notes ( all t occurr$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,r$ ,cl\d & o!r m$ic9e m5 ( prom95ce4 ,capt4 ,b\rke k9dly furni%$ ! au?or ) ! foll[+ ab/ract ( 8 rem>ks on ?is subject3 ,9 ,june1 #ahha1 at ! ,r$ ,cl\d ,ag5cy1 ,dakota1 !re 7 "s tw5ty-eight :o w5t ?r\gh ! ordeal1 "o ( ! numb] be+ ,pretty ,enemy1 a "y woman :o _h escap$ ) h] husb& f ! b& ( ,sitt+ ,bull 9 ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica1 & :o 0 go+ ?r\gh ! dance z a sign ( grateful ackn[l$gm5t to ! spirits4 ,! description ( ! dance giv5 9 ! acc\nt ( ,bu%ott] tallies closely ) t :i* took place at ! ,r$ ,cl\d c]emony1 ) a few v immat]ial exceptions due no d\bt to local causes4 ,illu/ration3 ,bureau ( ,e?nology ,elev5? ,annual ,report4 ,plate ,,xlix4 image ,,ga/ ,,li?4 ,,co4 ,a ,,susp5d$ ,,devotee4 #aih4 ,at ,r$ ,cl\d1 = example1 !re 0 n a sep>ate buffalo head = ea* ,indian2 !re 7 n m ?an two1 & ) !m1 be+ plac$ erect & lean+ aga9/ a frame-"w made = ! purpose1 sev]al elaborately decorat$ pipes1 beautiful 9 all t porcup9e quills1 beads1 & horsehair c\ld supply4 ,buffaloes _h at t "t disappe>$ f ! face ( ! c\ntry )9 rea* ( t ag5cy1 & !re 0 also an increas+ difficulty 9 ! matt] ( procur+ ! pipe/one f ! old qu>ries ov] on ! ,miss\ri ,riv] sic4#afd #aii4 ,fir/1 9 reg>d to secur+ ! sacr$ tree1 aft] ! same _h be5 designat$ by ! advance p>ty s5t out to look = x4 ,! m$ic9e m5 proclaim$ to ! "y w>riors t all !y 7 n[ to d 0 j ! same z if !y 7 go+ out to w>4 ,:5 ! signal 0 giv51 ! :ole p>ty da%$ (f at full spe$ on _! ponies1 & z soon z we arriv$ at ! tree1 !re 0 no small am\nt ( s++1 z well z ( pres5ts giv5 to ! poor4 ,next1 a b& ( "y m5 /epp$ to ! front1 & ea* 9 succession told ! /ory ( 8 pr[ess1 ea* ref]5ce to ! kill+ or w\nd+ ( an enemy1 or to /rik+ c\p1 be+ corroborat$ by ?ump+ on ! sk9 :i* s]v$ ! m$ic9e m5 z a drum4 #bjj4 ,! fir/ "y man approa*$ ! sacr$ tree1 swung 8 br&-new ax1 & cut "o ga% on ! ea/ side2 ! second foll[$ precisely ! same program on ! s\? side2 ! ?ird1 on ! we/ side1 & ! f\r?1 on ! nor? side1 ea* cutt+ "o ga% & no m4 #bja4 ,!y 7 succe$$ by a "y maid51 aga9/ ^: p]sonal "*1 x 0 ass]t$1 n a brea? ( ins9uation c\ld be br\ght1 & %e 0 deck$ 9 all ! f9]y ( a long robe ( :ite antelope sk9 almo/ completely cov]$ ) elks' tee?1 z well z ) beads4 ,%e seiz$ ! ax1 &1 ) a few well-direct$ bl[s1 br\ght ! tree to ! gr\nd4 #bjb4 ,9 c>ry+ ! tree to ! camp x 0 plac$ ^u skids1 no "o be+ all[$ to place a h& ^u ! tree itself4 ,^u rea*+ ! summit ( ! knoll ne>e/ ! camp ! tree 0 left 9 *>ge ( its imm$iate att5dants :ile ! re/ ( ! assemblage *>g$ at full spe$ ^u ! camp itself4 #bjc4 ,:5 ! tree _h be5 erect$ 9 place1 x 0 notic$ t ea* ( ^? :o 7 to endure ! torture _h be5 provid$ ) an esquire1 :ile !re 0 also a =ce ( m51 arm$ ) guns to pres]ve ord]1 cri]s to make proclamations1 & h]alds & wat]-c>ri]s arm$ ) long /aves tipp$ ) bead-"w & horse-hair4 ,^! wat]-c>ri]s did n c>ry wat] = ! m5 atta*$ to ! tree1 !y 7 n all[$ to dr9k1 b if !y happ5$ to fa9t away ! m$ic9e m5 w\ld take a m\?ful ( wat] apiece & spray x ^u ! body ( ! pati5t1 produc+ coldness by ! evaporation ( ! wat]4 #bjd4 ,all ! ,indians on t occasion 7 atta*$ to ! tree itself by long ropes ( hair or by ?ongs1 fa/5$ to skew]s run horizontally "u ! fle%4 7,see #aha47 #bje4 ,! "y woman1 ,pretty ,enemy1 0 n ti$ up to ! tree1 b %e danc$ ) ! o!rs1 & _h h] arms sc>ifi$ f ! %\ld]s to ! elb[s4 ,all ?is sc>ification 0 done by a m$ic9e man1 :o also slit ! e> ( ! babies born s9ce ! la/ sun dance4 #bjf4 ,! "y m5 7 sc>ifi$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,_! att5dants1 :om ,i h call$ esquires1 seiz$ & laid !m on a b$ ( "s sagebru% at ! foot ( ! sacr$ tree4 ,a %ort address 0 made by "o ( ! m$ic9e m52 !n ano!r1 tak+ up z mu* ( ! sk9 ( ! brea/ "u ! nipple ( ea* danc] z c\ld be held betwe5 8 ?umb & =ef+]1 cut a slit ! l5g? ( ! ?umb1 & ins]t$ a skew] to :i* a rope 0 fa/5$1 ! o!r end ( ! rope be+ ti$ to ! tree4 #bjg4 ,! "y m5 plac$ eagle pipes1 z !y 7 call$1 9 _! m\?s4 ,^! pipes 7 flutes :i* 7 made ea* f "o ( ! bones 9 an eaglet's w+4 ,!y _h to be s\nd$ all ! "t ! "y man 0 danc+4 ,?is danc+ 0 done 9 ! mann] ( a buck jump1 ! body & legs be+ /iff & all movem5t be+ ^u ! tips ( ! toes4 ,! danc]s kept look+ at ! sun1 & ei!r dropp$ ! h&s to ! sides 9 ! milit>y position ( 8att5tion10 ) ! palms to ! front1 or else held !m upw>d & outw>d at an angle ( #de degrees1 ) ! f+]s spread ap>t1 & incl9$ t[>ds ! sun4 #bjh4 ,:5 laid on ! c\* ( sagebru% be=e spok5 (1 ea* "y man cov]$ 8 face ) 8 h&s & wail$4 ,i 0 c>eful to exam9e ea* "o1 & saw t ?is wail+ 0 a /rictly c]emonial affair unaccompani$ by te>s4 #bji4 ,be=e approa*+ ! tree ! victims 7 nak$1 ) ! exception ( blue clo? petticoats & buffalo robes worn ) ! fur outside1 giv+ !m ! appe>ance ( monks ( ! old5 "t4 ,! buffalo robes 71 ( c\rse1 ?r[n (f :5 ! "y m5 7 laid on ! sagebru%1 prep>atory to ! sc>ification4 ,"o "y man 0 unable to te> himself loose1 & he rema9$ ti$ up to ! tree = an h\r & sev5 m9utes by my wat*4 ,he fa9t$ f\r times4 ,! m$ic9e man put into 8 m\? "s ( ! small r$1 bitt]1 salty se$s ( ! ,dulcam>a1 :ile ! wom5 ?rew co/ly robes1 blankets1 articles ( beadwork & quillwork1 & o!rs ( ! sk9 ( ! elk & antelope ^u ! rope atta*+ him to ! tree1 9 ! hope ( break+ him loose4 ,! articles ?us atta*$ to ! rope 7 tak5 away by ! poor = :om !y 7 giv54 ,!re 0 any am\nt ( ?is giv+ ( pres5ts at all /ages ( ! dance1 b especially at ?is "t1 & ! cri]s 7 call+ )\t ceas+1 8,s & s has done well4 ,he is n afraid to look ! poor wom5 & *ildr5 9 ! face6 ,come up "s m ( y p6 ,d n be a%am$ to give6 ,let all ! p see h[ g5]\s y are60 or words to t effect4 7,i _h to rely ^u my int]pret]1 :o 0 reput$ to be ! be/ & mo/ tru/wor?y at ! ag5cy74 #baj4 ,"o ( ! prime mov]s 9 ! organization ( ?is p>ticul> dance1 ,rocky ,be>1 at ! la/ mom5t1 = "s p>ticul> reason1 decid$ n to g ?r\gh ! t]rible ordeal4 ,he expla9$ 8 reasons to ! tribe1 & 0 excus$4 ,he gave pres5ts ) a lavi% h&1 & x 0 und]/ood t on "s subsequ5t occasion he w\ld f9i% ! dance4 ,!re 0 no sign ( dissatisfaction ) 8 c\rse1 & ev]yone seem$ to be on ! be/ ( t]ms ) him4 ,all ?r\gh ! c]emony !re 0 mu* s++ by ! wom5 & drumm+ by ! m$ic9e m51 & a fea/ ( /ew$ dog1 :i* ta/es v mu* l "y mutton1 0 s]v$ ) boil$ wild turnips4 #baa4 ,by a comp>ison ( ! acc\nts ( ,miss ,flet*]1 ,capt4 ,b\rke1 & ,bu%ott] x w be notic$ t :ile !re are sev]al po9ts ( disagreem5t :i*1 z ,capt4 ,b\rke rem>ks1 are 8due no d\bt to local causes10 ! acc\nts are 9 sub/antial agreem5t4 ,miss ,flet*] says t ! op5+ ( ! camp circle 0 t[>d ! ea/2 b ,bu%ott] gives x z t[>d ! nor?4 ,%e /ates t ! t5t ( prep>ation 0 erect$ on ! fir/ day aft] sunset2 b ,bu%ott] says x 0 set up on ! f\r? day4 ,%e repres5ts ! selection ( ! m5 :o g to seek ! tree1 ! dep>ture to fet* ! tree1 ! fell+ ( ! tree1 ! br++ x & sett+ x up )9 ! camp circle z all tak+ place on ! f\r? day4 ,bu%ott] /ates t ! m5 7 select$ on ! ?ird day2 !y w5t to seek ! tree on ! f\r? day2 !y w5t to fell ! tree on ! fif? day1 & on ! same day !y br\ght x to ! camp & set x 9 place4 ,capt4 ,b\rke saw f\r m5 & "o girl employ$ 9 fell+ ! tree4 ,miss ,flet*] m5tions t five m5 & ?ree girls did ?is 9 #ahhb2 b ,bu%ott] record$ t sev]al m5 & wom5 took "p 9 ?is p]=mance4 ,! e>s ( ! *ildr5 7 pi]c$ on ! f\r? day aft] ! rais+ ( ! sun pole1 accord+ to ,miss ,flet*]2 b ,bu%ott] says t ?is did n occur till aft] ! devotees _h be5 sc>ifi$ & fa/5$ to ! pole & po/s1 on ! six? day4 ,bu%ott] agrees ) ,miss ,flet*] 9 say+ t on ! six? day ! e>? 0 8mell[$10 ! devotees sc>ifi$1 & !y danc$ ) ! ?ongs fa/5$ to ! pole1 etc41 & atta*$ to ! skew]s runn+ "u _! fle%4 ,,b]da*es4 #bab4 ,^! un=tunate be+s1 :o h be5 ref]r$ to z miquga & miquge 9 ,*apt] ,,iii 7 #cj71 are call$ wikta by ! ,santee & ,yankton ,dakota1 & wikte by ! ,teton4 ,!y dress z wom5 & act 9 all respects z wom5 d1 ?\gh !y are really m54 ,! t]ms = sodomy1 wiktapi & wiktepi1 are significant1 & g to prove t ! b]da*es %\ld n be call$ h]maphrodites4 ,x is probable t ! ,dakota reg>d ! moon z influ5c+ ^! p4 7,see #cec47 ,,a/ronomical ,,lore4 #bac4 ,ho-ke-wi-la is a man :o /&s 9 ! moon ) out/ret*$ arms4 ,8 "n is said to mean ,turtle ,man4 ,:5 ! ,teton see a %ort man ) a l>ge body & legs !y g5]ally call him 8,ho-ke-la10 aft] ! man 9 ! moon4 ,! ,teton d n l to gaze at ! moon1 because at "s pa/ "t a woman1 :o 0 c>ry+ a *ild on h] back1 gaz$ a long "t at ! moon1 till %e became v weak & fell s5seless4 ,no ,teton d>e look at ! />s & c\nt ev5 8"o0 m5tally4 ,= "o is sure to die if he beg9 to c\nt ! />s & desi/ be=e f9i%+4 ,!y are also afraid to po9t at a ra9b[ ) ! index f+]1 ?\gh !y c po9t at x ) ! lips or elb[4 ,%\ld "o =get1 & po9t ) ! index f+]1 ! by/&]s laugh at him1 say+1 8,by & by1 ,o fri5d1 :5 y\r f+] becomes l>ge & r\nd1 let u h x = a ball bat40 ,,day ,,& ,,night4 #bad4 ,"o ( ,bu%ott]'s ,teton texts reads ?us3 ,indians are (t5 s++ 8,! day & night are my/]i\s0 or 8waka40 ,!y d s = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,:ile ! day la/s a man is able to d _m wond]ful ?+s at diff]5t times1 & he kills s _m animals1 includ+ m51 & sometimes he receives pres5ts1 & besides he is able to see all ?+s4 ,b he does n fully und]/& :at ! day is1 nor does he "k :at makes ! light4 ,?\gh ! man c d v>i\s ?+s dur+ ! day1 he does n "k :o makes or causes ! light4 ,!re=e he believes t x 0 n made by h&1 i4e41 t no human be+ makes ! day give light4 ,!re=e ! ,indians say t ! day is 8waka40 ,!y d n "k :o causes all ^! ?+s1 yet !y "k t !re is "s "o ?+ hav+ p[]1 & t ?is ?+ does x4 ,9 _! op9ion1 t is ! sun4 ,s !y pray to ! sun2 & !y respect bo? ! day & ! sun1 mak+ !m 8waka40 ,on t acc\nt !y usually s+ "s songs ab\t !m4 ,!n !y say t ! night is 8waka40 ,:5 x is night1 !re are gho/s & _m fe>ful objects1 s !y reg>d ! night z 8waka10 & pray to x4 ,,! ,,dawn4 #bae4 ,:5 ,bu%ott]'s y\ng] bro!r 0 sick on "o occasion he 0 made to pray to ,anpao1 ,! ,dawn4 ,! t5t sk9s 7 ?r[n back f ! entrance & ! sick boy 0 held up ) ! palms ( 8 h&s ext5d$ t[>ds ! light1 :ile he repeat$ ?is pray]3 8,wakataka1 uimla y6 ,tha wau kte10 i4 e41 8,o ,great ,my/]i\s ,"o1 please pity me6 ,let me live a long "t60 ,!n ! pati5t 0 laid back on 8 c\*4 ,:ile ! sick boy pray$ a blanket 0 held up1 & ! next morn+ x 0 hung f ! top ( ! t5t4 ,:5 ! invalid recov]$ ! blanket & a tobacco p\* 7 tak5 to a hill & left !re z sacrifices4 ,! boy got well1 & ! p believ$ t "s my/]i\s p[] _h cur$ him4 ,,wea!r ,,_s4 #baf4 ,! ,teton say t a giant1 call$ ,waziya1 kn[s :5 !re is to be a *ange ( wea!r4 ,:5 he travels 8 footpr9ts are l>ge en\gh = sev]al ,indians to /& :ile !y are abrea/2 & 8 /rides are f> ap>t1 = at "o /ep he c g ov] a hill4 ,:5 x is cold ! p say1 8,waziya has return$40 ,!y us$ to pray to him1 b :5 !y f\nd t he did n he$ !m !y desi/$4 ,:5 w>m wea!r is to foll[ ,waziya wraps himself 9 a ?ick robe1 & :5 x is to be cold he goes nude4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,heyoka or ,anti-natural ,society love ! acts ( ,waziya2 s !y imitate him 9 always say+ or do+ ! opposite ( :at might be expect$ "u ! circum/ances4 ,riggs says1#afe 8,waziya1 ! god ( ! nor?1 & ,itokaga1 ! god ( ! s\?1 are ev] 9 conflict & ea* 9 turn is victori\s40 ,,heyoka4 #bag4 ,waziya & ,heyoka are n fully diff]5tiat$4 ,heyoka1 accord+ to ,riggs1#aff is 8! ant9atural god40 ,he is said to exi/ 9 f\r v>ieties1 all ( :i* h ! =ms ( small m51 b all _! desires & exp]i5ces are contr>y to nature4 ,9 ! w9t] !y /& on ! op5 prairie )\t clo?+2 9 ! summ] !y sit on knolls wrapp$ 9 buffalo robes1 & yet !y are freez+4 ,ea* ( !m has 9 8 h&s & on 8 %\ld]s a b[ & arr[s1 rattles1 & a drum4 ,all ^! are sur*>g$ ) lightn+1 & 8 drum/ick is a little ,wak9yan4 ,! high m\nds ( ! prairies are ! places ( 8 abode4 ,he presides ov] ! l& ( dreams1 & t is :y dreams are s fanta/ic4 #bah4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,heyoka gods1 ,pond says3#afg ,l ! ,wak9yan1 !re are f\r v>ieties ( !m1 all ( :i* assume 9 sub/ance ! human =m1 b x w\ld be unnecess>ily t$i\s to note ! diff]5ces ( =m1 especially z ! diff]5ces are unimportant4 ,!y are said to be arm$ ) ! b[ & arr[s1 & ) de]-ho( rattles1 :i* ?+s are *>g$ ) electricity4 ,"o ( ! v>ieties c>ries a drum1 :i* is also *>g$ ) ! same fluid4 ,= a drum/ick he holds a small ,wak9yan god by ! tail1 /rik+ on ! drum ) ! beak ( ! god4 ,?is w\ld seem to u to be an un=tunate position = a god1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is 8wakan10 & ! m absurd a ?+ is1 ! m 8wakan40 #bai4 ,"o ( ^! gods 9 "s respects answ]s to ! :irlw9d zephyr ( ,greek my?ology4 ,x is ! g5tle :irlw9d :i* is sometimes visible 9 ! delicate wav+ ( ! tall grass ( ! prairie4#afh ,by virtue ( _! m$ic9e & tonwan p[]s ! ,heyoka r5d] aid to su* m5 z rev]e !m1 9 ! *ase1 or by inflict+ & heal+ diseases1 especially ^? result+ f ! gratification ( _! libid9\s passions4 ,,heyoka ,,fea/4 #bbj4 ,lynd gives an acc\nt ( ! ,heyoka fea/4 ,he says3#afi ,!y assemble 9 a lodge1 we>+ tall1 conical hats1 be+ ne>ly nak$1 & pa9t$ 9 a /range /yle4 ,^u ! fire is plac$ a huge kettle full ( meat1 & !y rema9 seat$ ar\nd ! fire smok+ until ! wat] 9 ! kettle beg9s to boil1 :i* is ! signal = ! dance to beg94 ,!y dance & s+ ar\nd x excit$ly1 plung+ _! h&s into ! boil+ wat]1 & seiz+ l>ge pieces ( hot meat1 :i* !y dev\r at once4 ,! scald+ wat] is ?r[n ov] _! backs & legs1 at :i* !y nev] w9ce1 compla9+ t x is cold4 ,_! sk9 is fir/ dead5$1 z ,i am cr$itably in=m$1 by rubb+ ) a c]ta9 grass2 & !y d n 9 reality exp]i5ce any uneas9ess f ! boil+ wat]--a fact :i* gives _! p]=mances great my/]y 9 ! eyes ( ! un9itiat$4 #bba4 ,dr4 ,br9ton has conf\nd$ ! ,heyoka ) ! ,wak9yan4 ,! two are di/9ct classes ( p[]s1 ?\gh !re is "s connection betwe5 !m1 z may be inf]r$ f ! foll[+ /ories 9 ! ,bu%ott] collection4 #bbb4 ,no ,indian belong+ to ! ,heyoka ,society ev] tells ( 8 own p]sonal my/]y4 ,su* ?+s are 8waka10 & n ev5 "o man c be induc$ to s+ ! ,heyoka songs ^u an ord9>y occasion2 because if !y s+ "o ( ^? songs except at ! prop] "t !y say t ! ,?und]-be+s w\ld kill ! entire h\seholds ( ! (f5d]s4 ,!re=e !y object to s++ ! ,heyoka songs & !y d n l to speak ab\t !m4 ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,heyoka ,,man4 #bbc4 ,x is said t ! p ( ! old5 times knew :5 !y 7 ab\t to die1 & !y us$ to dream ab\t _! dea?s & h[ !y w\ld be :5 ! "t drew ne>4 ,"o ( ^? m5 said1 8,:5 ! fir/ ?und] is he>d next spr+1 ,i & my horse %all die40 ,= t reason 8 k9dr$ 7 weep+ f "t to "t1 ?is man :o _h dream$ ( 8 dea? decorat$ ! legs ( 8 horse by moi/5+ light gray clay & draw+ zigzag l9es d[n ! legs4 ,9 l mann] he decorat$ ! neck & back ( ! horse1 & he made simil> l9es on 8 own arms4 ,!n he w\ld walk ab\t ! prairie ne> ! camp1 s++ & hold+ a pipe ) ! /em po9t+ t[>d ! sky4 ,:5 ! leaves op5$ out 9 ! foll[+ spr+1 ! fir/ ?und]cl\d 0 se54 ,!n ! man said1 8,ho1 ?is is ! day on :i* ,i am to die60 ,s he ti$ up 8 horse's tail 9 a r\nd$ =m1 put a piece ( sc>let blanket ar\nd ! animal's neck1 & spread a f9e blanket ov] 8 back1 z a saddleclo?1 ) ! ends trail+ along ! gr\nd4 ,he pa9t$ himself & 8 horse j z he _h be5 do+ =m]ly1 &1 tak+ ! pipe1 he walk$ r\nd & r\nd at "s di/ance f ! camp1 po9t+ ! pipe/em t[>ds ! cl\ds z he sang ! ,heyoka songs4 ,! foll[+ is giv5 z a song ( ! human ,heyoka man1 b x is said to h be5 sung orig9ally by ! my/]i\s & sup]human ,heyoka 9 ! ?und]cl\d3 ,ko-la1 o-ya-te k91 ko-la1 wan-ni-yag u-pe e-ye he6 ,ko-la1 o-ya-te1 k91 ko-la1 wan-ni-yag u-pe e-ye he6 ,ko-la1 lo-wa hi-bu we6 ,ko-la1 e-ya hi-bu we6 ,o-ya-te wa-ma-ya-ka-pi ye4 ,he-he-he6 ,ta-mu-ka ni u e-ye-ye he6 ,9 ?is song1 8oyate0 means ! ,?und]-be+s2 8kola10 ! ,heyoka m5 "h on e>?1 :om ! ,?und]-be+s ?reat5$ to kill2 8oyate wamayakapi10 ord9>y ,indians :o are n wakan2 8,he-he-he6 tamuka ni u10 i4 e41 8,alas6 ,i hate to leave !m 7liv+ ,indians710 means t ! s+] expects to be kill$ by ! ,?und]-be+s4 ,! :ole song may be r5d]$ freely ?us3 ,my fri5ds1 ! p are com+ to see y6 ,my fri5ds1 ! p are com+ to see y6 ,my fri5ds1 he s+s z he comes hi!r6 ,my fri5ds1 he cries z he comes hi!r6 ,y p on e>? behold me :ile y may6 ,alas6 alas6 alas6 ,i hate to leave my own p6 ,on ! day ref]r$ to ! ,heyoka man _h n be5 abs5t v long f ! camp :5 a high w9d arose1 & ! ra9 0 s pl5tiful t a p]son c\ld n see v f>4 ,!n ! ,?und]-be+s look$ 7i4 e41 !re 0 lightn+7 & !y ro>$2 b /ill ! man & 8 horse cont9u$ walk+ ab\t ov] !re 9 sight ( ! camp4 ,by & by !re 0 a v sudd5 s\nd z if ! trees _h be5 /ruck1 & all ! p 7 mu* fright5$1 & !y ?\ght t ! ,?und]-be+s _h kill$ !m4 ,"s ( ! wom5 & *ildr5 fa9t$ f fe>1 & ! m5 sat hold+ !m up4 ,"s ( ! p ?\ght t !y saw _m />s1 & !re seem$ to be ! s\nd1 8,tu60 9 ! e>s ( ea* p]son4 ,:5 ! /orm _h la/$ a long "t1 ! ,?und]-be+s 7 dep>t+ sl[ly1 amid consid]able l\d ro>+4 ,:5 x 0 all ov] ! p v5tur$ =? f _! lodges4 ,behold1 ! man & 8 horse _h be5 kill$ by ! ,?und]-be+s1 s 8 relations 7 cry+ ere !y rea*$ ! sc5e ( ! disa/]4 ,! horse _h be5 burnt 9 ! v places :]e ! man _h decorat$ him1 & 8 s9ews _h be5 %rivel$ by ! heat1 s he lay ) ea* limb /ret*$ out /iff4 ,! man1 too1 _h be5 burnt 9 ! v places :]e he _h pa9t$ himself4 ,! grass all ar\nd appe>$ z if ! ,?und]-be+s _h dragg$ ea* body along1 = x 0 pu%$ p>tly d[n on all sides4 ,s ! p rea*$ !re & beheld ! bodies4 ,z ! m5 9 =m] days us$ to "k ev5ts be=eh&1 z has j be5 told1 x has long be5 ! rule = no "o to reveal 8 p]sonal my/]y1 :i* he reg>ds z 8wakan40 ,,heyoka ,,wom54 #bbd4 ,bu%ott] gave ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a female ,heyoka :o 0 kill$ by lightn+3 ,a c]ta9 woman :om ,i saw aft] %e _h be5 kill$ by lightn+ belong$ to ! ,heyoka ,society4 ,:5 %e walk$1 %e c>ri$ a pipe ) ! m\?piece po9t+ upw>d1 z %e ?\ght t ! ,?und]-be+s w\ld put ! m\?piece into _! m\?s1 ?\gh ! act w\ld imm$iately cause h] dea?4 #bbe4 8,wom5 us$ to dream ab\t ! ,?und]-be+s1 j z ! m5 did1 & 9 ^? dreams ! ,heyoka man or woman made promises to ! ,?und]-be+s4 ,if ! dream]s kept _! promises1 x 0 ?\ght t ! ,?und]-be+s help$ !m to obta9 :atev] ?+s !y desir$2 b if !y broke _! promises1 !y 7 sure to be kill$ by ! ,?und]-be+s dur+ "s /orm4 ,= ?is reason ! ,heyoka memb]s wor%ip$ ! ,?und]-be+s1 :om !y honor$1 speak+ ( !m z wakan40 #bbf4 ,"s ( ! wom5 s+1 & "s d n2 b all let _! hair hang loosely d[n _! backs1 & _! dresses consi/ ( a k9d ( clo? or a robe sew$ d[n ! middle ( ! back4 ,sometimes ! clo? is all blue1 at o!r times half is r$ & half is blue4 ,"s times !re is beadwork on ! dress4 ,ev5 ! ,heyoka wom5 we> ! long r$ clo? trail+ on ! gr\nd be=e & beh9d !m1 9 imitation ( ! "y d&ies ( ! tribe4 ,,iya1 ,,! ,,god ,,( ,,gluttony4 #bbg4 ,lynd speaks ( ! 8v9dictive ,iya0 z driv+ ! hunt]s 8back f ! hunt to ! desolation ( _! lodges04#agj ,& ,riggs has writt53#aga ,a p :o fea/ !mselves s abundantly z ! ,dakotas d1 :5 food is pl5ty1 w\ld necess>ily imag9e a god ( gluttony4 ,he is repres5t$ z extremely ugly1 & is call$ ,e-ya4 ,he has ! p[] to twi/ & di/ort ! human face1 & ! wom5 /ill _! cry+ *ildr5 by tell+ !m t ! ,e-ya w cat* !m4 ,,ikto1 ,,iktomi1 ,,or ,,unktomi4 #bbh4 ,ikto or ,iktomi 79 ! ,teton dialect7 or ,unktomi 79 ! ,santee7 are ! names n[ giv5 to ! spid] by ! ,dakota2 b ! names once belong$ to a my?ical "*1 :o resembles 9 _m respects ! ,ict9ike ( ! ,omaha & ,ponka1 & ! ,ictcike ( ! ,i[a1 ,oto1 & ,miss\ri tribes4 8,ikto10 say ! ,teton1 80 ! fir/ be+ :o atta9$ maturity 9 ?is _w4 ,he is m cunn+ ?an human be+s4 ,he x 0 :o nam$ all p & animals1 & he 0 ! fir/ to use human spee*4 ,"s call him ! ,wauna or ,mock]1 a "n n[ appli$ to ! monkey4#agb ,if we see any peculi> animals at any place1 we knew t ,iktomi made !m s4 ,all ! animals are 8 k9dr$1 & !y are oblig$ to act j z he comm&$ !m at ! beg9n+40 #bbi4 ,9 enum]at+ ! p[]s t delight 9 work+ ill to ! ,indians1 ,lynd m5tions ,unktomi ?us3 8,! ubiquit\s ,unktomi tortures ! ,indians 9 _! hung] by br++ h]ds ( buffaloes ne> ! camp1 :i* !y no soon] />t to pursue ?an he drives away by means ( a black wolf & a :ite cr[40#agc #bcj4 ,?\gh ,ikto 0 v cunn+1 he 0 sometimes deceiv$ by o!r be+s4 ,"o day he caught ! rabbit1 & ! latt] 0 ab\t to f>e h>d1 :5 a ?\ght occurr$ to him4 ,he p]suad$ 8 captor to release him on condition t he taught ,ikto "o ( 8 magic arts4 ,said ! rabbit1 8,eld] bro!r1 if y wi% sn[ to fall at any "t1 take "s hair su* z ?is 7pull+ out "s rabbit fur7 & bl[ x 9 all directions1 & !re w be a blizz>d40 ,! rabbit !n made a deep sn[ 9 ?is mann]1 ?\gh ! leaves 7 /ill gre54 ,?is surpris$ ,ikto1 :o ?\ght t he _h le>n$ a wond]ful accompli%m5t4 ,b ! fooli% fell[ did n "k t rabbit fur 0 necess>y1 & :5 he tri$ to make sn[ by bl[+ 8 own hair1 he 0 disappo9t$4 #bca4 ,on ano!r occasion1 ,ikto rea*$ a /ream :i* he c\ld n =d4 ,s he /ood on ! bank & sang ?us3 ,illu/ration musical notation ,t-k9 ko-w-ka-tan ma-k-ni1 e-*9*9 na-w-zh96 ,i /&1 ?9k+ (t51 ,oh t ,i might rea* ! o!r side6 ,pres5tly a long object pass$1 swimm+ aga9/ ! curr5t4 ,:5 x rea*$ him x said1 8,i w take y across1 b y mu/ n lift y\r head above ! wat]4 ,%\ld y notice ev5 a small cl\d w>n me at once1 z ,i mu/ g "u ! wat]40 ,ikto 0 !n told to give ! w>n+ ?us3 8,y\ng] bro!r1 y\r gr&fa!r is com+40 ,be=e ! o!r bank 0 rea*$ ,ikto gave ! w>n+1 & s sudd5 0 ! commotion t ,ikto became unconsci\s4 ,on recov]+1 he f\nd t ! ?und] 0 ro>+1 & ! wat] 0 da%+ high1 b ! mon/] _h disappe>$4 ,x is %[n 9 ! section on ,spid] lore 7 #bdi7 h[ ! "n ,iktomi has be5 transf]r$ f ! my?ical "* to ! insect1 :o1 9 turn1 is invok$ z 8gr&fa!r40 ,a,,otida ,,& ,,ho,,no,i,a4 #bcb4 ,^! p[]s h be5 sc>cely diff]5tiat$2 & "s writ]s speak ( !m z id5tical4 ,!y seem to h be5 ( ! nature ( bogies or bogg>ts4 ,says ,lynd3#agd aotida draws ! hungry hunt]s to ! dep?s ( ! wood by imitat+ ! voices ( animals1 or by ! nef>i\s 8,cico6 cico60 7i4 e41 ,i invite y to a fea/6 ,i invite y to a fea/67 :5 he sc>es !m out ( _! s5ses by %[+ himself to !m4 ,on ! same page he di/+ui%es betwe5 ! aotida & ! ,onoia ?us3 8,! /ray lodge becomes ! delight ( ! wild ,ohnogica10 imply+ t su* lodges 7 haunt$ by ?is _s = ! purpose ( fright5+ any unw>y travel] :o v5tur$ !re )\t a companion4 ,9 ,tah-koo ,wah-kon 7p4 #ge1 note71 ,riggs speaks ( ! 8,*an-o-te-dan or ,hoh-no-ge-*a4 ,! =m] is a fabul\s creature1 dwell+ usually 9 ! woods z ! "n indicates4 ,! latt] "n w\ld seem to give x a place by ! door ( ! t5t40 ,) ?is we may comp>e ! ,omaha invocation1 8,o ?\ :o /&e/ at ! "r side ( ! entrance6 ,"h is tobacco60 7 #dj74 ,! "n also rem9ds u ( 8,! ,dwell] ^u ! ,?re%old0 9 ,bulw]'s 8,zanoni40 ,riggs1 9 8 8,!ogony ( ! ,si\x10 p4 #bgj1 writes ?us ( ! 8,*an-o-te-na03 ,?is means1 ,dwell] 9 ! woods4 ,sometimes he is call$ ,oh-no-ge-*a1 :i* w\ld seem to assign him to a place 9 ! t5t4 ,:e!r ^! are "o & ! same1 or two1 is a "q 9 dispute4 ,b !y are h>mless h\sehold gods4 ,! ,*an-o-te-na is repres5t$ z a little *ild1 only x has a tail4 ,_m ,indian m5 affirm t !y h se5 x1 n only 9 night dreams1 b 9 day visions4 ,! "n ,honoia or ,onoia is call$ by ! ,teton1 ,ugnaiala1 :i* is ! "n ( ! scree*-owl4 ,z ! ,ponka ,indaiga dwells 9 ! =e/1 & is said to resemble an owl1 he mu/ be id5tical ) ! ,dakota aotida or ,ugnaiala4 7,see #ch47 ,,an,g-,,ite4 #bcc4 ,wond]ful /ories ( be+s ) two faces are f\nd among ! ,dakota z well z among ! ,omaha4 ,lynd#age /ates ! belief ( ! ,dakota 7i4 e41 ^? speak+ ! ,santee dialect7 t 8wom5 ) *ild are b tortur+ sports = ! v5geful ,anog-ite40 ,9 ! ,omaha leg5d ( ,two ,faces & ! ,tw9s#agf ! pregnant "m ( ! ,tw9s di$ z soon z %e _h gaz$ at ,two ,faces4 ,9 ! ,teton leg5d ( ,he-:o-,has-a-,sword & ,ha-ke-la1 ! latt] is said to h met a giant1 ,anug-ite1 or ,two ,faces1 :o pret5d$ to be an ,indian woman nurs+ an infant4 ,! infant _h be5 /ol5 f its p>5ts by ! ,anug-ite1 :o drew a rose bru% across its face to make x cry4 ,z soon z ?is 0 done ! ,two ,faces said1 9 a woman's voice1 8,a-wo6 ,a-wo6 ,a-wo60 t be+ ! expression us$ by ,teton wom5 :5 !y wi% to soo! cry+ infants4 #bcd4 ,! ,indians us$ to he> an ,anug-ite or ,two ,faces pass along kick+ ! gr\nd4 ,:5 he kick$ ! gr\nd ) "o foot bells us$ to r+ & an owl hoot$1 & :5 he kick$ ) ! o!r x seem$ z if a buffalo bull 0 !re1 snort+ z he does :5 ab\t to *>ge4 ,at ! next /ep a *ickadee 0 he>d1 & :5 he mov$ ! o!r foot he made all k9ds ( animals cry out4 ,! ,indians _h he>d ?is ,anug-ite & 7 afraid ( him4 ,n[ & !n :5 a man :o ?\ght himself /rong 0 alone :5 he met ! ,anug-ite ! latt] surpris$ him by cat*+ him & ?r[+ him into "o ( 8 e>s4 ,^! e>s 7 s l>ge t ea* c\ld hold ?ree m54 ,no p]son knew :]e ! ,anug-ite made 8 abode1 & no "o c>$ to foll[ him2 no "o d>$ to g out ( doors at night4 ,n[1 !re 0 an old man & 8 wife :o _h a lodge to !mselves1 & _! only *ild 0 a willful boy4 ,"o night he 0 p>ticul>ly ill-behav$1 & :5 8 "m told him to d some?+ he disobey$ h]4 ,s %e said3 8,i w put y out ( ! lodge & ! ,anug-ite w toss y into 8 e>40 ,%e did n believe ?is1 & m]ely said x to fright5 h] son into ob$i5ce4 ,f9d+ him he$less1 %e seiz$ 8 arm &1 ?\gh he began to cry1 pu%$ him out ( ! lodge & fa/5$ ! entrance securely4 ,! poor boy ran cry+ ar\nd ! lodge1 b soon !re 0 sil5ce4 ,! "m 9 turn began to cry1 & w5t to seek him1 b %e did n f9d him outside ! lodge4 ,! next morn+ %e & h] husb&1 weep+1 w5t to seek him among ! p 9 ! neighbor+ camp1 ask+ e "o ab\t him1 b no "o _h se5 him4 ,s !y return$ to _! lodge1 & !y wept _m days = _! son4 ,"o night ! "m 0 weep+4 ,sudd5ly %e he>d "s "o say1 8,hi6 hi6 ,y said to me3 ,gho/1 take t "o4 ,hi6 h60 ,?is 0 said (t51 & %e notic$ a rattl+ ( small bells z ! be+ walk$ along4 ,j !n %e said3 8,husb&1 ,i ?9k n[ t a gho/ has tak5 my son40 ,! husb& said3 8,yes2 y gave ! boy to ! gho/1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! gho/ took him4 ,:y %\ld y compla98 ,x s]ves y "r40 ,!n ! "m cri$ al\d1 s t h] voice might h be5 he>d at a di/ance4 ,!n said %e3 8,husb&1 to-morr[ night ,i w lie hid by ! wood-pile1 & if ! gho/ comes ,i w h a knife 9 my h&1 & aft] ,i cat* x by ! leg ,i w call to y4 ,be ready to come at once4 ,y mu/ aid me1 & ,i w recov] my son1 because ,i "k t he ?rew him into 8 e>40 ,s ! next night %e lay 9 wait = ! mon/]4 ,by & by some?+ 0 com+1 cry+ out 8,hi60 & mak+ all k9ds ( birds & animals cry out z x walk$4 ,%e saw a v l>ge be+ come & /& by ! lodge4 ,he 0 v tall1 8 head be+ above ! smoke-hole1 d[n :i* he peep$ into ! lodge4 ,sudd5ly ! "m call$ to h] husb&1 & seiz$ "o leg ( ! mon/] ) bo? h&s4 ,!n %e & h] husb& ga%$ ! legs 9 _m places1 &1 aft] ty+ a ?ong to "o leg1 !y pull$ d[n ! mon/] & b\nd him securely4 ,!y gu>d$ him till x 0 day4 ,!n !y beheld a hide\s mon/] cov]$ ) ?ick hair1 except on 8 faces4 ,!y split 8 e>s ) a knife1 & )9 "o !y f\nd _! long-lo/ son1 :o 0 v lean & unable to speak4 ,he _h a ?ick coat ( long hair on him f 8 legs up to 8 head1 b 8 head & face 7 smoo?4 ,& he w\ld h become an ,anug-ite _h he n be5 rescu$4 ,he did n survive v long4 ,aft] ! p>5ts _h tak5 _! son f ! e> ( ! mon/] !y put _m /icks ( wood on a fire1 & on ?is !y laid ! mon/]4 ,he soon 0 9 flames1 & !y /ood look+ on4 ,_m ?+s 7 s5t fly+ out ( ! fire 9 all directions1 j l sp>ks4 ,^! 7 porcup9e quills1 bags1 all k9ds ( fea!rs1 arr[s1 pipes1 birds1 axes1 w>-clubs1 fl9ts1 /ones = %>p5+ knives1 /one balls resembl+ billi>d balls1 necklaces ( tuki %ells1 fl9ts = /rik+ t9d]1 fl9t hide-scrap]s1 :ips1 tobacco-p\*es1 all k9ds ( beads1 etc4#agg ,,p5ates4 #bce4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! ,dakotas _h no p5ates or h\sehold gods2 b accord+ to ,riggs1#agh 8su* h come into ! possession ( ! mission>ies4 ,"o ( ^! images is t ( a little man1 & is inclos$ 9 a cyl9drical wood5 case1 & envelop$ 9 sacr$ swan's d[n40 ,,gu>dian ,,spirits4 #bcf4 ,ea* ,teton may h 8 special gu>dian _s4 ,if su* spirits are rememb]$ !y conf] great p[] on _! favorites4 ,! latt] may be surr\nd$ by foes & yet escape1 ei!r by receiv+ great /r5g?1 enabl+ !m to scatt] _! enemies1 or by be+ made invisible1 disappe>+ l a gho/ or ! w9d4 ,sometimes x is said t "o is rescu$ by be+ turn$ into a small bird t flies (f 9 safety4 7,see #abb1 #cbe47 ,?is ref]s to ^? :o 8ihabla0 7h int]c\rse ) spirits7 or :o h gu>dian spirits 7tawaiupi7 z s]vants4 ,bu%ott]'s /epfa!r has a gu>dian _s :o enabl$ him to tell ab\t lo/ animals1 etc41 & bad de$s1 ev5 :5 ! latt] 7 committ$ 9 secret4 ,s ,bu%ott] & ! o!r *ildr5 ( ! h\sehold 7 afraid to d wrong aft] !y _h be5 detect$ sev]al times by ! aid ( ! gu>dian _s4 ,,beliefs ,,ab\t ,,! ,,buffalo4 #bcg4 ,9 sev]al ( ! ,si\an tribes ! buffalo is consid]$ a 8gr&fa!r40 ,he figures 9 ! traditions ( ! ,osage4#agi ,g5tes & sub g5tes are nam$ aft] him4 ,8 image plays an important "p 9 ! sun dance 7 #afd74 #bch4 ,miss ,flet*]#ahj m5tions a pray] us$ dur+ ! ,:ite ,buffalo ,fe/ival ( ! ,hunkpapa ,dakota1 9 :i* are rememb]$ ! 8p[]s ( ! e>?1 w9d1 sun1 wat]1 & ! buffalo40 ,& 9 h] article on 8,! ,%ad[ or ,gho/ ,lodge2 a ,c]emony ( ! ,ogallala ,si\x10 %e /ates t #b y>ds ( r$ clo? are 777 8lift$ & (f]$ to ! buffalo1 ) a pray] t good may 7might7 be grant$ to ! fa!r0 7i4 e41 ( ! dead *ild7 8dur+ ! p]iod ( ! lodge-keep+40#aha #bci4 ,9 h] article on ! 8,elk ,my/]y ( ! ,ogallala ,si\x0#ahb is giv5 an important note3 ,among ! ,santees 9 pa/ times1 a man :o %\ld dream ( buffalo mu/ ann\nce x 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,he takes ! head ( a buffalo he has kill$1 c>efully removes ! sk91 pres]v+ x z ne>ly :ole z possible1 & ?r[s away ! skull & ! fle%4 ,he !n re/ores ! sk9 to its natural %ape & lets x cure4 ,:5 ?is has tak5 place1 a few feet squ>e ( e>? is set ap>t at ! back ( ! lodge1 ! sods cut (f1 & ! expos$ e>? made f9e4 ,?is is ! 8,u-ma-ne40 ,^u ?is e>? a new blanket1 =m]ly a robe1 is spread4 ,! blanket or robe mu/ n belong to a woman4 ,! buffalo head is plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! blanket1 & "o side ( ! head 7is7 pa9t$ blue1 & ! o!r 7side7 r$4 ,^u ! blue side1 tufts ( :ite swan's d[n are ti$ to ! hair ( ! head4 ,sometimes small eagle fea!rs are sub/itut$1 &1 v r>ely1 l>ge fea!rs4 ,^u ! r$ side1 tufts ( d[n-color$ r$ are simil>ly ti$4 ,^! decorations look l 8a woman's sunbonnet10 z !y cov] ! head & fall to ! %\ld]s4 ,! pipe is only fill$ & pres5t$ to ! head4 ,! fea/ kettle is hung ov] ! fire4 ,:5 all is 9 read9ess1 ! man :o prep>$ ! head ?us addresses x3 8,gr&fa!r6 ,v5]able man6 ,y\r *ildr5 h made ?is fea/ = y4 ,may ! food ?us tak5 cause !m to live1 & br+ !m good =tune40 ,an ,indian ( rem>kable intellig5ce1 ^: fa!r be=e him _h be5 a prie/ ( ! high] class1 expla9$ t 9 "s religi\s fe/ivals ! buffalo & ! e>? 7 spok5 ( z "o1 & 777 s reg>d$4 8,!re=e if any "o %\ld revile or ridicule ! buffalo1 ev] s s(tly1 ! e>? w\ld he> & tell ! buffalo1 & he w\ld kill ! man40 ,bu%ott] furni%$ two articles on ! buffalo1 translations ( :i* are app5d$4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,buffalo4 #bdj4 ,! buffalo orig9at$ "u ! e>?4 ,x is said t 9 ! old5 times1 a man :o 0 j\rney+ came to a hill :]e !re 7 _m holes 9 ! gr\nd4 ,he explor$ !m1 & :5 he _h gone )9 "o ( !m1 he f\nd pl5ty ( buffalo *ips1 & buffalo tracks 7 on all sides2 & "h & !re he f\nd buffalo hair :i* _h come out :5 ! animals rubb$ aga9/ ! walls4 ,^! animals 7 ! real buffalo1 :o dwelt und]gr\nd1 & "s ( !m came up to ?is e>? & increas$ "h to _m h]ds4 ,^! buffalo _h _m e>? lodges1 & !re !y rais$ _! *ildr54 ,!y did _m /range ?+s4 ,!re=e :5 a man c h>dly be w\nd$ by a foe1 ! p believe t ! =m] has se5 ! buffalo 9 dreams or visions1 & on t acc\nt has receiv$ my/]i\s help f ^? animals4 ,all su* m5 :o dream ( ! buffalo1 act l !m & dance ! buffalo 7bull7 dance4 ,& ! man :o acts ! buffalo is said to h a real buffalo inside him1 & a *rysalis lies )9 ! flat "p ( ! body ne> ! %\ld]-blade2 on acc\nt ( :i* ! man is h>d to kill2 no matt] h[ (t5 !y w\nd him1 he does n die4 ,z ! p "k t ! buffalo live 9 e>? lodges1 !y nev] dance ! buffalo dance 9 va94 ,,! ,,tata,,gna,,ki,,ya ,,or ,,my?ic ,,buffalo4 #bda4 ,x is said t a my?ic buffalo once attack$ a p>ty ( ,indians1 kill+ "o ( !m4 ,! o!rs fl$ & climb$ a tree1 at :i* ! buffalo ru%$ _m times1 knock+ (f piece aft] piece ( ! tree ) 8 horns till v little ( x 0 left4 ,!n "o ( ! ,indians light$ "s t9d] & ?rew x f> (f into ! tall grass1 scor*+ ! buffalo's eyes1 & s]i\sly injur+ 8 horns1 caus+ ! h>d "p ( ! latt] to slip (f1 s t ! animal c\ld no long] gore any "o4 ,b z he 0 /ill dang]\s1 "o ( ! m5 det]m9$ to fight him at ! risk ( 8 own life1 & s he slipp$ d[n f ! tree1 arm$ ) a b[ & "s arr[s4 ,he f9ally gave ! buffalo a mortal w\nd4 ,!n all ! m5 came d[n ! tree & cut up ! buffalo aft] flay+ him4 ,!y 7 ab\t to c>ry (f ! body ( _! dead comrade 9 a robe1 :5 !y 7 oblig$ to climb a tree aga9 because ano!r my?ic buffalo _h appe>$4 ,he did n attack !m1 b w5t f\r times ar\nd ! body ( ! sla9 man4 ,!n he /opp$ & said1 8,arise to y\r feet40 ,all at once1 ! dead man came to life4 ,! buffalo address$ him1 say+1 8,h]eaft] y %all be my/]i\s1 & ! sun1 moon1 f\r w9ds1 day & night %all be y\r s]vants40 ,x 0 s4 ,he c\ld assume ! %ape ( a f9e plume1 :i* 0 bl[n (t5 aga9/ a tree1 to :i* x /uck1 z x wav$ repeat$ly4 ,,! ,,be>4 #bdb4 ,! ,ass9ibo9 address pray]s to ! be>4#ahc ,!y (f] x sacrifices ( tobacco1 belts1 & o!r e/eem$ objects4 ,!y celebrate fea/s 9 its honor1 to obta9 its favors & to live )\t accid5ts4 ,! be>'s head is (t5 pres]v$ 9 ! camp dur+ sev]al days1 m\nt$ 9 "s suitable position & adorn$ ) scraps ( sc>let clo?1 & trimm$ ) a v>iety ( necklace coll>s1 & color$ fea!rs4 ,!n !y (f] x ! calumet1 & ask x t !y may be able to kill all ! be>s !y meet1 )\t accid5t to !mselves1 9 ord] to ano9t !mselves ) 8 f9e grease & make a banquet ( 8 t5d] fle%4 ,,! ,,wolf4 #bdc4 ,smet says1 8,! wolf is m or less honor$ among ! ,indians0 7i4 e4 ! ,ass9ibo97 8,mo/ ( ! wom5 refuse to dress its sk9 = any purpose4 ,! only reason t ,i c\ld discov] = ?is freak is1 t ! wolves sometimes g mad1 bite ^? !y meet & give !m ! hydrophobia4 ,x is d\btless to escape ?is t]rible disease & to avoid ! de/ruction ( _! game1 t ! ,indians make x0 7! wolf7 8pres5ts1 & (f] x supplications4 ,9 o!r cases1 he is little fe>$40 ,! 8little m$ic9e wolf0 is 9 great v5]ation among ! ,ass9ibo94 ,z soon z an ,indian he>s 8 b>ks1 he c\nts ! numb]2 he rem>ks :e!r 8 voice is feeble or /rong1 & f :at po9t ( ! compass x proce$s4 ,all ^! ?+s are reg>d$ z good or bad om5s4 ,if ! und]tak+s ( ! ,indians result1 z !y occasionally d1 9 success1 aft] he>+ ! b>k+ ( ! little wolf1 ?is animal is honor$ by a gr& fea/ aft] ! return ( ! p>ty4#ahd #bdd4 ,t "s ( ! ,dakota rev]5c$ ! wolf is evid5t f ! fact t !re is a society1 call$ ! ,wolf ,society1 b kn[n among ! :ite p z ! ,dog ,society4 ,t society has _m beautiful songs1 accord+ to ,bu%ott]1 & its memb]%ip is conf9$ to "y m54 ,all ! wolf /ories belong to ?is society4 ,?ree ( ^! /ories foll[ ?is section4 #bde4 ,! man :o met ! gho/ woman aft] flee+ f ! two gho/ m5#ahe enc\nt]$ a wolf1 :o piti$ him & %[$ him ! way to a camp1 :]e he 0 receiv$ & adopt$ into ! tribe4 ,?is man always rememb]$ ! wolf z a k9d animal1 & :5 he kill$ any game1 he ?rew a portion outside ( ! camp1 z an (f]+ to ! wolf4 #bdf4 ,!re 0 once a h&some "y ,teton1 ^: wife's fa!r dislik$ him & plott$ aga9/ him4 ,he dug a pit )9 8 lodge1 cov]+ x ) sk9s4 ,!n he invit$ 8 son-9-law to a fea/4 ,! son-9-law met a wolf1 :om he salut$1 ask+ him ! way to ! village4 ,! "y man 0 p]suad$ to recl9e on ! sk9s1 :i* gave way1 precipitat+ him into ! pit4 ,! fa!r-9-law & 8 two s+le daught]s cov]$ ! sk9s ) e>?1 & remov$ _! t5t else:]e on ! morr[1 :5 all ! p />t$ on a j\rney4 ,aft] "s days1 ! wolf :o _h met ! man w5t to ! des]t$ camp+ place 9 se>* ( food4 ,on rea*+ ! place :]e ! accid5t 787 _h happ5$1 he he>d a human cry4 ,s he dug away ! e>?1 remov$ ! sk9s1 & f\nd ! man1 :om he recogniz$4 ,! wolf piti$ him1 & said1 8,z y did n kill me :5 we met1 y %all n[ be sav$40 ,s he h[l$1 & v soon _m wolves appe>$4 ,!y f\nd a l>iat1 :i* !y l[]$ into ! pit1 & by grasp+ ! o!r end ) _! tee?1 !y pull$ ! man up4 ,he 0 v grateful1 promis+ nev] to h>m a wolf4 ,j !n a weep+ woman appe>$1 gaz+ 9 surprise at ! man1 z he 0 v ?91 look+ l a gho/4 ,%e 0 8 wife1 & h] he>t 0 soon made glad :5 he told h] ( 8 rescue4 #bdg4 ,once ^u "t a man f\nd a wolf d51 into :i* he dug to get ! cubs4 ,! "m came1 b>k+1 & %e f9ally said to him1 8,pity my *ildr520 b he paid no att5tion to h]4 ,s %e ran = h] husb&1 :o soon appe>$4 ,/ill ! man p]sev]$4 ,!n ! wolf sang a beautiful song1 8,o man1 pity my *ildr51 & ,i w in/ruct y 9 "o ( my arts40 ,he end$ ) a h[l1 caus+ a fog4 ,:5 ! wolf h[l$ aga9 ! fog disappe>$4 ,!n ! man ?\ght1 8,^! animals h my/]i\s gifts10 & he tore up 8 r$ blanket into small pieces1 :i* he put z necklaces on ! cubs1 :om he pa9t$ ) ,indian r$1 re/or+ !m to _! place 9 ! d54 ,!n ! grateful fa!r exclaim$1 8,:5 y g to w> h]eaft]1 ,i w accompany y1 & br+ to pass :atev] y wi%40 ,s !y p>t$ z fri5ds4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! man w5t on ! w> pa?4 ,z he came 9 sight ( a village ( ! enemy1 a l>ge wolf met him1 say+1 8,by & by ,i w s+ & y %all /eal _! horses :5 !y lea/ suspect dang]40 ,s !y /opp$ on a hill close to ! village1 & ! wolf sang4 ,aft] ?is he h[l$1 mak+ a high w9d arise4 ,! horses fl$ to ! =e/1 _m /opp+ on ! hillside4 ,:5 ! wolf _h h[l$ aga91 ! w9d di$ away1 & a mi/ arose2 s ! man took z _m horses z he pleas$4 ,,horses4 #bdh4 ,^! are well nam$ 8,cka waka 7uka waka70 = !y are inde$ waka4 ,consequ5tly ! ,dakota h ! ,cg ol[a 7ug ol[a7 or ,horse ,songs1 & !y pray to ! horses 7ewiakiyapi74 ,if any "o pa9ts a horse 9 a waka mann]1 :5 he has no "r to d s1 he is sure to pay ! p5alty3 he w enc\nt] mis=tune ( "s sort1 or he w fall ill1 or he w be sla9 by a foe1 or he w h 8 neck brok5 by be+ ?r[n f a horse4 ,,spid]s4 #bdi4 ,! ,teton pray to gray spid]s1 & to ^? ) yell[ legs4 ,:5 a p]son goes on a j\rney & a spid] passes1 "o does n kill x 9 sil5ce4 ,= %\ld "o let x escape1 or kill x )\t pray]1 bad consequ5ces mu/ ensue4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ano!r spid] w\ld av5ge ! dea? ( 8 relation4 ,to avoid any su* mis=tune1 :5 ! spid] is enc\nt]$1 ! p]son mu/ say to x1 8,iktmi ,tukaila1 ,waiya niktepe lo10 i4 e41 8,o ,gr&fa!r ,spid]1 ! ,?und]-be+s kill y60 ,! spid] is cru%$ at once1 & 8 _s believes :at has be5 told him4 ,8 _s probably tells ?is to ! o!r spid]s1 b !y c n h>m ! ,?und]-be+s4 ,if "o ?us addresses a spid] z he kills x1 he w nev] be bitt5 by o!r spid]s4 #bca4 ,"o ( ! ,dakota my?s tells h[ ,unktomi kill$ himself1 caus+ 8 limbs to %rivel up till !y assum$ ! appe>ance ( spid]s' limbs4 ,,snake ,,lore4 #bej4 ,"s ,dakota w n kill snakes by hitt+ !m4 ,he :o violates ! law 9 ?is respect w dream horrible dreams ab\t v>i\s k9ds ( snakes2 & occasionally x happ5s t su* a man has a horse bitt5 by a snake4 ,! ,sitela taka1 or ! ,anci5t ( ,rattlesnakes1 0 "o ( ! enemies ( ! ,?und]-be+s4 8,!re are "s ?+s ab\t :i* x is mo/ unlucky to dream4 ,snakes are said to be t]rible2 !y seek to ent] a man's e>s1 nose1 or m\?0 7i4e41 9 ! dream72 8& %\ld "o succe$1 x is a sure sign ( dea?4 #8,no good comes f snakes4'0#ahf ,,! ,,d\ble ,,woman4 #bea4 ,9 ! old5 times !re 0 :at !y call$ 8,wiya nu-papi-ka10 or ! ,! ,d\ble ,woman1 consi/+ ( two v tall females :o 7 probably connect$ by a membrane4 ,!y wore horn$ headdresses decorat$ ) fea!rs1 & bun*es ( fea!rs hung f ! "r %\ld] ( "o & f ! left %\ld] ( ! o!r4 ,in/ead ( heel tags1 ea* female _h a turtle trail+ f ! heel or qu>t] ( "o moccas91 & a fea!r f t ( ! o!r4 ,9 ! sket* z giv5 by ,bu%ott] !re is a pale blue /ripe ar\nd ! bottom ( ea* skirt1 & half ( ea* trail+ fea!r is ( t color4 ,ea* body1 above ! top ( ! blanket1 is pa9t$ ) blue dots on a yell[ gr\nd4 ,!re is a blue /ripe across ! "r %\ld] ( ! woman on ! "r1 & "o across ! left %\ld] ( ! o!r woman1 ea* /ripe curv+ d[nw>d t[>ds ! opposite side4 7,see ,pl4 ,l47 ,!y dwelt 9 a lodge on a v high black cliff4 ,!y 7 always laugh+ immod]ately1 z if !y 7 /rang]s to sorr[4 ,on pleasant ev5+s !y /ood on a hill1 :]e !y amus$ !mselves by sw++4 ,%\ld any ,indian see !m1 :5 he rea*$ home he vomit$ some?+ resembl+ black e>?1 & di$ sudd5ly4 ,^! wom5 7 skillful danc]s1 & !y us$ to reflect rays ( light by means ( _! mirror1 j z ! "y ,indian m5 d 9 sport4 ,!y jump$ _m times & sang ?is song3 ,illu/ration musical notation e-pa-i ku-wa-ni-to ,tu-wa le-i i-na mi-o-ze4 8,c\s91 please come ov] "h6 ,"s "o waves a robe ov] 9 ?is direction at me4 ,ha6 ha6 ha60 ,!n !y walk$ ab\t4 ,no "o knew f :at qu>t] ! ,d\ble ,woman 0 com+1 & h[ ! two liv$ 0 a my/]y4 ,!re are _m tall wom5 f\nd n[ among diff]5t ,indian tribes :o imitate ! behavior ( ! ,d\ble ,woman4 ,john ,bruyi] & o!r ,teton at ,hampton1 ,va41 reg>d ?is /ory ( ! ,d\ble ,woman z manufactur$ by ,bu%ott]4 ,b ?is "* figures 9 two ,santee my?s 9 ,rev4 ,s4 ,r4 ,riggs's collection1 ab\t to be publi%$ by ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4#ahg 7,see #cid47 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,elev5? ,,annual ,,report4 ,,plate ,l4 image ,,! ,,d\ble ,,woman4 ,,de] ,,wom54 #beb4 ,de] wom5 ( ! ,teton resemble ! ,wolf wom5 ( ! ,pawnee4 ,bo? tempt unw>y y\?s :om !y enc\nt] away f ! camp 9 solit>y places4 ,%\ld a y\? yield to ! woman's solicitations ! result w be a sad "o4 ,z soon z he leaves h] %e w resume h] natural %ape4 ,! y\? w appe> z if drunk or insane1 & he w rea* home ) difficulty4 ,8 heal? w become impair$1 & he w soon die4 ,s n[ ! hunt]s avoid any female t !y see on ! way4 ,!y hate ! ,de] wom54 ,! ,de] wom5 nev] speak1 b 9 all o!r respects !y resemble ,indian wom54 ,,dw>fs ,,or ,,elves4 #bec4 ,dw>fs or elves are probably ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+2 ,?is i4 e4 ! object s\ght by ,lewis & ,cl>ke's p>ty 0 a l>ge m\nd 9 ! mid/ ( ! pla91 ab\t ,n4 #bj ,w4 f ! m\? ( ,:ite/one ,riv]1 f :i* x is #i miles di/ant4 ,! base ( ! m\nd is a regul> p>allelogram1 ! longe/ side be+ ab\t #cjj y>ds1 ! %ort] #fj or #gj2 f ! longe/ side x rises ) a /eep asc5t f ! nor? & s\? to ! height ( #fe or #gj feet1 leav+ on ! top a level pla9 ( #ab feet 9 bread? & #ij 9 l5g?4 ,! nor? & s\? extremities are connect$ by two oval bord]s1 :i* s]ve z new bases1 & divide ! :ole side into ?ree /eep b regul> gradations f ! pla94 ,! only ?+ *>act]i/ic 9 ?is hill is its extreme symmetry1 & ?is1 toge!r ) its be+ :olly deta*$ f ! o!r hills1 :i* are at ! di/ance ( #h or #i miles1 w\ld induce a belief t x 0 artificial2 b z ! e>? & loose pebbles :i* compose x are arrang$ exactly l ! /eep gr\nds on ! bord]s ( ! creek1 we conclud$ f ?is simil>ity ( texture t x might be natural4 ,b ! ,indians h made x a great article ( _! sup]/ition2 x is call$ ! ,m\nta9 ( ! ,little ,p1 or ,little ,spirits1 & !y believe t x is ! abode ( little devils 9 ! human =m1 ( ab\t #ah in*es high1 & ) rem>kably l>ge heads2 !y are arm$ ) %>p arr[s1 ) :i* !y are v skillful1 & are always on ! wat* to kill ^? :o %\ld h ! h>dihood to approa* _! resid5ce4 ,! tradition is t _m h suff]$ f ^! little evil spirits1 &1 among o!rs1 ?ree ,maha ,indians fell a sacrifice to !m a few ye>s s9ce4 ,?is has inspir$ all ! neighbor+ nations1 ,si\x1 ,mahas1 & ,ottoes1 ) su* t]ror t no consid]ation c\ld tempt !m to visit ! hill4#ahh ,,bogs4 #bed4 ,bogs are v my/]i\s4 ,!re are v>i\s /range objects cov]$ ) ?ick hair :i* rema9 at ! bottom ( a bog4 ,^! objects h no eyes1 b !y are able to dev\r any?+1 & f _! bodies wat] is ev] fl[+4 ,:5 "o ( ^! be+s wi%es1 he ab&ons 8 abode & recl9es "u gr\nd at ano!r place2 !n !re is no wat] issu+ f ! place :]e he us$ to lie1 b a spr+ gu%es =? f ! new re/+ place4 ,! wat] ( ?is spr+ is w>m 9 w9t]1 b z cold z ice 9 summ]1 & be=e "o d>es to dr9k ( x he prays to ! wat]1 z he does n wi% to br+ illness on himself by 8 irrev]5ce4 ,9 ! old5 days "o ( ^! /range be+s 0 pull$ up out ( a bog & c>ri$ to ! camp1 :]e a special t5t 0 erect$ = him4 ,b wat] fl[$ all ar\nd him1 :i* dr[n$ almo/ all ( ! p4 ,!n ! survivors (f]$ him food1 :i* he held z he sat motionless1 gaz+ at !m4 ,! food disappe>$ be=e ! spectators 7 aw>e ( x1 ?\gh !y did n see ! be+ eat x4 ,,trees4 #bee4 ,! ,dakota pray$ to trees1 because x 0 report$ t 9 =m] days a tree _h sung at int]vals4 ,a man claim$ to h witness$ ?is1 & f t "t !y h be5 reg>d$ z my/]i\s4 ,,cu/oms ,,relat+ ,,to ,,*ildhood4 #bef4 ,! ,teton s+ on acc\nt ( ! unborn *ild1 & set up a pole inside ! lodge1 at ! "p opposite ! entrance1 fa/5+ eagles' d[n to ! top ( ! pole1 j z !y d :5 a boy has advanc$ t[>d manhood4 #beg4 ,soon aft] bir? !y pa9t ! face ( ! infant1 :e!r x be a boy or a girl1 ) v]milion1 9 ! 8,huka0 /yle4#ahi ,%\ld !y neglect to d ?is1 x is said t ! infant w\ld become ble>-ey$ or x w\ld suff] f "s k9d ( sickness4 #beh4 ,:5 ! navel /r+ is cut1 a small bag is made ( de]sk91 cut 9 ! %ape ( a small tortoise1 kn[n z patkaala4 ,9 ?is bag is plac$ a piece ( ! navel /r+ & sweet-smell+ leaves1 ) :i* ! bag is fill$4 ,! infant has to c>ry ?is bag on its back4 ,"p ( ! navel /r+ is buri$1 & :5 ! *ild is l>ge en\gh to get into mis*ief !y say1 8,he is hunt+ = 8 navel /r+40 #bei4 ,prior to ! nam+ ( ! infant is ! c]emony ( ! transf] ( "*4 ,%\ld ! infant be a boy1 a brave & good-temp]$ man1 *os5 be=eh&1 takes ! infant 9 8 arms & brea!s into 8 m\?1 !reby communicat+ 8 own disposition to ! infant1 :o w gr[ up to be a brave & good-natur$ man4 ,x is ?\ght t su* an infant w n cry z mu* z infants t h n be5 ?us favor$4 ,%\ld ! infant be a girl1 x is put into ! arms ( a good woman1 :o brea!s into its m\?4 #bfj4 ,tw9s are a my/]y to ! ,teton1 :o believe t !y are ( sup]human orig91 & mu/ come f ,tw9-l&4 ,z !y are n human be+s1 !y mu/ be treat$ v politely & t5d]ly1 le/ !y %\ld become (f5d$ & die 9 ord] to return to ,tw9-l&4 ,9 8 ,,ms4 ,teton vocabul>y1 s5t to ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology 9 ,july1 #ahij1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,woodburn1 ,jr41 rec5tly physician at ,rosebud ,ag5cy1 ,s4 ,dak41 makes ! foll[+ /atem5t :i* seems wor?y ( notice3 8,tw9s are lucky z reg>ds !mselves only2 ! "m is look$ ^u z un=tunate4 ,! tw9s may die1 b !y are sure to be born aga9 into sep>ate families4 ,no ord9>y human be+ c recognize !m z tw9s aft] ! new bir?s2 b tw9s !mselves are able ea* to recognize ! o!r z 8 fell[-tw9 9 a previ\s /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,m$ic9e m5 (t5 claim t _! sup]natural p[]s are due to a previ\s exi/5ce z tw9s40 7,see #bfg1 #bhg47 #bfa4 ,:5 a *ild is able to walk1 !y say t 8,he kicks out ! tee? ( 8 eld] bro!r0 7or 8si/]10 z ! case may be74 ,! tee? ( ! eld] *ild :i* h be5 %$1 probably ! fir/ set1 are buri$ "u ! entrance to ! lodge s t o!r tee? may come 9 _! place4 ,:oev] /eps ov] ! spot :]e ! tee? h be5 buri$ w soon h o!r tee? 9 8 m\?4 ,,pub]ty4 #bfb4 ,among ! ,oglala ,dakota1 accord+ to ,miss ,flet*]1#aij ! rites incid5t to ! pub]ty ( girls take place on ! f\r? day ( ! sun-dance fe/ival4 ,9 a note on page #bfj ( ! ,peabody ,museum ,report1 vol4 ,,iii1 ! same au?ority says3 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,rev4 ,a4 ,l4 ,riggs ,i le>n t among ! b&s ( ,ea/]n ,si\x liv+ ne> ,=t ,sully1 ,dak41 a fea/1 call$ ! reappe>ance ( ! ,:ite ,buffalo ,sk91 is held = ! consecration ( a girl on h] arriv+ at pub]ty4 ,! fea/ is sacr$ & co/ly1 & n ev]yone c af=d x4 ,^? :o h once made ! fea/ become ! privileg$ gue/s at e su* fea/1 occupy ! fea/ t5t1 & are s]v$ fir/4 ,a prom95t feature 9 ! fea/ is ! fe$+ ( ^! privileg$ p]sons1 & ! girl 9 ^: honor ! fea/ is giv51 ) *oke *]ries1 z ! *oice/ r>ity to be _h 9 ! w9t]4 ,! fea/ c be held at any "t4 ,bull b]ries1 or1 z ! ,dakotas call !m1 8rabbits' noses10 may be sub/itut$1 or f9ely p\nd$ meat mix$ ) fat1 9 case no b]ries are to be _h4 ,9 ! c]emony1 a few ( ! *]ries are tak5 9 a spoon & held ov] ! sacr$ smoke1 !n f$ to ! girl4 ,! spoon is fill$ anew1 inc5s$ z ea* p]son is f$4 ,z ea* "o is giv5 ! *]ries1 he is address$ ?us3 8,wi-a-a-ya-ta-pi wo-yu-te de ya-ti kte10 ,transcrib]'s note3 ! la/ hyph5 9 8wo-yu-te0 0 at ! end ( a l9e2 ! ^w may h be5 8wo-yute0 or 8wo-yu-te04 i4e41 8,y w eat ?is *ief's food40 ,! eat]s are n *iefs2 !y only p>take ( *iefs' food4 #bfc4 ,initiation to manhood took place 9 "o ( two ways3 7#a7 ,by ! wohduze c]emony1 or1 7#b7 by ! be> dance1 z witness$ by ,long4 ,! =m] has be5 ref]r$ to 9 #abb-abe ( ?is article2 ! latt] has be5 describ$ by ,long#aia z a c]emony :i* !y are 9 ! habit ( p]=m+ :5 any "y man wi%es to br+ himself into p>ticul> notice1 & x is consid]$ a k9d ( initiation into ! /ate ( manhood4 ,!re is a k9d ( flag made ( fawn sk9 dress$ ) ! hair on1 susp5d$ ^u a pole4 ,^u ! fle% side ( x are drawn c]ta9 figures indicative ( ! dream :i* x is necess>y ! "y man %\ld h dream$ be=e he c be consid]$ a prop] c&idate = ?is k9d ( initiation4 ,) ?is flag a pipe is susp5d$ by way ( sacrifice4 ,two arr[s are /uck up at ! foot ( ! pole1 & fragm5ts ( pa9t$ fea!rs1 etc41 are /rew$ ^u ! gr\nd ne> x4 ,^! p]ta9 to ! religi\s rites att5d+ ! c]emony1 bewail+ & self-mortification4 ,! "y man :o has _h ! dream acts ! be> 9 ?is dance1 & is hunt$ by ! o!r "y m52 b ! same man c n act ! be> m ?an once 9 consequ5ce ( 8 dreams4 #bfd4 ,miss ,flet*] says3#aib ,! maturity ( ! sexes is a p]iod ( s]i\s & religi\s exp]i5ces :i* are prep>atory by _! "* = ! entrance ( ! y\? or maid5 into ! religi\s & secul> responsibilities ( life1 bo? individual & tribal4 ,among ! tribes :i* hold especial public c]emonies ann\nc+ ! maturity ( a girl1 ^! rights are held n f> f ! actual "t ( pub]ty1 & indicate ! close ( *ildhood & entrance ( ! p]son into ! social /atus ( womanhood4 ,! public fe/ival has1 h[ev]1 be5 prec$$ by private religi\s rites4 ,) "y m5 ! religi\s tra9+ prec$es & foll[s pub]ty1 & ! entrance is publicly ann\nc$ by ! y\? jo9+ 9 ! dang]s & duties ( tribal life4 ,accord+ to ! old cu/oms1 a "y man did n take a wife until he _h prov$ 8 pr[ess1 & ?us became enroll$ among ! manly elem5t1 or braves1 z !y are sometimes spok5 (4 ,! initial fa/s ( w>riors h be5 mi/ak5 sometimes = c]emonials ( pub]ty4 ,,gho/ ,,lore ,,& ,,! ,,future ,,life4 ,,mean+ ,,( ,,wana,i4 #bfe4 ,! ^w 8wa-na-i0 means m ?an 8app>ition40 ,! liv+ man is suppos$ to h "o1 two1 or m 8wanai10 "o ( :i* aft] dea? rema9s at ! grave & ano!r goes to ! place ( ! dep>t$4 ,! writ] has be5 told t = _m ye>s no ,yankton ,dakota w\ld cons5t to h 8 picture tak5 le/ "o ( 8 8wanai0 %\ld rema9 9 ! picture1 in/ead ( go+ aft] dea? to ! _s l&4 ,! ,teton ,dakota apply ! "n ( 8gho/0 or 8%ad[0 to ! lock ( hair cut f ! =ehead ( ! deceas$ & kept = "s "t by ! p>5ts2 & till t lock is buri$ ! deceas$ is suppos$ to reta9 8 usual place 9 ! h\sehold circle4 #bff4 ,lynd#aic says t to ! human body ! ,dakota give f\r spirits3 ,! fir/ is suppos$ to be a _s ( ! body1 :i* dies ) ! body4 ,! second is a _s :i* always rema9s ) or ne> ! body4 ,ano!r is ! s\l :i* acc\nts = ! de$s ( ! body1 & is suppos$ by "s to g to ! s\?1 by o!rs to ! we/1 aft] ! dea? ( ! body4 ,! f\r? always l+]s ) ! small bundle ( ! hair ( ! deceas$1 kept by ! relatives until !y h a *ance to ?r[ x into ! enemy's c\ntry1 :5 x becomes a rov+ _s1 br++ dea? & disease to ! enemy 9 ^: c\ntry x rema9s4 ,f ?is belief arose ! practice ( we>+ f\r scalp fea!rs = ea* enemy sla9 9 battle1 "o = ea* _s4 #bfg4 8,"s ,si\x claim a fif? scalp fea!r1 av]r+ t !re is a fif? _s1 :i* ent]s ! body ( "s animal or *ild aft] dea?4 ,z f> z ,i am aw>e1 ?is belief is n g5]al1 ?\gh !y diff] 9 _! acc\nts ( ! spirits ( man1 ev5 9 numb]4 ,"s ( ^! metempsy*osi/s g s f> z to av] t !y h di/9ct recollections ( a =m] /ate ( exi/5ce & ( ! passage into ?is4 ,! belief1 z be=e /at$1 does n appe> to be g5]al40 7,see #bfj1 #bhg47 #bfh4 ,) reg>d to ! place ( abode ( ! f\r spirits ( ea* man--?\gh !y believe t ! true s\l :i* goes s\? or we/ is immortal--!y h no idea1 nor d !y appe> to h any p>ticul> c>e z to :at may become ( !m aft] dea?4 ,x may be rem>k$1 t ! happy hunt+ gr\nds1 suppos$ to belong to e ,indian's future1 are no "p ( ! ,dakota cre$--?\gh individual ,dakota may h le>n$ some?+ l x f ! :ite m5 among !m4 ,,ass9nibo9 ,,beliefs ,,ab\t ,,! ,,dead4 #bfi4 ,! ,ass9nibo9 8believe t ! dead migrate t[>d ! s\?1#aid :]e ! climate is mild1 ! game abundant1 & ! riv]s well /ock$ ) fi%4 ,_! hell is ! rev]se ( ?is picture2 its un=tunate inmates dwell 9 p]petual sn[ & ice & 9 ! complete deprivation ( all ?+s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m among !m :o ?9k t dea? is ! cessation ( life & action & t !re is naught beyond x4#aie 8,! ,ass9nibo9e believe t _! dead g to a c\ntry 9 ! s\?1 :]e ! good & brave f9d wom5 & buffaloes1 :ile ! wick$ or c[>dly are conf9$ on an isl&1 :]e !y are de/itute ( all ! pleasures ( life4 ,! corpses ( brave m5 are n deposit$ 9 trees1 b on ! gr\nd1 z !y w help !mselves1 & !y are cov]$ ) wood & /ones to protect !m f ! wolves40#aif ,,gho/s ,,n ,,always ,,visible4 #bgj4 ,! gho/s ( ! dep>t$ are n always visible to ! liv+4 ,sometimes !y are he>d b n se51 ?\gh 9 ! lodge ) a mortal4 ,occasionally !y become mat]ializ$1 tak+ liv+ husb&s or wives1 eat+1 dr9k+1 & smok+1 j z if !y 7 ord9>y human be+s4 ,,dea? ,,& ,,burial ,,lore4 #bga4 ,z gho/s visit ! sick at night x is cu/om>y to drive !m away by mak+ a smoke f c$> wood1 or else c$> is laid outside ! lodge4 ,sometimes a piece ( c$> is fa/5$ up at ! smoke-hole4 7,see #db47 ,"o ,teton /ory %[s h[ a female gho/ dislik$ a bad odor & fl$ f x4 ,:5 !y he> a gho/ :i/l+1 "s "o leaves ! lodge & fires a gun4 ,be=e dea? ! lodge is surr\nd$ by gho/s ( deceas$ k9dr$ t are visible to ! dy+ p]son4 ,all ! dead man's possessions are buri$ ) him2 8 body is dress$ 9 good clo?+4 ,! favorite horse is decorat$ & saddl$1 & to ?is day v>i\s articles belong+ to ! deceas$ are fa/5$ to him4 ,! horse is %ot & "p ( 8 tail is cut (f & laid ne> ! head ( ! burial scaffold1 z x is ?\ght t 9 su* a case ! gho/ c ride ! gho/ ( ! horse & use all ! articles c>ri$ by t animal4 #bgb4 ,:y ! ,teton /opp$ bury+ 9 ! gr\nd4--,long ago ! p buri$ "s m5 on a hill & !n remov$ camp to ano!r place4 ,_m w9t]s aft]w>ds a man visit$ ?is burial place1 b all traces ( ! graves _h disappe>$4 ,s _m m5 came & dug f> d[n into ! hill4 ,by & by "o said1 8,a road lies "h40 ,s !y dug 9 t direction & made a fire und]gr\nd4 ,& !re !y f\nd a tunnel l>ge en\gh = m5 to walk 9 by /oop+1 ) _m simil> int]sect+ ones4 ,!y foll[$ ! ma9 "o & f9ally came to a place :i!r a /range animal1 ! ,waaksia1 _h dragg$ ! corpses4 ,= ?is reason ! ,lakota became unwill+ to lay _! dead 9 ! gr\nd1 s !y began to bury on scaffolds :i* c\ld n be rea*$ by bea/s ( prey4 ,at ! pres5t day ! ,teton gives ?ree reasons = n bury+ 9 ! gr\nd3 7#a7 ,animals or p]sons might walk ov] ! graves2 7#b7 ! dead might lie 9 mud & wat] aft] ra9 or sn[2 7#c7 wolves might dig up ! bodies & dev\r !m4 #bgc4 ,importance ( tattoo+4--,9 ord] t ! gho/ may travel ! gho/ road 9 safety x is necess>y = ea* ,lakota dur+ 8 life to be tattoo$ ei!r 9 ! middle ( ! =ehead or on ! wri/s4 ,9 t ev5t 8 _s w g directly to ! 8,_m ,lodges40 ,! o!r _s road is said to be %ort1 & ! fooli% "o :o travels x nev] rea*es ! 8,_m ,lodges40 ,an old woman sits 9 ! road & %e exam9es ea* gho/ t passes4 ,if %e c n f9d ! tattoo m>ks on ! =ehead1 wri/s1 or *91 ! unhappy gho/ is pu%$ f a cl\d or cliff & falls to ?is _w4 ,su* is ! lot ( ! gho/s t w&] o'er ! e>?4 ,!y c nev] travel ! _s road aga92 s !y g ab\t :i/l+1 ) no fix$ abode4 #bgd4 ,if a quiet & well-behav$ p]son dies 8 gho/ is apt to be re/less & cause tr\ble1 b ! gho/ ( a bad p]son :o dies a natural dea? is nev] fe>$4 ,! gho/ ( a murd]$ p]son is always dang]\s4 #bge4 ,if a gho/ calls to a lov$ "o & ! latt] answ]s1 he or %e is sure to die soon aft]4 ,if "s "o is he>d weep+ outside ( a lodge1 x is a sign t a p]son dwell+ 9 t lodge is doom$ to die4 ,if a si/] dies1 %e has a /rong desire to return & c>ry (f a belov$ bro!r4 ,s 9 ! ev5t ( a dea? 9 ! family a gun is fir$ or m$ic9e is ?r[n on a fire to raise a smoke4 ,if "o :o is alone enc\nt]s a gho/1 ! latt] w be apt to pull 8 m\? & eyes until !y are crook$4 ,?is dang] is enc\nt]$ only by "o :o has dream$ ( a gho/4 ,he :o has be5 h>m$ by a gho/ always fa9ts1 & x is long be=e he revives4 ,mo!rs sc>e bad *ildr5 by say+1 8,well1 wait a bit & ,i w tell a gho/ to come & c>ry y (f40 ,"s "o :o has dream$ ( gho/s w draw "o on a sk91 etc41 to fright5 ! *ildr54 ,su* a p]son is said to draw 8 own gho/ j z he w appe> 9 future4 ,no "o else d>es to draw a gho/4 7,see #bii47 ,,c]emonies ,,at ,,! ,,gho/ ,,lodge4#aig #bgf4 ,:5 a son dies ! p>5ts ) a knife cut (f "s hair f ! top ( ! head1 j above ! =ehead1 plac+ ! hair 9 a de]sk9 cov]4 ,!n !y set up ?ree poles1 fa/5$ toge!r at ! top & =m+ a sort ( tripod4 ,a cord hung ov] ! top ( ^! holds up ! :ite de]sk9 pack conta9+ ! hair ( ! deceas$4 ,?is hair is call$ ! gho/ or %ade 7or wa-na-i7 ( ! dead p]son4 ,! de]sk9 pack hangs horizontally f ! poles & ! sk9 is work$ ) porcup9e quills 9 _m l9es1 & "h & !re are v>i\s k9ds ( r$ & blue circul> figures sew$ on x4 ,all ! sod _h be5 cut away f ! gr\nd b5ea? ! pack1 & on ?is b>e or virg9 e>? !y put a b[l & a dr9k+ vessel1 ea* ornam5t$ ) porcup9e "w4 ,?ree times a day d !y rememb] ! gho/1 = :om !y put ! *oice/ food 9 ! b[l & wat] 9 ! dr9k+ vessel4 ,e article is h&l$ c>efully1 be+ expos$ to ! smoke ( sweet-smell+ h]bs4 ,! pack said to conta9 ! gho/ is put 9 ! gho/ lodge ) ! knife :i* he us$ dur+ life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib4--,! gho/ lodge4 ,! ,indians always h obs]v$ ! cu/om ( smok+ pipes & eat+ :ile sitt+ 9 ! gho/ lodge4 ,at ! back ( ! lodge !y prep>e a seat & 9 ! middle !y set up two poles simil> to ^? erect$ outside ! entrance to ! t5ts4 ,be=e !y eat 9 ! lodge1 !y sacrifice "p ( ! food4 ,:5ev] !y move ! camp or s+le t5t f "o place to ano!r all ^! sacr$ objects are pack$ & c>ri$ on a horse kept = ?is special purpose4 ,?is horse is call$ 8,wanai taukewaka10 i4e41 8,! gho/'s horse40 ,?is horse has 8 tail & mane cut (f %ort2 ! hair on ! body is %av$ v close2 8 body is rubb$ all ov] ) yell[ clay4 ,"s "o !n rubs pa9t on ! f+]s1 t\*+ ! rump g5tly sev]al times1 z well z ! =ehead & ar\nd ! neck & brea/4 ,a fea!r is ti$ to ! end ( ! tail4 ,on 8 back !y place a saddleclo? & a saddle1 ea* ornam5t$ ) porcup9e quills4 ,! horse mu/ m\rn--i4e41 keep 8 hair %ort--z long z ! gho/ rema9s unburi$2 b z soon z ! hair is remov$ f ! pack & buri$ ! horse's hair is all[$ to gr[ long aga94 ,z soon z ! p /op to encamp ! gho/ lodge is set up be=e any ( ! o!rs4 ,! articles :i* are kept !re rema9 = a specifi$ "t1 p]haps = sev]al ye>s1 dur+ :i* p]iod c]ta9 c]emonies are p]=m$4 ,at ! end ( ! allott$ "t comes ! gho/ fea/1 ! ,wapi or ,wakapi1 :5 ! gho/ pack is op5$ & ! gho/ tak5 out & buri$4 ,!n all ! p assemble1 sett+ up _! t5ts ne> ! gho/ lodge4 ,! k9dr$ ( ! deceas$ weep & br+ food to ! place4 ,all ?is food has be5 boil$4 ,!y set up 9 ! gr\nd "s =k$ /icks1 su* z are us$ = digg+ wild turnips1 & /raight poles are laid along ! =k$ /icks4 ,on ! poles are hung moccas9s1 & 9 ! space betwe5 ! =k$ /icks are pil$ blankets1 buffalo robes1 calico1 untann$ sk9 bags1 tann$ bags1 porcup9e quills1 wild turnips1 & fruits4#aih ,^! are di/ribut$ by wom51 & ! p sp5d ! "t pleasantly4 ,!y also give pres5ts to ! "y wom54 ,if ! deceas$ 0 a male & a memb] ( an ord] ( "y m51 all :o belong to x are invit$ to a fea/ 7!re 0 a simil> cu/om among ! ,ponka1 9 #ahgb71 :]e !y s+ songs4 ,:5 !y /op s++ !y sit ) bodies erect1 b ) b5t head & /oop+ %\ld]s4 ,!n ! p>5ts ( ! dead y\? ent] ! lodge1 weep+ z !y pass ar\nd ! circle1 & ea* "o places bo? h&s on ! head ( ea* gue/1 because ! son1 :o reg>d$ ! m5 z 8 fri5ds1 is no long] pres5t4 ,if ! deceas$ is a female1 only ! wom5 assemble1 except "s m5 :o lead ! s++4 ,if horses take "p 9 ! c]emonies1 _! manes & tails are %av$ %ort1 & !y1 too1 receive gifts4 ,"h & !re "o ( ! k9dr$ ( ! deceas$ gives away all 8 prop]ty1 & !n ! bag is op5$ & ! hair or gho/ is tak5 out & buri$4 ,f ?is "t ! p>t+ ) 8 p>5ts is absolute4 ,!y ?9k t1 until ! hair is buri$1 ! deceas$ is really pres5t ) ! h\sehold1 & t :5 ?is burial takes place he dies a second "t4 ,aft] ?is burial ! k9dr$ put on _! usual clo?+1 & :ile !y weep = ! dead at int]vals !y are at lib]ty to ano9t & decorate !mselves accord+ to fancy4 ,ano!r acc\nt ( ,bu%ott] /ates t :5 !y prep>e = ! gho/ fea/ !y r$d5 ! sack conta9+ ! hair & hang ! w> bonnet ( fea!rs on ! ?ree poles at "r angles ) ! gho/ sack4 ,!y wi% to rememb] 8 de$s 9 w>1 s !y also /ick "o end ( 8 w> spe> 9 ! gr\nd1 ) its top lean+ aga9/ ! tops ( ! ?ree poles4 ,8 %ield is susp5d$ f "o ( ! poles4 ,! ?ree pipes on ! %ield 9 a color$ sket* prep>$ by ,bu%ott] d5ote t on s _m exp$itions ! deceas$ w>rior c>ri$ a w> pipe4 ,! r$ /ripes decl>e h[ _m ( ! enemy 7 w\nd$ by him1 & ! human heads %[ ! numb] ( foes t he kill$4 ,! half-moon means t he %\t$ at 8 foes on a c]ta9 night4 ,once he ?rew aside 8 arms & engag$ 9 a h&-to-h& /ruggle ) a foe2 ?is is %[n by ! human h&4 ,! horse-tracks indicate t he ran (f ) s _m horses4 ,if 8 "n 0 ,black ,hawk1 = in/ance1 a black hawk 0 pa9t$ 9 ! middle ( 8 %ield4 ,all ^! ?+s are arrang$ be=e !y op5 ! bag conta9+ ! hair4 ,!n !y ent] ! lodge1 & !re !y op5 all ! ?+s t !y h br\ght4 ,! k9dr$ ( ! deceas$ are ! only ones to ent] ! lodge1 & :5 !y see ! hair tak5 f ! sack !y scream sudd5ly = a m9ute or two4 ,x is at ?is "t t !y di/ribute ! gifts4 ,food has be5 boil$ 9 _m kettles1 & is n[ divid$ among ! p n ! k9dr$ ( ! deceas$1 :o are scatt]$ ar\nd ! gho/ lodge1 & "s food is usually giv5 to ! "y m5 ( ! ord] to :i* ! deceas$ belong$4 ,a woman :o att5ds to collect+ ! food1 calico1 bags1 clo?+1 etc41 turns to ! f\r po/s ( ! scaffold 9 succession1 & utt]s "o ( ! foll[+ say+s or pray]s at ea* po/3 8,if ! gho/s eat ?is1 may ,i live long60 or 8,may ! gho/s eat ?is1 & ,i obta9 _m horses60 or 8,if my nephew 7or niece7 eats ?is1 may someone give me _m pres5ts60 ,?is woman is c>eful to put ! be/ "p ( ! food on ! b[l or di%1 "u ! scaffold ne> ! head ( ! corpse4#aii ,%\ld any "o eat be=e ! food has be5 put aside = ! gho/1 all ! gho/s become angry ) him1 & !y are sure to puni% him2 !y w make him drop 8 food j be=e x rea*es 8 m\?1 or !y w spill ! wat] :5 he tries to dr9k1 & sometimes !y cause a man to ga% himself ) a knife4 ,,good ,,& ,,bad ,,gho/s4 #bgg4 ,"s gho/s are b5efic5t1 b mo/ ( !m are malefic5t4 ,!y "k all ?+s1 ev5 ! ?\ghts ( liv+ p4 ,!y are glad :5 ! w9d bl[s4 ,bu%ott]'s y\ng] bro!r 0 crazy at "o "t1 & a doctor or peuta wiaa said t ! sickness _h be5 caus$ by a gho/4 ,,int]c\rse ,,) ,,gho/s4 #bgh4 ,lynd says3 ,! belief 9 ! p[]s ( "s ,dakotas to call up & conv]se ) ! spirits ( ! dead is /rong 9 "s1 ?\gh n g5]al4 ,!y frequ5tly make fea/s to ^? spirits & elicit in=mation f !m ( di/ant fri5ds & relatives4 ,assembl+ at night 9 a lodge1 !y smoke1 put out ! fire1 & !n1 draw+ _! blankets ov] _! heads1 rema9 s++ 9 unison 9 a l[ key until ! _s gives !m a picture4 ,?is !y pret5d ! _s does2 & _m a hair-erect+ tale is told ( ! _s's p[] to reveal1 & ! aft] confirmation4#bjj ,,gho/ ,,/ories4 ,a few gho/ /ories ( ! ,teton collection w n[ be giv54 #bgi4 ,! gho/ husb&4--,a "y ,lakota di$ j be=e m>ry+ a "y girl :om he lov$4 ,! girl m\rn$ 8 dea?1 s %e cut h] hair "h & !re ) a dull knife1 & ga%$ h] limbs1 j z if %e _h be5 an old woman4 ,! gho/ return$ & took h] = 8 wife4 ,:5ev] ! tribe camp$ = ! night ! gho/'s wife pit*$ h] t5t at "s di/ance f ! o!rs1 & :5 ! p remov$ _! camp ! woman & h] husb& kept "s di/ance beh9d ! ma9 body4 ,! gho/ always told ! woman :at to d2 & he br\ght game to h] regul>ly1 :i* ! wife gave to ! p 9 ex*ange = o!r articles4 ,! p c\ld nei!r see nor he> ! gho/1 b !y he>d 8 wife address him4 ,he always s5t ^w to ! tribe :5 !re 0 to be a high w9d or heavy ra94 ,he c\ld read ! ?\ghts ( 8 wife1 s t %e ne$ n speak a ^w to him1 & :5 %e felt a desire = any?+ he soon obta9$ x = h]4 #bhj4 ,! solit>y travel]4--,once a solit>y travel] 0 ov]tak5 by a trem5d\s ?und]/orm ne> a =e/4 ,s he rema9$ !re = ! night4 ,aft] d>k he notic$ a light 9 ! woods1 & :5 he rea*$ ! spot1 behold1 !re 0 a sweat lodge1 9 :i* 7 two p]sons talk+4 ,"o said1 8,fri5d1 "s "o has come & /&s )\t4 ,let u invite him to %>e our food40 ,! li/5] fl$ sudd5ly1 z !y 7 gho/s1 & !y pursu$ him4 ,?\gh he look$ beh9d n[ & !n1 he c\ld n see !m2 s he ran ) all 8 might t[>ds a hill1 & escap$ f !m4 ,z he 0 asc5d+ a divide ( ! ,bad ,l&s1 all at once he he>d ! cry ( a woman4 ,he 0 v glad to h company = ! re/ ( ! j\rney2 b no soon] _h he ?\ght ab\t ! woman ?an %e appe>$ by 8 side1 say+1 8,i h come because y h j wi%$ to h my company40 ,?is fright5$ ! man1 b ! gho/ woman said1 8,d n fe> me1 else y w nev] see me aga940 ,s !y w5t on sil5tly till daybreak4 ,!n ! man look$ at h]1 b h] legs c\ld n be se51 ?\gh %e 0 walk+ )\t any app>5t ef=t4 ,!n ! man ?\ght1 8,:at if %e %\ld *oke me80 ,imm$iately ! woman disappe>$ l ! w9d4 7,see #bde74 #bha4 ,! gho/ on ! hill4--,"o day1 :5 ! p 7 hunt+ ! buffalo1 a /range man appe>$ on a hill4 ,he wore a w9t] robe1 ) ! hair outside4 ,:5 he 0 desc5d+ ! hill ! p became al>m$1 b he cont9u$ to advance4 ,! "y m5 ru%$ to meet him1 tak+ b[s & arr[s4 ,!y c\ld n see 8 face4 ,!y tri$ to %oot him1 b ea* arr[ pass$ by him on "o side or ! o!r4 ,s !y f9ally fl$1 z he 0 a gho/4 #bhb4 ,! ,indian :o wre/l$ ) a gho/4--,a "y man w5t alone on ! w>pa?4 ,at l5g? he rea*$ a wild]ness1 enc\nt]+ _m difficulties1 :i* did n det] him f 8 und]tak+4 ,"o day1 z he 0 go+ along1 he he>d a voice1 & he ?\ght1 8,i %all h company40 ,z he 0 approa*+ a =e/ he he>d "s "o halloo4 ,behold1 x 0 an owl4 ,by & by he drew ne> ano!r =e/1 & z night 0 com+ on he _h to re/ !re4 ,at ! edge ( ! =e/ he lay d[n 9 ! op5 air4 ,at midnight he 0 ar\s$ by ! voice ( a woman1 :o 0 wail+1 8,my son6 my son60 ,/ill he rema9$ :]e he 01 & cont9u$ putt+ wood on ! fire4 ,he lay ) 8 back to ! fire1 plac+ 8 fl9t-lock gun 9 read9ess be=e him4 ,he tore a hole 9 8 blanket l>ge en\gh to peep ?r\gh4 ,soon he he>d ! twigs break "u ! feet ( "o approa*+1 s he peep$ )\t ris+4 ,behold1 a woman ( ! old5 days 0 com+4 ,%e wore a sk9 dress ) long fr+e4 ,a buffalo robe 0 fa/5$ ar\nd h] at ! wai/4 ,h] necklace 0 compos$ ( v l>ge beads1 & h] legg9s 7 cov]$ ) beads or porcup9e "w4 ,h] robe 0 drawn ov] h] head1 & %e 0 snuffl+ z %e came4 ,! man lay ) 8 legs /ret*$ out1 & %e /ood by him4 ,%e took him by "o foot1 :i* %e rais$ v sl[ly4 ,:5 %e let x g x fell ) a ?ud1 z if he 0 dead4 ,%e rais$ x a second & ?ird "t4 ,/ill ! man did n move himself4 ,!n ! woman pull$ a v ru/y knife f ! front ( h] belt1 seiz$ 8 foot sudd5ly1 & 0 app>5tly ab\t to lift x & ga% x1 :5 up sprang ! man1 say+1 8,:at are y do+80 ,)\t wait+ = a reply he %ot at h] sudd5ly1 & away %e w5t1 scream+ 8,yu6 yu6 yu6 yu6 yu6 yu60 ,!n %e plung$ into ! =e/ & 0 se5 no m4 ,once aga9 ! man cov]$ 8 head ) 8 blanket1 b he did n sleep4 ,:5 day came he rais$ 8 eyes1 &1 behold1 he saw a human burial scaffold1 ) ! blankets1 etc41 ragg$ & dangl+4 ,he ?\ght1 8,is ?is ! gho/ t came to me80 ,on ano!r occasion he came to a =e/ :]e he _h to rema9 = ! night4 ,he />t$ a fire1 by :i* he sat4 ,sudd5ly he he>d "s "o mak+ ! woods r+ z he sang4 ,! man %\t$ to ! s+]1 b ! latt] paid no att5tion to him4 ,! man _h a small quantity ( wasna 7grease mix$ ) p\nd$ dri$ buffalo meat & wild *]ries7 & pl5ty ( tobacco4 ,s :5 ! s+]1 :o 0 a male gho/1 came to him & ask$ him = food1 ! man repli$1 8,i h no?+ :atev]20 b ! gho/ said1 8,n s2 ,i "k t y h "s wasna40 ,!n ! man gave "s ( x to ! gho/ & fill$ ! pipe = him4 ,aft] ! meal1 :5 ! gho/ took ! pipe & held x by ! /em1 ! man saw t 8 h& _h no fle%1 be+ no?+ b bones4 ,z ! gho/'s robe _h dropp$ f 8 %\ld]s to 8 wai/ all 8 ribs 7 visible1 !re be+ no fle% on !m4 ,?\gh ! gho/ did n op5 8 lips z he smok$1 ! smoke 0 p\r+ out ?r\gh 8 ribs4 ,:5 he f9i%$ smok+ ! gho/ said to ! man1 8,ho6 we mu/ wre/le toge!r4 ,if y c ?r[ me1 y %all kill a foe )\t h9drance1 & /eal "s horses40 ,! "y man agre$ to ! proposition2 b be=e beg9n+ he ga!r$ pl5ty ( bru% ar\nd ! fire1 on :i* he put an armful4 ,!n ! gho/ ru%$ at ! man1 seiz+ him ) 8 bony h&s1 :i* pa9$ ! man1 b ?is matt]$ n4 ,he tri$ to pu% (f ! gho/1 ^: legs 7 v p[]ful4 ,:5 ! gho/ 0 br\ght ne> ! fire1 he became weak1 b :5 he manag$ to pull ! man t[>ds ! d>kness1 he became v /rong4 ,z ! fire got l[ ! /r5g? ( ! gho/ increas$4 ,j z ! man began to gr[ we>y ! day broke4 ,!n ! /ruggle 0 r5ew$4 ,z !y drew ne> ! fire ! man made a desp]ate ef=t1 & ) 8 foot he pu%$ a firebr& sudd5ly into ! fire4 ,z ! fire blaz$ aga91 ! gho/ fell j z if he 0 com+ to pieces4 ,s ! man won1 & ! gho/'s prophecy 0 fulfill$2 he subsequ5tly kill$ a foe1 & /ole "s horses4 ,= t reason p h believ$ :atev] ! gho/s h said4 #bhc4 ,! man :o %ot a gho/4--,9 ! old5 "t a man 0 travel+ alone1 & 9 a =e/ he kill$ sev]al rabbits4 ,aft] sunset he 0 9 ! mid/ ( ! =e/1 s he made a fire1 z he _h to sp5d ! night !re4 ,he ?\ght ?us3 8,%\ld ,i enc\nt] any dang] by & by1 ,i h ?is gun1 & ,i am a man :o ought n to reg>d any?+40 ,he cook$ a rabbit & satisfi$ 8 hung]4 ,j !n he he>d _m voices1 & !y 7 talk+ ab\t _! own affairs1 b ! man c\ld see nobody4 ,s he ?\ght1 8,x seems t n[ at l5g? ,i h enc\nt]$ gho/s40 ,!n he w5t & lay "u a fall5 tree1 :i* 0 at a great di/ance f ! fire4 ,he load$ 8 gun ) p[d] only1 z he knew by ?is "t t !y 7 really gho/s4 ,!y came r\nd ab\t him & :i/l$1 8,hyu1 hyu1 hyu60 8,he has gone yond]10 said "o ( ! gho/s4 ,!y came & /ood ar\nd ! man1 j z p d :5 !y hunt rabbits4 ,! man lay flat b5ea? ! fall5 tree1 & "o gho/ came & climb$ on ! trunk ( t tree4 ,sudd5ly ! gho/ gave ! cry utt]$ on hitt+ an enemy1 8,a-he60 & he kick$ ! man on ! back4 ,b be=e ! gho/ c\ld get away1 ! man %ot at him & w\nd$ him 9 ! legs2 s ! gho/ gave ! male cry ( pa91 8,au6 au6 au60 ,& f9ally he w5t (f cry+ z females d1 8,yu6 yu6 yu60 ,& ! o!r gho/s said to him2 8,:]e did he %oot80 ,& ! w\nd$ "o said3 8,he %ot me ?r\gh ! head & ,i h come ap>t40 ,!n ! o!r gho/s 7 wail+ on ! hillside4 ,! man decid$ to g to ! place :]e !y 7 wail+4 ,s1 z ! day _h come1 he w5t ?i!r1 & f\nd "s graves1 "o ( :i* a wolf _h dug into s t ! bones 7 visible1 & !re 0 a w\nd 9 ! skull4 ,,ass9nibo9 ,,beliefs ,,ab\t ,,gho/s4 #bhd4 ,smet says3#bjb ,! belief 9 gho/s is v pr(\nd1 & common to all ^! tribes4 ,indians h (t5 told me t !y h met1 se51 & conv]s$ ) !m1 & t !y may be he>d almo/ e night 9 ! places :]e ! dead are int]r$4 ,!y say t !y speak 9 a k9d ( :i/l+ tone4 ,sometimes !y contract ! face ( a human be+ :om !y meet l t ( a p]son 9 an epileptic fit4#bja ,! ,ass9nibo9es nev] pron\nce ! "n ( ,t*atka i4e41 atka1 or1 ,left ,h&1 a =m] *ief b ) respect4 ,!y believe t 8 %ade gu>ds ! sacr$ tree2 t he has p[] to procure !m abundance ( buffalo & o!r animals1 or to drive ! animals f ! c\ntry4 ,h5ce1 :5ev] !y pass !y (f] sacrifices2 !y pres5t ! calumet to ! tutel>y spirits & manes ( ,t*atka4 ,he is1 accord+ to _! cal5d>1 ! ,wah-kon-tangka p> excell5ce1 ! greate/ man or g5ius t ev] visit$ _! nation4#bjb ,,pray]s ,,to ,,! ,,dead1 ,,includ+ ,,ance/ors4 #bhe4 ,riggs says#bjc t ! ,dakota pray to ! spirits ( _! deceas$ relatives4 ,see #fg-ga4 ,& 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,ass9nibo91 ,smet says3 ,! ,ass9nibo9es e/eem greatly a religi\s cu/om ( assembl+ once or twice a ye> ar\nd ! graves ( _! imm$iate relatives4 ,^! graves are on scaffolds ab\t #g or #h feet above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! ,indians call _! dead by "n & (f] to !m meats c>efully dress$1 :i* !y place beside !m4 ,! c]emony ( bury+ ! dead is t]m9at$ ) te>s1 wail+s1 h[l+s1 & mac]ations ( all pres5t4 ,!y te> ! hair1 ga% ! legs1 & at la/ !y light ! calumet1 = t is ! ,alpha & ,omega ( e rite4 ,!y (f] x to ! %ades ( ! dep>t$ & entreat !m n to injure ! liv+4 ,dur+ _! c]emoni\s repa/s1 9 _! excursions1 & ev5 at a great di/ance f _! graves1 !y s5d to ! dead puffs ( tobacco smoke & burn little pieces ( meat z a sacrifice to _! memory4 #bhf4 ,be=e consult+ ! tutel>y spirits see #cd or address+ ! dead1 !y beg9 by k9dl+ ! sacr$ fire4 ,?is fire mu/ be /ruck f a fl9t1 or x mu/ rea* !m my/]i\sly by lightn+1 or 9 "s o!r way4 ,to light ! sacr$ fire ) a common fire w\ld be consid]$ among !m z a grave & dang]\s transgression4#bjd ,,metamorphoses ,,& ,,! ,,transmigration ,,( ,,s\ls4 #bhg4 ,!y believe 9 trans=mations1 su* z are describ$ 9 ,ovid1 & !y ?9k t _m ( ! />s are m5 & wom5 translat$ to ! heav5s4 ,!y believe 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,"s ( ! m$ic9e m5 pr(ess to tell ( :at occurr$ to !m 9 bodies previ\sly inhabit$ = at lea/ six g5]ations back4 ,see #bfj1 #bfg4 ,,exhortations ,,to ,,abs5t ,,w>riors4 #bhh4 ,among ! ,teton x has be5 cu/om>y = ^? rema9+ at home to make songs ab\t ! abs5t w>riors1 call+ !m by "n1 z if !y c\ld he> ! speak]s4 ,?is ,dakota cu/om agrees ) :at has be5 record$ ( ! ,omaha4#bje ,bu%ott] has told ( ano!r ,teton cu/om4 ,! k9dr$ ( a sla9 w>rior make songs 9 8 honor1 & s+ !m z !y m\rn = 8 dea?4 ,,my/]i\s ,,m5 ,,& ,,wom54 #bhi4 ,lynd says3 ,c]ta9 m5 pr(ess to h an unusual am\nt ( ! wakan or div9e pr9ciple 9 !m4 ,by x !y assume ! work+ ( miracles1 lay+ on ( h&s1 cur+ ( ! sick1 & _m wond]ful op]ations4 ,"s ( ^! p]sons pret5d to a recollection ( =m] /ates ( exi/5ce1 ev5 nam+ ! p>ticul> body 9 :i* !y =m]ly liv$4 ,o!rs ass]t _! p[] ov] nature1 & _! faculty ( see+ into futurity1 & ( conv]s+ ) ! deities4 ,a ?ird class w talk ( ! p>ticul> animals ^: bodies !y int5d to ent] :5 loos$ f _! pres5t exi/5ce #bfj1 #bfg1 #bhg4 ,9 endeavor+ to su/a9 ^! pret5sions !y occasionally g ?r\gh p]=mances :i* are likely to deceive ! ignorant ?rong4#bjf ,pond wrote ?us ( ! ,dakota waka m53#bjg ,!y d n spr+ into exi/5ce "u ord9>y op]ations ( natural laws1 b1 accord+ to _! fai?1 ^! m5 & wom5 7= females1 too1 are wakan7 fir/ ar\se to consci\s exi/5ce 9 ! =m ( w+$ se$s1 su* z ! ?i/le1 & are waft$ by ! 99 99 99 influ5ce ( ! f\r w9ds till !y are conduct$ to ! abode ( "s ,taku ,wakan1 by :om !y are receiv$ into intimate communion4 ,!y rema9 !re till !y become acqua9t$ ) ! "* & abilities ( ! class ( gods ^: gue/s !y happ5 to be1 & until !y h imbib$ _! spirits1 & are acqua9t$ ) all ! *ants1 fea/s1 dances1 & rites :i* ! gods deem necess>y to impose on m54 ,?us d "s ( !m pass ?r\gh a s]ies ( inspirations ) diff]5t classes ( div9ities1 till !y are fully wakaniz$ & prep>$ = human inc>nation4 ,!y are inve/$ ) ! invisible wakan p[]s ( ! gods1 _! k & cunn+1 & _! omnipres5t influ5ce ov] m9d1 in/9ct1 & passions4 ,!y are taught to inflict diseases & heal !m1 discov] conceal$ causes1 manufacture implem5ts ( w>1 & imp>t to !m ! ton-wan p[] ( ! gods2 & also ! art ( mak+ su* an application ( pa9ts t !y w protect f ! p[]s ( ! enemies4 ,?is process ( inspiration is call$ 8dream+ ( ! gods40 ,?us prep>$ & reta9+ 8 primitive =m1 ! demi-god rides =? on ! w+s ( ! w9d ov] 99 99 99 ! e>?1 till he has c>efully obs]v$ ! *>act]s & usages ( ! diff]5t tribes ( m52 !n1 select+ 8 location1 he ent]s "o ab\t to become a "m1 &1 9 due "t1 makes 8 appe>ance among m54 99 99 99 ,:5 "o ( ^! wakan m5 dies he returns to ! abode ( 8 god1 f :om he receives a new inspiration1 aft] :i* he passes ?r\gh ano!r inc>nation z be=e1 & s]ves ano!r g5]ation4 ,9 ?is mann] !y pass ?r\gh f\r inc>nations1 99 99 99 & !n return to _! orig9al no?+ness4 #bij4 ,!re are diff]5t p]sons :o reg>d !mselves z waka1 says ,bu%ott]4 ,among ^! are ^? :o practice m$ic9e1 ^? :o act z ,heyoka1 ^? :o boil = ! grizzly be> fea/s1 ^? :o take "p 9 ! my/]y dance1 ^? :o =etell ! future1 ^? :o detect wrong-do]s & f9d :at has be5 lo/ or /ol51 & ^? :o d v>i\s ?+s 9 a cunn+ mann]4 ,x happ5s ?us to !m3 ,a man he>s a human voice dur+ ! day & he does :at ! voice directs to be done1 or on a c]ta9 night a tree conv]ses ) him1 & ! two talk ab\t _! own affairs1 & :at ! tree tells him to d1 t he does1 s he says1 or1 x ord]s him to keep "s law or cu/om z long z he lives4 ,among ^! sup]/iti\s notions are ! foll[+3 ,"s m5 direct ! pipe to be h&$ ar\nd ! lodge f ! left side to ! "r1 & o!rs vice v]sa4 ,"s m5 d>e n ga% a firebr& ) a knife2 & %\ld a visitor d s he$lessly1 !y say t he 8cuts 8 f+]40 ,o!rs w n kill a swall[1 le/ ?und] & hail ensue4 ,"s d n all[ a knife to be pass$ above a kettle4 #bia4 ,! wakan m5 claim t !y are invuln]able4 ,to prove ?is !y assemble at /at$ int]vals1 hav+ pa9t$ !mselves 9 v>i\s /yles4 ,ea* "o has a flute susp5d$ ov] ! *e/ by a necklace4 ,!y we> long bree*clo?s1 & m>* 9 s+le file4 ,two m5 arm$ ) b[s & arr[s ru% sudd5ly t[>ds ! wak5 m5 & %oot at !m2 b in/ead ( w\nd+ !m !y m]ely b5d ! arr[s6 ,sometimes ! m5 fire guns at !m1 b ! bullets fall to ! gr\nd1 & :5 !y are exam9$ !y are flatt5$6 ,no visible m>k ( a w\nd c be f\nd on ! bodies ( ^! wakan m51 ?\gh :5 !y 7 hit by ! bullet or arr[ blood p\rs f _! m\?s4 ,aft] !y wa% (f ! pa9t f _! bodies _! fle% becomes t5d] & is vuln]able4 ,?is is ! excuse urg$ :5 an ord9>y p]son succe$s 9 w\nd+ a wakan man4 ,x is suppos$ t ! wakan m5 rub !mselves ) "s k9d ( m$ic9e kn[n only to !mselves1 mak+ !m invuln]able1 & t p]haps ! bullets or arr[s are rubb$ ) ! m$ic9e prior to ! %oot+4 ,x is also suppos$ t ! play+ ( ! flute aids 9 r5d]+ !m invuln]able4 7,see #cjf1 etc47 #bib4 ,bu%ott] names two k9ds ( ,dakota doctors--! ,mato wapiya1 or ,grizzly ,be> doctor1 :o is v wakan1 & ! ,peuta wapiya1 or ,peuta wiaa1 ! doctor :o prescribes roots4 ,! p]son :o practices m$ic9e claims to h _h int]views ) ! spirits1 b he nev] reveals :at ! spirits h told him1 ?\gh he says t imm$iately aft] ! revelation made him by ! _s he beg9s to act accord+ to its directions4 ,& 9 "s cases ( sickness ?is doctor takes ! fle% ( ! pati5t into 8 m\? & makes a suck+ s\nd :ile inhal+1 & f ! pati5t's side he pret5ds to remove some?+4 ,:5 he has made ! suck+ s\nd aft] tak+ ! fle% into 8 m\?1 or :5 he has tak5 blood or some?+ else f ! side ( ! pati5t1 he spits x f 8 m\?4 ,!n he sees ! pati5t's "m1 :om he tells :at is ! cause ( ! disease1 & :e!r ! pati5t w recov] or die4 ,su* doctors pret5d to h )9 !mselves "o ( ! foll[+3 ,a small r$ hawk1 a common woodpeck]1 a real buffalo1 a rattlesnake1 or a grizzly be>4 ,& :5 "o ( ^! doctors kicks on ! gr\nd !re is he>d some?+ )9 him1 s++ 9 a beautiful voice2 & s ! p believe :at ! doctors say ab\t diseases4 #bic4 ,:5 ! doctor has suck$ ! pati5t's fle% a long "t )\t remov+ any?+1 he asks a favor ( ! my/]i\s be+ dwell+ )9 himself1 & !n t be+ cries out (t51 & ! doctor succe$s 9 8 ef=ts4 ,x is by ! aid ( ^! my/]i\s be+s t ! doctors are enabl$ to practice m$ic9e4 ,9 ! old5 "t "o ( ! doctors 0 v my/]i\s4 ,once1 :5 he 0 practic+1 a b[l ( wat] 0 set d[n be=e him4 ,he vomit$ into ! b[l & a wat]-snake appe>$ 9 x4 ,b :5 ! doctor op5$ 8 m\? aga9 ! snake glid$ g5tly into x & disappe>$ d[n 8 ?roat4 ,su* exhibitions by ! doctors h be5 obs]v$ by ! ,indians1 :o are con/ra9$ to believe :at ! doctors claim = !mselves4 ,& because !y believe t ! doctors are v my/]i\s1 ! latt] are able to ga!r toge!r _m possessions z pay = _! s]vices4 ,!re=e ! m5 & wom5 doctors try to excel "o ano!r 9 _! skill1 z x pays !m s well4 #bid4 ,a 8peuta wicaa0 told ,bu%ott] to say to 8 /ep-fa!r t 8 son1 ,bu%ott]'s y\ng] bro!r1 _h be5 made crazy by a gho/4 ,! doctor came & fumigat$ ! pati5t1 & aft] he felt a little bett] he suck$ at ! boy's *e/ & drew out "s blood4 ,he resum$ ! op]ation1 & !n decl>$ t !re 0 9 ! boy's side a flat object resembl+ a s]p5t1 ! removal ( :i* w\ld insure ! boy's recov]y4 ,! doctor 0 promis$ a horse if he w\ld att5d ! pati5t until he cur$ him4 ,act+ by 8 directions1 ,bu%ott]'s eld] bro!r caught a l>ge catfi%1 ( ! species call$ 8h[asapa10 & h&$ x to 8 /ep-fa!r1 :o (f]$ a pray] & m>k$ ! fi% ) a knife on ! top ( ! head4 ,aft] ?is ! fi% 0 cook$1 & ! sick boy ate x & recov]$ 8 heal?4 ,x 0 aft] ?is t ! same boy 0 cur$ by invok+ ! ,dawn & (f]+ sacrifice1 z relat$ 9 #bae4 ,,goph] ,,lore4 #bie4 ,scr(ul\s sores on ! neck "u ! jaw are said to be caus$ by goph]s4 ,^! animals c %oot at p]sons 9 a magical way ) ! tip ( a species ( grass1 w\nd+ !m v my/]i\sly1 ! injur$ p]son be+ unconsci\s ( ! h>m done till "s "t has elaps$4 ,! place swells1 splits op51 & becomes v bad1 affect+ ev5 ! face ( ! suff]]4 ,few doctors c cure x4 ,he :o c relieve ! pati5t pret5ds to extract pieces ( grass f ! neck1 & !n ! p]son beg9s to recov]4 ,! p are s afraid ( goph]s t !y g ar\nd ! camp ) _! h&s ov] _! jaws4 ,no "o d>es to g ne> a goph] hill except he or %e be a my/]i\s p]son4 ,su* a "o c g ne> x & ev5 t\* x ) impunity1 z he has diff]5t rem$ies at 8 comm&4 ,,causes ,,( ,,boils ,,& ,,sores4 #bif4 ,:oev] gets into ! habit ( eat+ ! l>ge inte/9e ( cattle1 kn[n z ! taiyaka1 is sure to 8be hit by a iyaka10 i4 e41 he w h a boil4#bjh iyaka is ! "n ( ! grebe or dab*ick1 b :at connection !re is betwe5 ! bird & ! boil has n be5 le>n$4 ,! boil w be on "s cov]$ "p ( ! body1 n on ! h&s or face4 ,! ,teton fe> to g outside ( _! lodges at night le/ ! cause ( boils be bl[n to !m4 ,if a man eats ! liv] ( a female dog1 or if a woman eats t ( a male dog1 ! face ( ! (f5d] w break out 9 sores4 ,,results ,,( ,,ly+1 ,,/eal+1 ,,etc4 #big4 ,w>ts betray a bad p]son1 "o giv5 to /eal+4 ,if ! sk9 ( ! h>d palate peels (f1 x is said t ! p]son is untru?ful4 ,:5 ! ,teton d\bt a man's ^w1 !y ask him to op5 8 m\? & let !m see 8 h>d palate4 ,he :o makes a practice ( eat+ ! calves ( ! legs ( any species ( animal w h a cramp 9 ! muscles ( 8 own legs4 ,:5 "o wi%es to extract ! m>r[ f a bone1 he takes c>e n to split ! bone 9 two1 le/ 8 own legs %\ld be 9 frequ5t pa91 or he %\ld become lame4 ,,secret ,,societies4 #bih4 ,! ,dakota use 8ihabla0 or 8ihamda0 z ! ,omaha & ,ponka d 8ia#8e10 to describe ! my/]i\s communications receiv$ f ! animals & spirits 7 #h1 #dc-eb74 ,among ! ,si\an family ( ,indians !re are societies1 religi\s 9 "*1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( "s animal4 ,ea* society has a ritual compos$ ( *ants & songs to be sung dur+ diff]5t p>ts ( ! c]emonies1 hav+ words describ+ 9 simple & direct t]ms ! act :i* accompanies ! music4 ,^! musical rituals1 x is (t5 claim$1 h be5 receiv$ 9 a my/]i\s or sup]natural mann]1 & are !re=e reg>d$ z possess+ a religi\s p[] 99 99 99 ,"s societies admit wom5 to memb]%ip1 ?r\gh _! own visions1 or occasionally by ^? ( _! husb&s'1 b m g5]ally by means ( ! visions ( male relatives4 99 99 99 ,memb]%ip 9 ^! societies is n conf9$ to any p>ticul> g5s1 or gr\p+ ( g5tes1 b dep5ds ^u sup]natural indications ov] :i* ! individual has no control4 ,! animal :i* appe>s to a man 9 a vision dur+ 8 religi\s fa/+ det]m9es to :i* society he mu/ belong4#bji #bii4 ,^? hav+ visions or revelations f gho/s are call$ ,wanai ihablapi ki4 ,x is su* p]sons :o c draw pictures ( gho/s ) impunity4 ,x is also said t ! only p]sons :o h _! faces drawn awry by ! gho/s are ! memb]s ( ?is ord]4 7,see #bge47 #cjj4 ,bu%ott]'s /ep-fa!r belongs to ! ,tatag ihablapi ki1 or ! ,society ( ^? :o h ,revelations f ! ,buffalo1 answ]+ to ! ,omaha e ia#8e-ma 7 #dc1 #ej74 ,9 "o ( 8 visions he saw a buffalo ) cocklebur d[n 9 8 hair1 s ! man subsequ5tly put su* d[n 9 8 own hair 9 imitation ( ! buffalo4 ,"o night he saw 7probably 9 a vision7 a bison go+ t[>d ! s\? ) a hoop on 8 head4 ,s ! man pa9t$ a small hoop r$ all ov] & wore x on 8 head1 giv+ 8 nephew ! "n agleka wayag mani1 ,he ,walks ,9-sight-( a ,hoop4 #cja4 ,"s ,dakota belong to ! ,heikayapi ihablapi ki1 or ! ,society ( ^? :o h ,revelations f ,goats4 ,goats are v my/]i\s1 z !y walk on cliffs & o!r high places2 & ^? :o dream ( goats or h revelations f !m imitate _! actions4 ,su* m5 c f9d _! way up & d[n cliffs1 ! rocks get s(t "u _! feet1 enabl+ !m to ma9ta9 a foo?old1 b !y close up beh9d !m1 leav+ no trail4 ,memb]s ( ! ,waka waipi1 or ! ,ord] ( ! ,my/]y ,dance1 commonly call$ ! m$ic9e dance1 are also reckon$ among ! my/]i\s or 8waka0 p 7see #aac74 ,"o ( ,bu%ott]'s texts relates to ?is ord]4 ,ano!r ( 8 articles tells ( ! ,miwatani okolakiiye ki or ,! ,m&an ,society1 :i* us$ to be call$ ate iza okolakiiye1 or ,society ( ! ,/\t ,he>t$ ,ones4 ,x is n[ kn[n z ,kai yuha1 ,keeps ! ,rav54 ,= a notice ( ?is ord]1 see #aid1 #aie4 #cjb4 ,! report ( ! ,peabody ,museum ( ,am]ican ,ar*aeology & ,e?nology = #ahhd conta9s an article on ! ,elk ,my/]y or ,fe/ival ( ! ,oglala1 a division ( ! ,teton ,dakota 7pp4 #bgf-bhh74 ,^? :o h visions ( ! elk are ! ,heaka ihablapi ki4 ,bu%ott] has record$ articles on diff]5t societies z foll[s3 ,big ,belly ,society1 ,ioka & ,tokala 7animal7 ,societies1 ,dog ,society1 ,kaela or ,tania iu ,society1 ,grizzly ,be> ,dance1 & ,night ,dance2 b we h no means ( le>n+ :e!r any or all ( !m are compos$ ( p]sons :o _h visions ( animals4 ,,feti*ism4 ,,public ,,or ,,tribal ,,feti*es4 #cjc4 ,among ^! may be includ$ ! ,be> ,butte1 ref]r$ to 9 #acg2 & any :ite buffalo hide1 su* z has be5 describ$ 9 8,! ,:ite ,buffalo ,fe/ival ( ! ,uncpapas40#baj ,smet gives a description ( a ga!r+ ( all ! ,ass9ibo91 & a religi\s fe/ival la/+ sev]al days3 ,(f]+s are plac$ on p]*es t are fa/5$ to ! tops ( po/s support+ c]ta9 buffalo sk9 lodges4 ,a tall pole is erect$ 9 ! middle ( ! circle 7x is betwe5 #cj & #dj feet high71 & to x !y fa/5 ! m$ic9e bags1 conta9+ ! idols1 _! arr[s1 quiv]s1 trophies won f _! enemies1 especially scalps4 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr5 jo9 9 rais+ & plant+ ! pole1 amid ! acclamations ( ! tribe4#baa ,,private ,,or ,,p]sonal ,,feti*es4 #cjd4 ,smet also tells u t 8,a ,si\x *ief has 8 w> waka1 ! color$ picture ( ! ,russian g5]al1 ,diebits*40#bab ,9 speak+ ( ! ,ass9nibo91 ! same au?or /ates3 ,ea* savage :o consid]s himself a *ief or w>rior possesses :at he calls 8 wah-kon1 9 :i* he appe>s to place all 8 confid5ce4 ,?is consi/s ( a /uff$ bird1 a weasel's sk91 or "s little bone or ! too? ( an animal2 sometimes x is a little /one or a fanta/ical figure1 repres5t$ by little beads or by a co>sely pa9t$ picture4 ,^! *>ms or talismans accompany !m on all _! exp$itions = w> or hunt+--!y nev] lay !m aside4 ,9 e difficulty or p]il !y invoke ! protection & assi/ance ( _! wah-kon1 z ?\gh ^! idols c\ld really pres]ve !m f all mis=tunes4 ,if any accid5t befalls an idol or *>m1 if x is brok5 or lo/1 x is en\gh to arre/ ! mo/ intrepid *ief or w>rior 9 8 exp$ition1 & make him ab&on ! mo/ important ent]prise 9 :i* he may be engag$4#bac ,we may also reckon among ! p]sonal feti*es ! wohduze ( ea* w>rior 7see ! ,armor god1 #abb-e71 & p]haps ! use ( ! initipi or sweat lodge1 & ! wild sage or ,artemisia1 by ea* ( :i* p]sonal purification is suppos$ to be effect$4 ,,ordeals ,,or ,,modes ,,( ,,swe>+4 #cje4 ,:ile !re are no oa?s or curses z we h !m1 ! ,teton c invoke high] p[]s4 ,?us "o may say3 8,! ,?und]]s he> me0 7,waiya namuwe l1 ,! ,fly+ "o really he>s me671 & if he is ly+ ! ,?und]]s or "o ( _! numb] w be sure to kill him4 ,sometimes ! man w put a knife 9 8 m\?1 & !n if he lies he w be /uck by a knife !reaft]1 & dea? mu/ foll[4 ,or1 he w say1 8,! horse he>d me0 7ukawaka namu we l71 kn[+ t ! p5alty = falsehood w be c]ta9 dea? f a horse t w ?r[ him & break 8 neck4 ,:5 "o says1 8,! ,e>? he>s me0 7,mak ki l namu we l71 & he lies1 he is sure to die mis]ably 9 a %ort "t1 & 8 family w also be afflict$4 ,smet says3#bad ,! objects by :i* an ,ass9nibo9e swe>s are 8 gun1 ! sk9 ( a rattlesnake1 a be>'s claw1 & ! wah-kon t ! ,indian int]rogates4 ,^! v>i\s articles are plac$ be=e him1 & he says1 8,9 case my decl>ation prove false1 may my gun fire & kill me1 may ! s]p5t bite me1 may ! be>s te> & dev\r my fle%1 & may my wah-kon ov]:elm me ) mis]y40 ,9 extraord9>y & v important affairs1 :i* dem& =mal promises1 !y call ^u ! ,?und] to witness _! resolution ( accompli%+ ! articles propos$ & accept$4 ,,sorc]y ,,& ,,juggl]y4 #cjf4 ,z among ! ,omaha & o!r ,si\an tribes1 s among ! ,dakota d we f9d traces ( ! practice ( sorc]y1 & !re is a special ^w 9 ! ,dakota diction>y3 8mua1 to cause sickness or dea?1 z ! ,dakotas pret5d to be able to d1 9 a sup]natural way--to bewit*--kill by en*antm5t40 ,! syllable 8mu0 seems to convey ! idea ( humm+1 buzz+1 or mutt]+4 ,juggl]y or sleight-(-h& p]=mances are resort$ to by ! my/]i\s m5 & wom54 7,see #fd-ff1 #bia-d47 ,"s ( ^! practition]s claim to possess ! art ( mak+ love-*>ms1 su* potions be+ sold to wom5 :o desire to attract p>ticul> m5 ( _! acqua9tance4 ,:5 a woman obta9s su* a m$ic9e1 %e uses x 9 "o ( two ways4 ,sometimes %e t\*es ! man on 8 blanket ) ! m$ic9e1 at o!rs %e p]suades ! man to give h] a piece ( *ew+ gum1 :i* %e t\*es ) ! m$ic9e4 ,!n %e seizes him1 & he c n escape f h]1 ev5 %\ld he wi% to leave h]4 ,s he is oblig$ to m>ry h]4 ,,om5s4 ,,bodily ,,om5s4 #cjg4 ,r++ 9 "o e> signifies "o ( two ?+s4 ,"s "o w come )\t 8 family1 & he mu/ be ent]ta9$1 or y w he> news4 ,! direction :5ce ! p]son or news w come is %[n by ! e> t is affect$4 ,if ! eye twit*es involunt>ily "s "o w weep4 ,if any o!r "p ( ! body twit*es involunt>ily "s "o w hit ! p]son !re or he w be /abb$ or %ot !re4 ,if ! palm ( ! h& twit*es (t5 he w soon /rike "s "o1 or else he w become angry4 ,:5 a woman has a son sick some:]e1 or if he has be5 kill$ on ! way home1 h] brea/s are (t5 v pa9ful4 ,if "o sneezes once 8 special fri5d or fell[1 8 son or 8 wife has nam$ him2 s ! sneez] calls out1 8,my son40 ,if he sneezes twice he exclaims1 8,my son & 8 "m60 ,,animal ,,om5s4 #cjh4 ,:5 :ip-poor wills s+ toge!r at night1 say+1 8,hohi1 hohi10 "o says 9 reply1 8,no40 ,%\ld ! birds /op at once x is a sign t ! answ]+ p]son mu/ die soon4 ,b if ! birds cont9ue s++ ! man w live a long "t4#bae ,! ugnaala 7gray scree* owl7 =tells cold wea!r4 ,:5 ! night is to be v cold ?is owl cries out1 s ! ,teton say1 j z if a p]son's tee? *att]$4 ,:5 its cry is he>d1 all ! p wrap !mselves 9 _! ?icke/ robes & put pl5ty ( wood on ! fires4 ,! ,ski-bi-bi-la is a small gray bird1 ) a black head1 & spott$ "h & !re on ! brea/4 ,x dwells 9 ! =e/1 & is said to answ] ! p]son :o calls to x4 ,:5 ?is bird says1 8,gl hu w10 i4e41 8,has x return$80 ! p rejoice1 kn[+ t ! spr+ is ne>4 ,:5 a boy he>s ?is bird ask ! "q1 he runs to 8 "m & le>ns f h] t he mu/ reply1 8,no2 x has n yet return$40 ,! reason = giv+ ?is reply has n be5 obta9$4 ,:5 ! p fir/ he> ! cry ( ! night hawk 9 ! spr+1 !y beg9 to talk ( go+ to hunt ! buffalo1 because :5 ! night hawks return ! buffalo h become fat aga91 & ! birds br+ ! news1 = !y nev] cry 9 va94 ,,om5s ,,f ,,dreams4 #cji4 ,!re are "s animals :i* are e/eem$ z br++ bett] =tunes ?an o!rs4 ,hawks are lucky4 ,be>s are n s good1 z ! be> is sl[ & clumsy1 & apt to be w\nd$2 & al?\gh savage :5 corn]$1 is n z likely z "s animals to escape h>m4 ,among "s tribes 9 ?is family ( ,indians to dream ( ! moon is reg>d$ z a grave calamity4#baf ,see #cj4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #hd3 ,say1 9 ,james's ,acc\nt ( ,long's ,exp$4 ,rocky ,mts41 ,vol4 ,i1 #bfh4 ,footnote #he3 ,%ea1 ,am]4 ,ca?4 missions1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #hf3 ,lynd1 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #b1 p4 #fc4 ,comp>e ^! seem+ contradictions ) ^? obs]v$ among ! ,omaha & ,ponka1 especially #ba-bd4 ,footnote #hg3 ,ibid1 pp4 #fd-fe4 ,footnote #hh3 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #c1 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #hi3 ,riggs1 ,tah-koo ,wah-kon1 pp4 #ef1 #eg4 ,footnote #ij3 ,riggs 9 ,am4 ,antiq41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d1 p4 #bfe2 & 9 ,am4 ,philolog4 ,assoc4 ,proc41 #ahgb1 pp4 #e1 #f4 ,footnote #ia3 ,riggs1 9 ,am4 ,antiq41 vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d1 p4 #bff4 ,pond1 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #c1 p4 #cc4 ,smet1 op4 cit41 #abj1 note4 ,footnote #ib3 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #b4 ,footnote #ic3 ,lynd1 ,ibid41 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #id3 ,am4 ,antiq41 vol4 ,v1 #adi4 ,footnote #ie3 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,i1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #fg1 #fh4 ,footnote #if3 ,ibid41 pt4 #c1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #ig3 ,riggs1 ,tah-koo ,wah-kon1 p4 #fa1 et passim4 ,footnote #ih3 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bgf1 note4 ,footnote #ii3 ,lynd1 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #b1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,lynd1 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #gb1 #gf1 #gg4 ,footnote #aja3 ,smet1 ,we/]n ,missions & ,mission>ies1 p4 #ib4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,ibid41 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,lynd1 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #b1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,lynd1 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #b1 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #aje3 ,riggs1 9 ,am4 ,antiq41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bff4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,riggs1 ,tah-koo ,wah-kon1 p4 #fb4 ,see ,maza or ,iron names ( ,indians 9 ! au?or's =?com+ monograph on ,indian ,p]sonal ,names4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,riggs1 9 ,am4 ,antiq41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bfg4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n4 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #ceg-ceh4 ,footnote #aji3 ,missions & ,mission>ies1 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,am4 ,antiq41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #big4 ,footnote #aab3 ,pond1 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ce-ch4 ,footnote #aac3 ,lynd1 ,ibid41 pt4 #b1 pp4 #ga-gg4 ,riggs1 9 ,am]4 ,philolog4 ,assoc4 ,proc1 #ahgb41 p4 #f4 ,footnote #aad3 ,a picture ( 8,wah-,m5itu1 ! _s or god 9 ! wat]10 is giv5 on p4 #afa ( ,lloyd's translation ( ,maximilian1 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,footnote #aae3 ,accord+ to ,omaha tradition1 two buffalo g5tes are ( subaquatic orig94 ,see ,om4 ,soc41 pp4 #bca-bcc4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,f an unpubli%$ text ( ,bu%ott]4 ,footnote #aag3 ,! ,?und]]s 9 ! ,omaha my? h hair ( diff]5t colors4 ,"o has :ite hair1 ! second has yell[1 ! ?ird1 bright r$1 & ! f\r?1 gre5 hair4 ,see ,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?41 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #aah3 ,pond1 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #b1 #da-db4 ,footnote #aai3 ,pond1 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #c1 p4 #dc4 ,riggs1 ,tah-koo ,wah-kon1 pp4 #fb-fd4 ,footnote #abj3 ,missions & ,mission>ies1 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #aba3 ,smet4 op4 cit41 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #abb3 ,maximilian1 ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #abc3 ,riggs1 ,tah-koo ,wah-kon1 pp4 #fi1 #gj4 ,footnote #abd3 ,rev4 ,e4 ,a%ley1 ,,ms4 lett] to ,dorsey1 ,m>* #bd1 #ahhd4 ,footnote #abe3 ,riggs1 9 ,am4 ,antiq41 vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d1 p4 #bgj4 ,footnote #abf3 ,pond1 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt #c1 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #abg3 ,ibid41 pt4 #b1 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #abh3 ,riggs1 ,tah-koo ,wah-kon1 pp4 #gj1 #ga4 ,footnote #abi3 ,am4 ,antiq41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d1 p4 #bgj4 ,footnote #acj3 ,riggs 9 ,am4 ,antiq41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bfh4 ,footnote #aca3 ,m\rn+ & ,w> ,cu/oms ( ! ,kansas1 9 ,am4 ,naturali/1 ,july1 #ahhe1 pp4 #fgf1 #fgg4 ,footnote #acb3 ,t is1 ! ,takukaka4 ,footnote #acc3 ,geikie1 9 8 ,h\rs ) ! ,bible 7,new ,york3 ,james ,pott4 #ahha71 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ee1 has ! foll[+ quotation f ,das ,bu* ,h5o*1 edit$ by ,dillmann1 ,kap4 #ag1 #ah3 8,& ,i saw ! corn]/one ( ! e>? & ! f\r w9ds :i* be> up ! e>?1 & ! firmam5t ( heav540 ,footnote #acd3 ,note t bo? ! ,takukaka1 ! 8,some?+ t ,moves10 & ! ,wakiya or ! ,?und]-be+s1 are associat$ ) w>4--,j4 ,o4 ,d4 ,footnote #ace3 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bhi1 & note #a4 ,! use ( ! numb] twelve 9 connection ) ! c]emony ( ! ,f\r ,w9ds f9ds a c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,osage initiation ( a female into ! secret society ( ! tribe2 ! ,osage female is rubb$ f head to foot1 ?rice 9 front1 ?rice on ea* side1 & ?rice beh9d1 ) c$> ne$les4--,j4 ,o4 ,d4 ,footnote #acf3 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #c1 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #acg3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #ach3 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #c1 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #aci3 ,ibid41 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #adj3 ,ibid41 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #ada3 ,ibid41 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #adb3 ,am4 ,antiq41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bfh4 ,footnote #adc3 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #ee4 ,footnote #add3 ,hovey on 8,eyah ,%ah0 9 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 ,proc41 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 ,buffalo ,meet+1 #ahhf4 ,salem1 #ahhg1 p4 #ccb4 ,also 9 ,am4 ,antiq41 ,jan41 #ahhg1 pp4 #ce1 #cf4 ,footnote #ade3 ,mr4 ,hovey appe>s ignorant ( ! fact t ! ,kapoa 78,kaposias07 are a division ( ! ,mdewakantonwan4 ,! latt] _h six o!r divisions or g5tes4 ,footnote #adf3 ,riggs1 ,tah-koo ,wah-kon1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #adg3 ,we/]n ,missions & ,mission>ies1 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #adh3 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #c4 ,footnote #adi3 ,proc4 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 ,montreal meet+1 ,vol4 ,,xxxi1 p4 #ehj4 ,footnote #aej3 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #b4 ,footnote #aea3 ,miss ,flet*]1 9 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bhd1 note4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,comp>e ,miss ,flet*]1 9 ,proc4 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #ahhb1 p4 #eha4 ,footnote #aec3 ,miss ,flet*] says1 9 ,proc4 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #ahhb1 p4 #ehj1 8,! p camp 9 a circle1 ) a l>ge op5+ at ! ea/4 ,9 #ahhb ov] #i1jjj ,indians 7 s camp$1 ! diamet] ( ! circle be+ ov] ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile wide40 ,footnote #aed3 ,miss ,flet*]'s acc\nt 7,proc4 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 p4 #ehb7 names ! f\r? day z t on :i* !y s\ght = ! sun pole4 ,footnote #aee3 ,miss ,flet*] 7,proc4 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #ahhb1 p4 #ehj7 /ates t 8! t5t set ap>t = ! consecrat+ c]emonies1 :i* take place aft] sunset ( ! fir/ day1 0 pit*$ )9 ! l9e ( t5ts1 on ! site =m]ly assign$ to "o ( ! sacr$ t5ts40 ,footnote #aef3 ,! au?or he>d ab\t ?is m$ic9e 9 #ahgc1 f a ,ponka *ief1 "o ( ! lead]s ( a danc+ society4 ,x is a bulb\s root1 :i* gr[s ne> ! place :]e ! sun pole is plant$4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,) ?is comp>e ! ,omaha act1 uia1 9 ! ,ike-sab dance aft] ! %am fight1 ,om4 ,soc41 9 #c;d4 ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 p4 #bii4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,see ,miss ,flet*]1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #ahhb1 p4 #ehb4 ,footnote #aei3 ,see #bh1 ! ,kansa c]emony ( ! waqpele gaxe1 & ,om4 ,soc41 9 #c;d ,an4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 pp4 #bcd1 #big4 ,footnote #afj3 ,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n41 vol4 ,,vi1 #dgj1 #ab-ae2 & ,om4 ,soc41 p4 #bif4 ,footnote #afa3 ,miss ,flet*] /ates t ! sun pole is c>ri$ to ! camp on a litt] ( /icks1 & mu/ n be h&l$ or /epp$ ov]4 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ehb4 ,footnote #afb3 ,see ,miss ,flet*]'s acc\nt1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #ahhb1 p4 #ehd4 ,footnote #afc3 ,miss ,flet*]1 op4 cit41 p4 #ehc4 ,footnote #afd3 ,! fam\s pipe/one qu>ry 0 ne> ! ,big ,si\x riv] 9 ,m9nesota4 ,footnote #afe3 ,conc]n+ ,dakota ,beliefs1 9 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,philol4 ,assoc41 #c;d ,an4 ,session1 #ahgb1 p4 #e4 ,footnote #aff3 ,!ogony ( ! ,si\x1 p4 #bfi4 ,footnote #afg3 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #b1 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #afh3 ,comp>e ! ,manahidje sub-g5s ( ! ,kansa tribe1 & "p ( ! w9d g5s1 z ! ,kaze g5s ( ! ,omaha1 ,kansa & ,osage may be associat$ ) ! ,takukaka ( ! ,dakota4 ,footnote #afi3 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #gj1 #ga4 ,footnote #agj3 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #b1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #aga3 ,!ogony ( ! ,si\x1 p4 #bgj4 ,footnote #agb3 ,) ?is comp>e ! belief ( "s ,african tribes t ! monkey has ! gift ( spee*1 b fe>s to use x le/ he %\ld be made a slave4 ,footnote #agc3 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #b1 p4 #ff4 ,footnote #agd3 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #b1 p4 #ff4 ,footnote #age3 ,ibid41 p4 #ff4 ,footnote #agf3 ,cont4 ,n4,a4 ,e?nol41 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #bjg-bai4 ,footnote #agg3 ,translat$ f ! orig9al ,,ms4 9 ! ,bu%ott] collection4 ,tuki is ! ,teton "n = a univalve %ellfi% said to come f ! ,great ,lakes4 ,footnote #agh3 ,tah-koo ,wah-kon1 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #agi3 ,osage ,traditions1 9 #f? ,an4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 pp4 #cgi1 #chj4 ,am4 ,naturali/1 ,febru>y1 #ahhd1 pp4 #aac1 #aad1 #acc4 ,ibid1 ,july1 #ahhe1 p4 #fga1 ,om4 ,soc41 9 #c;d ,an4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 pp4 #bbh1 #bcc1 #bdd1 #bdg4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bfd4 ,note h[ 9 ! sun dance ! sun1 ! f\r w9ds1 & ! buffalo are ref]r$ to 7 #adg1 #afd1 #afg1 #agc1 & #aha1 & ,pl4 ,,xlviii71 & c]emonies are p]=m$ connect$ ) ! e>?1 su* z mell[+ ! e>? 7 #adf1 #aee1 & #agf7 & ! 8,uuita10 9 :i* !y %oot into ! gr\nd 7 #agj74 ,footnote #aha3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #big4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bhb1 note4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,smet1 ,we/]n ,missions & ,mission>ies1 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,smet1 ,we/]n ,missions & ,mission>ies1 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,see ,gho/ ,lore1 #bhj4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,miss ,flet*]1 ,elk ,my/]y ( ! ,ogalalla ,si\x1 9 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bha1 note4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,contr4 to ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n41 vol4 ,,ix1 ,dakota ,gramm>1 ,texts1 & ,e?nography4 ,wa%+ton3 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice4 #ahic4 pp4 #aca1 #ada1 #add1 #adh4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,lewis & ,cl>ke1 ,exp$ition1 ed4 ,all51 ,dubl91 #ahag1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #fe1 #ff4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,see 8,calumet ,dance10 9 ,om4 ,sociology1 #c;d ,am4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 p 4#bhj4 ,footnote #aij3 ,proc4 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 ,montreal meet+1 #ahhb1 p4 #ehc4 ,footnote #aia3 ,skiff ,voy4 to ,falls ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 9 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,coll41 ,,ii1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #ah-ai4 ,footnote #aib3 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bgg1 #bgh4 ,footnote #aic3 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #fh1 #hj4 ,footnote #aid3 ,a simil> belief has be5 held by ! ,a?apascans n[ on ! ,siletz res]vation1 ,oregon4 ,?is has be5 publi%$ by ! au?or 9 ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/ = ,janu>y1 #ahhi1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #aie3 ,smet1 ,we/]n ,missions & ,mission>ies1 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #aif3 ,maximilian1 ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #aig3 ,read 9 ?is connection ! article by ,miss ,flet*] on 8,! ,%ad[2 or1 ,gho/ ,lodge3 a ,c]emony ( ! ,ogallala ,si\x10 ,rept4 ( ,peabody ,museum1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bif1 #cjg4 ,footnote #aih3 ,^! ?+s are probably giv5 by ! k9dr$ ( ! deceas$1 b ,bu%ott] has n s in=m$ u4 ,footnote #aii3 ,9 "o ( 8 pap]s ,bu%ott] says t x is ! "m ( ! deceas$ p]son :o deposits ! food "u ! scaffold & utt]s ! pray]s4 ,john ,bruyi]1 a half-blood ,teton f ,*ey5ne ,riv] ,ag5cy1 ,s\? ,dakota1 nev] he>d ! petition ab\t ! horses1 = if p>5ts obta9$ horses aft] ! dea? ( _! son1 !y gave !m away4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #b1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #bja3 ,we/]n ,missions & ,mission>ies1 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,we/]n ,missions & ,mission>ies1 p4 #bjd4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,am4 ,antiq41 vol4 ,v1 #ahhc1 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,we/]n ,missions & ,mission>ies1 p4 #bdc4 ,footnote #bje3 ,om4 ,sociology1 ,?ird ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?41 p4 #cbe4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,m9n4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #b1 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,pond1 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,ind4 ,tribes1 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #feb4 #aheg4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,see ,contr4 to ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n4 vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #adf1 #adi4 ,footnote #bji3 ,miss ,flet*]3 ,elk ,my/]y ( ! ,ogallala ,si\x2 9 ,ann4 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 #ahhd1 pp4 #bgf1 #bgg4 ,footnote #baj3 ,miss ,flet*] 9 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bfj-bge4 ,footnote #baa3 ,we/]n ,missions & ,mission>ies1 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #bab3 ,ibid41 p4 #df4 ,footnote #bac3 ,we/]n ,missions & ,mission>ies1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #bad3 ,ibid41 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #bae3 ,?is is also an ,omaha belief4 ,footnote #baf3 ,miss ,flet*]1 8,elk ,my/]y ( ! ,ogalalla ,si\x10 9 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bha note4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,cults ,,( ,,! ,,m&an1 ,,hidatsa1 ,,& ,,sapona4 ,,au?orities4 #caj4 ,?is *apt] conta9s no orig9al mat]ial1 b is a compilation made f ! foll[+ works = ! conv5i5ce ( ! read]3 ,byrd 7,wm471 ,hi/ory ( ! ,divid+ l9e 7#agbi71 vol4 ,i4 ,repr9t3 ,ri*mond1 ,va41 #ahff4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 & ,geogr4 ,surv41 ,miscell4 ,publ41 ,no4 #g1 #ahgg3 ,e?nog4 & ,philol4 ( ,hidatsa ,indians4 ,by ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws4 ,james's ,acc\nt ( ,long's ,exp$41 to ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ,phil41 #ahbc1 vol4 ,i4 ,lewis & ,cl>ke's ,exp$41 ed4 ,all51 ,dubl91 #ahag1 vol4 ,i4 ,! ,george ,catl9 ,indian ,gall]y 99 99 99 ,?omas ,donaldson3 ,smi?son4 ,rept41 #ahhe1 pt4 #b1 app5dix4 ,travels 9 99 99 99 ,nor? ,am]ica1 by ,maximilian1 ,pr9ce ( ,wi$4 ,trans4 by ,h4 ,evans ,lloyd1 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,,alleg$ ,,belief ,,9 ,a ,,great ,,_s4 #caa4 ,z among ! ,dakota1 s among ! ,m&an & ,hidatsa1 we f9d t "s ( ! e>li] writ]s ass]t t ! religion ( ! ,indians "u consid]ation 8consi/s 9 ! belief 9 "o ,great ,_s40#bag ,b su* ass]tions are closely foll[$ by admissions :i* expla9 ! mi/ake ( ! writ]3 8,great ,_s0 is synonym\s ) 8,great ,m$ic9e10 a "n appli$ to ev]y?+ :i* !y d n compreh5d4 ,among ! ,m&an1 8ea* individual selects = himself ! p>ticul> object ( 8 devotion1 :i* is t]m$ 8 m$ic9e1 & is ei!r "s visible be+1 or m commonly "s animal40 ,,! ,,great ,,my/]y ,a ,,mod]n ,,deity4 ,mat!ws /ates ( ! ,hidatsa3 ,_m claim t ! ,great ,_s1 or1 m prop]ly1 ! ,great ,my/]y1 is a deity ( ! mod]n ,indian only4 ,i h c]ta9ly he>d "s old & v cons]vative ,m9net>ees speak ( ,mahopa z if !y meant !reby an influ5ce or p[] above all o!r ?+s1 b n atta*+ to x any ideas ( p]sonality4 ,x w\ld n[ be p]haps impossible to make a j analysis ( _! orig9al conceptions 9 ?is matt]4#bah ,,poly!ism4 ,in/ead ( believ+ 9 "o ,great ,_s1 ! ,m&an & ,hidatsa 8believe 9 a multitude ( diff]5t be+s 9 ! heav5ly bodies2 (f] sacrifices to !m2 invoke _! assi/ance on e occasion2 h[l1 lam5t1 fa/1 inflict on !mselves acts ( p5ance to propitiate ^! spirits2 &1 above all1 lay v great /ress ^u dreams40#bai #cab4 ,! mo/ sacr$ objects 9 ! eyes ( ! ,cr[ or ,abs>oka1 a nation closely relat$ to ! ,hidatsa1 are 8! sun1 ! moon1 & tobacco10 t is1 ! leaves ( ! g5u9e tobacco 7,nicotiana72 & all _! *ildr5 we> a small portion ( ?is h]b1 well wrapp$ up1 r\nd _! neck1 by way ( an amulet4#bbj ,,wor%ip4 #cac4 ,full in=mation respect+ wor%ip has n be5 obta9$2 b we "k t among its accessories are ! foll[+3 pray]1 fa/+1 & sacrifice4 ,! diff]5t writ]s tell u ( petitions (f]$ to ! gods = help4 ,,fa/+4 #cad4 ,:5 a "y ,m&an wi%es to e/abli% 8 reputation z a brave man1 he fa/s = f\r or sev5 days1 z long z he is able1 goes to ! bluffs1 cries to ! ,omahank-,numak%i1 calls incessantly on ! high] p[]s = aid1 & goes home at night to sleep & dream4 ,!y fa/ be=e tak+ "p 9 ! ,okipa1 be=e organiz+ a w> p>ty1 etc4#bba ,,sacrifice4 #cae4 ,said a ,m&an to ,lewis & ,cl>ke1 8,i 0 lately own] ( sev5te5 horses1 b ,i h (f]$ !m all up to my m$ic9e1 & am n[ poor40 ,he _h tak5 all 8 horses to ! pla91 :]e he turn$ !m loose1 committ+ !m to ! c>e ( 8 8m$ic9e10 ?us ab&on+ !m =ev]4#bbb 8,ar\nd ! burial scaffolds ( ! ,m&ans 7 sev]al high poles1 ) sk9s & o!r ?+s hang+ on !m1 z (f]+s to ! "l ( life1 ,omahank-,numak%i1 or to ! fir/ man1 ,numank-,ma*ana40#bbc #caf4 ,! ,okipa4--,t =m ( self-sacrifice call$ ,okipa by ! ,m&an has be5 describ$ 9 detail by ,catl9 & ,maximilian4 ,x diff]s 9 "s respects f ! sun dance ( ! ,dakota & ,ponka1 z well z f ! ,dapike or ,napike ( ! ,hidatsa4#bbd #cag4 ,! ,dapike4--,accord+ to ,mat!ws1 ! mo/ important c]emony ( ! ,hidatsa is t (-- ,! ,dapike or ,napike1 :i* =m]ly took place regul>ly once a ye>1 b is n[ celebrat$ e second or ?ird ye> only4 ,on ! day :5 x is det]m9$ to beg9 ?is c]emony1 "s ( ! m51 dress$ & m\nt$ z = a w>-p>ty1 proce$ to ! woods4 ,"h !y select a tall1 =k$ cottonwood1 :i* !y fell1 trim1 & b>k2 to ?is !y tie l>iats1 &1 by ! aid ( horses1 drag x to ! village4 ,9 ! procession1 ! man :o has mo/ di/+ui%$ himself 9 battle1 m\nt$ on ! horse on ^: back he has done 8 brave/ de$s1 takes ! lead2 o!rs foll[ 9 ! ord] ( ! milit>y di/9ction2 z !y drag ! log along1 !y fire guns at x1 /rike x ) /icks1 & %\t & s+ songs ( victory4 ,! log1 !y say1 is symbolical ( a conqu]$ enemy1 ^: body !y are br++ into ! camp 9 triumph4 ,see #bh1 #db1 #afj4 ,:5 ! log is set up1 !y aga9 g to ! woods to procure a quantity ( will[s4 ,a tempor>y lodge ( gre5 will[s is !n built ar\nd ! log1 z ! m$ic9e lodge1 :]e9 ! c]emony is p]=m$ see #afh4 ,! p>ticipants fa/ f\r days ) food 9 sight1 &1 on ! f\r? day1 submit to tortures :i* v>y accord+ to ! :im ( ! suff]] or ! advice ( ! %amans4 ,"s h long /rips ( sk9 sep>at$ f diff]5t p>ts ( _! bodies1 b n completely deta*$4 ,o!rs h l>ge pieces ( ! integum5t entirely remov$1 leav+ ! muscles expos$4 ,o!rs h incisions made 9 _! fle%1 9 :i* raw-hide /r+s are ins]t$2 !y !n atta* buffalo-skulls to ! /r+s & run r\nd ) ^! until ! /r+s becomes dis5gag$ by te>+ _! way out ( ! fle%4 ,o!r h skew]s ins]t$ 9 _! brea/s1 :i* skew]s are secur$ by raw-hide cords to ! c5tral pole1 z 9 ! ,dakota sun dance2 ! suff]] !n ?r[s himself back until he is releas$ by ! skew]s te>+ out ( ! fle%4 ,_m o!r +5i\s tortures are devis$4#bbe #cah4 ,9 ! n>rative ( ,long's exp$ition to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 we f9d an acc\nt ( ! latt] "p ( ?is c]emony1 prep>$1 z ,mat!ws ?9ks1 f ! /atem5ts ( ,mr4 ,d\gh]ty or ,mr4 ,lisa1 z ! exp$ition did n g ne> ! ,m9net>ee c\ntry4 ,all ! torm5ts !re describ$1 & m1 are inflict$ to ?is day4 ,t acc\nt is z foll[s3#bbf ,annually 9 ! mon? ( ,july ! ,m9net>ees celebrate _! great m$ic9e dance4 99 99 99 ,on ?is occasion a consid]able quantity ( food is prep>$4 99 99 99 ,! devotees !n dance & s+ to _! music at int]vals = ?ree or f\r days toge!r 9 full view ( ! victuals )\t attempt+ to ta/e !m4 ,b !y d n1 ev5 at ?is "t1 =ego _! accu/om$ hospitality4 ,& if a /rang] ent]s1 he is invit$ to eat1 ?\gh no "o p>takes ) him4 ,on ! ?ird or f\r? day1 ! sev]] 99 99 99 tortures comm5ce4 99 99 99 ,an individual pres5ts himself be=e "o ( ! 99 99 99 magi1 cry+ & lam5t+1 & reque/s him to cut a fillet ( sk9 f 8 arm1 :i* he ext5ds = t purpose4 ,! op]ator ?ru/s a %>p in/rum5t ?r\gh ! sk9 ne> ! wri/s1 !n introduces ! knife & cuts out a piece ( ! requir$ l5g?1 sometimes ext5d+ ! cut entirely to ! %\ld]4 ,ano!r w reque/ b&s ( sk9 to be cut f 8 arm4 ,a ?ird w h 8 brea/ flay$ s z to repres5t a full-moon or cresc5t4 ,a f\r? submits to ! removal ( conc5tric arcs ( sk9 f 8 brea/4 ,a fif? prays ! op]ator to remove small pieces ( sk9 f v>i\s indicat$ p>ts ( 8 body4 99 99 99 ,an individual reque/s ! op]ator to pi]ce a hole ?r\gh ! sk9 on ea* ( 8 %\ld]s1 & aft] pass+ a long cord ?r\gh ea* hole1 he repairs to a burial gr\nd at "s di/ance f ! village1 & selects "o ( ! bison skulls collect$ !re4 ,to ! *os5 skull he affixes ! ends ( 8 cords1 & drags x to ! lodge1 ar\nd :i* he mu/ g ) 8 burd5 be=e he c be releas$ f x4 ,no "o is p]mitt$ to assi/ him1 nei!r d>e he to put 8 h&s to ! cords to alleviate 8 suff]+s4 ,if x %\ld s happ5 t ! horns ( ! skull get hook$ "u a root or o!r ob/acle1 he mu/ extricate x 9 ! be/ mann] he c by pull+ diff]5t ways1 b he mu/ n t\* ! cords or ! skull ) 8 h&s1 or 9 any respect attempt to relieve ! /ra9 ^u 8 w\nd until 8 complete task is p]=m$4 ,"s ( ! p5it5ts h arr[s ?ru/ ?r\gh v>i\s muscul> p>ts ( _! bodies1 z ?r\gh ! sk9 & sup]ficial muscles ( ! arms1 leg1 brea/1 & back4 ,a devotee caus$ two arr[s to be pass$ ?r\gh ! muscles ( 8 brea/1 "o on ea* side ne> ! mammae4 ,to ^! arr[s cords 7 atta*$1 ! opposite ends ( :i* 7 affix$ to ! upp] "p ( a po/ :i* _h be5 plant$ 9 ! e>? = ! purpose4 ,he !n ?rew himself backw>d into an oblique position1 8 back )9 ab\t #b feet ( ! gr\nd1 s z to dep5d ) ! great] "p ( 8 weight by ! cords4 ,9 ?is situation ( agony he *ant$ & kept "t to ! music ( ! gong 7sic71 until he fa9t$ f long ab/95ce & suff]+4 ,! by/&]s !n cri$ out1 8,c\rage6 c\rage60 ,aft] a %ort int]val ( ins5sibility1 he reviv$ & proce$$ ) 8 self-tortures z be=e1 until nature be+ completely exhau/$ he aga9 relaps$ into ins5sibility1 ^u :i* he 0 loos$ f ! cords & c>ri$ (f amid/ ! acclamations ( ! :ole assembly4 ,ano!r ,m9net>ee 9 compliance ) a v[ he _h made1 caus$ a hole to be p]=at$ ?r\gh ! muscles ( ea* %\ld]4 ,?r\gh ^! holes cords 7 pass$1 ! opposite ends ( :i* 7 atta*$ z a bridle to a horse :i* _h be5 p5n$ up ?ree or f\r days )\t food or wat]4 ,9 ?is mann] he l$ ! horse to ! m>g9 ( ! riv]4 ,! horse1 ( c\rse1 endeavor$ to dr9k1 b x 0 ! prov9ce ( ! ,indian to prev5t him1 & t only by /ra9+ at ! cords ) ! muscles ( ! %\ld]1 )\t resort+ to ! assi/ance ( 8 h&s4 ,&1 not)/&+ all ! ex]tions ( ! horse to dr9k1 8 ma/] succe$$ 9 prev5t+ him1 & return$ ) him to 8 lodge1 hav+ accompli%$ 8 pa9ful task4 #cai4 ,9 describ+ ! ,hidatsa1 ,pr9ce ,maximilian says3#bbg ,!y likewise celebrate ! ,okippe 7:i* !y call ,akupehri71 b ) sev]al deviations4 ,?us1 in/ead ( a s-call$ ark1 a k9d ( high pole ) a =k on x1 is plant$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! op5 circle4 ,:5 ! p>tisans 7i4 e4 w> capta9s7 int5d to g on "s ent]prise 9 ,may or ,june1 ! prep>ations are comb9$ ) ! ,okippe 7i4 e41 ,okipa7 ( sev]al "y m51 :o wi% to obta9 ! rank ( brave4 ,a l>ge m$ic9e lodge is erect$ op5 above1 ) a division 9 ! middle1 9 :i* ! c&idates take _! places4 ,two pits are usually dug 9 ! middle = ! p>tisans1 :o lie 9 !m f\r days & f\r nights1 ) only a piece ( lea!r ar\nd ! wai/4 ,! fir/ p>tisan usually *ooses ! second1 :o und]goes ! c]emony ) him4 ,!re are always "y p en\gh to submit _! bodies to torture1 9 ord] to display _! c\rage4 ,!y fa/ f\r days & nights1 :i* leaves !m fa9t4 ,_m ( !m beg9 ! tortures on ! ?ird day2 b ! f\r? day is t prop]ly set ap>t = !m4 ,to ! =k$ pole ( ! m$ic9e lodge is fa/5$ a long piece ( buffalo hide1 ) ! head hang+ d[n1 & to ?is a /rap is fa/5$4 ,an old man is !n *os51 :o is to see to ! tortur+ ( ! c&idates1 :i* is execut$ precisely 9 ! same mann] z among ! ,m&ans4 ,! suff]]s (t5 fa9t4 ,!y are !n tak5 by ! h&s1 lift$ up1 & enc\rag$1 & !y beg9 afre%4 ,:5 !y h dragg$ ab\t ! buffalo skull long en\gh1 99 99 99 a l>ge circle is =m$1 z among ! ,m&ans1 9 :i* !y are made to run r\nd till !y drop d[n exhau/$1 :5 !y are tak5 to ! m$ic9e lodge4 ,! m$ic9e man receives f "o ( ! spectators ! knife ) :i* ! op]ation is to be p]=m$4 ,! p>tisan is b\nd to build ! m$ic9e lodge4 ,dur+ ! c]emony ! spectators eat & smoke2 ! c&idates take no?+1 &1 l ! p>tisans1 are cov]$ all ov] ) :ite clay4 ,! latt]1 :5 !y dance dur+ ! c]emony1 rema9 ne> _! pits1 & !n move on ! same spot1 hold+ 9 _! h&s _! m$ic9es1 a buffalo tail1 a fea!r1 or ! l4 ,none b ! c&idates dance1 & ! only music is /rik+ a dri$ buffalo hide ) will[ rods4 ,!re h be5 in/ances ( fa!rs subject+ _! *ildr51 only #f or #g ye>s ( age1 to ^! tortures4 ,we ourselves saw "o susp5d$ by ! muscles ( ! back1 aft] hav+ be5 compell$ to fa/ f\r days4 ,no application :atev] is subsequ5tly made = ! cure ( ! w\nds1 :i* leave l>ge swoll5 weals1 & are mu* m conspicu\s among ! ,hidatsa ?an among ! ,m&an4 ,mo/ ( ! ,hidatsa h ?ree or f\r ( ^! weals 9 p>allel semicircul> l9es almo/ an in* ?ick1 :i* cov] ! entire brea/4 ,!re are simil> transv]se & longitud9al l9es on ! arms4 ,ref]r+ to ,maximilian's description j giv51 ,mat!ws obs]ves3 ,at ?is "t1 ! ,hidatsa call ! ,m&an c]emony akupi 7( :i* ^w probably akupehi is an old =m72 b !y apply no su* t]m to _! own fe/ival4 ,maximilian did n sp5d a summ] among ^? ,indians1 &1 !re=e1 knew ( bo? c]emonies only f description4#bbh ,if ! ,m9net>ee fe/ival to :i* he ref]r$ 01 z is mo/ likely1 ! ,napike1 he is1 to "s ext5t1 9 error4 ,! rites resemble "o ano!r only 9 _! appall+ fa/s & tortures4 ,9 allegory1 !y seem to be radically diff]5t4 ,,cult ,,( ,,! ,,yoni4 #cbj4 ,an acc\nt ( ! great buffalo m$ic9e fea/ ( ! ,hidatsa 78in/itut$ by ! wom507 has be5 record$ by ,maximilian4 ,pray]s are made = success 9 hunt+ & 9 battle4 ,:5 ! fea/ _h cont9u$ two h\rs1 ! wom5 began to act ! "p1 :i* bore a slight resemblance to :at ,h]odotus tells ( ! wom5 9 ! temple ( ,mylitta4#bbi ,:5 ! dance ( ! half-%orn head 0 sold by its ,m&an possessors1 !y receiv$ 9 "p paym5t ! tempor>y use ( ! wives ( ! pur*as]s1 ea* woman hav+ ! "r to *oose h] consort4#bcj ,lewis & ,cl>ke h giv5 acc\nts ( two ( ! ,m&an dances1 ! buffalo dance & ! m$ic9e dance1 at ! conclusion ( :i* 7 rites t a/oni%$ ! travel]s1 b !y 7 told t 9 ! m$ic9e dance only virg9s or "y unm>ri$ females took "p4#bca ,,abs>oka ,,fe> ,,( ,a ,,:ite ,,buffalo ,,c[4 #cba4 ,! ,abs>oka or ,cr[ ,nation h a sup]/iti\s fe> ( a :ite buffalo c[4 ,:5 a ,cr[ meets "o1 he addresses ! sun 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,i w give h] 7i4 e41 ! c[7 to y40 ,he !n endeavors to kill ! animal1 b leaves x unt\*$1 & !n says to ! sun1 8,take h]1 %e is y\rs40 ,!y nev] use ! sk9 ( su* a c[1 z ! ,m&an d4#bcb ,,m&an ,,cults4 ,,m&an ,,div9ities4 #cbb4 ,accord+ to "o ( ,maximilian's in=mants1 ! ,m&an believe 9 sev]al sup]ior be+s4 7#a7 ,! fir/ is ,ohmahank-,numak%i1 ! ,"l ( ,life4 ,he is ! mo/ p[]ful4 ,he creat$ ! e>?1 man1 & e exi/+ object4 ,!y believe t he has a tail1 & appe>s sometimes 9 ! =m ( an ag$ man &1 at o!rs1 9 t ( a "y man4 7#b7 ,numank-,ma*ana1 ! ,fir/ ,man1 holds ! second rank2 he 0 creat$ by ! ,"l ( ,life1 b is likewise ( a div9e nature4 ,he resembles ,nanabu% or ,manabozho ( ! ,ojibwa & cognate tribes4 7#c7 ,ohmahank-,ohika1 ! ,"l ( ,evil1 is a malignant _s1 :o has mu* influ5ce ov] m52 b he is n z p[]ful z ,ohmahank-,numak%i & ,numank-,ma*ana4 7#d7 ,rohanka-,tauibanka1 :o dwells 9 ! planet ,v5us1 protects mank9d on e>?4 ,! "n ( ! fif? p[] has n be5 ga9$1 b he is ev] mov+1 walk+ ov] ! e>? 9 human =m4 ,!y call him1 8,! ,ly+ ,prairie ,wolf40 7#f7 ,o*kih-,hadda#bcc is a _s t x is difficult to class4 ,!y believe t "o :o dreams ( him is sure to die v soon !reaft]4 ,?is _s is said to h come once into _! villages & taught !m _m ?+s1 b s9ce !n he has n appe>$4 ,!y fe> him1 (f] him sacrifice1 & 9 _! villages !y h a hide\s image repres5t+ him4 #cbc4 ,! sun is ?\ght to be ! resid5ce ( ! ,"l ( ,life4 ,9 ! moon dwells1 z !y say1 ! ,old ,woman :o ,nev] ,dies4 ,!y d n "k mu* ab\t h]1 b !y sacrifice to h] z well z to ! o!r spirits4 ,%e has six *ildr51 ?ree sons & ?ree daught]s1 :o inhabit c]ta9 />s4 ,! elde/ son is ! ,day1 ! second is ! ,sun1 ! ?ird is ! ,night4 ,! elde/ daught] is ! /> t rises 9 ! ea/1 ! ,morn+ ,/>1 call$1 8,! ,woman ,:o ,we>s a ,plume40 ,! second daught]1 call$ 8,! ,/rip$ ,g\rd10 is a /> :i* revolves ! pol> />4 ,! ?ird daught] is ! ,ev5+ ,/>1 :i* is ne> ! sett+ sun4#bcd #cbd4 ,! ,old ,woman :o ,nev] ,dies4--,! cult ( ?is _s is obs]v$ 9 :at ,say calls 8! corn dance ( ! ,manit>ies40 ,maximilian decl>es t ,say is q correct 9 8 acc\nt ( x1 & t ! ,m&an practice x z well z ! ,hidatsa4 ,x is ! consecration ( ! gra9 to be s[n1 & is call$ ! corn dance fea/ ( ! woman4 ,! ,old ,woman :o ,nev] ,dies s5ds1 9 ! spr+1 ! wat]f[l1 swans1 geese1 & ducks1 z symbols ( ! k9ds ( gra9 cultivat$ by ! ,indians4 ,! wild goose signifies corn2 ! geese1 ! g\rd1 & ! duck1 beans4 ,x is ! old woman :o causes ^! plants to gr[1 &1 !re=e1 %e s5ds ^! birds z h] repres5tatives4 ,x is seldom t elev5 wild geese are f\nd toge!r 9 ! spr+2 b1 if x happ5s1 ?is is a sign t ! crop ( corn w be rem>kably f9e4 ,! ,indians keep a l>ge quantity ( dri$ meat 9 read9ess = ! "t 9 ! spr+ :5 ! birds arrive1 t !y may imm$iately celebrate ! corn fea/ ( ! wom54 ,!y hang ! meat be=e ! village on long scaffolds made ( poles1 ?ree or f\r r[s1 "o above ano!r1 & ?is1 ) o!r articles ( value1 is consid]$ z an (f]+ to ! ,old ,woman :o ,nev] ,dies4 ,! eld]ly wom5 ( ! village1 z repres5tatives ( t old woman1 assemble ab\t ! scaffolds on a c]ta9 day1 ea* c>ry+ a /ick1 to "o end ( :i* an e> ( corn is fa/5$4 ,sitt+ 9 a circle1 !y plant _! /icks 9 ! gr\nd be=e !m1 & !n dance ar\nd ! scaffolds4 ,"s old m5 beat ! drum & %ake ! g\rd rattles4 ,! corn is n wett$ or spr9kl$1 z _m believe1 b on ! contr>y1 x is suppos$ t su* a practice w\ld be injuri\s4 ,:ile ! old wom5 are p]=m+ _! "p1 ! y\ng] ones come & put "s dry pulv]iz$ meat into _! m\?s1 = :i* ea* "y woman receives 9 return a gra9 ( ! consecrat$ corn1 :i* %e eats4 ,?ree or f\r gra9s ( ! consecrat$ corn are put into _! di%1 & are aft]w>ds c>efully mix$ ) ! se$ corn1 9 ord] to make x yield an abundant crop4 ,! dri$ meat on ! scaffolds is ! p]quisite ( ! ag$ females1 z ! repres5tatives ( ! ,old ,woman :o ,nev] ,dies4 ,b memb]s ( ! ,dog ,society h ! privilege ( tak+ "s ( ?is meat f ! scaffolds )\t opposition f anybody4 ,a simil> corn fea/ is held 9 ! autumn1 b at t season x is held = ! purpose ( attract+ ! h]ds ( buffaloes & ( obta9+ a l>ge supply ( meat4 ,ea* woman !n c>ries an entire corn/alk ) ! e>s atta*$1 pull+ up ! /alk by ! roots4 ,!y designate ! corn z well z ! birds by ! "n ( ! ,old ,woman :o ,nev] ,dies1 & call on !m say+1 8,"m1 pity u2 d n s5d ! sev]e cold too soon1 le/ we d n ga9 en\gh meat4 ,prev5t ! game f dep>t+1 s t we may h some?+ = ! w9t]60 ,9 autumn1 :5 ! birds migrate to ! s\?1 or1 z ! ,indians say1 return to ! ,old ,woman1 !y believe t !y take ) !m ! dri$ meat hung on ! scaffolds1 & !y imag9e t ! ,old ,woman p>takes ( x4 ,! ,old ,woman :o ,nev] ,dies has v l>ge pat*es ( corn1 kept = h] by ! great /ag & ! :ite-tail$ /ag4 ,%e has1 too1 _m blackbirds :i* help to gu>d h] prop]ty4 ,:5 %e int5ds to fe$ ^! keep]s1 %e summons !m1 & !y fall on ! corn1 :i* !y dev\r ) gre$9ess4 ,z ^! corn pat*es are l>ge1 ! ,old ,woman requires _m labor]s1 h5ce %e has ! mice1 moles1 & /ags to p]=m su* "w = h]4 ,! birds :i* fly f ! sea%ore 9 ! spr+ repres5t ! ,old ,woman1 :o !n travels to ! nor? to visit ! ,old ,man :o ,nev] ,dies1 :o always resides !re4 ,%e g5]ally returns to ! s\? 9 ?ree or f\r days4 ,9 =m] times ! ,old ,woman's hut 0 ne> ! ,little ,miss\ri ,riv]1 :]e ! ,indians (t5 visit$ h]4 ,"o day twelve ,hidatsa w5t to h]1 & %e set be=e !m a kettle ( corn1 :i* 0 s small t x did n appe> suffici5t to satisfy ! hung] ( "o ( ! p>ty4 ,b %e told !m to eat1 &1 z soon z ! kettle 0 empti$ x 0 fill$ aga91 & all ! m5 _h en\gh4#bce ,,gu>dian ,,spirits4 #cbe4 ,! ,m&an und]take no?+ )\t fir/ invok+ _! gu>dian spirits1 :i* appe> to !m 9 dreams 7see #bcf74 ,:5 a man wi%es to *oose 8 gu>dian _s1 he fa/s = ?ree or f\r days1 & sometimes long]1 retires to a solit>y place1 does p5ance1 & sometimes sacrifices jo9ts ( 8 f+]s4 ,he h[ls & cries to ! ,"l ( ,life1 or to ! ,fir/ ,man1 besee*+ him to po9t out ! gu>dian _s4 ,he cont9ues 9 ?is excit$ condition until he dreams1 & ! fir/ animal or o!r object :i* appe>s 9 ! dream is ! gu>dian _s4 ,ea* man has su* a _s4 ,!re is on ! prairie a l>ge hill1 :]e !y rema9 motionless _m days1 lam5t+ & fa/+4 ,n f> f ?is hill is a cave1 into :i* !y creep at night4 ,! *oice & adoration ( gu>dian spirits is said to h be5 taught ! p _m ye>s ago by ! ,o*kih-,hadda4 ,x 0 he :o taught !m ! art ( tattoo+1 & :o in/itut$ m$ic9e fea/s4#bcf ,,m&an ,,belief ,,ab\t ,,s]p5ts ,,& ,,giants4 #cbf4 ,! ,m&an believe t !re is a huge s]p5t :i* inhabits a lake ?ree or f\r days' j\rney f _! village1 & to :i* !y make (f]+s4 ,! tradition relates h[ two ,m&an y\?s enc\nt]$ a giant1 :o c>ri$ !m to a village ( giants4 ,! latt] "p1 :i* tells h[ "o ( ! y\?s 0 *ang$ into a huge s]p5t aft] kill+ & eat+ a s]p5t1 resembles a ,w9nebago tradition4#bcg ,,?und] ,,lore ,,( ,,! ,,m&an4 #cbg4 ,! ,m&an believe t ?und] is produc$ by ! w+s ( a gigantic bird4 ,:5 ! bird flies s(tly1 z is usually ! case1 he is n he>d2 b :5 he flaps 8 w+s viol5tly1 he occasions a ro>+ noise4 ,?is bird is said to h two toes on ea* foot1 "o beh9d & "o be=e4 ,x dwells on ! m\nta9s1 & builds ne/s !re z l>ge z "o ( ! =ts4 ,x preys ^u de] & o!r l>ge animals1 ! horns ( :i* are heap$ up ar\nd ! ne/4 ,! glance ( its eyes produces lightn+4 ,x breaks ?r\gh ! cl\ds & makes way = ! ra94 ,! isolat$ & peculi>ly l\d claps ( ?und] are produc$ by a l>ge tortoise :i* dwells 9 ! cl\ds4 ,,a/ronomical ,,lore4 #cbh4 ,! />s are deceas$ m54 ,:5 a *ild is born a /> desc5ds & appe>s on e>? 9 human =m2 aft] dea? x reasc5ds & appe>s aga9 z a /> 9 ! heav5s4 ,! ra9b[ is a _s :i* accompanies ! sun4 ,_m affirm t ! nor!rn lights are occasion$ by a l>ge assembly ( m$ic9e m5 & di/+ui%$ w>riors ( sev]al nor!rn nations1 :o boil _! prison]s & sla9 enemies 9 huge cauldrons4#bch ,,my/]y ,,objects ,,& ,,places ,,( ,,! ,,m&an ,,& ,,hidatsa4 #cbi4 ,! my/]y rock ( ! ,m&an & ,hidatsa is ?us describ$ by ,lewis & ,cl>ke3#bci ,?is m$ic9e /one is ! great oracle ( ! ,m&ans1 & :atev] x ann\nces is believ$ ) implicit confid5ce4 ,e spr+ &1 on "s occasions dur+ ! summ]1 a deputation visits ! sacr$ spot1 :]e !re is a ?ick1 por\s /one #bj feet 9 circumf]5ce1 ) a smoo? surface4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! place1 ! c]emony ( smok+ to x is p]=m$ by ! deputies1 :o alt]nately take a :iff !mselves1 & !n pres5t ! pipe to ! /one2 aft] :i* !y retire to an adjo9+ wood = ! night1 dur+ :i* x may be safely presum$ t all ! embassy d n sleep4 ,9 ! morn+ !y read ! de/9ies ( ! nation 9 ! :ite m>ks on ! /one1 :i* ^? :o made !m are at no loss to deciph]4 ,! same /one1 z wor%ip$ by ! ,hidatsa1 is ?us describ$ by ,james3#bdj ,! ,me-ma-ho-pa or m$ic9e /one 99 99 99 is a l>ge1 nak$1 & insulat$ rock situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( a small prairie1 ab\t a two days' j\rney s\?we/ ( ! village ( t nation4 ,9 %ape x resembles ! /eep ro( ( a h\se4 ,! ,m9net>ees resort to x = ! purpose ( propitiat+ _! ,man-ho-pa or ,great ,_s by pres5ts1 by fa/+ & lam5tation1 dur+ ! space ( f ?ree to five days4 ,an individual :o int5ds to p]=m ?is c]emony takes "s pres5ts ) him1 99 99 99 & also provides a smoo? sk9 ^u :i* hi]oglyphics may be drawn1 & repairs to ! rock accompani$ by 8 fri5ds & ! magi4 ,on 8 arrival he deposits ! pres5ts !re1 &1 aft] smok+ to ! rock1 he wa%es a portion ( its face clean1 & retires ) 8 fell[ devotees to a specifi$ di/ance4 ,dur+ ! pr9cipal "p ( 8 /ay1 he cries al\d to 8 god to h pity on him1 to grant him success 9 w> & hunt+1 to favor 8 endeavors to take prison]s1 horses1 & scalps f ! enemy4 ,:5 ! "t = 8 99 99 99 pray] has elaps$ he returns to ! rock2 8 pres5ts are no long] !re1 & he believes !m to h be5 accept$ & c>ri$ (f by ! ,man-ho-pa himself4 ,^u ! "p ( ! rock :i* he _h wa%$ he f9ds c]ta9 hi]oglyphics trac$ ) :ite clay1 ( :i* he c g5]ally int]pret ! mean+1 p>ticul>ly :5 assi/$ by "s ( ! magi1 :o are no d\bt privy to ! :ole transaction4 ,^! repres5tations are suppos$ to relate to 8 future =tune1 or to t ( 8 family or nation2 he copies !m (f 99 99 99 ^u ! sk9 :i* he br\ght ) him = t purpose1 & returns home to read f !m to ! p ! de/9y ( himself or !m4 ,if a be> be repres5t$ ) its head direct$ t[>d ! village1 ! approa* ( a w>-p>ty or ! visitation ( "s evil is appreh5d$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! tail ( ! be> be t[>d ! village1 no?+ b good is anticipat$1 & !y rejoice4 ,!y say t an ,indian on 8 return f ! rock exhibit$ 99 99 99 on 8 99 99 99 *>t ! repres5tation ( a /range build+1 z erect$ ne> ! village4 ,!y 7 all mu* surpris$ & did n p]fectly compreh5d its mean+2 b f\r mon?s aft]w>d ! pr$iction 01 z x happ5$1 v]ifi$1 & a /ockade trad+ h\se 0 erect$ !re by ! ,fr5* trad] ,jessaume4 ,mat!ws ref]s ?us to ?is 8oracle0 ( ! ,hidatsa & ,m&an3#bda ,! fam\s holy /one or m$ic9e rock 7,mihopa1 or ,m&an1 ,mihop9i7 99 99 99 0 "s two or ?ree days' j\rney f _! resid5ce4 ,! ,hidatsa n[ seldom ref] to x1 & ,i d n ?9k !y ev] visit x4 #ccj4 ,accord+ to ,maximilian3#bdb ,! ,m&ans h _m o!r m$ic9e e/abli%m5ts 9 ! vic9ity ( _! villages1 all ( :i* are d$icat$ to ! sup]ior p[]s4 99 99 99 ,( ^? ne> ,mitutahanku1 "o consi/s ( f\r poles plac$ 9 ! =m ( a squ>e2 ! two =emo/ h a heap ( e>? & gre5 turf ?r[n up r\nd !m1 & f\r buffalo skulls laid 9 a l9e betwe5 !m1 :ile tw5ty-six human skulls are plac$ 9 a r[ f "o ( ! re> poles to ! o!r1 & on "s ( ^! skulls are pa9t$ s+le r$ /ripes4 ,beh9d ! :ole two knives are /uck into ! gr\nd1 & a bundle ( twigs is fa/5$ at ! top ( ! poles ) a k9d ( comb1 or rake1 pa9t$ r$4 ,! ,indians repair to su* places :5 !y desire to make (f]+s or petitions2 !y h[l1 lam5t1 & make l\d entreaties1 (t5 = _m days toge!r1 to ! ,omahank-,numak%i4 ,ano!r 8m$ic9e e/abli%m5t0 consi/$ ( a c\ple ( human figures1 v clumsily made ( sk9s1 fix$ on poles1 & repres5t+1 z 0 told to ,maximilian1 ! sun & moon1 b 9 8 op9ion1 probably ! ,omahank-,numak%i & ! ,old ,woman t ,nev] ,dies4 #cca4 ,if a ,m&an possesses a 8m$ic9e pipe0 7i4 e41 :at ! ,omaha & ,ponka call a n9iba weawa7 he sometimes decides to adopt a 8m$ic9e son40 ,! "y man :om he is to *oose appe>s to him 9 a dream2 b x is necess>y t he %\ld be ( a good family1 or h p]=m$ "s exploit4#bdc ,,dreams4 #ccb4 ,dreams af=d ! motives = _m ( _! actions1 ev5 = ! p5ances :i* !y impose on !mselves4 ,!y ?9k t all :i* appe>s 9 _! dreams mu/ be true4 ,be=e !y became acqua9t$ ) fire>ms1 a ,m&an dream$ ( a weapon ) :i* !y c\ld kill _! enemies at a great di/ance1 & soon aft] ! :ite m5 br\ght !m ! fir/ gun4 ,9 l mann] !y dream$ ( horses be=e !y obta9$ any4 ,9 _m cases ! gu>dian _s is reveal$ to ! fa/+ y\? 9 a dream4 ,if ! ,"l ( ,life makes him dream ( a piece ( *]ry wood or ( an animal1 x is a good om54 ,! "y m5 :o foll[ su* a dream] to ! battle h great confid5ce 9 8 gu>dian _s or 8m$ic9e40#bdd ,,oracles4 #ccc4 ,! ,m&an & ,hidatsa consid] ! l>ge gray owl a my/]y bird1 ) :om !y pret5d to conv]se & to und]/& its attitudes & voice4 ,su* owls are (t5 kept alive 9 lodges1 be+ reg>d$ z soo?say]s4 ,!y h a simil> op9ion ( eagles4#bde ,,feti*es4 #ccd4 ,! sk9 ( a :ite buffalo c[ is an em95t feti* 9 ! e/imation ( ! ,m&an & ,hidatsa4 ,! hide mu/ be t ( a "y c[ n ov] #b ye>s old1 & be tak5 (f complete1 & tann$1 ) horns1 nose1 ho(s1 & tail4 ,x is worn on r>e occasions4 ,:5 ! own] wi%es to sacrifice su* a sk9 to ! ,omahank-,numak%i or to ! ,numank-,ma*ana1 he rolls x up1 aft] add+ "s artemisia or an e> ( corn1 & !n ! sk9 rema9s susp5d$ on a pole until x decays4#bdf ,besides ! :ite buffalo sk9s hung on tall poles z sacrifices1 !re 7 o!r /range objects hung on tall poles ne> ! villages ( ! ,m&an & ,hidatsa4 ,^! figures 7 compos$ ( sk91 grass1 & twigs1 :i* seem$ to repres5t ! sun1 moon1 & p]haps ! ,omahank-,numak%i & ! ,numank-,ma*ana4 ,! ,indians resort$ to !m :5 !y wi%$ to petition = any?+1 & sometimes h[l$ = days & weeks toge!r4#bdg ,= a ref]5ce to trees & /ones1 see #cdh4 8,*>ata-,numak%i 7! ,*ief ( ,wolves710 a ,m&an1 _h a pa9t$ buffalo dress1 :i* 0 8 feti*4 ,he valu$ x highly z a s\v5ir ( 8 bro!r1 :o _h be5 %ot by ! enemy4#bdh ,,folk-,,lore4 #cce4 ,:5 a *ild is born ! fa!r mu/ n bridle a horse1 t is1 he mu/ n fa/5 a l>iat to ! horse's l[] jaw1 o!rwise ! infant w\ld die 9 convulsions4 ,%\ld ! wife be ence9te :5 ! husb& bridl$ ! horse ill luck w\ld be sure to foll[1 frequ5tly 9 ! =m ( a failure to kill any game4 ,if an ,indian 9 su* cases w\nds a buffalo )\t be+ able to kill x quickly1 he tries to take ! buffalo's he>t home & makes 8 wife %oot an arr[ ?r\gh x2 !n aga9 he feels confid5ce 9 8 weapons t !y w kill spe$ily4 ,! ,indians affirm t a pregnant woman is v lucky at a game resembl+ billi>ds4 ,if a woman passes betwe5 sev]al ,m&an :o are smok+ toge!r x is a bad om54 ,%\ld a woman recl9e on ! gr\nd betwe5 m5 :o are smok+ a piece ( wood is laid across h] to s]ve z a means ( communication betwe5 ! m54 ,! /ronge/ man n[ liv+ among ! ,m&an1 :o has be5 ! victor 9 sev]al wre/l+ mat*es ) ! :ite p1 always takes hold ( 8 pipe by ! head1 = 7 he to t\* ano!r "p ( x ! blood w\ld sudd5ly ru% f 8 no/rils4 ,z soon z he ble$s 9 ?is mann] he empties 8 pipe1 ?r[+ ! cont5ts into ! fire1 :]e x explodes l gunp[d]1 & ! ble$+ /ops imm$iately4 ,!y say t nobody c t\* ?is man's face )\t ble$+ at nose & m\?4 ,a c]ta9 ,m&an affirms t :5ev] ano!r (f]s him a pipe to smoke1 out ( civility1 8 m\? becomes full ( worms1 :i* he ?r[s into ! fire by h&fuls4 ,among ! ,hidatsa1 :5 a c]ta9 man smok$ v sl[ly no p]son 9 ! lodge 0 all[$ to speak nor to move a s+le limb1 except to grasp ! pipe4 ,nei!r wom51 *ildr51 nor dogs 7 all[$ to rema9 9 ! hut :ile ! man 0 smok+1 & "s "o 0 always plac$ z a gu>d at ! entrance4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re 7 j sev5 p]sons pres5t to smoke none ( ^! precautions 7 obs]v$4 ,:5 ! p>ticul> man cle>$ 8 pipe & %ook ! a%es into ! fire x blaz$ up1 p]haps because he _h put into ! pipe "s gunp[d] or simil> combu/ible4 ,:5 any p]son _h a pa9ful or diseas$ place ?is same man put 8 pipe ^u x & smok$4 ,on su* occasions he did n swall[ ! smoke1 z is ! ,indian cu/om1 b he affirm$ t he c\ld extract ! disease by 8 smok+1 & he pret5d$ to seize x 9 8 h& & to ?r[ into ! fire4#bdi ,,sorc]y4 #ccf4 ,!y believe t a p]son :om !y dislike mu/ die1 if !y make a figure ( wood or clay1 sub/itut+ = ! he>t an awl1 a ne$le1 or a porcup9e quill1 & bury ! image at ! foot ( "o ( _! 8m$ic9e poles40#bej ,,juggl]y4 #ccg4 ,! 8m$ic9e ( "o man consi/s 9 mak+ a sn[ ball1 :i* he rolls a long "t betwe5 8 h&s1 s t at l5g? x becomes h>d & is *ang$ into a :ite /one1 :i*1 :5 /ruck1 emits a fire4 ,_m p]sons1 ev5 :ites1 pret5d$ !y _h se5 ?is1 & !y c n be conv9c$ to ! contr>y4 ,! same man pret5ds t1 dur+ a dance1 he pluck$ :ite fea!rs f a c]ta9 small bird1 :i* he roll$ betwe5 8 h&s1 & =m$ ( !m 9 a %ort "t a simil> :ite /one4 99 99 99 ,a great _m ,m&an & ,hidatsa believe t !y h wild animals 9 _! bodies2 "o1 = in/ance1 affirm$ t he _h a buffalo calf1 ! kick+ ( :i* he (t5 felt2 o!rs said t !y _h tortoises1 frogs1 liz>ds1 birds1 etc4 99 99 99 ,among ! ,hidatsa 7 se5 m$ic9e dances ( ! wom51 :]e "o claim$ to h an e> ( corn 9 h] body1 :i* %e eject$ f h] m\? dur+ ! dance1 & !n ate1 aft] x _h be5 mix$ ) ,artemisia4 99 99 99 ,ano!r female danc] caus$ blood to gu% f h] m\? at w40#bea ,,gho/ ,,lore4 #cch4 ,! ,m&an believe t ea* p]son has sev]al spirits dwell+ )9 him2 "o ( :i* is black1 ano!r br[n1 & a ?ird light-color$1 ! la/ alone return+ to ! ,"l ( ,life4 ,!y ?9k t aft] dea? !y g to ! s\?1 to sev]al villages :i* are visit$ by ! gods2 t _! exi/5ce !re is dep5d5t on _! c\rse ( life :ile 9 ?is _w2 t ! brave & k9d-he>t$ c>ry on ! same occupation1 eat simil> food1 h wives1 & enjoy ! pleasures ( w> & ! *ase4 ,"s ( ! ,m&an are said n to believe all ^! p>ticul>s1 b to suppose t aft] dea? _! spirits w dwell 9 ! sun or 9 c]ta9 />s4 ,,! ,,future ,,life4 #cci4 ,! ,m&an belief 9 a future /ate is connect$ ) ! tradition ( _! orig93 ,! :ole nation resid$ 9 "o l>ge village "u gr\nd1 ne> a subt]rane\s lake4 ,"s ( ! p climb$ up to ?is e>? by means ( a grape-v9e1 :i* broke :5 a corpul5t woman essay$ to climb x4 ,!re=e ! re/ ( ! p rema9$ 9 ! subt]ranean village4 ,:5 ! ,m&an die !y expect to return to ! orig9al seats ( _! =efa!rs1 ! good rea*+ ! anci5t village by means ( ! lake1 :i* ! burd5 ( ! s9s ( ! wick$ w n enable !m to cross4#beb ,! conclud+ clause ( ! la/ s5t5ce c h>dly be ( ,indian orig92 x is v probably due to :ite influ5ce4 ,,f\r ,,z ,a ,,my/ic ,,numb] ,,among ,,! ,,m&an4 #cdj4 ,accord+ to ,catl93#bec ,! ,okipa inv>iably la/s f\r days2 f\r m5 are select$ by ! fir/ man to cleanse out & prep>e ! my/ic lodge = ! occasion2 "o ( ^! m5 is call$ f ! nor? "p ( ! village1 ano!r f ! ea/1 a ?ird f ! s\?1 & ! f\r? f ! we/ 7see #cgc74 ,! f\r sacks ( wat]1 9 ! =ms ( l>ge tortoises1 re/+ on ! floor ( ! lodge1 seem to typify ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,! f\r buffalo skulls & z _m human skulls on ! floor ( ! lodge1 ! f\r c\ples ( danc]s 9 ! buffalo dance & ! f\r int]v5+ danc]s 9 ! same dance1 des]ve our /udy4 ,! buffalo dance 9 front ( ! my/ic lodge1 repeat$ on ! f\r days1 is danc$ f\r times on ! fir/ day1 eight times on ! second1 twelve times on ! ?ird1 & sixte5 times on ! f\r?4 ,!re are f\r sacrifices ( black & blue clo?s erect$ ov] ! entrance ( ! my/ic lodge4 ,! visits ( ! ,evil ,_s 7 paid to f\r ( ! buffalo 9 ! buffalo dance4 ,9 e in/ance ! "y man :o submitt$ to torture 9 ! ,okipa _h f\r spl9ts or skew]s run ?r\gh ! fle% on 8 leg1 f\r ?r\gh 8 arms1 & f\r ?r\gh 8 body4 ,,hidatsa ,,cults4 ,,hidatsa ,,div9ities4 #cda4 ,! ,hidatsa believe 9 ! ,man :o ,nev] ,dies1 or ,"l ( ,life1 ,ehsicka-,wahaddi%1#bed lit]ally1 ! fir/ man1 :o dwells 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,he made all ?+s4 ,ano!r be+ :om !y v5]ate is call$ ! ,gr&mo!r4 ,%e roams ov] ! e>?4 ,%e _h "s %>e 9 creation1 ?\gh an inf]ior "o1 = %e creat$ ! toad & ! s&-rat4 ,%e gave ! ,hidatsa two kettles1 :i* !y /ill pres]ve z a sacr$ treasure & employ z *>ms or feti*es on c]ta9 occasions4 ,%e direct$ ! ance/ors ( ! pres5t ,indians to pres]ve ! kettles & to rememb] ! great wat]s1 :5ce came all ! animals danc+4 ,! r$-%\ld]$ oriole 7,ps>acolius pho5iceus7 came at t "t out ( ! wat]1 z well z ! o!r birds :i* /ill s+ along ! banks ( riv]s4 ,! ,hidatsa1 !re=e1 look on all ^! birds z 8m$ic9e0 = _! corn pat*es1 & att5d to _! songs4 ,:5 ^! birds s+ ! ,hidatsa1 rememb]+ ! direction ( ! ,gr&mo!r1 fill ! two kettles ) wat]1 dance & ba!1 9 ord] to commemorate ! great flood4 ,:5 _! fields are ?reat5$ ) a great dr\ght !y celebrate a 8m$ic9e0 fea/ ) ! two kettles1 z !y beg = ra94 ,! %amans are /ill paid1 on su* occasions1 to s+ = f\r days toge!r 9 ! huts1 :ile ! kettles rema9 full ( wat]4 #cdb4 ,! sun1 or z !y t]m x1 8! sun ( ! day10 is a great p[]4 ,!y d n "k :at x really is1 b :5 !y are ab\t to und]take "s ent]prise !y sacrifice to x & also to ! moon1 :i* !y call 8! sun ( ! night40 ,! morn+ />1 ,v5us1 !y reg>d z ! *ild ( ! moon1 & !y acc\nt x z a great p[]4 ,!y affirm t x 0 orig9ally a ,hidatsa1 be+ ! gr&son ( ! ,old ,woman :o ,nev] ,dies4#bee #cdc4 ,mat!ws#bef f\nd t ! object ( ! greate/ rev]5ce among ! ,hidatsa 01 p]haps1 ! ,itsika-mahidi1 ! ,fir/ ,made1 or ,fir/ 9 ,exi/5ce4 ,!y ass]t t he made all ?+s1 ! />s1 sun1 ! e>?1 ! fir/ repres5tatives ( ea* species ( animals & plants1 b t no "o made him4 ,he also1 !y say1 in/ruct$ ! =efa!rs ( ! tribes 9 all ! c]emonies & my/]ies n[ kn[n to !m4 ,!y sometimes designate him z ,itaka-te-ta1 or ,old ,man ,immortal4 ,,animism4 #cdd4 ,if we use ! t]m wor%ip 9 its mo/ ext5d$ s5se x may be said t 99 99 99 7! ,hidatsa7 wor%ip ev]y?+ 9 nature4 ,n man alone1 b ! sun1 ! moon1 ! />s1 all ! l[] animals1 all trees & plants1 riv]s & lakes1 _m b[ld]s & o!r sep>at$ rocks1 ev5 "s hills & buttes :i* /& alone--9 %ort1 ev]y?+ n made by human h&s1 :i* has an indep5d5t be+1 or c be individualiz$1 possesses a _s1 or1 m prop]ly1 a %ade4 ,to ^! %ades "s respect or consid]ation is due1 b n equally to all4 ,= in/ance1 ! %ade ( ! cottonwood1 ! greate/ tree ( ! ,upp] ,miss\ri ,valley1 is suppos$ to possess an intellig5ce :i* may1 if prop]ly approa*$1 assi/ !m 9 c]ta9 und]tak+s2 b ! %ades ( %rubs & grasses are ( little importance4 ,:5 ! ,miss\ri1 9 its spr+-"t fre%ets1 cuts d[n its bank & sweeps "s tall tree into its curr5t1 x is said t ! _s ( ! tree cries :ile ! roots yet cl+ to ! l& & until ! tree falls into ! wat]4 ,=m]ly x 0 consid]$ wrong to cut d[n "o ( ^! great trees1 &1 :5 l>ge logs 7 ne$$1 only su* z 7 f\nd fall5 7 us$2 & to-day "s ( ! m cr$ul\s old m5 decl>e t _m ( ! mis=tunes ( ! p are ! result ( _! mod]n disreg>d = ! rights ( ! liv+ cottonwood4 ,! sun is held 9 great v5]ation1 & _m valuable sacrifices are made to x4#beg ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,elem5ts1 ,,etc4 #cde4 ,?is is 9 sub/antial accord ) :at ,maximilian 0 told1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+3 ,9 ! sweat ba? ! %aman1 aft] cutt+ (f a jo9t ( ! devotee's f+]s1 takes a will[ twig1 goes to ! di%es conta9+ food1 dips ! twig 9 ea* & ?r[s a "p ( ! cont5ts 9 ! direction ( ! f\r w9ds1 z (f]+s to ! ,"l ( ,life1 ! fire1 & ! div]s sup]human p[]s4#beh ,,s]p5t ,,wor%ip4 #cdf4 ,! ,hidatsa make occasional (f]+s to ! great s]p5t t dwells 9 ! ,miss\ri ,riv] by plac+ poles 9 ! riv] & atta*+ to !m sundry robes or color$ blankets4 ,! tradition ( ?is great s]p5t resembles ! ,m&an tradition1 b ) "s diff]5ces4#bei #cdg4 ,daimonism4--,! ,hidatsa believe nei!r a hell nor 9 a devil1 b believe t !re are "o or m evil g5ii1 9 female %ape1 :o inhabit ?is e>?1 & may h>m ! ,indian 9 ?is life1 b possess no p[] beyond ! grave4 ,su* a p[] or p[]s !y call ,mahopa-mii4 ,! ,mahopa-mii dwells 9 ! woods & delights 9 do+ evil4 ,%e is suppos$ to /rangle su* *ildr5 z1 ?r\gh p>5tal ignorance or c>elessness1 are smo!r$ 9 b$4#bfj ,,feti*es4 #cdh4 ,among ! feti*es ( ! ,hidatsa are ! sk9s ( e k9d1 ( fox & wolf1 especially ! latt]2 &1 !re=e1 :5 !y g to w>1 !y always we> ! /ripe (f ! back ( a wolf sk91 ) ! tail hang+ d[n ! %\ld]s4 ,!y make a slit 9 ! sk9 ?r\gh :i* ! w>rior puts 8 head1 s t ! sk9 ( ! wolf's head hangs d[n ^u 8 brea/4 ,tribal feti*es4--,buffalo heads also are feti*es4 ,9 "o ( _! villages !y pres]v$ ! neck bones ( ! buffalo1 z d ! ,cr[ or ,abs>oka1 & ?is is done ) a view to prev5t ! buffalo h]ds f remov+ to too great a di/ance f !m4 ,at times !y p]=m ! foll[+ c]emony ) ^! bones3 ,!y take a pot%]d ) live coals1 ?r[ sweet-smell+ grass ^u x1 & fumigate ! bones ) ! smoke4 ,!re are c]ta9 trees & /ones :i* are feti*es1 z among ! ,m&an4 ,at su* places !y (f] r$ clo?1 r$ pa9t1 & o!r articles to ! sup]human p[]s4#bfa 7,see #ccd47 ,9 ! pr9cipal ,hidatsa village1 :5 ,maximilian visit$ x1 0 a long pole set up1 on :i* 0 a figure ( a woman1 d\btless repres5t+ ! ,gr&mo!r1 :o fir/ gave !m kettles4 ,a bundle ( bru%wood 0 hung on ! pole1 to :i* 7 atta*$ ! lea!rn dress & legg9s ( a woman4 ,! head ( ! figure 0 made ( ,artemisia1 & on x 0 a cap ( fea!rs4#bfb #cdi4 ,p]sonal feti*es4--,mat!ws uses ! t]m amulet in/ead ( p]sonal feti*1 9 speak+ ( ! ,hidatsa3 ,e man 9 ?is tribe1 z 9 all neighbor+ tribes1 has 8 p]sonal m$ic9e1 :i* is usually "s animal4 ,on all w> p>ties1 & (t5 on hunts & o!r excursions1 he c>ries ! head1 claws1 /uff$ sk91 or o!r repres5tative ( 8 m$ic9e ) him1 & seems to reg>d x 9 mu* ! same light t ,europeans 9 =m] days reg>d$--& 9 "s cases /ill reg>d--protective *>ms4 ,to insure ! fleetness ( "s promis+ "y colt1 !y tie to ! colt's neck a small piece ( de] or antelope horn4 ,! rod5t tee? ( ! beav] are reg>d$ z pot5t *>ms1 & are worn by little girls on _! necks to make !m indu/ri\s4#bfc ,! 8,m$ic9e ,rock0 ( ! ,m&an & ,hidatsa has be5 describ$ 9 #cbi4 #cej4 ,oracles4--,mat!ws speaks ( ano!r oracle1 to :i* ! ,hidatsa n[ (t5 ref]1 ! ,makadi/ati1 or h\se ( infants1 a cav]n ne> ,knife ,riv]1 :i* !y suppos$ ext5d$ f> into ! e>?1 b ^: entrance 0 only a span wide4 ,x 0 resort$ to by ! *ildless husb& or ! b>r5 wife4 ,!re are ^? among !m :o imag9e t 9 "s way or o!r _! *ildr5 come f ! ,makadi/ati2 & m>ks ( contusion on an infant1 aris+ f tight swaddl+ or o!r causes1 are gravely attribut$ to kicks receiv$ f 8 =m] comrades :5 he 0 eject$ f 8 subt]ranean home4#bfd #cea4 ,james says3 ,at ! di/ance ( ! j\rney ( "o day & a half f ,knife ,creek 99 99 99 are two conical hills1 sep>at$ by ab\t ! di/ance ( a mile4 ,"o ( ^! hills 0 suppos$ to imp>t a prolific virtue to su* squaws z resort$ to x = ! purpose ( lam5t+ _! b>r5ness4 ,a p]son "o day walk+ ne> ! o!r hill1 fanci$ he obs]v$ on ! top ( x two v small *ildr54 ,?9k+ t !y _h /ray$ f ! village1 he ran t[>ds !m to induce !m to return home1 b !y imm$iately fl$ f him4 99 99 99 & 9 a %ort "t !y elud$ 8 sight4 ,return+ to ! village1 ! relation ( 8 /ory excit$ mu* int]e/1 & an ,indian set out ! next day1 m\nt$ on a fleet horse1 to take ! little /rang]s4 ,on ! approa* ( ?is p]son to ! hill he also saw ! *ildr51 :o ran away z be=e1 & ?\gh he tri$ to ov]take !m by la%+ ! horse to 8 utmo/ swiftness1 ! *ildr5 left him f> beh9d4 ,^! *ildr5 are no long] to be se51 & ! hill once ( su* s+ul> efficacy 9 r5d]+ ! human species prolific has lo/ ?is rem>kable prop]ty4#bfe ,mat!ws#bff says t ?is acc\nt seems to ref] to ! ,makadi/ati1 b1 if su* is ! case1 he believes t ! acc\nt is incorrect 9 "s respects4 ,,dreams4 #ceb4 ,! ,hidatsa h mu* fai? 9 dreams1 b usually reg>d z oracul> only ^? :i* come aft] pray]1 sacrifice1 & fa/+4#bfg ,,b]da*es4 #cec4 ,! ,fr5* ,canadians call ^? m5 b]da*es :o dress 9 wom5's clo?+ & p]=m ! duties usually allott$ to wom5 9 an ,indian camp4 ,by mo/ :ites ^! b]da*es are incorrectly suppos$ to be h]maphrodites4 ,!y are call$ miati by ! ,hidatsa1 f mia1 a woman1 & ! end+1 ti1 to feel an involunt>y incl9ation1 i4 e41 to be impell$ aga9/ 8 w to act ! woman4 ,see ! ,omaha miquga1 ! ,kansa miquge1 & ! ,dakota wikta & wikte 7 #cj1 #bab47 ,,a/ronomical ,,lore4 #ced4 ,ursa major is said to be an erm9e1 ! sev]al />s ( t con/ellation indicat+1 9 _! op9ion1 ! burr[1 ! head1 ! feet1 & ! tail ( t animal4 ,!y call ! milky way ! 8a%y way40 ,!y ?9k t ?und] is caus$ by ! flapp+ ( ! w+s ( ! l>ge bird1 :i* causes ra91 & t ! lightn+ is ! glance ( 8 eye :5 he seeks prey4 ,!y call ! ra9b[1 8! cap ( ! wat]10 or 8! cap ( ! ra940 ,once1 say !y1 an ,indian caught 9 ! autumn a r$ bird t _h mock$ him1 releas+ x aft] b9d+ its feet toge!r ) a fi% l9e4 ,! bird saw a h>e & p\nc$ ^u x1 b ! h>e crept into ! skull ( a buffalo ly+ on ! prairie1 & z ! l9e hang+ f ! bird's claws =m$ a semicircle1 !y imag9e t ! ra9b[ is /ill caus$ by t occurr5ce4#bfh ,,food ,,lore4 #cee4 ,!y h que] notions respect+ ! effects ( diff]5t articles ( diet2 ?us3 an expectant "m believes t if %e eats a "p ( a mole or %rew1 h] *ild w h small eyes2 t if %e eats a piece ( porcup9e1 h] *ild w be incl9$ to sleep too mu* :5 x gr[s up2 t if %e p>takes ( ! fle% ( ! turtle1 h] (fspr+ w be sl[ or lazy1 etc42 b !y d n suppose t su* articles ( food affect ! imm$iate consum]4 ,,f\r ,,s\ls ,,9 ,,ea* ,,human ,,be+4 #cef4 8,x is believ$ by "s ( ! ,hidatsa t e human be+ has f\r s\ls 9 "o4 ,!y acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( gradual dea? :]e ! extremities are app>5tly dead :ile consci\sness rema9s1 by suppos+ ! f\r s\ls to dep>t1 "o aft] ano!r1 at diff]5t times4 ,:5 dissolution is complete1 !y say t all ! s\ls are gone1 & h jo9$ toge!r aga9 outside ( ! body4 ,i h he>d a ,m9net>ee quietly discuss+ ?is doctr9e ) an ,ass9nebo9e1 :o believ$ 9 only "o s\l to ea* body40#bfi ,,sorc]y4 #ceg4 8,!y h fai? 9 wit*craft1 & ?9k t a sorc]] may injure a p]son1 no matt] h[ f> di/ant1 by acts ^u an effigy or ^u a lock ( ! victim's hair40#bgj ,,disposal ,,( ,,! ,,dead4 #ceh4 ,! ,hidatsa always lay _! dead ^u scaffolds4 ,z ! ,"l ( ,life is displeas$ :5 !y qu>rel & kill "o ano!r1 ^? :o d s are buri$ 9 ! e>?1 t !y may be no long] se54 ,9 ?is case a buffalo head is laid on ! grave1 t ! h]ds ( buffalo may n keep away1 =1 if !y 7 to smell ! wick$1 !y might remove & nev] return4 ,! good are laid ^u scaffolds1 t !y may be se5 by ! ,"l ( ,life4#bga ,! ,cr[s h no fe> ( dea?1 b !y h a horror ( be+ buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4#bgb ,,hidatsa ,,belief ,,z ,,to ,,future ,,exi/5ce4 #cei4 ,!y ?9k t aft] dea? !y w be re/or$ to ! mansions ( _! ance/ors "u gr\nd1 f :i* !y are int]cept$ by a l>ge & rapid wat]c\rse4 ,ov] ?is riv]1 :i* may be comp>$ to ! ,/yx ( ! anci5ts1 !y are oblig$ to pass on a v n>r[ footway4 ,^? ,indians :o h be5 useful to ! nation1 su* z brave w>riors or good hunt]s1 pass ov] ) ease & arrive safely at ,a-pah-he1 or anci5t village4 ,b ! wor?less ,indians slip (f f ! bridge or footway into ! /ream :i* 99 99 99 hurries !m into oblivion4#bgc ,_! fai? conc]n+ a future life is ?is3 ,:5 a ,hidatsa dies 8 %ade l+]s f\r nights ar\nd ! camp or village 9 :i* he di$1 & !n goes to ! lodge ( 8 dep>t$ k9dr$ 9 ! ,village ( ! ,dead4 ,:5 he has arriv$ !re1 he is rew>d$ = 8 valor1 self-d5ial1 & ambition on e>? by receiv+ ! same reg>d 9 ! "o place z 9 ! o!r2 = !re1 z "h1 ! brave man is honor$ & ! c[>d despis$4 ,"s say t ! gho/s ( ^? :o commit suicide occupy a sep>ate "p ( ! village1 b t _! condition diff]s 9 no wise f t ( ! o!rs4 ,9 ! next _w1 human %ades hunt & live on ! %ades ( ! buffalo & o!r animals t h "h di$4 ,!re too !re are f\r seasons1 b !y come 9 an inv]se ord] to ! t]re/rial seasons4 ,dur+ ! f\r nights t ! gho/ is suppos$ to l+] ne> 8 =m] dwell+1 ^? :o dislik$ or fe>$ ! deceas$1 & d n wi% a visit f ! %ade1 scor* ) r$ coals a pair ( moccas9s1 :i* !y leave at ! door ( ! lodge4 ,! smell ( ! burn+ lea!r1 !y claim1 keeps ! gho/ out2 b ! true fri5ds ( ! dead man take no su* precautions4 99 99 99 ,!y believe 9 ! exi/5ce & advisability ( human & o!r gho/s1 yet !y seem to h no t]ror ( gravey>ds & b little ( mortu>y rema9s4 ,y may fright5 *ildr5 aft] nightfall by %\t+ noidai 7gho/71 b w n sc>e ! ag$4#bgd ,,sapona ,,cults4 #cei4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! religion ( ! ,sapona1 a tribe relat$ to ! ,tutelo1 0 giv5 9 #agbi by ,col4 ,william ,byrd1 ( ,we/ov]1 ,va4#bge ,:ile mu* ( x appe>s to be ! :ite man's amplification ( ! ,indian's n>rative1 x is pla9 t ! acc\nt conta9s a few aborig9al beliefs4 ,= ?is reason1 & because x is ! only kn[n acc\nt ( ! ,sapona religion1 x is n[ giv5 9 full3 8,9 ! ev5+ we exam9$ our fri5d ,be>sk9 conc]n+ ! religion ( 8 c\ntry1 & he expla9$ x to u1 )\t any ( t res]ve to :i* 8 nation is subject4 ,he told u he believ$ !re 0 "o supreme ,god1 :o _h sev]al subalt]n deities "u him4 ,& t ?is ,ma/]-,god made ! _w a long "t ago4 ,t ,he told ! sun1 ! moon & />s _! bus9ess 9 ! beg9n+1 :i* !y1 ) good look+ aft]1 h fai?fully p]=m'd ev] s9ce4 ,t ! same ,p[] t made all ?+s at fir/ has tak5 c>e to keep !m 9 ! same me?od & motion ev] s9ce4 ,he believ$ ,god _h =m'd _m worlds be=e ,he =m'd ?is1 b t ^? worlds ei!r grew old or ru9\s1 or 7 de/roy'd = ! di%one/y ( ! inhabitants4 ,t ,god is v j & v good--ev] well pleas'd ) ^? m5 :o possess ^? ,god-l qualities4 ,t ,he takes good p "u ,8 safe protection1 makes !m v ri*1 fills _! bellies pl5tifully1 pres]ves !m f sickness & f be+ surpriz'd or ov]come by _! enemies4 ,b all su* z tell lies & *eat 99 99 99 ,he nev] fails to puni% ) sickness1 pov]ty & hung]1 & aft] all t1 suff]s !m to be knockt on ! head & scalpt by ^? t fight aga9/ !m4 ,he believ$ t aft] dea? bo? good & bad p are conduct$ by a /rong gu>d into a great road1 9 :i* dep>t$ s\ls travel toge!r = "s "t till1 at a c]ta9 di/ance ?is road =ks into two pa?s#bgf1 ! "o extremely levil1 ! o!r /ony & m\nta9\s4 ,"h ! good are p>t$ f ! bad by a fla% ( lightn+1 ! fir/ be+ hurry'd away to ! "r1 ! o!r to ! left4 ,! "r h& road leads to a *>m+ w>m c\ntry1 :]e ! spr+ is ev]la/+1 & e mon? is ,may2 & z ! ye> is always 9 its y\?1 s are ! p1 & p>ticul>ly ! wom5 are bright z ! />s1 & nev] scold4 ,t 9 ?is happy climate !re are de]1 turkeys1 elk1 & buffaloes innum]able1 p]petually fat & g5tle1 :ile ! trees are load$ ) delici\s fruit q ?r\gh\t ! f\r seasons4 ,t ! soil br+s =? corn spontane\sly1 )\t ! curse ( lab\r1 & s v :olesome1 t none :o h ! happ9ess to eat ( x are ev] sick1 gr[ old or dy4 ,ne> ! entrance into ?is bless$ l& sits a v5]able old man on a mat ri*ly wov51 :o exam9s /rictly all t are br\ght be=e him1 & if !y h behav'd well1 ! gu>ds are ord]'d to op5 ! cry/al gate & let !m ent] ! l& ( delights4 ,! left h& pa? is v rugg$ & unev51 lead+ to a d>k & b>r5 c\ntry1 :]e x is always w9t]4 ,! gr\nd is ! :ole ye> r\nd cov]'d ) sn[1 & no?+ is se5 ^u ! trees b icicles4 ,all ! p are hungry1 yet h n a morsel to eat except a bitt] k9d ( potato1 t gives !m ! dry-gripes1 & fills _! :ole body ) loa?some ulc]s1 t /9k & are insupportably pa9ful4 ,"h all ! wom5 are old & ugly1 hav+ claws l a pan!r1 ) :i* !y fly ^u ! m5 t slight _! passion4 ,= x seems ^! hagg>d old furies are intol]ably fond1 & expect a va/ am\nt ( *]i%+4 ,!y talk mu*1 & exce$+ly %rill1 giv+ exquisite pa9 to ! drum ( ! e>1 :i* 9 t place ( torm5t is s t5d]1 t e %>p note w\nds x to ! quick4 ,at ! end ( ?is pa? sits a dreadful old woman on a mon/r\s toad/ool1 ^: head is cov]'d ) rattlesnakes in/ead ( tresses1 ) gl>+ :ite eyes1 t /rike a t]ror unspeakable into all t behold h]4 ,?is hag pron\nces s5t5ce ( woe ^u all ! mis]able wret*es t hold up _! h&s at h] tribunal4 ,aft] ?is !y are deliv]'d ov] to huge turkey-buzz>ds l h>pys1 t fly away ) !m to ! place above m5tion$4 ,"h1 aft] !y h be5 torm5t$ a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s1 accord+ to _! sev]al degrees ( guilt1 !y are aga9 driv5 back into ?is _w1 to try if !y w m5d _! mann]s1 & m]it a place next "t 9 ! regions ( bliss40 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bag3 ,lewis & ,cl>ke's ,exp$41 ed41 ,all51 vol4 ,i1 p4 #agd4 ,footnote #bah3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 & ,geogr4 ,surv41 ,hayd51 ,miscell4 ,publ41 ,no4 #g1 #ahgg3 ,e?nog4 & ,philol4 ( ,hidatsa ,indians1 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #bai3 ,maximilian1 ,travels 99 99 99 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cei4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,ibid1 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #bba3 ,ibid1 pp4 #cfi1 #cgd1 #chf1 #chh1 #djj4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,ibid1 p4 #agd4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,ibid1 p4 #agc4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,ibid1 pp4 #cgc1 #cgg4 ,o-kee-pa3 ,a ,religi\s ,c]emony 99 99 99 by ,george ,catl91 ,phil41 #ahfg1 #be pp4 ,smi?son4 ,rept41 #ahhe1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #cec-cfh4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 & ,geogr4 ,surv41 ,hayd51 ,miscell4 ,publ41 ,no4 #g1 #ahgg3 ,e?nog4 & ,philol4 ( ,hidatsa ,indians1 pp4 #de1 #df4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,james's acc\nt ( ,long's ,exp$ition to ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bgf-bgh4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,travels 99 99 99 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 pp4 #djj1 #dja4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,yet ,maximilian says1 8,we ourselves saw "o susp5d$1 etc40 ,footnote #bbi3 ,travels 99 99 99 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 pp4 #dai-dbb4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,ibid1 pp4 #dbf-dbh4 ,footnote #bca3 ,ibid1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ahi1 #aij4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,ibid1 p4 #age4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,o-kee-hee-dee ( ,catl94 ,footnote #bcd3 ,maximilian1 ,travels 99 99 99 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 pp4 #cei1 #cfj4 ,footnote #bce3 ,maximilian1 ,travels 99 99 99 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 pp4 #cgh-chj4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,maximilian1 ,travels 99 99 99 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cfi4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,ibid41 pp4 #chj1 #cha4 ,footnote #bch3 ,ibid41 p4 #cfa4 ,footnote #bci3 ,lewis & ,cl>ke1 ,exp$41 ed4 ,all51 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bje4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,james's ,acc\nt ( ,long's ,exp$4 to ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bgc4 ,footnote #bda3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 & ,geogr4 ,surv41 ,hayd51 ,miscell4 ,pub41 ,no4 #g1 #ahgg3 ,e?nog4 & ,philol4 ( ,hidatsa ,indians1 pp4 #ej1 #ea4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,travels 99 99 99 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 pp4 #cha1 #chb4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,travels 99 99 99 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cgj4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,ibid1 pp4 #chb1 #chf4 ,footnote #bde3 ,ibid1 pp4 #chc1 #djc4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,ibid1 pp4 #cga1 #cgb4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,ibid41 p4 #cgb4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,travels 99 99 99 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,ibid41 pp4 #djc1 #djd4 ,footnote #bej3 ,maximilian1 ,travels 99 99 99 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #chb4 ,footnote #bea3 ,ibid1 pp4 #chb1 #chc1 #dbc1 #dbd4 ,footnote #beb3 ,lewis & ,cl>ke1 ,exp$ition1 ed4 ,all51 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #age4 ,footnote #bec3 ,catl91 9 ,smi?sonian ,rept41 #ahhe1 pt4 #b1 p4 #cgb4 ,footnote #bed3 ,s call$ by ,maximilian1 same z ! ,itsika-mahidi ( ,mat!ws4 ,footnote #bee3 ,maximilian1 ,travels 99 99 99 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cih4 ,footnote #bef3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 & ,geogr4 ,surv41 ,hayd51 ,miscell4 ,publ41 ,no4 #g1 #ahgg3 ,e?nog4 & ,philol4 ( ,hidatsa ,indians1 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #beg3 ,ibid41 pp4 #dh1 #di4 ,footnote #beh3 ,maximilian1 ,travels 99 99 99 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #djb4 ,footnote #bei3 ,maximilian1 ,travels 99 99 99 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #djb4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 & ,geogr4 ,surv41 ,hayd51 ,miscell4 ,publ4 ,no4 #g1 #ahgg3 ,e?nol4 & ,philol4 ( ,hidatsa ,indians1 pp4 #di1 #ahd4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,maximilian1 ,travels 99 99 99 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 pp4 #cii-djj4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,ibid1 p4 #cif4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,maximilian1 ,travels 99 99 99 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,ibid1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,james's ,acc\nt ( ,long's ,exp$4 to ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bgd1 #bge4 ,footnote #bff3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 & ,geogr4 ,surv41 ,hayd51 ,miscell4 ,publ41 ,no4 #g1 #ahgg3 ,e?nog4 & ,philol4 ( ,hidatsa ,indians1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,ibid1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,maximilian1 ,travels 99 99 99 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cii4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 & ,geogr4 ,surv41 ,hayd51 ,miscell4 ,publ41 ,no4 #g1 #ahgg3 ,e?nog4 & ,philol4 ( ,hidatsa ,indians1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,ibid1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #bga3 ,maximilian1 ,travels 99 99 99 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 pp4 #djd1 #dje4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,ibid1 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,lewis & ,cl>ke's ,exp$41 edit$ by ,all51 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bhj4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 & ,geogr4 ,surv41 ,hayd51 ,miscell4 ,publ41 ,no4 #g1 #ahgg3 ,e?nog4 & ,philol4 ( ,hidatsa ,indians1 p4 #di4 ,footnote #bge3 ,byrd1 hi/ory ( ! divid+ l9e 7#agbi71 vol4 ,i1 #ajf-ajh4 ,repr9t3 #ahff4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,see ! ,omaha belief1 9 #fh4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks4 ,,peet ,,on ,,indian ,,religions4 #cfj4 ,9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,victoria ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita9 = #ahhh1bgg is an article conta9+ ! foll[+ /atem5ts1 :i* 7 n se5 by ! writ] until he _h complet$ ! prec$+ *apt]s ( ?is pap]4 ,ref]r+ to ,mr4 ,eells1 ! ,nez ,p]c mission>y1 & to ,mr4 ,williams1 :o has be5 labor+ among ! ,*ippewas1 ,mr4 ,peet obs]ves3#bgh ,!re are f\r or five po9ts on :i* bo? mission>ies seem to be agre$ 99 99 99 ,^! f\r doctr9es--! exi/5ce ( ,god1 immortality ( ! s\l1 ! s9fulness ( man1 & ! necessity ( sacrifice--seem to h be5 held 9 v>i\s modifi$ =ms by all ! tribes 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,on ! next page#bgi he gives a classification ( native religions1 by :i* he means ^? ( ,am]ica4 ,he says t ^! religions may be divid$ by geographical di/ricts into sev]al classes3 7#a7 ,%amanism1 by :i* he seems to mean ! wor%ip ( ! wakan m5 & wom54 8,among ! ,eskimos1 ,aleuts1 & o!r hyp]borean nations1 :o subsi/ *iefly by fi%+40 7#b7 ,animism1 by :i* he probably means ! wor%ip ( 8s\ls0 or 8%ades10 includ+ gho/s1 z e object1 :e!r animate or inanimate1 is ?\ght to h a 8%ade40 ,?is belief1 he says1 is f\nd 9 its highe/ /age among tribes t =m]ly dwelt 9 ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica1 betwe5 ,hudsons ,bay & ! ,great ,lakes4 ,^! tribes subsi/ by hunt+4 7#c7 ,animal wor%ip1 practic$ by a class p>tly hunt]s1 p>tly f>m]s1 dwell+1 say1 betwe5 #ce & #dh ,n4 lat4 7#d7 ,sun wor%ip1 ! cult ( ! tribes s\? ( #ce ,n4 lat41 & ext5d+ to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 7#e7 ,elem5tal wor%ip1 :i* he def9es z 8! wor%ip ( ra91 lightn+1 ! god ( w> & dea?10 f\nd 9 ,mexico & ,new ,mexico4 7#f7 ,an?ropomorphism1 a religion :i* gave human attributes to ! div9ities1 b assign$ to !m sup]natural p[]s4 ,?is prevail$ 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,reply4 #cfa4 ,b :at d we f9d preval5t among ! tribes "u consid]ation 9 ?is pap]8 ,i4 ,idea ( ,god4--,! ,si\an tribes consid]$ 9 ?is pap] 7 n mono!i/s 7 #bf1 #id1 #ie1 #caa74 ,! /atem5t record$ 9 #ba ab\t a crude belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+1 :i* ! ,omaha call$ ,wak&a1 0 accept$ by ! au?or z ! belief ( 8 in=mants2 b we mu/ rememb] t ! ,omaha tribe has be5 9 a transition /ate = _m ye>s1 c]ta9ly s9ce #ahee1 & possibly s9ce ! days ( ,maj4 ,long's visits to !m4 7#b7 ,t ^! ,indians believ$ 9 a ,great ,_s :o 0 supreme ov] all o!r sup]human p[]s ne$s m evid5ce4 ,! only ass]tion ( su* a belief :i* ! au?or has ga9$ 0 obta9$ f an ,omaha 7see #bb71 b ?is ass]tion 0 d5i$ by two o!r memb]s ( t tribe4 7#c7 ,9 ^? cases alleg$ z prov+ a belief 9 "o ,great ,_s1 a clos] /udy ( ! language employ$ reveals ! fact t a g5]ic t]m has be5 us$ in/ead ( a specific "o1 &1 9 almo/ e in/ance1 ! writ] :o tells ( "o ,great ,_s supplem5ts 8 acc\nt by relat+ :at he has le>n$ ab\t beliefs 9 _m gods or spirits4 7#d7 ,^! tribes _h cults ( _m p[]s2 ev]y?+ animate & inanimate 0 reg>d$ z hav+ a 8%ade40 ,,ii4 ,belief 9 immortality4--,! au?or f9ds no traces ( a belief 9 ! immortality ( human be+s4 ,ev5 ! gods ( ! ,dakota 7 reg>d$ z be+ mortal1 = !y c\ld be kill$ by "o ano!r 7 #id74 ,!y 7 male & female2 !y m>ri$ & di$1 & 7 succe$$ by _! *ildr54 ,b if = 8immortality0 we sub/itute 8cont9u\s exi/5ce z %ades or gho/s0 !re w be no difficulty 9 %[+ t ! ,si\an tribes ref]r$ to held su* a belief respect+ mank9d1 & t !y v probably ent]ta9$ x 9 a crude =m prior to ! adv5t ( ! :ite race to ?is cont95t 7 #fg-ga1 #ia1 #cch74 ,,iii4 ,idea ( s94--,! scriptural idea ( s9 seems to be want+ among ^! tribes4 ,!re h be5 record$ by ! au?or & o!rs _m acts :i* 7 deem$ violations ( religi\s law1 b few ( !m c be comp>$ ) :at ! ,bible decl>es to be s9s4 ,x 0 dang]\s to make a false report to ! keep] ( ! sacr$ t5t ( w> or to ! directors ( ! buffalo hunt1 9 ! e/imation ( ! ,omaha1 = ! (f5d] 0 sure to be /ruck by lightn+ or bitt5 by a snake or kill$ by a foe or ?r[n by a horse or h "s o!r disa/] befall him4#bhj ,x 0 dang]\s to break ! taboo ( any g5s or subg5s1 or to violate any o!r anci5t cu/om4#bha 7,see #de1 #fh1 #bbb1 & #bhf ( ?is pap]47 ,,iv4 ,idea ( sacrifice4--,! idea ( sacrifice z aton+ = s9 has n yet be5 f\nd by ! au?or among ^! ,si\an tribes4 ,9 no in/ance ( sacrifice record$ 9 ?is pap] has ! au?or detect$ any notion ( expiation = s9 aga9/ a j & holy ,be+4 ,b sacrifice1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( fa/+1 self-torture1 or ! (f]+ ( prop]ty1 0 made 9 ord] to w9 ! favor ( a god1 to obta9 a temporal advantage 7 #bh1 #bi1 #aja1 #add1 etc471 or to av]t ! ang] ( demons1 z :5 ! p 7 suff]+ f fam9e or an epidemic 7 #add74 ,v4 ,%amanism4--,:ile !re h be5 %amans & v>i\s ord]s ( %amans among ^! tribes1 no trace ( a wor%ip ( %amans z gods has yet be5 f\nd4 ,on "o occasion ! au?or met a ,ponka %aman1 ,cramp$ ,h&1 :o exclaim$1 8,i am a wak&a40 ,b no o!r ,ponka ev] said t he or %e wor%ip$ ,cramp$ ,h& z a wak&a4 ,,vi4 ,! o!r beliefs nam$ by ,dr4 ,peet h be5 f\nd1 9 "s tribes1 side by side4 ,animism1 or a =m ( animism1 0 held by ^? :o wor%ip$ ! sun1 animals1 etc4 8,ev]y?+ _h a s\l0 7 #ig1 #acf1 #acg1 #bfe-bhh1 #cdd1 etc474 ,c]ta9 animals 7 wor%ip$ 7 #bd1 #dc1 #gh1 #ib1 #cbf1 etc474 ,! sun 0 invok$1 n only 9 ! sun dance 7 #aci-bab71 b on o!r occasions 7 #bh1 #dc1 #gc1 #cab1 #cbc74 ,/>s1 too1 7 reg>d$ z gods 7 #ca1 #dc74 ,elem5tal wor%ip _h a wid] significance among ^! tribes ?an ,dr4 ,peet assigns x 7 #bg1 #cc-ce1 #dc1 #dd1 #gd-gg1 #cfc1 etc474 ,& !re are traces ( an?ropomorphism1 = "s ( ! gods are 9 human =m 7 #bag1 #bce72 o!rs are suppos$ to inhale ! odor ( tobacco smoke1 :i* is pleasant to !m2 !y eat1 brea!1 use weapons aga9/ "o ano!r z well z aga9/ human be+s1 & on "o occasion an ,indian 0 call$ on to aid "o or ! o!r ( two cont5d+ gods2 !y he>1 ?9k1 m>ry1 die1 & are succe$$ by _! *ildr5 7 #be1 #bi1 #ce1 #cf1 #gb1 #ge1 #id1 #aji1 #aab1 #aag1 #aai1 #acf1 #bag1 #cbb1 etc474#bhb #cfb4 ,! cults affect$ ! social organization ( ! tribes t _h g5tes be>+ my/ic names 7see #eg & #hb ( ?is pap]1 & ,om4 ,soc41 9 #c;d ,an4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?41 ,*ap4 iii1 & pp4 #cef1 #cei-cfa72 ord]s ( %amans & o!r secret societies 7 intimately associat$ ) !m 7 #dc-de1 #hf1 #hg1 & #hi2 & ,om4 ,soc41 pp4 #cdb-cee72 p]sonal names /ill ref] to !m 7 #ca1 #dg1 #ec1 #ei1 #gd1 #ge1 & #gg2 & ,om4 ,soc41 pp4 #bbh1 #bcb1 #bcf1 #bch-bdd1 #bdf-bdh1 #bej1 & #bea72 & almo/ e act ( ! daily life ( ! p 0 influ5c$ by !m 7 #bc1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh-cj1 #cb1 #cc-cf1 #ci-da1 #ed1 #aja1 etc42 & ,om4 ,soc41 ,*ap4 vi1 & pp4 #bfg1 #bgd1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bhi-bia1 #bic-bii1 #caf1 #cai-cbe1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #ceg1 #cfh-cgj74 ,,cults ,,( ,,! ,,elem5ts4 #cfc4 ,prior to writ+ ?is pap]1 ! au?or _h obs]v$ :at ,dr4 ,fo/] /at$ 9 8 ,indian ,record & ,hi/orical ,data respect+ ! division ( ! ,w9nebago tribe into f\r gr\ps1 nam$ aft] ! e>?1 air1 fire1 & wat]1 respectively1 i4e41 ,fo/] claim$ t ! ,w9nebago _h p nam$ aft] l& animals1 o!rs aft] birds & ! w9ds1 o!rs aft] ! ?und]-be+s1 & o!rs aft] ! ,waktceqi or wat] mon/]s4#bhc 7,see #if47 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahij ! au?or obta9$ f ! ?ree pr9cipal ,ponka *iefs ! classification ( _! g5tes by phratries1 & ! "* ( ! my/ic songs peculi> to ea* phratry4 ,on comp>+ ?is in=mation ) t :i* has be5 relat$ ab\t ! ,dakota gods1 !re seem$ to be good reasons = inf]r+ t n only ! ,dakota tribes1 b also ! ,omaha1 ,ponka1 ,w9ne-bago1 & o!rs ( ! same /ock1 divid$ _! gods into f\r classes1 ^? ( ! e>?1 w9d-mak]s1 fire1 & wat]4 #cfd4 ,among ! ,omaha1 ,i[a1 & cognate tribes1 we f9d t :5 a g5s assembl$ z a :ole1 = c\ncil purposes1 !y sat ar\nd ! fire 9 ! ord] %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram1 ,fig4 #aic3 ,leg5d4--#a1 ,black ,be> subg5s2 #b1 ,small ,bird subg5s2 #c1 ,eagle subg5s2 #d1 ,turtle subg5s2 #e1 fireplace2 #f1 entrance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aic4--,! atada g5tile circle4 ,places 9 ! circle 7 assign$ accord+ to k9%ip2 ?us1 ! ,black ,be> & ,small ,bird p are spok5 ( z 8sitt+ on ! same side ( ! fireplace10 z !y are full k91 :ile !y are only p>tially relat$ to ^? :o sit on ! o!r side 7,nos4 #c & #d74 ,t ! fireplace 0 sacr$1 !re be+ traces ( a he>? cult1 has be5 %[n 9 #cc & #dj4 ,fur!rmore1 ! atada circle is rem>kable n only = its arrangem5t accord+ to k9%ip1 b = its symbolic "*2 because ! ,black ,be> p are associat$ ) ! gr\nd or e>?1 z is %[n by _! p]sonal names2 ! ,small ,bird p are ,?und]-be+s or ,fire p2 ! ,eagle subg5s consi/ ( 8,w9d-mak]0 p2 & ! ,turtle subg5s is compos$ ( ,wat] p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aid4--,! f\r elem5ts1 etc4 #cfe4 ,?is sugge/s ano!r diagram1 ,fig4 #aid1 9 :i* ! au?or has put ! names ( f\r classes ( ,dakota gods1 ) :at he suspects to be _! appropriate colors1 ,r /&+ = r$1 ,b = black1 ,y = yell[1 & ,bl = blue4 ,e>? p s]ve or assi/ ,fire p 7 #ce & p]haps #cf74 ,d ,wat] p ev] s]ve ,w9d-mak] p 7see address to a /ream 9 "t ( w>1 #bc78 ,! ,fire p[]s are ho/ile to ! p[]s ( ! ,wat] 7 #ge1 #gg1 #aag-aai72 we h yet to le>n :e!r1 9 any g5s1 a subg5s nam$ aft] ! ,?und]-be+ sits on ! same side ( ! g5tile fireplace ) a subg5s nam$ aft] a p[] ( ! ,wat]4 ,is !re a w>f>e go+ on betwe5 ! p[]s ( ! ,e>? & ! ,w9d-mak]s8 ,! ,fire p[]s & ,w9d-mak]s are conc]n$ 9 all k9ds ( suff]+1 includ+ w>1 disease1 & dea? 7 #aag1 #aai1 #abg1 #abi71 & !re is no ho/ility exi/+ betwe5 !m4#bhd ,! ,kase g5s ( ! ,osage has sev]al names1 ,w9d p1 ,s\?-w9d p1 ,^? :o light ! pipes 79 c\ncil71 & ,fire p4 ,! p[]s ( ! ,e>? & ,wat] are int]e/$ 9 ! pres]vation ( life1 & s we may consid] !m ! patrons ( peace4 8,peace10 9 ,omaha1 ,ponka1 & iw]e1 means 8,! l& is good10 & 8to make peace0 is express$ by 8to make ! l& good40 ,! words = 8wat]0 & 8life0 are id5tical 9 "s ( ! ,si\an languages1 & !y diff] b slightly 9 o!rs4 ,x is int]e/+ to note :at has be5 said by ,mr4 ,francis ,la ,fles*e#bhe ab\t wat]3 8,wat] seems to hold an important place 9 ! practice ( ?is m$ic9e society1 ev5 :5 roots are us$ = ! heal+ ( w\nds4 ,! songs say3 #8,wat] 0 s5t into ! w\nd1' #8,wat] w be s5t into 8 w\nd1' etc40 ,! my/ic songs ( ! doctors ( ! ord] ( buffalo %amans tell ( ! pool ( wat] 9 a buffalo wall[ :]e ! w\nd$ "o %all be treat$4 ,b we mu/ note "s app>5t inconsi/5cies4 ,:ile ! ,unktei creat$ ! e>? & ! human race 7 #aab71 !y are believ$ to fe$ on human spirits or gho/s2 ?\gh gho/s are reckon$ among ! s]vants ( ! ,unktei6 ,& :ile ! p[]s ( ! ,fire & ,wat] are enemies1 "o is surpris$ to obs]ve t 9 ! w> g5s ( ! ,omaha z well z 9 ! two w> g5tes ( ! ,kansa1 !re is ! sacr$ clam %ell z well z ! w> pipe6 7,see #cf & ,om4 ,soc41 p4 #bbf47 ,,! ,,f\r ,,qu>t]s4 #cff4 ,accord+ to ! tradition ( ! ,ike-sab1 an ,omaha buffalo p1 ! ance/ral buffaloes f\nd ! ,ea/ & ,s\? w9ds bad ones2 b ! ,nor? & ,we/ w9ds 7 good4 ,f ?is ! au?or inf]s t ! ,omaha associat$ ! ,ea/ ) ! ,fire p[]s or ! sun1 ! ,s\?#bhf ) ! ,air p[]s1 ! ,nor? ) ! ,e>? p[]s1 & ! ,we/ ) ! ,wat] p[]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an ,i[a man told ,mr4 ,hamilton t ! ,s\? w9d 0 a b5efic5t "o1 :ile ! ,nor!a/ w9d 0 malefic5t 7 #gd74 ,?is v>iation may h be5 caus$ by a diff]5ce 9 ! habitats ( ! tribes ref]r$ to4 #cfg4 ,among ! ,kansa1 ,pahale-gaqli & ,alikawahu1 :5 !y invok$ ! f\r w9ds1 began at ! left 7z !y 7 ,yata p7 ) ! ,ea/ w9d 7,bazata1 ,t[>d ! ,p9es71 next !y turn$ to ! ,s\? w9d 7,ak'a1 :5ce "o ( ! names ( ! ,kaze g5s71 !n to ! ,we/ w9d 7,ak'a jiga or ,ak'uye71 & la/ly to ! ,nor? w9d 7,hnita1 ,t[>d ! ,cold74#bhg 7,see ,fig4 #aie47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aie4--,kansa ord] ( invok+ ! w9ds1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aif4--,tsiu 7,osage7 ord] ( plac+ ! f\r /icks1 etc4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ^? ,kansa w> capta9s1 ,pahale-gaqli & ,alikawahu1 belong to g5tes on ! left side ( ! tribal circle4 ,!y 7 fac+ ! ,s\? be=e !y began ! invocations to ! v>i\s p[]s includ+ ! f\r w9ds4 ,see #bjj = ! ord] 7,e1 ,s1 ,w1 ,n7 obs]v$ 9 fell+ ! tree to be us$ z a sun pole4 ,! same ord] 0 obs]v$ by ! ,dakota 8prie/0 9 ! c]emonies p]ta9+ to ! ,:ite ,buffalo fe/ival ( ! ,hunkpapa1 z relat$ by ,miss ,flet*]3 9 plac+ *]ries on ! plate1 9 p\r+ wat] on ! piles ( *]ries1 9 plac+ tufts ( swan's d[n on ! plate#bhh1 9 rotat+ ! plate1 9 circl+ ! heap ( black e>?#bhi1 & 9 giv+ ! f\r p9*es ( consecrat$ meat to ! f\r sons ( ! own] ( ! :ite buffalo hide4#bij #cfh4 ,! ,tciu old man ( ! ,osage tribe consecrat$ ea* my/ic he>? by plac+ f\r /icks 9 ! =m ( a cross1 beg9n+ at ! we/1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aif1 !n lay+ ! /icks at ! nor?1 ea/1 & s\?1 z he nam$ ! f\r my/ic buffaloes 7 #cc74 ,?is ,tsiu man belong$ to ! peace side ( 8 tribe1 & he began ) ! qu>t]s ref]r+ to ! peace elem5ts4 ,b ! ,paka old man ( ! same tribe1 :5 he consecrat$ ! my/ic fireplaces = 8 half-tribe1 began on ! "r1 ) ! /ick at ! ea/1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aig4 ,he belong$ to ! w> side ( ! tribe1 ?\gh 8 g5s 0 a peace-mak+ g5s6 #cfi4 ,! ,mayika & pa g5tes ( ! ,kansa tribe consecrat$ ! my/ic fireplaces = _! p2 b we h n obta9$ ! p>ticul>s ( ! ,kansa c]emony1 :i* probably resembl$ t 9 :i* ! ,tsiu & ,paka old m5 took "p4 ,accord+ to ,two ,cr[s & ! late ,joseph ,la ,fl*e1 !re 7 f\r sacr$ /ones 9 ! cu/ody ( ! ,maika-gaxe or ,e>?-lodge-mak]s' g5s ( ! ,omaha3 r$1 black1 yell[1 & blue4#bia #cgj4 ,:5ev] ! ,osage w>riors came 9 sight ( _! village on return+ f an exp$ition aga9/ ! enemy1 !y 7 met outside ! village by ! pr9cipal man ( ! ,kase 7! ,w9d or ,s\? w9d g5s47 ,?is ,kase man walk$ ar\nd ! w>riors1 p]=m+ a c]emony z he />t$ f ! nor?1 repeat+ x at ea* qu>t]1 & end+ ) ! ea/1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aih4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aig4--,paka 7,osage7 ord] ( plac+ ! f\r /icks1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aih4--,kase 7,osage7 ord] ( circumambulation4 #cga4 ,assum+ t we h a correct gr\p+ ( ! f\r elem5ts 9 ,fig4 #aid1 x appe>s t ,pahale-gaqli & ,alikawahu began ) ! qu>t]s associat$ ) w>2 t ! ,tsiu old man began ) ^? ref]r+ to peace1 & ! ,paka old man ) ^? p]ta9+ to w>1 & ! pr9cipal man ( ! ,kase g5s ) ^? on ! peace side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aii4--,%[+ h[ ! ,osage prep>$ ! scalp = ! dance4 #cgb4 ,9 cutt+ (f ! "u sk9 f a scalp1 ! ,osage w> capta9-- /ood fac+ ! ,ea/ 99 99 99 ,hold+ ! scalp 9 "o h&1 ) ! o!r he plac$ ! knife-blade across x1 ) ! po9t t[>d ! ,s\? 7see ,fig4 #aii74 ,!n he turn$ ! knife ) ! po9t t[>d ! ,ea/4 ,next1 ) ! blade re/+ on ! scalp1 ! po9t to ! ,s\?1 he mov$ ! knife backw>d & =w>d f\r times1 cutt+ deep] into ! scalp on ea* occasion4 ,!n he made f\r simil> cuts1 b ) ! po9t to ! ,ea/4 ,aft] ?is1 ! flat "p ( ! blade be+ on ! scalp1 its edge 0 put aga9/ "o ( ! f\r corn]s made by ! previ\s incisions 7#a1 #b1 #c1 & #d71 beg9n+ ) ,no4 #a4 ,he cut "u ea* corn] f\r times1 s++ a sacr$ song ea* "t t he *ang$ ! position ( ! knife4 99 99 99 ,! scalp 0 /ret*$ & fa/5$ to a b[1 :i* 0 b5t & =m$ into a hoop4 ,?is hoop 0 ti$ to a pole1 :i* 0 c>ri$ by ! pr9cipal kettle-be>]4#bib ,obs]ve t 9 ?is c]emony ! ,s\? & ,ea/ 7 ! my/ic qu>t]s1 answ]+ to ! 8bad w9ds0 ( ! ,ike-sab tradition4 ,:5 ! ,dakota 8prie/10 ref]r$ to 9 #cfg1 wi%$ to rotate ! plate conta9+ ! *]ries & d[n1 he grasp$ ! plate ) 8 "r h& 7note t ! "r side ( ! ,osage circle 0 ! w> side7 betwe5 ! ea/ & s\? piles ( *]ries & 8 left h& 7comp>e ) cu/om ( ,tsiu g5s ( ,osage1 #cfh7 held ! plate betwe5 ! we/ & nor? piles4#bic ,9 ! ,h$e-watci1 ! ,omaha wom5 & girls danc$ f ! ea/ to ! s\?1 & !nce to ! we/ & nor?1 :ile ! m5 & boys proce$$ 9 a diff]5t ord]1 beg9n+ at ! we/1 & danc+ t[>d ! nor?1 & !nce t[>d ! ea/ & s\?4#bid ,,symbolic ,,colors4 #cgc4 ,on ! t5t ( ,hupea 7,pl4 ,,xliv1 ,e71 a black be> man1 7 repres5t$ f\r k9ds ( lightn+--blue1 r$1 black1 & yell[4 ,?is 0 a my/]y decoration 7 #de71 & if ! colors 7 associat$ ) ! f\r qu>t]s1 ! p[]s 7 probably invok$ 9 ! ord] %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjj4 7,see #cdj1 #cfi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjj4--,omaha lightn+s & ! f\r qu>t]s4 #cgd4 ,blue is assum$ to be ! e>? symbol = two reasons3 7#a7 ,9 ! decorations ( ^? :o h _h visions ( be>s1 !re is a broad blue b&1 repres5t+ ! e>?1 out ( :i* ! be> is sometimes depict$ z issu+2 7#b7 &1 fur!rmore1 ! ,indians seldom di/+ui% betwe5 blue & gre51 h5ce1 blue may symbolize grass & o!r vegetation1 spr++ f ! e>?4 ,9 app>5t contradiction ( ?is use ( blue1 we are told by ,lynd t 8! ,tunkan is pa9t$ r$ z a sign ( active wor%ip0 7see #acb71 & by ,riggs 7 #acc7 t l>ge b[ld]s 7 adorn$ ) r$ & gre5 pa9t1 ?\gh ! use ( ! two colors may h dep5d$ on a composite cult4 ,9 ?is connection att5tion is call$ to ! battle /&>ds repres5t$ on ! t5t ( ejequta1 an ,omaha4 ,^! pa9t$ /&>ds _h r$ & blue /ripes1 d5ot+ ! /ripes ( ,indian clo?1 sometimes us$ in/ead ( fea!rs on ! real /&>ds4 ,! latt] 7 c>ri$ by ! lead]s ( w> p>ties1 & ea* /&>d c\ld be us$ on f\r su* exp$itions4 ,:5 ! w>riors approa*$ ! ho/ile camp1 ! keep] ( ! /&>d remov$ ! sc>f ( blue & r$ clo? f ! %aft & wore x ar\nd 8 neck z he w5t to /eal horses 7see ,pl4 ,,xliv1 ,a1 ! "n ,b[ld] ,?und]-be+ 9 #cij1 also #chh74 #cge4 ,r$ is kn[n to be ! ,omaha color = ! ea/4 ,among ! ,dakota ! spe> & tomahawk1 ! weapons ( w>1 7 said to h be5 giv5 by ! ,wak9yan1 ! ,?und]-be+ or ,fire p[]2 h5ce !y are pa9t$ r$ 7 #aje74 ,! late ,dr4 ,s4 ,r4 ,riggs in=ms u t-- ,9 ! tiyotipi 7 plac$ ! bundles ( ! black & r$ /icks ( ! soldi]s4#bie ,t[>d ! re> ( ! t5t1 b ne> en\gh to ! fire = conv5i5t use1 is a l>ge pipe plac$ by ! symbols ( p[]4 ,^! are two bundles ( %av$ /icks ab\t #f in*es long4 ,! /icks 9 "o bundle are pa9t$ black & 9 ! o!r r$4 ,! black bundle repres5ts ! real m5 ( ! camp--^? :o h made _! m>k on ! w>pa?4 ,! r$ bundle repres5ts ! boys & su* m5 z we> no eagle fea!rs4#bif ,!y %ave out small r\nd /icks all ( ! same l5g?1 & pa9t !m r$1 & !y are giv5 out to ! m54 ,^! are to con/itute ! tiyotipi4 99 99 99 ,( all ! r\nd %av$ /icks1 "s ( :i* 7 pa9t$ black & "s pa9t$ r$1 f\r 7 especially m>k$4 ,!y are ! f\r *iefs ( ! tiyotipi t 7 made4#big #cgf4 ,black is assum$ to be ! symbolic color = ! ,takukankan1 ! ,w9d-mak]s1 ^: s]vants are ! f\r w9ds & ! f\r black spirits ( night4 ,black z a w> color is put on ! face#bih ( ! w>rior4 ,! ,santee ,dakota consid] ! rav5 7a black bird7 & a small black /one1 less ?an a h5's egg 9 size1 symbols ( ! f\r w9ds or qu>t]s4 ,among ! ,teton ,dakota1 ! ,takukankan symbols1 are small pebbles ( two k9ds1 "o :ite1 &1 accord+ to ! description1 transluc5t2 ! o!r 8resembles ord9>y pebbles10 probably 9 be+ opaque4 #cgg4 ,yell[ is assum$ to be ! color symboliz+ wat]1 ! we/1 & ! sett+ sun4 ,! ,dakota1 ,omaha1 ,ponka1 & iw]e tribes h be5 famili> = ye>s ) ! color ( ! wat] 9 ! ,miss\ri riv]4 ,9 a ,yankton ,dakota leg5d#bii record$ by ! au?or x is said t :5 two my/]y m5 prep>$ !mselves to visit a _s ( ! wat] 9 ord] to recov] an ,indian boy1 "o ( ! m5 pa9t$ 8 entire body black1 & ! o!r pa9t$ himself yell[ 7?is seems to ref] to ! s\? & we/1 ! w9dmak]s & ! spirits ( ! wat]s74 ,9 c]ta9 ,omaha t5t decorations we f9d t ! t5t ( a ,turtle man 7,fig4 #afa7 has a yell[ gr\nd4 ,a simil> yell[ gr\nd on ! t5t ( ,matcu-naba ( ! ,haga g5s 7,fig4 #agd7 may be connect$ ) ! tradition t ! ,haga g5s came orig9ally f b5ea? ! wat]4 ,too mu* /ress1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be plac$ ^u ! colors ( su* my/]y decorations1 z !y may be f\nd h]eaft] to h _h ano!r orig94 ,x is conceivable1 al?\gh we h no means ( prov+ x1 t he :o _h a vision1 depict$ on 8 robe & t5t n only ! colors p]ta9+ to ! objects se5 9 ! vision1 b also ! color peculi> to ! eponymic ance/or or p[] t 0 ! 8nikie0 7 #ec74 ,z "s m5 7 memb]s ( m ?an "o ord] ( %amans1 _! t5t & robe decorations may ref] to ! "o ord] r ?an to ! o!r1 & sometimes !re may be a ref]5ce to bo? ord]s4 ,! yell[ on ! top ( ! t5t ( ,frog1 an ,ictas&a man1 0 said to ref] to a grizzly be> vision 7fide ,george ,mill]1 an ,omaha--see ,fig4 #agg47 ,b :5 we comp>e x ) ,pl4 ,,xliv1 ,d1 %[+ ! t5t ( a ,haga man1 :o 0 a ,buffalo %aman z well z a ,grizzly ,be> %aman1 we f9d t ! top ( ! latt] t5t has a yell[ b& 7app>5tly po9t+ to ! ,haga tradition ( an aquatic orig971 z well z a blue b& at ! bottom 7ref]r+ to ! grizzly be> vision74 #cgh4 ,f :at has be5 said respect+ ! figures #aid-aii1 we are l$ to make ! foll[+ provisional cord9ations3 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,dakota god4 ,elem5t4 ,qu>t]4 ,color4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,tunkan ,e>? ,nor? ,blue ,wak9yan ,fire ,ea/ ,r$ ,takukankan ,w9d-mak]s ,s\? ,black ,unktei ,wat] ,we/ ,yell[ ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,note4--,! names ( ! ,dakota gods are giv5 because we h m in=mation ab\t !m1 & ! exact ,omaha equival5t = ,takukankan has n be5 obta9$4 #cgi4 ,miss ,flet*] gave1 9 #ahhd1 a li/ ( symbolic colors1 :i* diff]s some:at f t :i* ! au?or has sugge/$ 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,%e said3 ,:ite1 blue1 r$1 & yell[ possess diff]5t mean+1 yet are n v cle>ly det]m9$ by all tribes4#cjj ,among ! ,dakotas ! foll[+ int]pretation prevails3 ,:ite is seldom us$ artificially2 :5 x occurs 9 nature1 z ! :ite buffalo1 de]1 rabbit1 etc41 & on ! plumage ( birds1 x indicates consecration4 ,! sacr$ fea!rs & d[n are always :ite1#cja ! =m] be+ tak5 f ! und]p>t ( ! eagle's w+ & are s(t & d[ny4 ,?is mean+ ( :ite holds good ) ! ,omahas1 ,poncas1 etc41 & seems to h a wide application among ! ,indians4 ,blue repres5ts ! w9ds1 ! we/1 ! moon1 ! wat]1 ! ?und]1 & sometimes ! lightn+4 99 99 99 ,r$ indicates ! sun1 ! /one1 ! =ms ( animal & vegetable life1 ! procreative =ce4 ,yell[ repres5ts sunlight z di/+ui%$ f ! fructify+ p[] ( ! sun4#cjb ,! au?or has nev] obs]v$ ?is use ( :ite z a symbolic color4 ,9 speak+ ( alb9o animals1 we inf] t to ! ,si\an m9d !y are consecrat$ because !y are r>e4 ,9 fact1 ,miss ,flet*] says3 ,! :ite buffalo is r>e & g5]ally rema9s ne> ! c5t] ( ! h]d1 :i* makes x difficult ( approa*4 ,x is !re=e consid]$ z ! *ief or sacr$ "o ( ! h]d2 & x is consequ5tly greatly priz$ by ! ,indians4#cjc ,:ile ! au?or is conv9c$ ( ! great value ( ,miss ,flet*]'s inve/igations1 he inquires conc]n+ ! v]acity ( h] int]pret]s4 ,he w\ld l to see m detail$ evid5ce be=e he accepts z ! ,dakota classification "o :i* puts 9 ! same category n only ! w9ds & ?und]1 b also ! wat]1 ! we/1 & ! moon4 ,he also asks :y %\ld ! moon be sep>at$ f ! sun 7see #ach71 & :y %\ld ! we/ be ! only qu>t] symboliz$ by a color8 ,besides1 ! ,dakota %amans say t ! ,?und]-be+s are ( f\r colors1 black1 yell[1 sc>let1 & blue 7see #aaf74 ,9 response to ! wi% ( ! au?or1 ,miss ,flet*] has k9dly furni%$ him ) ! foll[+ lett] ( explanation1 receiv$ aft] ! re/ ( ! pap] _h be5 writt53 ,consecration z appli$ to ! color :ite 9 ! article y h quot$ ne$s a few words ( explanation4 ,! almo/ univ]sal appropriation ( :ite animals to religi\s c]emonies is unque/ionable2 :e!r ?is selection re/s :olly ^u ! r>ity ( ?is color is a little d\btful4 ,! unusual is g5]ally wakan2 ?is feel+1 h[ev]1 is n conf9$ to a color1 & al?\gh ! :ite buffalo & ! :ite de] are n (t5 met )1 o!r :ite animals1 z ! rabbit1 are n uncommon1 nor are :ite fea!rs4 ,x is true ^! :ite fea!rs are (t5 color$ = c]emonial uses1 b ! add$ colors h _! p>ticul> mean+s1 & ^! d n seem to ov]ride ! primal signification t ! fea!rs select$ to be> ^! symbolic colors are :ite4 ,! natural sugge/ion t a :ite gr\nd w\ld be/ s]ve to set (f ! add$ l9es may h be5 9 ! di/ant pa/ ! simple reason :y :ite fea!rs 7 *os52 & ?is *oice adh]$ to = g5]ations w\ld at la/ become clo!d ) a my/]i\s significance4 ,if ?is 7 ev] true1 ?is reason = *oos+ :ite fea!rs is n recogniz$ to-day4 ,i h be5 frequ5tly told1 ! fea!rs mu/ be :ite4 ,:ile ,i %\ld n[ hesitate to say t :ite symbolizes consecration1 /ill1 aft] cont9u$ /udy1 ,i f9d ! idea cl++ ab\t ! color1 :i*1 z ,i said !n1 is seldom artificially us$4 ,v>i\s symbolic colors are n infrequ5tly plac$ ^u "o object1 s t ! comb9+ ( symbols1#cjd or ev5 _! occasional ex*ange1 does n seem discordant to ! ,indian m9d2 ?is fact among o!rs r5d]s x difficult to draw a h>d & fa/ l9e ab\t any "o color or symbol4 ,fur!r rese>* has %[n me t gre5 & blue & black are relat$ & t to a degree gre5 & blue are int]*angeable4 ,blue is reg>d$ z a d>k5$ gre52 t is1 gre5 remov$ f ! light1 n deep5$ 9 hue4 ,blue1 !re=e1 /&s int]m$iate betwe5 gre5 :i* has ! light on x2 & blue %ad$ into black1 :i* has no light on x4 ,9 "s c]emonies gre5 typifies ! e>?2 9 o!rs blue is ! symbol4 ,! sky is sometimes repres5t$ by gre51 & aga9 blue is us$1 :ile blue d>k5$ to black /&s = ! de/ructive elem5ts ( ! air4 ,i h f\nd a subtle connection betwe5 ! elem5ts ( e>? & air t answ]s some:at to ! bl5d+ ( ! symbolic colors j spok5 (4 ,?is connection is reveal$ 9 ! reciprocal or complem5t>y functions ( g5tes belong+ to ^! two great divisions repres5t$ 9 ! tribal /ructure1 z well z 9 ! reaction>y "* ( ! elem5ts !mselves z portray$ 9 ! my?s & typifi$ 9 "s c]emonies4 ,= in/ance1 ! eagle my?ically belongs to ! air1 & is alli$ to ! de/ructive p[]s ( ! elem5t & to w>s ^u ! e>?1 yet ! ,eagle g5s1 al?\gh connect$ ) ! air division ( ! g5tes1 is 9 "s tribes a peace g5s4 ,an enemy escap+ to ! t5t ( an ,eagle man is safe & _c be mole/$4 ,9 symbols eagle fea!rs are n only ! pride & emblem ( ! w>rior b !y are ess5tial 9 c]ta9 c]emonies ( amity & peace-mak+4 ,a /udy ( ! position ( g5tes belong+ to ! divisions ( e>? & air1 _! tribal & c]emonial duties1 toge!r ) _! my?ological significance1 %[s l9es connect+ ! g5tes ( ! e>? ) ! g5tes ( ! air :i* are v]tical1 s to speak1 & might be repres5t$ z runn+ nor? & s\? on ! tribal circle1 & indicat+ m$iat+ (fices z betwe5 cont5d+ or opposite =ces4 ,x w\ld occupy too mu* space to fully set =? my reasons = ?9k+ blue-black to be ! symbol ( ! ?und] r ?an r$ & yell[4 ,al?\gh ?und] is alli$ to ! f\r qu>t]s1 to ! f\r elem5tal divisions & p>takes ( _! symbolism1 /ill a /udy ( ?und] my?s1 ?und]-names1 & ! tribal (fices ( ?und] g5tes seems to me1 at my pres5t und]/&+ ( !m1 to indicate ! blue-black z ! p]si/5t symbol4 ,i w\ld n at ?is date make any unqualifi$ /atem5t giv+ gre51 blue1 or black z ! symbol ( ! we/1 ! wat]1 or ! moon2 & al?\gh 9 "s in/ances ^! colors occur 9 connection ) ^! objects ( rev]5ce1 ,i am n[ incl9$ to class ^! z incid5tal r ?an z repres5tative ( ! color symbols4 ,"o ^w reg>d+ r$ & yell[4 ,r$ n only repres5ts ! sun & ! procreative =ces 7yet black is sometimes us$ 9 ! latt]71 b ! color c>ries ) x ! idea ( hope1 ! cont9uation ( life4 ,! dawn ( ! day1 ! ea/1 is almo/ )\t exception 9 ^! tribes d5ot$ by r$4 ,?is r$ l9e1 =ceful1 aggressive1 yet life giv+ & hope-inspir+1 />ts f a w> division ( ! tribal circle & fades into yell[ z x passes into an opposite peace division 9 ! we/4 ,r$ & yell[ be> to ea* o!r a relation some:at resembl+ t ( blue & black1 only rev]s$2 ! r$ loses its int5sity 9 yell[1 ! aggressive =ce symboliz$ 9 ! r$ is n express$ 9 ! yell[4 ,if ! ,indian's _w 7 ar*$ ) 8 symbolic colors1 we %\ld see a brilliant b& ( r$ />t f ! ea/ & fade to yell[ 9 ! we/2 :ile ! gre5-blue l9e f ! nor? w\ld deep5 to ! black ( ! s\?4 ,9 ! fir/ ! int5se color w\ld ru% f w> into ! mild light ( peace2 ! second bright hue w\ld spr+ f peace to be lo/ 9 ! d>kness ( w>4 ,?us ! two hold ! tribe )9 ! oppos+ yet complem5t>y =ces :i* con/itute ! my/]y ( ! relation betwe5 life & dea?4 ,i w n g fur!r into ?is int]e/+ subject nor rev]t to ! revolution ( ^! symbolic colors z ?r[+ light on tribal migrations & hi/ory4 ,?ank+ y = ?is opportunity to modify "s ( my /atem5ts writt5 n9e ye>s ago1 ,i rema91 cordially y\rs1 ,,alice ,c4 ,,flet*]4 ,,peabody ,,museum1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,janu>y #c1 #ahia4 ,9 ! ,^w ,c>ri] ( ,novemb]1 #ahij1 publi%$ by ,a4 ,l4 ,riggs1 at ,santee ,ag5cy1 ,nebr41 is an article on page #cj1 f ,m>y ,c4 ,coll9s1 :o is evid5tly "o ( ! mission work]s4 ,%e says3 8,i w5t into ! sacr$ t5t & talk$ ) ,sitt+ ,bull4 ,he sat 99 99 99 opposite ! t5t door4 ,h&s & wri/s 7 pa9t$ yell[ & gre52 face pa9t$ r$1 gre51 & :ite40 7,did ! f\r colors ref] to ! elem5ts87 8,z ,i />t$ t[>d him he said1 #8,w9ona1#cje approa* me on ! left side & %ake my left h& ) y\r left h&4'0 7,does ! g5s ( ,sitt+ ,bull camp on ! left side ( ! tribal circle1 occasion+ ! use ( ! left 9 all c]emonies1 z among ! ,tsiu g5tes ( ! ,osage8 ,or is ! left ! w> side among ! p ( ,sitt+ ,bull1 z among ! ,kansa8 ,see #cc & #cfh47 #chj4 ,! foll[+ are ! symbolic colors ( ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,*]okee1 ! ,ojibwa1 ! ,navajo1 ! ,apa*e1 ! ,zui1 & ! ,aztec3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,ojibwa4 ,navajo4 ,qu>t]1 ,*]okee4 ------------------------------------- etc4 a b c d e ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ea/ ,r$1 #a4 ,:ite4 ,r$4 ,:ite1 #a4 ,yell[4 ,s\? ,:ite1 #d4 ,gre54 ,gre54 ,blue1 #b4 ,r$4 ,we/ ,black1 #h4 ,r$4 ,:ite4 ,yell[1 #c4 ,blue4 ,nor? ,blue1 #b4 ,black4 ,black4 ,black1 #d4 ,:ite4 ,upp]world 444 444 444 ,blue4 444 ,l[]world 444 444 444 ,:ite & 444 black 9 spots4 ,sunlight 444 444 444 ,r$4 444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- a ,mooney1 9 ,j\r4 ,am4 ,folklore1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #h1 ,jan4-,m>41 #ahij1 pp4 #di1 #ej4 b ,h(fman1 9 ,am4 ,an?ropologi/1 ,july1 #ahhi1 pp4 #bag1 #bah2 f ,sicosige1 a second-degree ,mide ( ,:ite ,e>?1 ,m9n4 c ,h(fman1 9 ibid41 p4 #bah2 f ,ojibwa1 a f\r?-degree ,mide1 f ano!r locality4 d ,mat!ws1 9 #e? ,an4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?41 p4 #ddi4 e ,mall]y1 f ,?os4 ,v4 ,keam's catalogue ( relics ( ! anci5t build+s ( ! s\?we/ table-l&s--quot$ 9 ,trans4 ,an?rop4 ,soc4 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #ada1 #ahhe4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,apa*e4 ,qu>t]1 ------------------- ,zui4 ,aztec4 etc4 f g h i ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,ea/ ,black4 ,yell[4 ,:ite1 #d4 ,yell[4 ,s\? ,:ite4 ,gre5 ,r$1 #c4 ,:ite4 or ,blue4 ,we/ ,yell[4 ,black4 ,blue1 #b4 ,blue4 ,nor? ,blue4 ,:ite4 ,yell[1 #a4 ,r$4 ,upp]world 444 444 ,all colors1 #e4 ,l[]world 444 444 ,black1 #f4 ,sunlight 444 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ----------- f ,gats*et1 on ,*iricahua ,apa*e sun circle1 9 ,trans4 ,an?rop4 ,soc4 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #adg1 #ahhe4 g ,capt4 ,j4 ,g4 ,b\rke1 9 a lett] to ! au?or1 ,dec4 #d1 #ahij4 ,9 ,nov41 #ahhe1 he obta9$ f a ,san ,c>los 7,p9al7 ,apa*e gre5 z ! color = ! nor?4 h ,mrs4 ,m4 ,c4 ,/ev5son1 9 #e? ,an4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?41 p4 #edh4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,j4 ,walt] ,f[kes ! ,hopi or ,moki h a simil> ord] ( colors1 ! we/ hav+ gre5 7or blue74 i ,k+sbor\gh1 ,antiquities ( ,mexico1 ,vol4 ,,vii 7fide ,capt4 ,j4 ,g4 ,b\rke74 ,accord+ to ,gats*et ! ,*iricahua ,apa*e call ! sun1 :5 9 ! ea/1 8! black sun10 & a tornado or gu/ ( w9d also is call$ 8black40 7,see #cgh47 ,mat!ws says t 9 r>e cases :ite is assign$ to ! nor? & black to ! ea/1 & t black repres5ts ! male & blue ! female among ! ,navajo4 7,see #aje ( ?is pap]47 #cha4 ,! au?or calls special att5tion to ! colors ( ! f\r sacr$ /ones ( ! ,omaha ,wolf g5s1 r$1 black1 yell[1 & blue i4 e41 ,e41 ,s41 ,w41 ,n42 7see #cfi71 & to ^? on ! t5t ( an ,omaha ,black ,be> man 7see #cgc1 & ,,pl4 ,,xliv1 ,e1 :]e ! colors are giv5 9 ! ord] ,n41 ,e41 ,s41 ,w474 ,he has n yet ga9$ ! colors = ! upp] & l[] worlds1 ?\gh ! ,omaha (f] ! pipe to ! 8v5]able man sitt+ above0 & to ! 8v5]able man bel[ ly+ on 8 back40 7 #bg47 ,9 ! tradition ( ! ,tsiu wactae g5s ( ! ,osage !re is an acc\nt ( ! f9d+ ( f\r k9ds ( rocks1 black1 blue or gre51 r$1 & :ite4 ,& f ! left h9d legs ( f\r buffalo bulls !re dropp$ to ! gr\nd f\r e>s ( corn & f\r pumpk9s4#cjf ,! corn & pumpk9 f ! fir/ buffalo 7 r$1 ^? f ! second 7 spott$1 ^? f ! ?ird 7 cape1 i4e41 d>k or di/ant-black1 & ^? f ! f\r? 7 :ite4 ,gre51 black1 :ite1 & gray are ! traditional colors ( ! ance/ral wolves1 accord+ to ! ,wolf p ( ! ,w9nebago1 ?\gh = 8gre50 we may sub/itute 8blue10 z ! correspond+ "n = ! fir/ son 9 t g5s is ,blue ,sky4 ,among ! p]sonal names 9 ! ,?und]-be+ subg5s ( ! ,w9nebago are ! f\r color names1 ,gre5 ,?und]-be+1 ,black ,?und]-be+1 ,:ite ,?und]-be+1 & ,yell[ ,?und]-be+ 7in/ead ( ,gray74 ,james ,alex&]1 a memb] ( ! ,wolf g5s1 said t ^! f\r ,?und]-be+ names did n ref] to ! f\r qu>t]s4 ,?is seems probable1 unless :ite be ! ,w9nebago color = ! ea/ & gray or yell[ t = ! we/4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahic1 m ?an two ye>s aft] ! prec$+ s5t5ce 0 writt51 a ,w9nebago told ! au?or t among 8 p :ite 0 associat$ ) ! nor?1 r$ ) ! we/1 & gre5 ) ! s\?4 ,( ^! he 0 c]ta94 ,he ?\ght t blue 0 ! color = ! ea/1 b he 0 n positive ab\t x4 ,,colors ,,9 ,,p]sonal ,,names4 #chb4 ,! foll[+ %[s ! color comb9ations 9 a li/ ( =ty-six objects tak5 f ! c5sus s*$ules ( ! ,dakota1 ,hidatsa1 & ,m&an tribes 7,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus ( #ahhj71 ! li/s ( ,dakota names giv5 9 ! ,f\r? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 pp4 #age1 #agg-ahj1 & ! li/ ( ,w9nebago names collect$ by ! au?or4 ,blue or gre51 7*iefly blue71 #bf2 r$1 #be2 black1 #ca2 yell[1 #cj2 sc>let1 #ch2 :ite1 #cg2 gray1 #ah2 sa or di/ant-:ite 7:iti%71 #d2 ru/y-yell[ or br[n 7i71 #ah2 spott$1 #ag2 & /rip$1 #h4 ,objects comb9$ ) two colors1 #g2 ) ?ree colors1 #g2 ) f\r colors1 #d2 ) five colors1 #e2 ) six colors1 #e2 ) sev5 colors1 #f2 ) eight colors1 #f2 ) n9e colors1 #e2 ) t5 colors1 #a2 ) all elev5 colors1 none4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ! li/s consult$ did n conta9 all ! p]sonal names ( ! ,si\an tribes :i* h be5 m5tion$1 & t x is probable !re w\ld be f\nd m color comb9ations if all ! c5sus s*$ules 7 accessible4 ,we c n say :e!r ea* ( ! colors 7includ+ spott$ & /rip$7 has a my/ic significance 9 ! ,si\an m9d4 ,p]haps fur!r /udy may %[ t r$ 7a7 & sc>let 7duta1 luta7 h ! same symbolic mean+1 & ru/y-yell[ 7i7 may be an equival5t ( yell[ 7zi74 ,,! ,,e>? ,,p[]s4 #chc4 ,! ,tunkan or b[ld]1 ! ,dakota "n = ! ,e>? p[]s1 is also call$ ! ,l+am by ,riggs 7 #acb71 z if connect$ ) a phallic cult 7 #afd1 etc474 ,! ,e>? p[]s 7,tunkan7 & ! ,w9d-mak]s 7,takukankan7 are said by ! ,dakota to h a common symbol2 b is n ! symbol ( ! ,takukankan a pebble 7 #cgf78 ,9 ! ,kansa w> *>t 7see #abg7 does ! l>ge 7r$7 rock ref] to ! ,e>? p[]s8 ,& does ! small rock ref] to ! ,w9d-mak]s8 ,! ,e>? p[]s & ! ,w9d-mak]s seem to be associat$ 9 "s degree3 7a7 ,9 ! use ( ! rock symbol 7if ! ,takukankan symbol be a true rock71 & 7b7 9 ! use1 among ! ,omaha1 ( eagle bir? names 9 ! social divisions call$ 8,keep]s ( ! pipes40 ,?is latt] re/s ^u ! assumption t ! ,ike-sab is a buffalo g5s :i* %\ld be reg>d$ z hav+ "s connection ) ! ,e>? cult4 ,:5 ! ,omaha *iefs assembl$ 9 c\ncil ! two sacr$ pipes 7 fill$ by ! ,ictas&a keep] 7a memb] ( a ,fire & ,wat] g5s72 b !y 7 c>ri$ ar\nd ! c\ncil lodge by ! ,ike-sab & e-pa-x#8aj keep]s4 ,! ,ike-sab keep] />t$ ar\nd ! lodge ) "o ( ! pipes2 :5 he _h gone halfway 7i4e41 z f> z ! entrance7 ! e-pa-x#8aj keep] />t$ f ! back ( ! lodge ) ! o!r pipe1 tak+ c>e to keep beh9d ! ,ike-sab keep] j half ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle4#cjg ,! e-pa-x#8aj man belong$ to ! ,eagle or ,w9d-mak]s subg5s & ! ,ike-sab man to "o t we t]m provisionally an ,e>? g5s4 7,see ,fig4 #aid47 ,! ,ike-sab1 x is true1 h a tradition t !y came orig9ally f ! wat]2 b ! buffalo is specially associat$ ) ! e>?4 ,among ! ,dakota ! buffalo & ! e>? are reg>d$ z "o4 7 #bci47 ,,e>? ,,g5tes4 ,! ,e>? g5tes1 z f> z we c judge1 are z foll[s3 ,ike-sab & ,haga 7871 two ,buffalo g5tes1 & ! ,wasabe-hit#8aj1 a ,black be> subg5s1 among ! ,omaha2 ! ,wacabe & ,maka 7,buffalo g5tes17 among ! ,ponka2 ! ,mayika 7,e>?7 & ,wasabe 7,black be>71 ( ! ,kansa2 ! ,e>? & ,black be> ( ! ,osage2 ,black be>1 & p]haps ,wolf1 among ! ,i[a & ,oto2 ,black be>1 ( ! ,miss\ri2 & ,black be> & ,wolf ( ! ,w9nebago4 ,! ,black be> p ( ! ,w9nebago 7 ! only m5 ( t tribe :o en=c$ discipl9e 9 "t ( w> & act$ z policem5 :5 !re 0 peace4 ,! tradition ( ! ,w9nebago ,wolf g5s names f\r bro!rs t 7 creat$4 ,! fir/ 0 gre5 sic & 0 nam$ ,blue ,sky 7ref]r+ to day74 ,! second 0 black1 & 8 "n ref]r$ to night4 ,! ?ird 0 :ite & ! f\r? 0 gray4 ,! gre51 black1 & :ite wolves h rema9$ 9 _! subt]ranean abodes4 ,!y are nev] se5 by mank9d4 ,! gray wolf 0 ! ance/or ( all ! wolves :i* are se5 above gr\nd4 7,see #ij47 ,^! f\r colors are evid5tly symbolic2 b ! au?or has n yet le>n$ :e!r !y h any ref]5ce to ! f\r qu>t]s4 7,see #ge47 ,,! ,,fire ,,p[]s4 #chd4 ,among ^! 7 ! ,?und]-be+s & ! ,sun4 ,! =m] 7 usually consid]$ malefic5t p[]s1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,sun1 ! b5efic5t ,fire p[]2 b occasionally ! ,?und]-be+s 7 address$ z 8gr&fa!rs10 :o c\ld be induc$ to gratify ! wi%es ( ! suppliants by grant+ !m success 9 w> 7 #ce1 #cf74 ,x 0 probably ) ref]5ce to ! ,sun t ! ,ea/ 0 consid]$ ! s\rce ( light & life1 ! ,we/ be+ associat$ ) ! tak+ ( life 9 ! *ase or on ! w> pa? 7see #bh74 ,r$ among ! ,omaha is ! color symbol ( ! ,ea/1 b r$ is also symbolic ( w>4 ,! 8fire pa9t0 among ! ,tsiu g5tes ( ! ,osage tribe is r$4 ,x is appli$ :5 ! fire pray]s are said4 ,r$ is a w> color among ! ,dakota1 ,omaha1 ,kansa1 & ,osage4 ,! ,tsiu cri] receiv$ 9 8 left h& a knife ) ! h&le pa9t$ r$4 ,! ,haa cri] receiv$ 9 8 "r h& a hat*et ) ! h&le r$d5$4 ,on ! dea? ( a comrade ! surviv+ ,osage remov$ ! b>k f a po/ oak1 say1 ab\t #e feet f ! gr\nd1 pa9t$ ! blaz$ tree r$1 broke f\r arr[s & left !m & "s pa9t by ! tree4#cjh ,:5ev] ! au?or saw ,pahale-gaqli1 "o ( ! w> *iefs ( ! ,kansa1 he notic$ t ! man's face 0 pa9t$ r$ all ov]4 ,9 ! middle ( ! w> *>t ( ,pahale-gaqli 0 a fire symbol2 b ! *ief fe>$ to repres5t x 9 ! copy :i* he made = ! au?or4 ,x probably consi/$ ( ! f\r firebr&s plac$ at "r angles & meet+ at a common c5t]4 ,! ,omaha mu/ h _h su* a symbol at "o "t 7see #cc74 ,! ,osage _h x1 accord+ to _! tradition 7see #dj1 #cfe74 ,! successful w>riors among ! ,omaha c\ld r$d5 _! weapons :5 !y jo9$ 9 ! dance4#cji ,! ,dakota give ! foll[+ z ! s5t9els = ! ,wak9yan3 ,! de] at ! nor?1 ! butt]fly at ! ea/1 ! beav] at ! s\?1 & ! be> at ! we/ 7 #aaf74 ,if ^! 7 arrang$ to con=m to ! ord] ( ,fig4 #aid ! be> w\ld be at ! nor?1 ! beav] at ! we/1 ! de] at ! ea/1 & ! butt]fly at ! s\?4 ,b !re may be a special ord] ( gr\p+ ! s]vants ( ea* class ( p[]s diff]+ f ! ord] ( ! f\r p[]s !mselves4 ,! ,dakota wakan m5 say t ! ,wak9yan are ( f\r colors1 black1 yell[1 sc>let1 & blue 7 #aaf74 ,! ,?und] m5 ( ! ,omaha leg5d _h hair ( diff]5t colors1 ! fir/ hav+ :ite hair1 ! second r$1 ! ?ird yell[1 & ! f\r? gre5 hair4#caj ,,fire ,,g5tes4 ,! foll[+ appe> to be ! ,fire g5tes3 ,?und]-be+ p ( ! ,omaha tribe1 ,elk g5s1 ,small-bird subg5s1 ,de]1 & ,ictas&a 7,reptile & ,?und]-be+7 g5tes2 ! ,hisada & ,black be> g5tes ( ! ,ponka2 ! ,l or ,gray hawk p 7also call$ ,?und]-be+ p7 ( ! ,kansa tribe1 ) :om are associat$ ! ,de] & ,buffalo g5tes 9 ! s++ ( ! ,?und] songs 7 #cf72 ! ,k#caa or ,?und]-be+ g5s1 on ! ,tsiu1 ,buffalo1 or ,peace side ( ! ,osage tribe 76671 p]haps ! ,tcexia1 a bird g5s ( ! ,i[a tribe2 "p ( ! ,tcexia g5s ( ! ,oto & ,miss\ri tribes2 & ! ,wakatc> or ,?und]-be+ subg5s ( ! ,w9nebago4 ,f\r ,?und]-be+s 7 invok$ by ! ,ictas&a g5s 7 #ce73 igize-mai1 iaba-tige1 iaba-gi-na1 & ,gaagigeda4 ,0 ea* ( ^! suppos$ to dwell at "o ( ! f\r qu>t]s8 ,among ! ,osage & ,kansa tribes !re is a g5s kn[n z ! ,mi k'i 7f mi1 ! sun1 & k'i1 to c>ry a load on ! back71 r5d]$ 8,sun ,c>ri]s40 ,"s ( ! ,osage insi/$ t ?is "n ref]r$ to ! buffalo in/ead ( ! sun1 z t animal c>ries a robe or pl5ty ( hair on 8 back2 & !y ma9ta9$ t ! ,mi k'i 0 a buffalo g5s4 ,t !re is "s connection 9 ! ,indian m9d betwe5 ! sun & ! buffalo is %[n 9 ! sun dance1 9 :i* ! figure ( a buffalo bull 7 #afd7 & buffalo skulls 7 #adg1 #agc1 #agf1 #agg1 #aha1 & #aih1 & ,pl4 ,,xlviii7 play important p>ts4 ,,! ,,w9d-,,mak]s4 #che4 ,! ,takukankan ( ! ,dakotas has be5 describ$ 9 a previ\s *apt] 7 #abg-aca74 ,! ,omaha tribe has ! ord] ( ! ,i-kugi or ! transluc5t /one1 9 :i* ord] ! ,w9d-mak]s 7 probably invok$4 ,! ,tsiu old man address$ ! f\r w9ds & z _m my/ic buffaloes :5 he laid d[n ! f\r firebr&s4 ,& at a simil> c]emony ! old man ( ! ,paka g5s address$ ! f\r w9ds & z _m my/ic de] 7 #cc74 ,! ,omaha evid5tly _h a pray]1 8,ho1 ye f\r firebr&s t meet at a common po9t60 7 #dj47 ,) ?is !re may h be5 addresses to ! w9ds4 ,f\r firebr&s 7 us$ 9 a ,w9nebago c]emony 7 #hd74 ,! ,ike-sab 7,omaha7 belief z to ! f\r w9ds has be5 relat$ 9 #cff4cab ,! w9ds & ! sun 7 associat$ 9 ! c]emony ( rais+ ! sun pole1 judg+ f :at ,bu%ott] has writt5 7 #afg74 ,!re 0 also "s connection 9 ! ,dakota m9d betwe5 ! w9ds & ! buffalo4 ,comp>e ! figure ( ! w9ds on a buffalo skull z describ$ by ,miss ,flet*]#cac 9 h] acc\nt ( ! sun dance4 ,,w9d ,,g5tes4 ,! foll[+ social divisions are assign$ to ?is category3 ,! ,kaze1 or ,w9d p1 & ! e-pa-x#8aj1 ,t\*-n-a-buffalo-skull1 or ,eagle p1 ( ! ,omaha tribe2 ! ixida & ,nikapana g5tes ( ! ,ponka2 ! ,kaze 7,w9d or ,s\? ,w9d-p71 ,qya 7,:ite eagle71 ,gho/1 & p]haps ! ,l>ge ,haga 7,black eagle71 among ! ,kansa2 ! ,kase 7also call$ ! ,w9d & ,s\? ,w9d p71 & p]haps ! ,haa utaanse 7,black eagle7 g5s ( ! ,osage2 ! ,pigeon & ,buffalo g5tes ( ! ,i[a & ,oto tribes2 ! ,hawk & ,momi 7,small bird7 subg5tes ( ! ,miss\ri tribe2 ! ,eagle & ,pigeon1 & p]haps ! ,hawk subg5s ( ! ,w9nebago ,bird g5s4 ,,ea* ,,qu>t] ,,reckon$ ,,z ,,?ree4 ,ea* w9d or qu>t] is reckon$ z ?ree by ! ,dakota#cad & presumably by ! ,osage 7see #db71 mak+ ! f\r qu>t]s equal to twelve4 ,c !re be any ref]5ce "h to a belief 9 ?ree worlds1 ! "o 9 :i* we live1 an upp] _w1 & a _w b5ea? ?is "o8 ,or 7 ! w9ds divid$ into ?ree classes1 ^? close to ! gr\nd1 ^? 9 mid air1 & ^? v high 9 ! air8 ,! ,kansa seem to make "s su* di/9ction1 judg+ f ! names ( ! divisions ( ! ,kaze or ,w9d g5s ( t tribe4 ,,names ,,ref]r+ ,,to ,,o!r ,,worlds4 ,ref]5ces to a _w suppos$ to be above t "o 9 :i* we dwell occur 9 "s ( ! p]sonal names ( ! ,dakota1 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus li/ ( #ahhj4 ,!re we f9d su* names z1 ,wolf ,up-above1 ,hawk ,up-above1 ,grizzly-be> ,up-above1 & ,buffalo-bull ,up-above4 ,grizzly-be> ,up-above %\ld be tak5 9 connection ) ! tradition ( ! ,black-be> p ( ! ,osage tribe4 ,^! p tell h[ _! ance/ors desc5d$ f ! upp] _w1 br++ fire4#cae ,! tradition ( ! ,wolf p ( ! ,w9nebago tribe tells ( ! creation ( _! ance/ors z wolves 9 a subt]ranean _w1 & ( a belief t _m wolves rema9 !re /ill4 ,! ,w9nebago h1 too1 ! "n1 ,second ,e>? ,p]son1 ref]r+ to a waktceqi or wat]mon/]1 z ! waktceqi are suppos$ to dwell 9 ! _w b5ea? ?is "o4 ,!y call ?is _w ,! ,fir/ ,_w1 & ! subt]ranean "o ,! ,second ,_w4 ,,! ,,wat] ,,p[]s4 #chf4 ,! ,unktei ( ! ,dakota answ]s to ! ,wak&agi ( ! ,omaha & ,ponka1 & ! ,waktceqi ( ! ,w9nebago4 ,"o ( ! ,omaha my?s relates to a ,wak&agi ) sev5 heads4 ,! ,waktceqi h ! ,loon z a s]vant1 & 9 ?is respect !y resemble ! tyrant ,u-twa-e ( ! iw]e my?4 ,! "n utwae is n[ giv5 to ! muskrat4 ,! male ,wat] p[]s inhabit /reams1 & ! females dwell "u ! gr\nd1 presumably 9 subt]ranean /reams4 ,accord+ to ,w9nebago belief1 !y support ! weight ( ! hills4 ,"s ( ! ,omaha ?\ght t ^! p[]s dwelt "u ! hills 7 #gg1 #ajg74 ,! mon/]s suppos$ to inhabit bogs 7 probably a species ( wat] spirits 7 #bed74 ,/reams 7 invok$ z 8,wak&a0 by ! ,omaha 7 #bc74 ,?\gh ! natural habitat ( ! buffalo is ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ! ,dakota believe ! animal to be ( subt]ranean orig91 he is ( subaquatic orig9 accord+ to ! traditions ( ! ,ike-sab & ,haga g5tes ( ! ,omaha4#caf ,b no traces ( su* a belief h be5 f\nd among ! buffalo g5tes ( cognate tribes4 8,"o day1 :5 ! pr9cipal man ( ! p n kn[n z ! ,waigije subg5s ( ! ,ike-sab1 0 fa/+ & pray+ to ! sun-god1#cag he saw ! gho/ ( a buffalo1 visible f ! flank up1 aris+ f a spr+40#cah ,,wat] ,,p4 ,! ,wat] p among ! ,omaha are ! ,turtle subg5s1 p>ts 7if n all7 ( ! ,ike-sab & ,haga 7,buffalo7 g5tes1 & p]haps a "p ( ! ,ictas&a g5s4 ,^? among ! ,ponka h n yet be5 asc]ta9$2 b !y may be ! ,wajaje & "p ( ! ,hisada4 ,among ! ,kansa !y are ! ,turtle p4 ,9 ! ,osage tribe are ! ,turtle ,c>ri]s1 ,ke ats 7said to be a turtle1 b probably a ,wat]-mon/]71 ,fi%1 ,beav]1 &1 p]haps1 ! ,tsewae or ,pond ,lily p4 ,among ! ,i[a & ,oto are ! ,beav] g5tes4 ,& ! ,w9nebago h ! ,wat]-mon/] g5s4 ,,cautions ,,& ,,qu]ies4 #chg4 ,!re are _m g5tes & subg5tes :i* c n be assign$ to any ( ! f\r categories ( elem5tal p[]s = want ( evid5ce4 ,x is unsafe to argue t1 because two buffalo g5tes ( ! ,omaha claim a subaquatic orig91 all buffalo g5tes %\ld be reg>d$ z ,wat] p4 ,c]ta9 cautions %\ld be kept 9 m9d4 #chh4 ,! p[] ( ea* ( ! f\r classes ( elem5tal gods ext5ds beyond its special elem5t4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,unktei1 :o rules 9 ! wat]1 has = 8 s]vants or allies1 ! black owl 9 ! =e/ 7,qu]y3 ,has ?is any connection ) ! fire or ?und]871 eagles 9 ! air1 & s]p5ts 9 ! e>?4 ,& ! ,?und]-be+s h z _! s]vants1 ! be>1 ^: abode is 9 ! gr\nd1 ! beav]1 :o is associat$ ) ! wat]1 ! butt]fly1 :o lives 9 ! air2 & ! de]4 #chi4 ,! s]vants ( a class ( elem5tal gods d n necess>ily belong to t elem5t :i* ^? gods regulate4 ,?us1 ! ,black be> p ( ! ,omaha1 an e>? p1 assi/ ! ,elk p 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,?und]2 & among ! ,kansa1 ! ,buffalo p p]=m a simil> s]vice = ! ,l or ,?und]-be+ p 7 #ce1 #cf74 ,^? :o belong to ! same phratry1 belong to ! same social division2 b :ile !y 8s+ ! my/]y songs toge!r10 !y ne$ n be assign$ to ! same elem5tal category4 #cij4 ,z ! ord] ( ,?und] %amans is compos$ ( ^? :o h _h dreams or visions ( ! sun1 moon1 />s1 ,?und]-be+s1 or "s o!r sup]t]re/ial objects or ph5om5a1 may n all sup]t]re/ial be+s1 includ+ ^? ( ! 8upp] _w10 be reg>d$ z ,?und]-be+s by ! ,indians8 7,see #de & ! ,?und]-be+ names 9 #cic47 ,t is to say1 may n ! eagles1 & o!r birds ( ! 8upp] _w0 be ,eagle ,?und]-be+s1 ,cr[ ,?und]-be+s1 etc41 ?\gh _! special elem5t is n ! fire b ! 8w9d-mak]s10 & ! grizzly be>s :o reside "u gr\nd 9 t upp] _w1 h giv5 rise to ! p]sonal "n1 ,grizzly-be> ,?und]-be+8 ,if ?is be correct1 !n ,b[ld] ,?und]-be+ may ref] to a b[ld] 9 ! upp] _w1 unless ! supposition respect+ composite names 79 #cib7 be true4 #cia4 ,! foll[+ appe>s at fir/ sight to be ! prop] classification ( ! subg5tes ( a ,bird g5s 9 a few ( ! ,si\an tribes3 ,?und]-bird1 ,eagle1 ,hawk1 & ,pigeon4 ,b a /udy ( p]sonal names has l$ to a modification ( ?is gr\p+3 = we f9d su* names z ,eagle ,?und]-be+1 ,hawk ,?und]-be+1 & ,pigeon ,?und]-be+1 z di/+ui%$ f ord9>y eagles1 hawks1 & pigeons4 ,h5ce1 we may f9d on fur!r /udy t 9 "s tribes !re are eagle1 hawk1 & pigeon names = g5tes & subg5tes ^: patron gods are ,?und]-be+s4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,l g5s ( ! ,kansa tribe has two names = itself1 ,l$a nikaciga1 ,gray hawk ,p1 & ,l nikaciga1 ,?und]-be+ ,p4 ,,composite ,,names4 #cib4 ,!re are o!r composite names1 mo/ ( :i* are f\nd 9 ! c5sus li/s ( ! ,dakota tribes1 ^: g5tes are said to h no animal names1 & a few h be5 obta9$ f ! p]sonal "n li/s ( ! ,omaha1 ,ponka1 & ,kansa1 & ! c5sus li/s ( ! ,m&an1 & ,hidatsa1 t give animal names to "s or all ( _! g5tes4 ,9 ! ,w9nebago "n li/ no su* p]sonal names h be5 f\nd1 ?\gh t p has animal names = its g5tes4 ,ea* ( ^! composite names may ref] to a vision ( a composite be+1 :o 0 subsequ5tly reg>d$ z ! gu>dian _s ( ! p]son :o _h ! dream or vision4 ,or ! be>] ( su* a "n may h _h a dream or vision ( two di/9ct p[]s4 ,9 ! pictograph ( su* a "n1 ! p[]s 7or symbols ( ! two p[]s7 repres5t$ 9 ! "n are jo9$ 7see #cgd74 #cic4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( composite names :i* may be f\nd to symbolize ! f\r elem5ts4 ,! elem5ts are designat$ by _! respective abbreviations3 ,e = e>?1 ,f = fire2 ,a = air1 & ,w = wat]4 ,! int]rogation m>k aft] any "n d5otes a provisional or conjectural assignm5t4 ,turtle ,grizzly-be> 7,w ,e74 ,grizzly-be> ,small-bird 7,e ,a74 ,cl\d ,grizzly-be> 7,f8 ,e74 ,grizzly-be> ,buffalo-bull 7,e 874 ,fire ,grizzly-be> 7,f ,e74 ,sun ,grizzly-be> 7,f ,e74 ,gho/ ,grizzly-be> 78 ,e74 ,grizzly-be> ,weasel1 giv5 z 8,weasel ,be>0 9 #d? ,an4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?41 ,pl4 ,,lxix1 ,no4 #agd4 ,iron ,grizzly-be> 78,iron0 is g5]ally d5ot$ by blue 9 ! ,dakota pictographs4 ,see #ajg47 ,bald-eagle ,grizzly-be> 7,a8 ,e74 ,%ield ,grizzly-be>4 7,! %ield is on ! be>'s side1 #d? ,e?41 ,pl4 ,,lxiii1 ,no4 #fb47 ,cr[ ,grizzly-be>4 ,:irlw9d ,grizzly-be>4 7,! :irlw9d prec$es 9 ! pictograph1 #d? ,e?41 ,pl4 ,,lviii1 ,no4 #gg47 ,hawk ,?und]-be+4 ,pigeon ,?und]-be+4 7,a iw]e "n--n yet f\nd 9 ,dakota47 ,buffalo-bull ,?und]-be+4 ,grizzly-be> ,?und]-be+ 7,e ,f74 ,fire ,?und]-be+ 7,f ,f74 ,elk ,?und]-be+4 ,pipe ,?und]-be+4 7#d? ,e?41 ,pl4 ,,lxxi1 ,no4 #agi1 a w+$ pipe47 ,cl\d ,?und]-be+4 ,horse ,?und]-be+4 ,iron ,?und]-be+4 7,see #ajg47 ,e>? ,?und]-be+ 7,e ,f47 ,black-,bird ,eagle4 ,eagle ,hawk4 7#d? ,e?41 ,pl4 ,,lvi1 ,no4 #ec47 ,eagle ,small-bird4 7#d? ,e?41 ,pl4 ,,lxvi1 ,no4 #aaf47 ,grizzly-be> ,eagle4 7#d? ,e?41 ,pl4 ,,lxix1 ,no4 #agj2 a be> ) an eagle's tail47 ,horse ,eagle4 7#d? ,e?41 ,pl4 ,,lxviii1 ,no4 #aec2 horse body & eagle's tail47 ,dog ,eagle4 7#d? ,e?41 ,pl4 ,,lii1 ,no4 #i2 dog ) eagle's tail47 ,eagle ,swall[4 7#d? ,e?41 ,pl4 ,,lxxix1 ,no4 #bhb2 eagle ) =k$ tail ( a swall[74 ,cl\d ,eagle4 ,iron ,de]4 ,cl\d ,dog4 ,buffalo-bull ,small-bird4 ,m\nta9 ,buffalo-bull4 ,cr[ ,buffalo-bull4 ,buffalo-bull ,dog4 ,cl\d ,buffalo-bull4 ,buffalo-bull ,man 7i4 e41 ,indian74 ,buffalo-bull ,gho/4 ,/one ,buffalo-bull4 ,buffalo-bull ,buffalo-c[ 7! only "n 9 :i* bo? sexes are giv574 ,iron ,buffalo-bull4 7,see #ajg47 ,buffalo-bull ,w9d4 ,buffalo-c[ ,eagle4 ,iron ,buffalo4 7,n4 ,b4--,x is unc]ta9 to :i* elem5t ! buffalo %\ld be assign$4 ,he seems to be associat$ ) all ( !m47 ,sun-dog 7,f8 ,e874 ,eagle ,?und]-,be+ 7,a8 ,f74 ,elk ,eagle4 7#d? ,e?41 ,pl4 ,,lxx1 ,no4 #agh2 an elk's horns & eagle's tail47 ,sun ,eagle 7,f ,a74 ,/> ,eagle 7,f8 ,a74 ,/one ,eagle 7,e8 ,a74 ,iron ,eagle4 ,cr[ ,eagle4 ,owl ,eagle4 ,weasel ,eagle4 ,grizzly-be> ,hawk4 ,fire ,hawk4 ,sc>let ,hawk ,:irlw9d4 ,hawk ,gho/4 ,iron ,hawk4 7#d? ,e?41 ,pl4 ,,lvi1 ,no4 #dg2 ! hawk is blue47 ,iron ,wolf4 ,wolf ,gho/4 ,fire ,w9d 7,f ,a74 ,fire ,lightn+4 ,iron ,lightn+4 ,iron ,/>4 ,iron ,boy4 7#d? ,e?41 ,pl4 ,,lviii1 ,no4 #ha2 a boy pa9t$ blue47 ,iron ,cr[4 7#d? ,e?41 ,pl4 ,,lvi1 ,no4 #dg2 a cr[ pa9t$ blue47 ,cr[ ,gho/4 ,iron ,elk4 ,female-elk ,boy4 7#d? ,e?41 ,pl4 ,,lvii1 ,no4 #ff2 ! head & %\ld]s ( a boy jo9$ to a female elk47 ,iron ,dog4 ,dog ,gho/4 ,b[ld] ,?und]-,be+ 7,e ,f74 ,iron ,:irlw9d4 ,iron ,beav]4 ,small-bird ,beav]4 ,iron ,owl4 ,cl\d ,hail4 ,iron ,cl\d4 ,fire ,cl\d4 ,iron ,w9d4 ,/one ,gho/4 ,cl\d ,black-be>4 ,h]maphrodite ,gho/767 ,iron ,k+fi%]4 ,cl\d ,horse4 ,iron ,horse4 ,lightn+ ,horse4 ,e>? 7or ,gr\nd7 ,horse4 ,w9d ,horse4 ,fire ,horse4 ,black-bird ,horse4 ,small-bird ,man 7or1 ,indian2 #d? ,e?41 ,pl4 ,,liv1 ,no4 #bh2 bird's head & w+s on a man's body74 ,dog ,rattlesnake4 ,!re are sev]al 8,waiun0 names3 ,cl\d ,waiun1 ,fire ,waiun1 ,night ,waiun1 & ,iron ,waiun4 ,! la/ "o has = its pictograph a man ) a hat1 i4 e41 a :ite man1 & c h>dly h any my/ic significance4 ,! "n1 ,waiun1 orig9ally meant 8gu>dian _s10 b x is n[ appli$ to :ite p 7 #abb74 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! pictographs1 we c n tell :e!r ,cl\d ,waiun1 ,fire ,waiun1 & ,night ,waiun ref] to gu>dian spirits 79 :i* case !y are my/ic names connect$ ) cults7 or to :ite m54 ,mo/ ( ! above names are tak5 f ! ,dakota c5sus li/s4 ,! iw]e li/s furni% only two composite names ( ?is "*3 ,iron ,hawk ,female1 & ,pigeon ,?und]-be+4 ,! ,kansa li/ has ,moon ,hawk & ,moon ,hawk ,female1 ! latt] "n1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,omaha & ,ponka li/1 sugge/+ ! ,egyptian figure ( a woman's body ) a hawk's head1 surm\nt$ by a cresc5t moon4 ,horse ,eagle appe>s to be a sort ( ,pegasus4 ,buffalo-bull ,eagle may ref] to ! my? ( ! ,orphan & ! ,buffalo-woman1 9 :i* we le>n t ! ,buffalo p asc5d$ ?r\gh ! air to ! upp] _w4#cai ,,p]sonal ,,names ,,f ,,horn$ ,,be+s4 #cid4 ,! ,dakota li/s h sev]al names ( horn$ be+s1 z foll[s3 ,horn$ ,grizzly-be>1 ,horn$ ,horse 7#d? ,e?41 ,pl4 ,,liv1 ,no4 #bi1 & ,pl4 ,,lxxi1 ,no4 #aic71 ,horn$ ,dog1 ,horn$ ,eagle1 ,gray ,horn$ ,?und]-,be+1 ,horn$ ,de]1 ,black ,horn$ ,boy1 & ,snake ,horn4 ,no attempt to expla9 ^! names has be5 made4 ,among ! ,w9nebago1 ! foll[+ names ref] to wat] mon/]s1 & belong to ! ,waktceqi or ,wat]-mon/] g5s3 ,horn on "o side 7equival5t to ! ,dakota1 ,he-sania71 ,horns on bo? sides1 ,two ,horns1 ,f\r ,horns1 & ,five ,horns4 ,! ,w9nebago li/ has ! "n ,f\r ,wom5 79 "o71 ) :i* comp>e :at has be5 said ab\t ! ,d\ble-,woman 7 #bea74 ,,names ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,sev]al ,,homog5e\s ,,objects ,,or ,,be+s4 ,an exam9ation ( ! p]sonal "n li/s reveals su* names z ,fir/ or ,"o ,grizzly-be>1 ,two ,grizzly-be>s1 ,?ree ,grizzly-be>s1 ,f\r ,grizzly-be>s1 ,_m ,grizzly-be>s2 ,"o ,pa?1 ,two ,pa?s1 ,f\r ,pa?s ,female1 ,_m ,pa?s2 ,"o ,cl\d1 ,two ,cl\ds1 ,?ree ,cl\ds1 ,_m ,cl\ds2 ,"o ,cr[1 ,two ,cr[s1 ,?ree ,cr[s1 ,f\r ,cr[s1 ,_m ,cr[s4 ,! au?or suspects t ^! names & _m o!rs ( a simil> "* are symbolic ( ! f\r qu>t]s & ( ! upp] & l[] worlds1 & t ! ,indian :o 0 nam$ aft] ! l>g] numb] ( my/ic objects enjoy$ ! protection ( m spirits ?an did he ^: "n ref]r$ to ! small] numb]4 ,?is accords ) ! ,*]okee notion describ$ by ,mr4 ,mooney 9 8 article on ! ,*]okee !ory & practice ( m$ic9e3#cbj ,! %aman is repres5t$ z call+ fir/ on ! ,r$ ,hawk f ! ea/1 !n on ! ,blue ,hawk 9 ! nor?1 ! two hawks accompli%+ m by work+ toge!r4 ,/ill m is effect$ :5 ! ,black ,hawk f ! we/ jo9s !m1 & a complete victory is won :5 ! ,:ite ,hawk f ! s\? jo9s ! o!rs4 ,comp>e ) ?is ! ,osage op9ion t ! man :o c\ld %[ sev5 /icks 7repres5t+ sev5 brave or g5]\s de$s7 0 ( m importance ?an he :o c\ld %[ only six /icks4 ,,return ,,( ,,! ,,_s ,,to ,,! ,,eponym4 #cie4 ,9 two ( ! buffalo g5tes ( ! ,omaha 7! ,ike-sab & ,haga7 !re is a belief t ! spirits ( deceas$ memb]s ( ^? g5tes return to ! buffaloes4 ,does ! abode ( ! disembodi$ _s diff] 9 ! g5tes accord+ to ! nature ( ! eponymic ance/or8 ,= in/ance1 is !re a belief among ! ,elk p t _! spirits at dea? return to ! ance/ral ,elk8 ,,functions ,,( ,,g5tes ,,& ,,subg5tes4 #cif4 ,9 sev]al tribes !re seems to h be5 a division ( labor among ! g5tes & subg5tes1 t is1 ea* social division ( ! tribe _h its special religi\s duties4 ,9 ! ,omaha tribe we f9d ! foll[+3 ! ,elk g5s regulat$ w>2 x kept ! w> t5t1 w> pipes1 & ! bag conta9+ poisons2 x invok$ ! ,?und]-be+1 :o 0 suppos$ to be ! god ( w>1 & x s5t out ! sc\ts4 ,! ,ike-sab & ,haga g5tes 7 ! lead+ peace g5tes2 !y regulat$ ! buffalo hunt & ! cultivation ( ! soil4 ,! ,haga g5s _h ! control ( ! peace pipes1 & a memb] ( t g5s light$ ! pipes on all c]emonial occasions except at ! "t ( ! ano9t+ ( ! sacr$ pole4#cba ,! ,ike-sab g5s kept ! peace pipes1 & a memb] ( t g5s act$ z cri] on _m occasions1 ! o!r cri] be+ a memb] ( ! ,kaze or ,w9d g5s4 ,an ,ictas&a man usually fill$ & empti$ ! pipes2 b a ,haga man fill$ !m :5 ! sacr$ pole 0 ano9t$4 ,! e-pa-x#8aj keep] ( a sacr$ pipe really kept in/ead ! sacr$ tobacco p\* & buffalo skull4 ,! ,ike-sab & e-pa-x#8aj keep]s c>ri$ ! two pipes ar\nd ! circle ( *iefs4 ,! ,black be> p aid$ ! ,elk p 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,?und]-be+ 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>4 #cig4 ,! foll[+ division ( labor exi/$ 9 ! ,ponka tribe3 ,! ,wasabe-hit#8aj & ,hisada g5tes l$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,?und]-be+4 ,! ixida & ,nikapana g5tes l$ 9 w>4 ,! ,wacabe1 ,maka1 & ,nuqe1 all buffalo g5tes1 regulat$ ! buffalo hunt4 ,! ,wajaje 7,reptile p7 ) :om us$ to be ! ,necta or ,owl p1 appe> to h be5 s]vants ( ! subaquatic p[]s4 #cih4 ,9 ! ,kansa tribe we f9d t ! ,e>? ,lodge & ,elk g5tes consecrat$ ! my/ic fireplaces :5ev] a new village 0 e/abli%$2 t ! ,e>? ,lodge p consecrat$ ! corn1 & regulat$ ! buffalo hunt z well z f>m+2 t ! ,elk p direct$ ! attack on ! buffalo h]d2 t ! ,gho/ p ann\nc$ all dea?s2 t ! two ,haga g5tes l$ 9 w> & 9 m\rn+ = ! dead2 t ! ,tciju wactage 0 a peace-mak+ g5s2 t a memb] ( ! ,de] g5s 0 ! cri] = ! tribe2 t ! memb] ( ! ,l or ,?und]-be+ g5s c\ld n take "p 9 ! waqpele gaxe4 7 #bh7 & mu/ rema9 9 ! re> ( ! o!r w>riors on su* an occasion2 & t ! ,w9d p1 :o _h to pit* _! t5ts 9 ! re> ( ! o!r g5tes _h a c]emony :i* !y p]=m$ :5ev] !re 0 a blizz>d 7 #ee74 #cii4 ,9 ! au?or's acc\nt ( ,osage w> cu/oms he relates ! foll[+ incid5ts3 ,on ! fir/ day ( prep>ation = ! w>pa? ! ,black be> p br+ will[s & k9dle a fire outside ! w> t5t4 ,on ! same day "s o!r ,haa p deposit bran*es ( dri$ will[ 9 "s place out ( sight ( ! w> t5t1 & ! uqe m5 7"p ( ! ,buffalo-bull g5s7 br+ 9 ^? bran*es4 ,on ! next day m5 ( ! ,night g5s 7a sort ( ,black be> p7 set ! will[ bran*es on fire1 & !y & ! ,eld] ,osage p say pray]s4 ,aft] ?is !re is a /ruggle to secure pieces ( ! *>coal4 ,an ,elk man & a ,kase man act z cri]s4 ,on ! ?ird day an ,osage man br+s 9 ! sacr$ bag = ! ,haa or ,waae m\rn] 7! g5s ( ea* man is n specifi$1 b bo? m5 belong to ! "r or w> side ( ! tribe71 & a ,s9sae man br+s 9 a l bag = ! m\rn] belong+ to ! ,tsiu or peace side ( ! tribe4 ,on ! f\r? day a woman ( a ,buffalo g5s on ! "r or ,haa side ( ! tribe lays d[n two /rips ( buffalo hide s t ! w>riors may take ! fir/ /ep on ! w>pa?4 ,aft] ! w>riors />t1 a uqe man is tak5 ahead ( !m 9 ord] to p]=m "s c]emony :i* has n be5 record$4 ,on ! return ( ! w> p>ty ! w>riors are met outside ( ! village by an old man ( ! ,kase or ,w9d g5s4 ,he p]=ms c]ta9 c]emonies z he walks ar\nd ! p>ty 7beg9n+ at ! nor? & end+ at ! ea/71 & !n he tells !m :e!r !y c ent] ! village4 ,! clo?+ ( ! return+ w>riors becomes ! prop]ty ( ! old ,kase man & 8 att5dant4 ,! ,kase g5s ( ! ,osage tribe is call$ ! ,ipats#81 because x devolves on a memb] ( t g5s to fill ! peace pipes4 ,! correspond+ g5s ( ! ,kaze tribe is call$ ,ibatc#8 or ,haga-jiga4 ,,! 8,,messiah ,,craze40 #djj4 ,s9ce ! pres5t article 0 begun !re has aris5 ! s-call$ 8,messiah craze0 among ! ,dakota & o!r tribes ( ,indians4 ,! au?or does n feel compet5t to describe ?is new =m ( ,indian religion1 b he suspects t "s features ( x are ei!r willful or accid5tal p]v]sions ( ! tea*+s ( ! mission>ies4 99 99 99 99 99 #dja4 ,9 pres5t+ ?is /udy ( ,si\an cults to ! sci5tific _w ! au?or has a pa9ful s5se ( its incomplet5ess1 b he hopes t ! facts "h fragm5t>ily collat$ may prove helpful to future inve/igators4 ,! inf]5ces1 provisional assumptions1 & sugge/ive qu]ies 9 ?is *apt] are n publi%$ z f9al results4 ,ev5 %\ld any ( !m prove to be errone\s ! au?or's labor w n be 9 va91 = ?r\gh ! correction ( 8 mi/akes additional in=mation w be collect$1 t5d+ to ! atta9m5t ( ! tru?1 :i* %\ld be ! aim ( all mank9d4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bgg3 ,rev4 ,s4 ,d4 ,peet1 on ! tradition ( aborig9es ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ,j\r4 ,vict4 ,in/41 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #bbi-bdg4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,ibid41 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,ibid41 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,om4 ,soc41 #c;d ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #acf1 #acg4 ,footnote #bha3 ,ibid41 #ai1 #ba1 #ca1 #ig1 etc4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,see ,am4 ,naturali/1 ,july1 #ahhe1 pp4 #fgc1 #fgd1 ,figs4 #c & #d4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,! read] is caution$ aga9/ suppos+ t 8air0 z us$ 9 ?is section is employ$ 9 ! sci5tific s5se1 because ! ,indians 7 ignorant ( ! nature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,!y di/+ui% betwe5 ! 8,some?+-t-moves0 7:i* we t]m ! 8,w9d-mak]10 8,w9d-mak]s0 9 ! plural7 & ! w9ds1 & !y also _h di/9ct names = ! cl\ds & 8upp] _w40 ,!y also _h special names = ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s 7,dakota1 tatuye topa2 egiha1 tade ui dubaha74 ,footnote #bhd3 ,see #cc :]e !re is an acc\nt ( ! invocation ( ! w9ds at ! consecration ( ! fireplaces4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,! ,omaha ,buffalo ,m$ic9e-,m51 9 ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,folk-lore1 ,no4 ,x1 p4 #bai1 & note4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve 9 ?is connection t ! ,director ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 9 an address entitl$ 8,outl9es ( ! philosophy ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians40 ,new ,york1 #ahgg1 7p4 #aj71 spoke ( 8! god ( ! s\?1 ^: brea? is ! w9ds40 ,footnote #bhg3 ,am4 ,naturali/1 ,july1 #ahhe1 p4 #fgf4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,an4 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bfg4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,ibid1 p4 #bfh4 ,footnote #bij3 ,ibid1 pp4 #bgb1 #bgc4 ,footnote #bia3 ,om4 ,soc41 #c;d ,an4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 p4 #bdb4 ,footnote #bib3 ,osage ,w> ,cu/oms1 9 ,am4 ,naturali/1 ,feb41 #ahhd1 pp4 #aca1 #acb4 ,footnote #bic3 ,! we/ & nor? are suppos$ to be ! peace qu>t]s1 & ! ea/ & s\? ! w> qu>t]s4 ,see ,fig4 #aid & #cgh4 ,footnote #bid3 ,om4 ,soc41 p4 #bii4 ,footnote #bie3 ,contr4 to ,n4 ,a4 ,e?nol41 vol4 ,,ix1 ,dakota ,gramm>1 ,texts1 & ,e?nography1 p4 #aic4 ,footnote #bif3 ,ibid41 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #big3 ,f ,r5ville's acc\nt ( ! tiyotipi1 9 ibid41 pp4 #bjj1 #bjb4 ,footnote #bih3 ,om4 ,soc41 p4 #cag4 ,osage ,w> ,cu/oms1 pp4 #aah1 #aai1 #abd1 #aca4 ,footnote #bii3 ,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?nol41 vol4 ,,vi1 ,! egiha ,language1 p4 #cge4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,! au?or accepts ?is )\t hesitation4 ,footnote #cja3 ,yet ^! fea!rs & d[n are (t5 color$3 see #aab1 #aaf1 #acb1 #bci1 #bdb1 & #bfc4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,an4 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bhe1 note #aj4 ,writt5 9 #ahhb4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,an4 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bfj4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,z x 0 cu/om>y = g5tes ( ! same phratry to ex*ange p]sonal names1 a 7,kansa7 ,de] "n1 = in/ance1 be+ giv5 to a 7,kansa7 ,buffalo man1 & vice v]sa1 ! au?or ?9ks t an ex*ange ( symbolic colors might be expect$4 ,comp>e :at ,mat!ws tells ab\t ! ex*ange ( :ite & black among ! ,navajo1 9 #chj4 ,footnote #cje3 ,w9ona1 "n ( ! fir/ *ild if a daught]1 n 8fir/ daught]40 ,footnote #cjf3 ,osage ,traditions1 9 #f? ,an4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 p4 #cgi4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,om4 ,soc41 9 #c;d ,an4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 pp4 #bbc1 #bbd4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,osage w> cu/oms1 9 ,am4 ,naturali/1 ,feb41 #ahhd1 pp4 #aah1 #abf1 #acb4 ,footnote #cji3 ,om4 ,soc41 9 #c;d ,an4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 pp4 #cbi1 #ccj4 ,footnote #caj3 ,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #caa3 ,a ,kansa say+3 ,l1 ,tc$ga1 ,taqtci aba cki wanaxe k9ukiye1 abe au1 ,!y say t ! ,?und]-be+1 ,buffalo1 & ,de] g5tes cause a gho/ to 8k9u10 ref]r+ to "s effect on a gho/ :i* c n be expla9$4 ,footnote #cab3 ,om4 ,soc41 9 #c;d ,an4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 p4 #bbi4 ,footnote #cac3 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci4 ,proc41 ,vol4 #ca1 p4 #ehc4 ,see1 too1 ,an4 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bfb1 l9es #ae-ah4 ,footnote #cad3 ,comp>e ,an4 ,rept4 ,peabody ,museum1 ,vol4 #c1 p4 #bhi1 note #a4 ,footnote #cae3 ,osage ,w> ,cu/oms1 9 ,am]4 ,naturali/1 ,feb4 #ahhd1 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #caf3 ,om4 ,soc41 9 #c;d4 ,an4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 pp4 #bbi1 #bcc4 ,footnote #cag3 ,symboliz+ ! fire4 ,footnote #cah3 ,?is seems to po9t to a subaquatic orig94 ,see ,om4 ,soc41 p4 #bca4 ,footnote #cai3 ,contr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?n41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #adb1 #adf4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,j\r4 ,am4 ,folk-lore1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 ,,viii1 pp4 #di1 #ej4 ,footnote #cba3 ,om4 ,soc41 9 #c;d ,an4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 pp4 #bbb1 #bbc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,9 ! ,indian language z pres5t$ "h1 z 9 ,engli%1 !re are hyph5at$ words4 ,9 ! orig9al1 "s hyph5s occurr$ at ! end ( a l9e4 ,e4g41 9 #bh41 !re appe>s ! ^w #8gayakiy-' at ! end ( a l9e1 foll[$ on ! next l9e by #8da'4 ,9 cases l ?is1 :]e x is n possible to det]m9e by look+ at simil> words :e!r ! ^w conta9$ a hyph5 or 0 simply split ov] two l9es1 ! hyph5 has be5 reta9$ & a note has be5 add$4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 diacritical m>ks h be5 correct$ :5 !re is an ov]:elm+ majority ( examples ( a giv5 ^w hav+ ! same m>ks1 z 9 ! case ( 8,uuita0 :i* appe>s ?ree times ) a dot "u ! 8c0 & once )\t1 & left z is o!rwise4 ,! same is true = inconsi/5cies 9 spell+4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation h be5 reta9$4 ,obvi\s mi/akes 9 punctuation h be5 correct$4 ,mo/ ( ! sections 9 ! orig9al />t$ ) a section sign 77 foll[$ by a space foll[$ by ! section numb]4 ,a few 7 miss+ ! space2 ! space has be5 put 9 all sections1 = consi/5cy4 ,"s ( ! illu/rations _h explanatory text bo? above & bel[ ! image2 t is depict$ "h l ?is3 ,illu/ration3 ,text :i* 0 above ! image 8image0 ,text :i* 0 bel[ ! image ,9 ,footnote #d !re is a ref]5ce to :at mu/ be 8,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion0 by ,&rew ,lang2 ! orig9al has 8,my?4 ,ritual1 & ,religion04 ,on p4 #cgf !re is a quotation />t+ 8,on "o occasion4440 ,because ( injudici\s use ( quotation m>ks1 x is impossible to tell :]e ! quotation ends4 ,on p4 #cge1 ! quotation ( ,samuel ,fremont ab\t ! ^w 8abicude0 is n clos$2 x _c be det]m9$ :e!r he spoke "o s5t5ce or two4 ,9 footnote #bg !re is a m>k aft] ! #8k' 9 ! ?ird ^w4 ,x may be an acc5t m>k or x may be ! clos+ s+le quote us$ to describe an 8explod$ k0 z describ$ 9 #c4 ,x does n look mu* l ei!r4 ,b z !re are no o!r in/ances ( an acc5t m>k aft] a #8k' 9 ! book1 x has arbitr>ily be5 made a clos+ s+le quote4 ,on p4 #chd1 ! 8,translation0 _h a d\ble-quote 707 at ! end b n at ! beg9n+2 z !re are d\ble-quotes )9 ! translation1 ! d\ble-quote at ! end has be5 remov$4 ,on p4 #cij1 9 #da1 ! phrase 8y d n acquire p]sonal my/]i\s p[]0 _h 8myt]i\s0 9 ! orig9al4 ,on p4 #cia1 9 #db1 ! phrase 8:at ,mat!ws tells ab\t ! ,hidatsa rev]5ce0 _h 8tell0 9 ! orig9al4 ,on p4 #djb1 9 #dh1 ! phrase 8!y !mselves h n _h visions ( ! objects0 _h 8obects0 9 ! orig9al4 ,on p4 #daj1 ab\t 8,,omaha ,,nikie ,,cu/oms01 !re 7 sev5 footnotes1 numb]$ #a to #g1 b ! an*ors appe>$ 9 ! ord]3 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #e4 ,!y are n[ numb]$ #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 & #ff1 & ! an*ors appe> 9 ! ord] #fj4 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff1 #fd4 ,t is1 two sep>ate places 9 ! text h po9t]s to footnote #fd4 ,on p4 #dca1 9 #ic1 ! ^w 8c\nt]-beliefs0 0 split ov] two l9es3 8c\nt]-0 & 8beliefs04 8,c\nt]-beliefs0 0 arbitr>ily *os5 ov] 8c\nt]beliefs04 ,on p4 #dcf1 9 #aja1 ! phrase 8"s o!r "p ( x is sacrific$ by ! p]son0 _h 8sacrifi$0 9 ! orig9al4 ,on p4 #dcf1 9 #aja1 9 ! phrase 8& is always con/ant ) individuals0 _h 8individuls0 9 ! orig9al4 ,on p4 #ddi !re is a quotation f ,smet />t+ 8! ,great ,_s1 to ! sun02 !re is no end+ quotation m>k = ?is4 ,on p4 #dee1 9 #afj1 ! ^w 8horseback0 0 split ov] two l9es 9 ! orig9al3 8horse-0 & 8back04 8horseback0 0 arbitr>ily *os5 ov] 8horse-back04 ,9 footnote #aeg ! orig9al _h 8,bept40 in/ead ( 8,rept40 ,footnote #bja1 8,we/]n ,missions & ,mission>ies1 p4 #adj0 has two an*ors4 ,on p4 #dgi1 !re is a section numb]$ #bca betwe5 section #bdi & section #bej4 ,x />ts3 8,"o ( ! ,dakota my?s tells h[ ,unktomi kill$ himself04