,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 ,small capital text has been replaced with all capitals4 ,the carat character 77 indicates that the following letter is superscripted 7example3 ye74 ,if two or more letters are superscripted they are enclosed in curly brackets 7example3 heerewth74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,century ,,of ,,inventions4 ,a practical mathematician1 who has quickness to seize a hint1 and sagacity to apply it1 might avail himself greatly of these scantlings4 ,it is extremely probable1 that ,savery took from the ,marquis the hint of the ,steam ,engine1 for raising water with a power made by fire1 which invention alone would entitle the author to immortality4--,granger's ,biog4 ,hist4 vol4 v4 p4 #bgh4 ,here it may not be amiss to recommend to the attention of every mechanic the little work entitled a ',century of ,inventions1' by the ,marquis of ,worcester1 which1 on account of the seeming improbability of discovering many things mentioned therein1 has been too much neglected2 but when it is considered that some of the contrivances apparently not the least abstruse1 have1 by close application been found to answer all that the ,marquis says of them1 and that the first hint of that most powerful machine1 the ,steam ,engine1 is given in that work1 it is unnecessary to enlarge on the utility of it4--,trans4 of the ,society of ,arts1 vol4 iii4 p4 #f4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,c4 ,,roworth1 ,,bell ,,yard1 ,,temple ,,bar4 ,,the ,,century ,,of ,,inventions ,,of ,,the ,,marquis ,,of ,,worcester4 ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,ms4 ,,with ,,historical ,,and ,,explanatory ,,notes ,,and ,a ,,biographical ,,memoir4 ,,by ,,charles ,f4 ,,partington1 ,,author ,,of ,a ,,descriptive ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,steam ,,engine1 ,,and ,,lecturer ,,at ,,the ,,london1 ,,russel1 ,,surrey1 ,,and ,,metropolitan ,,institutions1 ,,mechanics' ,,institute1 c4 c4 ,,london3 ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albemarle-,,street4 ,,mdcccxxv4 ,,to ,,doctor ,,george ,,birkbeck1 ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,london ,,mechanics' ,,institution ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,chemical ,,and ,,meteorological ,,societies1 ,,founder ,,and ,,patron ,,of ,,the ,,glasgow ,,mechanics' ,,institute1 c4 c4 c4 ,,dear ,,sir1 ,as a connecting link in the ,history of the ,,steam ,,engine1 ,i know that your attention has been directed to the ,marquis of ,worcester's ,,century ,,of ,,inventions1 and that its merits were duly appreciated by you at a very early period of ,life4--,that these ,illustrations of one of the most valuable scientific productions of the seventeenth century1 may deserve your favourable notice1 and prove an acceptable present to the extensive class of ,readers which your patriotic exertions are now so rapidly adding to the ,scientific ,world1 is the sincere wish of1 ,dear ,sir1 ,your faithful and obliged humble ,servant1 ,,charles ,f4 ,,partington4 ,london ,institution1 ,feb4 #fth1 #ahbe4 ,,biographical ,,memoir ,,of ,,edward ,,marquis ,,of ,,worcester4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,biographical ,,memoir ,,of ,,edward ,,marquis ,,of ,,worcester4 ,there are few persons who have suffered more from party zeal1 or gained less from historic candour1 than the noble subject of the following brief memoir4 ,indeed no regular biographer has yet appeared to do justice to his zealous exertions in the cause of his unfortunate but misguided master1 or his still more patriotic efforts for the advancement of scientific knowledge4 ,all1 however1 who have in any shape alluded1 either to the political principles1 religious tenets1 or scientific acquirements of the ,marquis of ,worcester1 appear to have been guided rather by a spirit of fanatic intolerance1 or a wish to clear ,king ,charles from the heavy responsibility which attached to instructions given under his own hand and seal1 when the ,marquis was employed in ,ireland4 ,these then appear to have been the concurring causes1 that have so long withheld from the noble ,author the veneration his memory so justly merits2 and we now proceed to follow him through his short but active career in public life4 ,edward1 sixth earl and second ,marquis of ,worcester1 was born at ,ragland near ,monmouth2 and his family1 who had long been distinguished for the most devoted loyalty1 possessed the largest landed estate of any nobleman attached to the ,british court4 ,his grandfather ,edward1 fourth ,earl of ,worcester1 enjoyed in a most distinguished degree the favour of ,queen ,elizabeth1 and her successor ,king ,james4 ,in #aeic1 he was instituted ,knight of the ,garter1 and received a pension of fifteen hundred pounds per annum for life4 ,sandford describes him as a great favourer of learning and good literature3 he died in the #gith year of his age1 at ,worcester ,house1 in the ,strand2 and was buried in ,ragland church4 ,henry1 the fifth earl1 and father of the ,marquis1 succeeded to the title and estates in #afbh3 the family revenue derived from those in ,monmouthshire alone1 at this period amounting to upwards of twenty-thousand pounds per annum4 ,in #afdb1 the year in which he was created ,marquis of ,worcester1 he raised and supported an army of #aejj foot1 and near #ejj horse-soldiers1 which were placed under the command of his son ,lord ,herbert1 the subject of this ,memoir4 ,during the civil commotions1 ,charles made several visits to ,ragland castle1 where he was entertained with the greatest magnificence1#a and on those occasions particularly distinguished the young ,lord ,herbert4 ,on an open rupture taking place between the ,king and ,parliament1 his ,majesty invested ,lord ,herbert with the command of a large body of troops then raising in his native country1 and an opportunity was soon offered for calling his military talents into action4 ,prince ,rupert1 shortly after the battle of ,marston ,moor1 directed his attention towards the ,marches of ,wales1 which awakening the jealousy of the ,parliamentary ,general ,massey1 he by a feigned counter-movement surprised the city of ,monmouth1 which had always been considered as the key of ,south ,wales1 and thus threw the inhabitants of ,ragland into the greatest confusion and alarm4 #a ,some idea of the almost ,,regal splendour of the noble possessor of ,ragland castle at this period1 and an interesting picture of baronial manners in the early part of the seventeenth century1 may be found in the following authentic document1 which has been accurately copied from the original ,,ms4 ,,list ,,of ,,the ,,household1 ,c4 ,at eleven o'clock in the forenoon the castle gates were shut1 and the tables laid1 viz4 two in the dining-room1 three in the hall1 one in ,mrs4 ,watson's apartment1 where the chaplains eat1 7,sir ,toby ,matthews being the first17 and two in the house-keeper's room1 for the ladies women4 ,the ,,earl entered the dining-room attended by his gentlemen4 ,as soon as he was seated1 ,sir ,ralph ,blackstone1 steward of the house1 retired4 ,the comptroller1 ,mr4 ,holland1 attended with his staff1 as did the sewer1 the daily waiters1 and many gentlemen's sons1 with estates from two to seven hundred pounds a year1 who were bred up in the castle3 and my lady's gentlemen of the chamber4 ,at the first table1 sat ,the noble family1 and such of the nobility as came there4 ,at the second table1 in the dining-room1 sat ,knights and honourable gentlemen1 attended by footmen4 ,in the hall1 at the first table1 sat ,sir ,ralph ,blackstone1 ,steward--,the ,comptroller4 ,the ,secretary--,the ,master of the ,horse--,the ,master of the ,fish ,ponds1 my ,lord ,herbert's preceptor1 with such gentlemen as came there under the degree of a knight1 attended by footmen1 and plentifully served with wine4 ,at the second table in the hall1 served from my ,lord's table1 and with other hot meats1 sat ,the ,sewer1 with the gentlemen waiters1 and pages1 to the number of twenty-four4 ,at the third table in the hall1 sat ,the ,clerk of the ,kitchen1 with the yeomen1 officers of the house1 two grooms of the chamber1 c4 ,the other officers of the household1 were ,chief ,auditor--,clerk of the ,accounts--,purveyor of the ,castle--,ushers of the ,hall--,closet ,keeper--,gentlemen of the ,chapel--,keeper of the ,records--,master of the ,wardrobe--,master of the ,armoury--,twelve master ,grooms of the ,stables1 for the ,war horses--,master of the ,hounds--,master ,falconer--,porter and his man--two keepers of the ,home ,park--two keepers of the ,red deer ,park--and footmen1 grooms1 and other menial servants1 to the number of one hundred and fifty6 ,on the first intelligence of the fall of ,monmouth reaching the ,marquis1 he despatched ,lord ,herbert with a considerable body of forces1 who joining a troop of cavaliers from ,godridge1 lodged themselves undiscovered behind a rising ground near that city4 ,a party of about forty men1 who volunteered for the occasion1 were headed by ,lord ,herbert1 and proceeded to reconnoitre the town4 ,having climbed an earthen redoubt which had been thrown up by the ,parliamentary forces1 they passed the ditch and fell upon the guard1 who were immediately put to the sword1 and a few seconds more sufficed for breaking the port-chain and forcing an entry for the horse1 who1 having by this time joined their brave comrades1 entered the town at full gallop2 surrounding the main guard1 the whole of whom they took prisoners4 ,the result of this brilliant and chivalrous enterprise was the capture of ,colonel ,broughton1 four captains1 as many lieutenants and ensigns1 the committee1 all the private soldiers1 and a considerable quantity of arms and ammunition4 ,so signal a display of bravery and devotedness to the royal cause in the young cavalier procured from his ,majesty the warmest commendations2 and in the month of ,january1 #afdd1 he had the honour to receive his first commission to negotiate with the ,irish ,catholics2 while at the same time he was recommended by the king to the ,earl of ,ormonde1 as one whose loyalty might be relied upon4 ,with regard to his ,lordship's fitness for this appointment1 there can be but one opinion3 educated among ,catholics1 and as such not likely to excite the same suspicions as would naturally attach to any negotiation with their avowed enemy1 the ,earl of ,ormonde1 and possessing considerable influence at the court of ,rome1 he seemed peculiarly qualified to fill the office of mediator2 and having become popular with the people at home by his known liberality and patriotism1 the appointment was not likely to excite much dissatisfaction on the part of the ,puritans4 ,the deranged state of his ,majesty's affairs1 which were now growing desperate from the continued advantages of the rebels in ,ireland1 and his still more violent and fanatic subjects at home1 rendered it necessary that some sacrifices should be made to conciliate the ,irish ,catholics2 as he would thus procure a powerful and efficient force to aid him against the ,covenanters4 ,in proof of his anxiety on this subject1 there were no less than eight letters written by the king himself1 beside those of his secretaries1 pressing for a speedy adjustment of the differences that had so long agitated the sister kingdom4 ,the first commission under the great seal was dated the sixth of ,january1 and furnished the ,marquis with full power to levy any number of men in ,ireland or elsewhere2 to make governors of forts1 c42 and to receive the king's rents4 ,upon the twelfth of ,march following1 the ,marquis received another commission1 equally as extensive as the preceding2 a copy of which is preserved by ,rushworth1 in his ,collections1 which we here subjoin4 ,,charles ,r4 ,,charles1 by the grace of ,god1 of ,england1 ,scotland1 ,france1 and ,ireland1 ,defender of the ,faith1 c41 to our trusty and well beloved cousin1 ,,edward ,earl of ,glamorgan1 greeting4 ,we1 reposing great and especial trust and confidence in your approved wisdom and fidelity1 do by these presents1 as firmly as under our ,great ,seal1 to all intents and purposes1 authorise1 and give you power to treat and conclude with the confederate ,roman ,catholics in our kingdom of ,ireland1 if upon necessity any be to be conscended unto1 wherein our lieutenant 7the ,earl of ,ormonde7 cannot so well be seen in1 as also not fit for us at present publicly to own4 ,therefore we charge you to proceed according to this our warrant with all possible secrecy2 and for whatsoever you shall engage yourself1 upon such valuable considerations as you in your judgment shall deem fit1 we promise1 upon the word of a king and a ,christian1 to ratify and perform1 the same that shall be granted by you and under your hand and seal2 the said confederate ,catholics having by their supplies testified their zeal to our service3 and this shall be in each particular to you a sufficient warrant4 ,given at our ,court at ,oxford1 under our ,signet and ,royal ,signature1 the twelfth of ,march1 in the twentieth year of our reign1 sixteen hundred and forty-five4#b #b ,his lordship was created ,earl of ,glamorgan a few days prior to his departure for ,ireland1 and ,carte1 who in every point in which ,charles was concerned1 invariably concealed whatever tended to cast a stain on the king's character1 and whose gross partiality in this particular instance we shall hereafter more fully notice1 has even questioned the propriety of the ,marquis's assuming the title of ,earl of ,glamorgan4 ,to support this argument1 it is said that his ,majesty ordered ,secretary ,nicholas to acquaint the ,earl of ,ormonde1 that1 the patent for making ,lord ,herbert ,earl of ,glamorgan had never passed the great seal2 and the apologist for ,charles1 anxious to make the most of this equivocation in the king1 adduces it as an objection to the authenticity of the ,irish commission4 ,sandford1 however1 who in an intimate acquaintance with the history of the royal grants was surpassed by none1 says1 that there now remains in the signet office a bill1 under the royal sign manual at ,oxford1 if a patent did not thereupon pass the great seal1 in order to his creation into the honour of ,earl of ,glamorgan4 ,who1 it may be asked after perusing this document1 will be hardy enough to pronounce with ,hume that the king was incapable of dissimulation8 especially when coupled with his ,majesty's subsequent declaration to both ,houses of ,parliament2 in which he expressly says1 that the ,marquis1 having made an offer to raise forces in ,ireland and conduct them into ,england for his service1 had a commission to that purpose2 but then1 adds the king1 it was to that purpose only1 and not to treat of any thing else without the privity and direction of the ,lord ,lieutenant4 ,what degree of credit ought to be given to the latter part of his ,majesty's declaration1 is pretty plainly shewn by the following letter to the papal legate1 which fully accords with the instrument we have just quoted of the twelfth of ,march3 ,,sir1 ,hearing of your resolution for ,ireland1 we do not doubt but things will go well1 and that the good intentions began by means of the last pope1 will be accomplished by the present1 by your means in our kingdoms of ,ireland and ,england1 you joining with our dear cousin the ,earl of ,,glamorgan2 with whom whatever you shall resolve we shall think ourselves obliged to1 and perform it at his return4 ,his great merits oblige us to this confidence1 which we repose in him above all1 having known him above twenty years2 during which time1 he hath always signally advanced himself in our good esteem1 and by all kind of means carried the prize above all our subjects4 ,this being joined to the consideration of his blood1 you may well judge of the passion which we have particularly for him1 and that nothing shall be wanting on our part to perfect what he shall oblige himself to in our name1 in consideration of the favours received by your means4 ,confide therefore in him3 but in the meanwhile1 according to the directions we have given him1 how important it is that the affair should be kept secret1 there is no occasion to persuade you1 since you see that the necessity of the thing requires it4 ,this is the first letter which we have ever wrote immediately to any ,minister of ,state of the ,pope1 hoping it will not be the last2 but that after the said earl and you shall have concerted your measures1 we shall openly shew ourself1 as we have assured him4 ,your ,friend1 ,,charles ,r4 ,from our ,court at ,oxford1 #cjth ,april1 #afde4 ,the earl's negotiation had hitherto gone on prosperously1 and there was good reason to suppose that he would shortly have brought the rebels to a complete concurrence with his ,majesty's views1 when a most unexpected accident disconcerted the whole of his schemes4 ,an attempt having been made by the ,irish upon ,kilkenny about the end of ,october1 #afde1 in which the titular ,archbishop of ,tuam had a command2 the rebels were beaten and the prelate killed1 in whose baggage was found a copy of the treaty which his ,lordship had entered into with the confederate ,catholics and the pope's nuncio4 ,of this discovery immediate information was furnished to the ,parliament1 then sitting1 which had invariably expressed the greatest aversion to any concession being made to the ,catholics2 and the matter became so public1 that the ,lords ,ormonde and ,digby found it necessary to do something towards the vindication of his ,majesty's honour1 and to preserve appearances with the ,parliament4 ,the council having met on the twenty-sixth1 ,lord ,digby appeared at the board1 and accusing the ,earl of ,glamorgan of high treason1 moved that he should be immediately committed to the castle4 ,on the following day he was examined by a committee of the council1 when he exonerated his ,majesty1 and requested that the whole blame of the matter might be attributed to him2 as he had consulted with no one on the subject1 but the parties with whom he had made the agreement4#c #c ,there is scarcely to be found on record1 a more enthusiastic instance of loyalty and self-devotion than was exhibited by his lordship on this occasion2 for with the damning proofs which he then possessed of his ,majesty's complete concurrence and participation in the whole matter1 there could not for an instant have been a doubt of his own honourable acquittal4 ,there was also a certain assurance of procuring the favour of the ,parliament3 who required nothing more than these documents to colour the proceedings they were then meditating1 and which1 indeed1 afterwards formed one of the principal charges against this ill-fated monarch4 ,when the intelligence of his lordship's imprisonment reached ,kilkenny1 where the supreme council then held their sittings1 the ,catholics were thrown into the greatest confusion1 and some insisted on an immediate recourse to arms for his enlargement4 ,these proceedings1 however1 were soon stayed by the friends of the ,earl of ,ormonde1 and his lordship was shortly afterwards released on bail4 ,as soon as this was effected he repaired to ,kilkenny1 in order to expedite the embarkation of a force amounting to about three thousand men1 which had been raised for the relief of ,chester2 and1 had there been a sufficient co-operation on the part of the general council1 they might have sailed time enough to have afforded the most essential service to the royal cause2 but after repeated delays on their part1 intelligence was brought of the loss of that important city2 and the ,marquis1 finding that his further stay in ,ireland was attended with considerable hazard to his own life1 without any commensurate benefit to his ,majesty1 resolved on embarking for ,france1 where he was soon after joined by the exiled queen4 ,immediately after his lordship's departure for the continent1 the parliamentary forces under ,sir ,thomas ,fairfax appeared before ,ragland2 and being refused admission by the venerable old ,marquis1 their hostile approaches were carried on with great vigour1 in spite of repeated sallies from the fortress4 ,the gallant veteran1 however1 finding the garrison1 which at first consisted of only #hjj men1 reduced to less than half that number1 surrendered on honourable terms on the #agth ,august4 ,notwithstanding the pledge given by ,sir ,thomas ,fairfax1 the conditions of capitulation were most disgracefully violated1 and the ,marquis was committed to the custody of the ,black ,rod1 where he languished till the ,december following2 when he expired in the eighty-fifth year of his age1 and was buried in ,st4 ,george's ,chapel at ,windsor4 ,in the mean time the fortifications of ,ragland were destroyed1 and all the timber in the parks was cut down1 and sold by the committee of sequestrations4 ,the lead alone that covered the castle was sold for #f1jjj pounds1 and the loss to the family in the house and woods1 has been estimated at not less than #ajj1jjj pounds6 ,from the destruction of ,ragland castle by the ,parliamentary forces1 till the beginning of #afed1 the earl's name scarcely occurs in the political history of those times2 but about that period1 we find him attached to the suit of ,charles ,,ii41 who then resided at the court of ,france3 and in the following year he was dispatched by the exiled monarch to ,london1 for the purpose of procuring private intelligence and supplies of money1 of which the king was in the greatest need4 ,he was1 however1 speedily discovered and committed a close prisoner to the ,tower1 where he remained in captivity for several years4 ,some idea of the state of indigence to which the ,marquis was now reduced may be formed from a perusal of the following ,letter1 directed to the celebrated ,colonel ,copley1 who was1 it appears1 one of the noble ,author's supporters4 ,dear ,friend1 ,i knowe not with what face to desire a curtesie from you1 since ,i have not yet payed you the five pownds1 and the mayne businesse soe long protracted1 whereby my reallity and kindnesse should with thankefullnesse appeare2 for though the least ,i intende you is to make up the somme allready promised1 to a thousand pownds yearly1 or a share ammounting to farr more1 7which to nominate before the perfection of the woorke were but an individuum vagum1 and therefore ,i deferre it1 and vpon noe other score17 yet1 in this interim1 my disapointments are soe great1 as that ,i am forced to begge1 if you could possible1 eyther to helpe me with tenne pownds to this bearer1 or to make vse of the coache1 and to goe to ,mr4 ,clerke1 and if he could this daye helpe me to fifty pownds1 then to paye yourself the five pownds ,i owe you out of them4 ,eyther of these will infinitely oblige me4 ,the alderman has taken three days time to consider of it4 ,pardon the great troubles ,i give you1 which ,i doubt not but in time to deserve by really appearing ,your most thankful friend ,,worcester4 #bhth of ,march1 #afef4 ,to my honored friend ,collonell ,christopher ,coppley1 ,these4 ,on the king's restoration1 the ,marquis of ,worcester was one of the first to congratulate his ,majesty on the happy event1 though the situation of the unfortunate nobleman was little bettered by the change2 indeed it appeared but as the signal for new persecutions1 as one of the earliest public acts of that ungrateful monarch may be characterized as an invidious attempt to set aside the just claims of his earliest and best friend4 ,in #affj the ,house of ,lords appointed a committee to consider of the validity of a patent granted to the ,marquis of ,worcester in prejudice to the ,peers1 upon the first intimation of which his ,lordship sent a messenger to the committee then sitting1 stating his willingness to surrender it1 and it was shortly afterwards presented to the ,house by his son ,lord ,herbert4 ,in #affc appeared the first edition of the noble ,author's ,century of ,inventions1 and on the #c;d of ,april in the same year1 a bill was brought in for granting to him and his successors the whole of the profits that might arise from the use of an engine1 described in the last article in the ,century4#d #d ,lord ,orford describes this bill to have passed on the simple affirmation of the discovery that he 7the ,marquis7 had made2 but his lordship's palpable want of candour in this statement will be apparent when it is known that there were no less than seven meetings of committees on the subject1 composed of some of the most learned men in the house1 who1 after considerable amendments1 finally passed it on the #abth of ,may4--,vide1 ,journals of the ,lords and ,commons for #affc-d4 ,of the merits of the ,century of ,inventions as a literary composition but little can with justice be said2 whether1 however1 as a scientific production1 it deserves the character that has been given of it by men more celebrated for their literary attainments1 than for scientific knowledge1 the reader1 after a perusal of the work1 will readily determine4#e #e ,a popular author1 to one of whose mistatements we alluded in a preceding note1 describes the ,marquis as a fantastic projector1 and his ,century as an amazing piece of folly4 ,having however1 in the notes appended to this work1 fully demonstrated not only the practicability of applying the major part of the inventions there described1 but the absolute application of many of them1 though under other names1 to some of the most useful purposes of life2 we shall leave it to the public to judge1 whether the man who first discovered a mode of applying steam as a mechanical agent1 an invention alone sufficient to immortalize the age in which he lived1 deserves the name of a fantastic projector4 ,the second edition of the ,century was published in #agdf2 the third in #agfg3 while the fourth1 which may be considered as the best edition1 is a reprint from the first1 and is furnished with an appendix containing an ,historical ,account of the ,fire ,engine for ,raising ,water4 ,it is dated ,kyo1 near ,lancaster1 ,june #ah1 #aggh4 ,the fifth is a reprint from the ,glasgow copy1 by ,w4 ,bailey1 ,proprietor of the ,speaking ,figure1 now showing1 by permission of the ,right ,hon4 the ,lord ,mayor1 at ,no4 #db1 within ,bishopsgate1 #aghf4 ,the sixth edition was confined to #ajj copies1 and dated ,london #ahac4 ,the ,marquis likewise published a work entitled ,an ,exact and true ,definition of the most stupendous ,water-commanding ,engine1 invented by the ,right ,honourable 7and deservedly to be praised and admired7 ,edward ,somerset ,lord ,marquis of ,worcester1 and by his ,lordship himself presented to his most excellent ,majesty ,charles ,,ii41 our most gracious ,sovereign4 ,this was published in a small quarto volume consisting of only twenty-two pages1 and is now become extremely rare4 ,his lordship survived the publication of this work but two years2 as he died in retirement near ,london upon the third of ,april #affg4 ,his remains were conveyed with funeral solemnity to the cemetery of the ,beaufort family in ,ragland church2 where he was interred on ,friday the nineteenth of the same month1 near the body of his grandfather1 ,edward ,earl of ,worcester4 ,the coffin was placed in an arched stone vault1 with the following inscription on a brass plate3 ,depositum ,illustrissimi ,principis ,edwardi ,marchionis et ,comitis ,wigorni1 ,comitis de ,glamorgan1 ,baronis ,herbert de ,raglan1 ,chepstow et ,gower1 nec non serenissimo nuper ,domino ,regi ,carolo primo1 ,southwalli locum tenentis3 qui obiit apud ,lond4 tertio die ,aprilis1 ,an4 ,dom4 ,,mdclxvii4 ,,original ,,letters ,,and ,,official ,,papers1 ,,illustrative ,,of ,,the ,,preceding ,,memoir4 ,the manuscripts from whence the annexed documents have been selected1 are now in the possession of his ,grace the ,duke of ,beaufort2 and the ,editor would be wanting in justice to another distinguished member of the same noble family1 did he omit to acknowledge the great kindness which he has received from ,lord ,granville ,somerset1 who has materially assisted the ,editor in illustrating the labours of his very ingenious ancestor4 ,,glamorgan ,i heerewth send you the rest of my dispatches for ,ireland1 whether ,i praye hasten1 time beeing most considerable4 ,i am sensible of the dangers yu will undergoe1 and ye greate trouble and expences you must be at1 not being able to assiste yw who have already spent aboue a ,million of ,crowns in my service1 neither can ,i saye more then ,i well remembr to have spoke and written to you that allready words could not expresse your merits nor my gratitude3 and that next to my wife and children ,i was most bound to take care of you4 whereof ,i have besides others particularly assured yor ,cosin ,biron as a person deare unto you4 ,what ,i can further thinke at this pnt is to send yw the ,blue ,ribben1 and a ,warrant for the ,title of ,duke of ,somerset both wch accept and make vse of at your discretion1 and if you should deferre ye publishing of either for a whyle to avoyde envye1 and my being importuned by others yet ,i promise yor ,antiquitie for ye one and your ,pattent for ye other shall beare ,date with the ,warrants4 ,and rest assured1 if ,god should crosse me wth your miscarrying ,i will treate your ,sonne as myne owne1 and that yu labour for a deare freind as well as a thankefull ,master when tyme shall afforde meanes to acknowledge1 how much ,i am ,yor most assured reall constant and thankfull freind ,charles ,r4 ,oxford ,feb4 #ab1 #afdd4 ,oxford this seconde of ,january #afdd ,severall ,heades whereupon you our ,right trusty and right welbeloved ,cosen ,edward ,earle of ,glamorgan may securely proceede in execution of our ,commands4 ,first you may ingage yr estate1 interest and creditt that we will most really and punctually performe any our promises to the ,irish1 and as it is necessary to conclude a ,peace suddainely1 soe whatsoever shall be consented unto by our ,lieutenant the ,marquis of ,ormond1 ,we will dye a thousand deaths rather than disannull or breake it1 and if vpon necessity any thing be to be condescended unto1 and yet the ,lord ,marquis not willing to be seene therein1 as not fitt for us at the present publickely to owne1 doe you endeavour to supply the same4 ,if for the encouragement of the ,lord ,marquis of ,ormond you see it needefull to have the ,guarter sent him1 or any further favour demonstrated from vs vnto him1 we will cause the same to be performed4 ,if for the advantage of our service you see fitt to promise any titles1 even to the ,titles of ,earles in eyther of our ,kingdomes1 vpon notice from you we will cause the same to be performed4 ,for the ,maintenance of our ,army vnder yr ,comaund we are gratiously pleased to allowe the ,delinquentes estates where you overcome1 to be disposed by you1 as alsoe any our revenues in the sayd places1 ,customes or other1 our profitts1 woods and the like wth the contributions4 ,whatever ,townes or places of importance you shall thinke fitt to possesse you shall place ,comaunders and ,governours therein at yr pleasure4 ,whatever ,order we shall sende you 7wch you are only to obey7 ,we give you leave to impart the same to yr ,counsill at ,warr and if they and you approve not thereof ,we give you leave to replye1 and soe farr shall we be from taking it as a disobedience1 that we comaunde the same4 ,at yr returne we will accept of some officers vpon yr recomendation1 to the ende noe obstacle or delay may be in the execution of yr desires in order to our service1 and our comaunds in that behalfe4 ,at yr ,returne you shall have ye ,comaund of ,south ,wales1 ,herefordshire1 and ,glocester-shire of the ,welsh-side returned to you in as ample manner as before4 ,in yr abscence we will not give creditt or countenance to any thing1 wch may be preiudiciall to yr ,father1 you1 or yours ,c4 ,r4 ,,herbert ,i wonder1 you are not yet gone for ,ireland2 but since you have stayed all this time1 ,i hope these will ouertake you1 whereby you will the more see the great trust and confidence ,i repose in your integrity1 of which ,i have had soe long and soe good experience2 commanding yow to deale with all ingenuity and freedome with our ,lieutenant of ,ireland the ,marquis of ,ormond1 and on the word of a ,king and a ,christian ,i will make good any thing1 which our ,lieutenant shall be induced unto upon your persuasion3 and if you find it fitting1 you may privately shew him these1 which ,i intend not as obligatory to him1 but to myselfe1 and for both your encouragements and warrantise1 in whom ,i repose my cheefest hopes1 not having in all my ,kingdomes two such subjects2 whose endeauours joining1 ,i am confident to be soone drawen out of the mire1 ,i am now enforced to wallow in2 and then shall ,i shew my thankfullnesse to you both1 and as you have neuer failed mee1 soe shall ,i neuer faile you1 but in all things shew how much ,i am ,oxforde the #abth of ,march #afdd4 ,,herbert ,i am confident that this honest trusty bearer will give you good satisfaction why ,i have not in euerie thing done as you desired1 the wante of ,confidence in you beeing so farre from beeing ye cause thereof that ,i am euery daye more and more confirmed in the trust that ,i have of you1 for beleeve me it is not in the power of any to make you suffer in my opinion by ill ,offices1 but of this and diuers other things ,i have given so full ,instructions that ,i will saye no more1 but that ,i am ,yor most assured constant freind ,,charles ,r4 ,oxford #bf ,feb4 #afde4 ,,glamorgan ,i am glad to heare that you are gone to ,ireland and assure yu that as my selfe is nowyse dishartened by our late misfortune so neither this ,country2 for ,i could not have expected more from them1 then theye have now freely undertaken though ,i had come hether absolute ,victorious wch makes me hope well of ye neighbouring ,sheeres4 ,so that 7by ye grace of ,god7 ,i hope shortly to recover my late losse with aduantage if such succours come to me from that ,kingdome wch ,i have reason to expect1 but the circumstance of time is that of the greatest consequence1 beeing that which is cheefliest and earnestliest recommended you by ,your most assured reall constant freind ,,charles ,r4 ,hereford #bc ,june #afde4 ,,glamorgan ,i have no time nor do you expect that ,i should make unnecessary repetitions to you wherefore referring you to ,digby for business this is onlie to giue you assurance of my constant freindship to you which considering the generall ,defection of common honesty is in a sorte requisite howbeit ,i knowe yu cannot be but confident of my making good all instructions and promises to you ,yr most assured constant freind ,,charles ,r4 ,oxford #e ,aprile #afdf ,,henriette ,,marie ,r ,nous henriette ,marie de bourbon ,regne de la grande ,bretagne auons par l'ordre du ,roy notre tres honor ,seigneur et ,mary fait deliurer es mains de notre tres cher et bien am cousin ,edouard ,somerset ,comte et ,marquis d ,worcester un collier de ,rubis contenant dix gros ,rubis et cent soixante perles enchasses et confiles en or entre les dits ,rubis comme aussy deux gros diamans l'un appell ,sancy et l'autre le ,portugal1 confessans qu'outre les tres grandes depenses faites par luy1 pour le dit ,roy notre tres honore ,seigneur1 il nous a encore fourny trois cens soixante et dix mil liures tournois outre les tres grands seruices qu'a ce present mesme il nous fait qui sont au moins d'egale consequence1 au regard de quoy nous faisons scauoir que le dit collier et ,diamans sont totalement pour en disposer par luy soit par uente on engagement1 sans que nous1 ou aucun en notre nom puisse en faire aucune demande1 ,rechercher ou troubler aucune personne qui achetera ou prestera argent sur les dits ,joyaux cy dessus nommez en temoignage de quoy nous auons ,sign et fait mettre notre ,sel ,royal a cette presente a notre ,cour a ,st ,germain en ,laye ce ,jourdhuy #bj ,may mil six cens quarente huiet4 ,l4 ,s4 7,the ,royal ,arms47 ,to the ,kinges most ,exelent ,maitie ,the humble ,petition of all the ,deputy ,lieutenants ,justices of the ,peace the ,knights ,burgises for ,parliamt setting for the ,countie of ,monmouth indeede of all the ,gentry ,comonalty ,freehoulders and other inhabitence within the said ,countie nemine contradicente but una voce most humbly ,sheweth ,that whereas ye ,right honble our very good ,lord the now ,earle and ,marquisse of ,worcester after about twenty yeares absence comforteth and honoureth us wth his prsence to ye great sattisfaction of all your ,majties most loyall devoted subjects1 ,wee become most humble petitionrs to your ,gratious and most sacred ,majtie that you wilbe pleased to incuredge his ,exelency to make his cheife residance heer1 which by longe and suffitient experience wee well know will much conduce to your ,majties intherest1 and seruice1 and to the good and great sattisfaction not onely of this but of all ye adjacent ,counties1 his ,lordsp having always been a disinterested ,governor and freind to us all1 as most espetially a most faithfull zealouse and powerfull promoter of seruices to ye ,crowne1 yett with care and sweetnesse euer shewed towards your ,majties ,loyall subjects1 and nowayes partiall to those of his owne perswation and religion1 where ever his ,excelency hath had command looking but vpon his kings intherest and ye peoples justifiable pretentions neither can his greatest enimies make appeare ye least profe to ye contrary4 ,may itt therefore please your most ,excelent ,majtie vpon this our most humble petition suplycatg to ,joyne his ,lordspp with his most deseruing sonne1 the ,lord ,herbert1 in the ,liuetenancie of this ,countie1 and wee esteeme it wille soe far from derogateing from my ,lord his ,sonne who we must honr that it wilbe an aditon of coumfort and honr to his ,lordspp to have his beloued father ,joyned with him1 as his ,grandfather was with his ,father the ,lord ,privie ,seale1 that wise and stout ,privie counsellor3 his ,lordspps great grandfather and predecessor neither doe wee looke with lesse awfullnesse and respect vpon our now ,lord ,marquisse of ,worcester1 if he reside amonghst us in a poore ,grange of his then whilst he dwelt in his most sumptuous ,castle of ,ragland1 like a ,prince attended1 esteemeing his now pouertie in respect of his then opulancie1 but as a badge of ,loyaltie1 and as readilie and cheerfully shall wee obey his commands who our harts attend1 as much as then1 if ,impowerd by your ,gratious ,majtie to bee our ,joynt ,lord ,lieutenant which honr and power wee most humbly begg may be againe conferred upon his ,excelency4 ,and wee shall euer pray1 c4 ,may it please yr ,grace ,the obiections yow were pleased to make against the owning and subscribing ye ,letter to his ,matie were as ,i humbly conceaue yr ,graces resolution not to trouble ye ,king for any money businesse euen in your owne behalfe much lesse in an others1 and secondly that as for ,creations you had absolutely promised his ,matie you would not importune him againe1 to the furst ,i answeare that this is to save the ,kings ,coffirs1 since certainely if eyther honor or conscience should take place his ,matie ought to saue me harmelesse from the six thousand pound ,confest and proued to be ye ,crownes ,debt1 soe happyly now vpon his ,head by your ,graces noe lesse prudent and valerous then dutyfull endeauours blest by ,devine ,prouidence neuer intending the ruine of his best deseruing subiects1 and ye only promoting of his ribells1 which the child unborne may rue if not timely preuented1 and as a wise ,privye-,counsillor yr ,graces part is to minde his ,matie soe of1 as not totally to disharten ,i will not say disgust his good subiects well desarueing yet that as far as loyalty and ,religion will giue them leaue1 and ,i am sory his ,matie should bedd a diew to workes of superergation and loue in his subiects and most ,certinely they are not his best ,councellers who aduise him to it1 and yr ,grace will be most ,commendable in douing the ,contrery1 and at long running the ,king will loue you best for it1 soe that this obiection of yr ,grace ,i humbly conceave to be totally solued4 ,as for the seconde yr ,graces promise not to speake for any more ,creations be pleased to vnderstand it rightly1 and you are noe motioner of this1 you doe but lay before him my reasonable ,petition therein1 such as indeed my ,lord ,chancellor was pleased to thinke soe fitting as he once vndertook it for me1 and ,i am confident will thanke yr ,grace for reuiuing of it and in my ,conscience soe will ye ,king too in graunting of it1 for ,i cannot haue soe meane a thought of his ,matie but that against the hayre he hath binne forced to bistow honoure to the highest degree upon five member men and vpon irth as subscribed to his father of happy memory his death1 and that he will thinke mutch to countinance him who only assisted his late ,ma'ie to flye from theyr compulsion of him to agree to such acts as would have lefet him selfe our now ,gratious ,king ye sucessior of a title of a ,king of three ,kingdoms but to the substance of noe one of them4 ,it was ,i furnished his ,matie with money to goe 7to7 ,theobalds to goe to ,yorke when the then ,marquis of ,hambleton refused to pay three hundered pound for his ,matie at ,theobalds only to deliuer him to the ,parliament1 as he had donne the ,earle of ,strafford1 and to 99 99 99 the 99 99 99 ,parliament1 ,it was ,i carried him money to sett vp his standard at ,yorke1 and procured my father to giue the then sr ,john ,byron five thousand pound to rayse the first ,regiment of ,horse1 and kept a table for aboue twenty ,officers at ,yorke1 which ,i vnderhand sent thether to keepe them from takeing ,conditions from ye ,parliament1 and soe were ready to accept his4 ,it was ,i vittled the towre of ,london gaue fiue and twenty hundred pound to ye then ,lieutenant sr ,john ,byron my ,cosin ,germain by my first wifes side4 ,it was ,i raysed most of the ,menne at ,edgehill fight1 and after ,i was betrayed at when soe many ,gentlemen of ,quality were taken and of twenty fiue thousand men first last by me raysed ,eight thousand men disperssed by the ,contriuance of such as called themselues ye ,kings good subiects1 and some of them rewarded for it1 they were my men weekely payed without takeing a farthing contribution because the country tottered1 who tooke in the forest of ,deane1 ,goodredge ,castle1 ,monmouth1 ,chepstowe1 ,carlyon and ,cardiff from ye ,parliament forces1 in wch and ye ,garrison of ,ragland ,i can bring profe of aboue an hundered and fifty thousand pounds expended1 and in ready ,money first last to ye ,kings owne ,purse aboue as much more1 and of aboue thirty five thousand ,pounds ,receaued by my father and me ,comunely ,armes in forty--forty two--and forty three ,i have not now fiue and twenty hundered and that clogged well1 twenty thousand ,pounds ,crying ,debts that keepe me not only from a competent maintenance but euen from sleepe1 ,i speake not heare of aboue three hundered thowsands pounds which it hath cost ye ,noblemen ,knights and ,gentlmen which ridd in my ,life ,guarde for ther comporting they makeing amongst them aboue three-score thousand ,pownds yearly of ,land of inheretance and ,i vpon my interest with seauen ,countys had begune an ,engagement of above three hundered thousand ,pounds yearly land of inhiretance against my returne with men from beyonde the sea in which endeauours my charges have beine vast1 besides hazard by sea euen of shipwracke and by ,land of deadly encounters1 ,i doe not trouble yr ,lop with1 but all this being true to a tittle as vpon my word and honour dearer to me then my life ,i advouche it1 ,i cannot doubt but yr ,grace will call for a peane to signe ye ,letter1 and if you please sende this together with it1 and rest assured that if the ,king refuse my request ,i will neuer importune you more1 nor euer sett my foote into his ,maties ,court againe vnlesse expressly comanded by him for his seruice1 otherwise ,i will only heartyly pray for him but neuer hereafter shall ,i or any freind of mine engage for him further1 then ye simple duty of a ,loyall subiect sitting quiettly at home noe ways breake the peace or disobying the wholsom lawes of the land1 and god seande him better and more able subiects to searve his ,matie then my selfe1 willinger ,i am sure he cannot1 and ,i beseeche yr ,grace to pardon me if passion hath a little transported me beyonde good manners1 and lay what pennance you please vpon me soe it tende not to lessen yr ,graces beliefe that ,i am ,yr ,graces ,most really deuoted freind and seruant ever to obey you ,,worcester4 ,dec4 #bith1 #affe4 ,my deare ,lord1 my heart is yet full froughted and ,i can say much more for myselfe1 were ,i not ashamed of giueing yr ,grace soe great a trouble with my scribling1 which ,i will thus ende1 promising to smoother as long as may be my deplorable condition1 and worse vsage1 but it will at last fly ouer the whole world to the disheartining of all zelous and ,loyall subiects1 vnlesse such a true hearted ,englishman and fathful seruant as yr ,grace doe awaken his ,matie out of the leturgie my enimies have cast him not to be sensible of what ,i have done or suffered4 ,cardinall ,mazarine presented me to his ,king1 with these woords ,sr who soeuer hath ,loyalty or ,religion in recommendation must honour this well ,borne ,person1 and ,queene ,mother now ,dowager hath often sayd to have heard her husband say that next to her and his ,children he wass bound to take a care of me of whom it may be now verified qui iacet in terra non habet vnde cadet1 ,i am cast to the ,ground ,i can fall noe lower4#f #f ,the above ,letter1 as appears by the envelope1 was directed to his ,grace the ,duke of ,albermarle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to the ,kings most ,excellent ,majesty1 ,the most humble ,petition of ,edward ,marquis of ,worcester4 ,sheweth ,that yor petitioner overwhelmed with the very1 very much he hath to say1 fearefull too long to detaine yr sacred ,maty therewith from the more serious affaires humbly prayeth that you wilbe pleased to refer him to be heard by the ,lord high ,chancellor of ,england1 ,the ,lord privie seale1 ,the ,duke of ,almerle1 the ,earle of ,lotherdale1 the ,lord ,arlington1 the ,lord ,ashley1 and ,mr4 ,secretary ,morris1 or to such of them1 or other persons1 as yor ,maty shall thinke fitt1 and that vppon their ,report yor ,maty will vouchsafe to doe with yor petitioner1 or to yor petitioner1 what they in the petitioners behalfe1 and congruous to yor service shall finde reasonable1 and consonant with yor petitioners meritts or demeritts1 the petitioner most intirely submitting to your will and pleasure1 ,casting himselfe vppon yor ,matyes goodnesse1 noe wayes standing vppon his deserts1 though really found never soe many not thought of1 or hetherto kept from yor ,matyes knowledge1 your petir doth not say through envy or malice1 since perhaps through ignorance such ignorance notwithstanding as the divines call ignorantia crassa1 but whatsoever in quality or number1 his services were1 they were but due to such a gratious ,king and ,master as yor ,matyes ,father of happy memory was to yor petitioner1 and to yor incomparable selfe1 and therefore acknowledgeth they fall farr shorte of his true loyalty and devotion to either and being once rightly made knowne and prsented to yor sacred ,maiesty yor petitioner promiseth himselfe noe lesse incouragement for the future from your ,maty nor lesse abilities in himselfe to become as useful as formerly1 and as disinterresedly to serve you1 ,neither shall any thing for the future dismaye1 or in any kinde deterr1 your petitioner1 from that his resolution1 but from the bottome of his heart ,he shall ever pray1 c4 ,,worcester4 ,att ye ,court att ,hampton ,court ,jan4 #bith #afff4 ,his ,maty is graciously pleased to referr and recomend the ,peticner to bee heard by the within named ,lords ,referrees or to any fower or more of them1 and they to give their ,report to his ,maty as soon as conveniently may bee4 ,,arlington4 ,,maddam ,i did not thinke ,i should have had the occation to have troubled you with an other ,letter but ,i am soe little sattisfyed with yours in what ,i required conscerninge my monyes that ,i cannot thinke a survilous paper an equal ballance for soe waighty and iust a debt3 ,i confesse ,i have hard of a new way to pay ould debts but certainly this is the newest1 ,i belieue your ,ladiship is one of the first that euer tryd it3 itt may bee al a mode1 but truely ,i doe not like the fashion1 though itt may bee others doe3 ,to answare your ,letter1 first for your ,religion ,i medle not with itt ,it conscerns not mee2 if ,i have1 certainely ,i have done rather an honr to itt then an iniury3 for ,i belieu'd soe well of your ,religion that itt tought noe man to distroy his faith1 ,honr1 and ,christianety2 which my ,lord hath done in his engagement to mee ,i onely speake of him--,i pray you ,maddam lett mee aske1 what is honr if broken8 tis easely answared noe honr1 what is itt to pretend a faith in ,jesus ,christ1 to be call'd a ,christian1 and to breake that faith1 and likewise forfitt that ,christianety1 he's noe ,christian and whereas you say ,i wronge the memory of the late ,kinge 7,i know not upon what grounds7 ,maddam you doe mee wronge1 ,i serve the memory of that ,royall ,martyr1 equall to any hee that lives3 ,i pray you did his ,matie euer engage his faith1 honr1 and ,christianety1 to pay any debts1 where in he fail'd2 ,maddam vnder fauour ,i must say you doe his incomparable ashes iniury4 ,you likewise tell mee noe gallant pearson wilbeleiue but that my ,lord will pay mee when hee hath itt1 tis a large extent1 and for ought ,i know may reach to ,dooms day2 tis small sattisfaction to expect a certaine debt att such an vncertaine payment4 ,maddam you haue the priueledge of a ,woeman in speakinge of my ,loyalty1 noe man can1 nor dare tax itt1 for my publishinge any thinge that conscernes your ,lord1 tis his owne actions that causeth mee to report those truths3 ,you say my ,lord hath spent more in his ,maties seruice than any ,protestant1 ,i dare say there has beine ten thousand loyall faithfull ,protestants hath spent as much3 where of ,i am one1 for wee have spent1 and lost all wee had to our proportions1 tis as much as hee 7the widowes mite will make itt good7 and in soe doinge wee did but our dutyes1 and wee ought not to obraide the ,king with itt1 tis vnhandsome to expect ,sallery for a lawfull duty4 ,your ,ladyship saith that ,i reported my ,lord gaue mee counterfitt plates1 ,i confesse hee gaue mee some plates1 and forced them upon mee1 hee likewise borrowed them of mee againe1 resoluinge to returne them within too dayes1 but he hath not restored them to this day1 ,i heare since that my ,lord hath sould them3 ,i hope hee will confesse that noe man of ,honr did euer such an action before1 allthough he was ready to starue1 and for his giuinge mee false plate1 ,i must deny itt for ,i neuer said itt1 but this ,i did say1 that when ,i was at his ,lordsp's house he showed mee some plates1 that was not the same that hee had formerly giuen mee for the first was beaten1 and the latter was cast1 if that was counterfitt1 ,i sayd itt1 and that ile iustify4 for your friuolous paper1 ,i dare say your reconcil'd iudgment doth repent the sendinge of itt1 ,i have shewed it to diuers of your religion1 and they condemne you for itt1 likewise the paper1 nor can the ,kinge of ,englande giue you thanks for itt4 ,but his royall ,mother beinge a ,roman ,catholique1 my honr and admiration of her doth silence my penn in answeringe that scandalous paper4 ,your ,ladiships humble ,servant ,,rich4 ,,hastings4 ,paris ,ape #c ,directed1 ,forr the ,right ,honble the ,marchioness of ,worcester these humbly ,jesus ,mia ,september #f #afgj ,,noble ,,madam-- ,the ,grace of the ,holy-ghost be with you4 ,the great esteeme and honour wch ,i have euer had for your ,ladysp hath all waise made mee prompt and willing to serve you to the best of my power1 without the bias of selfe interest1 as your selfe can witnesse2 ,and because ,i feare that at present1 your ,honour hath noe one1 that in the greate concernes1 which you have in hand1 will tell you the truth1 as it often happens to persons of greate quality3 ,i have thought it the part of my ,priestly function1 and fidelity towards yor ,hor3 7haveing first in my poore prayers1 humbly commended it to ,alm3 ,god7 to represent unto you1 that wch all your friends know to bee true1 as well as myselfe1 and would be willing that your ,ladysp should know it likewise4 ,alm3 ,god hath ,madam put you into a happy1 and flourishing condition1 fitt and able to serue ,god1 and to doe much good to your selfe and others2 and your ,ladysp makes yourselfe unhappy1 by seeming not to be contented with your condition but troubling your spiritts with many thoughts of attayning to greater dignityes and riches4 ,madam all those that wish you well1 are greeued to see your ,ladysp to bee allready soe much disturbed weakened in your iudgment in danger to loose the right use of your reason1 if you doe not tymely endeauour to preuent it1 by ceasing to goe on with such high designes1 as you are vppon1 which ,i declare to you1 in the faith of a ,priest to bee true3 ,the cause of your present distemper1 and of the aforesayd danger1 is doubtlesse1 that your thoughts and imagination are very much fixed on the title of ,plantagenet1 and of disposing yourselfe for that greate dignity by getting of greate sums of money from the king1 to pay your deceased ,lords debts1 and enriching your selfe by the great ,machine and the like4 ,now ,madam how vnproper such undertakings are for your ,l4 and how vnpossible for you to effect them1 or any one of them1 all your friends can tell you if they please to discover the trueth to you4 ,the ill effects that flow from hence are many3 as the danger of looseing your health and iudgment by such violent application of your fancies in such high designes and ambitious desires2 the probability of offending ,alm3 ,god and preiudising your owne soule thereby3 the advantage you may thereby give to those who desire to make a prey of your fortune1 and to rayse themselves by ruining of you3 the spending greate sums of money in rich and sumptuous things wch are not suteable to the gravity of your ,ladysp and present condition of ,widdow-hoode and mourning for your deceased ,lord4 ,although it bee certine1 that it is a greate temptation which you are now vnder1 and very dangerous and hurtfull both to your temporall and eternall happynesse2 yet ,i confesse that the ,devil1 to make his suggestion the more preualent1 doth make vse of some motives that seeme plausible1 as of paying your ,lords debts1 of founding of monasterys1 and the like1 and that your ,ladysp hath the ,kings favour to carry on your designes4 ,but ,madam it is certine that the ,king is offended with your comeing to the ,court1 and much more with your pretention to the title of ,plantaginet2 and it is dangerous to provoke him any farther3 ,and for paying of ,debts and founding of ,monasteryes1 wee all know that your ,l4 can neuer bee in a better condition to doe it1 than now you are2 and as you are not bound to doe such things1 so they are not expected from you2 but wee all applaud your pious inclinations herein1 of wch you will not loose the merit with ,alm3 ,god but our apprehensions are1 least you should by your ,ladysps inordinate designes bring your selfe into such a condition1 as not to bee able to helpe your friends nor your selfe4 ,bee pleased ,madam now to give mee leave to suggest some waie how the approaching dangers may bee prevented1 by changing the objects of your affections1 and insteede of temporall1 to seeke after eternall riches1 and honors1 which your age doth assure you are not far off2 for wch you may dispose yourselfe1 before death comes1 by retiring into the countrey for some time1 from the distractions of the ,court1 where you may haue the advice and directions of some learned ,priest1 in whose vertue you may wholey confide1 and bee guided by him1 for your internall quiet security4 ,many places may soone be found out1 that are fitt for that purpose3 ,at ,hammersmith ,mrs4 ,bedingfield a very vertuous discreete person1 and of your ,ladysps acquaintance1 hath lately taken a faire house garden1 hath but a small family4 ,in some such place your ,hor might likewise haue the aduice of some well experienced ,doctor1 for the health of your person1 and the benefitt of good ayre and of quietnesse1 would much conduce to your health3 ,and soe by ,alm4 ,gods blessing1 you may recouer from that most pernicious distemper of bodey and mind1 vnto wch every one seese you to bee very neere approching1 and may live many yeares with your owne fortune dignity in greate honour and happynesse bee the author of many good workes of piety ,charity to the glory of ,god eternall saluation of your owne soule4 ,thus dear ,madam ,i have ventured to declare a great trueth to you1 wch was before a secrett only to your selfe4 ,i know that ,i run the hazerd of incurring your displeasure1 if your ,ladysp should not reade the candor of my intentions1 wch in my ,letter ,i intend towards you3 but my assurance of haveing herein performed a duty wch ,i owe to my ,god1 and the hope ,i have that you will take it well as ,i intend it1 have encouraged mee to doe it1 and to subscribe myselfe ,honored ,madam ,your humb4 ,ser4 in ,c4 ,j4 ,,walt4 ,,travers4 ,the ,lord ,marquesse of ,worcester's ejaculatory and extemporary thanksgiving ,prayer1 when first with his corporal eyes1 he did see finished a perfect trial of his ,water-commanding ,engine1 delightful and useful to whomsoever hath in recommendation either knowledge1 profit1 or pleasure4 ,oh6 infinitely omnipotent ,god6 whose mercies are fathomlesse1 and whose knowledge is immense1 and inexhaustible2 next to my creation and redemption ,i render thee most humble thanks from the very bottom of my heart and bowels1 for thy vouchsafing me1 7the meanest in understanding17 an insight in soe great a secret of nature1 beneficent to all mankind1 as this my water commanding engine4 ,suffer me not to be puffed upp1 ,o ,lord1 by the knowing of it1 and many more rare and unheard off1 yea unparalleled inventions1 tryals1 and experiments4--,but humble my haughty heart1 by the true knowledge of myne own ignorant1 weake1 and unworthy nature3 proane to all euill1 ,o most mercifull ,father my creator1 most compassionatting ,sonne my redeemer1 and ,holyest of ,spiritts1 the sanctifier1 three diuine persons1 and one ,god1 grant me a further concurring grace with fortitude to take hould of thy goodnesse1 to the end that whatever ,i doe1 unanimously and courageously to serve my king and country1 to disabuse1 rectifie1 and convert my vndeserved1 yet wilfully incredulous enemyes1 to reimburse thankfully my creditors1 to reimmunerate my benefactors1 to reinhearten my distressed family1 and with complacence to gratifie my suffering and confiding friends1 may1 voyde of vanity or selfe ends1 be only directed to thy honour and glory everlastingly4 ,amen4 ,a ,,century ,,of ,,the ,,names ,,and ,,scantlings ,,of ,,such ,,inventions1 ,as at present ,i can call to mind to have tried and perfected1 which 7my former ,notes being lost7 ,i have1 at the instance of a powerful ,friend1 endeavoured now in the ,year #afee1 to set these down in such a way1 as may sufficiently instruct me to put any of them in practice4 ----,artis et ,natur proles4 ,,to ,,the ,,king',s ,,most ,,excellent ,,majesty4 ,,sir1 ,scire meum nihil est1 nisi me scire hoc sciat alter1 saith the poet1 and ,i most justly in order to your ,majesty1 whose satisfaction is my happiness1 and whom to serve is my only aim1 placing therein my summum bonum in this world3 be therefore pleased to cast your gracious eye over this summary collection1 and then to pick and choose4 ,i confess1 ,i made it but for the superficial satisfaction of a friend's curiosity1 according as it is set down2 and if it might now serve to give aim to your ,majesty how to make use of my poor endeavours1 it would crown my thoughts1 who am neither covetous nor ambitious1 but of deserving your ,majesty's favour1 upon my own cost and charges1 yet1 according to the old ,english proverb1 ,it is a poor dog not worth whistling after4 ,let but your ,majesty approve1 and ,i will effectually perform to the height of my undertaking3 vouchsafe but to command1 and with my life and fortune ,i shall cheerfully obey1 and maugre envy1 ignorance and malice1 ever appear ,your ,majesty's ,passionately-devoted1 or otherwise disinterested ,subject and ,servant1 ,,worcester4 ,,to ,,the ,,right ,,honourable ,,the ,,lords ,,spiritual ,,and ,,temporal2 ,,and ,,to ,,the ,,knights1 ,,citizens1 ,,and ,,burgesses ,,of ,,the ,,honourable ,,house ,,of ,,commons3 ,,now ,,assembled ,,in ,,parliament4 ,,my ,,lords ,,and ,,gentlemen1 ,be not startled if ,i address to all1 and every of you1 this ,century of ,summary ,heads of ,wonderful ,things1 even after the dedication of them to his most excellent ,majesty1 since it is with his most gracious and particular consent1 as well as indeed no ways derogating from my duty to his sacred self1 but rather in further order unto it1 since your ,lordships1 who are his great ,council1 and you1 ,gentlemen1 his whole kingdom's ,representatives 7most worthily welcome unto him7 may fitly receive into your wise and serious considerations1 what doth or may publicly concern both his ,majesty and his tenderly-beloved people4 ,pardon me1 if ,i say1 7my ,lords and ,gentlemen7 that it is jointly your parts to digest to his hand1 these ensuing particulars1 fitting them to his palate1 and ordering how to reduce them into practice1 in a way useful and beneficial1 both to his ,majesty and his kingdom4 ,neither do ,i esteem it less proper for me to present them to you in order to his ,majesty's service1 than it is to give into the hands of a faithful and provident steward1 whatsoever dainties and provisions are intended for the master's diet2 the knowing and faithful steward being best able to make use thereof to his master's contentment1 and greatest profit1 keeping for the morrow whatever should be overplus or needless for the present day1 or at least to save something else in lieu thereof4 ,in a word1 7my ,lords and ,gentlemen17 ,i humbly conceive1 this simile not improper1 since you are his ,majesty's provident stewards1 into whose hands ,i commit myself1 with all properties fit to obey you2 that is to say1 with a heart harbouring no ambition1 but an endless aim to serve my ,king and ,country3 and if my endeavours prove effectual1 7as ,i am confident they will17 his ,majesty shall not only become rich1 but his people likewise1 as treasurers unto him2 and his peerless ,majesty1 our ,king1 shall become both beloved at home1 and feared abroad2 deeming the riches of a ,king to consist in the plenty enjoyed by his people4 ,and the way to render him to be feared abroad1 is to content his people at home1 who then with heart and hand are ready to assist him2 and whatsoever ,god blesseth me with to contribute towards the increase of his revenues1 in any considerable way1 ,i desire it may be imployed to the use of his people2 that is1 for the taking off such taxes or burthens from them as they chiefly groan under1 and by a temporary necessity only imposed on them2 which being thus supplied1 will certainly best content the ,king1 and satisfy his people2 which1 ,i dare say1 is the continual tend of all your indefatigable pains1 and the perfect demonstrations of your zeal to his ,majesty1 and an evidence that the kingdom's trust is justly and deservedly reposed in you4 ,and if ever ,parliament acquitted themselves thereof1 it is this of yours1 composed of most deserving and qualified persons2 qualified1 ,i say1 with your affection to your ,prince1 and with a tenderness to his people2 with a bountiful heart towards him1 yet a frugality in their behalfs4 ,go on therefore chearfully 7my ,lords and ,gentlemen7 and not only our gracious ,king1 but the ,king of ,kings will reward you1 the prayers of the people will attend you1 and his ,majesty will with thankful arms embrace you4 ,and be pleased to make use of me and my endeavours to enrich them1 not myself2 such being my only request unto you1 spare me not in what your wisdoms shall find me useful1 who do esteem myself not only by the act of the ,water-commanding ,engine 7which so chearfully you have past7 sufficiently rewarded1 but likewise with courage enabled to do ten times more for the future2 and my debts being paid1 and a competency to live according to my birth and quality settled1 the rest shall ,i dedicate to the service of our ,king and ,country by your disposals3 and esteem me not the more1 or rather any more1 by what is past1 but what's to come2 professing really from my heart1 that my intentions are to outgo the six or seven hundred thousand pounds already sacrificed1 if countenanced and encouraged by you1 ingenuously confessing1 that the melancholy which hath lately seized upon me 7the cause whereof none of you but may easily guess7 hath1 ,i dare say1 retarded more advantages to the public service than modesty will permit me to utter3 and now1 revived by your promising favours1 ,i shall infallibly be enabled thereunto in the experiments extant1 and comprised under these heads1 practicable with my directions by the unparalleled workman both for trust and skill1 ,caspar ,kaltoff's hand1 who hath been these five and thirty years as in a school under me employed1 and still at my disposal1 in a place by my great expences made fit for public service1 yet lately like to be taken from me1 and consequently from the service of ,king and kingdom1 without the least regard of above ten thousand pounds expended by me1 and through my zeal to the common good2 my zeal1 ,i say1 a field large enough for you 7my ,lords and ,gentlemen7 to work upon4 ,the treasures buried under these heads1 both for war1 peace1 and pleasure1 being inexhaustible2 ,i beseech you pardon me if ,i say so2 it seems a vanity1 but comprehends a truth2 since no good spring but becomes the more plentiful by how much more it is drawn2 and the spinner to weave his web is never stinted1 but further inforced4 ,the more then that you shall be pleased to make use of my ,inventions1 the more inventive shall you ever find me1 one invention begetting still another1 and more and more improving my ability to serve my ,king and you2 and as to my heartiness therein there needs no addition1 nor to my readiness a spur4 ,and therefore 7my ,lords and ,gentlemen7 be pleased to begin1 and desist not from commanding me1 till ,i flag in my obedience and endeavours to serve my ,king and ,country3 ,for certainly you'l find me breathless first t'expire1 ,before my hands grow weary1 or my legs do tire4 ,yet abstracting from any interest of my own1 but as a fellow-subject and compatriot will ,i ever labour in the vineyard1 most heartily and readily obeying the least summons from you1 by putting faithfully in execution1 what your judgments shall think fit to pitch upon amongst this ,century of ,experiments1 perhaps dearly purchased by me1 but now frankly and gratis offered to you4 ,since my heart 7methinks7 cannot be satisfied in serving my ,king and ,country1 if it should cost them any thing3 as ,i confess when ,i had the honour to be near so obliging a master as his late ,majesty of happy memory1 who never refused me his ear to any reasonable motion3 and as for unreasonable ones1 or such as were not fitting for him to grant1 ,i would rather to have died a thousand deaths1 than ever to have made any one unto him4 ,yet whatever ,i was so happy as to obtain for any deserving person1 my pains1 breath and interest imployed therein satisfied me not1 unless ,i likewise satisfied the fees2 but that was in my golden age4 ,and even now1 though my ability and means are shortened1 the world knows why my heart remains still the same2 and be you pleased 7my ,lords and ,gentlemen7 to rest most assured1 that the very complacency that ,i shall take in the executing your commands1 shall be unto me a sufficient and an abundantly-satisfactory reward4 ,vouchsafe therefore to dispose freely of me1 and whatever lieth in my power to perform2 first1 in order to his ,majesty's service2 secondly1 for the good and advantage of the ,kingdom2 thirdly1 to all your satisfactions1 for particular profit and pleasure to your individual selves1 professing that in all and each of the three respects ,i will ever demean myself as it best becomes1 ,my ,lords and ,gentlemen1 ,your most passionately bent fellow subject in his ,majesty's service1 com-patriot for the public good and advantage1 and a most humble ,servant to all and every of you1 ,,worcester4 ,,contents4 ,no4 ,page4 #a4 ,seals abundantly significant #a #b4 ,private and particular to each ,owner #e #c4 ,a one line ,cypher ib4 #d4 ,reduced to a ,point #g #e4 ,varied significantly to all the #bd ,letters #h #f4 ,a mute and perfect ,discourse by ,colours #i #g4 ,to hold the same by ,night ib4 #h4 ,to level ,cannons by ,night #ab #i4 ,a ,ship-destroying ,engine ib4 #aj4 ,how to be fastened from aloof and under ,water #ac #aa4 ,how to prevent both #ad #ab4 ,an unsinkable ,ship ib4 #ac4 ,false destroying ,decks #ae #ad4 ,multiplied ,strength in little ,room #af #ae4 ,a ,boat driving against ,wind and ,tide ib4 #af4 ,a ,sea-sailing ,fort #ag #ag4 ,a pleasant floating ,garden #ah #ah4 ,an ,hour-glass ,fountain #bj #ai4 ,a ,coach-saving ,engine #ba #bj4 ,a ,balance ,water-work #bb #ba4 ,a ,bucket ,fountain #bc #bb4 ,an ebbing and flowing ,river #bd #bc4 ,an ebbing and flowing ,castle ,clock #be #bd4 ,a ,strength-increasing ,spring #bf #be4 ,a double drawing ,engine for ,weights #bg #bf4 ,a to and fro ,lever ib4 #bg4 ,a most easy level ,draught #bh #bh4 ,a portable ,bridge ib4 #bi4 ,a moveable ,fortification #bi #cj4 ,a rising ,bulwark #cj #ca4 ,an approaching ,blind #ca #cb4 ,an universal ,character #cb #cc4 ,a ,needle ,alphabet #ch #cd4 ,a knotted ,string ,alphabet ib4 #ce4 ,a ,fringe ,alphabet #dj #cf4 ,a ,bracelet ,alphabet ib4 #cg4 ,a pinked ,glove ,alphabet #dj #ch4 ,a ,sieve ,alphabet #da #ci4 ,a ,lanthorn ,alphabet ib4 #dj4 ,an ,alphabet by the ,smell ib4 #da4 ,ditto ,taste ib4 #db4 ,ditto ,touch #db #dc4 ,a variation of all and each of these #dc #dd4 ,a ,key-,pistol ib4 #de4 ,a most conceited ,tinder-box #dd #df4 ,an artificial ,bird #de #dg4 ,an ,hour ,water ,ball ib4 #dh4 ,a screwed ascent of ,stairs #df #di4 ,a ,tobacco-tongs engine #dh #ej4 ,a ,pocket-ladder #dh #ea4 ,a ,rule of ,gradation #di #eb4 ,a mystical jangling of ,bells ib4 #ec4 ,an hollowing of a ,water ,screw #ea #ed4 ,a transparent ,water ,screw ib4 #ee4 ,a double ,water ,screw #eb #ef4 ,an advantageous change of ,centres #ec #eg4 ,a constant ,water-flowing and ebbing motion #ee #eh4 ,an often discharging ,pistol #eg #ei4 ,an especial way for ,carabines #eh #fj4 ,a ,flask ,charger ib4 #fa4 ,a way for ,musquets #ei #fb4 ,a way for a ,harquebus1 a ,crock ib4 #fc4 ,for ,sakers and ,minyons ib4 #fd4 ,for the biggest ,cannon #fj #fe4 ,for a whole side of ,ship-musquets ib4 #ff4 ,for guarding several ,avenues to a ,town #fa #fg4 ,for ,musquetoons on ,horseback #fb #fh4 ,a ,fire ,water work ib4 #fi4 ,a triangle ,key #fd #gj4 ,a ,rose ,key #fe #ga4 ,a square ,key with a turning ,screw ib4 #gb4 ,an ,escutcheon for all ,locks ib4 #gc4 ,a transmittible ,gallery #fg #gd4 ,a conceited ,door #fh #ge4 ,a ,discourse woven on ,tape or ,ribbon ib4 #gf4 ,to write in the dark #fi #gg4 ,a flying ,man #fi #gh4 ,a continually going ,watch #gf #gi4 ,a total locking of ,cabinet ,boxes #gg #hj4 ,light ,pistol ,barrels #gh #ha4 ,a ,comb conveyance for ,letters ib4 #hb4 ,a ,knife1 ,spoon1 or ,fork conveyance #gi #hc4 ,a ,rasping ,mill ib4 #hd4 ,an ,arithmetical ,instrument ib4 #he4 ,an untoothsome ,pear #hj #hf4 ,an imprisoning ,chair #ha #hg4 ,a ,candle ,mould #hb #hh4 ,a ,coining ,engine #hd #hh4 ,a ,brazen ,head #he #hi4 ,primero ,gloves #hi #ij4 ,a ,dicing ,box ib4 #ia4 ,an artificial ,ring-horse #ij #ib4 ,a ,gravel ,engine #ic #ic4 ,a ,ship raising ,engine #id #id4 ,a pocket ,engine to open any ,door #ie #ie4 ,a double ,cross ,bow ib4 #if4 ,a way for ,sea ,banks #if #ig4 ,a perspective ,instrument #ih #ih4 ,a semi-omnipotent ,engine #ii #ii4 ,a most admirable way to raise ,weights ib4 #ajj4 ,a stupendous ,water-work #ajj ,,the ,,marquis ,,of ,,worcester',s ,,century ,,of ,,inventions1 ,,explained ,,and ,,illustrated4 ,no4 ,i4 ,several sorts of seals1 some showing by screws1 others by gauges1 fastening or unfastening all the marks at once3 others1 by additional points and imaginary places1 proportionable to ordinary escutcheons and seals at arms1 each way palpably and punctually setting down 7yet private from all others1 but the owner1 and by his assent7 the day of the month1 the day of the week1 the month of the year1 the year of our ,lord1 the names of the witnesses1 and the individual place where any thing was sealed1 though in ten thousand several places1 together with the very number of lines contained in a contract1 whereby falsification may be discovered1 and manifestly proved1 being upon good grounds suspected4 ,upon any of these seals a man may keep accounts of receipts and disbursements1 from one farthing to an hundred millions1 punctually showing each pound1 shilling1 penny1 or farthing4 ,by these seals1 likewise1 any letter1 though written but in ,english1 may be read and understood in eight several languages2 and in ,english itself1 to clear contrary and different sense1 unknown to any but the correspondent1 and not to be read or understood by him neither1 if opened before it arrive unto him2 so that neither threats1 nor hopes of reward1 can make him reveal the secret1 the letter having been intercepted1 and first opened by the enemy4 ,,note4 ,the use of sigili or autograph seals is very ancient1 indeed we find them mentioned by the prophet ,jeremiah 7chap4 xxii4 v4 #aj72 these1 however1 were invariably engraved on the collets or stones of rings1 and it was not till a much later date that hand stamps were applied to that purpose4 ,in ,england1 the first sealed charter extant is that of ,edward the ,confessor1 upon his founding ,westminster ,abbey2 and many of our ,english kings used them1 from an inability to affix any other kind of signature3 this indeed is candidly acknowledged by ,caedwalla1 a ,saxon king1 who says1 at the conclusion of one of his charters1 propri manu pro ignoranti literarum signum sanct crucis expressi et subscripsi4 ,the nearest approach to a corresponding seal that occurs prior to the sixteenth century1 is that described in a decree of ,cardinal ,otto1 who was papal legate in #abcg1 by which the bishops were to bear on their seals their title1 office1 dignity1 and even their proper names4 ,about this period mottos were likewise generally introduced1 but none of those before the publication of the noble author's work were at all adapted for secret correspondence2 or1 in fact1 had they any mode of combining moveable characters in the matrix for the purpose of varying the impression4 ,the principle upon which those described by the ,marquis must have been formed is simply this3 a frame similar to those in which seals are generally mounted having been first prepared1 a number of moveable circles may be made to slide within each other on one common centre4 ,if three are employed1 they should be engraved with the numerals1 the alphabet1 and1 if intended for secret writing1 the third circle may be furnished with any arbitrary signs that may suggest themselves4 ,these1 by means of a key1 of which both the corresponding parties must possess a duplicate1 may be combined to form the day of the week1 month1 year1 c4 ,it would be found very useful in preventing and detecting the mistakes which so frequently occur in the delivery of letters1 if the seals in common use were provided with at least two of these revolving circles1 with the day of the month and hour of the day engraved on their face1 parallel to the stone4 ,a particular part of the arms or cipher being used as an index hand1 it would then show the precise hour the letter was sent1 without the trouble of dating1 c4 ,in engraved seals where coats of arms are used1 it will be obvious that the seal must be larger than those generally in use1 as the circles must be made to revolve round the outer extremity of the stone1 and their usefulness will be considerably diminished4 ,with regard to the possibility of forming a key by which writing in any language may be deciphered1 we have the following curious anecdote1 furnished by the late learned and ingenious ,mr4 ,astle1 keeper of ,his ,majesty's ,records3 he states1 on the authority of a noble ,lord1 deceased1 that the late ,earl ,granville1 while ,secretary of ,state1 told him1 that when he came into office he had his doubts respecting the certainty of deciphering4 ,that he wrote down two or three sentences in the ,swedish language1 and afterwards put them into such arbitrary marks or characters1 as his mind suggested to him2 that he sent the paper to ,dr4 ,willes1 who returned it the next day1 and informed his lordship1 that the characters he had sent to him formed certain words1 which he had written beneath the cipher1 but that he did not understand the language2 and ,lord ,granville declared1 that the words were exactly those which he had first written1 before he put them into cipher4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,how ten thousand persons may use these seals to all and every of the purposes aforesaid1 and yet keep their secrets from any but whom they please4 ,,note4 ,as the mode of deciphering inscriptions1 dates1 c4 formed by these seals1 depends on a key1 the formation of which is arbitrary1 and resting entirely upon the fancy or ingenuity of its composer2 it follows1 that the smallest variation from the one originally intended for that purpose1 will entirely destroy the effect of the proposed combination4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a cipher and character so contrived1 that one line1 without returns and circumflexes1 stands for each and every one of the twenty-four letters2 and as ready to be made for the one letter as the other4 ,,note4 ,of this and the following invention1 the noble author has left to the curious in the stenographic art1 his own definition2 a manuscript1 in the ,marquis's hand-writing1 having been preserved in the ,harleian ,collection1 appended to an original copy of the ,century of ,inventions1 in which he explains the system upon which these two articles are founded4 ,the ,,ms4 alluded to is thus entitled3--,an ,explanation of the most exact and most compendious way of ,short-hand ,writing2 and an ,example1 given by way of ,questions and ,resolves upon each significant ,point1 proving how and why it stands for such and such a ,letter1 in order1 alphabetically placed in every page4--,bibl4 ,harl4 ,no4 #bdbh4 ,the above work is accompanied with engraved brass plates2 and his system1 which is simple and easy of attainment1 may be thus described3--,a sheet of paper must first be prepared1 with a given number of horizontal rows of small octagons1 somewhat resembling the chequers on a draft-board4 ,straight lines are then to be drawn from the centre towards the sides of these squares1 in different positions1 and of various lengths1 for each letter in the alphabet4 ,thus1 ,a is a short horizontal stroke1 made to the right hand1 and not touching the side2 ,e1 ,a1 and ,w1 are represented by a similar stroke in the opposite direction1 but varying in their lengths4 ,by a similar method the author suggests1 in the following article1 that we may write with a dot1 or single point only1 placed in a given situation in the octagon2 varying the position for each letter1 as is at present done in music1 the paper being prepared with ruled lines1 or it may be simplified by the use of coloured inks for the vowels and consonants4 ,no4 ,,iv4 ,this invention refined1 and so abbreviated1 that a point only showeth distinctly and significantly any of the twenty-four letters2 and these very points to be made with two pens1 so that no time will be lost1 but as one finger riseth1 the other may make the following letter1 never clogging the memory with several figures for words1 and combinations of letters2 which1 with ease and void of confusion1 are thus speedily and punctually1 letter for letter1 set down by naked and not multiplied points4 ,and nothing can be less than a point1 the mathematical definition of it being cujus pars nulla4 ,and of a motion1 equally as swift as semiquavers or relishes1 yet applicable to this manner of writing4 ,,note4 ,vide the preceding article4 ,no4 ,v4 ,a way1 by a circular motion1 either along a rule or ring-wise1 to vary any alphabet1 even this of points1 so that the self same point1 individually placed1 without the least additional mark or variation of place1 shall stand for all the twenty-four letters1 and not for the same letter twice in ten sheets writing2 yet as easily and certainly read and known1 as if it stood but for one and the self same letter constantly signified4 ,,note4 ,the gauge1 in this case1 must accompany the letter to be deciphered1 and1 when circular1 made to resemble a map-meter4 ,by noticing the number of lines passed over by this instrument1 and comparing the index-hand with the dots1 a sufficiently intelligible though certainly complex cipher may be formed4 ,no4 ,,vi4 ,how1 at a window1 as far as eye can discover black from white1 a man may hold discourse with his correspondent1 without noise made or noise taken2 being1 according to occasion given and means afforded1 ex re nat1 and no need of provision beforehand2 though much better if foreseen1 and means prepared for it1 and a premeditated course taken by mutual consent of parties4 ,,note4 ,the telegraph1 though not generally used in ,europe till the commencement of the ,french revolution1 appears to have been well known to the ancients4 ,polybius describes a method of communication1 which was invented by ,cleoxenus1 which answered both by day and night4 ,kircher and ,scott likewise allude to its use2 but the description given by the ,marquis is evidently superior to any that had preceded him2 and1 indeed1 must have nearly resembled that in use at the present period4 ,no4 ,,vii4 ,a way to do it by night as well as by day1 though as dark as pitch is black4 ,,note4 ,the allusion here to a telegraphic communication is likewise sufficiently evident2 though it is obvious that1 for night signals1 it will become necessary to substitute rockets or reflecting lamps for the painted boards4 ,among the signs for nightly information at a distance1 those by fire are extremely common1 and have been used by the ,chinese1 ,persians1 and other nations1 in the remotest times4 ,this species of communication is affirmed by ,diodorus ,siculus to have been practised by ,medea in her conspiracy with ,jason1 which carries us back three thousand and seventy years2 and although there must be some uncertainty on this question1 ,pliny1 in his ,history1 lib4 vii4 cap4 #ef1 says1 it originated with ,sinon4 ,specularem significationem ,trojano bello ,sinon invenit4 ,this was the signal upon which ,sinon agreed to unlock the wooden horse in the siege of ,troy1 about #aahd years before ,christ3 ----,flammas cum regia puppis ,extulerat4 ,virgil4 n4 lib4 ii4 #bef4 ,and1 after the taking of ,troy1 schylus relates1 that ,agamemnon immediately apprized his queen1 ,clytemnestra1 of that event by a similar method2 which1 we suppose1 must have been done either by men placed at certain distances with lighted torches1 which they held up in succession1 or by a considerable number of fires on the tops of hills1 denoting the simple fact previously agreed on between the parties4 ,see ,onosander's ,strategicus1 cap4 #be1 where this practice is described4 ,the fire-signals of the ,greeks and ,romans are also slightly mentioned by ,quintus ,curtius1 ,livy1 ,csar1 ,herodotus1 ,homer1 and ,thucydides2 likewise by ,vegetius and ,frontinus2 but still more in detail by ,polybius and neas ,tacticus2 the latter of whom was contemporary with ,aristotle1 and has left a valuable fragment on the duties of a general1 7translated into ,latin by ,casaubon17 wherein are many curious remarks on the subject of secret correspondence4 ,the ,greek signals were much improved by ,polybius1 who1 in his history1 7lib4 x4 cap4 #de4 p4 #bif4 tom4 iii4 ,lips4 #agij4 edit4 ,joh4 ,schweighaeuser17 attributes the invention to ,cleomenes and ,democritus1 or 7more correctly7 to ,cleoxenus and ,democlitus1 in words thus rendered3 ,postrema ratio1 cujus auctores sunt ,cleoxenus et ,democlitus1 sed quam nos correximus1 certa definitaque est1 adeo ut quidquid exortum fuerit negotii1 id possis certo facere notum4 ,prior to that period1 the information communicated by torches1 flags1 smoke1 or otherwise1 was very limited1 and it was requisite to settle beforehand what each signal should mean2 whereas ,polybius showed how to correspond alphabetically1 and to give or receive any species of intelligence1 without this previous concert4 ,the plans of neas ,tacticus had never arrived at such perfection1 and were therefore of comparatively small use2 though1 without doubt1 he at least equalled any of his predecessors in the facility of his telegraphic communications4 ,no4 ,,viii4 ,a way how to level and shoot cannon by night as well as by day1 and as directly1 without a platform or measures taken by day1 yet by a plain and infallible rule4 ,no4 ,,ix4 ,an engine1 portable in one's pocket1 which may be carried and fastened on the inside of the greatest ship1 tanquam aliud agens1 and1 at any appointed minute1 though a week after1 either of day or night1 it shall irrecoverably sink that ship4 ,,note4 ,to prepare this dangerous instrument1 it is merely necessary to connect a gun-lock with a common bomb shell1 filled in the usual manner1 and a small clock attached2 which will at any given time discharge the lock1 and cause the shell to explode3 the tremendous effects of which in the cabin or hold of a vessel may easier be conceived than described4 ,no4 ,x4 ,a way1 from a mile off1 to dive and fasten a like engine to any ship1 so as it may punctually work the same effect1 either for time or execution4 ,,note4 ,mr4 ,fulton1 of the ,united ,states1 the inventor of the ,torpedo1 recommends the use of a gun-harpoon for fixing this destructive engine on the side of a ship2 but this plan appears liable to two objections3 the resistance that would be offered by the water1 should the harpoon be fired from a considerable distance2 and the certainty of discovery from the report of the cannon1 on a near approach to the hull of the vessel4 ,the methods most eligible for this object appear to be1 either to let the machine float with the tide1 and by striking against the side of the vessel discharge a gun-lock2 or else1 by employing a diving-bell1 pass beneath the surface of the water4 ,in proof of the practicability of the latter plan1 about the time of the attack made by the ,english at ,boulogne1 ,buonaparte caused a small diving vessel to be made1 which1 at a preconcerted signal1 lowered its masts1 yards1 c42 and by admitting a certain quantity of water sunk it to the required depth2 it was then impelled forward by means of a circular paddle or wheel turned within the vessel1 and upon the air becoming foul or exhausted1 the vessel was raised to the surface by means of pumps or dropping of ballast4 ,it appears more than probable1 that this is the species of vessel to which the ,marquis alludes4 ,hook1 in his ,philosophical ,collections1 ,no4 #b1 describes an air-vessel possessing similar properties with the above4 ,no4 ,,xi4 ,how to prevent and safeguard any ship from such an attempt by day or night4 ,,note4 ,a safe and easy method of preventing the dreadful consequences attendant on the explosion of this tremendous machine1 may be found in the use of a strong net1 resembling that used in the salmon fishery2 which must be kept at the required distance from the vessel by floating buoys placed for that purpose4 ,it will also be necessary to fix a bell upon the upper extremity of each buoy1 which will1 by its ringing on a calm night1 discover the approach of any hydrostatic vessel2 and should the weather be stormy1 the attempt must end in the destruction of the sub-marine voyagers4 ,no4 ,,xii4 ,a way to make a ship not possible to be sunk1 though shot at an hundred times between wind and water by cannon1 and should she lose a whole plank1 yet1 in half an hour's time1 should be made as fit to sail as before4 ,,note4 ,provided the hull of the vessel be composed of number of small divisions1 similar to the life preservers constructed by ,mr4 ,daniel1 it will scarcely be possible to sink it1 especially if a large sheet1 well prepared with oakum1 be drawn under the vessel in the event of a fracture occurring1 as the pressure of the water on the surface of the vessel will force the canvass into the chasm1 and allow of the necessary reparation4 ,the latter method has been adopted in the navy for several years4 ,no4 ,,xiii4 ,how to make such false decks1 as in a moment should kill and take prisoners as many as should board the ship1 without blowing the real decks up1 or destroying them from being reducible2 and1 in a quarter of an hour's time1 should recover their former shape1 and to be made fit for any employment without discovering the secret4 ,,note4 ,at about six inches from the fixed deck1 and supported by cross beams1 it will be necessary to raise an artificial one of thin planks1 under which must be previously placed a number of small iron boxes1 open at the top1 and filled with powder1 connected with each other by a train4 ,the instant this is fired1 the upper1 or false deck1 will blow up en masse1 without affecting in the slightest degree the permanent deck beneath4 ,no4 ,,xiv4 ,how to bring a force to weigh up an anchor1 or to do any forcible exploit in the narrowest or lowest room in any ship1 where few hands shall do the work of many2 and many hands applicable to the same force1 some standing1 others sitting1 and1 by virtue of their several helps1 a great force augmented in little room1 as effectual as if there were sufficient space to go about with an axle-tree1 and work far from the centre4 ,,note4 ,the application of an endless screw1 or worm1 appears the most advantageous mode of increasing power in a small space2 and it possesses the additional advantage of remaining stationary at any point without the assistance of the ratchet and click4 ,no4 ,,xv4 ,a way how to make a boat work itself against wind and tide1 yea1 both without the help of man or beast2 yet so1 that the wind or tide1 though directly opposite1 shall force the ship or boat against itself2 and in no point of the compass1 but it shall be as effectual as if the wind were in the poop1 or the stream actually with the course it is to steer1 according to which the oars shall row1 and necessary motions work and move towards the desired port1 or point of the compass4 ,,note4 ,a ,panemore1 or globular wind-mill1 erected in the centre of a ship1 has been proposed for the turning of two wheels or paddles1 placed on the bows1 which would thus impel the vessel forward in any required direction4 ,the panemore1 which was invented by ,m4 ,desquinemare1 consists of a kind of globe placed on the top of a mast1 on which it always turns round with the wind4 ,in consequence of the ingenious adjustment of the curves which it presents in all its points1 the rotary motion is always in the same direction1 be that of the wind as it may2 and their utmost violence1 instead of being detrimental to its action1 only augments its power4 ,the means of the instrument increasing in a cubical ratio when the wind doubles its velocity2 and by doubling the surface its power is increased eight-fold4 ,no4 ,,xvi4 ,how to make a sea-castle1 or fortification1 cannon-proof1 capable of a thousand men1 yet sailable at pleasure to defend a passage1 or1 in an hour's time1 to divide itself into three ships1 as fit and trimmed to sail as before2 and even whilst it is a fort or castle1 they shall be unanimously steered1 and effectually be driven by an indifferent strong wind4 ,,note4 ,scheffer1 in his treatise entitled ,de ,militi ,navali1 describes a vessel of a somewhat similar construction3 it was composed of four floating tanks1 or parts of vessels1 which could at pleasure be joined together by means of bolts4 ,bomb-proof batteries of prodigious force were used by the ,spaniards in their attack on ,gibraltar1 in #aghb4 ,their upper decks were at an angle of about forty-five degrees1 and composed of successive layers of oak-planking and raw hides4 ,these offered an irresistible barrier to the shot and shells commonly used1 till ,general ,elliot decided on the application of red-hot balls1 which1 by burning a passage through the outer layers1 quickly communicated to that part of the hold used as a depository for powder1 c41 and the consequence was1 the entire destruction of this immense flotilla4 ,no4 ,,xvii4 ,how to make upon the ,thames a floating garden of pleasure1 with trees1 flowers1 banqueting-houses1 and fountains1 stews for all kind of fishes1 a reserve for snow to keep wine in1 delicate bathing places1 and the like2 with music made by mills2 and all in the midst of the stream1 where it is most rapid4 ,,note4 ,the most celebrated gardens of this description were those made by the ,mexicans on the great lake which surrounds the capital2 here they planted trees1 and cultivated maize1 pepper1 and other plants necessary for their support4 ,in progress of time1 as these floating fields grew numerous from the industry of the people1 they formed among them gardens for flowers and other odoriferous plants1 which were employed in the worship of their gods1 and which served also for the recreation of the nobles4 ,every day of the year1 at sun-rise1 innumerable vessels1 laden with various kinds of flowers and herbs1 cultivated on the water1 arrived by the canal1 at the great market-place of the capital4 ,to form their floats1 they first plait or twist willows1 with roots of marsh plants1 and upon this foundation they place the mud and dirt which they draw from the bed of the lake4 ,when the owner of a garden wishes to change his situation1 to remove from a disagreeable neighbour1 or to come nearer his own family1 he gets into his little vessel and tows the plantation after him4--,vide ,nov4 ,his4 de ,mexico par le ,abb ,francesco ,saverio ,clavigero4 ,the floating pleasure bath moored in the ,river ,thames1 near ,westminster ,bridge1 is supported by empty casks2 and this plan1 if assisted by mooring-chains1 may be applied to gardens of any reasonable extent1 even in the broadest and most rapid rivers4 ,no4 ,,xviii4 ,an artificial fountain1 to be turned like an hour-glass1 by a child1 in the twinkling of an eye1 it yet holding great quantities of water1 and of force sufficient to make snow1 ice1 and thunder2 with the chirping and singing of birds1 and showing of several shapes and effects1 usual to fountains of pleasure4 ,,note4 ,that a fountain may be made upon the principle of an hour-glass1 and that when the upper division is exhausted1 the lower may be elevated by a crank and lever1 the fluid passing through the centre of its axis1 we may easily conceive2 but how a fountain of water can produce snow1 ice1 thunder1 and the singing of birds1 is a circumstance not easy to be comprehended4 ,no4 ,,xix4 ,a little engine1 within a coach1 whereby a child may stop it1 and secure all persons within it1 and the coachman himself1 though the horses be never so unruly1 in full career2 a child being sufficiently capable to unloose them1 in what posture soever they should have put themselves1 turning never so short2 for a child can do it in the twinkling of an eye4 ,,note4 ,there are but few persons who will disallow the utility of an invention1 whose object is to prevent1 as much as possible1 the frequent and terrible accidents which occur from the present mode of attaching horses to carriages1 and other vehicles2 that these might in a great measure be avoided1 by the application of the ,marquis's invention1 and a legislative enactment to secure its adoption1 there can be no doubt4 ,to accomplish this very desirable object1 a bar1 of equal length with the axle-tree1 to which is fixed the pole and traces2 must be furnished with three iron bolts made to fit a like number of sockets in the axle-tree2 and from which1 the additional bar may be readily raised1 by the application of a common lever3 either by the pressure of the driver's foot1 or by a string made to communicate with the body of the vehicle4 ,for a chaise the apparatus will be no less simple1 with the exception of a small resting bar1 or foot1 which it will be necessary to discharge by the same lever which sets at liberty the horse1 and by this means prevent the sudden jerk1 that must otherwise occur in a two wheeled carriage4 ,no4 ,,xx4 ,how to bring up water balance-wise1 so that as little weight or force as will turn a balance1 will be only needful1 more than the weight of the water within the buckets1 which counterpoise and empty themselves one into the other1 the uppermost yielding its water 7how great a quantity soever it holds7 at the same time when the lowermost taketh it in1 though it be an hundred fathom high4 ,,note4 ,an engine answering the above description may be composed of a series of ladles or buckets1 the handles of which being hollow will admit a passage for the water by elevating the bucket end4 ,a number of these1 sufficient for the required height1 must be fastened in a frame2 each ladle being suspended by a fulcrum so balanced that when filled with water1 they may remain in equilibrio4 ,the whole of the buckets thus constructed may be connected by rods passing from the top of the machine to the lowest handle1 and the continued series so placed1 that the handle of the one bucket will empty itself into the reservoir of the succeeding one1 so that by alternately raising and depressing the rods the water is raised to the top of the machine4 ,no4 ,,xxi4 ,how to raise water constantly with two buckets only1 day and night1 without any other force than its own motion1 using not so much as any force1 wheel1 or sucker1 nor more pullies than one1 on which the cord or chain rolleth1 with a bucket at each end4 ,this1 ,i confess1 ,i have seen and learned of the great mathematician ,clavius's ,studies at ,rome1 he having made a present thereof unto a cardinal2 and ,i desire not to own any other man's inventions2 but if ,i set down any1 to nominate likewise the inventor4 ,,note4 ,the construction of an hydraulic engine with powers nearly similar to this1 may be thus described3 two buckets of unequal size must be first suspended by a flexible chain turning on a double roller or pulley2 so that one bucket will be elevated to the required height1 while the other reaches the level of the water to be raised2 a small stream of water must then be made to communicate with the largest bucket1 which will speedily be depressed and descend to the lower level1 while the opposite bucket will discharge its contents into a cistern or reservoir at the top of the machine3 the larger bucket being likewise emptied by striking against a projecting beam placed there for that purpose4 ,mr4 ,sarjeant has described a very simple and powerful machine for raising water1 nearly similar in point of principle to the above4 ,an engraving of ,mr4 ,s4's engine1 together with an account of its construction1 is inserted in the ,trans4 of the ,soc4 of ,arts1 vol4 xix4 p4 #bee4 ,no4 ,,xxii4 ,to make a river in a garden ebb and flow constantly1 though twenty foot over1 with a child's force1 in some private room1 or place out of sight1 and a competent distance from it4 ,,note4 ,the very ingenious canal lock lately invented by ,peter ,bogaerts1 ,esq41 appears fully calculated for effecting this object4 ,in this lock1 which from its simplicity is no less useful than economical1 a small portion of water is made to assist in displacing several tons of that element1 and there is no doubt but a child's force would raise double the quantity of water described by the ,marquis4 ,in the model lately exhibited1 a weight of seven pounds was made to raise #aj cwt4 of water more than four feet in a few seconds4 ,no4 ,,xxiii4 ,to set a clock as within a castle1 the water filling the trenches about it2 which shall show1 by ebbing and flowing1 the hours1 minutes1 and seconds1 and all the comprehensible motions of the heavens1 and counterlibration of the earth1 according to ,copernicus4 ,,note4 ,a tide-mill was several years back exhibited in the ,museum of that very ingenious mechanic1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,hawkins2 and a similar prime mover has been suggested for the purpose of winding a clock for a bell signal station on the ,northern coast of ,england4 ,an astronomical machine as described by the ,marquis1 must be provided with two barrels1 each possessing a maintaining power sufficient for the correct performance of the whole4 ,in addition to the line that supports the weight1 or maintaining power1 each barrel must be provided with a revolving pulley resembling those used for old thirty-hour clocks2 with chains passing over their axis2 and the chains being attached to large floats of wood will be alternately raised or depressed by the ebbing and flowing of the tide2 and thus in succession wind up the weights which form the maintaining power of the clock4 ,the clepsydr1 or hydraulic clock1 was in general use among the ancients1 and a stream of water was frequently employed to give motion to planetary machines4 ,no4 ,,xxiv4 ,how to increase the strength of a spring to such a degree as to shoot bombasses and bullets of an hundred pound weight a steeple height1 and a quarter of a mile off and more1 stone bow-wise1 admirable for fire-works and astonishing of besieged cities1 when1 without warning given by noise1 they find themselves so forcibly and dangerously surprised4 ,,note4 ,the strength of a compound spring formed of two metals may1 by the application of heat1 be increased to any given power4 ,rationale4--,iron possessing an expansive power of #a_/ie1 and brass being only #a_/fj1 the weaker metal will be bent by that whose power of expansion is greater1 and the impulse of the spring increased in an equal ratio4 ,no4 ,,xxv4 ,how to make a weight1 that cannot take up an hundred pound1 and yet shall take up two hundred pounds1 and at the self same distance from the centre2 and so1 proportionally1 to millions of pounds4 ,,note4 ,this is indeed paradoxical1 and so completely contrary to every established principle or rule in science1 that we may fairly set it down among the number of those inventions which1 by partaking so highly of the marvellous1 have contributed to bring the whole ,century into disrepute4 ,no4 ,,xxvi4 ,to raise a weight so well and as forcibly with the drawing back of the lever1 as with the thrusting it forwards2 and by that means to lose no time in motion or strength4 ,this ,i saw in the arsenal at ,venice4 ,,note4 ,the mere application of a crank1 such as is used for the foot-lathe1 acting upon a drum and fly-wheel1 with a chain attached to move a second lever or upright sliding bar1 will fully effect the object here described4 ,no4 ,,xxvii4 ,a way to remove to and fro huge weights1 with a most inconsiderable strength1 from place to place4 ,for example3 ten ton with ten pounds1 and less2 the said ten pounds not to fall lower than it makes the ten ton to advance or retreat upon a level4 ,,note4 ,a weight attached to an ordinary crane may be moved with the utmost facility2 and it is well known that the employment of friction wheels furnishes a ready medium of conveyance for masses of iron and stone of the greatest magnitude4 ,no4 ,,xxviii4 ,a bridge1 portable upon a cart1 with six horses1 which1 in a few hours' time1 may be placed over a river half a mile broad1 whereon1 with much expedition1 may be transported1 horse1 foot1 and cannon4 ,,note4 ,a portable bridge1 or rather ferry boat1 calculated for crossing wide and deep rivers1 was frequently employed in ancient warfare1 and is still used for the conveyance of horses and passengers in many parts of ,europe4 ,the apparatus for this purpose may readily be attached to the banks of the most rapid river1 as it merely consists in the employment of two ropes or wires1 tightened by means of a winch1 on which slide pullies connected with a large floating tank or waggon1 that is afterwards intended to be employed as a medium of conveyance4 ,the apparatus being thus prepared1 a communication may readily be opened by means of two cords between the opposite banks of the river4 ,no4 ,,xxix4 ,a portable fortification1 able to contain five hundred fighting men1 and yet1 in six hours' time1 may be set up and made cannon proof1 upon the side of a river or pass1 with cannon mounted upon it1 and as complete as a regular fortification1 with half-moons and counterscarps4 ,,note4 ,it is difficult to attempt an elucidation of this or the following articles2 but the annexed extract from the ,general ,evening ,post for #agdg appears to throw some light on ,no4 ,,xxx4 ,on the #aath instant1 ,mr4 ,james ,allis was presented to the ,royal ,society1 with a new invented cannon1 which charges and discharges both at one time1 and twenty times in a minute3 he had their thanks1 and a handsome present4 ,no4 ,,xxx4 ,a way1 in one night's time1 to raise a bulwark1 twenty or thirty foot high1 cannon proof1 and cannon mounted upon it2 with men to overlook1 command and batter a town2 for1 though it contain but four pieces1 they shall be able to discharge two hundred bullets each hour4 ,,note4 ,vide the preceding ,article4 ,since writing the above1 the ,editor has been called to witness the effects of highly elastic vapour applied to the propelling of leaden bullets1 in an apparatus contrived by ,mr4 ,perkins2 and these destructive missile engines are capable of discharging nearly two hundred bullets1 in one sixtieth part of the time described by our author in the present ,article4 ,no4 ,,xxxi4 ,a way how safely and speedily to make an approach to a castle or town-wall1 and over the very ditch1 at noon-day4 ,,note4 ,a wheel carriage1 of sufficient strength to support an heavy iron tower1 must first be provided4 ,it may be constructed of thick wrought iron1 with door1 c41 of the same material1 and hung round with sand-bags1 through the interstices of which may project from six to eight small guns to protect it from musquetry4 ,the most eligible method of moving the tower appears to be by fixing small handles to the axles of the wheels1 which may be turned at pleasure by those within the walls4 ,to prevent any attempt of the enemy who may sally forth to drag the machine within the walls of the town1 c41 it will be adviseable to arm the wheels with long steel studs1 which1 when the handles are fastened within1 will render it immoveable4 ,this tower1 though but of little use in modern warfare1 appears well adapted for reconnoitring the walls of a fortified town1 and1 if fixed upon a hollow iron vessel1 will possess the further advantage of crossing rivers and moats4 ,nearly similar machines are described by ,vitruvius1 and other authors who treat on military engineering4 ,no4 ,,xxxii4 ,how to compose an universal character1 methodical and easy to be written1 yet intelligible in any language2 so that if an ,englishman write it in ,english1 a ,frenchman1 ,italian1 ,spaniard1 ,irish or ,welchman1 being scholars1 yea1 ,grecian or ,hebritian1 shall as perfectly understand it in their own tongue as if they were ,english1 distinguishing the verbs from the nouns1 the numbers1 tenses1 and cases1 as properly expressed in their own language as it was written in ,english4 ,,note4 ,the great difficulty which the various contrivers of a universal character or philosophical language have hitherto had to encounter1 from the ,marquis of ,worcester and ,bishop ,wilkins down to ,m4 ,lodowick1 appears to have arisen rather from the difficulty attendant on engaging the several nations to use it1 than in inventing the most convenient character4 ,the real character of ,bishop ,wilkins1 which there is every reason to suppose strongly resembled that of his contemporary the ,marquis1 was repeatedly recommended by ,dr4 ,hook1 who1 to engage the world in the study of it1 published some curious inventions of his own1 tending to its illustration4 ,but the most accurate notice on the history of pasigraphy yet published appeared in the ,spect4 du ,nord for ,may1 #agih4 ,the anonymous author of this interesting memoir commences by a brief inquiry into the nature and utility of the universal character1 and then proceeds with this very just eulogium on our immortal countryman ,bacon4 ,it is generally allowed that ,lord ,bacon of ,verulam comprehended nearly the whole circle of human knowledge at the period in which he lived1 and foresaw most of the discoveries which have since been made4 ,he laid the foundation of an ,encyclopdia1 and was very near discovering various important philosophical results1 such as the weight of the air1 c4 ,if we open his book on the progress of the sciences1 we shall find the notion of a pasigraphy in the chapter entitled ,the ,instrument of ,discourse4 ,it is possible to invent such signs1 says he1 for the communication of our thoughts1 that people of different languages may1 by this means1 understand each other2 and that each may read immediately in his own language1 a book which shall be written in another4 ,but ,bacon did not think of confining this to twelve characters3 on the contrary1 he requires a great number1 at least as many as the number of radical words2 on which head he quotes the example of the ,chinese2 and although1 adds he1 our alphabet may appear more commodious than this method of writing1 the thing itself nevertheless is well deserving of attention4 ,the problem relates to the signs by which thoughts may be rendered current2 and1 as money may be struck of other materials as well as gold and silver1 it is possible likewise to discover other signs of things as well as letters and words4 ,des ,cartes1 in his third letter to father ,mercennus1 discusses the invention of a ,frenchman1 whom he does not name1 but who1 by means of a certain language and an artificial writing1 pretended to understand all the different idioms4 ,he remarks on this subject1 that it would be very possible to compose a short and convenient grammar1 with general signs1 which should render all foreign languages intelligible4 ,in the year #affa1 ,john ,joachim ,becher published a ,latin folio1 the title of which was ,characters for the ,universal ,knowledge of ,languages3 a ,stenographic ,invention hitherto unheard of4 ,this unheard of invention consists of a method by which a native of any country may make himself understood by all foreigners by writing in his own language1 and be enabled also to comprehend what they write in theirs4 ,it was truly at that time a thing unheard of2 for ,becher1 being the first who had given a complete treatise on this art1 may be considered as the inventor4 ,he begins his work by a series of highly interesting observations upon general grammar1 and the fundamental relations of all languages with regard to each other4 ,he gives a learned comparative table of the relations and harmony of the ,latin1 the ,greek1 the ,hebrew1 the ,arabian1 the ,sclavonian1 the ,french1 and the ,german4 ,this work cannot be too highly esteemed1 and assuredly was not unknown to the author of the work ,du ,monde ,primitif4 ,a ,latin dictionary then follows1 in which every word corresponds with one or more ,arabic numeral figures arbitrarily taken4 ,every number is assumed as distinctive1 or denoting the same word in all languages2 and consequently nothing more is required than to compose a dictionary for each1 similar to that which he has given for the ,latin4 ,there is likewise a table of declensions and conjugations1 which presents certain determinate numbers for all the cases1 moods1 tenses1 or persons4 ,by means of this general disposition1 when a ,frenchman is desirous of writing to a ,german the following phrase1 ,la guerre est un grand mal 7war is a great evil71 he seeks in his index1 guerre1 tre1 grand1 mal2 and he writes the correspondent numbers1 #ac1 #cc1 #fg1 #fh4 ,the sentence might be understood by these four characteristic numbers2 but1 to leave no room for ambiguity1 he says1 ,guerre is the nominative case1 and finds1 as the characteristic of the nominative1 the ,arabic figure #a4 ,est is the third person singular of the indicative mood1 present tense1 of which the characteristic is #ae4 ,to grand1 and to mal1 belong likewise the figure #a1 for the nominative case2 he will therefore write #ac4a #cc4ae #fg4a #fh4a where the numbers are separated by small vertical bars to prevent confusion4 ,it may easily be conceived how1 by the inverse method1 the ,german will find in his tables the words denoted by the ciphers1 which will form ,der krieg ist ein grosses uebel4 ,this invention of ,becher1 which is the same thing nearly with regard to language1 as algebra is to arithmetic1 is possessed of considerable simplicity1 and even a few hours practice will render it easy4 ,a great variety of attempts on this principle may be found in ,sturmius1 ,essais d',expriences ,curieuses4 ,in the same year1 ,george ,dalgaru1 an ,englishman1 published in ,london a work of which the prolix title is sufficient to show its object4 ,it runs thus1 ,the ,art of ,signs1 or an ,universal ,character and ,philosophical ,language1 by ,means of which1 ,men of the most different ,idioms may1 in the ,space of two ,weeks1 learn to communicate1 whether by ,word of ,mouth or by ,writing1 all their ,thoughts1 as clearly as in their ,mother ,tongue4 ,besides which1 young ,persons may therein learn the ,principles of ,philosophy1 and the ,practice of true ,logic1 more speedily and more readily than in the ordinary philosophic ,writings4 ,the book of ,dalgaru is written in ,latin1 and ,beckman accuses him of extreme pedantry4 ,his characters likewise were ciphers4 ,joachim ,frisichius1 professor at the ,gymnasium at ,riga1 was employed on a similar attempt1 his object being to introduce a natural1 rational1 and universal language1 of which some sheets printed at ,thorn in #afha contain the only specimen extant4 ,the death of the author interrupted his labours4 ,he purposed to call his new language ,ludovicean1 in honour of ,louis ,,xiv41 under whose patronage he pursued his labours2 a prince whose generosity was extended to the learned of all countries4 ,athanasius ,kircher also published a work on this subject1 entitled ,a ,new and ,universal ,polygraphia1 deduced from the ,art of ,combination1 and by means of which1 says ,morhoff1 7,polyhistor1 l4 ii4 c4 #e47 he who understands one language only may correspond in writing with all the nations of the earth4 ,it would perhaps be unjust to pass in silence the little-known work of father ,besnier1 a ,jesuit1 who1 in a book entitled ,la ,runion des ,langues1 ou l',art de les apprendre toutes par une seule1 printed at ,paris in #afgd1 has furnished many important hints for the cultivation of this branch of language4 ,the most remarkable work1 however1 which has been written on this subject1 is that for which we are indebted to ,bishop ,wilkins1 the brother-in-law of ,cromwell3 it is entitled1 ,an ,essay towards a ,real ,character and a ,philosophical ,language1 ,london1 #affh4 ,it is divided into four parts3 #ast1 ,considerations on the various languages1 their defects and imperfections1 from which a philosophic language ought to be exempt4 #b;dly1 ,philosophical inquiries respecting all the things and notions to which proper names ought to be assigned4 #c;dly1 ,the organic science of native grammar considered as the necessary means of representing simple ideas in discourse4 #dthly1 ,the application of the general rules to every character and language4 ,examples1 c4 ,this concise outline sufficiently shows the importance of the work4 ,in his appendix1 the author explains the utility of a method of writing without alphabetic characters1 by means of signs1 which are to be used to denote all the principal ideas1 the relative attributes being designated by small strokes added at right1 acute1 or obtuse angles1 to the right or left2 c4 ,of principal or chief ideas he admits but forty1 under which he ranges all the others1 by that means forming a series of categories4 ,his new language is calculated to afford great facility of comprehension1 and new openings to the various processes of science4 ,after so many attempts1 more or less philosophical1 and of different degrees of perfection1 with others probably of which we know nothing1 we must not overlook the efforts of the celebrated ,leibnitz4 ,his ,history and ,development of a ,characteristic ,universal ,language is very generally known4 ,leibnitz considered his universal characteristic as the art of inventing and judging4 ,he stated his conviction that an alphabet might be formed1 and of this alphabet such words as would afford a language capable of giving mathematical precision to all the sciences4 ,men may thus acquire1 says he1 as it were1 a new organ1 which would add energy to their moral faculties1 as the microscopic lens increases the power of the eye4 ,the compass is not more highly valuable to the navigator1 than this philosophical language would be to him who embarks on the sea of reason and experiments1 which is now so full of danger4 ,in concluding this brief sketch1 it may be enough to notice the ingenious method of the ,abb de l',epe1 who1 by means of various gestures1 dictated to his various deaf and dumb pupils certain discourses1 which they wrote with equal readiness in four languages4 ,no4 ,,xxxiii4 ,to write with a needle and thread1 white1 or any other colour1 upon white1 or any other colour1 so that one stitch shall significantly show any letter1 and as readily and as easily show the one letter as the other1 and fit for any language4 ,,note4 ,vide ,article ,,lxxv4 ,no4 ,,xxxiv4 ,to write by a knotted silk string1 so that every knot shall signify any letter1 with comma1 full-point1 or interrogation2 and as legible as with pen and ink upon white paper4 ,,note4 ,this very ingenious mode of secret writing is the most simple of any suggested by our author4 ,a silk string of considerable length having been provided1 it will be necessary to furnish the persons corresponding with a key or graduated gauge1 by means of which the writing will be rendered intelligible4 ,having procured a duplicate or corresponding gauge it may then be commenced1 #a_/af of an inch being allowed for the first letter1 #a_/d for the second1 #c_/h for the third1 and so on1 in equal proportions1 through the whole alphabet4 ,should this arrangement be found to extend the line to an inconvenient length1 it may be advisable to form a certain number of changes on three different lengths1 as in ,no4 ,,lii42 though the former way is the least difficult4 ,no4 ,,xxxv4 ,the like by the fringe of gloves4 ,,note4 ,the principle of this and the four following ,articles is the same as the preceding1 with this difference1 that in the first1 the letters1 or words1 are formed by knotting the fringe1 to which the gauge is afterwards applied2 in the second1 and most desirable way1 the beads are set to the required distance2 by the third1 the gloves are pierced or pricked in rows1 according to the divisions on the gauge2 and by the fourth and fifth1 the rows of parallel holes in a sieve or lantern are stopped at the required distances1 and the gauge applied as before4 ,no4 ,,xxxvi4 ,by stringing of bracelets4 ,no4 ,,xxxvii4 ,by pinked gloves4 ,no4 ,,xxxviii4 ,by holes in the bottom of a sieve4 ,no4 ,,xxxix4 ,by a lattin or candlestick lantern4 ,no4 ,,xl4 ,by the smell4 ,,note4 ,pegs of sandal1 cedar1 and rose woods1 may be so varied1 that a person writing in the dark will1 by the smell1 readily distinguish the formation of words and sentences4 ,no4 ,,xli4 ,by the taste4 ,,note4 ,for writing by the taste1 it will be necessary to immerse an equal number of the pegs or beads in weak solutions of alum1 aloes1 common salt1 or any other liquid whose taste is sufficiently pungent or aromatic1 to be distinguished when dry1 on applying the tongue to them for that purpose4 ,no4 ,,xlii4 ,by the touch4 ,by these three senses1 as perfectly1 distinctly1 and unconfusedly1 yea1 as readily as by the sight4 ,,note4 ,this object may be readily attained by the use of raised moveable types and the heavy pressure of an iron pen or mallet4 ,a mode of corresponding by the touch has been suggested by ,m4 ,hay1 and by this means the blind have been fully instructed1 not only in the rudiments of language1 but also in the liberal arts and sciences4 ,m4 ,hay's method of preparing the books1 c41 which is simple and easy of attainment1 is as follows3 when the types have been arranged and fixed1 a page of very strong paper is moistened1 so as to be capable of receiving and retaining impressions1 and laid upon the types2 and then by the operation of a press or hammer1 frequently repeated over the surface1 the impression of the type is made to rise on the opposite side of the paper2 and it continues1 when dry1 not only obvious to the sight1 but to the touch1 and is not easily effaced4 ,on the upper side of the paper1 the letters appear in their proper position2 and by their sensible elevation above the common surface1 the blind may easily read them with their fingers4 ,for epistolary correspondence it will be necessary to moisten the paper and use a metal pen4 ,no4 ,,xliii4 ,how to vary each of these1 so that ten thousand may know them1 and yet keep the understanding part from any but their correspondent4 ,,note4 ,this may be effected by changing the order of their arrangement1 which can only be ascertained by a previous examination of a key chosen for that purpose4 ,no4 ,,xliv4 ,to make a key of a chamber door1 which to your sight hath its wards and rose-pipe but paper thick1 and yet at pleasure1 in a minute of an hour1 shall become a perfect pistol1 capable to shoot through a breastplate1 commonly of carabine proof1 with prime1 powder1 and fire-lock1 undiscoverable in a stranger's hand4 ,,note4 ,the rose-pipe must in this case be formed like the sliding tubes of a telescope2 that next the wards being furnished with a screw at the inner and capable of holding the whole of them together4 ,a small quantity of detonating powder being first placed within1 the pipe may be readily discharged by tightening of the screw4 ,no4 ,,xlv4 ,how to light a fire and a candle1 at what hour of the night one awaketh1 without rising or putting one's hand out of bed4 ,and the same thing to be a serviceable pistol at pleasure2 yet1 by a stranger1 not knowing the secret1 seemeth but a dexterous tinder-box4 ,,note4 ,the pistol tinder-box may readily be made to perform the whole of what is here described4 ,a bell rope attached to the trigger will suffice to elicit fire1 which1 communicating with a quick-match or fusee1 will quickly ignite and produce the required light4 ,if the fire is previously prepared with wood or some other combustible material1 and a small quantity of inflammable spirits sprinkled over it1 the slightest spark will throw the whole into a blaze4 ,for the latter qualification mentioned by the noble author1 a pistol barrel may easily be secreted under the tinder4 ,the inflammable air-lamp contrived by ,volta possesses similar properties3 a stream of hydrogen gas being inflamed by the spark from an electrophorus4--,vide ,brande's ,manual of ,chemistry1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdj4 ,no4 ,,xlvi4 ,how to make an artificial bird to fly which way and as long as one pleaseth1 by or against the wind1 sometimes chirping1 other times hovering1 still tending the way it is designed for4 ,,note4 ,in the year #ahaj1 two birds were exhibited at the museum of the late ,mr4 ,merlin2 these performed nearly all the evolutions described by the ,author3 with this exception1 however1 that they were supported by fine wires2 and a similar bird was exhibited in ,london in the year #aghf4--,vide #ggth ,art4 in the ,century4 ,no4 ,,xlvii4 ,to make a ball of any metal1 which1 thrown into a pool or pail of water1 shall presently rise from the bottom1 and constantly show1 by the superficies of the water1 the hour of the day or night1 never rising more out of the water than just to the minute it showeth of each quarter of the hour2 and if by force kept under water1 yet the time is not lost1 but recovered as soon as it is permitted to rise to the surface of the water4 ,,note4 ,a metal ball graduated on the surface1 in the same manner as the index stem to an hydrometer1 with a balance to preserve its equilibrium1 must first be exhausted of air1 which being effected1 the water may be allowed to enter by a small aperture1 and it will gradually sink till the vessel is filled3 this1 if the ball is about #ab inches in diameter and the aperture of a proportionate size1 will not take place in less than twelve hours4 ,no4 ,,xlviii4 ,a screwed ascent1 instead of stairs1 with fit landing places to the best chambers of each story1 with back stairs within the noel of it1 convenient for servants to pass up and down to the inward rooms of them1 unseen and private4 ,,note4 ,it is most probable that the ,marquis here alludes to the geometrical staircase now in such general use1 with the addition of a small flight of stairs in the centre1 in lieu of the common handrail1 which being surrounded by a partition of boards1 would readily serve as a private communication with the upper stories3 sufficient space being left between the ceiling and under side of the principal staircase to admit of a passage to the inner rooms4 ,since writing the above1 the ,editor has seen a more explicit account of this species of staircase4 ,it occurs in ,evelin's ,memoirs1 vol4 i4 page #ei1 and forms part of that learned and amusing author's tour through ,france in #afdd4 ,the following is an extract4 ,quitting our barke1 we hired horses to ,blois1 by way of ,chambourg1 a famous house of ye ,king's1 built by ,francis ,i4 in the middle of a solitary parke1 full of deere2 the enclosure is a wall4 ,i was particularly desirous of seeing this palace1 from the extravagance of the design1 especially the stayrecase1 mentioned by ,palladio4 ,it is said that #ahjj workmen were constantly employed in this fabric for twelve yeares2 if so1 it is wonderfull that it was not finish'd1 it being no greater than divers gentlemen's houses in ,england1 both for roome or circuit4 ,the carvings are very rich and full4 ,the stayrecase is devised wth four entries or ascents1 which cross one another1 so that though four persons meete1 they never come in sight1 but by small loope-holes1 till they land4 ,it consists of #bgd steps 7as ,i remember71 and is an extraordinary worke1 but of far greater expense than use or beauty4 ,no4 ,,xlix4 ,a portable engine1 in way of a tobacco-tongs1 whereby a man may get over a wall1 or get up again1 being come down1 finding the coast proveth insecure for him4 ,,note4 ,it is not very easy to discover to what the noble author here alludes3 if by tobacco-tongs1 he means a combination of levers such as is used by gardeners1 to gather choice fruit or lop the upper boughs of trees1 the mode of applying them is extremely easy4 ,a number of short pieces of brass1 jointed together1 and made to resemble a row of trellis work1 may1 by distending the joints in an horizontal direction1 be made to go in the smallest compass2 and again1 by closing the arms1 the machine will be elevated4 ,an ingenious mechanic has constructed a fire-escape upon this principle1 of which a model is preserved in the ,museum of the ,society for the ,encouragement of ,arts1 c4 ,no4 ,l4 ,a complete light portable ladder1 which taken out of one's pocket1 may be by himself fastened an hundred feet high to get up by from the ground4 ,,note4 ,a number of light brass tubes1 each having a socket to receive the end of the preceding joint1 may be raised to any given height1 and with the assistance of small loops of cord will fully answer the purpose here described4 ,it will be necessary to have a small stud at one end of each joint1 with a narrow slit at the end of the following tube to receive it1 which being carried on in a right angle for about twice its width1 will on being turned round serve as a key to prevent the joints separating4 ,no4 ,,li4 ,a rule of gradation1 which1 with ease and method1 reduceth all things to a private correspondence1 most useful for secret intelligence4 ,,note4 ,vide ,article ,v4 ,no4 ,,lii4 ,how to signify words1 and a perfect discourse1 by jangling of bells of any parish church1 or by any musical instrument within hearing1 in a seeming way of tuning it1 or of an unskilful beginner4 ,,note4 ,by varying the order of arrangement1 the whole alphabet may readily be rung on three bells2 and these1 being formed into sentences by short pauses between each word1 will fully serve for distant conversation4 ,for musical instruments1 it is merely changing keys for bells1 and the same purpose may be answered without the trouble of forming changes upon so small a number of fixed tones4 ,a table is subjoined1 by the use of which a combination of three bells is made to express the whole alphabet3 ,a represented by #aaa ,b #aab ,c #aac ,d #aba ,e #abb ,f #abc ,g #aca ,h #acb ,i #acc ,k #baa ,l #bab ,m #bac ,n #bba ,o #bbb ,p #bbc ,q #bca ,r #bcb ,s #bcc ,t #caa ,v #cab ,u #cac ,w #cba ,x #cbb ,y #cbc ,z #ccc ,no4 ,,liii4 ,a way how to make hollow and cover a water-screw1 as big and as long as one pleaseth1 in an easy and cheap way4 ,,note4 ,a leathern water-pipe1 such as is used by the firemen1 being nailed in a spiral form round a long circular pole1 is the cheapest and most simple method yet discovered of making the ,archimedean screw4 ,no4 ,,liv4 ,how to make a water-screw tight1 and yet transparent1 and free from breaking2 but so clear1 that one may palpably see the water1 or any heavy thing1 how and why it is mounted by turning4 ,,note4 ,this may be readily effected either by making a coarse screw in the usual manner1 and covering it with horn1 or by fitting a spiral tube of glass on a wooden cylinder1 and filling up the interstices with wax or any hard cement so as to project beyond the glass tube3 this appears the most eligible method1 though the former is the most economical4 ,m4 ,a4 ,rochon has likewise proposed a most ingenious substitute for the use of horn in the construction of the ,archimedean screw1 and other hydraulic instruments4 ,it is formed 7like the safety lamp of ,sir ,h4 ,davy7 of a coarse wire gauze which1 on being immersed in pure fish-glue or size1 forms when varnished a cheap and durable substitute for the use of glass4 ,no4 ,,lv4 ,a double water-screw1 the innermost to mount the water1 and the outermost for it to descend more in number of threads1 and consequently in quantity of water1 though much shorter than the innermost screw1 by which the water ascendeth1 a most extraordinary help for the turning of the screw to make the water rise4 ,,note4 ,this appears one of those extraordinary slight of hand discoveries in which the noble author is too apt to indulge2 and though we may readily admit that two water-screws may be most advantageously employed in turning of any water-wheel1 where an abundant supply is found at the top of the machine1 it yet requires a greater share of penetration than we choose to take credit for1 to discover how a larger quantity of water can descend than has been previously raised1 or1 if so1 how the machine could be at all applied to the raising of water4 ,no4 ,,lvi4 ,to provide and make1 that all the weights of the descending side of a wheel shall be perpetually farther from the centre than those of the mounting side1 and yet equal in number and heft of the one side as the other4 ,a most incredible thing1 if not seen1 but tried before the late king of happy and glorious memory1 in the ,tower1 by my directions2 two extraordinary ambassadors accompanying his ,majesty1 and the ,duke of ,richmond1 and ,duke ,hamilton1 with most of the court attending him4 ,the wheel was fourteen feet over1 and forty weights of fifty pounds a-piece4 ,sir ,william ,belford1 then ,lieutenant of the ,tower1 can testify it1 with several others4 ,they all saw1 that no sooner these great weights passed the diameter line of the upper side1 but they hung a foot farther from the centre2 nor no sooner passed the diameter line of the lower side1 but they hung a foot nearer4 ,be pleased to judge the consequence4 ,,note4 ,the celebrated problem of a self-impelling power1 though denied by ,huygens and de la ,hire1 who have attempted to demonstrate its fallacy1 has yet been supported by some of the most celebrated among the ancient as well as modern philosophers4 ,innumerable have been the machines to which the idea of the perpetual motion has given birth2 but the most celebrated among the moderns is the ,orffyrean wheel4 ,this machine1 according to the description given of it by ,m4 ,grvesande1 in his uvres ,philosophiques1 consisted of a large circular wheel or drum1 twelve feet in diameter1 and fourteen inches in depth4 ,it was composed of a number of thin deals1 the spaces between which were covered with wax cloth1 in order to conceal the interior parts of it4 ,on giving the wheel1 which rested on the two extremities of an iron axis1 a slight impulse in either direction1 its motion was gradually accelerated2 so that after two or three revolutions it is said to have acquired so great a velocity as to make twenty-five or more turns in a minute3 and it appears to have preserved this rapid motion for the space of two months1 during which time the ,landgrave of ,hesse1 in whose chamber it was placed to prevent a possibility of collusion1 kept his own seal on the outer door4 ,at the end of that time it was stopped to prevent the wear of the materials4 ,grvesande1 who had been an eye-witness to the performance of this machine1 examined all the external parts of it1 and was convinced that there could not be any communication between it and the adjacent rooms4 ,orffyreus1 however1 having been informed of the ill-timed curiosity of the professor1 and incensed at the refusal of a premium of twenty thousand pounds1 which he had made a sine qu non for disclosing the mechanism of its construction1 broke the whole apparatus into atoms1 and his life was soon after sacrificed to chagrin at his disappointment4 ,the analogy between the ,marquis's description and the ,orffyrean wheel is sufficiently evident2 and the experiment having been made in the ,tower1 more than fifty years prior to the attempt of the ,german mechanic1 it is more than probable that the idea was derived from the noble author's work4 ,no4 ,,lvii4 ,an ebbing and flowing water-work in two vessels1 into either of which1 the water standing at a level1 if a globe be cast in1 instead of rising1 it presently ebbeth1 and so remaineth1 until a like globe be cast into the other vessel1 which the water is no sooner sensible of1 but that the vessel presently ebbeth1 and the other floweth1 and so continueth ebbing and flowing1 until one or both the globes be taken out1 working some little effect besides its own motion1 without the help of any man within sight or hearing3 but if either of the globes be taken out1 with ever so swift or easy a motion1 at that instant the ebbing and flowing ceaseth2 for if1 during the ebbing1 you take out the globe1 the water of that vessel presently returneth to flow1 and never ebbeth after1 until the globe be returned into it1 and then the motion beginneth as before4 ,,note4 ,this invention1 which is evidently more a matter of curiosity than of real utility1 is no doubt effected upon the principle of an ebbing and flowing spring2 the throwing in of the ball1 by causing a commensurate rise of the water1 fills a syphon1 and sets the water-work in motion1 but as the effect of this would cease after the two vessels attained an equilibrium1 the machine must be assisted by a moving power attached to one or both of the vessels1 as the ,marquis merely says1 that it may be performed without the help of any man within sight or hearing4 ,no4 ,,lviii4 ,how to make a pistol to discharge a dozen times with one loading1 and without so much as once new priming requisite2 or to change it out of one hand into the other1 or stop one's horse4 ,,note4 ,an attentive examination of this and the subsequent articles has suggested what appears an improvement of considerable importance in the principle of modern fire-arms4 ,the expense attendant on the manufacture of double barrelled guns1 and the inconvenience which arises from their additional weight1 have hitherto prevented their coming into general use1 though their utility in the field is very generally allowed4 ,an economical gun uniting all the advantages of the one1 with the lightness and portability of the other1 must therefore be considered as a desideratum of the first importance4 ,to effect this1 a common gun barrel must be pierced with the required number of touchholes1 at a sufficient distance to allow of an equal number of charges4 ,a detonating magazine gunlock may then be made to slide on the lower part of the barrel1 with a parallel ratchet and click to fix precisely opposite the touchhole to be inflamed4 ,the gun must then be loaded by a graduated ramrod1 the powder of each charge being brought opposite its proper touchhole4 ,after the first discharge1 the cock must be moved back one tooth of the ratchet1 and this motion continued till the whole are exploded1 each hole being covered successively by a plate attached to the lock4 ,no4 #fj is evidently performed by filling a cylindrical flask1 made the same size as the barrel1 with the required number of charges and afterwards forcing the whole of them into the barrel4 ,nos4 #fa and #fg may be performed by filling a flask previously made to fit the breech of the musket1 and forcing forward each successive charge by a screw or lever1 in the same manner as the charging is effected in a magazine air-gun4 ,no4 ,,lix4 ,another way1 as fast and effectual1 but more proper for carabines4 ,vide ,article ,,lviii4 ,no4 ,,lx4 ,a way1 with a flask appropriated unto it1 which will furnish either pistol or carabine with a dozen charges in three minutes' time1 to do the whole execution of a dozen shots1 as soon as one pleaseth1 proportionably4 ,vide ,article ,,lviii4 ,no4 ,,lxi4 ,a third way1 and particularly for muskets1 without taking them from their rests to charge or prime1 to a like execution1 and as fast as the flask1 the musket containing but one charge at a time4 ,vide ,article ,,lviii4 ,no4 ,,lxii4 ,a way for a harquebuss1 a crock1 or ship musket1 six upon a carriage1 shooting with such expedition1 as1 without danger1 one may charge1 level1 and discharge them sixty times in a minute of an hour1 two or three together4 ,vide ,article ,,lviii4 ,no4 ,,lxiii4 ,a sixth way1 most excellent for sakers1 differing from the other1 yet as swift4 ,vide ,article ,,lviii4 ,no4 ,,lxiv4 ,a seventh1 tried and approved before the late king 7of ever blessed memory71 and an hundred lords and commons1 in a cannon of eight inches and half a quarter1 to shoot bullets of sixty-four pounds weight1 and twenty-four pounds of powder1 twenty times in six minutes2 so clear from danger1 that1 after all were discharged1 a pound of butter did not melt1 being laid upon the cannon britch1 nor the green oil discoloured that was first anointed and used between the barrel thereof1 and the engine having never in it1 nor within six foot1 but one charge at a time4 ,vide ,article ,,xxix4 ,no4 ,,lxv4 ,a way that one man1 in the cabin1 may govern a whole side of ship muskets1 to the number 7if need require7 of two or three thousand shots4 ,,note4 ,the plan of this and the following ,articles1 though not of much practical utility1 may yet be acted upon with a certainty of success4 ,the powder may be ignited by the means of a powerful electrifying machine made to communicate with each separate piece1 and the charging must be performed by conducting wires or rods made to act upon the magazine lever described in ,article ,,lviii4 ,since writing the above1 an article has appeared on the subject in one of the ,french ,journals1 of which the following is a translation3 ,at two o'clock in the afternoon ,m4 ,bouche made an experiment in the ,jardin des ,plantes at ,paris1 to try the effect of electricity applied to gun batteries4 ,instead of guns he had fixed about one hundred rockets on long sticks1 disposed in the garden4 ,the rockets were all connected by an iron wire1 and the same spark produced a spontaneous explosion4 ,the concourse of people was very great1 the weather being remarkably fine4 ,this new invention is not intended to increase the destructive powers of those formidable weapons2 but it is expected to afford the means of using them without exposing gunners to the fire of the enemy4 ,no4 ,,lxvi4 ,a way1 that against the several avenues to a fort or castle1 one man may charge fifty cannons1 playing and stopping when he pleaseth1 though out of sight of the cannon4 ,vide last ,article4 ,no4 ,,lxvii4 ,a rare way likewise for muskettoons1 fastened to the pommel of the saddle1 so that a common trooper cannot miss to charge them1 with twenty or thirty bullets at a time1 even in full career4 ,,note ,,by ,,the ,,author4 ,when first ,i gave my thoughts to make guns shoot often1 ,i thought there had been but one only exquisite way inventible2 yet1 by several trials1 and much charge1 ,i have perfectly tried all these4 ,no4 ,,lxviii4 ,an admirable and most forcible way to drive up water by fire1 not by drawing or sucking it upwards1 for that must be1 as the philosopher calleth it1 infra sphram activitatis1 which is but at such a distance4 ,but this way hath no bounder1 if the vessels be strong enough2 for1 ,i have taken a piece of a whole cannon1 whereof the end was burst1 and filled it three-quarters full1 stopping and screwing up the broken end1 as also the touchhole2 and making a constant fire under it1 within twenty-four hours it burst and made a great crack3 so that having found a way to make my vessels1 so that they are strengthened by the force within them1 and the one to fill after the other1 have seen the water run like a constant fountain stream1 forty feet high2 one vessel of water1 rarefied by fire1 driveth up forty of cold water3 and a man that tends the work is but to turn two cocks1 that one vessel of water being consumed1 another begins to force and refill with cold water1 and so successively1 the fire being tended and kept constant1 which the self-same person may likewise abundantly perform in the interim between the necessity of turning the said cocks4 ,,note4 ,vide ,article ,c41 to which is prefixed a brief historical and descriptive account of that stupendous machine1 the ,steam-engine4 ,no4 ,,lxix4 ,a way how a little triangle and screwed key shall be capable and strong enough to bolt and unbolt1 round about a great chest1 an hundred bolts through fifty staples1 two in each1 with a direct contrary motion1 and as many more from both sides and ends1 and at the self-same time shall fasten it to the place1 beyond a man's natural strength to take it away2 and1 in one and the same turn1 both locketh and openeth it4 ,,note4 ,this invention1 with its two following modifications1 is evidently intended to operate on the principle of applying a screw for the purpose of forcing the lock bolt1 in lieu of using the handle of the key as a lever for that purpose4 ,that this plan might be applied to locks generally1 there can be no doubt1 and by a similar contrivance the large keys at present in use for outer doors1 iron chests1 c4 might be advantageously reduced to the size described by the noble author4 ,by employing the escutcheon mentioned in ,no4 ,,lxxii4 these locks would be equally safe and much more simple than those in common use4 ,for the latter part of the ,article1 any ingenious smith may make a lock with an hundred bolts2 and to fasten it to the place1 the power of a screw key is abundantly sufficient to force an iron bar through a staple previously fixed in the floor4 ,no4 ,,lxx4 ,a key1 with a rose-turning pipe1 and two roses pierced through endwise2 together with several handsomely contrived wards1 which may likewise do the same effects4 ,no4 ,,lxxi4 ,a key1 perfectly square1 with a screw turning within it1 and more conceited than either of the rest1 and no heavier than the triangle screwed key1 and doth the same effects4 ,no4 ,,lxxii4 ,an escutcheon1 to be placed before any of these locks with these properties4 #a4 ,the owner 7though a woman7 may1 with her delicate hand1 vary the ways of coming to open the lock ten millions of times1 beyond the knowledge of the smith that made it1 or of me who invented it4 #b4 ,if a stranger open it1 it setteth an alarm a going1 which the stranger cannot stop from running out2 and1 besides1 though none should be within hearing1 yet it catcheth his hand1 as a trap doth a fox2 and though far from maiming him1 yet it leaveth such a mark behind it1 as will discover him if suspected2 the escutcheon1 or lock1 plainly shewing what money he hath taken out of the box1 to a farthing1 and how many times opened since the owner had been at it4 ,,note4 ,the two principal properties of this escutcheon may be readily contrived2 and the first of them has1 in fact1 been already applied to a very ingenious padlock1 invented by ,mr4 ,marshall1 and for which the ,society of ,arts voted him a reward of ten guineas4 ,in ,mr4 ,m4's escutcheon the letters or figures commonly used in the ring padlock allow an almost endless variety of changes1 and the owner may in one minute alter the arrangement in such a manner that even the maker would experience as much difficulty to open it1 as an entire stranger to its construction4 ,to render the combination of letters variable1 the characters must not be engraved upon the outside of the rollers themselves1 but upon a thin brass hoop made to fit on its outer surface2 and a spring fastened to the roller1 and pressing upon the inside of the hoop1 will cause a sufficient degree of friction to make them move together4 ,the other part of this invention is equally simple with the preceding4 ,an alarum1 such as is attached to a clock1 may easily be wound up prior to closing the box2 and the lid provided with a chamfered bolt or staple1 capable of effecting its discharge when the box is opened4 ,to register the amount of money taken from the box1 it will be necessary either to place each distinct piece of money in separate divisions1 or to put a number together in one deep recess capable of admitting but one piece to pass at a time4 ,as the pieces are shaken out1 they will in their passage raise a lever capable of moving a wheel one division in the passage of each piece4 ,the ,bank of ,england have a method somewhat similar for registering the number of notes worked from the printing press of that establishment4 ,no4 ,,lxxiii4 ,a transmittable gallery over any ditch or breach in a town-wall1 with a blind and parapet1 cannon proof4 ,no4 ,,lxxiv4 ,a door1 whereof the turning of a key1 with the help and motion of the handle1 makes the hinges to be of either side1 and to open either inward or outward1 as one is to enter or to go out1 or to open in half4 ,,note4 ,by making the handle act on a lever communicating with the hinges1 they may be raised from their sockets on the required side2 and to open in half1 it is merely necessary to joint them in the centre4 ,no4 ,,lxxv4 ,how a tape or riband-weaver may set down a whole discourse1 without knowing a letter1 or interweaving any thing suspicious of other secret than a new-fashioned riband4 ,,note4 ,the evident analogy between this ,article and ,no4 ,,xxxiii4 will be apparent on the slightest view1 and in general principle it is similar to ,nos4 ,,xxxiv4 ,,xxxv41 c4 ,it may be performed either by making the stitches of a given length1 varying the distance to distinguish the different letters of the alphabet2 or1 by any arbitrary shape which may be previously agreed upon by the parties corresponding4 ,these arrangements being made1 the silk weaver will have nothing more to do1 than set his loom to the required pattern4 ,no4 ,,lxxvi4 ,how to write in the dark1 as straight as by day or candle-light4 ,,note4 ,two planes of ebony of equal length and breadth1 similar to the parallel ruler1 and joined at each end by racks1 the side of which being graduated to the width of the line intended will serve as a certain guide1 and by the use of this instrument a blind person may write with the greatest accuracy4 ,if ivory tablets or a slate is used1 a fine wire drawn with a steel point may be readily felt by the point of the pencil4 ,no4 ,,lxxvii4 ,how to make a man to fly3 which ,i have tried with a little boy of ten years old1 in a barn1 from one end to the other1 on a hay-mow4 ,,note4 ,innumerable are the schemes that have been proposed by the learned at different periods1 to enable man to support himself in the air by the means of artificial wings1 c4 and some1 indeed1 of these ingenious contrivances have formed the labours of the most distinguished mechanical geniuses1 which are recorded in the early annals of science4 ,bacon1 and an ,italian priest named ,francisco ,lana1 endeavoured to accomplish it by means of two thin hollow globes1 exhausted of air1 which being considerably lighter than that fluid1 were intended to sustain a chair suspended to their lower extremity1 and on which the aeronaut might be seated4 ,but ,dr4 ,hook1 in a work published some time after the ,prodromo of ,lana1 plainly showed the fallacy of the attempt1 though without in the least attempting to deny the possibility of eventually effecting this object4 ,bishop ,wilkins1 who was also a disciple of the flying system1 describes a species of land-sailing vessels or chariots1 which were then commonly used in ,china3 and it is rather a curious fact that a ,german ,count1 possessing as much of modesty as the generality of foreign mechanics1 has lately given to the public1 as his own1 an invention which has been known in ,europe1 and occasionally employed in ,asia1 for the last four hundred years4 ,but of all the plans that have hitherto been devised1 those only which have mechanic power as their basis appear to have any chance of success4 ,this may be considered as an unerring datum to guide the future experimentalist1 the certainty of which is fully demonstrated by a comparison of the powers of the human frame with those of the feathered tribe3 for it has been calculated by an ingenious anatomist1 that the muscles which move the wings downwards in a bird in many instances1 constitute not less than the sixth part of the weight of the whole body2 while those of a man are not one hundredth part so large4 ,by the use of springs1 however1 wound to a certain degree of tension1 prior to embarking upon the intended expedition1 and acting upon cranks working the wings1 the same power as that possessed by the feathered race may be obtained1 and the springs may be readily made to draw more than fifty times their weight4 ,by this means a whalebone1 or other light carriage1 may be raised1 though it would be but for a short time1 as it would not be in the power of the aronaut to wind the springs so quick as the machine would require4 ,from this1 then1 it will be seen that1 to produce the effect necessary for this species of navigation1 it is only requisite to have a first mover1 which will produce more power1 in a given time1 in proportion to its weight1 than the animal system of muscles4 ,high pressure steam-engines have been made to operate by expansion only1 and they1 it appears1 might be constructed so as to be light enough for this purpose4 ,in that case1 however1 it will be evident that the usual plan of a large boiler must be given up1 and the principle of injecting a proper charge of water into a series of tubes1 forming the cavity of the fire1 must be adopted in lieu of it4 ,the following estimate will show the probable weight of such an engine with its charge for one hour4 lbs4 ,the engine itself1 from #ij to #ajj ,weight of inflamed coals in a cavity presenting about #d feet #be surface of tube ,supply of coal for #a hour #f ,water for ditto1 allowing steam of one atmosphere to be #a_/ahjj #cb the specific gravity of water --- #afc --- ,it may at first view appear superfluous to inquire further relative to a first mover for arial navigation2 but lightness is of so much value in this instance1 that it is proper to notice the probability that exists of using the expansion of air by the sudden combustion of inflammable powders or fluids with great advantage4 ,the ,french have experimentally shown the great power produced by igniting inflammable fluids in close vessels2 and several years ago1 an engine was made in this country to work in a similar manner1 by the inflammation of spirit of tar4 ,it appears that eighty drops of this fluid raised eight hundred weight to the height of #bb inches2 hence a one-horse power may consume from #aj to #ab pounds per hour1 and the engine itself need not exceed #ej pounds weight4 ,probably a much cheaper engine of this sort might be produced by gas-light apparatus1 and by firing the inflammable air generated1 with a due portion of common air1 under a piston4 ,upon some of these principles it is perfectly clear that force can be obtained by a much lighter apparatus than the muscles of animals or birds1 and therefore in such proportion may arial vehicles be loaded with inactive matter4 ,even the high pressure steam-engine doing the work of six men1 and only weighing equal to one1 will readily raise five men into the air1 but by increasing the magnitude of the engine ten1 fifty2 or even five hundred men may equally well be conveyed4 ,having rendered the accomplishment of this object probable upon the general view of the subject1 it will now be necessary to point out the principles of the art itself4 ,the whole problem is confined within these limits1 viz4 ,to make a surface support a given weight by the application of power to the resistance of the surrounding atmosphere4 ,many experiments have been made upon the direct resistance of air by ,mr4 ,robins1 ,mr4 ,rouse1 ,mr4 ,edgeworth1 ,mr4 ,smeaton1 and others4 ,the result of ,mr4 ,smeaton's experiments and observations was1 that a surface of one square foot met with a resistance of one pound1 when it travelled perpendicularly to itself through air at a velocity of #ba feet per second4 ,having ascertained this point1 had our tables of angular resistance been complete1 the size of the surface necessary for any given weight would easily have been determined4 ,theory1 which gives the resistance of a surface opposed to the same current in different angles1 to be as the squares of the sine of the angle of incidence1 is of no use in this case2 as it appears1 from the experiments of the ,french ,academy1 that in acute angles1 the resistance varies much more nearly to the direct ratio of the sines1 than as the squares of the sines of the angles of incidence4 ,the flight of birds will prove to an attentive observer1 that1 with a concave wing apparently parallel to the horizontal path of the bird1 the same support1 and of course resistance1 is obtained4 ,and hence it appears that1 under extremely acute angles with concave surfaces1 the resistance is nearly similar in them all4 ,six degrees was the most acute angle1 the resistance of which was determined by the valuable experiments of the ,french ,academy2 and it gave #d_/aj of the resistance1 which the same surface would have received from the same current when perpendicular to itself4 ,hence then a superficial foot1 forming an angle of six degrees with the horizon1 would1 if carried forward horizontally 7as a bird in the act of skimming7 with a velocity of #bcf feet per second1 receive a pressure of #d_/aj of a pound perpendicular to itself4 ,and if we allow the resistance to increase as the square of the velocity1 at #bgc feet per second it would receive a pressure of one pound4 ,the flight of the corvus frugilegus1 or rook1 during any part of which it can skim at pleasure1 is 7from an average of many observations7 about #cde feet per second4 ,the concavity of the wing may account for the greater resistance here received1 than the experiments upon plain surfaces would indicate4 ,the angle made use of in the crow's wing is much more acute than six degrees3 but in the observations that will be grounded upon these data1 it may safely be stated that every foot of such curved surface1 as will be used in arial navigation1 will receive a resistance of one pound1 perpendicular to itself1 when carried through the air in an angle of six degrees with the line of its path1 at a velocity of about #cd or #ce feet per second4 ,the next object is to apply what has been advanced to the theory of arial navigation2 and the following description will convey a just idea of the best method of effecting it4 ,suppose a sail to be made of thin cloth1 of a firm texture1 containing two hundred square feet2 and that the weight of the man and the apparatus is #bjj pounds4 ,then if the wind blow with a velocity of #ce feet per second1 in a certain direction1 at the same time that a cord in that direction sustains a tension of #ba lbs4 from being fixed to the machine1 the whole apparatus will be suspended in the air4 ,but it is perfectly indifferent whether the wind blow against the plane1 or the plane be propelled by any means against the air with an unequal velocity4 ,hence1 if this machine were drawn forward by the cord under a tension of #ba lbs4 and with a velocity of #ce feet per second1 the whole would be suspended in an horizontal path4 ,now1 if1 instead of this cord1 any other propelling power were generated in the same direction1 and with the same intensity1 an equivalent effect would be produced1 and arial navigation accomplished4 ,vide ,bishop ,wilkins's ,math4 ,magic4--,hook's ,philosophical ,collections4--,sir ,g4 ,cayley on ,arial ,navigation4 ,no4 ,,lxxviii4 ,a watch to go constantly1 and yet needs no other winding from the first setting on the cord or chain1 unless it be broken1 requiring no other care from one than to be now and then consulted with1 concerning the hour of the day or night2 and if it be laid by a week together1 it will not err much2 but the oftener looked upon1 the more exact it showeth the time of the day or night4 ,,note4 ,for a pocket watch it will be necessary to employ a small balance1 with a nut attached to its axis and communicating with the fusee1 the continued vibration of which will1 by winding the watch1 give it nearly all the advantages of a perpetual prime mover4 ,should the time-piece be placed in a fixed case it will require a communication between the joint of the door and the fusee1 and this may likewise be readily applied to the case of a hunting watch4 ,mr4 ,gout's pedometer not only marks the time1 but the number of paces passed over from one place to another3 this is accomplished by means of a chain or string passing to the leg of the wearer1 or to the wheel of a chariot1 which is made to advance the index hand one division at each elevation of the foot3 thus1 on the same dial1 exhibiting1 at one view1 both time and distance4 ,the same pedometer will1 by a proper application to the saddle1 ascertain every pace a horse takes1 and it may be made to change its performance in a second1 should the horse in the course of measuring go from one pace to another4 ,no4 ,,lxxix4 ,a way to lock all the boxes of a cabinet 7though never so many7 at one time1 which were1 by particular keys appropriated to each lock1 opened severally1 and independent the one of the other1 as much as concerneth the opening of them1 and by these means cannot be left open unawares4 ,,note4 ,this suggestion1 which is both ingenious and useful1 might be advantageously adopted in every description of cabinet or chest now in use2 it may be performed either by cranks and wires1 or by sliding bolts and levers communicating with each lock3 the latter way1 though attended with greater expense1 is by far the most durable4 ,another and more simple mode offers itself in the use of a series of spring locks1 which may be closed by the pressure of the lid1 unconnected with any other mechanism4 ,no4 ,,lxxx4 ,how to make a pistol barrel no thicker than a shilling1 and yet able to endure a musket proof of powder and bullet4 ,,note4 ,it requires no great share of ingenuity to accomplish this object1 as an examination of modern fire-arms will fully testify2 many pocket pistols that are manufactured at the present period1 being at least as thin as those described by the noble author4 ,no4 ,,lxxxi4 ,a comb-conveyance carrying of letters without suspicion1 the head being opened with a needle screw1 drawing a spring towards one2 the comb being made but after an usual form1 carried in one's pocket4 ,,note4 ,a pocket comb and portable spoon1 as described in this and the following article1 with double sides to conceal any letter1 paper1 c4 are too simple to need a particular description4 ,no4 ,,lxxxii4 ,a knife1 spoon1 or fork1 in an usual portable case1 may have the like conveyances in their handles4 ,no4 ,,lxxxiii4 ,a rasping-mill for hartshorn1 whereby a child may do the work of half-a-dozen men1 commonly taken up with that work4 ,,note4 ,a variety of engines have been invented for this purpose1 many of which are capable of effecting the saving of labour described by the ,marquis1 as at that period 7#affc7 the process was usually effected by rubbing the horn or ivory over a common iron grater4 ,no4 ,,lxxxiv4 ,an instrument whereby persons1 ignorant in arithmetic1 may perfectly observe numeration and subtraction of all sums and fractions4 ,,note4 ,sir ,samuel ,morland has published a detailed account of two instruments of this kind in a tract entitled1 ,the ,description and ,use of two ,arithmetic ,instruments1 c4--,london1 #afgc4 ,the ,roman ,abacus and ,chinese ,swan-pan are also instruments of a like description4 ,the ,abacus was variously contrived2 that chiefly used in ,european countries was made by drawing any number of parallel lines at pleasure1 at a distance from each other1 equal to twice the diameter of a calculus or counter4 ,this placed on the lowest line1 signified #a2 on the second1 #aj2 on the third1 #ajj2 on the fourth1 #ajjj2 on the fifth1 #aj1jjj2 and so on4 ,in the spaces between the lines1 the same counters signified half of what they represented on the next superior line2 viz4 in the space between the first and second lines1 #e2 between the second and third1 #ej2 between the third and fourth1 #ejj2 and so on4 ,the abacus was also divided cross-wise into areol1 and by this means subtractions were performed4 ,the calculating instrument of ,mr4 ,babbage is however much superior to any other contrivance yet suggested4 ,no4 ,,lxxxv4 ,a little ball1 made in the shape of a plum or pear1 which1 being dexterously conveyed or forced into a body's mouth1 shall presently shoot forth such1 and so many bolts of each side and at both ends as1 without the owner's key1 can neither be opened nor filed off1 being made of tempered steel1 and as effectually locked as an iron chest4 ,,note4 ,the steel fangs with which this instrument is furnished must1 like the bolt of a common latch1 be chamfered from the point1 so that1 on its being inserted within the teeth1 the bolts will instantaneously spring out2 and no power short of the key previously made to fit the wards of the lock will suffice to free those who are thus ensnared4 ,this is evidently one of those discoveries which1 though practicable in itself1 appears better calculated for swelling the catalogue of the noble ,author's inventions1 than for any beneficial result likely to accrue to the public from its discovery4 ,no4 ,,lxxxvi4 ,a chair made -la-mode1 and yet a stranger1 being persuaded to sit down in it1 shall have immediately his arms and thighs locked up1 beyond his own power to loosen them4 ,,note4 ,chairs of this description are stated to have been employed by the monks in the darker ages of ,christianity2 and were originally designed for the purpose of entrapping those who1 possessing more courage1 or less of prudence than their neighbours1 ventured to penetrate the mysteries of papal seclusion4 ,they were formed like a common arm-chair1 and provided with two levers at the extremity of the arms2 and the same number were fixed immediately below the seat4 ,these1 on pressing the cushion1 were immediately discharged like a man-trap3 four powerful springs acting on the levers for that purpose2 and so firmly will the occupant of a chair of this description be fixed1 that it will take the united force of four or five persons to free the prisoner4 ,a similar chair was exhibited at the ,villa ,borghese1 ,rome1 in #afdd--,they shew'd us also a chayre wch catches any who sitts downe in it so as not to be able to stir out1 by certaine springs concealed in the armes and back thereoff which at sitting downe surprizes a man on the suddaine1 locking him in by the armes or thighs1 after a true tretcherous ,italian guise4--,vide ,evelyn's ,memoirs1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajg4 ,no4 ,,lxxxvii4 ,a brass mould to cast candles1 in which a man may make five hundred dozen in a day1 and add an ingredient to the tallow1 which will make it cheaper1 and yet so that the candles shall look whiter and last longer4 ,,note4 ,the usual method of dipping store candles is subject to many objections1 though the expense attendant on casting those called moulds has hitherto been an impediment to their general manufacture4 ,a more simple method now offers itself1 which is equally advantageous and economical4 ,a quantity of drawn tubes being first cut into the given lengths1 metal collars must then be soldered on the extremity of each length1 with an orifice of sufficient size to allow the tallow and wick to pass through the whole series of tubes4 ,they must then be connected together by a screw cut in each alternate end1 and the whole1 thus formed1 passed through a steam pipe of sufficient size to prevent the tallow chilling in its passage through the moulds4 ,when cold1 each joint of the mould must be separately unscrewed and the candles separated by a sharp knife4 ,a means of purifying the tallow1 and as such1 of rendering the candles whiter and more durable1 likewise suggests itself in the following simple process4 ,the vat1 or copper1 containing the melted tallow1 must be provided with a shower bath placed immediately over the surface1 to which must be attached a reservoir of cold water3 this1 by the action of a lever1 may be thrown through the grating of the bath1 and falling upon the tallow1 will1 in its passage1 carry to the bottom of the vat the whole of the carbonised animal matter and other impurities with which it is charged4 ,after allowing a few minutes for the lighter fluid to rise1 the water may then be drawn off1 by a cock placed at the bottom of the vat for that purpose1 and the same process repeated till the tallow is fit for use4 ,no4 ,,lxxxviii4 ,an engine1 without the least noise1 knock1 or use of fire1 to coin and stamp #ajjlbs4 in an hour1 by one man4 ,,note4 ,antoine ,boucher appears to have been the first engraver who used the fly-press for the multiplying of metallic impressions from an engraved matrix4 ,this ingenious mechanic was employed by ,henry the ,second of ,france1 and the first money was struck with it in that kingdom about the middle of the sixteenth century2 it was soon however laid aside on account of the great expense attendant on its use1 and the old method of striking with the hammer was again resorted to4 ,queen ,elizabeth also had milled money coined in ,england about the same period2 but it did not continue for more than ten years2 and it was not till #affb1 that the screw press was finally established in the mint of this kingdom4 ,the accelerated motion of a screw1 although possessing many advantages over the old method1 does not appear fully to answer the above description1 as the noise attendant on its use is certainly very considerable2 it is probable therefore1 that the hydrostatic press1 or a powerful lever worked by a crank1 was intended by the noble author as a substitute for this useful machine4 ,it appears probable that the insertion of this ,article originated in an ignorance of the plan formerly proposed by ,boucher1 which appears of all others best adapted for the purpose of coining with rapidity1 and which was not at that period acted upon in ,england2 on the discovery of which the following ,article was substituted by the noble author2 and appeared in the first printed edition of the ,century4 ,no4 ,,lxxxviii4 ,how to make a brazen or stone head1 in the midst of a great field or garden1 so artificial and natural1 that though a man speak never so softly1 and even whispers into the ear thereof1 it will presently open its mouth1 and resolve the question in ,french1 ,latin1 ,welsh1 ,irish1 or ,english1 in good terms1 uttering it out of his mouth1 and then shut it until the next question be asked4 ,,note4 ,albertus ,magnus1 a celebrated philosopher of the thirteenth century1 is said to have constructed an automaton which not only performed all the apparent motions of life1 but absolutely answered questions4 ,it is recorded of ,thomas ,aquinas1 that1 having accidentally seen the head1 he was so terrified that he broke it in pieces1 upon which ,albert exclaimed3 ,periit opus triginta annorum6 ,though this appears one of the earliest instances of a speaking automaton constructed by one of the laity1 there is no doubt but that the method of conveying answers to various interrogatories1 by the agency of concealed pipes or a speaking trumpet1 was practised at a very early period4 ,that the impostor ,alexander1 however1 caused his sculapius to speak in this manner is expressly related by ,lucan4 ,he took1 says this author1 instead of a pipe1 the gullet of a crane1 and transmitted the voice through it to the mouth of the statue4 ,but the invention of the invisible girl1 which may be considered as an improvement on the oracular responses of the darker ages1 infinitely surpassed any of those hitherto recorded4 ,this very ingenious apparatus was publicly exhibited both at ,bristol and in ,london for a considerable period1 during which time no discovery was made of its internal mechanism2 and it is probable that its construction would have remained a secret to all but the exhibitors1 but for the ingenuity of ,mr4 7now ,professor7 ,millington1 who1 in a course of ,lectures delivered in the winter of #ahjf1 explained the manner in which it was performed4 ,the visible part of the apparatus connected with the invisible girl was thus constructed3 first a mahogany frame resembling a bedstead1 having at the corners four upright posts about five feet high1 was united by a cross-rail near the top1 and two or more cross-rails near the bottom1 to strengthen the frame1 which was about four feet square4 ,the frame thus constructed was placed upon the floor1 and to the top of each of the four pillars were attached as many strong bent brass wires converging towards the top1 where they were secured by a crown and other ornaments4 ,from these wires a hollow copper ball was suspended by slight ribbons1 so as to cut off all possible communication with the frame4 ,the globe thus supported was supposed to contain the invisible being1 as the voice apparently proceeded from the interior of it3 and for this purpose1 it was equipped with four trumpets1 placed round it in a horizontal direction1 and at right angles to each other2 the trumpet mouths coming to within about half an inch of the respective cross-rails of the frame surrounding them4 ,when a question was proposed1 it was asked from any side of the frame1 and spoken into one of the trumpets1 and an answer immediately proceeded from the whole of them1 so loud as to be distinctly heard by the inquirer1 and yet so distant and feeble1 that it appeared as if coming from a very diminutive being4 ,in this the whole of the artifice consisted2 and the variations were so contrived that the answer might be returned in several languages1 a kiss might be returned1 the breath producing the voice was felt1 and songs were sung1 accompanied by the piano-forte1 c4 ,to produce this illusion1 the sound was conveyed by a tube1 in a manner similar to the old and well known contrivance of the speaking bust2 the invisible girl only differing in one circumstance2 that an artificial echo was produced by means of the trumpets and hollow globe1 in consequence of which the sound was completely reversed4 ,in the invisible girl the orifice of the tube was in one of the handrails just opposite the mouth of one of the trumpets1 the opening being concealed by reeds and other mouldings2 the tube itself1 which was about half an inch in diameter1 ran through half the handrail1 then down one of the corner posts1 and from thence under the floor till it reached a large deal case almost similar to an inverted funnel1 along the side of which it rose till it came nearly into contact with the ear of the confederate1 who with a piano-forte1 c4 was concealed in this case4 ,any question asked by a voice directed into one of the trumpets was immediately reflected back from the concave interior surface of the globe to the orifice of the tube1 along which it was conveyed so as to be distinctly heard by the person in the deal case1 who returned the requisite answer1 which appeared to come precisely from the interior of the globe4 ,a small hole closed with glass was likewise left through the deal case and side wall of the apartment1 by means of which the concealed person had an opportunity of observing and commenting upon any circumstance which occurred in the room4 ,no4 ,,lxxxix4 ,white silk1 knotted in the fingers of a pair of white gloves1 and so contrived without suspicion1 that1 playing at primero at cards1 one may1 without clogging his memory1 keep reckoning of all sixes1 sevens1 and aces1 which he hath discarded1 and without foul play4 ,,note4 ,that sliding knots or rings may be formed on the fringe of silk or other gloves1 by which means a reckoning can be kept1 may easily be conceived2 but it is scarcely too much to aver that an undue advantage taken of an opponent1 even at cards1 savours very much of foul play1 if not absolute cheating4 ,no4 ,,xc4 ,a most dexterous dicing-box1 with holes transparent1 after the usual fashion1 with a device so dexterous1 that with a knock of it against the table1 the four good dice are fastened1 and it looseneth four false dice1 made fit for this purpose4 ,,note4 ,there are few who profess the science of cheating at cards or dice1 or to be encouragers of those who do2 and it may fairly be conceded that there are not two periods in our regal annals1 in which this detestable meanness had become fashionable enough to sanction a nobleman in inscribing to the ,king and his ,parliament a method by which it might be advantageously effected4 ,no4 ,,xci4 ,an artificial horse1 with saddle and caparisons fit for running at the ring1 on which a man being mounted1 with his lance in his hand1 he can at pleasure make him start1 and swiftly to run his career1 using the decent posture with bon grace1 may take the ring as handsomely1 and running as swiftly as if he rode upon a barbe4 ,,note4 ,any person who is acquainted with the various automaton figures that have been constructed by those celebrated mechanics1 ,vaucanson1 ,kempelen1 and ,maelzel1 will readily admit the possibility of making a horse of this description2 nor should we too readily undervalue those mechanical pursuits1 which1 though not of any immediate national advantage1 have formed the employment of one of the greatest potentates of modern ,europe4#g #g ,,charles ,v41 after his abdication1 retired to the monastery of ,st4 ,justus1 in ,estramadura1 where he amused himself1 during the latter period of his life1 in the making of automatons1 in which he was assisted by a very ingenious artist named ,turriano4 ,the most celebrated of the modern automata were those made by ,vaucanson1 and which are thus described by ,beckman3-- ,one of them1 which represented a flute-player sitting1 performed twelve tunes1 and1 as we are assured1 by wind issuing from its mouth into a ,german flute1 the holes of which it opened and shut with its fingers4 ,the second was a standing figure1 which in like manner played on the ,provenal shepherd's pipe1 which it held in its left hand1 and with the right beat upon a drum4 ,the third was a duck1 of the natural size1 which moved its wings1 exhibited all the gestures of that animal1 quacked like a duck1 drank water1 ate corn1 and then1 after a little time1 let drop behind it something that resembled the excrement of a duck4#h #h ,history of ,inventions1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cbf4 ,of these automata1 or rather androides1 the flute-player of ,vaucanson is the only one of which a correct description has been preserved2 a particular account of its mechanism having been published in the ,memoirs of the ,french ,academy4 ,the figure was about five feet six inches high1 and was placed upon an elevated square pedestal4 ,the air entered the body by three separate pipes1 into which it was conveyed by nine pairs of bellows1 which expanded and contracted in regular succession1 by means of an axis of steel turned by the machine4 ,the three tubes1 which conveyed the air from the bellows1 after passing through the lower extremities of the figure1 united at the chest2 and ascending from thence to the mouth1 passed through two artificial lips4 ,within the cavity of the mouth was a small moveable tongue1 which by its motion at proper intervals1 admitted or intercepted the air in its passage to the flute4 ,the fingers1 lips1 and tongue derived their specific movements from a steel cylinder turned by clockwork4 ,the cylinder was divided into fifteen equal parts1 which by means of pegs1 pressing upon a like number of levers1 caused the other extremities to ascend4 ,seven of these levers directed the fingers1 having rods and chains fixed to their ascending extremities2 which1 being attached to the fingers1 made them to ascend in proportion as the other extremity was pressed down by the motion of the cylinders1 and vice versa4 ,three of the levers served to regulate the ingress of the air1 being so contrived as to open and shut1 by means of valves1 the communication between the lips and reservoir1 so that more or less strength might be given1 and a higher or lower note produced as occasion required4 ,the lips were directed by four similar levers2 one of which opened them to give the air a freer passage2 another contracted them2 a third drew them backward1 and the fourth pushed them forward4 ,the remaining lever was employed in the direction of the tongue1 which by its motion shut or opened the mouth of the flute4 ,the varied and successive motions performed by this ingenious androides1 were regulated by a contrivance no less simple than efficacious4 ,the axis of the steel cylinder or barrel was terminated by an endless screw composed of twelve threads1 above which was placed a small arm of copper1 with a steel stud made to fit the threads of the worm1 which1 by its vertical motion1 was continually pushed forward4 ,hence1 if a lever was moved1 by a peg placed on the cylinder1 in any one revolution1 it could not be moved by the same peg in the succeeding revolution in consequence of the lateral motion communicated by the worm4 ,by this means the size of the barrel was considerably reduced2 and the statue not only poured forth a varied selection of instrumental harmony1 but exhibited all the evolutions of the most graceful performer4 ,no4 ,,xcii4 ,a screw1 made like a water-screw1 but the bottom made of iron-plate spadewise1 which1 at the side of a boat1 emptieth the mud of a pond1 or raiseth gravel4 ,,note4 ,the ,archimedean screw1 though hitherto only applied to the raising of water1 appears to be equally applicable to many other purposes2 as the procuring of sand from pits1 taking dry goods of small dimensions from carts or barges1 clearing rivers1 c4 though in that case it will be necessary to make the lower end of the machine in a conical form1 gradually increasing the size of the orifice from the point to its upper extremity1 in order to prevent the materials from clogging the screw1 which would otherwise occur4 ,the dredging machine worked by a steam-engine1 and employed in the ,thames for a similar purpose1 is well known4 ,no4 ,,xciii4 ,an engine1 whereby one man may take out of the water a ship of five hundred tons1 so that it may be caulked1 trimmed1 and repaired1 without need of the usual way of stocks1 and as easily let it down again4 ,,note4 ,beckman1 in his ,history of ,inventions1 says1 that a machine of this description was invented by a citizen of ,amsterdam1 in the year #afij1 and was by him called the water camel4 ,it consisted of two half ships1 and on the deck of each were placed horizontal windlasses from which proceeded ropes made to pass under the keel of the vessel intended to be raised4 ,the two sides of the camel having been sunk by the admission of water1 the ropes were drawn tight1 and the pumps being put in motion1 the vessel was gradually raised to the surface4 ,it appears to have been principally employed in crossing the bar of the ,zuyderzee4 ,no4 ,,xciv4 ,a little engine1 portable in one's pocket1 which placed to any door1 without any noise1 but on crack1 openeth any door or gate4 ,,note4 ,the simple engine called a ,jack1 used for the purpose of raising great weights1 with small manual exertion1 appears to be admirably calculated for this purpose2 and its even uniform motion is evidently described by the noble author4 ,ramelli has also given a description of several very curious instruments for the same purpose4 ,vide ,artificiose ,machini1 p4 #bee1 c4 ,no4 ,,xcv4 ,a double cross-bow1 neat1 handsome1 and strong1 to shoot two arrows1 either together1 or one after the other so immediately1 that a deer cannot run two steps1 but1 if he miss of one arrow1 he may be reached with the other1 whether the deer run forward1 sideward1 or start backward4 ,,note4 ,the cross-bow1 though long since superseded in point of general utility by the invention of fire-arms1 might still be found a useful auxiliary in the sports of the field1 and as such1 it has been thought advisable to notice what appears to be the plan on which this instrument must be constructed4 ,to fire two arrows in immediate succession1 it will be necessary either to attach a second bow to the under side of the stock1 which1 after discharging one arrow1 may immediately be reversed1 and the second fired4 ,or1 where a bow of sufficient length is used1 the string may communicate the required degree of impetus to two arrows in succession1 a stud being previously prepared for its reception1 about half-way down the stock1 from which it may readily be liberated for the second discharge4 ,no4 ,,xcvi4 ,a way to make a sea-bank so firm and geometrically strong1 that a stream can have no power over it2 excellent likewise to save the pillar of a bridge1 being far cheaper and stronger than stone walls4 ,,note4 ,the break-water erected by ,mr4 ,rennie at ,plymouth is1 in its results1 precisely what the noble author has here described4 ,the plan of its construction is this3 a mass of stone in blocks1 of about three feet in diameter1 is thrown promiscuously into the sea1 and left to find their own base1 the extremity of which is generally about seventy yards4 ,this sea-wall has been carried about eight hundred fathoms in length1 and the total expense attendant on its erection is estimated at #a1aej1jjj4 ,in #agff1 ,mr4 ,smeaton also applied loose stones to strengthen the middle piers of ,london bridge1 which was the means of preserving that venerable structure from the almost certain ruin which threatened it4 ,but the most economical sea-bank yet constructed was executed at ,rye1 in #ahjd1 under the superintendence of the ,rev4 ,daniel ,pape1 curate of that place4 ,the dam or bank was formed in its lower part in two parallel ridges close to each other1 like the double roof of a house1 which were covered over1 first with straw1 and then with hazel faggots about thirteen feet long2 and the whole was then pinned down with piles1 which were united to each other at their heads by pieces put across the direction of the faggots4 ,when this bank was completed1 ,mr4 ,pape formed another bank1 on the top of the preceding1 by filling up the interval between the two ridges1 and covering the whole in the manner above described4 ,all this was accomplished in one tide1 and when completed it fully answered the purpose for which it was intended4 ,no4 ,,xcvii4 ,an instrument1 whereby an ignorant person may take any thing in perspective1 as justly1 and more so than the most skilful painter can do by the eye4 ,,note4 ,vitruvius is the first author who directly treats on this branch of the fine arts1 though there can be no doubt but the ancients fully understood its most essential rules1 which they must have practised at a very early period in the decoration of their theatres4 ,vitruvius1 in the proem to his seventh book1 informs us1 that ,agatharchus of ,athens noticed the subject1 when preparing a tragic scene for a play exhibited by schylus3 but the principles of the art were more distinctly taught by ,democritus and ,anaxagoras1 the disciples of the former painter4 ,pietro del ,borgo1 early in the fourteenth century1 constructed a very ingenious machine1 which was afterwards employed by ,albert ,durer for the above purpose4 ,it consisted of a transparent tablet1 through which the object being viewed from a small aperture1 the artist contrived to trace the images which the various rays of light emitted from them would make upon it4 ,mr4 ,ferguson has also described a machine for this purpose1 the invention of which he ascribes to ,dr4 ,bevis4 ,but the most simple and efficient instrument yet discovered for large objects is the camera obscura and camera lucida2 both of which fully answer the description given by the noble author4 ,no4 ,,xcviii4 ,an engine1 so contrived1 that working the primum mobile forward or backward1 upward or downward1 circularly or cornerwise1 to and fro1 straight1 upright or downright1 yet the pretended operation continueth and advanceth2 none of the motions above mentioned1 hindering1 much less stopping the other2 but unanimously1 and with harmony agreeing1 they all augment and contribute strength unto the intended work and operation2 and therefore ,i call this a semi-omnipotent engine1 and do intend that a model thereof be buried with me4 ,no4 ,,xcix4 ,how to make one pound weight to raise an hundred as high as one pound falleth1 and yet the hundred pounds descending doth what nothing less than one hundred pounds can effect4 ,no4 ,c4 ,upon so potent a help as these two last mentioned inventions1 a water-work is1 by many years' experience and labour1 so advantageously by me contrived1 that a child's force bringeth up1 an hundred feet high1 an incredible quantity of water1 even two feet diameter4 ,and ,i may boldly call it1 the most stupendous work in the whole world3 not only with little charge to drain all sorts of mines1 and furnish cities with water1 though never so high seated1 as well to keep them sweet1 running through several streets1 and so performing the work of scavengers1 as well as furnishing the inhabitants with sufficient water for their private occasions3 but likewise supplying the rivers with sufficient to maintain and make navigable from town to town1 and for the bettering of lands all the way it runs2 with many more advantageous1 and yet greater effects of profit1 admiration1 and consequence3 so that deservedly ,i deem this invention to crown my labours1 to reward my expenses1 and make my thoughts acquiesce in way of further inventions4 ,this making up the whole ,century1 and preventing any further trouble to the reader for the present1 meaning to leave to posterity a book1 wherein1 under each of these heads1 the means to put in execution and visible trial all and every of these inventions1 with the shape and form of all things belonging to them1 shall be printed by brass plates4--,besides many omitted1 and some of three sorts willingly not set down1 as not fit to be divulged1 lest ill use may be made thereof1 but to show that such things are also within my knowledge1 ,i will here in myne owne cypher sett down one of each1 not to be concealed when duty and affection obligeth me4 ,in bonum publicum1 et ad majorem ,dei gloriam4 ,,note4 ,the three last inventions may justly be considered as the most important of the whole ,century1 and when united with the #fhth article1 they appear to suggest nearly all the data essential for the construction of a modern steam-engine4 ,the noble author has furnished us with what he calls a definition of this engine2 and although it is written in the same vague and empirical style1 which characterises a large portion of his ,inventions1 it may yet be considered as affording additional proofs of the above important fact4 ,the ,marquis's definition is exceedingly rare1 as the only copy known to be extant is preserved in the ,british ,museum4--,it is printed on a single sheet without date1 and appears to have been written for the purpose of procuring subscriptions in aid of a ,water ,company1 then about to be established4 ,a stupendous1 or a water-commanding engine1 boundless for height1 or quantity1 requiring no external1 nor even additional help or force to be set1 or continued in motion1 but what intrinsically is afforded from its own operation1 nor yet the twentieth part thereof4 ,and the engine consisteth of the following particulars3-- ',a perfect counterpoise1 for what quantity soever of water4 ',a perfect countervail1 for what height soever it is to be brought unto4 ',a primum mobile1 commanding both height and quantity1 regulator-wise4 ',a vicegerent or countervail1 supplying the place1 and performing the full force of man1 wind1 beast1 or mill4 ',a helm or stern1 with bit and reins1 wherewith any child may guide1 order1 and control the whole operation4 ',a particular magazine for water1 according to the intended quantity1 or height of water4 ',an aqueduct1 capable of any intended quantity or height of water4 ',a place for the original fountain or river to run into1 and naturally of its own accord incorporate itself with the rising water1 and at the very bottom of the aqueduct1 though never so big or high4 ',by divine providence1 and heavenly inspiration1 this is my stupendous water-commanding engine1 boundless for height and quantity4 ',whosoever is master of weight1 is master of force2 whosoever is master of water1 is master of both3 and consequently to him all forcible actions and atchievements are easie4' ,it may now be adviseable to trace the history of the steam-engine through some of its earlier modifications2 and we shall find that1 although the present form of this stupendous machine almost deserves the title of an invention1 yet that many steps have been taken1 and much labour and much ingenuity expended1 before it was brought to that point from which the more modern improvements may be said to have begun4 ,and whilst we admire the genius of those who have perfected the application of a mighty power1 let us not refuse the tribute of praise to those1 who first pointed out that such a power existed4 ,illustration ,the first apparatus of this description1 of which any authentic account has been preserved1 was suggested by ,hero of ,alexandria1 and consisted of a vessel ,f in which steam was generated by the application of external heat4 ,the ball ,g was supplied with the elastic vapour thus procured1 by means of the bent pipe ,e ,b1 a steam tight joint being provided for that purpose4 ,two tubes bent to a right angle at ,a and ,d1 are the only parts open to the air1 and as the steam rushes out from very minute apertures1 a rotatory motion is produced4 ,an account of this apparatus is preserved in ,hero's ,spiritalia1 published by the ,jesuits in #afic2 and a copy of this highly curious work1 with a ,latin translation prefixed1 is now in the ,library of the ,london ,institution4 ,a modification of ,hero's apparatus is represented beneath3 ,it was constructed by ,mr4 ,styles for the use of the ,editor in his public lectures4 ,the circular tube a is in this case supported by the upright pillar c d2 and the flame of alcohol in the trough b1 by generating high pressure steam1 which rushes from the apertures e1 produces a rotatory motion4 ,illustration ,illustration ,brancas's revolving apparatus1 as will be seen by reference to the diagram in the preceding page1 was still more simple than that contrived by ,hero4 ,a copper vessel filled with water1 7in the original figure made in the form of an ornamental head17 was furnished with a pipe c1 through which the steam was propelled1 and striking against the vanes of the float wheel d1 readily gave motion to a pestle and mortar1 which was employed in the alchemist's laboratory4 ,the only work in which a description of this engine has been preserved1 was published in #afbi2 it is exceedingly rare1 and the above diagram is engraved from a copy in the possession of ,major ,colby4 ,a slight examination of the principle upon which this simple apparatus is constructed1 will shew that no very considerable force could have been obtained2 as the steam passing through the atmosphere in its passage to the wheel1 must1 to a certain extent at least1 be converted into water4 ,after the publication of the work by ,brancas1 more than thirty years elapsed ere the publication of the ,marquis's ,century recalled the attention of the scientific world to this important subject2 and this invention1 which he states as having been completely carried into effect1 was evidently very different from that of his predecessors4 ,it is said that the ,marquis1 while confined in the ,tower of ,london1 was preparing some food in his apartment1 and the cover of the vessel1 having been closely fitted1 was1 by the expansion of the steam1 suddenly forced off and driven up the chimney4 ,this circumstance attracting his attention1 led him to a train of thought1 which terminated in the completion of his water-commanding engine4#i ,of the ,marquis's invention no record has been preserved beyond the articles to which we have already alluded in the present work3 and in the absence of other data1 the ,editor readily introduces ,professor ,millington's design for an engine on similar principles2 and which1 with a few alterations1 might be made available for the purposes recommended by our author4 #i ,vide ,historical and ,descriptive ,account of the ,steam-engine1 by ,c4 ,f4 ,partington1 p4 #f4 ,illustration ,in this diagram1 q represents a strong and close vessel or boiler to contain water1 set in brick work like a common copper1 with a fire-place r underneath it1 having a chimney s4 ,the boiler thus constructed1 is intended to afford the means of producing steam3 and if we conceive two casks or strong hollow vessels of any form to be placed under the surface of the water1 near the boiler1 as at t and v1 and that each of these vessels has a valve opening into it in its lower part as u u1 and two pipes w w1 proceeding from the upper part of the vessels to the top of the steam boiler q1 while two other pipes x x proceed from the lower parts of these vessels into a cistern y1 forty feet above the level of the water2 an apparatus thus constructed will nearly form the water-commanding engine1 for if the vessels t and v are both filled with water by the valves u u1 and the cock z be opened after the steam has accumulated in the boiler1 the elastic fluid thus generated will instantly rush down into the vessel t1 and when the surface of the water is heated expel the whole of its contents up the pipe a x1 into the cistern y1 where it will be retained by a valve opening upwards in any part of that pipe1 as at a4 ,this done1 the cock z must be shut1 and after permitting the steam to accumulate for a short time1 that at b must be opened1 and the steam will rush into the vessel v and perform a similar office1 c being the valve to prevent the return of the water4 ,when the steam is shut off from the vessel t1 the elastic fluid which had previously been introduced to expel the water1 will be condensed by the cold media round it1 and thus a vacuum will be produced in the vessel t1 consequently a part of the water in which it is immersed will rush into it by the valve u1 and occupy the whole internal cavity1 thus putting it in a state of preparation for a second opening of the cock z1 by which its contents will be again discharged into the cistern y1 and so of the two vessels alternately2 for while v is emptying1 t will be filling1 and vice vers1 which agrees with the ,marquis's account when he says1 that the man is but to turn two cocks1 that one vessel of water being consumed1 another begins to force1 c4 ,the above suggestion for an engine capable of raising water may be still further improved by adding a suction pipe to the valves u u1 and the pressure of the atmosphere will increase the working power of the engine more than thirty feet3 and should a less height be required1 the forcing pipe may be shortened in a proportionate degree3 indeed this fact was attended to by the next person who claims the honour of having invented the steam-engine1 to which it may now be adviseable to direct the reader's attention4 ,illustration ,the engine suggested by ,savery for the purpose of raising water1 consisted of a boiler a furnished with a safety valve v4 ,the steam-vessel r was connected with the well ,h1 by a suction pipe n2 and when water was to be raised the vessel r was filled with steam1 which rushing in1 soon expelled the air3 when that was completely effected1 the communication with the boiler was closed1 and the steam condensed1 which diminishing its bulk1 formed a vacuous space within the vessel2 the pressure of atmosphere then operating upon the surface of the water in the well1 drove it up the pipe4 ,in this form of the apparatus1 the inventor was seldom able to raise water more than thirty feet3 and when a greater altitude was required1 it was effected by the impellent force of high pressure steam4 ,this was accomplished by the ascending pipe k1 which was sometimes carried sixty feet higher than the steam-vessel s2 and a reference to the great expansive force of steam will show that this operation must be attended with considerable danger4 ,after condensing the steam and filling the vessel r with water1 a new supply of steam was then introduced1 which pressing on the surface of the water1 drove it up the pipe k2 and it will be evident that the pressure on the internal surface of the boiler must be proportioned to the height of the column of water thus raised by the steam4 ,the principal objection to this form of the engine arises from the great consumption of fuel1 a considerable portion of the caloric employed in the generation of the steam being absorbed in heating the new surface of cold water last raised from the well2 and where great heights are required1 there appears no mode of completely obviating this objection4 ,should it1 however1 be required merely to raise water about thirty feet1 there are few contrivances more economical or better adapted for general use4 ,while speaking of ,savery's apparatus it may be adviseable to notice the very ingenious adaptation of the same principle to the construction of a gas engine1 by ,mr4 ,brown4 ,in the latter case a vacuum is formed by the introduction of an inflamed jet of carburetted hydrogen gas1 which consumes the oxygen1 and rarefies the nitrogen1 by the increase of temperature which ensues4 ,the vacuum thus produced is much more perfect than would at first view have been supposed1 from the nature of the process resorted to by the patentee2 but the economy of employing carburetted hydrogen gas as a substitute for condensible vapour is still somewhat problematic4#aj #aj ,since writing the above1 the ,editor has seen a report on ,mr4 ,brown's engine by ,professor ,millington1 in which it is distinctly stated that the apparatus is fully adapted to the purpose for which it is intended4 ,to more fully understand the nature of ,mr4 ,brown's engine1 it may be better to revert to a diagram1 which will sufficiently explain its general principles4 ,illustration ,in the above view1 the cylinders c and d1 are the vessels in which a vacuum is alternately effected2 g i g and h j h are two pipes1 leading into the lower cylinders x x1 shewn in the next page1 from which the water rises along those pipes to fill the vacuum cylinders alternately4 ,the water thus supplied is discharged through the pipes ,b into the tank or trough z1 where it falls upon the overshot water-wheel1 and1 by the rotatory motion thus produced1 gives power to such machinery as may be connected to it4 ,the water runs from the wheel along a case surrounding the lower half1 into a reservoir v1 from which the lower cylinders x x1 are alternately supplied4 ,the gas is supplied to the cylinders by the pipes k k k1 which must be1 of course1 attached to a gasometer1 or some other reservoir of gas4 ,the gas also passes along the small pipe l l 7which communicates also with the gasometer71 and being lighted at both ends of that pipe1 is kept constantly burning in order to ignite the gas within the cylinders4 ,the gas being admitted along the pipe k1 the flame from the pipe l is now freely communicated to the gas in the cylinder1 through the orifice1 by the opening of the sliding valve s1 which is raised by the arm r1 lifted by the rod o by means of the beam4 ,the water in the reservoir v passing down one of the pipes w1 into one of the lower cylinders x1 causes the float y in that cylinder to rise1 and1 pushing up the rod o1 raises the end b of the beam1 which1 of course1 draws up with it the cap f1 and forces down the cap e of the other cylinder c4 ,illustration ,the alternate action of each cylinder is produced by chains and rods1 attached to a glass or iron vessel p1 more than half filled with mercury1 and turning upon a pivot2 each end receives its movements of elevation and depression from the rise and fall of the projecting arms q1 by the action of the beam above2 the mercury within flowing to the lower end1 giving an impetus1 and thus regulating the supply of gas to the cylinders1 and the movement of the slide in the trough v4 ,by this action the water from the reservoir flows down the pipe w1 into the vessel x1 and produces the elevation of the float y and the rod n1 and raises the cap e by the ascent of the beam at a4 ,the motion thus produced in one part of the machinery1 operates upon the corresponding parts on the other side1 and hence a corresponding motion is obtained3 the slider in the trough v1 moved by the action of the mercurial tube p1 being removed from its position1 allows the water to fall into the other pipe w2 and1 as it ascends1 suffers the float y to descend1 and rising into the main cylinder1 then lifts again the beam at b1 and its connexions1 and forces down the cap e on the top of the other cylinder4 ,when the vacuum is produced in the cylinders1 the air must be admitted to allow the water to be discharged1 and the caps to be raised3 this is effected by a sliding valve in the air-pipe m m1 acted upon by chains t t1 attached to the floats in the reservoir1 and as motion is given to them1 the valve is made to fly backwards and forwards1 so as to allow the free admission of atmospheric air4 ,chains u u1 with suspended weights1 open the cocks in the pipe k k1 and produce the alternate flow of the gas1 and regulate and modify its supply4 ,in the pipes g i g1 and h j h1 are clacks to prevent the return of the water1 when the air is admitted into the cylinders4 ,a piston may be worked as is above described1 with the machinery attached2 but it may also be worked in a distinct vessel so as to communicate with several cylinders1 and1 consequently1 several pistons may work at the same time1 the air and vacuum valves being opened and closed by similar means to those adapted to work the induction and eduction valves of steam-engines4 ,the atmospheric engine comes next in order1 and its claim to practical utility is of a very early date4 ,illustration ,the cylinder b1 is in this engine placed over a boiler n1 and if we suppose the piston p made to fit air-tight1 it will be evident1 that it must be driven up by the action of the steam beneath1 should a sufficient supply of heat be applied2 when this is effected1 the condensible vapour may be reduced to its original bulk1 by the introduction of water from the cistern i4 ,in the working engine however1 the ascent of the piston is effected by the action of the lever e g1 acting on the fulcrum f4 ,to the end g of this lever or working beam is attached the pump-rod h1 and it will be evident that whenever that preponderates over the piston p1 that the latter must be drawn up4 ,on the readmission of the steam1 a new supply of condensing water is introduced by turning the cock l1 and the pressure of the atmosphere above the piston being unbalanced by any resistance beneath1 the end e is again depressed1 and the pump-rod again elevated4 ,the pipe g is employed to carry off the condensing water1 which would otherwise accumulate within the cylinder2 and the small forcing pump1 with its rod v s1 supplies the condensing cistern i1 by the pipe t4 ,at the beginning of the last century1 the atmospheric engine had made considerable progress in the mining districts1 and in #agah1 the patentees agreed to erect an engine for the owners of a colliery1 in the county of ,durham1 where several hundred horses had previously been employed4 ,mr4 ,henry ,beighton1 who was engaged as an agent in this concern1 materially improved the engine by making it self-acting1 and divesting it of nearly all the complicated machinery1 which had been previously employed for that purpose4 ,a very simple and at the same time ingenious mode of illustrating the operations of an atmospheric steam-engine will be found in the annexed apparatus1 suggested by ,professor ,brande1 and employed in his lectures at the ,london ,institution4 ,illustration ,the glass tube and bulb b is shewn with its piston a1 the rod being hollow and closed by a screw c4 ,if steam be generated by the spirit lamp d1 the air will speedily be expelled1 and after this is effected1 the screw c may be closed1 and a working stroke produced by artificial condensation4 ,we come now to a new and distinct era in the history of this important invention1 and in noticing the labours of ,mr4 ,watt1 we may almost speak of his engine as the gigantic offspring of a hand giving birth to an automaton1 no less powerful than that of the fabled enchanters of the olden time4 ,mr4 ,watt's first great improvement in the engine of ,newcomen may be best understood by reference to the annexed diagram1 in which a represents the cylinder1 and b its plug or piston made to fit air-tight4 ,the pipe d is furnished with a stop-cock1 by means of which the elastic vapour is occasionally admitted4--,a similar pipe1 furnished with a stop-cock at f1 passes from the other side of the cylinder1 and enters the vessel g2 e being the reservoir to contain water4 ,illustration ,if we now suppose the piston at the bottom of the cylinder1 and steam admitted by the pipe d1 its expansive force will elevate the piston1 and when the air is expelled1 the whole internal cavity of the tube will be filled with condensible vapour4 ,on closing the steam-cock1 and opening that connected with the vessel g1 a portion of the vapour will immediately expand itself1 and coming in contact with the cold sides of the vessel1 a portion of its heat must be absorbed by the water at e4 ,a new portion of steam then descends1 and is also condensed1 and indeed the same process continues till the whole of the steam is drawn from the tube4 ,a vacuum being thus formed1 the pressure of the atmosphere will preponderate1 and the piston rod be depressed to the bottom of the tube4 ,on closing the stop-cock f1 a new supply of steam may be admitted by the other pipe1 and after raising the piston1 the process of condensation may be readily repeated4 ,the advantages that arise from this mode of forming a vacuum are very considerable1 not the least important of which1 is a saving of nearly half the fuel4 ,in the old engine1 the condensing water must reduce the temperature of the internal surface of the cylinder to that of the atmosphere1 before a vacuum could be produced1 and when the condensing water was applied more sparingly1 the elastic vapour remaining in the cylinder was found to materially reduce the pressure of the air operating above4 ,from this it will be seen that the great advantage of ,mr4 ,watt's apparatus consists in performing the condensation in a separate vessel1 so that the cylinder is always preserved at the temperature of boiling water4 ,having thus produced a vacuum without the intervention of condensing water beneath the piston1 ,mr4 ,watt's next improvement consisted in closing the top of the cylinder1 so that the piston-rod worked through an air-tight hole in the centre of the cap2 and to ensure the necessary pressure within the cylinder1 steam with an elastic force greater than that of the atmosphere was admitted above the piston4 ,the atmospheric engine of ,newcomen was thus converted into a steam-engine1 and its power was easily regulated4 ,a cylinder and piston constructed on the most improved principles may now be examined4 ,illustration ,in the annexed diagram1 the cylinder ,a is furnished with a steam-tight piston1 the rod of which is supposed to be connected with the working beam4 ,b represents the pipe which admits the steam from the boiler1 the quantity being regulated by the throttle valve c1 and the elastic vapour is now passing through the box d d1 so that it enters beneath the piston4 ,at the same instant of time1 a communication is formed through the aperture m n to the pipe p1 which leads to the condenser4 ,when the piston reaches the top of the cylinder1 the sliding bridge or valve has its direction changed1 so that the pipe r1 and consequently the bottom of the cylinder1 is connected with the condenser1 while a passage is opened from the pipe m n to the steam box4 ,thus a communication is alternately made between the top and bottom of the piston4 ,the slide-valve represented above is not invariably employed in the double-acting engines1 and we frequently find the annexed contrivance resorted to1 in some of the best engines4 ,illustration ,the pipe #ad represents the passage to the cylinder1 and a communication is now opened with the steam chamber g4 ,the raised valve is perforated and a similar valve beneath closed by the rod which passes through it4 ,on closing the valve g1 the lower valve h is opened1 and a free passage between the condensing pipe beneath and the upper part of the cylinder is the result4 ,if we now suppose a similar double valve placed at the bottom of the cylinder1 it will easily be seen that an effect similar to that described in the sliding valve will be produced4 ,the speed of the engine is regulated by a very ingenious contrivance introduced by ,mr4 ,watt1 called the governor1 and represented beneath4 ,illustration ,the balls i i are supported by the bent levers h f1 and as they are made to revolve with the fly wheel axis1 by means of a band passing round the pulley c1 any increase in the speed of the engine will cause the balls to diverge4 ,the moment this takes place1 the shorter arm of the lever n is depressed1 and as the extremity l is connected with the steam-pipe by the throttle valve1 the supply of steam must of necessity be diminished1 and the speed of the engine reduced4 ,as the working power of the engine depends very materially on the accurate fitting of the piston1 it may be adviseable to examine some of the modes of effecting this important object4 ,mr4 ,smeaton1 who greatly improved the atmospheric engine1 coated the under side of the piston with elm or beech planks about two inches thick2 the wooden bottom being screwed to the iron with a double thickness of flannel and tar1 to exclude the air between the iron and the wood4 ,by the adoption of this improvement1 its property of conducting heat was reduced1 and the wood having been previously jointed1 with the grain radiating in all directions from the centre1 was not liable to expand by the heated steam4 ,this piston was kept air-tight by a small stream of water continually falling on its upper surface2 but in ,mr4 ,watt's engine he was compelled to make the piston fit tight without any other media than the oil that was employed to lubricate it4 ,the piston is now cast with a projecting rim at bottom1 which is fitted as accurately as possible2 the part above the rim being about four inches less than the cylinder1 thus leaving a circular groove for the hemp which forms the packing4 ,to keep this in its place1 a lid or cover is put over the top of the piston1 with a projection which enters into the circular groove for the packing1 and pressing upon it1 the plate is forced down by screws1 which work into the body of the piston4 ,by this means the packing is made to fill the internal part of the cylinder with tolerable accuracy1 and thus prevents for a time any steam passing between the piston and the cylinder4 ,when1 however1 by continued working1 the packing ceases to fit1 it occasions a waste of steam1 to remedy which1 the cylinder cap must be removed1 and as this is attended with a considerable degree of trouble to the engine-man1 it is seldom attended to till a considerable loss of power has arisen4 ,there are two improvements on the piston1 by which this inconvenience is to a certain extent obviated4 ,in the first1 by ,mr4 ,woolfs1 each of the screws is furnished with a wheel or nut1 and these are all connected together by means of a central wheel1 working loose upon the piston-rod in such a manner1 that if any one of the screws be turned1 a similar motion is given to the remainder4 ,illustration ,in a piston thus constructed1 there is little difficulty in drawing down the packing1 by applying a key to the square head of the projecting screw1 employed to communicate with the rest3 the key-hole being afterwards closed by a cap4 ,the second contrivance is by ,mr4 ,barton1 a diagram of which1 accompanied by a piston as it is usually constructed1 is shewn beneath4 ,illustration ,in the first piston1 the screws i i are made to compress the packing h h1 by acting upon the plate n n1 the piston-rod r being firmly attached by the nut c4 ,in one of the modifications of ,barton's piston1 on the contrary1 the packing is dispensed with1 as the flexible springs t t t press upon the wedges c c c1 and expand the intermediate plates4 ,a break-joint is readily formed1 by making the series of plates double2 the second set of plates falling upon the spaces which occur between the first row4 ,the action of the high pressure engine depends upon the great elastic force acquired by steam1 when exposed to the action of heat at very high temperatures4--,it may indeed be considered as a return to the principle of ,brancas and the ,marquis of ,worcester1 as in this engine no condensing water is necessary2 and it acts merely by the elastic or repellant force of steam4 ,in the high pressure engine1 the condenser is taken away2 and the steam1 instead of being converted into water by artificial cold in a close vessel1 is allowed to escape into the atmosphere from one side of the piston1 while it is acting forcibly on the other4 ,the advantages of the high pressure engine over that used with a condenser1 are cheapness in construction1 and a saving of the whole expense attendant on procuring a sufficient supply of condensing water1 which in some cases is an object of considerable importance4 ,illustration ,in the annexed section1 the piston ,b passes through an air-tight stuffing box1 and the steam is entering beneath it1 by the four-way cock ,e4 ,if we now suppose the piston at the top of the cylinder1 a new arrangement of the communicating pipe takes place1 as the steam which was beneath escapes1 while a fresh supply enters above4 ,the four-way cock may be best explained by a section in the opposite direction4 ,two pipes are seen at the lower extremity of the cock1 which communicate with the upper and under sides of the piston4 ,the aperture ,d opens to the air1 while the pipe ,c serves for the admission of steam from the boiler4 ,illustration ,we have now to notice the double cylinder engine constructed by ,woolfs1 which will be found1 by reference to the diagram in the preceding page1 to consist of a high pressure cylinder1 connected with a condensing apparatus4 ,a and ,b represent the two cylinders1 in the larger of which the steam is allowed to expand itself1 after passing from the high pressure cylinder ,b4 ,the steam1 which in the first instance is of considerable elasticity1 is admitted to the cylinder ,b1 by the tube and valve ,e1 and entering the cylinder above its piston1 impels it to the bottom4 ,when this is effected1 a communication is opened between the upper part of the cylinder ,b1 and the under side of the cylinder ,a4 ,the communication between the cylinder ,b and the steam-pipe ,e1 is now reversed1 and the steam is made to press on the under side of the piston ,b1 a communication being at the same time formed between the upper part of the cylinder ,a1 and the pipe leading to the condenser which is seen beneath4 ,so that if we suppose the two pistons connected by means of their rods with one end of an ordinary working beam1 the upward and downward strokes of each will be performed at the same time4 ,we have hitherto considered the steam as passing direct from the boiler to the cylinder ,b2 this1 however1 is in reality effected by a more circuitous route1 as it is in the first instance admitted to the steam-case of the larger cylinder by the pipe ,c1 and passing round a similar case1 encircling the cylinder ,b1 it is then made to enter at ,e4 ,the pipe at ,d is merely intended to form a communication for carrying back to the boiler any water that may be produced by condensation in the steam-case1 before the engine arrives at a proper temperature for working4 ,having thus briefly examined the nature of ,mr4 ,woolf's engine1 it may now be advisable to revert to the boiler1 by which he proposes to generate steam of sufficient elasticity for the use of the small cylinder1 which requires elastic vapour of great expansive force4 ,the boiler1 represented by the diagram beneath1 consists of a series of tubes1 of cast-iron1 connected by screw-bolts with the under side of a larger vessel ,a ,a1 communicating with the engine4 ,the upper boiler is furnished with four1 and in some cases1 with five apertures2 the first of which is intended for the admission of water1 to supply the waste which continually arises from evaporation4 ,the safety valves1 man-hole1 and water-pipe are also shewn4 ,illustration ,the mode of setting this boiler is also of considerable importance1 as it is advisable to give a long and waving course to the chimney4 ,illustration ,a ,a still represents the principal boiler1 while the figures #a1 #b1 #c1 c4 indicate the passage of the flame and heated air2 a section of the chimney being shewn at ,o4 ,the steel-yard safety-valve which was employed in all the early engines is simple1 and the nature of its construction may readily be understood4 ,a represents a portion of the upper part of the boiler2 ,b the safety-valve or plug made to fit air-tight on the valve-seat beneath2 ,c the lever working on its axis at ,d1 and furnished with a moveable weight ,e1 adjusted to balance the pressure of steam within the boiler4 ,illustration ,when steam of great elasticity is required1 the weight is placed at the extremity of the lever1 and as such1 acts with greater force on the safety-valve1 than when removed to a point nearer to the axis on which it revolves3 so that should low pressure steam1 or that which has a less expansive force1 be required1 it will only be necessary to remove it nearer towards the axis on which it turns4 ,the lever and balance-ball safety valve already described1 appear but little calculated for those engines in which high pressure steam is employed1 as the engine-man1 in an over anxious zeal for the full performance of the machinery confided to his care1 has been frequently known to increase the internal pressure of a large boiler many thousand pounds beyond the resistance to which it was originally proved4 ,to prevent a recurrence of those accidents1 which first drew the attention of the legislature to this important part of the engine1 it appears advisable to inclose the safety-valve in an iron case1 of which a section is annexed4 ,illustration ,the valve ,b in this case rests upon a conical seat in the boiler ,a1 and is furnished with a series of small moveable plates lettered c1 which are employed to increase or diminish the entire weight of the safety-valve1 the whole being covered by the box ,d2 and as this is pierced with a number of small holes1 the steam readily escapes when the expansive force exceeds the resistance offered by the loaded valve4 ,the patent revolving wheel invented by ,mr4 ,masterman1 appears to promise the best results of any rotatory engine yet invented1 the friction being much less than in any other apparatus in which steam is employed as a prime mover4 ,in this engine1 ,mr4 ,masterman proposes to employ water1 or the fluid metal mercury as the immediate agent1 which he effects by inclosing it in the tubular rim of a large wheel1 furnished with valves opening in one direction4 ,this wheel1 as is shewn in the opposite diagram1 is made to revolve on a hollow axis connected with the steam boiler4 ,the arms or spokes which radiate from the axis are also hollow2 and on the admission of steam from the boiler1 it is conducted through the arm immediately opposite1 and entering the rim of the wheel1 comes in contact with1 and presses against the column of water beneath and the closed valve above the arm4 ,the water being previously heated to the boiling point1 no condensation ensues1 but the whole weight of water1 which was previously balanced in two columns of equal height1 is driven1 by the pressure of the steam1 to the side opposite to that at which the elastic vapour entered1 and that side of the wheel will necessarily preponderate4 ,if this process be repeated1 the steam being allowed to blow through each radiating arm in succession1 a continuous rotatory motion will be produced4 ,should it be advisable to employ steam of less elasticity1 a condenser may be added1 and that too without materially increasing the expense4 ,illustration ,the application of steam-engines to the propelling of carriages on the public road1 has hitherto been considered as a refinement in mechanics1 rather to be wished for than a matter of reasonable expectation4 ,the locomotive engine was first employed for this purpose by ,messrs4 ,trevithick and ,vivian1 in #ahjb2 and it found a ready introduction to the mining districts where rail-roads are general4 ,in some cases1 five1 six1 and even ten waggons laden with coal are dragged up an inclined plane by means of these vehicles2 and of course impelled by a high pressure engine1 from the utter impossibility of carrying condensing water in a moveable vehicle4 ,an engine of four horses' power1 employed by ,mr4 ,blenkinsop1 impelled a carriage lightly loaded on a rail-road at the rate of ten miles an hour1 and when connected with thirty coal waggons1 each weighing more than three tons1 its average rate was about one-third of that pace4 ,when the locomotive engine was first tried1 it was found difficult to produce a sufficient degree of re-action between the wheels and the tract road2 so that the wheels turned round without propelling the vehicle4 ,this inconvenience was1 however1 obviated by ,mr4 ,blenkinsop1 who1 when he adopted the locomotive engine1 took up the common rails1 on one side of the whole length of the road1 and replaced them by a series of racks1 or rails1 furnished with large teeth4 ,the impelling wheel of the engine was made to act in these teeth1 so that it continued to work in a rack which insured a sufficient degree of re-action4 ,from the great weight of an ordinary locomotive engine as well as the construction of its impelling wheel1 it must be evident that the employment of this species of prime mover on the public roads would be in the highest degree destructive2 and as such that its use will for some years to come be partially confined to the mining districts1 in which the greatest facilities are offered for its general adoption4 ,indeed1 we find in one neighbourhood alone1 and within a space of less than thirty square miles1 more than twenty miles of road admirably adapted for this species of conveyance2 and it is a well known fact1 that there are many situations in which iron rail-roads might be advantageously employed1 in which it would be quite impossible to open a navigable canal4 ,in illustration of the above fact1 it may be proper to state1 that a company1 with a large capital1 is now forming for the express purpose of facilitating the conveyance of goods by locomotive engines4 ,the mode of applying the steam-engine to the purposes of navigation is equally simple with its employment in our manufactures4 ,it is generally supposed that the steam-boat is of very recent invention2 on the contrary1 however1 the possibility of employing steam as a prime mover in the propelling of vessels was suggested as far back as the reign of ,charles ,i4 ,in one of the old tracts preserved in the library of the ,london ,institution there is a very curious representation of a steam-boat1 constructed by an engineer of the name of ,hulls4 ,and this individual1 now so little known1 was undoubtedly the first who applied a steam-engine to the purpose of navigation4 ,to impel a vessel by this means1 two paddle wheels1 like those used in an under-shot water-wheel1 are connected by means of a long axis and crank1 with the working beam of the steam-engine2 and if this motion is not found sufficiently rapid1 a wheel and pinion are added1 which1 although it decreases the effective power of the engine1 yet increases the velocity of the paddle wheels4 ,to illustrate the great advantages possessed by the steam-engine1 even in its rudest state1 over every other species of prime mover yet enumerated1 it may now be advisable to examine its effective force when employed in the working of pumps4 ,it has been found that one hundred weight of coals burned in an engine on the old construction1 would raise at least twenty thousand cubic feet of water twenty-four feet high2 an engine with a twenty-four inch cylinder doing the work of seventy four horses4 ,an engine on ,capt4 ,savery's plan1 constructed by ,mr4 ,keir1 has been found to raise nearly three millions of pounds of water1 and ,mr4 ,watt's engine1 upwards of thirty millions of pounds the same height4 ,to the mining interests this valuable present of science to the arts has been peculiarly acceptable2 as a large portion of our now most productive mineral districts must long ere this have been abandoned1 had not the steam-engine been employed as an active auxiliary in those stupendous works4 ,in the draining of fens and marsh lands1 this machine is in the highest degree valuable2 and in ,england1 particularly1 it might be rendered still more generally useful4 ,in practice it has been ascertained that an engine of six-horse power will drain more than eight thousand acres1 raising the water six feet in height2 whilst the cost of an engine for this species of work1 including the pumps1 will not exceed seven hundred pounds4 ,this is more than ten windmills could perform1 at an annual expenditure of several hundred pounds2 while1 in the former case1 the outgoings will not exceed one hundred and fifty pounds per annum4 ,to the mariner also1 the steam-engine offers advantages of a no less important and novel nature than those which have already been described4 ,by its use he is enabled to traverse the waters both against wind and tide1 with nearly as much certainty1 and1 as the machinery is now constructed1 with much less danger1 than by the most eligible road conveyance4 ,it too frequently1 however1 happens that the faults of any new invention are unjustly magnified1 while its real advantages are seldom duly appreciated2 and this axiom has been fully verified1 in the clamour so unjustly raised against the application of the steam-engine to nautical purposes4 ,accidents are now1 however1 but of rare occurrence2 and it is more than probable1 that the great improvements which have been made in the boiler and safety-valve will effectually secure these parts of the engine from a recurrence of such tremendous explosions as characterised the first introduction of steam navigation4 ,and1 lastly1 the political economist must hail with the most heartfelt gratification1 the introduction of so able and efficient a substitute for animal labour as the steam-engine4 ,for it has been calculated that there are at least ten thousand of these machines at the present time at work in ,great ,britain1 performing a labour more than equal to that of two hundred thousand horses1 which1 if fed in the ordinary way1 would require above one million acres of land for subsistence2 and this is capable of supplying the necessaries of life to more than fifteen hundred thousand human beings4#aa #aa ,vide ,historical ,account of the ,steam-engine1 by ,c4 ,f4 ,partington4 ,an ingenious foreigner1 who lately visited ,england1 has published an estimate of the mechanical force set in action by the steam-engines of this country4 ,he supposes that the great pyramid of ,egypt required for its erection the labour of more than #aj1jjj men for #bj years3--but if it were required again to raise the stones from the quarries1 and place them at their present height1 the action of the steam-engines of ,england1 which are managed at most by #cf1jjj men1 would be sufficient to produce the same effect in #ah hours4 ,,the ,,end4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,c4 ,,roworth1 ,,bell ,,yard1 ,,temple ,,bar4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected without note4 ,irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed4 ,the cover for the e,book version of this book was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain4 ,on pages #hd and #he there are two items both of which are numbered ,,lxxxviii4 ,the table of contents reflects the same4 ,in the table of contents the following page numbers have been changed to match the book3 ,page lxxxii3 #cc4 ,a ,needle ,alphabet--#ci changed to #ch #ch4 ,a ,sieve ,alphabet--ibid4 changed to #da ,page lxxxiv3 #gi4 ,a total locking of ,cabinet ,boxes--#gh changed to #gg #hj4 ,light ,pistol ,barrels--ibid4 changed to #gh