,transcrib] ,notes ,text emphasis %[n z ,bold & ,italics4 ,:ole & fractional p>ts ( numb]s display$ z #ag-e_/h4 ,issu$ ,may #bc1 #aiaa ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,f>m]s' ,,bullet9 #ddg4 ,,bees4 ,,by ,e4 ,f4 ,,phillips1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,9 ,*>ge ( ,bee ,culture1 ,bureau ( ,entomology4 ,,wa%+ton3 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice4 #aiaa4 ,,lett] ,,( ,,transmittal4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t or ,agriculture1 ,bureau ( ,entomology1 ,wa%+ton4 ,d4 ,c41 ,m>* #d1 #aiaa4 ,sir3 ,i h ! honor to transmit h]e) a manuscript entitl$ ,bees1 by ,e4 ,f4 ,phillips1 ,ph4 ,d41 9 *>ge ( bee culture 9 ?is bureau4 ,?is pap] w sup]s$e ,f>m]s' ,bullet9s #ei & #cig1 ,a few new illu/rations :i* add greatly to ! value ( ! pap] & "s m9or alt]ations 9 ! text are ! only *anges 9 ?is f ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #cig2 b s9ce x is n n[ ! policy ( ! dep>tm5t to issue revis$ editions1 x is recomm5d$ t ?is bullet9 be issu$ "u a new s]ial numb]4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is pap] ! aim has be5 to give briefly su* in=mation z is ne$$ by p]sons engag$ 9 ! keep+ ( bees1 & to answ] inquiries su* z are frequ5tly receiv$ f correspond5ts ( ! dep>tm5t4 ,no attempt has be5 made to include discussions ( bee anatomy1 honey plants1 or ! m special manipulations sometimes practic$1 su* z que5 re>+4 ,! discussion ( app>atus is necess>ily brief4 ,respectfully1 ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d1 ,entomologi/ & ,*ief ( ,bureau4 ,hon1 ,james ,wilson1 ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,introduction #e ,location ( ! api>y #f ,equipm5t 9 app>atus #i ,work%op #i ,hives4 #i ,hive /&s #aa ,o!r app>atus #aa ,equipm5t 9 bees #ab ,bee behavior #ae ,directions = g5]al manipulations #ai ,transf]r+ #bb ,unit+ #bd ,prev5t+ robb+ 9 ! api>y #be ,fe$+ #bf ,spr+ managem5t #bf ,sw>m managem5t & increase #bi ,artificial sw>m+ #ca ,prev5tion ( sw>m+ #cb ,prep>ation = ! h>ve/ #cc ,! production ( honey #cc ,extract$ honey #cd ,comb honey #cf ,! production ( wax #ci ,prep>ations = w9t]+ #dj ,diseases & enemies #db ,g5]al in=mation #dd ,bre$]s ( que5s #dd ,introduc+ que5s #dd ,deal]s 9 bee keep]s' supplies #de ,bee keep]s' associations #de ,laws affect+ beekeep+ #de ,disease inspection #de ,laws aga9/ spray+ fruit trees :ile 9 bloom #df ,laws aga9/ ! adult]ation ( honey #df ,:5 bees are a nuisance #df ,suppos$ injury ( crops by bees #df ,j\rnals & books on beekeep+ #df ,publications ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture on beekeep+ #dg ,,illu/rations4 ,page4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a well-arrang$ api>y #g #b4 ,a t5-frame hive ) comb honey sup] & p]=at$ z9c que5 exclud] #aj #c4 ,smok] #aa #d4 ,bee veil ) silk-tulle front #aa #e ,hive tools #ab #f4 ,drone & que5 trap on hive entrance #ab #g4 ,bee escape = remov+ bees f sup]s #ac #h4 ,spr+ bee escape #ac #i4 ,bee bru% #ad #aj4 ,work]1 que51 & drone #af #aa4 ,comb ar*itecture #ag #ab4 ,egg1 l>v1 & pupa #ah #ac4 ,que5 cells #ah #ad4 ,h&l+ ! frame3 ,fir/ position #ba #ae4 ,h&l+ ! frame3 ,second position #ba #af4 ,h&l+ ! frame 3 ,?ird position #bb #ag4 ,division-bo>d fe$] to be hung 9 hive 9 place ( frame #bg #ah4 ,fe$] set 9 coll> "u hive body #bg #ai4 ,pepp]-box fe$] = use on top ( frames #bh #bj4 ,pan 9 sup] arrang$ = fe$+ #bh #ba4 ,knives = uncapp+ honey #cd #bb4 ,honey extractor #ce #bc4 ,p]=at$ z9c que5 exclud] #ch #bd4 ,%ipp+ cases = comb honey #ch #be4 ,que5 mail+ cage #de ,,bees4 ,,introduction4 ,beekeep+ = pleasure & pr(it is c>ri$ on by _m ?\s&s ( p 9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z a rule1 x is n ! sole occupation4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m places :]e an exp]i5c$ bee keep] c make a good liv+ by devot+ 8 entire "t & att5tion to ?is l9e ( "w4 ,x is usually unwise to und]take ext5sive beekeep+ )\t consid]able previ\s exp]i5ce on a small scale1 s9ce !re are s _m m9or details :i* g to make up success 9 ! "w4 ,x is a good plan to beg9 on a small scale1 make ! bees pay = !mselves & = all additional app>atus1 z well z "s pr(it1 & gradually to increase z f> z ! local conditions or ! desires ( ! individual p]mit4 ,bee culture is ! means ( obta9+ = human use a natural product :i* is abundant 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & :i* w\ld be lo/ to u 7 x n = ! honey bee4 ,! annual production ( honey & wax 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates makes apiculture a pr(itable m9or indu/ry ( ! c\ntry4 ,f its v nature x c nev] become "o ( ! lead+ agricultural pursuits1 b t !re is abundant opportunity = its gr[? c n be d\bt$4 ,n only is ! honey bee valuable z a produc]1 b x is also "o ( ! mo/ b5eficial ( insects 9 cross-poll9at+ ! fl[]s ( v>i\s economic plants4 ,beekeep+ is also extremely fasc9at+ to ! majority ( p z a pa/ime1 furni%+ outdoor ex]cise z well z intimacy ) an insect ^: activity has be5 a subject ( absorb+ /udy f ! e>lie/ times4 ,x has ! advantage ( be+ a recreation :i* pays its own way & (t5 produces no mean pr(it4 ,x is a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to pa9t only ! bright side ( ! picture & leave x to ! new bee keep] to discov] t !re is (t5 ano!r side4 ,:]e any f9ancial pr(it is d]iv$1 beekeep+ requires h>d "w & "w at j ! prop] "t1 o!rwise ! surplus ( honey may be dim9i%$ or lo/4 ,few l9es ( "w require m /udy to insure success4 ,9 ye>s :5 ! available nect> is limit$1 surplus honey is secur$ only by judici\s manipulations1 & x is only ?r\gh consid]able exp]i5ce & (t5 by exp5sive rev]ses t ! bee keep] is able to manipulate prop]ly to save 8 crop4 ,anyone c produce honey 9 seasons ( pl5ty1 b ^! d n come e ye> 9 mo/ locations1 & x takes a good bee keep] to make ! mo/ ( poor ye>s4 ,:51 ev5 ) ! be/ ( manipulations1 ! crop is a failure ?r\gh lack ( nect>1 ! bees mu/ be f$ to keep !m f />vation4 ,! av]age annual honey yield p] colony = ! entire c\ntry1 "u good managem5t1 w probably be #be to #cj p\nds ( comb honey or #dj to #ej p\nds ( extract$ honey4 ,! money return to be obta9$ f ! crop dep5ds entirely on ! m>ket & ! me?od ( sell+ ! honey4 ,if sold direct to ! consum]1 extract$ honey br+s f #aj to #bj c5ts p] p\nd1 & comb honey f #ae to #be c5ts p] section4 ,if sold to deal]s1 ! price v>ies f #f to #aj c5ts = extract$ honey & f #aj to #ae c5ts = comb honey4 ,all ( ^! e/imates dep5d l>gely on ! quality & neatness ( ! product4 ,f ! gross return mu/ be d$uct$ f #ej c5ts to #a p] colony = exp5ses o!r ?an labor1 includ+ f\ndation1 sections1 occasional new frames & hives1 & o!r incid5tals4 ,?is e/imate ( exp5se does n include ! co/ ( new hives & o!r app>atus ne$$ 9 provid+ = increase 9 ! size ( ! api>y4 ,above all x %\ld be emphasiz$ t ! only way to make beekeep+ a pr(itable bus9ess is to produce only a fir/-class article4 ,we c n control :at ! bees br+ to ! hive to any great ext5t1 b by prop] manipulations we c get !m to produce fancy comb honey1 or if extract$ honey is produc$ x c be c>efully c>$ = & neatly pack$ to appeal to ! fancy trade4 ,too _m bee keep]s1 9 fact1 ! majority1 pay too little att5tion to mak+ _! goods attractive4 ,!y %\ld recognize ! fact t ( two j>s ( honey1 "o 9 an ord9>y fruit j> or t9 c ) a poorly pr9t$ label1 & ! o!r 9 a neat glass j> ( arti/ic design ) a pleas+1 attractive label1 ! latt] w br+ d\ble or m ! extra co/ ( ! bett] package4 ,x is p]haps un=tunate1 b nev]!less a fact1 t honey sells l>gely on appe>ance1 & a progressive bee keep] w appeal z /rongly z possible to ! eye ( 8 cu/om]4 ,,location ,,( ,,! ,,api>y4 ,9 *oos+ a section 9 :i* to keep bees on an ext5sive scale x is ess5tial t ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry be kn[n4 ,beekeep+ is m or less pr(itable 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b x is n pr(itable to practice ext5sive beekeep+ 9 localities :]e ! plants d n yield nect> 9 l>ge quantities4 ,a man :o desires to make honey production 8 bus9ess may f9d t x does n pay to increase ! api>ies 9 8 pres5t location4 ,x may be bett] to move to ano!r "p ( ! c\ntry :]e nect> is m abundant4 ,illu/ration3 sc,fig4 #a4_/sc--,a well-arrang$ api>y4 ,! location ( ! hives is a matt] ( consid]able importance4 ,z a rule x is bett] = hives to face away f ! prevail+ w9d & to be protect$ f high w9ds4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 a s\? slope is desirable4 ,x is advisable = hives to be s plac$ t ! sun w /rike !m e>ly 9 ! morn+1 s t ! bees become active e>ly 9 ! day1 & ?us ga9 an advantage by gett+ ! fir/ supply ( nect>4 ,x is also advantage\s to h ! hives %ad$ dur+ ! hotte/ "p ( ! day1 s t ! bees w n hang out 9 front ( ! hive in/ead ( work+4 ,!y %\ld be s plac$ t ! bees w n prove a nuisance to pass]s-by or di/urb live /ock4 ,?is latt] precaution may save ! bee keep] consid]able tr\ble1 = bees sometimes prove dang]\s1 especially to horses4 ,bees are also sometimes annoy+ 9 ! e>ly spr+1 = on _! fir/ flights !y sometimes spot clo!s hung out to dry4 ,?is may be rem$i$ by hav+ ! api>y "s di/ance f ! clo!s-dry+ y>d1 or by remov+ ! bees f ! cell>s on days :5 no clo!s are to be hung out4 ,! plot on :i* ! hives are plac$ %\ld be kept free f we$s1 especially 9 front ( ! entrances4 ,! grass may be cut ) a lawn m[]1 b x w (t5 be f\nd m conv5i5t & z effici5t to pa/ure "o or m head ( %eep 9 ! api>y inclosure4 ,! hives %\ld be f> en\gh ap>t to p]mit ( free manipulation4 ,if hives are too close toge!r !re is dang] ( bees ent]+ ! wrong hive on return+1 especially 9 ! spr+4 ,^! conditions1 :i* may be consid]$ z ideal1 ne$ n all be foll[$4 ,:5 necess>y1 bees may be kept on h\setops1 9 ! back "p ( city lots1 9 ! woods1 or 9 _m o!r places :]e ! ideal conditions are n f\nd4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 few api>ies are p]fectly locat$2 nev]!less1 ! location %\ld be c>efully plann$1 especially :5 a l>ge numb] ( colonies are kept prim>ily = pr(it4 ,z a rule1 x is n consid]$ be/ to keep m ?an #ajj colonies 9 "o api>y1 & api>ies %\ld be at lea/ #b miles ap>t4 ,!re are s _m factors to be consid]$1 h[ev]1 t no g5]al rule c be laid d[n4 ,! only way to le>n h[ _m colonies any giv5 locality w su/a9 is to /udy ! honey flora & ! record ( t place until ! bee keep] c decide = himself ! be/ numb] to be kept & :]e !y %all be plac$4 ,! exp]i5ce ( a relatively small numb] ( good bee keep]s 9 keep+ unusually l>ge api>ies indicates t ! capabilities ( ! av]age locality are usually und]e/imat$4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! size ( ext5sive api>ies is wor?y ( consid]able /udy1 = x is obvi\sly desirable to keep bees 9 z few places z possible1 to save "t 9 go+ to !m & also exp5se 9 duplicat$ app>atus4 ,to ! majority ( bee keep]s ?is problem is n important1 = mo/ p]sons keep b a small numb] ( colonies4 ,?is is p]haps a mis=tune to ! indu/ry z a :ole1 = ) few] api>ies ( l>g] size "u ! managem5t ( c>eful1 tra9$ bee keep]s ! honev production ( ! c\ntry w\ld be m>vel\sly increas$4 ,= ?is reason1 pr(essional bee keep]s are n favorably incl9$ to ! mak+ ( ?\s&s ( amateurs1 :o (t5 spoil ! location = ! honey produc] & m (t5 spoil 8 m>ket by ! injudici\s sell+ ( honey = less ?an x is wor? or by putt+ an inf]ior article on ! m>ket4 ,out api>ies1 or ^? locat$ away f ! ma9 api>y1 %\ld be s locat$ t transportation w be z easy z possible4 ,! prim>y consid]ation1 h[ev]1 mu/ be ! available nect> supply & ! numb] ( colonies ( bees already ne> en\gh to draw on ! res\rces4 ,! out api>y %\ld also be ne> to "s fri5dly p]son1 s t x may be protect$ aga9/ depr$ation & s t ! own] may be notifi$ if any?+ goes wrong4 ,x is especially desirable to h x 9 ! p>tial c>e ( "s p]son :o c hive sw>ms or d o!r simil> ?+s t may arise 9 an em]g5cy4 ,! t]ms "u :i* ! api>y is plac$ on l& belong+ to "s "o else is a matt] = mutual agreem5t4 ,!re is no g5]al usage 9 ?is reg>d4 ,,equipm5t ,,9 ,,app>atus4 ,x c n be insi/$ too /rongly t ! only pr(itable way to keep bees is 9 hives ) movable frames4 ,! bees build _! combs 9 ^! frames1 :i* c !n be manipulat$ by ! bee keep] z necess>y4 ,! keep+ ( bees 9 boxes1 holl[ logs1 or /raw 'skeps' is n pr(itable1 is (t5 a m5ace to progressive bee keep]s1 & %\ld be /rongly condemn$4 ,bees 9 box hives 7pla9 boxes ) no frames & ) combs built at ! w ( ! bees7 are too (t5 se5 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! own]s may obta9 f !m a few p\nds ( inf]ior honey a ye> & c>elessly cont9ue 9 ! antiquat$ practice4 ,9 "s cases ?is type ( beekeep+ does little h>m to o!rs1 b :]e diseases ( ! brood are pres5t ! box hive is a s]i\s nuisance & %\ld be aboli%$4 ,,work%op4 ,x is desirable to h a work%op 9 ! api>y :]e ! crop may be c>$ = & supplies may be prep>$4 ,if ! gr\nd on :i* ! hives are locat$ is n level1 x is usually bett] to h ! %op on ! l[] side s t ! heavi] loads w be c>ri$ d[n grade4 ,! w9d[s & doors %\ld be scre5$ to prev5t ! entrance ( bees4 ,! wire-clo? %\ld be plac$ on ! outside ( ! w9d[ frames & %\ld be ext5d$ ab\t #f in*es above ! op5+4 ,?is upp] bord] %\ld be held away f ! frame ) n>r[ wood5 /rips "o-f\r? in* 9 ?ickness s z to provide exits = bees :i* accid5tally get into ! h\se4 ,bees d n ent] at su* op5+s1 & any bees :i* are c>ri$ into ! h\se fly at once to ! w9d[s & !n crawl upw>d1 soon cle>+ ! h\se ( all bees4 ,! w9d[s %\ld be s arrang$ t ! glass may be slid entirely away f ! op5+s to prev5t bees f be+ imprison$4 ,! equipm5t ( b5*es & racks = tools & supplies c be arrang$ z is be/ suit$ to ! h\se4 ,x is a good plan to provide racks = surplus combs1 ! combs be+ hung f /rips sep>at$ ! di/ance ( ! inside l5g? ( ! hive4 ,,hives4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is bullet9 to advocate ! use ( any p>ticul> make ( hive or o!r app>atus4 ,"s g5]al /atem5ts may be made1 h[ev]1 :i* may help ! beg9n] 9 8 *oice4 ,! type ( hive mo/ g5]ally us$ 9 ?is c\ntry 7fig4 #b7 0 inv5t$ by ,lang/ro? 9 #ahea4 ,x consi/s ( a pla9 wood5 box hold+ frames hung f a rabbet at ! top & n t\*+ ! sides1 top1 or bottom4 ,hives ( ?is type are made to hold eight1 t51 or m frames4 ,! size ( frame 9 g5]al use1 kn[n z ! ,lang/ro? 7or ,l7 frame 7#i-a_/h by #ag-e_/h in*es71 is m widely us$ ?an all o!rs comb9$4 ,"o ( ! be/ features 9 hive manufacture develop$ by ,lang/ro? is ! mak+ ( ! spaces betwe5 frames1 side walls1 & sup]s accurately1 s t !re is j room = ! easy passage ( bees4 ,9 a space ( ?is size 7call$ a bee space7 bees r>ely build comb or deposit propolis4 ,! numb] ( frames us$ dep5ds on ! k9d ( honey produc$ 7:e!r comb or extract$7 & on ! l5g? ( honey fl[ & o!r local factors4 ,!re are o!r hives us$ :i* h po9ts ( sup]iority4 ,^! w be f\nd discuss$ 9 ! v>i\s books on beekeep+ & 9 ! catalogues ( deal]s 9 bee keep]s' supplies4 ,:atev] hive is *os51 !re are c]ta9 important po9ts :i* %\ld be insi/$ on4 ,! mat]ial %\ld be ( ! be/2 ! p>ts mu/ be accurately made1 s t all frames or hives 9 ! api>y are int]*angeable4 ,all hives %\ld be ( ! same /yle & size2 !y %\ld be z simple z x is possible to make !m1 to facilitate op]ation4 ,simple frames dim9i% ! am\nt ( propolis1 :i* w int]f]e ) manipulation4 ,z a rule1 x is bett] to buy hives & frames f a manufactur] ( su* goods r ?an to try to make !m1 unless "o is an exp]t woodwork]4 ,! *oice ( a hive1 :ile important1 is usually giv5 undue prom95ce 9 books on bees4 ,9 actual practice exp]i5c$ bee keep]s ) diff]5t sizes & makes ( hives "u simil> conditions d n f9d z mu* diff]5ce 9 _! honey crop z "o w\ld be l$ to believe f ! v>i\s publi%$ acc\nts4 ,illu/ration3 sc,fig4 #b4_/sc--,a #aj-;frame hive ) comb honey sup] & p]=at$ z9c que5 exclud]4 ,hives %\ld be pa9t$ to protect !m f ! wea!r4 ,x is usually desirable to use :ite pa9t to prev5t excessive heat 9 ! colony dur+ hot wea!r4 ,o!r light colors are satisfactory1 b x is be/ to avoid r$ or black4 ,,hive ,,/&s4 ,g5]ally x is be/ to h ea* hive on a sep>ate /&4 ,! entrance %\ld be l[] ?an any o!r "p ( ! hive4 ,/&s ( wood1 bricks1 tile 7fig4 #b71 concrete blocks1 or any o!r conv5i5t mat]ial w answ] ! purpose4 ,! hive %\ld be rais$ above ! gr\nd1 s t ! bottom w n rot4 ,x is usually n necess>y to raise ! hive m ?an a few in*es4 ,:]e ants are a nuisance special hive /&s are sometimes necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 sc,fig4 #c4_/sc--,smok]4 ,illu/ration3 sc,fig4 #d4_/sc--,bee veil ) silk-tulle front4 ,,o!r ,,app>atus4 ,9 addition to ! hives 9 :i* ! bees are kept "s o!r app>atus is necess>y4 ,a good smok] to quiet ! bees 7fig4 #c71 consi/+ ( a t9 or copp] receptacle to hold burn+ rott5 wood or o!r mat]ial1 ) a bell[s atta*$1 is indisp5sable4 ,a veil ( black mat]ial1 pref]ably ) a black silk-tulle front 7fig4 #d71 %\ld be us$4 ,black wire-clo? veils are also excell5t4 ,ev5 if a veil is n always us$1 x is desirable to h "o at h& 9 case ! bees become cross4 ,clo? or lea!r gloves are sometimes us$ to protect ! h&s1 b !y h9d] mo/ manipulations4 ,"s sort ( tool 7fig4 #e7 to pry hive cov]s loose & frames ap>t is desirable4 ,a screwdriv] w answ]1 b any ( ! tools made especially = t purpose is p]haps bett]4 ,division bo>ds drone traps 7fig4 #f71 bee escapes 7figs4 #g & #h71 fe$]s 7figs4 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj71 f\ndation fa/5]s1 wax extractors1 bee bru%es 7fig4 #i71 que5-re>+ outfits1 & app>atus = produc+ comb or extract$ honey 7figs4 #b1 #ba1 #bb7 w be f\nd describ$ 9 catalogues ( supplies3 a full discussion ( ^! implem5ts w\ld require too mu* space 9 ?is bullet94 ,a few ( ^! ?+s are illu/rat$1 & _! use w be evid5t to ! bee keep]4 ,x is be/ to h ! frames fill$ ) f\ndation to insure /raight combs compos$ ( work] cells only4 ,f\ndation is made f ?9 %eets ( pure beeswax on :i* are impress$ ! bases ( ! cells ( ! comb4 ,on ?is z a guide ! work] bees con/ruct ! combs4 ,:5 %eets ( f\ndation are ins]t$ !y %\ld be support$ by wires /ret*$ across ! frames4 ,frames pur*as$ f supply deal]s are usually pi]c$ = wir+4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t manipulation bas$ on a k ( bee behavior is ( f> great] importance ?an any p>ticul> /yle ( app>atus4 ,9 a %ort discussion l ! pres5t x is be/ to omit descriptions ( appliances1 s9ce supply deal]s w be glad to furni% :atev] in=mation is desir$ conc]n+ app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,hive tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,drone & que5 trap on hive entrance4 ,,equipm5t ,,9 ,,bees4 ,z /at$ previ\sly1 x is desirable to beg9 beekeep+ ) a small numb] ( colonies4 ,9 pur*as+ ^! x is usually be/ to obta9 !m ne> at home r ?an to s5d to a di/ance1 = !re is consid]able liability ( loss 9 %ipm5t4 ,:5ev] possible x is bett] to get bees already domicil$ 9 ! p>ticul> hive *os5 by ! bee keep]1 b if ?is is n practicable !n bees 9 any hives or 9 box hives may be pur*as$ & transf]r$4 ,x is a matt] ( small importance :at race ( bees is pur*as$1 = que5s ( any race may be obta9$ & introduc$ 9 place ( ! orig9al que51 & 9 a %ort "t ! work]s w all be ( ! same race z ! introduc$ que54 ,?is is due to ! fact t dur+ ! honey season work] bees die rapidly1 & aft] reque5+ !y are replac$ by ! (fspr+ ( ! new que54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,bee escape = remov+ bees f sup]s4 ,a mo/ important consid]ation 9 pur*as+ colonies ( bees is to see to x t !y are free f disease4 ,9 _m ,/ates & c\nties !re are inspectors ( api>ies :o c be consult$ on ?is po9t1 b if ?is is n possible ev5 a novice c tell :e!r or n !re is any?+ wrong ) ! brood1 & x is always safe/ to refuse hives conta9+ dead brood4 ,! be/ "t ( ! ye> to beg9 beekeep+ is 9 ! spr+1 = dur+ ! fir/ few mon?s ( own]%ip ! bee keep] c /udy ! subject & le>n :at to d1 s t he is n s likely to make a mi/ake :i* w end 9 loss ( bees4 ,x is usually be/ to buy good /rong colonies ) pl5ty ( brood = t season ( ! ye>1 b if ?is is n practicable1 !n small] colonies1 or nuclei1 may be pur*as$ & built up dur+ ! summ] season4 ,( c\rse1 no surplus honey c be expect$ if all ! honey ga!r$ goes into ! mak+ ( additional bees4 ,x is desirable to get z little drone comb z possible & a good supply ( honey 9 ! colonies pur*as$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,spr+ bee escape4 ,! "q z to :at race & /ra9 ( bees is to be kept is important4 ,if poor /ock has be5 pur*as$ locally1 ! bee keep] %\ld s5d to "s reliable que5 bre$] = good que5s z a f\ndation = 8 api>y4 ,que5s may be pur*as$ = #a ea* = unte/$ to sev]al doll>s ea* = select$ bre$+ que5s4 ,usually x w n pay beg9n]s to buy select$ bre$+ que5s1 = !y are n yet prep>$ to make ! be/ use ( su* /ock4 ,unte/$ or te/$ que5s are usually z good a quality z are pr(itable = a ye> or s1 & !re is also less dang] 9 mail+ unte/$ 7"y7 que5s4 ,v>i\s races ( bees h be5 import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates & among exp]i5c$ bee keep]s !re are ard5t advocates ( almo/ all ( !m4 ,! black or ,g]man race 0 ! fir/ import$1 v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry1 & is f\nd ev]y:]e1 b usually n entirely pure4 ,z a rule ?is race is n desirable4 ,no att5tion has be5 paid to bre$+ x = improvem5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 & x is usually f\nd 9 ! h&s ( c>eless bee keep]s4 ,z a result x is inf]ior1 al?\gh x (t5 produces beautiful comb honey4 ,! ,italian bees1 ! next introduc$1 are ! mo/ popul> race among ! be/ bee keep]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ) good reason4 ,!y are vigor\s work]s & good honey ga!r]s1 def5d _! hives well1 & above all h be5 m c>efully select$ by ,am]ican bre$]s ?an any o!r race4 ,especially = ! la/ reason x is usually desirable to keep ?is race4 ,t almo/ any o!r race ( bees kn[n c\ld be br$ to z high a po9t z ! ,italians1 & p]haps high]1 c n be d\bt$1 b ! bee keep] n[ gets ! b5efit ( :at has be5 done = ?is race4 ,x %\ld n be und]/ood f ?is t ! ef=ts at bre$+ h be5 highly successful4 ,on ! contr>y1 bee bre$+ w comp>e v unfavorably ) ! improvem5t ( o!r animals or plants :i* h be5 ! subject ( bre$+ inve/igations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,bee bru%4 ,italian bees h be5 c>efully select$ = color by "s bre$]s to increase ! area ( yell[ on ! abdom51 until we n[ h :at are kn[n z five-b&$ bees4 ,^! are v beautiful1 b x c sc>cely be claim$ t !y are improv$ z honey produc]s or 9 reg>d to g5tl5ess4 ,!y are kept mo/ly by amateurs4 ,"s bre$]s h claim$ to select ,italians = great] l5g? ( tongue1 ) ! object ( gett+ a bee :i* c\ld obta9 ! abundance ( nect> f r$ clov]4 ,if any ga9 is ev] made 9 ?is respect1 x is soon lo/4 ,! t]ms r$-clov] bees or long-tongu$ bees are some:at mislead+1 b are ord9>ily us$ z indicat+ good honey produc]s4 ,caucasian bees1 =m]ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry by ?is dep>tm5t1 are ! mo/ g5tle race ( bees kn[n4 ,!y are n /+less1 h[ev]1 z is (t5 /at$ 9 newspap]s & o!r p]iodicals4 ,_m report !m z good honey ga!r]s4 ,!y are m prolific ?an ,italians & may possibly become popul>4 ,_! wor/ *>act]i/ic is t !y ga!r great quantities ( propolis & build burr & brace combs v freely4 ,!y are mo/ desirable bees = ! amateur or = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,c>niolan & ,banat bees h "s advocates1 & are desirable 9 t !y are g5tle4 ,little is kn[n ( ,banats 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,c>niolans sw>m excessively unless 9' l>ge hives4 ,cyprians 7 =m]ly us$ some:at1 b are n[ r>ely f\nd pure1 & are undesirable ei!r pure or 9 crosses because ( ! fact t !y /+ ) ! lea/ provocation & are n manageable ) smoke4 ,!y are good honey ga!r]s1 b _! undesirable qualities h caus$ !m to be disc>d$ by ,am]ican bee keep]s4 '',holy-l&1 ,egyptian1 & ,punic 7,tunisian7 bees h also be5 tri$ & h be5 univ]sally ab&on$4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture does n n[ di/ribute or sell que5 bees or colonies ( bees ( any race4 ,,bee ,,behavior4 ,! successful manipulation ( bees dep5ds entirely on a k ( _! habits4 ,?is is n g5]ally recogniz$1 & mo/ ( ! lit]ature on practical beekeep+ consi/s ( sets ( rules to guide manipulations4 ,?is is too true ( ! pres5t pap]1 b is due to a desire to make ! bullet9 %ort & concise4 ,:ile ?is me?od usually answ]s1 x is nev]!less faulty1 9 t1 )\t a k ( fundam5tal pr9ciples ( behavior1 ! bee keep] is unable to recognize ! seem+ly abnormal phases ( activity1 & does n "k :at to d "u su* circum/ances4 ,rules mu/1 ( c\rse1 be bas$ on ! usual behavior4 ,by ye>s ( association ! bee keep] almo/ unconsci\sly acquires a wide k ( bee behavior1 & consequ5tly is bett] able to solve ! problems :i* con/antly arise4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld save an inf9ite numb] ( mi/akes & w\ld add greatly to ! int]e/ ( ! "w if m "t 7 exp5d$ on a /udy ( behavior2 !n ! k ga9$ c\ld be appli$ to practical manipulation4 ,a colony ( bees consi/s normally ( "o que5 bee 7fig4 #aj1 b71 ! "m ( ! colony1 & ?\s&s ( sexually undevelop$ females call$ work]s 7fig4 #aj1 a71 :i* normally lay no eggs1 b build ! comb1 ga!r ! /ores1 keep ! hive clean1 fe$ ! "y1 & d ! o!r "w ( ! hive4 ,dur+ "p ( ! ye> !re are also pres5t "s hundr$s ( males 7fig4 #aj1 c7 or drones 7(t5 remov$ or re/rict$ 9 numb]s by ! bee keep]71 ^: only s]vice is to mate ) "y que5s4 ,^! ?ree types are easily recogniz$1 ev5 by a novice4 ,9 nature ! colony lives 9 a holl[ tree or o!r cavity1 b "u manipulation ?rives 9 ! artificial hives provid$4 ,! combs :i* =m _! abode are compos$ ( wax secret$ by ! work]s4 ,! hexagonal cells ( ! two v]tical lay]s con/itut+ ea* comb h int]plac$ ends on a common septum4 ,9 ! cells ( ^! combs are re>$ ! develop+ bees1 & honey & poll5 = food are also /or$ "h4 ,! cells built naturally are n all ( ! same size1 ^? us$ 9 re>+ work] bees be+ ab\t "o-fif? ( an in* across1 & ^? us$ 9 re>+ drones & 9 /or+ honey ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* across 7fig4 #aa74 ,! upp] cells 9 natural combs are m irregul>1 & g5]ally curve upw>d at ! out] end4 ,!y are us$ *iefly = ! /orage ( honey4 ,"u manipulation ! size ( ! cells is controll$ by ! bee keep] by ! use ( comb f\ndation--%eets ( pure beeswax on :i* are impress$ ! bases ( cells & on :i* ! bees build ! side walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,! honey bee3 a1 ,work]2 b1 que52 c1 drone4 ,twice natural size4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 :5 ! activity ( ! spr+ beg9s1 ! normal colony consi/s ( ! que5 & "s ?\s&s ( work]s4 ,z ! outside temp]ature raises1 ! que5 beg9s to lay eggs 7fig4 #ab1 a7 9 ! work] cells4 ,^! 9 "t develop into :ite l>v 7fig4 #ab1 b1 c71 :i* gr[ to fill ! cells4 ,!y are !n capp$ ov] & trans=m fir/ into pup 7fig4 #ab1 d7 & !n into adult work] bees4 ,z ! wea!r gr[s w>m]1 & ! colony increases 9 size by ! em]g5ce ( ! "y bees1 ! quantity ( brood is increas$4 ,! work]s cont9ue to br+ 9 poll51 nect> to be made into honey1 & wat] = brood re>+4 ,:5 ! hive is ne>ly fill$ ) bees & /ores1 or :5 a heavy honey fl[ is on1 ! que5 beg9s to lay eggs 9 ! l>g] cells1 & ^! develop into drones or males4 ,cont9u$ increase ( ! colony w\ld result 9 ! =mation ( enorm\s1 colonies1 & unless "s division takes place no increase 9 ! numb] ( colonies w result4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 ! work]s beg9 to build que5 cells 7fig4 #ac74 ,^! are l>g] ?an any o!r cells ,9 ! hive & hang on ! comb v]tically4 ,9 size & %ape !y may be lik5$ to a peanut1 & are also r\gh on ! outside4 ,9 prep>+ = sw>m+ ! que5 sometimes lays eggs 9 p>tly con/ruct$ que5 cells1 b :5 a colony becomes que5less ! cells are built ar\nd female l>v4 ,! l>v 9 ^! cells receive special food1 & :5 !y h gr[n to full size !y1 too1 are seal$ up1 & ! colony is !n ready = sw>m+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,comb ar*itecture3 a1 ,v]tical section at top ( comb2 b1 v]tical section %[+ transition f work] to drone cells2 c1 horizontal section at side ( comb %[+ end b> ( frame2 d1 horizontal section ( work] brood cells2 e1 diagram %[+ transition cells4 ,natural size4 ,! issu+ ( ! fir/ sw>m f a colony consi/s ( ! dep>ture ( ! orig9al que5 ) "p ( ! work]s4 ,!y leave beh9d ! honev /ores1 except su* z !y c c>ry 9 _! honey /oma*s1 ! brood1 "s work]s1 drones1 sev]al que5 cells1 f :i* w lat] em]ge "y que5s1 b no adult que54 ,by ?is int]e/+ process ! orig9al colony is divid$ into two4 ,! sw>m f9ds a new location 9 "s place1 su* z a holl[ tree1 or1 if c>$ = by ! bee keep]1 9 a hive4 ,! work]s build new combs1 ! que5 beg9s lay+1 & 9 a %ort "t ! sw>m becomes a normal colony4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,! honey bee3 a1 ,egg2 b1 "y l>va2 c1 old l>va2 d1 pupa4 ,?ree times natural size4 ,! colony on ! old /& 7p>5t colony7 is increas$ by ! bees em]g+ f ! brood4 ,aft] a "t 7usually ab\t sev5 or eight days7 ! que5s 9 _! cells are ready to em]ge4 ,if ! colony is only mod]ately /rong ! fir/ que5 to em]ge is all[$ by ! work]s to te> d[n ! o!r que5 cells & kill ! que5s n yet em]g$1 b if a second sw>m is to be giv5 (f ! que5 cells are protect$4 ,if ! wea!r p]mits1 :5 f #e to #h days old1 ! "y que5 flies f ! hive to mate ) a drone4 ,mat+ usually occurs b once dur+ ! life ( ! que5 & always takes place on ! w+4 ,9 mat+ %e receives en\gh sp]matozoa 7male sex cells7 to la/ ?r\gh\t h] life4 ,%e returns to ! hive aft] mat+1 & 9 ab\t two days beg9s egg lay+4 ,! que5 nev] leaves ! hive except at mat+ "t or ) a sw>m1 & h] sole duty 9 ! colony is to lay eggs to keep up ! population4 ,:5 ! fl[]s :i* furni% mo/ nect> are 9 bloom1 ! bees usually ga!r m honey ?an !y ne$ = _! own use1 & ?is ! bee keep] c safely remove4 ,!y cont9ue ! collection ( honey & o!r activities until cold wea!r comes on 9 ! fall1 :5 brood re>+ ceases2 !y !n become relatively quiet1 rema9+ 9 ! hive all w9t]1 except = %ort flights on w>m days4 ,:5 ! ma9 honey fl[ is ov]1 ! drones are usually driv5 f ! hive4 ,by t "t ! virg9 que5s h be5 mat$ & drones are ( no fur!r use4 ,!y are n usually /ung to dea?1 b are m]ely c>ri$ or driv5 f ! hive by ! work]s & />ve4 ,a colony ( bees :i* = any reason is )\t a que5 does n expel ! drones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,que5 cells4 ,natural size4 ,_m abnormal conditions may arise 9 ! activity ( a colony1 & x is !re=e necess>y = ! bee keep] to und]/& mo/ ( ^!1 s t :5 !y occur he may ov]come !m4 ,if a virg9 que5 is prev5t$ f mat+ %e g5]ally dies1 b occasionally beg9s to lay eggs aft] ab\t f\r weeks4 ,9 ?is ev5t1 h[ev]1 all ( ! eggs :i* develop become males4 ,su* a que5 is commonly call$ a drone lay]4 ,if ! virg9 que5 is lo/ :ile on h] flight1 or ! colony at any o!r "t is left que5less )\t means ( re>+ additional que5s1 x sometimes happ5s t "s ( ! work]s beg9 to lay eggs4 ,^! eggs also develop only into drones4 ,x also happ5s at times t :5 a que5 becomes old h] supply ( sp]matozoa is exhau/$1 at :i* tune h] eggs also develop only into drones4 ,^! facts are ! basis ( ! !ory t ! drone ( ! bee is develop$ f an unf]tiliz$ egg or is p>!no-g5etic4 ,a full discussion ( ?is po9t is impossible 9 ?is place4 ,! "w ( ! hive is v nicely apportion$ among ! inmates1 s t !re is little lo/ ef=t4 ,z has be5 /at$1 ! re>+ ( "y is accompli%$ by hav+ "o individual to lay eggs & num]\s o!rs 7immature females or work]s7 to c>e = ! l>v4 ,9 l mann] all "w ( ! colony is apportion$4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be /at$ t all inside "w--wax build+1 c>e ( brood1 & clean+--is done by ! y\ng] work]s1 ^? less ?an #ag days old1 :ile ! outside "w ( collect+ poll5 & nect> to be made into honey is done by ! old] work]s4 ,?is plan may be *ang$ by special conditions4 ,= example1 if ! colony has be5 que5less = a tune & a que5 is !n giv51 old work]s may beg9 ! inside "w ( fe$+ l>v1 & ^! may also secrete wax4 ,or1 if ! old work]s are all remov$1 ! y\ng] bees may beg9 outside "w4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! g5]al plan ( division ( labor accord+ to age is probably foll[$ r closely4 ,,directions ,,= ,,g5]al ,,manipulations4 ,bees %\ld be h&l$ s t !y w be little di/urb$ 9 _! "w4 ,z mu* z possible1 /+s %\ld be avoid$ dur+ manipulation4 ,?is is true1 n s mu* because !y are pa9ful to ! op]ator1 b because ! odor ( poison :i* gets into ! air irritates ! o!r bees & makes !m m difficult to manage4 ,= ?is reason x is mo/ advisable to we> a black veil 7fig4 #d7 ov] a wide-brimm$ hat & to h a good smok] 7fig4 #c74 ,gloves1 h[ev]1 are usually m an inconv5i5ce ?an o!rwise4 ,gauntlets or rubb] b&s ar\nd ! cuffs keep ! bees f crawl+ up ! sleeve4 ,x is be/ to avoid black clo?+1 s9ce t color seems to excite bees2 a black felt hat is especially to be avoid$4 ,sup]flu\s quick movem5ts t5d to irritate ! bees4 ,! hive %\ld n be j>r$ or di/urb$ any m ?an necess>y4 ,rapid movem5ts are objectionable1 because ) _! peculi> eye /ructure bees probably p]ceive motion m readily ?an !y d objects4 ,p]sons n accu/om$ to bees1 on approa*+ a hive1 (t5 /rike at bees :i* fly t[>d !m or make "s quick movem5t ( ! head or h& to avoid ! /+ :i* !y fe> is to foll[4 ,?is %\ld n be done1 = ! rapid movem5t1 ev5 if n t[>d ! bee1 is f> m likely to be foll[$ by a /+ ?an rema9+ quiet4 ,! be/ "t to h&le bees is dur+ ! middle ( w>m days1 p>ticul>ly dur+ a honey fl[4 ,nev] h&le bees at night or on cold1 wet days unless absolutely necess>y4 ,! "w ( a beg9n] may be made mu* easi] & m pleasant by keep+ g5tle bees4 ,caucasians1 ,c>niolans1 ,banats1 & "s /ra9s ( ,italians ord9>ily d n /+ mu* unless unusually provok$ or except 9 bad wea!r4 ,common black bees or crosses ( blacks ) o!r races are m irritable4 ,x may be well wor? :ile = ! beg9n] to procure g5tle bees :ile ga9+ exp]i5ce 9 manipulation4 ,lat] on1 ?is is less important1 = ! bee keep] le>ns to h&le bees ) little inconv5i5ce to himself or to ! bees4 ,v>i\s rem$ies = bee /+s h be5 advocat$1 b !y are all useless4 ,! puncture made by ! /+ is s small t x closes :5 ! /+ is remov$ & liquids c n be expect$ to ent]4 ,! be/ ?+ to d :5 /ung is to remove ! /+ z soon z possible )\t squeez+ ! poison sac1 :i* is usually atta*$4 ,?is c be done by scrap+ x out ) a knife or f+] nail4 ,aft] ?is is done ! injur$ spot %\ld be let alone & n rubb$ ) any l9im5t4 ,! int5se it*+ w soon disappe>2 any irritation only s]ves to increase ! aft]swell+4 ,be=e op5+ a hive ! smok] %\ld be light$ & ! veil put on4 ,a few puffs ( smoke direct$ into ! entrance w cause ! bees to fill !mselves ) honey & w drive back ! gu>ds4 ,! hive cov] %\ld be rais$ g5tly1 if necess>y be+ pri$ loose ) a screwdriv] or special hive tool4 ,:5 slightly rais$1 a little m smoke %\ld be bl[n 9 vigor\sly on ! tops ( ! frames1 or if a mat cov]+ = ! frames is us$1 ! cov] %\ld be entirely remov$ & "o corn] ( ! mat lift$ to admit smoke4 ,x is n desirable to use any m smoke ?an j en\gh to subdue ! bees & keep !m d[n on ! frames4 ,if at any "t dur+ manipulation !y become excit$1 m smoke may be necess>y4 ,d n /& 9 front ( ! entrance1 b at "o side or ! back4 ,aft] ! frames are expos$ !y may be loos5$ by pry+ g5tly ) ! hive tool & cr[d$ toge!r a little s z to give room = ! removal ( "o frame4 ,9 cool wea!r ! propolis 7bee glue7 may be brittle4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ n to loos5 ?is propolis ) a j>4 ,! fir/ frame remov$ c be lean$ aga9/ ! hive1 s t !re w be m room inside = h&l+ ! o!rs4 ,dur+ all manipulations bees mu/ n be ma%$ or cr[d$1 = x irritates ! colony greatly & may make x necess>y to discont9ue op]ations4 ,undue cr[d+ may also cru% ! que54 ,if bees crawl on ! h&s1 !y may be g5tly bru%$ (f or ?r[n (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,h&l+ ! frame3 ,fir/ position4 ,9 exam9+ a frame hold x ov] ! hive if possible1 s t any bees or que5 :i* fall may drop into x4 ,fre%ly ga!r$ honey also (t5 drops f ! frame1 & if x falls 9 ! hive ! bees c quickly clean x up1 :]eas if x drops outside x is untidy & may cause robb+4 ,if a frame is tempor>ily lean$ aga9/ ! hive1 x %\ld be plac$ 9 a ne>ly upright position to prev5t breakage & leak+ ( honey4 ,! frame on :i* ! que5 is locat$ %\ld n be plac$ on ! gr\nd1 = fe> %e may crawl away & be lo/4 ,x is be/ to lean ! frame on ! side ( ! hive away f ! op]ator1 s t bees w n crawl up 8 legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,h&l+ ! frame3 ,second position4 ,9 hang+ frames ! comb %\ld always be held 9 a v]tical position1 especially if x conta9s mu* honey4 ,:5 a frame is lift$ f ! hive by ! top b>1 ! comb is v]tical ) "o side t[>d ! op]ator 7fig4 #ad74 ,to exam9e ! rev]se side1 raise "o end ( ! top b> until x is p]p5dicul> 7fig4 #ae71 turn ! frame on ! top b> z an axis until ! rev]se side is 9 view1 & !n l[] to a horizontal position ) ! top b> bel[ 7fig4 #af74 ,9 ?is way !re is no extra /ra9 on ! comb & ! bees are n irritat$4 ,?is c>e is n s necess>y ) wir$ combs1 b x is a good habit to =m 9 h&l+ frames4 ,x is desirable to h combs compos$ entirely ( work] cells 9 ord] to r$uce ! am\nt ( drone brood4 ,! use ( full %eets ( f\ndation w br+ ?is ab\t & is also ( value 9 mak+ ! combs /raight1 s t bees are n ma%$ 9 remov+ ! frame4 ,x is extremely difficult to remove combs built crosswise 9 ! hive1 & ?is %\ld nev] be all[$ to occur4 ,su* a hive is ev5 worse ?an a pla9 box hive4 ,sup]flu\s inside fixtures %\ld be avoid$1 z !y t5d only to imp$e manipulation4 ,! hive %\ld also be plac$ s t ! entrance is p]fectly horizontal & a little l[] ?an ! back ( ! hive4 ,! frames w !n hang 9 a v]tical position1 & ! out] ones w n be fa/5$ by ! bees to ! hive body if prop]ly spac$ at ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,h&l+ ! frame3 ,?ird position4 ,9 plac+ frames 9 ! hive great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ t !y are prop]ly spac$4 ,"s frames are self-spac+1 hav+ projections on ! side1 s t :5 plac$ z close z possible !y are ! correct di/ance ap>t4 ,^! are good = beg9n]s or p]sons :o d n judge di/ances well & are pref]r$ by _m pr(essional bee keep]s4 ,if unspac$ frames are us$1 ! brood frames %\ld be #a-c_/h in*es f c5t] to c5t]4 ,a little practice w usually enable anyone to space quickly & accurately4 ,c>eful spac+ is necess>y to prev5t ! build+ ( combs ( irregul> ?ickness & to ret>d ! build+ ( pieces ( comb f "o frame to ano!r4 ,a beg9n] 9 beekeep+ %\ld by all means1 if possible1 visit "s exp]i5c$ bee keep] to get sugge/ions 9 h&l+ bees4 ,m c be le>n$ 9 a %ort visit ?an 9 a consid]ably long] "t 9 read+ directions1 & num]\s %ort cuts :i* are acquir$ by exp]i5ce w well repay ! tr\ble or exp5se ( su* a visit4 ,n all pr(essional bee keep]s manipulate 9 ! v be/ way1 b lat] p]sonal exp]i5ce w correct any errone\s in=mation4 ,above all1 p]sonal exp]im5tation & a /udy ( bee activity are absolute necessities 9 ! practical h&l+ ( bees4 ,,transf]r+4 ,9 increas+ ! api>y x is sometimes be/ to buy colonies 9 box hives on acc\nt ( _! small] co/ & to transf] !m to hives ) movable frames4 ,?is %\ld be done z soon z possible1 = box hive colonies are ( small value z produc]s4 ,! be/ "t to transf] is 9 ! spr+ 7dur+ fruit bloom 9 ! ,nor?7 :5 ! am\nt ( honey & ! population ( ! colony are at a m9imum4 ,transf]r+ %\ld n be delay$ until spr+ m]ely because t season is be/ = ! "w4 ,x may be done at any "t dur+ ! active season1 b1 :5ev] possible1 dur+ a honey fl[1 to prev5t robb+4 ,if necess>y1 x may be done 9 a t5t su* z is (t5 us$ 9 manipulat+ colonies4 ,by *oos+ a "t ( ! day :5 ! l>ge/ numb] ( bees are 9 ! field ! "w w be less5$4 ,plan #a4--,! box hive %\ld be mov$ a few feet f its /& & 9 its place %\ld be put a hive ) movable frames conta9+ full %eets ( f\ndation4 ,! box hive %\ld be turn$ upside d[n & a small1 empty box inv]t$ ov] x4 ,by drumm+ cont9u\sly on ! box hive ) /icks = a consid]able "t ! bees w be made to des]t _! combs & g to ! upp] box1 & :5 mo/ ( !m are clu/]$ above1 ! bees may be dump$ 9 front ( ! entrance ( ! hive :i* is to h\se !m4 ,! que5 w usually be se5 z ! bees ent] ! hive1 b1 9 case %e has n left ! old combs1 m drumm+ w induce h] to d s4 ,x is necess>y t ! que5 be 9 ! hive be=e ?is manipulation is f9i%$4 ,! old box hive conta9+ brood may n[ be plac$ "r side up 9 a new location & 9 #ba days all ( ! work] brood w h em]g$ & probably "s new que5s w h be5 re>$4 ,^! bees may !n be drumm$ out & unit$ ) _! =m] hive mates by vigor\sly smok+ ! colony & ! drumm$ bees & all[+ ! latt] to ent] ! hive ?r\gh a p]=at$ z9c to keep out ! "y que5s4 ,! comb 9 ! box hive may !n be melt$ up & any honey :i* x may conta9 us$ z ! bee keep] sees fit4 ,by ?is me?od good /raight combs are obta9$4 ,if little honey is be+ ga!r$1 ! colony 9 ! hive mu/ be provid$ ) food4 ,plan #b4--;,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! op]ator desires to save ! combs ( ! box hive1 ! bees may be drumm$ into a box & ! brood combs & o!r fairly good combs cut to fit frames & ti$ 9 place or held ) rubb] b&s1 /r+s1 or /rips ( wood until ! bees c repair ! damage & fill up ! breaks4 ,^! frames c !n be hung 9 a hive on ! old /& & ! bees all[$ to g 94 ,! cutt+ ( combs conta9+ brood ) m or less bees on !m is a disagreeable job1 &1 s9ce ! combs s obta9$ are usually ( little value 9 an api>y1 ! fir/ me?od is recomm5d$4 ,plan #c4--;,ano!r good plan is to wait until ! colony sw>ms & !n move ! box hive to "o side4 ,a movable frame hive is n[ plac$ 9 ! =m] location ( ! box hive & ! sw>m is hiv$ 9 x4 ,9 ?is way all return+ field bees are =c$ to jo9 ! sw>m4 ,9 #ba days all ( ! work] brood 9 ! box hive w h em]g$4 ,^! "y bees may !n be unit$ ) ! bees 9 ! frame hive & ! box hive de/roy$4 ,colonies (t5 take up _! abode 9 walls ( h\ses & x is (t5 necess>y to remove !m to prev5t damage f melt+ combs4 ,if ! cavity 9 :i* ! combs are built c be rea*$1 ! me?od ( proc$ure is l t ( transf]r+1 except t drumm+ is impractical & ! bees mu/ simply be subdu$ ) smoke & ! combs cut out ) ! bees on !m4 ,ano!r me?od :i* is (t5 bett] is to place a bee escape ov] ! entrance to ! cavity1 s t ! bees c come out1 b c n return4 ,a cone ( wire clo? ab\t #h in*es high ) a hole at ! apex j l>ge en\gh = "o bee to pass w s]ve z a bee escape1 or regul> bee escapes 7fig4 #h7 su* z are sold by deal]s may be us$4 ,a hive :i* !y c ent] is !n plac$ beside ! entrance4 ,! que5 is n obta9$ 9 ?is way &1 ( c\rse1 goes "r on lay+ eggs1 b z ! colony is rapidly r$uc$ 9 size ! am\nt ( brood decreases4 ,z brood em]ges1 ! y\ng] bees leave ! cavity & jo9 ! bees 9 ! hive1 until f9ally ! que5 is left practically alone4 ,a new que5 %\ld be giv5 to ! bees 9 ! hive z soon z possible1 & 9 a %ort "t !y are fully e/abli%$ 9 _! new qu>t]s4 ,aft] ab\t f\r weeks1 :5 all or ne>ly all ( ! brood 9 ! cavity has em]g$1 ! bee escape %\ld be remov$ & z l>ge a hole made at ! entrance ( ! cavity z possible4 ,! bees w !n g 9 & rob out ! honey & c>ry x to ! hive1 leav+ only empty combs4 ,! empty combs w probably d no damage1 z mo?s usually soon de/roy !m & !y may be left 9 ! cavity & ! old entrance c>efully clos$ to prev5t ano!r sw>m f tak+ up qu>t]s !re4 ,9 transf]r+ bees f a holl[ tree ! me?od w dep5d on ! accessibility ( ! cavity4 ,usually x is difficult to drum out ! bees & ! combs c be cut out aft] subdu+ ! colony ) smoke4 ,,unit+4 ,frequ5tly colonies become que5less :5 x is n practicable to give !m a new que51 & ! be/ practice "u su* conditions is to unite ! que5less bees to a normal colony4 ,if any colonies are weak 9 ! fall1 ev5 if !y h a que51 safe w9t]+ is bett] insur$ if two or m weak colonies are unit$1 keep+ ! be/ que54 ,"u v>i\s o!r conditions :i* may arise ! bee keep] may f9d x desirable to unite bees f diff]5t colonies4 ,"s fundam5tal facts 9 bee behavior mu/ be ?or\ghly und]/ood to make ?is a success4 ,e colony ( bees has a di/9ctive colony odor & by ?is means bees recognize ! ent]+ ( _! hive by bees f o!r colonies & usually res5t x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a bee comes heavily lad5 f ! field & flies directly into ! wrong hive )\t hesitation x is r>ely mole/$4 ,9 unit+ colonies1 ! sep>ate colony odors mu/ be hidd51 & ?is is done by smok+ ea* colony vigor\sly4 ,x may at times be desirable to use tobacco smoke1 :i* n only cov]s ! colony odor b /upefies ! bees some:at4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to use too mu* tobacco1 z x w completely ov]come ! bees4 ,! que5 to be sav$ %\ld be cag$ = a day or two to prev5t ! /range bees f kill+ h] 9 ! fir/ excitem5t4 ,ano!r fact :i* mu/ be consid]$ is t ! bees ( a colony c>efully m>k ! location ( _! own hive & rememb] t location = "s "t aft] !y are remov$4 ,if1 !re=e1 two colonies 9 ! api>y :i* are n close toge!r are to be unit$1 !y %\ld be mov$ gradually ne>]1 n m ?an a foot at a "t1 until !y are side by side1 s t ! bees w n return to _! orig9al locations & be lo/4 ,z ! hives are mov$ gradually ! slight *anges are not$ & no su* loss occurs4 ,z a fur!r precaution1 a bo>d %\ld be plac$ 9 front ( ! entrance 9 a slant+ position1 or bru% & we$s may be ?r[n d[n s t :5 ! bees fly out !y recognize ! fact t !re has be5 a *ange & accu/om !mselves to ! new place4 ,if unit+ c be done dur+ a honey fl[1 !re is less dang] ( loss ( bees by fight+1 or if done 9 cool wea!r1 :5 ! bees are n actively re>+ brood1 ! colony odors are dim9i%$ & ! dang] is r$uc$4 ,x is an easy matt] to unite two or m weak sw>ms to make "o /rong "o1 = dur+ sw>m+ ! bees h lo/ _! memory ( ! old location1 are full ( honey1 & are easily plac$ :]ev] ! bee keep] wi%es4 ,!y may simply be ?r[n toge!r 9 front ( a hive4 ,sw>ms may also be giv5 to a newly e/abli%$ colony ) little difficulty4 ,,prev5t+ ,,robb+ ,,9 ,,! ,,api>y4 ,:5 !re is no honey fl[ bees are incl9$ to rob o!r colonies1 & e precaution mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ?is4 ,fe$+ (t5 attracts o!r bees1 &1 if !re are indications ( robb+1 ! sirup or honey %\ld be giv5 late 9 ! day4 ,z soon z robb+ beg9s1 manipulation ( colonies %\ld be discont9u$1 ! hives clos$1 &1 if necess>y1 ! entrances contract$ z f> z ! wea!r w p]mit4 ,if bru% is ?r[n 9 front ( ! entrance1 robb]s are less likely to attempt ent]+4 ,at all times honey :i* has be5 remov$ f ! hives %\ld be kept :]e no bees c get at x1 s z n to incite robb+4 ,,fe$+4 ,dur+ spr+ manipulations1 9 prep>+ bees = w9t]1 & at o!r times x may be necess>y to fe$ bees = /imulation or to provide /ores4 ,honey f an unkn[n s\rce %\ld nev] be us$1 = fe> ( introduc+ disease1 & sirup made ( granulat$ sug> is *eape/ & be/ = ?is purpose4 ,! *eap] grades ( sug> or molasses %\ld nev] be us$ = w9t] /ores4 ,! proportion ( sug> to wat] dep5ds on ! season & ! purpose ( ! fe$+4 ,= /imulation a proportion ( "o-f\r? to "o-?ird sug> by volume is en\gh1 & = fall fe$+1 especially if r late1 a solution conta9+ z mu* sug> z x w hold :5 cold is be/4 ,!re seems to be little advantage 9 boil+ ! sirup4 ,t>t>ic acid 9 small quantity may be add$ = ! purpose ( *ang+ "p ( ! cane sug> to inv]t sug>1 ?us ret>d+ granulation4 ,! m$ication ( sirup z a prev5tive or cure ( brood disease is (t5 practic$1 b x has n be5 %[n t su* a proc$ure is ( any value4 ,if honey is f$1 x %\ld be dilut$ some:at1 ! am\nt ( dilution dep5d+ on ! season4 ,if robb+ is likely to occur1 fe$+ %\ld be done 9 ! ev5+4 ,num]\s fe$]s are on ! m>ket1 adapt$ = diff]5t purposes & me?ods ( manipulation 7figs4 #ag1 #ah1 #ai74 ,a simple fe$] c be made ( a t9 pan fill$ ) excelsior or %av+s 7fig4 #bj74 ,?is is fill$ ) sirup & plac$ on top ( ! frames 9 a sup] or hive body4 ,x is advisable to lean pieces ( wood on ! pan z runways = ! bees1 & to attract !m fir/ to ! sirup1 ei!r by mix+ 9 a little honey or by spill+ a little sirup ov] ! frames & /icks4 ,x may be /at$ positively t x does n pay f9ancially1 or 9 any o!r way1 to fe$ sug> sirup to be /or$ 9 sections & sold z comb honey4 ,( c\rse1 su* ?+s h be5 tri$1 b ! consumption ( sug> dur+ ! /or+ makes ! co/ great] ?an ! value ( pure floral honey4 ,,spr+ ,,managem5t4 ,! condition ( a colony ( bees 9 ! e>ly spr+ dep5ds l>gely ^u ! c>e giv5 ! bees ! prec$+ autumn & 9 ! me?od ( w9t]+4 ,if ! colony has w9t]$ well & has a good prolific que51 pref]ably "y1 ! *ances are t x w become /rong 9 "t to /ore a good surplus :5 ! honey fl[ comes4 ,! bees :i* come ?r\gh ! w9t]1 re>$ ! previ\s autumn1 are old & incapable ( mu* "w4 ,z ! season op5s !y g out to collect ! e>ly nect> & poll51 & also c>e = ! brood4 ,! am\nt ( brood is at fir/ small1 & z ! new work]s em]ge !y assi/ 9 ! brood re>+ s t ! ext5t ( ! brood c be gradually increas$ until x rea*es its maximum ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! summ]4 ,! old bees die (f rapidly4 ,if brood re>+ does n cont9ue late 9 ! fall1 s t ! colony goes into w9t] ) a l>ge p]c5tage ( "y bees1 ! old bees may die (f 9 ! spr+ fa/] ?an !y are replac$ by em]g+ brood4 ,?is is kn[n z spr+ dw9dl+4 ,a prev5tive rem$y = ?is may be appli$ by fe$+1 if necess>y1 ! autumn be=e1 or keep+ up brood re>+ z late z possible by "s o!r means4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,division-bo>d fe$] to be hung 9 hive 9 place ( frame4 ,if spr+ dw9dl+ beg9s1 h[ev]1 x c be dim9i%$ some:at by keep+ ! colony w>m & by /imulative fe$+1 s t all ! en]gy ( ! old bees may be put to ! be/ advantage 9 re>+ brood to replace ^? dry+ (f4 ,! size ( ! brood *amb] c also be r$uc$ to cons]ve heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,fe$] set 9 coll> "u hive body4 ,x sometimes happ5s t :5 a hive is exam9$ 9 ! spr+ ! hive body & combs are spott$ ) br[ni% yell[ excrem5t4 ,?is is an evid5ce ( :at is commonly call$ dys5t]y4 ,! cause ( ?is tr\ble is long-cont9u$ conf9em5t ) a poor quality ( honey = food4 ,honeydew honey & "s ( ! inf]ior floral honeys conta9 a relatively l>ge p]c5tage ( mat]ial :i* bees c n dige/1 &1 if !y are n able to fly = "s "t1 ! inte/9es become clogg$ ) fcal matt] & a diseas$ condition results4 ,work] bees nev] normally deposit _! fces 9 ! hive4 ,! obvi\s prev5tive = ?is is to provide ! colony ) good honey or sug> sirup ! previ\s fall4 ,dys5t]y frequ5tly entirely de/roys colonies1 b if ! bees c pull ?r\gh until w>m days p]mit a cleans+ flight !y recov] promptly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,pepp]-box fe$] = use on top ( frames4 ,bees %\ld n be h&l$ 9 ! e>ly spr+ any m ?an necess>y1 = to op5 a hive 9 cool wea!r wa/es heat & may ev5 kill ! brood by *ill+4 ,! hive %\ld be kept z w>m z possible 9 e>ly spr+ z an aid to brood re>+4 ,x is a good practice to wrap hives 9 black t> pap] 9 ! spr+1 n only t x may aid 9 cons]v+ ! heat ( ! colony1 b 9 hold+ ! suns heat rays z a help to ! w>m? ( ! hive4 ,?is wrapp+ %\ld be put on z soon z an e>ly exam9ation has %[n ! colony to be 9 good condition1 & !re ne$ be no hurry 9 tak+ x (f4 ,a black wrapp+ dur+ ! w9t] is n desirable1 z x might induce brood re>+ too e>ly & wa/e ! /r5g? ( ! bees4 ,z a fur!r /imulus to brood re>+1 /imulative fe$+ ( sug> sirup 9 e>ly spr+ may be practic$4 ,?is produces mu* ! same effect z a light honey fl[ does & ! results are (t5 good4 ,o!rs pref] to give ! bees su* a l>ge supply ( /ores 9 ! fall t :5 spr+ comes !y w h an abundance = brood re>+1 & x w n be necess>y to di/urb !m 9 cool wea!r4 ,bo? ideas are good1 b judici\s /imulative fe$+ usually m ?an pays = ! labor4 ,colonies %\ld be f$ late 9 ! day1 s t ! bees w n fly z a result ( x1 & s t robb+ w n be />t$4 ,:5 ! wea!r is w>m] & m settl$ ! brood clu/] may be artificially enl>g$ by spread+ ! frames s z to ins]t an empty comb 9 ! middle4 ,! bees w attempt to cov] all ! brood t !y already _h1 & ! que5 w at once beg9 lay+ 9 ! newly ins]t$ comb1 ?us mak+ a great increase 9 ! brood4 ,?is practice is desirable :5 c>efully done1 b may lead to s]i\s results if too mu* new brood is produc$4 ,a beg9n] _h bett] leave ! quantity ( brood to ! bees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,pan 9 sup] arrang$ = fe$+4 ,x is desirable e>ly 9 ! season1 be=e any prep>ations are made = sw>m+1 to g ?r\gh ! api>y & clip "o w+ ( ea* que5 7see p4 #cj74 ,?is %\ld be done be=e ! hive becomes too popul\s4 ,x is p]haps be/ to clip que5s z !y are introduc$1 b "s colonies may re> new ones )\t ! k ( ! own]1 & a spr+ exam9ation w insure no escap+ sw>ms4 ,! beg9n] %\ld p]haps be w>n$ n to clip ! w+s ( a virg9 que54 ,que5s sometimes die dur+ ! w9t] & e>ly spr+1 & s9ce !re is no brood f :i* ! bees c replace !m1 ! que5less colonies are hopelessly que5less4 ,su* colonies are usually re/less & are n active 9 poll5 ga!r+4 ,if1 on op5+ a colony1 x is f\nd to be )\t a que5 & r$uc$ 9 numb]s1 x %\ld be unit$ ) ano!r colony by smok+ bo? vigor\sly & cag+ ! que5 9 ! que5-"r colony = a day or two to prev5t h] be+ kill$4 ,a frame or two ( brood may be add$ to a que5less colony1 n only to increase its /r5g?1 b to provide "y brood f :i* !y c re> a que5 ,bee keep]s 9 ! ,nor? c frequ5tly buy que5s f s\!rn bre$]s e>ly 9 ! spr+ & naturally ?is is bett] ?an leav+ ! colony )\t a que5 until ! bees c re> "o1 z x is important t !re be no /oppage 9 brood re>+ at ?is season4 ,,sw>m ,,managem5t ,,& ,,increase4 ,! excessive re>+ ( brood at ! wrong season or increase 9 ! numb] ( colonies greatly r$uces ! surplus honey crop by consumption4 ,! ideal to :i* all progressive bee keep]s "w1 :5 op]at+ simply = honey1 is to /imulate brood re>+ to prep>e bees = ga!r+1 to ret>d bre$+ :5 x is less desirable1 & to prev5t sw>m+4 ,=m]ly ! measure ( success 9 beekeep+ 0 ! am\nt ( increase by sw>m+1 b ?is is n[ recogniz$ z be+ q ! contr>y ( success4 ,! /imulation ( brood re>+ 9 ! spr+1 h[ev]1 makes x m likely t sw>m+ w occur2 s t ! op]ator mu/ c\nt]act ! t5d5cy to sw>m4 ,?is is especially true 9 comb honey production4 ,v few succe$ 9 entirely prev5t+ sw>m+1 b by v>i\s me?ods ! situation c be l>gely controll$4 ,:5 a sw>m issues1 x usually fir/ settles on a limb ( a tree or bu% ne> ! api>y4 ,x 0 =m]ly common to make a noise by beat+ pans or r++ bells 9 ! belief t ?is causes ! sw>m to settle4 ,!re is no f\ndation = su* action on ! "p ( ! bee keep]4 ,if ! bees alight on a small limb t c be sp>$ x may simply be saw$ (f & ! bees c>ri$ to ! hive & ?r[n on a %eet or hive cov] 9 front ( ! entrance4 ,if ! limb c n be cut1 ! sw>m c be %ak5 (f into a box or basket on a pole & hiv$4 ,if ! bees light on ! trunk ( a tree or 9 "s inaccessible place !y c fir/ be attract$ away by a comb1 pref]ably conta9+ unseal$ brood4 ,9 ^! manipulations x is n necess>y to get all ! bees1 b if ! que5 is n ) ^? :i* are put into ! hive ! bees w g into ! air aga9 & jo9 ! clu/]4 ,if a que5 is clipp$ z recomm5d$ "u ,spr+ managem5t 7p4 #bi7 ! sw>m w issue j ! same1 b ! que51 n be+ able to fly1 w simply w&] ab\t on ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! hive1 :]e %e c be caught & cag$4 ,! p>5t colony c !n be remov$ to a new /& & a new hive put 9 its place4 ,! bees w soon return & ! que5 c be fre$ among !m z !y ent]4 ,! field bees on return+ w ent] ! new hive ) ! sw>m1 ?us decreas+ /ill m ! p>5t colony & mak+ a second sw>m less probable4 ,to make sure ( ?is1 h[ev]1 all que5 cells except "o good "o c be remov$ soon aft] ! sw>m issues4 ,ano!r me?od ( prev5t+ second sw>ms is to set ! old hive beside ! sw>m & 9 a week move ! old hive to ano!r place4 ,! field bees ( ! p>5t colony !n jo9 ! sw>m & ! p>5t colony is s mu* r$uc$ t a second sw>m does n issue4 ,to hold a sw>m x is desirable to put "o frame conta9+ heal?y unseal$ brood 9 ! new hive4 ,! o!r frames may conta9 full %eets or />t]s ( f\ndation4 ,usually comb honey sup]s or surplus bodies = extract+ frames w h be5 put on be=e sw>m+ occurs4 ,^! are giv5 to ! sw>m on ! old /& & sep>at$ f ! brood *amb] by que5-exclud+ p]=at$ z9c4 ,9 ?ree or f\r days ! p]=at$ z9c may be remov$ if desir$4 ,:5 clipp+ ! que5's w+ is n practic$1 sw>ms may be prev5t$ f leav+ by ! use ( que5 traps ( p]=at$ z9c 7fig4 #f74 ,^! all[ ! work]s to pass out1 b n drones or que5s1 :i*1 on leav+ ! entrance1 pass up to an upp] comp>tm5t f :i* !y c n return4 ,^! are also us$ = keep+ undesirable drones f escap+1 & ! drones die ( />vation4 ,:5 a sw>m issues f a hive provid$ ) a que5 trap1 ! que5 goes to ! upp] comp>tm5t & rema9s !re until releas$ by ! bee keep]4 ,! work]s soon return to ! hive4 ,:5 ! op]ator discov]s ! que5 outside1 ! colony may be artificially sw>m$ to prev5t ano!r attempt at natural sw>m+4 ,a que5 trap %\ld n be kept on ! hive all ! "t = fe> ! old que5 may be sup]s$$ & ! "y que5 prev5t$ f fly+ out to mate4 ,,artificial ,,sw>m+ ,if increase is desir$1 x is bett] to practice "s me?od ( artificial sw>m+ & to =e/all natural sw>m+ r ?an be compell$ to await ! :ims ( ! colonies4 ,! situation %\ld be "u ! control ( ! bee keep] z mu* z possible4 ,! bees1 combs1 & brood may be divid$ into two ne>ly equal p>ts & a que5 provid$ = ! que5less portion2 or small colonies1 call$ nuclei1 may be made f ! p>5t colony1 s r$uc+ its /r5g? t sw>m+ is n attempt$4 ,^! plans are n z satisfactory z %ak5 sw>ms1 s9ce divid$ colonies lack ! vigor ( sw>ms4 ,a good me?od ( artificially sw>m+ a colony is to %ake mo/ ( ! bees f ! combs into ano!r hive on ! old /& ) />t]s 7n>r[ /rips7 ( f\ndation4 ,! hive conta9+ ! brood ) "s bees /ill adh]+ is !n mov$ to a new location4 ,if receptacles = surplus honey h be5 put on previ\sly1 z !y g5]ally %\ld be1 !y %\ld n[ be put ov] ! artificial sw>m sep>at$ f ! brood comp>tm5t by p]=at$ z9c4 ,?is me?od ( artificially sw>m+ 7usually call$ by bee keep]s %ook sw>m+7 %\ld n be practic$ too e>ly1 s9ce natural sw>m+ may take place lat]4 ,! colony %\ld fir/ h begun its prep>ations = sw>m+4 ,! me?od is p>ticul>ly useful 9 comb honey production4 ,! bees may be prev5t$ f leav+ ! hive by ! use ( a drone trap 7fig4 #f7 or by putt+ 9 "o frame conta9+ unseal$ brood4 ,"s bee keep]s pref] us+ full %eets ( f\ndation or ev5 drawn combs = ! artificial sw>m1 b n>r[ /rips ( f\ndation h "s advantages4 ,by us+ n>r[ /rips ! que5 has no cells 9 :i* to lay eggs = a "t1 ?us r$uc+ brood re>+1 b1 s9ce by ! "t artificial sw>m+ is practic$ ! pr(itable brood re>+ is usually ov]1 ?is is no loss b r a ga94 ,!re are also 9 ! brood comp>tm5t no cells 9 :i* ! ga!r+ work]s c deposit fre% honey1 & !y consequ5tly put x 9 ! sup]s4 ,gradually ! combs bel[ are built out & brood re>+ is increas$4 ,lat] ! colony is all[$ to put honey 9 ! brood combs = its w9t] supply4 ,if no increase is desir$1 ! bees :i* em]ge f ! remov$ brood combs may lat] be unit$ ) ! artificial sw>m & by t "t !re w usually be little dang] ( natural sw>m+4 ,artificial sw>m+ c readily be comb9$ ) ! %ak+ treatm5t = bee diseases1 ?us accompli%+ two objects ) "o manipulation4 ,if disease is pres5t 9 ! p>5t colony1 only /rips ( f\ndation %\ld be us$ & ! colony %\ld be conf9$ to ! hive until a que5 & drone trap & n ) a frame ( brood4 ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,sw>m+4 ,unless increase is p>ticul>ly desir$1 bo? natural & artificial sw>m+ %\ld be done away ) z f> z possible1 s t ! en]gy ( ! bees %all g into ! ga!r+ ( honey4 ,s9ce cr[d$ & ov]heat$ hives are p>ticul>ly conducive to sw>m+1 ?is t5d5cy may be l>gely ov]come by giv+ pl5ty ( v5tilation & additional room 9 ! hive4 ,%ade is also a good prev5tive ( sw>m+4 ,extra space 9 ! hive may be furni%$ by add+ m hive bodies & frames or by frequ5t extract+1 s t !re may be pl5ty ( room = brood re>+ & /orage at all times4 ,^! manipulations are1 ( c\rse1 p>ticul>ly applicable to extract$ honey production4 ,to curb ! sw>m+ impulse frequ5t exam9ations ( ! colonies 7ab\t e week or #aj days dur+ ! sw>m+ season7 = ! purpose ( cutt+ out que5 cells is a help1 b ?is requires consid]able "w1 & s9ce "s cells may be ov]look$1 & p>ticul>ly s9ce x frequ5tly fails 9 spite ( ! greate/ c>e1 x is n usually practic$4 ,reque5+ ) "y que5s e>ly 9 ! season1 :5 possible1 g5]ally prev5ts sw>m+4 ,sw>m+ is l>gely due to cr[d$ brood *amb]s1 & s9ce eggs laid imm$iately be=e & dur+ ! honey fl[ d n produce ga!r]s1 sev]al me?ods h be5 tri$ ( r$uc+ ! brood4 ,! que5 may ei!r be entirely remov$ or be cag$ 9 ! hive to prev5t h] f lay+4 ,9 ei!r ev5t ! bees w usually build que5 cells to replace h]1 & ^! mu/ be kept cut out4 ,^! plans w\ld answ] ! purpose v well 7 x n = ! fact t que5less colonies (t5 d n "w vigor\sly4 ,"u mo/ circum/ances ^! me?ods c n be recomm5d$4 ,a bett] me?od is to remove brood ab\t sw>m+ "t & ?us r$uce ! am\nt4 ,!re are g5]ally colonies 9 ! api>y to :i* frames ( brood c be giv5 to advantage4 ,9 addition to ^! me?ods v>i\s nonsw>m+ devices h be5 inv5t$1 & lat] a nonsw>m+ hive s con/ruct$ t !re is no opportunity = ! bees to =m a d5se clu/]4 ,! bre$+ ( bees by select+ colonies ) less t5d5cy to sw>m has be5 sugge/$4 ,on ! :ole1 ! be/ me?ods are ! giv+ ( pl5ty ( room1 %ade1 & v5tilation to colonies run = extract$ honey2 & v5tilation1 %ade1 & artificial sw>m+ ( colonies run = comb honey4 ,frequ5t reque5+ 7ab\t once 9 two ye>s7 is desirable = o!r reasons1 & reque5+ be=e sw>m+ "t helps 9 ! solution ( t difficulty1 ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,! ,,h>ve/4 ,an ess5tial 9 honey production is to h ! hive ov]fl[+ ) bees at ! beg9n+ ( ! honey fl[1 s t ! field =ce w be l>ge en\gh to ga!r m honey ?an ! bees ne$ = _! own use4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ! bee keep] mu/ see to x t brood re>+ is heavy "s "t be=e ! h>ve/1 & he mu/ "k accurately :5 ! honey fl[s come1 s t he may "t 8 manipulations prop]ly4 ,brood re>+ dur+ ! honey fl[ usually produces bees :i* consume /ores1 :ile brood re>$ be=e ! fl[ furni%es ! surplus ga!r]s4 ,! be/ me?ods ( proc$ure may be illu/rat$ by giv+ z an example ! conditions 9 ! :ite clov] region4 ,9 ! spr+ ! bees ga!r poll5 & nect> f v>i\s e>ly fl[]s1 & (t5 a consid]able quantity f fruit bloom & d&elions4 ,dur+ ?is "t brood re>+ is /imulat$ by ! new honey1 b aft]w>ds !re is usually a p]iod ( dr\ght :5 brood re>+ is normally dim9i%$ or n /ill m increas$ z x %\ld be4 ,?is condition cont9ues until ! :ite clov] fl[ comes on1 usually ) a ru%1 :5 brood re>+ is aga9 augm5t$4 ,if su* a condition exi/s1 ! bee keep] %\ld keep brood re>+ at a maximum by /imulative fe$+ dur+ ! dr\ght4 ,:5 :ite clov] comes 9 bloom he may ev5 f9d x desirable to prev5t brood re>+ to turn ! att5tion ( 8 bees to ga!r+4 ,a work] bee em]ges f its cell #ba days aft] ! egg is laid1 & x usually beg9s field "w 9 f #ad to #ag days lat]4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t an egg mu/ be laid five weeks be=e ! honey fl[ to produce a ga!r]4 ,s9ce ! fl[ cont9ues = "s "t & s9ce bees (t5 g to ! field e>li] ?an #ad days1 egg lay+ %\ld be pu%$ up to )9 two or ?ree weeks ( ! op5+ ( ! honey fl[4 ,9 addition to /imulative fe$+1 ! c>e ( ! colony describ$ "u ! head+ ( ,spr+ managem5t 7p4 #bf7 w increase brood production4 ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,honey4 ,! obta9+ ( honey f bees is g5]ally ! prim>y object ( _! culture4 ,bees ga!r nect> to make into honey = _! own use z food1 b g5]ally /ore m ?an !y ne$1 & ?is surplus ! bee keep] takes away4 ,by manag+ colonies e>ly 9 ! spr+ z previ\sly describ$ ! surplus may be consid]ably increas$4 ,! secret ( maximum crops is to ,keep all colonies /rong4 ,honey is ga!r$ 9 ! =m ( nect> secret$ by v>i\s fl[]s1 is trans=m$ by ! bees1 & /or$ 9 ! comb4 ,bees also (t5 ga!r a sweet liquid call$ honeydew1 produc$ by v>i\s scale insects & plant-lice1 b ! honeydew honey made f x is q unlike floral honey 9 flavor & composition & %\ld n be sold = honey4 ,x is usually unpalatable & %\ld nev] be us$ z w9t] food = bees1 s9ce x usually causes dys5t]y 7p4 #dj74 ,:5 nect> or honeydew has be5 ?ick5$ by evaporation & o!rwise *ang$1 ! honey is seal$ 9 ! cells ) capp+s ( beeswax4 ,x is n pr(itable to cultivate any plant solely = ! nect> :i* x w produce1 b v>i\s plants1 su* z clov]s1 alfalfa1 & buck:eat1 are valuable = o!r purposes & are at ! same "t excell5t honey plants2 _! cultivation is !re=e a b5efit to ! bee keep]4 ,x is (t5 pr(itable to s[ "s plant on wa/e l&2 sweet clov]s are (t5 us$ 9 ?is way4 ,! majority ( honey-produc+ plants are wild1 & ! bee keep] mu/ l>gely accept ! locality z he f9ds x & manage 8 api>y s z to get ! l>ge/ possible am\nt ( ! available nect>4 ,s9ce bees (t5 fly z f> z #b or #c miles to obta9 nect>1 x is obvi\s t ! bee keep] c r>ely influ5ce ! nect> supply appreciably4 ,be=e decid+ :at k9d ( honey to produce ! bee keep] %\ld h a cle> k ( ! honey res\rces ( 8 locality & ( ! dem&s ( ! m>ket 9 :i* he w sell 8 crop4 ,if ! bulk ( ! honey is d>k1 or if ! ma9 honey fl[s are sl[ & protract$1 x w n pay to produce comb honey1 s9ce ! production ( fancy comb honey dep5ds on a rapid fl[4 ,! be/ localities = comb honey production are 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 :]e :ite clov] is a rapid & abundant yield]4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e simil> conditions ( rapidity ( fl[ exi/ are also good4 ,unless ^! favorable conditions are pres5t x is bett] to produce extract$ honev4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,knives = uncapp+ honey4 ,,extract$ ,,honey4#a #a ,= f>!r discussion ( ! production & c>e ( extract$ honey1 see ,bullet9 #ge1 ,"p ,i1 ,bureau ( ,entomology4 ,extract$ honey is honey :i* has be5 remov$ by means ( c5trifugal =ce f ! combs 9 :i* ! bees /or$ x4 ,:ile x is possible to adult]ate extract$ honey by ! addition ( *eap sirups1 ?is is r>ely done1 p]haps l>gely on acc\nt ( ! possibility ( detection4 ,x may be said to ! cr$it ( bee keep]s z a class t !y h always oppos$ adult]ation ( honey4 ,9 provid+ combs = ! /orage ( honey to be extract$ ! usual practice is to add to ! top ( ! brood *amb] "o or m hive bodies j l ! "o 9 :i* brood is re>$1 & fill ^! ) frames4 ,if pref]r$1 %all[] frames ) bodies ( prop] size may be us$1 b mo/ honey extractors are made = full-size frames4 ,! surplus bodies %\ld be put on 9 pl5ty ( "t to prev5t ! cr[d+ ( ! brood *amb]1 & also to act z a prev5tive ( sw>m+4 ,honey = extract+ %\ld n be remov$ until x is well rip5$ & a l>ge p]c5tage ( x capp$4 ,x is be/1 h[ev]1 to remove ! crop f ea* honey fl[ be=e ano!r heavy produc+ plant comes into bloom1 s t ! diff]5t grades ( honey may be kept sep>ate4 ,x is bett] to extract :ile honey is /ill com+ 91 s t ! bees w n be apt to rob4 ,! extract+ %\ld be done 9 a build+1 pref]ably "o provid$ ) wire-clo? at ! w9d[s 7p4 #i74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,honey extractor4 ,! frames conta9+ honey to be extract$ are remov$ f ! hive1 ! capp+s cut (f ) a %>p1 w>m knife 7fig4 #ba7 made specially = ?is purpose1 & ! frames are !n put into ! baskets ( ! honey extractor 7fig4 #bb7 4 ,by revolv+ ^! rapidly ! honey is ?r[n out ( "o side4 ,! basket is !n rev]s$ & ! honey f ! o!r side is remov$4 ,! combs c !n be return$ to ! bees to be refill$1 or if ! honey fl[ is ov]1 !y c be return$ to ! bees to be clean$ & !n remov$ & /or$ until ne$$ aga94 ,?is me?od is mu* to be pref]r$ to ma%+ ! comb & /ra9+ out ! honey1 z 0 =m]ly done4 ,9 l>ge api>ies special boxes to receive capp+s1 capp+ melt]s to r5d] ! capp+s directly into wax1 & p[]-driv5 extractors are (t5 us$4 ,^! w be f\nd li/$ 9 supply catalogues4 ,! extract$ honey is !n /ra9$ & run into vessels4 ,x is advisable n to put x 9 bottles at once1 b to let x settle 9 op5 vessels = a "t1 s t x c be skimm$4 ,mo/ honeys w granulate & become q h>d if expos$ to *anges ( temp]ature1 & to liquefy granulat$ extract$ honey x %\ld be heat$ 9 a wat] ba?4 ,nev] heat honey directly ov] a /ove or flame1 z ! flavor is !reby injur$4 ,! honey %\ld nev] be heat$ high] ?an #afj ,f4 unless x is necess>y to /]ilize x because ( contam9ation by disease4 ,extract$ honey is put up 9 bottles or small t9 cans = ! retail trade1 & 9 #e-;gallon squ>e t9 cans or b>rels = ! :olesale m>ket4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ if b>rels are us$1 z honey w absorb moi/ure f ! wood1 if any is pres5t1 & cause leakage4 ,! t9 package is mu* to be pref]r$ 9 mo/ cases4 ,9 bottl+ honey = retail trade1 x w well repay ! bee keep] or bottl] to g to consid]able exp5se & tr\ble to make an attractive package1 z ! increas$ price receiv$ w m ?an comp5sate = ! increas$ labor & exp5se4 ,honey %\ld be heat$ to #afj ,f4 & kept !re = a "t be=e bottl+1 & ! bottle %\ld be fill$ z full z possible & seal$ h]metically4 ,granulat$ honey4--,"s honeys1 su* z alfalfa1 granulate quickly aft] be+ extract$4 ,su* honeys are sometimes all[$ to granulate 9 l>ge cans & ! semisolid mass is !n cut into #a-p\nd bricks l a butt] pr9t & wrapp$ 9 p>aff9 pap]4 ,x may be put into p>aff9$ receptacles be=e granulation1 if desir$4 ,!re is always a ready m>ket = granulat$ honey1 s9ce _m p pref] x to ! liquid honey4 ,,comb ,,honey4 ,comb honey is honey z /or$ 9 ! comb by ! bees1 ! size & %ape be+ det]m9$ by ! small wood5 sections provid$ by ! bee keep]4 ,in/ead ( hav+ comb 9 l>ge frames 9 :i* to /ore surplus honey1 ! bees are compell$ to build comb 9 ! sections & to /ore honey !re 7fig4 #b74 ,a full section weighs ab\t #a p\nd2 l>g] ones are r>ely us$4 ,by ! use ( mod]n sections & f\ndation ! comb honey n[ produc$ is a truly beautiful1 v uni=m product1 s uni=m 9 fact t x is (t5 *>g$ t x mu/ be artificially manufactur$4 ,! pur*as] ( a section ( comb honey may be absolutely c]ta91 h[ev]1 t he is obta9+ a product ( ! bees1 = nev] has anyone be5 able to imitate ! bees' "w successfully4 ,to %[ _! confid5ce 9 ! purity ( comb honey1 ! ,national ,bee ,keep]s' ,association (f]s #a1jjj = a s+le p\nd ( artificial comb fill$ ) an artificially prep>$ sirup1 :i* is at all difficult ( detection4 ,!re are sev]al diff]5t /yles ( sections n[ 9 use1 ! usual sizes be+ #d-a_/d in*es squ>e & #d by #e in*es4 ,!re are also two me?ods ( spac+1 s t !re w be room = ! passage ( bees f ! brood *amb] into ! sections & f "o sup] ( sections to ano!r4 ,?is is done ei!r by cutt+ bee ways 9 ! sections & us+ pla9 flat sep>ators or by us+ no bee-way or pla9 sections & us+ f5ces--sep>ators ) cleats fa/5$ on ea* side1 to provide ! bee space4 ,to describe all ! diff]5t sup]s or bodies = hold+ sections w\ld be impossible 9 a bullet9 ( ?is size1 & ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to catalogues ( deal]s 9 beekeep+ supplies4 ,in/ead ( us+ regul> comb honey sup]s1 "s bee keep]s use wide frames to hold two ti]s ( sections4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to h ! sup]s small]1 s t ! bees may be cr[d$ m to produce full sections4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty1 %all[ wide frames hold+ "o ti] ( sections may be us$4 ,! majority ( bee keep]s f9d x advisable to use special comb honey sup]s4 ,9 produc+ comb honey x is ev5 m necess>y to "k ! plants :i* produce surplus honey1 & j :5 !y come 9 bloom1 ?an x is 9 extract$ honey production4 ,! colony %\ld be s manipulat$ t ! maximum field =ce is ready = ! beg9n+ ( ! fl[4 ,?is requires c>e 9 spr+ managem5t1 &1 above all1 ! prev5tion ( sw>m+4 ,sup]s %\ld be put on j be=e ! heavy fl[ beg9s4 ,a good indication ( ! ne$ ( sup]s is ! :it5+ ( ! brood combs at ! top4 ,if ! bees are 9 two hive bodies !y %\ld g5]ally be r$uc$ to "o1 & ! frames %\ld be fill$ ) brood & honey s t z ! new crop comes 9 ! bees w c>ry x imm$iately to ! sections above4 ,if l>ge hives are us$ = ! brood *amb] x is (t5 advisable to remove "s ( ! frames & use a division bo>d to cr[d ! bees above4 ,to prev5t ! que5 f go+ into ! sections to lay1 a %eet ( p]=at$ z9c 7fig4 #bc7 may be put betwe5 ! brood *amb] & ! sup] 7fig4 #b74 ,x is (t5 difficult to get bees to beg9 "w 9 ! small sections1 b ?is %\ld be br\ght ab\t z soon z possible to prev5t loss ( honey4 ,if !re are at h& "s sections :i* h be5 p>tly drawn ! previ\s ye>1 ^! may be put 9 ! sup] ) ! new sections z bait4 ,ano!r good plan is to put a %all[ extract+ frame on ei!r side ( ! sections4 ,if a few colonies 9 ! api>y t are /rong en\gh to g above refuse to d s1 lift sup]s f "s colonies t h />t$ to "w above & give !m to ! sl[ colonies4 ,! sup] %\ld g5]ally be %ad$ some:at to keep x f gett+ too hot4 ,artificial sw>m+ w quickly =ce bees into ! sup]s4 ,to produce ! f9e/ quality ( comb honey full %eets ( f\ndation %\ld be us$ 9 ! sections4 ,"s bee keep]s use ne>ly a full %eet hung f ! top ( ! section & a n>r[ bottom />t]4 ,! use ( f\ndation ( work]-cell size is mu* pref]r$4 ,:5 "o sup] becomes half full or m & !re are indications t !re w be honey en\gh to fill o!rs1 ! fir/ "o %\ld be rais$ & an empty "o put on ! hive "u x4 ,?is ti]+ up c be cont9u$ z long z necess>y1 b x is advisable to remove fill$ sections z soon z possible aft] !y are nicely capp$1 = !y soon become discolor$ & less attractive4 ,honey remov$ imm$iately aft] capp+ f9ds a bett] m>ket1 b if left on ! hive ev5 until ! end ( ! summ] ! quality ( ! honey is improv$4 ,a c>eful wat* mu/ be kept on ! honey fl[1 s z to give ! bees only en\gh sections to /ore ! crop4 ,if ?is is n done a lot ( unf9i%$ sections w be left at ! end ( ! fl[4 ,honeys f diff]5t s\rces %\ld n be mix$ 9 ! sections1 z x usually gives ! comb a bad appe>ance ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,p]=at$ z9c que5 exclud]4 ,to remove bees f sections1 ! sup] may be put ov] a bee escape s t ! bees c pass d[n b c n return1 or ! sup]s may be remov$ & cov]$ ) a wire-clo?-cone bee escape4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,%ipp+ case = comb honey4 ,aft] sections are remov$ ! wood %\ld be scrap$ free ( propolis 7bee glue7 & !n pack$ 9 %ipp+ cases 7fig4 #bd7 = ! m>ket4 ,%ipp+ cases to hold #ab1 #bd1 or #dh sections1 9 :i* ! v>i\s /yles ( sections fit exactly1 are manufactur$ by deal]s 9 supplies4 ,9 %ipp+ ^! cases1 sev]al ( !m %\ld be put 9 a box or crate pack$ 9 /raw & pap] & h&les provid$ to r$uce ! *ances ( breakage4 ,:5 load$ 9 a freight c> ! combs %\ld be p>allel ) ! l5g? ( ! c>4 ,9 prep>+ comb honey = m>ket x %\ld be c>efully grad$ s t ! sections 9 ea* %ipp+ case are z uni=m z possible4 ,no?+ w m likely cause :olesale pur*as]s to cut ! price ?an to f9d ! fir/ r[ ( sections 9 a case fancy & ^? beh9d ( inf]ior grade4 ,grad+ rules h be5 adopt$ by v>i\s bee keep]s' associations or drawn up by honey deal]s4 ,! foll[+ sets ( rules are 9 g5]al use3 ,ea/]n ,grad+ ,rules = ,comb ,honey4 ,fancy4--,all sections -well fill$2 combs /raight2 firmly atta*$ to all f\r sides2 ! combs unsoil$ by travel1 /a91 or o!rwise2 all ! cells seal$ except an occasional "o2 ! outside surface ( ! wood well scrap$ ( propolis4 ,a ,no4 #a4--;,all sections well fill$ except ! r[ ( cells next to ! wood2 combs /raight2 "o-eigh? "p ( comb surface soil$1 or ! entire surface slightly soil$2 ! outside surface ( ! wood well scrap$ ( propolis4 ,no4 #a4--;,all sections well fill$ except ! r[ ( cells next to ! wood2 combs comp>atively ev52 "o-eigh? "p ( comb surface soil$1 or ! entire surface slightly soil$4 ,no4 #b4--,?ree-f\r?s ( ! total surface mu/ be fill$ & seal$4 ,no4 #c4--,mu/ weigh at lea/ half z mu* z a full-weight section4 ,9 addition to ?is ! honey is to be classifi$ accord+ to color1 us+ ! t]ms :ite1 amb]1 & d>k2 t is1 !re w be ,fancy ,:ite1 ,no4 #a ,d>k1 etc4 ,new ,comb ,honey ,grad+ ,rules ,adopt$ by ! ,colorado ,/ate ,bee ,keep]s' ,association4 ,no4 #a ,:ite4--,sections to be well fill$ & ev5ly capp$1 except ! outside r[1 next to ! wood 2 honey :ite or slightly amb]1 comb & capp+s :ite1 & n project+ beyond ! wood2 wood to be well clean$2 cases ( sep>ator$ honey to av]age #ba p\nds net p] case ( #bd sections2 no section 9 ?is grade to weigh less ?an #ac-a_/b ounces4 ,cases ( half-sep>ator$ honey to av]age n less ?an #bb p\nds net p] case ( #bd sections4 ,cases ( unsep>ator$ honey to av]age n less ?an #bc p\nds net p] case ( #bd sections4 ,no4 #a ,light ,amb]4--,sections to be well fill$ & ev5ly capp$1 except ! outside r[ next to ! wood2 honey :ite or light amb]2 comb & capp+s f :ite to (f color1 b n d>k2 comb n project+ beyond ! wood2 wood to be well clean$4 ,cases ( sep>ator$ honey to av]age #ba p\nds net p] case ( #bd sections2 no section 9 ?is grade to weigh less ?an #ac-a_/b ounces4 ,cases ( half-sep>ator$ honey to av]age n less ?an #bb p\nds net p] case ( #bd sections4 ,cases ( unsep>ator$ honey to av]age n less ?an #bc p\nds net p] case ( #bd sections4 ,no4 #b4--,?is includes all :ite honey1 & amb] honey n includ$ 9 ! above grades2 sections to be fairly well fill$ & capp$1 no m ?an #be uncapp$ cells1 exclusive ( outside r[1 p]mitt$ 9 ?is grade2 wood to be well clean$2 no section 9 ?is grade to weigh less ?an #ab ounces4 ,cases ( sep>ator$ honey to av]age n less ?an #ai p\nds net4 ,cases ( half-sep>ator$ honey to av]age n less ?an #bj p\nds net p] case ( #bd sections4 ,cases ( unsep>ator$ honey to av]age n less ?an #ba p\nds net p] case ( #bd sections4 ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,wax4 ,beeswax1 :i* is secret$ by ! bees & us$ by !m = build+ _! combs1 is an important comm]cial product4 ,!re are times 9 almo/ e api>y :5 !re are combs to be melt$ up1 & x pays to take c>e ( ev5 scraps ( comb & ! capp+s tak5 (f 9 extract+4 ,a common me?od ( tak+ out ! wax is to melt ! combs 9 a sol> wax extractor4 ,?is is p]haps ! mo/ feasible me?od :]e little wax is produc$1 b consid]able wax /ill rema9s 9 old brood combs aft] su* heat+4 ,v>i\s wax presses are on ! m>ket1 or "o c be made at home4 ,if mu* wax is produc$1 ! bee keep] %\ld make a c>eful /udy ( ! me?ods ( wax extraction1 z !re is usually mu* wax wa/$ ev5 aft] press+4 ,,prep>ations ,,= ,,w9t]+4 ,aft] ! ma9 honey fl[ is ov] ! managem5t mu/ dep5d on :at may be expect$ lat] 9 ! season f m9or honey fl[s4 ,if no crop is to be expect$1 ! colony may well be kept only mod]ately /rong1 s t !re w n be s _m consum]s 9 ! hive4 ,9 localities :]e w9t]s are sev]e & bre$+ is susp5d$ = sev]al mon?s great c>e %\ld be tak5 t brood re>+ is r active dur+ ! late summ]1 s t ! colony may g into w9t] ) pl5ty ( "y bees4 ,9 case any que5s %[ lack ( vitality !y %\ld be replac$ e>ly1 s t ! bees w n become que5less dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! important consid]ations 9 w9t]+ are pl5ty ( "y bees1 a good que51 pl5ty ( /ores ( good quality1 s\nd hives1 & prop] protection f cold & dampness4 ,if1 z cold wea!r approa*es1 ! bees d n h /ores en\gh1 !y mu/ be f$4 ,e colony %\ld h f #be to #dj p\nds1 dep5d+ on ! l5g? ( w9t] & ! me?ods ( w9t]+4 ,x is bett] to h too mu* honey ?an n en\gh1 = :at is left is good next season4 ,if fe$+ is practic$1 honey may be us$1 b sirup made ( granulat$ sug> is j z good & is p]fectly safe4 ,if honey is pur*as$ = fe$+1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 t x comes f a heal?y api>y1 o!rwise ! api>y may be ru9$ by disease4 ,nev] fe$ honey b\ght on ! op5 m>ket4 ,! bees %\ld be provid$ ) /ores e>ly en\gh s t x w n be necess>y to fe$ or to op5 ! colonies aft] cold wea!r comes on4 ,honeydew honey %\ld n be left 9 ! hives1 z x produces dys5t]y4 ,"s honeys are also n ideal = w9t] /ores4 ,^? :i* %[ a high p]c5tage ( gums 7mo/ tree honeys7 are n s desirable1 b w usually cause no tr\ble4 ,9 w9t]+ out ( doors ! am\nt ( protection dep5ds on ! sev]ity ( ! w9t]4 ,9 ! ,s\? no pack+ is necess>y1 & ev5 9 v cold climates good colonies ) pl5ty ( /ores c (t5 pass ! w9t] ) little protection1 b pack+ & protection make x necess>y = ! bees to g5]ate less heat1 & consequ5tly !y consume less /ores & _! vitality is n r$uc$4 ,dampness is probably h>d] = bees to )/& ?an cold1 & :5 x is consid]$ t bees give (f consid]able moi/ure1 precautions %\ld be tak5 t z x cond5ses x does n get on ! clu/]4 ,an op5+ at ! top w\ld all[ ! moi/ure to pass out1 b x w\ld also wa/e heat1 s x is bett] to put a mat ( burlap or o!r absorb5t mat]ial on top ( ! frames4 ,! hive may also be pack$ 9 *aff1 leaves1 or o!r simil> dry mat]ial to dim9i% ! loss ( heat4 ,"s hives are made ) d\ble walls1 ! space be+ fill$ ) *aff2 ^! are good = outdoor w9t]+4 ,! hive entrance %\ld be l[] ?an any o!r "p ( ! hive1 s t any cond5s$ moi/ure may run out4 ,! hives %\ld be s\nd & ! cov]s tight & wat]pro(4 ,entrances %\ld be contract$ 9 cold wea!r n only to keep out cold w9d1 b to prev5t mice f ent]+4 ,!re %\ld always be en\gh room1 h[ev]1 = bees to pass 9 & out if w>m] wea!r p]mits a flight4 ,9 ! h&s ( exp]i5c$ bee keep]s cell> w9t]+ is v successful1 b ?is me?od requires c>eful /udy4 ,! cell> mu/ be dry & s protect$ t ! temp]ature nev] v>ies m ?an f #dj to #de ,f42 #dc ,f4 seems to be ! optimum temp]ature4 ,! v5tilation mu/ be good or ! bees become fretful4 ,light %\ld n be admitt$ to ! cell>1 & consequ5tly "s means ( indirect v5tilation is necess>y4 ,cell> w9t]+ requires ! consumption ( less honey to ma9ta9 ! prop] temp]ature 9 ! clu/] & is !re=e economical4 ,bees s w9t]$ d n h an opportunity = a cleans+ flight1 (t5 = sev]al mon?s1 b ! l[ consumption makes ?is less necess>y4 ,"s bee keep]s advocate c>ry+ ! colonies out a few times on w>m days1 b x is n fully e/abli%$ :e!r ?is is entirely b5eficial & x is usually n practic$4 ,! "t = putt+ colonies 9 ! cell> is a po9t ( dispute1 & practice 9 ?is reg>d v>ies consid]ably4 ,!y %\ld c]ta9ly be put 9 be=e ! wea!r becomes sev]e & z soon z !y h ceas$ brood re>+4 ,! "t *os5 may be at night :5 !y are all 9 ! hive1 or on "s *illy day4 ,! hives may be pil$ "o on top ( ! o!r1 ! l[] ti] rais$ a little f ! floor4 ,! entrances %\ld n be contract$ unless ! colony is comp>atively weak4 ,x is usually n consid]$ good policy to close ! entrances ) ord9>y wire clo?1 z ! dead bees :i* accumulate m or less on ! bottom bo>ds may cut (f v5tilation1 & ! entrance %\ld be free s t ^! may be clean$ out4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 good policy to cov] ! entrance ) wire-clo? hav+ ?ree me%es to ! in* to keep out mice4 ,! "t ( remov+ bees f ! cell> is less easily det]m9$ ?an t ( putt+ !m 94 ,! colonies may be remov$ e>ly & wrapp$ 9 black t> pap] or left until ! wea!r is settl$4 ,if ! wea!r is v w>m & ! bees become fretful1 ! cell> mu/ ei!r be cool$ or ! bees remov$4 ,"s bee keep]s pref] to remove bees at night1 s t !y c recov] f ! excitem5t & fly f ! hive normally 9 ! morn+4 ,"o ( ! *ief difficulties is to prev5t ! bees f gett+ into ! wrong hives aft] _! fir/ flights4 ,!y (t5 drift badly ) ! w9d1 & sometimes an outside r[ w become abnormally /rong1 leav+ o!r colonies weak4 ,! night be=e ! bees are remov$ f ! cell> x is good practice to leave ! cell> doors & w9d[s wide op54 ,,diseases ,,& ,,enemies4 ,!re are two infecti\s diseases ( ! brood ( bees :i* cause great losses to ! beekeep+ indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! are kn[n z ,am]ican f\l brood & ,european f\l brood4 ,bo? ( ^! diseases de/roy colonies by kill+ ! brood1 s t !re are n en\gh "y bees em]g+ to take ! place ( ! old adult bees z ^! die f natural causes4 ,! adult bees are n attack$ by ei!r disease4 ,9 ! h&s ( c>eful bee keep]s bo? diseases may be controll$1 & ?is requires c>eful /udy & con/ant wat*+4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ^! diseases are n[ widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 e bee keep] %\ld read ! available lit]ature on ! subject1 s t if disease ent]s 8 api>y he may be able to recognize x be=e x gets a />t4 ,! symptoms & ! treatm5t recomm5d$ by ?is dep>tm5t are giv5 9 ano!r publication :i* w be s5t free on reque/4#b #b ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #ddb4 ,! ,treatm5t ( ,bee ,diseases4 ,x is difficult = a bee keep] to keep 8 api>y free f disease if o!rs ab\t him h diseas$ colonies :i* are n prop]ly treat$4 ,! only way to keep disease "u control is = ! bee keep]s 9 ! neighborhood to coop]ate 9 do+ ev]y?+ possible to /amp out disease z soon z x appe>s 9 a s+le colony4 ,! progressive bee keep] :o le>ns ( disease 9 8 neighborhood %\ld see to x t ! o!r bee keep]s ar\nd him are suppli$ ) lit]ature describ+ symptoms & treatm5t1 & %\ld also try to induce !m to unite 9 eradicat+ ! malady4 ,s9ce x is s (t5 impossible to get all ( ! bee keep]s 9 a community to treat infect$ colonies prop]ly & promptly1 x is desirable t ! ,/ates pass laws provid+ = ! inspection ( api>ies & grant+ to ! inspector ! p[] to compel neglig5t bee keep]s to treat diseas$ colonies s t ! prop]ty ( o!rs may n be endang]$ & de/roy$4 ,?is has be5 done 9 a numb] ( ,/ates1 b !re are /ill "s :]e ! ne$ is great & 9 :i* no su* provision has be5 made4 ,:5 no inspection is provid$1 bee keep]s %\ld unite 9 ask+ = su* protection1 s t ! dang] to ! indu/ry may be less5$4 ,9 case !re is an inspector = ! ,/ate or c\nty1 he %\ld be notifi$ z soon z disease is suspect$ 9 ! neighborhood4 ,"s bee keep]s hesitate to report disease ?r\gh fe> t ! inspector w de/roy _! bees or because !y feel t x is a disgrace to h disease 9 ! api>y4 ,!re is no disgrace 9 hav+ colonies become diseas$2 ! discr$it is 9 n treat+ !m promptly4 ,! inspectors are usually1 if n univ]sally1 good practical bee keep]s :o f a wide exp]i5ce are able to tell :at %\ld be done 9 individual cases to give ! be/ results ) ! lea/ co/ 9 mat]ial & labor4 ,!y d n de/roy colonies ne$lessly1 &1 9 fact1 !y all advocate & tea* treatm5t4 ,! brood diseases are frequ5tly introduc$ into a locality by ! %ipp+ 9 ( diseas$ colonies2 or1 m (t51 ! bees get honey f infect$ colonies :i* is f$ to !m1 or :i* !y rob1 f disc>d$ honey cans4 ,x is decid$ly dang]\s to pur*ase honey on ! m>ket1 ) no k ( its s\rce1 to be us$ 9 fe$+ bees4 ,_m outbreaks ( disease c be trac$ to ?is practice 7see ,fe$+1 p4 #bf74 ,x is difficult to prev5t bees f gett+ contam9at$ honey accid5tally4 ,if colonies are pur*as$1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 t !re is no disease pres5t4 ,:5ev] possible1 colonies %\ld be pur*as$ ne> at home1 unless disease is already pres5t 9 ! neighborhood4 ,!re are o!r diseas$ conditions ( ! brood1 kn[n to bee keep]s z pickle brood1 b ^! c usually be di/+ui%$ f ! two diseases previ\sly m5tion$4 ,! s-call$ pickle brood is n contagi\s & no treatm5t is necess>y4 ,bees also suff] f dys5t]y1 :i* is discuss$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is bullet91 & f ! s-call$ p>alysis1 a disease ( adult bees4 ,no treatm5t = ! latt] disease c z yet be recomm5d$ z reliable4 ,! spr9kl+ ( p[d]$ sulphur on ! top b>s ( frames or at ! entrance is sometimes claim$ to be effective1 b "u :at circum/ances x is b5eficial is unkn[n4 ,a numb] ( insects1 birds1 & mammals mu/ be class$ z enemies ( bees1 b ( ^! ! two wax mo?s1 & ants1 are ! only ones ( importance4 ,!re are two species ( mo?1 ! l>g] wax mo? 7,gall]ia mellonella ,l471 & ! less] wax mo? 7,a*roia grisella ,fab471 ! l>v ( :i* de/roy combs by burr[+ ?r\gh !m4#c ,reports are frequ5tly receiv$ 9 ! dep>tm5t t ! l>v ( ^! mo?s 7usually ! l>g] species7 are de/roy+ colonies ( bees4 ,x may be /at$ positively t mo?s d n de/roy /rong1 heal?y colonies 9 good hives1 & if x is suppos$ t !y are caus+ damage ! bee keep] %\ld c>efully /udy 8 colonies to see :at o!r tr\ble has weak5$ !m en\gh = ! mo?s to ent]4 ,que5lessness1 lack ( /ores1 or "s su* tr\ble may be ! condition favorable to ! entrance ( ! pe/1 b a c>eful exam9ation %\ld be made ( ! brood to see :e!r !re is any evid5ce ( disease4 ,?is is ! mo/ frequ5t cause ( ! cases ( mo? depr$ation report$ to ?is dep>tm5t4 ,black bees are less capable ( driv+ mo? l>v out1 b1 ev5 ) ^! bees1 /rong colonies r>ely all[ !m to rema94 ,! obs]vance ( ! gold5 rule ( beekeep+1 ,keep all colonies /rong1 w solve ! mo? "q unless disease appe>s4 #c ,bee keep]s ref] to ^! insects z mo?s1 wax mo?s1 bee mo?s1 mill]s1 wax worms1 honey mo?s1 mo? worms1 mo? mill]s1 & grubs4 ,! la/ six t]ms are n correct4 ,mo? l>v (t5 de/roy combs /or$ outside ! hive4 ,to prev5t ?is ! combs may be fumigat$ ) sulphur fumes or bisulphid ( c>bon 9 ti]s ( hives or 9 tight rooms4 ,if bisulphid ( c>bon is us$1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 n to br+ x ne> a flame1 z x is highly inflammable4 ,combs %\ld be /or$ 9 a dry1 well-v5tilat$1 light room4 ,9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! c\ntry ants are (t5 a s]i\s pe/4 ,!y may ent] ! hive = protection aga9/ *anges ( temp]ature1 or to prey on ! honey /ores or ! brood4 ,! usual me?od ( keep+ !m out is to put ! hive on a /&1 ! legs ( :i* re/ 9 vessels conta9+ wat] or creosote4 ,ano!r me?od is to wrap a tape soak$ 9 corrosive sublimate ar\nd ! bottom bo>d4 ,,g5]al ,,in=mation4 ,= ! purpose ( answ]+ num]\s que/ions :i* are ask$ ( ?is dep>tm5t ! foll[+ brief topics are includ$4 ,,bre$]s ,,( ,,que5s4 ,!re are a l>ge numb] ( bee keep]s :o make a bus9ess ( re>+ que5s ( good /ock = sale4 ,! que5s are usually s5t by mail4 ,if poor /ock is all t c be obta9$ locally1 x is recomm5d$ t su* colonies be pur*as$ & ! que5s remov$ & replac$ ) ^? obta9$ f a good bre$]4 ,?is dep>tm5t c supply names ( bre$]s1 ne>e/ ! applicant1 ( any race rais$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,introduc+ ,,que5s4 ,:5 que5s are %ipp$ by mail !y usually come 9 cages 7fig4 #be7 :i* c be us$ = introduc+4 ,if ! colony to receive ! new que5 has "o1 %e mu/ be remov$ & ! cage ins]t$ betwe5 ! frames4 ,! small hole lead+ into ! c&y comp>tm5t is uncov]$1 & ! bees gradually eat ?r\gh & release ! que54 ,if que5s are re>$ at home1 a simil> cage may be us$ = introduc+4 ,9 view ( ! fact t disease may be transmitt$ 9 mail+ cages1 x is always a wise precaution to remove ! new que5 & de/roy ! accompany+ work]s & ! cage & its cont5ts4 ,! que5 may !n be put into a clean cage )\t work] bees1 ) c&y kn[n to be free f contam9ation 7made f honey f heal?y hives71 & introduc$ 9 ! regul> way4 ,que5s sold by bre$]s are always mat$ unless o!rwise specifi$1 & consequ5tly ! colony 9 :i* !y are introduc$ has no effect on h] (fspr+4 ,dur+ ! active season ! bees 9 ! colony are all ! (fspr+ ( ! new que5 9 ab\t n9e weeks4 ,?ree weeks is requir$ = ! previ\s brood to em]ge 7if ! colony has n be5 que5less74 & 9 six weeks aft] all ! old brood em]ges mo/ ( ! work]s f x w h di$4 ,que5s are usually sold accord+ to ! foll[+ classification3 ,unte/$ que5--"o t has mat$1 b ! race ( ! drone is n kn[n4 ,te/$ que5--"o t has mat$ & has be5 kept only long en\gh to %[1 f ! m>k+s ( h] prog5y1 t %e mat$ ) a drone ( h] own race4 ,bre$+ que5--a te/$ que5 :i* has %[n po9ts ( sup]iority1 mak+ h] desirable = bre$+ purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,que5 mail+ cage4 ,,deal]s ,,9 ,,bee ,,keep]s' ,,supplies4 ,!re are sev]al manufactur]s ( supplies 9 ?is c\ntry :o c furni% almo/ any?+ desir$ by ! bee keep]4 ,"s ( !m h ag5ts 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry f :om supplies may be pur*as$1 ?us sav+ consid]able 9 freight4 ,,bee ,,keep]s' ,,associations4 ,!re are a l>ge numb] ( associations ( bee keep]s 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 =m$ = ! bett]m5t ( ! indu/ry1 & a few associations :i* are organiz$ to aid ! memb]s 9 pur*as+ supplies & 9 sell+ ! crops4 ,( ^! ! ,national ,bee ,keep]s ,association is ! l>ge/4 ,x helps its memb]s 9 obta9+ _! legal rights1 & aids 9 secur+ legislation = ! fur!rance ( ! indu/ry4 ,! annual conv5tions are held 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & copies ( ! proce$+s are s5t to ! memb]s4 ,!re are also num]\s ,/ate1 c\nty1 & t[n associations1 "s ( :i* publi% proce$+s4 ,! names ( (fic]s ( ! ne>e/ associations or ( ! ,national ,bee ,keep]s' ,association w be s5t f ?is dep>tm5t on reque/4 ,,laws ,,affect+ ,,beekeep+4 ,disease inspection4--,v>i\s ,/ates h pass$ laws provid+ = ! ,/ate or c\nty inspection ( api>ies = bee-disease control1 & e bee keep] %\ld get 9 t\* ) an inspector :5 disease is suspect$1 if "o is provid$4 ,! inspectors are practical bee keep]s :o fully und]/& h[ to control ! diseases1 & are ( great help 9 giv+ directions 9 ?is matt]4 ,! "n ( ! inspector ( any locality c usually be furni%$1 & ?is dep>tm5t is glad to aid bee keep]s 9 rea*+ ! prop] (fic]s4 ,laws aga9/ spray+ fruit trees :ile 9 bloom4--,! spray+ ( fruit trees :ile 9 bloom is n n[ advis$ by economic entomologi/s1 & to prev5t ! practice "s ,/ates h pass$ laws mak+ x a misdemeanor4 ,su* spray+ n only kills (f honey bees1 caus+ a loss to ! bee keep]1 b int]f]es ) ! prop] poll9ation ( ! blossoms & is ?us a detrim5t to ! fruit gr[]4 ,bee keep]s %\ld d ev]y?+ 9 _! p[] to prev5t ! practice4 ,laws aga9/ ! adult]ation ( honey4--,! national food & drugs act ( #aijf1 & v>i\s ,/ate pure food laws1 are a great aid to ! bee keep] 9 prev5t+ ! sale ( adult]at$ extract$ honey z pure honey4 ,bee keep]s c (t5 aid 9 ?is "w by report+ to ! prop] (ficials infr+em5ts ( ^! laws :i* come to _! notice4 ,:5 bees are a nuisance4--,"s cities h pass$ ord9ances prohibit+ ! keep+ ( bees 9 c]ta9 areas1 b s f> none has be5 able to en=ce !m4 ,if bees are a nuisance 9 individual cases1 ! own] may be compell$ to remove !m4 ,! ,national ,bee ,keep]s' ,association w help any ( its memb]s 9 su* cases1 if !y are 9 ! "r1 z well z 9 cases :]e bees /+ horses4 ,bee keep]s %\ld be c>eful n to locate bees :]e !y c cause any tr\ble ( ?is k9d4 ,,suppos$ ,,injury ,,( ,,crops ,,by ,,bees4 ,bee keep]s are (t5 compell$ to combat ! idea t bees cause damage to fruit or o!r crops by suck+ ! nect> f ! fl[]4 ,?is is n only untrue1 b 9 _m cases ! bees are a great aid 9 ! poll9ation ( ! fl[]s1 mak+ a good crop possible4 ,a m frequ5t compla9t is t bees puncture fruit & suck ! juices4 ,bees nev] puncture s\nd fruit1 b if ! sk9 is brok5 by "s o!r means bees w (t5 suck ! fruit dry4 ,9 do+ x1 h[ev]1 !y are suck+ fruit :i* is already damag$4 ,^! & simil> *>ges aga9/ ! honey bee are prompt$ by a lack ( in=mation conc]n+ _! activities4 ,bees may1 ( c\rse1 become a nuisance to o!rs ?r\gh _! /++ prop5sities1 b bee keep]s %\ld n be criticiz$ = ?+s :i* _! bees d n d4 ,,j\rnals ,,& ,,books ,,on ,,beekeep+4 ,! progressive bee keep] w f9d x to 8 pr(it to subscribe = at lea/ "o j\rnal devot$ to beekeep+4 ,sev]al ( ^! are publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! names & addresses ( su* j\rnals may usually be obta9$ f a subscription ag5t = p]iodicals1 or f a supply deal]4 ,x w also be advantage\s to read & /udy books on beekeep+1 ( :i* sev]al are publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^! are adv]tis$ 9 j\rnals devot$ to beekeep+1 or may usually be obta9$ ?r\gh ! local book deal] or ?r\gh deal]s 9 bee keep]s' supplies4 ,,publications ,,( ,,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,on ,,bee ,,keep+4#d #d ,li/ revis$ to ,april #a1 #aiaa4 7,,vii47 ,!re are sev]al publications ( ?is dep>tm5t :i* are ( int]e/ to bee keep]s1 & new ones are add$ f "t to "t 9 reg>d to ! diff]5t l9es ( inve/igation4 ,! foll[+ publications relat+ to bee culture1 prep>$ 9 ! ,bureau ( ,entomology1 are = free di/ribution & may be obta9$ by address+ ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture3#e #e ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #ei1 ,bee ,keep+1 & ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #cig1 ,bees1 h be5 sup]s$$ by ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #ddg4 ,circul> ,no4 #gi1 ,! ,brood ,diseases ( ,bees1 has be5 sup]s$$ by ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #ddb4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #a1 ,! ,honey ,bee1 has be5 discont9u$4 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #ddg1 ,bees4 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,phillips1 ,ph4 ,d4 #aiaa4 #dh pp41 #be figs4 ,a g5]al acc\nt ( ! managem5t ( bees4 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #ddb1 ,! ,treatm5t ( ,bee ,diseases4 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,phillips1 ,ph4 ,d4 #aiaa4 #bb pp41 #g figs4 ,?is publication gives briefly ! symptoms ( ! v>i\s bee diseases1 ) directions = treatm5t4 ,circul> ,no4 #id1 ,! ,cause ( ,am]ican ,f\l ,brood4 ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,:ite1 ,ph4 ,d4 #aijg4 #d pp4 ,?is publication conta9s a brief acc\nt ( ! ,inve/igations :i* demon/rat$ = ! fir/ "t ! cause ( "o ( ! brood diseases ( bees1 ,am]ican f\l brood4 ,circul> ,no4 #ach4 ,! ,occurr5ce ( ,bee ,diseases 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,prelim9>y ,report47 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,phillips1 ,ph4 ,d4 #aiaa4 #be pp4 ,a record ( ! localities f :i* samples ( diseas$ brood 7 receiv$ prior to ,m>* #a1 #aiaa4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ee1 ,! ,re>+ ( ,que5 ,bees4 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,phillips1 ,ph4 ,d4 #aije4 #cb pp41 #ag figs4 ,a g5]al acc\nt ( ! me?ods us$ 9 que5 re>+4 ,sev]al me?ods are giv51 s t ! bee keep] may *oose ^? be/ suit$ to 8 individual ne$s4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #gj1 ,report ( ! ,meet+ ( ,inspectors ( ,api>ies1 ,san ,antonio1 ,tex41 ,novemb] #ab1 #aijf4 #aijg4 #gi pp41 #a plate4 ,conta9s a brief hi/ory ( bee-disease inve/igations1 an acc\nt ( ! relation%ip ( bact]ia to bee diseases1 & a discussion ( treatm5t by v>i\s ,inspectors ( api>ies & o!r practical bee keep]s :o are famili> ) diseases ( bees4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ge1 ,"p ,i1 ,production & ,c>e ( ,extract$ ,honey4 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,phillips1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,me?ods ( ,honey ,te/+ = ,bee ,keep]s4 ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,br[ne1 ,ph4 ,d4 #aijg4 #ah pp4 ,! me?ods ( produc+ extract$ honey1 ) special ref]5ce to ! c>e ( honey aft] x is tak5 f ! bees1 s t its value may n be decreas$ by improp] h&l+4 ,! second portion ( ! publication gives "s simple te/s = adult]ation4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ge1 ,"p ,,ii1 ,wax ,mo?s & ,am]ican ,f\l ,brood4 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,phillips1 ,ph4 ,d4 #aijg4 ,pp4 #ai-bb1 #c plates4 ,an acc\nt ( ! behavior ( ! two species ( wax mo?s on combs conta9+ ,am]ican f\l brood1 %[+ t mo?s d n de/roy ! disease-c>ry+ scales4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ge1 ,"p ,,iii1 ,bee ,diseases 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,by ,burton ,n4 ,gates4 #aijh4 ,pp4 #bc-cb1 map4 ,an acc\nt ( ! di/ribution ( ! brood diseases ( bees 9 ! ,/ate1 ) brief directions = controll+ !m4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ge1 ,"p ,,iv4 ,! ,relation ( ! ,etiologv 7,cause7 ( ,bee ,diseases to ! ,treatm5t4 ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,:ite1 ,ph4 ,d4 #aijh4 ,pp3 #cc-db4 ,! necessity = a k ( ! cause ( bee diseases be=e rational treatm5t is possible is po9t$ out4 ,! pres5t /ate ( k ( ! causes ( disease is summ>iz$4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ge1 ,"p ,v1 ,a ,brief ,survey ( ,hawaiian ,bee ,keep+4 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,phillips1 ,ph4 ,d4 #aiji4 ,pp4 #dc-eh1 #f plates4 ,an acc\nt ( ! beekeep+ me?ods us$ 9 a tropical c\ntry & a comp>ison ) ma9l& conditions4 ,"s new manipulations are recomm5d$4 ,bullet9 ,no #ge1 ,"p ,,vi1 ,! ,/atus ( ,apiculture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,phillips1 ,ph4 ,d4 #aiji4 ,pp4 #ei-hj4 ,a survey ( pres5t-day beekeep+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) sugge/ions z to ! "w yet to be done be=e apiculture w h rea*$ its fulle/ developm5t4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ge1 ,"p ,,vii1 ,bee ,keep+ 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,by ,burton ,n4 ,gates4 #aiji4 ,pp4 #ha-aji1 #b figs4 ,an acc\nt ( a detail$ /udy ( ! apicultural conditions 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,! object ( ?is pap] is to po9t out ! actual conditions & ne$s ( beekeep+ 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ge1 ,cont5ts & ,index4 #aiaa4 ,pp4 vii#aaa-abc4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ge1 ,p>ts ,i-,,vii1 complete ) ,cont5ts & ,index4 #aiaa4 ,pp4 viii#abc4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ih4 ,hi/orical ,notes on ! ,causes ( ,bee ,diseases4 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,phillips1 ,ph4 ,d41 & ,g4 ,f4 ,:ite1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,m4 ,d4 7,9 press47 ,a summ>y ( ! v>i\s inve/igations conc]n+ ! etiology 7,cause7 ( bee diseases4 ,te*nical ,s]ies1 ,no4 #ad1 ,! ,bact]ia ( ! ,api>y ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,bee ,diseases4 ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,:ite1 ,ph4 ,d4 #aijf4 #ej pp4 ,a /udy ( ! bact]ia pres5t 9 bo? ! heal?y & ! diseas$ colony1 ) special ref]5ce to ! diseases ( bees4 ,te*nical ,s]ies ,no4 #ah1 ,! ,anatomy ( ! ,honey ,bee4 ,by ,r4 ,e4 ,snodgrass4 #aiaj4 #afb pp41 #eg figs4 ,an acc\nt ( ! /ructure ( ! bee1 ) te*nical t]ms omitt$ s f> z possible4 ,practically all ( ! illu/rations are new1 & ! v>i\s p>ts are int]pret$ accord+ to ! be/ usage 9 comp>ative anatomy ( insects4 ,a brief discussion ( ! physiology ( ! v>i\s organs is includ$ 4 ,,bureau ,,( ,,*emi/ry4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #aaj1 ,*emical ,analysis & ,composition ( ,am]ican ,honeys4 ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,br[ne4 ,includ+ ,a ,microscopical ,/udy ( ,honey ,poll54 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,"y4 #aijh4 #ic pp41 #a fig41 #f plates4 ,a compreh5sive /udy ( ! *emical composition ( ,am]ican honeys4 ,?is publication is te*nical 9 nature & w p]haps be little us$ by practical bee keep]s1 b x is an important contribution to apicultural lit]ature4 ,by means ( ?is "w ! detection ( honey adult]ation is mu* aid$4 ,,hawaii ,,agricultural ,,exp]im5tal ,,/ation4 ,,honolulu1 ,,hawaii4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ag1 ,hawaiian ,honeys4 ,by ,d4 ,l4 ,van ,d9e & ,alice ,r4 ,?ompson4 #aijh4 #ba pp41 #a plate4 ,a /udy ( ! s\rce & composition ( ! honeys ( ,hawaii4 ,! peculi> conditions f\nd on ^! isl&s are dealt )4 ,transcrib] ,note ,illu/rations 7 mov$ s z n to split p>agraphs4