,transcrib] ,notes ,text emphasis is display$ z ,italics & ,bold4 ,:ole & fractional p>ts ( numb]s are display$ z #b-a_/b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,f>m]s' ,,bullet9 ,no4 #ei4 ,,bee ,,keep+4 ,,by ,,frank ,,b5ton1 ,m4 ,s41 ,,9 ,,*>ge ,,( ,,apicultural ,,inve/igations4 ,revis$1 ,m>* #aije4 ,illu/ration ,,wa%+ton3 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice4 #aije4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lett] ,,( ,,transmittal4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bureau ( ,entomology1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,o41 ,m>* #aije4 ,sir3 ,frequ5t inquiries f correspond5ts ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture = in=mation on matt]s p]ta9+ to ! culture ( bees1 & p>ticul>ly z to ! conditions "u :i* "o may reasonably expect to meet ) success 9 ?is pursuit1 l$ to ! prep>ation ( ?is bullet9 9 ,july1 #ahig4 ,?\gh design$ by ! au?or prim>ily to answ] a few ( ! specific que/ions :i* are mo/ likely to pres5t !mselves to ! m9d ( ! inquir] :olly unfamili> ) ! subject1 ! aim has be5 also to introduce 9 ! treatm5t ( ! v>i\s topics in=mation :i* x is hop$ w lead _m ( long] exp]i5ce into m successful me?ods ?an !y h yet practic$4 ,! /]eotype plates ( ! e>li] editions hav+ become mu* worn1 necessitat+ ! resett+ ( ! type ( ! entire bullet91 ! opportunity has be5 af=d$ ( ins]t+ sev]al new p>agraphs & mak+ a few slight *anges 9 ! text z h]et(ore publi%$4 ,respectfully1 ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d1 ,entomologi/1 ,hon4 ,james ,wilson1 ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,locations suit$ to ! keep+ ( bees #i ,! returns to be expect$ f an api>y #aa ,anyone :o desires to d s c le>n to manipulate bees #ac ,h[ to avoid /+s #ad ,:at race ( bees to *oose #af ,caucasians #af ,c>niolans #ag ,italians #ag ,cyprians #ag ,cyprio-,c>niolans & ,cyprio-,caucasians #ah ,syrian & ,pale/9e or ,holy-,l& bees #ah ,g]man1 common black1 or br[n bees #ah ,:at hive to adopt #ai ,managem5t 9 sw>m+ #ba ,natural sw>m+ #ba ,artificial sw>m+ #bb ,divid+ #bb ,nucleus sy/em #bb ,%ak5 or bru%$ sw>ms #bc ,prev5tion ( sw>m+ #bc ,deque5+ #bd ,reque5+ #bd ,space ne> entrances #be ,selection 9 bre$+ #be ,special crops = honey alone n pr(itable #bf ,economic plants & trees = cultivation = honey & poll5 #bg ,h[ to obta9 surplus honey & wax #bi ,extract$ honey #cj ,comb honey #ca ,grad+ & %ipp+ comb honey #cc ,production ( wax #cd ,! w9t]+ ( bees #ce ,g5]al consid]ations #cg ,indoor w9t]+ #ch ,outdoor w9t]+ #ch ,! risk ( loss ?r\gh disease & enemies #da ,f\l brood or bacillus ( ! hive #da ,bee p>alysis #dd ,insect & o!r enemies #de ,robb] bees #df ,legislation affect+ api>ian int]e/s #dg ,j\rnals treat+ ( apiculture #dg ,,illu/rations4 ,page4 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ,b+ham bee smok] #ad #b4 ,bee veil #ae #c4 ,! ,port] spr+ bee escape #af #d4 ,lang/ro? hive ) two half-dep? sup]s = surplus honey #ai #e4 ,! ,lang/ro? hive--,dadant-,qu9by =m--cross section %[+ con/ruction #bj #f4 ,qu9by clos$-end frames #bj #g4 ,! ,simm9s nonsw>m+ sy/em--s+le-/ory hive ) sup]s #bd #h4 ,! ,simm9s nonsw>m+ sy/em--d\ble-/ory hive ) sup]s #be #i4 ,qu9by uncapp+ knife #cj #aj4 ,! automatic rev]sible honey extractor #ca #aa4 ,lang/ro? hive--sup] above1 hold+ #bh sections = comb honey #cb #ab4 ,comb honey /or$ 9 p\nd section #cb #ac4 ,p]=at$ z9c que5 exclud] #cc #ad4 ,%ipp+ cases = comb honey #cd #ae4 ,sol> wax-extractor #ce #af4 ,/eam wax-extractor #ce #ag4 ,d\ble-wall$ hive adapt$ to outdoor w9t]+1 z well z summ] use #ci #ah4 ,! ,am]ican /raw hive 7,lang/ro? pr9ciple7 ( ,hayek ,bro!rs #dj #ai4 ,colony ( bees ) newspap]s pack$ betwe5 inn] & out] cases & brood frames on end = ! w9t] #da ,,bee ,,keep+4 ,,locations ,,suit$ ,,to ,,! ,,keep+ ,,( ,,bees4 ,x may be safely said t any place :]e f>m+1 g>d5+1 or fruit rais+ c be successfully foll[$ is adapt$ to ! pr(itable keep+ ( bees--9 a limit$ way at lea/1 if n ext5sively4 ,_m ( ^! localities w support ext5sive api>ies4 ,9 addition to ?is !re are1 )9 ! bord]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\s&s ( good locations = ! api>i/--=e/1 prairie1 swamp1 & m\nta9 regions--:]e agriculture has z yet n ga9$ a foo?old1 ei!r because ( remot5ess f m>kets or ! un9vit+ "* ( soil or climate4 ,?is pursuit may also be foll[$ 9 or ne> t[ns &1 to a limit$ ext5t1 9 l>ge cities4 ,x ev5 happ5s 9 "s in/ances t bees 9 cities or t[ns f9d m abundant pa/urage ?an 9 c\ntry locations :i* are consid]$ fair4 ,! city ( ,wa%+ton is an example ( ?is1 bees locat$ "h do+ bett] dur+ ! spr+ & summ] mon?s ?an ^? 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 ow+ to ! bee pa/urage f\nd 9 ! num]\s g>d5s & p>ks & ! nect>-yield+ %ade trees along ! /reets4 ,?is is due ma9ly to ! fact t ! l9d51 or basswood1 :i* is r>ely se5 9 ! c\ntry ab\t ,wa%+ton1 has be5 plant$ ext5sively 9 ! p>ks & = miles on bo? sides ( _m ( ! /reets & av5ues ( ! city4,a ,ano!r s\rce 9 ! city n f\nd ext5sively 9 ! c\ntry adjac5t is melilot1 ,bokh>a or sweet clov] 7,melilotus alba71 :i* has crept into vacant lots & neglect$ corn]s1 & diffuses its agreeable p]fume to ! delight ( all city dwell]s1 :e!r human or insect4 ,! writ] has practic$ ) pr(it ! transportation ( ne>ly a hundr$ colonies f a c\ntry api>y #aj miles di/ant to ,wa%+ton = ! l9d5 & sweet clov] yield4 ,he has also se5 a prosp]\s api>y kept on ! ro( ( a bus9ess h\se 9 ! he>t ( ,new ,york ,city1 & on sev]al occasions has visit$ ano!r api>y ( #cj to #dj colonies1 :i* a skillful api>i/ _h locat$ on ! ro( ( 8 /ore 9 ! bus9ess portion ( ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio1 & f :i* #cj to #dj p\nds ( honey p] colony 7 usually obta9$ ea* ye>4 ,a ,sev]al species ( l9d5s are includ$ 9 ^! plant+s1 b none yields m ?an our common ,am]ican l9d51 or basswood 7,tilia am]icana74 ,ano!r api>y p]sonally inspect$ 0 locat$ directly on ! s& banks =m+ ! ea/]n %ore ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,^! bees 71 ( c\rse1 unable to =age we/w>d f ! api>y1 h5ce _h b half a field4 ,! soil ( ! area ov] :i* ! bees rang$ 0 a light s&1 unproductive = mo/ crops1 & ! region 0 little develop$ agriculturally1 mo/ ( ! honey com+ f =e/ trees & f %rubs & wild plants gr[+ 9 old burn+s & w9dfalls1 yet #be to #cj p\nds ( excell5t honey p] colony 0 ! usual surplus obta9$4 ,at "o "t ! writ] _h an api>y 9 ! city ( ,detroit1 ,mi*41 :]e ! wide riv] on "o side cut (f ne>ly half ( ! pa/urage1 yet ! bees did w4 ,& aga9 = sev]al ye>s he _h an api>y conta9+ f #ajj to #bjj colonies ( bees on a v /]ile coa/ ( ! ,isl& ( ,cyprus1 & ano!r ne>ly z l>ge locat$ b a few rods f ! sea%ore on a rocky po9t ( ,syria4 ,bo? ( ^! api>ies 7 devot$ 9 ! ma9 to que5 re>+1 yet ! yield ( honey 0 n an unimportant item1 especially 9 ! ,syrian api>y1 :ile 9 ! ,cyprus api>y "s honey 0 frequ5tly tak51 & x 0 r>ely necess>y to fe$ ! bees = /ores4 ,9 ! latt] case ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! range 0 out (f by ! sea1 ! bees be+ locat$ at ! head ( an op5 bay & a %ort di/ance f ! %ore1 :ile ! location ( ! ,syrian api>y prev5t$ ! bees f secur+ half ( ! usual range1 h5ce _! great] prosp]ity 0 due to ! nature & quantity ( ! pa/urage ( _! limit$ range4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t no "o simil>ly locat$ ne$ be det]r$ f keep+ bees1 provid$ ! nect>-yield+ trees & plants ( ! half range are ( ! "r sort & abundant4 ,moreov]1 regions s r\gh & /]ile or s swampy z to give no enc\ragem5t to ! agriculturi/1 or ev5 to ! /ock rais]1 w (t5 yield a good income to ! bee keep]1 insignificant & app>5tly wor?less h]bs & %rubs furni%+ =age = ! bees4 ,! ability ( ! bees to range ov] areas inaccessible to o!r f>m /ock & to draw _! su/5ance f d5se =e/s :5 ! timb] is ( ! "r k9d1 & ! fre$om :i*1 because ( _! nature1 mu/ be accord$ !m to pa/ure on :atev] natural s\rces are )9 _! range ( #c or #d miles1 mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 e/imat+ ! possibilities ( a locality4 ,x w be f\nd t v few localities exi/ 9 our c\ntry :]e at lea/ a few colonies ( bees may n be kept4 ,:e!r a l>ge numb] might be pr(itably kept 9 a giv5 locality c be decid$ only by a c>eful exam9ation z to ! honey-produc+ flora )9 range ( ! api>y 7see pp4 #ab & #bf-bi74 ,! dang] ( ov]/ock+ a giv5 locality is v frequ5tly exagg]at$4 ,ea* range1 x is self-evid5t1 has a limit4 ,! writ] is1 h[ev]1 fully conv9c$1 aft] long exp]i5ce 9 num]\s localities & "u ! mo/ v>i$ circum/ances1 t ?ree or f\r times z _m colonies z are commonly consid]$ suffici5t to /ock a giv5 range may usually be kept ) a relative degree ( pr(it4 ,b to secure su* results suffici5t c>e & close obs]vation h too frequ5tly n be5 giv5 9 ! selection ( bees adapt$ to ! locality & conditions4 ,a m frequ5t failure has be5 lack ( prop] att5tion to ! individual colonies1 p>ticul>ly z to ! age & "* ( ! que5s 9 ea*4 ,! space giv5 = brood re>+ is (t5 too small1 & frequ5tly no c>e is giv5 to secure ! prop] am\nt ( brood 9 "t to insure a population ready = ea* h>ve/4 ,att5tion to ^! po9ts w\ld enable great numb]s ( bee keep]s :o n[ reg>d #ej to #ajj colonies z fully /ock+ _! range to rea* sev]al hundr$s 9 a s+le api>y1 ) slight or no dim9ution 9 ! av]age yield p] colony4 ,,! ,,returns ,,to ,,be ,,expect$ ,,f ,,an ,,api>y4 ,al?\gh apiculture is extremely fasc9at+ to mo/ p :o h a ta/e = ! /udy ( nature1 requir+1 z x does1 out-(-door life1 ) en\gh ex]cise to be ( b5efit to "o ^: ma9 occupation is s$5t>y1 ! income to be d]iv$ f x :5 rightly foll[$ is a consid]ation :i* g5]ally has "s weight & is (t5 ! *ief factor 9 lead+ "o to und]take ! c>e ( bees4 ,c]ta9ly1 :]e l>ge api>ies are plann$1 ! prime object is ! mat]ial pr(it1 = !y require mu* h>d labor & great wat*fulness1 & ! p]=mance ( ! "w at /at$ times is imp]ative1 s t 9 ?is case !re is less opportunity ?an :]e b a few colonies are kept to make a leisurely /udy ( ! natural hi/ory & habits ( ^! int]e/+ insects1 because--unless ! keep] is will+ to =ego a consid]able portion ( 8 pr(its--8 "t mu/ necess>ily be almo/ :olly tak5 up 9 att5d+ to ! mo/ app>5t wants ( 8 *>ges4 ,"o v naturally supposes t ! return f a s+le hive1 or sev]al ( !m1 9 a giv5 locality1 may be tak5 z a fair index ( :at may be expect$ ea* season4 ,su* return1 if consid]$ av]age1 may s]ve z a basis on :i* to reckon1 b z s _m conditions influ5ce x1 great diff]5ces 9 actual results-w be f\nd to occur 9 successive seasons4 ,apiculture1 l all o!r bran*es ( agriculture1 dep5ds l>gely ^u ! natural res\rces ( ! location1 & ! favorabl5ess or unfavorabl5ess ( any p>ticul> season1 no matt] h[ skillful ! managem5t1 may make great diff]5ces 9 ! ye>'s return4 ,! k1 skill1 indu/ry1 & promptness ( ! "o :o und]takes ! c>e ( ! api>y h likewise mu* to d ) ! return4 ,fur!rmore1 pr(its are ( c\rse l>gely affect$ by ! nature & proximity ( ! m>kets4 ,a mod]ate e/imate = a fairly good locality w\ld be #ce to #dj p\nds ( extract$ honey or #be p\nds ( comb honey p] colony4 ,?is presupposes good w9t]+ & an av]age season4 ,:5 two or m ( ! important honey-yield+ plants are pres5t 9 abundance & are fairly supplem5t$ by m9or miscellane\s honey plants ! locality may be consid]$ excell5t1 & an expectation ( realiz+ m ?an ! yield m5tion$ above may be ent]ta9$4 ,) extract$ honey ( good quality at its pres5t :olesale price ( #f to #h c5ts p] p\nd & comb honey at #ab to #ad c5ts1 ea* hive %\ld "u favorable circum/ances give a gross annual return ( #b4ej to #c4 ,f ?is ab\t "o-?ird is to be d$uct$ to cov] exp5ses o!r ?an ! item ( labor4 ,^! w include ! pur*ase ( comb f\ndation & sections1 repairs1 ev5tual replac+ ( hives & implem5ts1 & ! int]e/ on ! capital inve/$4 ,by locat+ 9 "s section p>ticul>ly favorable to apiculture--t is1 ne> l>ge l9d5 =e/s1 ) clov] fields )9 range1 supplem5t$ by buck:eat2 or 9 a section :]e alfalfa is rais$ = se$2 :]e mesquite1 ,cali=nia sages1 & wild buck:eat ab\nd2 :]e mangrove1 palmettos1 & titi1 or :]e s\rwood1 tulip tree1 & a/]s are pl5tiful--! net pr(its "h indicat$ may frequ5tly be d\bl$ or trebl$4 ,b ^! favor$ locations1 l all o!rs1 are also subject to rev]ses--! result ( dr\ghts1 great wet1 freezes :i* kill back ! bee pa/urage1 etc41 & ?\gh "s ye>s ! pr(its are s mu* l>g] ?an ^? nam$ above z to l5d a v roseate hue to ! outlook = ! accumulation ( weal? on ! "p ( anyone :o c possess himself ( a hundr$ or two colonies ( bees1 ! beg9n] w d well to proce$ cauti\sly1 be>+ 9 m9d t mu* exp]i5ce is necess>y to enable him to turn to ! be/ acc\nt seasons bel[ ! av]age1 :ile dur+ poor seasons x w take consid]able "u /&+ ( ! subject1 en]getic action1 & "s sacrifice to tide ov]1 )\t disa/]1 or at lea/ )\t su* great disc\ragem5t z to cause neglect & loss ( fai? 9 ! bus9ess4 ,on ! :ole1 !re %\ld be expect$ f ! rais+ ( bees = any purpose :atev] only fair pay = "o's "t1 good int]e/ on ! money inve/$1 & a suffici5t m>g9 to cov] cont+5cies4 ,) no great] expectations f x ?an ?is1 & :]e intellig5ce directs ! "w1 apiculture w be f\nd1 9 ! long run1 to rank among ! be/ & safe/ ( rural indu/ries4 ,! value ( bees 9 ! poll9ation ( v>i\s fruit & se$ crops is (t5 suffici5t reason to w>rant ! keep+ ( a small api>y1 ev5 if circum/ances d n favor its managem5t 9 su* a mann] z to secure ! l>ge/ possible crops ( honey or to insure ! sav+ ( all sw>ms4 ,! quality & quantity ( _m v>ieties ( apples1 pe>s1 plums1 & small fruits dep5d absolutely ^u complete cross-poll9ation4 ,! mo/ active ag5ts 9 ?is "w are honey bees4 ,,anyone ,,:o ,,desires ,,to ,,d ,,s ,,c ,,le>n ,,to ,,manipulate ,,bees4 ,any p]son ) fairly /eady n]ves & "s pati5ce & c\rage c easily le>n to control & manipulate bees4 ,!re are1 x is true1 a few exceptional individuals ^: sy/ems are p>ticul>ly susceptible to ! poison inject$ by ! bee1 s mu* s t s]i\s effects foll[ a s+le /+4 ,su* cases are1 h[ev]1 v r>e4 ,9 mo/ in/ances :]e c>e is n tak5 to avoid all /+s ! sy/em ev5tually becomes accu/om$ to ! poison1 s t beyond mom5t>y pa9 a /+ causes no inconv5i5ce4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ! belief exi/s t bees h1 )\t app>5t cause1 a viol5t dislike = "s p1 :ile o!rs1 )\t any ef=t1 are receiv$ into _! favor4 ,! latt] "p ( ?is proposition has a bett] f\ndation ?an ! fir/ "p1 = x is ! actions1 r ?an any peculi>ity ( ! individual himself1 t ang] ! bees4 ,bees pref]1 ( c\rse1 n to be di/urb$2 h5ce !y usually keep gu>ds on ! look\t = intrud]s4 ,:5 visitors approa* ! hives ^! gu>ds are v apt to fly t[>d !m z if to inquire :e!r h>m is int5d$ or n1 & %\ld ! visitor n inspire !m ) fe> by us+ smoke or "s simil> means1 b %\ld himself %[ fe> & n]v\sness1 he w be v likely to ar\se _! suspicions /ill fur!r1 or ev5 to ang] !m %\ld he /rike at !m or endeavor to dodge _! approa*4 ,inde$1 "o n accu/om$ to ! notes ( bees is v likely1 unconsci\sly1 to dodge 8 head ab\t :5 a work] buzzes uncom=tably close to 8 face4 ,x may be a movem5t ( b an in* or two1 b p]haps a quick j]k1 & be+ notic$ by ! suspici\s gu>d is res5t$2 a /+ foll[s1 & yet ! recipi5t decl>es t he did no?+ to cause ! attack1 b t bees m]ely hate him & always /+ him :5 he approa*es !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an equally unprotect$ p]son :o moves ab\t ) delib]ation may g5]ally1 "u ! same circum/ances1 be let (f )\t receiv+ a /+4 ,x is 9 ?is case n s mu* :at he does z :at he does n d4 ,x is n to be und]/ood t bees w always refra9 f /++ if "o rema9s some:at passive 9 ! vic9ity ( _! hives1 = ! fact is t at "s seasons common black bees & crosses hav+ blood ( ?is race fly "s di/ance to attack pass]s-by1 or ev51 )\t j provocation & ) b slight w>n+1 to plant a /+ 9 ! face ( "o :o is /&+ ne> ! api>y4 ,b z ! avoidance ( su* unpleasant occurr5ces dep5ds l>gely ^u ! k9d ( bees kept1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ^u an acqua9tance ) a few facts ) :i* anyone ( intellig5ce may easily famili>ize himself1 & ! obs]vance ( c]ta9 precautions :i* are q simple & aft] a little practice w become easy1 & z ! op5+ & manipulation ( hives 9 secur+ honey1 etc41 is equally simple & att5d$ ) no great] risks1 x is safe to say t almo/ anyone c1 ) p]sev]ance & ! ex]cise ( due caution1 le>n to manipulate bees ) p]fect fre$om & )\t s]i\s risk ( be+ /ung4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,avoid ,,/+s4 ,/+s c be avoid$1 fir/1 by hav+ g5tle bees4 ,if no o!r po9t ( sup]iority ov] ! common br[n or black bee ?an t ( g5tl5ess c\ld be fairly claim$ = "s ( ! races introduc$ & "s ( ! /ra9s develop$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 x w\ld /ill be wor? :ile to get !m on ?is acc\nt alone4 ,:5 ! fact ( sup]iority 9 sev]al o!r important po9ts is consid]$ also1 !re %\ld be no fur!r "q z to ! advisability ( procur+ !m 9 pref]5ce to ! common v>iety4 ,! beg9n] is advis$ nev] to ?9k ( do+ o!rwise4 ,no "o likes /+s1 & ev5 ! vet]an :o affects ins5sibility to ! wra? ( 8 *>ges w f9d 8 int]e/ & pleasure 9 !m mu* increas$ by replac+ blacks & _! crosses ) bett] v>ieties4 ,nor is ?is m]ely to gratify a fancy or = conv5i5ce alone4 ,if1 by reason ( ! /++ qualities ( ! bees kept1 an exam9ation = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! condition ( a colony ( bees becomes a disagreeable task to ! "o :o c>es = ! api>y1 little ?+s necess>y to ! welf>e ( ! colonies w be po/pon$ or omitt$ altoge!r & ! api>y w soon pres5t a neglect$ appe>ance1 & ! actual pr(its w be affect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,! ,b+ham bee smok]4 ,( ! races already 9 g5]al cultivation1 ,c>niolans are ! g5tle/1 al?\gh ,caucasians1 m rec5tly introduc$ f s\?-ea/]n ,russia & only n[ be+ put on sale1 are by f> ! lea/ incl9$ to /+ ( any bees1 & may be h&l$ at all times )\t resort+ to ! protection ( a bee veil1 & g5]ally )\t smoke1 or at mo/ a v slight application ( smoke4 ,"s /ra9s ( ,italians equal 9 g5tl5ess av]age ,c>niolans1 b 9 g5]al ! race native to ,italy is by no means z g5tle z t f\nd 9 ,c>niola1 ,au/ria1 & ! ,caucasians are mu* to be pref]r$ = ! beg9n]4 ,9 case ^! g5tl] races are n easily procurable he ne$ n hesitate1 h[ev]1 to und]take1 aft] adopt+ due precautions1 ! manipulation ( pure ,italians4 ,9 cross+ well-e/abli%$ bre$s ! males ( a g5tle race %\ld be us$1 o!rwise ! work]s ( ! cross may v>y greatly 9 temp]1 especially 9 ! fir/ few g5]ations4 ,only c>eful selection cont9u$ = "s "t w s fix ! desirable traits z to result 9 _! reproduction ) a fair degree ( c]ta9ty 9 ! (fspr+4 ,bees hav+ ! blood ( blacks & ,italians are ne>ly always q vici\s 9 ! case ( ! fir/ cross1 & are ev5 h>d] to subdue ) smoke ?an are pure blacks4 ,o!r races ne$ n be consid]$ "h1 z !y are adapt$ to special purposes2 & ! skill ( ! bee-ma/]1 ! conditions ( climate1 flora1 etc41 & ! p>ticul> l9e ( production to be foll[$1 %\ld decide :e!r _! introduction is advisable or n4,b ,b ,= a full] discussion ( ?is subject1 see ,! ,honey ,bee3 ,a ,manual ( ,in/ruction 9 ,apiculture1 by ,frank ,b5ton1 ,m4 ,s41 ,bullet9 ,no4 #a1 new s]ies1 ,bureau ( ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 ?ird edition1 #ahii1 ,*ap4 ,i1 pp4 #aa-ah4 ,! second ess5tial to enable "o to avoid /+s is to h a good smok] at h& :5ev] ! bees are to be h&l$4 ,any way ( gett+ smoke ( any k9d into ! hive & ab\t x may answ] ! purpose1 b = ease & effectiv5ess 9 keep+ bees "u control no?+ w take ! place ( ! mod]n bell[s smok] 7fig4 #a74 ,a good "o la/s ye>s1 & its co/ is s slight 7#a to #a4be = ! m$ium sizes7 t ! exp5diture may be consid]$ "o ( ! wise/ t c be made 9 fitt+ up an api>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,bee veil4 ,a veil 7fig4 #b71 made ( black bob9et or ,brussels net1 to draw ov] ! hat1 & a pair ( gloves1 pref]ably ( rubb]1 may be us$ at fir/4 ,b :oev] has fairly peaceable bees & le>ns ev5 a little ab\t _! ways w soon disc>d ! gloves1 unless1 inde$1 he be exce$+ly timid1 or "o ( ^? to :om a bee /+ w\ld be a dreadful affliction4 ,! veil c be safely disp5s$ ) if ! g5tle/ bees are kept4 ,simple & conv5i5t hives1 employ+ ! ,lang/ro? pr9ciple1 & ) /ories & frames int]*angeable & s con/ruct$ z to r$uce propolization to a m9imum & to insure /raight combs1 w mu* facilitate ! avoidance ( /+s4 ,! use ( ! bee escape 7fig4 #c7 9 remov+ surplus honey greatly r$uces ! risk ( be+ /ung dur+ ?is op]ation1 = x saves mu* manipulation ( combs & %ak+ & bru%+ ( bees4 ,?is useful device is fitt$ into a slot made 9 a bo>d ! same size z ! top ( ! hive1 & ! :ole1 :5 slipp$ 9 betwe5 ! brood ap>tm5t & an upp] /ory or sup]1 w p]mit all ( ! work]s above to g d[n into ! l[] /ory b n to return to ! top above to g d[n into ! l[] /ory1 b n to return to ! top "o1 s t 9 "o night x is possible to free entirely a set ( combs f bees )\t any manipulation ( ! combs1 & )\t smok+1 %ak+1 or bru%+ ! bees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,! ,port] spr+ bee escape4 ,la/ly1 reasonable c>e 9 manipulation & a suitable sy/em ( managem5t1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 implies ! do+ ( "w 9 prop] season1 w1 ) ! obs]vance ( ! =ego+ po9ts1 make ! risk ( /+s exce$+ly slight4 ,inde$1 intellig5t att5tion to ! mo/ important ( ! po9ts m5tion$ above1 ) extra g5tl5ess & mod]ation 9 manipulation1 w enable anyone :o s desires to avoid all /+s4 ,,:at ,,race ,,( ,,bees ,,to ,,*oose4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! relative g5tl5ess ( ! v>i\s races1 & s9ce ! g5tl] types are !mselves excell5t honey ga!r]s1 & ! p>ticul> advantages to be d]iv$ f "s ( ! m en]getic races :i* d n happ5 to be s mild 9 temp]am5t are n likely to be secur$ by ! beg9n] :o is unfamili> ) ! mo/ approv$ me?ods ( manipulation ( su* bees1 x is /rongly recomm5d$ t only ! g5tle ones be at fir/ adopt$--ei!r ,caucasians1 ,c>niolans1 or ,italians4 ,%\ld full colonies ( ^! n be obta9able ne> home1 colonies ( ord9>y bees may be *ang$ by replac+ _! que5s ) que5s ( ! desir$ race1 ! latt] hav+ be5 procur$ 9 small boxes by mail4 ,if possible ! introduction _h bett] be made by an exp]t1 al?\gh 9 g5]al1 by foll[+ ! in/ructions :i* accompany ! new que51 success w also be atta9$ by ! beg9n]4 ,a brief summ>y ( ! lead+ traits ( ! v>i\s races n[ 9 ?is c\ntry w be ( use 9 guid+ ! pur*as]1 z well z in/ructive to him = ref]5ce4 ,caucasians are natives ( t portion ( ,russia ly+ betwe5 ! ,black & ,caspian seas1 are exce$+ly g5tle1 good work]s1 good def5d]s ( _! hives1 prolific1 build _m que5 cells1 & sw>m (t5 if conf9$ to small hives4 ,! work]s are d>k lead5 gray 9 _! g5]al color1 & pres5t q a r+$ appe>ance because ( ! alt]nation ( ?is d>k color ) ! light] fuzz :i* edges ! segm5ts ( ! abdom54 ,!y also %[ frequ5tly "o to two yell[ or lea!r-color$ b&s1 are some:at small] bodi$ ?an ,italians or ,c>niolans1 h good w+-expanse1 & h5ce are nimble fly]s4 ,! drones are r small & q d>k 9 color2 que5s n l>ge1 & v>y 9 color f a copp]y-yell[ to a d>k bronze4 ,c>niolans are mu* l>g] bodi$ & some:at light] gray 9 color ?an ! ,caucasians1 b %[ likewise 9 _m in/ances "o or two ru/y or d>k-r$ b&s4 ,_! great h>d9ess & excell5t w+-p[] enable !m to fly freely 9 mu* cool] wea!r ?an "s o!r races /&1 & to rega9 _! hive entrances "u adv]se conditions4 ,!y are prolific1 active1 & good honey ga!r]s1 produc+ combs ( sn[y :it5ess4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,caucasians1 _! prolificness causes !m to fill small hives to ov]fl[+ ) bees1 & ?is naturally results 9 num]\s sw>ms4 ,x is !re=e advisable to use hives conta9+ t5 to twelve frames 9 ! brood *amb]4 ,! nature ( ! ,c>niolans is ess5tially a quiet "o1 s t ^u ! approa* ( cold wea!r !y settle d[n 9 a v compact & extremely quiet clu/]1 a condition :i* contributes 9 no small degree to _! excell5t w9t]+ qualities4 ,! drones are ! l>ge/ ( all drones ( ?is species1 & are cov]$ ) a ?ick coat ( gray fuzz4 ,! que5s v>y f a light color to a v d>k lea!r color1 ! typical que5 be+1 h[ev]1 d>k bronze1 l>ge1 well r\nd$1 /rong1 & active4 ,italians1 ! fir/ ( ! =eign races to be introduc$ into ?is c\ntry1 are mu* m widely kn[n1 & h ) reason f\nd great favor1 s9ce !y are indu/ri\s1 good def5d]s ( _! hives1 & excell5t honey ga!r]s1 z well z h&some 9 appe>ance1 be+ usually ev5ly m>k$ ) ?ree yell[ b&s across ! ant]ior portion ( ! abdom54 ,! blood has become s dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! api>ies ( ! c\ntry t _m hybrid bees hav+ b "o to two yell[ b&s are c\nt$ z ,italians1 & _! cross disposition1 d]iv$ ?r\gh ! males ( ! common race1 is *>g$ to ! ,italians4 ,/ra9s ( ,italians pure 9 blood h be5 br$ by selection 9 ?is c\ntry until ! ?ree yell[ b&s h become s wide z to be ne>ly or q jo9$1 & 9 "s in/ances ne>ly ! :ole abdom5 is yell[4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 z reg>ds ga!r+ p[]s x does n seem t any improvem5t has be5 made by ?is selection1 ! d>k or lea!r-color$ ,italians prov+1 all 9 all1 m vigor\s1 g5tle1 & bett] honey ga!r]s1 :ile z reg>ds w9t]+ !y are also sup]ior4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,italian race is slightly inf]ior 9 w9t]+ qualities to all ( ! o!rs :i* h be5 g5]ally introduc$ into ,am]ica4 ,cyprians1 f ! isl& ( ,cyprus1 may be tak5 z a g5]al type ) :i* to comp>e o!r ea/]n races4 ,!y are small bodi$1 m sl5d]1 9 fact1 ?an any ( ! ,european races ( bees4 ,! abdom5 is m po9t$ & %[s1 :5 ! bees are purely br$1 ?ree light-color$ b&s on ! upp] surface1 & consid]able yell[ on ! "u side4 ,betwe5 ! w+ atta*m5ts on ! ?orax is a little prom95ce1 %ap$ l a half moon1 :i* is usually q pla9ly yell[ 9 color4 ,! que5s are small bodi$1 yell[ 9 color1 ) m or less black at ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,! drones h a heavy coat ( fuzz on ! ?orax1 & ! abdom5 pres5ts a mottl$ yell[ appe>ance1 be+ (t5 highly yell[4 ,cyprians possess long] tongues & great] w+-p[] ?an o!r races4 ,?is1 comb9$ ) great prolificness & mo/ rem>kable activity1 r5d]s !m ! be/ ( honey ga!r]s4 ,9 temp]1 h[ev]1 !y may be reg>d$ z r aggressive1 r5d]+ _! managem5t by any :o are n exp]ts extremely difficult4 ,?is feature may1 h[ev]1 be l>gely ov]come by cross+ ! que5s ( ?is race ) ! drones ( v g5tle types4 ,9 ?is mann] bees are produc$ t are readily am5able to smoke & ord9>y me?ods 9 manipulation1 comb9$ ) ! excell5t honey-ga!r+ p[]s & prolificness ( ! ea/]n races4 ,cyprio-,c>niolans & ,cyprio-,caucasians4--,! au?or conceiv$ ! idea 9 ! e>ly eighties t by cross+ ! ,cyprian & ,c>niolan races a type might be develop$ :i* w\ld comb9e ! excell5t traits ( bo? ( ^!4 ,! fir/ mat+s ( ,cyprians & ,c>niolans 7 made by him 9 #ahhc 9 ,c>niola itself1 ?us insur+ positively ! fecundation ( ! ,cyprian que5s by ,c>niolan drones4 ,bees comb9+ ! blood ( ! two races 9 v>i\s proportions h s9ce be5 te/$ = ye>s 9 comp>ison ) all o!r kn[n races1 ) ! result t ! cross m5tion$ above has be5 f\nd to exce$ all ( ! pure races 9 honey-ga!r+ p[]s1 ow+ und\bt$ly to ! comb9ation ( great en]gy1 h>d9ess1 prolificness1 & w+-p[]1 z well z great] l5g? ( tongue--a fact e/abli%$ by actual measurem5ts4 ,simil> results1 ) ev5 great] g5tl5ess1 may be expect$ f ! cross obta9$ betwe5 ,cyprian que5s & ,caucasian drones4 ,syrian & ,pale/9e or ,holy-,l& bees4--,:at has be5 said ( ,cyprians may be tak5 to apply 9 a g5]al s5se to ,syrian & ,pale/9e bees1 except t 9 ^! ! good qualities are slightly less prom95t1 :ile "s ( ! bad ones ( ! ,cyprians are acc5tuat$4 ,no sep>ate description ( ^! is1 !re=e1 p>ticul>ly necess>y 9 ?is place4 ,g]man1 ,common ,black1 or ,br[n bees4--,! bees commonly f\nd wild1 & cultivat$ to a great] or less ext5t1 9 ?is c\ntry1 & kn[n "u ! above "n1 are probably d]iv$ f e>ly introductions f ! ,old ,_w4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! races above enum]at$1 !y may be said to be inf]ior1 s9ce !y possess ! lea/ en]gy 9 honey collect+1 are less prolific1 & n z good def5d]s ( _! hives4 ,"u favorable conditions1 h[ev]1 z reg>ds pa/urage !y may be reli$ ^u = excell5t results4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 spiteful "u manipulation1 & h ! disagreeable habit ( runn+ f ! combs & dropp+ 9 bun*es on ! gr\nd1 likewise ( fly+ f ! hive entrance & attack+ pass]s-by4 ,!y are m easily disc\rag$ ?an o!r bees dur+ slack times z reg>ds honey production1 & ?is is d\btless ! ma9 reason = _! g5]ally inf]ior economic value4 ,,:at ,,hive ,,to ,,adopt4 ,! susp5d$ ,lang/ro? frame is us$ m ?an any o!r frame among ,engli%-speak+ bee keep]s4 ,x is safe to say t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ejj hives are made & us$ :i* are ess5tially ,lang/ro? 9 pr9ciple to "o frame hive ( any o!r k9d :atev]4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 ,au/ralia1 & ,new ,zeal& ! proportion ( frames on ! ,lang/ro? pr9ciple 9 use is probably ev5 great]1 sc>cely any o!r frame hives be+ employ$4 ,! success ( ,am]ican bee culture 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s 0 fir/ attribut$ by ,european bee keep]s to ! honey-produc+ p[] ( ! c\ntry2 b ! mo/ intellig5t api>i/s :o h tri$ ! ,am]ican me?ods ) ! ,lang/ro? hive n[ recognize t success is pr9cipally due to ! manipulations t x p]mits4 7,! ,hive & ,honey ,bee1 revis$1 #ahhh1 page #ade47 ,we c pr$ict1 & )\t any fe> ( mi/ake1 t ! pr9ciples on :i* ! ,lang/ro? hive is bas$ w be admitt$ soon] or lat] by ! mo/ progressive bee keep]s ( ! _w4 7,revue ,int]nationale d',apiculture 7,switz]l&71 ,septemb]1 #ahhe1 edit$ by ,ed\>d ,b]tr&47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,lang/ro? hive ) two half-dep? sup]s = surplus honey4 ,!re be+ no pat5t on ! ,lang/ro? hive1 & accurately made hives be+ obta9able at mod]ate prices f hive factories 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 x is tak5 = grant$ t ! ent]pris+ beg9n] w adopt a simple =m embody+ ?is pr9ciple--! loose-fitt+1 susp5d$ comb frame--z its ma9 feature4 ,! hive %\ld n only be sub/antially built1 b %\ld h accurate bee-spaces & a close-fitt+1 ra9-pro( cov] or ro(4 ,factory-made hives1 z a rule1 be/ meet ^! requirem5ts1 z bo? lock jo9ts & halv$ corn]s c only be made to advantage by ma*9]y1 & ! exp]t hive build] und]/&s1 ( c\rse1 ! absolute necessity ( great accuracy 9 bee-spaces1 z well z ! great desirability ( good mat]ial & workman%ip 7figs4 #d1 #e1 & #aa74 ,provision %\ld also be made = w9t] protection4 7,see pages #ci-da47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,! ,lang/ro? hive--,dadant-,qu9by =m--cross section %[+ con/ruction4 ,= comb honey1 hives p]mitt+ ! ins]tion 9 ! brood ap>tm5t ( any numb] ( frames up to eight1 or frequ5tly up to t51 are mo/ 9 use4 ,9 secur+ extract$ honey1 ^? ) t5 to twelve frames 9 ea* /ory are pref]able1 & z _m /ories1 "o above ! o!r1 are employ$ z ! /r5g? ( ! colony & a giv5 h>ve/ may require4 ,a con/ruction1 !re=e1 :i* readily admits ( expansion & ( contraction1 z occasion dem&s1 is desirable4 ,m5tion %\ld be made ( a hive ( q diff]5t con/ruction1 a prom95t feature ( :i* is ?is ease ( contraction & expansion4 ,x is ! la/ hive :i* ! late ,m4 ,qu9by gave to ! public--! ,qu9by clos$-end frame hive 7fig4 #f74 ,?is hive is us$ ) great success by c]ta9 ,am]ican bee keep]s ( long exp]i5ce & ^: api>ies are among ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,qu9by clos$-end frames4 ,,managem5t ,,9 ,,sw>m+4 ,,natural ,,sw>m+4 ,:5 a sw>m is se5 issu+ or 9 ! air1 ! be/ ?+ to d is1 9 g5]al1 simply to wait a bit4 ,! wea!r is usually r w>m !n1 & ru%+ ab\t to get t9 pans1 d9n] gongs1 spray+ outfits1 etc41 aside f its disagreeabl5ess1 may get "o s excit$ & into su* a p]spiration z to unfit him to d ) ! bees t :i* is likely to be necess>y a few m9utes lat]4 ,! bees w probably ga!r 9 a clump on a tree or bu% ne> ! api>y1 & h[ev] =midable gett+ !m into ! hive may at fir/ seem1 no?+ w be simpl] ?an %ak+ !m into _! new hive1 or into a basket or box1 f :i* !y may be p\r$ 9 front ( ! hive1 j z "o w\ld p\r out a measure ( :eat or beans4 ,if any /ick to ! basket or box1 inv]t x & give a %>p ?ump ) "o edge aga9/ ! gr\nd4 ,if ! hive has be5 /&+ 9 ! %ade s t ! bo>ds compos+ x are n heat$1 & if x be n[ well %ad$ & pl5ty ( v5tilation be giv5 above & bel[1 ! bees are almo/ c]ta9 to take possession at once & beg9 "w actively4 ,! secur+ ( sw>ms c be made1 h[ev]1 ev5 simpl] ?an ?is by hav+ ! colonies plac$ sev]al feet ap>t on a smoo? lawn or doory>d & clipp+ "o w+ ( ea* lay+ que5 s z to prev5t h] fly+4 ,! prime or fir/ sw>m f ea* hive is accompani$ by ! old que51 & if %e be clipp$ %e w ( c\rse fall f ! alight+ bo>d to ! gr\nd & may be secur$ 9 a cage4 ,! bees w circle ab\t a few times & return4 ,mean:ile ! only ?+ = ! att5dant to d is to replace ! p>5t colony by an empty hive4 ,! return+ bees w ent] ! latt] & ! que5 may be all[$ to g 9 ) !m1 ! cage be+ plac$ ) its op5 end directly aga9/ ! entrance to insure ?is4 ,! sw>m is ?us made to hive itself4 ,! p>5t colony remov$ to a new /& a rod or m away w r>ely give a second sw>m4 ,b to make c]ta9 all que5 cells except "o may be cut out f\r or five days aft] ! issuance ( ! fir/ sw>m4 ,at ! same "t "o-?ird to "o-half ( ! rema9+ bee's ( ! remov$ colony may be %ak5 at ! entrance ( ! hive conta9+ ! sw>m4 ,?is r$uces ! population ( ! p>5t colony greatly1 b ! loss is soon made good by ! "y work]s em]g+ daily1 & ! new que5 :i* w issue f ! s+le que5 cell1 sp>$ :5 cutt+ out cells1 w soon re/ock ! hive ) brood4 ,! %ak+ out ( additional bees1 c\pl$ ) ! removal ( all que5 cells b "o1 w prev5t = ! "t all fur!r sw>m+ f ! giv5 hive1 & 9 mo/ in/ances end x = ! season4 ,! bees ?us add$ to ! newly hiv$ sw>m1 ev5 ?\gh too "y to ent] ! field at once z honey ga!r]s1 w nev]!less release f inside "w an equal numb] ( old] bees1 enabl+ ! latt] to g out z field bees4 ,ea* aft]-sw>m 7second1 ?ird1 etc471 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 is accompani$ by "o or m unimpregnat$ que5s1 & ^! mu/ n be clipp$ until !y h fl[n out & mat$4 ,! regul> deposition ( eggs 9 work] cells may ne>ly always be reg>d$ z a safe sign t mat+ has tak5 place4 ,eggs w usually be f\nd 9 su* cells )9 ! fir/ t5 days ( ! que5's life4 ,aft]-sw>ms may rema9 9 ! air1 circl+ ab\t = "s "t1 & !y frequ5tly clu/] high--a good reason1 9 addition to ! m important fact t _! issuance is n consi/5t ) ! production ( ! mo/ surplus honey1 = ! prev5tion ( all aft]-sw>m+4 ,,artificial ,,sw>m+4 ,:]e an increase ( colonies is desir$1 & 9 case no "o c be ne> ! api>y to c>e = natural sw>ms ) clipp$ que5s1 "s "o ( ! artificial me?ods ( =m+ new colonies may be advantage\sly employ$4 ,natural sw>m+ is1 h[ev]1 to be pref]r$ to a poor sy/em ( artificial increase4 ,& no matt] :i* ( ! artificial me?ods be adopt$1 x %\ld be cauti\sly foll[$1 le/1 %\ld unfavorable wea!r appe> sudd5ly1 consid]able labor & exp5se be incurr$ to prev5t disa/r\s results4 ,x is also ( prime importance n to weak5 mat]ially ! ga!r+ p[]s ( /rong colonies j at ! op5+ ( ! h>ve/ or dur+ its progress2 h5ce1 :atev] division takes place !n mu/ leave ! field =ce--! ga!r]s--9 "o mass & 9 normal condition = "w1 t is1 n disc\rag$ by be+ que5less1 & n ov]burd5$ by hav+ brood )\t a suffici5t numb] ( nurse bees to c>e = x4 ,divid+4--,a plan :i* fulfills ^! conditions is ! foll[+3 ,f a popul\s colony a comb or two ) adh]+ bees & ! que5 may be tak5 & plac$ 9 a new hive1 :i*1 :5 o!r frames ) />t]s h be5 add$1 is !n to be put on ! /& ( ! popul\s colony f :i* ! combs 7 tak54 ,! remov$ colony is to be tak5 a rod or m f its old /&1 s t ! flight bees return+ f ! field w ent] ! newly e/abli%$ colony4 ,! old colony may be giv5 a lay+ que5 or a mature que5 cell a day or two lat] ,?is f9i%es ! "w 9 a %ort "t4 ,nucleus sy/em4--,a bett] plan1 ?\gh n s quickly complet$1 is to take f ! popul\s colony only en\gh bees & combs to make a fair nucleus on a new /&4 ,a que5 is easily & safely introduc$ into ?is nucleus1 or a que5 cell is readily accept$ a day or two lat]4 ,z soon z ! "y que5 has begun egg lay+1 combs ( em]g+ brood may be add$ f "t to "t4 ,^! may be obta9$ f any popul\s colonies ^: t5d5cy to sw>m x is desirable to *eck1 ! bees adh]+ to !m :5 !y are remov$ be+ 9 all in/ances bru%$ back into _! own hive4 ,) fair pa/urage ! nucleus w soon be able to build combs & may be giv5 frames ( comb f\ndation1 or1 if ! que5 be ( ! curr5t ye>'s rais+1 frames ) n>r[ /rips ( f\ndation z guides may be ins]t$1 s9ce all combs con/ruct$ by ! nucleus w be compos$ ( work] cells4 ,%ak5 or bru%$ sw>ms4--,! practice ( %ak+ or bru%+ bees f ! combs ( popul\s colonies into new hives to =m artificial or =c$ sw>ms has be5 practic$ = _m ye>s1 to a limit$ ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry & m l>gely abroad4 ,z e>ly1 at lea/1 z #ahgb ! late ,c4 ,j4 ,h4 ,grav5hor/1 ! editor ( ,die ,illu/ri]te ,bi55zeitung1 au?or ( ,d] ,praktis*e ,imk]1 & inv5tor ( ! ,bog5/uelp] hive1 made artificial sw>ms 9 ?is mann]4 ,8 articles l$ ! au?or to exp]im5t 9 ?is l9e & f9ally to settle ^u ! plan ( plac+ colonies design$ = honey production 9 pairs 9 ! api>y &1 aft] hav+ br\ght !m up to a suitable /r5g?1 %ak+ or bru%+ mo/ ( ! bees ( ! two into a ?ird hive at ! approa* ( ! ma9 honey fl[1 "o que5 be+ all[$ to ent] ! new hive ) ! %ak5 sw>m4 ,! latt] is to be plac$ on ! old /& midway 9 position betwe5 ! spots previ\sly occupi$ by ! p>5t colonies1 ^! hav+ be5 remov$ "s di/ance1 to be manag$ !reaft] z colonies t h sw>m$4 ,! newly %ak5 sw>m is to receive comb f\ndation />t]s 9 ! frames & )9 a day or two surplus receptacles = honey4 ,9 case1 h[ev]1 drawn combs be us$ 9 ! sup]1 !re _h bett] be "o or two frames 9 ! brood ap>tm5t p>tly fill$ ) complet$ comb to hold ! fir/ poll5 collect$4 ,! %ak+ or bru%+ %\ld be done t[>d ! latt] "p ( ! day & dur+ a "t :5 new honey is com+ 91 or 9 ! abs5ce ( ! latt] lib]al fe$+ %\ld prec$e ! %ak+ & be kept up until ! />t ( ! honey fl[4 ,! %ak5 sw>m is ?us br\ght into q ! same condition z usually obta9s 9 ! case ( a natural sw>m4 ,x is able to s5d out a /rong ga!r+ =ce at once & w /ore honey rapidly4 ,! increase ( #ej p] c5t is z l>ge z is consi/5t ) ! secur+ ( ! be/ honey yield4 ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,sw>m+4 ,"u ! conditions mo/ frequ5tly occurr+1 h[ev]--t is1 :]e x is n practicable to be pres5t at all times dur+ ! sw>m+ season1 or :]e ! desir$ numb] ( colonies has be5 atta9$--a sy/em ( managem5t is advisable :i* 9 g5]al contemplates ! prev5tion1 9 s f> z possible1 ( ! issuance ( sw>ms )\t at ! same "t int]f]+ ) honey /or+4 ,! p>agraphs foll[+ on ?is subject are tak5 f ! ,dep>tm5t publication ,! ,honey ,bee1 cit$ on page #ae1 footnote3 ,! mo/ commonly practic$ & easily appli$ prev5tive measure is t ( giv+ abundant room = /orage ( honey4 ,?is to be effective %\ld be giv5 e>ly 9 ! season1 be=e ! bees get fairly into ! sw>m+ notion1 & ! honey %\ld be remov$ frequ5tly1 unless additional empty combs c be giv5 9 ! case ( colonies manag$ = extract$ honey1 :ile ^? /or+ 9 sections %\ld be giv5 additional sup]s be=e ^? already on are complet$4 ,) colonies run = comb honey x is n s easy to keep d[n sw>m+ z 9 ^? run = extract$ honey & kept suppli$ ) empty comb4 ,free v5tilation & %ad+ ( ! hives z soon z w>m days come w also t5d t[>d prev5tion4 ,op5+ ! hives once or twice weekly & de/roy+ all que5 cells t h be5 comm5c$ w *eck sw>m+ = a "t 9 _m in/ances1 & is a plan :i* seems v ?or\gh & ! mo/ plausible ( any to beg9n]s4 ,b sometimes sw>ms issue )\t wait+ to =m cells2 x is also v difficult to f9d all cells )\t %ak+ ! bees f ea* comb 9 succession1 an op]ation :i*1 besides consum+ mu* "t1 is v labori\s :5 sup]s h to be remov$1 & greatly di/urbs ! labors ( ! bees4 ,if b "o cell is ov]look$ ! colony w /ill sw>m4 ,! plan !re=e leaves at be/ mu* to be desir$1 & is 9 g5]al n wor? ! ef=t x co/s & c n be dep5d$ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,! ,simm9s nonsw>m+ sy/em--s+le-/ory hive ) sup]s3 bc1 brood *amb]2 sc1 sup]s2 /1 />t]s ( f\ndation2 e1 entrance4 ,deque5+4--,! removal ( a que5 at ! op5+ ( a sw>m+ season int]f]es1 ( c\rse1 ) ! plans ( ! bees1 & !y w !n delay sw>m+ until !y get a "y que54 ,!n1 if ! bee keep] de/roys all que5 cells be=e ! t5? day1 sw>m+ w aga9 be *eck$4 ,b to prev5t sw>m+ by keep+ colonies que5less long] ?an a few days at mo/ is to atta9 a c]ta9 desir$ result at a disproportionate co/1 = ! bees w n /ore dilig5tly :5 fir/ made que5less1 & ! :ole yield ( honey1 especially if ! fl[ is ext5d$ ov] "s "t1 or o!r yields come lat] 9 ! season1 is likely or ev5 ne>ly sure to be less f su* colonies1 :ile ! int]ruption to brood ro>+ may decimate ! colony & prove v disa/r\s to x4 ,! plan is !re=e n to be comm5d$4 ,reque5+4--,q ! opposite ( ?is1 & m efficaci\s 9 ! prev5tion ( sw>m+1 is ! practice ( replac+ ! old que5 e>ly 9 ! season ) a "y "o ( ! same season's rais+1 produc$1 p]haps1 9 ! ,s\? be=e x is possible to re> que5s 9 ! ,nor?4 ,su* que5s are n likely to sw>m dur+ ! fir/ season1 &1 z !y are vigor\s lay]s1 ! hive w be well populat$ at all times & ?us ready = any h>ve/4 ,?is is important1 inasmu* z a fl[ ( honey may come unexpect$ly f "s plant ord9>ily n c\nt$ ^u2 & also1 s9ce ! conditions ess5tial to ! developm5t ( ! v>i\s honey-yield+ plants diff] greatly1 _! "t & succession ( honey yield w also diff] ) ! season ! same z ! quantity may v>y4 ,"y que5s are also safe/ to head ! colonies = ! w9t]4 ,! plan is conducive to ! highe/ prosp]ity ( ! colonies1 & is consi/5t ) ! secur+ ( ! l>ge/ av]age yield ( honey1 s9ce1 besides giv+ !m vigor\s lay]s1 x g5]ally keeps ! population toge!r 9 p[]ful colonies4 ,x is !re=e to be comm5d$ on all acc\nts z be+ 9 l9e ) ! mo/ progressive managem5t1 )\t at ! same "t int]f]+ ) ! application ( o!r prev5tive measures4 ,space ne> entrances4--,arrang+ frames ) />t]s1 or combs m]ely begun1 betwe5 ! brood ne/ & ! flight hole ( ! hive1 :ile ! bees are giv5 /or+ space above or back ( ! brood ne/ 7figs4 #g & #h71 is a plan /rongly recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,samuel ,simm9s1 ( ,engl&1 & :i* has come to be kn[n z ! ,simm9s nonsw>m+ me?od1 "s features ( x & ! comb9ation into a well-def9$ me?od hav+ be5 orig9al ) him4 ,x is an excell5t prev5tive measure1 ?\gh n inv>iably successful1 ev5 :5 ! di/9ctive features br\ght =w>d prom95tly by ,mr4 ,simm9s--empty space betwe5 ! brood combs & entrance1 toge!r ) ! employm5t ( drawn combs 9 ! sup]s--are supplem5t$ by o!r measures already m5tion$2 b :51 9 addition to ! space betwe5 ! brood & ! flight hole1 ! precaution be tak5 to get sup]s on 9 "t1 to v5tilate ! hive well1 & to keep que5s n ov] two ye>s old1 sw>m+ w be v limit$4 ,if to ^! precautions be add$ t ( sub/itut+ = ! old que5s "y ones ( ! curr5t season's rais+1 be=e sw>m+ has begun1 practical immunity f sw>m+ is g5]ally insur$4 ,selection 9 bre$+4--,"s races ( bees %[ great] incl9ation ?an o!rs t[>d sw>m+1 & ! same diff]5ce c be not$ betwe5 individual colonies ( a giv5 race2 !re=e1 :atev] me?ods be adopt$ to prev5t or limit increase1 no d\bt ! con/ant selection ( ^? que5s to bre$ f ^: work]s %[ ! lea/ t5d5cy t[>d sw>m+ w\ld 9 "t greatly r$uce ?is disposition4 ,inde$1 x is p]fectly consi/5t to believe t p]si/5t ef=t1 c\pl$ ) rigid & intellig5t selection1 w ev5tually result 9 a /ra9 ( bees q z mu* entitl$ to be t]m$ nonsw>m+ z c]ta9 bre$s ( f[ls :i* h be5 produc$ by artificial selection are to be call$ nonsitt]s4 ,^! t]ms are ( c\rse only relative1 be+ m]ely indicative ( ! possession ( a c]ta9 disposition 9 a less degree ?an t %[n by o!rs ( ! same species4 ,x might nev] be possible to *ange ! nature ( our honeybees s completely t !y w\ld nev] sw>m "u any circum/ances1 & ev5 if possible x w\ld take a long p]iod1 s /rongly implant$ seems ?is in/9ct4 ,b to modify x is )9 ! rea* ( any intellig5t bre$] :o w p]si/5tly make ! ef=t4 ,su* "w %\ld be und]tak5 9 exp]im5tal api>ies :]e its cont9uance :5 a s+le po9t has be5 ga9$ w n be affect$ by ! *anges ( individual =tunes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,! ,simm9s nonsw>m+ sy/em--d\ble-/ory hive ) sup]s3 bc1 brood *amb]2 sc1 sup]s2 /1 *amb] ) />t]s ( comb f\ndation2 e1 entrance4 ,,special ,,crops ,,= ,,honey ,,alone ,,n ,,pr(itable4 ,) a small api>y1 plant+ = honey alone c]ta9ly c n be made pr(itable4 ,small plats ( honey-produc+ plants are valuable ma9ly because !y af=d an opportunity ( obs]v+ :5 & "u :at circum/ances ! bees "w on c]ta9 blossoms1 & = ! purpose ( det]m9+ :at might be dep5d$ ^u to fill a gap 9 ! honey res\rces ( a giv5 locality :5ev] ! size ( ! api>y might make ?is a consid]ation ( "s importance4 ,ev5 ) a l>ge api>y probably no case exi/s 9 :i*1 9 ! pres5t condition ( ! subject1 plant+ = honey alone w\ld prove pr(itable4 ,b :5 select+ crops = cultivation = o!r purposes1 or %rubs & trees = plant+1 ! bee keep] %\ld ( c\rse *oose su* z w also furni% honey at a "t :5 pa/urage = 8 bees w\ld o!rwise be want+4 ,z complete a li/ z possible %\ld be made ( ! plants & trees visit$ by honeybees1 & notes %\ld be add$ z to p]iod ( blossom+1 importance ( yield1 :e!r honey or poll5 or bo? ( ^! are collect$1 quality ( ! product1 etc4 ,if gaps occur dur+ :i* no natural =age ab\nds = ! bees1 "s crop c usually be select$ :i* w fill ! int]val1 &1 :ile supply+ a cont9u\s succession ( honey-yield+ blossoms = ! bees1 w give 9 addition a yield ( fruit1 gra91 or =age f ! same l&4 ,! novice is w>n$1 h[ev]1 n to expect too mu* f a small area4 ,he mu/ rememb] t z ! bees commonly g #b-a_/b to #c miles 9 all directions f ! api>y1 !y ?us range ov] an area ( #ab1jjj to #ah1jjj acres1 & if b #a squ>e foot 9 #ajj produces a honey-yield+ plant !y /ill h #abj to #ahj acres ( pa/urage1 & q likely ! equival5t ( #cj to #dj acres may be 9 bloom at "o "t )9 range ( ! bees4 ,a few acres m or less at su* a "t w !re=e n make a great deal ( diff]5ce4 ,b if com+ betwe5 ! pr9cipal crops--especially if ! bees1 z is (t5 ! case1 w\ld o!rwise h no pa/urage at all--! area provid$ = !m may be ( great] relative importance ?an ! l>g] area ( natural pa/urage2 = x frequ5tly occurs t ! small] "p only ( ! honey produc$ by ! field ov] :i* ! bees ( an api>y range c be collect$ by !m be=e x is wa%$ out by ra9s1 or ! liquid portion is evaporat$ & ! blossoms )]$1 :ile a small] area may be m assidu\sly visit$1 &1 ! nect> be+ ga!r$ z fa/ z secret$1 a great] yield p] acre may result4 ,x is fur!r ( "s importance to fill 9 su* a gap ) some?+ to keep ! bees busy1 in/ead ( lett+ !m sp5d _! "t try+ to rob "o ano!r2 &1 :at is probably ev5 m important1 ! pa/urage ?us furni%$ w keep up brood re>+ & comb build+ & assi/ mat]ially 9 prep>+ ! colonies = ! succe$+ honey fl[4 ,!re are _m plants & trees ( economic value1 9 addition to _! production ( honey1 :i* may be utiliz$ 9 "o portion or ano!r ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! mann] indicat$4 ,adaptability to climate & soil1 ! p]iods ( honey de>? to be fill$ 91 m>kets = ! crop produc$1 etc41 mu/ all come 9 to influ5ce ! *oice4 ,! foll[+ li/ includes ! m important plants ( economic value 9 ?is c\ntry :i* are good honey & poll5 yield]s4 ,mo/ ( ^? nam$ are adapt$ to a consid]able portion ( ! ,union4 ,except 9 ! case ( plants re/rict$ to ! ,s\?1 ! dates giv5 are applicable1 9 ! ma91 to middle latitudes4 ,,economic ,,plants ,,& ,,trees ,,= ,,cultivation ,,= ,,honey ,,& ,,poll54 ,filb]t bu%es1 useful = w9d-breaks & = _! nuts1 yield poll5 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*4 ,rape c be gr[n successfully 9 ! ,nor? = pa/urage1 = gre5 manur+1 or = se$1 & :5 p]mitt$ to blossom yields consid]able poll5 & honey4 ,w9t] v>ieties are s[n late 9 ! summ] or e>ly 9 ! autumn1 & blossom 9 ,april or ,may foll[+4 ,?is e>ly yield =ms an excell5t /imulus to brood re>+4 ,summ] or bird rape1 gr[n *iefly = its se$1 blossoms ab\t a mon? aft] s[+4 ,x does be/ dur+ ! cool] mon?s ( ! gr[+ season4 ,russian or hairy vet* is a h>dy legum9\s plant ( great value = =age & use 9 gre5 manur+4 ,! blossoms appe> e>ly 9 ! season1 &1 :]e !re is any lack 9 e>ly poll51 especially 9 nor!rn & cool regions1 ?is vet* w be f\nd ( great value to ! bees4 ,fruit blossoms--apricot1 pea*1 pe>1 plum1 *]ry1 apple1 currant1 & gooseb]ry--yield poll5 & honey 9 abundance dur+ ,april or ,may2 /rawb]ry & blackb]ry are sometimes visit$ freely by bees1 b are g5]ally f> less important ?an ! o!rs m5tion$4 ,colonies t h w9t]$ well (t5 ga!r dur+ apple bloom #ab to #ae p\nds ( surplus honey ( f9e quality4 ,! raspb]ry secretes a l>ge am\nt ( nect> ( sup]b quality1 & com+ 9 ,may or ,june1 ?us lat] ?an ! o!r fruit blossoms & :5 ! colonies are /rong] & ! wea!r is m settl$1 full advantage c ne>ly always be tak5 ( ?is yield4 ,grape & p]simmon blossom also 9 ,june2 ! latt] is an excell5t s\rce4 ,9 subtropical portions ( ! c\ntry orange & lemon trees yield f9e honey 9 ,m>* & ,april1 & ! cultivation ( ! banana has add$ a pr(use honey yield] :i* puts =? successive blossoms all ?r\gh ! summ] mon?s4 ,locu/1 tulip tree 7popl>1 or :itewood71 & horse-*e/nut1 useful = %ade1 ornam5t1 & timb]1 are all f9e honey produc]s 9 ,may4 ,! locu/ yields light-color$1 cle> honey ( f9e quality1 ! o!rs amb]-color$ honey ( good body & fair flavor4 ,clov]s4--,crimson1 blossom+ 9 ,april or ,may1 yields f9e1 light-color$ honey2 :ite1 alsike1 & mammo? or m$ium1 blossom+ 9 ,may1 ,june1 & ,july1 give honey ( excell5t quality & ri* yell[ color4 ,mu/>d gr[n = se$ fl[]s f ,june to ,augu/4 ,! honey is some:at acrid & cry/allizes soon1 yet ! plant1 :]e abundant1 is ( mu* importance to ! bees & ! bee keep] 9 case o!r =age is scant at ! "t4 ,asp>agus blossoms are mu* visit$ by bees 9 ,june & ,july4 ,esp>cet1 or sa9fo91 yields 9 ,may & ,june f9e honey1 almo/ z cle> z spr+ wat]4 ,x is a p]5nial legum9\s plant1 r h>dy1 an excell5t =age crop1 & p>ticul>ly valuable = mil* c[s4 ,x succe$s be/ on a lime/one soil or :5 lime is us$ z a f]tiliz]1 & is itself an excell5t gre5 manure = soils defici5t 9 nitrog5 & phosphoric acid4 ,sulla1 or sulla clov]1 a p]5nial plant1 closely relat$ to esp>cet or sa9fo91 succe$s1 l ! latt]1 be/ ^u lime/one soil or :5 f]tiliz$ ) lime4 ,x yields a spl5did quality ( honey f beautiful p9k blossoms1 :i* cont9ue dur+ ,may & ,june4 ,! plant is an excell5t soil f]tiliz] & ( great value 9 connection ) ! fe$+ ( /ock1 p>ticul>ly dairy animals4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* less h>dy ?an esp>cet1 & success ) x c !re=e h>dly be look$ = above ! latitude ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,arkansas4 ,:5 ! qualities & requirem5ts ( ?is plant 7 br\ght by ! writ] to ! notice ( a prom95t sci5tific agriculturi/ ( ! ,s\?1 ?is g5tleman sugge/$ z v probable t ! black belt ( ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 & ,texas w\ld be well adapt$ to x1 ! l&s ( ?is region be+ exce$+ly /rong 9 lime4 ,9 portions ( s\!rn ,europe sulla clov] is a mo/ important =age crop = f>m /ock z well z = honey bees4 ,s]radella is an annual legum9\s plant :i* w gr[ on s&y l&1 & :i* yields1 besides good =age1 cle> honey ( good quality 9 ,june & ,july4 ,*e/nut1 valuable = timb]1 ornam5t1 %ade1 & nuts1 yields honey & poll5 9 ,june or ,july4 ,l9d51 s\rwood1 & catalpa1 f9e %ade1 ornam5tal1 & timb] trees1 yield great quantities ( fir/ quality honey 9 ,june & ,july4 ,cotton4--,9 ! ,s\? cotton blossoms1 appe>+ z !y d 9 succession dur+ ! :ole summ]1 (t5 yield consid]able honey4 ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! plants are v rank 9 gr[? ! blossoms--be+ correspond+ly l>ge--are too deep = ! bees to rea* ! nect>4 ,*icory1 rais$ = salad & = its roots1 is1 :5ev] p]mitt$ to blossom1 eag]ly visit$ = honey 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,sweet1 m$ic9al1 & pot h]bs1 su* z m>joram1 savory1 lav5d]1 catnip1 balm1 sage1 ?yme1 etc41 :5 all[$ to blossom1 ne>ly all yield honey 9 ,june1 ,july1 or ,augu/4 ,:]e fields ( !m are gr[n = ! se$ ! honey yield may be consid]able f ?is s\rce4 ,alfalfa furni%es 9 ! ,we/ a l>ge am\nt ( v f9e honey dur+ ,june & ,july4 ,its importance !re z a =age crop is well kn[n1 b h[ f> ea/w>d its cultivation may be pr(itably ext5d$ is /ill a "q1 & ev5 %\ld x prove ( value 9 ! ,ea/ z a =age plant1 its honey-produc+ qualities !re w\ld be /ill unc]ta94 ,p>snips1 :5 left = se$1 blossom freely f ,june to ,augu/1 inclusive1 & are mu* frequ5t$ by honey bees4 ,pepp]m9t1 rais$ = its foliage1 f :i* oil is di/ill$1 is mo/ frequ5tly cut be=e ! bees d]ive mu* b5efit f x1 b :5ev] all[$ to blossom x is eag]ly s\ght aft] by !m1 & yields honey freely dur+ ,july & ,augu/4 ,bokh>a1 or sweet clov]1 is 9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry consid]$ a valuable =age crop4 ,animals c be taught to l x1 & x is v valuable z a re/or] ( exhau/$ lime soils1 :ile 9 regions lack+ 9 bee pa/urage dur+ ! summ] mon?s x is a v important addition4 ,x )/&s dr\ght rem>kably well & yields a l>ge quantity ( f9e honey4 ,cucumb]1 squa%1 pumpk91 & melon blossoms furni% honey & "s poll5 to ! bees 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,eucalypti1 valuable = _! timb] & z ornam5ts to lawn & roadside1 are quick-gr[+ trees adapt$ to ! s\!rn portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y yield mu* honey betwe5 ,july & ,octob]4 ,! c>ob tree1 ^: cultivation has be5 comm5c$ 9 ! ,s\?we/1 is an excell5t honey yield] 9 late summ]4 ,x is an ornam5tal tree & gives1 9 addition to honey1 ano!r valuable product--! c>ob bean ( comm]ce4 ,sacal9e1 a =age & ornam5tal plant ( rec5t introduction1 is a great favorite ) bees4 ,x blossoms pr(usely dur+ ,augu/1 is a h>dy p]5nial1 & ?rives 9 wet & also fairly 9 dry situations1 )/&+ ! ord9>y summ] dr\ght ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates because ( its deeply p5etrat+ roots4 ,buck:eat is an important honey & poll5 produc]4 ,its blossoms appe> ab\t f\r weeks aft] ! se$ is s[n1 h5ce x may be made to fill 9 a summ] de>? ( honey plants4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,obta9 ,,surplus ,,honey ,,& ,,wax4 ,good w9t]+1 foll[$ by c>eful cons]vation ( ! natural w>m? ( ! colony1 ! pres5ce ( a prolific que5--pref]ably a "y "o--) abundant /ores = brood re>+1 are1 toge!r ) ! prev5tion1 9 s f> z possible1 ( sw>m+1 ! prime conditions necess>y to br+ a colony ( bees to ! *ief honey fl[ 9 %ape to enable x to take full advantage ( ! h>ve/4 ,9 addition x is only necess>y to adju/ ! surplus honey receptacles 9 "t1 mak+ ! space giv5 proportionate to ! /r5g? ( ! colony1 &1 :ile cont9u+ to prev5t z f> z possible ! issuance ( sw>ms1 to remove ! accumulat$ honey fa/ en\gh to give abundant /orage room4 ,,extract$ ,,honey4 ,to secure extract$ honey1 ! requisite numb] ( combs may be 9 "o long hive1 or 9 /ories "o above ano!r4 ,pref]5ce is mo/ g5]ally giv5 to ! latt] plan4 ,! brood ap>tm5t is made 9 ?is case to hold eight to twelve ,lang/ro? frames1 & a second1 & sometimes a ?ird or ev5 a f\r? /ory1 may be add$ tempor>ily4 ,^! add$ /ories may be = full-dep? frames1 or1 = conv5i5ce 9 h&l+ & 9 ord] to be able to control m closely ! am\nt ( space giv51 !y may be half ! usual dep?1 & b "o ( ! half-dep? /ories add$ at a "t4 ,if num]\s sets ( combs are at h&1 or if x is desirable to h o!rs built1 additional /ories are put on z fa/ z ! combs already occupi$ by ! bees are fill$4 ,be=e remov+ ! fill$ combs "t %\ld be all[$ ! bees to rip5 & cap ! honey2 h5ce en\gh combs are necess>y to give ! bees /orage room :ile !y are capp+ o!rs1 ! honey 9 combs t are q or ne>ly seal$ ov] may be consid]$ suffici5tly rip5$ to be remov$ f ! hive4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,qu9by uncapp+ knife4 ,x %\ld also be tak5 promptly1 9 ord] to keep ! v>i\s grades or k9ds sep>ate4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! combs ( a giv5 sup] are completely fill$ & seal$ x may be m>k$ & left on ! hive if m conv5i5t to be extract$ lat]4 ,! cells are uncapp$ by means ( a %>p knife1 made especially = ?is purpose 7fig4 #i71 & ! combs are !n made to revolve rapidly 9 ! honey extractor 7fig4 #aj74 ,! c5trifugal =ce ex]t$ on ! honey ?r[s x out1 leav+ ! comb cells un9jur$1 or s slightly injur$ t !y are :olly repair$ )9 an h\r or s aft] ! return ( ! comb to ! hive4 ,! *ief advantages ( ?is me?od ( h>ve/+ ov] t ( cru%+ ! combs are at once app>5t :5 x is kn[n t ea* p\nd ( comb sav$ repres5ts sev]al p\nds ( honey 7consum$ 9 its con/ruction71 & may1 ) c>e be us$ ov] almo/ indef9itely 9 secur+ surplus honey4 ,fur!rmore1 extract$ honey is ( mu* f9] quality ?an t obta9$ by cru%+ ! combs & /ra9+ out ! liquid "p1 s9ce x is free f cru%$ bees1 l>v1 poll5 or bee bread1 etc41 :i* n only r5d] /ra9$ honey d>k & /rong 9 flavor1 b also make x liable to f]m5tation & s\r+4 ,! extract$ honey is run into op5 buckets or tanks & left1 cov]$ ) *eese clo?1 to /& a week or s 9 a dry1 w>m room n frequ5t$ by ants4 ,x %\ld be skimm$ ea* day until p]fectly cle>1 & is !n ready to be put into cans or b>rels = m>ket+1 or to be /or$ 9 a dry place4 ,squ>e t9 cans1 ea* made to hold #fj p\nds ( extract$ honey1 are sold by deal]s 9 api>ian supplies4 ,?is /yle ( package is a conv5i5t "o to transport1 & is also acceptable to deal]s4 ,wood5 %ipp+ cases are usually con/ruct$ s z to hold two ( ^! cans4 ,b>rels & kegs may be us$1 especially = ! *eap] grades ( honey us$ *iefly 9 ! manufacture ( o!r articles4 ,!y %\ld be dry1 made ( well-season$1 s\nd wood1 & ! hoops driv5 tight & secur$1 z well-rip5$ honey readily absorbs moi/ure f wood1 caus+ %r9kage & leakage4 ,!y %\ld also be coat$ inside ) bees-wax or p>aff94 ,?is is easily done by w>m+ ! b>rels & !n p\r+ 9 a gallon or two ( hot wax or p>aff91 &1 aft] hav+ driv5 9 ! bungs tightly1 roll+ ! b>rels ab\t a few times & turn+ !m on end4 ,! "w %\ld be done quickly & ! liquid n adh]+ to ! inn] surfaces p\r$ out at once1 9 ord] to leave b a ?9 coat+ inside4 ,! surplus combs are to be remov$ at ! close ( ! season & hung an in* or s ap>t on racks plac$ 9 a dry1 airy room1 :]e no artificial heat is felt4 ,mice1 if p]mitt$ to rea* !m1 w d consid]able damage by gnaw+ away ! cells conta9+ poll5 or ^? 9 :i* bees h be5 br$1 & :i* !re=e conta9 l>val & pupal sk9s4 ,mo? l>v are n likely to tr\ble !m until ! foll[+ spr+1 b ^u ! appe>ance ( mild] wea!r _! ravages w beg91 & if ! combs c n be plac$ "u ! c>e ( ! bees at once !y mu/ be fumigat$ ) burn+ sulphur or ) bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,,comb ,,honey4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce to be obs]v$ 9 prep>+ colonies = ! production ( comb honey1 in/ead ( extract$1 is 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! brood ap>tm5t at ! "t ! sup]s are add$4 ,aft] ! colony has be5 br$ up to ! greate/ possible /r5g?1 ! brood ap>tm5t %\ld be s regulat$ 9 size1 :5 ! honey fl[ beg9s & ! sup]s are add$1 z to cr[d _m ( ! bees out & into ! sup]s plac$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,automatic rev]sible honey extractor4 ,on ea* hive a sup] is plac$ 7fig4 #aa7 hold+ #bd to #dh sections1 ea* section suppli$ ) a /rip or a full %eet ( v ?9 f\ndation4 ,x is be/ n to give too mu* space at once1 z consid]able w>m? is necess>y to enable ! bees to draw out f\ndation or to build comb4 ,a s+le set ( sections is usually suffici5t at a "t4 ,:5 ! honey is design$ = home use or = a local m>ket1 half-dep? frames are sometimes us$1 ! same z ^? (t5 us$ above ! brood ne/s :5 colonies are run = extract$ honey1 b = ! g5]al m>ket p\nd sections 7fig4 #ab7 are bett] adapt$4 ,x is ! practice ( _m to h nice :ite comb p>tially drawn out be=e ! ma9 honey fl[ beg9s1 or ev5 ! season be=e1 fe$+ ! colonies1 if necess>y1 to secure ?is2 &1 :5 ! honey yield beg9s1 to supply sets ( sections ) ^! combs hav+ cells deep en\gh = ! bees to beg9 /or+ 9 z soon z any honey is collect$4 ,e>li] "w 9 ! sections is ?us secur$1 & ?is1 z is well kn[n1 is an important po9t 9 ! prev5tion ( sw>m+4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,simm9s1 ( ,engl&1 has long cont5d$ = ?is use ( p>tially drawn combs1 & ?\gh x =ms a feature ( 8 sy/em = ! prev5tion ( sw>m+ x has be5 too (t5 ov]look$4 ,comb f\ndation is n[ manufactur$ ) extra ?9 septum or base & ) ! beg9n+s ( ! cells m>k$ out by some:at ?ick] walls :i* ! bees imm$iately ?9 d[n1 us+ ! extra wax 9 deep5+ ! cells4 ,?is is n artificial comb1 b a ?9 %eet ( wax hav+ ! bases ( ! cells outl9$ on x4 ,complete artificial combs h nev] be5 us$ 9 a comm]cial way1 al?\gh !re exi/s a widespread belief to ?is effect1 :i* is f\nd$ on extravagant claims t h appe>$ f "t to "t 9 newspap] articles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,lang/ro? hive--sup] above hold+ #bh sections = comb honey4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,comb honey /or$ 9 p\nd section--size #d-a_/d by #d-a_/d in*es4 ,if ! brood ap>tm5t has be5 mu* contract$ :5 ! sup]s 7 add$1 ! que5 may g into ! sections & deposit eggs unless prev5t$ by ! ins]tion ( a que5 exclud] 7fig4 #ac74 ,?is1 m]ely a %eet ( z9c ) p]=ations :i* p]mit work]s1 b n ! que51 to pass1 is plac$ betwe5 ! brood ap>tm5t & ! sup]s4 ,! great inconv5i5ce ( hav+ brood 9 "s ( ! sections is !reby prev5t$4 ,:5 ! honey 9 ! sections has be5 ne>ly capp$ ov]1 ! sup] may be lift$ up & ano!r add$ betwe5 x & ! brood ap>tm5t4 ,or1 %\ld ! /r5g? ( ! colony n be suffici5t1 or ! h>ve/ n abundant en\gh to w>rant ! giv+ ( s mu* space1 ! sections :i* are completely f9i%$ may be remov$ & ! p>tly f9i%$ ones us$ z bait sections to enc\rage "w 9 ano!r set ( sections on ?is hive or 9 new sup]s else:]e4 ,! objections to ! removal ( sections "o by "o1 & bru%+ ! bees f !m1 are 7#a7 ! "t x takes1 & 7#b7 ! dang] t ! bees :5 di/urb$1 & especially if smok$1 w bite op5 ! capp+ & beg9 ! removal ( ! honey1 ?us injur+ ! appe>ance ( ! complet$ sections4 ,a rec5t valuable inv5tion1 ! bee escape 7fig4 #c71 ! use ( :i* is expla9$ on pages #ae & #af1 :5 plac$ betwe5 ! sup] & ! brood ne/1 p]mits ! bees !n above ! escape to g d[n into ! brood ap>tm5t1 b does n p]mit _! re5t]+ ! sup]4 ,if ins]t$ twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e ! sections are to be remov$1 ! latt] w be f\nd free f bees at ! "t ( removal1 provid$ all brood has be5 kept out ( ! sup]s4 ,grad+ & %ipp+ comb honey4--,be=e m>ket+ ! honey x %\ld be c>efully grad$1 & all propolis 7bee-glue71 if !re be any1 scrap$ f ! edges ( ! sections4 ,9 grad+ = ! city m>kets ! foll[+ rules are1 9 ! ma91 obs]v$4 ,!y 7 adopt$ by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,bee-,keep]s' ,association at its tw5ty-?ird annual conv5tion1 held 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahib1 & are copi$ f ! (ficial report ( t meet+3 ,fancy4--,all sections to be well fill$2 combs /raight1 ( ev5 ?ickness1 & firmly atta*$ to all f\r sides2 bo? wood & comb unsoil$ by travel /a9 or o!rwise2 all cells seal$ except ! r[ ( cells next to ! wood4 ,no4 #a4--;,all sections well fill$1 b ) combs crook$ or unev51 deta*$ at ! bottom1 or ) b few cells unseal$2 bo? wood & comb unsoil$ by travel /a9 or o!rwise4 ,9 addition to ! above1 honey is to be classifi$1 accord+ to color1 into light1 amb]1 & d>k4 ,= in/ance1 !re w be fancy light1 fancy amb]1 & fancy d>k1 ,no4 #a light1 ,no4 #a amb]1 & ,no4 #a d>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,p]=at$ z9c que5 exclud]4 ,! sections1 aft] grad+ & scrap+1 are to be plac$ 9 clean %ipp+ cases hav+ glass 9 "o or bo? ends 7fig4 #ad74 ,sev]al ( ^! may be plac$ 9 a s+le crate = %ipm5t4 ,to prev5t break+ d[n ( ! combs x is be/ to put /raw 9 ! bottom ( ! crate = ! %ipp+ cases to re/ on1 & ! crates %\ld be s plac$ z to keep ! combs 9 a p]p5dicul> position4 ,! crates are also likely to be kept "r side up if conv5i5t h&les are atta*$ to ! sides--pref]ably /rips ) ! ends project+ beyond ! corn]s4 ,c>e 9 h&l+ w g5]ally be giv5 if ! glass 9 ! %ipp+ cases %[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,%ipp+ cases = comb honey4 ,ow+ to ! appe>ance ( /atem5ts ( a s5sational "* to ! effect t complete honey combs are manufactur$ by ma*9]y & fill$ ) sweets l[] 9 price ?an honey 7glucose1 cane sug>1 or mixtures ( ^!71 !n seal$ ov] & sold 9 ! m>ket z g5u9e honey1 a /rong suspicion exi/s reg>d+ ! comb honey commonly (f]$ = sale4 ,wide circulation has be5 giv5 to ^! wild /ories by s5sational newspap] writ]s1 & ev5 mon?ly p]iodicals1 usually f> m discrim9at+ & accurate1 h repeat$ !m4 ,"s writ]s h ev5 tri$ to locate ! comb honey factories 9 giv5 cities1 b inve/igation has always %[n t ! locations 7 my?ical4 ,! =feit ( #a1jjj :i* a reputable firm has _h /&+ = fifte5 ye>s pa/ = a p\nd ( manufactur$ comb honey ( a nature to deceive ! buy] /ill rema9s unclaim$4 ,! ,national ,bee-,keep]s' ,association1 at its annual conv5tion held 9 ,/4 ,l\is 9 #aijd1 (f]$ also a l =feit ( #a1jjj = satisfactory pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a ?+ z manufactur$ comb honey4 ,b no claimant has come =w>d1 not)/&+ ! #b1jjj :i* awaits 8 pro(4 ,! fact is1 !re is no tru? 9 ! y>n1 & no "o has ?us f> %[n ! ?+ possible4 ,! comb honey 9 ! m>kets is pure & :olesome--a heal?ful & n\ri%+ sweet1 easi] to dige/ ?an cane sug> or any ( ! sirups s commonly sold4 ,x is wor? a place on ! tables ( all :o c af=d to use x4 ,,production ,,( ,,wax4 ,no me?od has yet be5 br\ght =w>d :i* w enable "o1 at ! pres5t relative prices ( honey & wax1 to turn ! :ole work+ =ce ( ! bees1 or ev5 ! great] "p ( x1 into ! production ( wax in/ead ( honey2 9 fact1 ! small am\nt ( wax produc$ incid5tally 9 api>ies manag$ = extract$ or = section honey is usually turn$ into honey ! foll[+ season2 t is1 x is made into comb f\ndation1 :i* is !n employ$ 9 ! same hives to increase _! yield ( m>ketable honey4 ,x is ev5 ! case t 9 mo/ api>ies manag$ on approv$ mod]n me?ods m p\nds ( f\ndation are employ$ ?an wax produc$2 h5ce less progressive bee keep]s--^? :o adh]e to ! use ( box hives & :o c n !re=e utilize comb f\ndation--are call$ ^u = _! wax product4 ,z ea* p\nd ( wax repres5ts sev]al p\nds ( honey1 all capp+s remov$ :5 prep>+ combs = ! extractor1 all scrap+s & trimm+s & bits ( drone comb1 are to be sav$ & r5d]$ into wax4 ,?is is be/ done 9 ! sol> wax-extractor 7fig4 #ae71 ! ess5tial p>ts ( :i* are a metal tank ) wire-clo? /ra9] & a glass cov]1 ! latt] g5]ally made d\ble4 ,! bottom ( ! metal tank is /rewn ) pieces ( comb1 ! glass cov] adju/$1 & ! :ole expos$ to ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,a sup]ior quality ( wax filt]s ?r\gh ! /ra9]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,sol> wax-extractor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,/eam wax-extractor4 ,ano!r me?od is to inclose ! capp+s or combs to be r5d]$ 9 a co>se sack & weight ?is d[n 9 a t9 boil] p>tly fill$ ) ra9 wat] or s(t spr+ wat] & boil sl[ly until little or no m wax c be press$ out ( ! mat]ial 9 ! sack4 ,melt+ 9 an iron receptacle makes ! wax d>k color$4 ,a special ut5sil made ( t91 = use z a wax-extractor 7fig4 #af7 ov] boil+ wat]1 c also be _h4 ,! bits ( comb are plac$ 9 ?is1 9 an inside c hav+ f9e p]=ations1 ?r\gh :i* ! /eam f bel[ ent]s & melts out ! wax1 :i* drips f a sp\t into ano!r receptacle p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 f ! surface ( :i* ! cake ( wax may be remov$ :5 cold4 ,,! ,,w9t]+ ,,( ,,bees4 ,h[ to br+ bees successfully ?r\gh ! w9t] 9 ! cold] portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a problem :i* gives anxiety to all :o are ab\t to attempt x = ! fir/ "t 9 ^? sections1 & ev5 _m :o h kept bees = ye>s /ill f9d x _! greate/ difficulty4 ,x may happ5 occasionally t a que51 app>5tly "y & vigor\s 9 ! autumn1 w die dur+ ! w9t]1 :5 a "y "o c n be re>$1 & z a result ! colony w dw9dle away4 ,su* losses are1 h[ev]1 r>e1 &1 aside f ! possible results ( fire1 flood1 or viol5t /orms1 are ab\t ! only ones :i* c n be avoid$ by c>eful att5tion to "r me?ods 9 w9t]+4 ,insuffici5t or poor w9t] /ores1 hives faulty 9 con/ruction1 lack ( protection f cold & dampness1 too mu* or too little v5tilation1 too great a proportion ( old bees or too great a proportion ( "y ones1 ov]manipulation late 9 ! season1 etc41 are ! mo/ important & mo/ easily detect$ causes ( loss 9 w9t]+ bees4 ,9 "s in/ances colonies suppos$ to h be5 plac$ 9 ! same condition "u :i* o!rs h w9t]$ well become diseas$ & die or dw9dle away )\t prom95t signs ( disease4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t "s condition exi/$ 9 "o case :i* 0 n pres5t 9 ! o!r1 or t1 9 spite ( "s unfavorable condition1 ! favorable ones comb9$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to r5d] ! w9t]+ successful4 ,9 ! ,s\? w9t]+ 9 ! op5 air on ! summ] /&s is ! only me?od foll[$1 :ile 9 ! cold] portions ( ! c\ntry1 al?\gh ) prop] precautions bees may be w9t]$ successfully 9 ! op5 air1 _m pref] to h\se !m 9 special repositories built ) d\ble walls1 or to place !m 9 d>k5$ cell>s1 or 9 clamps4 ,indoor w9t]+ %\ld be conf9$ to regions :]e !re are sev]al weeks1 at lea/1 ( cont9u$ sev]e wea!r4 ,:5 all conditions are "r1 consumption ( honey w be less indoors & loss ( bee life less ?an ) ! me?ods usually practic$ 9 outdoor w9t]+4 ,"u prop] conditions1 h[ev]1 especially :5 abundant protection has be5 giv51 colonies out ( doors w consume no m food nor meet ) great] losses 9 numb]s ?an ^? w9t]$ "u favorable conditions indoors4 ,9 w9t]+ indoors c]ta9 ess5tial conditions are1 9 a measure1 beyond ! control ( ! bee keep]1 h5ce mu/ be left to *ance1 & c]ta9 o!r conditions & em]g5cies liable to arise1 ?\gh easily und]/ood & met by ! man ( exp]i5ce 9 ?is direction1 are yet v likely to be ov]look$ by ! novice or to be puzzl+ & disa/r\s to him4 ,= ^! reasons x is saf] = him to keep clos] to ! natural me?od at fir/ & try outdoor w9t]+4 ,9 w9t]+ out ( doors ! conditions )9 ! control ( ! bee keep] are m readily p]ceiv$ & easi] to meet1 & ?\gh ! orig9al "w ( prep>ation = good w9t]+ out ( doors is great] p] colony1 yet ! "w dur+ ! w9t] itself & ! foll[+ spr+ is likely to be less2 moreov]1 ! feel+ ( great] security1 z well z ! great] c]ta9ty ( f9d+ ! colonies 9 good condition to beg9 ga!r+ 9 ! spr+1 are po9ts well wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,9 o!r words1 indoor w9t]+ %\ld be left to su* exp]i5c$ bee keep]s z may pref] x & are locat$ 9 cold climates1 :ile novices1 :]ev] locat$1 %\ld fir/ endeavor to meet ! requirem5ts ( successful outdoor w9t]+2 t is1 to prep>e ! colonies s t ,nature1 :atev] h] mood z reg>ds ! wea!r1 w br+ h] t9y *>ges safely ?r\gh ! p]ils & vicissitudes ( ! w9t] mon?s4 ,,g5]al ,,consid]ations4 ,:atev] me?od be foll[$ 9 w9t]+1 c]ta9 conditions reg>d+ ! colony itself are pla9ly ess5tial3 ,fir/1 x %\ld h a good que52 second1 a fair-siz$ clu/] ( heal?y bees1 nei!r too old nor too "y2 ?ird1 a pl5tiful supply ( good food4 ,! fir/ ( ^! conditions may be c\nt$ z fulfill$ if ! que5 at ! head ( ! colony is n m ?an two ye>s old1 is /ill active1 & has always kept h] colony popul\s2 yet a y\ng] que5--ev5 "o ( ! curr5t season's re>+1 & ?us b a few weeks or mon?s old--is if rais$ "u favorable conditions1 mu* to be pref]r$4 ,! second po9t is met if brood re>+ has be5 cont9u$ )\t s]i\s int]ruption dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! summ] & ! clu/] ( bees occupies1 on a cool day 9 autumn1 six to eight or m spaces betwe5 ! combs1 or =ms a compact clu/] #h or #aj in*es 9 diamet]4 ,"y bees1 if n weir protect$ by old] ones1 succumb readily to ! cold1 :ile q old bees die e>ly 9 ! spr+1 & o!rs1 :i* em]g$ late 9 ! summ] or autumn prec$+1 are ne$$ to replace !m4 ,! ?ird ess5tial--good food--is secur$ if ! hive is lib]ally suppli$ ) well-rip5$ honey f any s\rce :atev]1 or ) fairly ?ick sirup1 made f :ite cane sug>1 :i* 0 f$ e>ly en\gh to enable ! bees to seal x ov] be=e !y ceas$ fly+4 ,! sirup is prep>$ by dissolv+ #c p\nds ( granulat$ sug> 9 #a qu>t ( boil+ wat] & add+ to ?is #a p\nd ( pure extract$ honey4 ,tw5ty to #bf p\nds = outdoor w9t]+ 9 ! ,s\?1 up to #cj or #dj p\nds 9 ! ,nor?1 :5 w9t]$ outside ) b slight protection--or1 if w9t]$ indoors1 ab\t #bj p\nds--may be consid]$ a fair supply ( w9t] food4 ,a small] am\nt %\ld n be tru/$ except 9 case mu* great] protection be furni%$ aga9/ ! effects ( sev]e wea!r ?an is usually giv54 ,a great] am\nt ( /ores w d no h>m if prop]ly arrang$ ov] & ab\t ! c5t] ( ! clu/]1 or1 9 case ! combs are n>r[1 :olly above ! clu/]4 ,9 _m in/ances x w be a b5efit by equaliz+ 9 a measure ! temp]ature 9 ! hive1 z well z by giv+ to ! bees great] confid5ce 9 ext5d+ ! brood ne/ 9 e>ly spr+4 ,,indoor ,,w9t]+4 ,a dry1 d>k cell> or special repository built 9 a sidehill or ) d\ble1 fill$ walls1 l ^? ( an ice h\se1 may be utiliz$ = w9t]+ bees 9 extremely cold climates4 ,x %\ld be s built t a temp]ature ( #db to #de ,f4 7! air be+ fairly dry 9 ! cell>7 c be ma9ta9$ dur+ ! great] "p ( ! w9t]4 ,to ?is end x %\ld be well dra9$1 furni%$ ) adju/able v5tilators1 & cov]$ all ov] ) e>?1 except ! entrance1 :]e close-fitt+ doors1 pref]ably ?ree ( !m1 %\ld op5 9 succession1 s z to sep>ate ! ma9 room f ! outside by a d\ble entry way4 ,! colonies1 suppli$ ) good que5s1 pl5ty ( bees1 #bj to #be p\nds ( /ores ea*1 & ) *aff cu%ions plac$ ov] ! frames1 are c>ri$ 9 %ortly be=e sn[ & sev]e freez+ wea!r come4 ,any repository :i* is damp or "o ^: temp]ature falls bel[ freez+ or rema9s long bel[ #ch ,f4 is n a suitable place 9 :i* to w9t] bees4 ,:5 9 repositories1 ! bees h no opportunity = a cleans+ flight1 nor d !y1 :5 ! temp]ature rises outside1 always w>m up suffici5tly to enable ! clu/] to move f combs f :i* ! /ores h be5 exhau/$ to full ones2 h5ce 9 a cold repository !y may possibly />ve ) pl5ty ( food 9 ! hive4 ,z a rule1 colonies w\ld be bett] (f out ( doors on _! summ] /&s ?an 9 su* places4 ,,outdoor ,,w9t]+4 ,cold & dampness are ! great w9t] enemies ( bee life4 ,a s+le bee c )/& v little cold1 b a good clu/]1 if all o!r conditions are favorable1 c defy ! mo/ rigor\s w9t]s ( our colde/ ,/ates4 ,b if n ?or\ghly dry1 ev5 a mod]ate degree ( cold is always injuri\s1 if n absolutely fatal4 ,dampness 9 w9t] is !re=e ! mo/ dang]\s elem5t ) :i* ! bee keep] has to cont5d4 ,! matt] w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be q simple if only t dampness :i* might come f ! outside 7 to be consid]$1 b :5 ! air ( ! hive1 some:at w>m$ by ! bees & m or less *>g$ ) ! moi/ure ( respiration1 comes 9 contact ) hive walls or comb surfaces made cold by outside air1 cond5sation takes place1 & ! moi/ure trickles ov] ! cold surfaces & clu/] ( bees1 saturat+ ! air ab\t !m or ev5 dr5*+ !m1 unless by =m+ a v compact clu/] !y are able to prev5t x f p5etrat+1 or by great] activity to raise ! temp]ature suffici5tly to evaporate ! surplus moi/ure1 or at lea/ t portion ne> !m4 ,b ?is great] activity is1 ( c\rse1 at ! exp5se ( muscul> p[] & requires ! consumption ( nitrog5\s z well z c>bonace\s food4 ,increas$ cold or its long cont9uance greatly aggravates conditions4 ,nature has provid$ t ! accumulation ( wa/e products 9 ! body ( ! bee dur+ its w9t] conf9em5t %\ld be small "u normal conditions1 b unusual consumption ( food1 especially ( a highly nitrog5\s nature l poll51 necessitates a cleans+ flight1 or di>rheal difficulties ensue1 combs & hives are soil$1 ! air ( ! hive becomes pollut$1 & at la/ ! individual bees become too weak to g5]ate prop] w>m? or drive (f ! surplus moi/ure :i* !n invades ! clu/] & br+s dea? to ! colony2 or1 :at is m frequ5tly ! case1 a cold snap de/roys ! la/ remnant ( ! colony1 :i* has be5 r$uc$ by con/ant loss ( bees impell$ by disease to leave ! clu/] or ev5 to v5ture out = a cleans+ flight :5 sn[s & great cold prevail4 ,! problem !n is3 ,to reta9 ! w>m? g5]at$ by ! bees1 :i* is necess>y to _! well-be+1 & at ! same "t to prev5t ! accumulation ( moi/ure 9 ! hive4 ,a simple op5+ at ! top ( ! hive w\ld p]mit mu* ( ! moi/ure to pass (f1 b ( c\rse heat w\ld escape ) x & a draft w\ld be produc$4 ,absorb5t mat]ial ab\t ! clu/] creates1 )\t free v5tilation1 damp surr\nd+s1 & aga9 ! temp]ature is l[]$4 ,x is only necess>y1 h[ev]1 to surr\nd ! bees ) suffici5t mat]ial to protect !m fully aga9/ ! greate/ cold likely to occur1 & to take c>e also t ?is envelop+ mat]ial is ( su* a nature & s dispos$ z to p]mit ! free passage ( ! moi/ure :i* w\ld o!rwise collect 9 ! int]ior ( ! hive1 & to p]mit ! escape into ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e ( su* moi/ure z ent]s ?is mat]ial f )94 ,?is pack+ %\ld also be fully protect$ f outside moi/ure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,d\ble-wall$ hive adapt$ to outdoor w9t]+ z well z summ] use bel[ #dj nor? latitude 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?ickness ( ea* wall1 #c_/h in*1 space betwe5 walls1 #b in*es1 pack$ ) dry *aff or gr\nd cork4 ,s\? ( ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 & ,kansas s+le-wall$ hives may be employ$ 9 mo/ localities ) good success 9 outdoor w9t]+4 ,on ! approa* ( ! cool or ! ra9y season a close-fitt+ quilt %\ld be laid ov] ! frames & sev]al fold$ newspap]s press$ d[n on ?is1 or a cu%ion fill$ ) dry *aff or "s o!r s(t mat]ial may be us$ in/ead ( pap]4 ,! cov] or ro( %\ld be absolutely ra9-pro(1 yet betwe5 ?is cov] & ! cu%ion or pap]s %\ld be sev]al in*es ( space ) free circulation ( air4 ,9 ord] to p]mit ?is v5tilation above ! top pack+1 ! cov] %\ld n re/ ^u ! cap or upp] /ory all ( ! way ar\nd1 or if x does1 an aug] hole 9 ea* end1 protect$ by wire-clo? aga9/ ! entrance ( mice1 %\ld give free passage to ! air4 ,9 ! m nor!rn portion ( ! section ref]r$ to "s fur!r protection is advisable 7fig4 #ag71 & is really necess>y 9 ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ! same t]ritory if ! be/ results are to be obta9$4 ,f>!r nor?1 & especially 9 ! cold ,nor?we/1 mu* great] protection becomes an absolute necessity4 ,quilts ) newspap]s or ?9 pack+ above d n alone suffice4 ,! side walls ( ! hive may be made ( press$ /raw 7fig4 #ah74 ,^!1 ) top pack+1 if kept dry outside1 are excell5t = outdoor w9t]+1 ev5 9 climates s cold t ord9>y wood5 hives d n af=d suffici5t protection4 ,9 ! sev]e/ climates1 h[ev]1 /ill great] protection on all sides ( ! colony is ne$$1 & pack+ ) *aff or o!r s(t mat]ial is decid$ly ! be/ plan4 ,! ?ickness ( ?is surr\nd+ pack+ %\ld be f #b in*es to #h or #aj in*es = s+le colonies1 accord+ to ! sev]ity ( ! climate1 b if f\r or m colonies are gr\p$ = ! w9t]1 s z to make ! natural w>m? g5]at$ mutually advantage\s1 some:at less pack+ w be suffici5t4 ,a mo/ important po9t is to h ! s(t w>m?-reta9+ pack+ come 9 close contact ) ! edges ( ! combs1 & above all n to h a hive wall1 ei!r ?ick or ?91 betwe5 ?is mat]ial & ! bees4 ,a good plan is to con/ruct an op5 framework or skeleton hive ( la?s1 cov] x ) sack+1 or1 pref]ably1 "s less fuzzy clo? :i* ! bees w n gnaw1 & aft] plac+ x 9 an out] wood5 case l>ge en\gh e way to admit ( ! necess>y pack+ ab\t ! colony1 to fill 9 on all sides ) "s dry1 por\s mat]ial 7fig4 #ai74 ,if ! frames are %all[1 l ! ,lang/ro?1 x is bett] to con/ruct ! inn] case s z to place !m on end1 & ?us give a deep] comb = ! w9t]4 ,lay]s ( newspap]s may come next outside ! clo? cov]+ ( ! framework4 ,:eat *aff answ]s well to complete ! pack+4 ,wool is to be pref]r$1 b is ( c\rse too exp5sive unless a wa/e product4 ,gr\nd cork1 wa/e flax1 hemp1 sawdu/1 etc41 9 fact1 any f9e por\s mat]ial1 if ?or\ghly dry1 may be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,! ,am]ican /raw hive 7,lang/ro? pr9ciple7 ( ,hayek ,bro!rs4 ,a bo>d passageway #c or #d in*es wide & ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* high %\ld connect ?is inn] ap>tm5t & ! flight hole ( ! out] case1 ?us af=d+ an exit = ! bees :5ev] ! wea!r may p]mit !m to fly4 ,:5 ^! prep>ations h be5 complet$1 ! hive is ready = ! combs1 :i*1 ) adh]+ bees1 are tak5 f ! summ] hive & ins]t$ 9 ! w9t] hive4 ,a quilt is !n laid on ! frames & ! top pack+ put on4 ,?is1 = conv5i5ce1 may be held 9 a clo?-bottom$ tray4 ,x is q important1 z already m5tion$1 t air be all[$ to circulate freely above ! pack+4 ,! outside case mu/ be q ra9-pro( or else :olly protect$ f ! ra9 by a ro(4 ,all o!r necess>y conditions hav+ be5 compli$ ) %ortly aft] ! ga!r+ season clos$1 ! combs may be lift$ f ! summ] hives & plac$ 9 ^! specially arrang$ w9t] cases be=e cold wea!r :olly /ops ! bees f fly+ out4 ,?us prep>$ = ! w9t] ! colonies w ne$ b slight att5tion f ,octob] until ,m>*1 or1 9 ! ,nor?1 ev5 lat]1 & ! losses w be limit$ to ! small p]c5tage ( cases due to failure ( app>5tly good que5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,colony ( bees ) newspap]s pack$ betwe5 inn] & out] cases & brood frames on end = ! w9t]4 ,,! ,,risk ,,( ,,loss ,,?r\gh ,,disease ,,& ,,enemies4 ,w9t] losses ?r\gh disease sup]9duc$ by unfavorable surr\nd+s :i* x is )9 ! p[] ( ! bee keep] to avoid h already be5 consid]$4 ,b "o o!r v s]i\s disease has be5 widespread4 ,,f\l ,,brood ,,or ,,bacillus ,,( ,,! ,,hive4 ,?is is a highly contagi\s affection :i*1 z x ma9ly affects ! develop+ brood 9 ! cells1 is commonly kn[n z f\l brood4 ,x is due to a microbe 7,bacillus alvei7 ^: spores are easily transport$ f hive to hive by ! bees !mselves1 by ! op]ator1 9 honey1 or 9 combs *ang$ f "o hive to ano!r4 ,once e/abli%$ 9 an api>y1 x usually spreads1 unless spe$ily & en]getically *eck$1 until all ( ! colonies 9 ! neighborhood are ru9$ & ev5 ext]m9at$4 ,! mo/ app>5t symptoms are ! turn+ black ( l>v 9 op5 cells1 _m seal$ cells ) sunk5 caps1 frequ5tly brok5 9 & conta9+ dead l>v or pup 9 a putrid condition1 br[n or c(fee-color$1 jelly-l or ropy 9 consi/5cy1 & giv+ (f an (f5sive odor4 ,! disease1 ?\gh kn[n to exi/ 9 ne>ly all c\ntries1 c h>dly be said to be common4 ,! writ]1 9 an exp]i5ce ( ov] ?irty ye>s 9 bee keep+ 9 sev]al ,/ates ( ! ,union1 z well z 9 a numb] ( =eign c\ntries1 has met ! disease b r>ely1 & has _h b "o exp]i5ce ) x 9 8 own api>y1 x hav+ be5 9 ?is in/ance br\ght 9 by a neighbor :o pur*as$ bees at a di/ance4 ,x 0 easily cur$1 )\t great loss4 ,?us ! beg9n]'s risks ( disa/] 9 ?is direction are1 if he be =ew>n$1 comp>atively small4 ,he may1 fur!rmore1 ga9 assurance f ! fact t1 %\ld ! disease invade 8 api>y1 prompt & intellig5t action w prev5t s]i\s loss4 ,! foll[+ is ! treatm5t = a colony :i* /ill has suffici5t /r5g? ( numb]s to be wor? sav+3 ,! bees are to be %ak5 f _! combs j at nightfall into an empty box1 :i* is to be remov$ at once to a cool1 d>k place4 ,!y are to be conf9$ to ! box1 b x mu/ be well v5tilat$ ?r\gh op5+s cov]$ ) wire clo?4 ,dur+ ! fir/ =ty-eight h\rs no food %\ld be giv5 to !m1 & dur+ ! second =ty-eight h\rs only a small am\nt ( m$icat$ sirup--a half p9t daily = a small colony to a p9t = a /rong "o4 ,?is food is prep>$ by add+ "o "p ( pure c>bolic acid or ph5ol to #fjj or #gjj p>ts ( sug> sirup or honey4 ,at ! end ( ! f\r? day ! bees are to be %ak5 into a clean hive suppli$ ) />t]s ( comb f\ndation4 ,?is hive is to be plac$ outside on a /& "s di/ance f all o!r colonies1 & mod]ate fe$+ ) m$icat$ sirup or honey %\ld be cont9u$ = a few days !reaft]4 ,! combs ( diseas$ colonies :i* conta9 brood may be assembl$ ov] a s+le "o ( ^! colonies1 or1 if ! am\nt ( brood be too great = "o colony to c>e =1 ov] sev]al su* diseas$ colonies1 until ! "y bees h em]g$4 ,all ( ! honey is !n to be extract$4 ,:ile x is :olesome z food1 x %\ld n be (f]$ = sale1 le/ "s ( x be us$ 9 fe$+ bees or be inadv]t5tly expos$ :]e =ag+ bees might f9d x & c>ry to _! hives ! g]ms ( ?is disease1 h>mless to o!r creatures b s fatal to bee life4 ,a good use = ?is honey is to employ x 9 mak+ v9eg>4 ,"o & "o-?ird p\nds add$ to ea* gallon ( ra9 wat] or s(t spr+ wat] & all[$ to f]m5t = ?ree mon?s 9 a w>m place makes a quality ( v9eg> q equal to ! be/ cid] v9eg>4 ,provision = ! free circulation ( air ?r\gh ! cask %\ld be made4 ,?is is easily secur$ by plac+ ! cask1 n completely fill$1 on its side & bor+ an aug] hole 9 ea* end ne> ! upp] side1 ! holes to be cov]$ ) *eese clo? or f9e gauze1 to keep out insects4 ,if ! honey conta9+ ! g]ms is to be us$ = fe$+ bees1 x is to be dilut$ ) half its own quantity1 by measure1 ( wat] & kept at ! boil+ po9t = ?ree h\rs 9 a wat] ba?--a vessel )9 ano!r conta9+ wat]4 ,! combs f :i* ! honey has be5 extract$1 z well z all ( ! pieces built by ! bees dur+ _! f\r days' conf9em5t1 may be melt$ into wax1 by ?or\gh boil+ 9 s(t wat]4 ,?is wax %\ld be kept liquid = #dh h\rs or long]1 to all[ all impurities to settle4 ,^! w include ! f\l brood spores1 :i* may !n be remov$ )1 ! impure wax by scrap+ or cutt+ away ! bottom ( ! cake4 ,^! scrap+s %\ld be burn$4 ,! same disposition _h bett] be made ( ! frames f :i* ! combs conta9+ g]ms 7 remov$4 ,9 all ( ?is "w ! utmo/ c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to avoid ! dripp+ ( honey ab\t ! api>y or ! exposure ( implem5ts1 receptacles1 or combs sme>$ ) or conta9+ honey f ! diseas$ colonies4 ,x may ev5 be bett]1 9 ord] to save "t & possible risk1 :]e b few combs & a comp>atively small am\nt ( honey are involv$1 to de/roy all ( ^! imm$iately aft] _! removal f ! hive4 ,! old hive & all ut5sils us$ ab\t ! diseas$ colony %\ld be dis9fect$ by wa%+ 9 a solution ( corrosive sublimate--"o-eigh? ounce 9 "o gallon ( wat]--& %\ld aft]w>ds be expos$ to ! air & sun = "s "t4 ,if heal?y colonies are to be manipulat$ imm$iately aft] h&l+ diseas$ ones ! h&s ( ! op]ator mu/ also be dis9fect$ by wa%+ 9 ! solution j m5tion$4 ,^? :o c>e to try & save combs & brood %\ld employ ! rem$ial me?od develop$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,*e%ire4 ,?is is expla9$ 9 full 9 8 "w on bee keep+1,c & a brief /atem5t ( x may also be f\nd 9 ,! ,honey ,bee1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #a1 new s]ies1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,entomology1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,not)/&+ ^! rem$ies1 "s w pref]1 :]e heal?y colonies ( bees c be b\ght at mod]ate prices1 to burn diseas$ bees1 combs1 & frames r ?an sp5d "t to effect a cure1 & risk1 z !y fe> !y may1 ! fur!r spread ( ! pe/4 ,to kill ! bees ?us is1 h[ev]1 nei!r pr(itable1 humane1 nor necess>y1 = if conf9$ z describ$ above & sep>at$ at once f ! o!r colonies1 ?is "w be+ done at nightfall1 :5 all ( ! bees are 9 _! hives1 ! risk ( spread+ ! disease w n !reby be increas$1 nor is ! labor mu* great] ?an t involv$ 9 ! removal ( combs & bees = burn+4 ,& if x be f\nd t ! diseas$ colonies are weak 9 numb]s & seem1 !re=e1 individually h>dly wor? sav+1 ?is ne$ n be tak5 z an excuse = ! dea? s5t5ce1 z sev]al colonies may be smok$ & %ak5 toge!r into ! same box to make a s+le /rong colony1 ! be/ que5 ( ! lot hav+ be5 select$ & cag$ 9 ! box 9 su* a way t ! work]s c release h] )9 a few h\rs by eat+ ?r\gh c&y4 ,c ,bees & ,bee keep+1 by ,frank ,k4 ,*e%ire1 ,f4 ,l4 ,s41 ,f4 ,e4 ,m4 ,s41 ,london1 #ahhh1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pages #eed-ege4 ,,bee ,,p>alysis4 ,among o!r diseases ( a bact]ial nature p>alysis is mo/ noticeable1 al?\gh n to be dread$ z f\l brood4 ,x affects ! adult bees only1 produc+ a p>alyz$ condition ( _! memb]s & a swell+ up ( _! bodies4 ,! diseas$ bees1 (t5 set ^u by o!r work]s1 lose ! hairy cov]+ ( _! bodies1 &1 black & %9y 9 appe>ance1 may (t5 be se5 wriggl+ away f _! hives to die4 ,9 su* cases ! work+ =ce ( ! affect$ colony frequ5tly becomes s greatly r$uc$ z to preclude any return 9 ! =m ( honey or sw>ms dur+ ! giv5 season4 ,! s\rce f :i* ! bees obta9 ! orig9al infection is unkn[n1 b1 once 9 ! api>y1 x is spread ma9ly by ! entrance ( affect$ work]s into heal?y colonies1 & probably also by ! visits :i* bees f heal?y colonies make to ! diseas$ ones1 ! latt] (t5 be+ s weak5$ 9 numb]s z to be unable to protect _! /ores f heal?y bees out on robb+ exp$itions4 ,ord9>y p>alysis may g5]ally be cur$ by /rew+ p[d]$ sulphur ov] ! combs1 bees1 & along ! top b>s ( ! frames1 ! precaution fir/ hav+ be5 tak5 ( remov+ all unseal$ brood4 ,?is brood w\ld be kill$ by ! application ( sulphur1 b z !re is no dang] :atev] ( spread+ ! disease by ! transf] ( brood or honey f "o hive to ano!r1 provid$ absolutely e "o ( ! adult bees has fir/ be5 %ak5 or bru%$ f ! combs1 ! latt] may be giv5 to heal?y colonies :i* ne$ /r5g!n+4 ,ano!r simple plan = gett+ rid ( ! disease & yet utiliz+ ! available /r5g? ( ! affect$ colonies is to close _! hives at night & move !m a mile or m1 locat+ !m1 if possible1 outside ( ! range ( o!r bees4 ,z ! brood 9 ^! colonies rema9s heal?y all t is seal$ or ev5 well advanc$ 9 ! l>val /age may h ! bees %ak5 f x & be di/ribut$ among ! rema9+ colonies ( ! api>y4 ,! bees ( ! diseas$ colonies ?us become rapidly r$uc$ 9 numb]s1 & sev]al ( ! colonies !mselves may soon be comb9$1 ! be/ que5 be+ select$ to cont9ue egg deposition4 ,ev5tually ! diseas$ api>y becomes1 by ! removal ( ! develop+ brood & ! dea? ( ! old bees1 r$uc$ to no?+4 ,none ( ! que5s %\ld be sav$ nor %\ld any ( ! adult work]s be return$ to ! heal?y api>y4 ,a comb9ation ( ! sulphur cure ) ! la/ plan m5tion$--t ( gett+ rid ( ! disease ?r\gh ! removal ( brood combs f affect$ colonies--is really1 all 9 all1 ! be/ proc$ure4 ,:5 a fairly /rong colony has be5 made up by %ak+ ! adult bees ( two or m toge!r & ?is remov$ to an isolat$ locality1 ! application ( sulphur may be made be=e any brood has be5 />t$4 ,x is well1 also1 to replace ! que5 ) a vigor\s "o f /ock entirely unrelat$ to ! diseas$ bees4 ,%\ld any signs ( ! disease reappe>1 con/ant removal ( ! brood %\ld be foll[$1 z m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,o!r bact]ial diseases1 ?\gh exi/+1 h develop$ only v locally or h be5 too limit$ 9 ! am\nt ( injury inflict$ to require special m5tion "h4 ,,insect ,,& ,,o!r ,,enemies4 ,! bee or wax-mo? 7,gall]ia mellonella ,l9n47 is reg>d$ by ^? unfamili> ) mod]n me?ods 9 bee keep+ z a v s]i\s enemy to success 9 ?is "w4 ,x 0 frequ5tly su* :5 only ! common black bee 0 kept & ! old way ( manag+1 or r ( tru/+ to luck1 0 foll[$4 ,b ) ! bett] races n[ introduc$ & ) improv$ hives & me?ods1 & especially ) ! c>e t is n[ giv5 to h no colonies que5less long at a "t1 ! wax-mo? l>v are no long] reg>d$ ) great conc]n4 ,"s species ( wasps take a little honey at times--m p>ticul>ly :5 hives are op5$--& !y annoy ! bees2 o!rs capture & eat work]s1 z d also ! l>ge ant-l c[-kill]s 7,mutillid71 & c]ta9 pr$ace\s flies 7,asilid71 true bugs 7,phymatid71 & neuropt]\s & or?opt]\s insects 7,libellulid & ,mantid74 ,! l>v ( c]ta9 beetles 7,d]me/id & ,t5ebrio7 fe$ ^u poll5 & ! ca/-(f sk9s ( develop+ l>v & pup1 & c]ta9 ( ! ,meloid l>v atta* !mselves to ! bodies ( bees z p>asites4 ,ants 7,=micid7 & cockroa*es 7,blattid71 :i* ga!r above ! quilts & betwe5 ! quilts & ! tops ( ! frames 9 ord] to be b5efit$ by ! w>m? ( ! clu/] ( bees1 sometimes help !mselves to honey1 & _! pres5ce annoys ! bees m or less4 ,"s ( ! insects "h m5tion$ are only f\nd locally1 ! pr$ace\s ones be+ conf9$ ma9ly to ! ,s\?1 :ile x may be said t ! g5]al welf>e ( /rong colonies is n (t5 mat]ially affect$ nor ! return noticeably r$uc$ ?r\gh ! attacks ( any ( !m4 ,spid]s1 toads1 & liz>ds de/roy1 9 addition to _m injuri\s insects1 also "s bees1 & %\ld be tol]at$ 9 ! vegetable g>d5 r ?an 9 ! api>y4 ,swall[s1 k+birds or bee m>t9s1 mice1 skunks1 & be>s only occasionally commit depr$ations 9 ! api>y4 ,prop]ly con/ruct$ hives enable ! bees to limit 9 a great measure ! injury :i* ^! v>i\s enemies might inflict1 & ! avoidance ( ov]sw>m+1 ) c>e to insure ! con/ant pres5ce ( a prolific que5 & a supply ( food suit$ to ! ne$s ( ! colony at ! "t1 w keep x popul\s & !re=e 9 %ape to repel attacks or to make good mo/ ( ! unavoidable losses4 ,,robb] ,,bees4 ,robb+ is sometimes a m s]i\s matt]1 al?\gh x v r>ely happ5s t a little c>eful att5tion j at ! "r "t on ! "p ( ! bee keep] w\ld n avoid all s]i\s tr\ble on ?is score4 ,:5 bees f9d no?+ to ga!r dur+ wea!r :5 !y c /ill fly out !y are easily tempt$ to appropriate ! /ores ( weak] colonies4 ,exposure ( combs ( honey at su* times may ev5 occasion a comb9$ attack ^u a good colony o!rwise q able to take c>e ( itself4 ,x is !n t ! greate/ de/ruction ensues1 = su* a colony w def5d itself vigor\sly1 & a pit*$ battle1 ) p]haps fifty or sixty ?\s& ,amazons on ei!r side1 leaves ! gr\nd lit]ally /rewn ) dead & dy+4 ,if ! invad]s conqu]1 e drop ( honey is tak5 f ! few vanqui%$ t are likely to be /ill alive2 & 9 turn ! despoil]s inv>iably fight among !mselves z to ! possession ( ! booty4 ,:5 ! robb+ takes place dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! own]1 ! condition ( ! robb$ colony may n attract imm$iate att5tion1 & dur+ w>m wea!r mo? l>v ga9 full possession ( ! combs )9 a few days4 ,:5 ?is condition is obs]v$1 ! :ole damage is v likely to be attribut$ to ! mo? l>v4 ,colonies t h be5 left que5less = "s "t1 & ^? weak5$ by disease or by ov]sw>m+1 are especial m>ks = su* attacks4 ,( c\rse ^! defects %\ld be rem$i$ :5ev] obs]v$1 b mean:ile1 if legitimate field "w is likely to be int]rupt$1 e colony %\ld be assi/$ 9 protect+ itself aga9/ assault by hav+ its hive made secure & ! entrance su* a n>r[ pass z to enable a few work]s to repel attack !re4 ,%\ld robb]s get well />t$ be=e be+ obs]v$1 ! entrance ( ! hive %\ld be n>r[$ at once1 & wet grass or we$s may be ?r[n loosely ov] x1 or a pane ( glass may be /ood aga9/ ! front ( ! hive 9 a slant+ mann] to confuse ! intrud]s4 ,9 extreme cases ! attack$ colonies may be remov$ to a cell> = a few days1 pl5ty ( v5tilation be+ giv5 dur+ conf9em5t1 & a new location1 ap>t f o!r colonies1 select$1 on :i* !y are to be plac$ j at nightfall2 or1 in/ead ( putt+ !m 9 ! cell>1 !y may be tak5 a mile or m away & return$ only :5 ! dang] has pass$4 ,) ^! precautions1 little loss is to be fe>$ on ?is score4 ,9 g5]al1 ! intellig5t own] :o gives c>eful att5tion to c]ta9 important po9ts 9 bee managem5t f9ds t he v r>ely has disease to cont5d )1 & t ! r$uction ( pr(its ?r\gh ! depr$ations ( bee enemies is n1 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,union1 a s]i\s disc\ragem5t4 ,altoge!r x seems to ! writ] t ! risks 9 ^! directions are ev5 less 9 bee keep+ ?an ^? usually met 9 ! keep+ ( o!r animals1 :i*1 l bees1 are legitimately made to contribute to ! weal? ( ! individual & ( ! nation4 ,,legislation ,,affect+ ,,api>ian ,,int]e/s4 ,_m ,/ates h 9 rec5t ye>s pass$ laws hav+ = _! purpose ! eradication or suppression ( contagi\s diseases among bees4 ,/ate & c\nty inspectors h be5 appo9t$ "u ^! laws1 ^: duty x is to g ab\t & asc]ta9 :]e diseas$ colonies ( bees are locat$1 & recomm5d ! treatm5t to be giv51 or 9 "s cases to c>ry out ?is treatm5t1 ev5 to ! complete de/ruction ( colonies or api>ies :]e ! virul5ce ( ! attack seems to w>rant x4 ,:]e ^! laws h be5 consci5ti\sly & en]getically execut$1 mu* has be5 accompli%$ t[>d free+ ! api>ies ( ! giv5 ,/ate f disease4 ,"s ,/ates h pass$ laws mak+ x a misdemeanor to spray fruit trees dur+ ! "t ( blossom+1 s9ce !reby bees are poison$1 & besides ! injury to ! api>i/ ! poll9ation ( ! fruit blossoms is s]i\sly int]f]$ )4 ,laws aga9/ ! sale ( adult]at$ goods z g5u9e1 kn[n commonly z pure-food laws1 are 9 op]ation 9 "s ( ! ,/ates1 & :]e bee inspectors or bee keep]s h tak5 ! pa9s to h ^! laws appli$ to ! m>ket+ ( honey1 a *eck has be5 put ^u ! sell+ ( adult]at$ honey 9 ! liquid =m1 :i* has be5 practic$ to a great] or less ext5t & /ill occurs 9 "s ( ! city m>kets4 ,9 g5]al1 ! rights ( bee keep]s to own & cultivate bees1 ei!r )9 ! limits ( cities or on f>ms adjo9+ ^? devot$ to graz+ & g5]al /ock rais+1 are becom+ m cle>ly def9$ ?r\gh decisions ( supreme & c\nty c\rts4 ,9 ?is connection ! "w ( ! ,national ,bee-,keep]s' ,association %\ld receive m5tion4 ,?is organization is 9 no s5se a trades union1 b has = its purpose ! def5se ( its memb]s aga9/ unju/ attacks ^u _! legal rights1 ! suppression1 9 s f> z possible1 ( ! sale ( adult]at$ honey1 ! secur+ ( legislation = ! protection ( its memb]s & favorable to ! g5]al advance ( ! indu/ry1 z well z ! dissem9ation among its memb]s ( advanc$ ideas 9 bee managem5t & in=mation reg>d+ ! m>ket+ ( api>ian products4 ,! memb]%ip fee ( "o doll> p] annum entitles e honey produc] to memb]%ip & p>ticipation 9 all ( ! b5efits enum]at$1 z well z to ! publi%$ report ( ! annual conv5tion held by ! association4 ,! memb]%ip numb]s ne>ly #b1jjj at ! pres5t "t1 & ! influ5ce ( ?is l>ge body ( intellig5t beema/]s is already be+ appreciably felt 9 ! g5]al advance ( ! indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,j\rnals ,,treat+ ,,( ,,apiculture4 ,z a matt] ( g5]al in=mation1 ! foll[+ li/ ( j\rnals relat+ to apiculture is giv54 ,x comprises all ^? publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry at ! pres5t "t4 ,! ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,glean+s 9 ,bee ,culture1 ,m$9a1 ,ohio4 ,! ,bee ,keep]s' ,review1 ,fl9t1 ,mi*4 ,! ,am]ican ,bee ,keep]1 ,falcon]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! ,progressive ,bee ,keep]1 ,higg9sville1 ,mo4 ,we/]n ,bee ,j\rnal1 ,k+sburg1 ,cal4 ,! ,rural ,bee ,keep]1 ,riv] ,falls1 ,wis4 ,,f>m]s' ,,bullet9s4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! ,f>m]s' ,bullet9s available = di/ribution1 %[+ ! numb] & title ( ea*4 ,copies w be s5t to any address on application to any ,s5ator1 ,repres5tative1 or ,delegate 9 ,congress1 or to ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,! miss+ numb]s h be5 discont9u$1 be+ sup]s$$ by lat] bullet9s3 ,no4 #af4 ,legum9\s ,plants4 ,no4 #bb4 ,! ,fe$+ ( ,f>m ,animals4 ,no4 #bd4 ,hog ,*ol]a & ,sw9e ,plague4 ,no4 #be4 ,peanuts3 ,culture & ,uses4 ,no4 #bg4 ,flax = ,se$ & ,fib]4 ,no4 #bh4 ,we$s3 ,& ,h[ to ,kill ,!m4 ,no4 #bi4 ,s\r+ & ,o!r ,*anges 9 ,milk4 ,no4 #cj4 ,grape ,diseases on ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,no4 #ca4 ,alfalfa1 or ,luc]n4 ,no4 #cb4 ,silos & ,silage4 ,no4 #cc4 ,pea* ,gr[+ = ,m>ket4 ,no4 #cd4 ,moats3 ,composition & ,cook+4 ,no4 #cf4 ,potato ,culture4 ,no4 #cf4 ,cotton ,se$ & ,its ,products4 ,no4 #cg4 ,kafir ,com3 ,culture & ,uses4 ,no4 #ch4 ,spray+ = ,fruit ,diseases4 ,no4 #ci4 ,onion ,culture4 ,no4 #da4 ,f[ls3 ,c>e & ,fe$+4 ,no4 #db4 ,facts ,ab\t ,milk4 ,no4 #dc4 ,sewage ,disposal on ! ,f>m4 ,no4 #dd4 ,comm]cial ,f]tiliz]s4 ,no4 #de4 ,insects ,injuri\s to ,/or$ ,gra94 ,no4 #df4 ,irrigation 9 ,humid ,climates4 ,no4 #dg4 ,insects ,affect+ ! ,cotton ,plant4 ,no4 #dh4 ,! ,manur+ ( ,cotton4 ,no4 #di4 ,%eep ,fe$+4 ,no4 #ej4 ,sorghum z a ,=age ,crop4 ,no4 #ea4 ,/&>d ,v>ieties ( ,*ick5s4 ,no4 #eb4 ,! ,sug> ,beet4 ,no4 #ed4 ,"s ,common ,birds4 ,no4 #ee4 ,! ,dairy ,h]d4 ,no4 #ef4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,i4 ,no4 #fg4 ,butt] ,mak+ on ! ,f>m4 ,no4 #fh4 ,! ,soy ,bean z a ,=age ,crop4 ,no4 #fi4 ,bee ,keep+4 ,no4 #fj4 ,me?ods ( ,cur+ ,tobacco4 ,no4 #fa4 ,asp>agus ,culture4 ,no4 #fb4 ,m>ket+ ,f>m ,produce4 ,no4 #fc4 ,c>e ( ,milk on ! ,f>m4 ,no4 #fd4 ,ducks & ,geese4 ,no4 #fe4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,ii4 ,no4 #ff4 ,mead[s & ,pa/ures4 ,no4 #fh4 ,! ,black ,rot ( ! ,cabbage4 ,no4 #fi4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,iii4 ,no4 #gj4 ,insect ,enemies ( ! ,grape4 ,no4 #ga4 ,ess5tials 9 ,beef ,production4 ,no4 #gb4 ,cattle ,ranges ( ! ,s\?we/4 ,no4 #gc4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,iv4 ,no4 #gd4 ,milk z ,food4 ,no4 #gf4 ,! ,gra9 ,smuts4 ,no4 #gg4 ,! ,lim+ ( ,soils4 ,no4 #gh4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,v4 ,no4 #gi4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,vi4 ,no4 #hj4 ,! ,pea* ,twig-bor]4 ,no4 #ha4 ,com ,culture 9 ! ,s\?4 ,no4 #hb4 ,! ,culture ( ,tobacco4 ,no4 #hc4 ,tobacco ,soils4 ,no4 #hd4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,vii4 ,no4 #he4 ,fi% z ,food4 ,no4 #hf4 ,?irty ,poison\s ,plants4 ,no4 #hg4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,viii4 ,no4 #hh4 ,alkali ,l&s4 ,no4 #hi4 ,c[peas4 ,no4 #ia4 ,potato ,diseases & ,treatm5t4 ,no4 #ib4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,ix4 ,no4 #ic4 ,sug> z ,food4 ,no4 #id4 ,! ,vegetable ,g>d54 ,no4 #ie4 ,good ,roads = ,f>m]s4 ,no4 #if4 ,rais+ ,%eep = ,mutton4 ,no4 #ig4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,x4 ,no4 #ih4 ,sugge/ions to ,s\!rn ,f>m]s4 ,no4 #ii4 ,insect ,enemies ( ,%ade ,trees4 ,no4 #ajj4 ,hog ,rais+ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,no4 #aja4 ,millets4 ,no4 #ajb4 ,s\!rn ,=age ,plants4 ,no4 #ajc4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,xi4 ,no4 #ajd4 ,notes on ,fro/4 ,no4 #aje4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,xii4 ,no4 #ajf4 ,bre$s ( ,dairy ,cattle4 ,no4 #ajg4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,xiii4 ,no4 #ajh4 ,saltbu%es4 ,no4 #aji4 ,f>m]s' ,read+ ,c\rses4 ,no4 #aaj4 ,rice ,culture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no4 #aaa4 ,f>m]s' ,int]e/ 9 ,good ,se$4 ,no4 #aab4 ,bread & ,bread ,mak+4 ,no4 #aac4 ,! ,apple & ,h[ to ,gr[ ,x4 ,no4 #aad4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,xiv4 ,no4 #aae4 ,hop ,culture 9 ,cali=nia4 ,no4 #aaj4 ,irrigation 9 ,fruit ,gr[+4 ,no4 #aah4 ,grape ,gr[+ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,no4 #aai4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,xv4 ,no4 #abj4 ,insects ,afflict+ ,tobacco4 ,no4 #aba4 ,beans1 ,peas1 & o!r ,legumes z ,food4 ,no4 #abb4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,xvi4 ,no4 #abc4 ,r$ ,clov] ,se$3 ,in=mation = ,pur*as]s4 ,no4 #abd4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,xvii4 ,no4 #abe4 ,protection ( ,food ,products f ,injuri\s ,temp]atures4 ,no4 #abf4 ,practical ,sugge/ions = ,f>m ,build+s4 ,no4 #abg4 ,important ,insecticides4 ,no4 #abh4 ,eggs & ,_! ,uses z ,food4 ,no4 #abi4 ,sweet ,potatoes4 ,no4 #aca4 ,h\sehold ,te/s = ,detection ( ,oleom>g>9e & ,r5ovat$ ,butt]4 ,no4 #acb4 ,insect ,enemies ( ,gr[+ ,:eat4 ,no4 #acc4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,xviii4 ,no4 #acd4 ,tree ,plant+ 9 ,rural ,s*ool ,gr\nds4 ,no4 #ace4 ,sorghum ,sirup ,manufacture4 ,no4 #acf4 ,e>? ,roads4 ,no4 #acg4 ,! ,angora ,goat4 ,no4 #ach4 ,irrigation 9 ,field & ,g>d54 ,no4 #aci4 ,emm]3 ,a ,gra9 = ! ,semi>id ,regions4 ,no4 #adj4 ,p9eapple ,gr[+4 ,no4 #ada4 ,p\ltry ,rais+ on ! ,f>m4 ,no4 #adb4 ,pr9ciples ( ,nutrition & ,nutritive ,value ( ,food4 ,no4 #adc4 ,! ,con=mation ( ,beef & ,dairy ,cattle4 ,no4 #add4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,xix4 ,no4 #ade4 ,c>bon ,bisulphid z an ,insecticide4 ,no4 #adf4 ,insecticides & ,fungicides4 ,no4 #adg4 ,w9t] ,=age ,crops = ! ,s\?4 ,no4 #adh4 ,cel]y ,culture4 ,no4 #adi4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,xx4 ,no4 #afj4 ,cle>+ ,new ,l&4 ,no4 #afa4 ,dairy+ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,no4 #aeb4 ,scabies 9 ,cattle4 ,no4 #acc4 ,or*>d ,enemies 9 ! ,pacific ,nor?we/4 ,no4 #aed4 ,! ,home ,fruit ,g>d53 ,prep>ation & ,c>e4 ,no4 #aee4 ,h[ ,insects ,affect ,heal? 9 ,rural ,di/ricts4 ,no4 #aef4 ,! ,home ,v9ey>d4 ,no4 #aeg4 ,! ,propagation ( ,plants4 ,no4 #afh4 ,h[ to ,build ,small ,irrigation ,dit*es4 ,no4 #afi4 ,scab 9 ,%eep4 ,no4 #afa4 ,practical ,sugge/ions = ,fruit ,gr[]s4 ,no4 #afb4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,xxi4 ,no4 #afd4 ,rape z a ,=age ,crop4 ,no4 #aff4 ,culture ( ! ,silkworm4 ,no4 #aff4 ,*eese ,mak+ on ! ,f>m4 ,no4 #afg4 ,cassava4 ,no4 #afh4 ,pe>l ,millet4 ,no4 #afi4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,xxii4 ,no4 #agj4 ,pr9ciples ( ,horse ,fe$+4 ,no4 #aga4 ,! ,control ( ! ,codl+ ,mo?4 ,no4 #agb4 ,scale ,insects & ,mites on ,citrus ,trees4 ,no4 #agc4 ,prim] ( ,=e/ry4 ,no4 #agd4 ,broom ,com4 ,no4 #age4 ,home ,manufacture & ,use ( ,unf]m5t$ ,grape ,juice4 ,no4 #agf4 ,cranb]ry ,culture4 ,no4 #agg4 ,squab ,rais+4 ,no4 #agh4 ,insects ,injuri\s 9 ,cranb]ry ,culture4 ,no4 #agi4 ,horse%oe+4 ,no4 #aha4 ,prun+4 ,no4 #ahb4 ,p\ltry z ,food4 ,no4 #ahc4 ,meat on ! ,f>m4--,but*]+1 ,cur+1 etc4 ,no4 #ahd4 ,m>ket+ ,live ,/ock4 ,no4 #ahf4 ,beautify+ ! ,home ,gr\nds4 ,no4 #ahf4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,xxiii4 ,no4 #ahg4 ,dra9age ( ,f>m ,l&s4 ,no4 #ahh4 ,we$s ,us$ 9 ,m$ic9e4 ,no4 #ahi4 ,in=mation ,conc]n+ ! ,mexican ,cotton ,boll ,weevil4 ,no4 #aij4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,xxiv4 ,no4 #aia4 ,! ,cotton ,bollworm--#aijc4 ,no4 #aib4 ,b>ny>d ,manure4 ,no4 #aic4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,xxv4 ,no4 #aid4 ,alfalfa ,se$4 ,no4 #aie4 ,annual ,fl[]+ ,plants4 ,no4 #aif4 ,usefulness ( ! ,am]ican ,toad4 ,no4 #aig4 ,importation ( ,game ,birds & ,eggs = ,propagation4 ,no4 #aih4 ,/rawb]ries4 ,no4 #aii4 ,corn ,gr[+4 ,no4 #bjj4 ,turkeys4 ,no4 #bja4 ,cream ,sep>ator on ,we/]n ,f>ms4 ,no4 #bjb4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,xxvi4 ,no4 #bjc4 ,cann$ ,fruits1 ,pres]ves1 & ,jellies4 ,no4 #bjd4 ,! ,cultivation ( ,mu%rooms4 ,no4 #bjf4 ,pig ,managem5t4 ,no4 #bjf4 ,milk ,fev] & ,its ,treatm5t4 ,no4 #bjg4 ,game ,laws = #aijd4 ,no4 #bjh4 ,v>ieties ( ,fruits ,recomm5d$ = ,plant+4 ,no4 #bji4 ,controll+ ! ,boll ,weevil 9 ,cotton ,se$ & at ,g9n]ies4 ,no4 #baj4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,,xxvii4 ,no4 #baa4 ,! ,use ( ,p>is ,gre5 9 ,controll+ ! ,cotton ,boll ,weevil4 ,no4 #bab4 ,! ,cotton ,bollworm--#aijd4 ,no4 #bac4 ,raspb]ries4 ,no4 #bad4 ,b5eficial ,bact]ia = ,legum9\s ,crops4 ,no4 #bae4 ,alfalfa 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,no4 #baf4 ,control ( ! ,cotton ,boll ,weevil4 ,no4 #bag4 ,ess5tial ,/eps 9 ,secur+ an ,e>ly ,crop ( ,cotton4 ,no4 #bah4 ,! ,s*ool ,g>d54 ,no4 #bai4 ,lessons ,taught by ! ,gra9 ,ru/ ,epidemic ( #aijd4 ,no1 #bbj4 ,tomatoes4 ,no4 #bba4 ,fung\s ,diseases ( ! 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