,transcriber ,notes ,text emphasis is displayed as ,italics and ,bold4 ,whole and fractional parts of numbers are displayed as #b-a_/b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,,farmers' ,,bulletin ,no4 #ei4 ,,bee ,,keeping4 ,,by ,,frank ,,benton1 ,m4 ,s41 ,,in ,,charge ,,of ,,apicultural ,,investigations4 ,revised1 ,march #aije4 ,illustration ,,washington3 ,,government ,,printing ,,office4 #aije4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,letter ,,of ,,transmittal4 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,bureau of ,entomology1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,o41 ,march #aije4 ,sir3 ,frequent inquiries from correspondents of the ,department of ,agriculture for information on matters pertaining to the culture of bees1 and particularly as to the conditions under which one may reasonably expect to meet with success in this pursuit1 led to the preparation of this bulletin in ,july1 #ahig4 ,though designed by the author primarily to answer a few of the specific questions which are most likely to present themselves to the mind of the inquirer wholly unfamiliar with the subject1 the aim has been also to introduce in the treatment of the various topics information which it is hoped will lead many of longer experience into more successful methods than they have yet practiced4 ,the stereotype plates of the earlier editions having become much worn1 necessitating the resetting of the type of the entire bulletin1 the opportunity has been afforded of inserting several new paragraphs and making a few slight changes in the text as heretofore published4 ,respectfully1 ,l4 ,o4 ,howard1 ,entomologist1 ,hon4 ,james ,wilson1 ,secretary of ,agriculture1 ,,contents4 ,page4 ,locations suited to the keeping of bees #i ,the returns to be expected from an apiary #aa ,anyone who desires to do so can learn to manipulate bees #ac ,how to avoid stings #ad ,what race of bees to choose #af ,caucasians #af ,carniolans #ag ,italians #ag ,cyprians #ag ,cyprio-,carniolans and ,cyprio-,caucasians #ah ,syrian and ,palestine or ,holy-,land bees #ah ,german1 common black1 or brown bees #ah ,what hive to adopt #ai ,management in swarming #ba ,natural swarming #ba ,artificial swarming #bb ,dividing #bb ,nucleus system #bb ,shaken or brushed swarms #bc ,prevention of swarming #bc ,dequeening #bd ,requeening #bd ,space near entrances #be ,selection in breeding #be ,special crops for honey alone not profitable #bf ,economic plants and trees for cultivation for honey and pollen #bg ,how to obtain surplus honey and wax #bi ,extracted honey #cj ,comb honey #ca ,grading and shipping comb honey #cc ,production of wax #cd ,the wintering of bees #ce ,general considerations #cg ,indoor wintering #ch ,outdoor wintering #ch ,the risk of loss through disease and enemies #da ,foul brood or bacillus of the hive #da ,bee paralysis #dd ,insect and other enemies #de ,robber bees #df ,legislation affecting apiarian interests #dg ,journals treating of apiculture #dg ,,illustrations4 ,page4 ,fig4 #a4 ,the ,bingham bee smoker #ad #b4 ,bee veil #ae #c4 ,the ,porter spring bee escape #af #d4 ,langstroth hive with two half-depth supers for surplus honey #ai #e4 ,the ,langstroth hive--,dadant-,quinby form--cross section showing construction #bj #f4 ,quinby closed-end frames #bj #g4 ,the ,simmins nonswarming system--single-story hive with supers #bd #h4 ,the ,simmins nonswarming system--double-story hive with supers #be #i4 ,quinby uncapping knife #cj #aj4 ,the automatic reversible honey extractor #ca #aa4 ,langstroth hive--super above1 holding #bh sections for comb honey #cb #ab4 ,comb honey stored in pound section #cb #ac4 ,perforated zinc queen excluder #cc #ad4 ,shipping cases for comb honey #cd #ae4 ,solar wax-extractor #ce #af4 ,steam wax-extractor #ce #ag4 ,double-walled hive adapted to outdoor wintering1 as well as summer use #ci #ah4 ,the ,american straw hive 7,langstroth principle7 of ,hayek ,brothers #dj #ai4 ,colony of bees with newspapers packed between inner and outer cases and brood frames on end for the winter #da ,,bee ,,keeping4 ,,locations ,,suited ,,to ,,the ,,keeping ,,of ,,bees4 ,it may be safely said that any place where farming1 gardening1 or fruit raising can be successfully followed is adapted to the profitable keeping of bees--in a limited way at least1 if not extensively4 ,many of these localities will support extensive apiaries4 ,in addition to this there are1 within the borders of the ,united ,states1 thousands of good locations for the apiarist--forest1 prairie1 swamp1 and mountain regions--where agriculture has as yet not gained a foothold1 either because of remoteness from markets or the uninviting character of soil or climate4 ,this pursuit may also be followed in or near towns and1 to a limited extent1 in large cities4 ,it even happens in some instances that bees in cities or towns find more abundant pasturage than in country locations which are considered fair4 ,the city of ,washington is an example of this1 bees located here doing better during the spring and summer months than those in the surrounding country1 owing to the bee pasturage found in the numerous gardens and parks and the nectar-yielding shade trees along the streets4 ,this is due mainly to the fact that the linden1 or basswood1 which is rarely seen in the country about ,washington1 has been planted extensively in the parks and for miles on both sides of many of the streets and avenues of the city4,a ,another source in the city not found extensively in the country adjacent is melilot1 ,bokhara or sweet clover 7,melilotus alba71 which has crept into vacant lots and neglected corners1 and diffuses its agreeable perfume to the delight of all city dwellers1 whether human or insect4 ,the writer has practiced with profit the transportation of nearly a hundred colonies from a country apiary #aj miles distant to ,washington for the linden and sweet clover yield4 ,he has also seen a prosperous apiary kept on the roof of a business house in the heart of ,new ,york ,city1 and on several occasions has visited another apiary of #cj to #dj colonies1 which a skillful apiarist had located on the roof of his store in the business portion of ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 and from which #cj to #dj pounds of honey per colony were usually obtained each year4 ,a ,several species of lindens are included in these plantings1 but none yields more than our common ,american linden1 or basswood 7,tilia americana74 ,another apiary personally inspected was located directly on the sand banks forming the eastern shore of ,lake ,michigan4 ,these bees were1 of course1 unable to forage westward from the apiary1 hence had but half a field4 ,the soil of the area over which the bees ranged was a light sand1 unproductive for most crops1 and the region was little developed agriculturally1 most of the honey coming from forest trees and from shrubs and wild plants growing in old burnings and windfalls1 yet #be to #cj pounds of excellent honey per colony was the usual surplus obtained4 ,at one time the writer had an apiary in the city of ,detroit1 ,mich41 where the wide river on one side cut off nearly half of the pasturage1 yet the bees did will4 ,and again for several years he had an apiary containing from #ajj to #bjj colonies of bees on a very sterile coast of the ,island of ,cyprus1 and another nearly as large located but a few rods from the seashore on a rocky point of ,syria4 ,both of these apiaries were devoted in the main to queen rearing1 yet the yield of honey was not an unimportant item1 especially in the ,syrian apiary1 while in the ,cyprus apiary some honey was frequently taken1 and it was rarely necessary to feed the bees for stores4 ,in the latter case about one-fourth of the range was out off by the sea1 the bees being located at the head of an open bay and a short distance from the shore1 while the location of the ,syrian apiary prevented the bees from securing half of the usual range1 hence their greater prosperity was due to the nature and quantity of the pasturage of their limited range4 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that no one similarly located need be deterred from keeping bees1 provided the nectar-yielding trees and plants of the half range are of the right sort and abundant4 ,moreover1 regions so rough and sterile or so swampy as to give no encouragement to the agriculturist1 or even to the stock raiser1 will often yield a good income to the bee keeper1 insignificant and apparently worthless herbs and shrubs furnishing forage for the bees4 ,the ability of the bees to range over areas inaccessible to other farm stock and to draw their sustenance from dense forests when the timber is of the right kind1 and the freedom which1 because of their nature1 must be accorded them to pasture on whatever natural sources are within their range of #c or #d miles1 must be taken into account in estimating the possibilities of a locality4 ,it will be found that very few localities exist in our country where at least a few colonies of bees may not be kept4 ,whether a large number might be profitably kept in a given locality can be decided only by a careful examination as to the honey-producing flora within range of the apiary 7see pp4 #ab and #bf-bi74 ,the danger of overstocking a given locality is very frequently exaggerated4 ,each range1 it is self-evident1 has a limit4 ,the writer is1 however1 fully convinced1 after long experience in numerous localities and under the most varied circumstances1 that three or four times as many colonies as are commonly considered sufficient to stock a given range may usually be kept with a relative degree of profit4 ,but to secure such results sufficient care and close observation have too frequently not been given in the selection of bees adapted to the locality and conditions4 ,a more frequent failure has been lack of proper attention to the individual colonies1 particularly as to the age and character of the queens in each4 ,the space given for brood rearing is often too small1 and frequently no care is given to secure the proper amount of brood in time to insure a population ready for each harvest4 ,attention to these points would enable great numbers of bee keepers who now regard #ej to #ajj colonies as fully stocking their range to reach several hundreds in a single apiary1 with slight or no diminution in the average yield per colony4 ,,the ,,returns ,,to ,,be ,,expected ,,from ,,an ,,apiary4 ,although apiculture is extremely fascinating to most people who have a taste for the study of nature1 requiring1 as it does1 out-of-door life1 with enough exercise to be of benefit to one whose main occupation is sedentary1 the income to be derived from it when rightly followed is a consideration which generally has some weight and is often the chief factor in leading one to undertake the care of bees4 ,certainly1 where large apiaries are planned1 the prime object is the material profit1 for they require much hard labor and great watchfulness1 and the performance of the work at stated times is imperative1 so that in this case there is less opportunity than where but a few colonies are kept to make a leisurely study of the natural history and habits of these interesting insects1 because--unless the keeper is willing to forego a considerable portion of his profits--his time must necessarily be almost wholly taken up in attending to the most apparent wants of his charges4 ,one very naturally supposes that the return from a single hive1 or several of them1 in a given locality1 may be taken as a fair index of what may be expected each season4 ,such return1 if considered average1 may serve as a basis on which to reckon1 but as so many conditions influence it1 great differences in actual results-will be found to occur in successive seasons4 ,apiculture1 like all other branches of agriculture1 depends largely upon the natural resources of the location1 and the favorableness or unfavorableness of any particular season1 no matter how skillful the management1 may make great differences in the year's return4 ,the knowledge1 skill1 industry1 and promptness of the one who undertakes the care of the apiary have likewise much to do with the return4 ,furthermore1 profits are of course largely affected by the nature and proximity of the markets4 ,a moderate estimate for a fairly good locality would be #ce to #dj pounds of extracted honey or #be pounds of comb honey per colony4 ,this presupposes good wintering and an average season4 ,when two or more of the important honey-yielding plants are present in abundance and are fairly supplemented by minor miscellaneous honey plants the locality may be considered excellent1 and an expectation of realizing more than the yield mentioned above may be entertained4 ,with extracted honey of good quality at its present wholesale price of #f to #h cents per pound and comb honey at #ab to #ad cents1 each hive should under favorable circumstances give a gross annual return of #b4ej to #c4 ,from this about one-third is to be deducted to cover expenses other than the item of labor4 ,these will include the purchase of comb foundation and sections1 repairs1 eventual replacing of hives and implements1 and the interest on the capital invested4 ,by locating in some section particularly favorable to apiculture--that is1 near large linden forests1 with clover fields within range1 supplemented by buckwheat2 or in a section where alfalfa is raised for seed2 where mesquite1 ,california sages1 and wild buckwheat abound2 where mangrove1 palmettos1 and titi1 or where sourwood1 tulip tree1 and asters are plentiful--the net profits here indicated may frequently be doubled or trebled4 ,but these favored locations1 like all others1 are also subject to reverses--the result of droughts1 great wet1 freezes which kill back the bee pasturage1 etc41 and though some years the profits are so much larger than those named above as to lend a very roseate hue to the outlook for the accumulation of wealth on the part of anyone who can possess himself of a hundred or two colonies of bees1 the beginner will do well to proceed cautiously1 bearing in mind that much experience is necessary to enable him to turn to the best account seasons below the average1 while during poor seasons it will take considerable under standing of the subject1 energetic action1 and some sacrifice to tide over1 without disaster1 or at least without such great discouragement as to cause neglect and loss of faith in the business4 ,on the whole1 there should be expected from the raising of bees for any purpose whatever only fair pay for one's time1 good interest on the money invested1 and a sufficient margin to cover contingencies4 ,with no greater expectations from it than this1 and where intelligence directs the work1 apiculture will be found1 in the long run1 to rank among the best and safest of rural industries4 ,the value of bees in the pollination of various fruit and seed crops is often sufficient reason to warrant the keeping of a small apiary1 even if circumstances do not favor its management in such a manner as to secure the largest possible crops of honey or to insure the saving of all swarms4 ,the quality and quantity of many varieties of apples1 pears1 plums1 and small fruits depend absolutely upon complete cross-pollination4 ,the most active agents in this work are honey bees4 ,,anyone ,,who ,,desires ,,to ,,do ,,so ,,can ,,learn ,,to ,,manipulate ,,bees4 ,any person with fairly steady nerves and some patience and courage can easily learn to control and manipulate bees4 ,there are1 it is true1 a few exceptional individuals whose systems are particularly susceptible to the poison injected by the bee1 so much so that serious effects follow a single sting4 ,such cases are1 however1 very rare4 ,in most instances where care is not taken to avoid all stings the system eventually becomes accustomed to the poison1 so that beyond momentary pain a sting causes no inconvenience4 ,to a certain extent the belief exists that bees have1 without apparent cause1 a violent dislike for some people1 while others1 without any effort1 are received into their favor4 ,the latter part of this proposition has a better foundation than the first part1 for it is the actions1 rather than any peculiarity of the individual himself1 that anger the bees4 ,bees prefer1 of course1 not to be disturbed2 hence they usually keep guards on the lookout for intruders4 ,when visitors approach the hives these guards are very apt to fly toward them as if to inquire whether harm is intended or not1 and should the visitor not inspire them with fear by using smoke or some similar means1 but should himself show fear and nervousness1 he will be very likely to arouse their suspicions still further1 or even to anger them should he strike at them or endeavor to dodge their approach4 ,indeed1 one not accustomed to the notes of bees is very likely1 unconsciously1 to dodge his head about when a worker buzzes uncomfortably close to his face4 ,it may be a movement of but an inch or two1 but perhaps a quick jerk1 and being noticed by the suspicious guard is resented2 a sting follows1 and yet the recipient declares that he did nothing to cause the attack1 but that bees merely hate him and always sting him when he approaches them4 ,on the other hand1 an equally unprotected person who moves about with deliberation may generally1 under the same circumstances1 be let off without receiving a sting4 ,it is in this case not so much what he does as what he does not do4 ,it is not to be understood that bees will always refrain from stinging if one remains somewhat passive in the vicinity of their hives1 for the fact is that at some seasons common black bees and crosses having blood of this race fly some distance to attack passers-by1 or even1 without just provocation and with but slight warning1 to plant a sting in the face of one who is standing near the apiary4 ,but as the avoidance of such unpleasant occurrences depends largely upon the kind of bees kept1 and1 to a certain extent1 upon an acquaintance with a few facts with which anyone of intelligence may easily familiarize himself1 and the observance of certain precautions which are quite simple and after a little practice will become easy1 and as the opening and manipulation of hives in securing honey1 etc41 is equally simple and attended with no greater risks1 it is safe to say that almost anyone can1 with perseverance and the exercise of due caution1 learn to manipulate bees with perfect freedom and without serious risk of being stung4 ,,how ,,to ,,avoid ,,stings4 ,stings can be avoided1 first1 by having gentle bees4 ,if no other point of superiority over the common brown or black bee than that of gentleness could be fairly claimed for some of the races introduced and some of the strains developed in recent years1 it would still be worth while to get them on this account alone4 ,when the fact of superiority in several other important points is considered also1 there should be no further question as to the advisability of procuring them in preference to the common variety4 ,the beginner is advised never to think of doing otherwise4 ,no one likes stings1 and even the veteran who affects insensibility to the wrath of his charges will find his interest and pleasure in them much increased by replacing blacks and their crosses with better varieties4 ,nor is this merely to gratify a fancy or for convenience alone4 ,if1 by reason of the stinging qualities of the bees kept1 an examination for the purpose of ascertaining the condition of a colony of bees becomes a disagreeable task to the one who cares for the apiary1 little things necessary to the welfare of the colonies will be postponed or omitted altogether and the apiary will soon present a neglected appearance1 and the actual profits will be affected4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--,the ,bingham bee smoker4 ,of the races already in general cultivation1 ,carniolans are the gentlest1 although ,caucasians1 more recently introduced from south-eastern ,russia and only now being put on sale1 are by far the least inclined to sting of any bees1 and may be handled at all times without resorting to the protection of a bee veil1 and generally without smoke1 or at most a very slight application of smoke4 ,some strains of ,italians equal in gentleness average ,carniolans1 but in general the race native to ,italy is by no means as gentle as that found in ,carniola1 ,austria1 and the ,caucasians are much to be preferred for the beginner4 ,in case these gentler races are not easily procurable he need not hesitate1 however1 to undertake1 after adopting due precautions1 the manipulation of pure ,italians4 ,in crossing well-established breeds the males of a gentle race should be used1 otherwise the workers of the cross may vary greatly in temper1 especially in the first few generations4 ,only careful selection continued for some time will so fix the desirable traits as to result in their reproduction with a fair degree of certainty in the offspring4 ,bees having the blood of blacks and ,italians are nearly always quite vicious in the case of the first cross1 and are even harder to subdue with smoke than are pure blacks4 ,other races need not be considered here1 as they are adapted to special purposes2 and the skill of the bee-master1 the conditions of climate1 flora1 etc41 and the particular line of production to be followed1 should decide whether their introduction is advisable or not4,b ,b ,for a fuller discussion of this subject1 see ,the ,honey ,bee3 ,a ,manual of ,instruction in ,apiculture1 by ,frank ,benton1 ,m4 ,s41 ,bulletin ,no4 #a1 new series1 ,bureau of ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 third edition1 #ahii1 ,chap4 ,i1 pp4 #aa-ah4 ,the second essential to enable one to avoid stings is to have a good smoker at hand whenever the bees are to be handled4 ,any way of getting smoke of any kind into the hive and about it may answer the purpose1 but for ease and effectiveness in keeping bees under control nothing will take the place of the modern bellows smoker 7fig4 #a74 ,a good one lasts years1 and its cost is so slight 7#a to #a4be for the medium sizes7 that the expenditure may be considered one of the wisest that can be made in fitting up an apiary4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,bee veil4 ,a veil 7fig4 #b71 made of black bobinet or ,brussels net1 to draw over the hat1 and a pair of gloves1 preferably of rubber1 may be used at first4 ,but whoever has fairly peaceable bees and learns even a little about their ways will soon discard the gloves1 unless1 indeed1 he be exceedingly timid1 or one of those to whom a bee sting would be a dreadful affliction4 ,the veil can be safely dispensed with if the gentlest bees are kept4 ,simple and convenient hives1 employing the ,langstroth principle1 and with stories and frames interchangeable and so constructed as to reduce propolization to a minimum and to insure straight combs1 will much facilitate the avoidance of stings4 ,the use of the bee escape 7fig4 #c7 in removing surplus honey greatly reduces the risk of being stung during this operation1 for it saves much manipulation of combs and shaking and brushing of bees4 ,this useful device is fitted into a slot made in a board the same size as the top of the hive1 and the whole1 when slipped in between the brood apartment and an upper story or super1 will permit all of the workers above to go down into the lower story but not to return to the top above to go down into the lower story1 but not to return to the top one1 so that in one night it is possible to free entirely a set of combs from bees without any manipulation of the combs1 and without smoking1 shaking1 or brushing the bees4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--,the ,porter spring bee escape4 ,lastly1 reasonable care in manipulation and a suitable system of management1 which1 of course1 implies the doing of work in proper season1 will1 with the observance of the foregoing points1 make the risk of stings exceedingly slight4 ,indeed1 intelligent attention to the most important of the points mentioned above1 with extra gentleness and moderation in manipulation1 will enable anyone who so desires to avoid all stings4 ,,what ,,race ,,of ,,bees ,,to ,,choose4 ,reference has already been made to the relative gentleness of the various races1 and since the gentler types are themselves excellent honey gatherers1 and the particular advantages to be derived from some of the more energetic races which do not happen to be so mild in temperament are not likely to be secured by the beginner who is unfamiliar with the most approved methods of manipulation of such bees1 it is strongly recommended that only the gentle ones be at first adopted--either ,caucasians1 ,carniolans1 or ,italians4 ,should full colonies of these not be obtainable near home1 colonies of ordinary bees may be changed by replacing their queens with queens of the desired race1 the latter having been procured in small boxes by mail4 ,if possible the introduction had better be made by an expert1 although in general1 by following the instructions which accompany the new queen1 success will also be attained by the beginner4 ,a brief summary of the leading traits of the various races now in this country will be of use in guiding the purchaser1 as well as instructive to him for reference4 ,caucasians are natives of that portion of ,russia lying between the ,black and ,caspian seas1 are exceedingly gentle1 good workers1 good defenders of their hives1 prolific1 build many queen cells1 and swarm often if confined to small hives4 ,the workers are dark leaden gray in their general color1 and present quite a ringed appearance because of the alternation of this dark color with the lighter fuzz which edges the segments of the abdomen4 ,they also show frequently one to two yellow or leather-colored bands1 are somewhat smaller bodied than ,italians or ,carniolans1 have good wing-expanse1 and hence are nimble flyers4 ,the drones are rather small and quite dark in color2 queens not large1 and vary in color from a coppery-yellow to a dark bronze4 ,carniolans are much larger bodied and somewhat lighter gray in color than the ,caucasians1 but show likewise in many instances one or two rusty or dark-red bands4 ,their great hardiness and excellent wing-power enable them to fly freely in much cooler weather than some other races stand1 and to regain their hive entrances under adverse conditions4 ,they are prolific1 active1 and good honey gatherers1 producing combs of snowy whiteness4 ,as in the case of the ,caucasians1 their prolificness causes them to fill small hives to overflowing with bees1 and this naturally results in numerous swarms4 ,it is therefore advisable to use hives containing ten to twelve frames in the brood chamber4 ,the nature of the ,carniolans is essentially a quiet one1 so that upon the approach of cold weather they settle down in a very compact and extremely quiet cluster1 a condition which contributes in no small degree to their excellent wintering qualities4 ,the drones are the largest of all drones of this species1 and are covered with a thick coat of gray fuzz4 ,the queens vary from a light color to a very dark leather color1 the typical queen being1 however1 dark bronze1 large1 well rounded1 strong1 and active4 ,italians1 the first of the foreign races to be introduced into this country1 are much more widely known1 and have with reason found great favor1 since they are industrious1 good defenders of their hives1 and excellent honey gatherers1 as well as handsome in appearance1 being usually evenly marked with three yellow bands across the anterior portion of the abdomen4 ,the blood has become so disseminated through the apiaries of the country that many hybrid bees having but one to two yellow bands are counted as ,italians1 and their cross disposition1 derived through the males of the common race1 is charged to the ,italians4 ,strains of ,italians pure in blood have been bred by selection in this country until the three yellow bands have become so wide as to be nearly or quite joined1 and in some instances nearly the whole abdomen is yellow4 ,in general1 however1 as regards gathering powers it does not seem that any improvement has been made by this selection1 the dark or leather-colored ,italians proving1 all in all1 more vigorous1 gentle1 and better honey gatherers1 while as regards wintering they are also superior4 ,it must be acknowledged1 however1 that the ,italian race is slightly inferior in wintering qualities to all of the others which have been generally introduced into ,america4 ,cyprians1 from the island of ,cyprus1 may be taken as a general type with which to compare other eastern races4 ,they are small bodied1 more slender1 in fact1 than any of the ,european races of bees4 ,the abdomen is more pointed and shows1 when the bees are purely bred1 three light-colored bands on the upper surface1 and considerable yellow on the under side4 ,between the wing attachments on the thorax is a little prominence1 shaped like a half moon1 which is usually quite plainly yellow in color4 ,the queens are small bodied1 yellow in color1 with more or less black at the tip of the abdomen4 ,the drones have a heavy coat of fuzz on the thorax1 and the abdomen presents a mottled yellow appearance1 being often highly yellow4 ,cyprians possess longer tongues and greater wing-power than other races4 ,this1 combined with great prolificness and most remarkable activity1 renders them the best of honey gatherers4 ,in temper1 however1 they may be regarded as rather aggressive1 rendering their management by any who are not experts extremely difficult4 ,this feature may1 however1 be largely overcome by crossing the queens of this race with the drones of very gentle types4 ,in this manner bees are produced that are readily amenable to smoke and ordinary methods in manipulation1 combined with the excellent honey-gathering powers and prolificness of the eastern races4 ,cyprio-,carniolans and ,cyprio-,caucasians4--,the author conceived the idea in the early eighties that by crossing the ,cyprian and ,carniolan races a type might be developed which would combine the excellent traits of both of these4 ,the first matings of ,cyprians and ,carniolans were made by him in #ahhc in ,carniola itself1 thus insuring positively the fecundation of the ,cyprian queens by ,carniolan drones4 ,bees combining the blood of the two races in various proportions have since been tested for years in comparison with all other known races1 with the result that the cross mentioned above has been found to exceed all of the pure races in honey-gathering powers1 owing undoubtedly to the combination of great energy1 hardiness1 prolificness1 and wing-power1 as well as greater length of tongue--a fact established by actual measurements4 ,similar results1 with even greater gentleness1 may be expected from the cross obtained between ,cyprian queens and ,caucasian drones4 ,syrian and ,palestine or ,holy-,land bees4--,what has been said of ,cyprians may be taken to apply in a general sense to ,syrian and ,palestine bees1 except that in these the good qualities are slightly less prominent1 while some of the bad ones of the ,cyprians are accentuated4 ,no separate description of these is1 therefore1 particularly necessary in this place4 ,german1 ,common ,black1 or ,brown bees4--,the bees commonly found wild1 and cultivated to a greater or less extent1 in this country1 and known under the above name1 are probably derived from early introductions from the ,old ,world4 ,in comparison with the races above enumerated1 they may be said to be inferior1 since they possess the least energy in honey collecting1 are less prolific1 and not as good defenders of their hives4 ,under favorable conditions1 however1 as regards pasturage they may be relied upon for excellent results4 ,they are1 however1 spiteful under manipulation1 and have the disagreeable habit of running from the combs and dropping in bunches on the ground1 likewise of flying from the hive entrance and attacking passers-by4 ,they are more easily discouraged than other bees during slack times as regards honey production1 and this is doubtless the main reason for their generally inferior economic value4 ,,what ,,hive ,,to ,,adopt4 ,the suspended ,langstroth frame is used more than any other frame among ,english-speaking bee keepers4 ,it is safe to say that in the ,united ,states #ejj hives are made and used which are essentially ,langstroth in principle to one frame hive of any other kind whatever4 ,in the ,british ,islands1 ,australia1 and ,new ,zealand the proportion of frames on the ,langstroth principle in use is probably even greater1 scarcely any other frame hives being employed4 ,the success of ,american bee culture in the last twenty years was first attributed by ,european bee keepers to the honey-producing power of the country2 but the most intelligent apiarists who have tried the ,american methods with the ,langstroth hive now recognize that success is principally due to the manipulations that it permits4 7,the ,hive and ,honey ,bee1 revised1 #ahhh1 page #ade47 ,we can predict1 and without any fear of mistake1 that the principles on which the ,langstroth hive is based will be admitted sooner or later by the most progressive bee keepers of the world4 7,revue ,internationale d',apiculture 7,switzerland71 ,september1 #ahhe1 edited by ,edouard ,bertrand47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--,langstroth hive with two half-depth supers for surplus honey4 ,there being no patent on the ,langstroth hive1 and accurately made hives being obtainable at moderate prices from hive factories in various parts of the country1 it is taken for granted that the enterprising beginner will adopt a simple form embodying this principle--the loose-fitting1 suspended comb frame--as its main feature4 ,the hive should not only be substantially built1 but should have accurate bee-spaces and a close-fitting1 rain-proof cover or roof4 ,factory-made hives1 as a rule1 best meet these requirements1 as both lock joints and halved corners can only be made to advantage by machinery1 and the expert hive builder understands1 of course1 the absolute necessity of great accuracy in bee-spaces1 as well as the great desirability of good material and workmanship 7figs4 #d1 #e1 and #aa74 ,provision should also be made for winter protection4 7,see pages #ci-da47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--,the ,langstroth hive--,dadant-,quinby form--cross section showing construction4 ,for comb honey1 hives permitting the insertion in the brood apartment of any number of frames up to eight1 or frequently up to ten1 are most in use4 ,in securing extracted honey1 those with ten to twelve frames in each story are preferable1 and as many stories1 one above the other1 are employed as the strength of the colony and a given harvest may require4 ,a construction1 therefore1 which readily admits of expansion and of contraction1 as occasion demands1 is desirable4 ,mention should be made of a hive of quite different construction1 a prominent feature of which is this ease of contraction and expansion4 ,it is the last hive which the late ,m4 ,quinby gave to the public--the ,quinby closed-end frame hive 7fig4 #f74 ,this hive is used with great success by certain ,american bee keepers of long experience and whose apiaries are among the largest in the world4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4--,quinby closed-end frames4 ,,management ,,in ,,swarming4 ,,natural ,,swarming4 ,when a swarm is seen issuing or in the air1 the best thing to do is1 in general1 simply to wait a bit4 ,the weather is usually rather warm then1 and rushing about to get tin pans1 dinner gongs1 spraying outfits1 etc41 aside from its disagreeableness1 may get one so excited and into such a perspiration as to unfit him to do with the bees that which is likely to be necessary a few minutes later4 ,the bees will probably gather in a clump on a tree or bush near the apiary1 and however formidable getting them into the hive may at first seem1 nothing will be simpler than shaking them into their new hive1 or into a basket or box1 from which they may be poured in front of the hive1 just as one would pour out a measure of wheat or beans4 ,if any stick to the basket or box1 invert it and give a sharp thump with one edge against the ground4 ,if the hive has been standing in the shade so that the boards composing it are not heated1 and if it be now well shaded and plenty of ventilation be given above and below1 the bees are almost certain to take possession at once and begin work actively4 ,the securing of swarms can be made1 however1 even simpler than this by having the colonies placed several feet apart on a smooth lawn or dooryard and clipping one wing of each laying queen so as to prevent her flying4 ,the prime or first swarm from each hive is accompanied by the old queen1 and if she be clipped she will of course fall from the alighting board to the ground and may be secured in a cage4 ,the bees will circle about a few times and return4 ,meanwhile the only thing for the attendant to do is to replace the parent colony by an empty hive4 ,the returning bees will enter the latter and the queen may be allowed to go in with them1 the cage being placed with its open end directly against the entrance to insure this4 ,the swarm is thus made to hive itself4 ,the parent colony removed to a new stand a rod or more away will rarely give a second swarm4 ,but to make certain all queen cells except one may be cut out four or five days after the issuance of the first swarm4 ,at the same time one-third to one-half of the remaining bee's of the removed colony may be shaken at the entrance of the hive containing the swarm4 ,this reduces the population of the parent colony greatly1 but the loss is soon made good by the young workers emerging daily1 and the new queen which will issue from the single queen cell1 spared when cutting out cells1 will soon restock the hive with brood4 ,the shaking out of additional bees1 coupled with the removal of all queen cells but one1 will prevent for the time all further swarming from the given hive1 and in most instances end it for the season4 ,the bees thus added to the newly hived swarm1 even though too young to enter the field at once as honey gatherers1 will nevertheless release from inside work an equal number of older bees1 enabling the latter to go out as field bees4 ,each after-swarm 7second1 third1 etc471 it should be borne in mind1 is accompanied by one or more unimpregnated queens1 and these must not be clipped until they have flown out and mated4 ,the regular deposition of eggs in worker cells may nearly always be regarded as a safe sign that mating has taken place4 ,eggs will usually be found in such cells within the first ten days of the queen's life4 ,after-swarms may remain in the air1 circling about for some time1 and they frequently cluster high--a good reason1 in addition to the more important fact that their issuance is not consistent with the production of the most surplus honey1 for the prevention of all after-swarming4 ,,artificial ,,swarming4 ,where an increase of colonies is desired1 and in case no one can be near the apiary to care for natural swarms with clipped queens1 some one of the artificial methods of forming new colonies may be advantageously employed4 ,natural swarming is1 however1 to be preferred to a poor system of artificial increase4 ,and no matter which of the artificial methods be adopted1 it should be cautiously followed1 lest1 should unfavorable weather appear suddenly1 considerable labor and expense be incurred to prevent disastrous results4 ,it is also of prime importance not to weaken materially the gathering powers of strong colonies just at the opening of the harvest or during its progress2 hence1 whatever division takes place then must leave the field force--the gatherers--in one mass and in normal condition for work1 that is1 not discouraged by being queenless1 and not overburdened by having brood without a sufficient number of nurse bees to care for it4 ,dividing4--,a plan which fulfills these conditions is the following3 ,from a populous colony a comb or two with adhering bees and the queen may be taken and placed in a new hive1 which1 when other frames with starters have been added1 is then to be put on the stand of the populous colony from which the combs were taken4 ,the removed colony is to be taken a rod or more from its old stand1 so that the flight bees returning from the field will enter the newly established colony4 ,the old colony may be given a laying queen or a mature queen cell a day or two later ,this finishes the work in a short time4 ,nucleus system4--,a better plan1 though not so quickly completed1 is to take from the populous colony only enough bees and combs to make a fair nucleus on a new stand4 ,a queen is easily and safely introduced into this nucleus1 or a queen cell is readily accepted a day or two later4 ,as soon as the young queen has begun egg laying1 combs of emerging brood may be added from time to time4 ,these may be obtained from any populous colonies whose tendency to swarm it is desirable to check1 the bees adhering to them when they are removed being in all instances brushed back into their own hive4 ,with fair pasturage the nucleus will soon be able to build combs and may be given frames of comb foundation1 or1 if the queen be of the current year's raising1 frames with narrow strips of foundation as guides may be inserted1 since all combs constructed by the nucleus will be composed of worker cells4 ,shaken or brushed swarms4--,the practice of shaking or brushing bees from the combs of populous colonies into new hives to form artificial or forced swarms has been practiced for many years1 to a limited extent in this country and more largely abroad4 ,as early1 at least1 as #ahgb the late ,c4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gravenhorst1 the editor of ,die ,illustrierte ,bienenzeitung1 author of ,der ,praktische ,imker1 and inventor of the ,bogenstuelper hive1 made artificial swarms in this manner4 ,his articles led the author to experiment in this line and finally to settle upon the plan of placing colonies designed for honey production in pairs in the apiary and1 after having brought them up to a suitable strength1 shaking or brushing most of the bees of the two into a third hive at the approach of the main honey flow1 one queen being allowed to enter the new hive with the shaken swarm4 ,the latter is to be placed on the old stand midway in position between the spots previously occupied by the parent colonies1 these having been removed some distance1 to be managed thereafter as colonies that have swarmed4 ,the newly shaken swarm is to receive comb foundation starters in the frames and within a day or two surplus receptacles for honey4 ,in case1 however1 drawn combs be used in the super1 there had better be one or two frames in the brood apartment partly filled with completed comb to hold the first pollen collected4 ,the shaking or brushing should be done toward the latter part of the day and during a time when new honey is coming in1 or in the absence of the latter liberal feeding should precede the shaking and be kept up until the start of the honey flow4 ,the shaken swarm is thus brought into quite the same condition as usually obtains in the case of a natural swarm4 ,it is able to send out a strong gathering force at once and will store honey rapidly4 ,the increase of #ej per cent is as large as is consistent with the securing of the best honey yield4 ,,prevention ,,of ,,swarming4 ,under the conditions most frequently occurring1 however--that is1 where it is not practicable to be present at all times during the swarming season1 or where the desired number of colonies has been attained--a system of management is advisable which in general contemplates the prevention1 in so far as possible1 of the issuance of swarms without at the same time interfering with honey storing4 ,the paragraphs following on this subject are taken from the ,department publication ,the ,honey ,bee1 cited on page #ae1 footnote3 ,the most commonly practiced and easily applied preventive measure is that of giving abundant room for storage of honey4 ,this to be effective should be given early in the season1 before the bees get fairly into the swarming notion1 and the honey should be removed frequently1 unless additional empty combs can be given in the case of colonies managed for extracted honey1 while those storing in sections should be given additional supers before those already on are completed4 ,with colonies run for comb honey it is not so easy to keep down swarming as in those run for extracted honey and kept supplied with empty comb4 ,free ventilation and shading of the hives as soon as warm days come will also tend toward prevention4 ,opening the hives once or twice weekly and destroying all queen cells that have been commenced will check swarming for a time in many instances1 and is a plan which seems very thorough and the most plausible of any to beginners4 ,but sometimes swarms issue without waiting to form cells2 it is also very difficult to find all cells without shaking the bees from each comb in succession1 an operation which1 besides consuming much time1 is very laborious when supers have to be removed1 and greatly disturbs the labors of the bees4 ,if but one cell is overlooked the colony will still swarm4 ,the plan therefore leaves at best much to be desired1 and is in general not worth the effort it costs and can not be depended on4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--,the ,simmins nonswarming system--single-story hive with supers3 bc1 brood chamber2 sc1 supers2 st1 starters of foundation2 e1 entrance4 ,dequeening4--,the removal of a queen at the opening of a swarming season interferes1 of course1 with the plans of the bees1 and they will then delay swarming until they get a young queen4 ,then1 if the bee keeper destroys all queen cells before the tenth day1 swarming will again be checked4 ,but to prevent swarming by keeping colonies queenless longer than a few days at most is to attain a certain desired result at a disproportionate cost1 for the bees will not store diligently when first made queenless1 and the whole yield of honey1 especially if the flow is extended over some time1 or other yields come later in the season1 is likely or even nearly sure to be less from such colonies1 while the interruption to brood roaring may decimate the colony and prove very disastrous to it4 ,the plan is therefore not to be commended4 ,requeening4--,quite the opposite of this1 and more efficacious in the prevention of swarming1 is the practice of replacing the old queen early in the season with a young one of the same season's raising1 produced1 perhaps1 in the ,south before it is possible to rear queens in the ,north4 ,such queens are not likely to swarm during the first season1 and1 as they are vigorous layers1 the hive will be well populated at all times and thus ready for any harvest4 ,this is important1 inasmuch as a flow of honey may come unexpectedly from some plant ordinarily not counted upon2 and also1 since the conditions essential to the development of the various honey-yielding plants differ greatly1 their time and succession of honey yield will also differ with the season the same as the quantity may vary4 ,young queens are also safest to head the colonies for the winter4 ,the plan is conducive to the highest prosperity of the colonies1 and is consistent with the securing of the largest average yield of honey1 since1 besides giving them vigorous layers1 it generally keeps the population together in powerful colonies4 ,it is therefore to be commended on all accounts as being in line with the most progressive management1 without at the same time interfering with the application of other preventive measures4 ,space near entrances4--,arranging frames with starters1 or combs merely begun1 between the brood nest and the flight hole of the hive1 while the bees are given storing space above or back of the brood nest 7figs4 #g and #h71 is a plan strongly recommended by ,mr4 ,samuel ,simmins1 of ,england1 and which has come to be known as the ,simmins nonswarming method1 some features of it and the combination into a well-defined method having been original with him4 ,it is an excellent preventive measure1 though not invariably successful1 even when the distinctive features brought forward prominently by ,mr4 ,simmins--empty space between the brood combs and entrance1 together with the employment of drawn combs in the supers--are supplemented by other measures already mentioned2 but when1 in addition to the space between the brood and the flight hole1 the precaution be taken to get supers on in time1 to ventilate the hive well1 and to keep queens not over two years old1 swarming will be very limited4 ,if to these precautions be added that of substituting for the old queens young ones of the current season's raising1 before swarming has begun1 practical immunity from swarming is generally insured4 ,selection in breeding4--,some races of bees show greater inclination than others toward swarming1 and the same difference can be noted between individual colonies of a given race2 therefore1 whatever methods be adopted to prevent or limit increase1 no doubt the constant selection of those queens to breed from whose workers show the least tendency toward swarming would in time greatly reduce this disposition4 ,indeed1 it is perfectly consistent to believe that persistent effort1 coupled with rigid and intelligent selection1 will eventually result in a strain of bees quite as much entitled to be termed nonswarming as certain breeds of fowls which have been produced by artificial selection are to be called nonsitters4 ,these terms are of course only relative1 being merely indicative of the possession of a certain disposition in a less degree than that shown by others of the same species4 ,it might never be possible to change the nature of our honeybees so completely that they would never swarm under any circumstances1 and even if possible it would take a long period1 so strongly implanted seems this instinct4 ,but to modify it is within the reach of any intelligent breeder who will persistently make the effort4 ,such work should be undertaken in experimental apiaries where its continuance when a single point has been gained will not be affected by the changes of individual fortunes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4--,the ,simmins nonswarming system--double-story hive with supers3 bc1 brood chamber2 sc1 supers2 st1 chamber with starters of comb foundation2 e1 entrance4 ,,special ,,crops ,,for ,,honey ,,alone ,,not ,,profitable4 ,with a small apiary1 planting for honey alone certainly can not be made profitable4 ,small plats of honey-producing plants are valuable mainly because they afford an opportunity of observing when and under what circumstances the bees work on certain blossoms1 and for the purpose of determining what might be depended upon to fill a gap in the honey resources of a given locality whenever the size of the apiary might make this a consideration of some importance4 ,even with a large apiary probably no case exists in which1 in the present condition of the subject1 planting for honey alone would prove profitable4 ,but when selecting crops for cultivation for other purposes1 or shrubs and trees for planting1 the bee keeper should of course choose such as will also furnish honey at a time when pasturage for his bees would otherwise be wanting4 ,as complete a list as possible should be made of the plants and trees visited by honeybees1 and notes should be added as to period of blossoming1 importance of yield1 whether honey or pollen or both of these are collected1 quality of the product1 etc4 ,if gaps occur during which no natural forage abounds for the bees1 some crop can usually be selected which will fill the interval1 and1 while supplying a continuous succession of honey-yielding blossoms for the bees1 will give in addition a yield of fruit1 grain1 or forage from the same land4 ,the novice is warned1 however1 not to expect too much from a small area4 ,he must remember that as the bees commonly go #b-a_/b to #c miles in all directions from the apiary1 they thus range over an area of #ab1jjj to #ah1jjj acres1 and if but #a square foot in #ajj produces a honey-yielding plant they still have #abj to #ahj acres of pasturage1 and quite likely the equivalent of #cj to #dj acres may be in bloom at one time within range of the bees4 ,a few acres more or less at such a time will therefore not make a great deal of difference4 ,but if coming between the principal crops--especially if the bees1 as is often the case1 would otherwise have no pasturage at all--the area provided for them may be of greater relative importance than the larger area of natural pasturage2 for it frequently occurs that the smaller part only of the honey produced by the field over which the bees of an apiary range can be collected by them before it is washed out by rains1 or the liquid portion is evaporated and the blossoms withered1 while a smaller area may be more assiduously visited1 and1 the nectar being gathered as fast as secreted1 a greater yield per acre may result4 ,it is further of some importance to fill in such a gap with something to keep the bees busy1 instead of letting them spend their time trying to rob one another2 and1 what is probably even more important1 the pasturage thus furnished will keep up brood rearing and comb building and assist materially in preparing the colonies for the succeeding honey flow4 ,there are many plants and trees of economic value1 in addition to their production of honey1 which may be utilized in one portion or another of the ,united ,states in the manner indicated4 ,adaptability to climate and soil1 the periods of honey dearth to be filled in1 markets for the crop produced1 etc41 must all come in to influence the choice4 ,the following list includes the more important plants of economic value in this country which are good honey and pollen yielders4 ,most of those named are adapted to a considerable portion of the ,union4 ,except in the case of plants restricted to the ,south1 the dates given are applicable1 in the main1 to middle latitudes4 ,,economic ,,plants ,,and ,,trees ,,for ,,cultivation ,,for ,,honey ,,and ,,pollen4 ,filbert bushes1 useful for wind-breaks and for their nuts1 yield pollen in ,february and ,march4 ,rape can be grown successfully in the ,north for pasturage1 for green manuring1 or for seed1 and when permitted to blossom yields considerable pollen and honey4 ,winter varieties are sown late in the summer or early in the autumn1 and blossom in ,april or ,may following4 ,this early yield forms an excellent stimulus to brood rearing4 ,summer or bird rape1 grown chiefly for its seed1 blossoms about a month after sowing4 ,it does best during the cooler months of the growing season4 ,russian or hairy vetch is a hardy leguminous plant of great value for forage and use in green manuring4 ,the blossoms appear early in the season1 and1 where there is any lack in early pollen1 especially in northern and cool regions1 this vetch will be found of great value to the bees4 ,fruit blossoms--apricot1 peach1 pear1 plum1 cherry1 apple1 currant1 and gooseberry--yield pollen and honey in abundance during ,april or ,may2 strawberry and blackberry are sometimes visited freely by bees1 but are generally far less important than the others mentioned4 ,colonies that have wintered well often gather during apple bloom #ab to #ae pounds of surplus honey of fine quality4 ,the raspberry secretes a large amount of nectar of superb quality1 and coming in ,may or ,june1 thus later than the other fruit blossoms and when the colonies are stronger and the weather is more settled1 full advantage can nearly always be taken of this yield4 ,grape and persimmon blossom also in ,june2 the latter is an excellent source4 ,in subtropical portions of the country orange and lemon trees yield fine honey in ,march and ,april1 and the cultivation of the banana has added a profuse honey yielder which puts forth successive blossoms all through the summer months4 ,locust1 tulip tree 7poplar1 or whitewood71 and horse-chestnut1 useful for shade1 ornament1 and timber1 are all fine honey producers in ,may4 ,the locust yields light-colored1 clear honey of fine quality1 the others amber-colored honey of good body and fair flavor4 ,clovers4--,crimson1 blossoming in ,april or ,may1 yields fine1 light-colored honey2 white1 alsike1 and mammoth or medium1 blossoming in ,may1 ,june1 and ,july1 give honey of excellent quality and rich yellow color4 ,mustard grown for seed flowers from ,june to ,august4 ,the honey is somewhat acrid and crystallizes soon1 yet the plant1 where abundant1 is of much importance to the bees and the bee keeper in case other forage is scant at the time4 ,asparagus blossoms are much visited by bees in ,june and ,july4 ,esparcet1 or sainfoin1 yields in ,may and ,june fine honey1 almost as clear as spring water4 ,it is a perennial leguminous plant1 rather hardy1 an excellent forage crop1 and particularly valuable for milch cows4 ,it succeeds best on a limestone soil or when lime is used as a fertilizer1 and is itself an excellent green manure for soils deficient in nitrogen and phosphoric acid4 ,sulla1 or sulla clover1 a perennial plant1 closely related to esparcet or sainfoin1 succeeds1 like the latter1 best upon limestone soil or when fertilized with lime4 ,it yields a splendid quality of honey from beautiful pink blossoms1 which continue during ,may and ,june4 ,the plant is an excellent soil fertilizer and of great value in connection with the feeding of stock1 particularly dairy animals4 ,it is1 however1 much less hardy than esparcet1 and success with it can therefore hardly be looked for above the latitude of ,north ,carolina and ,arkansas4 ,when the qualities and requirements of this plant were brought by the writer to the notice of a prominent scientific agriculturist of the ,south1 this gentleman suggested as very probable that the black belt of ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,louisiana1 and ,texas would be well adapted to it1 the lands of this region being exceedingly strong in lime4 ,in portions of southern ,europe sulla clover is a most important forage crop for farm stock as well as for honey bees4 ,serradella is an annual leguminous plant which will grow on sandy land1 and which yields1 besides good forage1 clear honey of good quality in ,june and ,july4 ,chestnut1 valuable for timber1 ornament1 shade1 and nuts1 yields honey and pollen in ,june or ,july4 ,linden1 sourwood1 and catalpa1 fine shade1 ornamental1 and timber trees1 yield great quantities of first quality honey in ,june and ,july4 ,cotton4--,in the ,south cotton blossoms1 appearing as they do in succession during the whole summer1 often yield considerable honey4 ,it would appear1 however1 that when the plants are very rank in growth the blossoms--being correspondingly large--are too deep for the bees to reach the nectar4 ,chicory1 raised for salad and for its roots1 is1 whenever permitted to blossom1 eagerly visited for honey in ,july and ,august4 ,sweet1 medicinal1 and pot herbs1 such as marjoram1 savory1 lavender1 catnip1 balm1 sage1 thyme1 etc41 when allowed to blossom1 nearly all yield honey in ,june1 ,july1 or ,august4 ,where fields of them are grown for the seed the honey yield may be considerable from this source4 ,alfalfa furnishes in the ,west a large amount of very fine honey during ,june and ,july4 ,its importance there as a forage crop is well known1 but how far eastward its cultivation may be profitably extended is still a question1 and even should it prove of value in the ,east as a forage plant1 its honey-producing qualities there would be still uncertain4 ,parsnips1 when left for seed1 blossom freely from ,june to ,august1 inclusive1 and are much frequented by honey bees4 ,peppermint1 raised for its foliage1 from which oil is distilled1 is most frequently cut before the bees derive much benefit from it1 but whenever allowed to blossom it is eagerly sought after by them1 and yields honey freely during ,july and ,august4 ,bokhara1 or sweet clover1 is in some sections of the country considered a valuable forage crop4 ,animals can be taught to like it1 and it is very valuable as a restorer of exhausted lime soils1 while in regions lacking in bee pasturage during the summer months it is a very important addition4 ,it withstands drought remarkably well and yields a large quantity of fine honey4 ,cucumber1 squash1 pumpkin1 and melon blossoms furnish honey and some pollen to the bees in ,july and ,august4 ,eucalypti1 valuable for their timber and as ornaments to lawn and roadside1 are quick-growing trees adapted to the southern portions of the ,united ,states4 ,they yield much honey between ,july and ,october4 ,the carob tree1 whose cultivation has been commenced in the ,southwest1 is an excellent honey yielder in late summer4 ,it is an ornamental tree and gives1 in addition to honey1 another valuable product--the carob bean of commerce4 ,sacaline1 a forage and ornamental plant of recent introduction1 is a great favorite with bees4 ,it blossoms profusely during ,august1 is a hardy perennial1 and thrives in wet and also fairly in dry situations1 withstanding the ordinary summer drought of the ,eastern ,states because of its deeply penetrating roots4 ,buckwheat is an important honey and pollen producer4 ,its blossoms appear about four weeks after the seed is sown1 hence it may be made to fill in a summer dearth of honey plants4 ,,how ,,to ,,obtain ,,surplus ,,honey ,,and ,,wax4 ,good wintering1 followed by careful conservation of the natural warmth of the colony1 the presence of a prolific queen--preferably a young one--with abundant stores for brood rearing1 are1 together with the prevention1 in so far as possible1 of swarming1 the prime conditions necessary to bring a colony of bees to the chief honey flow in shape to enable it to take full advantage of the harvest4 ,in addition it is only necessary to adjust the surplus honey receptacles in time1 making the space given proportionate to the strength of the colony1 and1 while continuing to prevent as far as possible the issuance of swarms1 to remove the accumulated honey fast enough to give abundant storage room4 ,,extracted ,,honey4 ,to secure extracted honey1 the requisite number of combs may be in one long hive1 or in stories one above another4 ,preference is most generally given to the latter plan4 ,the brood apartment is made in this case to hold eight to twelve ,langstroth frames1 and a second1 and sometimes a third or even a fourth story1 may be added temporarily4 ,these added stories may be for full-depth frames1 or1 for convenience in handling and in order to be able to control more closely the amount of space given1 they may be half the usual depth1 and but one of the half-depth stories added at a time4 ,if numerous sets of combs are at hand1 or if it is desirable to have others built1 additional stories are put on as fast as the combs already occupied by the bees are filled4 ,before removing the filled combs time should be allowed the bees to ripen and cap the honey2 hence enough combs are necessary to give the bees storage room while they are capping others1 the honey in combs that are quite or nearly sealed over may be considered sufficiently ripened to be removed from the hive4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4--,quinby uncapping knife4 ,it should also be taken promptly1 in order to keep the various grades or kinds separate4 ,however1 when the combs of a given super are completely filled and sealed it may be marked and left on the hive if more convenient to be extracted later4 ,the cells are uncapped by means of a sharp knife1 made especially for this purpose 7fig4 #i71 and the combs are then made to revolve rapidly in the honey extractor 7fig4 #aj74 ,the centrifugal force exerted on the honey throws it out1 leaving the comb cells uninjured1 or so slightly injured that they are wholly repaired within an hour or so after the return of the comb to the hive4 ,the chief advantages of this method of harvesting over that of crushing the combs are at once apparent when it is known that each pound of comb saved represents several pounds of honey 7consumed in its construction71 and may1 with care be used over almost indefinitely in securing surplus honey4 ,furthermore1 extracted honey is of much finer quality than that obtained by crushing the combs and straining out the liquid part1 since it is free from crushed bees1 larv1 pollen or bee bread1 etc41 which not only render strained honey dark and strong in flavor1 but also make it liable to fermentation and souring4 ,the extracted honey is run into open buckets or tanks and left1 covered with cheese cloth1 to stand a week or so in a dry1 warm room not frequented by ants4 ,it should be skimmed each day until perfectly clear1 and is then ready to be put into cans or barrels for marketing1 or to be stored in a dry place4 ,square tin cans1 each made to hold #fj pounds of extracted honey1 are sold by dealers in apiarian supplies4 ,this style of package is a convenient one to transport1 and is also acceptable to dealers4 ,wooden shipping cases are usually constructed so as to hold two of these cans4 ,barrels and kegs may be used1 especially for the cheaper grades of honey used chiefly in the manufacture of other articles4 ,they should be dry1 made of well-seasoned1 sound wood1 and the hoops driven tight and secured1 as well-ripened honey readily absorbs moisture from wood1 causing shrinkage and leakage4 ,they should also be coated inside with bees-wax or paraffin4 ,this is easily done by warming the barrels and then pouring in a gallon or two of hot wax or paraffin1 and1 after having driven in the bungs tightly1 rolling the barrels about a few times and turning them on end4 ,the work should be done quickly and the liquid not adhering to the inner surfaces poured out at once1 in order to leave but a thin coating inside4 ,the surplus combs are to be removed at the close of the season and hung an inch or so apart on racks placed in a dry1 airy room1 where no artificial heat is felt4 ,mice1 if permitted to reach them1 will do considerable damage by gnawing away the cells containing pollen or those in which bees have been bred1 and which therefore contain larval and pupal skins4 ,moth larv are not likely to trouble them until the following spring1 but upon the appearance of milder weather their ravages will begin1 and if the combs can not be placed under the care of the bees at once they must be fumigated with burning sulphur or with bisulphide of carbon4 ,,comb ,,honey4 ,the main difference to be observed in preparing colonies for the production of comb honey1 instead of extracted1 is in the adjustment of the brood apartment at the time the supers are added4 ,after the colony has been bred up to the greatest possible strength1 the brood apartment should be so regulated in size1 when the honey flow begins and the supers are added1 as to crowd many of the bees out and into the supers placed above4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,automatic reversible honey extractor4 ,on each hive a super is placed 7fig4 #aa7 holding #bd to #dh sections1 each section supplied with a strip or a full sheet of very thin foundation4 ,it is best not to give too much space at once1 as considerable warmth is necessary to enable the bees to draw out foundation or to build comb4 ,a single set of sections is usually sufficient at a time4 ,when the honey is designed for home use or for a local market1 half-depth frames are sometimes used1 the same as those often used above the brood nests when colonies are run for extracted honey1 but for the general market pound sections 7fig4 #ab7 are better adapted4 ,it is the practice of many to have nice white comb partially drawn out before the main honey flow begins1 or even the season before1 feeding the colonies1 if necessary1 to secure this2 and1 when the honey yield begins1 to supply sets of sections with these combs having cells deep enough for the bees to begin storing in as soon as any honey is collected4 ,earlier work in the sections is thus secured1 and this1 as is well known1 is an important point in the prevention of swarming4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,simmins1 of ,england1 has long contended for this use of partially drawn combs1 and though it forms a feature of his system for the prevention of swarming it has been too often overlooked4 ,comb foundation is now manufactured with extra thin septum or base and with the beginnings of the cells marked out by somewhat thicker walls which the bees immediately thin down1 using the extra wax in deepening the cells4 ,this is not artificial comb1 but a thin sheet of wax having the bases of the cells outlined on it4 ,complete artificial combs have never been used in a commercial way1 although there exists a widespread belief to this effect1 which is founded on extravagant claims that have appeared from time to time in newspaper articles4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,langstroth hive--super above holding #bh sections for comb honey4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,comb honey stored in pound section--size #d-a_/d by #d-a_/d inches4 ,if the brood apartment has been much contracted when the supers were added1 the queen may go into the sections and deposit eggs unless prevented by the insertion of a queen excluder 7fig4 #ac74 ,this1 merely a sheet of zinc with perforations which permit workers1 but not the queen1 to pass1 is placed between the brood apartment and the supers4 ,the great inconvenience of having brood in some of the sections is thereby prevented4 ,when the honey in the sections has been nearly capped over1 the super may be lifted up and another added between it and the brood apartment4 ,or1 should the strength of the colony not be sufficient1 or the harvest not abundant enough to warrant the giving of so much space1 the sections which are completely finished may be removed and the partly finished ones used as bait sections to encourage work in another set of sections on this hive or in new supers elsewhere4 ,the objections to the removal of sections one by one1 and brushing the bees from them1 are 7#a7 the time it takes1 and 7#b7 the danger that the bees when disturbed1 and especially if smoked1 will bite open the capping and begin the removal of the honey1 thus injuring the appearance of the completed sections4 ,a recent valuable invention1 the bee escape 7fig4 #c71 the use of which is explained on pages #ae and #af1 when placed between the super and the brood nest1 permits the bees then above the escape to go down into the brood apartment1 but does not permit their reentering the super4 ,if inserted twelve to twenty-four hours before the sections are to be removed1 the latter will be found free from bees at the time of removal1 provided all brood has been kept out of the supers4 ,grading and shipping comb honey4--,before marketing the honey it should be carefully graded1 and all propolis 7bee-glue71 if there be any1 scraped from the edges of the sections4 ,in grading for the city markets the following rules are1 in the main1 observed4 ,they were adopted by the ,north ,american ,bee-,keepers' ,association at its twenty-third annual convention1 held in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c1 in ,december1 #ahib1 and are copied from the official report of that meeting3 ,fancy4--,all sections to be well filled2 combs straight1 of even thickness1 and firmly attached to all four sides2 both wood and comb unsoiled by travel stain or otherwise2 all cells sealed except the row of cells next to the wood4 ,no4 #a4--;,all sections well filled1 but with combs crooked or uneven1 detached at the bottom1 or with but few cells unsealed2 both wood and comb unsoiled by travel stain or otherwise4 ,in addition to the above1 honey is to be classified1 according to color1 into light1 amber1 and dark4 ,for instance1 there will be fancy light1 fancy amber1 and fancy dark1 ,no4 #a light1 ,no4 #a amber1 and ,no4 #a dark4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,perforated zinc queen excluder4 ,the sections1 after grading and scraping1 are to be placed in clean shipping cases having glass in one or both ends 7fig4 #ad74 ,several of these may be placed in a single crate for shipment4 ,to prevent breaking down of the combs it is best to put straw in the bottom of the crate for the shipping cases to rest on1 and the crates should be so placed as to keep the combs in a perpendicular position4 ,the crates are also likely to be kept right side up if convenient handles are attached to the sides--preferably strips with the ends projecting beyond the corners4 ,care in handling will generally be given if the glass in the shipping cases shows4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,shipping cases for comb honey4 ,owing to the appearance of statements of a sensational character to the effect that complete honey combs are manufactured by machinery and filled with sweets lower in price than honey 7glucose1 cane sugar1 or mixtures of these71 then sealed over and sold in the market as genuine honey1 a strong suspicion exists regarding the comb honey commonly offered for sale4 ,wide circulation has been given to these wild stories by sensational newspaper writers1 and even monthly periodicals1 usually far more discriminating and accurate1 have repeated them4 ,some writers have even tried to locate the comb honey factories in given cities1 but investigation has always shown that the locations were mythical4 ,the forfeit of #a1jjj which a reputable firm has had standing for fifteen years past for a pound of manufactured comb honey of a nature to deceive the buyer still remains unclaimed4 ,the ,national ,bee-,keepers' ,association1 at its annual convention held in ,st4 ,louis in #aijd1 offered also a like forfeit of #a1jjj for satisfactory proof of the existence of such a thing as manufactured comb honey4 ,but no claimant has come forward1 notwithstanding the #b1jjj which awaits his proof4 ,the fact is1 there is no truth in the yarn1 and no one has thus far shown the thing possible4 ,the comb honey in the markets is pure and wholesome--a healthful and nourishing sweet1 easier to digest than cane sugar or any of the sirups so commonly sold4 ,it is worth a place on the tables of all who can afford to use it4 ,,production ,,of ,,wax4 ,no method has yet been brought forward which will enable one1 at the present relative prices of honey and wax1 to turn the whole working force of the bees1 or even the greater part of it1 into the production of wax instead of honey2 in fact1 the small amount of wax produced incidentally in apiaries managed for extracted or for section honey is usually turned into honey the following season2 that is1 it is made into comb foundation1 which is then employed in the same hives to increase their yield of marketable honey4 ,it is even the case that in most apiaries managed on approved modern methods more pounds of foundation are employed than wax produced2 hence less progressive bee keepers--those who adhere to the use of box hives and who can not therefore utilize comb foundation--are called upon for their wax product4 ,as each pound of wax represents several pounds of honey1 all cappings removed when preparing combs for the extractor1 all scrapings and trimmings and bits of drone comb1 are to be saved and rendered into wax4 ,this is best done in the solar wax-extractor 7fig4 #ae71 the essential parts of which are a metal tank with wire-cloth strainer and a glass cover1 the latter generally made double4 ,the bottom of the metal tank is strewn with pieces of comb1 the glass cover adjusted1 and the whole exposed to the direct rays of the sun4 ,a superior quality of wax filters through the strainer4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,solar wax-extractor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4--,steam wax-extractor4 ,another method is to inclose the cappings or combs to be rendered in a coarse sack and weight this down in a tin boiler partly filled with rain water or soft spring water and boil slowly until little or no more wax can be pressed out of the material in the sack4 ,melting in an iron receptacle makes the wax dark colored4 ,a special utensil made of tin1 for use as a wax-extractor 7fig4 #af7 over boiling water1 can also be had4 ,the bits of comb are placed in this1 in an inside can having fine perforations1 through which the steam from below enters and melts out the wax1 which drips from a spout into another receptacle partly filled with water1 from the surface of which the cake of wax may be removed when cold4 ,,the ,,wintering ,,of ,,bees4 ,how to bring bees successfully through the winter in the colder portions of the ,united ,states is a problem which gives anxiety to all who are about to attempt it for the first time in those sections1 and even many who have kept bees for years still find it their greatest difficulty4 ,it may happen occasionally that a queen1 apparently young and vigorous in the autumn1 will die during the winter1 when a young one can not be reared1 and as a result the colony will dwindle away4 ,such losses are1 however1 rare1 and1 aside from the possible results of fire1 flood1 or violent storms1 are about the only ones which can not be avoided by careful attention to right methods in wintering4 ,insufficient or poor winter stores1 hives faulty in construction1 lack of protection from cold and dampness1 too much or too little ventilation1 too great a proportion of old bees or too great a proportion of young ones1 overmanipulation late in the season1 etc41 are the most important and most easily detected causes of loss in wintering bees4 ,in some instances colonies supposed to have been placed in the same condition under which others have wintered well become diseased and die or dwindle away without prominent signs of disease4 ,it is evident1 however1 that some condition existed in one case which was not present in the other1 or that1 in spite of some unfavorable condition1 the favorable ones combined1 in the first instance1 to render the wintering successful4 ,in the ,south wintering in the open air on the summer stands is the only method followed1 while in the colder portions of the country1 although with proper precautions bees may be wintered successfully in the open air1 many prefer to house them in special repositories built with double walls1 or to place them in darkened cellars1 or in clamps4 ,indoor wintering should be confined to regions where there are several weeks1 at least1 of continued severe weather4 ,when all conditions are right1 consumption of honey will be less indoors and loss of bee life less than with the methods usually practiced in outdoor wintering4 ,under proper conditions1 however1 especially when abundant protection has been given1 colonies out of doors will consume no more food nor meet with greater losses in numbers than those wintered under favorable conditions indoors4 ,in wintering indoors certain essential conditions are1 in a measure1 beyond the control of the bee keeper1 hence must be left to chance1 and certain other conditions and emergencies liable to arise1 though easily understood and met by the man of experience in this direction1 are yet very likely to be overlooked by the novice or to be puzzling and disastrous to him4 ,for these reasons it is safer for him to keep closer to the natural method at first and try outdoor wintering4 ,in wintering out of doors the conditions within the control of the bee keeper are more readily perceived and easier to meet1 and though the original work of preparation for good wintering out of doors is greater per colony1 yet the work during the winter itself and the following spring is likely to be less2 moreover1 the feeling of greater security1 as well as the greater certainty of finding the colonies in good condition to begin gathering in the spring1 are points well worthy of consideration4 ,in other words1 indoor wintering should be left to such experienced bee keepers as may prefer it and are located in cold climates1 while novices1 wherever located1 should first endeavor to meet the requirements of successful outdoor wintering2 that is1 to prepare the colonies so that ,nature1 whatever her mood as regards the weather1 will bring her tiny charges safely through the perils and vicissitudes of the winter months4 ,,general ,,considerations4 ,whatever method be followed in wintering1 certain conditions regarding the colony itself are plainly essential3 ,first1 it should have a good queen2 second1 a fair-sized cluster of healthy bees1 neither too old nor too young2 third1 a plentiful supply of good food4 ,the first of these conditions may be counted as fulfilled if the queen at the head of the colony is not more than two years old1 is still active1 and has always kept her colony populous2 yet a younger queen--even one of the current season's rearing1 and thus but a few weeks or months old--is if raised under favorable conditions1 much to be preferred4 ,the second point is met if brood rearing has been continued without serious interruption during the latter part of the summer and the cluster of bees occupies1 on a cool day in autumn1 six to eight or more spaces between the combs1 or forms a compact cluster #h or #aj inches in diameter4 ,young bees1 if not weir protected by older ones1 succumb readily to the cold1 while quite old bees die early in the spring1 and others1 which emerged late in the summer or autumn preceding1 are needed to replace them4 ,the third essential--good food--is secured if the hive is liberally supplied with well-ripened honey from any source whatever1 or with fairly thick sirup1 made from white cane sugar1 which was fed early enough to enable the bees to seal it over before they ceased flying4 ,the sirup is prepared by dissolving #c pounds of granulated sugar in #a quart of boiling water and adding to this #a pound of pure extracted honey4 ,twenty to #bf pounds for outdoor wintering in the ,south1 up to #cj or #dj pounds in the ,north1 when wintered outside with but slight protection--or1 if wintered indoors1 about #bj pounds--may be considered a fair supply of winter food4 ,a smaller amount should not be trusted except in case much greater protection be furnished against the effects of severe weather than is usually given4 ,a greater amount of stores will do no harm if properly arranged over and about the center of the cluster1 or1 in case the combs are narrow1 wholly above the cluster4 ,in many instances it will be a benefit by equalizing in a measure the temperature in the hive1 as well as by giving to the bees greater confidence in extending the brood nest in early spring4 ,,indoor ,,wintering4 ,a dry1 dark cellar or special repository built in a sidehill or with double1 filled walls1 like those of an ice house1 may be utilized for wintering bees in extremely cold climates4 ,it should be so built that a temperature of #db to #de ,f4 7the air being fairly dry in the cellar7 can be maintained during the greater part of the winter4 ,to this end it should be well drained1 furnished with adjustable ventilators1 and covered all over with earth1 except the entrance1 where close-fitting doors1 preferably three of them1 should open in succession1 so as to separate the main room from the outside by a double entry way4 ,the colonies1 supplied with good queens1 plenty of bees1 #bj to #be pounds of stores each1 and with chaff cushions placed over the frames1 are carried in shortly before snow and severe freezing weather come4 ,any repository which is damp or one whose temperature falls below freezing or remains long below #ch ,f4 is not a suitable place in which to winter bees4 ,when in repositories1 the bees have no opportunity for a cleansing flight1 nor do they1 when the temperature rises outside1 always warm up sufficiently to enable the cluster to move from combs from which the stores have been exhausted to full ones2 hence in a cold repository they may possibly starve with plenty of food in the hive4 ,as a rule1 colonies would be better off out of doors on their summer stands than in such places4 ,,outdoor ,,wintering4 ,cold and dampness are the great winter enemies of bee life4 ,a single bee can withstand very little cold1 but a good cluster1 if all other conditions are favorable1 can defy the most rigorous winters of our coldest ,states4 ,but if not thoroughly dry1 even a moderate degree of cold is always injurious1 if not absolutely fatal4 ,dampness in winter is therefore the most dangerous element with which the bee keeper has to contend4 ,the matter would1 of course1 be quite simple if only that dampness which might come from the outside were to be considered1 but when the air of the hive1 somewhat warmed by the bees and more or less charged with the moisture of respiration1 comes in contact with hive walls or comb surfaces made cold by outside air1 condensation takes place1 and the moisture trickles over the cold surfaces and cluster of bees1 saturating the air about them or even drenching them1 unless by forming a very compact cluster they are able to prevent it from penetrating1 or by greater activity to raise the temperature sufficiently to evaporate the surplus moisture1 or at least that portion near them4 ,but this greater activity is1 of course1 at the expense of muscular power and requires the consumption of nitrogenous as well as carbonaceous food4 ,increased cold or its long continuance greatly aggravates conditions4 ,nature has provided that the accumulation of waste products in the body of the bee during its winter confinement should be small under normal conditions1 but unusual consumption of food1 especially of a highly nitrogenous nature like pollen1 necessitates a cleansing flight1 or diarrheal difficulties ensue1 combs and hives are soiled1 the air of the hive becomes polluted1 and at last the individual bees become too weak to generate proper warmth or drive off the surplus moisture which then invades the cluster and brings death to the colony2 or1 what is more frequently the case1 a cold snap destroys the last remnant of the colony1 which has been reduced by constant loss of bees impelled by disease to leave the cluster or even to venture out for a cleansing flight when snows and great cold prevail4 ,the problem then is3 ,to retain the warmth generated by the bees1 which is necessary to their well-being1 and at the same time to prevent the accumulation of moisture in the hive4 ,a simple opening at the top of the hive would permit much of the moisture to pass off1 but of course heat would escape with it and a draft would be produced4 ,absorbent material about the cluster creates1 without free ventilation1 damp surroundings1 and again the temperature is lowered4 ,it is only necessary1 however1 to surround the bees with sufficient material to protect them fully against the greatest cold likely to occur1 and to take care also that this enveloping material is of such a nature and so disposed as to permit the free passage of the moisture which would otherwise collect in the interior of the hive1 and to permit the escape into the surrounding atmosphere of such moisture as enters this material from within4 ,this packing should also be fully protected from outside moisture4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,double-walled hive adapted to outdoor wintering as well as summer use below #dj north latitude in the ,united ,states4 ,thickness of each wall1 #c_/h inch1 space between walls1 #b inches1 packed with dry chaff or ground cork4 ,south of ,virginia1 ,kentucky1 and ,kansas single-walled hives may be employed in most localities with good success in outdoor wintering4 ,on the approach of the cool or the rainy season a close-fitting quilt should be laid over the frames and several folded newspapers pressed down on this1 or a cushion filled with dry chaff or some other soft material may be used instead of paper4 ,the cover or roof should be absolutely rain-proof1 yet between this cover and the cushion or papers should be several inches of space with free circulation of air4 ,in order to permit this ventilation above the top packing1 the cover should not rest upon the cap or upper story all of the way around1 or if it does1 an auger hole in each end1 protected by wire-cloth against the entrance of mice1 should give free passage to the air4 ,in the more northern portion of the section referred to some further protection is advisable 7fig4 #ag71 and is really necessary in the mountainous parts of the same territory if the best results are to be obtained4 ,farther north1 and especially in the cold ,northwest1 much greater protection becomes an absolute necessity4 ,quilts with newspapers or thin packing above do not alone suffice4 ,the side walls of the hive may be made of pressed straw 7fig4 #ah74 ,these1 with top packing1 if kept dry outside1 are excellent for outdoor wintering1 even in climates so cold that ordinary wooden hives do not afford sufficient protection4 ,in the severest climates1 however1 still greater protection on all sides of the colony is needed1 and packing with chaff or other soft material is decidedly the best plan4 ,the thickness of this surrounding packing should be from #b inches to #h or #aj inches for single colonies1 according to the severity of the climate1 but if four or more colonies are grouped for the winter1 so as to make the natural warmth generated mutually advantageous1 somewhat less packing will be sufficient4 ,a most important point is to have the soft warmth-retaining packing come in close contact with the edges of the combs1 and above all not to have a hive wall1 either thick or thin1 between this material and the bees4 ,a good plan is to construct an open framework or skeleton hive of laths1 cover it with sacking1 or1 preferably1 some less fuzzy cloth which the bees will not gnaw1 and after placing it in an outer wooden case large enough every way to admit of the necessary packing about the colony1 to fill in on all sides with some dry1 porous material 7fig4 #ai74 ,if the frames are shallow1 like the ,langstroth1 it is better to construct the inner case so as to place them on end1 and thus give a deeper comb for the winter4 ,layers of newspapers may come next outside the cloth covering of the framework4 ,wheat chaff answers well to complete the packing4 ,wool is to be preferred1 but is of course too expensive unless a waste product4 ,ground cork1 waste flax1 hemp1 sawdust1 etc41 in fact1 any fine porous material1 if thoroughly dry1 may be used4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,the ,american straw hive 7,langstroth principle7 of ,hayek ,brothers4 ,a board passageway #c or #d inches wide and three-eighths of an inch high should connect this inner apartment and the flight hole of the outer case1 thus affording an exit for the bees whenever the weather may permit them to fly4 ,when these preparations have been completed1 the hive is ready for the combs1 which1 with adhering bees1 are taken from the summer hive and inserted in the winter hive4 ,a quilt is then laid on the frames and the top packing put on4 ,this1 for convenience1 may be held in a cloth-bottomed tray4 ,it is quite important1 as already mentioned1 that air be allowed to circulate freely above the packing4 ,the outside case must be quite rain-proof or else wholly protected from the rain by a roof4 ,all other necessary conditions having been complied with shortly after the gathering season closed1 the combs may be lifted from the summer hives and placed in these specially arranged winter cases before cold weather wholly stops the bees from flying out4 ,thus prepared for the winter the colonies will need but slight attention from ,october until ,march1 or1 in the ,north1 even later1 and the losses will be limited to the small percentage of cases due to failure of apparently good queens4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,colony of bees with newspapers packed between inner and outer cases and brood frames on end for the winter4 ,,the ,,risk ,,of ,,loss ,,through ,,disease ,,and ,,enemies4 ,winter losses through disease superinduced by unfavorable surroundings which it is within the power of the bee keeper to avoid have already been considered4 ,but one other very serious disease has been widespread4 ,,foul ,,brood ,,or ,,bacillus ,,of ,,the ,,hive4 ,this is a highly contagious affection which1 as it mainly affects the developing brood in the cells1 is commonly known as foul brood4 ,it is due to a microbe 7,bacillus alvei7 whose spores are easily transported from hive to hive by the bees themselves1 by the operator1 in honey1 or in combs changed from one hive to another4 ,once established in an apiary1 it usually spreads1 unless speedily and energetically checked1 until all of the colonies in the neighborhood are ruined and even exterminated4 ,the most apparent symptoms are the turning black of larv in open cells1 many sealed cells with sunken caps1 frequently broken in and containing dead larv or pup in a putrid condition1 brown or coffee-colored1 jelly-like or ropy in consistency1 and giving off an offensive odor4 ,the disease1 though known to exist in nearly all countries1 can hardly be said to be common4 ,the writer1 in an experience of over thirty years in bee keeping in several ,states of the ,union1 as well as in a number of foreign countries1 has met the disease but rarely1 and has had but one experience with it in his own apiary1 it having been in this instance brought in by a neighbor who purchased bees at a distance4 ,it was easily cured1 without great loss4 ,thus the beginner's risks of disaster in this direction are1 if he be forewarned1 comparatively small4 ,he may1 furthermore1 gain assurance from the fact that1 should the disease invade his apiary1 prompt and intelligent action will prevent serious loss4 ,the following is the treatment for a colony which still has sufficient strength of numbers to be worth saving3 ,the bees are to be shaken from their combs just at nightfall into an empty box1 which is to be removed at once to a cool1 dark place4 ,they are to be confined to the box1 but it must be well ventilated through openings covered with wire cloth4 ,during the first forty-eight hours no food should be given to them1 and during the second forty-eight hours only a small amount of medicated sirup--a half pint daily for a small colony to a pint for a strong one4 ,this food is prepared by adding one part of pure carbolic acid or phenol to #fjj or #gjj parts of sugar sirup or honey4 ,at the end of the fourth day the bees are to be shaken into a clean hive supplied with starters of comb foundation4 ,this hive is to be placed outside on a stand some distance from all other colonies1 and moderate feeding with medicated sirup or honey should be continued for a few days thereafter4 ,the combs of diseased colonies which contain brood may be assembled over a single one of these colonies1 or1 if the amount of brood be too great for one colony to care for1 over several such diseased colonies1 until the young bees have emerged4 ,all of the honey is then to be extracted4 ,while it is wholesome as food1 it should not be offered for sale1 lest some of it be used in feeding bees or be inadvertently exposed where foraging bees might find it and carry to their hives the germs of this disease1 harmless to other creatures but so fatal to bee life4 ,a good use for this honey is to employ it in making vinegar4 ,one and one-third pounds added to each gallon of rain water or soft spring water and allowed to ferment for three months in a warm place makes a quality of vinegar quite equal to the best cider vinegar4 ,provision for the free circulation of air through the cask should be made4 ,this is easily secured by placing the cask1 not completely filled1 on its side and boring an auger hole in each end near the upper side1 the holes to be covered with cheese cloth or fine gauze1 to keep out insects4 ,if the honey containing the germs is to be used for feeding bees1 it is to be diluted with half its own quantity1 by measure1 of water and kept at the boiling point for three hours in a water bath--a vessel within another containing water4 ,the combs from which the honey has been extracted1 as well as all of the pieces built by the bees during their four days' confinement1 may be melted into wax1 by thorough boiling in soft water4 ,this wax should be kept liquid for #dh hours or longer1 to allow all impurities to settle4 ,these will include the foul brood spores1 which may then be removed with1 the impure wax by scraping or cutting away the bottom of the cake4 ,these scrapings should be burned4 ,the same disposition had better be made of the frames from which the combs containing germs were removed4 ,in all of this work the utmost care should be exercised to avoid the dripping of honey about the apiary or the exposure of implements1 receptacles1 or combs smeared with or containing honey from the diseased colonies4 ,it may even be better1 in order to save time and possible risk1 where but few combs and a comparatively small amount of honey are involved1 to destroy all of these immediately after their removal from the hive4 ,the old hive and all utensils used about the diseased colony should be disinfected by washing in a solution of corrosive sublimate--one-eighth ounce in one gallon of water--and should afterwards be exposed to the air and sun for some time4 ,if healthy colonies are to be manipulated immediately after handling diseased ones the hands of the operator must also be disinfected by washing in the solution just mentioned4 ,those who care to try and save combs and brood should employ the remedial method developed by the late ,professor ,cheshire4 ,this is explained in full in his work on bee keeping1,c and a brief statement of it may also be found in ,the ,honey ,bee1 ,bulletin ,no4 #a1 new series1 of the ,bureau of ,entomology1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,notwithstanding these remedies1 some will prefer1 where healthy colonies of bees can be bought at moderate prices1 to burn diseased bees1 combs1 and frames rather than spend time to effect a cure1 and risk1 as they fear they may1 the further spread of the pest4 ,to kill the bees thus is1 however1 neither profitable1 humane1 nor necessary1 for if confined as described above and separated at once from the other colonies1 this work being done at nightfall1 when all of the bees are in their hives1 the risk of spreading the disease will not thereby be increased1 nor is the labor much greater than that involved in the removal of combs and bees for burning4 ,and if it be found that the diseased colonies are weak in numbers and seem1 therefore1 individually hardly worth saving1 this need not be taken as an excuse for the death sentence1 as several colonies may be smoked and shaken together into the same box to make a single strong colony1 the best queen of the lot having been selected and caged in the box in such a way that the workers can release her within a few hours by eating through candy4 ,c ,bees and ,bee keeping1 by ,frank ,k4 ,cheshire1 ,f4 ,l4 ,s41 ,f4 ,e4 ,m4 ,s41 ,london1 #ahhh1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pages #eed-ege4 ,,bee ,,paralysis4 ,among other diseases of a bacterial nature paralysis is most noticeable1 although not to be dreaded as foul brood4 ,it affects the adult bees only1 producing a paralyzed condition of their members and a swelling up of their bodies4 ,the diseased bees1 often set upon by other workers1 lose the hairy covering of their bodies1 and1 black and shiny in appearance1 may often be seen wriggling away from their hives to die4 ,in such cases the working force of the affected colony frequently becomes so greatly reduced as to preclude any return in the form of honey or swarms during the given season4 ,the source from which the bees obtain the original infection is unknown1 but1 once in the apiary1 it is spread mainly by the entrance of affected workers into healthy colonies1 and probably also by the visits which bees from healthy colonies make to the diseased ones1 the latter often being so weakened in numbers as to be unable to protect their stores from healthy bees out on robbing expeditions4 ,ordinary paralysis may generally be cured by strewing powdered sulphur over the combs1 bees1 and along the top bars of the frames1 the precaution first having been taken of removing all unsealed brood4 ,this brood would be killed by the application of sulphur1 but as there is no danger whatever of spreading the disease by the transfer of brood or honey from one hive to another1 provided absolutely every one of the adult bees has first been shaken or brushed from the combs1 the latter may be given to healthy colonies which need strengthening4 ,another simple plan for getting rid of the disease and yet utilizing the available strength of the affected colonies is to close their hives at night and move them a mile or more1 locating them1 if possible1 outside of the range of other bees4 ,as the brood in these colonies remains healthy all that is sealed or even well advanced in the larval stage may have the bees shaken from it and be distributed among the remaining colonies of the apiary4 ,the bees of the diseased colonies thus become rapidly reduced in numbers1 and several of the colonies themselves may soon be combined1 the best queen being selected to continue egg deposition4 ,eventually the diseased apiary becomes1 by the removal of the developing brood and the death of the old bees1 reduced to nothing4 ,none of the queens should be saved nor should any of the adult workers be returned to the healthy apiary4 ,a combination of the sulphur cure with the last plan mentioned--that of getting rid of the disease through the removal of brood combs from affected colonies--is really1 all in all1 the best procedure4 ,when a fairly strong colony has been made up by shaking the adult bees of two or more together and this removed to an isolated locality1 the application of sulphur may be made before any brood has been started4 ,it is well1 also1 to replace the queen with a vigorous one from stock entirely unrelated to the diseased bees4 ,should any signs of the disease reappear1 constant removal of the brood should be followed1 as mentioned in the preceding paragraph4 ,other bacterial diseases1 though existing1 have developed only very locally or have been too limited in the amount of injury inflicted to require special mention here4 ,,insect ,,and ,,other ,,enemies4 ,the bee or wax-moth 7,galleria mellonella ,linn47 is regarded by those unfamiliar with modern methods in bee keeping as a very serious enemy to success in this work4 ,it was frequently such when only the common black bee was kept and the old way of managing1 or rather of trusting to luck1 was followed4 ,but with the better races now introduced and with improved hives and methods1 and especially with the care that is now given to have no colonies queenless long at a time1 the wax-moth larv are no longer regarded with great concern4 ,some species of wasps take a little honey at times--more particularly when hives are opened--and they annoy the bees2 others capture and eat workers1 as do also the large ant-like cow-killers 7,mutillid71 and certain predaceous flies 7,asilid71 true bugs 7,phymatid71 and neuropterous and orthopterous insects 7,libellulid and ,mantid74 ,the larv of certain beetles 7,dermestid and ,tenebrio7 feed upon pollen and the cast-off skins of developing larv and pup1 and certain of the ,meloid larv attach themselves to the bodies of bees as parasites4 ,ants 7,formicid7 and cockroaches 7,blattid71 which gather above the quilts and between the quilts and the tops of the frames in order to be benefited by the warmth of the cluster of bees1 sometimes help themselves to honey1 and their presence annoys the bees more or less4 ,some of the insects here mentioned are only found locally1 the predaceous ones being confined mainly to the ,south1 while it may be said that the general welfare of strong colonies is not often materially affected nor the return noticeably reduced through the attacks of any of them4 ,spiders1 toads1 and lizards destroy1 in addition to many injurious insects1 also some bees1 and should be tolerated in the vegetable garden rather than in the apiary4 ,swallows1 kingbirds or bee martins1 mice1 skunks1 and bears only occasionally commit depredations in the apiary4 ,properly constructed hives enable the bees to limit in a great measure the injury which these various enemies might inflict1 and the avoidance of overswarming1 with care to insure the constant presence of a prolific queen and a supply of food suited to the needs of the colony at the time1 will keep it populous and therefore in shape to repel attacks or to make good most of the unavoidable losses4 ,,robber ,,bees4 ,robbing is sometimes a more serious matter1 although it very rarely happens that a little careful attention just at the right time on the part of the bee keeper would not avoid all serious trouble on this score4 ,when bees find nothing to gather during weather when they can still fly out they are easily tempted to appropriate the stores of weaker colonies4 ,exposure of combs of honey at such times may even occasion a combined attack upon a good colony otherwise quite able to take care of itself4 ,it is then that the greatest destruction ensues1 for such a colony will defend itself vigorously1 and a pitched battle1 with perhaps fifty or sixty thousand ,amazons on either side1 leaves the ground literally strewn with dead and dying4 ,if the invaders conquer1 every drop of honey is taken from the few vanquished that are likely to be still alive2 and in turn the despoilers invariably fight among themselves as to the possession of the booty4 ,when the robbing takes place during the absence of the owner1 the condition of the robbed colony may not attract immediate attention1 and during warm weather moth larv gain full possession of the combs within a few days4 ,when this condition is observed1 the whole damage is very likely to be attributed to the moth larv4 ,colonies that have been left queenless for some time1 and those weakened by disease or by overswarming1 are especial marks for such attacks4 ,of course these defects should be remedied whenever observed1 but meanwhile1 if legitimate field work is likely to be interrupted1 every colony should be assisted in protecting itself against assault by having its hive made secure and the entrance such a narrow pass as to enable a few workers to repel attack there4 ,should robbers get well started before being observed1 the entrance of the hive should be narrowed at once1 and wet grass or weeds may be thrown loosely over it1 or a pane of glass may be stood against the front of the hive in a slanting manner to confuse the intruders4 ,in extreme cases the attacked colonies may be removed to a cellar for a few days1 plenty of ventilation being given during confinement1 and a new location1 apart from other colonies1 selected1 on which they are to be placed just at nightfall2 or1 instead of putting them in the cellar1 they may be taken a mile or more away and returned only when the danger has passed4 ,with these precautions1 little loss is to be feared on this score4 ,in general1 the intelligent owner who gives careful attention to certain important points in bee management finds that he very rarely has disease to contend with1 and that the reduction of profits through the depredations of bee enemies is not1 in most parts of the ,union1 a serious discouragement4 ,altogether it seems to the writer that the risks in these directions are even less in bee keeping than those usually met in the keeping of other animals1 which1 like bees1 are legitimately made to contribute to the wealth of the individual and of the nation4 ,,legislation ,,affecting ,,apiarian ,,interests4 ,many ,states have in recent years passed laws having for their purpose the eradication or suppression of contagious diseases among bees4 ,state and county inspectors have been appointed under these laws1 whose duty it is to go about and ascertain where diseased colonies of bees are located1 and recommend the treatment to be given1 or in some cases to carry out this treatment1 even to the complete destruction of colonies or apiaries where the virulence of the attack seems to warrant it4 ,where these laws have been conscientiously and energetically executed1 much has been accomplished toward freeing the apiaries of the given ,state from disease4 ,some ,states have passed laws making it a misdemeanor to spray fruit trees during the time of blossoming1 since thereby bees are poisoned1 and besides the injury to the apiarist the pollination of the fruit blossoms is seriously interfered with4 ,laws against the sale of adulterated goods as genuine1 known commonly as pure-food laws1 are in operation in some of the ,states1 and where bee inspectors or bee keepers have taken the pains to have these laws applied to the marketing of honey1 a check has been put upon the selling of adulterated honey in the liquid form1 which has been practiced to a greater or less extent and still occurs in some of the city markets4 ,in general1 the rights of bee keepers to own and cultivate bees1 either within the limits of cities or on farms adjoining those devoted to grazing and general stock raising1 are becoming more clearly defined through decisions of supreme and county courts4 ,in this connection the work of the ,national ,bee-,keepers' ,association should receive mention4 ,this organization is in no sense a trades union1 but has for its purpose the defense of its members against unjust attacks upon their legal rights1 the suppression1 in so far as possible1 of the sale of adulterated honey1 the securing of legislation for the protection of its members and favorable to the general advance of the industry1 as well as the dissemination among its members of advanced ideas in bee management and information regarding the marketing of apiarian products4 ,the membership fee of one dollar per annum entitles every honey producer to membership and participation in all of the benefits enumerated1 as well as to the published report of the annual convention held by the association4 ,the membership numbers nearly #b1jjj at the present time1 and the influence of this large body of intelligent beemasters is already being appreciably felt in the general advance of the industry in this country4 ,,journals ,,treating ,,of ,,apiculture4 ,as a matter of general information1 the following list of journals relating to apiculture is given4 ,it comprises all those published in this country at the present time4 ,the ,american ,bee ,journal1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,gleanings in ,bee ,culture1 ,medina1 ,ohio4 ,the ,bee ,keepers' ,review1 ,flint1 ,mich4 ,the ,american ,bee ,keeper1 ,falconer1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the ,progressive ,bee ,keeper1 ,higginsville1 ,mo4 ,western ,bee ,journal1 ,kingsburg1 ,cal4 ,the ,rural ,bee ,keeper1 ,river ,falls1 ,wis4 ,,farmers' ,,bulletins4 ,the following is a list of the ,farmers' ,bulletins available for distribution1 showing the number and title of each4 ,copies will be sent to any address on application to any ,senator1 ,representative1 or ,delegate in ,congress1 or to the ,secretary of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the missing numbers have been discontinued1 being superseded by later bulletins3 ,no4 #af4 ,leguminous ,plants4 ,no4 #bb4 ,the ,feeding of ,farm ,animals4 ,no4 #bd4 ,hog ,cholera and ,swine ,plague4 ,no4 #be4 ,peanuts3 ,culture and ,uses4 ,no4 #bg4 ,flax for ,seed and ,fiber4 ,no4 #bh4 ,weeds3 ,and ,how to ,kill ,them4 ,no4 #bi4 ,souring and ,other ,changes in ,milk4 ,no4 #cj4 ,grape ,diseases on the ,pacific ,coast4 ,no4 #ca4 ,alfalfa1 or ,lucern4 ,no4 #cb4 ,silos and ,silage4 ,no4 #cc4 ,peach ,growing for ,market4 ,no4 #cd4 ,moats3 ,composition and ,cooking4 ,no4 #cf4 ,potato ,culture4 ,no4 #cf4 ,cotton ,seed and ,its ,products4 ,no4 #cg4 ,kafir ,com3 ,culture and ,uses4 ,no4 #ch4 ,spraying for ,fruit ,diseases4 ,no4 #ci4 ,onion ,culture4 ,no4 #da4 ,fowls3 ,care and ,feeding4 ,no4 #db4 ,facts ,about ,milk4 ,no4 #dc4 ,sewage ,disposal on the ,farm4 ,no4 #dd4 ,commercial ,fertilizers4 ,no4 #de4 ,insects ,injurious to ,stored ,grain4 ,no4 #df4 ,irrigation in ,humid ,climates4 ,no4 #dg4 ,insects ,affecting the ,cotton ,plant4 ,no4 #dh4 ,the ,manuring of ,cotton4 ,no4 #di4 ,sheep ,feeding4 ,no4 #ej4 ,sorghum as a ,forage ,crop4 ,no4 #ea4 ,standard ,varieties of ,chickens4 ,no4 #eb4 ,the ,sugar ,beet4 ,no4 #ed4 ,some ,common ,birds4 ,no4 #ee4 ,the ,dairy ,herd4 ,no4 #ef4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,i4 ,no4 #fg4 ,butter ,making on the ,farm4 ,no4 #fh4 ,the ,soy ,bean as a ,forage ,crop4 ,no4 #fi4 ,bee ,keeping4 ,no4 #fj4 ,methods of ,curing ,tobacco4 ,no4 #fa4 ,asparagus ,culture4 ,no4 #fb4 ,marketing ,farm ,produce4 ,no4 #fc4 ,care of ,milk on the ,farm4 ,no4 #fd4 ,ducks and ,geese4 ,no4 #fe4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,ii4 ,no4 #ff4 ,meadows and ,pastures4 ,no4 #fh4 ,the ,black ,rot of the ,cabbage4 ,no4 #fi4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,iii4 ,no4 #gj4 ,insect ,enemies of the ,grape4 ,no4 #ga4 ,essentials in ,beef ,production4 ,no4 #gb4 ,cattle ,ranges of the ,southwest4 ,no4 #gc4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,iv4 ,no4 #gd4 ,milk as ,food4 ,no4 #gf4 ,the ,grain ,smuts4 ,no4 #gg4 ,the ,liming of ,soils4 ,no4 #gh4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,v4 ,no4 #gi4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,vi4 ,no4 #hj4 ,the ,peach ,twig-borer4 ,no4 #ha4 ,com ,culture in the ,south4 ,no4 #hb4 ,the ,culture of ,tobacco4 ,no4 #hc4 ,tobacco ,soils4 ,no4 #hd4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,vii4 ,no4 #he4 ,fish as ,food4 ,no4 #hf4 ,thirty ,poisonous ,plants4 ,no4 #hg4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,viii4 ,no4 #hh4 ,alkali ,lands4 ,no4 #hi4 ,cowpeas4 ,no4 #ia4 ,potato ,diseases and ,treatment4 ,no4 #ib4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,ix4 ,no4 #ic4 ,sugar as ,food4 ,no4 #id4 ,the ,vegetable ,garden4 ,no4 #ie4 ,good ,roads for ,farmers4 ,no4 #if4 ,raising ,sheep for ,mutton4 ,no4 #ig4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,x4 ,no4 #ih4 ,suggestions to ,southern ,farmers4 ,no4 #ii4 ,insect ,enemies of ,shade ,trees4 ,no4 #ajj4 ,hog ,raising in the ,south4 ,no4 #aja4 ,millets4 ,no4 #ajb4 ,southern ,forage ,plants4 ,no4 #ajc4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xi4 ,no4 #ajd4 ,notes on ,frost4 ,no4 #aje4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xii4 ,no4 #ajf4 ,breeds of ,dairy ,cattle4 ,no4 #ajg4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xiii4 ,no4 #ajh4 ,saltbushes4 ,no4 #aji4 ,farmers' ,reading ,courses4 ,no4 #aaj4 ,rice ,culture in the ,united ,states4 ,no4 #aaa4 ,farmers' ,interest in ,good ,seed4 ,no4 #aab4 ,bread and ,bread ,making4 ,no4 #aac4 ,the ,apple and ,how to ,grow ,it4 ,no4 #aad4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xiv4 ,no4 #aae4 ,hop ,culture in ,california4 ,no4 #aaj4 ,irrigation in ,fruit ,growing4 ,no4 #aah4 ,grape ,growing in the ,south4 ,no4 #aai4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xv4 ,no4 #abj4 ,insects ,afflicting ,tobacco4 ,no4 #aba4 ,beans1 ,peas1 and other ,legumes as ,food4 ,no4 #abb4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xvi4 ,no4 #abc4 ,red ,clover ,seed3 ,information for ,purchasers4 ,no4 #abd4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xvii4 ,no4 #abe4 ,protection of ,food ,products from ,injurious ,temperatures4 ,no4 #abf4 ,practical ,suggestions for ,farm ,buildings4 ,no4 #abg4 ,important ,insecticides4 ,no4 #abh4 ,eggs and ,their ,uses as ,food4 ,no4 #abi4 ,sweet ,potatoes4 ,no4 #aca4 ,household ,tests for ,detection of ,oleomargarine and ,renovated ,butter4 ,no4 #acb4 ,insect ,enemies of ,growing ,wheat4 ,no4 #acc4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xviii4 ,no4 #acd4 ,tree ,planting in ,rural ,school ,grounds4 ,no4 #ace4 ,sorghum ,sirup ,manufacture4 ,no4 #acf4 ,earth ,roads4 ,no4 #acg4 ,the ,angora ,goat4 ,no4 #ach4 ,irrigation in ,field and ,garden4 ,no4 #aci4 ,emmer3 ,a ,grain for the ,semiarid ,regions4 ,no4 #adj4 ,pineapple ,growing4 ,no4 #ada4 ,poultry ,raising on the ,farm4 ,no4 #adb4 ,principles of ,nutrition and ,nutritive ,value of ,food4 ,no4 #adc4 ,the ,conformation of ,beef and ,dairy ,cattle4 ,no4 #add4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xix4 ,no4 #ade4 ,carbon ,bisulphid as an ,insecticide4 ,no4 #adf4 ,insecticides and ,fungicides4 ,no4 #adg4 ,winter ,forage ,crops for the ,south4 ,no4 #adh4 ,celery ,culture4 ,no4 #adi4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xx4 ,no4 #afj4 ,clearing ,new ,land4 ,no4 #afa4 ,dairying in the ,south4 ,no4 #aeb4 ,scabies in ,cattle4 ,no4 #acc4 ,orchard ,enemies in the ,pacific ,northwest4 ,no4 #aed4 ,the ,home ,fruit ,garden3 ,preparation and ,care4 ,no4 #aee4 ,how ,insects ,affect ,health in ,rural ,districts4 ,no4 #aef4 ,the ,home ,vineyard4 ,no4 #aeg4 ,the ,propagation of ,plants4 ,no4 #afh4 ,how to ,build ,small ,irrigation ,ditches4 ,no4 #afi4 ,scab in ,sheep4 ,no4 #afa4 ,practical ,suggestions for ,fruit ,growers4 ,no4 #afb4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xxi4 ,no4 #afd4 ,rape as a ,forage ,crop4 ,no4 #aff4 ,culture of the ,silkworm4 ,no4 #aff4 ,cheese ,making on the ,farm4 ,no4 #afg4 ,cassava4 ,no4 #afh4 ,pearl ,millet4 ,no4 #afi4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xxii4 ,no4 #agj4 ,principles of ,horse ,feeding4 ,no4 #aga4 ,the ,control of the ,codling ,moth4 ,no4 #agb4 ,scale ,insects and ,mites on ,citrus ,trees4 ,no4 #agc4 ,primer of ,forestry4 ,no4 #agd4 ,broom ,com4 ,no4 #age4 ,home ,manufacture and ,use of ,unfermented ,grape ,juice4 ,no4 #agf4 ,cranberry ,culture4 ,no4 #agg4 ,squab ,raising4 ,no4 #agh4 ,insects ,injurious in ,cranberry ,culture4 ,no4 #agi4 ,horseshoeing4 ,no4 #aha4 ,pruning4 ,no4 #ahb4 ,poultry as ,food4 ,no4 #ahc4 ,meat on the ,farm4--,butchering1 ,curing1 etc4 ,no4 #ahd4 ,marketing ,live ,stock4 ,no4 #ahf4 ,beautifying the ,home ,grounds4 ,no4 #ahf4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xxiii4 ,no4 #ahg4 ,drainage of ,farm ,lands4 ,no4 #ahh4 ,weeds ,used in ,medicine4 ,no4 #ahi4 ,information ,concerning the ,mexican ,cotton ,boll ,weevil4 ,no4 #aij4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xxiv4 ,no4 #aia4 ,the ,cotton ,bollworm--#aijc4 ,no4 #aib4 ,barnyard ,manure4 ,no4 #aic4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xxv4 ,no4 #aid4 ,alfalfa ,seed4 ,no4 #aie4 ,annual ,flowering ,plants4 ,no4 #aif4 ,usefulness of the ,american ,toad4 ,no4 #aig4 ,importation of ,game ,birds and ,eggs for ,propagation4 ,no4 #aih4 ,strawberries4 ,no4 #aii4 ,corn ,growing4 ,no4 #bjj4 ,turkeys4 ,no4 #bja4 ,cream ,separator on ,western ,farms4 ,no4 #bjb4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xxvi4 ,no4 #bjc4 ,canned ,fruits1 ,preserves1 and ,jellies4 ,no4 #bjd4 ,the ,cultivation of ,mushrooms4 ,no4 #bjf4 ,pig ,management4 ,no4 #bjf4 ,milk ,fever and ,its ,treatment4 ,no4 #bjg4 ,game ,laws for #aijd4 ,no4 #bjh4 ,varieties of ,fruits ,recommended for ,planting4 ,no4 #bji4 ,controlling the ,boll ,weevil in ,cotton ,seed and at ,ginneries4 ,no4 #baj4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xxvii4 ,no4 #baa4 ,the ,use of ,paris ,green in ,controlling the ,cotton ,boll ,weevil4 ,no4 #bab4 ,the ,cotton ,bollworm--#aijd4 ,no4 #bac4 ,raspberries4 ,no4 #bad4 ,beneficial ,bacteria for ,leguminous ,crops4 ,no4 #bae4 ,alfalfa in the ,eastern ,states4 ,no4 #baf4 ,control of the ,cotton ,boll ,weevil4 ,no4 #bag4 ,essential ,steps in ,securing an ,early ,crop of ,cotton4 ,no4 #bah4 ,the ,school ,garden4 ,no4 #bai4 ,lessons ,taught by the ,grain ,rust ,epidemic of #aijd4 ,no1 #bbj4 ,tomatoes4 ,no4 #bba4 ,fungous ,diseases of the ,cranberry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcribers ,note ,illustrations moved so as not to split paragraphs4 ,the listing of publications was reformatted to enhance readability4