,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,expon5ts are d5ot$ by s = example #db indicates #d squ>$4 ,= consi/5cy & cl>ity1 a space 7:5 abs5t7 has be5 plac$ betwe5 ! numb] & ! unit ( weight lb4 & lbs4 giv+ = example '#ba lbs4' 9 place ( '#balbs4' ,fractions1 usually 9 ! =m '#ad #c-d' 9 ! orig9al text1 h be5 conv]t$ to ! =m '#ad-c_/d' 9 ?is etext4 ,fractions 9 all tables h be5 conv]t$ to ,unicode etc41 = cl>ity & to cons]ve space 9 l>g] tables4 ,a few tables h non-,unicode fractions :i* rema9 9 ! =m #a-g_/ab4 ,also1 9 a few l>g] tables ) italic /yl+ on "s text1 ?is italic /yl+ has be5 remov$1 = cl>ity & to cons]ve space4 ,9 a few cases a ^w has be5 abbreviat$ to cons]ve table space3 cal4 calib]2 diam4 diamet]4 ,"s in/ances ( ,tome 9 ,fr5* citations h be5 *ang$ to ,tome 7no italic71 = consi/5cy4 ,"s acc5ts & spell+ 9 ,fr5* citations h be5 correct$4 ,= consi/5cy1 in/ances ( 'fireworks' & 'fire works' h be5 *ang$ to ! pr$om9ant =m 'fire-works'4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,m detail c be f\nd at ! end ( ! book4 ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,pyrote*ny1 ,,compreh5d+ ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice1 ,,) ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,*emi/ry2 ,,design$ ,,= ,,exhibition ,,& ,,= ,,w>4 ,,9 ,,f\r ,,p>ts3 ,,conta9+ ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,sub/ances ,,us$ ,,9 ,,fire-,,works2 ,,! ,,in/rum5ts1 ,,ut5sils1 ,,& ,,manipulations2 ,,fire-,,works ,,= ,,exhibition2 ,,& ,,milit>y ,,pyrote*ny4 ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,! ,,milit>y ,,& ,,naval ,,(fic]1 ,,! ,,man ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,artific]4 ,,by ,,james ,,cutbu%1 ,a4 ,s4 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,late ,,act+ ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,m9]alogy1 ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates' ,,milit>y ,,academy--,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,philosophical ,,society--,,correspond+ ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,columbian ,,in/itute--,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,l9n,,an ,,& ,,agricultural ,,societies ,,( ,,philadelphia--,,late ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,columbian ,,*emical ,,society1 ,,& ,,vice-,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,= ,,! ,,promotion ,,( ,a ,,rational ,,sy/em ,,( ,,education1 ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,philadelphia3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,cl>a ,f4 ,,cutbu%4 #ahbe4 ,,ea/]n ,,di/rict ,,( ,,p5nsylvania1 to wit3 ,,be ,,x ,,rememb]$1 t on ! n9? day ( ,febru>y1 9 ! =ty-n9? ye> ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ,a4 ,d4 #ahbe1 ,,cl>a ,f4 ,,cutbu%1 ( ! said di/rict1 ha? deposit$ 9 ?is (fice ! title ( a book1 ! "r :]e( %e claims z proprietor1 9 ! words foll[+1 to wit3 ,a ,sy/em ( ,pyrote*ny1 compreh5d+ ! ,!ory & ,practice1 ) ! application ( ,*emi/ry2 design$ = ,exhibition & = ,w>4 ,9 f\r p>ts3 conta9+ an acc\nt ( ! ,sub/ances us$ 9 ,fire-,works2 ! ,in/rum5ts1 ,ut5sils1 & ,manipulations2 ,fire-,works = ,exhibition2 & ,milit>y ,pyrote*ny4 ,adapt$ to ! ,milit>y & ,naval ,(fic]1 ! ,man ( ,sci5ce1 & ,artific]4 ,by ,james ,cutbu%1 ,a4 ,s4 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 late ,act+ ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry & ,m9]alogy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates' ,milit>y ,academy--,memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society--,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,columbian ,in/itute--,memb] ( ! ,l9nan & ,agricultural ,societies ( ,philadelphia--late ,presid5t ( ! ,columbian ,*emical ,society1 & ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,society = ! ,promotion ( a ,rational ,sy/em ( ,education1 c4 c4 c4 ,9 con=mity to ! act ( ! congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 intitul$ ,an act = ! enc\ragem5t ( le>n+1 by secur+ ! copies ( maps1 *>ts1 & books1 to ! au?ors & proprietors ( su* copies1 dur+ ! times !re9 m5tion$4--,& also to ! act1 entitl$1 ,an act supplem5t>y to an act1 entitl$1 ,an act = ! enc\ragem5t ( le>n+1 by secur+ ! copies ( maps1 *>ts1 & books1 to ! au?ors & proprietors ( su* copies dur+ ! times !re9 m5tion$1 & ext5d+ ! b5efits !re( to ! arts ( design+1 engrav+1 & et*+ hi/orical & o!r pr9ts4 ,d4 ,,caldwell1 ,cl]k ( ! ,ea/]n ,di/rict ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,to ! ,corps ( ,cadets1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates' ,milit>y ,academy1 ,we/ ,po9t2 ,,g5tlem51 ,to y1 a sci5tific & di/+ui%$ ,corps1 ?is "w on ,pyrote*ny is respectfully d$icat$4 ,y\r lib]al subscription fir/ enc\rag$ me to und]take its publication2 = :i*1 accept my grateful ?anks4 ,,cl>a ,f4 ,,cutbu%4 ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,9 submitt+ ! pres5t "w to ! public1 x may be prop] to /ate "s ( ! difficulties1 "u :i* x has be5 publi%$1 & to bespeak an indulg5t all[ance = any imp]fections1 :i* may be obs]v$ 9 ! /yle or arrangem5t4 ,z a po/hum\s "w1 x has be5 depriv$ ( ^? f9al improvem5ts & em5dations1 :i* are g5]ally made by ,au?ors1 :ile _! works are 9 progress ( publication4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! "w has lab\r$ "u ^! disadvantages1 ! publi%] has felt x h] duty to make e arrangem5t1 to supply1 z f> z possible1 ! want ( ! au?or's p]sonal sup]9t5d5ce ( ! publication4 ,?is c\rse 0 due to ! sci5tific reputation ( h] late husb&1 z well z to ! num]\s & g5]\s patrons ( ! "w4 ,philadelphia1 ,april1 #ahbe4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,page4 ,pyrote*ny 9 ,g5]al1 #a ,sec4 i4 ,def9ition ( ,pyrote*ny1 ib4 ii4 ,g5]al ,!ory ( ,pyrote*ny1 ib4 iii4 ,rem>ks on ! ,nature ( ,p>ticul> ,compositions1 #i iv4 ,( ,illum9ations1 #bc v4 ,( "s ( ! ,feats or ,p]=mances by ,fire1 #bf ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,( ! ,sub/ances us$ 9 ! ,=mation ( ,fire-works1 #dh ,sec4 i4 ,( ,nitrate ( ,potassa1 or ,saltpetre1 ib4 ii4 ,( ,nitrate ( ,soda1 #gc iii4 ,( ,*lorate ( ,potassa1 #gd iv4 ,( ,sulphur1 #gh v4 ,( ,phosphorus1 #hd vi4 ,( ,*>coal1 #hg vii4 ,( ,gunp[d]1 #ig viii4 ,( ,lampblack1 #add ix4 ,( ,soot1 #ade x4 ,( ,turp5t9e1 ,ros91 & ,pit*1 #adf xi4 ,( ,common ,coal1 or ,pitcoal1 #adi xii4 ,( ,naph?a1 ,petroleum1 & ,asphaltum1 #aec xiii4 ,( ,oil ( ,spike1 #aef xiv4 ,( ,amb]1 ib4 xv4 ,( ,camphor1 #aeg xvi4 ,( ,gum ,b5zo91 & ,b5zoic ,acid1 #afa xvii4 ,( ,/orax ,calamite1 #afb xviii4 ,( ,ess5tial ,oils1 #afc xix4 ,( ,ma/i*1 ib4 xx4 ,( ,copal1 #afd xxi4 ,( ,myrrh1 ib4 xxii4 ,( ,sug>1 #afe xxiii4 ,( ,sal ,prunelle1 #afg xxiv4 ,( ,alcohol1 #afh xxv4 ,( ,fulm9at+ ,m]cury1 #aga xxvi4 ,( ,fulm9at+ ,silv]1 #agc xxvii4 ,( ,fulm9at+ ,gold1 #age xxviii4 ,( ,fulm9at+ ,plat9um1 #agf xxix4 ,( ,detonat+ ,p[d] f ,indigo1 #agg xxx4 ,( ! ,fulm9at+ ,comp\nd1 call$ ,iodide ( ,azote1 ib4 xxxi4 ,( ,detonat+ ,oil1 or ,*loride ( ,azote1 #agi xxxii4 ,( ,pyrophorus1 #ahj xxxiii4 ,( ,sal ,ammoniac1 #ahd xxxiv4 ,( ,corrosive ,sublimate1 #ahf xxxv4 ,( ,orpim5t1 #ahg xxxvi4 ,( ,antimony1 #ahh xxxvii4 ,( ,c>bonate ( ,potassa1 #ahi xxxviii4 ,( ,wood ,a%es1 #aib xxxix4 ,( ,clay1 #aic xl4 ,( ,quicklime1 #aid xli4 ,( ,lapis ,calam9>is1 #aie xlii4 ,( ,z9c1 #aif xliii4 ,( ,brass1 #aig xliv4 ,( ,bronze1 #aih xlv4 ,( ,mosaic ,gold1 #bjj xlvi4 ,( ,iron & ,/eel1 #bja xlvii4 ,( ,glass1 #baj xlviii4 ,( ,glue & ,is+lass1 #bad xlix4 ,( ,wood1 #baf l4 ,( ,l9se$ ,oil1 #bah li4 ,( ,gum ,arabic & ,gum ,tragacan?1 #bai lii4 ,( ,cotton1 ib4 liii4 ,( ,bone & ,ivory1 #bbj liv4 ,( ,galbanum1 #bba lv4 ,( ,t[ & ,hemp1 #bbb lvi4 ,( ,blue ,vitriol1 ib4 lvii4 ,( ,nitrate ( ,copp]1 #bbc lviii4 ,( ,/rontia1 #bbd lix4 ,( ,boracic ,acid1 #bbf ,,"p ,,ii4 ,in/rum5ts1 ,tools1 & ,ut5sils1 #bbh ,,*apt] ,i4 ,( ! ,laboratory1 #bbh ,sec4 i4 ,( ,laboratory ,tools & ,ut5sils1 ib4 ii4 ,( ,m&rils & ,cyl9d]s = =m+ ,c>tridges & ,cases1 #bcj iii4 ,( ,ramm]s1 ,*>ges1 & ,mallets1 #bca iv4 ,( ,ut5sils necess>y = con/ruct+ ,signal ,rockets1 #bcb v4 ,( ! roll+ or plane ,bo>d1 #bcc vi4 ,( ! ,driv] = ,*>g+ l>ge ,rockets1 #bcc vii4 ,( ,mort>s & ,pe/les1 ib4 viii4 ,( ! ,*oak] or ,/rangl]1 ib4 ix4 ,( ! ,table & ,sack = meal+ ,gunp[d]1 #bcd x4 ,( ,sieves1 ib4 xi4 ,( ! ,pap] ,press1 ib4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,prelim9>y op]ations 9 ! prep>ation ( fire-works1 & obs]vations on ! pres]vation ( ,gunp[d]1 & sundry manipulations1 #bce ,sec4 i4 ,( ! ,work%op1 ib4 ii4 ,( ! ,magaz9e1 ib4 iii4 ,( ! ,driv+ or ,ramm+ ( ,sky-rockets1 #bcf iv4 ,( ! ,bor+ ( ,rockets1 #bch v4 ,( ! ,pres]vation ( ,/eel or ,iron fil+s1 #bci vi4 ,( ! ,mak+ ( ,:eels & o!r ,works incombu/ible1 #bdj vii4 ,( ! ,=mation ( ,rocket & o!r ,cases1 #bdc viii4 ,( ,t\rbillon cases1 #bde ix4 ,( ,balloon ,cases1 or ,pap] ,%ells1 ib4 x4 ,( ,cases = ,illum9ation ,port-,fires1 #bdf xi4 ,( ,cases & ,m\lds = ,common ,port-,fires1 #bdg xii4 ,( ,pa/ebo>d1 & its ,uses1 #bdi xiii4 ,( ! ,pulv]ization ( ,sub/ances1 #bec xiv4 ,( ,mixtures1 ib4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,fire-,works 9 ,g5]al1 #bee ,,*apt] ,i4 ,obs]vations on ,fire-works1 #bee ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,fire-works = ,!atrical ,purposes1 #bfb ,sec4 i4 ,( ,puffs1 or ,b\ffes1 ib4 ii4 ,( ,eruptions1 #bfc iii4 ,( ! ,flames1 #bfd iv4 ,( ! ,fire-ra91 ib4 v4 ,( o!r ,compositions = ,fire-ra9 9 ,*9ese ,fire1 #bfe vi4 ,( ,?und]bolts1 7,f\dres71 ib4 vii4 ,( ,dragons & o!r ,mon/]s1 #bff viii4 ,( ,lightn+1 #bfg ix4 ,( ! ,artifice ( ,de/ruction1 ib4 x4 ,( ! ,spur-,fire1 ib4 xi4 ,( ! ,col\r$ ,flame ( ,alcohol1 #bfi xii4 ,( ,r$ ,fire1 #bgj ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,( ,portable ,fire-works1 #bga ,sec4 i4 ,( ,exhibitions on ,tables1 ib4 ii4 ,( ,table ,rockets1 #bgb iii4 ,( ! ,transp>5t ,illum9at$ ,table ,/>1 #bgc iv4 ,( ,detonat+ ,works1 ib4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,( ,sc5t$ ,fire-works1 #bhc ,sec4 i4 ,( ,pa/illes1 #bhf ii4 ,( ,vases ( ,sc5t1 #bhh iii4 ,rem>ks on ,spontane\s ,acc5sion1 ib4 iv4 ,( ,tor*es1 & ,odorif]\s ,flambeaux1 #bhi v4 ,rem>ks conc]n+ ,odorif]\s & ,fetid ,fire1 #bij ,,*apt] ,v4 ,( ,mat*es1 ,lead]s1 & ,t\* ,pap]1 #bib ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,( ! ,furniture1 or ,decorations = ,fire-works1 #bih ,sec4 i4 ,( ,s]p5ts1 ib4 ii4 ,( ,crack]s1 #cjj iii4 ,( ,s+le ,reports1 #cja iv4 ,( ,s]p5t ,/>s1 ib4 v4 ,( ,:irl+ ,s]p5ts1 #cjb vi4 ,( ,*9ese ,fly]s1 #cjc vii4 ,( ,simple ,/>s1 ib4 viii4 ,( ,roll$ ,/>s1 #cjd ix4 ,( ,crack+ ,/>s1 ib4 x4 ,( ,sundry ,compositions = ,/>s1 design$ = ,v>i\s ,purposes1 ib4 xi4 ,( ! ,fire-ra91 7filam5t\s71 #cji xii4 ,( ,sp>ks1 ib4 xiii4 ,( ,gold-ra91 #caj xiv4 ,( ,ra9s 9 ,g5]al1 = ,sky-,rockets1 c4 #caa xv4 ,( ,ra9-,falls & ,/>s1 d\ble & s+le1 ib4 xvi4 ,( sub/ances :i* %[ 9 ,sp>ks1 #cab xvii4 ,( ,italian ,roses1 or ,fix$ ,/>s1 #cac xviii4 ,( ,lances ( ,illum9ation1 :ite1 blue & yell[1 #cad xix4 ,( ,sl[ ,:ite-flame ,lances1 #cae xx4 ,( ,lights1 ib4 xxi4 ,( ,lances = ,pet>ds1 #cah xxii4 ,( ,lances = ,s]vice1 ib4 xxiii4 ,( ,m>rons1 ib4 xxiv4 ,( ,%9+ ,m>rons1 #cbj xxv4 ,( ,saucissons1 #cba xxvi4 ,( ,fire-,pumps1 #cbb xxvii4 ,( ! ,volcano ( ,lem]y1 #cbc xxviii4 ,( ! ,blue & ,gre5 ,mat* = ,cyph]s1 ,devices & ,decorations1 #cbd xxix4 ,( ! ,purple or ,violet ,mat*1 #cbe xxx4 ,( ,meteors1 ib4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,( ,rockets & _! ,app5dages1 #cbf ,sec4 i4 ,( ! ,calib] & ,proportion ( ,rockets1 ib4 ii4 ,( ! ,composition ( ,sky-,rockets1 & ,obs]vations on its ,prep>ation1 & on o!r ,subjects respect+ rockets1 #cbi iii4 ,( ! ,head+ ( ,rockets1 #ccd iv4 ,( ! ,decorations = ,rockets1 & ! ,mann] ( fill+ _! ,heads1 #cce v4 ,( ! ,dim5sions1 & ,poise ( ,rocket-,/icks1 #ccf vi4 ,( ! ,mode ( ,dis*>g+ ,rockets1 #ccg vii4 ,( ! ,app5dages1 & ,comb9ations ( ,rockets1 #cdj viii4 ,( ,sw>m]s or ,small ,rockets1 #cdc ix4 ,( ,scrolls = ,sky-,rockets1 & ( ,/rung1 ,tail$1 ,drove1 & ,roll+ ,/>s1 #cdd x4 ,( ,l9e-,rockets & _! ,decorations1 #cde xi4 ,( ,signal ,sky-,rockets1 #cdg ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,( ,sundry ,fire-works1 d5om9at$ ,air-works1 #cdg ,sec4 i4 ,( ! ,composition1 & ,mode ( ,=m+ l>ge & small ,g]bes1 #cdh ii4 ,( ,pap] ,mort>s1 #cdi iii4 ,( ,mort>s to ?r[ ,aigrettes1 c4 #cej iv4 ,( ,mak+ ,balloon ,fuses1 #ceg v4 ,( ! ,mosaic & ,common ,t\rbillon1 #ceh vi4 ,( ,mort>s = ?r[+ ,aigrettes1 & ! ,mann] ( ,load+ & ,fir+ !m1 #cfc vii4 ,( ,mak+1 ,load+1 & ,fir+ ,pots des ,br9s1 #cfd viii4 ,rem>ks respect+ ,fire ,pots1 #cfe ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,( ,p>ticul> ,compositions1 #cfg ,sec4 i4 ,( ,fire-,jets1 or ,fire-,sp\ts1 ib4 ii4 ,( ,prim+ & ,:it5+ ,cases1 & ,rem>ks conc]n+ ,spunk & ,t\* ,pap]1 #cgj iii4 ,( ,*9ese ,fire1 #cga iv4 ,( ,b5gal ,lights1 #cgg v4 ,( ,roman ,c&les1 #chj vi4 ,( ,mosaic ,simples1 #cha vii4 ,( ,mosaic ,t\rbillons1 #chb viii4 ,( ,hydrog5 ,gas 9 ,fire-works1 #chc ,,*apt] ,x4 ,( ! ,mann] ( fix+ & arrang+ ,fire-works 9 ,g5]al = ,exhibition1 #chg ,sec4 i4 ,( ! ,composition ( ,:eel-,cases1 ,/&+ & ,fix$1 #chh ii4 ,( ,s+le1 ,v]tical1 ,horizontal1 ,spiral1 & o!r ,:eels1 #cia iii4 ,( ,revolv+ ,suns1 #cie iv4 ,( ,fix$ ,suns1 #cig v4 ,( ,fix$ ,suns ) ,transp>5t ,faces1 #cih vi4 ,( ! ,rose-,piece & ,sun1 #cii vii4 ,( ! ,mann] ( *ang+ a ,horizontal to a ,v]tical ,:eel1 & repres5t+ a ,sun 9 front1 ib4 viii4 ,( ,caprices & ,fire-,w&s1 #djj ix4 ,( ,palm & o!r ,trees1 #dja x4 ,( ! ,pyramid ( ,fl[] ,pots1 #djb xi4 ,( ! ,dodeca$ron1 #djc xii4 ,( ,cascades ( ,fire1 #djd xiii4 ,( ,*9ese ,f\nta9s1 & ,p>asols1 #dje xiv4 ,( ,w+s1 or ,cross ,fire1 #djf xv4 ,( ,gall]ies ( ,fire1 & ,batt]ies ( ,roman & ,mosaic ,c&les1 ib4 xvi4 ,( ,gir&oles1 & _! ,modifications1 #djg xvii4 ,( ,crack+ ,caprices1 ib4 xviii4 ,( ! ,project$ ,regulat$ ,piece ( ,n9e ,mutations1 #djh xix4 ,( ! ,pyric or ,fire-,piece1 #dab xx4 ,( ,sundry ,illum9at$ ,figures1 #dac xxi4 ,( ! ,spiral or ,endless ,screw1 & ,wav$ ,fire1 #dah xxii4 ,( ! ,decoration ( ,:eels1 ib4 xxiii4 ,( ,globes1 ) _! ,v>i\s ,decorations1 #dai xxiv4 ,( ! ,repres5tation ( ! ,moon & ,/>s1 #dba xxv4 ,( ! ,repres5tation ( ,sundry ,figures 9 ,fire1 #dbc xxvi4 ,( ! ,repres5tation ( ,flat ,/>s ) a l>ge ,body ( ,fire1 #dbd xxvii4 ,( ! ,s+le1 ,d\ble1 & ,triple ,table ,:eel1 #dbe xxviii4 ,( ,decorations1 ,transp>5cies1 & ,illum9ations1 ib4 xxix4 ,( ,imitative ,fire-works1 #ddj ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,( ,aquatic ,fire-works1 #ddb ,sec4 i4 ,( ,wat] ,rockets1 #ddc ii4 ,( ,pipes ( ,communication1 ib4 iii4 ,( ,horizontal ,:eels = ,wat]1 #ddd iv4 ,( ,wat] ,m9es1 ib4 v4 ,( ,fire ,globes = ! ,wat]1 #dde vi4 ,( ,odorif]\s ,wat] ,balloons1 #ddf vii4 ,( ,wat] ,balloons1 #ddg viii4 ,( ,wat] ,squibs1 #ddh ix4 ,( ! ,wat] ,fire-,f\nta91 ib4 x4 ,( ,swans & ,ducks1 to dis*>ge ,rockets 9 ,wat]1 ib4 xi4 ,( ,dis*>g+ ,rockets "u ,wat]1 #ddi xii4 ,( ! ,repres5tation ( ,neptune 9 8 ,*>iot1 #dej xiii4 ,( ! ,repres5tation ( a ,sea-,fight ) small ,%ips1 & ! ,prep>ation ( a ,fire-,%ip1 #dea ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,( ! ,arrangem5t ( ,fire-works = ,exhibition1 #deb ,,"p ,,iv4 ,milit>y ,pyrote*ny1 #def ,,*apt] ,i4 ,obs]vations 9 ,g5]al1 #def ,sec4 i4 ,( ,c>tridges1 #dfb ii4 ,( ,cannon ,c>tridges1 #dfg ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,( ,mat*es1 #dga ,sec4 i4 ,( ,sl[ ,mat*1 ib4 ii4 ,( ,prim+ ,tubes1 #dge iii4 ,( ,quick ,mat*es1 #dgg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,( ,port-,fires1 #dgi ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,( ,fuses = ,%ells1 ,h[itzes1 & ,gr5ades1 #dha ,sec4 i4 ,( ! ,me?od ( ,*>g+ ! ,fuses ( ,bombs or ,%ells1 #dhb ii4 ,( ,load+ ,%ells1 ,h[itzes1 & ,gr5ades1 #dhd iii4 ,( ,fuses ) ,dead ,light1 #dhe iv4 ,( ! ,dim5sions ( ,fuses1 & ! ,dim5sions & ,*>ge ( ,bombs1 ,h[itzes1 & ,gr5ades1 #dhg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,( ,inc5di>y ,fire-works1 #dij ,sec4 i4 ,( ,fire ,/one1 #dia ii4 ,( ,inc5di>y ,mat*es1 #dib iii4 ,( ,c>casses & ,fire ,balls1 ib4 iv4 ,( ,inc5di>y ,balls1 or ,fire ,balls1 to be ?r[n f ,cannon or by ,h&1 #dig v4 ,( ,smoke ,balls1 #dii vi4 ,( ,/9k ,balls1 ib4 vii4 ,( ,poison$ ,balls1 ib4 viii4 ,( ,r$-hot ,balls1 #dii ix4 ,( ,pit*$ ,t\rteaux & ,fasc9es1 #ejj x4 ,( ,tor*es1 or ,flambeaux1 #eja xi4 ,( ,p[d] ,bags1 #ejc xii4 ,( ! ,p[d] ,b>rel1 ib4 xiii4 ,( ! ,burn+1 or ,illum9at+ ,b>rel1 ib4 xiv4 ,( ! ,?und]+ ,b>rel1 #ejd xv4 ,( ! ,pet>d1 #eje xvi4 ,( ! ,/9k-,fire ,lance1 #ejf xvii4 ,( ! ,combu/ible ,sub/ances us$ 91 & ! ,mann] ( prep>+1 a ,fire-,%ip1 #ejg xviii4 ,( ,inf]nal ,ma*9es1 #eab xix4 ,( ! ,catam>91 #ead xx4 ,( ! ,am]ican ,turtle1 #eae xxi4 ,( ! ,torp$o1 #eba xxii4 ,( ! ,m>9e ,inc5di>y ,kegs1 #ebc xxiii4 ,( ,sea ,lights1 #ebe xxiv4 ,( ,signal & ,w>-rockets1 #ebf xxv4 ,( ,sky-,rockets1 7,meurtrires17 #ech xxvi4 ,( ! ,rocket ,light-,ball1 #eci xxvii4 ,( ! ,float+ ,rocket ,c>cass1 ib4 xxviii4 ,obs]vations on ,rockets1 #edj xxix4 ,( ! ,succ\r+ ,rocket1 #edd xxx4 ,( ! ,greek ,fire1 ib4 xxxi4 ,( ,m9es & ,m9+1 #eej xxxii4 ,( ! ,means ( ,increas+ ! ,/r5g? ( ,gunp[d] = ,m9+1 #eed xxxiii4 ,( ,inc5di>y ,bombs1 #eef xxxiv4 ,( ,murd]+ ,m>rons1 #eeg xxxv4 ,( ,inc5di>y ,rope1 #eeh xxxvi4 ,( ,balloons ( ,gr5ades1 ( ,bombs1 & ( ,fl9ts or ,/one1 #eei xxxvii4 ,( ,sph]ical ,case ,%ot1 ib4 xxxviii4 ,( ! ,fire-,ra91 accord+ to ,casimir ,siemi5[icz1 #efj xxxix4 ,( ! ,effect ( ,mirrors 9 inflam+ ,bodies at a ,di/ance1 #efb xl4 ,( ,inc5di>y & ,poison$ ,arr[s1 #eff xli4 ,( ,pyrote*nical ,sponge1 #egj xlii4 ,( ,ext+ui%+ ,flame ) ,fir$ ,gunp[d]1 #egb xliii4 ,( ! ,inflammable ,d>t1 #egd xliv4 ,( ! ,firebr&1 ib4 xlv4 ,( ! ,fire ,flask1 #ege xlvi4 ,( ! ,trompe-,r\te1 ib4 xlvii4 ,( ,fire-,pots = ,ramp>ts1 ib4 xlviii4 ,( ,inflammable ,balls1 #egg xlix4 ,( ,pauly's ,inflammable ,p[d]1 ib4 l4 ,( ,extemporane\s ,fire1 #egh li4 ,( ! ,indian ,:ite ,fire1 #ehj lii4 ,( ! ,pyrophore ( ,def5ce1 #eha ,,introduction4 ,9 pres5t+ ?is "w to ! public z a sy/em ( ,pyrote*ny1 :i*1 we h reason to believe1 is ! only full & connect$ sy/em t has appe>$1 we may be p]mitt$ to rem>k1 t1 9 our arrangem5t ( ! subject1 we h appropriat$ sep>ate heads = ea* article4 ,?is plan1 ( ! subject be+ consid]$ 9 *apt]s & sections1 & =m+ ) ! divisions ( ! "w1 a connect$ sy/em ( arrangem5t1 enables ! read] to h a full view ( ! :ole1 &1 at ! same "t1 all ! facts 9 detail belong+ to ! *apt]1 or section "u consid]ation4 ,by ref]r+ to ! ,table ( ,cont5ts1 ?is plan w be se5 )\t fur!r comm5t4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t articles 9 ?is mann]1 necess>ily compreh5ds 9 ! onset all ! sub/ances1 :i* are employ$ 9 v>i\s prep>ations4 ,9 consid]+ ?is "p ( our subject1 we h giv5 ! *emical *>act]s1 or peculi> prop]ties ( ea* sub/ance respectively2 by :i* a rationale ( pyrote*nical effects may be ! bett] und]/ood1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! action ( bodies on ea* o!r bett] illu/rat$4 ,9 ?is "p we also compreh5d ! ,g5]al ,!ory ( ,fire-works1 :i* x may be prop] to rem>k1 we h drawn f ! kn[n effects ( *emical action2 s f>1 at lea/1 z ! laws1 ( aff9ity1 :i* gov]n su* action1 are applicable to ! subject4 ,! importance ( ?is inquiry1 al?\gh hav+ no relation to ! m]e manipulations ( ! artific]1 c n be d\bt$2 s9ce a k ( *emi/ry has already improv$ ! prep>ation ( gunp[d]1 & its effects are n[ kn[n to be ow+ to ! =mation ( sundry ela/ic a]i=m fluids4 ,on ?is head1 t ( ! application ( *emi/ry to ,pyrote*ny1 we claim s mu* orig9ality1 z1 s f> z we "k1 to h be5 ! fir/1 :o appli$ ! pr9ciples ( *emi/ry4 ,x is n to be expect$ 9 e in/ance1 t a rationale ( ! decomposition z x occurs1 or ! ord] 9 :i* x takes place1 c be giv5 ) c]ta9ty2 because1 :]e a v>iety ( sub/ances ent] into ! same prep>ation1 :i* is frequ5tly ! case1 ! aff9ities become complicat$1 & ! laws ( action = t reason indet]m9ate1 & frequ5tly anomal\s4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 9 a v>iety ( prim>y op]at+ causes1 by :i* effects analog\s 9 _! nature result1 decomposition ( c\rse be+ ! same1 ! causes are well und]/ood1 & ! effects are !reby kn[n1 & duly appreciat$4 ,?is1 = in/ance1 is ! case ) a mixture ( nitrate ( potassa1 *>coal1 & sulphur1 9 ! proportion necess>y to =m gunp[d]2 =1 x is kn[n1 t ! explosive effects ( p[d] are ow+ to ! sudd5 production ( a numb] ( gases1 :i* suff] dilatation by ! imm5se quantity ( caloric lib]at$ at ! mom5t ( combu/ion4 ,al?\gh ! production ( caloric by ! inflammation ( gunp[d] is a case1 :i* _c be expla9$ by ! pres5t receiv$ !ory ( combu/ion1 z we h notic$ 9 t article2 yet we "k t x is a fact1 & t caloric is g5]at$ by ! decomposition ( ! p[d]4 ,if we consid] ! prim>y cause ( ?is decomposition1 we naturally inquire into ! products ( ! combu/ion1 & endeav\r to acc\nt = ! production ( ! ela/ic a]i=m fluids4 ,we "k t c>bon has ! prop]ty ( decompos+ nitric acid1 & also nitrate ( potassa2 =1 :5 x is br\ght 9 contact 9 ! /ate ( ignition ) nitre1 a deflagration w ensue1 & c>bonic acid be =m$4 ,! quantity ( ?is acid is 9 ! direct ratio to ! quantity ( oxyg5 requir$ to saturate a giv5 quantity ( c>bon2 & !re=e1 by employ+ c]ta9 proportions ( nitre & *>coal1 ! latt] w decompose ! =m]1 & by ab/ract+ its oxyg51 on ! same pr9ciple =m c>bonic acid1 :ile ! azote1 ! o!r con/itu5t ( nitric acid1 w be set at lib]ty4 ,nor is ?is all1 if we consid] ! action ( sulphur4 ,! sulphur mu/ unite ) "o portion ( ! oxyg5 to produce sulphur\s acid gas1 & also ) ! potassa ( ! nitre1 & =m a sulphuret1 a comp\nd necess>y to be =m$1 be=e we c expla9 ! production ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 :i* results f ! decomposition ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! nitre4 ,!re also results1 z a product1 sulphate ( potassa4 ,9 consid]+ ^! products at l>ge1 x w\ld be necess>y to g into detail2 &1 z we h descant$ l>gely on its combu/ion 9 gunp[d]1 we accord+ly ref] ! read] to ! article on ,gunp[d]4 ,x w be suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to rem>k1 t ! ag5t1 & consequ5tly ! cause1 :i* produces ! decomposition ( nitrate ( potassa1 is c>bon or *>coal4 ,?is1 by unit+ ) ! great] "p ( ! oxyg5 ( ! nitre1 produces1 9 a det]m9ate proportion1 c>bonic acid gas4 ,?is gas1 !re=e1 9 conjunction ) o!r gases1 =m$ at ! same "t1 all ( :i* be+ exp&$1 causes :at is d5om9at$ ! explosive effect ( gunp[d]4 ,we h !n a prim>y cause ( ! decomposition1 & mo/ ( ! effective =ce ( gunp[d] is ow+ to ! c>bonic acid2 & x is f\nd1 t gunp[d] made )\t sulphur is equally p[]ful z t )1 s9ce x adds no?+ to its p[]4 ,causes1 !re=e1 *emically speak+1 op]ate alike "u simil> circum/ances4 ,! mat]ials made use ( be+ equally pure1 & us$ 9 ! same proportion1 ! effect mu/ necess>ily be ! same4 ,x is n only 9 ! in/ance we h m5tion$1 b 9 e o!r1 9 :i* *emical action ensues1 t ?is doctr9e is t5able4 ,we might1 inde$1 notice a numb] ( cases ( a simil> k9d2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! combu/ion ( _m inc5di>y prep>ations1 z fire-/one1 fire-ra91 composition = c>casses1 light-balls1 & a v>iety ( fire-works ( ! same k9d4 ,if we mix pit*1 t>1 tall[1 c4 ) nitrate ( potassa1 & burn ! mixture1 we h ! comb9$ action ( two elem5t>y sub/ances1 :i* ent] into ! composition ( ^! bodies1 namely1 c>bon & hydrog54 ,! products w\ld be c>bonic acid gas1 & wat]2 because ! oxyg5 ( ! nitre w\ld unite ) ! hydrog51 z well z ! c>bon4 ,if we employ sulphur at ! same "t1 ano!r product w\ld be sulphur\s acid gas1 & probably sulphuric acid2 & if gunp[d] be us$1 z 9 ! fire-/one composition1 !n1 besides ^! products1 we w\ld h ^? ( ! gunp[d]4 ,z ?is subject1 h[ev] int]e/+ to ! !oretical pyrote*ni/1 _c be und]/ood )\t a k ( *emi/ry1 x is obvi\s1 t t sci5ce is a p[]ful aid to pyrote*ny4 ,x is unnecess>y to dwell on ?is head4 ,we may add1 nev]!less t1 9 ord] to und]/& ! effect ( all mixtures1 or compositions made use (1 x is necess>y to consid] ! nature ( ! sub/ances employ$1 & ! mann] 9 :i* *emical action takes place1 & consequ5tly ! products1 :i* det]m9e 9 fact ! *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( ea* species ( fire-"w1 & ! ph5om5a on :i* x is pr$icat$4 ,all products ( combu/ion dep5d on ! sub/ances ?us decompos$1 & by kn[+ ! effects1 we may readily ref] !m to _! prop] causes4 ,) respect to caloric1 x may n be improp] to (f] "s rem>ks4#a ,! hypo!tical elem5t ( phlogi/on hav+ giv5 way to ! antiphlogi/ic !ory at pres5t receiv$1 our ideas respect+ caloric are pr$icat$ on facts4 ,caloric is a t]m1 :i* expresses heat1 or matt] ( heat4 ,9 pyrote*ny1 we h m]ely to consid] x 9 a free1 or uncomb9$ /ate2 b z ! subject is int]e/+1 we purpose to notice x v briefly "u ! foll[+ heads3 viz4 its nature2 ! mann] x is set 9 motion2 its t5d5cy to a /ate ( re/2 ! *anges x produces on bodies2 & ! in/rum5ts = measur+ its int5sity4 ,z to ! nature ( caloric1 diff]5t op9ions are ent]ta9$4 ,we "k ! effect ( heat3 if we t\* a sub/ance ( a high] temp]ature ?an our bodies1 we call x hot1 & vice v]sa4 ,! "o is evid5tly ! accession1 & ! o!r ! ab/raction1 ( caloric4 ,! latt] is m]ely relative z respects ourselves2 = ! effect dep5ds on our feel+s1 & ! s5sation ( hot or cold is !re=e gov]n$ by !m4#b ,caloric1 h[ev]1 is consid]$ to be a sub/ance1 compos$ ( inconceivably small p>ticles2 b c\nt ,rum=d & sir ,h4 ,davy are ( a contr>y op9ion1 namely1 t x dep5ds ^u a peculi> motion & n on a subtle fluid4 ,z ! effect ( caloric1 accord+ to _! view1 dep5ds on motion1 ! ag5cies by :i* ?is is effect$ are ( ! fir/ importance4 ,t x exi/s 9 all bodies 9 a /ate ( re/1 & 9 a great] or small] quantity1 & consequ5tly 9 a relative proportion1 is well kn[n1 & on ?is1 ! capacities ( bodies = caloric is f\nd$4 ,! capacities ( bodies = heat are *ang$ by v>i\s means1 & caloric is put 9 motion2 &1 accord+ to its quantity1 ! bodies may be ei!r cold or hot4 ,:5 ! surr\nd+ bodies become heat$1 !y receive ?is caloric ?us set free1 &1 9 ?is view1 ! absolute quantity ( _! heat is increas$4 ,?is /ate ( re/1 to :i* caloric is subject1 may be de/roy$ ei!r by an increase or a dim9ution ( ! capacity ( a body4 ,if caloric be put 9 motion by causes ( any k9d1 :i* influ5ce ! capacities ( diff]5t bodies1 a !ory ma9ta9$ by ,davy1 !n z ! capacity = heat is *ang$ s is free heat produc$4 ,dim9i% ! capacity ( a body1 its excess w ( c\rse be giv5 out1 & di/ribute itself among ! surr\nd+ bodies1 :i* become heat$2 b increase ! capacity1 & a diff]5t effect ensues4 ,! body absorbs caloric1 by :i* its capacity is increas$1 & cold is produc$4 ,caloric1 :e!r consid]$ a sub/ance1 or an attribute1 possesses1 nev]!less1 ?is prop]ty1 t :5 x is giv5 out1 z 9 ! mixture ( sulphuric acid & wat]1 :i* occupies a less space ?an bo? 9 a sep>ate /ate1 ! s5sation ( heat foll[s2 & :5 x is absorb$1 z 9 ! v>i\s freez+ mixtures1 or 9 a mixture ( sn[ & common salt1 ! s5sation ( cold is excit$4 ,! causes1 h[ev]1 :i* set caloric 9 motion1 or t produce heat1 are su* z combu/ion1 cond5sation1 friction1 *emical mixture1 & ! l4 ,x is rem>kable1 t ^! effects are inv>iably ! same1 & are affect$ by correspond+ aff9ities4 ,:5 a piece ( iron is /ruck ) a hamm]1 ! p]cussion produces a cond5sation ( ! iron1 its specific gravity is increas$1 & ! iron f9ally becomes ignit$4 ,! cond5sation ( air1 9 ! cond5s+ syr+e1 w set fire to t9d]4 ,! fl9t & /eel produce a cond5sation2 = ! metal1 al?\gh small1 is s5t (f 9 sc9tillations 9 ! /ate ( ignition4 ,t caloric is conta9$ 9 bodies 9 ! /ate ( absolute re/1 & is evolv$ by cond5sation1 !re is no d\bt4 ,gunp[d]1 by p]cussion1 9 contact ) pulv]iz$ glass1 is inflam$2 & x appe>s v probable1 t x also conta9s caloric 9 a /ate ( re/4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,lavoisi] & ,laplace1 on ! quantity ( caloric actually absorb$ 9 nitric acid1 & 9 a lat5t /ate1 7notic$ 9 ! article on gunp[d]71 are satisfactory4 ,if caloric is n 9 t /ate 9 nitre1 h[ are we to expla9 ! sudd5 transmission or evolution ( caloric 9 fir$ gunp[d]1 :]e no ext]nal ag5t 9 any mann] c influ5ce ! =mation1 or dis5gagem5t ( caloric8 ,friction or attrition produces heat2 & ! di/ributable excess ( caloric1 z x is call$1 al?\gh n satisfactorily acc\nt$ =1 may arise f a cond5sation2 :i*1 h[ev]1 is d5i$4 ,! ,esquimaux ,indians k9dle a fire1 v exp$iti\sly1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,!y prep>e two pieces ( dry wood1 & mak+ a small hole 9 ea*1 fit into !m a little cyl9drical piece ( wood1 r\nd :i* a ?ong is put4 ,!n1 by pull+ ! ends ( ?is ?ong1 !y :irl ! cyl9drical piece ab\t ) su* velocity1 t ! motion sets ! wood on fire1 :5 light+ a little dry moss1 :i* s]ves = t9d]1 !y make z l>ge a fire z !y please2 b z ! little timb] !y h is drift wood1 ?is fails !m 9 ! w9t]1 & !y are !n oblig$ to make use ( _! lamps = ! supply ( _! family occasions4 ,ellis's ,voyage = ! ,discov]y ( a ,nor?-,we/ ,passage4 ,friction is1 !re=e1 "o means ( produc+ di/ributable heat1 :i* is also exemplifi$ v frequ5tly 9 ! axis ( a c>riage :eel2 ( mill "w2 9 ! rubb+ ( wood1 :5 turn$ on its axis 9 a la!1 by :i* turn]s ornam5t _! "w ) black r+s2 rubb+ a cord v swiftly backw>ds & =w>ds aga9/ a po/ or tree1 or lett+ x run ov] a boat1 c4 z 9 ! :ale fi%]y2 ! motion ( two iron plates aga9/ ea* o!r1 press+ !m at ! same "t1 c4 ,! great object 9 ! con/ruction ( ma*9es is to avoid1 or less5 ! degree ( friction4 ,see ,hat*ette1 ,v9ce1 & ,gregory4 ,c\nt ,rum=d 7,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 #d? edit4 ii1 #ajf71 & pr(essor ,pictet 7,essai sur le ,feu1 *ap4 ix47 h made "s valuable exp]im5ts on heat evolv$ by friction4 ,! sun is "o great s\rce ( caloric4 ,9 :atev] mode x produces x1 :e!r by giv+ x out f its own sub/ance1 by ! action ( light on ! air t surr\nds ! globe2 by ! conc5tration ( calorific rays by means ( ! atmosph]e1 act+ z a l5s2 or by putt+ caloric 9 ! di/ributable /ate1 always pre-exi/+ 9 "s o!r1 z 9 a /ate ( re/1 are que/ions1 :i*1 9 our pres5t /ate ( k1 we are unable to solve4 ,we "k ! fact1 & t ! caloric is ( ! same nature z t obta9$ by combu/ion4#c ,combu/ion is a process by :i* caloric is put 9 a di/ributable /ate4 ,! op9ion ( ,/ahl & o!rs1 t all combu/ible bodies conta9$ a c]ta9 pr9ciple call$ phlogi/on1 to :i* !y ow$ _! combu/ibility1 & t combu/ion 0 no?+ m ?an a sep>ation ( ?is pr9ciple1 gave rise to ! phlogi/ic or ,/ahlian !ory1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds modifi$ by ,dr4 ,prie/ley4 ,b 8 !ory is equally unt5able4 ,kirwan's op9ion 0 no less vague1 al?\gh he sub/itut$ hydrog5 = phlogi/on4 ,! ,lavois]ian1 or antiphlogi/ic !ory ov]turn$ ! ,/ahlian4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 a combu/ible 9 burn+ unites ) oxyg51 & heat & light are giv5 out by ! gas1 & n f ! combu/ible4 ,accord+ to a modifi$ !ory ( ! above1 by ,dr4 ,?omson1 caloric is evolv$ by ! gas1 & light f ! burn+ body4 ,)\t notic+ ! in/ances1 9 :i* ?is !ory1 z a g5]al "o1 is insuffici5t to expla9 ! cause ( combu/ion1 or ( ! production ( heat & light1 we w m]ely rem>k1 t bodies :i* support combu/ion are call$ support]s1 z oxyg5 gas1 *lor9e gas1 c4 & ^?1 t und]go ?is *ange1 are nam$ combu/ible bodies4 ,! products ( combu/ion may be fix$ or gase\s1 & ei!r alkalies1 oxides1 or acids2 or1 :5 *lor9e is ! support]1 *lorides1 c4 ,a few examples w be suffici5t4 ,by ! combu/ion ( metals1 iron = in/ance1 we obta9 a fix$ product1 & 9 ! pres5t case an oxide ( iron2 by ! combu/ion ( antimony & ars5ic1 ! antimonic & ars5ic acids2 by ! combu/ion ( *>coal1 we h c>bonic acid gas1 a gase\s product2 by ! combu/ion ( potassium or sodium1 we obta9 a fix$ alkali1 dep5d+ h[ev] on ! quantity ( oxyg52 by ! combu/ion ( sulphur1 phosphorus1 c4 acids2 & :5 metals are burnt 9 *lor9e gas1 *lorides are produc$4 ,x is evid5t f facts1 t1 :atev] !ory may be assum$1 combu/ion occasions ! production ( free caloric1 or *anges ! condition ( caloric1 f quiesc5t to di/ributable heat4 ,! conclusions drawn by ,mr4 ,davy & o!rs1 appe> to h be5 pr$icat$ on ! absorption ( ! base1 & developm5t ( caloric1 z 9 oxyg5 gas1 & ! peculi> alt]ation 9 bodies imply+ a decrease 9 _! capacity2 & h5ce1 z reg>ds ! products ( combu/ion1 !y mu/ necess>ily possess a less capacity = heat ?an ! mean capacity ( _! con/itu5ts4 ,:e!r we reg>d heat z lat5t1 9 ! acceptation ( ! t]m1 z appli$ or us$ by ,dr4 ,black1 or quiesc5t1 or 9 a /ate ( re/1 x is c]ta9ly evid5t1 t combu/ion is a *emical *ange1 & by x caloric passes f a comb9$ to an uncomb9$ /ate1 & is ?us made s5sible1 free1 or !rmometrical heat4 ,combu/ion may1 z x c]ta9ly does1 put quiesc5t heat 9 a di/ributable /ate2 b ?is quiesc5t heat is ! same 9 ! pres5t case1 ( :i* !re c be no d\bt1 z lat5t caloric4 ,! !rmomet] w only indicate z mu* caloric 9 ! air z is 9 a di/ributable1 or free /ate2 b1 if ! same air be employ$ to supply1 or support combu/ion1 ! heat1 r5d]$ appreciable by ! s5ses & ! !rmomet]1 w be 9 ! ratio ( ! decomposition ( ! oxyg5 gas ( ! atmosph]e1 &1 ( c\rse1 to ! developm5t ( free caloric4 ,*emical comb9ation1 su* z occurs by ! mixture ( fluids1 z alcohol & wat]1 sulphuric acid & wat]1 "s ( ! gases1 z muriatic acid gas ) wat]1 c4 evolves heat1 & sometimes suffici5t to boil wat]4 ,9 cases ( spontane\s combu/ion1 x w\ld seem1 t quiesc5t heat passes to ! /ate ( di/ributable heat2 = if nitric acid1 = in/ance1 conta9s s l>ge a quantity ( quiesc5t heat1 or fix$ heat1 z ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,lavoisi] make x appe>1 we may readily expla9 :y spontane\s combu/ion ensues1 :5 t acid is br\ght 9 contact ) spirits ( turp5t9e2 because ! *emical action ( ! acid on ! c>bon & hydrog5 ( ! turp5t9e1 :i* takes place1 produces at ! same "t a correspond+ *ange 9 ! caloric itself1 f a quiesc5t to a di/ributable /ate4 ,if ! same data be admissible ) reg>d to ! comb9ation ( ! nitric acid ) potassa1 :i* we may judge to be ! case by ! exp]im5ts ( ,lavoisi] & ,laplace1 7quot$ 9 our article on ,gunp[d]71 !n1 inde$1 its me*anical union ) *>coal1 & sulphur1 al?\gh 9 a common temp]ature no combu/ion ensues1 w1 at ! temp]ature requir$ to inflame ! mixture1 7ab\t #gjj degrees accord+ to "s71 produce a decomposition altoge!r *emical2 & :ile new products are =m$1 ! caloric1 necess>y also = _! g5]ation1 passes f a quiesc5t to a di/ributable /ate2 & a portion ( x goes into a new /ate ( comb9ation1 also quiesc5t4 ,we mean t portion :i* is necess>y = ! con/itution ( gase\s fluids4 ,?is fact is rem>kable4 ,by ref]r+ to ! orig9al /ate or condition ( ! caloric1 if we admit t /ate 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 7:i* appe>s ! only mode ( acc\nt+ = ! emanation ( free caloric by ! combu/ion ( gunp[d]71 x is easily p]ceiv$1 t *emical *anges1 besides ! usual support]s ( combu/ion be+ conc]n$1 z 9 ord9>y cases ( combu/ion1 mu/ produce a simil> *ange 9 ! /ate ( comb9$ or quiesc5t heat4 ,pr$icat+ ?is op9ion on ! results ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,,mm4 ,lavoisi] & ,laplace1 & see+ t gunp[d] inflames p] se1 or )\t ! aid ( a gase\s support]1 we h no hesitation 9 risk+ x1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k conc]n+ heat z our pres5t belief & conviction4 ,al?\gh !re is no satisfactory !ory (f]$ to expla9 all ! in/ances ( spontane\s combu/ion1 yet x seems reasonable to conclude1 t 9 _m cases at lea/1 t effect may take place by "s *emical action1 :i*1 l ! in/ances already quot$1 may *ange quiesc5t into di/ributable heat4 ,we h /at$ 7,see ,gunp[d]7 "s in/ances ( spontane\s combu/ion1 :i* h tak5 place m]ely 9 consequ5ce ( ! *>coal4 ,"s h attribut$ ! effect to pyrophorus1 & o!rs to ! pres5ce ( hydrog5 9 ! coal1 :i*1 by absorb+ & comb9+ ) oxyg5 & =m+ wat]1 sets ! caloric ( ! oxyg5 gas at lib]ty1 & ?us produces combu/ion4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re are o!r in/ances1 t ( cotton & oil1 "s k9ds ( wood1 wood-a%es & oils1 c4 :i* h produc$ spontane\s combu/ion4 ,we w only add1 h[ev]1 t until we c give a bett] !ory1 ! effect 9 ^! in/ances may be attribut$ to *emical action1 & ) x1 ! *ange ( caloric 9 ! mann] already m5tion$4 ,*emical action 9 su* cases appe>s necess>y1 al?\gh me*anical means1 z p]cussion w produce heat4 ,quiesc5t heat is also put 9 motion by electricity2 b 9 :at mann] x acts1 s z to produce t effect1 is unkn[n4 ,x is a p[]ful ag5t 9 nature1 & calculat$ = important ends1 ( :i* we are ignorant4 ,x is unnecess>y to notice op9ions conc]n+ x4 ,all electrics w yield x1 su* z glass1 ros91 c4 & x may be collect$ 9 ! usual mann] by ! prime conductor & ,leyd5 j>4 ,galvanism1 call$ also ,galvanic electricity1 produc$ by an arrangem5t ( z9c1 & copp] plates 9 a pile1 or tr\gh1 & plac$ 9 contact ) "s oxyg5iz+ fluid1 has ! same effect ( caus+ quiesc5t heat to become di/ributable1 & is und\bt$ly ! result ( *emical action4 ,! peculi> "* ( ?is fluid1 ! nature ( ! two opposite poles1 c4 h be51 & cont9ue to be1 a subject ( int]e/ to ! philosoph]4 ,! deflagrator ( pr(essor ,h>e ( ,philadelphia is an app>atus well calculat$ = _m int]e/+ exp]im5ts on galvanism4 ,to t g5tleman1 we are also indebt$ = ! comp\nd bl[pipe1 :i* produces a v int5se heat by ! combu/ion ( hydrog5 9 contact ) oxyg5 gas4 ,not)/&+ pr(essor ,cl>k ( ,engl& has laid claim to ! app>atus1 & ! use ( hydrog5 gas 9 ?is way1 ! m]it ( ! discov]y is due to our le>n$ & +5i\s c\ntryman4 ,s9ce heat is put 9 motion z a consequ5ce ( ! increas$ capacity ( a body1 &1 by comb9+ ) a sub/ance ^: capacity has be5 increas$1 becomes by degrees quiesc5t1 accord+ to ! respective capacities ( bodies2 cold is an effect1 :i* is occasion$ by ?is *ange f a free to a comb9$ or quiesc5t /ate4 ,! absorption ( heat1 necess>y = ! g5]ation ( cold1 if s we may consid] x1 takes place 9 e in/ance1 :]e t effect is obs]v$4 ,! heat ( surr\nd+ bodies1 9 a di/ributable /ate1 is n[ no long] *>act]is$ z su*2 & ! consequ5ce is1 !re=e1 t t p>ticul> s5sation1 or effect foll[s4 ,cold may be produc$ by sal9e mixtures1 ! salts = :i* hav+ _! full quantum ( ! wat] ( cry/allization2 & by ! evaporation ( fluids1 z wat]1 alcohol & e!r4 ,9 ! "o case1 t ( ! freez+ mixtures1 we h se51 t ! effect is produc$ by ! absorption ( heat2 & ) reg>d to ! cold produc$ by fluids1 ev5 9 vacuo1 7:]e ! effect is m in/antane\s71 ! cause is attributable to evaporation2 = ! fluid *anges f a liquid to an a]i=m /ate1 & dur+ ?is transition robs ! body1 ) :i* x 0 9 contact1 ( a "p ( its caloric1 & !reby r$uces its temp]ature4 ,artificial ice is made on ?is pr9ciple4 ,! next subject ) reg>d to heat1 is ! diff]5t modes 9 :i* x t5ds to a /ate ( re/4 ,!re are "s facts 9 relation to ?is subject wor?y ( notice2 & p>ticul>ly1 t1 9 ! t5d5cy ( caloric to become quiesc5t1 aft] hav+ be5 put 9 motion1 bodies (t5 increase 9 temp]ature4 ,?is t5d5cy to a /ate ( re/ is effect$ ei!r by ! conduct+ p[] ( bodies1 or radiation4 ,heat radiates 9 all directions1 & 9 quantities1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,leslie1 m or less v>iable1 :i* dep5d on ! nature ( ! radiat+ surface4 ,h5ce t p[]1 :i* bodies possess1 call$ ! radiat+ p[]1 v>ies 9 diff]5t sub/ances4 ,?us1 ! radiat+ p[] ( lampblack is #ajj1 :ile gold1 silv]1 copp]1 & t9 plate are #ab1 f :i* x appe>s t ! metals di/ribute less heat by radiation4 ,t caloric obeys ! same laws z light1 is obvi\s f ,pictet's exp]im5ts ) concave mirrors1 :]e ! calorific rays move 9 ! same ord]1 ! angle ( incid5ce be+ equal to ! angle ( reflection4 ,x is also refract$2 h5ce ! conc5tration ( ! sol> rays 9 a focus by ! burn+ glass4 ,v>i\s exp]im5ts h be5 made ) mirrors1 & concave reflectors4 ,! effect ( ! =m] 9 de/roy+ ! fleet be=e ,syracuse1 an exp]im5t made by ,ar*im$es1 is a fact well au!nticat$ 9 hi/ory4 ,concave reflectors h inflam$ gunp[d]4 ,?is subject1 h[ev]1 is notic$ at l>ge1 :5 speak+ ( mirrors z an inc5di>y 9 w>4 ,t bodies conduct heat1 & ) diff]5t degrees ( p[]1 s t "s are call$ good & o!rs bad conductors1 is well kn[n4 ,?is prop]ty dep5ds on ! quantity ( caloric1 :i* a body receives1 be=e x *anges its /ate4 ,metals are consid]$ good conductors1 & glass1 *>coal1 fea!rs1 c4 bad conductors4 ,h5ce bad conductors1 z wool1 c4 pres]ve ! temp]ature ( ! body1 or keep x w>m 9 w9t]2 & sn[1 = ! same reason1 prev5ts ! action ( int5se cold on ! gr\nd4 ,liquids also conduct heat4 ,:e!r we consid] caloric 9 ?is case c>ri$1 or transport$1 z x is m prop]ly def9$1 ! fact may be %[n by sev]al exp]im5ts4 ,ebullition1 or boil+1 is a ph5om5on1 :i* dep5ds on ! increm5t ( temp]ature2 = z wat]1 = in/ance1 receives caloric1 until ! !rmomet] indicates #bab degrees1 ! boil+ po9t1 m]e evaporation ensues2 b t temp]ature1 "u ! usual pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 causes ! =mation ( bubbles at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 z t "p receives ! degree ( heat necess>y = ebullition be=e any o!r2 & ^! bubbles1 z !y =m1 rise 9 succession1 & pass (f 9 ! /ate ( /eam1 :ile ! circumjac5t fluid takes its place1 & ! process cont9ues till all is boil$ away4 ,wat]1 :5 x passes (f 9 ! /ate ( /eam1 :i* requires a degree ( heat equal to #bab degrees ( ,fahr5heit1 receives also #ajjj degrees ( non-di/ributable caloric1 or lat5t heat2 & h[ev] s+ul> ! fact may appe>1 ! wise ,au?or ( ,nature1 x seems1 has res]v$ a /ore ( caloric1 9 ?is =m1 ready to be put 9 requisition1 :5 necessity dem&s x1 9 a di/ributable %ape4 ,caloric1 :5 9 a /ate ( re/1 exi/s 9 diff]5t proportions1 & al?\gh ! actual temp]ature may be ! same1 yet ! quantity ( caloric 9 a quiesc5t /ate may be v>iable4 ,!re are sev]al exp]im5ts1 :i* are adduc$ to illu/rate ?is fact4 ,x results f exp]im5t1 t bodies receive heat accord+ to _! sev]al capacities = x2 h5ce1 :5 any numb] ( bodies are diff]5tly heat$1 ! caloric1 :i* becomes lat5t1 does n di/ribute itself 9 equal quantities1 b 9 v>i\s proportions1 accord+1 z we rem>k$1 to _! sev]al capacities4 ,caloric1 !re=e1 9 a /ate ( re/1 is 9 relative quantities2 & z ! capacity ( bodies = heat is v>iable1 & relative z to ea* o!r1 ! t]m specific caloric has be5 appli$4 ,f ^! conclusions1 we may readily p]ceive :at is impli$ by an equality ( temp]ature4 ,t x m]ely dep5ds on ! /ate ( re/1 :i* caloric necess>ily comes to1 & :i* is relative z respects ! capacity ( bodies1 & no?+ m1 is a d$uction v pla9 & obvi\s4 ,heat1 9 a /ate ( motion1 may be said to be progress+ to a quiesc5t /ate2 & equalization ( temp]ature1 al?\gh diff]5tly und]/ood1 may be consid]$ an equalization ( fix$ caloric1 accord+ to ! relative capacity ( bodies1 )\t reg>d+ ! equalization1 :i* takes place ( uncomb9$ caloric1 z is manife/$ by !rmometrical in/rum5ts4 ,9 a ^w1 by consid]+ caloric 9 ?is view1 t ( t5d+ to a /ate ( re/1 & unit+ ) bodies accord+ to _! respective capacities1 we may acc\nt = _m ph5om5a2 z1 = in/ance1 ! quantity ( caloric :i* ent]s into ice1 & becomes lat5t1 dur+ liquefaction4 ,! quantity ( caloric1 9 ?is respect1 may be le>nt by add+ a p\nd ( ice at #cb degrees to a p\nd ( wat] at #agb degrees4 ,! temp]ature w be mu* bel[ #ajb degrees1 ! ari?metical mean1 viz4 #cb degrees4 ,x is evid5t t ! excess ( caloric has disappe>$2 & by d$uct+ #cb degrees f #agb degrees1 #adj degrees rema91 :i* is ! quantity ( caloric t ent]s into a p\nd ( ice dur+ liquefaction1 or ! quantity requir$ to raise a p\nd ( wat] f #cb degrees to #agb degrees4 ,?is *ange ( capacity appe>s to be absolutely ess5tial to ! well be+ ( ! univ]se1 z af=d+ a con/ant modification ( ! action ( heat & cold1 ! effects ( :i* w\ld o!rwise be inord9ate4 ,if ?is did n take place1 ! :ole ( a mass ( wat]1 :i* 0 expos$ to a temp]ature above ! boil+ po9t1 w\ld be in/antly dissipat$ 9 vap\r ) explosion4 ,! pol> ice1 w\ld all in/antly dissolve1 :5ev] ! temp]ature ( ! circumambi5t air 0 above #cb degrees1 if x 7 n t ea* p>ticle absorbs a quantity ( caloric 9 its solution1 & !reby g5]ates a degree ( cold :i* arre/s & regulates ! progress ( ! ?aw2 & ! conv]se ( ?is takes place 9 congelation1 :i* is 9 its turn mod]at$ by ! heat develop$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! dim9ution ( capacity1 :i* takes place 9 ! wat] dur+ its transition to a solid /ate4 ,! reason :y boil+ wat] 9 ! op5 air nev] rea*es a high] temp]ature ?an #bab degrees is evid5t1 if we consid]1 t ! capacity ( ^? portions ( liquid1 :i* are successively resolv$ into a vap\r1 becomes !reby suffici5tly augm5t$ to enable !m to absorb ! sup]abundant caloric z fa/ z x is communicat$4 ,! mo/ obvi\s effect ( caloric on bodies1 is ! *ange1 :i* !y und]go :5 expos$ to its action4 ,t x acts con/antly 9 opposition to ! attraction ( cohesion or ( aggregation1 by :i* bodies pass f a solid to a fluid1 & f a fluid to an a]i=m /ate1 & produces also diff]5t *anges 9 bodies1--are facts t come "u our daily obs]vation4 ,x occasions *anges 9 ! bulk ( bodies2 h5ce solids1 liquids1 & gases are exp&$4 ,! expansion1 & subsequ5t contraction ( atmosph]ic air1 give rise to v>i\s w9ds1 :i* are curr5ts ( air ru%+ f "o po9t ( ! compass to ano!r to ma9ta9 an equilibrium4 ,! !ory ( ! w9ds is pr$icat$ on ?is fact1 al?\gh "s h ass]t$1 t !y dep5d greatly on ! diurnal motion ( ! e>?4 ,! air !rmomet] ( ,sanctorius1 & ! diff]5tial !rmomet] ( ,leslie1 are f\nd$ on ?is pr9ciple1 ( ! expansion ( air4 ,fluids exp& until !y arrive at ! boil+ po9t1 z is ! case ) wat]1 alcohol1 c4 ,! expansion ( m]cury1 9 a glass tube1 furni%$ ) a graduat$ scale1 =ms ! m]curial !rmomet]1 by ! rise & fall ( :i*1 ! diff]5t v>iations ( temp]ature are m>k$4 ,not)/&+ caloric has ! prop]ty ( exp&+ bodies1 !re are "s exceptions to ?is law1 :i* may be prop] to notice4 ,wat]1 = in/ance1 at ! temp]ature bel[ #dj contracts at e increm5t ( temp]ature until x rea*es #dj1 :i* is its maximum ( d5sity4 ,above #dj x exp&s1 until x arrives at ! boil+ po9t4 ,alum9a1 or pure argillace\s e>?1 also contracts by heat2 h5ce x is us$ 9 ! pyromet] ( ,w$gwood1 to measure by its contraction int5se degrees ( heat4 ,v>i\s sal9e sub/ances1 9 ! act ( cry/allization1 also exp&4 ,sev]al ( ! metals1 :5 previ\sly melt$1 on cool+ exhibit ! same "*2 & wat]1 9 ! act ( freez+1 ex]ts a p[]ful =ce by its expansion1 compet5t to ! bur/+ ( %ells1 & ! splitt+ ( rocks4 ,! *anges 9 bodies1 produc$ by caloric1 we h already notic$4 ,we w only add1 t fluids require diff]5t temp]atures1 call$ ! boil+ po9t1 to make !m boil1 "u ! same atmosph]ic pressure4 ,wat] boils at #bab4 ,_m obs]vations h be5 made ) respect to wat]1 bo? 9 ! /ate ( ice1 & ! /ate ( vap\r4 ,besides ! accession ( #bab degrees ( caloric1 appreciable by ! !rmomet]1 9 wat] 9 ! /ate ( /eam1 !re is also an accession ( non-di/ributable caloric1 call$ lat5t heat1 :i* is calculat$ at #ajjj4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is circum/ance1 /eam has be5 judici\sly appli$ to v>i\s useful purposes1 & p>ticul>ly 9 a c]ta9 mann] = ! dry+ ( gunp[d]4 ,t *emical *anges are produc$ by ! ag5cy ( caloric1 is a fact well kn[n4 ,x is suppos$ to occasion decompositions1 accord+ to ! laws ( aff9ity1 by *ang+ previ\s aff9ities1 & caus+ new aff9ities to take place4 ,h5ce ! op]ations by fire1 :e!r ! sub/ances !mselves are expos$ 9 a dry /ate to ! action ( heat1 or o!rwise1 produce new results1 or comp\nds1 :i* c\ld n be made )\t x4 ,?is tru? has long be5 obvi\s4 ,9 consequ5ce ( a k ( ?is fact1 ,dr4 ,black 7,lectures vol4 i1 p4 #ab17 def9$ *emi/ry to be ! /udy ( ! effects ( heat & mixture1 ) ! view ( discov]+ _! g5]al & subord9ate laws1 & ( improv+ ! useful arts4 ,caloric z a p[]ful auxili>y1 p]=m+ z x does an innum]able multitude ( *anges & effects1 an ag5t by :i* ! op]ations ( ! univ]se are ma9ta9$ 9 ord] & h>mony = univ]sal good1 ex]ts ! same effect 9 ! furnace ( ! *emi/1 z 9 ! great laboratory ( nature2 & regulates1 & det]m9es all ! consequ5ces1 :i* foll[ a succession ( fix$1 & appo9t$ *anges4#d ,we h ?us1 9 ?is brief & ha/y outl9e ( ! nature1 pr9cipal effects1 & prop]ties ( caloric1 detail$ ! lead+ facts on ?is subject2 f :i* x w be se51 t caloric1 s f> z respects its g5]ation by ! combu/ion ( diff]5t pyro-mixtures1 & effects1 g5]ally1 %\ld =m a "p ( ,pyrote*ny1 & claim ! att5tion ( ^?1 :o are connect$ ) ! prep>ation ( ,fire-,works4 ,respiration is also a process :i* puts quiesc5t heat 9 motion4#e ,9 ! second "p ( ! "w1 we embrace ! furniture ( a laboratory1 = ! use ( fire-work]s1 consi/+ ( v>i\s tools & ut5sils4 ,"u ?is head1 we also embrace sundry manipulations1 su* z ! prep>ation ( sub/ances = use1 ! mann] ( =m+ mixtures1 & v>i\s ant]ior op]ations4 ,! =mation ( pa/ebo>d = cases1 ! mode ( =m+ z well z *>g+ cases1 diff]5t modes ( *>g+ rockets1 ! dim5sions ( ramm]s1 mallets c4 ,?is prelim9>y ought to be well und]/ood2 z ! successful practice ( ! art dep5ds greatly on ^! op]ations4 ,we may obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t we h _h occasion to repeat "s ( ^! manipulations 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 to make !m m intelligible2 or r to pres5t1 m 9 connection ) ! subject1 a detail ( m9uti4 ,9 ! diff]5t compositions1 ! read] w be> 9 m9d1 t ! copi\s collection ( =mul1 bo? old & new1 embraces all ! facts1 ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 conc]n+ pyrote*nical prep>ations4 ,9 mo/ in/ances1 :]e ! importance ( ! subject requir$ x1 we designat$1 or set ap>t f ! re/1 =mul1 :i* h be5 approv$1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,france4 ,?is is m p>ticul>ly ! case z x respects ! f\r? & la/ "p1 :i* app]ta9s exclusively to ,milit>y ,fire-,works4 ,on ?is subject1 p]mit me to rem>k1 t fire-works1 int5d$ = ! purposes ( w>1 %\ld be dep5d$ on2 & = t reason1 9 ord] to produce a c]ta9 effect1 ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$ %\ld be pure1 weigh$ ) accuracy 9 ! proportions requir$1 & c>efully mix$ accord+ to ! rules laid d[n4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t :ile ?is nicety is requir$ 9 p>ticul> cases1 x is unnecess>y 9 ! =mation ( all fire-works4 ,! composition = c>cass & light-ball1 = t\rteaux1 l9ks1 & fasc9es1 & "s o!rs1 d n require t precision2 :]eas ! composition = fuses = bombs1 h[itzes1 & gr5ades %\ld be 9 e respect accurately made2 = on ! accuracy ( ! composition1 mu/ dep5d ! "t a fuse w burn1 :i* is aft]w>ds regulat$ by us+ m or less ( ! fuse1 accord+ to ! "t x w take = ! %ell to rea* its de/9ation1 on :i* dep5ds ! skill ( ! bomb>di]4 ,accuracy1 h[ev]1 9 mak+ ( prep>ations %\ld be a g5]al rule4 ,view+ ,pyrote*ny ei!r z a sci5ce or an art1 !re is und\bt$ly requir$ 9 its prosecution mu* skill & practice4 ,a k ( ! !ory ( fire-works may be readily acquir$4 ,! m]e artific] or fire-work]1 by con/ant habit & exp]i5ce1 may und]/& x is true h[ to mix mat]ials1 prep>e compositions1 *>ge cases1 & p]=m all o!r me*anical op]ations2 b x is equally c]ta91 t1 )\t a k ( *emi/ry1 he _c und]/& ! !ory4 ,we w\ld n say1 t ! workman %\ld be a *emi/1 b t he %\ld "k en\gh to det]m9e ! purity ( ! sub/ances he employs1 & _! respective qualities & effects2 = if t pr9ciple 7 admitt$1 we might g fur!r & say1 t e p]son1 :o practices a *emical art1 z ! tann]1 gluemak]1 brazi]1 c4 %\ld be a *emi/1 or t ! art c\ld n be conduct$ )\t a previ\s k ( *emi/ry1 :i* we "k is contr>y to fact4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may be said1 t 9 all arts :i* are decid$ly *emical1 z t ( dy+ = in/ance1 *emical k w enable ! arti/ or op]ator to conduct 8 processes ) bett] advantage1 & correct any old r\t9e1 :i* is too (t5 pursu$1 because x 0 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,mr4 ,segu9 9 ,france facilitat$ ! prep>ation ( tann$ lea!r1 by adopt+ a new process altoge!r *emical4 ,9 a ^w1 s f> z *emi/ry is connect$ ) ! arts1 & by :i* we expla9 ! op]ations t take place1 x is und\bt$ly important2 & ) reg>d to ,pyrote*ny1 x appe>s1 9 ! way we h m5tion$1 to be indisp5sable4 ,*aptal 7,elem5ts de ,*imie7 obs]ves1 t ! works ( artific]s frequ5tly misc>ry 9 consequ5ce ( _! be+ unacqua9t$ ) ! art4 ,9 notic+ ?is subject1 we may be p]mitt$ to digress1 :ile we /ate1 t1 be+ fully conv9c$ ( ?is tru?1 we h direct$ our lab\rs 9 ! ,*emical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates' ,milit>y ,academy to two di/9ct objects2 viz4 to !oretical & exp]im5tal *emi/ry1 =m+ ! fir/ ye>'s c\rse1 & *emi/ry 9 its application to ! arts1 manufactures1 & dome/ic economy1 con/itut+1 along ) m9]alogy1 ! c\rse ( ! second ye>4 ,9 addition to ! usual applications1 ,pyrote*ny1 9 ! mann] we h /at$1 & especially t bran* :i* treats ( milit>y fire-works1 has claim$ our att5tion2 & we h reason to believe1 t ?is addition1 to ! usual c\rse ( *emical in/ruction1 has consid]ably advanc$ ! utility1 especially to g5tlem5 design$ = ! army1 ( ! application ( *emi/ry4 ,! sy/em ( in/ruction adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! academy1 9 ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts1 7! plan ( :i* may be se5 9 ! new ,army ,regulations1 article ,milit>y ,academy71 :i*1 we h no hesitation 9 believ+1 is ! mo/ complete ( any 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & by f> ! mo/ ext5sive1#f is s regulat$1 t ea* section ( a class regul>ly recite1 & are int]rogat$ on ea* subject ( in/ruction1 s t1 :ile an emulation to excel is ?us excit$1 ! comp>ative m]it or /&+ ( ! cadets is !reby det]m9$4 ,adopt+ ! same sy/em 9 ! ,*emical dep>tm5t1 t ( int]rogation on ! subject ( ! prec$+ lecture1 has _m peculi> advantages2 s t1 :ile ! m9d & memory ( ! pupil are ?us ex]cis$1 a comp>ative e/imate ( ! progress ( ea* "o is obta9$ dur+ ea* week1 by :i* we are enabl$1 z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts1 to pres5t a ,weekly ,class ,report ( _! progress4 ,:ile we are indebt$ to ! tal5ts & indu/ry ( ! pr(essors & tea*]s ( ! ,academy1 = ! fl\ri%+ condition x is n[ 91 & ! progress ( ! cadets 9 e bran* !re taught2 x is b ju/ice to rem>k1 t = ! pres5t organization ( ! academy1 z relates to ! /udies1 :i* is obvi\sly pref]able to ! old sy/em1 & also = ! improvem5ts 9 in/ruction1 we are indebt$ to ! pres5t sup]9t5d5t1 ,col4 ,s4 ,?ay]1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 corps ( eng9e]s4 ,consid]+ pyrote*ny1 ab/ract f ! que/ions usually giv51 & =m+ a di/9ct bran*1 x may be prop] to rem>k1 t ! int]rogatories on ?is head h be5 m9utely & satisfactorily answ]$4 ,! foll[+ outl9e w exhibit ! ord] 9 :i* su* que/ions 7 put1 obs]v+1 h[ev]1 t !y are m]ely 9 connection ) ?is subject3 ,:at is saltpetre8 ,:at is nitric acid8 ,:at is pota%8 ,:at are ! s\rces ( saltpetre1 & h[ is x obta9$8 ,h[ is x =m$ 9 nitre b$s1 extract$1 & ref9$8 ,:at circum/ances are necess>y to produce nitre1 & h[ does animal matt] act 9 its production8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! old & new process = ref9+ saltpetre8 ,:at reag5ts are us$ to discov] ! pres5ce ( =eign sub/ances 9 nitre8 ,:at are nitre caves8 ,:]e d !y exi/8 ,:at are ! nitre caves ( ! ,we/]n c\ntry1 & h[ is nitre extract$ f ! e>?8 ,:at proportion ( nitre does ! saltpetre e>? ( ! nitre caves af=d8 ,:at is ! !ory ( ! process = extract+ saltpetre f nitr\s e>?1 or nitrate ( lime8 ,:at is sulphur8 ,h[ is x obta9$1 & h[ is x purifi$ = ! manufacture ( gunp[d]8 ,( :at use is sulphur 9 ! composition ( gunp[d]8 ,does x add to ! effective =ce ( gunp[d]8 ,:at is *>coal8 ,:at is ! be/ mode ( c>boniz+ wood = ! purpose ( gunp[d]8 ,:at woods are pref]r$ = ?is purpose8 ,9 ! *>r+ ( wood1 :at "p is conv]t$ into coal1 & :at gas & acid are dis5gag$8 ,:at is ! use ( *>coal 9 gunp[d]8 ,:at is gunp[d]8 ,:at are consid]$ ! be/ proportions = =m+ x1 & :at con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 p[d] = w>1 = gunn+1 & = m9+8 ,h[ does ! combu/ion ( gunp[d] take place8 ,c y expla9 :y combu/ion takes place )\t ! pres5ce ( a gase\s support] ( combu/ion1 z gunp[d] w inflame 9 vacuo8 ,:at are ! products ( ! combu/ion ( gunp[d]8 ,:at gases are g5]at$8 ,to :at is ! =ce ( fir$ gunp[d] ow+8 ,:at are ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,rob9s on ! =ce ( gunp[d]8 ,h[ w\ld y sep>ate ! compon5t p>ts ( gunp[d]1 s z to det]m9e _! proportions8 ,:at are gunp[d] pro(s8 ,:at is und]/ood by ! comp>ative =ce ( gunp[d]8 ,:at are epr\vettes8 c4 ,9 notic+ 9 ! same mann] ! prep>ations us$ = fire-works1 & = w>1 z ! rocket = in/ance1 ! foll[+ que/ions 7 prop\nd$2 viz4 ,:at is a rocket8 ,h[ is x =m$8 ,is ! case always made ( pap]8 ,:at is ! w> rocket8 ,:at is ! composition = rockets1 & h[ does x act8 ,:at p>ticul> c>e is requir$ 9 *>g+ a rocket8 ,:at is ! cause ( ! asc5sion ( rockets8 ,:at is ! use ( ! conical cavity1 made 9 a rocket at ! "t x is *>g$1 or bor$ out aft] x is *>g$8 ,h[ d cases *>g$ ) composition imp>t motion to :eels1 & o!r pieces ( fire-"w8 ,:at is und]/ood by ! rocket pr9ciple8 ,:at is ! rocket /ick1 & its use8 ,is ! c5tre ( gravity fix$1 or is x %ift+ 9 ! flight ( rockets8 ,h[ are rockets dis*>g$8 ,:at is ! head ( a rocket8 ,:at is usually put 9 ! head8 ,are all rockets furni%$ ) a head8 ,:at is und]/ood by ! furniture ( a rocket8 ,h[ are ! s]p5ts1 />s1 fire-ra91 c4 =m+ ! furniture ( a rocket1 dis*>g$ into ! air1 :5 ! rocket has t]m9at$ its flight1 or arriv$ at its maximum ( asc5sion8 ,:at =ms ! diff]5ce betwe5 a balloon1 9 fire-works1 & a rocket8 ,z ! balloon conta9s also furniture1 & is project$ v]tically f a mort>1 h[ is fire communicat$ to x1 s z to bur/ x 9 ! air8 ,is ! fuse us$1 9 ?is case ! same z t = bombs1 h[itzes1 & gr5ades8 ,:at is ! ,asiatic rocket8 ,! f\gette ( ! ,fr5*8 ,9 :at seige 7 !y employ$ ) success by ! native troops ( ,india8 ,:at 0 ! nature ( _! w>-rocket8 ,:at is ! murd]+ rocket ( ! ,fr5*8 ,is ! conical head holl[1 or solid1 blunt or po9t$8 ,:y is x call$ ! murd]+ rocket8 ,:at is ! ,congreve rocket8 ,is ,congreve ! inv5tor1 or improv] ( ?is rocket8 ,:at are ,congreve rockets load$ or arm$ )8 ,9 :at "p is ! load plac$8 ,is ! case made ( pap] or %eet iron8 ,:at are ! sizes ( ,congreve rockets8 ,:at are ! ranges ( ,congreve rockets8 ,:at angle ( elevation produces ! be/ range8 ,h[ are ,congreve rockets dis*>g$ 9 ! field1 & :at numb] ( m5 are usually employ$ = t s]vice8 ,are ! ,congreve rockets consid]$ to be a p[]ful (f5sive weapon2 &1 if s1 9 :at p>ticul>8 ,:at is a c>cass rocket8 ,z an inc5di>y1 is ! c>cass rocket equal to ! usual c>cass ?r[n f mort>s8 ,:at is ! c>cass composition made (8 ,:at is ! ,congreve rocket light ball8 ,9 l>ge rockets1 are _! /icks solid1 or bor$ & fill$ ) gunp[d]8 ,:y is t exp$i5t us$8 c4 ,x is obvi\s1 t ! /ud5t1 aft] obta9+ a k ( ea* subject by ! prec$+ lecture1 accompani$ ) demon/rations1 is enabl$ to detail m9utely all ! facts 9 relation to x4 ,pyrote*ny1 z kn[n at pres5t1 is conf9$ to a few books1 & scatt]$ 9 a desultory mann]1 )\t any regul> or connect$ sy/em4 ,9 fact ! works :i* treat on ?is subject are 9 ,fr5*1 or translations f ! ,fr5* on p>ticul> subjects1 b g5]ally v imp]fect4 ,z appli$ to ! uses ( w>1 we may inde$ say1 t ! small treatise ( ,bigot1 7,trait d',artifice de ,gu]re71 & ,rugg]i 7,pyrote*nie ,militaire7 are ! only works4 ,we h1 !re=e1 consult$ ^! au?ors1 z w be se5 9 ! pages ( ! "w4 ,rog] ,bacon1 9 8 ,opus ,majus1 has giv5 "s acc\nt ( ! ,greek fire1 & ( a composition1 :i* seems to h _h ! effect ( our mod]n gunp[d]4 ,mal?us 7,trait de l',artill]ie7 conta9s "s =mul = ,milit>y ,fire-,works4 ,anzelet & ,vanor*is1 9 _! sev]al works1 h giv5 "s receipts = inc5di>y prep>ations4 ,h5zion 7,recreations ,ma?matiques7 & ,joa*im ,butelius h also some?+ on ! subject4 ,! celebrat$ ,pol&]1 ,casimir ,siemi5[icz1 has no?+ ( any mom5t1 if we except ! inc5di>y fire-ra91 an acc\nt ( :i* may be se5 9 ! f\r? "p ( our "w4 ,8 book is consid]$1 h[ev]1 ! be/ ( ! :ole ( !m4 ,belidor1 ,!odore ,duturbrie1 c4 h m5tion$ "s prep>ations2 b _! works are *iefly conf9$ to artill]y4 ,! improvem5t ( ,pyrote*ny is ascrib$ to ! ,g]mans & ,italians1 & ! ,fr5* ackn[l$ge1 t !y are indebt$ = a k ( x to ! ,italians4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is c]ta91 t x 0 kn[n 9 ,*9a f "t immemorial4 ,_! acqua9tance ) gunp[d]1 be=e x 0 kn[n 9 ,europe1 is a fact :i* appe>s to be g5]ally admitt$4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! ,*9ese fire-works1 & ! orig9 ( gunp[d] 9 ,europe1 consult ^! articles respectively4 ,:atev] m]it we may claim 9 ?is "w1 z ! public w be able to judge imp>tially1 x w be se51 by ref]r+ to ! diff]5t *apt]s & sections1 t we h endeav\r$ to =m a sy/em1 by pres5t+ a connect$ view ( ! :ole subject4 ,hav+ notic$ "u sep>ate heads1 ! p>ticul> use & application ( ea* composition1 we h add$ a *apt] on ! arrangem5t ( fire-works = exhibition1 toge!r ) ! ord] to be obs]v$4 ,we may rem>k "h1 t we h enl>g$ 9 ?is "p m p]haps ?an its m]it or importance des]ves2 b1 on reflection1 we ?\ght x bett] to embrace ! :ole subject1 9 ord] to =m a m complete sy/em 9 all its p>ts4 ,aft] go+ ?r\gh ! fire-works = exhibition1 & notic+ ! diff]5t =mul1 & prep>ations1 = arrangem5t1 ) ! !ory ( effects1 we consid]1 9 ! next place1 a subject ( m importance1 t ( ,milit>y ,pyrote*ny4 ,we h adopt$ ?is arrangem5t1 m on acc\nt ( obta9+ a bett] acqua9tance ) ord9>y fire-works1 be=e ! read] is prep>$ = milit>y works1 :i* he w und]/& ) m facility2 = all ! prelim9>y op]ations prec$e ! practical "p4 ,on ?is head1 x w be suffici5t to add1 to :at we h already /at$1 t we h giv5 9 ea* article1 g5]ally speak+1 a v>iety ( =mul1 ) ample in/ructions = ! prep>ation ( ea* composition4 ,! table ( cont5ts w exhibit ! ord] 9 :i* !y are treat$4 ,9 notic+ ! sub/ances us$ 9 fire-works1 9 ! fir/ "p1 x w be p]ceiv$1 t we h notic$ "s ( !m m ext5sively accord+ to _! importance2 z = in/ance1 saltpetre4 ,besides ! diff]5t modes ( obta9+ saltpetre 9 ,europe & else:]e1 & ! means employ$ = ref9+ x1 we m5tion ! saltpetre caves ( ! we/]n c\ntry1 :i* furni% an abundance ( ?is article1 & :i* conta9 an almo/ inexhau/ible supply4 ,! extraction ( saltpetre f ! e>?1 7pr9cipally nitrate ( lime71 by us+ a lixivium ( wood-a%es2 ! =mation ( r\gh1 & subsequ5tly ( ref9$ nitre2 ! v>i\s me?ods ( ref9+ saltpetre1 & p>ticul>ly t adopt$ 9 ,france2 ) sundry facts respect+ ! orig9 ( nitre1 & on ! =mation ( artificial nitre b$s2 all claim our p>ticul> notice4 ,! extraction ( sulphur f its comb9ations1 & ! means us$ = purify+ x = ! purpose ( gunp[d]1 are also consid]$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! subject ( *>coal1 an ess5tial con/itu5t ( gunp[d]1 claims1 9 l mann]1 p>ticul> att5tion4 ,! v>i\s modes ( *>r+1 ! woods employ$1 ! quantity ( coal obta9$1 ! =mation ( pyroacetic acid 9 ! process ( c>bonization1 & _m facts ( ! same k9d are consid]$4 ,^! subjects1 viz4 nitre1 *>coal1 & sulphur1 are highly important to ! manufactur] ( gunp[d]4 ,a k ( ! v>i\s processes = ref9+ saltpetre2 ! be/ & mo/ approv$ modes ( c>boniz+ wood2 ! purification & quality ( sulphur2 ! diff]5t processes = mak+ gunp[d]1 ) ! proportion ( ! +r$i5ts us$ 9 ,france & else:]e2 ! granulation1 glaz+1 & dry+ ( p[d]1 ! use ( ! /eam app>atus1 & ! diff]5t modes ( prov+ x1 & ( exam9+ x *emically2 & ! means ( asc]ta9+ ! purity ( nitre 9 any specim5 ( gunp[d]2 are1 ) o!rs1 subjects ( p>ticul> int]e/ to ! gunp[d] manufactur]4 ,) respect to ! ,!ory ( ! explosion ( gunp[d]1 we h notic$ x at "s l5g?1 & h add$ ! exp]im5ts & obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,rob9s1 & ( o!r p]sons1 made at diff]5t p]iods4 ,9 ! consid]ation ( ! gase\s products1 & ! caloric evolv$ by ! combu/ion ( p[d]1 we h tak5 a view ( ! gases produc$1 ! cause ( _! production1 ! dilatation :i* !y suff]1 & ! exp]im5ts ( ,lavoisi] & ,laplace1 ) reg>d to lat5t heat1 & d$uc+ !refrom "s views ( ! probable cause ( ! production ( caloric 9 fir$ gunp[d]4#g ,our obs]vations respect+ rockets1 ! !ory ( _! asc5sion1 ( ! ,congreve c>cass & ,asiatic rockets1 & "s o!rs1 are we appreh5d suffici5tly ext5sive4 ,z x reg>ds ! diff]5t inc5di>y compositions1 & _! use 9 w>1 ! read] w f9d ample in/ructions on ^! heads4 ,we may also rem>k1 t we h giv5 "s ( ! m common1 or g5]al prop]ties ( ! sub/ances1 employ$ 9 ! composition ( fire-works1 )\t go+ into t detail1 :i* belongs exclusively to works t treat ( ,*emi/ry4 ,x 0 nei!r our design1 nor h we giv51 = ! reasons ?us /at$1 all ! *emical *>act]s or prop]ties ( ! sub/ances s employ$2 &1 !re=e1 h conf9$ ourselves1 g5]ally speak+1 to an enum]ation ( su* prop]ties z are connect$ ) ! subject1 or are indisp5sably necess>y to be kn[n1 be=e a rationale ( ! causes & effects c be und]/ood4 ,x 0 our int5tion to accompany ! "w ) plates1 exhibit+ ! arrangem5t1 c4 ( fire-works1 :i*1 !re c be no d\bt1 w\ld h facilitat$ 9 p>ticul> ! k ( =m+1 & arrang+1 c]ta9 pieces ( fire-"w2 b1 on second reflection1 z su* illu/rations 7 connect$ m ) fancy exhibitions1 & h little or no relation to ,milit>y ,fire-works1 ! mo/ useful bran* ( ,pyrote*ny1 we 7 f9ally ( op9ion1 t ! addition ( plates w\ld greatly enhance ! price1 )\t advanc+ or add+ to ! value ( ! "w4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a second edition %\ld be requir$1 v>i\s figures 9 illu/ration ( p>ticul> subjects may be add$1 ei!r ) a di/9ct explanatory *apt]1 or a ref]5ce f ! articles !mselves1 ) ! necess>y explanation1 to ! figures respectively4 ,x w\ld require at lea/ tw5ty-five plates to include all ! figures we orig9ally int5d$ to h introduc$4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is introduction1 x rema9s = u to rem>k1 t1 9 =m+ ?is "w1 we consult$ a v>iety ( au?ors1 b ) little advantage1 except "s ,fr5* works1 :i* we %all notice4 ,*aptal 7,*imie ,appliqu aux ,arts27 ,bigot 7,artifice de ,gu]re27 ,morel 7,feux d',artifice27 ,!n>d 7,trait de ,*imie27 ,rugg]i 7,pyrote*nie ,militaire27 ,,mm4 ,botte & ,riffault 7,trait de ,l',art de ,fabriqu la ,p\dre canon27 ,peyre 7,le ,m\vem5t ,ign27 ,biot 7,trait de ,physique1 ,re*]*es ,exp]im5tales et ,ma?matique1 sur les m\vem5t des ,molecules de la ,lumi]e1 c427 ,m4 ,duloc 7,!orie ,n\velle sur le ,me*anisme de l',artill]ie27 ! ,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie2 ! ,dictionnaire ,encyclop$ique des ,arts et ,meti]s ,mecaniques1 article ,art de ,l',artifici]2 uvre ,militaire2 ,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes2 ,sy/me des ,connoissances ,*imiques p> ,a4 ,f4 ,f\rcroy2 ,aide-,mmoire a l'usage des (fici]s d',artill]ie de ,france4 ,we exam9$ v>i\s au?ors 9 ,engli%2 & ) reg>d to ! orig9 ( inv5tions1 we f\nd ! le>n$1 & valuable "w ( pr(essor ,beckman 7,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions7 v useful1 & likewise ,james's ,milit>y ,diction>y4 ,to ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 we are indebt$ = _m int]e/+ facts1 & "s extracts on fire-works = exhibition4 ,on ! subject ( m9+1 we consult$ ! ,treatise on m9es = ! use ( ! ,royal ,milit>y ,academy1 by ,l&mann4 ,we deem x necess>y to obs]ve1 t1 9 collect+ our =mul = milit>y fire-works1 al?\gh we h sometimes extract$ f ! ,/rasb\rg ,memoir1 ! ,bomb>di] & ,pocket ,gunn]1 & ! ,milit>y ,diction>y ( ,duane & ,james1 we h g5]ally foll[$ ,bigot2 z ! =mul :i* he gives = ! prep>ation ( ,milit>y fire-works h be5 approv$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t2 & :]e any ?+ ( importance occurr$ 9 ,rugg]i1 we h1 = ! same reason1 extract$ su* =mul f t au?or4 ,z respects ! turtle1 torp$o1 & catam>91 subm>9e ma*9es1 x appe>s t ,bu%nel 7,trans4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc47 claims ! orig9ality ( ! discov]y f ! date ( 8 inv5tion1 al?\gh simil> contrivances _h long ago be5 sugge/$4 ,fulton's improvem5ts1 9 ! torp$o1 are des]v+ ( p>ticul> att5tion2 b x is pla91 t ! ,catam>9 ( ! ,engli% is ! same 9 pr9ciple & application z ,fulton's torp$o1 & t ,fulton des]ves ! m]it ( x4 ,congreve1 if we believe ,rugg]i1 0 n ! inv5tor ( ! rocket1 :i* be>s 8 "n2 =1 accord+ to him1 x 0 inv5t$ ab\t ! ye> #agih by a naval (fic] at ,b\rdeaux4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 x 0 nei!r mu* kn[n1 nor us$ be=e ! attack on ,cop5hag54 ,x is c]ta9 t ! pres5t inc5di>y fire-/one 0 tak5 f ! recipe = fire-ra9 conta9$ 9 ! milit>y "w ( ,cassimir ,siemi5[icz1 or t ! fire-ra9 gave rise to a simil> prep>ation4 ,! idea ( ! pyrophore1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 mu/ h orig9at$ f ! use ( ! p[d]-b>rel1 & ( simil> means ( def5ce4 ,we might enum]ate _m o!r inv5tions1 :i* owe _! orig9 9 ! same way4 ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,pyrote*ny4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,pyrote*ny ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,sec4 ,i4 ,def9ition ( ,pyrote*ny4 ,pyrote*ny is def9$ ! doctr9e ( artificial fire-works1 :e!r = w> or exhibition1 & is d]iv$ f ! ,greek1 fire1 & art4 ,9 a m g5]al s5se1 x compreh5ds ! /ructure & use ( fire-arms1 & ! sci5ce :i* tea*es ! managem5t & application ( fire 9 sev]al op]ations4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,g5]al !ory ( ,pyrote*ny4 ,9 ! composition ( artificial fire1 v>i\s sub/ances are employ$1 hav+ diff]5t prop]ties1 & design$ to produce c]ta9 effects *>act]is$ by p>ticul> ph5om5a4 ,^! sub/ances are ei!r inflammable1 or support ! combu/ion ( inflammable bodies4 ,z pyrote*nical mixtures are diff]5tly =m$1 & ( v>i\s sub/ances1 ! effects are also modifi$1 al?\gh combu/ion1 "u "s %ape always takes place4 ,combu/ion is ei!r modifi$1 ret>d$1 or accel]at$2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 diff]5t appe>ances are giv5 to flame4 ,! conditions necess>y = combu/ion are1 ! pres5ce ( a combu/ible sub/ance1 ( a support] ( combu/ion1 & a c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,?us1 *>coal :5 rais$ to ! temp]ature ( #hjj 9 ! op5 air1 takes fire4 ,?is elevation ( temp]ature enables x to act *emically on ! oxyg5 gas ( ! atmosph]e2 ! latt]1 z x comes 9 contact1 be+ decompos$4 ,n[1 z oxyg5 gas is a comb9ation ( oxyg5 & caloric1 ! caloric be+ 9 a lat5t /ate1 ! *>coal unites ) ! oxyg51 & ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion ensue2 t is1 an evolution ( heat & light4 ,! caloric ( ! decompos$ gas is giv5 out 9 a free /ate1 &1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,dr4 ,?omson1 7,?omson's ,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry1 vol4 i47 ! light proce$s f ! burn+ body4 ,we h !n an in/ance ( combu/ion1 9 :i* !re is a combu/ible1 a support] ( combu/ion1 & an elevat$ temp]ature4 ,! old !ory ( combu/ion1 call$ ! ,/ahlian !ory1 :i* presupposes an elem5t call$ phlogi/on1 or a pr9ciple ( fire1 to exi/ 9 all bodies "u "s modification1 w\ld expla9 ^! effects by m]ely suppos+1 t combu/ion 0 no?+ m ?an a dis5gagem5t ( phlogi/on2 & t :5 a body _h lo/ its inflammable pr9ciple1 7z a metal1 :5 oxidiz$71 x became dephlogi/icat$4 ,b1 z x prov$ t phlogi/on is a hypo!tical elem5t1 & ! anti-phlogi/ic doctr9e cle>ly %[s1 t combu/ion is no o!r ?an a process :i* unites ! support] ) ! combu/ible1 =m+ new products2 x foll[s1 t1 9 all *anges ( ! k9d1 ! same reason+ w apply1 & ! same pr9ciple be t5able4 ,! products ( combu/ion dep5d on ! nature ( ! sub/ance burnt1 & ! support] employ$4 ,?us1 9 ! in/ance j m5tion$1 ! *>coal1 by its union ) oxyg51 is *ang$ into c>bonic acid1 :i* takes ! gase\s /ate4 ,we say !n1 t c>bonic acid is ! product ( ! combu/ion ( *>coal1 or1 *emically speak+1 ( c>bon4 ,z res9s1 oil1 c4 conta9 hydrog51 z well z c>bon1 ! products 9 su* cases w\ld be wat]1 z well z c>bonic acid4 ,! *emical effects1 !re=e1 :i* we consid] 9 fire-works1 =m+ ! basis on :i* a !ory ( sundry ph5om5a may be =m$1 are no o!r ?an ! result ( ! action ( "o body on ano!r1 accord+ to ! laws :i* gov]n su* action1 & ! consequ5t op]ation ( *emical comb9ation4 ,combu/ion1 9 fire-works1 may be consid]$ a prim>y ag5t 9 all effects :i* *>act]ise artificial fire4 ,! second *ange1 ) respect to ! appe>ance ( ! flame1 ! =mation ( />s1 s]p5ts1 ra91 c4 t]ms us$ 9 ! art1 is ow+ ei!r to new *emical *anges :i* ! sub/ances und]go1 or to ! decomposition ( ! products !mselves4 ,^! effects1 x is obvi\s1 mu/ be gov]n$ by ! circum/ances1 "u :i* ! mixtures are made4 ,saltpetre1 = in/ance1 is ! basis ( fire-works1 :e!r us$ 9 a sep>ate /ate1 or employ$ 9 mixture ) *>coal & sulphur1 z 9 gun-p[d]2 &1 f its composition1 is adapt$ to all ! purposes ( ! art1 because x yields its oxyg5 v readily to all inflammable bodies4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! decomposition1 x und]goes at an elevat$ temp]ature1 :5 br\ght 9 contact ) *>coal1 sulphur1 c4 & v>i\s sub/ances :i* conta9 c>bon1 z pit*1 ros91 turp5t9e1 tall[1 copal1 & amb]1 combu/ion results1 &1 accord+ to circum/ances1 is m or less rapid1 & ! flame also m or less brilliant4 ,:5 *>coal1 9 ! /ate ( ignition1 is br\ght 9 contact ) nitre1 a deflagration takes place1 because1 at ! temp]ature ( ignition1 x has ! prop]ty ( decompos+ ! nitric acid ( ! nitre2 & z ?is process unites ! c>bon ) ! oxyg51 9 ! proportion necess>y to con/itute c>bonic acid1 ?is acid is accord+ly produc$4 ,:51 !re=e1 we inflame a mixture ( nitre1 *>coal1 & sulphur1 or gun-p[d]1 ! :ole or great] "p disappe>s2 & if we 7 to collect 9 a pneumatic app>atus1 ! products ( ! combu/ion1 x w\ld be f\nd1 t !y are ne>ly altoge!r gase\s1 & compos$1 z we %all speak h]eaft]1 ( sundry ela/ic ari=m fluids4 ,?is decomposition1 ! imm$iate effect ( ! *>coal on ! nitric acid ( ! nitre1 is ! same z 9 ! prec$+ in/ance1 = c>bonic acid gas is =m$ 9 bo? cases4 ,we h !n ano!r in/ance ( combu/ion1 :]e a numb] ( sub/ances are conc]n$1 & !re=e1 ! products mu/ be num]\s4 ,we notice ?is subject m p>ticul>ly1 s9ce1 z 9 ! diff]5t fire-works1 nitre & inflammable bodies are us$ 9 diff]5t proportions1 ! result is always affect$ by ! same laws ( *emical decomposition2 = ! same sub/ances1 plac$ "u simil> circum/ances ( proportion1 mixture1 c4 af=d ! l results4 ,if c>bon alone be employ$1 c>bonic acid gas is ! result2 if oil1 tall[1 ros91 or turp5t9e be us$1 we h !n1 z we _h occasion to rem>k1 wat]1 z well z c>bonic acid1 by reason ( ! union ( ! hydrog51 :i* =ms "o ( _! con/itu5t p>ts1 ) a "p ( ! oxyg5 ( ! nitric acid4 ,aga91 9 a composition ( meal$ p[d]1 ros9 & sulphur1 ) or )\t ! addition ( saw du/1 we inf]1 f ! composition ( ! +r$i5ts & ! *emical action :i* subsequ5tly takes place1 t ! products ( combu/ion w\ld be c>bonic acid gas1 sulphur\s acid gas1 wat]1 sulphurett$ hydrog51 & probably azotic1 & nitric oxide gases4 ,if ! fil+s ( /eel1 brass1 z9c1 or copp]1 ent] into ! composition1 besides ! products above-m5tion$1 !re w\ld be ei!r an oxide ( iron1 an oxide ( z9c1 or1 an oxide ( copp]1 accord+ z "o or o!r ( ^! metals are employ$4 ,copp]1 9 fire-works1 has ! effect ( communicat+ a gre5 col\r to ! flame4 ,m4 ,homb]g1 7,collection ,acad47 obs]ves1 t ! gre5 col\r 9 su* cases is ow+ to ! dissolution ( ! metal1 :i* 9 fact is no?+ m ?an ! effect ( its oxidizem5t4 ,! v>i\s compositions = brilliant fire1 z ! ,*9ese fire1 owe _! peculi> "* to pulv]is$ ca/ iron1 & commonly to /eel & iron fil+s4 ,n[ ! effects 9 ^! cases are ! same2 = ! same oxidizem5t ensues1 m or less rapidly1 :i* 9 fact di/+ui%es ! k9ds ( brilliant fire4 ,t ( ! ,*9ese is ! mo/ p]fect1 & next is ! composition made ) /eel fil+s4 ,x w be se51 h[ev]1 t compositions g5]ally are gov]n$1 9 _! respective appe>ances :5 inflam$1 by ! purity1 z well z ! proportion ( o!r sub/ances1 :i* ent] into !m2 & h5ce mu* ( _! effect dep5ds on collat]al circum/ances1 :i* we purpose to consid] :5 we treat ( ! compositions individually4 ,t ! light ( c]ta9 burn+ bodies may be increas$1 is evid5t f ^! facts2 & exp]im5t has %[n1 t ! int5sity ( ! light ( burn+ sulphur1 hydrog51 c>bonic oxide1 c4 is increas$ by ?r[+ into !m1 z9c1 or its oxide1 iron1 & o!r metals1 or by plac+ 9 !m v f9e amian?us or metallic gauze4 ,proto*loride ( copp] burns ) a d5se r$ light1 t+$ ) gre5 & blue t[>ds ! edges4 ,if ! hydrog5 ( ! oil acts 9 sep>at+ ! *lor9e f ! copp]1 & ! r$uc$ copp] is ignit$ by ! *>coal1 ?is appe>ance mu/ necess>ily ensue4 ,:5 solid matt] is ! product ( combu/ion1 z 9 ! burn+ ( phosphorus1 z9c1 iron1 c4 ! flame is rem>k$ to be m int5se4 ,flame may be modifi$ "u o!r circum/ances1 z we w h occasion to m5tion h]eaft]4 ,:51 = in/ance1 a wire-gauze safety-lamp is made to burn 9 a v explosive mixture ( coal gas & air1 ! light is v feeble & ( a pale col\r2 b :5 a curr5t ( coal gas is burnt 9 atmosph]ic air1 ! combu/ion is rapid & ! flame brilliant4 ,dr4 ,ure ?9ks x probable1 7,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry1 article combu/ion17 t1 :5 ! col\r ( ! flame is *ang$ by ! introduction ( incombu/ible comp\nds1 ! effect dep5ds on ! production1 & subsequ5t ignition or combu/ion ( inflammable matt] f !m4 ,?us he inf]s1 t ! rose-col\r$ light giv5 to flame by ! comp\nds ( /rontium & calcium1 & ! yell[ col\r giv5 by ^? ( b>ium1 & ! gre5 by ^? ( boron1 may dep5d ^u a tempor>y production ( ^! bases1 by ! inflammable matt] ( ! flame4 ,x is inf]r$ also1 z a probable conclusion1 t ! heat ( flames may be actually dim9i%$ by increas+ _! light1 7at lea/ ! heat communicable to o!r matt]71 & vice v]sa2 because1 9 ! mo/ int5se heat1 z 9 ! comp\nd bl[ pipe1 or 9 ,newman's bl[ pipe app>atus1 9 :i* a mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases is compress$1 ! flame1 al?\gh h>dly visible 9 bright day light1 in/antly fuses ! mo/ refractory bodies2 b ! light ( solid bodies ignit$ 9 x1 is s vivid z to be pa9ful to ! eye4 ,"s curi\s facts ) reg>d to flame1 9 connection ) electricity1 are giv5 by ,br&e 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 = #ahad4 ,he supposes t "s *emical bodies are naturally 9 ! res9\s1 & o!rs 9 ! positive electrical /ate4 ,he supposes also1 z a consequ5ce1 t ! positive flame w be attract$1 & neutralize ! negative pol>ity1 :ile ! negative flame w op]ate a simil> *ange by induc+ an equilibrium at ! positive pole4 ,?us he f\nd1 t c]ta9 flames 7 attract$ by ! positive ball ( an electrical app>atus1 & o!rs attract$ by ! negative ball4 ,! flame ( sulphur & phosphorus is attract$ by ! positive pole1 & ! flame ( camphor1 res9s1 & hydrog5 by ! negative pole4 ,9 relation to ! production ( flame1 we may obs]ve1 t1 z sundry solid & fluid sub/ances are inflammable1 ! products ( combu/ion dep5d on ! composition ( ! sub/ance made use (1 & ! condition "u :i* x is burnt4 ,z to gase\s sub/ances t are inflammable1 ! base ( "s gases1 we may rem>k1 z c>bon & hydrog51 unite 9 ! process ( combu/ion ) ! base ( o!r gases1 7z oxyg527 & 9 o!r in/ances1 ! gas itself takes fire1 & exhibits ! ph5om5a ( flame4 ,n[ c>bonic acid gas ext+ui%es flame1 al?\gh its base is inflammable2 b hydrog51 z well z hydrog5 gas1 is inflammable1 & :5 burnt 9 oxyg5 gas or atmosph]ic air produces wat]1 :i* also ext+ui%es ! flame ( burn+ bodies4 ,z we w h occasion to notice a v>iety ( ari=m fluids1 especially :5 we treat ( ! ari=m products ( fir$ gun-p[d]1 a few rem>ks on ?is head may be useful at ?is "t4 ,by ! combu/ion ( bodies1 sub/ances are g5]at$ t are ei!r gase\s or solid1 :5ce arises ! v>iety ( products4 ,( ari=m fluids1 "s are col\r$1 z nitr\s acid vap\r1 7nitr\s gas & oxyg571 *lor9e1 & ! protoxide & deutoxide ( *lor9e4 ,! fir/ is r$1 ! re/ yell[i%-gre51 or yell[i%4 ,"s relight a tap]1 provid$ ! wick rema9 ignit$1 z oxyg5 gas1 protoxide ( azote1 & ! oxides ( *lor9e4 ,o!rs produce :ite vap\rs 9 ! air1 z muriatic acid1 fluoboric1 fluosilicic1 & hydriodic4 ,! inflammable gases1 :i* take fire 9 ! air by contact ( ! light$ tap]1 are hydrog51 hydroguret1 & bihydroguret ( c>bon1 c>bonic oxide1 pruss9e or cyanog51 call$ also c>buret ( azote1 & phosphurett$1 sulphurett$1 ars5urett$1 tellurett$1 & potassurett$ hydrog54 ,o!r gases are acid1 & r$d5 litmus1 :i*1 = t reason1 are call$ acid gases1 su* z nitr\s1 sulphur\s1 muriatic1 fluoboric1 hydriodic1 fluosilicic1 *loroc>bonic1 & c>bonic acids2 ! oxides ( *lor9e1 sulphurett$ hydrog51 tellurett$ hydrog51 & c>buret ( azote4 ,"s gases are de/itute ( smell1 z oxyg51 azote & its protoxide1 & c>bonic acid2 :ile o!rs h a /rong & *>act]i/ic od\r1 z ammoniacal gas4 ,"s gases are v soluble 9 wat]1 & o!rs b slightly soluble1 su* z fluoric1 fluosilicic1 c>bonic1 sulphur\s1 & muriatic acids1 & ammoniacal gas4 ,alkal9e solutions absorb "s gases1 z nitr\s1 sulphur\s1 muriatic1 fluoboric1 c>bonic1 hydriodic1 fluosilicic1 *lor9e1 *loroc>bonic1 & ! two oxides ( *lor9e1 sulphurett$ hydrog51 tellurett$ hydrog51 & ammonia4 ,alkal9e gases are ammonia1 & potassurett$ hydrog54 ,! "* ( gases is well def9$4 ,! comp\nd gas ( phosphorus & hydrog5 takes fire spontane\sly 9 ! atmosph]e1 burn+ ) a brilliant :ite flame2 b !re is ano!r gas =m$ ( ! same sub/ances1 t does n inflame spontane\sly1 b is inflammable1 call$ subphosphurett$ hydrog54 ,?is gas has a /rong smell ( g>lic or phosphorus1 & is lum9\s 9 ! d>k4 ,x may be ?is peculi> comb9ation1 :i* gives rise to ! ignes fatui2 b ! p]man5t ignes fatui1 obs]v$ 9 volcanic c\ntries1 are said to be ! sl[ combu/ion ( sulphur1 =m+ sulphur\s acid gas4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy f\nd1 t phosphurett$ hydrog5 produc$ a fla% ( light :5 admitt$ into ! be/ vacuum t c\ld be made by an excell5t pump ( ,nairn's con/ruction4 ,naph?a 9 contact ) r$ hot iron gl[s ) a lamb5t flame at a r>efaction ( ?irty times1 ?\gh its flame ceases at an atmosph]ic r>efaction ( six4 ,camphor ceases to burn 9 an air r>efi$ six times1 b1 9 a glass tube :i* becomes ignit$1 ! flame ( camphor exi/s "u n9efold r>efaction2 :]eas phosphorus1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,van ,m>um1 w burn1 al?\gh ! atmosph]e be r>efi$ sixty times4 ,hydrog5 gas w burn 9 a r>efi$ air1 :5 x is f\r or five times less ?an ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 & its flame be ext+ui%$1 :5 ! pressure is betwe5 sev5 & eight times less2 f :i* x is inf]r$1 t ! flame is ext+ui%$ 9 r>efi$ atmosph]es1 only :5 ! heat x produces is insuffici5t to keep up ! combu/ion4 ,olefiant gas 7hydroguret ( c>bon7 ceas$ to burn 9 an atmosph]e1 :]e its pressure 0 dim9i%$ betwe5 t5 & elev5 times4 ,! flames ( alcohol & ( wax tap] 7 ext+ui%$ 9 an atmosph]e1 :]e pressure 0 five or six times less )\t ! wire ( plat9um1 & sev5 or eight times less :5 ! wire 0 kept 9 ! flame4 ,see ,flameless ,lamp4 ,sev]al int]e/+ conclusions may be drawn f ^! facts1 :i*1 to enum]ate1 w\ld lead u beyond our design4 ,x w be suffici5t1 !re=e1 to add1 t al?\gh a support] ( combu/ion is necess>y = t process1 & flame may be diff]5tly modifi$1 yet combu/ion ceases if ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e be dim9i%$ 9 c]ta9 ratios1 z already notic$4 ,besides nitre1 o!r sal9e sub/ances :i* conta9 oxyg5 feebly comb9$1 h be5 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,"s ye>s ago1 x 0 propos$ to sub/itute ! hyp]-oxymuriate1 n[ call$ *lorate ( potassa1 = nitre 9 ! =mation ( gun-p[d]4 ,z *lorate ( potassa1 :5 mix$ ) sulphur1 c4 produces combu/ion by p]cussion1 or by ! contact ( fire1 ?is effect is attribut$ to ! same cause1--! sep>ation ( oxyg51 n f azote1 b f ! *lor9e ( ! *loric acid1 ,h5ce1 :5 t salt is us$ 9 fire-works1 ! result ( ! combu/ion is simil> to t 9 :i* nitre is employ$2 at lea/ z reg>ds ! union ( ! oxyg5 ) ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( ! inflammable body4 ,on ?is subject1 we %all make "s rem>ks h]eaft]4 ,nitrate ( soda1 a salt :i* conta9s nitric acid1 & simil> to saltpetre 9 t p>ticul>1 has be5 recomm5d$ also = fire-works4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 sev]al objections4 ,our object 9 notic+ x at ?is "t is to rem>k1 t1 :5 x is s employ$1 its effect is ! same z nitrate ( potassa1 or saltpetre1 by furni%+ oxyg5 z ! support] ( combu/ion4 ,see ,nitrate ( ,soda4 ,we are ( op9ion1 t _m ( ! nitrates might be advantage\sly employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( fire-works4 ,"s1 z nitrate ( /rontian1 communicate a r$ col\r to flame1 z ! flame ( alcohol4 ,nitrate ( lime also might be us$4 ,all nitrates1 z well z ! diff]5t hyp]oxymuriates1 or *lorates1 conta9 oxyg5 z an ess5tial +r$i5t 9 ! acid ( _! respective salts1 :i* is readily giv5 up to inflammable sub/ances4 ,:5 nitrates are employ$ = fire-works1 !y %\ld be free f moi/ure1 or wat] ( cry/allization1 unless o!rwise requir$4 ,! pres5ce ( wat] may1 9 _m cases1 prove injuri\s to ! composition2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! effect 9 ^? in/ances1 may be influ5c$ by ?is circum/ance4 ,! composition ( nitric acid1 & ! action ( c>bon 9 ! decomposition ( ! nitrates1 or salts =m$ by ! union ( nitric acid ) sundry bases1 w claim our att5tion 9 ! article on gun-p[d]4 ,) respect to ! production ( col\rs1 "s rem>ks on ?is subject may be "h add$4 ,speak+ ( col\rs1 ,hay 7,elem5t>y ,treatise ( ,natural ,philosophy1 trans4 ii4 p4 #bec47 takes into view _! =mation accord+ to ! ,newtonian doctr9e2 & 9 a note by ! translator1 sev]al in/ances are giv5 ( ! *ange ( col\r by oxidizem5t & o!r processes4 ,iron :5 expos$ to heat 9 contact ) atmosph]ic air gradually absorbs oxyg51 & *anges its col\r4 ,! col\rs produc$ dep5d entirely on ! quantity ( oxyg51 & on ! absorption ( "s ( ! rays ( light1 & ! reflection ( o!rs4 ,see ,iron4 ,! temp]+ ( /eel in/rum5ts dep5ds on ?is prop]ty1 & also ! blue+ ( sword blades1 & _m simil> op]ations4 ,! fir/ impression ( fire usually developes a blue col\r2 a second degree produces a yell[2 &1 if ! oxidizem5t augm5ts1 ! iron becomes r$4 ,! major "p ( ! metals pres5t simil> ph5om5a4 ,9 vegetables1 ! blue col\r is =m$ by f]m5tation2 & _m ( ^! col\rs are susceptible ( pass+ to r$ by a great] quantity ( oxyg51 z !y dep5d on ! absorption ( oxyg54 ,x is ?us t ! gre5 fecula ( indigo becomes blue2 turnsol1 r$ by air & acids2 & ! prot(]rocyanate ( iron1 blue :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,:5 meat putrefies1 ! fir/ degree ( oxyg5ation decides ! blue col\r2 ! r$ soon succe$s z ! process goes on4 ,x w\ld seem t ! maximum ( oxidation det]m9es ! reflection ( rays ( e k9d1 9 ! same proportions z subsi/ 9 sol> light1 ( :i* we h _m in/ances 9 combu/ion4 ,! flame ( burn+ bodies exhibits ! same ph5om5a4 ,x is blue :5 ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 is sl[2 r$ :5 x is /rong]1 & :ite :5 ! oxyg5ation is complete4 ,^! facts lead to ! conclusion1 t ! comb9ation ( oxyg51 & its proportions1 give bir? 9 bodies to ! prop]ty ( reflect+ correspond+ rays ( light2 b1 s9ce ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 9 diff]5t proportions ought to *ange ! ?ickness & d5sity ( ! compon5t lam91 &1 consequ5tly1 to produce v>iations 9 ! col\rs1 ?is doctr9e is n easily reconcil$ ) ! receiv$ !ory4 ,by consid]+ ! temp]ature necess>y to inflame diff]5t bodies2 ! nature ( flame1 & ! relation betwe5 light & heat1 :i* compose x2 ! caloric dis5gag$ 9 a free /ate dur+ ! combu/ion ( bodies1 & ! causes1 :i* modify ! appe>ance ( flame1--we may be enabl$ to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a already notic$4 ,?us1 phosphorus at #aej1 & sulphur at #eej1 are said to take fire1 & two acid products are =m$2 at #hjj1 hydrog5 gas explodes ) oxyg51 & produces wat]2 &1 accord+ to ,ure's view1 ! flame ( combu/ible bodies may 9 all cases be consid]$ z ! combu/ion ( an explosive mixture ( inflammable gas1 or vap\r1 ) air2 & z to ! *ange ( quiesc5t into di/ributable heat1 & ! causes t modify combu/ion & flame1 ! facts on ^! heads are num]\s & v important4 ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,rem>ks on ! ,nature ( p>ticul> ,compositions4 ,! spur fire1 :i* 0 inv5t$ by ! ,*9ese1 b br\ght to p]fection 9 ,europe1 is rem>kably beautiful :5 employ$ 9 "s p>ticul> p>ts ( fire-works4 ,?is fire 0 s nam$ f ! effect x produces1 t ( =m+ sc9tillations1 resembl+ a %[]1 or drops ( ra91 or ! r[el ( a spur4 ,! artificial fl[] pot is =m$ ( ?is fire4 ,! />s & p9ks1 :i* x produces1 are said to be brilliant4 ,! composition ( spur fire be+ saltpetre1 lampblack1 & sulphur1 9 ! proportions we %all give h]eaft]1 is simil> 9 fact to t ( gunp[d]2 = ! lampblack acts 9 ! same mann] z common *>coal4 ,z ! lampblack1 h[ev]1 is extremely f9e1 & ( a pur] quality1 its action on t acc\nt may be m p[]ful4 ,:ile "o portion ( x decomposes ! nitric acid ( ! nitre1 ) ! oxyg5 ( :i* x =ms c>bonic acid2 ano!r portion is ?r[n (f 9 actual combu/ion1 :i* puts on ! appe>ance we h m5tion$4 ,lampblack1 x is to be obs]v$1 is a v impalpable p[d]1 & takes fire ) m facility ?an pulv]is$ *>coal4 ,! lampblack1 !re=e1 is consum$ bo? by ! oxyg5 ( ! nitre1 & ! oxyg5 gas furni%$ by ! atmosph]ic air4 ,) respect to ! sulphur1 x facilitates ! combu/ion1 z x is m readily inflam$1 & x =ms 9 ! process ( combu/ion1 sulphur\s acid gas4 ,spur fire has be5 improv$ by ! addition ( /eel fil+s3 ,!y produce v brilliant sc9tillations1 9 ! combu/ion ( :i*1 oxide ( iron is =m$4 ,) respect to ! composition ( rockets1 ! mat]ials ( :i* are unit$ 9 diff]5t proportions1 we w rem>k at ?is "t1 t z meal$ p[d]1 saltpetre1 & *>coal con/itute _! pr9cipal +r$i5ts1 ! *emical effect is simil> to t we h /at$4 ,! combu/ion ( su* mixtures is attribut$ to ! same cause2 = :e!r we consid] ! composition ( gunp[d]1 or ! extra addition ( saltpetre & *>coal1 or ! sub/itution ( nitre = ! gunp[d]1 ! action mu/ be ! same1 & !re=e ! products ( combu/ion1 simil>4 ,! action1 h[ev]1 z ! effect evid5tly %[s1 is affect$ by ! proportion ( ! sub/ances employ$1 & by o!r circum/ances :i* we %all notice h]eaft]4 ,! diff]5t appe>ances1 !re=e1 are ow+ entirely to ! composition1 z 9 rocket />s1 ra9s1 g]bes1 t\rbillons1 c4 ,x may appe> surpris+1 t ! combu/ion ( gunp[d] ) o!r sub/ances1 previ\sly well ramm$ 9 cases1 z 9 ! rocket1 w give to ! case a mom5tum ( great velocity & =ce4 ,?is motion is regulat$ by ! balance ( ! rocket2 & its p[] dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! case1 & ! compactness ( ! composition4 ,!re is no?+ new1 h[ev]1 9 ! fact2 = x is p]fectly famili> ) e "o1 if we consid] ! recoil ( a gun :5 fir$1 ! p[d] hav+ a resi/ance to ov]come1 z ! ball1 t ! explosive effect ( gunp[d] is equal1 & t ! gases produc$ impel on all sides4 ,n[ ! effect ( a ball is z ! diff]5ce ( its weight ) ! weight ( ! gun2 :ile ! "o be+ s mu* light] is propell$ =w>d ) great cel]ity1 & ) a correspond+ projectile =ce1 ! o!r suff]s b little motion1 :i* we t]m ! recoil4 ,! combu/ion ( ! mat]ials1 ( :i* a rocket is compos$1 9 a case1 & 9 _m fire-works :]e ! cases are arrang$ on :eels1 c4 :i* act on ! rocket-pr9ciple1 produces 9 l mann] a =ce proportionate to ! quantity ( ! mat]ial employ$1 & ! mann] x is driv5 9 ! case4 ,! =ce 9 su* in/ances is giv5 to ! rocket by ! combu/ible sub/ances2 & ! rocket itself :5 free1 w asc5d1 or move 9 ! direction requir$2 or if small cases are fix$ on :eels1 :i* move on an axis1 !y communicate motion1 z 9 ! s+le v]tical :eels1 horizontal :eels1 plural :eels1 & ! l1 & may !n be consid]$ a mov+ p[]4 ,t rockets are us$ z a missile weapon is well kn[n4 ,!y 7 employ$ by ! native troops ( ,india aga9/ ! ,briti% dur+ ! siege ( ,s]+apatam 9 #agii4 ,mr4 ,congreve1 ! inv5tor ( ! w>-rocket :i* be>s 8 "n1 may h receiv$ 8 fir/ idea ( us+ rockets f ?is circum/ance4 ,?is rocket w be describ$ h]eaft]4 ,! projectile =ce ( ! rocket is well calculat$ = ! conveyance ( case %ot to great di/ances2 because1 z x proce$s1 its velocity is accel]at$ in/ead ( be+ ret>d$1 z happ5s ) e o!r projectile1 :ile ! av]age velocity ( ! %ell is great] ?an t ( ! rocket only 9 ! ratio ( #i to #h4 ,! basis ( ?is increase ( p[] 9 ! flight ( rockets1 induc$ ,congreve to make a numb] ( exp]im5ts1 :i* result$ 9 _! improvem5t1 s f> z !y may be us$ ( v>i\s calibres1 ei!r = explosion or conflagration1 & arm$ bo? ) %ells & case %ot4 ,x may be suffici5t to rem>k1 t ! #cb pr4 rocket c>cass1 :i* has be5 us$ 9 bomb>dm5t1 w range #cjjj y>ds ) ! same quantity ( combu/ible matt] z t conta9$ 9 ! t5 in* sph]ical c>cass4 ,m4 de ,buffon1 7,mmoires de l',acadmie1 #agdj17 wrote an +5i\s essay on sky rockets1 9 :i* he /ates ! app5dages :i* may be put to !m4 ,if we inquire into ! cause ( ! asc5sion ( rockets1 x w appe>1 t ?is app>5tly extraord9>y effect1 z we h already rem>k$1 is ow+ to ! decomposition1 & ! consequ5t production & dis5gagem5t ( a l>ge quantity ( gase\s fluid & caloric4 ,! impell+ p[]1 z 9 ! l>ge ,congreve rocket1 ( :i* we _h occasion to speak1 is regulat$ 9 proportion to its size1 & ! accuracy ) :i* ! mat]ials h be5 driv54 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! flame1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! gases are expell$ f ! orifice ( a rocket1 resembles ! op]ation ( an olipile1 :i* ?r[s out ! vap\r ( wat]1 & sets 9 motion ! air 9 its vic9ity4 ,z ! m flexible mu/ yield to ! m solid body1 s1 9 ?is respect1 ! gases produc$ are repell$ by ! air 9 contact ) ! orifice ( ! rocket4 ,?us x foll[s1 t ! rocket displaces a volume ( air ( a mu* great] weight ?an itself4 ,! rocket !n has ^u ! air1 reason+ a priori1 ! same effect z ! o>s ( a boat h ^u wat]2 & h5ce1 ! great] ! volume ( fire f ! rocket1 ! great] is its velocity & asc5t4 ,! impell+ =ce also increases z x consumes1 be+ a uni=mly accel]at$ motion4 ,x also appe>s1 t a rocket s5t 9 an horizontal direction w n pass ov] s great a di/ance1 z :5 its motion is v]tical2 =1 a rocket1 direct$ 9 a l9e p>allel to ! horizon1 passes ?r\gh a m$ium ( equal d5sity1 b if direct$ p]p5dicul> to ! horizon1 f ! mom5t x leaves ! gr\nd till x arrives at its greate/ height1 x p5etrates & passes ?r\gh an atmosph]e ^: d5sity is cont9ually decreas+1 & consequ5tly its impell+ =ce meets ) less resi/ance4 ,b :5 we consid] ! increase ( ! =ce ( ! rocket1 !re is no comp>ison betwe5 t =ce1 & ! dim9ution ( ! d5sity ( ! air4 ,f ^! premises x foll[s1 t ! asc5sion ( rockets ( all k9ds is gov]n$ by "o pr9ciple1 namely1 ! dis5gagem5t ( gase\s fluids & caloric1 :i* displac+ an equal volume ( atmosph]ic air1 op]ates by mutual contact4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! air is heavi] ?an ! gases produc$ by ! rocket1 z ! latt] are greatly exp&$1 x is evid5t1 t ! gases w asc5d2 _! specific gravity at ! "t ( dilatation be+ less ?an t ( ! air4 ,! gases proce$+ f ! int]ior ( ! rocket1 act !re=e ^u ! air 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! orifice1 & ! rocket is consequ5tly propell$1 ! /ick guid+ x 9 ! direction giv5 to x4 ,if x 7 n = ! rocket-/ick or balance1 its direction w\ld be nei!r regul> nor c]ta94 ,consid]+ !n1 t1 by ! rocket-/ick1 ! c5tre ( gravity is *ang$ f ! rocket itself to ! /ick1 ! motion is regulat$ 9 its p]p5dicul> flight by ! /ick4 ,! rocket-/ick mu/ be always ( a proportionate l5g? & weight to ! rocket4 ,! motion giv5 to rockets is always to be consid]$1 = ?is dep5ds ^u ! direction at fir/ imp>t$2 b ! =ce ( asc5sion is regulat$ by ! size1 & o!r circum/ances :i* we h m5tion$4 ,assum+ ! pr9ciple ( con/ant =ce act+ ^u ! rocket1 its velocity w increase ) ! "t1 & w be z ! squ>es ( ! "t1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( uni=m accel]at$ motion2 b if ! =ce v>ies f uni=mity1 !n ! velocity & spaces w proportionably v>y4 ,z action & re-action mu/ be equal1 ! repulsion produc$ by ! action ( ! gases ^u ! air is equal to ! =ce impell+ ! rocket4 ,! con/ant action produces equal accel]ation ( ! motion4 ,on ! subject ( ! cond5sation & dilatation ( air1 & ! diff]5t pressures at a mean temp]ature1 :i* is m or less connect$ ) ?is inquiry1 ! read] may consult ) advantage1 ! "w ( ,mr4 ,biot1 7,trait de ,physique1 c4 tome i1 p4 #aaj1 & #ada47 ,! conclusions ( ,mr4 ,rob9s on ! gase\s products ( gunp[d]1 & ! ela/icity ( ^? products1 may be se5 by ref]r+ to ! article on gunp[d]4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 t ! !ory ( rockets diff]s 9 _m ess5tial p>ticul>s f t ( ! usual projectiles2 = ! motion ( rockets is m complicat$ ?an t ( common projectiles1 & is describ$ to p>take ( all ! anomalies t att5d ! accel]at$ motion aris+ f ! rocket composition1 & ! uni=m motion ( ! rocket-case1 aft] ! composition is exp5d$4 ,x is a fact1 :i* appe>s to be e/abli%$1 t little or no advantage has yet be5 ga9$ f ! exp]im5ts t h be5 made ) cannon1 ev5 :]e ! angle ( elevation1 & ! initial velocity ( ! ball 7 bo? accurately kn[n4 ,x seems totally useless to look = ma!matical inve/igations1 ) respect to det]m9+ ! ranges1 c4 ( milit>y rockets2 because1 if we c\ld det]m9e1 ) ! greate/ accuracy1 ! po9t1 position1 & velocity ( ! rocket1 at ! mom5t :5 ! composition 0 exp5d$1 ! rema9+ "p ( its track w\ld /ill be subject to all ! inequalities att5d+ on common projectiles4 ,dur+ ! burn+ ( ! rocket1 h[ev]1 its motion might1 by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 be r$uc$ to precise rules4 ,z ! pr9ciples ( gunn]y1 or r ( projectiles1 involve a numb] ( collat]al circum/ances1 su* z ! exact mom5tum ( any giv5 ball :5 project$ ) a giv5 velocity1 & f a giv5 di/ance1 ! subject is /ill n fully settl$2 b !y are s f> conclusive1 t ! resi/ance ( ! air to ! same ball is z "s function ( ! velocity4 ,! rem>ks ( ,dr4 ,hutton on ?is head w\ld be too l5g?y4 ,a rocket1 h[ev]1 is v diff]5t4 ,! v m$ium1 9 ?is case1 is ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 produc+ ! motion2 & be+ enabl$ to asc]ta9 all ! successive en]gies ( ! propell+ p[]1 & ! resi/+ =ce1 we may ?us f> det]m9e correctly4 ,x is sugge/$1 t a rocket fix$ to ! balli/ic p5dulum w\ld det]m9e its :ole en]gy2 b1 9 ord] to make ! exp]im5t m p]fect1 x is propos$ to atta* x to a :eel1 or revolv+ body1 & !n to measure its successive en]gies by ! motion ( "s weight atta*$ to ! revolv+ axis ( ! ma*9e4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t x is impossible to accommodate or det]m9e ! motion ( rockets by o!r projectiles2 &1 !re=e1 to asc]ta9 _! mom5tum1 su* a contrivance w\ld be em95tly useful4 ,mr4 ,moore ( ! ,royal ,milit>y ,academy1 ,great ,brita91 7,treatise on ! motion & flight ( rockets17 :o seems to h adopt$ ! hypo!sis ( ,dr4 ,desaguli]s1 respect+ ! mom5tum ( ! ignit$ composition1 has giv5 a v>iety ( problems relative to ! motion & flight ( rockets 9 non-resi/+ m$iums1 "s ( :i* we purpose to notice4 ,m>iotte & ,desaguli]s h giv5 two di/9ct !ories ( ! motion ( rockets4 ,! latt] ascribes _! motion to ! mom5tum ( combu/ion1 & ! =m] to ! ela/ic nature ( ! gase\s fluid1 g5]at$ by ! combu/ion1 & ! resi/ance ( air4 ,! obs]vations ( ,desaguli]s are ! foll[+3 ,conceive ! rocket to h no v5t at ! *oke1 & to be set on fire1 ! consequ5ce w be1 ei!r t ! rocket w bur/ 9 ! weake/ place1 or if all ! p>ts be equally /rong1 & be able to su/a9 ! impulse ( ! flame1 ! rocket w\ld burn out immoveable4 ,n[1 z ! =ce ( ! flame is equable1 suppose its action d[nw>ds1 or t upw>ds1 to lift #dj p\nds2 z ^! =ces are equal1 b _! directions contr>y1 !y w de/roy ea* o!r's action4 ,imag9e !n ! rocket op5$ at ! *oke2 by ?is means1 ! action ( ! flame d[nw>ds is tak5 away1 & !re rema9s a =ce equal to =ty p\nds1 act+ upw>ds1 to c>ry up ! rocket & /ick4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev] +5i\s1 is n altoge!r true2 = x is ass]t$ on ! contr>y1 t ! action ( ! flame or gas )9 ! rocket1 :5 clos$1 z suppos$ above1 is conceiv$ to arise :olly f ! ela/ic nature ( ! gas1 & ! reaction x exp]i5ces aga9/ ! ends & sides ( ! rocket-case2 ! :ole ( :i* ceases z soon z a free v5t is giv5 to ! flame2 &1 !re=e1 if a rocket c\ld be fix$ 9 a vacuum1 z ! flame w\ld1 9 t case1 exp]i5ce no resi/ance1 !re w\ld be no reaction1 & consequ5tly1 no motion w\ld ensue4 ,"s exp]im5ts1 analog\s to ?is position1 h be5 made4 ,we may m]ely add1 ) respect to ,m>iotte's !ory1 t he attributes ! motion ( ! rocket to ! resi/ance & reaction ( ! air1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! propell+ =ce w decrease z ! velocity increases1 ow+ to ! p>tial vacuum left beh9d ! rocket 9 its flight2 s t ! correct solution ( ! problem necess>ily involves ! integration ( p>tial diff]5ces ( ! highe/ ord]s4 ,we may rem>k also1 f ! premises already e/abli%$1 t ! fir/ motion ( ! rocket1 l all o!r motions n produc$ by a great mom5t>y impulse1 is sl[2 & be=e ! /ick is cle> ( ! flame1 gravity has be5 act+ ^u ! rocket1 & depress$ x bel[ its natural position1 :ile ! /ick is prev5t$ f be+ equally depress$1 by ! top ( ! frame2 s t ! angle ( projection is 9 fact consid]ably less ?an ! angle ( ! frame1 or slope ( ! rocket's fir/ position4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! rocket has ! appe>ance ( fall+ ! mom5t aft] projection2 &1 = ?is reason also1 ! angle = produc+ ! greate/ range ( a rocket exce$s v consid]ably t :i* gives ! extreme range ( a %ell project$ f a mort>4 ,!re are v>i\s propositions giv5 by ,mr4 ,moore respect+ rockets1 b to give ! calculus1 c4 w\ld take up m room ?an we c\ld appropriate to ?is ab/ract "q4 ,! nature ( ^! propositions1 h[ev]1 may be giv5 9 a few words1 viz3 ,! /r5g? or =ce ( ! gas f ! inflam$ composition ( a rocket be+ giv51 z also ! weight & quantity ( ! composition1 ! "t ( its burn+1 & ! weight & dim5sions ( ! case & /ick1 to f9d ! height to :i* x w asc5d1 :5 project$ p]p5dicul>ly upw>ds4 ,aft] mak+ ! necess>y calculation1 he concludes by obs]v+1 t1 hav+ det]m9$ ! height ( ! rocket1 & its velocity1 :5 ! composition is j consum$1 x foll[s t its :ole height may be det]m9$ 9 ! usual mann] by ! kn[n =mula1 = ! asc5t & desc5t ( heavy bodies4 ,ano!r proposition is t ( det]m9+ ! pa? ( a rocket ne> ! e>?'s surface1 neglect+ ! resi/ance ( ! air2 & among o!rs1 = f9d+ ! horizontal range ( a rocket1 ! angle ( elevation1 & ! "t ! composition is on fire1 be+ giv54 ,! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,peyre1 7,le ,m\vem5t ,ign17 are conf9$ pr9cipally to ! effects ( gunp[d]2 & al?\gh appli$ to ! use ( gunp[d]1 & ! !ory ( its explosive effects1 yet !re is no?+ 9 imm$iate relation ) ?is subject4 ,! g5]ation ( gase\s fluid1 & its impell+ p[]1 & ! consequ5t recoil ( pieces1 pr$icat$ 9 fact on ! +5i\s exp]im5ts & conclusions ( ,mr4 ,rob9s1 may furni% "s data on ?is head4 ,b ! pr9ciples ( accel]at$ motion1 on :i* ! effective p[] ( w>-rockets dep5ds1 ?is accel]at$ motion be+ no o!r ?an ! acquir$ velocity ( _! recoil1 necess>ily involves a "q ( a diff]5t k9d f t ( common projectiles4 ,! caduceus rocket has n mu* m ?an half ! p[] ( asc5sion z ! s+le rockets2 because1 be+ compos$ ( two rockets plac$ at an angle ( #ij degrees1 ) ! usual c\nt]poise1 7! /ick71 x =ms 9 its flight a s]p5t9e motion resembl+ two spiral l9es1 or d\ble worm2 & al?\gh by reason ( ! /ick x asc5ds v]tically1 yet ! great resi/ance x meets ) f ! air1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is motion1 causes its flight to be consid]ably ret>d$4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 rockets are fix$ "o on ! top ( ano!r1 call$ t[]+ rockets1 _! effect is n at all dim9i%$2 = !y exp]i5ce no additional resi/ance1 z ! small rocket is plac$ 9 ! head ( ! l>ge "o2 & :5 ! latt] arrives at ! maximum ( elevation1 x communicates fire to ! =m]1 :i* !n rises z f> beyond ! fir/1 if n high]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e be+ less1 z x w\ld1 if dis*>g$ by itself on ! gr\nd4 ,sky rockets1 h[ev]1 :i* are m]ely plac$ on "o /ick1 d n1 unless s requir$1 act 9 ?is mann]4 ,al?\gh two1 ?ree1 or m1 may be s arrang$1 yet ! int5tion is no?+ m ?an to comb9e _! effect1 s t _! tails may appe> z "o /ream ( fire4 ,nev]!less1 !y may be s arrang$1 z t :5 "o is consum$1 ano!r may take its place1 & produce a new volume ( fire1 &1 9 ?is case1 !y w\ld m\nt to a great height4 ,t\rbillons1 usually call$ ! common or table t\rbillons1 :i* receive _! "n f ! :irl+ motion !y take 9 _! flight1 produce also1 by ! arrangem5t ( _! cases1 & ! cross /ick :i* s]ves z a balance1 a horizontal & rot>y motion2 & :ile "o "p ( ! fire s]ves to elevate !m1 ano!r "p1 issu+ 9 a horizontal direction1 b at opposite sides & extremities1 gives to ! t\rbillon a :eel+ motion4 ,! mosaic t\rbillons are ( a diff]5t k9d1 & int5d$ = ano!r effect4 ,t\rbillons ( ?is k9d pres]ve a regul> & con/ant motion4 ,! mosaic c&le owes its effect1 9 a great measure1 to ! rocket composition4 ,us+ alt]nately1 composition1 meal-p[d]1 & a />1 ramm+ ! composition suffici5tly1 b n s z to break ! />s1 a case is =m$1 ! effect ( :i* is brilliant & /rik+4 ,besides ! rapid combu/ion ( ! composition1 ! />s1 :5 ! fire comes to ! meal-p[d]1 are ?r[n out by x 9 succession1 & to ! height ( "o hundr$ & m feet4 ,we h also1 9 ?is in/ance1 ! effect ( ! rocket composition1 & t ( gunp[d]2 ! la/ ( :i*1 act+ 9 ! case 9 ! same mann] z p[d] 9 a musket on a ball1 ?r[s ! />s to a great height4 ,h5ce ! effect is v>i$ accord+ to ! mann] ( load+ ! case2 & by employ+ alt]nately ! sub/ances we h m5tion$1 ! effects foll[ 9 regul> succession4 ,! use ( gunp[d] 9 ?is mann]1 is /rik+ly %[n 9 _m o!r fire-works4 ,:51 = in/ance1 />s1 s]p5ts1 c4 =m+ ! furniture ( a rocket1 are to be disp]s$1 gunp[d] is put 9 ! head or conical cap ( ! rocket1 & fire is communicat$ to x at ! mom5t ! rocket has arriv$ at its extreme elevation4 ,9 ! bur/+ ( pap] %ells1 ! same effect ensues1 & ! diff]5t sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! %ell are disp]s$ 9 e direction4 ,balloons are no?+ m ?an %ells made ei!r ( pap]1 or wood turn$ holl[4 ,^! balloons are dis*>g$ f mort>s1 or fire-pots1 sometimes call$ pots ( ordnance4 ,!y are m]ely cyl9d]s ( v>i\s diamet]s1 made ( pap] & v ?ick1 or ( metal1 & are furni%$ at _! bottom ) a conical cavity l9$ ) copp]1 design$ to hold ! *>ge ( p[d]4 ,:5 ! balloon is fill$1 7see ,balloons71 x is introduc$ into ! mort> ov] ! *>ge1 & be+ furni%$ ) a fuse z 9 o!r %ells1 takes fire ! mom5t ! p[d] is inflam$4 ,accord+ to ! quantity ( p[d] made use (1 s w be ! height ( asc5sion4 ,by det]m9+ ! asc5sion1 & ! "t requir$ = ! fuse to burn1 & communicate fire to ! %ell1 we may fix ! precise mom5t = its explosion4 ,! p[d] conta9$ 9 ! %ell is suffici5t only to bur/ x1 & disp]se its cont5ts4 7,see ,mort>s1 ,fire-pots1 & pots ( ,aigrette47 ,a balloon w conta9 m />s1 s]p5ts1 c4 ?an ! head ( an ord9>y rocket1 & ! effect :i* !y produce1 mu/ ( c\rse be m /rik+4 ,! ,congreve rocket1 calculat$ z x is to convey c>cass composition1 balls1 gr5ades1 c4 if furni%$ ) />s1 crack]s1 c4 w\ld produce an effect equal1 if n sup]ior to ! balloon4 ,we rem>k$1 t1 9 common sky rockets1 ! *>ges consi/ ( a mixture ( gunp[d]1 saltpetre1 & *>coal1 ) occasionally o!r additions1 z /eel-fil+s4 ,rocket-/>s1 on ! contr>y1 are usually =m$ ( meal$ p[d]1 saltpetre1 sulphur1 & sometimes o!r sub/ances accord+ to ! col\r ( ! flame requir$4 ,?us1 = ! :ite />1 composition oil ( spike1 7a prep>ation ( ,b>badoes t>1 & _s ( turp5t9e71 & camphor are employ$2 ! camphor giv+ to ! flame a :ite appe>ance4 ,! blue />s owe _! col\r to sulphur1 :i* is 9 ! proportion ( "o to f\r ( ! meal-p[d]2 ! v>iegat$ />s h ! same mat]ials1 ) sulphur vivum1 & camphor2 & ! brilliant />s1 common />s1 & a v>iety ( o!rs1 we %all m5tion 9 _! prop] places1 are all =m$ by ! addition ( sundry sub/ances4 ,! v>iety ( ra9s1 z gold ra91 silv] ra91 c4 are diff]5tly prep>$4 ,besides saltpetre1 meal-p[d]1 & sulphur1 gold ra9 conta9s 9 its composition ! fil+s ( brass1 saw-du/1 & pulv]iz$ glass4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ! saw-du/ communicates col\r1 :ile ! brass & ! glass are ?r[n out1 ! =m] p>tly consum$1 & ! latt] p>tially fus$ by ! int5se heat4 ,! same effect may be produc$ by meal-p[d]1 saltpetre1 & *>coal1 or saltpetre1 sulphur1 antimony1 brass fil+s1 saw-du/1 & pulv]iz$ glass4 ,"h ! antimony1 z well z ! brass1 communicates ! gold5 col\r4 7,see antimony47 ,silv] ra9 is g5]ally =m$ ( saltpetre1 sulphur1 meal-p[d]1 antimony1 & sal prunelle1 b )\t saw-du/2 ! antimony communicat+ silv] brilliancy to ! flame4 ,x may also be =m$1 by employ+1 9 giv5 proportions1 saltpetre1 sulphur1 & *>coal1 ! p>ticul> effect dep5d+ ^u ! proportions2 or by us+ antimony 9 lieu ( ! *>coal1 or 9 ! place ( ! antimony1 /eel-fil+s4 ,:e!r antimony or /eel-fil+s are us$1 ! effect ( _! combu/ion is ! same1 =m+ 9 ! "o in/ance1 an oxide ( antimony1 & 9 ! o!r1 an oxide ( iron4 ,bo? gold & silv] ra9 is employ$ *iefly = sky-rockets4 ,z to ! col\rs requir$1 !y may be =m$ ( o!r sub/ances4 ,! *>ges = wat]-rockets are also v>i\s4 ,9 "s ( :i*1 besides ! usual +r$i5ts1 7meal-p[d]1 saltpetre1 & sulphur17 sea-coal1 /eel-fil+s1 saw-du/1 c4 ent] into _! composition4 ,z to ! diff]5t compositions1 x w be suffici5t to rem>k1 t = :eels1 fix$ cases1 sun cases1 g]bes1 ,*9ese fire1 t\rbillons1 wat] balloons1 wat] squibs1 s]p5ts1 port-fires1 cones1 globes1 air-balloon fuses1 fire-pumps1 & _m o!rs to be notic$ h]eaft]1 ! basis ( !m is ei!r gunp[d] or saltpetre1 & sulphur & *>coal1 ) or )\t additions4 ,) respect to ! composition ( ! />s ( diff]5t col\rs1 x is to be obs]v$1 t ! p>ticul> col\r is giv5 by pulv]iz$ ca/-iron1 /eel-fil+s1 camphor1 amb]1 antimony1 p]*loride ( m]cury1 7corrosive sublimate71 ivory-du/1 copp]1 frank9c5se1 c4 ,to produce tails ( sp>ks1 pit* or ros9 is add$4 ,/>s :i* produce "s sp>ks are usually made by us+ gum wat] 9 mix+ ! composition4 ,! gum appe>s to produce a sep>ation ( ! inflammable sub/ances1 &1 z x is n combu/ible1 to *eck1 z x 71 ! rapidity ( ! combu/ion4 ,9 "s prep>ations1 also1 is+lass or fi%-glue is us$ 9 solution4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 acts 9 ! same mann]1 z well z to give firmness to ! composition2 b its solution is also us$ z a vehicle4 ,on ! same pr9ciple also1 we le>n ! use ( cau/ic ley1 quicklime1 c4 9 prep>+ mat*-rope4 ,aft] soak+ ! cord 9 a solution ( nitre1 x is aft]w>ds dipp$ into ley1 :i* is no?+ m ?an a solution ( pota% r5d]$ cau/ic by means ( quicklime4 ,! pota% evid5tly *ecks ! combu/ion4 ,! =mul = sl[ mat*1 are1 h[ev]1 v>i\s4 ,9 ! mat*-wood1 also1 prep>$ f ! wood or b>k ( ! l9d51 ! wood is usually fir/ soak$ 9 a solution ( saltpetre1 & aft]w>ds 9 a solution ( acetate or sug> ( lead1 c4 ,= ! same purpose1 nitrate ( copp] is recomm5d$4 ,= />s ( a yell[ col\r1 besides gum arabic1 or gum tragacan?1 saltpetre1 & sulphur1 ! addition ( p[d]$ glass1 orpim5t1 7sulphuret ( ars5ic71 & :ite amb]1 are occasionally made4 ,! col\r is ow+ to ! amb] & ! orpim5t1 :i* h ! prop]ty ( communicat+ x to flame4 ,we may obs]ve1 g5]ally1 t ! col\rs produc$ by diff]5t compositions1 is a subject ( importance to ! pyrote*ni/4 ,he %\ld "k ! prop]ties ( ea* sub/ance1 & ! effect ( ea* +r$i5t2 &1 ) respect to _! action1 be able to =etell ! appe>ance ( ! flame1 & o!r circum/ances connect$ ) ! art4 ,z a g5]al example1 we may /ate1 t sulphur gives a blue2 camphor1 a :ite1 or pale col\r2 saltpetre1 a cle> :ite yell[2 amb]1 a col\r incl9+ to yell[2 muriate ( ammonia1 7sal ammoniac71 a gre52 antimony1 a r$di%2 ros91 a copp] col\r1 & ,greek pit*1 a bronze1 or a col\r betwe5 r$ & yell[4 ,9 us+ ^! sub/ances1 ! foll[+ rem>ks may be useful2--t = produc+ a :ite flame1 ! saltpetre %\ld be ! *ief "p2 = blue1 ! sulphur2 = flame incl9+ to r$1 ! saltpetre %\ld be ! pr9cipal +r$i5t1 us+ at ! same "t1 antimony & pit*4 7,see mat*es ( diff]5t col\rs1 9 ,"p ii47 ,col\r$ flame may be produc$ by v>i\s o!r sub/ances1 _m ( :i* are exp5sive1 & !re=e c\ld n be employ$ economically4 ,?us1 9 fire-works made ) hydrog5 gas1 or inflammable air1 :i* h a pleas+ effect1 by =c+ ! gas1 ei!r f a bladd]1 oil$-silk bag1 or gas-hold]1 ?r\gh a v>iety ( revolv+ jets1 :i* are s arrang$ z to exhibit />s1 or ?r\gh pipes furni%$ ) small ap]tures1 c4 to resemble diff]5t /&+ figures1--! effect may be v>i$ by previ\sly mix+ ! gas ) ! vap\r ( e!r1 & o!r sub/ances1 :i* communicate to ! flame1 p>ticul> col\rs1 :i*1 9 a d>k5$ room1 are extremely brilliant4 ,c>twright's fire-works are =m$ 9 ?is mann]4 7,see fire-works ) inflammable air47 ,muriate ( /rontian1 mix$ ) alcohol1 or _s ( w9e1 w give a c>m9e-r$ flame4 ,= ?is exp]im5t1 "o "p ( ! muriate is add$ to ?ree or f\r p>ts ( alcohol4 ,muriate ( lime produces1 ) alcohol1 an orange-col\r$ flame4 ,nitrate ( copp] produces an em]ald-gre5 flame4 ,common salt & nitre1 ) alcohol1 give a yell[ flame4 7,see ,illum9ations & ,transp>5cies47 ,9 addition to ! facts already /at$1 x may be prop] to obs]ve1 t ! +r$i5ts employ$ to %[ 9 sp>ks1 :i* are ramm$ 9 *oak$ cases1 are v>i\s1 accord+ to ! col\rs requir$2 z black1 :ite1 gray1 & r$4 ,! black *>ges are compos$ ( meal-p[d] & *>coal2 ! :ite1 ( saltpetre1 sulphur1 & *>coal2 ! gray1 ( meal p[d]1 saltpetre1 sulphur1 & *>coal2 & ! r$1 ( meal-p[d]1 *>coal1 & saw-du/4 ,^! are consid]$ regul> or set *>ges1 to :i* we may add two o!rs1 call$ comp\nd & brilliant *>ges4 ,! comp\nd *>ges conta9 a v>iety ( sub/ances :i* af=d sp>ks2 & h5ce1 besides ! usual inflammable bodies1 saw-du/1 antimony1 /eel & brass-fil+s1 are us$4 ,! brilliant fires owe _! p>ticul> effect to ! pres5ce ( /eel-fil+s1 or pulv]iz$ ca/-iron4 ,iron1 9 any ( its /ates1 :5 m9utely divid$1 has ! same effect4 ,quick mat* is usually =m$ ( cotton1 by soak+ x 9 a solution ( nitre1 & add+ meal-p[d]4 ,a solution ( is+lass is sometimes us$4 ,! et\pille ( ! ,fr5* is ( ! same nature4 ,! mann]1 quick & sl[ mat*1 c4 are prep>$1 ) ! v>i\s =mul1 w be consid]$ "u _! respective heads4 ,t\* pap]1 = capp+ s]p5ts1 crack]s1 c4 w also be notic$4 ,! pyrote*nical spunge owes its inflammability to nitre4 ,9 ! v>i\s composition ( aquatic fire-works1 al?\gh m c>e & att5tion are requir$1 x is to be obs]v$1 t1 9 =m+ wat]-rockets1 horizontal :eels1 wat]-m9es1 fire-globes1 wat]-balloons1 wat]-squibs1 wat]-fire-f\nta9s1 & ! l1 sub/ances are g5]ally us$ along ) ! usual +r$i5ts1 :i*1 "u p>ticul> circum/ances1 may be said to repel1 z well z resi/ ! action ( ! wat]2 & 9 ?is p>ticul> !y resemble ! celebrat$ ,greek fire1 ( :i* we %all speak h]eaft]4 ,?is rem>k1 h[ev]1 applies only to c]ta9 works4 ,aft] ! rockets h be5 fill$1 _! ends are dipp$ 9 melt$ ros9 or seal+-wax1 or secur$ ) grease4 ,fire-works1 usually exhibit$ 9 rooms1 are made ) odorif]\s gums & p]fumes1 & h5ce are call$ odorif]\s fire-works4 ,we may rem>k1 t ! od\r or p]fume is giv5 by a v>iety ( sub/ances2 = ^!1 at a high temp]ature1 are p>tly consum$1 & p>tly evaporat$4 ,?us camphor1 yell[ amb]1 fl[]s ( b5zo91 myrrh1 frank9c5se1 c$>-rasp+s1 & ! ess5tial oils1 p>ticul>ly ( b]gamot1 are employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,sc5t$ fire-works are ( ! same "*4 ,! ,italians & ! ,fr5*1 :o h made m exp]im5ts 9 ,pyrote*ny1 ?an o!r nations1 h improv$ odorif]\s fire-works4 ,9 ^! compositions1 !y also employ /orax1 calamite1 gum b5zo91 & o!r sub/ances4 ,sc5t$ fire 0 greatly 9 use 9 ,egypt1 ,rome1 & ,a!ns1 at _! fetes & public c]emonies4 ,! unpleasant smell :i* gunp[d]1 sulphur1 c4 occasion 9 a conf9$ ap>tm5t1 has induc$ ! mod]n artific]s to add sundry odorif]\s sub/ances to _! pyro-mixtures4 ,on ?is subject1 x w be suffici5t to obs]ve1 t ! sc5t$ vase1 :i* 0 9 use at ,a!ns1 conta9$ ! foll[+ sub/ances3 /orax1 b5zo91 frank9c5se1 camphor1 gum junip] 9 gra9s1 & *>coal ( ! will[4 ,x does n appe> t nitre 0 employ$4 ,! cu/om ( burn+ frank9c5se be=e ! alt>1 is inde$ v anci5t2 =1 9 ! primitive temple at ,j]usalem1 ! cu/om 0 adopt$ by ! prie/s 9 ! ,sanctum ,sanctorum1 & is cont9u$ by ! ,greeks & ,arm5ians1 ! ,jews1 ! ,turks1 ! ,p]sians1 7especially ! foll[]s ( ,zoroa/]71 pres]ve ?is cu/om4 ,! ,holy ,fire ( ! latt] is no?+ m ?an ! inflam$ c>burett$ hydrog5 gas1 :i* comes f ! naph?a gr\nd at ,baku4 ,besides ! use ( nitre 9 pyrote*nical compositions1 z x =ms an ess5tial "p 9 all ( !m1 !re is ano!r salt we _h occasion to notice1 ( :i* an acc\nt w be giv5 h]eaft]1 t af=ds a v>iety ( amus+ exp]im5ts4 ,?is salt is ! hyp]oxymuriate or *lorate ( potassa4 ,al?\gh x has nei!r be5 us$ = fire-works on an ext5sive scale1 nor does x ent] into any ( ! compositions usually made = exhibition1 yet its effect is n ! less amus+4 ,"s g5]al idea may be _h ( its effect1 by /at+ a few exp]im5ts4 ,if a mixture ( ?is salt & :ite sug> be made 9 a mort>1 & ! mixture laid on a slab or tile1 & a /r+ wett$ ) sulphuric acid1 7oil ( vitriol71 be br\ght 9 contact ) x1 or a drop or two ( ! acid be let fall ^u x1 a vivid combu/ion w take place4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t1 ! acid decomposes ! salt1 & ! oxyg5 unites ) ! c>bon & hydrog5 ( ! sug>1 & =ms c>bonic acid & wat]4 ,! same salt1 rubb$ 9 a mort> ) sulphur1 w produce a crackl+ noise resembl+ t ( a :ip2 & if a mixture ( ! two be /ruck ) a hamm]1 ! p]cussion w cause a l\d detonation4 ,! same ?+ happ5s :5 phosphorus is us$1 b ! detonation is m viol5t4 ,v>i\s o!r exp]im5ts may be made ) x4 ,x =ms ! pr9cipal "p ( ! mat*1 call$ ! pocket lights4 ,^! are made1 9 ! fir/ place1 by dipp+ ! wood previ\sly cut 9 spl9ts 9 melt$ sulphur1 & aft]w>ds 9 a mixture ( ?is salt ) sug>1 :i* is moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,! mat* is !n dri$4 ,:5 us$1 x is dipp$ 9 sulphuric acid4 ,! r$ col\r1 usually giv5 to ! mat*1 is =m$ by mix+ ) ! composition "s v]million4 ,ano!r application ( ! same pr9ciple1 is ! fir+ ( cannon4 ,= ?is purpose1 aft] ! tube is fill$ ) p[d]1 a cov]+ ( ! same mixture is appli$ :5 mix$ ) wat]4 ,x is !n dri$4 ,:5 ! tube is put 9 ! v5t1 a drop ( sulphuric acid w inflame x1 & consequ5tly dis*>ge ! gun4 ,?is salt also1 :5 mix$ ) sulphur1 may be us$ to fire f[l+ pieces1 provid$ ! lock be s con/ruct$1 z 9 a late inv5tion1 t x acts by p]cussion4 7,see ,!n>d's ,prim+ p[d]47 ,! ,rev4 ,alex&] ,=sy? ( ,alex&] ,=sy? ( ,belhelvie1 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 ,scotl&1 took out a pat5t = a new k9d ( gun-lock1 to be us$ )\t a fl9t1 & has contriv$ to inflame p[d] m]ely by p]cussion4 ,! p[d] employ$ = prim+1 consi/s ( *lorate ( potassa & sulphur4 ,! gun-lock is calculat$ = fir+ cannon z well z musquetry2 x is contriv$ to hold =ty prim+s ( su* p[d]2 & ! act ( rais+ ! cock primes ! piece4 ,ea* *>ge ( prim+ is suppos$ to conta9 "o-eigh? ( a gra9 ( ! salt4 ,!re are o!r sub/ances :i* also produce fire by p]cussion4 ,! fulm9at+ silv]1 mix$ ) any sub/ance1 or us$ by itself1 w detonate by p]cussion4 ,x %\ld be us$ ) great caution4 ,a gra9 or two w explode ) great viol5ce4 7,see ,detonat+ ,works1 ,wat]loo crack]s1 c47 ,!re are sev]al o!r metallic prep>ations :i* detonate viol5tly1 su* z ! fulm9at+ gold1 fulm9at+ m]cury1 c4 all ( :i* mu/ be us$ ) extreme caution4 7,see ! respective articles47 ,sec4 ,,iv4 ,( ,illum9ations4 ,al?\gh no?+ ( mu* importance c be said on ! subject ( illum9ation1 yet at ! same "t1 z x is connect$ ) "s rem>ks we w h]eaft] (f]1 x may be prop] to obs]ve1 t ! practice ( illum9at+1 z well z ! exhibition ( fire-works 9 public rejoic+s1 has be5 9 use = _m ye>s4 ,! =m] inde$ has be5 cu/om>y = _m c5turies4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 appropriat$ an article to ! mann] ( =m+ illum9ations & transp>5cies1 & also on imitative fire-works4 ,illum9ations1 :e!r ) lamps1 c&les1 flambeaux1 c4 may be r5d]$ m impressive f ! mann] ( _! arrangem5t4 ,9 "s in/ances diff]5t col\r$ flames h be5 us$2 & ! effect 9 ?is case is m gr& & beautiful4 ,! public light+ ( cities on fe/ivals1 & p>ticul>ly on joyful occasions1 call$ illum9ations1 is ( great antiquity4 ,inde$1 illum9ations are a g5]al expression ( ! public feel+1 & %\ld1 on important occasions1 be enc\rag$4 ,victories ga9$ ov] an enemy by ! army or navy are subjects ( rejoic+4 ,:ile1 9 su* cases1 illum9ations may be view$ z an expression ( ! feel+s ( ! p1 !y s]ve moreov] to /imulate1 9 ! _s ( ! amor patri1 ! future actions ( ! patriot & ! soldi]2 & :ile su* rejoic+s are demon/rative ( victory1 !y are equally expressive ( t virtu\s feel+1 ( :i* e "o mu/ p>take1 on ! return ( an hon\rable peace4 ,:at c\ld h be5 m impressive ?an ! brilliant spectacle exhibit$ 9 ,p>is 9 #agci1 on ! return ( peace8 ,besides illum9ations1 ! fire-works on t occasion 7 truly magnific5t4 ,! same may be said ( ^? at ,pont ,neuf1 & ^? at ,v]sailles 9 ! same ye>4 ,we %all h occasion to speak ( !m1 :5 we come to ! arrangem5t or ! ord] ( fire-works = exhibition4 ,! ,egyptians at an e>ly p]iod1 made use ( illum9ations1 & p>ticul>ly at a fe/ival1 :i* is m5tion$ by ! ,greek au?ors4 ,dur+ ! fe/ival1 z ,h]odotus says1 lamps 7 plac$ be=e all ! h\ses ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & kept burn+ ! :ole night4 ,dur+ ! fe/ival ( ! ,jews1 call$ fe/um encniorum1 ! fea/ ( ! ,d$ication ( ! ,temple1 ! lamps 7 light$ be=e ea* ( ! h\ses1 & ! fe/ival cont9u$ eight days4 ,illum9ations 7 also us$ 9 ,greece1 accord+ to a passage 9 s*ylus4 ,:5 games 7 exhibit$ 9 ! night-"t at ,rome1 ! =um 0 light$4 ,caligula1 on a simil> occasion1 caus$ ! city to be illum9at$4 ,9 hon\r ( ! great orator ,cic]o1 z he 0 return+ home at night1 aft] ! defeat ( ,catal9e's conspiracy1 lamps & tor*es 7 light$ 9 all ! /reets4 ,byzantium1 aft]w>ds ,con/ant9ople1 0 ord]$ to be illum9at$ ) lamps & wax c&les on an ,ea/] eve1 9 ! "t ( ,con/ant9e4 ,t ?is cu/om 0 preval5t among ! *ri/ians 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 is evid5t f _m au?ors4 ,pr(essor ,beckman1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions1 vol4 iii1 p4 #chc1 says1 t ! fa!rs ( ! fir/ c5tury frequ5tly inveigh aga9/ ! *ri/ians1 because1 to please ! hea!ns1 !y (t5 illum9at$ _! h\ses1 on idolatr\s fe/ivals1 9 a m elegant mann] ?an !y4 ,?is !y consid]$ z a species ( idolatry4 ,t ! h\ses ( ! anci5ts 7 illum9at$ on bir?-days1 by susp5d+ lamps f *a9s1 is too well kn[n to require any pro(4 ,at ,damascus1 ! ,turks always keep a lamp burn+ ov] ! tomb1 z x is call$1 ( ,ananias1 :i* !y mu* rev]5c$4 ,x is said to be 9 ! same h\se 9 :i* ,/4 ,paul lodg$ ) ,judas4 7,see ,maundrel's ,travels f ,aleppo to ,j]usalem47 ,lamps1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,pococke1 are kept cont9ually burn+ 9 ! ,jewi% synagogue at ,old ,cairo1 said to h be5 built ab\t sixte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 7,see ,pococke's ,travels ?r\gh ,egypt47 ,9 ,p]sia1 lamps are kept burn+ 9 consequ5ce ( "s religi\s notion1 & p>ticul>ly at ! sepul*re ( ,seid ,ibraham4 7,see ,travels ?r\gh ,muscovy into ,p]sia47 ,a light$ lamp is frequ5tly put up 9 ,p]sia z a m>k to %oot at4 ,to be a good %ot1 ! m>ksman mu/ ext+ui% x4 ,at ! celebration ( ! fea/ call$ ,a%ur or ,t51 f its la/+ t5 days1 :i* is kept 9 memory ( ,hosse91 ! y\nge/ son ( ,hali1 ! ,p]sians make use ( rags dipp$ 9 suet & naph?a1 & burn !m 9 lamps2 & _! c\rts are light$ up ) ?\s&s ( lamps1 ! light f :i* is increas$ by z _m m lant]ns made ( pap]1 t are fa/5$ to cords drawn across ! c\rt4 ,! ,*9ese1 9 celebrat+ _! solemn fea/s1 especially on ! #ae? day ( ! fir/ mon?1 call$ ! ,fea/ ( ! lant]ns1 f ! multitude & gr&eur ( ! lamps !y exhibit 9 ! ev5+1 are rem>kable = ! spl5d\r ( _! exhibitions4 ,we are in=m$1 7,a ,description ( ,*9a1 c471 t _m ( ! gr&ees1 retr5*+ e ye> some?+ f _! tables1 app>el1 & equipage1 to %[ ! great] magnific5ce 9 ! lant]ns1 us$ on ?is occasion1 exp5d ! sum ( #bjjj cr[ns4 ,! l>ge/ are ab\t tw5ty feet 9 diamet]1 & are light$ by an imm5se numb] ( wax c&les & lamps2 b ^? t are mo/ common1 are ( a middl+ size4 ,^! are g5]ally compos$ ( six faces1 or panes1 ea* ( :i* has a frame ( v>ni%$ wood1 adorn$ ) gild+s f\r feet high1 a foot & a half broad1 cov]$ on ! inside ) f9e transp>5t silk1 on :i* are pa9t$ fl[]s1 trees1 rocks1 & sometimes human figures4 ,! pa9t+ is v curi\s1 ! col\rs lively1 & ! wax c&les give ! pa9t+ a beautiful spl5d\r4 ,^! six pannels jo9$ toge!r1 compose a hexagon1 surm\nt$ at ! extremities by six c>v$ figures1 t =m its cr[n4 ,ar\nd x are hung broad /r+s ( sat91 ( all col\rs1 ) o!r silk5 ornam5ts1 t fall ^u ! angles )\t hid+ ! light ( ! pictures4 ,! fea/ ( ! lant]ns is also celebrat$ by bonfires & fire-works4 ,c&les are also us$ = ! same purpose4 ,*&eli]s1 diff]5tly made1 & hold+ a great] or small] numb] ( c&les1 add greatly to ! effect4 ,! c&les us$ by ! natives ( ,otaheite are curi\sly made4 ,accord+ to ,cooke1 7,fir/ ,voyage1 c471 !y h c&les made ( a k9d ( oily nut1 :i* !y /ick "o ov] ano!r ^u a skew] ?ru/ ?r\gh ! middle ( !m4 ,! upp] "o be+ light$1 burns d[n to ! second1 at ! same "t consum+ t "p ( ! skew] :i* goes ?r\gh x2 ! second1 tak+ fire1 burns 9 ! same mann] d[n to ! ?ird1 & s ( ! re/4 ,^! c&les give a tol]able light1 & "s ( !m w burn a consid]able "t4 ,! light+ ( /reets1 ,beckman consid]s 9 "s respects to be a mod]n inv5tion1 & aft] quot+ v>i\s au?orities concludes1 t1 ( mod]n cities1 ,p>is 0 ! fir/ t foll[$ ! example ( ! anci5ts by light+ its /reets4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! practice ( illum9at+ 0 res]v$ by ! anci5ts = "s great occasion1 t light+ ( ! /reets 0 m or less p>tial1 & conf9$ to p>ticul> places1 & t x 0 n g5]al )\t "s p>ticul> occasion call$ = x4 7,see ,illum9ations47 ,kir*]1 ! ,g]man philosoph]1 _h a wick made ( amian?us1 :i* burnt = two ye>s )\t injury1 & 0 at la/ de/roy$ by accid5t4#h ,! ,gre5l& /one flax1 :i* is ! same z amian?us1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,edge says is us$ 9 ,gre5l& = lamp wicks1 & burn )\t be+ 9 ! lea/ wa/$1 :il/ suppli$ ) oil or fat4 ,ellis 7,voyage = ! ,discov]y ( a ,nor?-,we/ ,passage71 f\nd ! m\nta9 flax1 7asbe/us71 among o!r m9]als1 on ! ,resolution ,isl&s1 inhabit$ by ! ,esquimaux1 :i* is us$ = simil> purposes4 ,we may rem>k "h1 t ! ,esquimaux use /one = lamps1 :i* !y holl[ out1 &1 accord+ to circum/ances1 use also dri$ goose dung = wick4 ,sec4 ,v4 ,( "s ( ! ,feats or ,p]=mances by ,fire4 ,we introduce ?is subject to %[1 t c]ta9 k9ds ( fire-works h be5 employ$ = ! purpose ( deceiv+ ! ignorant1 & amus+ ! bett] in=m$ "p ( mank9d4 ,_m ( ! tricks ( juggl]s & slight-(-h& m51 & ! p]=mances ( c]ta9 rites1 p>ticul>ly by ! anci5t magi1 & pagan prie/s1 come "u ?is head4 ,sundry sub/ances1 9 connection ) artificial fire1 h be5 employ$ by p]sons ( ?is description4 ,x is true1 our acc\nt ( !m is r imp]fect4 ,_h ! works ( ,celsius1 :i* he wrote aga9/ ! anci5t magi1 be5 pres]v$1 we w\ld1 no d\bt1 h be5 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! art ( ! anci5t conjurors & juggl]s4 ,pr(essor ,beckman has endeav\r$ to trace ! orig9 ( ! necromantic art2 b al?\gh ( op9ion t x is v anci5t1 & f\nd$ 9 sup]/ition & unnatural causes1 he is ( op9ion1 t ! works ( ,celsius1 :i* are lo/1 7 full on ! subject1 & = t reason our acc\nt mu/ be imp]fect4 ,pla9 common s5se1 b ) enlight5$ reason1 has alone conv9c$ mank9d ( ! follies ( old] g5]ations1 & ( rely+ on sup]/iti\s c]emonies1 or believ+ 9 miracles1 exorcism1 conjuration1 necromancy1 sorc]y1 or wit*craft4 ,! tor* ( reason1 & exp]im5tal philosophy h dispell$ ! cl\ds ( ignorance & sup]/ition2 & m51 becom+ m enlight5$ z !y progress 9 ! inve/igation ( tru?1 are no long] "u ! influ5ce ( false doctr9es1 or l$ away by a bigot$ prie/hood4 ,philosophical exp]im5ts1 ! v>i\s optical illusions1 ! effects ( electricity1 magnetism1 c4 are f\nd$ on immutable tru?s1 :i* become ! m famili> z we progress 9 sci5ce4 ,tru?1 h[ev]1 al?\gh elicit$ by ! g5ius ( great m51 :o h liv$ 9 e age1 0 suff]$ to be br\ght to ! rack2 because x ei!r militat$ aga9/ ! views ( ! prie/hood1 & enlight5$ ! p1 or curtail$ ! ecclesia/ical p[] & au?ority ( ! *ur*4 ,because ,anaxagoras taught t ! sun & />s 7 n deities1 b masses ( corruptible matt]1 he 0 tri$ & condemn$ 9 ,greece4 ,accusations ( a simil> nature contribut$ to ! dea? ( ,socrates4 ,cop]nicus1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ?reats ( bigots & ! fe> ( p]secution1 0 prev5t$ f publi%+1 dur+ 8 life "t1 8 discov]y ( ! true sy/em ( ! _w2 & x is well kn[n1 t ! great ,galileo 0 imprison$ a ye>1 & !n oblig$ to r5\nce ! motion ( ! e>?1 because he ass]t$ x4 ,9 #agdb1 a comm5t>y on ,newton's ,pr9cipia1 "o ( ! fir/ productions ( human g5ius1 0 n all[$ to be pr9t$ at ,rome1 9 consequ5ce ( its promulgation ( ?is doctr9e2 &1 9 ! true _s ( prie/-craft1 ! comm5tators 7 oblig$ to prefix to _! "w a decl>ation1 t on ?is po9t1 !y submitt$ to ! decisions ( ! supreme pontiffs6 ,su* are ! results ( bigotry1 ignorance1 sup]/ition1 & especially ( civil & ecclesia/ical gov]nm5ts1 t consid] le>n+ a curse1 & ignorance a bless+6 ,happily = ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 _! co-equal rights & enlight5$ reason1 w ev] gu>antee !m aga9/ tyranny on ! "o h&1 & fanaticism on ! o!r4 ,sup]/ition has always be5 an eng9e ( oppression1 & :]ev] x prevails1 ! p[]ful are sure to make use ( x to oppress & de/roy ! weak4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! assum$ pr]ogative ( ! holy fa!rs may be f\nd 9 _! conduct t[>ds ! h\se ( ,m$ici2 = ! pontiffs1 x is kn[n1 induc$ ! h\se ( ,m$ici1 by grant+ x ! c>d9al%ip1 to suppress ! academy del ,cim5to4 ,! reason ( ?is /ep is obvi\s to all2 = !y 7 s5sible1 t1 if ! p became once enlight5$1 !y w\ld lose _! weight1 _! influ5ce1 & au?ority4 ,b z juggl]s are consci\s ( _! gross deceptions1 work+ on ! imag9ation & cr$ulity ( ! multitude1 !y 9 ?is respect appe> at lea/ to "k !mselves4 ,l ! juggl] m5tion$ 9 ,x5ophon1 :o reque/$ ! gods to all[ him to rema9 9 places1 :]e !re 0 mu* money & abundance ( simpletons1 !y act$ z ! prototype4 ,we might enum]ate1 if x 7 n irrelevant to our subject1 a numb] ( facts conc]n+ ^! impo/ors4#i ,! miracles wr\ght by ,moses1 z record$ 9 ! books ( ,exodus1 71 we h reason to believe1 by ! imm$iate comm& ( a supreme p[]4 ,:5 ,moses _h commission$ ,a>on 7,exodus1 *ap4 vii1 v]se #i1 #aj1 c47 to be a prophet1 ,a>on took a rod & ca/ x be=e ,ph>aoh & 8 s]vants1 & x became a s]p5t2 b x seems1 h[ev]1 t ,ph>aoh call$ ! wise m5 & ! sorc]]s1 call$ ! magicians ( ,egypt1 :o p]=m$ ! same ?+ ) _! en*antm5ts2 = !y ca/ d[n e man 8 rod1 & !y became s]p5ts3 b ,a>on's rod swall[$ up _! rods4 ,x appe>s t on ano!r occasion1 ! wat]s 7 turn$ into blood by smit+ !m ) ! rod2 & ! magicians ( ,egypt did s ) _! en*antm5ts4 ,:5 ,a>on 0 comm&$ to /ret* =? 8 h& ) 8 rod ov] ! /reams1 c4 frogs appe>$ ^u ! l&1 & ! magicians did s likewise2 b :5 v]m9 7 br\ght =?1 by smit+ ! l&1 ! magicians 7 unsuccessful1 & said unto ,ph>aoh1 ,?is is ! f+] ( ,god4 ,9 ! cont9uation ( ! plague1 ,moses & ,a>on 7 comm&$ to take ! a%es ( ! furnace1 be=e ,ph>aoh1 & spr9kle !m up t[>ds ,heav52 & x became a hail on man & bea/1 b ! magicians 7 affect$1 & c\ld n /& be=e ,moses4 ,:5 ,moses /ret*$ =? 8 rod t[>ds heav5 hail1 & fire m+l$ ) hail1 came d[n2 & on ano!r occasion1 !y br\ght =? locu/s4 ,:5 ?is plague ceas$1 ,moses caus$ d>kness to prevail4 ,we w m]ely obs]ve1 t1 ) reg>d to ! magi ( ,egypt1 :o x is kn[n possess$ all ! le>n+ ( ! day1 & 7 celebrat$ 9 aft] ages = sup]ior wisdom1 s mu* s t _m ( ! ,grecians resort$ !re to be initiat$ into _! my/]ies1--!y 7 ( a diff]5t description f ^? :o really work$ miracles1 accord+ to div9e inspiration4 ,h5ce we f9d1 t1 al?\gh di/9ct 9 _! "*1 ! magicians ( ,egypt pret5d$ to p]=m c]ta9 rites1 & to "w ^u ! feel+s ( ! p4 ,_! initi>y process1 :i* ! ,py?agoreans 9 _m respects pursu$1 & traces ( :i* are extant 9 ! ord] ( free-masonry1 0 m]ely int5d$ to pres]ve _! k )9 ! pale (1 & veil$ 91 hi]oglyphic my/]y1 :i* none b ! initiat$ c\ld und]/&4 ,prie/ley1 9 8 ,in/itutes ( ,moses1 po9ts out ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! magi1 s call$1 & ! rites & c]emonies ( ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,b ! imposition practis$ on mank9d1 ev5 9 mod]n times1 aid$ by eng9es ( ! mo/ abom9able k9d1 z in/rum5ts ( torture1 9 ! inquisitorial tribunals ( ,portugal & ,spa91 are suffici5t ( !mselves to call d[n ! v5geance ( imp>tial ju/ice4 ,t ! magicians 7 consci\s ( _! inability to "w miracles1 is evid5t f _! own decl>ation2 =1 aft] v]m9 _h be5 br\ght =? by ,moses & ,a>on1 !y endeav\r$ to d ! same1 & be+ unsuccessful decl>$1 t ?is 0 ! f+] ( ,god2 & _m o!r in/ances are record$ ( _! attempts be+ altoge!r abortive4 ,x appe>s also1 t at fir/ !y believ$ !y 7 able to p]=m all t ,moses _h done2 & ,ph>aoh himself1 by call+ !m toge!r = t purpose1 seem$ to be ( ! same op9ion1 until he & 8 s]vants 7 f9ally conv9c$ t ,moses & ,a>on wr\ght su* miracles by inspiration4 ,!re c be no relation :atev] betwe5 ,moses & ! magicians2 = al?\gh he 01 if we may judge f biblical hi/ory1 acqua9t$ ) all ! k ( ! magicians1 8 mission 0 altoge!r ( a diff]5t "*4 ,_m ( ! mod]n ,greek & ,arm5ian prie/s1 9 _! celebration ( ! holy fire1 palm ^u _! cr$ul\s foll[]s1 a belief1 t !y possess ! p[] ( work+ miracles1 z w appe> f ! acc\nt we %all give ( !m4 ,we w n enl>ge on ?is subject at pres5t1 b pass on to consid] ! m common p]=mances1 :i* h excit$ ! wond] & admiration ( mank9d4 ,! deception ( brea?+ out flames1 :i* excites ! a/oni%m5t ( ! ignorant1 is v anci5t4 ,:5 ! slaves ( ,sicily1 ab\t two c5turies ago1 made a =midable insurrection1 & av5g$ !mselves 9 a cruel mann] = ! sev]ities :i* !y _h suff]$1 !re 0 among !m a ,syrian nam$ ,eunus1 a man ( great craft & c\rage1 :o1 hav+ pass$ ?r\gh _m sc5es ( life1 _h become acqua9t$ ) a v>iety ( arts4 ,he pret5d$ to h imm$iate communication ) ! gods2 0 ! oracle & lead] ( 8 fell[ slaves2 &1 z is usual on su* occasions1 confirm$ 8 div9e mission by miracles4 ,:51 heat$ by en?usiasm1 he 0 desir\s ( inspir+ 8 foll[]s ) c\rage1 he brea!d flames or sp>ks among !m f 8 m\? :ile he 0 address+ !m4 ,we are told by hi/orians1 t1 = ?is purpose1 he pi]c$ a nut %ell at bo? ends1 &1 hav+ fill$ x ) "s burn+ sub/ance1 put x into 8 m\? & brea!d ?r\gh x4 ,"s affirm1 t he us$ t[ previ\sly soak$ 9 a solution ( saltpetre4 ,! deception at pres5t is mu* bett] p]=m$4 ,! juggl] rolls toge!r "s flax or hemp2 sets x on fire2 & suff]s x to burn till x is ne>ly consum$2 he !n rolls r\nd x1 :ile burn+1 "s m flax1 & by ^! means ! fire may be reta9$ 9 x a long "t4 ,:5 he wi%es to exhibit1 he slips ! ball into 8 m\? & brea!s ?r\gh x2 :i* aga9 revives ! fire1 s t a numb] ( weak sp>ks proce$ f x2 & ! p]=m] su/a9s no hurt1 provid$ he inspire ! air n ?r\gh ! m\? b ! no/rils4 ,by ?is art1 ! rabbi ,b>-,ca*eba1 9 ! reign ( ! emp]or ,hadrian1 made ! cr$ul\s ,jews believe1 t he 0 ! hop$ = ,messias1 & two c5turies aft]1 ! emp]or ,con/antius 0 ?r[n into great t]ror1 :5 ,val5tian in=m$ him1 t he _h se5 "o ( ! body gu>ds brea?+ out fire & flames 9 ! ev5+4 ,x appe>s evid5t f ! writ+s ( ,h]odotus1 t ! anci5ts possess$ a k ( attract+ lightn+1 or ! electric fluids ) po9t$ in/rum5ts made ( iron4 ,he in=ms u1 t ! ,?racians dis>m$ heav5 ( its ?und]-bolts1 by dis*>g+ arr[s into ! air2 & ! ,hyp]boreans by d>t+ into ! cl\ds1 pikes head$ ) pieces ( %>p po9t$ iron4 ,pl9y speaks ( a process1 by :i* ,pors5a caus$ fire f ! heav5s to fall ^u a mon/] :i* ravag$ 8 c\ntry4 ,he m5tions also1 t ,numa ,pompilius1 & ,tullius ,ho/ilius practis$ c]ta9 my/]i\s rites to call d[n ! fire f heav54 ,:at ^! my/]i\s rites 7 is ( no mom5t2 ! fact is suffici5t4 ,tullius1 because he omitt$ "s prescrib$ c]emony1 is said to h be5 kill$ by ! fire4 ,a simil> accid5t happ5$ 9 ,france ) ! electrical kite4#aj ,= deceptions ) fire1 ! anci5ts employ$ a numb] ( inflammable sub/ances1 :i* !y dext]\sly us$2 among !m1 naph?a1 a f9e bitum9\s oil1 :i* readily inflames1 0 pr9cipally us$4 7,= ! effect ( naph?a1 see ,greek fire47 ,gal5 in=ms u1 t a p]son excit$ great surprise by ext+ui%+ a c&le1 & aga9 light+ x )\t any o!r process ?an hold+ x aga9/ a wall or a /one4 ,?is1 ,gal5 obs]ves1 7,de ,temp]am5tis1 iii4 #b1 p4 #dd47 0 effect$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! wall or /one be+ previ\sly rubb$ ) sulphur1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 some?+ m4 ,he also speaks ( a mixture ( sulphur & naph?a4 ,if x _h be5 phosphorus1 or "s ( its prep>ations1 x w\ld appe> m probable4 ,plut>* relates ! secret effects ( naph?a1 & obs]ves1 t ,alex&] 0 a/oni%$ & delight$1 :5 x 0 exhibit$ to him 9 ,ecbatana4 ,m$ea de/roy$ ,creusa1 ! daught] ( ,creon1 ) ?is oil4 ,?is fact is /at$ by ,plut>*1 ,pl9y1 ,gal51 & o!rs1 & believ$ by ,beckman4 ,%e s5t1 x appe>s1 to ! un=tunate pr9cess1 a dress cov]$ ) x1 :i* bur/ into flames z soon z %e approa*$ ! fire ( ! alt>4 ,! dress ( ,h]cules1 :i* also took fire1 0 dipp$ 9 naph?a1 ?\gh said to be 9 ! blood ( ,nessus4 ,on ! subject ( naph?a1 ,beckman rem>ks1 t ?is oil mu/ h be5 employ$ :5 (f]+s caught fire 9 an imp]ceptible mann]4 ,9 all p]iods ( ! _w1 prie/s h act$ z juggl]s to simple & ignorant p4 ,! mo/ ludicr\s acc\nt ( ! necromantic art1 by :i* simil> tricks 7 p]=m$1 is t giv5 by ,cel9i1 7,life ( ,b5v5uto ,cel9i1 a ,flor5t9e ,arti/1 by ,t4 ,nug5t1 ,,ll4 ,d4 c47 ( a ,sicilian prie/1 :o drew circles on ! floor ) v>i\s c]emonies1 us+ fire & diff]5t p]fumes4 ,hav+ made an op5+ to ! circle1 & ?r[n p]fumes into ! fire at a prop] "t1 he obs]ves1 t 9 ! space ( an h\r & half1 !re appe>$ sev]al legions ( devils1 insomu* t ! amphi!atre 0 q fill$ ) !m4 ,b5v5uto1 x seems1 at ! in/ance ( ! prie/1 ask$ "s fav\rs ( !m1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he nev] realiz$4 ,at a second exhibition he held a p5tagorun1 :ile ! prie/s que/ion$ ! lead]s ( ! demons by ! virtue & p[] ( ! et]nal uncreat$ ,god1 us+ ! ,hebrew1 ,greek1 & ,lat9 languages4 ,! ,demons appe>$ m num]\s ?an at fir/1 & m =midable4 ,he /ates t quiv]+ l an asp5 leaf1 he took good c>e ( ! p]fumes1 & 0 direct$ by ! prie/ to burn prop] p]fumes4 ,?is c]emony 0 cont9u$ until ! bell rang = morn+ pray]s1 & ! prie/ /ripp$ (f 8 g[n & took up a wallet-full ( books1 decl>+1 t z (t5 z he _h ent]$ magic circles1 no?+ s extraord9>y _h ev] happ5$ to him6 ,h[ is x1 9 ! language ( pr(essor ,beckman1 t 9 all p]iods ( ! _w1 prie/s h act$ z juggl]s to simple & ignorant p8 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is same ,b5v5uto ,cel9i1 h[ev]1 0 a man ( intellig5ce4 ,he wrote a "w call$ ! ,hi/ory ( ,jewelry2 9 :i* ! fir/ idea ( phosphoresc5t m9]al bodies is to be f\nd4 ,?is "w 0 writt5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,8 life1 al?\gh s+ul>ly m>k$1 :at ) popes1 prie/s1 arti/s1 & necromanc]s1 pres5ts a s+ul> retrospect4 ,:at 0 m absurd1 & ev5 pr(ane1 ?an ! tricks ( ,joseph ,balsamo1 call$ ,il ,conte ,caglio/ro1 :o ) ,s*pf]1 reviv$ ! /udy ( ! magical arts2 & :o ) invocations1 friction1 fumigations1 & optical deceptions a/oni%$ ! ignorant ( _! day4 ,:e!r l neas1 9 8 desc5t to hell1 !y made _! way ) _! fal*ions ?r\gh cr[ds ( gho/s1 or l ,dioscorides1 reli$ on ! efficacy ( h]bs1 or l ,p>acelsus1 c>ri$ an evil _s 9 _! canes1 or wore a jewel l ,%akspe>e's toad1 :i* possess$ m>vell\s virtues1 or employ$ ! magic /one 7agate7 ( ! ea/1 & invok$ _! urim & ?ummim1--x is c]ta9 !y work$ ^u ! imag9ation ( ! p4 ,by ! application ( conium maculatum1 7hemlock7 consi/$ ! c]emony ( orda9+ a ,hi]ophant2 by ! h>t%orn ( ,orpheus1 !y _h a div9e rem$y = ! passions ( ! body2 & by a mixture ( new mu/>d & olive oil1 !y c\ld produce a symphony1 :i* invok$ ! spirits1 &1 ,py?onesis l1 decl>e to ! p1 t !y _h devils 9 _! bellies66 ,( ! phial ( ,caglio/ro1 ,c>dan relates t he _h ?is phial twice exhibit$ to him1 & compla9s bitt]ly ( hav+ se5 no?+1 aft] ! an!m ,sancte ,mi*ael1 b "s bubbles t issu$ f ! bottom1 ?\gh x 0 believ$ t ^! bubbles 7 angels6 ,he says1 ,nihil tam5 omn9o vidi po/e hanc invocationem nisi bulas pauculas quasdam ex imo gutti fundo ex/uantes4 ,aulus ,gellius & ,h]o m5tion tricks ( ?is k9d practis$ by ! ,egyptians4 ,rog] ,bacon1 ! al*ymi/1 0 excommunicat$ by ! pope1 & imprison$ t5 ye>s1 = suppos$ deal+s ) ! devil4 ,equally absurd to a man ( reflection1 are ! obs]vations ( antiquat$ writ]s on spontane\s g5]ation1 by heat4 ,borello 7,physical ,hi/ory7 tells u1 t fre% wat] craw fi% may be reg5]at$1 by _! own p[d]1 calc9$ 9 a crucible1 !n boil$ 9 wat] ) a little s&1 & left to cool1 = a few days2 :5 ! animalcula w appe> swimm+ m]rily 9 ! liquor1 & mu/ be !n n\ri%$ ) beef blood1 till !y atta9 ! prop] size to /ock y\r ponds )4#aa ,! ,sieur ,pog]is & ,m4 de ,*amb]lan1 bo? agree ) ,signior ,borello1 b1 9 ! *emi/ry ( ! matt]1 !y add t ! op]ation mu/ be p]=m$1 dur+ ! full ( ! moon6 ,if ?is lun> sy/em be adopt$1 w\ld n ! crab also1 h be5 a m fav\rable sign to h rul$ ! nativity ( craw fi%8 ,swift1 h[ev]1 alludes to ^! ag5cies1 fallaci\s z !y are1 9 ! foll[+ l9es3 ,s *ymi/s boa/ !y h a p[]1 ,f ! dead a%es ( a fl[]1 ,"s fa9t resemblance to produce1 ,b n ! virtue1 ta/e1 or juice4 ,ro*os1 equally absurd ) ,borello1 says1 9 ,! ,art ( ,nature1 t ! a%es ( toads w produce ! v same effect1 z ! p[d] ( crabs' eyes6 ,reason+ ^u t ridicul\s & unnatural pr9ciple ( ,csalp9us1 9 8 comm5t on ,ari/otle1 ,qucumque ex sem9e fiunt1 eadem fi]i posse s9e sem9e1 ! procreation ( eels f rye-meal1 or mutton bro? 0 pr$icat$4 ,julius ,camillus1 h[ev]1 w\ld out-d nature h]self2 = ,amatus ,lusitanus affirms1 t he has se5 8 phials full ( homunculi complete 9 all _! p>ts6 ,p>acelsus 7,de ,r]um ,natura17 _h ! same & _m o!r absurd notions4 ,:at1 we may truly say1 has n be5 palm$ ^u ! _w1 :5 we are told1 t ! foll[+ translation f a ,hague ,gazette1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,briti% ,ev5+ ,po/1 ,no4 #afde1 conta9$ facts1 :i* 7 confid5tly believ$ by ! ignorant3 ,mr4 ,tune/rick1 by orig9 an ,engli%man1 has j exhibit$ at ,v]sailles1 a v s+ul> exp]im5t4 ,he op5$ ! head ( a %eep1 & a horse f side to side1 by driv+ a l>ge iron w$ge into ! skull1 by means ( a mallet2 drew ! w$ge out aft]w>ds1 ) p9c]s1 & recall$ ! animals to life1 by inject+ ?r\gh _! ext]ior ap]ture ) a t9 syr+e1 a spiritu\s liquor ( 8 own composition1 to :i* he attributes surpris+ effects6 ,! ta/e ( ?is liquor resembles t ( ,comm&us ,balm66 ,! rem>kable effects ( galvanism1 h[ev]1 are well au!nticat$2 b resuscitation1 not)/&+ all app>5t life1 has 9 no in/ance1 to our k1 be5 effect$4 7,see ,ure's ,*emical ,diction>y1 article ,galvanism47 ,among o!r tricks1 we may m5tion ^? ) s]p5ts1 especially 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & neighb\r+ isl&s1 :]e a c]ta9 class ( p exhibit !m = money4#ab ,p]sons :o c\ld walk ov] r$-hot coals1 or r$-hot iron1 or :o c\ld hold !m 9 _! h&s & _! tee?1 are frequ5tly m5tion$4 ,9 ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury1 ,ri*>dson1 an ,engli%man1 0 a great adept 9 ?is p]=mance4 ,we are assur$ he c\ld *ew burn+ coals1 p\r melt$ lead ^u 8 tongue1 swall[ melt$ glass1 c2 b ! fact is incr$ible4 ,x is true1 t ! sk9 may be prep>$ 9 su* a way z to become call\s & ins5sible aga9/ ! impression made on ! feet & h&s4 ,x may be r5d]$ z firm z %oes & gloves4 ,su* callosity may be produc$1 if ! sk9 is cont9ually compress$1 s+$1 prick$1 or injur$ 9 any o!r mann]4 ,beckman relates1 t 9 #agfe1 he visit$ ! copp]-works at ,awe/ad1 :5 "o ( ! workm51 = "s money1 took "s ( ! melt$ copp] 9 8 h&1 & aft] %[+ x1 ?rew x aga9/ a wall4 ,he p]=m$ a v>iety ( o!r exp]im5ts ) ! melt$ metal4 ,! workm5 at ! ,sw$i% melt+-h\se h exhibit$ ! same ?+ to "s travell]s 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! sk9 is fir/ r5d]$ call\s by frequ5tly moi/5+ x1 z ,beckman says1 ) sulphuric acid2 & also1 he rem>ks1 by us+ ! juice ( c]ta9 plants4 ,! sk9 mu/ also be rubb$ frequ5tly1 & = a long "t1 ) oil4 ,hall]1 9 8 ,elem5ta ,physiologica1 ,v4 p4 #af1 speaks ( ?is fact4 ,! mann] ( r5d]+ ! h&s call\s1 or ins5sible1 s t !y may take up1 & hold1 ignit$ iron1 *>coal1 or o!r sub/ances1 may be se5 9 an ,engli% publication ( #affg4 ,! ,j\rnal des ,savants1 ( #afgg1 conta9s ! secret4 ,x consi/s 9 apply+ to ! h&s1 v>i\s pa/es1 ) spirits ( sulphur1 7sulphuric acid17 :i* de/roys ! epid]mis1 c4 & ! n]v\s en]gy4 ,?is corroborates ! acc\nt by ,beckman4 ,we read t ,ri*>dson _h prep>$ 8 tongue 9 su* a mann]1 t he c\ld hold on ! po9t ( x a live coal1 cov]+ x fir/ ) pit*1 ros91 & sulphur1 & c\ld hold a piece ( ignit$ iron betwe5 8 tee?4 ,aft] %[+ ! coal on 8 tongue1 he w\ld !n ext+ui% x 9 8 m\?4 ,! ,mmoires de l',acadmie /ate1 t a p]son :o is salivat$ c put a live coal 9 8 m\?4 ,! ,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie obs]ves1 t ! sulphur dim9i%es ! heat ( ! coal1 = ! flame is less hot ?an a c&le2 & t ! flame ( a comb9ation ( pit*1 ros91 & sulphur1 is /ill less hot1 & by no means s consid]able z we w\ld imag9e4 ,9 ! exp]im5t1 ! ros9 is n melt$1 & ! flame ( ! sulphur is inconsid]able4 ,m4 ,gallois obs]ves1 t he witness$ 9 ! ,sw$i% iron f\nd]ies1 ! m5 hold melt$ ca/ iron 9 _! h&s1 d\btless hav+ !m previ\sly prep>$4 ,! traces ( ?is art may be f\nd 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts4 ,a fe/ival 0 held annually1 on ,m\nt ,soracta1 9 ,etruria1 at :i* ! ,hirpi1 :o liv$ n f> f ,rome1 jump$ ?r\gh burn+ coals1 & on ?is acc\nt _h c]ta9 privileges grant$ !m by ! ,roman ,s5ate4 ,wom5 also1 we are in=m$1 7 accu/om$ to walk ov] burn+ coals1 at ,c>tabola1 9 ,cappadocia1 ne> ! temple d$icat$ to ,diana4 ,s]vius rem>ks1 t ! ,hirpi did n tru/ to _! sanctity s mu* z !y did to ! prep>ation ( _! feet = ! op]ation6 ,) respect to ! ordeal by fire1 :i* x seems 0 p]=m$ 9 sev]al ways1 "o 01 t :5 p]sons 7 accus$1 !y 7 oblig$ to prove _! innoc5ce by hold+ 9 _! h&s r$-hot iron4 ,?is mode ( exculpation1 z x is call$1 0 all[$ only to weak p]sons1 :o 7 unfit to wield arms1 & p>ticul>ly to monks & ecclesia/ics1 to :om1 = ! sake ( _! security1 ! trial by s+le combat 0 =bidd54 ,9 ,grupius' le>n$ diss]tation1 9 ! ,g]man1 p4 #fgi1 z quot$ by ,beckman1 we read1 t ! trial itself took place 9 ! *ur*1 "u ! inspection ( ! cl]gy2 mass 0 celebrat$ at ! same "t2 ! def5dant & ! iron1 7 consecrat$1 by be+ spr9kl$ ) holy wat]2 ! cl]gy made ! iron hot !mselves2 & !y us$ all ^! prep>ations1 z juggl]s d _m motions1 only to div]t ! att5tion ( ! spectators4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! accus$ p]son %\ld rema9 at lea/ ?ree days & ?ree nights1 "u _! imm$iate c>e1 & cont9ue z long aft]4 ,!y cov]$ _! h&s bo? be=e & aft] ! pro(2 seal$ & unseal$ ! cov]+3 ! =m]1 z !y pret5d$1 to prev5t ! h&s f be+ prep>$ by art2 & ! latt] to see if !y 7 burnt4 ,"s artificial prep>ation 0 und\bt$ly necess>y1 or :y prescribe ?ree days = ! def5dant1 :o1 if !y wi%$ to make him appe> innoc5t1 _h a c]ta9 prev5tive aga9/ ! actual caut]y8 ,! ?ree days allott$1 aft] ! trial1 7 requisite1 9 ord] to re/ore ! h&s to _! natural /ate4 ,! sacr$ seal+ secur$ !m f ! exam9ation ( presumptu\s unbeliev]s4 ,:5 ! ordeal 0 aboli%$1 x no long] 0 kept secret4 ,9 ! #ac? c5tury1 an acc\nt ( x 0 publi%$ by a ,dom9ican ,monk1 ,alb]tus ,magnus4 ,9 ! "w ( ?is au?or1 entitl$1 ,de ,mirabilibus ,mundi1 he has giv5 ! receipt = ! composition4 ,x seems t x consi/$ 9 cov]+ ! h&s ) a k9d ( pa/e1 & n by se>+ !m4 ,! sap ( ! al?a1 or m>% mall[1 ! mucilag9\s se$s ( ! fleabane1 toge!r ) ! :ite ( an egg1 7 mix$1 & by apply+ ?is mixture1 ! h&s 7 z safe z if !y _h be5 secur$ by gloves4 ,! use ( ?is mixture1 = ! same purpose1 may be trac$ back1 x is said1 to a pagan orig94 ,9 ! ,antigone ( ,sophocles1 ! gu>ds1 plac$ ov] ! body ( ,polynicus1 :i* _h be5 c>ri$ away & buri$1 contr>y to ! ord]s ( ,creon1 (f]$1 9 ord] to prove _! innoc5ce1 to submit to any trial3 ,we w1 said !y1 take up r$-hot iron 9 our h&s1 or walk ?r\gh fire4 ,! ordeal1 by heat$ pl\gh%>es1 0 common 9 ,engl&4 ,x seems1 accord+ to ,engli% ,hi/ory1 t que5 ,emma _h *>ges pref]r$ aga9/ h]1 by ,rob]t1 ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 = cons5t+ to ! dea? ( h] son ,alfr$1 & prep>+ poison = h] son ,edw>d1 ! ,confessor4 ,%e claim$1 by ! law ( ! l&1 ! ordeal1 or trial1 by burn+ pl\gh%>es4 ,%e pass$ ! n9e pl\gh%>es unhurt1 :i* e/abli%$ h] innoc5ce1 & caus$ ! ar*bi%op to fly ! k+dom4 ,! *ief trials1 by ordeal1 appe> to h be5 by fire1 wat]1 walk+ bl9dfold among heat$ pl\gh%>es1 & swall[+ consecrat$ bread1 :i* la/ 0 introduc$ ab\t ! "t ( pope ,eug5e4 ,! cu/om 0 borr[$ f ! ,mosaic law4 ,an example ( its practice occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 ! /ory ( ,ananias & ,sapphira2 & ! remembrance ( x1 z ,black/one rem>ks1 /ill subsi/s among common p1 z ,may ?is morsel be my la/2 ,may ,i be *ok$ if x is s1 & ! l2 = x appe>s1 t ?is ordeal 0 a piece ( bread ( ab\t an ounce 9 weight1 bless$ by ! prie/1 & giv5 to ! accus$ p]son1 :o 0 to try & swall[ x1 pray+ t x might *oke him if he 7 guilty4 ,! bible-ordeal1 & ! dr[n+-ordeal1 are famili> to e "o1 degrad+ z !y all mu/ h be5 to human reason1 & enlight5$ pr9ciples4 ,fox1 9 8 ,book ( ,m>tyrs1 speaks ( v>i\s ordeals1 z well z ! cruel dea?s1 & inhuman puni%m5ts inflict$1 by ! h& ( bigotry1 & fanaticism1 "u ! cloak ( religion1 :i* 7 no?+ m ?an a base & impi\s pro/itution ( its g5u9e pr9ciples4 ,ev5 among ! mod]n ,greeks1 ! same sup]/iti\s notions prevail4 ,almo/ e cav]n ab\t ,a!ns has its p>ticul> virtues1 & is celebrat$ = v>i\s ?+s2 & ! (f]+s1 made by ,grecian wom51 to ! de/9ies1 9 ord] to make !m propiti\s to _! conjugal speculations1 are equally absurd4 ,^! (f]+s1 by :i* !y are to "w a miracle1 consi/ ( a cup ( honey & :ite almonds1 a cake on a little napk91 & a vase ( aromatic h]bs1 burn+ & exhal+ an agreeable p]fume4 ,we are told1 h[ev]1 t ^? evil spirits1 ^: assi/ance is invok$1 = v5geance & blood1 are n regal$ ^u cakes & honey1 b on a piece ( a prie/'s cap1 or a rag f 8 g>m5t1 :i* are consid]$ z ! mo/ fav\rable +r$i5ts = ! p]petration ( malice & rev5ge4 ,:5 a p]son is hat$1 ano!r absurd cu/om is us$1 :i* is suppos$ to be foll[$ by dreadful results4 ,x consi/s 9 plac+ be=e 8 door1 a log ( wood1 burnt at "o end1 ) "s hairs twi/$ r\nd x4 ,?is curse1 says ,mr4 ,dodwell1 9 8 ,classical ,t\r1 0 plac$ ) due solemnity1 at ! door ( ! ,engli% ag5t1 ,sp]idion ,logo!ti1 :ile ,i 0 at ,a!ns2 b he r5d]$ x ( no avail1 by summon+ a great numb] ( prie/s1 :o easily de/roy$ ! spell1 by b5$iction1 frank9c5se1 & holy wat]6 ,?is /ory is mu* 9 "* ) t ( ! exorcism ( rats1 cat]pill>s1 flies1 & o!r insects1 an old ritual ( ! papal *ur*1 p]=m$ betwe5 ! fea/s ( ,ea/] & ! ,asc5sion4 ,a prie/ :o resid$ at ,bononia1 p]=m$ ! c]emony4 ,i w5t1 he says1 to exorcise ! insects 9 t c\ntry1 accompani$ by a curate1 :o 0 a droll fell[1 & laugh$ at ! cr$ulity ( ! p1 :ile he pocket$ _! money4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t 9 all sup]/iti\s c]emonies1 fire1 "u "s =m1 0 a pre-requisite2 b ecclesia/ical fire-works we leave )9 ! pales ( ! prie/hood4 ,! au?or ( ! ,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie1 vol4 iii1 speaks ( a trick1 p]=m$ ) a load$ musket & ball1 :i*1 al?\gh app>5tly inconsi/5t1 is nev]!less true1 if we consid] ! action ( gunp[d] equal4 ,?is trick is /at$ to be ! fir+ ( a musket1 load$ ) ball1 at a p]son1 )\t w\nd+1 or 9 any way injur+ him4 ,by tak+ a ball ( solid lead ( a small] size ?an ! calibre ( ! musket1 & plac+ x on ! *>ge 9 a gun1 & z mu* or ne>ly s ( p[d]1 ov] ! ball1 ! effect we are assur$ is1 t :5 ! gun is fir$1 ! ball w pass out )\t any v s5sible =ce1 & ev5 drop a few y>ds f ! gun1 al?\gh ! report w be z great z if ! *>ge & ball _h be5 us$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,?is trick is (t5 p]=m$ by juggl]s1 to ! great a/oni%m5t ( ! spectators4 ,! mode ( cat*+ a cannon ball is also ( ! same "*4 ,! prop] *>ge ( p[d] = ! cannon1 is divid$ into two unequal portions1 ! less] ( :i* is plac$ 9 ! gun z a *>ge2 ! ball is plac$ on x 9 ! usual way1 & ! re/ ( ! p[d] 7by mu* ! great] portion17 plac$ ov] ! ball1 ! less] quantity be+ n m ?an a twelf? "p ( ! :ole4 ,a cannon1 s *>g$1 w n project ! ball m ?an #bj y>ds1 :]e x might be caught ) safety4 ,any p]son :o has be5 9 ! cu/om ( %oot+1 mu/ h frequ5tly obs]v$1 t :5 ! %ot happ5s to be mix$ ) ! p[d]1 its range is imp$$2 &1 "u simil> circum/ances1 !y h ev5 be5 f\nd only a few y>ds f ! muzzle ( ! piece4 ,?is fact ,i h witness$1 al?\gh ,i confess ,i nev] once reflect$ on x4 ,z to ! explanation ( ?is ph5om5on1 x appe>s1 t x c only be acc\nt$ = by ref]r+ to ! action ( two opposite =ces1 mutually repell+ ea* o!r1 add$ to t ( ! *>ge "u ! ball2 h5ce1 ! reaction w\ld be equal1 if1 "u ! same circum/ances1 bo? *>ges 7 alike situat$3 b ! effect ( ! fir/ *>ge is s mu* weak5$ by ! c\nt] effect ( ! second1 t ! projectile =ce ( ! ball becomes comp>atively no?+4 ,!re is ano!r trick v (t5 p]=m$1 :i*1 h[ev] *emical1 is n look$ ^u 9 t light1 nei!r d p]=m]s attempt to expla9 x2 we mean ! exhibition ( ! ,glace ,inflammable ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! prep>ation is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 melt "s sp]maceti ov] a fire1 & add a suffici5t quantity ( _s ( turp5t9e1 & bl5d !m toge!r4 ,! mixture :5 cold1 w become solid1 hav+ some:at ! appe>ance ( ice4 ,if made 9 hot wea!r1 ! vessel conta9+ ! melt$ sub/ances mu/ be imm]s$ 9 cold wat]4 ,x does n1 we are told1 rema9 9 a solid /ate any l5g? ( "t4 ,x floats m or less 9 ! fluid1 :i* ( c\rse is ! _s ( turp5t9e4 ,! trick1 ) ?is prep>ation1 aft] hav+ put "s ( ! solid & fluid sub/ance toge!r on a plate1 is to p\r ^u x conc5trat$ nitric acid1 or a mixture ( eight or t5 p>ts ( nitric acid1 & two ( sulphuric acid2 inflammation ensues4 ,x is no o!r 9 fact ?an acc5sion ( ! oil ( turp5t9e2 ! addition ( ! sp]maceti is altoge!r second>y1 & its effect1 if any1 mu/ ret>d in/ead ( promot+ ! combu/ion ( ! turp5t9e4 ,! art ( mak+ ?is prep>ation is 9 r5d]+ ! ess5tial oil solid & transp>5t1 )\t alt]+ its inflammable prop]ties4 ,!re is ano!r trick p]=m$1 by burn+ a ?read1 to :i* an e>-r+ is ti$1 & :i*1 not)/&+ ! ?read is r$uc$ to a c9d]1 /ill holds ! r+4 ,?is is :at ! ,fr5* call ! ,bague susp5due aux c5dres d'un fil4 ,! /r+ is fir/ prep>$ by soak+ x = #bd h\rs1 9 a solution ( common salt1 & dry+ x2 !n ty+ x to a r+1 & sett+ x on fire1 avoid+ any vibration or oscillation ( ! /r+4 ,x is obvi\s t ! salt s]ves to r5d] ! c9d] cohesive4 ,we h an acc\nt 9 ,maundrel's ,travels f ,aleppo to ,j]usalem1 ( ! (fice ( ! ,holy ,fire4 ,! c]emony is kept up by ! ,greeks & ,arm5ians1 f a p]suasion t e ,ea/] eve1 a miracul\s flame desc5ds f heav5 into ! holy sepul*re1 & lights all ! lamps & c&les1 z ! sacrifice 0 consum$ at ! pray]s ( ,elijah4 ,on our approa*+ ! holy sepul*re1 says ,maundrel1 we f\nd x cr[d$ ) a num]\s & di/ract$ mob1 :o made a hide\s clam\r2 b ) "s difficulty press+ ?r\gh ! cr[d1 we got up 9 ! gall]y next to ! ,lat9 conv5t1 :]e we c\ld h a view ( all t pass$4 ,! p began1 by runn+ ) all _! might1 r\nd ! holy sepul*re1 cry+ out 'huia1' :i* signifies1 ',?is is he1' or1 ',?is is x4' ,aft] ?is1 !y began to p]=m _m antic tricks3 sometimes !y dragg$ "o ano!r along ! floor r\nd ! sepul*re2 sometimes m>*$ r\nd ) a man upright ^u ano!r's %\ld]s2 at o!rs1 took m5 ) _! heels upw>ds1 & hurri$ !m ab\t ) su* indec5cy1 z to expose _! nudities2 & sometimes !y tumbl$ r\nd ! sepul*re l tumbl]s on a /age4 ,9 a ^w1 no?+ c be imag9$ m rude & extravagant ?an :at 0 act$ ^u ?is occasion4 ,?is frantic hum\r cont9u$ f twelve till f\r1 & !n ! ,greeks fir/ set out 9 a procession r\nd ! sepul*re1 foll[$ by ! ,arm5ians1 & m>*$ ?ree times r\nd x ) _! /&>ds1 /ream]s1 crucifixes1 & embroid]$ habits2 & t[>ds ! end ( ! procession1 a pidgeon came flutt]+ into ! cupola ov] ! sepul*re1 at :i* ! p r$\bl$ _! %\ts & clam\rs1 :5 ! ,lat9s told ! ,engli% g5tlem51 t ?is bird 0 let fly by ! ,greeks1 to deceive ! p ) a belief t x 0 a visible desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,! procession be+ ov]1 ! suffragan ( ! ,greek patri>*1 & ! pr9cipal ,arm5ian bi%op1 approa*$ ! door ( ! sepul*re1 cut ! /r+ ) :i* x 0 fa/5$1 & break+ ! seal1 ent]$1 %utt+ ! door aft] !m1 all ! c&les & lamps )9 hav+ be5 be=e ext+ui%$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,turks4 ,z ! accompli%m5t ( ! miracle drew ne>1 ! exclamations 7 r$\bl$1 & ! p press$ ) su* viol5ce t[>ds ! door1 t ! ,turks c\ld n keep !m (f ) ! sev]e/ bl[s4 ,?is press+ =w>d 0 occasion$ by ! desire to light _! c&les at ! holy flame z soon z x 0 br\ght out ( ! sepul*re4 ,! two miracle-mong]s _h n be5 above a m9ute 9 ! sepul*re1 :5 ! glimm]+ ( ! holy fire 0 se5 ?r\gh "s *9ks 9 ! door1 :i* made ! mob z mad z any 9 b$lam2 !n pres5tly came out ! prie/s1 ) blaz+ tor*es 9 _! h&s1 :i* !y held up at ! door ( ! sepul*re1 :ile ! p ?rong$ ) extraord9>y zeal to obta9 a "p ( ! fir/ & pure/ flame1 ?\gh ! ,turks laid on ) _! clubs )\t m]cy4 ,^? :o got ! fire imm$iately appli$ x to _! be>ds1 faces1 & bosoms1 pret5d+ t x w\ld n burn l an e>?ly flame2 b none ( !m w\ld endure ! exp]im5t long en\gh to make good t pret5sion4 ,h[ev]1 s _m tap]s 7 pres5tly light$1 t ! :ole *ur* seem$ 9 a blaze1 & ?is illum9ation conclud$ ! c]emony4 ,maundrel aft]w>ds obs]ves1 t ! ,lat9s take great pa9s to expose ?is c]emony z a %ameful imposition1 & a sc&al to ! ,*ri/ian ,religion3 b ! ,greeks & ,arm5ians1 lay su* /ress ^u x1 t !y make ! pilgrimages *iefly on ?is acc\nt2 & _! prie/s h act$ ! *eat s long1 t !y are =c$ n[ to /& to x1 = fe> ( endang]+ ! apo/acy ( ! p4 ,!y ent]ta9 _m absurd ideas respect+ ! miracul\s p[] ( ! holy fire4 ,ev5 ! melt$ wax ( ! c&le1 :i* _h be5 light$ by x1 is cov]$ ov] ) l951 & design$ = w9d+-%eets2 = !y imag9e1 says ,maundrel1 t if !y are buri$ 9 a %r\d1 smutt$ ) ?is cele/ial fire1 x w secure !m f ! flames ( hell6 ,be=e conclud+ ?is article1 we %all m5tion a subject highly int]e/+ 9 optics1 :i*1 9 "s ( its =ms1 0 employ$ by ! old magicians2 we mean ! phantasmagoria4 ,! exhibitions ( ?is k9d1 :5 fir/ got up1 drew ! att5tion ( ,europeans1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,fr5*1 :o greatly improv$ ! app>atus & ma*9]y1 & v>i$ ! =ms & appe>ances4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! phantasmagoria are describ$ 9 e "w on ,natural ,philosophy1 :i* treats ( optics4 ,! ,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie1 ,encyclop$ie ,m?odique1 ,biot's ,trait de ,physique1 9 ,fr5* & 9 ,engli%1 ! diff]5t treatises on philosophy & optics1 p>ticul>ly ,dr4 ,smi?'s1 ! ,cyclop$ias1 c4 conta9 ei!r a description1 or ! pr9ciples ( x4 ,! ?ird volume ( ,biot1 especially1 is full on ! subject ( optics4 ,) reg>d1 h[ev]1 to ! n>rative & explanation ( ! appe>ance ( ! phantoms1 & o!r figures1 a subject :i* imm$iately conc]ns u1 ! acc\nt giv5 by ,mr4 ,ni*olson1 7,j\rnal ( ,natural ,philosophy1 ,*ymi/ry1 & ! ,arts1 vol4 i1 p4 #adg47 is ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,connect$ ) ?is optical illusion1 is ! imitation ( lightn+ & ?und]1 :i*1 f ! acc\nt1 appe>s also to h be5 p]=m$4 ,! phantasmagoria may be consid]$ no?+ m ?an an application ( ! magic lant]n1 ! inv5tion ( :i* is attribut$ to ,rog] ,bacon1 :o 0 a contempor>y ) ,vitellio1 a native ( ,pol&1 :o publi%$ a treatise on optics1 9 #abgj4 ,john ,babti/a ,porta1 ( ,naples1 :o discov]$ ! cam]a obscura1 hav+ =m$ a society ( +5i\s p]sons at ,naples1 :i* he call$ ! ,academy ( ,secrets1 wrote ! ,magia ,naturalis1 conta9+ 8 acc\nt ( ?is in/rum5t1 &1 x is said1 ! fir/ h9t ( ! magic lant]n4 ,kir*]1 x is kn[n1 receiv$ 8 fir/ in=mation ( ! magic lant]n f ?is book1 & aft]w>ds improv$ x4 ,adams 7,lectures on ,natural & ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bcb4 ,app5dix by ! ,engli% editor7 v ju/ly obs]ves1 t p]sons1 unacqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( optics1 h be5 surpris$ at ! great illusion ( _! sight1 by an artificial con/ruction ( _m optical in/rum5ts1 exhibit$ by %[m5 & o!rs3 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! optical & dioptrical p>adox2 ! endless gall]y2 ! animat$ balls by simple reflection2 phantoms2 caus+ ! appe>ance ( a fl[] f its a%es2 ! optical p]spective box1 & ! cyl9drical mirror3 to :i* we may add1 ! en*ant$ bottle2 ! en*ant$ palace2 ! magic lant]n2 ! magician's mirror2 ! p]spective mirror2 ! cam]a obscura2 di/ort+ & oracul> mirror2 ! diagonal op]a glass1 c4 c42 all :i* may be se5 9 ,smi?'s ,s*ool ( ,arts4 ,we may also rem>k1 t optical exhibitions sometimes accompany ^? ( fire1 :5 p]=m$ on a small scale4 ,9 ! phantasmagoria1 = in/ance1 :e!r be=e1 or at ! "t ! exhibition comm5ces1 z well z aft]1 ?und] & lightn+1 if well imitat$1 produces a good effect4 ,! me*anism ( ! phantasmagoria is conceal$ f ! spectators1 :o h only be=e _! eyes a scre5 ( gauze or gumm$ musl9 posit$ v]tically1 :i* s]ves z ! gr\nd ( a picture1 :]e ! images are depict$ by reason ( ! transp>5cy4 ,! ap>tm5t is depriv$ ( all light1 except t :i* proce$s f an app>atus hid beh9d ! scre54 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! op]ation comm5ces1 a spectre appe>s 7z a skeleton1 ! head ( a celebrat$ p]son1 c471 at fir/ extremely small1 b :i* aft]w>ds increases rapidly1 & ?us seems to advance at a great rate t[>ds ! spectators4 ,& :5 ! sc5e passes be=e !m 9 a room repres5t+ a cave hung ) black1 a solemn sil5ce be+ occasionally int]rupt$ by m\rnful s\nds f an appropriate musical in/rum5t1 x is n easy = an obs]v] to def5d himself f ! impression ( t]ror1 at ! sight ( an object1 9 itself =m$ to produce ! illusion1 & :i* f9ds 9 ! imag9ation a place already prep>$ = ! reception ( phantoms4 ,! in/rum5t plac$ beh9d ! gauze scre5 is 9 fact a peculi> con/ruction ( ! magic lant]n3 only 9 ! =m]1 x is necess>y t ! l5ses %\ld run ov] a mu* great] space1 & t ! in/rum5t may be susceptible ( approa*+ to1 & rec$+ f1 ! frame ( gauze1 9 su* mann]1 t ea* lum9\s p5cil may be depict$ !re 9 a s+le po9t4 ,! g5]al con/ruction is ?is3 ,9 a squ>e box1 a lamp is plac$1 ! lum9\s rays proce$+ f :i*1 are reflect$ by a conical mirror1 t[>ds an orifice made 9 ! box4 ,at ?is orifice is plac$ a tube1 black5$ )91 & compos$ ( sev]al tubes :i* slide "o into ano!r1 l ^? ( a pocket telescope4 ,?is tube is furni%$ ) two bi-convex l5ses ( ab\t five in*es diamet]2 "o ( ^! is fix$1 ! o!r is at ! out] extremity ( ! tube1 & is sep>at$ f ! =m] 9 proportion z ! tube is l5g!n$ by ! aid ( a hook$ lev] situat$ along ! tube1 betwe5 ! lamp & ! l5ses4 ,a groove is prop]ly adapt$ to ! tube1 de/9$ to receive transp>5t figures2 la/ly1 ! box re/s ^u a table moveable on f\r :eels1 t slide 9 two *annels p]p5dicul>ly to ! frame on :i* ! images are depict$4 ,x is manife/1 t we may augm5t or dim9i% ! dim5sions ( ! images1 & consequ5tly make ! spectre appe> m or less ne> to ! spectator1 by sep>at+ f>!r1 or by br++ ne>] toge!r1 ! two l5ses2 b !n ! focus ( ! div]g+ rays1 :i* proce$ f ! same po9t ( ! transp>5t body1 w be no long] ^u ! scre52 we mu/1 !re=e1 cause ! ma*9e s to rec$e or approa*1 t ! two motions1 be+ duly comb9$1 ! image may be di/9ctly =m$4 ,^! phantasmagoria are furni%$ ) a great numb] ( transp>5cies1 9 ea* ( :i*1 sev]al *anges may be made by slack5+ _! spr+s4 ,?us we may *ange at e in/ant1 ! =m1 ! magnitude1 & ! di/ance ( ! spectres1 z !y appe> to ! spectator4 ,:at has be5 said hi!rto1 relates only to ! images ( transp>5t figures4 ,to obta9 ^? ( opaque bodies1 fir/ place ! gauze & box1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t six feet "o f ! o!r1 & adapt to ! orifice ( ! box1 an app>atus ( two tubes furni%$ ) two bi-convex l5ses4 ,an opaque body1 su*1 = example1 z a m$al1 or a picture1 is atta*$ to a little support1 posit$ 9 ! middle ( ! box2 ! lamp ) its supply ( air1 situat$ 9 "o ( ! =emo/ corn]s ( ! box1 illum9ates t object1 & ! reflect$ rays1 cross+ ! l5ses1 proce$ till !y trace ! image ^u ! gauze1 ) an amplification :i* is 9 ! ratio ( ! di/ances4 ,if ! image be n di/9ct1 we mu/ inf] t x is n at ! focus2 b x may be adju/$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways2 #a4 ,by mov+ ! box to or f ! gauze2 #b4 ,by mov+ ! object ne>] to1 or f>!r f1 ! l5ses )9 ! box2 #c4 ,by sl[ly mov+ ! tubes1 to cause a v>iation 9 ! di/ance betwe5 ! l5ses4--,see ,hay's ,philosophy1 translat$ by ,gregory1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cij4 ,mr4 ,ni*olson1 h[ev]1 witness$ an exhibition ( ! phantasmagoria at ! ,london ,lyceum by ,philip/al1 :o took out a pat5t = 8 improvem5ts 9 ! app>atus & ma*9]y4 ,he obs]ves1 t ! novelty consi/s 9 plac+ ! lant]n on ! opposite side ( ! scre5 :i* receives ! images1 in/ead ( on ! same side z ! spectator1 & suff]+ no light to appe> b :at passes ?r\gh1 & t5ds to =m ^? images4 ,8 slid]s are !re=e p]fectly opaque1 except t portion ^u :i* ! transp>5t figures are drawn1 & ! exhibition is ?us conduct$4 ,all ! lights ( ! small !atre ( exhibition 7 remov$1 except "o hang+ lamp1 :i* c\ld be drawn up1 s t its flame %\ld be p]fectly envelop$ 9 a cyl9drical *imney1 or opaque %ade4 ,9 ?is gloomy & wav]+ light1 ! curta9 0 drawn up1 & pres5t$ to ! spectator a cave or place exhibit+ skeletons1 & o!r figures or t]ror1 9 relief1 & pa9t$ on ! sides or walls4 ,aft] a %ort int]val1 ! lamp 0 drawn up1 & ! audi5ce 7 9 total d>kness1 succe$$ by ?und] & lightn+2 :i* la/ appe>ance 0 =m$ by ! magic lant]n ^u a ?9 clo? or scre51 let d[n aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! light1 & consequ5tly unkn[n to mo/ ( ! spectators4 ,^! appe>ances 7 foll[$ by figures ( dep>t$ m51 gho/s1 skeletons1 transmutations1 c4 produc$ on ! scre5 by ! magic lant]n on ! o!r side1 & mov+ _! eyes1 m\?1 c4 by ! well kn[n contrivance ( two or m slid]s4 ,! trans=mations are effect$ by mov+ ! adju/+ tube ( ! lant]n out ( focus1 & *ang+ ! slid] dur+ ! mom5t ( ! confus$ appe>ance4 ,x mu/ be aga9 rem>k$1 t ^! figures appe> )\t any surr\nd+ circle ( illum9ation1 & t ! spectators1 hav+ no previ\s view or k ( ! scre51 nor any visible object ( comp>ison1 are ea* left to imag9e ! di/ance accord+ to _! respective fancy4 ,aft] a v %ort "t ( exhibit+ ! fir/ figure1 x 0 se5 to contract gradually 9 all its dim5sions1 until x became extremely small1 & !n vani%$4 ,?is effect1 z may easily be imag9$1 is produc$ by br++ ! lant]n ne>] & ne>] ! scre51 tak+ c>e at ! same "t to pres]ve ! di/9ctness1 & at la/ clos+ ! ap]ture altoge!r3 & ! process be+ 7except z to brightness7 exactly ! same z happ5s :5 visible objects become m remote1 ! m9d is irresi/ibly l$ to consid] ! figures1 z if !y 7 rec$+ to an imm5se di/ance4 ,sev]al figures ( celebrat$ m5 7 ?us exhibit$ ) "s trans=mations2 su* z ! head ( ,dr4 ,frankl9 be+ conv]t$ into a skull1 & ^! 7 succe$$ by phantoms1 skeletons1 & v>i\s t]rific figures1 :i* in/ead ( seem+ to rec$e & !n vani%1 7 7by enl>gem5t7 made sudd5ly to advance2 to ! surprise & a/oni%m5t ( ! audi5ce1 & !n disappe> by seem+ to s9k into ! gr\nd4 ,?is "p ( ! exhibition1 :i* by ! agitation ( ! spectators appe>$ to be mu* ! mo/ impressive1 _h less effect ) me ?an ! rec$+ ( ! figures2 d\btless because x 0 m easy = me to imag9e ! scre5 to be )drawn ?an br\ght =w>d4 ,b among ! "y p :o 7 ) me1 ! judgm5ts 7 v>i\s4 ,"s ?\ght !y c\ld h t\*$ ! figures1 o!rs _h a diff]5t notion ( _! di/ance1 & a few appreh5d$ t !y _h n advanc$ beyond ! fir/ r[ ( ! audi5ce4 ,! :ole1 z well z c]ta9 me*anical inv5tions1 7 manag$ ) dext]ity & address4 ,! lightn+1 be+ produc$ by ! cam]a1 0 tame1 & _h n ! brisk transi5t appe>ance ( ! lightn+ at ! !atres1 :i* is produc$ by ros91 or lycopodium p[d]1 ?r[n ?r\gh a light1 :i* 9 ,mr4 ,p's utt] d>kness might easily h be5 conceal$ 9 a k9d ( d>k lant]n4 ,a plate ( ?9 %eet iron1 su* z ,g]man /oves are made (1 is an excell5t in/rum5t = produc+ ! noise ( ?und]4 ,x may be ?ree or f\r feet long1 & ! usual wid?4 ,:5 ?is plate is held betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb by "o corn]1 & suff]$ to hang at lib]ty1 if ! h& be !n mov$ or %ak5 horizontally1 s z to agitate ! corn] at "r angles to ! surface1 a great v>iety ( s\nds w be produc$2 f ! l[ rumbl+ swell ( di/ant ?und]1 to ! succession ( l\d explosive bur/s ( ?und] f elevat$ cl\ds4 ,?is simple in/rum5t is v manageable1 s t ! op]ator soon feels 8 p[] ( produc+ :atev] "* ( s\nd he may desire2 & not)/&+ ?is description may seem extravagant1 :oev] tries x = ! fir/ "t w be surpris$ at ! resemblance4 ,if ! plate be too small1 ! s\nd w be %ort1 acute1 & metallic4 ,we may rem>k also1 t ! magic lant]n1 by new contriv$ slid]s & ma*9]y1 may be appli$ to important uses1 by employ+ x ) su* figures z w expla9 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( optics1 a/ronomy1 botany1 c4 ,! exp]im5t m5tion$ by ,f]guson1 ) a concave mirror1 reflect+ into ! air ! appe>ance ( fire1 c4 into a focal po9t1 7f\nd$ on a g5]al pr9ciple ( concave reflectors17 is productive ( _m agreeable deceptions1 & :i* exhibit$ ) art & an air ( my/]y1 has be5 v successfully employ$4 ,! phantasmascope ( ,walk] is simil> to ! phantasmagoria4 ,x is an optical ma*9e1 :i* pres5ts a door t op5s itself4 ,! app>atus is s contriv$1 t1 on op5+ ! door1 a phantom makes its appe>ance1 hav+ all ! col\rs ( a picture1 :i* approa*es ! spectator4 ,v>i\s figures may be accurately repres5t$4 ,we w n enl>ge on ?is subject1 al?\gh _m o!r in/ances ( tricks1 p]=m$ by means ( fire1 c4 might be notic$4 ,we w m]ely rem>k3 #a4 ,= ! p]=mance ( ^! exhibitions1 ! anci5t1 z well z ! mod]n juggl]s1 ( all descriptions1 employ$1 & 7 acqua9t$ ) sundry mixtures1 & compositions1 by ! use ( :i*1 !y deceiv$ ! p2 & "s pret5d$ to possess sup]natural ag5cies4 ,( ^! compositions1 ) _m ( :i* we are unacqua9t$1 we h enum]at$ "s1 & _! effects4 ,t ( produc+ a callosity ( ! sk91 c4 by means ( acids1 is an example4 #b4 ,t !y possess$1 z a trade or pr(ession1 ! arts ( deception4 ,n only by ! use ( *emical prep>ations1 b by o!r means1 !y pret5d$ to "w miracles 9 ! d>k ages ( sci5ce4 ,h[ev] degrad$ ^! p]sons may seem1 !y yield 9 vice to ano!r class1 :o practis$ ! art ( poison+1 & :o kept x s pr(\nd a secret1 t few !n und]/ood ! effect ( ! n[ common1 vegetable1 & m9]al poisons4 ,:o c\ld h be5 m infam\s ?an ! celebrat$ female poison]1 ,tophania8 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,sub/ances ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,fire-,,works4 ,sect4 ,i4 ,( ,nitrate ( ,potassa1 or ,saltpetre4 ,nitrate ( potassa1 nitre1 or saltpetre1 is compos$1 z its "n expresses1 ( nitric acid1 & potassa4 ,:5 pure1 x conta9s1 accord+ to ,kirwan1 potassa #ea4h1 nitric acid #dd1 & wat] #d4b 9 ! hundr$4 ,?is salt1 :5 pure1 or ev5 mix$ ) o!r sal9e sub/ances1 is recognis$ by plac+ x on hot coals4 ,slight detonations1 & a hiss+ noise1 ) a vivid combu/ion take place4 ,x is also decompos$ by sulphuric acid1 & ! nitr\s vap\r is app>5t f its smell & col\r4 ,nitrate ( potassa cry/allises 9 six-sid$ prisms1 t]m9at$ by six-sid$ pyramids4 ,its specific gravity is #a4icc4 ,its ta/e is %>p & cool+4 ,"o "p is soluble 9 sev5 p>ts ( wat]1 at ! temp]ature ( #fj degrees1 & 9 r less ?an its own weight ( boil+ wat]4 ,x melts 9 a /rong heat1 & by cool+ congeals into an opaque mass1 call$ cry/al m9]al1 or sal prunelle4 ,expos$ to a r$ heat1 x dis5gages oxyg5 gas1 & passes to ! /ate ( a nitrate2 at a high] temp]ature1 ?is is decompos$1 & oxyg51 azote1 & a portion ( nitr\s acid1 :i* has n be5 decompos$1 are evolv$4 ,:at rema9s is potassa4 ,:5 project$ on ignit$ coals1 x burns brilliantly4 ,detonation also ensues by mix+ nitre & *>coal1 & ?r[+ ! mixture into a r$-hot crucible4 ,! residuum is c>bonate ( potassa4 ,f\rcroy 7,sy/me des ,connoissances ,*imiques1 ,tome iii1 p4 #abd47 obs]ves1 t metals1 ) nitrate ( potassa1 w decompose ?is salt1 & produce diff]5t col\r$ flame1 extremely brilliant1 on :i* acc\nt su* sub/ances are us$ 9 fire-works4 ,! al*ymi/s believ$1 !y c\ld obta91 f nitre1 a liquor1 :i* w\ld con/itute1 ) o!r sub/ances1 ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,! clyssus ( nitre1 !y imag9$1 possess$ wond]ful prop]ties4 ,! decomposition ( nitre by *>coal1 !y effect$ 9 two ways1 viz4 by submitt+ ! mixture to ! action ( heat 9 a crucible1 or1 o!rwise 9 an e>!n or iron retort4 ,9 ! latt] case1 !y collect$ a fluid1 pr9cipally wat]1 conta9+ "s c>bonic acid1 & ! a]i=m product !y suff]$ to escape4 ,! residue !y nam$ nitre fix$ by *>coal1 or1 ! extemporane\s alkali ( nitre4 ,:51 9 ! place ( *>coal1 a mixture ( sulphur & nitre 0 project$ into a r$-hot crucible1 !y obta9$ a sal9e sub/ance1 to :i* !y gave ! "n ( sal poly*re/4 ,?is is ! same z vitriolat$ t>t>1 or sulphate ( potassa1 & is t salt :i* is =m$ 9 ! di/illation ( nitric acid f nitre1 & sulphuric acid4 ,! cry/al m9]al1 ( "s ( ! old ph>macopias1 0 no?+ m ?an nitrate ( potassa fus$ ) a portion ( sulphur1 &1 !re=e1 a mix$ salt1 consi/+ ( nitrate & sulphate ( potassa4 ,nitrate ( potassa1 di/ill$ ) half its weight ( sulphuric acid1 furni%es nitric acid1 or conc5trat$ _s ( nitre4 ,?is1 dilut$ ) ab\t an equal weight ( wat]1 =ms ! aqua =tis ( ! %ops4 ,a mixture ( nitre & phosphorus1 if /ruck ) a hamm]1 produces a viol5t detonation4 ,nitre oxidizes all ! metals at a r$ heat1 ev5 gold & plat9um4 ,nitre & sulphur1 ?r[n into a r$-hot crucible1 produces an in/antane\s combu/ion1 accompani$ ) a great dis5gagem5t ( light & heat4 ,sulphur\s acid gas1 ) sulphuric acid1 is produc$4 ,equal p>ts ( cream ( t>t>1 7sup]t>trate ( potassa17 & nitre1 deflagrat$ 9 a crucible1 =m :ite flux4 ,two p>ts ( t>t>1 & "o ( nitre1 treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 produce black flux4 ,?ree p>ts ( nitre1 "o "p ( sulphur1 & "o "p ( sawdu/1 mix$ toge!r1 =m ! p[d] ( fusion4 ,:5 ?ree p>ts ( nitre1 two p>ts ( pota%1 & "o ( sulphur1 all previ\sly well dri$1 are mix$ toge!r1 ! comp\nd is call$ pulvis fulm9ans1 or1 fulm9at+ p[d]4 ,a small portion ( ?is p[d]1 or z mu* z w lay on a %ill+-piece1 put on a %ovel1 & expos$ to heat1 w fir/ melt1 become liv]-col\r$1 & !n explode ) great noise4 ,! !ory ( ?is explosion is1 t a "p ( ! sulphur1 & ! potassa unite1 & =m a sulphuret2 ! sulphuret !n decomposes wat]1 & produces sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 :i* appe>s to be decompos$ by ! nitric acid2 & !re results sulphur\s acid gas1 wat]1 &1 z ,!n>d obs]ves1 protoxide ( azote1 azotic gas1 & sulphate ( potassa4 ,! l\dness ( ! report dep5ds on ! combu/ion ( ! :ole p[d] at ! same in/ant1 :i* is secur$ by ! previ\s fusion x und]goes4 ,gunp[d]1 on ! contr>y1 burns 9 succession1 al?\gh app>5tly in/antane\s4 ,9 us+ common pota%1 !re is also1 z ! alkali conta9s x1 c>bonic acid1 giv5 out 9 ! /ate ( gas4 ,9 fact c>bonic acid appe>s to assi/ ! explosive effect ( ?is p[d]1 = :5 x is prep>$ ) pota%1 conta9+ little c>bonic acid1 its detonat+ p[] is consid]ably less4 ,nitre likewise ent]s into ! composition ( ano!r fulm9at+ p[d]1 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,higg9s4 ,higg9s's fulm9at+ p[d] is compos$ ( ?ree & a half p>ts ( nitre1 two p>ts ( crude antimony1 & "o "p ( sulphur4 ,?is is us$ 9 ! same mann] z ! =m]4 ,nitre ent]s into ! composition ( gunp[d]1 :i* we %all notice "u a sep>ate head4 ,! proportions ( nitre1 sulphur1 & *>coal1 = ! =mation ( gunp[d]1 :i* are consid]$ ! be/1 are1 #ge p>ts ( nitre1 #ab-a_/b ( *>coal1 & #ab-a_/b ( sulphur4 ,! new p[d] ( ,,mm4 ,g5gembrie & ,botte1 :i* inflames by p]cussion1 b )\t explosion1 is compos$ ( #ba p>ts ( nitre1 #ed p>ts ( *lorate ( potassa1 #ah p>ts ( sulphur1 & #g p>ts ( lycopodium4 ,a mixture ( nitre & crude antimony project$ into a r$-hot crucible1 produces a deflagration m or less rapid1 =m+ a composition :i* is us$ 9 ph>macy1 & m$ic9e4 ,! quality ( saltpetre may be det]m9$ by a v>iety ( exp]im5ts4 ,fire-work]s judge ( its quality by ! col\r ( its flame4 ,! flame %\ld be :ite4 ,if x be gre5 or yell[1 x is said to be impure4 ,nitric acid1 obta9$ by di/ill+ saltpetre & sulphuric acid1 has a p[]ful effect on inflammable sub/ances4 ,if nitric acid1 or 9 pref]5ce1 ! fum+ nitr\s acid1 be p\r$ on _s ( turp5t9e1 especially if x be old1 x w inflame4 ,to succe$1 h[ev]1 9 ?is exp]im5t1 a small portion ( sulphuric acid is usually add$ to ! nitric acid4 ,z ?is effect is ow+ to ! facility1 ) :i* ! acid p>ts ) its oxyg5 to inflammable bodies1 o!r ess5tial oils1 besides turp5t9e1 w h ! same effect4 ,if ! same acid is p\r$ on f9ely pulv]iz$ *>coal1 or on lampblack1 combu/ion w also take place4 ,:5 oils are us$1 wat] z well z c>bonic acid is produc$1 & :5 *>coal or lampblack1 c>bonic acid alone4 ,!re is also a l>ge quantity ( c>bon1 9 ! =m] in/ance1 :i* rema9s on ! plate1 or di%4 ,m4 ,delame!rie 7,j\rnal de ,physique1 #ahae7 has %[n1 t olive oil may be conv]t$ into a sub/ance1 resembl+1 & hav+ _m ( ! prop]ties (1 wax1 by mix+ x ) a giv5 proportion ( nitric acid4 ,! acid is decompos$1 deutoxide ( azote is =m$1 & ! oil acquires a h>d consi/5ce4 ,a c&le made ) ?is artificial wax1 he obs]ves1 burns ) a cle> light & )\t smoke4 ,! exp]im5t ) ! glace inflammable is on ! same pr9ciple4 ,morey 7,silliman's ,j\rnal1 vol4 ii1 p4 #aba47 /ates a s+ul> exp]im5t1 9 :i* nitre is us$2 viz3 ,if to tall[ or l9se$ oil1 a small quantity ( saltpetre be add$1 & ! temp]ature rais$ to ne>ly t ( ! boil+ po9t1 ! saltpetre appe>s to be dissolv$ by ! oil2 !y w evaporate toge!r1 & ! mixture1 or ! vap\r1 w burn1 :olly exclud$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,saltpetre 0 "o ( ! sub/ances employ$ by ! al*emi/s4 ,x appe>s f ! memoir ( ,ge(froy1 7,coll4 ,academ4 #agbb17 t ! object ( ! al*emi/s 0 tw(old2 ! transmutation ( metals1 & p>ticul>ly :at 7 d5om9at$ ! bas] metals into ! preci\s1 :i* !y pret5d$ to effect by a univ]sal _s1 ! gr& elixir1 ! philosoph]'s /one1 c4 & ! r$uction ( metals to _! e>?s4 ,al*emy 0 introduc$ into ,europe by ! crusad]s1 & x is rem>kable1 t1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iv1 an act 0 pass$ to make x felony to transmute metals4 ,mr4 ,boyle1 aw>e ( its absurdity1 sugge/$ ! propriety ( repeal+ t act1 :i* 0 done4 ,"o ( _! p[d]s 0 compos$ ( nitre1 cream ( t>t>1 & sulphur4 ,prep>ation4 ,al?\gh nitrate ( potassa is g5]at$ 9 abundance1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,ea/1 yet 9 all c\ntries1 :]e ! circum/ances are fav\rable to its production1 x is f\nd4 ,x nev] occurs1 native1 9 v l>ge masses4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd 9 an effloresc5ce1 on ! surface ( ! soil1 or 9 cav]ns4 ,x nev] exi/s 9 ! soil m ?an a few y>ds b5ea? ! surface4 ,we may rem>k1 t native nitre has nev] be5 f\nd 9 pure clay1 or pure s&1 except 9 ! rock-ore1 z x is call$1 ( ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is (t5 f\nd 9 cav]ns1 & fissures 9 calc>e\s rocks4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ! di/ricts :i* furni% saltpetre1 are swept at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>4 ,?is is repeat$ two or ?ree times a week2 = ! saltpetre aga9 appe>s 9 ! same places1 9 ! =m ( effloresc5ce4 ,x is suppos$ t "s c\ntries furni% saltpetre1 9 consequ5ce ( ! dr\ght1 :i* cont9ues = "s "t4 ,at ,lima1 ,m4 ,dombay in=ms u1 !re is seldom ra92 & ! fields1 :i* s]ve z pa/urage = bea/s1 are s mu* cov]$ ) saltpetre1 z to be remov$ ) ! spade4 ,!re mu/ !n be a rapid =mation ( nitre4 ,m4 ,talbot obs]ves1 t 9 ! m]idional prov9ces ( ,spa91 ! e>? frequ5t$ by animals1 conta9s x1 ready =m$4 ,:5 saltpetre became an article ( importance1 ! rul]s ( ,g]many1 c4 ju/ifi$ !mselves 9 exclusively c>ry+ away ! incru/ations ( walls f private h\ses1 :i*1 :5 x c\ld be us$1 became accessorium fundi4 ,accord+ly ?is regale1 z x 0 call$1 0 ext5d$ e :]e1 & 0 g5]ally unpopul>4 ,9 #adai1 ,gun!r1 ar*bi%op ( ,magdeburgh1 issu$ ! fir/ grant1 :i* 0 ! "r ( se>*+ saltpetre & boil+ x1 dur+ a ye>1 9 ! di/rict ( ,gibi*]/e91 = :i* ! p]son1 to :om x 0 grant$1 0 to pay a b>rel ( saltpetre1 & deliv] to ! ar*bi%op ! rema9d] at a c]ta9 price4 ,! succe$+ ar*bi%op1 ,fr$]ick1 let1 9 #adfj1 to a burgh] ( ,halle1 all ! e>? & saltpetre t c\ld be collect$ 9 ! bailiwick ( ,gibi*]/e91 = f\r ye>s1 at ! annual r5t ( a giv5 quantity ( ref9$ saltpetre4 ,bi%op ,erne/1 9 #adgg1 let1 = 8 "t1 ! privilege ( collect+ saltpetre4 ,9 #aedd1 saltpetre 0 collect$1 9 ! same mann]1 f ! rubbi% be=e ! gates ( ,halle2 & 9 ! ye> foll[+1 ! magi/rates ( ,halle erect$ a p[d] mill1 & _h saltpetre works4 ,john ,,vi1 ar*bi%op ( ,tri]s1 grant$ simil> privileges 9 #aefj4 ,! saltpetre regale1 0 long kn[n1 & confirm$ by a ,br&5burgh decree 9 #aehc4 ,old walls1 & ! vic9ity ( /ables1 frequ5tly exhibit saltpetre 9 ! /ate ( effloresc5ce4 ,x 0 ! anci5t scrophula contra lapides1 repres5t$ z a k9d ( leprosy4 ,= ! spontane\s production ( nitre1 animal & vegetable sub/ances1 9 a /ate ( decomposition1 & ! pres5ce ( dry atmosph]ic air are necess>y4 ,t lime1 & ! calc>e\s c>bonates also promote its =mation1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,not)/&+ ! l>ge quantity ( saltpetre collect$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 we are told1 t two-?irds ( ! :ole are annually s5t into ,*9a1 & o!r p>ts ( ,asia1 to make artificial fire-works4 ,! pyrote*ny ( ! ,*9ese is said to be v p]fect2 9 v>iety & beauty1 "s writ]s ass]t !y exce$ all o!r nations4 ,!re is a natural nitre b$ at ,apulia1 ne> ,naples1 :i* af=ds #dj p] c5tum ( nitre4 ,pelleti]1 7,ann4 de ,*im4 tome xxii47 has publi%$ an analysis4 ,! cavity ( ,molfetta is "o hundr$ feet deep1 conta9+ grottos or cav]ns4 ,nitrate ( potassa is f\nd 9 ! int]ior1 9 effloresc5ce or cru/s1 atta*$ to compact lime/one4 ,on remov+ ^! effloresc5ces1 o!rs appe>4 ,! soil 9 ?is cavity is ri*ly impregnat$ ) nitre4 ,9 ,switz]l&1 ! f>m]s extract an abundance ( saltpetre f ! /alls "u _! cattle4 ,dur+ ! ,am]ican revolution1 :5 e exp$i5t 0 resort$ to1 to obta9 a supply ( ?is article1 ! floors ( tobacco h\ses1 c4 7 dug up & lixiviat$4 ,9 ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,fir/1 c]ta9 pat5tees 7 au?oris$ to dig up ! floors ( all dove-h\ses1 /ables1 c4 ! floors be+ aga9 laid ) mell[ e>?4 ,! ,ukra9e1 ,podolia1 ,hung>y1 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,p]u1 & ,india1 furni% m or less ( ?is salt1 :i* is extract$ by lixiviat+ ! e>?s t compose ! soil4 ,! spr+s1 9 p>ticul> di/ricts ( ,hung>y1 conta9 x4 ,we are in=m$1 7,ann4 de ,*im4 xx4 #bih17 t1 dur+ ! second & ?ird ye>s ( ! ,fr5* ,republic1 ! gov]nm5t requir$ e di/rict to s5d two intellig5t "y p]sons to ,p>is4 ,?is convocation1 consi/+ ( ne>ly elev5 hundr$ p]sons1 receiv$ regul> in/ruction f _! fir/ *emi/s1 p>tly conc]n+ ! manufacture ( cannon1 & p>tly respect+ ! manufacture ( saltpetre & gunp[d]4 ,?is body ( pupils 0 aft]w>ds di/ribut$ among ! diff]5t e/abli%m5ts 9 proportion to _! abilities1 & saltpetre 0 soon furni%$ 9 abundance4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 we h an abundant s\rce ( saltpetre 9 ! nitre caves ( ! we/]n c\ntry4 ,!re is n[ no occasion = lixiviat+ ! soil ( tobacco h\ses1 or ( /ables1 or ! refuse ( old build+s1 ! prep>ation ( artificial nitre b$s1 z adopt$ 9 ,france1 or = any o!r exp$i5t1 to furni% a supply ( saltpetre2 ^! cav]ns1 :i* are calc>e\s1 produc+ x 9 great abundance4 ,! e>? ( ^! caves does n1 h[ev]1 conta9 pure nitrate ( potassa1 b g5]ally a mixture ( ?is salt & nitrate ( lime1 a calc>e\s nitrate :i* con/itutes ! pr9cipal "p4 ,! latt] is *ang$ into nitrate ( potassa1 z we %all obs]ve m p>ticul>ly h]eaft]1 by mak+ a lixivium ( ! e>? 9 ! usual mann]1 & pass+ x ?r\gh wood a%es4 ,! alkali1 :i* ! latt] conta9s1 decomposes ! nitrate ( lime1 by unit+ ) ! nitric acid2 h5ce ! fluid1 :i* passes ?r\gh1 is nitrate ( potassa or saltpetre4 ,?is is evaporat$1 & suff]$ to cry/allize4 ,x is !n ! crude1 or r\gh nitre1 :i* is purifi$1 pr9cipally by re-solution1 & cry/allization4 ,! saltpetre mak]s1 at ! caves1 h f\nd1 t two bu%els ( a%es1 made by burn+ ! dry wood 9 holl[ trees1 af=d z mu* alkali z eighte5 bu%els ( a%es obta9$ f ! oak4 ,not)/&+ ! nitre e>? conta9s a mixture ( ! nitrates ( potassa & lime1 nitrate ( potassa1 ne>ly pure1 has be5 discov]$4 ,x is sometimes f\nd 9 ! fissures ( s&/one1 or among deta*$ fragm5ts4 ,"s ( ^! masses are said to weigh sev]al hundr$ p\nds4 ,besides ^! cav]ns1 :i* h be5 accurately describ$ by ,dr4 ,br[n1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 7vol4 v1 vi47 simil> cav]ns h be5 discov]$ 9 ,t5nessee1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,virg9ia & ,m>yl&4 ,at ,hughes' cave ne> ,hag]/[n1 9 ,m>yl&1 ?is salt has also be5 made4 ,we are ( op9ion1 t mo/ ( ! calc>e\s cav]ns 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 if c>efully exam9$1 might be f\nd to conta9 nitre1 or at lea/1 ! calc>e\s nitrate1 :i* is readily conv]t$ into nitre by lixiviation ) wood a%es1 or ! addition ( a due quantity ( pota%4 ,pr(essor ,cleavel&1 9 notic+ ! saltpetre caves ( ! we/]n c\ntry1 obs]ves1 7,elem5t>y ,treatise on ,m9]alogy & ,geology17 t "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! cav]ns is 9 ,madison c\nty1 on ,crook$ ,creek1 ab\t sixty miles ,s4 ,e4 f ,lex+ton4 ,?is cav]n ext5ds entirely ?r\gh a hill1 & af=ds a conv5i5t passage = horses & wagons4 ,its l5g? is six hundr$ & =ty-six y>ds2 its bread? is g5]ally ab\t =ty feet2 & its av]age height1 ab\t t5 feet4 ,"o bu%el ( ! e>? ( ?is cav]n1 commonly yields f "o to two p\nds ( nitre2 & ! same salt has be5 f\nd to exi/1 at ! dep? ( at lea/ fifte5 feet2 ev5 ! clay1 a fact :i* seems r rem>kable1 is impregnat$ ) nitrate ( lime4 ,k5tucky also furni%es native nitre "u a v diff]5t =m1 & con/itut+ :at is !re call$ ! rock ore1 :i* is 9 fact a s& /one1 ri*ly impregnat$ ) nitrate ( potassa4 ,^! s& /ones are g5]ally situat$ at ! head ( n>r[ vallies1 :i* trav]se ! sides ( /eep hills4 ,!y re/ on calc>e\s /rata1 & sometimes pres5t a front f sixty to "o hundr$ feet high4 ,:5 brok5 into small fragm5ts1 & ?r[n into boil+ wat]1 ! /one soon falls into s&2 "o bu%el ( :i*1 by lixiviation & cry/allization1 frequ5tly yields t5 p\nds1 & sometimes m ?an tw5ty p\nds ( nitrate ( potassa4 ,! nitre f ^! rocks conta9s little or no nitrate ( lime4 ,?is acc\nt is corroborat$ by ,dr4 ,br[n1#ac to :om our au?or is indebt$ = 8 rem>ks4 ,9 a memoir 9 ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,transactions by ,dr4 ,br[n1 !n ( ,lex+ton ,k5tucky1 we h a description ( a nitre cave on ,crook$ ,creek1 ) ! process = extract+ ! saltpetre4 ,f ?is memoir1 ! foll[+ extracts are made3 ,! wat] :i* p]colates ?r\gh ! cave 9 summ]1 z ! walls & floor are dry 9 w9t]1 cond5ses ^u ! rocks1 & ! sub/ance ?us =m$1 has ! same prop]ties z ! salt obta9$ by lixiviat+ ! e>? ( ! floor4 ,z f> z ! workm5 h dug1 ! e>? is /rongly impregnat$1 e bu%el ( :i*1 ^u an av]age1 furni%es "o p\nd ( nitre4 ,! same e>? w be aga9 impregnat$1 if ?r[n into ! cave4 ,:at l5g? ( "t x requires to saturate x1 is n kn[n4 ,! workm5 h diff]5t modes ( =m+ an op9ion ) reg>d to ! quantity ( nitre1 ) :i* ! e>? may be impregnat$4 ,!y g5]ally tru/ to _! ta/e2 b x is always consid]$ z a pro( ( ! pres5ce ( ! nitre1 :5 ! impression made "o day on ! du/ by ! h& or foot disappe>s ! day foll[+4 ,:]e !re is a great deal ( s& mix$ ) ! du/1 x is commonly believ$ t a small quantity ( pota% w suffice = ! op]ation4 ,! me?od ( mak+ saltpetre1 usually practis$ 9 ,k5tucky1 is z foll[s3 ,! e>? is dug1 & c>ri$ to hopp]s ( a v simple con/ruction1 :i* conta9 ab\t fifty bu%els4 ,cold wat] is p\r$ on x = "s "t1 & 9 a day or two1 a solution ( ! salts runs into tr\ghs plac$ b5ea? ! hopp]s4 ,! lixiviation is cont9u$ z long z any /r5g? rema9s 9 ! e>?4 ,! liquor is !n put into iron kettles1 & heat$ to ebullition2 x is aft]w>ds ?r[n ^u a hopp] conta9+ wood a%es1 ?r\gh :i* x is suff]$ to filtrate4 ,z ! alkal9e "p ( ! a%es is dis*>g$ be=e ! nitrate passes ?r\gh1 ! fir/ runn+s ( ?is hopp] are ?r[n back1 & aft] "s "t1 ! cle> solution ( nitrate ( potassa runs out1 mix$ ) a :ite curd1 :i* settles at ! bottom ( ! tr\gh4 ,?is cle> liquor is boil$ to ! po9t ( cry/allization1 !n settl$ = a %ort "t1 & put into tr\ghs to cry/allize1 :]e x rema9s tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 ! cry/als are !n tak5 out1 & ! "m wat] ?r[n ^u ! a% hopp]1 ) ! next runn+ ( ! nitrate ( lime4 ,:5 ! quantity ( ! nitrate ( lime is too great = ! portion ( a%es employ$1 ! workm5 say _! saltpetre is 9 ! grease1 & t !y d n obta9 a due quantity ( nitre4 ,if too mu* a%es are us$1 !y say x is 9 ! ley2 & :5 x is left to settle previ\s to cry/allization1 a l>ge quantity ( salt w be deposit$ 9 ! settl+ tr\ghs1 :i* !y call cubic salts4 ,^! salts are aga9 ?r[n ^u ! a%-hopp]s1 & are suppos$ to assi/ 9 precipitat+ ! lime f ! nitrate ( lime1 & 9 ! op9ion ( ! workm5 are *ang$ into pure saltpetre4 ,to make a hundr$ p\nds ( good saltpetre at ! great cave1 eighte5 bu%els ( oak a%es are necess>y2 t5 ( elm1 or two ( a%es made by burn+ ! dry wood 9 holl[ trees4 ,! e>? 9 "s caves does n require half ?is quantity ( wood a%es to decompose ! e>?y salts4 ,:5 wood a%es _c be obta9$ 9 suffici5t quantity1 !y make a lixivium ( ! e>?1 & boil x d[n1 :i* !y call ?ick /uff4 ,?is is put 9 casks1 & transport$ to a place :]e a%es c be _h4 ,:5 dissolv$ & pass$ ?r\gh wood a%es1 x is *ang$1 z 9 ! =m] process1 into saltpetre4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 ! ,doctor's acc\nt1 let u inquire1 9 ! next place1 into ! !ory ( ! process4 ,! !ory is v evid5t4 ,! mix$ nitrate1 consi/+ ( v>iable proportions ( nitrate ( lime & nitrate ( potassa1 is extract$ f ! saltpetre e>? by wat]1 :i* dissolves x4 ,n[1 z ! aff9ity ( nitric acid = potassa is great] ?an = lime1 & consequ5tly potassa w decompose nitrate ( lime1 :5 ! lixivium is pass$ ?r\gh wood a%es1 ! potassa !y conta9 w unite ) ! nitric acid1 & ! lime be sep>at$1 :i* rema9s 9 ! hopp]4 ,! liquor holds 9 solution no o!r salt ?an nitrate ( potassa1 provid$ ! quantity ( alkali 9 ! wood a%es be suffici5t to effect ! decomposition2--if m1 x w pass ?r\gh 9 an uncomb9$ /ate2 & if less1 ! liquor w conta9 nitrate ( lime4 ,z ! alkali conta9s m or less c>bonic acid1 ! decomposition is n a case ( s+le b ( d\ble aff9ity1 9 :i* we =m1 at ! same "t1 a c>bonate ( lime4 ,:5 ! solution is boil$1 & set aside 9 ! tr\ghs to cry/allize1 ! nitre w =m 9 a regul> mann]4 ,! "m wat]1 or ! fluid :i* rema9s aft] ! cry/allization1 may conta91 f ! circum/ance be=e /at$1 ei!r pota%1 or undecompos$ nitrate ( lime--h5ce x is ?r[n on ! hopp] 9 a subsequ5t op]ation4 ,! nitre1 h[ev]1 z made at ! caves1 is call$ r\gh or crude nitre4 ,be=e x is us$ = ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 & o!r purposes1 x is purifi$ or ref9$4 ,?is op]ation1 :i* we %all notice m fully h]eaft]1 is no?+ m ?an ! sep>ation ( all e>?y salts1 & ! alkal9e muriates & sulphates2 9 o!r words1 ! conv]sion ( ! :ole by ! sep>ation ( =eign sub/ances1 into pure nitrate ( potassa4 ,! mode ( treat+ ! rock ore1 or s& rocks1 :i* conta9 nitre1 is ! same z be=e giv54 ,x conta9s m nitrate ( potassa1 & !re=e requires less pota%1 & 9 "s in/ances1 ! nitre is p]fectly pure4 ,! s& rocks (t5 yield tw5ty or ?irty p\nds p] bu%el4 ,a mass ( pure nitre1 weigh+ sixte5 hundr$ p\nds1 has be5 discov]$4 ,small] masses h also be5 f\nd4 ,! rocks :i* conta9 ! greate/ quantity ( nitre are extremely difficult to bore1 & are t+$ br[n or yell[4 ,saltpetre mak]s f9d x to _! int]e/ to "w ! rock ore 9 pref]5ce to ! calc>e\s nitrate1 z x yields m nitre4 ,x is a fact well kn[n1 t =eign saltpetre conta9s a v>iety ( deliquesc5t salts1 or ^? salts :i* attract & absorb moi/ure & also common salt4 ,! ef=ts ( ,european ref9]s are direct$ to _! sep>ation4 ,! saltpetre ( ! ,we/]n c\ntry1 ,dr4 ,br[n assures u1 does n conta9 common salt4 ,dr4 ,br[n1 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 i1 p4 #adg1 9 a lett] to pr(essor ,silliman1 obs]ves1 t !re exi/s a black sub/ance 9 ! clay "u ! rocks1 ( a bitum9\s appe>ance & smell4 ,?is black sub/ance1 x appe>s1 accompanies ! s&-rock nitre1 & is ! same z t f\nd 9 ,africa1 :i* also accompanies nitre 9 t c\ntry4 ,animal matt] seems to h exi/$ 9 ! nitre caves ( ,africa1 =m+1 z ,mr4 ,b>r[ expresses x1 ei!r a ro( or cov]+2 no su* matt]1 h[ev]1 has ev] be5 f\nd 9 or adjac5t to ! nitre caves ( ! ,we/]n c\ntry4 ,! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,b>r[ on ! subject ( ! saltpetre ( ,africa may be int]e/+ to ! read]4 ,he obs]ves1 7,s\!rn ,africa1 p4 #bia17 t1 ab\t twelve miles to ! ea/w>d ( ! wells1 7,hepatic ,wells71 9 a klo( ( ! m\nta91 we f\nd a consid]able quantity ( native nitre4 ,x 0 9 a cav]n simil> to ^? us$ by ! ,bosgesmans = _! w9t] habitations4 ,! "u surface ( ! project+ /ratum ( calc>e\s /one1 & ! sides t support$ x1 7 incru/$ ) a coat+ ( cle>1 :ite saltpetre1 t came (f 9 flakes4 ,! fracture resembl$ t ( ref9$ sug>2 x burnt completely )\t leav+ any residuum2 & if dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ?us evaporat$1 cry/als ( pure prismatic nitre 7 obta9$4 ,?is salt1 9 ! same /ate1 is to be met ) "u ! s&-/one /rata ( _m ( ! m\nta9s ( ,africa4 ,!re 0 also 9 ! same cave1 runn+ d[n ! sides ( ! rock1 a black sub/ance1 t 0 app>5tly bitum9\s4 ,! peasants call$ x ! ur9e ( ! das4 ,! dung ( ?is greg>i\s animal 0 ly+ ^u ! ro( ( ! cav]n to ! am\nt ( _m wagon loads4 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,cornelius1 9 describ+ a cave 9 ! ,*]okee c\ntry at ,nicojack1 ! nor? we/ angle 9 ! map ( ,georgia1 7,silliman's ,j\rnal1 vol4 i1 p4 #cba17 obs]ves1 t x ab\nds ) nitrate ( potassa1 a circum/ance v common to ! caves ( ! ,we/]n c\ntry1 & is f\nd cov]+ ! surfaces ( fall5 rocks1 b 9 m abundance b5ea? !m4 ,!re are two k9ds2 "o is call$ ! clay dirt1 ! o!r ! black dirt4 ,! e>?1 h[ev]1 conta9s calc>e\s nitre1 & = t reason an alkal9e lixivium is employ$4 ,9 %ort1 ! process employ$ !re is ! same z at ! o!r saltpetre caves :i* we h describ$4 ,"o bu%el ( ! clay dirt yields f ?ree to five p\nds ( nitre1 & ! black dirt f sev5 to t5 p\nds4 ,x seems also1 t ! same dirt1 if c>ri$ back to ! cave1 w become impregnat$ ) nitre4 ,mr4 ,cornelius rem>ks1 t ^! caves h be5 us$ by ! natives z burial places2 9 "o ( :i* he c\nt$ a hundr$ human skulls 9 ! space ( tw5ty feet squ>e2 & inf]s1 t1 by ! decomposition ( animal matt]1 ! acid ( nitric salts arises1 & !re=e t ?is may h occasion$ ! =mation ( ! nitrates ( potassa & lime4 ,at ,corydon1 9 ,indiana1 !re is a cave1 :i*1 accord+ to ,/ilson's acc\nt1 conta9s bo? nitrate ( lime1 & nitrate ( magnesia4 ,x is n work$4 ,ka91 9 8 rem>ks on ! ,geology & ,m9]alogy ( ,ea/ ,t5nessee1 7,silliman's ,j\rnal1 vol4 i1 p4 #fe17 obs]ves1 t ! num]\s caves :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,cumb]l& m\nta9s1 & o!r p>ts ( ,t5nessee h be5 v productive ( nitrate ( potassa2 & 9 confirmation ( ! rem>ks be=e made1 he adds1 9 inve/igat+ ! causes t h giv5 rise to ^! salts1 t wild animals burr[ 9 ^! caves2 t1 :5 pursu$ by ! hunt]1 !y make !m ! places ( _! retreat1 & probably die !re2 t ! aborig9es h made !m a place ( burial2 & t ! /reams ( wat]1 :i* fl[ ?r\gh !m1 9 wet wea!r1 c>ry ) !m n only great quantities ( leaves1 b _m o!r vegetable productions4 ,)\t (f]+ any !ory1 by :i* we may acc\nt = ! =mation ( nitre1 9 nitre caves1 or 9 situations :i* _c be influ5c$ by ! putrefactive process1 we may m]ely rem>k1 t z nitric acid is compos$ ( oxyg5 & azote1 !re mu/ be "s op]ation unkn[n to u1 by :i* ! union ( ^! elem5ts takes place4 ,nasc5t azote mu/ unite ) ! base ( oxyg5 gas2 b :5ce1 9 saltpetre caves1 proce$s ! azote & ! oxyg58 ,x appe>s t calc>e\s bodies facilitate ! =mation ( nitre1 z !y d 9 artificial nitre b$s4 ,! great] "p ( ! nitr\s e>? is lime2 & x also appe>s1 t ! same e>?1 aft] ! extraction ( ! saltpetre1 w aga9 furni% x4 ,we "k t lime is a comp\nd ( a base call$ calcium unit$ ) oxyg52 b 9 :at mann] x promotes ! union ( azote & oxyg51 or furni%es ei!r "o or ! o!r ( ^! bodies1 or p]haps bo?1 is altoge!r unc]ta94 ,nor c we acc\nt = ! =mation ( pota% 9 ! native nitre ( ! nitre caves4 ,9 o!r situations1 z = in/ance :]e nitr\s effloresc5ce appe>s on ! e>?1 & 9 artificial nitre b$s1 9 :i* animal & vegetable sub/ances are 9 ! act ( decomposition by ! putrefactive f]m5tation1 we may acc\nt = ! g5]ation ( nitric acid4 ,x is extremely probable1 t ! azote ( ! atmosph]e1 & oxyg5 may comb9e spontane\sly1 "u p>ticul> circum/ances1 9 v>i\s op]ations ( nature4 ,azote1 x is kn[n1 =ms ) oxyg5 two gases1 a protoxide & deutoxide1 & ! same elem5ts 9 o!r proportions =m nitric acid4 ,"s condition1 unkn[n to u1 mu/1 z an op]at+ cause1 produce ?is comp\nd4 ,z a condition = its g5]ation1 ! pres5ce ( calc>e\s & alkal9e matt]1 fav\rs ! =mation ( nitric acid4 ,( ?is fact1 we h suffici5t pro(1 9 ! g5]ation ( nitre 9 artificial nitre b$s4 ,b1 ) respect to natural causes1 al?\gh ! facts !mselves are conclusive1 we "k little or no?+4 ,atmosph]ic air is a mixture1 or comp\nd1 accord+ to "s1 ( two gases1 oxyg5 & azote1 ) c>bonic acid2 b ! proportion ( ! latt] r>ely exce$s two p] c5t1 :ile ! quantity ( oxyg5 is ab\t tw5ty-two4 ,x is a solv5t1 z well z a vehicle1 & h5ce may conta9 wat]1 gase\s fluids1 c4 ,miasmata1 :i* is conta9$ (t5 9 ! air1 are vap\rs or effluvia1 t affect ! human sy/em1 & br+ on diseases1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal are ! int]mitt5t1 remitt5t1 & yell[ fev]s1 dys5t]y & typhus4 ,t ( ! la/ is g5]at$ 9 ! human body itself4 ,! same1 or analog\s causes1 t produce ! =mation ( nitric acid1 may1 "u o!r circum/ances1 cause ! =mation ( miasmata2 = moi/ vegetable & o!r matt]1 9 "s unkn[n /ate ( decomposition1 g5]ates x1 & is kn[n to h caus$ ! yell[ & o!r malignant fev]s4 7,see an admirable "w on ! causes1 c4 ( ! yell[ fev] 9 ,philadelphia1 by ,,samuel ,,jackson1 ,m4 ,d4 presid5t ( ! bo>d ( heal?1 etc4 9 reply to ! obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,hosack47 ,! contagi\s virus ( ! plague1 small pox1 etc4 z x op]ates 9 a m limit$ di/ance ?an m>%1 or o!r miasmata1 is communicat$ only 9 c]ta9 localities1 & ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( ! atmosph]e4 ,z to ! *emical nature ( miasmata1 !re c be no d\bt t azote1 "u "s =m ( comb9ation1 is "o ( its compon5t p>ts1 & "o ( ! causes ( disease4 ,is n cyanog51 or c>buret ( azote1 p]haps comb9$ ) hydrog51 9 ! =m ( hydrocyanic or prussic acid1 ! sub/ance1 or pr9cipal sub/ance1 :i* =ms ! miasmata1 t eng5d]s ! yell[ fev]8 ,:at comp\nds may be =m$ ( hydrog51 sulphur1 phosphorus1 c>bon1 & azote1 s z to produce miasmata1 t w act specifically on ! sy/em = ! production ( int]mitt5t1 remitt5t1 yell[1 typhus1 & o!r fev]s8#ad ,?is inquiry1 p]mit me to add1 is "o ( no small mom5t1 z x involves 9 x a "q ( great importance relative to ! orig9 ( yell[ fev]4 ,:ile we ?us digress1 9 notic+ ! comp\nds ( azote1 let u briefly rem>k1 z an indisputable conclusion1 t ! same causes ( malignant disease 9 ! ,we/ ,india isl&s1 op]at+ "u simil> circum/ances 9 e respect1 may eng5d] ! same disease 9 our cities4 ,! atmosph]e is subject to *anges ( v>i\s k9ds1 & may be consid]$ n only z a solv5t1 b a repository = diff]5t =eign bodies4 ,electricity1 an ag5t s ess5tial 9 ! economy ( nature1 has its ends1 its uses2 & :ile1 no d\bt1 x unites hydrog5 ) oxyg51 9 ! mo/ elevat$ regions ( ! air1 & =ms wat]1 x may act "u p>ticul> circum/ances to produce a union ( azote & oxyg5 s z to g5]ate nitric acid4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 7,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society17 detect$ nitric acid 9 sn[4 ,b ( all atmosph]ic ph5om5a1 ! =mation ( meteorolites1 or meteoric /ones1 is ! mo/ wond]ful4 ,if !y be really =m$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 !re c be no d\bt1 t ! elem5t>y pr9ciples :i* compose !m mu/ exi/ 9 x2 & t ! ph5om5on d5om9at$ meteoric1 9 su* cases1 is no o!r ?an ! op]at+ cause1 by :i* meteoric /ones are g5]at$4#ae ,animal sub/ances furni% azote1 z x is "o ( _! con/itu5t p>ts2 & 9 ! act ( its sep>ation1 by unit+ ) oxyg51 pr9cipally furni%$ by ! air1 x =ms nitric acid2 :i*1 atta*+ itself to ! alkali ( ! vegetable matt]1 or ! lime usually add$ to nitre b$s1 or to o!r salifiable bases1 =ms ei!r nitrate ( potassa1 nitrate ( lime1 or a nitrate ( ! p>ticul> base4 ,! lixiviation ( ! nitr\s sub/ances1 & ! use ( wood a%es1 or pota% itself1 w produce saltpetre4#af ,brongni>t has giv5 ! foll[+ process = purify+ or ref9+ saltpetre3 ,pulv]ize ! impure nitre1 & wa% x ?ree times 9 cold wat]1 9 ! proportion ( #ce lbs4 ( wat]1 to #ajj lbs4 ( ! salt1 tak+ c>e to p\r (f ! wat] be=e ano!r portion is add$4 ,^! wa%+s sep>ate ! great] "p ( ! muriate ( soda1 & ! deliquesc5t salts1 su* z nitrate ( lime4 ,:5 ?us wa%$1 ! nitre is to be dissolv$ 9 half its weight boil+ wat]4 ,on cool+1 ! salt beg9s to cry/allize1 &1 by agitat+ ! liquid dur+ ! process1 m9ute cry/als are obta9$4 ,^! cry/als :5 dri$ are to be wa%$ 9 #e lbs4 ( cold wat] = e #ajj lbs4 ( ! salt1 & !n dri$ 9 a temp]ature ( =ty-five degrees4 ,9 ,india1 :]e nitrate ( lime also occurs1 b 9 situations diff]5t f ^? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! natives extract ! saltpetre by a process simil> to t we h describ$4 ,!y ref9e x by solution 9 wat]1 evaporation1 & cry/allization4 ,9 ,france1 ! pota% ( comm]ce is us$2 & ! nitrates :i* are decompos$1 are ^? pr9cipally ( lime & magnesia4 ,accord+ to ! analysis ( ,m4 ,pelleti]1 & ! exp]im5ts ( pr(essor ,vaizo1 9 #agha1 !y f\nd ! calc>e\s e>? ( ! cave at ,naples1 to conta9 =ty or =ty-two to ! hundr$1 ( nitrate ( potassa4 7,see ,annales de ,*imie1 tome #bc47 ,9 #agib1 ,m4 ,pickel ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( native saltpetre1 9 a qu>ry 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,wurtzburgh4 ,m4 de la ,ro*ef\cald discov]$ nitre 9 ! neighb\rhood ( *alk 9 ,france1 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ,se9e & ,oise4 ,,mm4 ,lavoisi] & ,cl\et1 made a numb] ( rese>*es ) ! same view4 ,s9ce t "t1 saltpetre1 or nitr\s e>? has be5 f\nd 9 sev]al ( ! dep>tm5ts ( ,france2 & x appe>s reasonable to conclude1 t 9 all situations fav\rable to ! g5]ation ( nitre1 :]e ! same causes op]ate1 nitre mu/ occur 9 m or less abundance4 ,f ! rubbi% ( old build+s1 saltpetre is obta9$ 9 "s quantity4 ,old pla/] is said to give five p] c5t4 ,! soluble salts x conta9s1 are six 9 numb]1 viz3 nitrate & muriate ( lime1 nitrate & muriate ( magnesia1 & nitrate ( potassa1 & muriate ( soda4 ,n[ x is obvi\s1 t besides ! decomposition ( ! e>?y nitrates1 ! e>?y muriates also are decompos$ by ! pota%1 leav+ 9 solution1 besides muriate ( soda1 if x is n decompos$1 by ! pota%1 7:i* has ?is effect17 muriate1 z well z ! nitrate ( potassa4 ,to ref9e ! saltpetre prep>$ 9 ?is mann]1 consi/s 9 sep>at+ ! muriates4 ,! proportions1 9 :i* ^! salts are to ea* o!r 9 a hundr$ p>ts1 are /at$ by ,!n>d1 7,trait de ,*imie1 ,tome ii1 p4 #dhe17 to be t51 nitrate ( potassa1 sev5ty1 nitrates ( lime & magnesia1 fifte51 m>9e salt1 & five1 muriates ( lime & magnesia4 ,! mode ( extract+ saltpetre1 & ! v>i\s processes :i* h be5 adopt$ = ref9+ x1 9 ,france1 & on ! cont95t g5]ally1 h b "o object1--t ( lixiviat+ ! sub/ances :i* af=d x1 & subsequ5tly1 sep>at+ all =eign salts4 ,! be/ memoir 0 writt5 by c\nt ,*aptal1 occupy+ =ty-sev5 pages 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie1 tome xx4 ,9 ?is he expla9s ! !ory at l>ge4 ,9 ! same "w1 tome xxiii1 !re is also a pap] by ,guyton1 & _m o!r memoirs ( ! same "*4 ,9 ,*aptal's ,*imie ,appliqu aux ,arts1 tome iv1 p4 #aai1 9 ,!n>d's ,trait de ,*imie1 tome ii1 p4 #dhe1 & 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 tome v1 p4 #agc1 ! subject is ably treat$4 ,we w n[ give ! process ( extract+ saltpetre f ! rubbi% ( old build+s1 pr9cipally pla/]1 z adopt$ 9 ,france4 ,! lixiviation1 9 ! fir/ place1 is p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 a c]ta9 numb] ( casks or tubs1 ?irty-six = in/ance1 is plac$ 9 ?ree ranges4 ,^! tubs are pi]c$ lat]ally ne> _! bottom1 by a hole ( ab\t half an in* 9 diamet]1 & clos$ ) a cork2 !y are plac$ above a tr\gh connect$ ) a res]voir4 ,!re is put !n into ea* tub a bucket full ( ! pla/]1 previ\sly p\nd$1 :i* is support$ 9 ! casks by cross /icks1 a c]ta9 di/ance f ! hole1 s z n to ob/ruct ! passage ( ! fluid4 ,aft] ?is1 a bu%el ( wood a%es is add$1 & ! tubs are !n fill$ ) ! pla/]4 ,wat] is !n put into ! tubs ( ! fir/ r[1 & aft] "s "t1 ! /op cocks are turn$2 wat] is !n put into ! tubs ( ano!r r[1 & ! lixiviation is cont9u$ until ! fluid indicates ! z]o ( ,beaum's areomet]4 ,! sal9e wat]s1 :i* are ?us obta9$1 are divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 9 proportion to _! specific gravity1 or quantity ( salt !y conta94 ,! lixivium1 ( five degrees ( ! areomet]1 is kn[n "u ! "n ( eaux de cuite4 ,! wat]s1 :i* are m>k$ betwe5 ?ree & five degrees1 take ! "n ( eaux de =te2 & ^? bel[ ?ree degrees are call$ eaux faibles4 ,accord+ z ! wat]s are weak1 !y are made to run ?r\gh ano!r range ( tubs1 9 ord] to saturate !m4 ,:5 /rong & weak solutions are made to pass ?r\gh ! tubs 9 ! same mann]1 proce$+ f ! second r[ to ! ?ird1 & f ! ?ird to ! fir/1 ! e>?s pla/]1 c4 be+ r5ew$1 ! lixiviation is n int]rupt$4 ,! lixiviation1 x appe>s1 is ?us cont9u$2 = we obta91 at ! same "t1 weak wat]s f ! second r[1 ! /rong wat]s f ! ?ird1 & ! boil+ wat]s1 or ^? fit to be put into ! boil]s1 f ! fir/4 ,:5 a suffici5t quantity ( ! /rong solution is obta9$1 x is put into ! copp]1 or boil]1 & evaporat$4 ,dur+ ! evaporation1 !re is a scum =m$1 & sundry e>?y sub/ances1 9 ! =m ( a mud1 are deposit$4 ,?is is usually caught 9 a vessel plac$ 9 ! boil]1 :i* is rais$ f "t to "t1 by means ( a rope1 mov$ ?r\gh a pulley1 & fa/5$ to a *a9 f ! h&les ( ! vessel4 ,! solution is conc5trat$ until x indicates ! /r5g? ( tw5ty-five degrees ( ,beaum's areomet]4 ,x is !n mix$ ) ! "m wat] ( ! prec$+ boil+1 & a conc5trat$ solution ( ! pota% ( comm]ce is add$1 until ! precipitation ceases4 ,! sulphate ( potassa may be us$ = ! same purpose1 at lea/ to decompose ! nitrate ( lime2 b x mu/ be us$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & ! op]ation f9i%$ 9 ! common way1 by ! addition ( pota%4 ,! precipitation be+ f9i%$1 t is to say1 ! nitrates ( lime & magnesia1 be+ trans=m$ into nitrate ( potassa1 ! hot liquor is !n c>ri$ 9 a l>ge tub1 call$ ! res]voir1 & plac$ on ! edge ( ! boil]4 ,z soon z ! insoluble salts1 :i* ! solution conta9s1 are deposit$ !re1 :i* takes place imm$iately1 ! liquor is drawn (f cle> by cocks1 :i* are adapt$ to ! tubs1 & receiv$ into ! boil]1 previ\sly clean$4 ,! deposite obta9$ 9 ! boil+1 is wa%$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( ! solution1 :i* becomes cle>1 & is !n mix$ ) ! prec$+ liquor4 ,f :at has be5 said1 ! liquor mu/ conta9 a great quantity ( nitrate ( potassa1 a small quantity ( ! salts ( lime & magnesia1 & all ! m>9e salt conta9$ 9 ! pla/]4 ,x is frequ5tly ! case1 t ! liquor conta9s muriate ( potassa1 & a small quantity ( sulphate ( lime4 ,x is1 !re=e1 submitt$ aga9 to evaporation4 ,:5 x is at ! =ty-second degree ( conc5tration1 "s "p ( ! m>9e salt sep>ates1 :i* rises to ! surface1 & is tak5 (f1 & dra9$ ?r\gh an osi] basket plac$ ov] ! boil]4 ,! solution be+ conc5trat$ to ! =ty-fif? degree ( ! hydromet]1 x is put into copp] vessels1 9 :i*1 by cool+1 x cry/allizes4 ,! salt is !n sep>at$ f ! "m wat]1 dra9$ & co>sely bruis$1 & aft]w>ds wa%$ 9 a c]ta9 quantity ( ! fir/ boil+4 ,x is n[ 9 a /ate to be deliv]$ to ! c5tral adm9i/ration1 "u ! "n ( crude saltpetre1 or saltpetre ( ! fir/ boil+4 ,! crude saltpetre conta9s ab\t sev5ty-five p] c5t ( nitrate ( potassa4 ,! quality may be det]m9$ by treat+ x ) a saturat$ solution ( pure nitrate ( potassa1 :i* _c dissolve any m ( ! nitrate1 b w dissolve any =eign salts4 ,! tw5ty-five p>ts ( ! =eign sub/ances1 conta9$ 9 ! crude saltpetre1 are compos$ ( a l>ge quantity ( m>9e salt1 & ( a small portion ( muriate ( potassa4 ,x is necess>y to sep>ate !m1 & o!r =eign sub/ances4 ,! op]ation = ?is purpose1 is call$ ! ref9+ ( saltpetre4 ,! ref9+ ( saltpetre is f\nd$ pr9cipally ^u ! prop]ty1 :i* nitre has1 ( be+ m soluble 9 w>m wat]1 ?an ! muriate ( soda1 & muriate ( potassa4 ,?irty p>ts ( saltpetre1 & six p>ts ( wat] are put into a boil] & ! liquor is heat$4 ,by ?is means1 !re is precipitat$ a l>ge quantity ( m>9e salt mix$ ) muriate ( potassa4 ,a small quantity ( wat] is add$ f "t to "t1 to keep ! nitre 9 solution4 ,:5 ! =eign salt is n fully deposit$1 ! liquor is cl>ifi$1 & m wat] is add$1 suffici5t to =m t5 p>ts1 includ+ t :i* has already be5 p\r$ ^u x4 ,! liquor is remov$1 :5 x is cle> & less heat$1 & put into copp] vessels1 :]e x is agitat$ to prev5t cry/allization1 & to effect ! pulv]ization ( ! saltpetre4 ,! saltpetre obta9$ by ?is process is n suffici5tly pure4 ,! purification is complet$ by wa%+ x ) wat] saturat$ ) nitre1 :i* dissolves ! =eign sub/ances4 ,?is wa%+ is complet$ 9 a vessel1 ! bottom ( :i* has be5 pi]c$ ) holes4 ,! nitre1 h[ev]1 is left "s h\rs 9 contact ) ! wat]1 :5 ! latt] is p]mitt$ to run out4 ,:5 ! solution is ( ! same degree ( conc5tration z t ( ! saturat$ wat]1 ! op]ation is f9i%$4 ,! nitre is dri$ = use4 ,! old process ( ref9+ saltpetre is ?us describ$3 ,put into a copp]1 "o hundr$ p\nds ( nitre1 & f\rte5 gallons ( wat]2 let x boil g5tly half an h\r1 remov+ ! scum z x =ms2 !n /ir x1 & be=e x settles put x into filt]+ bags1 :i* mu/ be susp5d$ f a rack4 ,put "u ! filt]s glaz$ e>!n pans1 to receive ! liquor2 9 :i* place /icks = ! cry/als to =m on4 ,9 two or ?ree days1 x w all cry/allize4 ,9 "s saltpetre works1 sulphate ( potassa is us$ ) advantage4 ,?is salt is furni%$ 9 abundance1 by ! combu/ion ( a mixture ( nitre & sulphur1 9 ! manufacture ( oil ( vitriol4 ,x =ms ! residue aft] ! combu/ion4 ,x is likewise produc$ 9 ! prep>ation ( nitric acid1 9 ! decomposition ( nitrate ( potassa1 by sulphuric acid4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be obta9$ 9 quantity1 f ! oil ( vitriol manufactur]s1 & ! aqua=tis di/ill]s4 ,x is usually call$ vitriolat$ t>t>4 ,x is kn[n t sulphuric acid =ms1 ) lime1 an almo/ insoluble comp\nd1 call$ sulphate ( lime1 or gypsum2 & h5ce1 :5 sulphate ( potassa is mix$ ) a solution ( nitrate ( lime1 nitrate ( potassa is =m$1 :i* rema9s 9 solution1 & sulphate ( lime is precipitat$4 ,! same effect takes place ) all e>?y nitrates4 ,= ! application ( sulphate ( potassa1 9 ?is way1 we are indebt$ to ,m4 ,b]>d4 ,x might be advantage\sly employ$ 9 decompos+ ! calc>e\s nitrate ( ! nitre-caves ( ! we/]n c\ntry4 ,m4 ,long*amp has recomm5d$ ! use ( sulphate ( soda1 or ,glaub]'s salt1 = decompos+ ! muriate ( lime1 :i* exi/s occasionally 9 impure nitre4 ,^! two salts reciprocally decompose ea* o!r2 sulphate ( lime is precipitat$1 & muriate ( soda rema9s 9 solution4 ,! latt] is sep>at$ by evaporat+ ! nitr\s solution4 ,m4 de ,saluces 7,mmoire de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces de ,tur91 ,anne1 #ahje #ahjh17 has propos$ a new process = purify+ nitre4 ,x consi/s 9 filt]+ x ?r\gh argillace\s e>?1 or clay4 ,al?\gh ! process is highly spok5 (1 yet we c see no p>ticul> advantage x possesses4 ,*aptal obs]ves1 t ! process mo/ly 9 use is t ( dissolv+ #bjjj p\nds ( crude saltpetre 9 a copp] boil]1 9 #afjj lbs4 ( wat]4 ,z ! solution is made by ! heat1 ! scum1 :i* =ms1 is tak5 (f4 ,twelve ounces ( glue1 dissolv$ 9 t5 p9ts ( boil+ wat]1 & mix$ ) f\r pails full ( cold wat]1 are !n add$4 ,?is addition cools ! solution4 ,z to ! manipulations ( ! process1 !y h be5 giv54 ,! pr9cipal ?+ to be att5d$ to1 is to sep>ate ! m>9e salt1 :i* is done dur+ ! boil+4 ,to pass ?is saltpetre ?r\gh a second op]ation1 9 ord] ! m to purify x1 x is aga9 dissolv$1 9 ! proportion ( #bjjj p\nds1 9 "o-f\r? ( its weight ( wat]4 ,heat is appli$4 ,! scum is sep>at$2 a solution ( #h ounces ( glue 9 "o or two pails full ( wat] is !n add$4 ,aft] ! solution becomes cle>1 x is suff]$ to cool1 & at ! expiration ( five days1 x w cry/allize1 or =m 9 a mass1 :i* is !n expos$ to ! air six or eight weeks to become completely dry4 ,9 treat+ ( ! =mation ( nitre 9 ,france1 ,botte & ,riffault 7,trait de l',art de ,fabriqu] la ,p\dre ,canon17 consid] x "u ! foll[+ heads3 #a4 ,! con/itu5t pr9ciples ( nitre2 its g5]ation1 & ! !ories respect+ x4 ,9 ?is article1 ! composition ( nitric acid & its union ) potassa1 & ! production ( artificial nitre1 are tak5 into view4 #b4 ,nitr\s e>?s1 & sub/ances :i* yield saltpetre4 ,?is subject compreh5ds a view ( ! sub/ances1 :i* conta9 saltpetre1 z well z ^? :i* af=d x by nitrification4 #c4 ,! prep>ation ( ! sub/ances to produce saltpetre4 ,?is article relates to ! manipulations requir$ = ! production ( nitre4 #d4 ,! mann] ( lixiviat+ saltpetre e>?s4 ,! lixiviation is an important "p ( ! process1 h[ev] simple x may appe>2 z ^u its accuracy dep5ds ! quantity ( ! product4 #e4 ,! treatm5t ( ! diff]5t wat]s 7lixiviums7 ) pota%1 sulphate ( potassa1 & wood-a%es4 ,?is article po9ts out ! use ( pota% 9 decompos+ ! e>?y salts1 su* z nitrate ( lime2 ( sulphate ( potassa1 :i* conv]ts ! nitrate ( lime by d\ble decomposition into nitrate ( potassa1 ! sulphate ( lime be+ precipitat$2 & ( wood-a%es1 :i* act 9 ! same mann] z pota%1 z !y conta9 ?is alkali4 #f4 ,! evaporation ( saltpetre wat]s1 & ! cry/allization ( nitre4 ,9 ?is article1 !y consid] ! sep>ation ( =eign alkal9e salts1 z muriate ( soda1 & ! cry/allization ( ! nitre1 to obta9 x 9 a /ate ( purity4 #g4 ,! treatm5t ( ! "m wat] ( cry/allization4 ,?is article ref]s to ! mann] ( us+ ! "m wat]1 9 ord] to obta9 m nitre f x1 & its employm5t 9 lieu ( fre% wat] = o!r lixiviums4 #h4 ,! ref9+ ( saltpetre by ! old process4 ,!y describe "h ! old process1 9 :i* a v>iety ( sub/ances 7 us$ to purify ! saltpetre1 b :i* is n[ g5]ally ab&on$1 or laid aside4 #i4 ,! process ( ref9+ saltpetre1 z adopt$ 9 ! e/abli%m5ts ( ! adm9i/ration4 ,"u ?is head !y give1 9 detail1 ! process employ$ ?r\gh\t ,france1 z uni=m & ! same1 9 e ref9]y4 #aj4 ,! mann] ( proce$+ 9 ! exam9ation ( v>i\s k9ds ( saltpetre 9 ! magaz9es ( ! adm9i/ration4 ,?is article relates to ! diff]5t modes ( exam9+ saltpetre4 #aa4 ,on ! manufacture ( pota% & pe>la%4 ,?is subject is important1 z pota% is an indisp5sable article 9 ! prep>ation ( saltpetre1 & ! =mation ( ! alkali may be consid]$ z ( prim>y magnitude 9 e/abli%m5ts1 conduct$ ^u s l>ge a scale z ^? ( ,france4 ,x is ?us1 t a regul> sy/em is adopt$1 by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 = ! production ( saltpetre2 & we may add also1 = ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 :i* we notice 9 t article4 ,x may be prop] to m5tion "s facts1 respect+ ! =mation ( nitre-b$s1 & ! means adopt$1 9 ?is way1 to obta9 saltpetre1 & to (f]1 at ! same "t1 "s obs]vations on ?is mode ( obta9+ nitre4 ,! ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 #agbj1 conta9 ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,b\ldoc1 relative to ! process ( lixiviat+ saltpetre e>?s4 ,lac\rt publi%$ a pamphlet "s ye>s aft]1 entitl$1 ,in/ruction conc]nant la ,fabrication du ,saltpetre4 ,v>i\s diss]tations appe>$ on ! same subject4 ,9 #agge1 ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces propos$ a prize-"q1 :i* produc$ a m ?or\gh inve/igation4 ,! ,memoirs ( ,?\v5al1 ( ! ,*evali] de ,lorgna1 & ( ,,mm4 de ,*evr&1 & ,ganivel1 7 highly approv$1 "s ( :i* took ! prize4 ,*aptal1 :o has done m1 p]haps1 ?an any o!r p]son 9 ,france1 to promote ?is all-important object1 publi%$1 9 #agid1 an excell5t diss]tation1 f\nd$ on exp]im5t & obs]vation4 ,?is ,memoir 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal des ,arts et ,manufactures1 t4 iii1 p4 #ab4 ,kirwan 7,geological ,essays1 p4 #adc17 rem>ks1 t ! sal9e cru/1 :i* is f\nd on ! walls ( ! h\ses ( ,malta1 is ow+ to ! walls be+ built ( f9e gra9$ lime/one4 ,:5 wett$ ) sea-wat]1 x nev] dries4 ,! cru/ is nitrate ( potassa1 nitrate ( lime1 & muriate ( soda1 & is "s t5?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,"u ?is cru/1 ! /one m\ld]s into du/4 ,:5 ! fir/ falls (f1 x is succe$$ by a second1 & s on1 until ! :ole /one is de/roy$4 ,?is p>ticul> effect1 h[ev]1 is attribut$ to ! pres5ce ( m>9e salt4 ,mr4 ,kirwan obs]ves1 t1 ,m4 ,dolomieu %[s1 at ! end ( 8 ,tract on ! ,lip>i ,isl&s1 t ! atmosph]e ( ,malta1 9 "s seasons1 :5 a s\? w9d bl[s1 is rem>kably f\l$ ) mephitic air2 &1 at o!r times1 :5 a nor? w9d bl[s1 rem>kably pure2 & h5ce1 ( all o!rs1 mo/ fit = ! g5]ation ( nitr\s acid4 ,mr4 ,kirwan rem>ks1 ,h[ ! alkal9e "p ( ! nitre1 :i* is "o ( ! products result+ f ! decomposition ( ?is /one1 is =m$1 is z yet my/]i\s3 ,is x n f ! t>t>9 lately discov]$ 9 clays & _m /ones8 ,he adds1 aft] speak+ ( animal & vegetable decomposition1 ,i %\ld r suppose1 t ! alkali is convey$ into ^! e>?s by ! putrid air1 ?an newly =m$2 & ! reason is1 t t>t>91 7pota%17 not)/&+ its fixity1 is also f\nd 9 soot2 &1 9 ! same mann]1 may be elevat$ 9 putrid exhalations4 ,artificial nitre-b$s consi/ ( ! refuse ( animal & vegetable sub/ances1 und]go+ putrefaction1 mix$ ) calc>e\s e>?2 ! refuse ( old build+s1 p>ticul>ly pla/]2 e>?s f ! vic9ity ( inhabit$ build+s2 blood1 ur9e1 c4 ,!y are cov]$1 f ! ra91 by a %$1 op5 at ! sides4 ,cram]1 an au?or ( cr$it1 in=ms u1 t he made a little hut1 ) w9d[s to admit ! w9d4 ,9 ?is1 he put a mixture ( g>d5 m\ld1 ! rubbi% ( lime1 & putrid animal & vegetable sub/ances4 ,he frequ5tly moi/5$ !m ) ur9e1 & 9 a mon? or two f\nd 8 composition v ri* 9 saltpetre1 yield+ at lea/ "o-eigh? "p ( its weight4 ,! practice ( obta9+ nitre f nitre b$s1 0 foll[$ 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,x is extract$ & ref9$ by ! process already giv54 ,:5 oxyg5 gas is pres5t$ to azote at ! mom5t ( its lib]ation1 nitric acid is =m$4 ,z ammonia is ! result ( animal putrefaction1 or is =m$ 9 ! process1 hydrog5 mu/ unite also ) azote4 ,! azote is furni%$ by ! animal sub/ances4 ,^! facts be+ kn[n1 we are enabl$ to acc\nt = ! g5]ation ( nitric acid1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( ! e>?y & o!r nitrates1 9 artificial nitre b$s4 ,9 notic+ ?is subject1 x is unnecess>y to quote ! op9ion ( ,/ahl1 :o believ$ t !re 0 b "o acid 9 nature1 ! sulphuric2 & t nitric acid 0 ! sulphuric acid1 comb9$ ) phlogi/on1 :i* he affirm$ 0 produc$ by putrefaction2 nor is x necess>y to m5tion ! op9ion ( ,lem]y1 :o believ$ t nitre exi/s ready =m$ 9 animals & vegetables by ! processes ( vegetation & animalization4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]s h put ^! op9ions at re/4 ,?\v5al discov]$1 t no?+ m 0 necess>y = ! production ( nitre ?an a basis ( lime1 heat1 & op5 air2 s t nitre b$s1 =m$ ( putrefy+ animal & vegetable sub/ances1 ) ! conditions ?us /at$1 mu/ produce saltpetre2 a fact :i* exp]i5ce abundantly ju/ifies4 ,! process = ! =mation ( nitre1 is call$ nitrification4 ,al?\gh animal sub/ances1 by putrefaction1 furni% azote1 & nasc5t azote unites ) facility ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e1 by :i* nitric acid is g5]at$--7h5ce ! spontane\s decomposition ( nitre compo/s7--yet ,vauquel9 is ( op9ion1 t ! pres5ce ( calc>e\s or alkal9e sub/ances is indisp5sable1 & t ! production ( c>bonate ( ammonia f ! animal matt]1 is ano!r comp\nd1 :i* results f ! same decomposition4 ,ammonia is produc$ by ! union ( azote & hydrog51 & c>bonic acid by t ( c>bon & oxyg54 ,he consid]s !n1 t ! pres5ce ( lime1 magnesia1 pota%1 c4 det]m9es ! union ( ! azote ) oxyg51 & ( c\rse1 ! =mation ( nitric acid2 & z ?is acid unites ) "o or o!r ( ^! sub/ances1 accord+ to circum/ances1 we h ei!r nitrate ( lime1 or ( magnesia1 or nitrate ( potassa4 ,! idea t wat] is decompos$ 9 ! *ange :i* animal & vegetable sub/ances und]go1 9 ! process ( nitrification1 is contr>y to obs]vation2 = ! pres5ce ( air 9 dry situations1 is indisp5sable to ! process4 ,if a compo/1 made up ( animal1 vegetable1 & calc>e\s sub/ances1 & put 9 small b$s or heaps1 & cov]$ ) a %$ op5 at bo? sides1 be frequ5tly turn$ to admit new surfaces to ! air1 & occasionally moi/5$ ) ur9e1 c4--nitric acid w be g5]at$ z ! putrefaction goes on4 ,:5 ?is process is suff]$ to proce$ until ! decomposition is complete1 & ! b$s !n lixiviat$1 ! quantity ( nitre w be consid]able4 ,9 all cases1 we are to obs]ve1 t1 z v>i\s e>?y nitrates are produc$1 & mo/ly nitrate ( lime1 pota%1 or wood-a%es :i* conta9 ?is alkali1 are to be us$4 ,x 0 long s9ce %[n by ,glaub]1 t a vault pla/]$ ov] ) a mixture ( lime1 wood-a%es1 & c[s' dung1 soon becomes cov]$ ) effloresc5t nitre2 & t1 aft] "s mon?s1 ! mat]ials yield1 on lixiviation1 a consid]able proportion ( ?is salt4 ,m4 de ,rod]1 speak+ ( nitr\s walls1 obs]ves1 t ! effloresc5ce ( nitre on !m is 9 consequ5ce ( ! /one1 lime1 & s& employ$ 9 ! build+4 ,:at is d5om9at$ ! saltpetre rot1 is an effloresc5ce obs]v$ on ! walls ( old build+s1 & on ! gr\nd4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,gr51 pr(essor at ,halle1 9 ,saxony1 7,pr9ciples ( ,mod]n ,*emi/ry1 vol4 ii1 p4 #abh71 v ju/ly rem>ks1 t1 among ! matt]s capable ( corruption1 ^? are ! mo/ conv5i5t 9 mak+ nitre1 :i* conta9 ! greate/ portion ( azote1 ( :i* animal sub/ances are ! fir/2 among :i* he enum]ates fle%1 blood1 sk9s1 excrem5ts ( animals1 old wool5 /uffs1 & ur9e4 ,he also m5tions m>% plants1 gre5 h]bs1 mud f /reets trodd5 by cattle1 & ! gr\nd f m>%es or bogs4 ,z a compo/ he adds1 t ! gr\nd f *ur*-y>ds1 :]e corpses h successively1 & dur+ a long s]ies ( ye>s1 und]gone corruption1 w\ld be ! be/ = artificial nitre b$s4 ,on ! subject ( nitre b$s1 ! read] may consult ! ,recueil de ,mmoires et de ,pices sur la =mation et la fabrication du saltpetre1 ,p>is1 #aghf1 #dto4 ,^! rem>ks on ! g5]ation ( nitre1 al?\gh ( m anci5t date1 are confirm$ by ,james & ,h]man ,bo]haave1 7,*emi/ry1 c47 ,h(fman1 7de ,salium ,m$icorum1 et de ,pr/antissima ,nitri ,virtute71 ,/ahl1 7de ,usu ,nitri ,m$ico71 ,neuman1 7*emical works71 & ,lewis1 7,mat]ia ,m$ica7--all ( :om h writt5 m or less on ! =mation ( saltpetre2 to :i* we may add ! obs]vations ( ,p>r1 7,london ,m$ical ,diction>y1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bd47 ,! process = extract+ saltpetre f damag$ gunp[d] is no?+ m ?an putt+ x into a boil]1 & add+ wat] suffici5t to cov] x4 ,on apply+ heat1 ! nitre w be dissolv$4 ,if any scum =ms1 x mu/ be remov$4 ,:5 ! solution is effect$1 p\r x on a suffici5t numb] ( filt]s1 & collect ! fluid :i* passes ?r\gh4 ,! residue may be treat$ ) m wat]1 & ! :ole aga9 filt]$4 ,aft] boil+ ! solution1 set x aside to cry/allize4 ,! sulphur may be recov]$1 by sublim+ ! residue 9 a temp]ature n suffici5t to inflame x4 ,! *>coal may be us$ aga9 = ! same purpose4 ,saltpetre1 :5 prop]ly ref9$1 does n conta9 any =eign salts1 & its purity may be kn[n by a v>iety ( exp]im5ts1 z foll[s3 make a solution ( ! salt 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & filt] x ?r\gh pap]4 ,put a portion ( x 9 a w9e glass1 & add a solution ( c>bonate ( potassa4 ,to ano!r portion1 add a small quantity ( muriate1 or 9 pref]5ce1 nitrate ( b>ytes4 ,to a ?ird portion1 add nitrate ( silv]4 ,if ! fluid 9 ! fir/ glass rema9s cle>1 )\t any turbidness1 we are to inf] ! non-exi/5ce ( e>?y salts2 if turbid1 t x conta9s lime1 or "s o!r e>?1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( a nitrate or muriate4 ,! addition ( oxalate ( potassa to ano!r portion ( ! solution w %[ ! pres5ce ( lime by =m+ a precipitate1 & ! addition ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 & !n ( phosphate ( soda1 w indicate magnesia4 ,if ! second glass rema9s transp>5t1 x %[s t nei!r sulphuric acid1 nor any ( ! sulphates are pres5t4 ,if ! fluid 9 ! ?ird glass cont9ues also cle>1 we inf] t none ( ! muriates exi/4 ,^! exp]im5ts are suffici5t to %[ ! purity ( saltpetre4 ,x w\ld af=d p]haps m satisfaction to in/itute also ! same exp]im5ts on o!r samples ( nitre1 by :i* a comp>ison may be =m$ ( ! relative purity ( ea*4 ,to make an analysis ( ! salt1 ) ! view to det]m9e ! proportion ( ! =eign sub/ances w\ld be altoge!r unnecess>y = common purposes4 ,a regul>ly def9$ cry/al w\ld1 9 a great measure1 po9t out its purity4 ,! d\ble ref9$ saltpetre is *emically pure4 ,artific]s det]m9e ! purity ( nitre by its flame2 if :ite1 !y call x pure1 if yell[1 impure4 ,! same reag5ts may be us$ 9 ! exam9ation ( gunp[d]1 z we %all notice h]eaft]4 ,if a portion ( p[d] be mix$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 ! wat] w dissolve only ! sal9e sub/ances1 leav+ ! *>coal & sulphur4 ,:5 ! :ole is ?r[n on a filt]1 ! fluid1 :i* passes ?r\gh1 w conta9 ! saltpetre1 & =eign salts1 if any are pres5t4 ,! same exp]im5ts may !n be p]=m$ ) ! solution1 & ! quality ( ! nitre1 ( :i* ! gunp[d] 0 made1 be det]m9$4 ,"s gunp[d] absorbs a l>ge portion ( wat]1 :i* is ow+ to ! pres5ce ( deliquesc5t salts4 ,^! salts may be detect$ by proce$+ 9 ! way we h po9t$ out4 ,! art ( ref9+ saltpetre is s well kn[n ( late 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 especially by ! ,messrs4 ,dupont ( ,br&yw9e1 ,delaw>e1 t our gunp[d] is ( a v sup]ior quality4 ,i h exam9$ v>i\s specim5s ( ?is saltpetre1 & gunp[d] made ) x1 & c\ld n detect any ( ! sulphates or muriates1 ei!r alkal9e or e>?y4 ,= ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 & fire-works g5]ally1 ! nitre1 x may be obs]v$1 _c be too pure4 ,9 pyrote*ny1 x is necess>y to h ! nitre 9 p[d]4 ,pulv]iz+ x 9 a mort> is a t$i\s me?od1 if a l>ge quantity is requir$ = use4 ,!re is an advantage1 likewise1 9 ! mode we w describe2 because ! saltpetre1 besides be+ extremely f9e1 is made p]fectly dry4 ,put into a copp] kettle1 ^: bottom mu/ be sph]ical1 f\rte5 p\nds ( ref9$ saltpetre1 ) two qu>ts or five p9ts ( wat]4 ,put ! kettle on a sl[ fire1 & if any impurities rise & =m a scum1 remove !m2 keep con/antly /irr+ ) two l>ge spatulas1 till ! wat] evaporates1 & ! nitre is r$uc$ to a p[d]4 ,?is w be p]fectly :ite1 & almo/ impalpable4 ,if x %\ld boil too fa/1 remove ! kettle1 & set x on wet s&1 :i* w also prev5t ! nitre f adh]+ to ! pot4 ,x %\ld be kept 9 a dry place4 ,?is process ( p[d]+ saltpetre is p]=m$ on a l>ge scale = ! manufacture ( gunp[d]4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ,nitrate ( ,soda4 ,?is salt has be5 recomm5d$ 9 lieu ( nitre1 = prep>+ c]ta9 fire-works2 b we confess1 we c see no p>ticul> advantage 9 us+ x4 ,x has ! prop]ty ( attract+ humidity f ! air1 & on t acc\nt is r5d]$ unfit = ! manufacture ( gunp[d]4 ,?is salt is compos$ ( nitric acid & soda4 ,x 0 =m]ly call$ cubic nitre4 ,x may be =m$1 v readily1 by saturat+ nitric acid ) soda1 & evaporat+ ! solution4 ,x cry/allizes 9 rhomboidal prisms4 ,x may be =m$ m economically1 by mix+ toge!r ! solutions ( nitrate ( lime & sulphate ( soda1 filt]+ ! mixture1 & evaporat+ ! filt]$ liquor4 ,x w be suffici5t to obs]ve1 t x deliquesces1 or absorbs moi/ure1 & 9 ! fire1 t its ph5om5a are ! same z ^? ( nitre4 ,x does n melt s readily4 ,us$ 9 ! same proportion z nitre1 x w =m a gunp[d]1 :i* soon1 h[ev]1 spoils by exposure4 ,x w1 l nitre1 communicate a yell[ col\r to ! flame ( alcohol4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made ) ?is salt1 ) ! view to ! fabrication ( gunp[d]1 by ,,mm4 ,botte & ,riffault4 ,_! conclusions1 z we h /at$1 may be se5 9 _! "w on gunp[d]4 ,pr(essor ,pr\/ says1 t five p>ts ( nitrate ( soda1 ) "o ( *>coal1 & "o ( sulphur1 w burn ?ree times z long z common p[d]1 s z to =m an economical composition = fire-works4 ,! cubic nitre1 & ! nitrum flammans 7 kn[n1 & s call$1 by ! old] *emi/s4 ,! =m] we h se51 is ! nitrate ( soda1 & ! latt]1 is a comb9ation ( nitric acid & ammonia4 ,nitrate ( soda1 consi/s ( #f4ge acid #c4ie soda4 ,nitrate ( ammonia possesses ! prop]ty ( explod+2 &1 :5 expos$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t six hundr$ degrees1 is decompos$1 furni%+ ! nitr\s oxide1 call$ also ! protoxide ( azote1 & exhil>at+ gas1 besides wat]4 ,nitrate ( ammonia is compos$ ( #f4ge acid #b4ac ammonia #a4abe wat]4 ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ,*lorate ( ,potassa4 ,?is salt1 =m]ly call$ hyp]oxymuriate ( potassa1 is us$ = sundry prep>ations1 & especially = exp]im5tal fire-works4 ,x is prep>$ by dissolv+ "o "p ( c>bonate ( potassa 9 six p>ts ( wat]1 & saturat+ x ) *lor9e1 =m]ly call$ oxymuriatic acid gas4 ,?is op]ation is usually p]=m$ 9 a ,w\lfe's app>atus4 ,! gas1 z x proce$s f ! retort or gas bottle1 is br\ght 9 contact )1 & passes ?r\gh1 ! fluid4 ,x is =m$ by p\r+ liquid muriatic acid on ! black oxide ( manganese1 or by p\r+ sulphuric acid on a mixture ( muriate ( soda1 & ! black oxide4 ,:5 ! saturation is ne>ly complete1 cry/als fall d[n4 ,^! be+ dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 & ! solution all[$ to /&1 pure *lorate ( potassa w be =m$4 ,?is salt is compos$ ( #i4e1 *loric acid1 & #f potassa2 & *loric acid is =m$ ( #bh4hg1 *lor9e1 & #cb4bh1 oxyg54 ,x is to ! oxyg5 9 ! salt1 t its p>ticul> prop]ties 9 fire-works are to be ascrib$4 ,?is salt is decompos$ by all combu/ible bodies1 & detonations g5]ally accompany ! decomposition4 ,h5ce x is us$ 9 a v>iety ( exp]im5ts1 "s ( :i* we w give4 ,?ree p>ts ( ! salt & "o ( sulphur detonate :5 rubb$ 9 a mort>4 ,! same mixture1 /ruck ) a hamm] on an anvil1 produces a l\d explosion4 ,phosphorus detonates ) ?is salt ei!r by trituration or p]cussion4 ,! quantity ( ea* %\ld n exce$ a gra94 ,treat$ 9 ! same mann] ) almo/ all ! metals1 ! same effect takes place4 ,c9nab>1 antimony1 pyrites1 c4 produce ! same effect4 ,nitric acid1 p\r$ on a mixture ( ?is salt ) phosphorus1 produces fla%es ( fire4 ,a mixture ( ! *lorate & :ite sug>1 :5 t\*$ ) sulphuric acid1 imm$iately inflames4 ,h5ce x is us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( pocket lights2 ! mixture be+ put on a common sulphur mat*1 & imm]s$ 9 sulphuric acid4 ,! same prep>ation ( sug> & *lorate ( potassa1 put ov] a tube us$ = fir+ artill]y1 w set fire to ! prim+ fuse1 by dropp+ on x sulphuric acid4 ,ow+ to ?is effect1 ,m4 ,gassic\rt 7,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes71 recomm5d$ a simil> mixture = dis*>g+ cannon by means ( ?is acid4 ,z x conta9s a l>ge quantity ( oxyg51 t gas may be obta9$ f x by di/illation4 ,light decomposes x4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 be exclud$ f ! light4 ,z ?is salt1 :5 mix$ ) inflammable sub/ances1 detonates :5 /ruck ) a hamm]1 x has be5 us$ = ! purpose ( inflam+ gunp[d] )\t ! use ( ! fl9t & /eel4 ,!re are sev]al =mul giv5 = ! purpose4 ,we rem>k$1 :5 treat+ ( ! g5]al !ory ( fire-works1 t ! ,rev4 ,alex&] ,=sy? discov]$ a new k9d ( gunp[d]1 :i* inflames m]ely by p]cussion2 t ! gun-lock1 :i* he contriv$1 0 calculat$ = fir+ cannon1 z well z musquetry2 t x 0 s contriv$ z to hold =ty prim+s ( su* p[d]2 & t ! act ( rais+ ! cock primes ! piece4 ,9 8 composition1 ea* *>ge ( prim+ conta9s no m ?an "o-eigh? ( a gra9 ( *lorate ( potassa4 ,s9ce t p]iod1 x appe>s1 t ! lock1 z well z ! p[d]1 has be5 improv$1 al?\gh nei!r ( !m is 9 g5]al use4 ,!n>d1 7,trait de ,*imie1 tome ii1 p4 #eei1 troisime dition71 has giv5 a =mula = prep>+ a prim+ p[d] ( ?is salt1 adapt$ to ! new lock1 :i* is made by mix+ x ) #j4ee ( nitrate ( potassa1 #j4cc ( sulphur1 #j4ag ( ! rasp+s ( pea*-wood pass$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve1 & #j4ag ( lycopodium1 or puffball4 7,see ,inflammable ,p[d]47 ,?is salt also produces p[]ful effects ) *>coal & sulphur4 ,?ree p>ts ( x1 ) half a "p ( sulphur1 & half a "p ( *>coal p[d]1 produce mo/ viol5t explosions4 ,two p]sons1 9 #aghh1 lo/ _! lives by x4 ,if ?is mixture be ?r[n into conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 a brilliant flame is produc$4 ,su* mixtures1 we are in=m$1 w explode spontane\sly4 ,x %\ld n1 = t reason1 be kept prep>$4 ,*lorate ( potassa has be5 us$ 9 ! place ( nitre1 = ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 9 consequ5ce ( its decomposition by *>coal4 ,f its explosive effects1 ,m4 ,b]?ollet 0 induc$ to propose x z a sub/itute = nitre4 ,! proportions us$ by ,*aptal1 7,*imie ,appliqu aux ,arts1 tome iv1 p4 #aih71 are six p>ts ( *lorate ( potassa1 "o ( sulphur1 & "o ( *>coal4 ,!y are to be mix$ 9 a m>ble mort> ) a wood5 pe/le4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t 0 made at ,essone1 9 ,france1 9 #aghh4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 _h ! workm5 begun to triturate ! mixture1 ?an x explod$ ) viol5ce1 & kill$ two p]sons4 ,! =ce ( ?is gunp[d] is great] ?an t ( ! common sort2 b ! dang] ( prep>+ x1 & ev5 ( us+ x1 is s great1 t ^! circum/ances w always prev5t its introduction4 ,a salt1 conta9+ s mu* oxyg51 & s loosely comb9$1 t ev5 ! slighte/ friction1 9 contact ) inflammable bodies1 w sep>ate x1 mu/1 ( necessity1 prev5t its use 9 t way4 ,! exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 made at ! ars5al at ,p>is1 on ! #bg? ( ,april1 #agic1 comp>+ ! effects ( muriat$ p[d]1 & ! sup]f9e common p[d]1 h giv5 u ! foll[+ results3 #a/4 ,by ! epr\vette ( ,d>cy1 consi/+ ( a cannon1 :i*1 be+ susp5d$ to ! extremity ( a b> ( iron1 describ$ by its recoil an arc1 ( :i* ! degrees c be measur$4 ,recoil4 #b dra*ms muriatic p[d]1 #ae deg4 #b_/bj #b ---- d d moi/5$1 #ad -- #a_/bj #b ---- common p[d]1 #aj -- #g_/bj #b dra*ms common p[d]1 #aj -- #a_/bj #c ---- muriatic p[d]1 #bj -- #i_/bj #c ---- common p[d]1 #af -- #f_/bj ,f ^! results1 x appe>s1 t1 by ! epr\vette ( ,d>cy1 ! muriat$ p[d]1 or t prep>$ ) *lorate ( potassa1 gave a sup]iority ( =ce ( ab\t "o-f\r?4 #bnd4 ,by ! epr\vette ( ,regni]1 :i* is repell$ by ! explosion1 to a di/ance great] or less1 measur$ by ! degrees ( ! arc :i* x describes3 ,muriat$ p[d]1 #db ,idem1 #ea ,idem1 moi/5$1 #eb ,common p[d]1 sup]f9e1 #bc ,idem1 #bb ,f :i* x results1 t by ! epr\vette ( ,regni]1 ! =ce ( ! p[d] ( ! oxymuriate is d\ble t ( ! nitrate1 or common p[d]4 ,m4 ,ruggi]i is ( op9ion1 t *lorate1 or hyp]oxymuriate ( potassa may be employ$ ) advantage 9 ! composition ( rockets1 b we h n he>d t x has be5 us$4 ,x is m p[]ful 9 its effects1 & probably = ?is reason he recomm5d$ x4 ,?is salt1 mix$ ) o!r sub/ances1 w produce ! gre5 fire ( ! palm-tree1 9 imitation ( ! ,russian fire4 ,*loric acid may be obta9$ 9 a sep>ate /ate1 by boil+ ! comp\nd solution =m$ by pass+ *lor9e gas ?r\gh a solution ( b>ytic e>?1 ) phosphate ( silv]1 :i* sep>ates ! muriatic acid4 ,by evaporation1 ! *lorate ( b>ytes w cry/allize 9 f9e rhomboidal prisms4 ,:5 ^! cry/als are dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & dilut$ sulphuric acid add$ by degrees1 an acid liquid w be obta9$1 :i*1 if ! sulphuric acid be add$ cauti\sly1 w be f\nd entirely free f ! latt] acid & b>ytes1 & n affect$ by nitrate ( silv]4 ,?is is ! *loric acid dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,*loric acid unites ) sundry bases4 ,comb9$ ) ammonia1 x =ms a fulm9at+ salt1 =m]ly describ$ by ,m4 ,*5evix4 ,?is salt is =m$1 by mix+ toge!r c>bonate ( ammonia1 & *lorate ( lime4 ,! c>bonate ( lime is !n sep>at$ by ! filt]1 & ! cle> liquid1 hold+ ! *lorate ( ammonia 9 solution1 is evaporat$4 ,*lorate ( ammonia is v soluble 9 wat] & alcohol1 & decompos$ by a mod]ate heat4 ,*lorates1 z ! *lorate ( potassa1 are =m$ m readily 9 ! mann] already /at$3 viz4 by saturat+ ! base ) *lor9e1 b 9 ?is case two salts are produc$1 ! *lorate & hydro*lorate4 ,*loric acid has also be5 obta9$ 9 a sep>ate /ate1 f *lorate ( potassa1 by a process recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,:eel]4 ,p]*loric acid1 compos$ ( sev5 primes ( oxyg5 & "o ( *lor9e1 is obta9$ f *lorate ( potassa1 treat$ 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,?ree p>ts ( sulphuric acid & "o ( *lorate ( potassa1 :5 heat$1 w give a sal9e mass1 consi/+ ( bisulphate ( potassa1 & p]*lorate ( potassa4 ,deutoxide ( *lor9e w be evolv$4 ,! p]*lorate detonates feebly :5 triturat$ ) sulphur4 ,sec4 ,,iv4 ,sulphur4 ,sulphur1 or brim/one1 is a pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 almo/ all ! compositions ( fire-works4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 be pure4 ,! fl[]s may be consid]$ ! pure/ k9d ( sulphur4 ,sulphur is f\nd native1 ei!r alone1 or accompany+ c]ta9 m9]als1 su* z gypsum1 rock-salt1 m>l1 & clay1 z 9 ,switz]l&1 ,pol&1 & ,sicily4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( salt-spr+s1 x is also f\nd2 & frequ5tly 9 wat]1 9 comb9ation ) hydrog51 =m+ ! natural hepatic wat]s4 ,x is also f\nd on ! surface ( ! e>?1 z 9 ,sib]ia4 ,volcanic sulphur1 or t :i* occurs 9 ! fissures & cavities ( lava1 ne> ! crat]s ( volcanoes1 is v common4 ,solfat]e1 ,sicily1 ! ,roman /ates1 ,guadal\pe1 & ,quito1 9 ! ,cordill]as1 are mo/ celebrat$ = native sulphur4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b 9 no quantity4 ,we h a numb] ( m9]al spr+s1 :i* deposite sulphur4 ,! ,clifton ,spr+s ( ,ont>io are ( ?is k9d4 ,x occurs abundantly1 9 comb9ation ) hydrog51 z sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,native sulphur is abundant 9 ! isl& ( ,java4 ,x is obta9$ f ! n[ almo/ ext9ct volcano1 ab\t sixty miles f ! t[n ( ,batavia4 ,at ! bottom ( ! crat]1 !re is said to lie _m hundr$ tons ( native sulphur4 ,silliman 7,j\rnal1 vol4 i1 p4 #eh7 obs]ves1 t x is 9 ! crat] ( ?is volcano1 t ! celebrat$ lake ( sulphuric acid exi/s1 & f :i* x fl[s d[n ! m\nta91 & ?r\gh ! c\ntry bel[1 a riv] ( ! same acid4 ,sulphur1 h[ev]1 is usually obta9$ f pyrites or metallic sulphurets1 by fusion & sublimation4 ,x is usually d5om9at$ by ! "n ( ! place :5ce x comes4 ,h5ce we h ! ,italian & ,sicilian sulphur2 ! crude1 ro*e1 or /one brim/one ( ,m>seilles1 c4 ,! quantity ( sulphur1 :i* may be obta9$ f ! gal5a1 or sulphuret ( lead1 by sublimation1 is consid]able4 ,tw5ty-five p] c5t is ! loss su/a9$ 9 ! r$uction ( ! lead ore1 :i* occurs s abundantly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,:5 g5]al1 ! !n lieut4 ,pike1 7,exp$itions1 c4 ,app5dix7 int]rogat$ ,mr4 ,dubuque 9 #ahje1 respect+ ! quantity ( lead obta9$ f ^? m9es1 a detail$ acc\nt ( :i* is giv5 by ,s*oolcraft1 he repli$ t ! m9]al w\ld yield sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ( lead1 & h5ce ! tw5ty-five p] c5t4 loss mu/ be ! sulphur1 toge!r ) any =eign matt] x may conta94 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,vauquel91 7,annales de ,*imie1 #ahaa7 to det]m9e ! quantity ( sulphur conta9$ 9 "s metallic sulphurets1 %[1 at once1 ! proportion :i* may be obta9$ f ^? comb9ations4 ,?us he f\nd1 t sulphuret ( copp] conta9s #ba4ca p] c5t ( sulphur2 sulphuret ( t91 #ad4a2 sulphuret ( lead1 #ac4gg2 sulphuret ( silv]1 #ab4gc2 sulphuret ( iron1 #bb2 sulphuret ( antimony1 #be2 sulphuret ( bismu?1 #ca4ge2 sulphuret ( manganese1 #gd4e2 & sulphuret ( ars5ic1 #dc4 ,( native or prismatic sulphur1 !re are two species1 ! common & volcanic4 ,! =m] is ( two k9ds1 ! compact & e>?y4 ,sulphur1 says ,hanway1 7,travels1 c47 is dug at ,baku on ! we/]n side ( ! ,caspian sea4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! celebrat$ naph?a spr+s1 "s ( :i* =m a m\? ( #h or #aj feet diamet]4 ,von ,humboldt 7,annales de ,museum ,national7 communicat$ to ! ,fr5* national in/itute1 t he discov]$1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,quito1 a b$ compos$ ( sulphur & qu>tz1 9 a m\nta9 ( mica slate1 & also sulphur 9 primitive porphyry4 ,kirwan 7,geological ,essays1 p4 #adc7 obs]ves1 t sulphur promotes decomposition1 by absorb+ oxyg51 :ile x is ?us conv]t$ into vitriolic acid2 b moi/ure is also requisite4 ,he attributes1 9 ! same mann]1 ! decomposition ( /ones t conta9 pyrites4 ,z ! sulphur1 :i* occurs 9 comm]ce1 is *iefly obta9$ f its native comb9ations1 x may be prop] to make "s brief rem>ks on ?is head4 ,sulphur 9 ! /ate ( comb9ation is abundantly met )1 & 9 all c\ntries4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! /ate ( sulphuric acid1 9 v>i\s salts1 z gypsum1 epsom salt1 native alum1 c42 & unit$ ) metals1 =m+ natural sulphurets1 z 9 sulphuret ( iron1 or iron pyrites1 sulphuret ( copp]1 or copp] pyrites1 sulphuret ( lead1 or pott]'s lead ore1 call$ also gal5a1 sulphuret ( antimony1 or crude antimony1 sulphuret ( z9c1 or bl5de1 sulphuret ( m]cury1 or c9nab>1 sulphuret ( ars5ic1 or orpim5t1 c4 ,9 fact1 x appe>s to be a g5]al m9]aliz]4 ,x is f\nd also 9 "s plants1 & 9 animal sub/ances4 ,)\t detail+ m9utely ! processes employ$ = extract+ sulphur f its comb9ations1 :i* may be se5 9 ,!n>d1 7,trait de ,*imie1 tome i1 p4 #ahd7 x w be suffici5t to obs]ve1 t1 9 g5]al1 pyrites1 bo? ( iron & copp]1 are arrang$ 9 alt]nate lay]s 9 ! =m ( a pyramid1 & ! roa/+ is cont9u$ = sev]al mon?s4 ,"p ( ! sulphur is consum$1 & "p is sublim$1 & is cond5s$ & collect$ 9 holl[s1 9 ! upp] "p ( ! pyramid1 :5ce x is remov$ sev]al times a day4 ,x is also obta9$ f pyrites1 by a k9d ( di/illation4 ,!y are r$uc$ to co>se p[d]1 & put into holl[ iron cyl9d]s1 or retorts1 :]e ! sulphur is dis5gag$ & melt$1 & !nce runs into vessels ( wat]4 ,?is process is employ$ 9 ,saxony1 :]e n9e hundr$ p\nds ( pyrites w yield "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( sulphur1 :i* is aft]w>ds purifi$4 ,:5 melt$ & ca/ into wood5 m\lds1 x =ms ! roll brim/one2 &1 by sublimation1 conduct$ 9 l>ge *amb]s1 z we %all aft]w>ds m5tion1 x is conv]t$ into ! fl[]s ( sulphur4 ,! residue ( ! sublimation is sulphur vivum1 :i* is also us$ 9 fire-works4 ,! roll brim/one is frequ5tly adult]at$4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,anglesea1 x is obta9$ by ! sublimation ( ! yell[ copp] ore4 ,! op]ation is conduct$ 9 kilns1 & ! sulphur is convey$ by means ( long horizontal flues1 & collect$ 9 l>ge *amb]s4 ,z ! ,unit$ ,/ates furni% an abundance ( m>tial pyrites1 & also gal5a1 sulphur might be manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & advantage\sly1 especially f gal5a1 :i* is v abundant 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,9 ! roa/+ ( ! ore1 all ! sulphur is n[ lo/1 tons ( :i* might be collect$4 ,= ! purpose ( gunp[d]1 ! pur] ! sulphur1 ! bett] w be ! p[d]2 h5ce att5tion is always paid to ?is circum/ance4 ,m4 ,mi*el1 "o ( ! pr9cipal ref9]s ( sulphur at ,m>seilles1 has improv$ ! process = purify+ sulphur = ! purpose ( gunp[d]4 ,m4 ,libaw1 connect$ likewise ) ! ,fr5* national p[d] e/abli%m5t1 has furni%$ a v useful & important memoir on ! same subject4 ,two me?ods are propos$ = ! ref9+ ( sulphur1 :i* we w briefly /ate1 namely1 fusion1 & sublimation4 ,! fir/ is conduct$ 9 iron pots fix$ 9 a furnace2 & ! sulphur1 be=e x is ?r[n 91 is beat5 into small pieces ) a mallet4 ,?is facilitates ! fusion1 & r5d]s x m uni=m4 ,small portions at a "t are ?r[n into ! boil]1 & /irr$ frequ5tly ) a wood5 spatula4 ,?is manipulation ought to be cont9u$ till ! boil] is fill$4 ,! heat mu/ be regulat$ s z n to inflame1 or sublime ! sulphur4 ,! sulphur ( comm]ce is commonly ( ?ree diff]5t col\rs1 viz3 citron-yell[1 deep yell[1 & br[ni%-yell[4 ,^! col\rs dep5d on ! diff]5t degrees ( heat to :i* ! sulphur 0 expos$1 9 its extraction4 ,! op]ation ( ref9+ consi/s 9 conduct+ ! fire 9 su* a mann]1 z t ! col\r ( ! sulphur w assume a brilliant yell[1 bord]+ on a gre54 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 to produce ?is effect1 op]ate on ! sulphur accord+ to its col\r4 ,= ! gre5 sulphur1 z little heat has be5 us$ = its extraction1 ! fire may be left "u ! boil] until !re is no m left to melt ?an ! top4 ,! sulphur ( ! yell[ col\r may be kept long] on ! fire1 :i* may be remov$ :5 ! mass is melt$ ?ree-f\r?s4 ,! sulphur ( a br[n col\r1 be+ already mu* burnt1 may be remov$ :5 ! mass is melt$ "o-half4 ,if x is requir$ to op]ate on all ! v>ieties at ! same "t1 9 ord] to produce sulphur ( a uni=m col\r1 9 t case we mu/ fill ! boil] "o-half ) ! gre5 sulphur1 "o-f\r? ) ! yell[1 & ! rema9d] ) ! br[n1 & remov+ ! fire :5 ! yell[ is almo/ :olly melt$4 ,! boil] is !n cov]$ ) a lid4 ,! fusion is complet$ by ! heat ( ! mass4 ,! light bodies !n raise !mselves to ! surface1 =m+ a black scum1 :i* is remov$1 & ! heavy bodies fall to ! bottom4 ,! boil] rema9s = f\r or five h\rs1 uncov]+ x f "t to "t to take (f ! scum4 ,! fluid "p is remov$1 & is suff]$ to congeal1 tak+ c>e n to di/urb ! deposite4 ,! second process ( ref9+ is by sublimation4 ,?is op]ation consi/s 9 sublim+ x 9 a close app>atus1 :i* 9 sulphur ref9]ies are boil]s plac$ 9 brick "w1 & furni%$ ) heads4 ,^! heads communicate by a pipe ) a vault$ *amb]1 plac$ at "s di/ance f ! furnace4 ,! *amb] s]ves to collect ! sulphur4 ,!re is usually a /one slab fix$ betwe5 ! *amb] & ! head4 ,! *amb] is furni%$ ) "o or two iron-plate valves4 ,!re is an op5+ 9 ! head ( ea* boil]1 9 ord] to r5ew ! sulphur3 x is clos$ v tight by a plate ( iron4 ,!re is an op5+ also 9 ! *amb]1 to admit a p]son1 :i* is clos$ likewise by an iron plate4 ,! heads are lut$ be=e ! process is comm5c$4 ,by ?is process ! sulphur is ref9$2 = ! pure "p is sublim$1 & ! =eign sub/ances rema9 9 ! pots4 ,! product ?us obta9$ is ! ord9>y fl[]s ( sulphur4 ,if ! heat be mod]ate1 ! sublimation is m p]fect4 ,x is necess>y at ! same "t t ! temp]ature ( ! *amb] %\ld be l[1 o!rwise ! sulphur w melt1 :i* frequ5tly takes place4 ,co>se p>ticles are sep>at$ f ! fl\r1 %\ld !y occur1 by a sieve4 ,dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! process1 !re is =m$ "s sulphur\s acid gas1 :i* is n produc$ aft] ! vap\r ( sulphur =ms ! atmosph]e 9 ! head4 ,?is is kn[n to exi/1 by ! acid ta/e ( ! sulphur1 & its black col\r4 ,detonation v frequ5tly takes place1 & sulphur\s acid gas is produc$4 ,9 ! sublimation ( brim/one1 ab\t t5 to elev5 p] c5t4 is ! usual total loss1 ( :i* six or sev5 p] c5t4 is residue4 ,! acid may be sep>at$ f ! sulphur by wa%+ x 9 wat]1 & aft]w>ds dry+ x4 ,x is !n call$ ! wa%$ fl[]s ( sulphur4 7,see ,trait de l',art de ,fabriqu] la ,p\dre ,canon1 p4 #aec47 by ,,mm4 ,botte & ,riffault1 = a m9ute description ( ?is process4 ,sulphur und]goes no *ange by exposure to ! air4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]4 ,x breaks 9 ! h& ) a crackl+ noise4 ,at #agj degrees x beg9s to evaporate1 & :5 collect$ x is call$ sublim$1 or fl[]s ( sulphur4 ,x melts at #bah degrees4 ,:5 melt$ & p\r$ into wat]1 x =ms ! sulphurs = tak+ ! impression ( co91 c4 ,if melt$1 & cool$ sl[ly1 x w cry/allize 9 ! =m ( ne$les4 ,x is soluble 9 diff]5t degrees 9 alcohol1 e!r1 & oils4 ,:5 sulphur is burnt v sl[ly 9 ! op5 air1 x unites ) oxyg5 & =ms sulphur\s acid4 ,?is acid is us$ 9 blea*+4 ,:5 mix$ ) nitre1 & burnt 9 lead5 *amb]s1 x =ms sulphuric acid1 or oil ( vitriol1 by :i* process x comb9es ) a l>g] quantity ( oxyg54 ,!re is ano!r comp\nd call$ hyposulphur\s acid1 all ! salts ( :i* are inflammable & burn ) a blue flame4 ,sulphur unites ) ! alkalies1 e>?s1 & metals4 ,if ! alkal9e sulphurets be dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & an acid add$1 ! sulphur w precipitate ( a :ite col\r1 kn[n by ! "n ( milk ( sulphur4 ,x is consid]$ by "s a hydrate ( sulphur4 ,! same prep>ation is made by sublim+ sulphur 9 a vessel conta9+ ! vap\r ( wat]4 ,sulphur unites ) *lor9e & iod9e1 =m+ *lorides1 & iodides4 ,) hydrog51 x =ms ! sulphurett$ hydrog51 or hepatic gas1 call$ also ! hydro?ionic & hydrosulphuric acid2 ) c>bon1 ! sulphuret ( c>bon2 & ) nitre & *>coal1 9 ! /ate ( mixture1 x con/itutes gunp[d]4 ,! motionless ignes fatui ( ,italy1 :i* are se5 nightly on ! same spot1 are attribut$ to ! sl[ combu/ion ( sulphur1 emitt$ ?r\gh clefts & ap]tures 9 ! soil ( t volcanic c\ntry2 b ! ,w-)-!-,wisp1 :i* moves 9 undulations1 ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 9 swampy situations1 & :]e ! putrefactive process is go+ on1 orig9ates 9 all probability f decay+ vegetable & o!r matt]s1 & ! extrication ( phosphorus4 ,x is kn[n t ! acid ( phosphorus is f\nd 9 plants1 & especially ^? t gr[ 9 m>%y places1 9 turf1 & sev]al species ( ! :ite woods4 ,meal+ ( ,brim/one4 ,:at is t]m$ ! meal+ ( sulphur by fire-work]s1 is no o!r ?an r$uc+ x1 if x be ! roll1 to p[d]4 ,l>ge mort>s & pe/les made ( ebony1 & o!r h>d wood1 & horizontal mills ) brass :eels are us$4 ,! meal+ table is us$ by artific]s4 ,x is g5]ally made ( elm1 ) a rim ar\nd its edge f\r or five in*es high4 ,"o end is n>r[1 & furni%$ ) a slid] t runs 9 a groove1 & =ms "p ( ! rim4 ,aft] us+ z mu* ( ! p[d]$ brim/one z is requir$1 copp] %ovels be+ employ$1 ! re/ may be swept out at ! slid]4 ,?is table is also us$ = ! meal+ ( gunp[d] & saltpetre4 ,! mull] is g5]ally made ( ebony4 ,aft] r$uc+ x to p[d]1 x is !n pass$ ?r\gh a lawn sieve1 furni%$ ) a cov]4 ,z brim/one is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) diff]5t sub/ances1 x may be ( importance to discov] ! fraud4 ,we may rem>k1 t1 if x is pure1 x w be tak5 up entirely by *lor9e gas1 or by us+ a solution ( cau/ic potassa4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 _c be dep5d$ on 9 all cases4 ,b ! be/ mode1 is t ( melt+ "s ( x 9 a ladle2 if any residue rema9s1 aft] ! fumes h ceas$1 ! pres5ce ( =eign sub/ances may be inf]r$1 = pure sulphur w sublime )\t leav+ any residue4 ,x is n unfrequ5tly adult]at$ ) common fl\r4 ,!re is ano!r mode ( det]m9+ ! quality ( sulphur1 ,x %\ld1 if pure1 be completely soluble 9 boil+ oil ( turp5t9e4 ,if any residue rema91 we may inf] ! pres5ce ( =eign sub/ances1 ei!r vegetable1 e>?y1 or metallic4 ,x is obvi\s1 t if ! brim/one is impure1 ! effect ( x 9 fire-works w be imp]fect4 ,fl[]s ( sulphur1 h[ev]1 may be almo/ always dep5d$ on4 ,9 all artificial fire1 9 :i* sulphur =ms a "p1 ! flame is m cle>1 z ! sulphur is pure4 ,sev]al modes are recomm5d$ = ! sep>ation ( sulphur f *>coal1 9 gunp[d]1 :i* may be se5 by ref]r+ to ! analysis1 or *emical exam9ation ( gunp[d]4 ,sulphur con/itutes "o ( ! +r$i5ts1 g5]ally speak+1 ( inc5di>y compositions1 us$ = milit>y purposes1 &1 9 su* cases1 is usually mix$ ) pit*1 t>1 saltpetre1 & sometimes gunp[d]4 ,x is said to be "o ( ! sub/ances1 :i* ent]$ into ! composition ( ! anci5t & celebrat$ ,greek fire2 b ! pr9cipal "* ( :i*1 t ( burn+ 9 wat]1 0 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( camphor4 ,?is sub/ance1 associat$ ) sulphur1 pit*1 & nitre1 =ms "o ( ! mo/ effective inc5di>ies ( all milit>y fire-works4 ,= su* purposes1 x is h>dly necess>y to add1 t ! common roll brim/one is suffici5tly pure4 ,z to ! mode ( prep>+ ^! works1 ! cu/om is to melt ! res9\s sub/ances fir/1 !n to add ! sulphur1 & f9ally ! saltpetre2 & aft] ! :ole are melt$ & ?or\ghly mix$1 to remove ! pot f ! fire1 & add gradually ! gunp[d]4 ,if a c>cass is to be made1 t[ or hemp1 or untwi/$ rope1 is imm]s$ 9 ! composition :ile hot1 & tak5 out & =m$ into a ball ( ! size requir$4 ,rope1 treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 ) ! same composition1 w make a m active t\rteaux ?an ! common k9d4 7,see ,c>cass & ,t\rteaux47 ,all oils1 :e!r express$ or ess5tial1 c dissolve sulphur4 ,to make ?is solution1 ! oil mu/ be p\r$ on ! sulphur1 & suffici5t heat appli$ to melt ! sub/ance4 ,:ile ! oil dissolves ! sulphur1 x acquires a r$di% or br[n col\r1 an acrid1 disagreeable ta/e1 & a /rong fetid smell1 some:at hepatic1 resembl+ t ( oil ) sulphuric acid4 ,sec4 ,v4 ,( ,phosphorus4 ,we m5tion ?is sub/ance1 because x is us$ 9 "s exp]im5ts1 al?\gh n 9 ext5sive fire-works4 ,x is a v inflammable sub/ance1 inflam+ ei!r by friction1 or an increase ( temp]ature4 ,x produces a mo/ brilliant fire1 & :5 mix$ ) "s sub/ances1 exhibits v pleas+ ph5om5a4 ,x usually comes to u 9 /icks1 :i* mu/ be con/antly kept 9 wat] to prev5t its inflammation4 ,phosphoric mat*es1 phosphoric fire-bottles1 c4 are made ( x4 ,^! are made 9 v>i\s ways4 ,phosphorus & sulphur melt$ toge!r 9 a small phial1 =ms ! fire-bottle1 or "s add a portion ( lime4 ,a sulphur-mat* dipp$ 9 ?is mixture & g5tly rubb$1 imm$iately inflames4 ,!y d n la/ any "t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! acidification ( ! phosphorus4 ,phosphoric tap]s are usually made ) a glass tube1 on ! break+ ( :i*1 x inflames4 ,:5 rubb$ ^u a wall 9 a d>k room1 x appe>s v lum9\s4 ,dissolv$ 9 e!r1 & p\r$ ^u boil+ wat] 9 ! d>k1 ! vap\r z x asc5ds appe>s rem>kably lum9\s1 & has a pleas+ effect4 ,dissolv$ 9 oil1 z olive-oil1 x =ms ! phosphoriz$ oil1 :i* may be rubb$ on ! face & h&s )\t injury4 ,?is oil has ! same appe>ance 9 ! d>k4 ,! "t ( night may be kn[n by ! light x produces4 ,:5 mix$ ) nitrate ( silv]1 sulphuret ( antimony1 sulphur1 *lorate ( potassa1 c4 & /ruck ) a hamm]1 x produces an explosion m or less l\d4 ,a v>iety ( explosive comp\nds may be made ) x1 b !y mu/ be us$ ) great c>e4 ,:5 comb9$ ) hydrog51 x inflames spontane\sly :5 br\ght 9 contact ) atmosph]ic air4 ,x inflames also 9 *lor9e gas4 ,x is suppos$ to be ! cause ( ! ignes fatui1 or ,w-)-!-,wisp4 ,! =mation ( phosphorett$ hydrog5 gas may be %[n 9 a v>iety ( ways1 z ! foll[+3 ?r[ "s pieces ( phosphuret ( lime into wat]1 & bubbles ( gas w rise1 :i* w take fire on com+ to ! air2 or1 put into a flask "s phosphorus1 iron or z9c fil+s1 wat]1 & sulphuric acid1 & ! gas w be g5]at$2 or1 introduce into a small retort1 a solution ( potassa1 & a piece or two ( phosphorus1 & apply heat1 imm]s+ ! beak ( ! retort 9 a bas9 ( wat]1 ! gas w pass ov]1 & inflame z x comes to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,9 all ^! exp]im5ts1 ! wat] is decompos$2 its oxyg5 goes to a "p ( ! phosphorus 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t1 & ! hydrog5 ( ! wat] !n unites ) ano!r portion ( phosphorus1 :i* is !n evolv$2 9 ! second exp]im5t1 ! oxyg5 oxidizes ! metal1 & ! hydrog5 dissolves a "p ( ! phosphorus2 & 9 ! ?ird exp]im5t1 ! phosphorus unites ) ! potassa1 =m+ a phosphuret1 :i* decomposes ! wat]1 ! hydrog5 ( :i* passes (f 9 comb9ation ) "s ( ! phosphorus1 =m+ ! phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,! cause ( ! spontane\s combu/ion is1 t ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e unites ) ! hydrog5 & ! phosphorus1 & =ms wat] & phosphoric acid2 ! latt] produc+ a beautiful corona z x rises 9 ! air4 ,! heat & light giv5 out proce$s z well f ! oxyg5 gas1 z f ! phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,:5 saturat$ ) oxyg51 x is no long] inflammable4 ,!re are "s o!r exp]im5ts :i* c be made ) ?is s+ul> sub/ance4 ,x 0 =m]ly obta9$ f ur9e1 z t fluid conta9s "s phosphoric salts4 ,x is n[ prep>$ f bones4 ,^! are burnt to an a%1 & dilut$ sulphuric acid is p\r$ on x2 ! phosphoric acid x conta9s is !n dis5gag$1 & rema9s 9 ! fluid4 ,! sulphate ( lime is !n sep>at$1 ! fluid boil$ to dryness1 & ! dry mass is mix$ ) *>coal1 & di/ill$ 9 ! op5 fire4 ,! phosphoric p5cil1 = writ+ on a wall1 pap]1 c4 to be lum9\s 9 ! d>k1 is no?+ m ?an a bit ( phosphorus put into a quill4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 wat]1 & :5 us$1 frequ5tly dipp$ 9 wat]1 to prev5t its tak+ fire4 ,! phosphoric /one ( ,m4 ,bu*olz1 describ$ 9 ! ,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 ii1 p4 #aji1 is a phosphuret ( magnesia1 prep>$ by melt+ ?irty gra9s ( phosphorus 9 a small flask1 & add+ tw5ty or ?irty gra9s ( calc9$ magnesia4 ,al?\gh ?is process is giv5 by ,bu*olz1 yet1 z x is difficult to prev5t ! inflammation ( ! phosphorus1 ! be/ mode w\ld be to br+ ! vap\r ( phosphorus 9 contact ) magnesia1 9 ! same mann] z 9 prep>+ phosphuret ( lime4 ,! pyrophorus ( ,wurz] is no?+ ?an a phosphuret ( lime4 ,x is prep>$ by tak+ two p>ts ( pulv]iz$ quicklime1 & "o "p ( phosphorus2 introduc+ !m into a bottle1 & cov]+ x ) ?ree p>ts ( quicklime1 leav+ "o-?ird ( ! bottle empty2 !n putt+ ! bottle into a crucible surr\nd$ ) s&1 previ\sly /opp+ ! m\? ) clay1 & apply+ heat4 ,remove ! phial :5 ! phosphorus appe>s to sublime ( a r$ col\r4 ,:5 ! bottle is op5$ x becomes lum9\s1 & br\ght out x inflames4 ,phosphorus 9 ! /ate ( acidification1 & unit$ ) lime1 is f\nd 9 abundance4 ,:ole m\nta9s 9 ! prov9ce ( ,e/remadura 9 ,spa91 are said to be compos$ ( ?is comb9ation4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,b[les1 ?is /one is :iti% & ta/eless1 & af=ds a blue flame )\t smell :5 ?r[n ^u burn+ coals4 ,mr4 ,pr\/ obs]ves1 t x is a d5se /one1 n h>d en\gh to /rike fire ) /eel1 & is f\nd 9 /rata1 :i* always lie horizontally ^u qu>tz1 & :i* are int]sect$ ) ve9s ( qu>tz4 ,he adds1 t x does n decrepitate on burn+ coals1 b burns ) a beautiful gre5 light4 ,?is /one is ! common phosphorite4 ,x conta9s1 accord+ to ,klapro?1 #cb4be p] c5t4 ( phosphoric acid4 ,sev]al sub/ances are kn[n "u ! "n ( phosphorus1 al?\gh !y d n conta9 x1 su* z ,baldw9's phosphorus1 or ignit$ muriate ( lime1 ,canton's phosphorus1 or oy/]-%ells calc9$ ) lime1 & ,bologna phosphorus1 or calc9$ sulphate ( b>ytes4 ,sec4 ,,vi4 ,( ,*>coal4 ,*>coal p]=ms an important "p 9 all ! v>i\s k9ds ( fire-works4 ,! facility ) :i* x decomposes nitric acid1 :5 x is comb9$ ) salifiable bases1 z ) potassa 9 saltpetre1 & its action 9 all cases :]e9 nitre is conc]n$1 are suffici5t examples ( its effect4 ,pure c>bon is ! diamond4 ,x af=ds by combu/ion 9 oxyg5 gas1 ! same gas z common *>coal1 :5 *>coal is burnt 9 oxyg51 or 9 atmosph]ic air4 ,?is gas is c>bonic acid1 or fix$ air4 ,*>coal has be5 consid]$ a long "t an oxide ( c>bon1 & accord+ to "s1 z ,b]?ollet1 a comp\nd ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,*>coal is insoluble 9 wat]4 ,x is n affect$ by ! mo/ viol5t heat1 if conf9$ 9 close vessels4 ,x is an excell5t conductor ( electricity1 b a bad conductor ( heat4 ,x is v inde/ructible2 &1 !re=e1 :5 wood is *>r$1 x w rema9 a long "t "u gr\nd )\t rott+4 ,z an antiseptic1 x is p[]ful4 ,x w !re=e prev5t ! putrefaction ( bodies1 & ev5 recov] ta9t$ meat4 ,z a pres]vative ( wat]1 = sea-voyages1 x has be5 long kn[n4 ,! *>r+ ( wat] casks is design$ = ! same purpose4 ,! quality ( w9e is said to be improv$ by hav+ ! casks previ\sly *>r$4 ,x possesses ! prop]ty ( absorb+ gases1 & to ?is prop]ty is ascrib$ its use z an antiseptic1 & its dis9fect+ quality4 ,to ! di/ill] x is useful1 z x de/roys effectually ! burnt or empyreumatic smell ( liquor4 ,:5 heat$ to eight hundr$ degrees 9 ! op5 air1 x burns4 ,9 oxyg5 gas ! combu/ion is brilliant1 =m+ 9 bo? in/ances c>bonic acid gas1 call$ also a]ial acid1 fix$ air1 mephitic air1 & calc>e\s acid4 ,?is acid is =m$ 9 a v>iety ( processes1 & is c>bon saturat$ ) oxyg54 ,c>bon exi/s 9 v>i\s /ates ( comb9ation1 & _m ( ! comp\nds into :i* x ent]s are inflammable2 h5ce c>bonic acid is g5]at$ 9 ! combu/ion ( coal1 oils1 fat1 c4 ,9 ! =m ( an acid1 x is abundant 9 v>i\s /ones1 su* z ! calc>e\s c>bonates1 z *alk1 m>ble1 lime/one1 & calc>e\s sp>1 b>olite1 c4 all :i* eff]vesce ) acids1 ! c>bonic acid be+ lib]at$4 ,:5 lime/one is burnt1 to obta9 quicklime1 ! c>bonic acid is dis5gag$1 = ! pres5ce ( ?is acid di/+ui%es lime/one f pure lime4 ,c>bonic acid is g5]at$ 9 v>i\s processes ( nature z well z art4 ,h5ce x is produc$ 9 ! respiration ( animals1 & is f\nd 9 a gase\s /ate 9 wells1 cell>s1 cav]ns1 c4 ,x nei!r supports animal life1 nor combu/ion4 ,9 m9es x is call$ *oke damp2 & ! ,grotto del ,cani1 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples1 has be5 long celebrat$1 on acc\nt ( x4 ,?is cave is 9 ! side ( a m\nta91 ne> ! lake ,agnano1 measur+ n m ?an eighte5 feet f its entrance to ! inn] extremity2 :]e if a dog or o!r animal t holds d[n its head be ?ru/1 x is kill$ by ! gas4 ,"s exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ?is cave ) gunp[d]1 :i* see4 ,c>bonic acid1 dur+ ! =mation ( alcohol1 9 ! v9\s f]m5tation1 is g5]at$1 & its production appe>s to be design$ by nature to c>ry (f ! excess ( c>bon1 :i* gives rise to t ph5om5on call$ f]m5tation4 ,:5 comb9$ ) wat]1 x =ms a]at$ wat]1 & ) alkalies & wat]1 ! a]at$ alkal9e wat]s4 ,its union ) bases =ms salts call$ c>bonates4 ,plants h ! prop]ty ( decompos+ x1 & 9 ?is respect nature has employ$ a mean ( reg5]at+ ! atmosph]e1 on ! purity ( :i* dep5ds1 9 an em95t degree1 ! v exi/5ce ( animal life4 ,! prime equival5t ( c>bonic acid is #b4ge1 & c>bonic acid is compos$ ( c>bon #j4ge #b4j oxyg54 ,c>bonic acid may be decompos$ :5 comb9$ ) a base1 z lime1 by phosphorus & heat1 = *>coal & a phosphate ( lime w be produc$4 ,b c>bonic acid 9 ! /ate ( gas may be decompos$ by potassium4 ,five gra9s ( potassium w decompose ?ree cubic in*es ( gas1 & be conv]t$ into potassa1 produc+ at ! same "t ?ree-eigh?s ( a gra9 ( *>coal4 ,if pass$ ov] a coil ( f9e iron wire heat$ to r$ness1 9 a porcela9 tube1 & ! op]ation repeat$1 ! iron w be oxidiz$1 & ! c>bonic acid *ang$ into c>bonic oxide gas4 ,*>coal w n burn 9 dry *lor9e4 ,x unites ) a less proportion ( oxyg51 & =ms c>bonic oxide gas1 :i* burns ) a deep blue flame4 ,?is comb9ation is =m$ by di/ill+ 9 a r$ heat1 a mixture ( equal p>ts ( iron fil+s & *alk4 ,?is gas mix$ ) *lor9e gas1 & expos$ to ! sun's rays1 w unite ) x1 & =m *loroc>bonic acid gas4 ,c>bon unites ) azote1 & =ms cyanog51 ! base ( ,prussic acid4 ,x unites likewise ) hydrog5 9 two proportions1 =m+ ! hydroguret & ! bihydroguret ( c>bon1 bo? ( :i* are c>burett$ hydrog5 gases4 ,! =m] is obta9$ by di/ill+ a mixture ( f\r p>ts ( sulphuric acid1 & "o ( alcohol4 ,! gas is v inflammable1 & burns ) great spl5d\r2 & on t acc\nt may be us$ = exhibition1 9 an app>atus simil> to t ( ,c>twright4 7,see ,fire-works ) ,inflammable air47 ,x 0 call$ by ! ,g]man *emi/s olefiant gas4 ,! o!r species1 call$ also ! light c>burett$ hydrog5 gas1 may be obta9$ by agitat+ ! mud at ! bottom ( /agnant pools2 & by ! di/illation ( moi/ *>coal1 wood1 pitcoal1 pit*1 or almo/ any animal or vegetable sub/ance4 ,! gas1 us$ = gas-lights1 is ! same4 ,x is usually obta9$ f pit coal4 ,we may m]ely obs]ve1 t ! gas us$ = t purpose1 i4 e4 = illum9at+ /reets1 !atres1 manufactures1 c4 z obta9$ 9 ! common me?od1 is n altoge!r ! bihydroguret ( c>bon2 b1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,h5ry1 a mixture ( t gas ) ! hydroguret1 & occasionally c>bonic oxide4 ,c>bon ent]s into o!r comb9ations4 ,x exi/s z a compon5t "p ( gums1 res9s1 sug>-/>*1 & o!r vegetable products1 z ! vegetable acids1 its union ) iron =ms /eel1 a sub/ance greatly us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( "s fire-works1 especially 9 "s ( ! ra9s & />s1 & 9 ! composition ( brilliant fire4 7,see ,iron47 ,z *>coal ent]s into ! composition ( gunp[d]1 & ! effective =ce ( p[d] dep5ds consid]ably on ! quality1 z well z ! proportion ( *>coal1 x is obvi\s = ?is purpose1 x %\ld be z pure z possible4 ,c>bon is always obta9$ f "s ( its comb9ations1 z f pit*1 t>1 ros91 wood1 & oil4 ,v>i\s processes are employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,?us1 by ! combu/ion ( ros9 & oil1 z well z pit*1 t>1 turp5t9e1 c4 a soot is =m$ t collects1 call$ lampblack1 :i* is no?+ m ?an ! c>bon or *>coal4 ,:5 pit-coal is *>r$ 9 an ov51 call$ a coke ov51 all ! bitum5 & sulphur conta9$ 9 x are dis5gag$1 & a *>coal rema9s1 call$1 h[ev]1 coke4 ,wood1 :5 *>r$ is decompos$2 all ! volatile p>ts are dis5gag$ ) c>burett$ hydrog5 gas1 & ! woody fibre is conv]t$ into coal4 ,?is coal is m or less d5se accord+ to ! compactness ( ! wood4 ,h>d woods furni% ! mo/ solid coal1 & light woods on ! contr>y4 ,:5 ! solid p>ts ( animals1 z bone1 are *>r$1 ! volatile products1 pr9cipally ammonia or volatile alkali1 are dissipat$1 & !re rema9s a sub/ance call$ bone-black1 improp]ly call$1 ivory black4 ,! c>bonization ( wood 9 ! common way is well kn[n3 aft] x is cut to ! l5g?s requir$1 x is pil$ on ! gr\nd 9 a pyramidal =m1 & cov]$ ) sod & clay1 leav+ a place = ! curr5t ( air1 & ! smoke4 ,! wood is !n set on fire1 & :5 ! :ole is burnt to a coal ! v5ts1 c4 are clos$ ) sod & clay4 ,ni*olson 7,*emical ,diction>y7 obs]ves1 t 9 ! =e/ ( ,b5on1 ne> ,ro*elle1 great att5tion is paid to ! manufacture1 s t ! *>coal made !re fet*es tw5ty-five or ?irty p] c5t4 m ?an any o!r4 ,! wood is t ( ! black oak4 ,x is tak5 f t5 to fifte5 ye>s old1 ! trunk z well z ! bran*es1 cut into billets ab\t f\r feet long1 & n split4 ,! l>ge/ pieces1 h[ev]1 seldom exce$ six or sev5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! end t re/s on ! gr\nd is cut a little slop+1 s z to t\* x m]ely ) an edge1 & !y are pil$ ne>ly upright1 b nev] 9 m ?an "o /ory4 ,! wood is cov]$ all ov] ab\t f\r in*es ?ick ) dry grass or f]n1 be=e x is enclos$ 9 ! usual mann] ) clay2 & :5 ! wood is *>r$1 half a b>rel ( wat] is ?r[n ov] ! pile1 & e>? to ! ?ickness ( five or six in*es is ?r[n on1 aft] :i* x is left f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs to cool4 ,! wood is always us$ 9 ! ye> 9 :i* x is cut4 ,turf or peat has be5 *>r$ lately 9 ,france1 x is said1 by a peculi> process1 &1 accord+ to ! acc\nt giv5 9 ,sonn9i's ,j\rnal1 is sup]ior to wood = ?is purpose4 ,*>coal ( turf k9dles sl[] ?an t ( wood1 b emits m flame1 & burns long]4 ,x boil$ a giv5 quantity ( wat] f\r times1 :ile an equal weight ( wood *>coal boil$ ! same quantity b once4 ,9 a goldsmi?'s furnace1 x fus$ elev5 ounces ( gold 9 eight m9utes1 :ile wood *>coal requir$ sixte54 ,! malleability ( ! gold1 too1 0 pres]v$ 9 ! =m] in/ance1 b n 9 ! latt]4 ,iron heat$ r$-hot by x1 9 a =ge1 0 r5d]$ m malleable4 ,9 *>r+ wood x has be5 conjectur$1 t a portion ( x is sometimes conv]t$ into a pyrophorus1 & t ! explosions t happ5 9 p[d]-mills are sometimes ow+ to ?is4 ,b>?oldi supposes1 t su* explosions are ow+ to ! =mation ( phosphorett$ hydrog5 gas1 :ile o!rs attribute !m to ! absorption ( oxyg51 by ! hydrog5 conta9$ 9 ! coal1 & ! consequ5t evolution ( free caloric4 ,p]cussion1 :i* necess>ily takes place 9 mix+ ! mat]ials ( gunp[d] by /amp]s1 no d\bt accel]ates ! combu/ion4 ,! addition ( wat]1 & hav+ ! *>coal previ\sly pulv]iz$1 w prev5t su* accid5ts4 7,see ,gunp[d]47 ,coal prep>$ 9 ! mann] above /at$1 is liable to _m =eign admixtures1 nor c ! process be s well regulat$ z to produce coal ( a uni=m quality ?r\gh\t4 ,! pres5t improv$ process has _m advantages1 z exp]i5ce has prov$4 ,x consi/s 9 *>r+ ! wood 9 conf9$ vessels1 made ( iron4 ,^! are usually cyl9drical1 furni%$ ) an iron cov]1 & plac$ 9 furnaces4 ,! pyroacetic1 =m]ly call$ ! pyroligne\s1 acid1 :i* is =m$ 9 ! de/ructive di/illation ( wood1 is caught = use4 ,?is acid is useful to ! calico pr9t]1 dy]1 c4 9 mak+ _! iron liquor1 & :5 purifi$1 is employ$ 9 ,europe 9 ! place ( v9eg>1 z x is m pung5t1 & highly conc5trat$4 ,:5 p9e & v>i\s k9ds ( wood1 :i* yield turp5t9e1 are c>boniz$1 we obta9 t> dur+ ! process4 ,*aptal in=ms u1 t t> is obta9$ f ! wood ( ! trunk1 bran*es1 & roots ( ! p9e1 :i* are heap$ toge!r1 cov]$ ) turf1 & set on fire to produce a close combu/ion1 9 ! same mann] z = mak+ *>coal4 ,! oily p>ts :i* are dis5gag$1 trickle d[n1 & are receiv$ 9 a gutt]1 :i* s]ves to convey !m to a tub4 ,! mo/ fluid "p is sold "u ! "n ( huile de cade2 & ! ?ick] "p is ! t> us$ = pay+ or pa9t+ ! p>ts ( %ipp+ & o!r vessels4 ,accord+ to ! wood submitt$ to ! process ( *>r+1 ! products are1 m or less1 v>i\s2 b 9 all cases x is only ! solid "p1 or ligne\s fibre1 t furni%es ! coal4 ,by ! ord9>y process we obta9 sundry volatile products1 among :i* are pyroacetic acid & c>burett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,:5 wood is c>boniz$ 9 ! usual mann]1 x yields f #af to #ag p>ts ( *>coal 9 ! hundr$2 b :5 ! op]ation is conduct$ 9 close vessels1 ! product is #bh p] c5t4 a sav+ ( elev5 or twelve p] c5t4 ,by ?is diff]5ce 9 ! quantity1 x appe>s t elev5 or twelve p] c5t4 is burnt 9 ! common process4 ,m4 ,moll]at 0 ! fir/ :o tri$ ! exp]im5t ) iron cyl9d]s4 ,m4 ,vauquel9 7,annales de ,*imie1 tome lxvi1 p4 #agd7 has giv5 "s obs]vations on ! c>bonization ( wood 9 close vessels1 pr$icat$ on a ,memoir ( ,m4 ,moll]at2 bo? ( :i* are int]e/+4 ,! app>atus us$ by ,m4 ,moll]at is describ$ by ,!n>d1 7,trait de ,*imie1 iii1 p4 #cgc17 to be compos$ ( two p>ts1 viz3 a furnace ) a moveable dome1 & a cyl9drical kettle1 or vessel ( iron suffici5tly l>ge to conta9 a cord ( wood4 ,x is furni%$ ) a cov] & pipe4 ,! pyroacetic acid is collect$4 ,small] cyl9d]s are pref]r$1 because ! wood is ignit$ m readily & ! *>coal is m ( a uni=m quality4 ,f #ajj p>ts ( ! foll[+ nam$ woods1 ,messrs4 ,all5 & ,pepys 7,phil4 ,trans4 #ahjg7 obta9$ ! foll[+ proportional p>ts ( *>coal3 ,bee* #ae4jj ,mahogany #ae4ge ,lignum ,vit #ag4be ,oak #ag4dj ,fir #ah4ag ,box #bj4be ,see also ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,mu%et1 9 ! ?ird volume ( ,tillo*'s ,magaz9e4 ,x appe>s by ! ,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 #ff1 & ! ,retrospect ( ,discov]ies1 vol4 vi1 p4 #ajj1 t ?ree bro!rs h e/abli%$ at ,pell]ey1 ne> ,nuits1 ,cote d',or1 a manufactory on a l>ge scale1 = mak+ *>coal 9 close vessels4 ,! quantity ( *>coal !y obta9$ is d\ble t by ! usual mode1 :ile x requires only "o-eigh? "p ( wood to be consum$ 9 ! di/illation2 x is also bett] ?an ! common1 z a giv5 quantity evaporates "o-t5? m wat] ?an ! o!r2 h5ce iron ma/]s may obta9 twice z mu* iron f ! use ( a giv5 quantity ( wood2 & 9 addition to ?is1 !re is also prep>$ a numb] ( o!r articles1 ( ea* ( :i* 9 ord]4 #cej kilogrammes 7#gjj lbs47 ( wood1 yield #be or #cj ( t>1 :i* reta9s s mu* acid t x is soluble 9 wat]2 b :5 x is wa%$1 & r5d]$ ?ick by boil+1 = "s "t1 x (f]s m resi/ance to wat]4 ,if mix$ ) "o-fif? ( ros9 x is r5d]$ equally fit = ! use ( %ips1 c4 z ! common t>4 ,f\r sorts ( v9eg> are prep>$1 all ( :i* are p]fectly limpid1 :i* d n1 l ! common1 conta9 any t>t>1 malic acid1 res9\s or extractive matt]1 nor inde$ any m9]al acid1 lime1 copp]1 or o!r sub/ances4 ,! simple v9eg> m>ks--#b hydromet] = salts1 at #ab c5tigrade !rmo4 x is /rong] ta/$ ?an common v9eg>1 & produces a disagreeable irritation4 ,! aromatic v9eg> is prep>$ ) t>ragon1 ! smell is agreeable1 b x has ! same fault z ! =m]4 ,! v9\s v9eg> is =m$ by add+ "s alcohol to simple v9eg>2 x has a v s5sible od\r ( acetic e!r2 ! alcohol s(t5s ! flav\r 9 "s degree1 b ! v9eg> is /ill v %>p4 ,! acid1 call$ /rong v9eg>1 is 9 fact a v good acetic acid at #aj-a_/b hydr41 x is v :ite1 cle>1 & %>p1 )\t ! usual burnt flav\r1 & seems to =m ! basis ( ! prec$+ k9ds4 ,x c be sold = #h or #i francs 7#gs47 p] lb4 :i* is only half ! price ( t di/ill$ f v]digris4 ,al?\gh n s agreeable to ! ta/e z common v9eg>1 ^! new k9ds are m elegant to ! eye1 & d n "m4 ,! editor ( ! ,retrospect makes ! foll[+ obs]vations3 ,! proprietors ( ?is manufactory seem to be p]fectly aw>e ( all ! sev]al productions :i* c\ld be prep>$ f ! refuse ( _! pr9cipal object2 & we h no d\bt b t ! sub/ances !y procure 9 ?is mann] w amply comp5sate !m = ! use ( ! capital t mu/ be inve/$ 9 build+ ! furnaces4 ,! nature ( ! vessels 9 :i* !y di/il ! wood is n m5tion$1 b !y are probably ca/ iron retorts1 or vessels ( a simil> nature1 9 :i* a di/illation p] latus takes place4 ,! application1 !re=e1 ( "l ,dundonald's furnaces = procur+ coke to ?is purpose w\ld be /ill m advantage\s4 ,a cubic y>d ( wood yields #ajj qu>ts ( acid liquor1 besides #ej or #fj lbs4 ( ?ick oil4 ,! me?od ( mak+ *>coal ( a uni=m quality1 = :i* a ,mr4 ,kurtz has tak5 out a pat5t1 is ! foll[+3 ,a %eet-iron *e/1 :i* has a cov] t fits x tight1 & a pipe1 or tube1 t desc5ds ne>ly to ! bottom1 & com+ out f its side above1 is fix$ 9 brick "w4 ,9 ?is ! billets ( wood are put4 ,fire is !n made und]nea?4 ,x is obvi\s1 t ! wood is kept at "o temp]ature f its be+ imm]s$ 9 vap\r1 z ! vap\r _c escape at ! top1 b mu/ desc5d to ! bottom1 & !n proce$ up ! pipe1 by :i* x is convey$ away4 ,! effect is1 t ! *>r+ process goes on regul>ly1 & ! wood is *>r$ equally4 ,! c>bonization is f9i%$ :5 ! vap\r ceases to appe>1 & no?+ b c>burett$ hydrog5 gas escapes4 ,! *>r+ ( bones is p]=m$ 9 iron cyl9d]s1 furni%$ ) tubes to receive1 & convey away1 ! impure ammonia4 ,9 ! manufacture ( p[d]1 p>ticul> k9ds ( wood are select$ = c>bonization4 ,^! are g5]ally1 will[1 hazle1 maple1 popl>1 l9d51 buck?orn1 or ald]1 or ^? :i* are t5d] & light1 because1 z !y are less d5se1 & consequ5tly m friable1 !y enflame & consume m rapidly3 !y are kn[n 9 ! arts by ! "n ( :ite wood4 ,:5 a less sudd5 effect is to be produc$ ) ! gunp[d]1 & ! combu/ion prolong$1 z 9 "s sky-rockets1 ! *>coal ( h>d wood is to be pref]r$1 su* z ! oak1 bee*1 c4 ,:5 ! wood is ga!r$1 ! b>k is remov$1 & ! wood expos$ to ! sun to dry3 x is !n cut into billets1 & *>r$4 ,! a%es1 if any be =m$1 are to be c>efully sep>at$4 ,9 consid]+ ! use ( *>coal1 !re=e1 = ! prep>ation ( gunp[d]1 we are to direct our inquiries to ! *oice ( wood = c>bonization1 & ! be/ process = c>boniz+ x4 ,all light woods1 we rem>k$1 z ! l9d51 will[1 popl>1 c4 furni% ! lighte/ coal1 & on t acc\nt are pref]r$4 ,x is rem>k$1 t t5d] wood1 besides mak+ a light1 friable1 & por\s coal1 is m combu/ible ?an ord9>y h>d1 & m compact wood1 & ! coal t x furni%es leaves less residue aft] combu/ion4 ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 made ) coal prep>$ f diff]5t k9ds ( wood1 ) a view ( asc]ta9+ ! k9d be/ adapt$ = ! manufacture ( gunp[d]4 ,m4 ,letort1 at ! p[d] mills ( ,essonne1 9 ,france1 in/itut$ a numb] ( exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,he made gunp[d] ) ! coal ( sev]al k9ds ( wood1 & comp>$ its effects by a mort> epr\vette4 ,! result 01 t ! p[d] made ) ! coal ( popl>1 0 ! /ronge/2 & ! o!r p[d]1 made ) ! coal ( ! l9d51 will[1 c4 0 ( ! same quality ?r\gh\t4 ,z to ! second inquiry1 x is h>dly necess>y to repeat1 t = ! complete & ?or\gh c>bonization ( ! wood1 to produce at ! same "t coal ( a uni=m quality1 ! process ( *>r+ 9 iron cyl9d]s or close vessels1 is to be pref]r$4 ,! po9t to be att5d$ to is1 to br+ ! wood to a complete /ate ( ignition1 & consequ5tly to dis5gage all ! volatile or fluid p>ts4 ,:5 ! gas 7c>burett$ hydrog57 ceases to appe>1 x is a crit]ion t ! op]ation is f9i%$4 ,?is gas1 x is to be recollect$1 w come ov] ev5 aft] ! :ole ( ! wood is completely ignit$4 ,! fir/ volatile product is ! pyroacetic acid4 ,"s saturate ! acid liquor ) *alk1 & decompose ! acetate ( lime ) sulphate ( soda1 & sep>ate ! acetic acid f ! acetate ( soda by di/illation ) sulphuric acid4 ,! acetic acid is !n tol]ably pure1 & may be dilut$ = use4 ,x is obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t :5 *>coal1 prep>$ 9 iron cyl9d]s1 is design$ = gunp[d]1 ! la/ portion ( v9eg> & t> mu/ be all[$ to escape1 & ! reabsorption ( ! crude vap\rs prev5t$1 by cutt+ (f ! communication betwe5 ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]s & ! app>atus = cond5s+ ! pyroacetic acid1 :5ev] ! fire is )drawn f ! furnace4 ,if ?is precaution be n tak51 ! gunp[d] made ) ! *>coal w\ld be ( inf]ior quality4 ,on a l>ge scale1 :5 ! object is also to prep>e ! v9eg> ( wood1 a s]ies ( ca/-iron cyl9d]s1 ab\t f\r feet diamet]1 & six feet long1 are built horizontally1 9 brick-"w1 s t ! flame ( "o furnace may play r\nd ab\t two cyl9d]s4 ,bo? ends project a little f ! brick-"w4 ,"o ( !m has a disc ( ca/ iron well fitt$ & firmly bolt$ to x1 f ! c5tre ( :i* disc an iron tube ab\t six in*es diamet] proce$s1 & ent]s at a "r angle1 ! ma9 tube ( ! refrig]ation4 ,! diamet] ( ?is tube may be f #i to #ad in*es1 accord+ to ! numb] ( cyl9d]s4 ,! o!r end ( ! cyl9d] is call$ ! m\? ( ! retort4 ,?is is clos$ by a disc ( iron1 sme>$ r\nd ! edge1 ) clay lute1 & secur$ 9 its place by w$ges4 ,! *>ge ( wood = su* a cyl9d] is ab\t #h cwt4 ,! h>d woods1 oak1 a%1 bir*1 & bee*1 are alone us$4 ,fir does n answ]4 ,! heat is kept up dur+ ! day-"t1 & ! furnace is all[$ to cool dur+ ! night4 ,next morn+ ! door is op5$1 ! coal remov$1 & a new *>ge ( wood is introduc$4 ,! av]age product ( crude v9eg> is #ce gallons4 ,its total weight is ab\t #cjj lbs4 ,b ! residu>y *>coal1 accord+ to ,ure1 7,*emical ,diction>y71 f :om we h tak5 ?is acc\nt1 is f\nd to weigh no m ?an "o-fif? ( ! wood employ$4 ,! crude pyroacetic acid is rectifi$ by a second di/illation1 9 a copp] /ill1 9 ! body ( :i* ab\t #bj gallons ( viscid t>ry matt] are left = e #ajj4 ,its acid p[]s are n[ sup]ior to ! be/ h\sehold v9eg> 9 ! proportion ( #c to #b4 ,ure obs]ves1 t by di/illation1 saturation ) quicklime1 evaporation ( ! liquid acetate to dryness1 & g5tle torrefaction1 ! empyreumatic matt] is s completely dissipat$1 t on decompos+ ! calc>e\s salt by sulphuric acid1 a pure1 p]fectly col\rless1 & grateful v9eg> rises 9 di/illation4 ,pyroacetic acid is said to be a p[]ful antiseptic4 ,m4 ,monge1 ,dr4 ,jorg1 & m lately1 ,mr4 ,ramsay1 ( ,glasg[1 h made exp]im5ts ) x4 ,fi% dipp$ 9 x h be5 pres]v$ = _m days1 & meat treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 has also be5 pres]v$ f putrefaction4 ,) respect to ! pulv]ization ( *>coal1 ! op]ation is s exce$+ly simple1 t we deem x unnecess>y to notice x4 ,x is obvi\s1 t mort>s1 mills1 c4 may be us$1 ) f9e or co>se sieves4 ,= fire-works1 *>coal is frequ5tly pulv]iz$ 9 a lea!r sack1 9 ! same mann] z gra9$ p[d] is r$uc$ to meal-p[d]4 ,x may be made ei!r co>se or f9e1 to answ] diff]5t purposes1 by employ+ sieves ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,*>coal may be sep>at$ f nitre & sulphur1 9 gunp[d]1 by a simple process1 :i* may be se5 by ref]r+ to ! section on gunp[d]4 ,! quantity ( c>bon 9 coal1 is directly proportionate to ! quantity requir$ = ! decomposition ( nitrate ( potassa1 a fact necess>y to be consid]$ 9 ! !ory ( ! action ( *>coal 9 gunp[d]4 ,?us1 ,mr4 ,kirwan f\nd t1 #ab4gji ( c>bon are necess>y to decompose #ajj ( nitrate ( potassa4 ,x w be easy to d$uce ! quantity ( c>bon1 9 a giv5 weight ( coal1 f ! quantity ( nitrate ( potassa x is capable ( decompos+4 ,! exp]im5t is made v readily by fus+ 9 a crucible1 five hundr$ or m gra9s ( nitre1 & :5 r$-hot project+ by degrees ! p[d]$ coal on ! nitre4 ,:5 ! detonation produc$ by "o projection ( coal has ceas$1 add a new portion till x produces no f>!r effect4 ,*>coal may be made int5sely black1 resembl+ ivory black1 accord+ to ,m4 ,d5ys-de-,mont=t1 7,biblio?que ,physico-,economique1 = ,m>* #ahae17 by pulv]iz+ x v f9e1 mix+ x ) w9e lees1 & dry+ ! mixture1 & !n subject+ x to a /rong heat 9 a cov]$ crucible1 or o!r vessel4 ,sec4 ,,vii4 ,( ,gunp[d]4 ,hav+ rem>k$1 t ! quality ( gunp[d] dep5ds ^u ! purity ( ! mat]ials1 ( :i* x is =m$1 & t !y %\ld be prep>$ 9 a /ate ( purity2 ! subject t w n[ p>ticul>ly claim our att5tion1 is ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts1 _! mixture1 & ! f9al prep>ation ( gunp[d] = use4 ,to ?is1 we purpose to add1 ! !ory ( its explosive effects1 ! diff]5t modes ( prov+ x1 & ! exp]im5ts necess>y to det]m9e ! quality ( its respective +r$i5ts1 on all :i* we w be z brief z ! importance ( ! subjects w admit4 ,previ\sly1 h[ev]1 x may be int]e/+ to notice ! hi/ory ( gunp[d]1 ! inv5tion ( :i* has s completely *ang$ ! art ( w>4 ,! hi/ory ( gunp[d] has be5 fully treat$ by _m writ]s ( em95ce2 b by none m l>gely1 &1 at ! same "t1 m satisfactorily ?an by ! ,fr5*4 ,beckman1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions1 is full on ?is subject4 ,our purpose is n to g into details1 z x w\ld enl>ge our volume1 to ! exclusion1 p]haps1 ( o!r & m important matt]4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 conf9e ourselves to a few facts & obs]vations4 ,not)/&+ mu* has be5 writt5 on ! subject1 ! orig9al inv5tion ( gunp[d] seems to be 9 obscurity4 ,by :om1 & at :at "t x 0 inv5t$1 is a "q n fully settl$4 ,x is said to h be5 kn[n 9 ! ea/ f "t immemorial1 & :atev] claim ,rog] ,bacon1 :o di$ 9 #abib1 may h _h to ! discov]y1 or t he knew ! prop]ties ( gunp[d]1 x is c]ta91 t ! use ( fire-arms 0 !n unkn[n 9 ,europe4 ,pr(essor ,beckman1 :o exam9$ all ! au?ors extant on ! orig9 ( gunp[d]1 is ( op9ion1 t x 0 inv5t$ 9 ,india1 & br\ght by ! ,s>ac5s f ,africa to ! ,europeans1 :o improv$ ! prep>ation ( x1 & employ$ x 9 w>1 z well z = small arms & cannon4 ,m4 ,langles1 :o read a memoir on ?is subject to ! ,national ,in/itute1 9 #agih1 obs]ves1 t ! ,arabians obta9$ a k ( gunp[d] f ! ,indians1 :o _h be5 acqua9t$ ) x f ! e>lie/ p]iods4 ,! use ( x 0 =bidd5 9 _! sacr$ books1 ! veidam or v$e4 ,x 0 employ$ 9 #fij at ! battle ne> ,mecca4 ,z nitre 0 employ$ 9 all probability 9 ! ,greek fire1 inv5t$ ab\t ! ye> #fgh1 x is suppos$1 t t composition gave rise to ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]4 ,v>i\s prescriptions1 or =mul1 h be5 giv5 = ! prep>ation ( ?is fire4 ,! olde/ is by pr9cess ,anna ,comm5a1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !re is only res91 sulphur1 & oil4 ,beckman obs]ves1 t ! fir/ c]ta9 m5tion ( saltpetre w be f\nd 9 ! olde/ acc\nt ( ! prep>ation ( gunp[d]1 :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 became kn[n 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ab\t ! same "t t ! use ( ! ,greek fire1 ( :i* !re 7 _m k9ds1 began to be lo/4 ,! olde/ in=mation on ?is subject is to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,alb]tus ,magnus1 & ! writ+s ( ,rog] ,bacon4 ,! true recipe = mak+ ! ,greek fire1 & ! olde/ = gunp[d]1 7 f\nd 9 a manuscript1 pres]v$ 9 ! electoral libr>y at ,muni*4 ,v>i\s copies ( ?is manuscript 7 made4 ,bacon employ$ ?is writ+1 :i* 0 m5tion$ by ,jebb1 9 ! preface to 8 edition1 f a copy pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,dr4 ,mead4 ,:e!r ! writ] 0 ,m>cus ,grcus1 is ( no mom5t2 = ,c>dan obs]ves1 t ! fire t c be k9dl$ by wat]1 or r n ext+ui%$ by wat]1 0 prep>$ by ,m>cus ,grac*us4 ,! =m] ,m>cus1 m5tions two k9ds ( fire-works2 & ! composition1 :i* he prescribes = bo?1 is two p\nds ( *>coal1 "o p\nd ( sulphur1 & six p\nds ( saltpetre1 well p[d]$ & mix$ toge!r 9 a /one mort>4 ,fri> ,bacon1 :o liv$ ?ree c5turies aft] ,grcus1 0 9 possession ( ! recipe4 ,x 0 conceal$1 h[ev]1 f ! p1 veil$ 9 my/]y4 ,9 8 treatise ,de ,secretis ,op]ibus ,artis et ,natur1 c4 ! secret ( ! composition is ?us express$3 s$ tam5 salispetr1 ,,luru ,,mope ,,c ,,urbe et sulphuris2 et sic facies tonitrum et corruscationem1 si scias artificium4 ,luru mope c urbe1 is ! anagram = c>bonum pulv]e4 ,bacon supposes1 t x 0 ) a simil> composition t ,gideon defeat$ ! ,midianites1 ) only ?ree hundr$ m54 ,besides ! use ( gunp[d] 9 ! #i? c5tury1 9 ! w> betwe5 ! ,tunisians & ! ,moors1 9 :i* ! =m] are said to h employ$ c]ta9 tubes or b>rels1 :]e) !y ?rew ?und]bolts ( fire1 ! ,v5etians employ$ x aga9/ ! ,g5oese1 & x 0 reprobat$ z a manife/ contrav5tion ( fair w>f>e4 ,pet] ,mexia1 9 8 ,v>i\s ,read+s1 relates1 t ! ,moors1 be+ besieg$1 9 #acdi1 by ,alphonso ! elev5?1 k+ ( ,ca/ille1 dis*>g$ a k9d ( iron mort>s ^u !m1 :i* made a noise l ?und]4 ,?is1 ) ! sea-combat betwe5 ! ,tunisians & ! ,moors1 /at$ on ! au?ority ( don ,p$ro1 bi%op ( ,leon1 places ! inv5tion mu* e>li] ?an by "s writ]s4 ,polydore ,virgil ascribes ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] to a *emi/1 :o1 hav+ put "s ( 8 composition 9 a mort>1 & cov]$ x ) a /one1 0 bl[n up1 9 consequ5ce ( its accid5tally tak+ fire4 ,! p]son "h allud$ to1 accord+ to ,!vet1 0 a monk ( ,friburg1 nam$ ,con/ant9e ,anelz54 ,o!rs1 z ,belle=et1 ) m probability1 hold x to be ,b>?olodus ,s*w>tz1 or ! black1 :o discov]$ x1 z "s say1 ab\t ! ye> #acbj4 ,du ,cange1 h[ev]1 rem>ks1 t !re is no m5tion made ( gunp[d] 9 ! regi/]s ( ! *amb] ( acc\nts 9 ,france1 z e>ly z ! ye> #acch4 ,rog] ,bacon knew ( gunp[d]1 ne> "o hundr$ ye>s be=e ,s*w>tz 0 born4 7,see ! inv5tion ( cannon1 9 milit>y fire-works1 f\r? "p47 ,x is c]ta91 t ,alb]t de ,boll/dt indicat$ ! con/itu5t p>ts ( gunp[d]1 :5 he says1 9 8 ,mirabilis ,mundi1 ,ignis volans1 accipe libram unam1 sulphuris1 libras duas1 c>bonas salicis1 libras sex1 salis petrosi1 qu tria subtilissime t]antur 9 lapide m>morea2 po/ea aliquid po/]ius ad libitum 9 tunica de papyro volante1 vel tonitrum faci5te ponatur4 ,tunica ad vol&um debet esse longa1 gracilis1 pulv]e illo optime pl5a1 ad faci5dum v]o tonitrum brevis1 grossa et semipl5a4 ,gunp[d] 0 ( a mu* weak] composition ?an t n[ 9 use1 or t describ$ by ,m>cus ,grcus4 ,t>talgia1 7,ques4 & ,inv4 lib4 #c1 ques4 #e71 obs]ves1 t1 ( tw5ty-?ree diff]5t compositions1 us$ at diff]5t times1 ! fir/1 :i* 0 ! olde/1 conta9$ equal p>ts ( ! ?ree +r$i5ts4 ,:5 guns ( mod]n con/ruction came into use1 gunp[d] ( ! pres5t /r5g? 0 introduc$4 ,! /r5g? ( p[d] dep5ds ^u ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts1 !y be+ pure2 & ,mr4 ,napi] obs]ves1 7,trans4 ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 ii47 t ! greate/ /r5g? is produc$1 :5 ! proportions are1 nitre1 ?ree p\nds1 *>coal1 n9e ounces1 & sulphur1 ?ree ounces4 ,! cannon p[d] 0 9 meal1 & ! musket p[d] 9 gra94 ,9 ! "t ( ,t>talgia1 ! cannon p[d] 0 made ( f\r p>ts ( nitre1 "o ( sulphur1 & "o ( *>coal2 & ! musket p[d] ( =ty-eight p>ts ( nitre1 sev5 p>ts ( sulphur1 & eight p>ts ( *>coal2 or ( eighte5 p>ts ( nitre1 two p>ts ( sulphur1 & ?ree p>ts ( *>coal4 ,! intimate mixture1 !re=e1 & ! det]m9ate proportions ( saltpetre1 *>coal1 & sulphur1 =m gunp[d]2 ! diff]5t qualities ( :i*1 dep5d1 z well ^u ! proportions :i* are us$1 z on ! purity ( ! mat]ials1 & ! accuracy ) :i* !y are mix$4 ,gunp[d] is reckon$ to explode at ab\t #fjj ,fahr2 b1 if heat$ to a degree j bel[ t ( fa9t r$ness1 ! sulphur w mo/ly burn (f1 leav+ ! nitre & *>coal unalt]$4 ,! saltpetre %\ld be p]fectly ref9$1 & entirely free f deliquesc5t salts2 ! sulphur z pure z possible1 &1 = t reason1 a pref]5ce %\ld be giv51 to t :i* is sublim$1 or di/ill$2 & ! *>coal %\ld be prep>$ 9 iron cyl9d]s1 z describ$ "u t head1 f woods1 :i* are light & t5d]1 z ! l9d51 will[1 hazle1 dogwood1 etc4 ,!re is a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! proportions us$ by diff]5t nations2 b1 f ! _m accurate & conclusive exp]im5ts ( ! ,fr5* *emi/s1 _! =mula is c]ta9ly ! mo/ p]fect4 ,9 ,engli% p[d]1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! composition are nitre1 & ! o!r qu>t] is made up ( equal p>ts ( *>coal & sulphur2 b sometimes1 to sev5ty-five p>ts ( nitre1 fifte5 ( *>coal is us$1 add+ t5 ( sulphur4 ,_! gov]nm5t p[d] is ! same = cannon1 z = small-arms4 ,accord+ to a numb] ( exp]im5ts1 made at ,gr5ille1 x 0 f\nd1 t ! proportion ( saltpetre 9 gunp[d]1 mu/ be 9 a giv5 ratio ) ! *>coal1 s t ! latt] might effectually decompose x 9 ! act ( combu/ion2 & h5ce ! ratio is z #ab ( ! latt] to #ge ( ! =m]1 & ^!1 ) #ab ( sulphur1 are ! proportions g5]ally employ$4 ,rugg]i 7,pyrote*nie ,militaire1 p4 #ia17 gives1 z ! proportions1 #ab p>ts ( saltpetre ( ! ?ird boil+1 #b p>ts ( *>coal1 & #a "p ( sulphur4 ,! proportions1 us$ 9 ,sw$51 are #ge saltpetre1 #i sulphur1 & #af *>coal2 9 ,pol&1 #hj saltpetre1 #h sulphur1 & #ab *>coal2 9 ,italy1 #gf saltpetre1 #ab sulphur1 & #ab *>coal2 9 ,russia1 #gj saltpetre1 #aa sulphur1 & #ah-a_/b *>coal2 9 ,d5m>k1 #hj saltpetre1 #aj sulphur1 & #aj *>coal2 9 ,holl&1 #gf saltpetre1 #ab sulphur1 & #ab *>coal2 9 ,prussia & ,au/ria1 #gh saltpetre1 #aa sulphur1 & #aa *>coal2 & 9 ,spa91 #gg saltpetre1 #aa-a_/b sulphur1 & #aa-a_/b *>coal4 ,accord+ to ,klapro? & ,wolff1 7,dictionnaire de ,*imie1 translat$ into ,fr5* by ,,mm4 ,lagrange & ,vogel71 ,b]l9 p[d] is compos$ ( ?ree-qu>t]s nitre2 "o-eigh? sulphur1 & "o-eigh? *>coal2 ,*9ese p[d]1 ( #af p>ts nitre1 #f *>coal1 & #d sulphur2 ,sw$i% p[d]1 ( #ge p>ts nitre1 #af sulphur1 & #i *>coal2 ! p[d] ( ,lissa1 ( #hj nitre1 #ab sulphur1 & #h *>coal2 & ,engli% p[d]1 on ! au?ority ( ,beckman1 z foll[s3 ,p[d] = w>1 #ajj p>ts ( nitre1 #be *>coal1 & #be sulphur2 musket p[d]1 #ajj nitre1 #ah sulphur1 & #bj *>coal2 pi/ol p[d]1 #ajj nitre1 #bc sulphur1 & #ae *>coal2 /rong cannon p[d]1 #ajj nitre1 #bj sulphur1 & #bd *>coal2 /rong musket p[d]1 #ajj nitre1 #ae sulphur1 & #ah *>coal2 & /rong pi/ol p[d]1 #ajj nitre1 #aj sulphur1 & #ah *>coal4 ,g]man p[d]1 = w>1 is compos$1 g5]ally1 ( #j4gj saltpetre1 #j4af *>coal1 & #j4ad sulphur4 ,a small portion ( gum is sometimes add$1 to make ! gra9 firm]2 b su* additions ret>d ! combu/ion1 & ! effect4 ,! addition ( gum arabic1 h[ev] small1 mu/ injure ! quality ( gunp[d]1 al?\gh x has ! effect ( mak+ ! gra9 firm]1 & less liable to fall into meal p[d]4 ,! gra9 is also made heavi]1 & less liable to absorb moi/ure4 ,m4 ,pr\/1 9 8 second memoir on gunp[d]1 m5tions ! use ( ic?yocolla1 a fi% glue1 = ! same purpose2 &1 nev]!less1 speaks ( "s advantages t ! gunp[d]1 prep>$ ) x1 possesses4 ,x is obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,coleman1 ( ! ,royal ,p[d] ,mills ( ,wal?am abbey1 t x is n exactly asc]ta9$1 :e!r !re is any "o proportion1 :i* ought always to be adh]$ to1 & = e purpose4 ,we h no hesitation 9 believ+1 = our own "p1 t ! ,fr5* =mula is ! mo/ correct1 f ! num]\s exp]im5ts made at ! royal manufactory at ,essone1 ne> ,p>is4 ,a v consid]able v>iation is f\nd 9 ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts ( ! p[d] ( diff]5t nations & diff]5t manufactories4 ,! p[d] made 9 ,engl&1 is ! same = cannon z = small arms1 ! diff]5ce be+ only 9 ! size ( ! gra9s2 b 9 ,france1 x appe>s1 t !re 7 =m]ly six diff]5t sorts manufactur$2 namely1 ! /rong & ! weak cannon p[d]1 ! /rong & ! weak musquet p[d]1 & ! /rong & ! weak pi/ol p[d]4 ,! foll[+ are ! proportions 9 ea*1 ?\gh ! reason ( ?is nicety ( di/9ction is n v obvi\s4 ,= ! /rong cannon p[d]1 ! nitre1 sulphur1 & *>coal 7 9 ! proportions ( #ajj ( ! fir/1 #be ( ! second1 & #be ( ! ?ird3 = ! weak cannon p[d]1 #ajj1 #bj1 & #bd3 = ! /rong musket p[d]1 #ajj1 #ah1 & #bj2 = ! weak1 #ajj1 #ae1 & #ah3 = ! /rong pi/ol p[d]1 #ajj1 #ab1 & #ae2 = ! weak1 #ajj1 #aj1 & #ah4 ,! ,*9ese p[d] appe>s1 by ! analysis ( ,mr4 ,napi]1 to be ne>ly 9 ! proportions ( #ajj ( nitre1 #ah ( *>coal1 & #aa ( sulphur4 ,?is p[d]1 :i* 0 procur$ f ,canton1 0 l>ge-gra9$1 n v /rong1 b h>d1 well col\r$1 & 9 v good pres]vation4 ,! foll[+ proportions are n[ us$ 9 ,france1 = ! manufacture ( gunp[d] = w>1 = hunt+1 & = m9+4 ,= w>4 ,= ! *ase4 ,= m9+4 ,saltpetre1 #ge4j #gh #fe4 ,*>coal1 #ab4e #ab #ae4 ,sulphur1 #ab4e #aj #bj4 ,aft] hav+ made *oice ( ! mat]ials1 ! nitre be+ pulv]iz$1 is pass$ ?r\gh a brass sieve2 ! sulphur is pulv]iz$ by means ( a mull]1 or o!r contrivance1 & also sift$ 9 a bolt]2 ! quantities are !n weigh$1 z well z ! *>coal4 ,! mix+ ( ^! sub/ances is p]=m$ 9 a s]ies ( mort>s1 holl[$ out ( a /rong piece ( oak wood2 & by ! aid ( pe/les or /amp]s1 :i* are set 9 motion by ma*9]y & wat] p[]1 ! mixture is ?or\ghly made4 ,! end ( ! /amp]s is usually cov]$ )1 & sometimes made (1 brass1 & ! mort>s are also1 9 "s p[d] mills1 l9$ ) brass4 ,! mill has g5]ally two r[s ( mort>s & /amp]s1 ( t5 ea*4 ,! nitre1 sulphur1 & *>coal1 9 prop] proportions1 are put into ea* mort>4 ,! *>coal is fir/ introduc$ into ! mort>1 be+ sometimes previ\sly pulv]iz$2 !n wett$ ) wat]1 & ! p\nd+ is cont9u$ = ?irty m9utes4 ,! nitre & ! sulphur are !n add$1 & ! :ole is /irr$ ) ! h&4 ,m wat] is !n add$2 x is aga9 /irr$1 & ! op]ation ( p\nd+ is cont9u$4 ,! object ( add+ ! wat] is to prev5t ! s call$ volatilization ( ! +r$i5ts1 & to give ! mixture ! consi/5cy ( pa/e1 & at ! same "t to prev5t ! explosion ( ! p[d]2 a circum/ance1 :i* mu/ be always gu>d$ aga9/4 ,aft] ! op]ation is cont9u$ = half an h\r1 ! p\nd]s are /opt1 & ! p[d] is !n re-ex*ang$ by means ( copp] or brass ladles2 t is to say1 ! p[d] ( ! fir/ mort> is remov$1 & put into a box1 & ! cont5ts ( ! second mort> are put into ! fir/1 t ( ! ?ird is put into ! second1 t ( ! f\r? into ! ?ird1 c4 9 succession1 & 9 ! la/1 ! cont5ts ( ! fir/ mort>4 ,we make1 9 ?is mann]1 twelve ex*anges1 all[+ "o h\r betwe5 two1 & add+ wat] f "t to "t1 to ! mixture1 & especially dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,aft] ?is1 ! p\nd]s are aga9 set 9 motion1 = ! space ( two h\rs1 & ! op]ation is f9i%$4 ,f\rte5 h\rs are g5]ally requir$ to complete ! mixture1 :i* is !n 9 ! =m ( pa/e4 ,x is !n granulat$4 ,aft] be+ p>tially dri$1 ! gra9+ is p]=m$ by pass+ x ?r\gh sieves1 :i* are m g5]ally =m$ ( p>*m5t4 ,^! sieves are made to "w horizontally1 & ! p[d] is caught 9 vessels plac$ b5ea?4 ,! size ( ! gra9 dep5ds on ! sieve2 h5ce1 f9e gra91 or co>se gra9 p[d] is ?us obta9$4 ,9 ! sieve is usually plac$ a contrivance to break ! masses1 & to cause ! p[d] to pass ?r\gh 9 gra9s4 ,aft] ?is1 ! p[d] is aga9 pass$ ?r\gh a second sieve1 commonly call$ a gra9]1 ! holes ( :i* are ( ! same diamet] z ! p[d] we wi% to obta94 ,x is !n put into ano!r sieve1 :i* p]mits only ! du/ to pass1 :il/ ! gra9-p[d] rema9s4 ,z ! p[d]1 h[ev]1 conta9s "s gra9s too l>ge1 z well z o!rs too small1 we may sep>ate ! =m] by a f\r? sieve1 ( a suitable size4 ,! du/ & f9e gra9 are c>ri$ to ! mill1 & work$ ov]4 ,! p[d] = w>1 & = m9+1 is dri$ imm$iately aft] ! gra9+4 ,=m]ly1 ! p[d] 0 dri$ 9 ! op5 air1 by spread+ x on tables l9$ ) clo?1 or 9 oblong boxes2 b s]i\s inconv5i5ces result$ f x1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 ! p[d]mak]s 7 oblig$ to wat* ! temp]ature1 z well z ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 ! latt] 0 moi/1 ! dry+ 0 susp5d$4 ,m4 ,*ampy1 h[ev]1 has obviat$ ^! inconv5i5ces by a v advantage\s process1 :i* consi/s 9 rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! air to #ej or #fj degrees1 & caus+ x to pass f ! *amb] 9 :i* x is heat$1 ?r\gh clo?s1 on :i* is spread a b$ ( p[d]1 ( a c]ta9 ?ickness4 ,by ?is means1 l>ge quantities ( p[d] may be dri$1 9 all seasons ( ! ye>1 9 a %ort "t1 & at little exp5se4 ,9 :atev] mann] ! dry+ is p]=m$1 !re is always m or less du/ =m$1 :i*1 to make ! gra9 ( "o uni=m appe>ance1 mu/ be sep>at$ by a hair sieve4 ,?is op]ation is call$ ! du/+4 ,:e!r we adopt ! plan recomm5d$ by ,m4 ,*ampy1 or heat ! rooms = ! dry+ ( p[d] to a c]ta9 temp]ature1 by means ( /eam pipes1 a plan :i* pres5ts e advantage1 or use ! old mode1 ! effect is ! same4 ,! musket1 or hunt+ p[d]1 und]goes an op]ation m ?an ! p[d] = w>1 namely1 t ( glaz+1 :i* is p]=m$ be=e x is dri$4 ,) ! exception ( ?is process1 x is made 9 ! same mann]1 us+1 h[ev]1 a f9] sieve 9 granulat+ x4 ,! glaz+ has = its object ! smoo?+1 or remov+ ! asp]ities ( ! gra91 & to prev5t its fall+ into du/1 & soil+ ! h&s4 ,! p[d] int5d$ = glaz+ is fir/ expos$ an h\r to ! sun on "o clo?1 9 w9t]1 & betwe5 two clo?s 9 summ]1 9 ord] to dry x m p]fectly1 :i* is v necess>y be=e ! op]ation ( glaz+4 ,= ?is purpose1 x is put into a vessel l a b>rel1 :i* is turn$ horizontally ^u its axis1 by ma*9]y4 ,?is b>rel is furni%$ ) b>s t g across1 int5d$ to augm5t ! friction1 or rubb+ ( ! gra91 & exp$ite ! process4 ,! b>rels are made to turn sl[ly1 to avoid break+ ! gra91 & at ! expiration ( eight or twelve h\rs1 ! glaz+ is f9i%$1 ! p[d] hav+ acquir$ a suffici5t h>dness & poli%4 ,aft] remov+ ! p[d]1 ! du/ is sep>at$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,gunp[d]-mills are mills1 9 :i* p[d] is prep>$1 by p\nd+ & beat+ toge!r ! +r$i5ts ( :i* x is compos$4 ,!y are always work$ by wat]-p[]1 & z !re are g5]ally _m ( !m belong+ to ! same manufactory1 "o dam ( wat] w furni% a suffici5t supply4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( p[d]-mills1 ! frame ( ! h\se is made v /\t1 & ! ro( put on lightly1 s t 9 case ( explosion1 x may be c>ri$ (f easily1 & ?us give v5t to ! p[d]1 )\t mu* injury to ! works4 ,! lights1 to enable ! "w to be c>ri$ on at night1 are plac$ on ! outside ( ! build+1 beyond ! rea* ( ! p[d]1 & by means ( glass w9d[s1 ! light passes into ! mill4 ,x is lam5table1 inde$1 t s _m accid5ts occur 9 ! op]ation ( mak+ p[d]4 ,?is may take place1 z x has to our k1 by ! friction ( ! p\nd]s4 ,_! weight1 ! rapid succession ( ! bl[s1 & ! dryness ( ! p[d]1 are ! pr9cipal causes ( su* accid5ts1 & sometimes by ! inatt5tion ( ! workm51 suff]+ nails1 & ! l1 to get among ! mat]ials4 ,i once witness$ ! effect ( an explosion ( ! k9d1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,frank=d1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,philadelphia1 at ! old & well-kn[n p[d] mills1 at t place4 ,x 0 produc$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! friction1 by ! neglect ( ! m5 n add+ wat] at a prop] "t1 to keep ! mat]ials moi/4 ,! mill 9 :i* ! explosion took place 0 n mu* injur$2 b ! ro(1 toge!r ) ! m51 7 s5t a consid]able di/ance4 ,"s ( ! latt] fell into ! mill-race1 & 7 mu* injur$4 ,! effect1 h[ev]1 did n /op "h2 = ! fire communicat$1 /range z x may appe>1 to "s ( ! o!r mills1 al?\gh at "s di/ance1 & blew !m up4 ,sev]al explosions h happ5$ at ! same mills4 ,an exp]im5t1 made at ! same works1 by ! !n proprietor1 ! fa!r ( ! late commodore ,decatur1 by putt+ ! nitre1 *>coal1 & sulphur1 into a b>rel1 ) iron balls cov]$ ) lead1 :i* 0 turn$ ^u its axis1 t]m9at$ 9 ! same way4 ,x explod$1 b no o!r injury or accid5t 0 su/a9$4 ,on exam9+ ! balls1 we f\nd1 t ! lead 0 entirely worn (f1 & ! explosion mu/ h be5 ow+ to ! iron4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 p]=m$1 9 ord] to f9d if ! mixture c\ld be made 9 ?is mann]1 a plan :i* 0 aft]w>ds adopt$ 9 ,france1 ) success1 b brass balls 7 us$4 ,9 a s]ies ( essays1 :i* ,i wrote =1 & publi%$ 91 ! ,aurora1 9 #ahjh1 on ! ,application ( ,*emi/ry to ! ,arts & ,manufactures1 z manufactures are vitally important to ! practical indep5d5ce ( ?is c\ntry1 ,i m5tion$ ! subject ( gunp[d]1 & ! diff]5t modes ( prep>+ x1 & among :i*1 ! v>i\s exp]im5ts on ?is subject4 ,! ma*9]y1 requir$ 9 gunp[d] mills1 is exce$+ly simple4 ,! p[] ( ! wat]1 :i* may be giv5 by an ov]%ot1 or und]%ot :eel1 is communicat$ to ! p>ts ( ! mill1 :i* p]=m ! "w4 ,?us x is1 t p\nd]s1 l ! snuff1 or pla/]-p>is mill1 are put 9 motion1 by a horizontal %aft1 furni%$1 at diff]5t di/ances1 ) pieces ( wood1 :i*1 by ! revolution ( ! %aft1 & meet+ ) ! project+ pieces f ! p\nd]s1 raises !m 9 succession4 ,!y fall1 !n1 9 ! same ord] ( succession1 9 ! respective mort>s4 ,! mort>s ( ! p[d]-mill1 are holl[ pieces ( wood1 capable ( hold+ tw5ty p\nds ( pa/e1 compos$ ( ! sub/ances be=e m5tion$1 :i* are incorporat$ by means ( ! pe/le4 ,!re are usually tw5ty-f\r mort>s 9 ea* mill1 :]e are made1 ea* day1 f\r hundr$ & eighty p\nds ( gunp[d]2 c>e be+ tak51 to spr9kle ! +r$i5ts ) wat]1 f "t to "t1 le/ !y %\ld take fire4 ,?is precaution is absolutely necess>y1 & if att5d$ to1 w\ld prev5t _m ( ! explosions1 :i*1 unhappily1 take place1 9 ! manufacture ( p[d]4 ,! friction mu/ be great1 &1 !re=e1 ! increase ( temp]ature1 occasion$ 9 ?is mann]1 ought to be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,?is c only be done1 by dim9i%+ ! "t1 or numb] ( ! bl[s1 or by proportion+ ! weight ( ! pe/le1 & ! frequ5t addition ( wat]4 ,! la/ is ! mo/ c]ta91 & inde$1 ! wat] is 9 "s respects1 necess>y to promote a m intimate mixture ( ! mat]ials4 ,! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,david1 on ! use ( wat] 9 ! manufacture ( p[d]1 are c]ta9ly correct4 ,! pe/le is a piece ( wood1 t5 feet high1 & f\r & a half in*es broad1 arm$ at ! bottom ) a r\nd piece ( metal4 ,x weighs ab\t sixty p\nds4 ,hav+ m5tion$ "o cause ( ! explosion ( p[d]-mills1 t ( friction produc$ by ! pe/le1 we f9d t x has be5 acc\nt$ = on ano!r pr9ciple4 ,! ,annales de ,*imie1 tome xxxv1 m5tions "s in/ances ( spontane\s combu/ion 9 p[d] mills4 ,x is well kn[n1 t *>coal has ! prop]ty ( absorb+ sev]al gases1 & ! obs]vations ( ,r\ppe & ,b]?ollet1 on ?is subject1 are conclusive4 ,x is also kn[n1 t *>coal1 :i* conta9s hydrog51 :5 expos$ to atmosph]ic air1 w absorb oxyg51 & =m wat]2 & dur+ ?is comb9ation1 heat mu/ be g5]at$1 by ! emission ( caloric f ! oxyg5 gas4 ,x is said1 !n1 t 9 cases ( spontane\s combu/ion1 :5 nitre1 sulphur1 & *>coal1 are mix$ toge!r1 7unless wat] be add$ to prev5t x71 ?is effect w ensue1 & fire be produc$4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t p]cussion is "o s\rce ( heat2 & 9 tru?1 if t op9ion be well f\nd$1 p]cussion itself may facilitate ! union ( hydrog51 ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & necess>ily op]ate z a second>y cause ( su* explosions4 ,ano!r op9ion has be5 advanc$ by ,b>?oldi1 to acc\nt = ! spontane\s combu/ion 9 p[d] mills3 namely1 t *>coal sometimes conta9s phosphorus1 comb9$ ) hydrog51 :i*1 by ! action ( ! pe/le1 is dis5gag$ 9 ! =m ( gas1 & inflames1 ! mom5t x comes 9 contact ) ! air4 ,o!rs aga9 suppose1 t x sometimes conta9s pyrophorus4 ,pulv]iz+ ! *>coal1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by itself1 & add+ wat]1 dur+ its mixture1 f "t to "t1 a measure propos$ 9 #ahjh1 by ,m4 ,david1 & n[ g5]ally adopt$1 w prev5t su* accid5ts2 = x appe>s1 !y h n occurr$ 9 ,france1 s9ce ! adoption ( ?is plan4 ,"s rem>ks on spontane\s combu/ion1 may be se5 9 ! article on artificial volcanoes4 ,m4 ,sage1 7,j\rnal de ,physique1 vol4 lxv1 p4 #dbc1 or ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 vol4 xxiii1 p4 #bgg71 has writt5 on ! spontane\s ignition ( *>coal1 & adduc$ "s facts on ! subject2 by :i* x appe>s1 t ,m4 de ,caussigni 0 ! fir/1 :o obs]v$1 t *>coal 0 capable ( be+ set on fire1 by ! pressure ( mill /ones4 ,mr4 ,rob91 commiss>y ( ! p[d] mills ( ,essonne1 has giv5 an acc\nt1 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie1 ( ! spontane\s inflammation ( *>coal1 f ! black b]ry be>+ ald]1 t took place ! #bc;d ( ,may1 #ahja1 9 ! box ( ! bolt]1 into :i* x _h be5 sift$4 ,?is *>coal1 made two days be=e1 _h be5 gr\nd 9 ! mill1 )\t %[+ any signs ( ignition4 ,! co>se p[d]1 t rema9$ 9 ! bolt]1 exp]i5c$ no alt]ation4 ,! light undulat+ flame1 unext+ui%able by wat]1 t appe>$ on ! surface ( ! sift$ *>coal1 0 ( ! nature ( inflammable gas1 :i* is equally unext+ui%able4#ag ,! moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e1 ( :i* fre% made *>coal is v gre$y1 appe>s to h concurr$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! inflammable gas1 & ! combu/ion ( ! *>coal4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 t *>coal p[d]$ & laid 9 l>ge heaps1 heats /rongly4 ,ald] *>coal has be5 se5 to take fire 9 ! w>eh\ses1 9 :i* x has be5 /or$4 ,ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 ,m4 ,sage saw ! ro( ( "o ( ! l[ w+s ( ! m9t set on fire by ! spontane\s combu/ion ( a l>ge quantity ( *>coal1 t _h be5 laid 9 ! g>rets4 ,mr4 ,malet1 commiss>y ( gunp[d] at ,pontaill]1 ne> ,dijon1 has se5 *>coal take fire "u ! pe/le4 ,he also f\nd1 t :5 pieces ( saltpetre & brim/one 7 put into ! *>coal mort>1 ! explosion took place betwe5 ! fif? & six? /rokes ( ! pe/le4 ,! weight ( ! pe/les is eighty p\nds ea*1 half ( ?is belong+ to ! box ( r\nd$ bell metal1 9 :i* !y t]m9ate4 ,! pe/les are rais$ only "o foot1 & make =ty-five /rokes 9 a m9ute4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! precaution n[ tak51 ,m4 ,sage obs]ves1 to p\nd ! *>coal1 brim/one1 & saltpetre sep>ately1 no explosions take place2 & "t is ga9$ 9 ! fabrication1 s9ce ! pa/e is made 9 eight h\rs1 t =m]ly requir$ f\r &-tw5ty4 ,e wood5 mort> conta9s tw5ty p\nds ( ! mixture1 to :i* two p\nds ( wat] are add$ gradually4 ,! pa/e is fir/ corn$3 x is !n glaz$1 t is1 ! corns are r\nd$1 by subject+ !m to ! rot>y motion ( a b>rel1 ?r\gh :i* an axis passes3 & la/ly1 x is dri$ 9 ! sun1 or 9 a k9d ( /ove4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n1 t brim/one is n ess5tial to ! prep>ation ( gunp[d]2 b t :i* is made )\t x falls to p[d] 9 ! air1 & w n be> c>riage4 ,!re is reason to believe1 t ! brim/one =ms a coat on ! surface ( ! p[d]1 & prev5ts ! *>coal f attract+ ! moi/ure ( ! air4 ,! goodness ( ! p[d] dep5ds on ! excell5ce ( ! *>coal2 & !re is b "o mode ( obta9+ ?is 9 p]fection1 :i* is di/illation 9 close vessels1 z practis$ by ! ,engli%4 ,! *>coal ( our p[d] manufactories is at pres5t prep>$ 9 pots1 :]e ! wood receives ! imm$iate action ( ! air1 :i* occasions ! *>coal to und]go a p>ticul> alt]ation4 ,9 #agbd1 7,coll4 ,academ4 t4 v1 p4 #dac17 ,m4 de ,moral] propos$ a new mode ( mix+ ! mat]ials = gunp[d]4 ,9 #agei1 ,m4 ,musy propos$ ano!r me?od to prev5t explosions2 & 9 #aghc1 ! b>on de ,gumpre*t con/ruct$ a v +5i\s p[d] mill1 a model ( :i* he pres5t$ to ! k+ ( ,pol&1 ^: approbation x receiv$4 ,!re is an acc\nt 9 detail1 ( ! results ( ! exp]im5ts made by ,,mm4 ,regni] & ,pajot ,la=et1 ) diff]5t fulm9at+ p[d]s1 9 ! ,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 iii1 p4 #ccg4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 al?\gh int]e/+ 9 a philosophical view1 _c be ( s]vice 9 ! pres5t case4 ,!y 7 made ) gunp[d]1 fulm9at+ silv]1 fulm9at+ silv] & m]cury comb9$1 fulm9at+ m]cury alone1 c4 ,see also ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit d',enc\ragem5t1 cahir #fe4 ,! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,pr\/ 7,j\rnal de ,physique = ,may1 #ahae7 on ! mix+ ( p[d]1 & ! consequ5ces t result by foll[+ ! old process1 may be consult$4 ,! process ( manufactur+ gunp[d]1 :i* we h describ$1 is foll[$ 9 all1 or ! great] "p ( ! factories ( ,france4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 t$i\s1 & n exempt f dang]4 ,! same process1 ) "s modifications or improvem5ts1 is adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 b ( all our gunp[d] manufactories1 t ( ! messrs4 ,dupont ( ,br&yw9e1 ,delaw>e1 has h]et(ore produc$ ! be/ p[d]4 ,p[d]1 h[ev]1 equally p[]ful1 has be5 made 9 o!r factories4 ,! improv$ process ( ,m4 ,*ampy1 :i*1 9 _m respects1 is sup]ior to ! =ego+1 is ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! nitre1 sulphur1 & *>coal are fir/ r$uc$1 sep>ately1 to v f9e p[d]4 ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ 9 b>rels1 :i* are made to turn ^u _! axis1 simil> to ! b>rel-*urn1 & ! sub/ances are introduc$ gradually4 ,balls1 made ( an alloy ( copp] & t91 are !n put 91 :i* by _! action r$uce ! sub/ances to p[d]4 #b4 ,! second op]ation has = its object1 ! intimate mixture ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,! quantities to be mix$ are weigh$1 & put into a drum ) a quantity ( %ot1 :i* is made to revolve dur+ an h\r & a qu>t]4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ?ree hundr$ p\nds ( ! mixture are at once op]at$ ^u4 #c4 ,! mixture is !n moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,ab\t f\rte5 p] c5t4 is add$4 ,x is !n pass$ ?r\gh a sieve made ) r\nd holes1 & !n put into a drum1 & submitt$ = a half h\r1 to a rot>y motion4 ,a numb] ( small r\nd gra9s are !reby =m$1 :i* are sep>at$ f ! mass by means ( a sieve1 ! holes ( :i* are v small4 #d4 ,:5 a suffici5t quantity ( ^! gra9s are procur$1 !y are put into ano!r drum1 ( a suitable size1 ) "o & a half times _! weight ( ! orig9al mixture4 ,! drum be+ put 9 motion1 "s wat] is add$1 :i* s]ves to make !m increase 9 size1 by con/ant rubb+3 at ! end ( a c]ta9 "t1 ! :ole becomes granulat$1 or p]fectly r\nd4 ,! d5sity ( ! gra9s dep5ds on ! mixture1 & ! "t !y 7 kept 9 motion4 #e4 ,! p[d] be+ ?us gra9$1 is pass$ ?r\gh sieves1 ^: holes are ( diff]5t diamet]s2 & h5ce x is divid$ into ?ree k9ds3 viz4 cannon p[d]1 musket p[d]1 & f9e gra9$ p[d]4 #f4 ,f9ally1 ! p[d] is dri$1 & pres]v$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,its /r5g? is equal to t made by ! old process1 & is p]fectly r\nd4 ,x may be prop] to obs]ve1 t ?is process pres5ts _m important & decid$ advantages4 ,al?\gh1 9 our description1 we h n gone into details1 yet ! :ole op]ation w be se5 at "o view4 ,x 0 practis$ 9 ,france1 by its inv5tor1 ,m4 ,*ampy1 &1 besides be+ introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x has also be5 adopt$ 9 ,prussia4 ,m4 ,pr\/ endeav\r$ to %[1 t *>coal made ( %oots or bran*es1 makes ! be/ p[d]1 & w mix ) m facility ) ! nitre & sulphur2 & 9 employ+ ! ord9>y *>coal1 two h\rs beat+ is necess>y to obta9 a p]fect mixture4 ,! pe/les1 z ,*aptal obs]ves1 usually make fifty-five /rokes 9 a m9ute4 ,_! weight is v>i\s2 he gives !m at eighty p\nds4 ,m4 ,c>ney discov]$ a new process = ! fabrication ( p[d]1 & al?\gh ,*aptal himself made "s advantage\s *anges 9 ! process1 yet ! m]it ( ! discov]y he gives entirely to ,c>ney4 ,! process ( ,m4 ,*ampy1 is 9 "s p>ticul>s ! same4 ,x w be suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve1 t x is r$uc$ to ?ree heads3 viz4 #a4 ,! pulv]ization1 & sift+ ( ! mat]ials2 #b4 ,mix+ ! mat]ials intimately 9 vessels simil> to casks2 &1 #c4 ,giv+ ! mixture ! necess>y consi/5ce1 & ! f9al granulation4 ,= "s details ( ! process1 ! read] may consult ,*aptal's ,*imie ,appliqu aux ,arts1 tome iv1 p4 #ade4 ,*aptal is ( op9ion1 t ,c>ney's mode ( fabricat+ p[d]1 pres5ts _m advantages1 among :i* he consid]s ! facility ( its =mation1 economy 9 ! exp5se1 & ! sup]iority ( ! p[d]4 ,9 a memoir on ! subject1 & ! =mation ( p[d] at ,gr5elle1 ,*aptal has describ$ ! process v m9utely4 ,botte & ,riffault r$uce ! manufacture ( gunp[d] 9 ,france to ! foll[+ heads3 #a4 ,! mixture ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,?is relates to ! mann] ( unit+ ! nitre1 *>coal1 & sulphur1 ! quantity ( ! composition put into ea* mort>1 & obs]vations respect+ ! manipulation4 ,! "t requir$ = r$uc+ gunp[d] to its prop] consi/5cy1 & = effect+ ! mixture is t]m$ by ! ,fr5*1 ,battage4 ,!y are usually tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 7or eight accord+ to ! new mode17 9 p\nd+ ! mat]ials to make good gunp[d]4 ,suppos+ ! mort> to conta9 sixte5 p\nds ( composition1 x w\ld require ! application ( ! pe/le #cejj times ea* h\r4 ,! ord] 9 :i* !y are beat51 & mix$1 is z be=e giv51 & also ! re*ang+1 or transf]r+ ! mat]ials f "o mort> to ano!r4 #b4 ,granulation1 7,gr5age ,fr47 ,?is op]ation consi/s1 z be=e obs]v$1 9 pass+ ! mixture ?r\gh diff]5t siz$ sieves1 employ+ also p>*m5t sieves1 & aft]w>ds sep>at+ ! du/ by a f9e sieve4 ,! size ( ! gra9 dep5ds altoge!r on ! sieve4 ,h5ce we h cannon-p[d]1 gunn+ or musket-p[d]1 pi/ol-p[d]1 & m9+-p[d]4 ,sup]f9e p[d] is ! v small gra9$4 #c4 ,glaz+4 7,lissage ,fr47 ,?is op]ation takes (f ! asp]ities ( ! gra91 r5d]s x h>d & less liable to soil ! h&s1 & gives x a k9d ( lu/re4 ,x is only us$ = f9e p[d]1 su* z ! pi/ol1 & hunt+-p[d]4 ,cannon p[d] is nev] glaz$4 ,x is p]=m$ 9 a b>rel-%ap$ vessel1 :i* is made to revolve on its axis1 l ! ord9>y b>rel-*urn4 ,! quantity ( p[d] glaz$ 9 "o ( ^! b>rels at a "t1 9 ,france1 is #aej kilogrammes4 ,by ! rot>y motion1 ! gra9s ( p[d] rub aga9/ ea* o!r1 by :i* ea* gra9 becomes smoo?1 & receives a poli%4 ,accord+ to ! motion ( ! b>rel1 s is ! glaz+ m p]fect4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is regul>4 ,aft] ! op]ation1 :i* cont9ues sev]al h\rs1 ! du/ is sep>at$ f ! gra9 by a sieve4 ,! /ate ( ! atmosph]e influ5ces ! process4 ,if dry1 ! gra9 receives a bett] poli%2 if wet or damp1 ! op]ation is ret>d$1 & ! gloss imp]fect4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to introduce a v small portion ( f9ely pulv]iz$ plumbago1 7c>buret ( iron71 9 ord] to give ! gra9 a bett] poli%4 ,b su* additions1 h[ev] small1 are obvi\sly injuri\s to ! p[d]4 ,x is said t x prev5ts ! absorption ( moi/ure4 ,p[d]1 :i* has be5 glaz$ ) black lead1 7plumbago71 may be kn[n by its peculi> %9+ lu/re1 & also by exp]im5t4 ,m4 ,cagni>d ,lat\r made "s exp]im5ts ) glaz$ p[d]1 :i* may be se5 9 ! "w ( ,botte & ,riffault1 p4 #bcc4 #d4 ,dry+4 7,s*age4 ,fr47 ,! dry+ ( p[d] is p]=m$ 9 two ways1 viz4 by exposure to ! sun1 & by exposure to heat 9 close rooms4 ,! ,engli% mode1 t ( dry+ by /eam pipes1 ,,mm4 ,botte & ,riffault are ( op9ion1 pres5ts _m advantages1 & p>ticul>ly t ! p[d] may be dri$ 9 all wea!rs1 & ) p]fect safety4 ,! mode ( dry+ gunp[d] by ! vap\r ( wat]1 7conf9+ x1 h[ev]1 9 iron pipes or vessels17 0 sugge/$ 9 #agha1 & #aghg4 ,see ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces de ,su$e1 #agha1 ! ,j\rnal des ,savants1 #aghg1 & ! ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 vol4 xxiv4 ,mr4 ,snodgrass1 9 ! la/ "w1 gave an acc\nt ( a me?od ( communicat+ heat by /eam1 by us+ pipes ( ca/ iron1 = :i* ! society ( arts vot$ him =ty gu9eas4#ah ,*aptal 7,elem5ts de ,*imie7 has "s judici\s rem>ks on ! exsiccation ( p[d]4 ,! exp]im5t made at ,essonne ne> ,p>is1 by ,m4 ,*ampy1 9 #ahjh1 on a contrivance = ! dry+ ( p[d]1 0 satisfactory4 ,?is exp]im5t may be se5 9 page #bdb ( ,botte & ,riffault4 #e4 ,du/+1 7,ep\ssetage47 ,?is op]ation is conf9$ m]ely to ! sift+4 ,x is no?+ m ?an ! sep>ation ( ! du/ f ! gra91 :i* we h be=e notic$4 ,! du/ is put 9 ! mort>s1 & work$ ov]4 #f4 ,b>rell+ c4 ,aft] ! p[d] has gone ?r\gh ! sev]al op]ations describ$1 x is !n put into b>rels1 & tak5 to ! magaz9e4 ,aft] speak+ ( gunp[d] "u ^! heads1 !y describe ! mann] ( treat+ ! gre51 7v]d7 & dry meal p[d]2 ! police ( p[d] e/abli%m5ts1 = ord] & economy2 ! workm5 necess>y 9 a p[d] manufactory2#ai ! process ( mak+ p[d] 9 ! revolution2 & = ! manufacture ( imp]ial p[d] 7:i* conta9s #j4gh saltpetre #j4aj sulphur1 & #j4ab *>coal72 ! process ( ,b]ne1 :]e ! p[d] is made ( #j4gf saltpetre1 #j4ad *>coal1 & #j4aj sulphur2 ! process ( ,mr4 ,*ampy1 notic$ 9 ?is article2 obs]vations respect+ diff]5t processes2 on p[d] magaz9es2 gunp[d] made ( o!r sal9e sub/ances besides nitre2 diff]5t modes ( prov+ p[d]1 exam9ation ( p[d]2 description ( work%ops1 me*anics1 & ut5sils1 c4 c4 ) a v>iety ( engrav+s4 ,we h m]ely to rem>k1 t ?is "w ( ,botte & ,riffault 7a l>ge qu>to volume1 ( #cdj pages1 besides ! plates1 :i* make a di/9ct volume7 ought to be 9 ! possession ( e gunp[d] manufactur]1 z x conta9s all ! in=mation kn[n on t subject4 ,( ?is fact !re c be no diff]5ce ( op9ion1 t 9 consequ5ce ( ! great att5tion paid to ! subject ( gunp[d] 9 ,france1 n only by ! gov]nm5t1 b by sci5tific associations & individuals1 _! k g5]ally mu/ be m m9ute & accurate1 & _! works1 z au!ntic records ( facts1 m to be dep5d$ on4 ,besides _m int]e/+ works1 & memoirs 9 ,fr5*1#bj !re h appe>$ "s valuable diss]tations 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,mr4 ,coleman1 9 8 pap] 9 ! ,phil4 ,mag4 ix1 p4 #cee1 may be consid]$ ! fir/1 :o1 z sup]9t5dant ( "o ( ! ,royal p[d] mills1 0 enabl$ to pres5t a body ( facts on ?is subject4 ,z ! mode ( manufactur+ gunp[d] at ! ,royal ,p[d] ,mills ( ,wal?am ,abbey1 9 ,engl&1 may be int]e/+ & useful1 9 connection ) ! diff]5t processes already giv52 we w introduce 9 ?is place ! acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,coleman1 hav+ extract$ x f ! ,arti/'s ,manual1 c4 ( ! au?or1 & hav+ tak5 x f ! orig9al memoir ( t g5tleman4 ,! +r$i5ts ( gunp[d] are tak5 9 ! foll[+ proportion1 namely1 #ge ( saltpetre1 #ae ( *>coal1 & #aj ( sulphur4 ,! saltpetre us$ is almo/ entirely t :i* is import$ f ! ,indies1 :i* comes ov] 9 ! r\gh /ate mix$ ) e>?y & o!r salts1 & is ref9$ by solution1 evaporation1 & cry/allization4 ,aft] ?is x is fus$ 9 a mod]ate heat1 s z to expel all ! pure wat]1 b none ( ! acid1 & is !n fit = use4 ,! great use ( ref9+ ! nitre is to get rid ( ! deliquesc5t salts1 :i* by r5d]+ ! p[d] made ( x liable to become damp by keep+1 w\ld mo/ mat]ially impair its goodness4 ,! sulphur us$ is import$ f ,italy & ,sicily1 :]e x is collect$ 9 its native /ate 9 abundance4 ,x is ref9$ by melt+ & skimm+1 & :5 v impure1 by sublimation4 ,x %\ld seem t ! ,engli% sulphur1 extract$ 9 abundance f "s ( ! copp] & o!r m9es1 is too impure to be economically us$ = gunp[d]1 requir+ exp5sive processes ( ref9+4 ,! *>coal =m]ly us$ 9 ?is manufacture 0 prep>$ 9 ! usual way ( *>r+ wood1 piles be+ =m$ ( x & cov]$ ) sods or f]n1 & suff]$ to burn ) a sl[ smo!r+ flame4 ,?is me?od h[ev] _c ) any c]ta9ty be dep5d$ on to produce *>coal ( a uni=mly good quality1 & !re=e a mo/ ess5tial improvem5t has be5 adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 to :i* ! pres5t sup]ior excell5ce ( ,am]ican p[d] may be 9 a good measure attribut$1 :i* is1 t ( enclos+ ! wood1 cut into billets ab\t n9e in*es long1 9 iron cyl9d]s plac$ horizontally1 & burn+ !m gradually to a r$ heat1 cont9u+ ! fire till e ?+ volatile is driv5 (f1 & ! wood is completely *>r$4 ,b z ! pyroligne\s acid1 ! volatile product ( ! wood heat$ p] se1 is ( use 9 manufacture1 x is collect$ by pipes pass+ out ( ! iron cyl9d]1 & dipp+ into casks :]e ! acid liquor cond5ses4 ,?is acid is us$ 9 "s p>ts ( calico-pr9t+1 *iefly z ! basis ( "s ( ! iron liquors & mordants = d>k-col\r$ patt]ns4 ,! wood be=e *>r+ is b>k$4 ,x is g5]ally ei!r ald] or will[1 or dog-wood1 b !re does n appe> to be any c]ta9 gr\nd = pref]r+ "o wood to ano!r provid$ x be fully *>r$4 ,! above ?ree +r$i5ts be+ prep>$1 !y are fir/ sep>ately gr\nd to f9e p[d]1 !n mix$ 9 ! prop] proportions1 aft] :i* ! mixture is fit = ! important op]ation ( ?or\ghly incorporat+ ! compon5t p>ts 9 ! mill4 ,a p[d] mill is a slight wood5 build+1 ) a bo>d$ ro(1 s t 9 ! ev5t ( any mod]ate explosion1 ! ro( w fly (f )\t difficulty1 & ! sudd5 expansion w ?us be made 9 ! lea/ mis*iev\s direction4 ,/amp+ mills 7 =m]ly us$ "h1 :i* consi/$ simply ( a l>ge wood5 mort>1 9 :i* a v pond]\s wood5 pe/le 0 made to "w1 by ! p[] ( m51 or horses1 or wat]1 z conv5i5ce direct$4 ,^! p]=m$ ! bus9ess ) v great accuracy1 b ! dang] f ov]-heat+ 0 f\nd to be s great1 & ! accid5ts attributable to ?is cause 7 s num]\s1 t /amp+ mills h be5 mo/ly disus$ 9 l>ge manufactures1 & ! bus9ess is n[ g5]ally p]=m$ by two /ones plac$ v]tically1 & runn+ on a b$-/one or tr\gh4 ,! mix$ +r$i5ts are put on ?is b$-/one 9 quantities n exce$+ #dj or #ej p\nds at a "t1 & moi/5$ ) j s mu* wat]1 z w br+ ! mass 9 ! gr9d+ to a consi/5ce consid]ably /iff] ?an pa/e1 9 :i* x is f\nd by exp]i5ce t ! incorporation ( ! +r$i5ts goes on ) ! mo/ ease & accuracy4 ,^! mills are work$ ei!r by wat] or horses4 ,! composition is usually work$ = ab\t sev5 or eight h\rs be=e ! mixture is ?\ght to be suffici5tly intimate1 & ev5 ?is "t is (t5 f\nd1 by ! inf]ior quality ( ! p[d]1 to be too little4 ,! f9e p[d] manufactur$ at ,battle 9 ,sussex1 is /ill h[ev] made 9 l>ge mort>s or /amp+ mills1 9 ! old way1 ) heavy lignum vit pe/les4 ,only a v few p\nds ( ! mat]ials are work$ at a "t4 ,! composition is !n tak5 f ! mills & s5t to ! corn+-h\se1 to be corn$ or gra9$4 ,?is process is n ess5tial to ! manufacture ( p]fect gunp[d]1 b is adopt$ on acc\nt ( ! mu* great] conv5i5ce ( us+ x 9 gra9s ?an 9 f9e du/4 ,"h ! /iff pa/e is fir/ press$ into h>d lumps1 :i* are put into circul> sieves ) p>*m5t bottoms1 p]=at$ ) holes ( diff]5t sizes1 & fix$ 9 a frame connect$ ) a horizontal :eel4 ,ea* ( ^! sieves is also furni%$ ) a runn] or oblate sph]oid ( lignum vit1 :i* be+ set 9 motion by ! action ( ! :eel1 squeezes ! pa/e ?r\gh ! holes ( ! p>*m5t bottom1 =m+ gra9s ( diff]5t sizes4 ,! gra9s are !n sort$ & sep>at$ f ! du/ by sieves ( progressive dim5sions4 ,!y are !n glaz$ or h>d5$1 & ! r\gh edges tak5 (f1 by be+ put into casks1 fill+ !m some:at m ?an half-full1 :i* are fix$ to ! axis ( a wat]-:eel1 & 9 ?us rapidly revolv+1 ! gra9s are %ak5 aga9/ ea* o!r & r\nd$1 at ! same "t receiv+ a slight gloss or glaz+4 ,mu* du/ is also sep>at$ by ?is process4 ,! glaz+ is f\nd to less5 ! =ce ( ! p[d] f a fif? to a f\r?1 b ! p[d] keeps mu* bett] :5 glaz$1 & is less liable to gr[ damp4 ,! p[d] be+ ?us corn$1 du/$ & glaz$1 is s5t to ! /ove-h\se & dri$1 a "p ( ! process :i* requires ! greate/ precautions to avoid explosion1 :i* 9 ?is /ate w\ld be mu* m dang]\s ?an be=e ! intimate mixture ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,! /ove-h\se is a squ>e ap>tm5t1 ?ree sides ( :i* are furni%$ ) %elves or cases1 on prop] supports1 arrang$ r\nd ! room1 & ! f\r? conta9s a l>ge ca/-iron vessel call$ a gloom1 :i* projects into ! room1 & is /rongly heat$ f ! outside1 s t x is impossible t any ( ! fuel %\ld come 9 contact ) ! p[d]4 ,= great] security aga9/ sp>ks by accid5tal friction1 ! glooms are cov]$ ) %eet copp]1 & are always cool :5 ! p[d] is put 9 or tak5 out ( ! room4 ,"h ! gra9s are ?or\ghly dri$1 los+ 9 ! process all t rema9s ( ! wat] add$ to ! mixture 9 ! mill1 to br+ x to a work+ /iffness4 ,?is ,mr4 ,coleman f9ds to be f ?ree to five p>ts 9 #ajj ( ! composition4 ,! p[d] :5 dry is !n complete4 ,! gov]nm5t p[d] = ordnance ( all k9ds z well z = small arms1 is g5]ally made at "o "t1 & always ( ! same composition2 ! diff]5ce be+ only 9 ! size ( ! gra9s z sep>at$ by ! respective sieves4 ,a me?od ( dry+ p[d] by means ( /eam-pipes runn+ r\nd & cross+ ! ap>tm5t has be5 tri$ ) success3 by x all possibility ( an accid5t f ov]-heat+ is prev5t$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! room :5 heat$ 9 ! common way by a gloom-/ove is always regulat$ by a !rmomet] hung 9 ! door ( ! /oves4 ,! /r5g? ( ! p[d] is sometimes injur$ by be+ dri$ too ha/ily & at too great a heat1 = 9 ?is case "s ( ! sulphur sublimes out 7:i* x w d copi\sly at a less heat ?an w inflame ! p[d]7 & ! intimate mixture ( ! +r$i5ts is aga9 de/roy$4 ,besides if dri$ too ha/ily1 ! surface ( ! gra9 h>d5s leav+ ! inn] "p /ill damp4 ,mr4 ,coleman d$uces f exp]im5t ! foll[+ inf]5ces1 namely3 t ! +r$i5ts ( gunp[d] only pulv]iz$ & mix$ h b a v small explosive =ce3 t gunp[d] granulat$ aft] hav+ be5 only a %ort "t on ! mill1 has acquir$ only a v small portion ( its /r5g?1 s t its p]fection absolutely dep5ds on v long-cont9u$ & accurate mixture & incorporation ( ! +r$i5ts3 t ! /r5g? ( gunp[d] does n dep5d on granulation1 ! du/ t sep>ates dur+ ?is process be+ z /rong z ! clean gra9s3 t p[d] undri$1 is weak] 9 e /ep ( ! manufacture ?an :5 dri$3 & la/ly1 t *>coal made 9 iron cyl9d]s 9 ! way already m5tion$1 makes mu* /rong] p[d] ?an common *>coal4 ,?is la/ circum/ance is ( s mu* consequ5ce1 & is s fully confirm$ by exp]i5ce1 t ! *>ges ( p[d] n[ us$ = cannon ( all k9ds h be5 r$uc$ "o-?ird 9 quantity1 :5 ?is k9d ( p[d] is employ$4 ,9 b>rell+ p[d]1 p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid moi/ure1 & ?is bus9ess is also g5]ally res]v$ = dry wea!r4 ,:5 p[d] is only a little damp1 x may be re/or$ to its =m] goodness m]ely by /ov+2 b if x has be5 ?or\ghly wett$1 ! nitre 7! only "o ( ! +r$i5ts soluble 9 wat]7 sep>ates m or less f ! sulphur & *>coal1 & by aga9 cry/alliz+1 cakes toge!r ! p[d] 9 :iti% masses1 :i* are a loose aggregate ( gra9s cov]$ on ! surface ) m9ute effloresc5ces ( nitre4 ,9 ?is case ! spoil$ p[d] is put into w>m wat] m]ely to extract ! nitre1 & ! o!r two +r$i5ts are sep>at$ by /ra9+ & ?r[n away4 ,! specific gravity ( gunp[d] is e/imat$ by ,c\nt ,rum=d to be ab\t #a4hfh4 ,! /r5g? & goodness ( p[d] is judg$ ( 9 sev]al ways2 namely1 by ! col\r & feel1 by ! flame :5 a small p9* is fir$1 & by measur+ ! actual projectile =ce by ! epr\vette1 & by ! di/ance to :i* a giv5 weight w project a ball ( giv5 dim5sions "u circum/ances 9 all cases exactly simil>4 ,:5 p[d] rubb$ betwe5 ! f+]s easily breaks d[n into an impalpable du/1 x is a m>k ( conta9+ too mu* *>coal1 & ! same if x readily soils :ite pap] :5 g5tly drawn ov] x4 ,! col\r %\ld n be absolutely black1 b is pref]r$ to be m ( a d>k blue ) a little ca/ ( r$4 ,! trial by fir+ is ?us manag$2 lay two or ?ree small heaps ( ab\t a dram ea* on clean writ+ pap]1 ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es asund]1 & fire "o ( !m by a r$-hot iron wire3 if ! flame asc5ds quickly ) a good report1 s5d+ up a r+ ( :ite smoke1 leav+ ! pap] free f :ite specks & n burnt into holes1 & if no sp>ks fly (f f x1 sett+ fire to ! contigu\s heaps1 ! p[d] is judg$ to be v good1 b if o!rwise1 ei!r ! +r$i5ts are badly mix$1 or impure4 ,gunp[d] mix$ ) p[d]$ glass1 & /ruck ) a hamm] is said to explode4 ,an adv]tisem5t appe>$ 9 ! public pap]s "s "t 9 #ahac or #ad1 sign$ ,t4 ,ewel1 address$ to p[d] manufactur]s1 by :i* x appe>s1 9 ! words ( ! adv]tisem5t1 t he obta9$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates a pat5t "r = ?ree v simple & important improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 :i* d mo/ truly dim9i% m ?an "o half ! risk1 ! wa/e1 & ! exp5se ( ! manufacture4 ,!y consi/ 9 boil+ ! +r$i5ts by /eam1 9 incorporat+ !m )\t ! objection ( b>rels1 ! dang] ( p\nd]s1 or ! t$i\sness ( /ones runn+ on ! edge3 & 9 ! granulation effect$ by a simple ma*9e turn+ by h& or wat]1 & gra9+ m 9 a day ?an tw5ty h&s1 los+ n a p>ticle ( du/1 & mak+ n half ! quantity = re-manufacture4 ,! advantages ( ?is mode h be5 s great t he _h to dis*>ge half 8 workm5 f 8 manufactory1 z w be readily acc\nt$ = by ^? accu/om$ to ! t$i\sness & loss f gra9+1 p>ticul>ly ! press p[d] by ! sift] & roll]s1 c4 ,we h n se5 ! plan 9 op]ation1 &1 !re=e1 c say no?+ respect+ x2 b x w\ld appe>1 f ! description1 t ! process 0 conduct$ altoge!r by /eam4 ,x is true1 t ! use ( /eam is no new application1 nor 0 x !n1 z x _h be5 us$ 9 ,europe = heat+ ( dye kettles1 9 soap boil+1 di/ill+1 = w>m+ ap>tm5ts1 & _m o!r purposes4 ,! application to t p>ticul> use1 t ( ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 may be orig9al z f> z we "k1 not)/&+ /eam has be5 appli$ by means ( pipes1 c4 z is us$ at pres5t 9 "s manufactories1 = ! dry+ ( gunp[d]4 ,pr(essor1 n[ presid5t ,coop]1 ( ,columbia ,college1 ,s4 ,c4 7,emporium ( ,arts & ,sci5ces vol4 ii1 p4 #cag7 9 mak+ "s obs]vations respect+ t publication1 believes1 t ! application ( /eam to ! manufacture ( gunp[d] to be practicable1 & 9 ref]5ce to ! adv]tisem5t1 also a real improvem5t2 & speak+ ( /eam = t purpose adds1 :e!r x be adopt$ 9 ,engl& or n1 or :e!r among ! num]\s pat5ts grant$ = ! application ( /eam to ! arts & manufactures ( t c\ntry1 ,i "k n4 ,on a g5]al pr9ciple ( heat+ ap>tm5ts by /eam1 we may rem>k1 t "o cubic foot ( boil] w heat ab\t two ?\s& feet ( space1 9 a cotton mill1 ^: av]age heat is f #gj to #hj ,fahr4 ,"o squ>e foot ( surface ( /eam pipe1 is adequate to ! w>m+ ( two hundr$ cubic feet ( space4 ,ca/ iron pipes are pref]able to all o!rs = ! diffusion ( heat4 ,= dry+ musl9s & calicoes1 l>ge cyl9d]s are employ$1 & ! temp]ature ( ! ap>tm5t is f #ajj to #acj4 ,dr4 ,black obs]ves t /eam is ! mo/ effectual c>ri] ( heat t c be conceiv$1 & w deposite x only on su* bodies z are cold] ?an boil+ wat]4 ,dr4 ,ure 7,rese>*es on ,heat7 has giv5 a new table ( ! lat5t heat ( vap\rs1 by :i* x appe>s t ! vap\r ( wat]1 at its boil+ po9t1 conta9s #ajjj degrees1 :ile t ( alcohol ( ! specific gravity1 4#hbe conta9s #deg1 & e!r1 ^: boil+ po9t is #aab1 only #cab4i4 ,we see !n n only by ! rec5t exp]im5ts ( ,ure1 b also ^? ( ,dr4 ,black1 ,lavoisi] & ,laplace1 ,c\nt ,rum=d1 ,mr4 ,watt & "s o!rs1 t wat] is ! be/ c>ri] ( heat1 us+ ! expression ( ,dr4 ,black1 & h5ce is admirably calculat$ = ! w>m+ ( ap>tm5ts & o!r purposes4 ,/eam may be appli$ = ! heat+ ( wat] or o!r fluids1 ei!r = ba?s or manufactures1 & consequ5tly = ! saltpetre & sulphur ref9]ies1 atta*$ to a gunp[d] e/abli%m5t1 ei!r by plung+ ! /eam pipe ) an op5 end into ! wat] ci/]n1 if x be = ! heat+ ( wat]1 or by diffus+ x ar\nd ! liquid 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! wood5 vessel & an int]ior metallic case4 ,?is la/ mode is applicable to all purposes4 ,a gallon ( wat] 9 ! =m ( /eam w heat #f gallons at #ej up to ! boil+ po9t1 or #afb degrees2 or "o gallon w be adequate to heat #ah gallons ( ! latt] up to #ajj degrees1 mak+ an all[ance = wa/e 9 ! conduct+ pipe4 ,mr4 ,woolf 7,mon?ly ,magaz9e vol4 xxxii1 p4 #bec7 has tak5 out a pat5t = a /eam app>atus = v>i\s purposes1 among :i* t = ! dry+ ( gunp[d] is specifi$4 ,?is pat5t is consid]$ "u ?ree heads2 viz4 ! con/ruction ( ! boil]s1 :i* are cyl9drical vessels prop]ly connect$ toge!r1 & s dispos$ z to con/itute a /rong & fit receptacle = wat]1 or any o!r fluid1 int5d$ to be conv]t$ into /eam1 & also to pres5t an ext5sive portion ( convex surface to ! curr5t ( flame1 or heat$ air or vap\r f a fire4 ,secondly1 ( o!r cyl9drical receptacles plac$ above ^! cyl9d]s1 & prop]ly connect$ ) !m1 = ! purpose ( conta9+ wat] & /eam1 & = its reception1 transmission1 c4 ,?irdly1 ( a furnace s adapt$ to ! cyl9drical p>ts j m5tion$1 z to communicate heat ) facility & economy4 ,by means ( ?is inv5tion1 he /ates1 t any desir$ temp]ature1 necess>y = ! dry+ ( gunp[d]1 may be produc$ :]e ! p[d] is to be dri$1 )\t ! necessity ( hav+ fire 91 or s ne> ! place z to endang] its safety2 = by employ+ /eam only1 convey$ ?r\gh pipes1 & prop]ly appli$ & direct$1 )\t all[+ any ( x to escape into ! room or ap>tm5t :]e ! p[d] is1 any compet5t workman c produce a heat equal to t f\nd necess>y = dry+ gunp[d]1 or mu* high] if requir$4 ,! heat may be regulat$1 to effect ! purpose1 )\t produc+ ! sublimation ( ! sulphur1 :i* has sometimes tak5 place4 ,among ! num]\s pat5ts ( ! late ,d4 ,pettibone are "s = ov5s1 bo? fix$ & portable1 = ! dry+ ( gunp[d]4 ,speak+ ( ! use ( heat$ air 7,description ( ! ,improvem5ts ( ! ,r>efy+ air-/ove1 p4 #ai7 he obs]ves1 t p[d] mak]s w\ld d]ive a v great advantage by us+ r>efi$ air = dry+ _! gunp[d]4 ,mr4 ,+5h\z 7,n\velles exp]i5ces et obs]vations sur div]s objects de physique7 attribut$ ! effect ( gunp[d] to ! simultane\s dis5gagem5t ( dephlogi/icat$ air f ! nitre1 & inflammable air f ! *>coal at ! mom5t ( ignition4 ,he foll[$ ! calculation ( ,b]n\illi ) respect to ! quantity ( gas g5]at$1 viz3 t "o cubic in* ( gunp[d] at ! mom5t ( inflammation1 calculat+ at ! same "t its expansion1 occupies n less ?an #bbgf cubic in*es4 ,t ! effective =ce ( gunp[d] dep5ds on ! g5]ation & expansion ( sundry gase\s fluids1 is evid5t1 f ! *emical action :i* takes place 9 ! combu/ion4 ,at a r$ heat gunp[d] explodes4 ,?is ensues ev5 9 a vacuum2 a fact at once conclusive1 t1 :ile x possesses ! inflammable pr9ciple1 x has also ! support] ( combu/ion4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! p>ticle ( p[d] :i* is /ruck by ! sp>k1 is in/antane\sly heat$ to ! temp]ature ( ignition1 & is !reby decompos$2 & ! aff9ity exi/+ betwe5 its oxyg5 or ! oxyg5 ( ! nitric acid1 & ! *>coal & sulphur produces ! pr9cipal "p ( ! gases4 ,! caloric ?us evolv$1 inflames successively1 ?\gh ) rapidity1 ! rema9+ mass4 ,! expansive =ce ( p[d]1 is !re=e attribut$ to ! sudd5 production ( c>bonic acid gas1 sulphur\s acid & nitrog5 gas1 ) ! wat] :i* is in/antane\sly conv]t$ into /eam2 all ( :i* are greatly augm5t$ by ! quantity ( caloric lib]at$4 ,! combu/ion1 !re=e1 is ow+ to ! action ( ! *>coal & sulphur on ! nitre2 & ! decomposition is ! effect ( ! union ( ! *>coal ) a "p ( ! oxyg5 ( ! nitric acid1 ) :i* x =ms c>bonic acid1 & also ) ! sulphur produc+ sulphur\s acid gas4 ,x is ass]t$1 t sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas is also produc$2 if s1 !re mu/ be a sulphuret =m$1 :i* decomposes a "p ( ! wat]4 ,aft] combu/ion1 :at rema9s is c>bonate ( potassa1 sulphate ( potassa1 & a small proportion ( sulphuret ( potassa & unconsum$ *>coal4 ,good p[d]1 h[ev]1 %\ld leave no v s5sible residue :5 inflam$3 ?is is "o ( ! pro(s recomm5d$4 ,!n>d obs]ves1 7,trait de ,*imie1 ii1 p4 #dih17 t ! products ( ! combu/ion ( gunp[d] are num]\s2 "s gase\s1 & "s solid4 ,! gase\s products are c>bonic acid1 deutoxide ( azote 7nitr\s gas7 & azotic gas1 besides ! vap\r ( wat]2 & ! solid products are sub-c>bonate ( potassa1 sulphate ( potassa1 & sulphuret ( potassa4 ,m4 ,pr\/ consid]s1 t nitrite ( potassa1 prussiate ( potassa1 *>coal1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 c>burett$ hydrog5 gas1 nitr\s gas1 & c>bonic oxide gas may be g5]at$ or result1 z ! products ( ! combu/ion1 :5 ! mat]ials h n be5 prop]ly mix$4 ,our object 9 all cases %\ld be to r5d] ! mat]ials pure1 & ! proportions s accurate1 z to produce ! greate/ possible effect1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 mu/ dep5d on ! =mation & ! consequ5t expansion ( ! gases4 ,! effect ( fir$ gunp[d] is ow+ 9 a great degree to ! g5]ation ( c>bonic acid gas2 = :ile ! *>coal acts prim>ily 9 ! combu/ion1 by tak+ a great] "p ( ! oxyg5 f ! nitric acid ( ! nitre1 ) :i* we h said x produces c>bonic acid2 ! sulphur has a second>y influ5ce1 by =m+ sulphur\s acid gas1 al?\gh x r5d]s ! combu/ion m rapid1 & 9 ?is respect enables ! *>coal to act at once on ! nitric acid ( ! saltpetre4 ,we le>n !n1 t 9 gunp[d]1 ! quantity ( *>coal %\ld be su* z to effect ! decomposition2 &1 t :ile ! sulphur has a second>y effect1 9 ! =mation ( sulphur\s acid gas1 x promotes1 if s we may t]m x1 ! rapid combu/ion1 & consequ5t action ( ! *>coal4 ,,mm4 ,botte & ,riffault 7,trait de l'art de ,fabriqu la p\dre canon1 p4 #aig17 aft] mak+ "s obs]vations on ! con/itution ( p[d]1 & ! action :i* takes place :5 x is burnt1 ) ! a]i=m products t result1 give "s rem>ks on ! proportion ( *>coal necess>y to decompose a giv5 quantity ( nitric acid2 & conclude g5]ally1 t 9 ! production ( c>bonic acid gas1 ! pr9cipal gas :i* is =m$1 :ile ! nitric acid is decompos$1 & gives up its oxyg5 to ! c>bon1 ! azote is lib]at$ 9 ! /ate ( gas1 & at ! same "t caloric is evolv$4 ,!y obs]ve !n1 t ! anci5t =mula = ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 z us$ 9 ,france1 consi/s ( ! foll[+ proportions1 viz3 #j4gej saltpetre1 #j4abe *>coal1 & #j4abe sulphur1 :i* agrees ) mod]n exp]im5ts1 al?\gh *emi/ry at t p]iod 0 9 its infancy4 ,m4 ,pelleti]1 a memb] ( ! ,national ,in/itute1 & ,m4 ,riffault made sev]al exp]im5ts at ,essonne1 on diff]5t proportions ( nitre1 *>coal1 & sulphur 9 ! fabrication ( p[d]4 ,x is unnecess>y to /ate ! diff]5t proportions1 made use (1 or ! exp]im5ts on ! /r5g? ( ! p[d] made ) ! epr\vette4 ,!y obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t p[d] made 9 ! foll[+ proportions1 0 m satisfactory1 viz4 #j4gf saltpetre1 #j4ae *>coal1 #j4ji sulphur1 & #j4gf saltpetre1 #j4ad *>coal1 & #j4aj sulphur4 ,be=e we give ! gase\s products1 accord+ to ^! g5tlem51 x w be necess>y to obs]ve1 t ! quantity ( nitric acid 9 nitrate ( potassa1 is #dh4fb 9 ! hundr$1 & accord+ to ,gay-,lussac1 nitric acid is compos$ 9 volume ( #bej oxyg5 & #ajj azote1 or 9 weight ( #fi4dhh oxyg51 & #cj4eab azote4 ,us+ ! ,fr5* gramme 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 x appe>s t #ge grammes ( nitrate ( potassa1 ! proportion ( ?is salt :i* ent]s into #ajj grammes ( gunp[d] = w>1 conta9s #cf4dg grammes ( nitric acid2 & t ?is quantity ( acid is =m$ ( #be4cd grammes ( oxyg51 & #aa4ac grammes ( azote4 ,t quantity ( oxyg5 7#be4cd7 is dis5gag$ f its comb9ation ) azote 9 ! nitric acid1 at ! in/ant ( ! inflammation ( ! p[d] by ! *>coal1 =m+ c>bonic acid2 ! con/itu5ts ( :i*1 accord+ to ! proportions e/abli%$ by ,gay-,lussac & o!rs1 mu/ be 9 ! ratio ( #bg4cgf ( c>bon & #gb4fbd ( oxyg54 ,if #be4cd grammes ( oxyg5 exi/ 9 #ge grammes ( nitrate ( potassa1 ! proportion usually admitt$1 !n x w require #i4ee grammes ( c>bon to saturate x1 s z to produce c>bonic acid4 ,x is necess>y to consid]1 t ?is is indep5d5t ( any =eign e>?y or sal9e matt] or moi/ure :i* may exi/4 ,) respect to ! pres5ce ( hydrog5 9 *>coal1 ! obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 ,cruik%anks1 ,kirwan1 ,b]?ollet1 ,gay-,lussac1 ,!n>d1 ,vauquel91 ,l[itz & "s o!rs1 are conclusive on t head4 ,lavoisi] made ! quantity ( hydrog5 9 *>coal ^u an av]age1 to be #j4abe ( its weight4 ,see ,memoirs de la ,socit d',arcueil1 tome ii1 p4 #cdc1 & ! ,/atique ,*imique1 tome ii1 pages #dd & #de1 & also *>coal 9 a prec$+ section4 ,x is said1 t by employ+ m *>coal ?an is necess>y to decompose ! nitric acid ( ! nitre1 ! excess passes (f1 n z c>bonic acid1 b c>bonic oxide1 or gase\s oxide ( c>bon1 :i* is necess>ily inflam$1 & f9ally =ms c>bonic acid1 z "o ( ! products ) ! c>bonic acid orig9ally =m$4 ,b ! c>bonic oxide1 to be *ang$ into c>bonic acid1 requires 9 fact ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,if #cd4hi grammes ( c>bonic acid result f ! combu/ion ( #i4ee grammes ( c>bon1 x mu/ unite ) a quantity ( oxyg51 z be=e express$1 & accord+ to ! temp]ature1 be m or less exp&$4 ,! #aa4ac grammes ( azote ?us dis5gag$ f its comb9ation ) oxyg51 9 ! nitric acid1 rema9s1 ( c\rse1 9 ! gase\s /ate1 & is also exp&$ by caloric4 ,! quantity ( ! latt] is /at$ by ,lavoisi]1 to be #dcj degrees1 us+ a scale ( #hj p>ts2 & accord+ to m rec5t exp]im5ts1 x is fix$ at #fjj degrees ( ! c5tigrade !rmomet]4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,gay-,lussac are m rec5t1 9 :i* he has giv5 ! dilatation ( ! gases1 & ! quantity ( free caloric evolv$1 :i* corresponds ) ! la/ data4 ,we h n room to ins]t 8 rem>ks4 ,! use ( sulphur ) ! *>coal1 9 ! fabrication ( p[d]1 ,botte & ,riffault /ate to be1 7page #bjd7 t x inflames m rapidly ?an *>coal1 & at a l[] temp]ature1 :i* accel]ates ! combu/ion ( ! *>coal1 & consequ5tly ! detonation ( ! p[d]4 ,! pres5ce ( ! sulphur augm5ts ! volume ( gas1 by produc+ sulphur\s acid gas4 ,! proportion ( sulphur 9 ! p[d] = w>1 is1 #j4abe1 = musket p[d]1 #j4aj1 & = m9+ p[d]1 #j4bj1 accord+ to ! same g5tlem54 ,m4 ,f\rcroy 7,sy/me des ,connaissances ,*imiques1 tome iii1 p4 #abb47 among o!r products ( ! combu/ion ( p[d]1 m5tions ammonia4 ,if ammoniacal gas be =m$1 ! hydrog5 mu/ proce$ f decompos$ wat]1 & ! azote f ! nitric acid4 ,pruss9e1 cyanog51 or c>buret ( nitrog51 ! radical ( prussic acid1 may also be g5]at$ by ! union ( c>bon & nitrog5 or azote1 9 ! same mann]4 ,we "k t cyanog5 may exi/ 9 ! =m ( gas2 b z x is inflammable1 burn+ ) a blui% flame mix$ ) purple1 we may inf]1 nev]!less1 t1 if g5]at$1 x mu/ und]go decomposition by ! process ( combu/ion4 ,al?\gh ,i "k ( no exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 ei!r by ,gay-,lussac1 ,vauquel9 or ,davy1 all ( :om h inve/igat$ ! prop]ties ( ?is comp\nd ( c>bon & azote1 :i* ,dr4 ,ure has call$ pruss9e2 yet x w\ld appe>1 t dur+ its combu/ion1 ! c>bon is *ang$ into c>bonic acid1 & :e!r ! azote be also comb9$ ) oxyg51 or m]ely set at lib]ty1 is altoge!r unc]ta94 ,_m difficulties pres5t !mselves to a complete & satisfactory set ( exp]im5ts on ! gase\s products ( fir$ gunp[d]4 ,) respect to ! granulation ( p[d]1 we may obs]ve1 t al?\gh "s writ]s consid] t granulat$ p[d] is /rong] ?an ! f9e p[d]1 yet o!rs are ( op9ion1 t its /r5g? is n increas$ by granulation4 ,gra9$ p[d] is m fit = use2 b ! gra9+ ( x prev5ts ! :ole ( ! p[d] f tak+ fire in/antane\sly4 ,gunp[d]1 al?\gh prep>$ 9 ! be/ mann]1 is n :olly consum$ by inflammation4 ,h[ev] rem>kable x may appe>1 yet nev]!less x is true1 t a consid]able portion ( gunp[d] fir$ 9 a conf9$ space is ?r[n out )\t be+ k9dl$4 ,t gunp[d] passes ?r\gh a volume ( fire )\t be+ consum$1 may seem incr$ible1 yet ! fact may be prov$ by fir+ ) a musket ^u sn[1 or ^u a pap] scre54 ,m4 ,morveau communicat$ to ! ,in/itute "s exp]im5ts1 :i* may be se5 9 ! ,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 i1 p4 #bfi1 relative to ! "t necess>y = ! inflammation ( a giv5 mass ( gunp[d]1 c4 ,he inf]s t l>ge gra9 p[d] inflames m readily ?an ! f9e gra94 ,s9ce dur+ ! combu/ion ( p[d]1 gase\s bodies m or less consid]able are g5]at$1 x foll[s t ! full =ce ( fir$ gunp[d] mu/ dep5d on ! maximum ( ! quantity ( ^? gases2 & ! p[d] is m /rong z x is susceptible ( =m+ m gas 9 a giv5 "t4 ,besides ! purity & ! prop] proportion ( ! mat]ials1 ! gunp[d]1 to produce ! greate/ possible effect1 %\ld n only be intimately mix$1 b dri$ p]fectly & ) c>e4 ,x is a fact :i* is well kn[n1 t a musket1 f[l+ piece1 c4 are v apt to bur/1 if ! wadd+ is n ramm$ d[n close to ! p[d]4 ,h5ce x is obvi\s1 t 9 load+ a screw b>rel pi/ol1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! cavity = ! p[d] be entirely fill$ ) x1 s z to leave no space betwe5 ! p[d] & ! ball4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n1 t if a %ell is only half or two-?irds fill$ ) gunp[d]1 x breaks into a great numb] ( pieces1 & on ! contr>y1 if completely fill$1 x sep>ates only into two or ?ree pieces1 :i* are ?r[n to a v great di/ance4 ,x is also f\nd t ! same pr9ciple1 ( leav+ a space = air1 is appli$ ) success 9 bla/+ rocks1 & splitt+ trunks ( trees4 ,if ! trunk ( a tree is *>g$ ) gunp[d]1 & ! wadd+ is ramm$ d[n v h>d ^u ! p[d]1 9 t case 7unless ! quantity ( p[d] is great17 ! wadd+ is only driv5 out1 & ! tree rema9s entire2 b if1 in/ead ( ramm+ ! wad close to ! p[d]1 a c]ta9 space is left betwe5 !m1 ! effects ( ! p[d] are !n su* z to te> ! tree asund]4 ,addison 7,travels ?r\gh ,italy & ,swiss]l&7 speak+ ( ! celebrat$ ,grotto ,del ,cani1 :i* conta9s c>bonic acid gas1 & on t acc\nt ext+ui%es flame1 & is fatal to animal life1 obs]ves1 t he laid a tra9 ( gunp[d] 9 ! *annel ( a re$1 & plac$ x at ! bottom ( ! grotto1 & on inflam+ x1 t x burnt entirely away1 al?\gh ! c>bonic acid gas 9 ! same spot w\ld imm$iately ext+ui% a light$ tap]1 snuff & all2 =1 he rem>ks1 fire is z soon ext+ui%$ 9 x z 9 wat]4 ,if gunp[d] did n conta9 )9 itself t :i* 0 necess>y to produce combu/ion1 h[ are we to acc\nt = its combu/ion 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid gas1 or 9 vacuo8 ,:e!r gunp[d] be fir$ 9 a vacuum or 9 air1 a p]man5tly ela/ic fluid is g5]at$1 ! ela/icity or pressure ( :i* is1 ct]is p>ibus1 directly z its d5sity4 ,gregory1 7,treatise on ,me*anics1 c4 ii1 p4 #ef7 has giv5 a summ>y ( ! results ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,rob9s1 :i* we ins]t v]batim4 ,to det]m9e ! ela/icity & quantity ( ?is fluid 7! ela/ic7 produc$ f ! explosion ( a giv5 quantity ( gunp[d]1 ,mr4 ,rob9s premises1 t ! ela/icity increases by heat1 & dim9i%es by cold1 9 ! same mann] z t ( ! air2 & t ! d5sity ( ?is fluid1 & consequ5tly its weight1 is ! same ) an equal bulk ( air1 hav+ ! same ela/icity at ! same temp]ature4 ,f ^! pr9ciples1 & f ! exp]im5ts by :i* !y are e/abli%$ 7= a detail ( :i* we mu/ ref] to ! book itself17 he concludes t ! fluid produc$ by ! fir+ ( gunp[d]1 is ne>ly #c_/aj?s ( ! weight ( ! g5]at+ p[d] itself2 & t ! volume or bulk ( ?is air or fluid1 :5 exp&$ to ! r>ity ( common atmosph]ic air1 is ab\t #bdd times ! bulk ( ! said g5]at+ p[d]4 ,c\nt ,salace 9 8 ,miscel4 ,phil4 ,ma?4 ,soc4 ,priv4 ,taur91 p4 #abe1 makes ! proportion z #bbb to #a2 :i* he says agrees ) ! computation ( ,messrs4 ,hawkesbe ,amontons1 & ,belidor4 ,h5ce x w\ld foll[ t any quantity ( p[d] fir$ 9 any conf9$ space1 :i* x adequately fills1 ex]ts at ! in/ant ( its explosion aga9/ ! sides ( ! vessel conta9+ x1 & ! bodies x impels be=e x1 a =ce at lea/ #bdd times great] ?an ! ela/icity ( common air1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ?an ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e2 & ?is )\t consid]+ ! great addition aris+ f ! viol5t degree ( heat1 ) :i* x is endu$ at t "t2 ! quantity ( :i* augm5tation is ! next head ( ,rob9s's inquiry4 ,he det]m9es t ! ela/icity ( air is augm5t$ 9 a proportion some:at great] ?an t ( #d to #a1 :5 heat$ to ! extreme/ heat ( r$-hot iron2 & suppos+ t ! flame ( fir$ gunp[d] is n ( a less degree ( heat1 increas+ ! =m] numb] a little m ?an f\r times1 makes ne>ly #ajjj2 :i* %[s t ! ela/icity ( flame1 at ! mom5t ( explosion1 is ab\t #ajjj times /rong] ?an ! ela/icity ( common air1 or ?an ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,b1 f ! height ( ! b>omet]1 x is kn[n t ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e ^u e squ>e in* is on a m$ium ( #ad-c_/d?s1 & !re=e #ajjj times ?is1 or #adgej lbs4 is ! =ce ( pressure ( inflam$ gunp[d]1 at ! mom5t ( explosion1 ^u a squ>e in*1 :i* is v ne>ly equival5t to six tons & a half4 ,?is great =ce1 h[ev]1 dim9i%es z ! fluid dilates itself1 & 9 t proportion2 viz4 9 proportion to ! space x occupies1 x be+ only half ! /r5g?1 :5 x occupies a d\ble space1 "o-?ird ! /r5g?1 :5 a triple space1 & s on4 ,mr4 ,rob9s fur!r suppos$ ! degree ( heat above m5tion$ to be a k9d ( m$ium heat2 b t 9 ! case ( l>ge quantities ( p[d] ! heat w be high]1 & 9 v small quantities l[]2 & t !re=e 9 ! =m] case ! =ce w be some:at m1 & ! latt] some:at less1 ?an #ajjj times ! =ce ( ! atmosph]e4 ,he fur!r f\nd1 t ! /r5g? ( p[d] is ! same 9 all v>iations 9 ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e3 b t ! moi/ure ( ! air has a great effect ^u x2 = ! same quantity :i* 9 a dry season w\ld dis*>ge a bullet ) ! velocity ( #agjj feet 9 "o second1 w n 9 damp wea!r give x a velocity ( m ?an #ab or #acjj feet 9 a second1 or ev5 less1 if ! p[d] be bad1 or neglig5tly kept4 ,rob9s's ,tracts vol4 i1 p4 #aja1 c4 ,fur!r1 z !re is a c]ta9 quantity ( wat]1 :i*1 :5 mix$ ) p[d]1 w prev5t its fir+ at all1 x _c be d\bt$ b e degree ( moi/ure mu/ abate ! viol5ce ( ! explosion2 & h5ce ! effects ( damp p[d] are n difficult to acc\nt =4 ,! velocity ( expansion ( ! flame ( gunp[d]1 :5 fir$ 9 a piece ( artill]y1 )\t ei!r bullet or o!r body be=e x1 is prodigi\sly great1 viz4 #gjjj feet p] second4 ,b ,mr4 ,b]n\lli & ,mr4 ,eul] ?9k x is /ill mu* great]4 ,dr4 ,hutton1 aft] apply+ "s requisite corrections to ,mr4 ,rob9s's numb]s1 & aft] rem>k+ t ! p[d] does n all inflame at once1 z well z t ab\t #g_/aj?s ( x consi/ ( gross matt] n conv]tible into an ela/ic fluid1 gives v #abe sqrt 77n q7_/7#af q7 log4 ( b_/a7 = ! initial velocity ( any ball ( giv5 weight & magnitude1 & n 77p w7_/#cahj ad#b7v#b log4 b_/a = ! value ( ! initial =ce n ( ! p[d] 9 atmosph]ic pressures3 :5 a l5g? ( ! bore occupi$ by ?is *>ge1 b :ole l5g? ( ! bore1 d diamet] ( ! ball1 w its weight1 #b p weight ( ! p[d]1 q a_/d4 ,9 8 exp]im5ts & results1 he f\nd n to v>y betwe5 #agjj & #bcjj1 & ! velocity ( ! flame to v>y betwe5 #cjjj & #dgcb2 specify+1 h[ev]1 ! modification 9 8 computations1 :i* w\ld give m ?an #gjjj feet p] second = t velocity4 ,tak+ #bbjj = an av]age value ( n1 & sub/itut+ #dg = its squ>e root 9 ! above =mula = v1 x becomes v #ehge sqrt 7q_/7#af q7 log4 ( b_/a7 = ! velocity ( ! ball1 a !orem :i* agrees rem>kably well ) ! ,doctor's num]\s & valuable exp]im5ts4 7,tracts1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bij1 #cae47 ,9 a ,fr5* "w entitl$1 ,le ,m\vem5t ,ign considr pr9cipalem5t dans la *>ge d'une pice d'artill]ie1 publi%$ 9 #ahji1 !re are advanc$1 among o!r notions :i* we appreh5d few philosoph]s w be incl9$ to adopt1 "s :i* may dem& & des]ve a c>eful consid]ation4 ,! au?or ( ?is "w obs]ves1 t if a fluid draws its =ce p>tly f a gase\s or a]i=m matt]1 & p>tly f ! action ( caloric1 :i* r>efies t a]i=m matt]2 !n its d5sity 9 proportion to its dilatation1 w foll[ ! inv]se ratios ( ! squ>es ( ! spaces describ$4 ,he !n inve/igates two classes ( =mul3 ! fir/ app]ta9s to fluids :i* possess simply ! fluid or a]i=m ela/icity1 :i* are free f all heat exce$+ ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,:e!r !re be "o or _m gase\s sub/ances signifies n1 provid$ _! temp]ature agrees ) t ( ! atmosph]e2 = :5 ^! dilate !y con=m to ! inv]se ( ! spaces describ$4 ,! second relate to ^? :i* d]ive _! ela/icity z well f ! a]i=m fluids1 z f ! matt] ( heat :i* p]vades !m1 & :i* are d5om9at$ fluids ( mix$ ela/icity1 to di/+ui% !m f ^? ( simple or purely a]i=m ela/icity4 ,^! fluids1 9 dilat+1 con=m to ! inv]se ratio ( ! squ>es ( ! spaces describ$4 ,?us ! cel]ity ( action ( mix$ ela/ic fluids1 is to t ( simple ela/ic fluids z ,s#b to ,s2 :5ce x foll[s t mix$ ela/ic fluids are m prompt & en]getic 9 _! action ?an o!rs2 & h5ce also is inf]r$ :y ! fluid produc$ by ! combu/ion ( gunp[d]1 is m impetu\s & m t]rible 9 its op]ation ?an atmosph]ic air1 h[ev] compress$ x may be4 ,! =ce ex]t$ by ! caloric to dissolve a quantity ( p[d]1 is reg>d$ z equal to t possess$ by ! fluid :i* results f t dissolution1 & is nam$ ! =ce ( dissolution ( p[d] by fire3 & ! surface ( lea/ resi/ance is t 7z ( ! ball17 :i* yields to ! action ( ! fluid4 ,! gunp[d] subject$ to exp]im5t by ?is au?or1 0 ( sev5 diff]5t qualities1 v>y+ f #ajjj1 ! d5sity ( wat]1 d[n to #idf1 ! d5sity ( p[d] us$ by sportsm54 ,x 0 f\nd by !ory1 & confirm$ by exp]im5t1 t ! real velocity ) :i* ! ela/ic fluid1 consid]$ "u ! volume ( ! p[d]1 & p5etrat$ by a degree ( heat capable ( quadrupl+ ! volume1 w\ld exp&1 :5 x _h only ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e to surm\nt1 is #bedf4di feet1 t is1 ab\t #bgcd4d feet ,engli%4 ,comp>+ ! sev]al =ces :i* 7 calculat$ = ! same quantity ( p[d]1 9 ?ree diff]5t circum/ances3 #a4 ,:5 ! fluid has only to surm\nt ! atmosph]ic pressure1 x has a =ce ( dissolution :i* is prop] to x1 & :i* 9 a *>ge ( #h lbs4 ( p[d] 7! specific gravity #idd4gb1 = a #bd p\nd]17 acts ^u ! surface ( ! lea/ resi/ance ) an en]gy equival5t to #igdg4hjgd lbs4 #b4 ,! fluid ret>d$ 9 its expansion by a surface ( lea/ resi/ance1 ^: t5acity 7occasion$ by ! compactness & pressure ( ! wadd+1 c47 is t #ca1 acquires by its ela/icity ( =ce #ebhci4adfc lbs4 at ! in/ant :5 t surface yields to its action4 #c4 ,if ! t5acity t #bih lbs41 ! =ce ( ! fluid at ! mom5t :5 ! resi/+ surface yields to x1 w be equival5t to #dagcga4dbge lbs4 ,if ea* ( ^! =ces be divid$ by ! surface ( lea/ resi/ance1 ! quoti5t w indicate ! equation ( ea* filam5t1 namely1 #a/4 ,t ( ! =ce ( dissolution #agc4fc gra9s2 #b;d4 :5 t #ca lbs4 t ( ela/icity #ibc4bf gra9s2 #c;d4 :5 t #bih lbs4 =ce ela/ic equal to #gdcc4ii gra9s4 ,divid+ aga9 ^! latt] values by ! l5g? ( ! *>ges1 we %all h = ! mean =ce ( ea* elem5t>y fluid p>ticle1 #a4 ,=ce ( dissolution1 #j4adbje gra9s4 #b4 ,:5 t #ca lbs4 ! =ce ela/ic #j4geedj gra9s4 #c4 ,:5 t #bih lbs4 ! =ce ela/ic #f4jhagd gra9s4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t equal *>ges ( p[d] ( ! same quality employ$ 9 ! same piece1 produce v diff]5t velocities2 ! m consid]able be+ ! resi/ance to ! expansion ( ! fluid1 ! less ! velocity becomes4 ,?us1 x is f\nd1 :5 t #ca lbs4 ! velocity ( ! ball :5 expell$ at ! m\? ( ! piece1 is #aefc4f feet3 :5 t #bih lbs4 v #acej4i feet4 ,! foll[+ table w exhibit 9 "o view ! velocities ) :i* a #bd lb4 ball issues f ! m\? ( a gun1 :5 propell$ ) ! sev]al *>ges express$ 9 ! fir/ column4 #a/4 ,accord+ to ! !ory develop$ 9 ! volume1 f :i* we h made ^! extracts4 #b;d4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,lomb>d1 at ,aux]re1 on guns = l& s]vice4 #c;d4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,teixi]e de ,norbec1 at ,t\lon1 on guns = sea s]vice4 #d? & #e?ly4 ,accord+ to ! det]m9ation ( ,mr4 ,rob9s & ,dr4 ,hutton4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,velocity f ,mean ,velocity f ,,velocities4 ,*>ges ,!ory velocity exp]im5t4 ( -------------- f - ------------------------------ p[d]4 ,:5 ,:5 ,!ory4 t#ca4 t#bih4 ,lomb>d4,norbec4 ,rob9s4 ,hutton4 ------------- ---------------------------------------- ------- #a lb4 #fbb #ebd #egc #ege #egj #fdj #ejj #b #ihj #hcf #ijh #ijf #idj #gej #gcj #c #ajgb #iah #iie #ihi #ajbj #ifi #hcj #d #abcc #ajeg #aade #aacb #abde #ajfi #idj #f #adjg #abaf #acab #acbj #acdj #abae #aafd #h #aefd #acea #adeg #adbe #aefj #acai #acdh #aj #aeha #acgj #adgf #adge #aejj #ab #afca #adba #aebf #aecj #afjj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,x is ! prodigi\s cel]ity ( expansion ( ! flame ( fir$ gunp[d]1 :i* is its peculi> excell5ce1 & ! circum/ance 9 :i* x s em95tly surpasses all o!r inv5tions1 ei!r anci5t or mod]n2 = z to ! mom5tum ( ^! projectiles only1 _m ( ! w>like ma*9es ( ! anci5ts produc$ ?is 9 a degree f> surpass+ t ( our heavie/ cannon1 %ot or %ells2 b ! great cel]ity giv5 to !m _c be approa*$ ) facility by any o!r means ?an ! explosion ( p[d]4 ,dr4 ,hutton1 9 conjunction ) sev]al able (fic]s ( ! artill]y & o!r g5tlem51 made an ext5sive c\rse ( exp]im5ts at ,woolwi*1 at ! exp5se ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 by ! direction ( ! !n ma/]-g5]al ( ! ordnance1 7! late duke ( ,ri*mond17 9 ! ye>s #aghc1 #aghd1 & #aghe1 :i* demon/rat$ ! foll[+ facts3 #a4 ,t ! velocity cont9ually increases z ! gun is long]1 ?\gh ! increase 9 velocity is b v small 9 respect ( ! increase 9 l5g?2 ! velocities be+ 9 a ratio some:at less ?an t ( ! squ>e roots ( ! l5g? ( ! bores1 b some:at great] ?an ! cube roots ( ! same1 & ne>ly inde$ 9 ! middle ratio betwe5 ! two4 #b4 ,t ! *>ge be+ ! same1 v little is ga9$ 9 ! range ( a gun1 by a great increase ( its l5g?2 s9ce ! range or amplitude is ne>ly z ! fif? root ( ! l5g? ( ! bore1 & gives only ab\t a sev5? "p m range ) a gun ( d\ble l5g?4 #c4 ,t ) ! same gun & elevation1 ! "t ( ! ball's flight is ne>ly z ! range4 #d4 ,t no s5sible diff]5ce is produc$ 9 ! range or velocity1 by v>y+ ! weight ( ! gun1 by ! use ( wads1 by diff]5t degrees ( ramm+1 or by fir+ ! *>ge ( p[d] 9 diff]5t p>ts ( x4 #e4 ,t a great diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 9 ! velocity1 is occasion$ by a small v>iation 9 ! w9dage2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t ) ! usual w9dage ( "o-tw5tie? ( ! calib]1 no less ?an betwe5 "o-?ird & "o-f\r? ( ! :ole *>ge ( ! p[d] escapes & is entirely lo/2 & t z ! w9dage is (t5 great]1 "o-half ! p[d] is unnecess>ily lo/4 #f4 ,t ! resi/+ =ce ( wood to balls fir$ into x1 is n con/ant1 & t ! dep?s p5etrat$ by diff]5t velocities1 or *>ges1 are n z ! *>ges !mselves1 or1 :i* comes to ! same ?+1 z ! squ>es ( ! velocities4 #g4 ,t balls are greatly deflect$ f ! direction !y are project$ 91 sometimes1 inde$1 s mu* z #cjj or #djj y>ds 9 a range ( a mile1 or almo/ a f\r? "p ( ! :ole range1 :i* is ne>ly a deflection ( an angle ( #ae degrees4 ,! obs]vations ( ,gl5ie1 7,hi/ory ( ,gunn]y1 #aggf17 %[ ! !ory ( projectiles 9 vacuo by pla9 geometry1 or by means ( ! squ>e & rhombus2 ) a me?od ( r$uc+ projections on incl9$ planes1 :e!r elevat$ or depress$ bel[ ! horizontal plane1 to ^? :i* are made on ! horizon4 ,?is au?or1 9 8 treatise1 aft] /at+ 9 page #dh1 ! two foll[+ positions ( ,mr4 ,rob9s1 namely1 t till ! velocity ( ! projectile surpasses t ( #aah feet 9 a second2 ! resi/ance ( ! air may be e/imat$ to be 9 ! duplicate ( ! velocity2 t if ! velocity be great] ?an t ( #aa or #abjj feet 9 a second1 ! absolute quantity ( ! resi/ance w be ne>ly ?ree times z great z x %\ld be by a comp>ison ) ! small] velocities2 says1 t he is c]ta9 f "s exp]im5ts1 :i* he & two o!r g5tlem5 tri$ ) a rifle piece prop]ly fitt$ = exp]im5tal purposes1 t ! resi/ance ( ! air to a velocity some:at less ?an t m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ ( ^! proportions1 is consid]ably great] ?an 9 ! duplicate ratio ( ! velocity2 & t to a cel]ity some:at great] ?an t /at$ 9 ! second1 ! resi/ance is less ?an t :i* is treble ! resi/ance ( ! same ratio4 ,he obs]ves1 also1 t "s ( ,mr4 ,rob9s's own exp]im5ts come to ?is conclusion2 s9ce to a velocity no quick] ?an #bjj feet 9 a second1 he f\nd ! resi/ance to be some:at great] ?an 9 t ratio1 & rem>ks1 !re=e1 t aft] asc]ta9+ ! velocities ( ! bullets ) z mu* accuracy z possible1 ,i in/itut$ a calculus f pr9ciples :i* _h be5 lay+ by me = "s "t be=e1 & f\nd ! resi/ance to approa* ne>] to t1 :i* exce$s ! resi/ance 9 ! duplicate ratio ( ! velocity1 by t :i* is ! ratio ( ! velocity1 ?an to t1 :i* is only 9 ! duplicate ratio4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,dalton1 confirm ! premises ( ,mr4 ,rob9s1 t ! ela/icity ( ! gases produc$ f a giv5 quantity ( p[d]1 is equally increas$ by heat & dim9i%$ by cold z t ( atmosph]ic air4 ,h5ce1 z we be=e rem>k$1 & f direct exp]im5ts1 he concludes t ! ela/ic fluid produc$ by ! fir+ ( gunp[d]1 is ne>ly ?ree-t5?s ( ! weight ( ! p[d] itself1 :i*1 exp&$ to ! r>ity ( common air1 is ab\t #bdd great] ?an ! ela/icity ( common air1 or 9 o!r words1 ?an ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,to ?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ be sup]add$ ! increase ( expansive p[] produc$ by ! heat g5]at$1 :i* is v int5se4 ,! m]e conv]sion ( conf9$ p[d] into ela/ic vap\r1 w\ld ex]t aga9/ ! sides ( ! conta9+ vessel1 an expansive =ce #bdd times great] ?an ! ela/icity ( common air1 or1 9 o!r words1 ?an ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,if ! heat1 = ! expansion ( ! gases1 %\ld be equal to t ( r$-hot iron1 ?is w\ld increase ! expansion ( common air1 7& also ( all gases7 ab\t f\r times1 :i* 9 ! pres5t in/ance w\ld be z we /at$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 #bdd to ne>ly #ajjj2 s t 9 a g5]al way x may be assum$1 t ! expansive =ce ( closely conf9$ p[d] at ! in/ant ( fir+1 is #ajjj times great] ?an ! pressure ( common air2 & z ?is latt] is kn[n to press ) ! weight ( #ad-c_/d p\nds on e squ>e in*1 ! =ce ( explosion ( gunp[d] is #ajjj times ?is1 or #adgej lbs4 or ab\t six tons & a half ^u e squ>e in*4 ,?is enorm\s =ce dim9i%es 9 proportion z ! ela/ic fluid dilates1 be+ only half ! /r5g? :5 x occupies a d\ble space1 "o-?ird ( ! /r5g? :5 9 a triple space1 & s on4 ,!re is "o m fact wor?y ( notice1 t ,mr4 ,rob9s f\nd ! /r5g? ( p[d] to be ! same 9 all v>iations ( ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e1 b n s 9 e /ate ( moi/ure1 be+ mu* impair$ by a damp air1 or ) p[d] damp$ by c>eless keep+1 or any o!r cause2 s t ! same p[d] :i* w dis*>ge a bullet at ! rate ( #agjj feet 9 a second 9 dry air1 w only propel x ab\t #abjj feet :5 ! air is fully moi/1 & a simil> diff]5ce 0 obs]v$ betwe5 dry & moi/ p[d]4 ,! sum ( ^! rem>ks1 ) ! necess>y illu/rations1 may be f\nd 9 ! extract we h giv5 f ,gregory's ,me*anics4 ,be=e we m5tion ! diff]5t modes ( prov+ p[d]1 we w (f] "s rem>ks respect+ ! use ( sulphur 9 gunp[d]4 ,! conclusions on ?is head are drawn f ! exp]im5ts made at ,essonne1 ne> ,p>is4 ,! sulphur is n 7prop]ly speak+7 a necess>y +r$i5t 9 gunp[d]1 s9ce nitre & *>coal alone1 well mix$1 w explode2 b ! use ( ! sulphur seems to be to diffuse ! fire in/antane\sly ?r\gh ! :ole mass ( p[d]4 ,b1 if ! foll[+ exp]im5ts are correct1 x %\ld seem t ! advantage ga9$ by us+ sulphur 9 increas+ ! =ce ( explosion only applies to small *>ges2 b 9 quantities ( a few ounces1 ! explosive1 or at lea/ ! project+ =ce ( p[d] )\t sulphur1 is full z great z ) sulphur4 ,! foll[+ are a few out ( _m trials made at ! ,royal ,manufactory at ,essonne1 ne> ,p>is1 9 ! ye> #agef1 to det]m9e ! be/ proportions ( all ! +r$i5ts4 ,( p[d] made ) nitre & *>coal alone1 #af ( nitre & #d ( *>coal 0 ! /ronge/1 & gave a p[] ( #i 9 ! epr\vette4 ,) all ?ree +r$i5ts1 #af ( nitre1 #d ( *>coal1 & #a ( sulphur1 rais$ ! epr\vette to #ae1 & bo? a less & a great] quantity ( sulphur produc$ a small] effect4 ,!n dim9i%+ ! *>coal1 a p[d] ( #af ( nitre1 #c ( *>coal1 & #a ( sulphur gave a p[] ( #ag 9 ! epr\vette1 :i* 0 ! highe/ produc$ by any mixture4 ,?is la/ 0 also tri$ 9 ! mort>-epr\vette aga9/ ! common pro( p[d]1 & 0 f\nd to ma9ta9 a small sup]iority4 ,! p[d] made )\t sulphur 9 ! proportions above indicat$ 0 also tri$ 9 ! mort>-epr\vette1 & ) ! foll[+ s+ul> result3 :5 ! *>ge 0 only two ounces x project$ a sixty p\nd copp] ball #bac feet1 & ! /ronge/ p[d] ) sulphur project$ x #bdi feet2 b 9 a *>ge ( ?ree ounces1 ! =m] project$ ! ball #dge feet & ! latt] only #dgb feet2 & on ! o!r h& ! great inf]iority ( =ce 9 ! small] epr\vette ( ! p[d] )\t sulphur has be5 j notic$4 ,x is a fact1 kn[n f "t immemorial1 t by ! combu/ion ( bodies caloric is g5]at$1 or *emically speak+1 is giv5 out 9 a free /ate2 b ! cause 0 n kn[n until ! anti-phlogi/ic !ory ( *emi/ry 0 e/abli%$1 :i* aboli%$ z unt5able ! old doctr9e ( phlogi/on2 ,! quantity ( caloric1 :i* passes f a lat5t to a free /ate 9 combu/ion1 z combu/ion is no?+ m ?an ! ph5om5a occasion$ by ?is transition1 is v>iable2 & dep5ds !re=e on ! sub/ances burnt1 & ! nature ( :at is d5om9at$ ! support] ( combu/ion4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,,mm4 ,lavoisi] & ,laplace h %[n ! quantity ( caloric produc$ by ! combu/ion ( diff]5t sub/ances by ! calorimet]1 a table ( :i* may be se5 9 ,!n>d4 7,trait de ,*imie1 c4 t4 i1 p4 #ha74 ,f ?is table x appe>s1 t :ile a mixture ( "o p\nd ( saltpetre ) "o p\nd ( sulphur liquefi$1 by its combu/ion1 ?irty-two p\nds ( ice1 "o p\nd ( hydrog5 gas melt$ #cac lbs4 phosphorus #ajj lbs4 & ! same quantity ( *>coal #if4cea lbs42 & by ! detonation ( a mixture ( "o p\nd ( saltpetre ) #j4cabe lbs4 ( *>coal 7,fr5* weight7 melt$ only #ab lbs4 ( ice4 ,9 ! table ( ! elevation ( temp]ature by ! combu/ion ( diff]5t sub/ances1 ! caloric be+ communicat$ to wat]1 7,!n>d1 ,trait de ,*imie1 vol4 i1 p4 #hb71 x appe>s1 t by ! combu/ion ( equal weights ( hydrog5 gas1 phosphorus1 *>coal1 & oak1 ! caloric produc$ 0 z foll[s3 ,hydrog5 #bc1djj ,phosphorus #g1ejj ,*>coal #g1bbf ,oak wood #c1adf ,! read] may f9d "s int]e/+ calculations on ?is subject 9 ,biot's ,trait de ,physique1 c4 tome iv1 p4 #gjd1 & #gaf4 ,x appe>s also1 t 9 ! combu/ion ( "o p\nd ( hydrog5 gas1 six p\nds ( oxyg5 7 consum$1 & accord+ to ,craw=d's exp]im5t ! caloric giv5 out melt$ #dhj lbs4 ( ice4 ,"o p\nd ( phosphorus requires = combu/ion "o & a half p\nds ( oxyg5 gas2 "o p\nd ( *>coal1 #b4h2 & "o p\nd ( sulphur1 #a4cf4 ,see ,?omson's ,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry1 vol i1 p4 #acc4 ,:ile notic+ ?is subject we may rem>k1 t 9 combu/ion heat & light1 accord+ to ! ,lavois]ian doctr9e1 are giv5 out f ! oxyg5 gas1 :ile ! oxyg5 unites ) ! combu/ible body3 :i* has s9ce be5 modifi$ by suppos+1 t :ile caloric is evolv$ f ! gas1 ! light is emitt$ f ! burn+ body4 ,!re are "s facts contr>y to ! receiv$ !ory ( combu/ion2 t ( gunp[d] furni%es "o4 ,we h also ano!r in/ance 9 ! combu/ion ( oil ( turp5t9e by nitric acid4 ,gunp[d] w burn ) great avidity 9 close vessels1 or "u an exhau/$ receiv]1 & we "k t ! oxyg5 is already comb9$ ) azote 9 ! nitric acid ( ! nitrate ( potassa1 & consequ5tly n 9 a gase\s b a solid /ate2 yet we also "k t a great quantity ( caloric & light are emitt$ dur+ ! combu/ion1 & ne>ly all ! products are gase\s4 ,! o!r anomaly is1 t z combu/ion is produc$ by p\r+ nitric acid on _s ( turp5t9e1 ! oxyg5 be+ already comb9$ ) azote1 caloric & light are evolv$ by ! mixture ( ! two fluids1 f :i* x is inf]r$1 t oxyg5 is capable ( giv+ out caloric & light1 n only :5 liquid1 b ev5 aft] combu/ion4 ,9 ! in/ance ( gunp[d]1 9 ord] to expla9 ! combu/ion :i* takes place indep5d5tly ( atmosph]ic air1 or any a]i=m support]1 ! caloric & light1 9 ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,?omson1 7,*emi/ry1 i1 #abh7 mu/ be suppos$ to be emitt$ f a solid body dur+ its conv]sion into gas1 :i* ought to require m caloric & light = its exi/5ce 9 ! gase\s /ate ?an ! solid itself conta9$4--,mr4 ,lavoisi] 7,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry1 p4 #aeg17 obs]ves1 t he & ,m4 ,de la ,place deflagrat$ a conv5i5t quantity ( nitre & *>coal 9 an ice app>atus1 & f\nd t #ab lbs4 ( ice 7 melt$ by ! deflagration ( "o p\nd ( nitre4 ,aft] giv+ ! proportions ( acid & alkali 9 nitre1 & ! quantity ( oxyg5 & azote 9 ! acid1 he obs]ves1 t dur+ ! deflagration1 #ade-a_/c gra9s ( c>bon h suff]$ combu/ion along wit #cgch4cd gra9s ( oxyg52 & z #ab lbs4 ( ice 7 melt$1 "o p\nd ( oxyg5 burnt 9 ! same mann] w\ld h melt$ #bi4ehcb lbs4 ( ice4 ,to :i*1 if we add ! quantity ( caloric reta9$ by a p\nd ( oxyg51 aft] comb9+ ) c>bon to =m c>bonic acid gas1 :i* 0 already asc]ta9$ to be capable ( melt+ #bi4achdd lbs4 ( ice1 we %all h = ! total quantity ( caloric rema9+ 9 a p\nd ( oxyg5 :5 comb9$ ) nitr\s gas 9 ! nitric acid1 #eh4gbafd2 :i* is ! numb] ( p\nds ( ice1 ! caloric rema9+ 9 ! oxyg5 9 t /ate is capable ( melt+4 ,9 ! /ate ( oxyg5 gas x conta9s at lea/ #ff4ffffg4 ,m4 ,lavoisi] inf]s !n1 t ! oxyg5 9 comb9+ ) azote to =m nitric acid1 only loses #g4idejb1 & t ?is enorm\s quantity ( caloric1 reta9$ by oxyg5 9 its comb9ation into nitric acid1 expla9s ! cause ( ! great dis5gagem5t ( caloric dur+ ! deflagration ( nitre2 or1 m /rictly speak+1 ^u all occasions ( ! decomposition ( nitric acid4 ,?is view ( ! subject may enable u to expla9 ! production ( caloric1 9 ^? cases ( combu/ion :i* _c be expla9$ on ! ord9>y pr9ciples2 &1 ) reg>d to gunp[d]1 ! acc5sion ( oil ( turp5t9e by nitric acid1 & simil> cases1 we may conclude1 z ! only rationale :i* seems applicable1 t x is no?+ m ?an ! transition ( caloric f "o /ate to ano!r1 f a lat5t to a free /ate4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! combu/ion 9 su* in/ances furni%es an anomaly to ! already e/abli%$ doctr9e1 ( ! absorption ( oxyg51 or ! base ( ! support]1 & ! evolution ( caloric f ! gas1 & n f ! combu/ible2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! *ange ( caloric 9 ! support] f a comb9$ to an uncomb9$ /ate4 ,! idea ( lat5t heat may be _h f ,dr4 ,black's own expression 7,black's ,lectures by ,rob9son37 ,by ?is discov]y1 says ! doctor1 we n[ see heat susceptible ( fixation--( be+ accumulat$ 9 bodies1 &1 z x 71 laid by till we h occasion = x2 & are z c]ta9 ( gett+ ! /or$-up heat1 z we are c]ta9 ( gett+ out ( our draw]s ! ?+s we laid up 9 !m4 ,murray's ,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry1 #b;d edition1 p4 #cih1 & ,watson's ,*emical ,essays1 vol4 iii1 c4 may be consult$ on ?is subject ) advantage4 ,see ,introduction4 ,we w consid]1 9 ! next place1 ! subject ( gunp[d] pro(4 ,! fir/ exam9ation ( gunp[d] is by rubb+ x 9 ! h&s1 to f9d :e!r x conta9s any irregul> h>d lumps4 ,if x is too black1 x is a sign t x is moi/1 or else1 t x has too mu* *>coal 9 x2 s1 also1 if rubb$ ^u :ite pap]1 x black5s x m ?an good p[d] does2 b1 if x be ( a k9d ( azure col\r1 x is a good indication4 ,if on cru%+ x ) ! f+]s1 ! gra9s break easily1 & turn into du/1 )\t feel+ h>d1 x is a crit]ion1 t x has too mu* coal2 or1 if 9 press+ x "u ! f+]s ^u a smoo? h>d bo>d1 "s gra9s feel h>d] ?an ! re/1 x is inf]r$ t ! sulphur is n well mix$ ) ! nitre4 ,by bla/+ two dra*ms ( ea* sort on a copp] plate1 & comp>+ x ) approv$ p[d]4 ,9 ?is pro( x %\ld n emit any sp>ks1 nor leave any beads or f\lness on ! copp]4 ,! me?od ( burn+1 :i* is commonly employ$1 ,mr4 ,rob9s obs]ves1 is to fire a small heap on a clean bo>d1 & to att5d nicely to ! flame & smoke x produces1 & to ! m>ks x leaves beh9d on ! bo>ds4 ,ano!r trial ( p[d] is to expose x to ! atmosph]e4 ,"o p\nd ( ea* sort1 accurately weigh$1 is expos$ to ! atmosph]e = #ag or #ah days2 dur+ :i* "t1 if ! mat]ials are pure1 x w n increase any ?+ mat]ial 9 weight1 by attract+ moi/ure f ! air4 ,"o hundr$ p\nds ( good p[d] %\ld n absorb m ?an twelve ounces1 or some:at less ?an "o p] c5t4 ,see ,mr4 ,coleman's acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( p[d] 9 ,engl&1 page #aaj4 ,to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( p[d] 9 ! easie/ mann]1 is by comp>+ its effect ) improv$ p[d]2 z1 = in/ance1 by us+ a giv5 weight ( p[d]1 z two ounces1 & dis*>g+ a ball ( a kn[n weight1 say #fd p\nds1 f an #h in* mort>4 ,! be/ cyl9d] p[d] g5]ally gives ab\t #ahj feet range1 & pit #ahj1 ) a ball & *>ge ( ! above weights2 b ! weake/ p[d]1 or p[d] t has be5 r$uc$1 c4 only f #ajg to #aag feet4 ,! practice adopt$ 9 ,engl&1 we are told1 is1 t ! m]*ant p[d]1 be=e x is receiv$ into ! k+'s s]vice1 is tri$ aga9/ p[d] ( ! same k9d made at ! k+'s mills1 & x is receiv$ if x gives a range ( #a_/bj less ?an ! k+'s p[d]1 ) :i* x is comp>$4 ,9 ?is comp>ison1 bo? sorts are tri$ on ! same day1 & at ! same "t1 & "u exactly ! same circum/ances4 ,james 7,mil'y ,diction>y1 p4 #cdh7 rem>ks1 t ! pro( ( p[d] z practis$ by ! bo>d ( ordnance1 besides t ( comp>+ x by combu/ion on pap]1 is t #b dra*ms1 :5 put into ! epr\vette1 mu/ raise a weight ( #bd p\nds to ! height ( #c-a_/b in*es4 ,accord+ to ,botte & ,riffault1 be=e gunp[d] is receiv$ into ! ars5als ( ,france1 = s]vice1 x und]goes a v>iety ( pro(s2 & ! in/ructions = t purpose are conta9$ "u =ty-two heads1 embrac+1 at ! same "t1 ! specific duties ( ! (fic] employ$ = t s]vice4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts1 h[ev]1 ref] to a /&>d pro(1 made ) ! epr\vette1 & diff]1 9 no ess5tial "p1 f ! me?ods practis$ else:]e4 ,!re is a uni=mity 9 ! ,fr5* s]vice1 :i* _c b be admir$4 ,9 e ?+ :i* relates to ! ordnance especially1 ev5 9 ! mo/ m9ute details1 ! ,fr5*1 )\t d\bt1 exce$ any o!r nation4 ,hav+ exam9$ ! diff]5t k9ds ( pro(1 n only = gunp[d]1 b = cannon & small arms1 z e/abli%$ by an act ( p>liam5t1 x appe>s1 t musket p[d] und]goes ano!r description ( pro(4 ,a *>ge ( f\r dra*ms ( f9e gra9 or musket p[d] 9 a musket b>rel1 %\ld p]=ate1 ) a /eel ball1 a c]ta9 numb] ( half in* wet elm bo>ds1 plac$ #c_/d in* asund]1 & ! fir/ #ci feet #aj in*es f ! b>rel4 ,! p[d] manufactur$ at ! ,royal ,p[d] ,mills g5]ally passes ?r\gh fifte5 or sixte51 & re/or$ p[d]1 f n9e to twelve4 ,!re are o!r contrivances made use (1 su* z p[d]-tri]s1 act+ by a spr+1 commonly sold at ! %ops1 & o!rs aga9 t move a great weight1 ?r[+ x upw>ds1 :i* is an imp]fect k9d ( epr\vette4 ,dr4 ,hutton is ( op9ion1 t ! be/ epr\vette is a small cannon1 ! bore ( :i* is ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]1 & :i* is to be *>g$ ) two ounces ( p[d]1 & ) p[d] only2 z a ball is n necess>y2 & ! /r5g? ( ! p[d] is accurately %[n1 by ! arc ( ! gun's recoil4 ,! :ole ma*9e is s simple1 easy1 & exp$iti\s1 t1 z ,dr4 ,hutton rem>ks1 ! weigh+ ( ! p[d] is ! *ief "p ( ! tr\ble2 & s accurate & uni=m1 t ! successive repetition1 or fir+s1 ) ! same quantity ( ! same sort ( p[d]1 h>dly ev] make a diff]5ce 9 ! recoil ( ! "o-hundr$? "p ( itself4 ,gregory 7,treatise ( ,me*anics1 vol4 ii1 p4 #agh7 has giv5 a m p>ticul> description ( ! epr\vette ( ,dr4 ,hutton2 namely1 t x is a small brass gun1 #b-a_/b feet long1 susp5d$ by a metallic /em1 or rod1 turn+1 by an axis1 on a firm & /rong frame1 by means ( :i*1 ! piece oscillates 9 a circul> ar*4 ,a little bel[ ! axis1 ! /em divides into two bran*es1 rea*+ d[n to ! gun1 to :i* ! l[] ends ( ! bran*es are fix$1 ! "o ne> ! muzzle1 ! o!r ne> ! bree* ( ! piece4 ,! upp] end ( ! /em is firmly atta*$ to ! axis1 :i* turns v freely by its extremities 9 ! sockets ( ! support+ frame2 by :i* means1 ! gun & /em vibrate toge!r 9 a v]tical plane1 ) a v small degree ( friction4 ,! *>ge is ! same we h m5tion$1 usually ab\t two ounces1 )\t any ball1 & !n fir$2 by ! =ce ( ! explosion1 ! piece is made to recoil or vibrate1 describ+ an ar* or angle1 :i* w be great] or less1 accord+ to ! quantity or /r5g? ( ! p[d]4 ,to measure ! quantity ( recoil1 & consequ5tly ! /r5g? ( ! p[d]1 a circul> braz5 or silv] ar* ( a conv5i5t ext5t1 & ( a radius equal to its di/ance bel[ ! axis1 is fix$ aga9/ ! desc5d+ two bran*es ( ! /em1 & graduat$ into divisions1 accord+ to ! purpose requir$ by ! ma*9e3 viz4 #a/4 ,into equal p>ts1 or degrees1 = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! angle actually describ$ 9 ! vibration4 #bnd4 ,into equal p>ts1 accord+ to ! *ords1 be+1 9 fact1 #ajj times ! d\ble s9es ( ! half angles1 & runn+ up to #ajj1 z equival5t to #ij degrees4 #c;d4 ,into unequal p>ts1 accord+ to ! v]s$ s9es2 !y are1 9 tru?1 #ajj times ! v]s$ s9es ( our common tables1 #ada-a_/b correspond+ ) #ij degrees4 ,^! s]ve to comp>e ! =ces4 ,! divisions 9 ^! scales are po9t$ out by an index1 :i* is c>ri$ on ! ar* dur+ ! oscillation1 & !n1 /opp+ !re1 %[s ! actual ext5t ( ! vibration4 ,two ounces ( p[d]1 give1 on an av]age1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( pr(essor ,gregory1 ab\t #cf on ! *ords1 or ab\t #ba on ! ar*4 ,a m detail$ acc\nt1 ) diagrams1 may be se51 by consult+ ,hutton's ,tracts1 vol4 iii1 p4 #aec4 ,! epr\vette con/ruct$ by ! late ,mr4 ,ramsd51 diff]s f ! prec$+ simply by ! gun's recoil+ 9 a direction p>allel to itself1 in/ead ( its vibrat+ z a p5dulum4 ,! gun is susp5d$ by two hang+ frames1 :i* s]ve to make x rise & fall1 dur+ its recoil & return1 s z always to reta9 ! horizontal direction4 ,! degrees are measur$ ^u a fix$ ar*1 by means ( a moveable index1 ne>ly z 9 ,dr4 ,hutton's epr\vette4 ,we rem>k$1 t ! common p[d]-tri]s are small /rong b>rels1 9 :i* a det]m9ate quantity ( p[d] is fir$1 & ! =ce ( expansion measur$ by ! action excit$ on a /rong spr+1 or a great weight4 ,! ,fr5* epr\vette is usually a mort> ( sev5 in*es 7,fr5*7 9 calib]1 :i* ) ?ree ounces ( p[d] %\ld ?r[ a copp] globe ( sixty p\nds weight to ! di/ance ( #cjj feet4 ,no p[d] is admitt$ t does n answ] ?is trial4 ,?is epr\vette1 h[ev]1 has be5 improv$1 z we %all m5tion h]eaft]4 ,^! me?ods h be5 object$ to1 ! =m] because ! spr+ is mov$ by ! in/antane\s /roke ( ! flame1 & n by its cont9u$ pressure1 :i* is some:at diff]5t2 & ! o!r1 on acc\nt ( ! t$i\sness att5d+ its use1 :5 a l>ge numb] ( b>rels ( p[d] are to be tri$4 ,j4 ,bod+ton ( ,london1 inv5t$ a ma*9e to try ! =ce ( gunp[d]4 ,m4 ! *evali] d',arcys made an epr\vette on ! pr9ciple ( ,mr4 ,rob9s4 ,m4 ,le ,roy propos$ to employ ! diff]5t ela/ic =ces ( inflammable air1 b 8 me?od has nev] be5 us$4 ,m4 ,tresnel also propos$ an epr\vette1 :i* 0 ann\nc$ 9 ! ,fr5* j\rnal1 entitl$ ,n\velles de la ,rpublique des ,lettres et des ,arts1 p> ,m4 de la ,blan*]ie1 = #aghb1 p4 #aij4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve1 t ! epr\vette has und]gone "s improvem5ts3 ?us1 ! epr\vette ( ,d>cy consi/s ( a cannon susp5d$ at ! extremity ( a b> ( iron1 & ! graduat$ arc measures ! recoil2 ! epr\vette ( ,regni] is ne>ly ! same1 & ! arc det]m9es ! =ce ( ! p[d]4 ,a description ( mort>-epr\vettes g5]ally1 may be se5 9 ! "w ( ,,mm4 ,botte et ,riffault1 7,trait sur l'art de ,fabriqu] la p\dre canon17 & 9 ! ,memoirs ( ,pr\/ 7,j\rnal de ,physique1 tome lxx1 et suiv471 c4 ,i saw a model ( an improv$ epr\vette1 :i* appe>$ to possess e advantage1 at ! ,ordnance ,ars5al ne> ,albany2 an index h& mov$ 9 an arc4 ,quicklime is said to increase ! =ce ( p[d]4 ,dr4 ,ba9e says1 t ?ree ounces ( pulv]iz$ quicklime be+ add$ to "o p\nd ( gunp[d]1 its =ce w be augm5t$ "o-?ird2 %ake ! :ole toge!r1 till ! :ite col\r ( ! lime disappe>s4 ,! pres]vation ( gunp[d] 9 prop]ly con/ruct$ magaz9es1 ( :i* we w h occasion to speak h]eaft]1 is a subject t %\ld claim our att5tion4 ,! greate/ difficulty1 if any1 exi/s at sea1 & on ?is head we h a v>iety ( op9ions4 ,mr4 ,james 7,milit>y ,diction>y1 p4 #cdh7 says1 t x has be5 recomm5d$ to pres]ve gunp[d] at sea by means ( boxes l9$ ) %eet-lead4 ,m4 ,d4 ,g5ti51 a naval (fic]1 tri$ ! exp]im5t by lodg+ a quantity ( gunp[d] & p>*m5t c>tridges 9 a qu>t] ( ! %ip :i* 0 %ea!d 9 ?is mann]4 ,aft] !y _h be5 /[$ = a consid]able "t1 ! gunp[d] & c>tridges 7 f\nd to h suff]$ little f ! moi/ure2 :il/ ! same quantity1 :5 lodg$ 9 wood5 cases1 became ne>ly half de/roy$4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ to l9e p[d] magaz9es ) lead1 z a mean = pres]v+ ! p[d] f dampness4 ,! lead1 x seems1 s f> attracts moi/ure1 z to cond5se x4 ,9 ! la/ volume ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 is a memoir on lead5 c>tridges1 by ,wm4 ,jones1 ,esq4 ! late secret>y ( ! navy1 :i*1 besides pres]v+ ! p[d]1 has advantages ov] ei!r pap] or flannel4 ,see ,magaz9e4 ,:at is t]m$ ! analysis ( gunp[d]1 is no?+ m ?an ! sep>ation ( its compon5t p>ts1 & det]m9+ ! relative proportions ( its respective +r$i5ts4 ,we may inde$ exam9e ! quality ( ! nitrate ( potassa1 by dissolv+ a portion ( p[d] 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & employ+ ! reag5ts m5tion$ "u ! head ( nitre2 b = ! purpose ( sep>at+1 z well z det]m9+ ! proportion ( sal9e matt]1 *>coal & sulphur1 x may be readily accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,take a giv5 quantity ( gunp[d] & affuse x 9 di/ill$ wat] suffici5t to dissolve ! salt2 aft] suff]+ x to rema9 = "s "t1 apply+ heat to assi/ ! solution1 decant ! :ole ^u a filt] ( unsiz$ pap]4 ,! saltpetre & o!r sal9e matt] w pass ?r\gh1 & ! sulphur & *>coal rema9 on ! filt]4 ,by evaporat+ ! solution to dryness1 & weigh+ x1 ! quantity ( saltpetre w be f\nd2 or1 aft] dry+ ! mass on ! filt]1 & weigh+ x1 by subtract+ its weight f t ( ! orig9al1 x w give ! loss su/a9$1 :i* ( c\rse is ! saltpetre4 ,by expos+ ! mass to a heat suffici5t to evaporate ! sulphur1 x w be expell$2 ! loss su/a9$ w indicate its quantity1 & ! weight ( ! residue ! proportion ( *>coal4 ,! sulphur may be ev5 sep>at$ by subject+ gunp[d] itself to ! action ( a well regulat$ heat2 x w sublime1 & leave ! nitre & *>coal4 ,x takes a mu* high] temp]ature to inflame gunp[d] ?an is requir$ to volatilize sulphur4 ,! me?od ( extract+ ! nitre f damag$ p[d]1 we h already notic$4 ,see nitre4 ,?is process also dep5ds on ! solubility ( ! nitre1 & ! insolubility ( ! *>coal & sulphur4 ,bi%op ,watson1 9 8 ,*emical ,essays1 propos$ ! exam9ation ( gunp[d] by solution & sublimation2 a process suffici5tly accurate4 ,if x %\ld be our object to asc]ta9 ! pres5ce & quantity ( =eign sub/ances1 9 ! saltpetre1 ?is may be accompli%$ by foll[+ ! process already giv51 viz3 by collect+ ! precipitates1 c4 det]m9+ _! weights1 & mak+ ! necess>y all[ance1 = ! new comp\nds1 z ! c>bonates ( lime1 sulphate ( b>ytes1 muriate ( silv]1 & ! l4 ,baum propos$ ! analysis ( p[d] by sublimation1 9 ord] to sep>ate ! sulphur1 us+ h[ev] a graduat$ heat4 ,ano!r mode consi/s 9 di/ill+ ! p[d] 9 a retort ) wat]1 & collect+ ! sulphur & sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 & !n sep>at+ ! *>coal1 c4 ,a ?ird process 0 recomm5d$ by ,pelleti]1 aft] ! sep>ation ( ! nitre1 by sublim+ a mixture ( ! residue ) m]cury1 :i*1 h[ev]1 pres5ts no advantages4 ,! use ( nitric acid has also be5 recomm5d$1 9 ord] to acidify ! sulphur4 ,= ?is purpose nitric acid is p\r$ on ! residue1 & ! :ole is dige/$ = "s "t1 r5ew+ ! acid z x is decompos$4 ,by ?is means ! c>bon1 z well z ! sulphur1 is acidifi$1 & c>bonic acid gas ) deutoxide ( azote are dis5gag$1 leav+ ! sulphuric acid =m$ by ! union ( oxyg5 ) ! sulphur1 9 ! rema9+ fluid1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by nitrate ( b>ytes1 & its quantity asc]ta9$ by ! sulphate ( b>ytes produc$4 ,! proportion ( sulphur1 9 ! sulphuric acid1 is !n calculat$4 ,cau/ic potassa has be5 employ$ = ! sep>ation ( ! sulphur f ! *>coal4 ,x unites ) ! sulphur1 =m+ a sulphuret2 & z sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas is also produc$1 ! sulphuret mu/ likewise conta9 ! hydrogurett$ sulphuret ( potassa4 ,! *>coal is n act$ ^u4 ,m4 ,vito ,c>avelli1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ,naples1 7,elem5ts d',artill]ie1 #aggc17 has giv5 a m simple process = ! sep>ation ( ^! sub/ances1 :i* dep5ds on _! specific gravity4 ,:5 mix$ ) wat]1 ! sulphur w deposite1 & ! *>coal float on ! fluid4 ,vauquel9 direct$ 8 att5tion to ?is subject1 & has recomm5d$ v>i\s processes1 n only = ! sep>ation ( ! sulphur & *>coal1 b also ! nitre4 ,! process ( ,smi?son ,t5nant is ne>ly ( ! same nature4 ,! sep>ation ( sulphur f *>coal may be effect$ m p]fectly1 accord+ to ,br&e1 by introduc+ ! mixture into a small retort furni%$ ) a /op cock1 exhau/$1 & fill$ ) *lor9e gas2 ! *lor9e w unite ) ! sulphur1 =m+ a *loride1 & leave ! *>coal1 :i* may be wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,baum f\nd1 t :5 all ! sulphur is expell$ :i* w be driv5 (f 9 ! heat1 a c]ta9 portion w /ill rema91 & n burn away at a l[] temp]ature ?an w consume ! *>coal2 s t to ! la/ ! burn+ residue w smell /rongly sulphur\s4 ,?is reta9$ portion ( sulphur he f9ds1 by ! results ( _m o!r exp]im5ts1 to be v uni=mly ab\t "o-tw5ty-f\r? "p ( ! :ole sulphur employ$2 :5ce1 = all common purposes1 an adequate correction may be made1 by e/imat+ t ! sl[ weak combu/ion ( ! residue1 aft] ! nitre has be5 extract$1 de/roys only #bc_/bd?s ( ! sulphur in/ead ( ! :ole4 ,on try+ to sep>ate !m by an alkal9e solution1 he f\nd "s ( ! sulphur to rema9 undi/urb$1 & /ill adh]+ to ! *>coal4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is circum/ance1 x is recomm5d$1 to insure a p]fect analysis1 to sep>ate ! nitre 9 ! fir/ place f gunp[d]1 by hot wat]1 & to treat ! residue ) nitric acid4 ,aft] ! sulphur is acidifi$1 ! addition ( nitrate or muriate ( b>ytes w sep>ate1 effectually1 ! sulphuric acid f ! fluid1 & =m a sulphate ( b>ytes2 ?is be+ collect$1 wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$1 w give ! quantity ( sulphuric acid1 & ( sulphur 9 ! acid1 by ! well kn[n proportion ( acid 9 ! salt1 & ( sulphur 9 ! acid4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( sulphate ( b>ytes1 :5 p]fectly dry1 indicate f\rte5 & a half p>ts ( sulphur2 or1 :i* is ! same1 accord+ to ,*5evix1 "o hundr$ & fifty-five gra9s d5ote tw5ty-two & a half gra9s ( sulphur4 ,! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,*ampy & pr(essor ,pr\/ on humid p[d]1 seem to place ! quantity ( wat] absorb$1 at #h1 #aj1 & #ad p] c5t4 ,^! proportions1 x is evid5t1 dep5d greatly on ! quality ( ! nitre2 & if deliquesc5t salts exi/ 9 any quantity1 ! absorption1 & consequ5tly ! increase ( weight mu/ be great]4 ,*emical exam9ation w readily det]m9e ?is fact4 ,! diff]5t sorts ( gunp[d] are usually di/+ui%$ by m>ks on ! heads ( ! b>rels4 ,gunp[d] m>ks are v>i\s4 ,all gunp[d] = s]vice is mix$ 9 proportions accord+ to its /r5g?1 s z to br+ x z mu* z possible to a mean & uni=m =ce4 ,?is sort ( p[d]1 says ,adye1 7,bomb>di] & ,pocket ,gunn]17 is m>k$ ) a blue ,l4 ,g4 & ! figure #a_/b2 or ) ,f4 #a_/b ,g4 & ! figure #c1 ^: mean =ce is f #aej to #afj ( ! epr\vette4 ,?is is ! p[d] us$ = practice1 = exp]im5ts1 & = s]vice4 ,! :ite ,l4 ,g4 or ,f4 ,g4 is a second sort ( p[d] ( ?is quality4 ,x is sometimes /rong] b n s uni=m z ! ,l4 ,g4 ,x is1 !re=e1 g5]ally us$ 9 fill+ %ells1 or su* o!r ?+s z d n require accuracy4 ,! r$ ,l4 ,g4 ,f4 ,g4 d5otes p[d] 9 ! ,briti% s]vice1 made at ! ,k+'s mills1 ) ! coal made 9 cyl9d]s1 & is us$ at pres5t only 9 p>ticul> cases1 & 9 comp>isons1 & to mix ) o!r sorts to br+ !m to a mean =ce4 ,! figures #a1 #b or #c d5ote t ! p[d] is made f saltpetre1 obta9$ f ! r\gh4 ,o!r m>ks are also 9 use to designate ! rifle1 musket1 cannon p[d]1 & ! l4 ,p[d] m]*ants recov] damag$ gunp[d]1 by putt+ a "p ( ! p[d] on a sail clo?1 & add+ an equal quantity ( good p[d]1 :i* is well mix$ ) x1 & ! mixture is !n dri$4 ,sec4 ,,viii4 ,( ,lampblack4 ,lampblack1 :i* is no?+ m ?an a f9] k9d ( coal1 is s nam$ f its be+ produc$ & orig9ally made by ! combu/ion ( oil 9 lamps4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say1 t x is =m$ 9 ! combu/ion ( turp5t9e1 v>i\s species ( ! p9us1 t>1 pit*1 ros91 c4 z all ^! sub/ances yield x m or less1 & ( diff]5t qualities4 ,x is ! result ( imp]fect combu/ion2 =1 if ! combu/ion 7 rapid1 & ! smoke itself consum$1 we w\ld !n h only c>bonic acid4 ,?is fact is exemplifi$ 9 ! arg& lamp1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! glass cyl9d]1 consumes its own smoke4 ,! process ( =m+ lampblack is conduct$ 9 lampblack h\ses4 ,aft] ! combu/ion has ceas$1 ! soot or lampblack is swept d[n1 z x collects above & on ! sides ( ! room4 ,:5 x is obta9$ by burn+ ! dregs & co>s] p>ts ( t>1 furnaces ( a p>ticul> con/ruction are us$4 ,! smoke is convey$ ?r\gh tubes into boxes1 ea* cov]$ ) l951 9 ! =m ( a cone4 ,^u ?is l95 ! soot is deposit$1 f :i* x is1 f "t to "t1 beat5 (f into boxes1 & aft]w>ds pack$ 9 b>rels = sale4 ,!re is also a v f9e black1 sup]ior 9 _m respects to lampblack1 especially 9 mak+ ! ink = copp]plate pr9t]s1 prep>$ by c>boniz+ grape /alks1 c4 9 close iron vessels4 ,!re are two k9ds ( lampblack 9 common use4 ,"o is ! light soot1 f burn+ wood1 ( ! p9e & o!r res9\s k9ds1 usually made 9 ,sw$54 ,9 ,sw$5 ! impure turp5t9e is also burnt = ?is purpose4 ,x is collect$ f incisions made 9 p9e & fir-trees1 & ! turp5t9e is boil$ d[n ) a small quantity ( wat]1 & /ra9$1 :ile hot1 ?r\gh a bag2 & :ile ?is "p is us$ = ano!r purpose1 ! dregs & pieces ( b>k rema9+ 9 ! /ra9]1 are burnt 9 a l[ ov51 :5ce ! smoke is convey$ ?r\gh a long passage into a squ>e *amb]1 :i* conta9s a sack1 z above /at$1 :]e ! great] "p ( ! lampblack collects1 & ! rema9d] is caught 9 ! *amb]4 ,! o!r k9d ( lampblack is =m$ by c>bonization1 a process simil> to t = prep>+ ! black1 call$ blue-black1 f grape /alks1 or = prep>+ ! ,g]man black1 a pigm5t made by *>r+ pr9cipally ! lees ( w9e & husks ( grapes4 ,! lampblack made 9 ,philadelphia1 = ! purpose ( pr9t]s' ink1 is prep>$ by ! combu/ion ( t>4 ,"o b>rel ( ,c>ol9a t> w produce =ty p\nds ( soot or lampblack4 ,a pat5t 0 grant$ #agih to a ,mr4 ,r[1 7,repository ( ,arts1 vol4 x47 = a newly inv5t$ m9]al lampblack4 ,x is no?+ m ?an ! smoke obta9$ by ! combu/ion ( pit coal4 ,9 ! c\nty ( ,s>rbrook on ! ,rh9e1 are "s e/abli%m5ts = mak+ coke & lampblack at ! same "t2 & f #ajj lbs4 ( coal1 #cc lbs4 ( coke1 & #c-a_/b ( lampblack are obta9$4 ,jeanson 7,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 c4 i1 p4 #ba7 has describ$ a process = c>boniz+ oil4 ,lampblack has ! same *emical prop]ties z *>coal1 & be+ rem>kably f9e1 & conta9+ sometimes a portion ( oil1 is us$ on t acc\nt 9 ! composition ( "s fire-works4 ,its quality may be kn[n by its col\r1 &1 :5 burnt1 leav+ no residue4 ,x may be suffici5t to rem>k1 t l *>coal1 x decomposes nitric acid2 & ! nitrates1 :5 mix$ ) x1 & project$ into a r$-hot crucible1 w deflagrate or produce a vivid combu/ion4 ,x may !re=e be us$ 9 all k9ds ( fire-works1 9 :i* *>coal is employ$4 ,conc5trat$ nitric acid1 :5 p\r$ on lampblack1 previ\sly dri$1 w produce combu/ion4 ,x is to ! c>bon1 z well z ! hydrog51 9 oil ( turp5t9e1 t turp5t9e inflames :5 br\ght 9 contact ) nitric acid2 & al?\gh mu* *>coal is deposit$1 yet a consid]able "p passes (f 9 ! /ate ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,by a prop] treatm5t1 lampblack l *>coal may be conv]t$ into artificial tann9 by nitric acid4 ,x has also antiseptic qualities2 b to be us$ = ?is purpose x %\ld fir/ be expos$ to heat1 9 ord] to drive (f any oil :i* x may h contract$1 or ) :i* x might be contam9at$4 ,! quality ( lampblack may1 we suspect1 be improv$ by br++ x to a /ate ( ignition 9 close iron vessels4 ,if requir$ int5sely black1 z = ! mak+ ( pr9t]s' ink1 ?is process might be advantage\sly us$4 ,mix$ ) gum wat]1 x makes a durable writ+ ink1 or1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,close1 by mix+ x ) a solution ( copal 9 oil ( lav5d]4 ,?is ink is n1 l ! common k9d1 act$ ^u by acids4 ,sec4 ,,ix4 ,( ,soot4 ,soot1 or t sub/ance =m$ by ! combu/ion ( wood1 c4 :i* collects 9 *imnies1 is us$ 9 "s ( ! pyrote*nical prep>ations1 p>tly to assi/ ! flame1 & p>tly to modify its appe>ance4 ,x is f\nd1 t soot1 produc$ by ! combu/ion ( wood1 is =m$ by ! cond5sation ( ! c>bon evolv$ 9 ! smoke4 ,x also conta9s volatile products1 ! nature ( :i*1 dep5ds on ! k9d ( combu/ible4 ,wood-soot is consid]$ a good manure1 on acc\nt ( ! c>bon & "s volatile salts1 x is said to conta94 ,t x conta9s ammonia1 is evid5t1 s9ce x may be detect$ by exp]im5t2 & t ?is alkali is comb9$ ) c>bonic acid1 & sometimes ) muriatic acid1 a numb] ( facts prove4 ,soot1 !n1 :5 us$ 9 fire-works1 may1 l sal ammoniac1 b 9 a less] degree1 produce a p>ticul> col\r$ flame4 ,:5 soot is well wa%$ 9 wat]1 9 ord] to free x f sal9e & o!r soluble matt]1 & probably f pyroacetic acid1 & !n pulv]iz$1 x =ms ! pigm5t call$ bi/re4 ,x is a fact1 t ! excrem5t ( "s animals1 ! camel = in/ance1 :i* fe$ on sal9e vegetables1 :5 burnt1 w yield a soot1 :i* conta9s an abundance ( muriate ( ammonia1 or sal ammoniac4 ,h5ce1 by re-sublim+ ?is soot1 sal ammoniac 0 orig9ally prep>$ 9 ,egypt4 ,! quantity ( muriate ( ammonia1 conta9$ 9 ! soot ( camels' dung1 is consid]able4 ,x is f\nd t #bf lbs4 ( soot yield on an av]age #f lbs4 ( t salt2 ,see ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,camels' dung1 & 9 fact ! dri$ excrem5t ( animals1 furni% a v good fuel4 ,9 ,egypt x is us$ ) advantage4 ,! soot ( oil1 c4 is ( a diff]5t k9d2 x is ! sub/ance1 :i* =ms our lampblack4 ,sec4 ,x4 ,( ,turp5t9e1 ,ros91 & ,pit*4 ,all ^! sub/ances ent] into ! composition ( fire-works1 ei!r to increase ! rapidity ( combu/ion1 z 9 inc5di>y fire-works1 or1 9 "s cases1 z ) ros91 to produce a col\r$ flame4 ,t !y conta9 c>bon & hydrog51 z _! pr9cipal +r$i5ts1 is well kn[n2 to :i* we may attribute _! rapid combu/ion1 & ! facility ) :i* !y decompose nitr\s salts4 ,! ,greek fire1 = example1 ow$1 x is said1 its p[]ful effect to turp5t9e1 :i*1 ) o!r sub/ances employ$1 made ! composition rem>kably inflammable1 & ! decomposition ( ! nitre1 7:i* "s say x conta9$7 s rapid1 z ev5 to defy ! action ( wat]4 ,all ( ! turp5t9es are obta9$ f diff]5t species ( p9us4 ,common turp5t9e is ! res9\s juice1 :i* exudes *iefly f ! ,p9us ,sylve/ris1 or ,scot* fir1 & is obta9$ by bor+ holes into ! trunks ( ! trees1 e>ly 9 ! spr+1 & plac+ vessels b5ea? = its reception4 ,?is turp5t9e1 & 9 fact all o!rs1 are compos$ ( ros9 & a volatile oil4 ,! latt] is obta9$ by di/ill+ ! turp5t9e ) wat]4 ,x passes ov] ) ! wat]1 f :i* x is aft]w>ds sep>at$1 & is !n kn[n by ! "n ( ! ess5tial oil1 or _s ( turp5t9e4 ,! sub/ance1 rema9+ 9 ! /ill1 is common ros91 or yell[ ros91 kn[n likewise by ! names ( fidl]s' ros9 & colophony4 ,t> is also obta9$ f ! roots & refuse p>ts ( ! fir tree1 by cutt+ !m 9 billets1 pil+ ^! 9 a prop] mann]1 9 pits or ov5s1 =m$ = ! purpose1 cov]+ !m p>tly ov]1 & sett+ !m on fire4 ,dur+ ! combu/ion1 a black & ?ick matt]1 :i* is t>1 falls to ! bottom1 & is conduct$ into b>rels4 ,pit* is no?+ m ?an t> boil$ d[n to a solid consi/5ce2 x is usually made1 h[ev]1 by melt+ toge!r co>se h>d ros91 & an equal quantity ( t>4 ,! anci5t pit* possess$ a flav\r & fragrance4 ,:ite pit* is ! same z ! :ite turp5t9e4 ,melt$ pit*1 sulphur1 & camphor1 mix$1 :5 ne>ly cold1 ) pulv]iz$ saltpetre1 & aft]w>ds ?9n$ ) _s ( turp5t9e1 w =m a composition1 t is v inflammable1 & w almo/ resi/ ! action ( wat]4 ,a simil> composition mu/ h =m$ ! ,greek fire1 ( :i*1 accord+ to ,beckman1 !re 7 sev]al k9ds4 ,! turp5t9e trees furni% v>i\s products3 ,?us1 ! ,p9us ,abies1 or spruce fir1 yields ! ,burgundy pit*1 & its bran*es produce ! ,ess5ce ( ,spruce2 b o!r species ( p9us are us$ = ! same purpose1 :i* are ne>ly alli$ to x1 & :i* gr[ abundantly 9 ,canada4 ,f ! ,p9us l>yx1 or l>*1 ,v5ice ,turp5t9e is obta9$2 b t sold1 is usually made by melt+ ros91 & add+ ! _s ( turp5t9e4 ,f ! sap ( ! l>*1 ! ,russians prep>e a gummy sub/ance1 kn[n 9 ,russia by ! "n ( ,or5burg gum4 ,turp5t9e is extract$ 9 ,france1 9 great quantity1 f ! p9us m>atima4 ,gallipot1 colophony1 t>1 pit*1 c4 are likewise obta9$ f x4 ,! turp5t9e ( c$>1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,pocoke 7,travels ?r\gh ,egypt7 0 employ$ by ! ,egyptians = embalm+1 ! op]ation be+ p]=m$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,x 0 inject$1 & us$ ) salt1 nitre1 c4 ,pit*1 t>1 & turp5t9e all ent] into sundry compositions1 us$ 9 w>4 ,! diff]5t inc5di>y prep>ations1 notic$ 9 ! la/ "p ( ! "w1 are compos$1 9 g5]al1 ( ei!r "o or all ( ^! sub/ances4 ,_! use is obvi\s4 ,be+ v inflammable1 & br\ght 9 contact ) gunp[d]1 nitrate ( potassa1 c4 !y burn ) great rapidity1 & consume e ?+ be=e !m4 ,h5ce ! t\rteaux ( ! ,fr5*1 t>r$ l9ks1 & fasc9es1 c>casses1 c4 owe _! effect to ! pres5ce ( ^! sub/ances4 ,ros9s are consid]$ to be volatile oils1 saturat$ ) oxyg54 ,?us1 or frank9c5se1 ( :i* !re are sev]al v>ieties1 has be5 long us$ 9 fire-works2 x is frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! composition ( odorif]\s fire4 ,x is obta9$ f ! p9us abies1 & appe>s 9 te>s4 ,dur+ w9t]1 ! w\nds made 9 fir trees become incru/$ ) a brittle sub/ance1 call$ b>ras or gallipot1 consi/+ ( ros9 unit$ ) a small portion ( oil4 ,all ros9s1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,gay-,lussac1 & ,!n>d1 7,re*]*es physico-*imiques7 are compos$ ( a great quantity ( c>bon & hydrog51 unit$ ) a small quantity ( oxyg54 ,to ?is1 we attribute _! great inflammability1 & x enables u to acc\nt = ! rapid decomposition ( nitre1 9 ^? prep>ations1 9 :i* nitre & res9\s sub/ances are employ$4 ,see ,g5]al ,!ory ( ,pyrote*ny1 sec4 ii4 ,= ! acc5sion :i* takes place by mix+ oil ( turp5t9e & nitric acid1 see ! prop]ties ( nitric acid1 "u ! head ( nitre4 ,morey 7,silliman's ,j\rnal1 vol4 ii1 p4 #aba7 obs]ves1 t a small quantity ( _s ( turp5t9e be+ add$ to a mixture ( iron-fil+s1 sulphuric acid1 & wat]1 ! hydrog5 gas produc$1 w burn ) a v pleasant :ite flame1 & )\t smoke4 ,he also obs]ves1 t1 if ! vap\r ( _s ( turp5t9e be made to pass ?r\gh a tube1 cov]$ at ! upp] end ) a f9e wire gauze1 x burns ) mu* smoke2 b1 if a quantity ( atmosph]ic air be all[$ to mix ) x1 ! smoke ceases1 & ! flame cont9ues :ite4 ,if m /ill be add$1 ! flame less5s1 & becomes p>tly blue4 ,by add+ /ill m & m1 x w burn ) a v small flame1 entirely blue1 & ) a s+ul> musical s\nd4 ,if /ill m be add$1 ! flame1 & e ray ( light cease2 b t ! combu/ion /ill cont9ues1 is c]ta91 f ! explosive detonat+ noise1 cont9u+ to be di/9ctly he>d4 ,mr4 ,morey fur!r rem>ks1 t1 if t>1 conta9+ a consid]able proportion ( wat]1 is dropp$ on brick or metal1 at a temp]ature1 :i* w readily evaporate !m1 ! vap\rs w burn ) :ite %oot+ /reaks1 mu* flame1 & )\t smoke1 :ile ! wat] la/s4 ,inflam$ drops ( t>1 burn1 :ile fall+1 ) a r$ flame1 & mu* smoke2 b1 on rea*+ boil+ wat]1 ! smoke in/antly disappe>s1 & /reaks ( a :ite flame %oot up4 ,he also says1 t1 if wat] 9 "o cyl9d] be made to boil1 & ! /eam be l$ to ! bottom ( ano!r1 conta9+ ros91 or t>1 at a high temp]ature1 aft] pass+ up ?r\gh x1 ! wat]1 toge!r ) ! vap\riz$ portion ( ! ros9 or t>1 w1 :5 ! prep>ations are prop]ly regulat$1 burn ) an int5se :ite flame1 & no smoke2 mu* ! great] "p ( :i* appe>s1 7by alt]nately %utt+ ! /eam out1 or lett+ x 97 to be d]iv$ f ! wat]2 & also1 t if /eam be l$ ov] ! surface ( t> 9 a cyl9d]1 & made to =ce out a small /ream ( x ?r\gh a pipe1 into :i* a quantity ( /eam is also admitt$1 & made to mix intimately ) x1 !y burn1 ) a great body ( flame & int5se heat1 & )\t smoke1 provid$ ! proportions are well regulat$4 ,^! facts are rem>kable1 & may probably lead to "s useful applications4 ,t wat] is decompos$1 appe>s m ?an probable4 ,if wat] is ?r[n1 9 consid]able quantities1 on oil or t>1 9 a /ate ( inflammation1 z ,morey obs]ves1 ! flame is greatly increas$2 & if ev] s small a drop ( wat] fall into oil at a temp]ature ne> boil+1 an explosion w take place4 ,he draws ! foll[+ conclusion1 f ^! circum/ances2 t we h only to pass ! /eam ( wat] ?r\gh oil1 heat$ to ! temp]ature1 at :i* x boils1 or takes fire1 to produce combu/ion4 ,sec4 ,,xi4 ,( ,common ,coal1 or ,pitcoal4 ,all ! v>iety ( coals1 belong+ to ! coal family1 are compos$ pr9cipally ( *>coal & bitum51 ) small quantities ( e>?y1 & metallic matt]4 ,:e!r we consid] ! =mation ( coal1 ! localities or situation 9 :i* x occurs1 :e!r 9 b$s or /rata1 accompany+ o!r m9]als1 su* z clay-slate1 bitum9\s s*i/us1 s&/one1 c4 is ( no mom5t1 except s f> z ! situation 9 :i* x is f\nd1 indicates or det]m9es its "* & qualities4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( coal owe _! v>iety to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( bitum9\s matt]1 :e!r great or small1 ! quantity ( ! c>bonace\s +r$i5t1 & ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( an?racite1 & o!r =eign sub/ances4 ,coal1 :i* is1 or ought to be pref]r$ 9 fire-works1 %\ld conta9 ! greate/ quantity ( bitum9\s matt]2 &1 :ile x conta9s ! due proportion ( c>bon1 %\ld be entirely free f an?racite4 ,coal1 & all o!r inflammable fossils1 are *>act]iz$ by _! inflammability1 insolubility 9 wat]1 alcohol1 & acids1 & by _! specific gravity1 :i* sc>cely exce$s #b1 unless load$ ) =eign matt]4 ,coal sur*>g$ ) bitum51 burns ) a bright flame1 &1 by di/illation1 af=ds m c>burett$ hydrog5 gas1 :i* is us$ = gas light4 ,common coal1 or pitcoal1 burns 9 cakes1 m or less1 dur+ combu/ion4 ,besides *>coal & bitum51 x conta9s sometimes pyrites1 sulphate ( iron1 & e>?4 ,slate-coal1 h[ev]1 conta9s m clay4 ,! colli]ies1 f :i* pitcoal is obta9$1 are m or less ext5sive 9 ,engl&1 & else:]e4 ,imm5se b$s ( coal are f\nd ne> ,pittsburgh1 & ,ri*mond4 ,! ,lehigh1 & o!r localities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 produce x also 9 abundance1 b ( v>i\s qualities4 ,coal di/ricts1 or places 9 :i* x is f\nd1 may be consid]$ a valuable acquisition to a c\ntry2 & z coal is s ess5tial 9 _m manufactories1 x is a satisfaction to "k1 t our res\rces 9 ?is p>ticul>1 are almo/ inexhau/ible2--a fact1 :i* %[s1 t1 :ile our national indu/ry is ! ma9 pill> ( national indep5d5ce1 9 its true acceptation1 ! arts1 :i* require a supply ( coal1 w1 = c5turies to come1 be abundantly furni%$ ) x4 ,:5 coal is expos$ to ! action ( heat1 9 iron retorts or cyl9d]s = ! prep>ation ( coal gas1 or :5 x is expos$ to heat 9 coke-ov5s1 ! bitum51 c4 are dis5gag$1 & !re rema9s a coal call$ coke4 ,coke1 !re=e1 is no?+ m ?an *>r$ pitcoal4 ,mr4 ,mu%et made "s valuable exp]im5ts on ! c>bonization & inc9]ation ( coals4 ,he f\nd t ! ,scot* cannel-coal af=d$ #ef4eg volatile matt]1 #ci4dc *>coal1 & #d a%es2 :ile ! /one-coal1 f\nd "u basalt1 gave #af4ff volatile matt]1 #fi4gd *>coal1 & #ac4f a%es1 & oak wood1 #hj4jj volatile matt]1 #ai4e *>coal1 & #j4e a%es4 ,! quantity ( gas1 h[ev]1 dep5ds entirely on ! quality ( ! coal4 ,a temp]ature ( ab\t #fjj to #gjj is suffici5t to dis5gage x4 ,a p\nd ( good cannel coal1 prop]ly treat$ 9 a small app>atus1 w yield five cubic feet ( gas1 equival5t 9 illum9at+ p[] to a m\ld c&le1 six 9 ! p\nd4 ,"o p\nd ( coal1 on a l>ge scale1 af=ds only #c-a_/b cubic feet ( gas4 ,a gas jet1 :i* consumes half a cubic foot p] h\r1 gives a /eady light equal to t ( a c&le ( ! above-m5tion$ size4 ,! cannel coal1 kn[n 9 ,scotl& by ! "n ( p>rot coal1 is v inflammable1 takes fire imm$iately1 & produces a brilliant flame4 ,x is us$ by ! poor z a sub/itute = c&les4 ,?is coal1 we h se51 furni%es an abundance ( c>burett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,x has ! appe>ance ( jet1 & admits ( be+ turn$ 9 a la!4 ,/one coal1 ,kilk5ny coal1 ,wel* coal1 & glance coal consi/ almo/ entirely ( *>coal2 & h5ce1 :5 laid on burn+ coals1 !y become r$-hot1 emit a blue lamb5t flame1 9 ! same mann] z *>coal1 & at l5g? are :olly consum$1 leav+ beh9d a portion ( r$ a%es4 ,!y burn )\t smoke or soot4 ,! pit* coal1 :i* has a br[ni%-black col\r1 & is g5]ally f\nd massive 9 plates1 ! bovey coal1 call$ br[n coal1 & bitum9\s wood1 ) ! an?racite coal1 & "s o!rs ( less] note1 =m ! rema9+ v>ieties ( coal4 ,:5 coal is employ$ 9 fire-works1 x is to be pulv]iz$1 & sift$ 9 ! usual way4 ,= "s purposes x is pref]r$ to *>coal1 9 consequ5ce ( ! bitum5 x conta9s1 :i* appe>s to contribute to ! rapidity ( ! combu/ion4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t1 z ! base ( coal is c>bon1 its action is ! same z *>coal1 & !re=e1 by produc+ ! same effects1 or ne>ly s1 z *>coal itself1 ! ph5om5a x pres5ts are analog\s4 ,z #ab4gji p>ts ( c>bon1 accord+ to ,kirwan1 are requir$ to decompose #ajj p>ts ( nitrate ( potassa1 we may readily asc]ta9 ! quantity ( real c>bon 9 any specim5 ( coal4 ,accord+ to ,kirwan1 #ej gra9s ( ,kilk5ny coal w decompose #dhj gra9s ( nitrate ( potassa1 f :i* x is inf]r$1 t t5 gra9s w\ld h decompos$ #if ( nitrate ( potassa1 precisely ! same quantity ( *>coal1 :i* w\ld h produc$ ! same effect4 ,!re=e1 ,kilk5ny coal is compos$ almo/ entirely ( c>bon4 ,cannel coal1 :5 treat$ 9 ! same mann] ) nitrate ( potassa1 left a residuum ( #c4ab 9 ! hundr$ p>ts ( e>?y a%es2 & #ff4e ( x 7 requir$ to decompose #dhj gra9s ( nitrate ( potassa1 b #ej ( *>coal w\ld h be5 suffici5t4 ,f ?is exp]im5t1 x appe>s1 t #ff4e gra9s ( cannel coal conta9 #ej gra9s ( *>coal1 & #b4jh ( e>?2 ! rema9+ #ad4db gra9s mu/ be bitum54 ,9 a simil> mann]1 by kn[+ ! quantity ( coal requir$ to decompose a giv5 quantity ( nitrate ( potassa1 :5 melt$ 9 a crucible1 ! quantity ( c>bon 9 any v>iety ( ?is sub/ance may be asc]ta9$4 ,) respect to ! e>?y & metallic +r$i5ts ( coal1 we may asc]ta9 !m by burn+ ! coal1 ) free access ( air4 ,:at rema9s unburnt mu/ be consid]$ an impurity4 ,its weight may be asc]ta9$1 & its nature by analysis4 ,z ! object1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally to det]m9e ! relative proportion ( combu/ible matt]1 or c>bon1 :i* diff]5t species ( coal are capable ( yield+1 t po9t may be det]m9$ 9 ! mann] already /at$4 ,t coal orig9ates f vegetables1 :atev] op9ion may be =m$ to ! contr>y1 we may fairly inf] f a v>iety ( vegetable rema9s1 & impressions ( animals t are bo? f\nd 9 ! /rata ( coal1 & 9 e>?y /rata above & bel[ !m4 ,( its subm>9e orig91 !re c also be no d\bt2 or :y d we f9d 9 x %ells1 ! impression ( fi%1 & o!r productions ( ! ocean8 ,t coals gr[ l vegetables1 an op9ion ) ! un9=m$1 is contr>y to fact1 & ! nature ( ?+s4 ,we may notice1 9 ?is place1 ano!r sub/ance :i* sometimes is f\nd p>tially c>boniz$2 we mean turf4 ,turf or peat1 obta9$ f morasses1 consi/s ( a multitude or cong]ies ( vegetable fibres1 p>tly 9 a decompos$ /ate1 & is frequ5tly s inflammable z to inflame by a sp>k4 ,v ext5sive morasses are f\nd 9 "s c\ntries f :i* ! inhabitants are suppli$ ) fuel4 ,"s improvem5ts 9 ! mann] ( prep>+ turf = use1 h be5 made2 t ( *>r+ x 9 kilns is "o4 ,by ?is process x k9dles soon]1 burns ) less air1 & =ms a mod]ate & uni=m fire1 )\t mu* smoke1 ?\gh x is n s la/+ z t produc$ by turf4 ,! me?od ( r$uc+ turf to coal is /ill practis$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,bohemia1 ,silesia1 & ,upp] ,saxony1 :i* 0 fir/ propos$ 9 #affi1 by ,john ,joa*im ,be*]1 :o also recomm5d$1 at t "t1 a process = depriv+ coals ( _! sulphur1 by burn+ !m 9 an ov51 & ! use ( ! oil procur$ f !m4 ,:at are our mod]n pat5ts on ?is subject8 ,:at are "l ,dundonald's coke ov5s & coal t>8 ,are !y orig9al8 ,boyle 7,usefulness ( ,natural ,philosophy17 speaks ( ,be*]'s inv5tion4 ,&]son1 7,hi/ory ( ,comm]ce17 h[ev]1 obs]ves1 t some?+ ( ! k9d 0 attempt$ be=e ,be*]'s "t2 = 9 ! ye> #afbg1 ,john ,hacket & ,octavius ,/rada obta9$ a pat5t = _! inv5tion ( r5d]+ coals z useful z wood = fuel 9 h\ses1 )\t hurt+ any ?+ by _! smoke4 ,) respect to turf1 x appe>s t ,hans ,*>les von ,c>l[itz1 to save wood1 introduc$ ! use ( x 9 ,saxony1 9 ! smelt+ h\ses1 9 #agjh4 ,turf has be5 kn[n = a long "t4 ,x 0 us$ f ! e>lie/ p]iods1 9 ! great] "p ( ,l[] ,saxony1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,ne!rl&s2 z is fully prov$ by ,pl9y's acc\nt ( ! ,*auci1 :o inhabit$ t "p ( ,g]many4 ,pl9y 7,hi/4 ,nat4 lib4 xvi1 c4 i47 obs]ves1 t !y press$ toge!r ) _! h&s1 a k9d ( mossy e>? :i* !y dri$ by ! w9d r ?an by ! sun1 & :i* !y us$1 n only = cook+ _! victuals1 b also = w>m+ _! bodies4 ,we also read t a morass 9 ,!ssaly1 hav+ become dry1 took fire1 & ! same ?+ ensu$ 9 "s "p ( ,russia1 :]e a morass burn$ sev]al days & did mu* damage4 ,v dry turf is ne>ly z inflammable z spunk1 & :5 prep>$ ) nitre1 has be5 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,see ,pyrote*nical sponge4 ,ure 7,*emical ,diction>y7 obs]ves1 t turf has be5 *>r$ lately 9 ,france1 x is said by a peculi> process1 c4 ,! tru? is1 t ! *>r+ ( turf is by no means a rec5t inv5tion1 z we /at$ above4 ,sonn9i 7,j\rnal1 c47 says1 t x is sup]ior to wood4 ,x k9dles sl[] ?an *>coal ( wood1 b emits m flame & burns long]4 ,9 a gold-smi?'s furnace1 x fus$ elev5 ounces ( gold 9 eight m9utes1 :ile wood *>coal requir$ sixte54 ,turf frequ5tly conta9s phosphoric acid2 = bogs or morasses1 & bog-iron ores ab\nd1 m or less ) x1 9 diff]5t /ates ( comb9ation4 ,! sid]ite ( ,b]gmann :i* he suppos$ to be a peculi> metal1 & f\nd 9 bog-ore1 is a phosphate ( iron4 ,! native ,prussian blue1 :i* also occurs 9 su* localities1 is g5]ally admitt$ to be a comb9ation ( phosphoric acid iron & alum9a4 ,sec4 ,,xii4 ,( ,naph?a1 ,petroleum1 & ,asphaltum4 ,naph?a1 petroleum1 & asphaltum are all modifications ( bitum9\s oil2 & z !y are all inflammable1 naph?a be+ ! mo/ s1 !y h be5 us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( fire-works4 ,x w be suffici5t to rem>k1 t naph?a or rock oil is a yell[ or br[ni% bitum9\s fluid1 ( a /rong1 p5etrat+ od\r1 & s light z to float on spirits ( w9e4 ,by exposure to ! air1 x acquires ! consi/5ce ( petroleum4 ,x takes fire on ! approa* ( a light$ tap]1 & burns ) a blui% flame1 yield+ a ?ick smoke4 ,plut>* & ,pl9y bo? affirm1 t ! sub/ance ) :i* ,m$ea de/roy$ ,creusa1 ! daught] ( ,creon1 0 naph?a4 ,%e s5t a dress to ! pr9cess1 :i* _h be5 imm]s$ 91 or cov]$ ov] ) ! oil1 & :i* bur/ into flames z soon z %e approa*$ ! fire ( ! alt>4 ,plut>* relates t ,alex&] ! great1 0 amus$ & a/oni%$ ) ! effects ( naph?a1 :i* 7 exhibit$ to him at ,ecbatana4 ,on ! %ores ( ! ,caspian sea1 x is burnt 9 lamps1 in/ead ( oil4 ,!re are copi\s spr+s ( ?is oil 9 t neighb\rhood1 & x is sometimes obta9$ by di/ill+ bitum9\s sub/ances4 ,hanway 7,travels ?r\gh ,russia into ,p]sia1 i1 #bfc17 m5tions ! naph?a ( ,baku1 & rem>ks t ! e>? is /rongly impregnat$ ) x2 =1 he adds1 by tak+ up two or ?ree in*es ( ! surface1 & apply+ a live coal1 ! "p :i* is s uncov]$1 imm$iately takes fire1 almo/ be=e ! coal t\*es ! e>?4 ,eight horses 7 consum$ by ! fire f naph?a1 be+ "u a ro( :]e ! surface ( ! gr\nd 0 turn$ up1 &1 by "s accid5t took fire4 ,a cane1 or tube1 ev5 ( pap]1 set two in*es 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! top ( x t\*$ ) a live coal1 & bl[n ^u1 imm$iately emits a flame1 )\t hurt+ ei!r ! cane or pap]1 provid$ ! edges be cov]$ ) clay4 ,?ree or f\r ( ^! light$ canes w boil wat] 9 a pot4 ,p9k]ton1 7,petralogia ii1 p4 #adh17 speaks ( ! naph?a ( ,baku1 :i* exi/s on ! we/]n side ( ! ,caspian sea1 be+ c>ri$ to ,con/ant9ople1 :]e x =m$ ! *ief +r$i5t ( ! not$ composition call$ ! ,grecian ,fire2 :i*1 burn+ ) increas$ int5sity "u wat]1 became a mo/ =midable in/rum5t aga9/ an inimical fleet4 ,see ,greek fire4 ,naph?a is obta9$ ( sev]al qualities by suff]+ x to rema9 9 pits or res]voirs4 ,! ,p]sians1 :o use x 9 _! lamps1 & to boil _! food1 f9d x to burn be/ ) a small mixture ( a%es4 ,!y keep x at a small di/ance f _! h\ses1 9 e>!n vessels1 "u gr\nd1 to prev5t any accid5t by fire1 ( :i* x is extremely susceptible4 ,hanway speaks also ( :at is call$ ! ev]la/+ fire1 ab\t t5 miles f ,baku1 :i* is an object ( devotion to ! foll[]s ( ,zoroa/]4 ,ne> ! alt> ( _! temple1 he obs]ves1 is a l>ge holl[ cane1 f ! end ( :i* issues a blue flame1 :i* ! ,indians pret5d has cont9u$ to burn ev] s9ce ! flood1 & :i*1 !y fancy1 w la/ to ! end ( ! _w4 ,we h no hesitation 9 believ+1 t ! anci5ts made use ( ?is oil 9 _! exhibitions2 &1 f its prop]ties1 t :5 mix$ ) o!r sub/ances1 x w\ld make a brilliant fire-"w4 ,petroleum1 call$ also m9]al t>1 is less fluid & less transp>5t ?an naph?a4 ,x has an oily consi/5ce1 m or less viscid4 ,x occurs ( a black or br[n col\r4 ,x burns rapidly1 b n s readily z naph?a1 & exhales a black smoke4 ,by di/illation1 x =ms a liquid l naph?a1 & leaves a ?ick t> 9 ! retort4 ,x exudes f rocks1 is f\nd 9 wells1 c4 ,9 ,pegu1 ! wells furni% annually #djj1jjj hog%eads4 ,x is us$ !re 9 ! place ( oil = lamps4 ,:5 boil$ ) ros91 x is us$ = pa9t+ h\ses1 & ! bottoms ( vessels4 ,9 ! embalm+ ( dead bodies1 x 0 employ$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians2 &1 9 "s c\ntries1 clay1 soak$ 9 x1 is us$ z fuel4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,k5tucky1 ,ohio1 ! we/]n p>ts ( ,p5nsylvania1 9 ,new ,york at ! ,s5eca lake1 c4 ,! ,s5eca or ,g5essee oil is ! same bitum54 ,:5 petroleum is expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 x acquires a great] degree ( consi/5ce1 & passes into ano!r bitum9\s sub/ance1 call$ mal?a4 ,?is has ! prop]ties1 & frequ5tly ! appe>ance ( pit*4 ,:5 burnt1 x yields m smoke & soot ?an petroleum4 ,accord+ to its orig9al mean+1 x signifies a k9d ( cem5t2 & ! mal?a m5tion$ by ,pl9y1 ,he9eccius1 ,fe/us1 & o!rs1 :i* 0 employ$ 9 ! same mann] z our mod]n seal+ wax1 0 a mixture ( pit* & wax1 & 0 also us$ to make res]voirs1 pipes1 c4 wat]-tight4 ,mal?a also sometimes resembles wax4 ,mr4 ,kirwan1 h[ev]1 gave x ! "n ( m9]al tall[4 ,m9]al or ,b>badoes t> is some:at ?ick] ?an petroleum1 & ne>ly ( ! consi/5ce ( common t>4 ,x is us$ = ! same purposes z ! ord9>y petroleum4 ,ela/ic bitum51 a v>iety betwe5 ! s(t] & h>d] bitum5s1 resembles ca\t*\c4 ,x burns ) a bright flame1 & bitum9\s od\r4 ,asphaltum1 or solid bitum51 is mu* h>d] ?an pit*1 brittle1 & ( a br[ni%-black col\r4 ,x burns freely1 & leaves b little residue4 ,9 ,judea1 x is f\nd on ! wat]s ( ! ,dead sea1 or ! lake ( ,asphaltes4 ,x is also call$ ,jews' pit*4 ,x 0 employ$ by ! ,egyptians = embalm+ "u ! "n ( mumia m9]alis4 ,bo? mal?a & asphaltum 7 us$ by ! anci5ts z a cem5t4 ,! walls ( ,babylon 7 cem5t$ ) ^! sub/ances1 z obta9$ f ! riv] ,is1 :i* falls into ! ,euphrates4 ,x may be obs]v$1 t ^? c\ntries1 :i* yield bitum51 conta9 salt spr+s1 & x frequ5tly accompanies pyrites4 ,lime/one1 p>ticul>ly ! black1 conta9s x1 & ! col\r is (t5 ow+ to its pres5ce4 ,! /9k /one1 or bitum9\s c>bonate ( lime1 is ( ?is k9d4 ,! ret9asphaltum1 a comb9ation ( bitum5 & e>?1 hav+ a yell[ col\r1 burns ) a bright flame1 & fragrant od\r1 :i* at la/ becomes bitum9\s4 ,_m /ones1 & p>ticul>ly "s ( ! black m>bles1 owe _! col\r to bitum52 h5ce !y burn :ite4 ,! bitum9\s s*i/us1 or bitum9\s %ale1 sometimes conta9s s mu* ( ?is sub/ance z to burn 9 ! fire4 ,jet is a m9]al ( a black col\r1 & resembles ! cannel coal4 ,x is inflammable1 produc+ a gre5 flame1 ) a /rong bitum9\s od\r4 ,) respect to bitum5s1 we may obs]ve1 t !y all possess "o "*1 t ( be+ inflammable2 & t !y are m or less s 9 proportion z !y p>take ( ! pr9ciple ( naph?a2 or1 at lea/1 ! rapidity ( _! combu/ion dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce ( ?is oil4 ,! foll[+ additional facts1 !re=e1 ) respect to naph?a1 may be int]e/+3 ,c]ta9 liquids h ! prop]ty ( unit+ ) naph?a1 :i* has also ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ & comb9+ ) solid sub/ances1 ( :i* ! foll[+ examples may be /at$3 ,at ! degree ( ebullition1 x dissolves sulphur1 :i*1 on cool+1 is 9 "p deposit$ 9 ne$le-=m cry/als4 ,at ! same temp]ature1 x also dissolves phosphorus1 "p ( :i* is aga9 sep>at$4 ,x unites also ) iod9e4 ,) camphor1 x also comb9es1 & 9 l>ge quantity4 ,x takes up a mu* l>g] proportion ( pit*4 ,9 ! cold1 its action on wax is feeble1 b assi/$ by heat1 x unites ) x 9 all proportions4 ,on lac & copal1 its action is feeble4 ,9 ! cold1 x does n dissolve ca\t*\c2 b :5 assi/$ by heat1 x dissolves ?is sub/ance1 ?\gh n completely4 ,^! facts may det]m9e its action 9 c]ta9 mixtures4 ,accord+ to ,!odore de ,saussure's ,analysis1 7,bibliot4 ,univ]selle1 iv1 p4 #aaf71 x appe>s1 t naph?a is compos$ ( #hg4fj c>bon1 & #ab4gh hydrog54 ,sec4 ,,xiii4 ,( ,oil ( ,spike4 ,?is oil is pr9cipally us$ z a vehicle = mix+ ! +r$i5ts ( "s k9ds ( fire-works2 &1 al?\gh x is employ$ 9 t way1 yet x has also an effect 9 combu/ion1 hav+ simil> prop]ties ) liquid bitum54 ,x ent]s into ! composition ( "s ( ! prep>ations1 & p]haps is equally good z liquid bitum54 ,inde$1 ! oil ( spike1 z sold 9 ! %ops1 & us$ pr9cipally by f>ri]s z an embrocation = horses1 is an artificial prep>ation1 made by mix+ toge!r ab\t five ounces ( ,b>badoes t>1 ) a p9t ( ! _s ( turp5t9e4 ,sec4 ,,xiv4 ,( ,amb]4 ,amb]1 succ9um1 k>abe1 ! electron ( ! anci5ts1 :i* are synonim\s t]ms1 is v inflammable4 ,a piece ( x1 put on ! po9t ( a knife1 & set on fire1 w burn entirely away1 emitt+1 at ! same "t1 a :ite smoke1 & a some:at agreeable od\r4 ,x is us$ 9 ! composition ( fire-works1 & p>ticul>ly 9 "s k9ds ( rockets4 ,all ! prep>ation x und]goes1 :5 ?us us$1 is to r$uce x to p[d] 9 a mort>1 & to pass x ?r\gh a f9e sieve4 ,x also =ms a "p ( ! composition ( odorif]\s fire2 b ! =mul = ! latt] are v>i\s4 ,amb] is ( v>i\s col\rs1 ei!r yell[i%1 :ite1 or honey-yell[4 ,x is transluc5t1 & sometimes transp>5t4 ,x may be turn$ or poli%$4 ,x occurs 9 gra9s or 9 irregul> masses4 ,alluvial deposites ( s&1 gravel1 c4 frequ5tly conta9 x4 ,x is also f\nd ) bitum9\s wood1 brittle lignite1 or jet1 & ) o!r sub/ances4 ,x has be5 discov]$ 9 ,new-,j]sey1 ne> ,tr5ton1 9 alluvial soil4 ,naturali/s believe1 t amb] 0 once a res9\s juice4 ,masses weigh+ #bj lbs4 h be5 f\nd4 ,sometimes x conta9s insects4 ,x is =m$ into beads & ! l4 ,z amb] becomes electric by friction1 & ! anci5ts call$ x electron1 ! t]m electricity is d]iv$ f x4 ,by di/illation1 x yields bo? an acid1 7! succ9ic71 & an oil4 ,jet is usually consid]$ black amb]4 ,we may introduce "h a few rem>ks respect+ amb]gris3 ,amb]gris is a sub/ance1 :i* has a peculi> fragrance1 & = t reason is us$ z a p]fume1 & may be employ$ l simil> sub/ances 9 odorif]\s fire4 ,z to its orig91 we h no c]ta9 acc\nt2 b x seems1 f its g5]al prop]ties1 to be =m$ 9 ! same mann] z bitum9\s sub/ances1 al?\gh x is mo/ly f\nd on ! sea-%ore1 :]e x has be5 probably wa%$ up f ! sea4 ,amb]gris is f\nd pr9cipally on ! %ores ( ,ceylon1 & is kn[n to be good1 by lay+ "s ( x on a v hot knife1 :51 if pure1 x w n only melt & run l wax1 b entirely evaporate1 leav+ no residue4 ,amb]gris1 on acc\nt ( its price1 7! retail price 9 ,london be+ a gu9ea p] ounce71 is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) v>i\s mixtures ( b5zo91 labdanum1 meal1 c4 sc5t$ ) musk4 ,b pure amb]gris1 :5 heat$1 has a greasy feel1 & appe>ance1 & is soluble 9 hot e!r & alcohol4 ,sec4 ,,xv4 ,( ,camphor4 ,camphor is a res9\s sub/ance1 al?\gh g5]ally call$ a gum1 :i* has a peculi>1 & p[]ful smell4 ,x is obta9$ pr9cipally f ! ,laurus ,camphora4 ,x is extract$ f ?is1 & o!r trees 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,we are in=m$1 t1 9 ,borneo & ,sumatra1 ! l>g] pieces :i* conta9 ! mo/ camphor1 are pick$ out ) %>p in/rum5ts4 ,! ,*9ese cut (f ! bran*es1 *op !m small1 & place !m 9 spr+ wat]4 ,!y are !n boil$1 & /irr$ ) a /ick4 ,z soon z ! camphor is obs]v$ to adh]e to ! /ick1 ! fluid is /ra9$4 ,x is !n p\r$ into a bas91 & ! camphor sep>ates1 9 ,japan1 ! roots & ! extremities ( ! bran*es are /eam$4 ,x is also obta9$ by sublimation4 ,! roots1 wood1 & leaves are all boil$ 9 l>ge iron pots1 & ! camphor is collect$ on /raw1 plac$ 9 a tubul> head4 ,) respect to ! ref9+ ( crude camphor1 9 ord] to produce heads1 z !y are call$1 & to free x f impurities1 ! op]ation is no?+ m ?an sublimation4 ,sublim]s made ( glass are us$2 & into ea*1 ! camphor1 along ) a small portion ( lime1 is introduc$1 & !y are !n plac$ 9 a s& ba?4 ,heat is appli$1 & ! pure camphor rises & atta*es itself to ! upp] "p ( ! vessel1 =m+ ! ref9$ camphor4 ,! g5]al prop]ties ( camphor are ! foll[+3 ,x is n alt]$ by ! atmosph]ic air1 b is volatiliz$ dur+ w>m wea!r4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]2 is soluble 9 alcohol1 =m+ ! _s ( camphor1 & also 9 volatile & fix$ oils4 ,x is n act$ ^u by ! alkalies4 ,x is dissolv$ 9 acids )\t eff]vesc5ce1 & by "s x is decompos$4 ,nitric acid conv]ts x into a peculi> acid1 call$ ! camphoric4 ,x melts betwe5 #cjj & #djj degrees4 ,x takes fire1 & burns ) a :ite flame1 &1 g5]ally1 :ile x pres5ts ! "* ( a res91 x %[s1 by its combu/ion1 l o!r inflammable bodies1 t x conta9s1 9 its composition1 a l>ge quantity ( c>bon & hydrog54 ,!re are sev]al species ( camphor1 :i* h be5 exam9$ by *emi/s & :i* diff] 9 _! prop]ties4 ,^! are1 common camphor1 ! camphor ( volatile oils1 & ! artificial camphor1 =m$ by treat+ oil ( turp5t9e ) muriatic acid4 ,! base ( camphor =ms a con/itu5t "p ( "s volatile oils1 :i* are 9 a liquid /ate2 & = its sep>ation1 x appe>s to require a comb9ation ) oxyg54 ,camphor may be app>5tly set on fire by means ( wat]1 an exp]im5t1 :i* is no?+ m ?an produc+ *emical action by x1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,put a portion ( nitrate ( copp] on "s t9-foil1 along ) camphor2 !n by add+ "s wat]1 & quickly wrapp+ ! foil up1 press+ ! edges close1 x w inflame1 & sp>ks ( fire be produc$4 ,camphor has be5 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( c&les4 ,= ?is purpose1 x is dissolv$ 9 br&y1 & ! wick1 compos$ ( equal p>ts ( cotton & l951 is dipp$ 94 ,x is !n dri$1 & cov]$1 9 ! usual mann]1 ) tall[ or wax4 ,! tall[1 recomm5d$ z ! be/ = c&les1 is a comb9ation ( equal p>ts ( mutton & beef suet4 ,camphor is v soluble 9 acetic acid1 :i* is highly inflammable4 ,?is solution is decompos$ by wat]4 ,:5 comb9$ ) ess5tial oils1 x =ms aromatic v9eg>4 ,romieu has obs]v$ t small pieces ( camphor float+ on wat] h a rot>y motion4 ,camphor ent]s into a composition1 :i* is us$ to det]m9e1 l a b>omet]1 ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 & ! *anges x und]goes4 ,accord+ to ! ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie1 #ahae1 "s exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ,france on ! fluid tak5 out ( "o ( ! ,engli% wea!r gauges4 ,! liquid conta9$ wat] & alcohol1 0 /rong ) camphor1 & r$d5$ litmus pap]4 ,! tube conta9$ #c-a_/b ounces4 ,on analysis1 its cont5ts 7 f\nd to be1 #bd gra9s ( alum1 #abj gra9s ( camphor1 & en\gh wat] to dissolve ! =m]1 & alcohol to dissolve ! latt]4 ,a simil> composition 0 made1 & put into a tube1 :i*1 x seems1 _h ! same effect4 ,! tube is h]metically seal$4 ,m4 ,cadet obs]ves1 t ! progno/icator1 made 9 ,p>is _m ye>s ago1 0 a simil> prep>ation4 ,al?\gh1 accord+ to ,cadet1 ?is contrivance _c be dep5d$ ^u1 z ! appe>ances x pres5ts are n regul>2 yet1 z ! effect is produc$ by heat1 z well z light & electricity1 ! foll[+ summ>y may be add$3 #a4 ,9 fair wea!r1 ! composition rema9s at ! bottom1 & ! liquor is cle>4 #b4 ,be=e ra91 x w rise a little2 ! liquor w be cle>1 hav+ m]ely a /> float+ 9 x4 #c4 ,be=e a /orm1 x w rise to ! surface1 ! liquor w appe> tr\bl$4 ,^! appe>ances may be se5 #bd h\rs be=e ! *ange 9 ! wea!r takes place4 #d4 ,9 w9t]1 x is high] ?an common4 ,dur+ a sn[1 x w be v :ite1 & pieces are se5 9 motion4 #e4 ,9 settl$ wea!r 9 summ]1 & :5 w>m1 ! composition w be l[4 #f4 ,to "k f :at qu>t] w9d w come1 ! composition w rema9 atta*$ on ! opposite side ( ! bottle to t f :i* x is expect$4 ,camphor has be5 burnt1 l e!r & alcohol1 by plat9um wire1 previ\sly heat$4 ,dr4 ,ure obs]ves1 t a cyl9d] ( camphor may be us$ = bo? wick & _s1 9 ! aphlogi/ic lamp2 & ! ignition is v bright1 :ile an odorif]\s vap\r is exhal$4 ,by add+ v>i\s ess5tial oils 9 small quantities to ! alcohol ( ! lamp1 v>i\s aromas may be made to p]fume ! air ( an ap>tm5t4 ,see ,sc5t$ ,fires = rooms4 ,camphor is employ$ 9 ^? fire-works *iefly1 :i* are exhibit$ 9 rooms2 its exp5se be+ an objection to its use 9 l>ge exhibitions4 ,9 :at are t]m$ p]fum$ pa/es1 or mixtures1 sc5t$ fire1 or odorif]\s fire-works1 x is us$ 9 abundance3 9 fact1 x ent]s into ne>ly all ! compositions ( ?is k9d4 ,camphor1 besides produc+1 alone1 a :ite flame1 gives a brilliant light1 &1 :5 mix$ ) o!r sub/ances1 adds greatly to ! appe>ance ( ! flame2 &1 giv+ out a p[]ful od\r1 de/roys1 9 a measure1 ! disagreeable smell aris+ f ! combu/ion ( ! sulphur & nitre4 ,by ref]r+ to ! article on ,greek fire1 & "s inc5di>y prep>ations us$ 9 w>1 x w be se51 t camphor is an important con/itu5t4 ,z camphor is v combu/ible1 & w ev5 burn on ! surface ( wat]1 x is well adapt$ = all ^? purposes4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! ,greek fire2 & x seems1 t ! peculi> "* ( t fire1 ( burn+ 9 wat]1 0 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( camphor4 ,?is op9ion appe>s plausible1 :5 we consid]1 t "s prep>ations h be5 made ) camphor1 :i* _h ! prop]ty ( burn+ on wat]4 ,camphor may be pulv]iz$ by ! assi/ance (1 & br\ght into intimate mixture )1 nitre & sulphur2 because ! =m]1 9 p>ticul>1 t5ds to divide x4 ,b x may be pulv]iz$ sep>ately1 & aft]w>ds add$ to ! composition1 by rubb+ x 9 a mort> ) a small quantity ( alcohol1 or _s ( w9e2 or1 if ?is _c be _h1 ) f\r? pro( br&y4 ,z camphor is v inflammable1 its effects1 :5 mix$ ) saltpetre & fir$1 are mu* ! same z ^? produc$ by o!r res9s1 or concrete oils4 ,a combu/ion1 m or less rapid1 ensues1 &1 :ile ! nitre itself is decompos$1 ! camphor also und]goes ! same *ange1 produc+ bo? wat] & c>bonic acid1 f ! union ( two ( its elem5ts1 ! hydrog5 & c>bon1 ) ! oxyg5 ( ! nitric acid4 ,9 all cases1 9 :i* camphor is employ$ 9 artificial fire-works1 al?\gh its own flame is :ite1 x may assi/ 9 increas+ ! flame1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is modifi$1 accord+ to ! sub/ances1 :i* ent] into ! composition4 ,^! may n ret>d its combu/ion1 b1 nev]!less1 may *ange ! appe>ance ( ! flame2 z is ! case1 :5 we employ ! fil+s ( iron1 /eel1 brass1 or z9c1 sal ammoniac1 ros91 saw-du/1 & o!r sub/ances1 :i* usually =m a "p ( su* mixtures4 ,^u ! :ole1 !n1 we may consid]1 t camphor acts 9 fire-works2 #a/1 z an inflammable body2 #bndly1 t1 besides be+ 9 a great measure decompos$1 a portion ( x is evaporat$1 & communicates1 to ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 a peculi> smell1 :i* is recognis$ 9 ! odorif]\s fire-works2 #crdly1 t1 :ile x acts 9 tak+ a "p ( ! oxyg5 f ! nitric acid ( ! nitre1 x assi/s 9 ! decomposition ( ?is salt1 m especially if x be mix$ sep>ately ) ! nitre2 #d?ly1 t1 9 all in/ances ( its combu/ion1 :ile x acts prim>ily on ! nitre1 ) ! oxyg5 ( :i* x =ms bo? wat] & c>bonic acid1 x1 at ! same "t1 increases ! flame1 :i* may be ei!r :ite1 r$1 or yell[1 accord+ to ! o!r sub/ances employ$2 &1 f9ally1 x may be ?r[n out 9 ! /ate ( combu/ion1 & receive1 = ! fur!r support ( its combu/ion1 ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & h5ce produce a :ite ext]ior flame1 :ile t 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! composition may be m or less col\r$4 ,b its application1 ! proportions 9 :i* x is us$1 z well z ! k9d ( fire-works to :i* x is applicable1 w be consid]$ at l>ge 9 o!r p>ts ( ! "w4 ,! great inflammability ( camphor is to be ascrib$ to its conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( c>bon & hydrog51 & a small quantity ( oxyg54 ,!re is a prep>ation1 call$ artificial camphor1 t is =m$ by pass+ muriatic acid gas ?r\gh _s ( turp5t9e4 ,x inflames ) facility1 & burns1 )\t leav+ any residue4 ,might n ?is prep>ation be economically employ$1 9 lieu ( camphor1 = inc5di>y fire-works8 ,sect4 ,,xvi4 ,( ,gum ,b5zo91 & ,b5zoic acid4 ,gum ,b5zo91 or ,b5jam91 is consid]$ a solid balsam1 & is ! production ( a tree1 :i* gr[s 9 ,sumatra1 c4 call$ ! /yrax b5zoe4 ,x is obta9$ f ?is tree by incision1 a tree yield+ ?ree or f\r p\nds4 ,x is a brittle sub/ance1 sometimes 9 ! =m ( yell[i%-:ite te>s & call$1 f t circum/ance1 almond b5zo94 ,besides a res9\s sub/ance1 x conta9s an acid1 call$ ! b5zoic or fl[]s ( b5zo91 a sub/ance simil> to balsam ( ,p]u1 be+ a peculi> aromatic pr9ciple1 soluble 9 alcohol & wat]4 ,by heat+ x1 or by combu/ion1 x evolves a v agreeable smell1 & is1 !re=e1 us$ 9 ^? fire-works :i* are exhibit$ 9 rooms1 !atres1 c4 & also 9 ! composition ( odorif]\s fire-works4 ,besides be+ 9 itself inflammable1 x produces a peculi> smell1 aris+1 9 all probability1 f an ess5tial oil1 aid$1 9 "s degree1 by ! sep>ation ( b5zoic acid4 ,x has be5 exam9$ by ,bu*olz & ,br&e4 ,its g5]al prop]ties are3 t x is insoluble 9 wat]1 al?\gh hot wat] takes up a "p ( x1 said to be ! b5zoic acid4 ,x is soluble 9 alcohol1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by muriatic & acetic acids1 b n by ! alkalies4 ,x is also soluble 9 e!r4 ,! b5zoic acid1 or fl[]s ( b5zo91 are obta9$ f x by sublimation4 ,a quantity ( ! p[d]$ gum1 put into an e>!n bas91 a ?ick pap] cone be+ ti$ r\nd ! rim1 & heat appli$1 ! acid w leave ! res91 & be cond5s$ on ! inn] side ( ! cone4 ,bu*olz 7,bullet9 de ,ph>macie1 v4 p4 #agg7 has giv5 a process = obta9+ x by means ( alcohol1 & "s o!rs h be5 adopt$4 ,by boil+ f\r ounces ( ! gum 9 p[d] 9 a suffici5t quantity ( wat]1 ) ?ree dra*ms ( c>bonate ( soda1 ! acid w unite ) ! alkali1 & =m a b5zoate ( soda1 :i*1 :5 filt]$ & decompos$ by sulphuric acid1 w yield ! b5zoic acid4 ,five dra*ms ( acid w be ?us obta9$4 ,lime has be5 us$ 9 ! same mann] z soda1 & ! acid sep>at$ by ! addition ( muriatic acid4 ,fl[]s ( b5zo9 may be us$ 9 ! place ( ! gum2 us+1 h[ev]1 b a small quantity4 ,!y w communicate ! same od\r to fire z ! b5zo94 ,! fl[]s1 or acid ( b5zo91 are s inflammable1 z to burn1 ) a cle> yell[ flame1 )\t ! assi/ance ( a wick4 ,x is soluble 9 ard5t spirits1 9 oils1 & 9 melt$ tall[4 ,! comp\nds1 :i* x =ms ) !m1 are also inflammable4 ,b5zoic acid is consid]$ to be an oily acid1 & conta9s1 no d\bt1 a v l>ge proportion ( hydrog54 ,sect4 ,,xvii4 ,( ,/orax ,calamite4 ,/orax is ! mo/ fragrant ( all ! balsams4 ,x is af=d$ by ! /yrax (fic9alis1 a tree :i* gr[s 9 ! ,levant4 ,x is sometimes 9 r$ te>s4 ,common /orax is 9 l>ge cakes1 & brittle & s(t to ! t\*4 ,?is is m fragrant ?an ! o!r sort1 b is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) saw-du/4 ,x is soluble 9 alcohol1 & is said to yield "s b5zoic acid4 ,/yrax is a diff]5t sub/ance2 a semi-liquid juice obta9$ f ! liquidamb> /yraciflua4 ,its od\r is less agreeable ?an t ( /orax calamite4 ,x is us$ 9 odorif]\s fire1 9 pa/es1 9 ! composition = sc5t$ vases1 & ! l4 ,sect4 ,,xviii4 ,( ,ess5tial ,oils4 ,ess5tial or volatile oils1 z well z ! rasp+s ( r$ c$>1 dri$ rosem>y1 & o!r fragrant plants1 are all us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( odorif]\s fire4 ,9 "s prep>ations1 ! oil ( roses is employ$2 9 o!rs1 ! ess5ce ( b]gamot1 ( lemon1 c4 :i*1 be+ v volatile1 evaporate 9 a mod]ate heat1 &1 be+ also inflammable1 may assi/ 9 ! combu/ion4 ,9 ! case ( ! rasp+s ( c$> 9 p>ticul>1 x also communicates a peculi> appe>ance to ! flame4 ,oils1 :e!r ess5tial or fix$1 :5 pass$ ?r\gh ignit$ tubes1 are decompos$1 & furni% an inflammable gas call$ olefiant gas4 ,wax1 tall[1 c4 produce ! same gas1 ! hydroguret ( c>bon4 ,messrs4 ,taylor & ,m>t9eau contriv$ an +5i\s app>atus = g5]at+ gas f oil on ! great scale1 z a sub/itute = c&les1 lamps1 & coal gas1 x be+ mu* pref]able = burn+1 z x conta9s no sulphur1 & does n injure furniture1 books1 plate1 pa9t1 c4 ,oil gas conta9s m hydroguret ( c>bon ?an coal gas1 :i* is a great advantage1 enabl+ "o cubic foot ( oil gas to g z f> z f\r ( coal gas4 ,an elegant app>atus 0 erect$ by ,taylor & ,m>t9eau at ! ,apo!c>ies' ,hall1 ,london1 a draw+ ( :i* may be se5 9 ! #ae? numb] ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ! ,arts4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t odorif]\s fire-works are int5d$ = exhibition 9 close ap>tm5ts2 s t ! smell ( c]ta9 gases1 produc$ by ! nitre1 *>coal1 & sulphur1 accord+ to ! prep>ation us$1 w be m or less de/roy$4 ,su* prep>ations are1 nev]!less1 exp5sive1 & = t reason seldom us$4 ,sect4 ,,xix4 ,( ,ma/i*4 ,?is res91 obta9$1 f ! pi/acia l5tiscus1 by mak+ transv]se incisions 9 ! tree1 is fir/ 9 a fluid /ate1 & gradually concretes into yell[i% semi-transp>5t brittle gra9s4 ,9 ,turkey1 great quantities ( x are us$ = sweet5+ ! brea?1 & /r5g!n+ ! gums4 ,x is f ! use ( ! res9 z a ma/icatory1 t its "n is said to be d]iv$4 ,x is n completely soluble 9 alcohol1 a s(t ela/ic sub/ance sep>at+ f ! solution4 ,:5 expos$ to heat1 x melts1 & exhales a fragrant od\r3 = :i* reason1 pr9cipally1 x ent]s into ! composition ( "s fire-works1 z ! sc5t$ pa/e4 ,9 ord9>y fumigations1 ma/i* is commonly us$4 ,sect4 ,,xx4 ,( ,copal4 ,gum copal1 by :i* "n x is kn[n1 is a res91 obta9$ f a tree1 call$ ?us copall9um4 ,x is (t5 9 ! =m ( a beautiful :ite res92 b sometimes x is m or less col\r$4 ,x is frequ5tly opaque4 ,x may be dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 _s ( turp5t9e1 & oils1 by a peculi> managem5t1 7by us+ camphor1 previ\sly melt+ x1 & ! l17 & !n x =ms ! v>i\s copal v>ni%es1 :i* are m or less p]fect1 z ! copal is transp>5t1 & ! solution prop]ly =m$4 ,:5 heat$1 x melts l o!r res9s1 & 9 ?is1 & _m o!r prop]ties1 x p>takes ( ! "* ( res9s 9 g5]al4 ,x is us$ 9 "s ( ! =mul = fire-works4 ,sect4 ,,xxi4 ,( ,myrrh4 ,myrrh is obta9$ f a plant1 suppos$ to belong to ! g5us mimosa1 :i*1 z ,bruce in=ms u1 7,travels1 c47 gr[s 9 ,abyss9ia & ,arabia4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( te>s1 ( a r$di%-yell[ col\r2 sometimes transp>5t1 & at o!r times opaque4 ,x possesses a peculi> od\r1 & a bitt] & aromatic ta/e4 ,x burns ) difficulty1 & does n melt :5 heat$4 ,) wat]1 x =ms a yell[ opaque mixture4 ,x dissolves 9 alcohol1 & ! solution is decompos$ by ! addition ( wat]1 ! :ole becom+ opaque4 ,accord+ to ,braconnot1 myrrh is compos$ ( #bc res91 & #gg gum1 9 ! #ajj p>ts4 ,pelleti]1 ^: analysis diff]s f ,braconnot's1 obs]ves1 t1 besides res91 x conta9s "s volatile oil1 to :i*1 no d\bt1 its fragrance is ow+4 ,! gum1 extract$ f x1 _h ! "* common to all gums1 ) ! exception1 t1 in/ead ( =m+ ! muc\s or saclactic acid1 by ! action ( nitric acid1 x produc$ only oxalic acid4 ,t myrrh burns ) difficulty1 is ow+ entirely to ! pres5ce ( s mu* gum1 &1 comp>atively speak+1 ! small quantity ( res91 :i* ent]s into its composition4 ,b1 not)/&+ ?is prop]ty1 z x p>takes ( a fragrant oil1 x is us$ 9 "s compositions = fire-works4 ,! gummy "p may ret>d1 z is sometimes requir$ 9 p>ticul> prep>ations1 ! rapidity ( ! combu/ion1 & !re=e h a two-fold effect :5 employ$ 9 fire-works4 ,sect4 ,,xxii4 ,( ,sug>4 ,ref9$ sug> is sometimes us$ 9 pyrote*no-mixtures4 ,z x is a vegetable oxide1 7compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg571 :i* is decompos$ by heat1 & has ! prop]ty ( decompos+ nitric acid1 & "s ( its comb9ations2 its op]ation 9 su* mixtures may be readily p]ceiv$4 ,we h se51 :5 treat+ ( *lorate ( potassa1 t1 :5 ?is salt & sug> are mix$ toge!r1 & sulphuric acid p\r$ on ! mixture1 a rapid combu/ion ensues1 :i* is ow+ z well to ! decomposition ( ! sug>1 z to t ( ! salt4 ,! mat*es1 likewise1 :i* inflame by imm]sion 9 sulphuric acid1 are cov]$ ) a simil> mixture4 ,t sug>1 !re=e1 has ! prop]ty ( decompos+ ^? salts1 :i* are compos$ ( acids1 t h _! oxyg5 b feebly comb9$1 & !reby produc+ combu/ion1 accord+ to ! temp]ature employ$1 or o!r ag5ts made use (1 is evid5t f a v>iety ( exp]im5ts4 ,by its action1 !n1 9 su* cases1 ! products ( combu/ion1 aris+ f ! elem5t>y p>ts ( ! sug> alone1 unit+ ) oxyg51 mu/ be c>bonic acid & wat]4 ,sug>1 submitt$ to de/ructive di/illation1 af=ds a v>iety ( new sub/ances2 among :i* we may notice c>omel1 or t peculi> od\r1 :i* is recognis$ 9 ! burn+ ( sug>4 ,sug> may1 !re=e1 besides assi/+ 9 "p 9 ! decomposition ( sal9e bodies1 & p>ticul>ly nitre1 & p]haps giv+ rise to new products1 ) :i* we are unacqua9t$1 h ano!r effect1 t ( de/roy+ ! (f5sive smell ( o!r sub/ances1 by means ( ! c>omel =m$4 ,sug>1 also1 :5 mix$ ) v>i\s bodies1 & /ruck ) a hamm]1 w produce detonations4 ,sug>1 :5 us$ 9 compositions ( fire1 %\ld be pure2 & x may be kn[n to be s1 by produc+ inv>iably a phosphoresc5ce 9 ! d>k1 :5 two pieces are rubb$ toge!r4 ,at a r$ heat1 x bur/s into flame ) a k9d ( explosion4 ,?is flame is :ite1 ) blue edges4 ,sug> is obta9$ f ! sug>-cane2 f ! sap ( ! sug>-maple2 f beets & grapes2 & f v>i\s o!r sac*>9e bodies4 ,x is =m$ also artificially1 by ! action ( sulphuric acid on />*4 ,mr4 ,kir*(f1 a ,russian *emi/1 accid5tally discov]$ t />* may be *ang$ into sug> by dilut$ sulphuric acid4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( />* yield "o hundr$ & t5 ( sug>4 ,x appe>s1 t1 by ! ab/raction ( a little hydrog5 & c>bon1 />* w be conv]t$ into sug>4 ,potatoes1 dige/$ ) dilut$ sulphuric acid1 ,dr4 ,ure f\nd1 w\ld also =m sug>1 & v abundantly4 ,! sulphuric acid may be remov$ by ! addition ( *alk1 &1 z ! sulphate ( lime is b slightly soluble1 ! pure sac*>9e fluid may be obta9$ by filtration4 ,! sug> is procur$ 9 a solid /ate by evaporation1 & may be cl>ifi$ l o!r sug>4 ,dr4 ,ure obs]ves1 t good be] has be5 made f />*-sug>1 b recomm5ds potato-sug>4 ,to obta9 ! latt]1 ! potatoes are wa%$1 grat$ d[n1 & treat$ ) ! dilute acid = a day or two1 at a temp]ature ( #bab4 ,! obs]vations ( ,braconnot are int]e/+4 ,he has succe$$ 9 conv]t+ a v>iety ( vegetable sub/ances into gum & sug>4 ,! conv]sion ( wood into sug>1 h[ev] rem>kable x may seem1 has be5 effect$2 & a p\nd weight ( rags w1 by ! same process1 make m ?an a p\nd weight ( sug>4 ,rice1 z x conta9s a l>ge quantity ( fecula1 may1 we h no d\bt1 be conv]t$1 9 ! same mann]1 into sac*>9e matt]4 ,:5 sug> is fir/ obta9$1 x is impure1 conta9+ a v>iety ( =eign sub/ances1 & m or less br[n1 z ! ,muscovado ( ! ,we/ ,india isl&s4 ,x is ref9$1 & =m$ into loaves1 by treat+ its solution 9 wat] ) bullocks' blood1 ! s]um ( :i* coagulates by heat2 &1 f9ally1 by p\r+ ! sug>1 :5 suffici5tly boil$1 into conical e>!n m\lds1 :]e x concretes4 ,x is clay$1 by putt+ a mixture ( :ite clay & wat] on ! sug> 9 ea* ( ! cones2 ! wat] f :i* passes ?r\gh1 & r5d]s x beautifully :ite4 ,! same process may be repeat$2 h5ce ! s+le & d\ble ref9$ sug>4 ,! molasses passes out f ! sug> at ! apex ( ! cone1 & is receiv$ 9 vessels4 ,f tw5ty to ?irty-five p] c5t4 ( molasses are sep>at$ 9 ! ref9+ ( raw sug>s2 & x is suppos$1 t a consid]able "p ( x1 probably two-?irds1 are =m$ by ! high heat us$ 9 ! conc5tration ( ! sirup4 ,9 ord] to prev5t s great a quantity ( molasses1 diff]5t plans h be5 recomm5d$4 ,t ( ,h[>d is highly spok5 (4 ,x consi/s 9 surr\nd+ ! sug>-boil] ) oil or /eam at a high temp]ature1 in/ead ( expos+ x1 z h]et(ore1 or ! mode usually adopt$1 to ! nak$ fire4 ,! boil] is cov]$ at top1 &1 by means ( an air-pump1 ! air is exhau/$1 & ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e be+ remov$1 ebullition takes place at a l[] temp]ature4 ,no blood is us$ 9 ,mr4 ,h4's process1 in/ead ( :i*1 ! cl>ification is p]=m$ by means ( canvass filt]s1 add+ previ\sly a pa/y mixture ( gypsum & alum9a1 made by saturat+ a solution ( alum ) quicklime4 ,he does n employ clay1 z is done 9 :it5+ ! sug>2 b1 9 its place1 makes use ( v pure saturat$ sirup4 ,he uses animal *>coal1 7bone black71 :i* has ! prop]ty ( de/roy+ vegetable col\r+ matt]4 ,wilson's process = ref9+ sug> possesses "s advantages4 ,x w be f\nd 9 ! #cd? volume ( ! ,rep]tory ( ,arts4 ,! pat5t filt]+ app>atus ( ,su!rl& is highly approv$4 ,! *emical prop]ties ( sug> are ! foll[+3 ,x is v soluble 9 wat]1 bo? hot & cold2 x =ms ) wat] a sirup1 :i* on /&+ w cry/allize1 =m+ ! c&i$ sug>4 ,x is n act$ ^u by oxyg5 gas4 ,x is capable ( comb9+ )1 &1 accord+ to "s *emi/s1 ( neutraliz+ acids & alkalies4 ,x is decompos$ by nitric acid ) eff]vesc5ce1 be+ conv]t$ into oxalic & malic acids4 ,t>t>ic1 acetic1 & oxalic acids prev5t x f cry/alliz+4 ,x unites ) lime & /rontian1 b is p>tially decompos$ by b>ytes4 ,x comb9es also ) oxide ( lead1 :i* x precipitates f its solution1 =m+1 z x is call$1 a sac*>ate ( lead4 ,alcohol has "s action on x1 & also hydrosulphurets1 sulphurets1 & phosphurets ( alkalies & alkal9e e>?s4 ,on ! application ( heat1 x melts1 swells1 becomes br[ni%-black1 & exhales a peculi> od\r1 :i* we h m5tion$1 &1 at a r$ heat1 takes fire4 ,la/ly1 ?\gh possess$ ( "s g5]al & specific *>act]s1 x diff]s1 9 "s ( its prop]ties1 accord+ to ! sub/ance f :i* x is obta9$4 ,sect4 ,,xxiii4 ,( ,sal ,prunelle4 ,?is salt is no?+ m ?an nitrate ( potassa1 melt$ 9 a crucible1 & p\r$ into m\lds1 :5ce x receives ! =m "u :i* x is f\nd 9 ! %ops4 ,! saltpetre1 :5 m]ely fus$1 is n decompos$1 z x is :5 expos$ to a r$ heat 9 an iron retort4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! wat] only :i* x conta9s is sep>at$2 b1 9 ! latt]1 ! salt itself is decompos$1 & oxyg5 gas evolv$4 ,sal prunelle1 !re=e1 is fus$ saltpetre4 ,combu/ible bodies1 z *>coal1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 oils1 res9s1 c4 h ! same effect on x z on ord9>y nitre4 ,! only advantage x has ov] ! common ref9$ saltpetre1 9 ! prep>ation ( "s fire-works1 is1 t x is free f wat]1 & m readily act$ on by combu/ible sub/ances4 ,9 prep>+ x1 c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! application ( ! heat2 :i*1 if too p[]ful1 w\ld1 besides fus+ x1 decompose1 & conv]t x into nitrite ( potassa4 ,x may be readily pulv]iz$ & sift$4 ,= ! prop]ties ( nitre1 see t article4 ,sect4 ,,xxiv4 ,( ,alcohol4 ,alcohol1 or rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 is us$ = a v>iety ( purposes 9 pyrote*ny1 &1 :5 x _c be procur$1 /rong br&y is sub/itut$4 ,9 assi/+ ! pulv]ization ( "s sub/ances1 z camphor1 9 =m+ ! mixture ( c]ta9 pa/es1 & 9 act+ z a vehicle = ! intimate union ( "s bodies1 x is consid]$ a necess>y article4 ,alcohol may be made to =m v>i\sly col\r$ flames1 by mix+ ) x c]ta9 sal9e sub/ances4 ,?us1 boracic acid w =m a gre5 flame2 muriate ( /rontian1 a c>m9e r$2 muriate ( lime1 an orange2 nitrate ( copp]1 an em]ald gre52 nitre1 common salt1 & corrosive sublimate1 a yell[1 c4 ,z alcohol has ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ ess5tial oils1 camphor1 c4 x may be us$ z a m5/ruum = c]ta9 oils 9 ! prep>ation ( odorif]\s fire-works4 ,see ,articles on col\r$ flame1 & odorif]\s fire4 ,alcohol con/itutes a "p ( all ard5t spirits1 w9e1 cid]1 be]1 c4 9 :i* x is comb9$ ) wat]1 or ) wat] & mucilag9\s & col\r+ matt]4 ,x is =m$ 9 ! v9\s f]m5tation1 & always results f ! union ( c>bon & hydrog54 ,dur+ ! process1 c>bonic acid gas is lib]at$4 ,f]m5t$ liquors1 !re=e1 or ^? :i* h pass$ ?r\gh ! v9\s f]m5tation1 always conta9 alcohol 9 m or less abundance1 b mix$ ) wat] 9 _m in/ances4 ,9 "s x is accompani$ ) wat]1 & sac*>9e1 mucilag9\s1 & extractive matt]4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( be] is an example ( ?is fact4 ,:5 liquors1 :i* conta9 _s1 are submitt$ to di/illation1 ! product is alcohol & wat]2 = ! volatile p>ts evaporate1 & ! fix$ sub/ances rema9 9 ! /ill4 ,! _s p>takes1 m or less1 ( a peculi> ta/e & flav\r1 by :i* liquors are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,on ?is subject1 h[ev]1 x w be suffici5t to add1 t br&y is procur$ by ! di/illation ( w9e2 rum1 f ! f]m5t$ juice ( ! sug>-cane2 g91 f f]m5t$ gra9 & junip]-b]ry2 :iskey1 f ! f]m5t$ ma% ( gra91 cid]1 c4 &1 g5]ally1 ! ard5t liquors1 f pe>s1 pea*es1 & o!r sub/ances1 by ! same process4 ,alcohol1 !re=e1 exi/s 9 all ^! di/ill$ liquors1 9 a great] or small] quantity1 comb9$ ) wat]2 & ! proportion x be>s to ! wat] is kn[n by a /&>d1 z ei!r pro(1 above pro(1 or "u pro(1 accord+ z its /r5g? is %[n by ! hydromet]4 ,! process ( obta9+ alcohol 9 a pure /ate1 7usually call$ rectifi$ _s ( w9e71 by :i* ! wat] is sep>at$ f ! alcohol1 consi/s 9 repeat$ di/illations1 ei!r alone1 or mix$ ) c]ta9 sub/ances1 :i* h ! prop]ty ( unit+ )1 & keep+ d[n ! wat]1 9 ! act ( di/illation4 ,^! sub/ances are usually pota%1 & dry muriate ( lime1 bo? ( :i* sub/ances h a great aff9ity = wat]4 ,! specific gravity ( highly conc5trat$ alcohol1 at #fj is 4#hbj1 b t ( common alcohol1 only 4#hcg1 at ! same temp]ature4 ,! prop]ties ( alcohol are ! foll[+3 ,x is a transp>5t liquor ( an agreeable flav\r1 & may be *ang$ 9 ?is p>ticul>1 by ess5tial oils4 ,x may be expos$ to a l[ temp]ature )\t freez+4 ,x boils at #ajf1 :5 ( ! specific gravity 4#hbj1 & 9 a vacuum at #ef4 ,x has a /rong aff9ity = wat]1 ) :i* x comb9es 9 any proportion2 & ! specific gravity v>ies accord+ to ! proportion ( ! mixture & ! temp]ature1 on :i* are f\nd$ ! tables ( ,blagd51 ,gilp91 & o!rs4 ,nei!r common air1 nor oxyg51 has any action on alcohol at mod]ate temp]atures1 :e!r 9 a liquid or a]i=m /ate4 ,on hydrog51 c>bon1 & *>coal1 x has little or no action1 b on phosphorus x acts1 a portion ( :i* x dissolves4 ,) sulphur1 x may be made to unite1 z also ) ! alkalies1 b n ) ! e>?s1 except /rontian & b>ytes4 ,x is decompos$ by sulphuric & nitric acids1 ) bo? ( :i* x =ms e!r4 ,x dissolves "s salts1 & has sc>cely any effect ^u o!rs4 ,la/ly1 x dissolves res9s & ess5tial oils2 b x nei!r acts ^u gums1 prop]ly s call$1 nor on fix$ oils4 ,x is a comp\nd ( hydrog51 c>bon1 & a small proportion ( oxyg51 & may be decompos$1 by pass+ its vap\r ?r\gh an ignit$ porcela9 tube4 ,alcohol1 by its combu/ion1 z x is us$ 9 _s-lamps = *emical & o!r purposes1 produces no smoke1 9 consequ5ce ( ! c>bon x conta9s be+ totally conv]t$1 dur+ t process1 into c>bonic acid2 & its hydrog51 unit+ ) ano!r portion ( ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]ic air1 passes (f 9 ! =m ( aque\s vap\r4 ,alcohol1 us$ 9 ?is way1 is pref]able to oil2 = ! latt] produces a l>ge quantity ( smoke1 unless x is burnt 9 ! ,arg& lamp4 ,alcohol is inflam$1 :5 x is br\ght 9 contact ) an ignit$ body4 ,! combu/ion is rapid )\t any residue1 & ! flame :ite4 ,z to ! /r5g? ( alcohol1 ! be/ means ( det]m9+ x1 is ) ! hydromet]2 b usually its pro( is asc]ta9$ by means ( gunp[d]4 ,a portion ( p[d]1 put into a cup1 & alcohol p\r$ on x & inflam$1 w1 if ! latt] be /rong1 be set on fire2 if1 h[ev]1 ! p[d] %\ld n take fire1 b ! flame ( ! alcohol be ext+ui%$1 we inf] ! exi/5ce ( wat]1 & t ! alcohol is n ( ! prop] /r5g?4 ,?is exp]im5t is f\nd$ on ?is circum/ance1 t1 if ! alcohol conta9s wat]1 aft] ! alcoholic portion is all consum$1 ! wat] w n only ext+ui% ! flame1 b also prev5t ! inflammation ( ! p[d]4 ,! hydromet]1 h[ev]1 is ! be/ exp]im5t1 z x det]m9es at once ! fact ( ! /r5g? ( ! liquor4 ,alcohol is us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( c]ta9 fulm9at+ sub/ances1 z fulm9at+ m]cury & silv] 9 p>ticul>2 ! prep>ation ( :i*1 we w give 9 ! two next sections4 ,x may n be improp] to m5tion ano!r application ( alcohol1 t ( =m+ ! aphlogi/ic lamp1 or lamp t burns )\t flame4 ,! foll[+ description ( x1 is giv5 by ,accum1 9 8 ,*emical ,amusem5ts1 ,am4 ,ed4 p4 #cee4 ,9 a common lamp1 ) a wick ( ab\t half a doz5 common ?reads ( cotton wick1 us$ = lamps1 put "s good _s ( w9e4 ,dispose ! ?reads ( wick1 n int]tw9$1 b /raight & p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,take plat9a wire ( ! ?ickness ( #a_/ajj? "p ( an in*2 coil x r\nd ! wick1 ab\t n9e coils bel[1 & six coils /&+ above ! top ( ! wick2 ! diamet] or wid? ( ! coils %\ld n be m ?an #c_/bj?1 or #a_/g? ( an in* wide4 ,light ! wick2 &1 :5 ! coil ( plat9a above ! wick is r$-hot1 bl[ out ! flame4 ,!re w !n be a curr5t ( pure alcohol1 gradually ris+ f ! res]voir bel[1 ?r\gh ! wick1 suffici5t to keep ! upp] coil ( plat9a r$-hot1 until ! :ole ( ! alcohol is consum$4 ,?is lamp has kept con/antly light$ dur+ sixty h\rs4 ,by means ( x1 a mat*1 a bit ( spunk1 or c&le may be light$ :5 want$4 ,! quantity ( alcohol consum$ is n mu*3 ab\t an ounce1 or an ounce & a half dur+ ! night1 f b$-"t until morn+ w suffice4 ,?is article 0 add$ to ,accum by ,dr4 ,coop]4 ,a figure ( ! lamp is 9 ,br&e's ,*emi/ry4 ,dr4 ,com/ock has a pap] on ! aphlogi/ic or flameless lamp1 9 ,vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #cbh1 ( ,silliman's ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 :i* conta9s "s judici\s & useful rem>ks4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy 7,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,in/itution7 has discov]$1 t ! vap\r ( camphor answ]s ! same purpose z alcohol4 ,if a plat9um wire be heat$ & laid ^u camphor1 x w cont9ue to gl[ z long z any rema9s1 & ! wire w frequ5tly light x up into flame4 ,davy f\nd1 t1 9 ! sl[ combu/ion ( alcohol1 c4 an acid 0 g5]at$1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,lampic acid4 ,f>aday & ,daniel 7,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ! ,arts7 h confirm$ 8 conclusions4 ,dr4 ,m>cet has propos$ a me?od ( produc+ an int5se heat1 by caus+ a curr5t ( oxyg5 gas to pass ?r\gh ! flame ( alcohol4 ,! con/ruction ( ! lamp & gas-hold] may be f\nd 9 ! ,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 ,vol4 vii1 p4 #fa4 ,sect4 ,,xxv4 ,( ,fulm9at+ ,m]cury4 ,z ! fulm9at+ m]cury ( ,h[>d consi/s pr9cipally ( ! oxalate ( m]cury1 ! oxalate ( ?is metal may be employ$ = ! same purpose4 ,oxalic acid does n act on m]cury1 b dissolves its oxide1 & =ms ) x a :ite p[d]4 ,i =m$ v>i\s fulm9at+ metallic p[d]s1 7,see ,coxe's ,m$ical ,museum71 & prep>$ "o 9 p>ticul> by m]ely dige/+ a solution ( ! salt ( sorrel 7sup]oxalate ( potassa7 on r$ precipitate4 ,! effect is t ! oxalic acid unites ) ! oxide ( m]cury1 & =ms an oxalate ( m]cury1 :i*1 :5 /ruck ) a hamm]1 produces a detonation4 ,oxalate ( m]cury1 possess+ ! same effects1 may be =m$1 v exp$iti\sly1 by p\r+ ! oxalate1 or ! sup]oxalate ( potassa into a solution ( nitrate ( m]cury4 ,! oxalate ( m]cury w be precipitat$1 :i* is to be caught on a filt]1 wa%$1 & dri$ 9 a g5tle heat4 ,h[>d's fulm9at+ m]cury is less dang]\s ?an ei!r fulm9at+ silv]1 or fulm9at+ gold4 ,! extreme =ce ( detonation :i* x possesses is rem>kable4 ,! temp]ature requir$ = its explosion is #cfj degrees4 ,friction1 p]cussion1 electricity1 & ! fl9t & /eel w produce ?is effect4 ,x gives rise to a /unn+ disagreeable report1 & its =ce is suffici5t to ind5t bo? ! hamm] & ! anvil4 ,f\r or six gra9s are suffici5t = an exp]im5t4 ,x is r s+ul>1 z ,mr4 ,cruik%ank fir/ obs]v$1 t ?is p[d] w n inflame gunp[d]2 z may be %[n by spread+ "s ( ! =m] on pap]1 & %ak+ gunp[d] ov] x1 & !n fir+ ! m]curial p[d]4 ,! gra9s ( ! gunp[d] may be collect$ entire aft] ! explosion4 ,f ! exp]im5ts ( ,h[>d1 x appe>s1 t ?is p[d] is compos$ ( oxalate ( m]cury1 & nitr\s e!ris$ gas4 ,f\rcroy1 h[ev]1 has %[n1 t x v>ies 9 its nature1 accord+ to ! mode ( its prep>ation4 ,!re is also a prep>ation ( m]cury1 :i* is likewise explosive1 discov]$ by ,f\rcroy4 ,?is comp\nd may be =m$ by dige/+ ! r$ oxide ( m]cury 9 liquid ammonia = ! space ( eight or t5 days4 ,! oxide assumes a :ite col\r1 & at la/ appe>s 9 cry/all9e scales4 ,^u ignit$ coals1 x detonates l\dly l fulm9at+ gold1 :i* see bel[4 ,9 a few days1 h[ev]1 x loses its fulm9at+ prop]ty1 & und]goes spontane\s decomposition4 ,expos$ to a l[ heat1 ! ammonia is dis5gag$1 & an oxide ( m]cury rema9s4 ,z ammonia =ms sev]al detonat+ comp\nds ) metallic oxides1 ! !ory ( _! explosive effects is ! same2 viz4 t1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! ammonia unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! oxide1 =m+ wat]1 ! azote is dis5gag$ 9 ! /ate ( gas4 ,! process = prep>+ ,h[>d's fulm9at+ m]cury is ! foll[+1 dissolve "o hundr$ gra9s ( m]cury 9 an ounce & a half 7by measure7 ( common nitric acid1 assi/+ ! solution by heat4 ,:5 cold1 p\r ! solution ^u two ounces 7by measure7 ( /rong alcohol1 & apply a mod]ate heat1 until ! mixture beg9s to eff]vesce4 ,a :ite fume !n beg9s to undulate on ! surface ( ! liquor1 & a :ite p[d] precipitates1 :i* is ! fulm9at+ m]cury4 ,?is p[d] is to be imm$iately wa%$ ) cold wat]1 & dri$ at a heat1 n mu* exce$+ t ( boil+ wat]4 ,"o hundr$ gra9s ( m]cury1 w give1 on an av]age1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five gra9s ( ! p[d]4 ,! products ( its combu/ion are c>bonic acid gas1 azotic gas1 wat]1 & m]cury4 ,besides by p]cussion1 x is inflammable :5 br\ght 9 contact ) sulphuric acid4 ,x is suppos$1 t fulm9at+ m]cury sometimes conta9s ammonia1 & t ! products ( combu/ion1 accord+ to ! mode ( prep>ation1 are !re=e diff]5t4 ,! read] may consult "s int]e/+ obs]vations on ?is p[d] 9 ! ,j\rnal de l',ecole ,polyte*nique4 ,m4 ,bay51 an apo!c>y1 9 #aggi1 7,j\rnal de ,physique71 ann\nc$ a process = prep>+ fulm9at+ m]cury4 ,8 process1 h[ev]1 is diff]5t f t describ$4 ,a solution ( m]cury is made 9 nitric acid1 & precipitat$ by cau/ic alkali4 ,! precipitate 7oxide ( m]cury7 is !n caught on a filt]1 wa%$1 & dri$4 ,?irty gra9s ( ?is p[d]1 mix$ ) f\r or five gra9s ( sulphur1 & /ruck ) a heavy hamm]1 or heat$ on an iron1 w explode ) viol5ce4 ,! oxide ( m]cury1 obta9$ f its solution by lime-wat]1 has ! same effect1 :5 treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,ano!r process recomm5d$ is1 to precipitate a solution ( ! p]*loride ( m]cury 7corrosive sublimate7 by lime-wat]1 & treat ! precipitate ) sulphur1 z above describ$4 ,sect4 ,,xxvi4 ,( ,fulm9at+ ,silv]4 ,?is comp\nd1 :i* is m p[]ful ?an fulm9at+ m]cury1 is prep>$ also ) alcohol4 ,desco/ils 7,annales de ,*imie1 ,,lxii4 p4 #aih17 ,cruik%ank1 & ,brugnatelli1 h all writt5 ^u x4 ,fulm9at+ silv] explodes )\t mu* heat4 ,by ! slighte/ friction x is inflam$1 & detonation foll[s4 ,h5ce x is us$ 9 ! =m ( toys1 9 fulm9at+ balls1 bombs1 crack]s1 c4 :i* explode by fall+ on ! gr\nd4 ,torp$oes1 pull+ crack]s1 c4 are =m$ ( ?is p[d]4 ,! fulm9at+ balls are made ( glass1 & conta9 a gra9 or two ( fulm9at+ silv]1 mix$ ) s&4 ,! same mixture1 put on ! ends ( two /rips ( pap]1 & ! ends pa/$1 =ms ! pull+ crack]s2 = ! mom5t !y are pull$ asund]1 ! friction produc$ sets ! fulm9at+ silv] on fire1 & causes a detonation4 ,! same prep>ation plac$ on a waf]1 & ! waf] put betwe5 pap]1 z 9 ! seal+ ( a lett]1 w explode1 :5 ! pap] or ! waf] is brok54 ,fulm9at+ bombs are balls ( ! size ( a hazle nut1 conta9+ ab\t ?ree gra9s ( ! fulm9at+ silv]4 ,_! explosive effects are said to be viol5t4 ,see ,detonat+ ,works4 ,?is p[d]1 9 consequ5ce ( its p[]ful action1 is dang]\s2 &1 z x explodes s readily1 x %\ld nev] be put into a phial1 nor %\ld x be t\*$ or h&l$ 9 any way t c produce friction4 ,ev5 :5 made to approa* ! flame ( a c&le1 x w explode ) extreme viol5ce4 ,! prep>ation ( ,brugnatelli's fulm9at+ silv] consi/s 9 r$uc+ #ajj gra9s ( nitrate ( silv] 7lun> cau/ic7 to p[d]2 &1 :5 put into a bas91 p\r+ ov] x "o ounce ( alcohol1 & ! same quantity ( nitric acid4 ,! mixture w become hot1 eff]vesc5ce w ensue1 :ile ! :ole w assume an opaque or milky appe>ance4 ,:5 ! gray p[d] ( ! nitrate has become :ite1 & ! mixture acquires consi/5cy1 di/ill$ wat] is to be add$1 to susp5d ! action4 ,! :ite precipitate is !n to be wa%$ by repeat$ affusions ( cold wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! op5 air1 b 9 a d>k place1 s z to seclude x f ! light4 ,9 fact1 ?is process is simil> to t = prep>+ fulm9at+ m]cury2 = x is no?+ m ?an treat+ silv] ) nitric acid & alcohol4 ,cruik%ank employs =ty p>ts ( silv]1 sixty p>ts ( nitric acid1 & sixty p>ts ( alcohol1 f :i* sixty p>ts ( ! p[d] are obta9$4 ,b]?ollet consid]s ?is p[d] to be compos$ ( ammonia1 & oxide ( silv]1 & ! !ory ( its detonation to be ! same z t ( fulm9at+ gold4 ,9 its explosion1 ! oxyg5 ( ! oxide ( silv] unites ) ! hydrog5 ( ! ammonia1 & ! nitrog5 is dis5gag$4 ,b]?ollet's fulm9at+ silv]1 :i* he discov]$ 9 #aghh1 is ano!r prep>ation1 :i* fulm9ates p[]fully4 ,x is prep>$ by precipitat+ nitrate ( silv] by lime-wat]4 ,! precipitate is plac$ on filt]+ pap]1 :i* absorbs ! wat]1 & ! nitrate ( lime4 ,pure cau/ic ammonia is !n add$1 :i* produces an effect some:at simil> to t att5d+ ! slak+ ( lime4 ,! ammonia dissolves only a "p ( ?is precipitate4 ,x is left at re/ = t5 or twelve h\rs1 & at ! expiration ( ?is "t1 !re is =m$1 on ! surface1 a %9+ pellicle1 :i* is re-dissolv$ ) a new portion ( ammonia1 b :i* does n appe>1 if a suffici5t quantity ( ammonia has be5 add$ at ! fir/4 ,! liquid is !n sep>at$1 & ! black precipitate1 f\nd at ! bottom1 is put1 9 small quantities1 on sep>ate pap]s4 ,?is p[d] explodes ev5 :5 moi/1 if /ruck ) a h>d body4 ,:5 dry1 ! slighte/ friction w explode x4 ,its detonation is ow+ to ! same cause z t produc+ ! explosion ( ! o!r prep>ation ( ?is metal1 z x is also compos$ ( oxide ( silv] & ammonia4 ,! fulm9at+ silv] ( ,*5evix explodes only by a slight friction 9 contact ) combu/ible sub/ances4 ,x is no?+ m ?an *lorate ( silv]4 ,x is =m$ by pass+ *lor9e gas ?r\gh alum9a1 diffus$ 9 wat]1 & aft]w>ds dige/+1 9 ! liquor1 "s phosphate ( silv]4 ,! :ole is to be evaporat$ sl[ly4 ,a s+le gra9 ( ?is p[d]1 ) ?ree gra9s ( sulphur1 w explode by ! slighte/ friction4 ,= ! prep>ation ( fulm9at+ silv]1 ! =mula giv5 by pr(essor ,silliman ( ,yale ,college1 appe>s to possess "s advantages4 ,to an ounce ( alcohol & z mu* nitric acid1 he adds #ajj gra9s ( pulv]iz$ lun> cau/ic4 ,a g5tle heat is appli$ to excite ! action betwe5 !m1 :i* mu/ be remov$1 ! mom5t !y beg9 to act4 ,:5 a ?ick :ite precipitate appe>s1 cold wat] mu/ be add$ to *eck ! action4 ,! precipitate is !n to be collect$1 wa%$1 & c>efully dri$4 ,a gra9 or two w explode ov] a c&le4 ,sect4 ,,xxvii4 ,( ,fulm9at+ ,gold4 ,! prep>ation1 call$ by "s aurate ( ammonia1 is =m$ by dissolv+ gold 9 nitromuriatic acid1 dilut+ ! solution ) wat]1 & add+ gradually liquid ammonia1 until ! precipitation ceases4 ,! precipitate is !n to be caught on a filt]1 well wa%$ ) wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air4 ,! fulm9at+ gold1 ?us produc$1 exce$s ! weight ( ! orig9al gold employ$ by ?irty-?ree p] c5t4 ,?ree or f\r gra9s ( ?is p[d]1 heat$ on a knife1 w explode ) a l\d report4 ,! temp]ature requir$ = its explosion is betwe5 #bcj & #cjj4 ,t5 or twelve gra9s w p5etrate a copp]-plate1 ( ! ?ickness ( a play+ c>d4 ,! facility ) :i* ?is p[d] explodes1 is increas$ by dry+4 ,if x be heat$ until x becomes black1 ! slighte/ t\* w cause a detonation4 ,?is p[d] is compos$ ( oxide ( gold1 ammonia1 & a portion ( *lor9e2 &1 dur+ its detonation1 wat]1 nitrog5 & *lor9e are evolv$1 ! gold be+ reviv$4 ,! pres5ce ( ammonia is necess>y to give to gold ! prop]ty ( fulm9at+4 ,fulm9at+ gold accord+ly loses ?is prop]ty1 ! mom5t ! ammonia is sep>at$4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 melt$ sulphur1 fat oils1 & e!r h ?is effect4 ,! discov]] ( fulm9at+ gold 0 a ,g]man ,b5$ict9e ,monk1 :o liv$ ab\t ! ye> #adac4 ,basil ,val5t9e has describ$ ! prep>ation ( x v accurately4 ,he recomm5ds1 h[ev]1 mix+ sal ammoniac ) aqua =tis1 ! old mode ( mak+ aqua regia1 & di/ill+ ! mixture2 !n putt+ 9 ! gold 9 leaf4 ,aft] ! acid is saturat$1 he adds oleum t>t>i1 or sal t>t>i 7c>bonate ( potassa7 dissolv$ 9 wat]2 & ! precipitat$ calx1 ?us obta9$1 :5 collect$1 wa%$1 & dri$ 9 ! op5 air1 w fulm9ate4 ,9 ?is process1 x is evid5t1 t ! aqua regia1 prep>$ ) sal ammoniac1 conta9s ammonia1 &1 :5 ! gold is dissolv$1 & ! pota% add$1 ! oxide ( gold sep>ates1 &1 f ! composition ( ! p[d]1 mu/ comb9e ) a portion ( ammonia1 & h5ce produce fulm9at+ gold4 ,he rem>ks1 t di/ill$ v9eg> dige/$ on fulm9at+ gold1 de/roys its fulm9at+ prop]ties1 & obs]ves also1 t c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t its explosion4 ,he also knew t sulphur w\ld h ! same effect4 ,b]gman 7,treatise on ,pulvis ,fulm9ans7 describes ! process employ$ by ,val5t9e2 & ,beckman 7,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions1 v4 iii4 p4 #acb17 obs]ves1 t1 aft] ! "t ( ,val5t9e1 ,crollius1 :o liv$ 9 ! la/ half ( ! #af? c5tury1 0 well acqua9t$ ) fulm9at+ gold1 & made its prep>ation m g5]ally kn[n4 ,9 ! ,oswaldi ,crollii ,basilica ,*ymica1 #dto1 p4 #baa1 publi%$ at ,frank=t1 9 #afji1 ! process is also to be f\nd4 ,he calls x aurum volatile1 & speaks ( its be+ useful 9 m$ic9e4 ,begu91 h[ev]1 appe>s to h giv5 x ! appellation ( aurum fulm9ans1 if we judge f 8 ,tyroc9ium ,*ymicum1 #abmo1 pr9t$ 9 #afjh4 ,sect4 ,,xxviii4 ,( ,fulm9at+ ,plat9um4 ,:ile notic+ explosive comp\nds1 x may n be improp] to m5tion t ( plat9um1 lately discov]$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,davy4 ,x explodes1 :5 heat$ to #djj degrees1 ) a %>p report1 simil> to t produc$ by fulm9at+ gold2 b nei!r friction nor p]cussion w decompose x4 ,x is =m$ by mak+ a solution ( plat9um 9 nitromuriatic acid1 & pass+ ?r\gh x1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 until no fur!r precipitation ensues4 ,?is precipitate1 :5 collect$1 & dige/$ 9 nitric acid1 is conv]t$ into sulphate ( plat9um4 ,?is is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & liquid ammonia !n add$4 ,! precipitate1 n[ =m$1 is wa%$1 & boil$ 9 a solution ( potassa1 &1 aft] hav+ fre$ x f ! adh]+ potassa1 is suff]$ to dry4 ,all fulm9at+ ammoniacal comp\nds are analog\s2 & fulm9at+ plat9um1 be+ compos$ ( oxide ( plat9um1 ammonia1 & wat]1 is decompos$ 9 ! same mann] z ^! comp\nds4 ,fulm9at+ plat9um is compos$ z foll[s3 ,p]oxide ( plat9um #hb4e ne>ly #b primes4 ,ammonia #i4j #a ---- ,wat] #h4e #b ---- ,sect4 ,,xxix4 ,( ,detonat+ ,p[d] f ,indigo4 ,t indigo produces a detonat+ p[d] by treat+ x ) nitric acid1 is evid5t f exp]im5t4 ,z x produces a purple light1 x might1 p]haps1 be us$ advantage\sly 9 small fire-works4 ,! process describ$ by ,dr4 ,?omson1 7,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry1 ,,vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #hj1 ,am]4 edit47 is to boil "o "p ( indigo 9 f\r p>ts ( nitric acid4 ,! solution w become yell[1 & a res9\s matt] appe> ^u its surface4 ,! boil+ is to be /opt1 & ! liquor cool$4 ,! res9\s matt] is !n to be sep>at$2 & ! solution evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( honey4 ,?is is to be re-dissolv$ 9 hot wat]1 & filt]$1 & a solution ( potassa add$1 :i* w ?r[ d[n yell[ spicul> cry/als1 consi/+ ( bitt] pr9ciple1 comb9$ ) potassa4 ,:5 ! res9 is aga9 treat$ ) nitric acid1 ! same bitt] pr9ciple is produc$4 ,! spicul> cry/als1 :5 wrapp$ up 9 pap]1 & /ruck ) a hamm]1 detonate ) a purple light4 ,sect4 ,,xxx4 ,( ! ,fulm9at+ ,comp\nd1 call$ ,iodide ( ,azote4 ,iod9e is a p>ticul> sub/ance1 :i* has ! prop]ty n only ( comb9+ ) oxyg5 & hydrog51 =m+ iodic & hydriodic acid1 b also ) v>i\s bases con/itut+ a class ( bodies1 call$ iodides4 ,its union ) azote produces a s+ul> sub/ance1 :i* detonates ) great viol5ce1 :5 slightly t\*$ or heat$4 ,x may be =m$1 by putt+ a quantity ( iod9e into ! wat] ( ammonia4 ,x w be gradually conv]t$ into a br[ni%-black matt]1 :i* is ! iodide ( azote4 ,x is =m$ 9 ?is process by ! iod9e1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 decompos+ a "p ( ! ammonia2 ! hydrog5 ( :i* comb9es ) a portion ( ! iod9e1 & produces hydriodic acid1 :i* !n unites ) ! undecompos$ "p ( ! ammonia1 & =ms ! hydriodate ( ammonia2 :il/ ! azote ! o!r con/itu5t ( ! ammonia1 unites ) ano!r portion ( ! iod9e1 & =ms ! comp\nd 9 "q4 ,:5 expos$ to ! air1 iodide ( azote gradually flies (f 9 vap\r1 )\t leav+ any residue4 ,! products ( its detonation are iod9e & azotic gas4 ,! iodide ( azote 0 discov]$ by ,m4 ,c\rtois1 & subsequ5tly exam9$ by ,m4 ,col94 ,iod9e1 br\ght 9 contact ) ammoniacal gas1 a comb9ation tak+ place1 produces a viscid %9+ liquid ( a br[ni%-black col\r1 :i*1 z ! saturation goes on1 loses its lu/re4 ,?is liquid does n detonate1 & is consid]$ to be an iodide ( ammonia2 b1 :5 x is add$ to wat]1 x is decompos$1 z well z ! wat]1 & we obta9 two new comp\nds1 z be=e obs]v$1 ! hydriodate ( ammonia1 & iodide ( azote4 ,?is iodide detonates4 ,h5ce x is evid5t1 t hydrog5 unit$ ) azote1 9 ammonia1 prev5ts explosion2 = ! mom5t x is tak5 away1 by ! =mation ( hydriodic acid1 & ! azote itself comb9es ) ! iod9e1 a fulm9at+ comp\nd is =m$4 ,! elem5ts ( ?is p[d] are feebly unit$4 ,x is f\nd1 t hydriodate ( ammonia has ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ a l>ge quantity ( iod9e1 &1 if suff]$ to rema9 ) ! iodide ( azote1 ( decompos+ x also1 & sett+ ! azote at lib]ty4 ,wat] is said to h ! same effect1 al?\gh feebly4 ,iodate ( potassa1 a salt compos$ ( iodic acid & potassa1 :5 mix$ ) sulphur1 & /ruck ) a hamm]1 w detonate1 9 consequ5ce ( ! decomposition ( ! iodic acid4 ,! iodate ( potassa may be =m$ v readily by agitat+ iod9e ) a solution ( cau/ic potassa4 ,! wat] is decompos$1 & ! hydriodate ( potassa is also =m$1 :i*1 be+ v soluble1 rema9s 9 solution1 :il/ ! iodate sep>ates1 on conc5trat+ ! liquor1 & suff]+ x to /&4 ,*lorate1 z well z nitrate ( silv]1 =m ) sulphur fulm9at+ p[d]s4 ,iodic acid1 call$ also oxy-iod9e1 7prep>$ by expos+ iod9e to ! action ( eu*lor9e17 :5 heat$ 9 contact ) inflammable sub/ances1 & ! m combu/ible metals1 w produce detonations4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t sulphur has a /rong] aff9ity = oxyg5 ?an iod9e has1 & iod9e a /rong] aff9ity ?an *lor9e = ! same elem5t4 ,h5ce *loric acid is m readily decompos$ by inflammable bodies ?an iodic acid1 & iodic acid1 soon] ?an sulphuric acid4 ,! acids1 :i* *lor9e1 iod9e1 & sulphur =m respectively ) oxyg51 ,gay-,lussac rem>ks1 h _! elem5ts m /rongly cond5s$1 ?an ! same sub/ances unit$ ) hydrog54 ,sect4 ,,xxxi4 ,( ,detonat+ ,oil1 or ,*loride ( ,azote4 ,?is oil is produc$ by ! action ( *lor9e on ammonia1 by us+ "s ( ! salts ( ?is alkali4 ,a small j> ( *lor9e gas is transf]r$ into a bas91 conta9+ a solution ( nitrate or muriate ( ammonia1 a little heat$3 an absorption w gradually take place1 & ! gas be cond5s$4 ,an oily film w n[ appe> on ! surface ( ! ammoniacal solution1 :i*1 z x increases1 w =m globules & fall ?r\gh ! liquor4 ,?is sub/ance is ! detonat+ oil1 compos$1 accord+ to analysis1 ( *lor9e1 azote1 & hydrog54 ,x is suppos$ by ,messrs4 ,wilson1 ,porret1 & ,kirk1 t ! hydrog5 s]ves z a m$ium ( union betwe5 ! *lor9e & azote1 & t1 9 detonation1 ! p[]ful effect is ow+ to ! *lor9e4 ,detonat+ oil explodes viol5tly at #bab degrees2 & ev5 :5 t\*$ ) cold inflammable sub/ances1 z a portion ( olive oil1 ab\t ! size ( a p9's head1 ! detonation is also viol5t1 & ! vessel1 9 :i* ! exp]im5t is made1 w1 9 mo/ cases1 be brok5 into fragm5ts4 ,detonat+ oil is consid]$1 h[ev]1 a *loride ( azote4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! decomposition ( ! *loride by ! ammoniacal salt1 a ?9 /ratum ( muriate ( soda1 put into ! bottom ( ! vessel1 is recomm5d$4 ,its specific gravity is #a4fec4 ,w>m wat]1 put into a vessel conta9+ x1 w *ange x to an a]i=m fluid ( an orange col\r4 ,i attempt$1 says ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 to collect ! products ( ! new sub/ances1 by apply+ ! heat ( a _s-lamp to a globule ( x1 conf9$ 9 a curv$ glass tube ov] wat]3 a little gas 0 at fir/ extricat$2 b1 long be=e ! wat] _h atta9$ ! temp]ature ( ebullition1 a viol5t fla% ( light 0 p]ceiv$1 ) a %>p report2 ! tube & glass 7 brok5 into small fragm5ts1 & ,i receiv$ a sev]e w\nd 9 ! transp>5t cornea ( ! eye1 :i* has produc$ a consid]able inflammation ( ! eye1 & obliges me to make ?is communication by an amanu5sis4 ,?is exp]im5t proves :at extreme caution is necess>y 9 op]at+ on ?is sub/ance2 = ! quantity ,i us$ 0 sc>cely z l>ge z a gra9 ( mu/>d se$4 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahac1 ,"p ,i4 ,9 vacuo1 x exp&s into vap\r1 :i* /ill possesses ! p[] ( explod+ by heat4 ,9 wat]1 x gradually disappe>s1 ! wat] becom+ acid1 & azote be+ evolv$4 ,m]cury decomposes x1 & a :ite p[d] 7calomel7 is =m$1 :ile ! azote is set at lib]ty4 ,dr4 ,ure 7,*emical ,diction>y1 ,art4 ,nitrog517 obs]ves1 t ! me*anical =ce ( ?is comp\nd1 seems sup]ior to t ( any o!r kn[n sub/ance1 n ev5 except+ ! ammoniacal fulm9at+ silv]4 ,! velocity ( its action appe>s to be likewise great]4 ,! ,doctor t\*$ a m9ute globule ( x1 9 a plat9a spoon1 re/+ on a table1 ) a fragm5t ( phosphorus at ! po9t ( a p5-knife1 & ! blade 0 in/antly %iv]$ into fragm5ts by ! explosion4 ,messrs4 ,porret1 ,wilson1 & ,kirk 7,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,xxxiv17 employ$ #abe diff]5t sub/ances1 by br++ !m 9 contact2 & out ( t numb] ! foll[+ caus$ x to explode3 ,sup]sulphurett$ hydrog51 ,phosphorus1 ,phosphuret ( lime1 ,phosphurett$ camphor1 ,camphorett$ oil1 ,phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 ,ca\t*\c1 ,myrrh1 ,palm oil1 ,amb]gris1 ,:ale oil1 ,l9se$ oil1 ,aque\s ammonia1 ,olive oil1 ,sulphurett$ oil1 ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1 ---- ,t>1 ---- ,amb]1 ---- ,petroleum1 ---- ,orange peel1 ,naph?a1 ,soap ( silv]1 ---- ,m]cury1 ---- ,copp]1 ---- ,lead1 ---- ,manganese1 ,fus$ ,potassa1 ,nitr\s gas4 ,see ,detonat+ ,works4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,davy1 *loride ( azote conta9s #d vols4 ( *lor9e #aj or #d primes #ah4j #a ---- azote #j4igbb #a ---- #a4ge1 or v ne>ly #aj by weight ( *lor9e to #a ( azote4 ,sect4 ,,xxxii4 ,( ,pyrophorus4 ,pyrophorus is a black sub/ance1 :i* takes fire spontane\sly1 :5 br\ght into contact ) air4 ,x is ! luft-zund]1 or air-t9d] ( ! ,g]mans4 ,x fir/ emits sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 & 9 a few seconds becomes r$-hot1 burn+ ) a blui% flame4 ,pyrophorus consi/s ( alum9a1 *>coal1 & sulphuret ( potassa1 & also1 accord+ to "s1 ( potassium1 :i* is alleg$ to be =m$ 9 its prep>ation4 ,be ?is z x may1 x seems1 t wat] is decompos$ 9 its combu/ion1 t sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas is emitt$1 :i* is inflam$ by ! oxyg5 gas ( ! atmosph]e1 & t1 dur+ ! comb9ation ( oxyg51 a degree ( heat is produc$1 :i* causes ! ignition ( ! *>coal1 z well z ! inflammation ( ! rema9+ sulphur4 ,pyrophorus may be =m$ 9 sev]al ways1 all ( :i* produce ! same result4 ,! usual process is ! foll[+3 ,take equal p>ts ( br[n sug> & alum1 & melt !m 9 a ladle4 ,cont9ue ! heat1 /irr+ !m con/antly until a spongy black mass is =m$4 ,let ?is mass be r$uc$ at once to p[d]1 & introduc$ into a common gre5 glass phial1 ( ! capacity ( ab\t six ounces1 previ\sly coat$ outside ) a mixture ( pipe-clay & solution ( borax4 ,imm]se ! phial 9 a crucible1 fill$ ) s&1 clos+ ! m\? ( ! =m] ) a piece ( *>coal1 or a glass tube ins]t$ 9 x4 ,^u ! crucible be+ expos$ to a r$ heat1 an inflammable gas w escape1 :i* w take fire4#ba ,:5 ?is effect ensues1 ! heat mu/ be cont9u$ = ab\t tw5ty m9utes long]1 at ! expiration ( :i* "t1 ! crucible mu/ be remov$ f ! fire1 & ! phial tak5 out & closely /opt4 ,! pyrophorus is to be pres]v$ 9 a gr\nd /opp]$ bottle4 ,! addition ( "o-sixte5? "p ( sulphate ( soda1 or ,glaub]'s salt1 to ! alum & sug>1 is said to make ! pyrophorus ) m c]ta9ty4 ,v>i\s vegetable sub/ances1 besides sug>1 z fl\r1 />*1 c4 may be us$4 ,?ree p>ts ( alum1 & "o "p ( :eat fl\r w make a good pyrophorus4 ,homb]g discov]$ ?is sub/ance1 9 ! ye> #afhj4 ,h5ce x is sometimes call$ ,homb]g's pyrophorus4 ,he 0 op]at+ ^u a mixture ( human excrem5t & alum2 &1 :5 he exam9$ ! cont5ts ( 8 vessel1 9 ?ree or f\r days aft]1 he 0 surpris$ to see x take fire spontane\sly1 :5 br\ght to ! air4 ,soon aft] ,lem]y1 ! y\ng]1 discov]$1 t honey1 sug>1 fl\r1 or almo/ any animal or vegetable matt]1 c\ld be us$ 9 lieu ( human fces2 &1 z ,macqu] in=ms u1 ,m4 ,lejoy de ,suvigny %[$1 t o!r salts1 conta9+ sulphuric acid1 may be sub/itut$ = alum4 ,mr4 ,s*eele 7,treatise on fire1 c47 f\nd by exp]im5t1 t1 :5 alum 0 depriv$ ( potassa1 x 0 incapable ( =m+ pyrophorus1 & t vitriolat$ t>t> 7sulphate ( potassa7 may be us$ 9 ! place ( alum4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,pr\/ prove1 t a numb] ( neutral salts1 compos$ ( vegetable acids & e>?s1 :5 submitt$ to heat1 leave a residuum t inflames spontane\sly4 ,?is /atem5t agrees ) ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,*5evix4 ,f ! exp]im5ts & obs]vations ( sir ,h4 ,davy1 & ,dr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,coxe1 late pr(essor ( *emi/ry1 b n[ ( mat]ia m$ica1 c4 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 x is r5d]$ v probable1 t pyrophorus owes its prop]ty ( inflam+ spontane\sly to a small portion ( potassium1 :i* is =m$ 9 ! process4 ,! prep>ation ( pyrophorus is expla9$ on ! pr9ciple1 t ! vegetable matt] is fir/ decompos$2 t ! hydrog5 & a "p ( ! c>bon decompose ! sulphuric acid ( ! alum1 by unit+ ) its oxyg52 t wat]1 c>bonic oxide1 & c>burett$ hydrog5 are dis5gag$1 along ) a "p ( ! sulphur2 & t1 :ile ! excess ( *>coal rema9s intimately mix$ or divid$ ) ! alum9a1 ! sulphur & ! sulphuret ( potassa1 =m toge!r a comp\nd1 :i* has ! prop]ty ( inflam+ spontane\sly 9 ! op5 air4 ,"s suppose1 z alum is a triple salt1 hav+ potassa1 z well z alum9a1 = its base1 t ! potassa is decompos$ 9 ! process1 & potassium1 z we rem>k$1 produc$2 to ! pres5ce ( :i* !y ascribe ! s+ul> prop]ty ( inflam+ 9 ! op5 air4 ,! spontane\s combu/ion ( *>coal1 9 sev]al in/ances1 is suppos$ by "s to h be5 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( pyrophorus1 by o!rs to phosphorus1 & by o!rs aga9 to nasc5t hydrog54 ,to ! pres5ce ( ?is sub/ance1 is attribut$ ! explosion ( gunp[d] mills4 7,see ,gunp[d]47 ,sev]al diff]5t mixtures1 & torrefi$ sub/ances1 =m a k9d ( imp]fect pyrophori1 & h m ?an once occasion$ fires1 f no suspicion ( _! prop]ties be+ ent]ta9$4 ,besides pyrophorus1 o!r compositions1 :i*1 9 l mann]1 take fire on exposure to ! op5 air1 h be5 by degrees made kn[n to u3 #a4 ,! scoria ( ! m>tial regulus ( antimony1 or antimony fre$ f sulphur by ! int]v5tion ( iron & nitre1 z well crude z also aft] be+ dissolv$1 h be5 obs]v$ to take fire spontane\sly1 :5 laid ^u a hot /one1 or 9 ! sun4 ,( ! tru? ( ! latt] case1 ,wiegleb says1 he is assur$ by 8 own exp]i5ce4 #b4 ,! residuum ( ! acetate ( copp] is ano!r pyrophorus4 #c4 ,"s ass]t1 t !y h obs]v$ an inflammation ensue f honey & fl\r1 calc9$ accord+ to ! rules laid d[n4 #d4 ,accord+ to ,ge(froy1 a calc9$ mass ( ?ree p>ts ( black soap1 & "o ( diaphoretic antimony1 has be5 kn[n to take fire spontane\sly4 #e4 ,meud] has obs]v$1 t a pyrophorus is obta9$1 :5 equal p>ts ( orpim5t & iron-fil+s are sublim$ toge!r1 & t5 p>ts ( ?is sublimate are triturat$ 9 a mort> along ) twelve ( nitrate ( silv]4 #f4 ,a pyrophorus is produc$1 accord+ to ,p5zky1 :5 two dra*ms ( :ite s&1 ?ree ( common salt1 "o ( sulphur1 two ( sulphuric acid1 & half an ounce ( muriatic1 are mix$ toge!r & di/ill$ 9 a glass retort4 ,9 ?is op]ation1 a sublimate is said to be obta9$1 :i* bur/s out 9 flames1 z soon z x comes into contact ) ! air4 #g4 ,! spontane\s precipitate ( o/eocolla1 f a solution ( x 9 sulphuric acid1 aft] hav+ be5 sep>at$ by means ( a filt]1 & dri$1 took fire 9 a w>m place4 ,s4 ,pott obs]v$ ! same ph5om5on 9 ! e>? ( ! residuum1 aft] ! di/illation ( ur9e1 t _h be5 putrid = a consid]able "t4 #i4 ,to ^! may also be ref]r$1 a mass compos$ ( equal p>ts ( sulphur & iron-fil+s2 :i*1 :5 ?or\ghly moi/5$ ) wat]1 aft] "s "t1 gr[s hot1 swells1 & at la/ breaks out into vap\r1 smoke1 & flame4 7,see ,artificial ,volcano47 ,cadet's fum+ liquor1 prep>$ by di/ill+ equal p>ts ( acetate ( potassa1 & ars5i\s acid1 emits a v d5se1 heavy1 fetid1 noxi\s vap\r1 :i* inflames spontane\sly 9 ! op5 air4 ,black wadd1 an ore ( manganese1 :5 dri$ by ! fire1 & mix$ ) l9se$ oil1 gradually becomes hot1 swells1 & !n bur/s into flame4 ,m4 ,*5evix 7,annales de ,*imie1 tom4 ,,lxix17 rem>ks t almo/ all ! metallic residuums1 :i* are =m$ by ! di/illation ( acetates p] se1 are pyrophoric1 aft] cool+2 :i* ,mr4 ,c4 attributes to ! pres5ce ( f9ely divid$ *>coal1 mix$ ) ! metallic "p4 ,he exp]im5t$ on sev]al acetates1 ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ ! quantity ( pyroacetic _s !y w\ld yield1 & f\nd1 9 e in/ance1 t *>coal exi/$ 9 ! residue1 sometimes ) r$uc$ metal1 & at o!r times ) metallic oxide4 ,a table ( ^! exp]im5ts may be se5 9 ,ure's ,*emical ,diction>y4 ,! residuum ( acetate ( copp] has long be5 kn[n to possess pyrophoric prop]ties4 ,sect4 ,,xxxiii4 ,( ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,?is salt ent]s into ! composition ( fire-works1 to give1 m p>ticul>ly1 a peculi> col\r to flame1 :i* is t ( gre51 or yell[i%-gre54 ,sal ammoniac is a salt1 compos$ ( muriatic acid & ammonia1 &1 :5 pure1 is :ite1 & capable ( be+ sublim$ )\t decomposition4 ,its purity may be kn[n by its complete volatilization4 ,x is readily pulv]iz$4 ,! exp]im5t1 %[+ ! =mation ( sal ammoniac by a direct union ( its compon5t p>ts1 may be made by br++ 9 contact1 9 a glass receiv]1 muriatic acid gas & ammoniacal gas4 ,:ite cl\ds w =m1 a cond5sation take place1 & muriate ( ammonia be deposit$ on ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,sal ammoniac 0 altoge!r made1 at "o p]iod1 f ! soot ( camels' dung1 or ( o!r animals1 :i* fe$ on sal9e plants4 ,! excrem5t 0 burnt1 ! soot collect$1 & sublim$4 ,?is 0 ! process practis$ 9 ,egypt4 ,! composition ( sal ammoniac be+ kn[n1 ! process = obta9+ x 0 improv$2 s t1 in/ead ( us+ ! soot ( dung1 x is n[ =m$ by ! di/illation ( bones4 ,! impure ammoniacal liquor1 ?us obta9$1 is comb9$ ) sulphuric acid1 by an easy process1 & ! result+ sulphate ( ammonia is !n decompos$ by muriate ( soda1 by :i* sulphate ( soda & muriate ( ammonia are produc$4 ,!y are sep>at$1 & ! latt] is =m$ into heads by sublimation4 ,9 ?is /ate1 x occurs 9 comm]ce4 ,x 0 made 9 great quantity 9 ! vic9ity ( ! temple ( ,jupit] ,ammon2 & h5ce its "n4 ,mr4 ,m9i%1 accord+ to ! ,engli% writ]s1 is entitl$ to ?is me?od ( conv]t+ impure liquid ammonia into sal ammoniac4 ,! foll[+ is an outl9e ( 8 process4 ,he suff]$ ! impure ammoniacal liquor to p]colate ?r\gh a /ratum ( bruis$ gypsum1 & z c>bonate ( ammonia is conta9$ 9 ! liquor1 ! fluid1 :i* filt]s1 w\ld conta9 sulphate ( ammonia1 ! c>bonate ( lime be+ insoluble4 ,?is sulphate he evaporat$1 & ! dry mass1 mix$ ) muriate ( soda1 0 sublim$4 ,if ,i am n greatly mi/ak51 h[ev]1 al?\gh ,i h n ! "w to ref] to1 ?is process is describ$ 9 ,dr4 ,john ,p5n+ton's ,*emical ,essays1 a "w publi%$ 9 ,philadelphia1 ab\t #agib4 ,dr4 ,p5n+ton's "w1 we may obs]ve1 is ! fir/ *emical book :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & conta9s num]\s important facts & obs]vations4 ,t ?is process 0 kn[n 9 ,philadelphia1 & us$ at ! ,globe works1 or r ,glaub works1 7f ! circum/ance t ,glaub]'s salt 0 made !re17 is )9 ! recollection ( _m4 ,i he>d ! late pr(essor ,wi/> speak ( ?is process1 & ( ! economy 9 us+ gypsum4 ,mr4 ,lebanc 7,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 ,,xix47 inv5t$ a process1 by :i* he br\ght ! ammoniacal gas & muriatic acid gas 9 contact1 9 a *amb] l9$ ) lead4 ,9 "o pot1 he put common salt & oil ( vitriol2 9 ano!r pot1 animal matt]4 ,be+ conduct$ by pipes into ! *amb]1 ! gases unit$1 & sal ammoniac 0 =m$4 ,o!r improvem5ts h be5 made1 z obta9+ ammonia f coal soot1 c4 ,ammonia is g5]at$ 9 artificial nitre b$s1 & is at fir/ unit$ ) nitric acid2 :i* comp\nd is subsequ5tly decompos$1 z ! process ( putrefaction goes on1 by ! potassa1 calc>e\s e>?1 c4 pres5t 9 nitre b$s4 ,see ,nitrate ( ,potassa4 ,sal ammoniac is ready =m$ 9 ! soot ( animal feces1 tw5ty-six p\nds ( :i* yield six ( ! salt4 ,accord+ to ,sicc>d1 :o publi%$1 9 #agaf1 an acc\nt ( ! fabrication ( sal ammoniac 9 ,egypt1 :i* ,ge(froy1 9 ! same ye>1 prov$ to be a comp\nd ( ! _s ( sea salt & volatile alkali1 sea salt & ur9e 7 us$ 9 t c\ntry4 ,! acc\nt1 h[ev]1 giv5 by ,lem]y1 9 #agai1 makes no m5tion ( ei!r sea salt or ur9e4 ,sal ammoniac is f\nd native4 ,x occurs 9 ! vic9ity ( burn+ b$s ( coal1 bo? 9 ,scotl& & ,engl&1 & is met ) 9 volcanic c\ntries4 ,:5 triturat$ ) quicklime1 x exhales ammonia1 :i* is a *>act]i/ic ( all ammoniacal salts4 ,sal ammoniac is (t5 f\nd 9 cru/s ( lava4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton obs]ves1 t1 9 ! fissures =m$ by ! lava1 ?is salt sublimes4 ,he f\nd1 9 ! same locality1 common salt4 ,sal ammoniac is decompos$ by a v>iety ( sub/ances4 ,sulphuric acid w dis5gage ! muriatic acid f x1 :ile lime1 potassa1 c4 lib]ates ! ammoniacal gas1 :i*1 :5 comb9$ ) wat] by di/illation or o!r means1 =ms ! common _s ( sal ammoniac1 or wat] ( ammonia4 ,mix$ ) c>bonate ( lime & sublim$1 x produces ! c>bonate ( ammonia1 usually call$ mild volatile alkali1 or pung5t smell+ salts4 ,ammonia1 9 a sep>ate /ate1 unites ) "s metallic oxides1 giv+ rise to c]ta9 fulm9at+ p[d]s1 :i* h be5 already notic$4 ,t iod9e decomposes ammonia1 we h %[n1 :5 on ! prep>ation ( iodide ( azote1 or fulm9at+ p[d]4 ,sal ammoniac ent]s into ! composition ( c&les1 to prolong _! duration4 ,! process recomm5d$ 9 ! ,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes is ! foll[+3 ,dissolve1 9 half a p9t ( wat]1 a qu>t] ( an ounce ( sal ammoniac1 two ounces ( common salt1 & half an ounce ( saltpetre1 & add ! solution to ?ree p\nds ( mutton tall[1 & eight p\nds ( beef tall[1 previ\sly melt$4 ,cont9ue ! heat until all ! wat] is evaporat$4 ,x is !n suff]$ to cool1 &1 :5 us$1 is to be melt$ ) a qu>t] ( an ounce ( nitre1 & =m$ into c&les 9 ! usual mann]4 ,?is prep>ation ( tall[ is highly recomm5d$ on acc\nt ( its economy1 z well z ! improvem5t itself4 ,a c&le1 made ( ?is tall[1 w burn two h\rs long] ?an "o ( ! ord9>y k9d4 ,ano!r process = mak+ c&les1 9 :i* sal ammoniac is us$1 is m5tion$ 9 ! ,annales des ,arts et ,manufactures1 ,nos4 #adb & #adf4 ,eight p\nds ( suet are melt$1 & a p9t ( wat] is add$4 ,! tall[ is aga9 submitt$ to heat1 & ! same quantity ( wat]1 hold+ 9 solution half an ounce ( saltpetre1 half an ounce ( sal ammoniac1 & "o ounce ( alum1 is add$4 ,x is !n suff]$ to /&1 & :5 us$ is re-melt$4 ,! wick is fir/ dipp$ 9 a mixture ( camphor & wax4 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 be=e ! tall[ is us$1 to evaporate ! wat]4 ,equal p>ts ( beef & mutton tall[ are recomm5d$4 ,sect4 ,,xxxiv4 ,( ,corrosive ,sublimate4 ,corrosive sublimate1 kn[n 9 *emi/ry by ! names ( corrosive muriate1 & p]*loride ( m]cury1 is made use ( 9 "s prep>ations ( fire-works1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! composition ( />s1 9 :i* x is mix$ ) a v>iety ( sub/ances1 su* z /eel fil+s & antimony1 9 ord] to v>y ! appe>ance ( ! flame1 & to communicate to x p>ticul> col\rs4 ,corrosive sublimate is =m$ by v>i\s processes1 among :i* we may enum]ate ! foll[+3 ,take five p>ts ( sulphuric acid1 f\r p>ts ( m]cury1 f\r p>ts ( muriate ( soda1 & "o "p ( black oxide ( manganese4 ,boil ! m]cury 9 ! sulphuric acid1 until x =ms a dry sulphate1 :i* is to be r$uc$ to five p>ts4 ,mix ! sulphate ?us =m$1 ) ! muriate ( soda1 previ\sly dri$1 & ! oxide ( manganese1 & sublime ! mixture4 ,by ?is process ! sulphuric acid ( ! sulphate unites ) ! soda1 & =ms sulphate ( soda2 :ile ! muriatic acid ( ! muriate ( soda comb9es ) ! oxide ( m]cury1 7:i* receives an addition ( oxyg5 f ! oxide ( manganese17 & =ms ! p]*loride1 call$ by ,!n>d ! deuto*loride ( m]cury4 ,! same process is us$ )\t ! addition ( manganese4 ,by exposure to heat1 ! sublimate sublimes1 & ! sulphate ( soda =ms ! residuum4 ,! same salt1 if re-sublim$ ) an addition ( crude m]cury1 w be *ang$ into ! proto*loride ( m]cury1 or calomel4 ,or1 if ! sulphate ( m]cury & muriate ( soda be mix$ ) crude m]cury1 & sublim$1 calomel w be =m$ at "o op]ation4 ,x is suffici5t to obs]ve1 t corrosive sublimate is "o ( ! mo/ virul5t ( poisons :5 swall[$2 & !re=e %\ld be us$ ) caution4 ,x is soluble 9 wat]1 & capable ( cry/alliz+4 ,x is also soluble 9 alcohol1 to ! flame ( :i* x communicates a yell[ col\r1 & 9 sulphuric1 nitric1 & muriatic acids4 ,x is decompos$ by alkalies1 =m+ ) ammonia a triple salt1 7,sal ,alembro?17 by ! alkal9e e>?s1 & ! metals or _! sulphurets2 &1 :5 di/ill$ ) ars5ic1 bismu?1 antimony1 or t91 ! m]cury is sep>at$4 ,! prop] antidote = corrosive sublimate1 is ! :ite ( egg or album51 :i* conv]ts x into calomel4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 wat] may also be employ$ along ) emetics4 ,! effect ( album51 9 ?is way1 may be reli$ on4 ,sect4 ,,xxxv4 ,( ,orpim5t4 ,orpim5t1 or ! yell[ sulphuret ( ars5ic1 :i* is ei!r native or artificial1 is pr9cipally us$ 9 fire-works = ! composition ( />s4 ,orpim5t is divid$ by "s into two k9ds2 viz4 ! r$1 call$ realg>1 & ! yell[1 call$ yell[ ars5ic4 ,ars5ic comb9es readily ) sulphur4 ,:5 !y are mix$ toge!r1 & put into a crucible & fus$1 ! product w be a r$ vitre\s mass4 ,?is r$ sulphuret may also be =m$1 by melt+ sulphur ) ars5i\s1 or ars5ic acid4 ,sulphur\s acid gas w be evolv$1 evid5tly %[+ t a portion ( ! sulphur unites ) ! oxyg5 ( acid employ$4 ,:5 ars5i\s acid1 kn[n 9 comm]ce by ! "n ( :ite ars5ic1 & call$ by "s oxide ( ars5ic1 is dissolv$ 9 muriatic acid1 & a solution ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 wat] is add$1 a yell[ precipitate w be obta9$ :i* is orpim5t4 ,! hydrog51 9 ?is case1 unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! ars5i\s acid1 by :i* ! metal is r$uc$1 & ! sulphur !n comb9es ) x4 ,a mixture ( sulphur & ars5ic1 expos$ to a heat n suffici5t to melt !m1 w sublime into a yell[ sulphuret4 ,bo? ! yell[ & r$ sulphurets are employ$ 9 fire-works4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 requir$1 except 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,9 ! composition ( ,b5gal lights1 giv5 9 ! ,bomb>di] or ,pocket ,gunn]1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,adye1 orpim5t is us$4 ,accord+ to ! same au?or1 x is also us$ 9 ,*9ese :ite lights4 ,bo? ! yell[ & r$ sulphuret ( ars5ic w detonate ) *lorate ( potassa4 ,sect4 ,,xxxvi4 ,( ,antimony4 ,! antimony1 :i* ent]s into ! composition ( _m fire-works1 is n to be und]/ood to be ! metallic1 or regulus (1 antimony1 unless s express$2 b ! crude antimony ( ! %ops4 ,crude antimony is a comb9ation ( antimony & sulphur1 & is usually met ) 9 f9e p[d]4 ,t bo? antimony & its sulphuret h a p[]ful effect 9 modify+ ! flame ( gunp[d]1 & all compositions1 9 :i* nitre & inflammable sub/ances =m a "p1 is evid5t f ! _m cases1 9 :i* x is employ$1 & f ! effects t !reby result4 ,! diff]5t sub/ances 9 any inflammable comp\nd1 int5d$ to produce p>ticul> col\rs1 %\ld be s mix$1 z t1 f a k ( ! proportions :i* produce su* col\rs1 ! effect may be reta9$1 ev5 :5 x is mix$ ) o!r bodies4 ,= ?is reason1 ! arti/ %\ld "k ! diff]5t effect ( ea* +r$i5t4 ,"s may %[ !mselves 9 ! flame1 "s 9 sp>ks1 "s 9 />s1 o!rs 9 fire-ra91 & ! l1 z ! case may be4 ,antimony1 = in/ance1 produces a r$di% flame1 if x be 9 a prop] proportion1 & n alt]$ by ! pres5ce ( o!r sub/ances4 ,h5ce1 :5 antimony is mix$ ) nitre1 ! flame w be m or less a :iti%-gre54 ,?is modification1 or *ange 9 ! appe>ance ( flame1 is app>5t 9 c]ta9 comp\nds1 ( :i* antimony con/itutes a "p4 ,?us1 antimony is us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! common rocket />s1 9 drove />s1 9 ! fix$ po9t$ />s1 9 "s ( ! gold & silv] ra9s1 9 ! sl[ & dead fire = :eels1 9 t\rbillons = cr[ns or globes1 9 ! composition ( s]p5ts1 lances = illum9ation1 ,b5gal lights1 & _m o!r k9ds ( fire-works4 ,accord+ to ,adye1 7,pocket ,gunn]17 x ent]s into ! composition ( c>casses1 ,*9ese lights1 c4 ,:5 x is z "o to sixte5 ( nitre1 ! gunp[d] be+ z f\r1 & ! sulphur1 eight1 ! composition w produce a :ite flame2 b :5 x is 9 ! proportion ( eight to sixte5 ( nitre1 )\t any addition1 ! flame w be blue4 ,by sub/itut+1 9 its place1 eight ( amb] to sixte5 ( nitre1 ) sixte5 ( sulphur1 & eight ( meal p[d]1 ?is *ange w produce a yell[ flame4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ^! & simil> *anges are ow+ to ! proportions1 z well z to ! sub/ances us$4 ,antimony1 9 ! /ate ( a sulphuret1 :5 mix$ ) *lorate ( potassa1 c4 w =m detonat+ comp\nds4 ,antimony is a grayi%-:ite metal1 m or less brilliant & lam9at$4 ,x is brittle1 & may be easily r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,x melts at a r$ heat1 & evaporates at a high] temp]ature3 on cool+1 x cry/allizes4 ,x und]goes no *ange by exposure to ! air1 except ! loss ( its lu/re4 ,:5 /eam is made to pass ov] ignit$ antimony1 ! decomposition ( ! wat] is s rapid1 z to produce a viol5t detonation4 ,at a :ite heat1 x burns1 & =ms a :ite col\r$ oxide1 call$ ! arg5t9e fl[]s ( antimony4 ,its oxides are v>i\s1 "s ( :i*1 possess+ acid prop]ties1 are call$ acids4 ,! protoxide is gray1 ! antimoni\s acid1 :ite1 & antimonic acid1 ( a /raw col\r4 ,! crocus ( antimony1 & ! glass ( antimony are oxides ( ?is metal1 b 9 p>ticul> /ates ( comb9ation4 ,x unites ) sev]al ( ! acids4 ,its oxide1 ) t>t>ic acid1 & t>trate ( potassa1 =ms t>t> emetic4 ,) *lor9e1 x con/itutes ! butt] ( antimony4 ,! artificial sulphuret may be =m$1 by melt+ sulphur & antimony toge!r4 ,! native sulphuret is almo/ ! only ore ( antimony1 & is ! m9]al f :i* ! regulus is obta9$4 ,x unites ) ! metals1 =m+ alloys ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,sect4 ,,xxxvii4 ,( ,c>bonate ( ,potassa4 ,potassa1 ei!r pure or c>bonat$1 ret>ds ! progress ( combu/ion2 &1 !re=e1 may prev5t1 accord+ to ! proportion employ$1 ! action ( combu/ible bodies on nitre4 ,combu/ion may be ret>d$ by us+ ^? sub/ances1 :i* are n 9 !mselves inflammable1 & :i*1 if us$ 9 too l>ge a quantity1 w\ld effectually prev5t x4 ,clay1 wood a%es1 c4 z 9 ! bl9d fuse1 act on ?is pr9ciple2 & s]ve1 also1 9 p>ticul> cases1 to produce t succession ( explosions1 :i* r5d]s ! effect ( "s fire-works1 m gr& & impressive4 ,rope1 soak$ 9 a solution ( saltpetre & dri$1 w\ld burn rapidly1 7 x n = ! aft] imm]sion 9 pota% ley1 or ur9e1 ei!r ( :i* acts by ret>d+ ! progress ( combu/ion4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( o!r bodies1 ! use ( :i* w claim our att5tion h]eaft]4 ,potassa1 al?\gh n g5]ally us$ = ! purposes m5tion$1 z x is apt to deliquesce1 or absorb wat]1 & ?us de/roy ! effect altoge!r1 may be m advantage\sly employ$ 9 a liquid /ate1 z 9 ! prep>ation ( sl[ mat* 9 ! way /at$ "u t head4 ,b z mat* rope is n[ g5]ally sup]s$$ by ! port-fire1 z a m c]ta9 me?od ( fir+ cannon1 x w\ld be unnecess>y1 z x is irrelevant1 to enl>ge on ?is head4 ,! use1 also1 ( ! prim+ fuse1 :i* conveys ! fire to ! p[d] 9 ! gun1 ) c]ta9ty & ) rapidity1 is an improvem5t ( no small mom5t4 ,alum has also be5 us$ = ! purpose ( *eck+ ! rapidity ( combu/ion1 9 "s p>ticul> fire-works4 ,9 "o ( ! =mul = ! prep>ation ( fire-balls1 to be ?r[n ) ! h&1 or fir$ f a gun1 giv5 9 ! ,memoir on ,milit>y ,fire-works1 z taught at ,/rasburg1 9 #agfd1 !re is1 besides sulphur1 mutton suet1 saltpetre1 & antimony1 nitre ( alum1 equal to "o-f\r? ( ! weight ( ! comp\nd4 ,t ?is salt1 ! sup]sulphate ( alum9a & potassa1 is us$ to make pap]1 z c>tridge pap]1 c4 incombu/ible1 is a fact1 ) :i* e "o is acqua9t$4 ,we might1 also1 enum]ate ! uses ( glue1 is+lass1 gum arabic1 c4 = simil> purposes2 & also ( wood-a%es1 9 ! composition ( !1 s call$1 bl9d fuse4 ,light twi/$ :ite rope1 :5 soak$ 9 /rong ley1 or a /rong solution ( pota%1 we are in=m$1 w =m a sl[ mat* t w burn only ?ree feet 9 six h\rs4 ,pota% is obta9$ f wood-a%es1 by lixiviation ) wat]1 & evaporation4 ,x conta9s m or less impurities2 & always c>bonic acid1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by quicklime1 ! alkali be+ r5d]$ cau/ic4 ,"s ( ! =eign +r$i5ts are burnt (f by expos+ x to heat 9 an ov54 ,x !n assumes a :ite1 some:at pe>ly appe>ance1 & takes ! "n ( pe>l-a%1 b is /ill ! same alkali4 ,wood-a%es1 :5 mix$ ) quicklime1 & lixiviat$1 produce cau/ic ley1 ! /r5g? ( :i* dep5ds on ! quantity ( alkali held 9 solution4 ,x is ?is ley1 :5 boil$ ) oils1 fat1 c4 t produces s(t soap4 ,h>d soap is a comb9ation ( oil or fat1 & soda4 ,! quantity ( real alkali 9 pota% may be kn[n by ! proportion ( acid requir$ to saturate a giv5 weight ( x4 ,pota%1 pe>l-a%1 salt ( t>t>1 & salt ( wormwood are all c>bonates ( potassa4 ,?is alkali is call$ ! vegetable alkali1 because x is obta9$ f vegetables4 ,x is consid]$ to be ! hydrat$ deutoxide ( potassium1 & :5 decompos$ w furni% potassium4 ,table ( ! sal9e or soluble products ( "o ?\s& p\nds ( a%es ( ! foll[+ vegetables4 ,,sal9e ,,products4 ,/alks ( ,turkey :eat1 #aih lbs4 ,/alks ( sun-fl[]1 #cdi ,v9e bran*es #afb4f ,elm #aff ,box #gh ,sall[ #ajb ,oak #aaa ,asp5 #fa ,bea* #bai ,f]n1 cut 9 ,augu/1 #aaf1 or #abe accord+ to ,wild5heim4 ,wormwood #gdh ,fumitory #cfj ,hea? #aae ,! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,kirwan on pota% may be se5 9 ,aik9's ,*emical ,diction>y4 ,:5 a piece ( hydrat$ potassa is plac$ betwe5 two disks ( plat9um1 :i* are br\ght 9 contact ) ! poles ( a galvanic batt]y1 consi/+ ( upw>ds ( #bjj pairs ( plates1 f\r in*es squ>e1 ! oxyg5 w sep>ate at ! positive surface1 & small metallic globules ( potassium w be =m$ at ! negative surface4 ,! potassa1 9 ! mean "t1 w und]go fusion4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy discov]$ potassium1 9 #ahjg4 ,x may be obta9$ by means ( iron turn+s1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,heat ! iron turn+s to :it5ess 9 a curv$ gun b>rel1 & suff] potassa1 9 a /ate ( fusion1 to fall ^u !m v gradually1 air be+ exclud$3 potassium w =m1 & collect 9 ! cool "p ( ! tube4 ,= ! diff]5t facts respect+ ?is metal1 consult ,sir ,h4 ,davy's communications on ! subject1 & ! memoirs ( ,gay-,lussac & ,!n>d1 ,curadeau1 c4 ,see also1 ,davy's ,*emical ,philosophy1 & ,!n>d's ,trait de ,*imie4 ,potassa unites )1 & neutralizes1 acids1 & =ms salts2 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are ! sulphate1 muriate1 & nitrate ( potassa4 ,x unites also ) sulphur1 phosphorus1 c4 ,potassa1 9 ! /ate ( c>bonate1 is v soluble 9 wat]1 = :i* x has s /rong an aff9ity1 t1 :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 x deliquesces & becomes fluid4 ,cau/ic potassa und]goes ! same *ange1 9 a m rem>kable degree4 ,x is on acc\nt ( its great avidity = wat]1 t ! c>bonate is us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( alcohol f spiritu\s liquors2 x reta9+ ! wat]1 :ile ! alcohol may be di/ill$ ov]4 ,potassa has a /rong] aff9ity = ! acids1 ?an ei!r ! e>?s or metals2 h5ce x decomposes e>?y & metallic salts1 ! e>? or metallic oxide be+ precipitat$1 :ile x unites ) ! acid ( ! salt4 ,x is on ! same pr9ciple1 t e>?y & metallic salts decompose soap2 & wat]s :i* are h>d1 & owe t prop]ty to ! pres5ce ( e>?y salts1 w curdle1 or1 9 o!r words1 decompose soap4 ,su* wat]s1 = ?is reason1 are call$ h>d4 ,acids h ! same effect 9 decompos+ soap4 ,! use ( potassa is v app>5t 9 ! manufacture ( saltpetre4 ,:5 ! nitric acid is comb9$ ) an e>?y base1 z 9 ! calc>e\s nitre ( ! nitre caves ( ! we/]n c\ntry1 potassa f wood-a%es w decompose x1 on ! pr9ciple already /at$2 &1 by comb9+ ) ! nitric acid1 =m nitrate ( potassa4 ,x is us$ also 9 ref9+ saltpetre1 :]e e>?y salts are pres5t1 besides common salt4 ,! effect ( ?is alkali1 = t purpose1 w be m obvi\s1 by ref]r+ to ! processes = ! extraction & ref9+ ( saltpetre1 9 ! article on t subject4 ,potassa acts z a flux = silice\s sub/ances & =ms glass4 ,^! are its prom95t *>act]s4 ,sect4 ,,xxxviii4 ,( ,wood-,a%es4 ,wood-a%es1 ! product ( ! combu/ion ( wood1 conta9 potassa1 "s =eign salts1 & e>?y & sometimes metallic sub/ances1 insoluble 9 wat]4 ,! quantity ( alkali1 :i* a%es1 obta9$ f diff]5t woods1 furni%1 is great] or less1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! wood4 ,! a%es ( ! oak are g5]ally us$ 9 pyrote*ny2 b x seems to u1 t a%es 9 common w h ! same effect4 ,! a%es1 = ?is purpose1 %\ld be dry1 & pass$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve4 ,!y ent] into ! composition ( bl9d fuse4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! lea*$1 or lixiviat$ a%es might be us$4 ,! residue1 aft] ! sep>ation ( alkali & sal9e matt] by ! action ( wat]1 is no?+ m ?an ! insoluble "p ( ! a%es4 ,cau/ic ley is always obta9$ f wood-a%es1 by mix+ !m ) ab\t a fiftie? "p ( quicklime1 & putt+ !m into a b>rel or tub1 & add+ wat]4 ,! lime takes up ! c>bonic acid1 & ! ley comes (f 9 a cau/ic /ate4 ,if ! solution %\ld n conta9 a suffici5t quantity ( potassa1 or n be> an egg1 z t is ! usual crit]ion ( its /r5g?1 7:i* dep5ds on its specific gravity17 its /r5g? may be increas$ by evaporation2 &1 if too /rong1 simple dilution ) wat]1 is all t is necess>y4 ,:ile ! a%es ( "s plants1 z ! upl& plants1 g5]ally yield potassa2 o!rs1 z _m m>9e plants1 ! salicornia europea1 salsola tragus1 salsola kali1 c4 af=d soda by inc9]ation4 ,x w be suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve1 t ! a%es ( all plants conta9 alkali1 9 m or less quantity1 :i* dep5ds on v>i\s circum/ances2 & t ! alkali may be extract$ by lixiviation1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 may ev5 be se5 among ! a%es1 9 a semivitrifi$ mass4 ,! :ite a%es1 :i* are =m$ by ! combu/ion ( animal matt]1 z osse\s or bony sub/ances1 we may rem>k1 d n af=d potassa or soda1 b only phosphate ( lime1 & "s uncomb9$ e>?s4 ,bones1 nev]!less1 may1 l wood1 be c>boniz$1 al?\gh ! *>coal =m$ is ( a diff]5t nature4 ,= ! prep>ation ( phosphorus f bone-a%1 see ! article ,phosphorus4 ,sec4 ,,xxxix4 ,( ,clay4 ,clay is an argillo-silice\s sub/ance1 ( a col\r m or less yell[1 & conta9+ a v>iable quantity ( silica & alum9a1 ) oxide ( iron4 ,!re are a v>iety ( clays2 ! common pott]'s clay1 pipe clay1 porcela9 clay1 c4 ,"s conta91 & o!rs are free f iron4 ,^? t conta9 ?is metal burn r$2 :ile ^? :i* rema91 or become :ite 9 ! process ( burn+1 are free f x4 ,! use ( clay 9 fire-works is conf9$ ne>ly altoge!r to rockets4 ,9 ! driv+ ( sky-rockets1 c4 ! *>ge mu/ always be driv5 "o diamet] above ! pi]c]1 & on x !re is sometimes ramm$ "o-?ird ( a diamet] ( clay1 ?r\gh ! middle ( :i* a hole is bor$ to ! composition1 s t1 :5 ! *>ge is burnt to ! top1 x may communicate its fire ?r\gh ! hole1 to ! />s 9 ! head4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n always ! case4 ,see ,rockets4 ,! clay = fire-works1 is usually prep>$ ( ! common k9d1 :i* conta9s nei!r /ones nor s&4 ,x mu/ be fir/ bak$ 9 an ov51 until p]fectly dry1 & !n pulv]iz$1 & sift$ ?r\gh a common hair sieve4 ,9 ,*9a1 ! ,*9ese mo/ly employ1 = ?is purpose1 _! :ite porcela9 clay4 ,sec4 ,,xl4 ,( ,quicklime4 ,lime1 z x is f\nd 9 nature1 is comb9$ ) c>bonic & sulphuric acids1 & less frequ5tly ) "s ( ! o!r acids1 z ! nitric1 fluoric & phosphoric4 ,calc>e\s c>bonates are ! mo/ abundant2 9 :i* we include m>ble1 lime/one1 & *alk2 & ! sulphate1 or gypsum1 may be consid]$ ! next4 ,lime con/itutes ! basis ( m>9e %ells2 =1 :5 burnt1 !y furni% quicklime4 ,its union ) nitric acid is well kn[n1 =m+ ! calc>e\s nitre ( ! saltpetre caves ( ,k5tucky1 c4 ,we h m5tion$ ?is comb9ation "u ! head ( nitre4 ,)\t enum]at+ all ! *emical prop]ties ( lime1 x w be suffici5t to rem>k1 t x is compos$ ( calcium & oxyg51 &1 :5 slak$ ) wat]1 w evolve caloric 9 a free /ate1 :ile ! wat] solidifies or comb9es ) ! lime2 t x =ms ) wat]1 a solid hydrate1 an example ( :i* comb9ation is af=d$ by ! prep>ation ( mort>2 t x dissolves 9 wat]1 & =ms lime-wat]1 & is slak$ by exposure to ! air1 absorb+1 at ! same "t1 c>bonic acid2 t x unites ) acids1 l o!r salifiable bases1 & =ms salts1 "s ( :i* are soluble 9 wat]1 & o!rs n2 t x deprives ! alkalies ( c>bonic acid1 & r5d]s !m cau/ic1 be+ itself *ang$ into a c>bonate2 &1 t x unites ) sulphur & phosphorus1 =m+ a sulphuret & phosphuret1 &1 also1 ) hydrogurett$ sulphur1 & sulphurett$ hydrog51 =m+ a hydrogurett$ sulphuret1 & a hydro-sulphuret4 ,:5 lime/one1 m>ble1 c4 are burnt 9 a kiln1 ! c>bonic acid is expell$1 & quicklime =m$4 ,quicklime & lime1 *emically speak+1 are synonim\s t]ms4 ,! fluor1 or ,d]by%ire sp>1 is a fluate ( lime4 ,:5 ?is sub/ance is di/ill$ 9 a lead5 retort1 ) sulphuric acid1 we h sulphate ( lime1 & fluoric acid gas1 call$ by "s hydro-fluoric acid4 ,?is acid1 :5 receiv$ 9 wat]1 is us$ to et* on glass1 9 ! same mann] z nitric acid on copp]2 & :ile appli$ 9 a liquid /ate1 or 9 t ( gas1 x acts on ! glass1 by comb9+ ) ! silicon1 & is *ang$ f ! hydr(luoric1 into ! silicat$ fluoric acid4 ,if1 in/ead ( employ+ a lead5 vessel1 we make use ( a glass retort1 or introduce p[d]$ glass or silica1 into ! lead5 vessel1 9 ei!r case1 we obta9 ano!r acid1 :i* we h j m5tion$1 ! silicat$ fluoric acid2 9 consequ5ce ( ! union ( silicon ) ! suppos$ radical ( ! fluoric acid1 kn[n by ! "n ( fluor9e4 ,quicklime is occasionally1 ?\gh b r>ely1 employ$ 9 fire-works4 ,t x increases ! /r5g? ( p[d]1 is ass]t$ by ,dr4 ,bayne4 ,see ,gunp[d]4 ,its use 9 mak+ sl[ mat*1 along ) o!r sub/ances1 is giv5 9 ! article on t subject4 ,sec4 ,,xli4 ,( ,lapis ,calam9>is4 ,t "s ( ! ores ( z9c are employ$ 9 fire-works1 is evid5t f ! use ( lapis calam9>is1 or calam9e /one1 :i* is an impure c>bonate ( z9c4 ,calam9e %\ld be f9ely pulv]iz$ & sift$4 ,z z9c gives a p>ticul> col\r to flame1 7see z9c71 its c>bonate may also communicate a col\r1 &1 "u p>ticul> circum/ances1 may produce a great v>iety1 &1 !re=e1 9 su* cases1 be pref]able to ! z9c itself4 ,x is "o ( ! +r$i5ts 9 ! dead fire = :eels1 :i* is compos$ ( lapis calam9>is1 saltpetre1 brim/one1 & antimony4 ,! modifications1 to :i* p>ticul> bodies are subject1 z to _! respective effects1 dep5d v greatly on ! pres5ce ( o!r bodies1 & frequ5tly on ! *emical action1 :i* ensues ?r\gh\t2 s t1 z we _h occasion to obs]ve1 ! effect :i* "o body w\ld produce on ! flame1 maybe completely *ang$1 modifi$1 or v>i$ by ! pres5ce ( a second1 ?ird1 or f\r? sub/ance4 ,! art1 !re=e1 ( unit+ v>i\s bodies1 9 k9d1 z well z 9 proportion1 s z to produce a giv5 effect1 c be acquir$ only by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,z9c1 z a metal1 :5 f9ely divid$1 produces a peculi> effect2 :5 mix$ ) o!r metals1 & ) c]ta9 salts1 z sal ammoniac1 ano!r2 &1 :5 comb9$ ) "s acids1 z ! c>bonic 9 lapis calam9>is1 a ?ird effect2 & ^! effects may be gov]n$1 z x appe>s1 by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( c]ta9 bodies4 ,?is fact w appe> m /rik+1 :5 we consid] ! v>i\s mixtures1 & _! respective prop]ties4 ,= ! uses ( z9c1 see t article4 ,sec4 ,,xlii4 ,( ,z9c4 ,z9c1 commonly call$ spelt]1 is a metal1 obta9$ f bl5de1 or sulphuret ( z9c1 & calam9e1 or c>bonate ( z9c4 ,! ore is fir/ roa/$1 & !n mix$ ) "s c>bonace\s flux1 & submitt$ to ! action ( heat 9 close vessels4 ,! metal is volatiliz$1 & passes ov]1 & is usually caught 9 wat]4 ,x is !n fus$1 & ca/ 9 m\lds4 ,z9c possesses _m rem>kable prop]ties1 "s ( :i* are ! foll[+4 ,x is ( a brilliant :ite col\r1 ) a %ade ( blue1 & is compos$ ( a numb] ( ?9 plates1 adh]+ toge!r4 ,its specific gravity is m ?an six times t ( wat]4 ,x is brittle1 b1 :5 heat$ to #bab degrees1 may be hamm]$ out1 or made into %eets4 ,at #djj x becomes v brittle4 ,its t5acity is s feeble1 t a wire ( #a_/aj? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 w support a weight ( only #bf p\nds4 ,at #fhj x melts1 & above t temp]ature1 evaporates4 ,x soon oxidizes1 & its lu/re is !re=e t>ni%$4 ,at common temp]atures1 x soon decomposes wat]2 &1 :5 ! vap\r ( wat] is pass$ ov] x at a high temp]ature1 ! decomposition is v rapid1 ! oxyg5 ( ! wat] be+ absorb$4 ,z9c is soon oxidiz$ :5 melt$ & expos$ to ! air1 =m+ a gray oxide4 ,at a r$ heat1 z9c inflames1 & ! product ( combu/ion is ! :ite oxide ( z9c1 or fl[]s4 ,! oxide ( z9c is r$uc$ by mix+ x ) *>coal1 & expos+ ! mixture to a /rong heat 9 close vessels4 ,z9c w burn 9 *lor9e gas1 & =ms a *loride ( z9c4 ,if ! p]*loride ( m]cury & z9c-fil+s be heat$ toge!r1 ! same comp\nd w result4 ,?is *loride melts at #bab1 & rises1 9 ! gase\s =m1 at a heat mu* bel[ ignition4 ,x 0 =m]ly call$ ! butt] ( z9c1 & muriate ( z9c4 ,) iod9e1 z9c =ms a comp\nd1 call$ iodide ( z9c4 ,) phosphorus & sulphur1 z9c also comb9es1 & ) ! latt]1 x =ms ! native sulphuret1 kn[n by ! "n ( bl5de4 ,x unites1 also1 ) acids1 & =ms salts4 ,( ^!1 ! sulphate ( z9c1 or :ite vitriol1 is ! mo/ common4 ,x unites ) v>i\s metals1 =m+ alloys4 ,( ^!1 t ) copp]1 call$ brass1 is ! mo/ kn[n4 ,z9c1 ) copp]1 =ms galvanic batt]ies4 ,) t9 & m]cury1 x con/itutes amalgam = electrical ma*9es4 ,x =ms1 besides brass1 ! yell[ copp]1 or laiton2 commonly call$ p9*beck4 ,acetic acid readily dissolves z9c4 ,! acetate =m$ is n alt]$ by exposure to ! air1 is soluble 9 wat]1 & burns ) a blue flame4 ,x may be us$1 !re=e1 9 fire-works1 to communicate t col\r to flame4 ,x may be =m$ v exp$iti\sly1 by mix+ ab\t equal p>ts ( sulphate ( z9c1 & acetate ( lead1 bo? be+ 9 solution4 ,! sulphate ( lead1 :i* is =m$1 w precipitate1 & acetate ( z9c rema9 9 solution4 ,by evaporation1 x is obta9$ 9 cry/als4 ,?is salt _c injure any composition ( fire-"w1 9 :i* x ent]s2 z x does n deliquesce1 &1 = t reason1 may be advantage\sly employ$4 ,:5 z9c is us$ 9 fire-works1 x %\ld be rem>kably f9e4 ,! p[d] may be v readily =m$1 by heat+ x1 until x is ab\t to fuse1 & pulv]iz+ x :ile hot1 9 a w>m mort>4 ,x is g5]ally consid]$1 h[ev]1 t ! be/ me?od ( obta9+ ! p[d] ( z9c1 al?\gh a long] "t is requir$1 is by fil+ x2 b ! fil+s are m or less co>se1 accord+ to ! file :i* is us$4 ,!y may be sift$1 & ?us obta9$ ( any degree ( f95ess4 ,9 v>i\s blue lights1 9 ! blue flame ( ! p>asol & cascades1 & o!r descriptions ( fire-works1 x is us$4 ,x gives a m brilliant light ?an any o!r sub/ance us$ = ?is purpose4 ,x is frequ5tly mix$ ) o!r sub/ances2 b1 z to its peculi> prop]ties1 !y rema9 ! same4 ,by ! combu/ion ( z9c1 :i* foll[s 9 fire-works1 x always produces an oxide4 ,9 ?is /ate1 x is expell$1 or ?r[n (f4 ,acetate ( z9c appe>s to possess advantages ov] z9c-fil+1 especially z x produces ! same col\r1 may be m readily mix$1 & ) m accuracy1 & does n deliquesce or absorb moi/ure1 a circum/ance :i* mu/ always be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 artificial fire-works4 ,sec4 ,,xliii4 ,( ,brass4 ,?is is a mix$ metal1 compos$ ( copp] & z9c4 ,?is alloy1 accord+ to ! proportion ( ! metals1 is m or less yell[1 or r$di%-yell[4 ,! yell[ copp]1 or laiton ( ! ,fr5*1 ! similor1 ,manheim gold1 pr9ce ,rup]t's metal1 c4 are alloys ( ! same metals4 ,z9c readily unites ) copp]2 & ! usual mann] ( =m+ brass by brass-f\nd]s1 is to make a direct union betwe5 ! two metals4 ,! process1 h[ev]1 g5]ally consi/s 9 mix+ toge!r granulat$ copp]1 calam9e1 or c>bonat$ oxide ( z9c1 & *>coal 9 p[d]1 & melt+ !m 9 a crucible4 ,! *>coal r$uces ! z9c1 :i* !n unites ) ! copp]4 ,! heat is kept up = five or six h\rs1 & t[>ds ! la/ ( ! process1 is rais$4 ,z9c1 9 small proportion1 r5d]s copp] pale1 & 9 ! proportion ( "o-twelf?1 incl9es its col\r to yell[4 ,! yell[ col\r increases 9 int5sity ) ! z9c1 until ! weight ( ?is metal 9 ! alloy equals t ( ! copp]4 ,an increase ( z9c1 aft]w>ds makes ! alloy :ite4 ,engli% brass conta9s "o-?ird ( its weight ( z9c4 ,9 ,g]many & ,sw$51 ! proportion ( z9c v>ies f "o-fif? to "o-f\r? ( ! copp]4 ,tw5ty to =ty p>ts ( z9c1 ) eighty to sixty p>ts ( copp] =m ! cuivre jaune1 laiton1 or yell[ copp] ( ! ,fr5*4 ,dut* metal1 or ,dut* gold1 is a f9e k9d ( brass1 & comes 9 leaf1 :i* is ab\t five times z ?ick z gold leaf4 ,?is brass is made by ! cem5tation ( copp] plates ) calam9e1 & hamm]$ out into leaves4 ,accord+ to ,!n>d 7,trait de ,*imie1 tome i1 p4 #dgh71 ! ,fr5* use #ej p>ts ( calam9e1 mix$ intimately ) #bj p>ts ( *>coal1 & /ratifi$ 9 a crucible ) #cj p>ts ( lam9at$1 or granulat$ copp]4 ,briti% brass consi/s ( two p>ts ( copp]1 & #a-a_/h p>ts ( z9c1 by weight4 ,! fil+s ( brass are mu* employ$ 9 fire-works4 ,!y communicate to />s1 ra9s1 c4 a flame betwe5 a blue & gre54 ,9 "s1 ! fil+s ( copp] alone are us$4 ,a beautiful gre5 fire1 = in/ance1 is produc$ by #af ounces ( gunp[d]1 & #c-a_/d ounces ( copp]-fil+s4 ,v]digris is also employ$ = ! same purpose2 b ! effect is n s /rik+1 z 9 t prep>ation1 ! copp] is already oxidiz$4 ,! effect ( copp] 9 fire-works1 x is to be recollect$1 dep5ds1 l t ( o!r metals1 on its combu/ion1 & consequ5t oxidizem5t4 ,! product ( ! combu/ion ( brass1 is oxide ( copp]1 & oxide ( z9c4 ,sec4 ,,xliv4 ,( ,bronze4 ,! union ( copp] ) t91 9 v>i\s proportions1 =ms gun-metal1 bell-metal1 ! mirrors ( telescopes1 & bronze4 ,! ductility ( ! copp] is dim9i%$ by ! t92 b its h>dness1 & t5acity1 z well z its fusibility & sonor\sness are increas$4 ,to =m a complete union ( ! two metals1 !y %\ld be cont9u$ 9 fusion = "s "t1 & con/antly /irr$4 ,! t9 is apt to rise to ! surface1 unless ?is precaution is us$4 ,bronze is usually compos$ ( #ajj p>ts ( copp]1 & #h to #ab p>ts ( t94 ,x is yell[1 brittle1 heavi] ?an copp]1 & has m t5acity4 ,! same metals1 & 9 ! same proportion1 con/itute gun-metal4 ,9 ! brass ordnance made at ,woolwi*1 ! proportion ( t9 v>ies f #h to #ab1 to ! #ajj p>ts ( copp]4 ,! pure/ copp] requires ! mo/4 ,t ! alloy is m sonor\s ?an iron1 is evid5t f ! report ( brass pieces1 be+ l\d] ?an t occasion$ by iron guns4 ,:5 ! alloy is #gh ( copp] & #bb ( t91 x is *iefly us$ = clocks4 ,!re is1 9 ! ,engli% metal1 ab\t five p] c5t4 ( z9c1 & f\r p] c5t4 ( lead4 ,! proportion ( t91 9 bell-metal1 v>ies4 ,9 *ur* bells1 less t9 is us$ ?an = small bells4 ,9 ! latt]1 z9c is sometimes add$4 ,! ,tam-tam1 or gong ( ! ,*9ese1 us$ = cymbals1 clocks1 mirrors1 c4 conta9s1 accord+ to analysis1 #hj p>ts ( copp]1 & #bj p>ts ( t94 ,! proportions1 h[ev]1 are n always ! same4 ,! anci5ts made cutt+ in/rum5ts ( an alloy ( copp] & t94 ,a dagg]1 analyz$ by ,mr4 ,hielm1 consi/$ ( #hc-g_/h copp]1 & #af-a_/h t94 ,vessels ( bronze 7 frequ5tly cov]$ ) silv]4 ,"s ( ?is k9d 7 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,h]culaneum4 ,pl9y obs]ves1 t anci5t mirrors 7 made ) a mixture ( copp] & t92 b t1 9 8 "t1 ^? ( silv] 7 s common1 t !y 7 ev5 us$ by ! maid s]vants4 ,! quantity ( t91 to make ! mo/ p]fect speculum1 dep5ds on ! quality ( ! copp]4 ,if ! proportion ( t9 be too small1 ! composition w be yell[i%2 if x be too great1 ! composition w be ( a grayi%-blue col\r4 ,mr4 ,edw>ds ca/s ! speculum 9 s& ) its face d[nw>ds2 takes x out :ile r$-hot1 & places x 9 hot wood-a%es to cool1 o!rwise x w\ld break 9 cool+4 ,! mixture is fir/ granulat$1 by p\r+ x into wat]1 & !n fus$ a second "t = ca/+4 ,mr4 ,little recomm5ds ! foll[+ proportions3 #cb p>ts ( ! be/ b> copp]1 #d p>ts ( brass1 or p9 wire1 #af-a_/b ( t91 & #a-a_/d ( ars5ic4 ,:e!r = speculum metal1 bronze1 or gun-metal1 ! metals mu/ be mix$ exactly1 & = ?is purpose be kept a long "t 9 fusion1 & con/antly /irr$2 o!rwise1 ! alloy w n be ( a uni=m quality1 z ! great] "p ( ! copp] w s9k to ! bottom1 & ! great] "p ( ! t9 rise to ! surface4 ,:5 we speak ( brass guns1 z t "n is g5]ally appli$ to !m1 we are to und]/&1 t !y are n made1 l brass1 ( an alloy ( copp] & z9c4 ,! anci5t metallic mirrors1 :i* 7 9 use be=e ! pres5t mirrors1 or ! discov]y ( glass1 & ! mode ( apply+ to its surface an amalgam ( t91 7 compos$ ( two p>ts ( copp] & "o "p ( t94 ,mr4 ,mudge ass]ts1 t ! be/ proportion = mirrors is #cb p>ts ( copp] & #ad4e p>ts ( t94 ,klapro? f\nd a specim5 ( anci5t mirror to consi/ ( #cb ( t91 #h ( lead1 & #fb ( copp]4 ,! alloys ( copp] & t9 may be decompos$ by dissolv+ !m 9 an acid1 ! muriatic = in/ance1 & imm]s+ a %eet ( iron1 :i* w precipitate ! copp]4 ,! t9 may !n be sep>at$ by imm]s+ a plate ( lead1 or z9c1 by ei!r ( :i* metals1 x w be precipitat$4 ,bronze1 be+ a mix$ metal1 9 :i* ! copp] =ms ! pr9cipal +r$i5t1 is sometimes us$ 9 fire-works1 9 lieu ( copp] or brass2 = its effects are simil>4 ,by ! combu/ion ( bronze fil+s1 we h an oxide ( copp] & an oxide ( t94 ,sec4 ,,xlv4 ,( ,mosaic ,gold4 ,?is "n1 or aurum musivum1 0 giv5 to a prep>ation ( t91 compos$ ( t9 & sulphur4 ,x is consid]$ to be a p]sulphuret ( t94 ,sev]al me?ods are recomm5d$ = prep>+ ?is sub/ance4 ,! olde/ process is to sublime a mixture ( #ab p>ts ( t91 #g p>ts ( sulphur1 #c p>ts ( m]cury1 & #c p>ts ( sal ammoniac4 ,x may be =m$ by heat+ toge!r 9 a retort1 a mixture ( equal p>ts ( sulphur & oxide ( t94 ,x is us$ pr9cipally = rubb+ ! cu%ions ( electrical ma*9es1 & = bronz+ wood4 ,9 fire-works1 x is sometimes employ$ "u ! "n ( gold-p[d]4 ,x 0 suppos$ to be a comb9ation ( sulphur ) ! oxide ( t94 ,dr4 ,j4 ,davy 7,phil4 ,trans4 #ahab1 p4 #aii7 & ,b]zelius1 7,ni*4 ,j\r4 xxxv1 #afe71 h prov$1 h[ev]1 t x is no?+ m ?an metallic t9 & sulphur2 ! proportions ( :i*1 accord+ to ! =m]1 are #ajj ( t9 #ef4be ( sulphur4 ,mosaic gold is ( a yell[ col\r1 resembl+ t ( gold4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]1 & is n act$ ^u by muriatic or nitric acid4 ,! nitromuriatic1 h[ev]1 decomposes x4 ,a solution ( cau/ic potassa dissolves x1 =m+ a gre5 solution1 :i* is decompos$ by acids1 lett+ fall a hydrosulphuret ( t94 ,x deflagrates ) nitre4 ,:5 x is us$ 9 fire-works1 x is pulv]iz$1 & sift$4 ,x is m g5]ally employ$ z a pigm5t to imp>t a gold5 col\r to small /atues ( pla/]-p>is4 ,:5 mix$ ) melt$ glass1 x is said to imitate lapis lazuli4 ,sec4 ,,xlvi4 ,( ,iron & ,/eel4 ,bo? iron & /eel are us$ abundantly 9 fire-works4 ,x w\ld be unnecess>y to detail ! prep>ations1 9 :i* !y are employ$1 :i* may be se5 by a ref]5ce to ! diff]5t k9ds ( fire1 & to _! respective =mul4 ,ca/ iron is m employ$ 9 artificial fire ?an =g$ iron or /eel1 at lea/ 9 ! prep>ation ( "s1 z g]bes1 :ite f\nta9s1 & ,*9ese fire4 ,! fil+s ( iron & /eel may be sift$ ?r\gh sieves4 ,a f9e hair sieve w answ] = common purposes4 ,_! f95ess dep5ds1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 on ! file1 :i* is us$4 ,/eel or iron fil+s are m commonly employ$ 9 ! compositions = brilliant fire4 ,! sp>ks produc$ by ca/-iron are v brilliant2 b ! r$uction ( ! iron to p[d]1 or to a degree ( f95ess suffici5t = use1 is a difficult op]ation4 ,x is ( too h>d a nature to be cut by a file4 ,?is op]ation is g5]ally p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,procure f an iron f\ndry1 "s ?9 pieces ( ca/ iron1 su* z g5]ally run ov] ! m\ld at ! "t ( ca/+1 & p\nd !m on a block1 made ( ca/ iron1 ) an iron hamm] ( f\r p\nds weight1 putt+1 "u ! block1 a clo? to cat* ! pieces ( iron1 :i* fly (f4 ,!y are beat5 ) ! hamm] 9 ?is mann]1 until ! :ole is r$uc$ to gra9s1 :i* are m or less small4 ,x is !n ?r[n into a sieve1 :i* %\ld be f9e1 & ! du/ sep>at$4 ,?is is us$1 9 ! place ( /eel du/1 9 small cases ( brilliant fire4 ,! rema9d] is !n put into a sieve1 a little co>s]1 & aga9 sift$4 ,?is portion is pres]v$ sep>ately4 ,! same op]ation is repeat$1 b ) sieves ( diff]5t sizes1 till ! iron passes ?r\gh ab\t ! bigness ( small bird %ot4 ,! pulv]ization may be effect$ 9 an iron mort>1 ) a /eel pe/le1 hav+ ! mort> cov]$ 9 ! usual mann]1 to prev5t ! escape ( ! f9] p>ticles ( ! iron4 ,accord+ to a writ] 9 ! ,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie1 vol4 iii1 p4 #cd1 ! ,*9ese prep>e _! iron-s& = fire-works by ignit+ iron1 & plung+ x 9 cold wat]4 ,!y !n pulv]ize ! scales ?us =m$1 & pass ! p[d] obta9$1 ?r\gh diff]5t siz$ sieves1 :i* is !n call$ ,no4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 c4 z x is v f9e or co>se4 ,?is _c be a good me?od1 & we d\bt :e!r x is at pres5t employ$2 because x is obvi\s1 t ! scales1 9 ?is case1 consi/ ( ! metal 9 ! /ate ( protoxide4 ,d',inc>ville1 a mission>y at ,pek91 obta9$ ! process = mak+ ,*9ese fire2 & obs]ves1 t ! pulv]iz$ ca/ iron !y employ is call$ iron-s&1 ( :i* !y h six numb]s or v>ieties4 ,z ! goodness ( iron or /eel du/1 9 fire-works1 dep5ds greatly on its be+ dry1 & n oxidiz$ or ru/$2 its pres]vation mu/ be accord+ly att5d$ to4 ,! usual pres]vative is to put x 9 a box1 l9$ ) oil$ pap]1 & cov]$ ) ! same1 or 9 t9 canni/]s1 ) _! m\?s well clos$4 ,:5 x is to be us$1 x is tak5 accord+ to its size1 & 9 proportion to ! cases1 = :i* ! *>ge is int5d$4 ,l>ge g]bes1 ( #f or #h lbs4 require only ! co>se sort4 ,z ! brilliancy ( ! sp>ks1 produc$ by ! iron & /eel du/1 is a desid]atum 9 ! =mation ( "s fire-works1 & z ?is brilliancy dep5ds ^u ! nature & quality ( ! metal1 x may n be improp] to (f] "s rem>ks on ^! subjects4 ,t iron1 :5 f9ely divid$ is capable ( produc+ sp>ks ( fire1 is a well kn[n fact2 & we see x daily 9 ! op]ations ( ! smi?1 :5 ignit$ iron is hamm]$ on ! anvil4 ,! sc9tillation produc$ by ! /eel1 :5 /ruck ) a fl9t1 is ( ! same "*4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! metal is actually fus$1 &1 :5 caught on a pap]1 & exam9$ ) a microscope1 w appe> globul>1 & p>tly oxidiz$4 ,h5ce x is1 t gunp[d] is inflam$ by ?is sp>k1 :i* is no?+ m ?an highly ignit$1 & inflam$ iron1 possess+ a temp]ature m ?an suffici5t to inflame gunp[d]4 ,! effect1 !re=e1 t results f ! inflammation ( fire-works1 9 :i* iron or /eel =ms a con/itu5t "p1 is no?+ m ?an a vivid combu/ion ( ! metal2 & dur+ t process x becomes oxidiz$1 z x does n =m an acid ) oxyg51 l ars5ic1 antimony1 & "s o!r metals4 ,! combu/ion ( iron or /eel may be %[n by a v brilliant exp]im5t1 t ( burn+ x 9 oxyg5 gas4 ,a /eel wire1 h>psi*ord wire = in/ance1 =m$ into a spiral1 ) a small piece ( wood dipp$ 9 sulphur1 /uck on its end & !n set on fire1 ^u be+ imm$iately introduc$ into a bottle1 conta9+ pure oxyg5 gas1 w burn ) great brilliancy1 emitt+ a numb] ( sp>ks or sc9tillations1 :i* fall l ra94 ,9 mak+ ! exp]im5t1 "s s& %\ld be put into ! bottle to prev5t ! sp>ks f break+ x4 ,?is exp]im5t illu/rates ! rapid combu/ion ( iron1 or /eel4 ,= ! oxyg5 gas supports ! combu/ion2 & :ile ! oxyg5 is actually tak5 up by ! metal1 :i* becomes oxidiz$1 & !re=e increas$ 9 weight1 9 ! same mann] z x does :5 inflam$ 9 fire-works1 ! caloric1 ! o!r con/itu5t ( oxyg5 gas1 is giv5 out 9 a free /ate1 &1 ) ! light at ! same "t evolv$1 produces ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion4 ,_m o!r exp]im5ts might be m5tion$1 9 :i* ! same effects take place1 & f :i* ! same conclusions may be drawn4 ,b ) respect to ! effect1 :e!r x be dull1 brilliant1 or v brilliant1 dep5ds m on ! quality ( ! metal1 ?an p]haps1 on its subsequ5t mixture ) ! o!r mat]ials4 ,crude iron1 usually call$ ca/ iron1 seems to possess ?is prop]ty 9 an em95t degree2 b 9 ! exp]im5t ) oxyg5 gas1 /eel is always pref]able1 z ! combu/ion is m rapid1 & ! effect m /rik+4 ,! diff]5ce1 :i* we w n attempt to expla91 may dep5d on ! /ate1 z well z ! proportion ( c>bon1 :i* ent]s into crude iron1 z well z /eel4 ,9 "o case1 ! combu/ion ensues 9 contact ) nitre1 & 9 atmosph]ic air2 9 ! o!r1 9 contact only ) oxyg5 gas4 ,be ?is z x may1 ?is inf]5ce is conclusive1 t1 9 all cases ( ! combu/ion ( iron 9 fire-works1 ! metal itself unites ) oxyg51 & ! result ( ! combu/ion is an oxide ( iron2 & ) respect to ! c>bon1 9 bo? in/ances1 x is conv]t$ alike into c>bonic acid4 ,s t :e!r ! iron receives its oxyg5 f ! nitre1 or f ! air1 or f bo?1 is immat]ial1 z ! products are ! same4 ,:5 iron is expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 x t>ni%es1 & is gradually *ang$ into a br[n or yell[ p[d]1 call$ ru/4 ,?is *ange is ow+ to its comb9ation ) oxyg52 & its aff9ity = oxyg5 is su*1 t1 :5 ! vap\r ( wat] is made to pass ?r\gh an ignit$ gun-b>rel1 x is decompos$1 ! metal becom+ oxidiz$1 & ! hydrog51 ! o!r con/itu5t ( ! wat]1 be+ lib]at$ 9 ! =m ( gas4 ,gun b>rels are br[n$ by a process ( oxidizem5t4 ,!re are sev]al processes recomm5d$4 ,"o ( :i* is1 to rub ! b>rel ov] ) dilut$ nitric or muriatic acid1 & !n1 to lay x by = a week or two1 until a complete coat ( ru/ is =m$4 ,a bru%1 made ( iron wire1 is !n appli$2 aft]w>ds1 oil & wax1 & ! b>rel is f9i%$ by rubb+ x ) a clo?4 ,! gunsmi?s 9 ,philadelphia use a mix$ solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 t9cture ( ! muriate ( iron1 & sweet _s ( nitre4 ,?is !y apply by means ( a clo?4 ,! object is to =m a ru/1 & to r5d] x p]man5t on ! b>rel by h>d friction along ) wax4 ,:5 sulphate ( copp] is employ$1 metallic copp] is precipitat$ on ! b>rel4 ,a coat ( ru/1 put on 9 ?is mann]1 prev5ts effectually ! oxidizem5t ( ! iron2 & 9 po9t ( utility1 & ! sav+ ( lab\r 9 poli%+ & keep+ muskets 9 ord]1 ! br[n+ ( b>rels is c]ta9ly advantage\s 9 ! l& s]vice4 ,at sea1 9 p>ticul>1 :]e iron is m readily oxidiz$1 ?is plan ought always to be adopt$4 ,) reg>d to ! use ( dragon's blood1 x is entirely too tempor>y 9 its effect to be dep5d$ on4 ,i 0 in=m$ by an intellig5t gunsmi?1 :o foll[$ ! practice ( br[n+ b>rels 9 ,europe1 t he has kn[n ! br[n+ to rema9 v p]fect = ye>s1 & t ! be/ mode ( insur+ its durability is to use ! /eel bru%1 :i* c>ries 91 z he express$ x1 ! ru/4 ,! oxides1 :i* are =m$ by ! union ( oxyg5 ) iron1 are two2 namely1 ! black & ! r$2 ! fir/ be+ ! protoxide1 & ! la/ ! p]oxide4 ,! black oxide1 :i* is =m$ by ! combu/ion ( iron1 & by o!r processes1 conta9s #ef iron #af oxyg54 ,! common ru/ ( iron is ! p]oxide ( ?is metal1 comb9$ ) c>bonic acid4 ,x may be =m$ by expos+ ! protosulphate ( iron1 or gre5 vitriol1 9 solution1 to ! atmosph]e1 & !n add+ an alkali4 ,?is oxide conta9s m oxyg5 ?an ! prec$+2 x consi/+ ( #ef iron #bd oxyg54 ,! temp]+ ( cutt+ in/rum5ts1 an op]ation :i* requires great delicacy & exactness1 aft] t ( h>d5+1 is int5d$ to obta9 a f9e & durable edge2 & z ?is subject may be int]e/+ 9 a milit>y po9t ( view1 we deem ! foll[+ rem>ks ( use4 ,! h>d5+ ( /eel in/rum5ts is p]=m$ by heat+ !m to a *]ry-r$1 & !n imm]s+ !m 9 cold wat]4 ,! temp]+ is ano!r process1 calculat$1 z we obs]v$1 to obta9 a f9e & durable edge4 ,?is is p]=m$ by heat+ oil to a c]ta9 temp]ature1 & plung+ ! in/rum5t into x1 :]e x rema9s until ! col\r appe>s1 indicative ( ! p>ticul> k9d ( temp] :i* is int5d$ to be giv54 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,/odd>t1 7,ni*olson's ,qu>to ,j\rnal1 iv1 #abi17 are conclusive on ?is subject2 = 8 exp]im5ts prove1 t1 betwe5 #dcj & #dej ! in/rum5t assumes a pale yell[i% t+e3 at #dfj ! col\r is a /raw-yell[1 & ! in/rum5t has ! usual temp] ( p5-knives1 razors1 & o!r f9e edge tools4 ,! col\r gradually deep5s z ! temp]ature rises1 & at #ejj becomes a bright br[ni% metallic yell[4 ,z ! heat increases1 ! surface is successively yell[1 br[n1 r$1 & purple1 to #ehj1 :5 x becomes ( a uni=m deep blue1 l t ( wat* spr+s4 ,be=e ! in/rum5t becomes r$-hot1 ! blue *anges to a wat] col\r1 :i* is ! la/ di/+ui%able col\r4 ,^! diff]5t %ades are ow+ to ! oxidizem5t ( ! surface ( ! metal2 & ! art ( ornam5t+ sword-blades1 knives1 c4 long practis$ 9 ,%effield1 dep5ds on ?is pr9ciple4 ,! g5]al process is1 t an oily composition is us$1 ) :i* fl[]s & v>i\s ornam5ts are pa9t$4 ,on ! application ( ! heat requir$ = temp]+ x1 t "p :i* 0 cov]$ ) ! composition1 is n alt]$1 :]eas1 ! uncov]$ p>ts ( ! blade are *ang$4 ,^! ornam5ts1 :5 ! pa9t is remov$1 h ! natural col\r ( poli%$ /eel4 ,:5 /eel is heat$ 9 hydrog5 gas1 no appe>ance ( ! k9d takes place1 a fact :i* %[s1 t x is ow+ to ! oxidizem5t ( ! metal4 ,iron is soluble 9 ! acids4 ,by ! assi/ance ( wat]1 x is act$ ^u by sulphuric acid2 ! metal be+ oxidiz$1 & ! oxide dissolv$1 :ile hydrog5 gas is evolv$4 ,! salt1 =m$ 9 ?is case1 is ! sulphate ( iron1 gre5 vitriol1 or copp]as4 ,) muriatic1 nitric1 acetic & o!r acids1 x =ms v>i\s salts2 & ) gallic acid1 :5 ! iron is p]oxidiz$1 x =ms ! p]gallate ( iron1 or common writ+ ink1 & also ! bases ( black dye4 ,iron unites ) c>bon1 sulphur & phosphorus4 ,( ! sulphurets1 !re are two k9ds1 ! protosulphuret & p]sulphuret4 ,! =m] is ! magnetic pyrites1 & ! latt]1 cubic pyrites1 f bo? ( :i*1 gre5 vitriol is obta9$ by decomposition4 ,pyrites1 we may obs]ve1 0 ! orig9al fire-/one1 or ! feu]-/e9 ( ! ,g]mans1 :i* 0 us$ 9 ! place ( fl9t4 ,see ,beckman's ,hi/ory ( ,inv5tion4 ,iron also unites ) "s ( ! metals1 =m+ alloys4 ,! :ite iron ( ! ,fr5*1 7,f] blanc17 or t9 plate ( ! ,engli%1 is f\nd to be any alloy ( t9 ) iron1 z well z a cov]+ ( t9 on iron4 ,%eet t91 or t9plate :i* is necess>y 9 ! con/ruction ( ! app>atus = "s fire-works1 = cani/] %ot1 c4 is made by imm]s+ %eets ( iron1 previ\sly fre$ f ru/1 into melt$ t94 ,! numb] ( dipp+s x und]goes1 det]m9es1 9 "s measure1 its quality & "*4 ,! union ( c>bon & iron1 =m+ v important modifications ( ?is metal1 is n only int]e/+ 9 ! milit>y art1 z conc]ns ! metal = cannon1 small arms1 & fire-works1 b also 9 relation to ! _m & highly useful comp\nds :i* result4 ,all ! v>ieties ( iron1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by arti/s1 "u p>ticul> names1 we may consid] "u ! foll[+ heads3 namely2 ca/ iron1 wr\ght or s(t iron1 & /eel4 ,ca/ or pig iron is ! "n ( ?is metal1 :5 fir/ obta9$ f ! ore4 ,! ores ( iron are v>i\s1 & conta9 a great] or less quantity ( iron1 :i* is ei!r comb9$ ) oxyg51 or f\nd ) clay1 giv+ rise to two important classes ( iron ore1 ! calci=m & ! argillace\s4 ,! r$uction ( ! ore m]ely requires ! pres5ce ( *>coal1 & occasionally "s addition1 z lime/one1 :5 ! clay iron ores are to be r$uc$4 ,on ! application ( heat 9 furnaces1 con/ruct$ = ! purpose1 ! *>coal unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! oxide1 r$uc+ x to ! metallic /ate1 & escapes 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid2 & ! lime1 if ! ore be argillace\s1 unites ) ! clay1 =m+ a k9d ( glass1 :i* floats on ! melt$ metal4 ,:5 ! iron is suff]$ to run into m\lds1 prep>$ = its reception1 x usually takes ! "n ( pig iron4 ,manufactur]s di/+ui% ca/ iron by its col\r & o!r qualities4 ,! :ite ca/ iron is h>d & brittle1 & c nei!r be fil$1 bor$1 nor b5t4 ,gray mottl$ iron1 s call$ f its col\r1 is ( a granulat$ texture1 s(t]1 & may be cut1 bor$ & turn$ on ! la!4 ,cannon are made ( ?is iron4 ,black ca/ iron is ! mo/ unequal 9 its texture1 b ! mo/ fusible4 ,ca/ iron melts at #acj ( ,w$gwood4 ,its specific gravity v>ies f #g4b to #g4f4 ,x is conv]t$ into malleable1 usually call$ s(t iron1 by a process call$ ref9em5t4 ,sev]al modes h be5 adopt$ = ?is purpose4 ,x 0 =m]ly done by keep+ x 9 fusion 9 a b$ ( *>coal & a%es1 & aft]w>ds =g+ x4 ,! hamm]+ makes ! p>ticles ( iron approa* ea* o!r1 & expels "s impurities4 ,among ! v>i\s improvem5ts = exp$iti\sly & effectually conv]t+ crude into malleable iron1 ! process ( ,mr4 ,cort seems to possess advantages4 ,! ca/ iron is melt$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 & ! flame ( ! combu/ible is made to act ^u ! melt$ matt]4 ,x is /irr$ dur+ ?is op]ation1 by :i* means1 e "p is expos$ to ! air4 ,a lamb5t blue flame beg9s to appe> 9 ab\t an h\r1 & ! mass swells4 ,! heat is cont9u$ ab\t an h\r long]2 &1 by ?is "t1 ! iron acquires m consi/5cy1 & f9ally congeals4 ,:ile /ill hot1 x is next hamm]$ by p[]ful tilt-hamm]s4 ,?is is call$ ! puddl+ process4 ,iron1 obta9$ 9 ?is way1 is n h[ev] pure2 = x conta9s ei!r "s ( ! o!r metals1 or oxyg51 c>bon1 silicon1 or phosphorus4 ,:5 small pieces ( iron are /ratifi$ 9 a crucible ) *>coal p[d]1 & expos$ to a /rong heat = eight or t5 h\rs1 !y are conv]t$ into /eel4 ,/eel is brittle1 resi/s ! file1 cuts glass1 & af=ds sp>ks ) fl9t4 ,x loses its h>dness by ignition & cool+4 ,x is malleable at a r$ heat4 ,x melts at #acj degrees ( ,w$gwood4 ,by be+ repeat$ly ignit$ 9 an op5 vessel1 x becomes1 by hamm]+1 wr\ght iron4 ,natural /eel is t :i* is =m$1 by conv]t+ ! ore fir/ into ca/-iron1 & expos+ x to ! action ( a /rong heat1 :ile ! melt$ scori float on its surface4 ,?is /eel is inf]ior to ! o!rs4 ,/eel ( cem5tation is =m$1 on a l>ge scale1 by /ratify+ b>s ( iron ) *>coal1 9 l>ge e>!n tr\ghs or crucibles1 ! m\?s ( :i* are clos$ ) clay4 ,^! tr\ghs are put 9 furnaces1 &1 9 eight or t5 days1 ! process is f9i%$4 ,?is is also call$ bli/]$ /eel1 on acc\nt ( ! appe>ance ( its surface4 ,! tilt$ /eel is t :i* is beat5 out into small b>s by ! hamm]4 ,:5 brok51 & ! pieces aga9 unit$ by weld+ 9 a furnace1 & made into b>s1 x is !n call$ ,g]man or %e> /eel4 ,ca/ /eel is consid]$ ! mo/ valuable ( all ! v>ieties2 & is us$ = ! manufacture ( razors1 surgeons' in/rum5ts1 c4 ,x is1 besides1 m fusible ?an common /eel1 & = t reason1 _c be weld$ ) iron4 ,x is made by melt+ ! bli/]$ /eel1 9 a close crucible1 along ) p\nd$ glass1 & *>coal p[d]4 ,x may also be =m$ by melt+ toge!r #cj p>ts ( iron1 #a "p ( *>coal1 & #a "p ( glass4 ,equal p>ts ( *alk & clay1 put ) iron 9 a crucible1 w also produce x4 ,! ,celtib]ians 9 ,spa9 _h a s+ul> mode ( prep>+ /eel4 ,diodorus & ,plut>* bo? say1 t ! iron 0 buri$ 9 ! e>?1 & left 9 t situation1 till ! great] "p ( x 0 conv]t$ into ru/4 ,:at rema9$1 )\t be+ oxidiz$1 0 aft]w>ds =g$ & made into weapons1 & p>ticul>ly swords1 ) :i* !y c\ld cut asund] bones1 %ields1 & helmets4 ,?is process is us$ 9 ,japan1 h[ev] improbable x may seem2 & ,sw$5b\rg1 among ! diff]5t me?ods ( mak+ /eel1 has introduc$ x4 ,bi%op ,watson1 7,*emical ,essays #hvo4 i1 p4 #bbj17 speaks ( ! same process4 ,! fact has be5 v]ifi$ at ,gott+52 = an anvil1 :i* _h be5 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd = _m ye>s1 0 f\nd to be extremely s(t2 & a "p ( x1 :i* appe>$ 9 /eel-l gra9s1 possess$ ! prop]ties ( /eel4 ,! sabres made 9 ,japan1 accord+ to ,?unb]g1 are incomp>able4 ,)\t hurt+ ! edge1 !y c be made to cut ?r\gh a nail at "o bl[4 ,! art ( h>d5+ /eel by imm]sion 9 cold wat] is v old4 ,hom] 7,odyssia ix1 #cja17 says1 t1 :5 ,ulysses bor$ out ! eye ( ,polyphemus ) a burn+ /ake1 x hiss$ 9 ! same mann] z wat]1 :5 ! smi? imm]ses 9 x a piece ( r$-hot iron1 9 ord] to h>d5 x4 ,sophocles1 ,salmasius1 ,pl9y1 ,ju/9 & o!rs m5tion ! use ( wat] 9 h>d5+ iron2 b ! mo/ delicate articles ( t metal 7 n qu5*$ 9 wat]1 b 9 oil4 ,z to ! op9ion ( ! peculi> virtue ( any p>ticul> wat]1 = ! purpose ( h>d5+ iron1 :i* _m h believ$1 x is altoge!r fallaci\s1 al?\gh ,vas>i ass]ts1 t ! ar*duke ,cosmo1 9 #aeee1 discov]$ a wat]1 t w\ld h>d5 in/rum5ts1 to cut1 l ! anci5t tools1 ! h>de/ porphyry4 ,! art ( work+ porphyry1 h[ev]1 0 kn[n 9 e age4 ,beckman assures u1 :5 treat+ ( ! processes ( mak+ /eel1 t ! inv5tion & art ( conv]t+ b> iron into /eel1 by dipp+ x into o!r fus$ iron1 & suff]+ x to rema9 !re sev]al h\rs1 al?\gh ascrib$ to ,reaumur1 7,art de ,conv]tir le ,f] en ,aci]1 p4 #ade71 are m5tion$ by ,agricola1 ,imp]ati1 & o!rs1 z a ?+ well kn[n & practis$ 9 _! "t4 ,pl9y1 ,diama*us1 & o!r anci5t writ]s m5tion v>i\s c\ntries & places1 :i*1 9 _! "t1 produc$ excell5t /eel4 ,! f]rum ,indicum & ,s]icum 7 ! de>e/ k9ds4 ,! =m] is ! same z ! f]rum c&idum1 a hundr$ tal5ts ( :i* 7 giv51 z a pres5t1 to ,alex&] 9 ,india4 ,beckman ?9ks1 t ! anci5t f]rum c&idum is ! same k9d ( /eel /ill common 9 ,india1 & kn[n "u ! "n ( wootz2 "s pieces ( :i* 7 s5t f ,bombay 9 #agie to ! ,royal ,society4 ,its silv] col\r$ appe>ance1 :5 poli%$1 he ?9ks1 may h giv5 rise to ! epi!t ( c&idum4 ,mr4 ,f>aday ( ! ,royal ,in/itution has lately exam9$ wootz1 & imitat$ x v accurately4 ,! exp]im5ts may be se5 9 ,ure's ,*emical ,diction>y1 article ,iron4 ,x appe>s t ! pres5ce ( silex & alum9a di/+ui%es ?is k9d ( /eel f ! ,engli%4 ,f\r hundr$ & sixty gra9s ( wootz gave #j4c ( a gra9 ( silex1 & #j4f ( a gra9 ( alum9a4 ,x is highly probable1 t ! mu* admir$ sabres ( ,damascus1 are made f ?is /eel4 ,a small portion ( silv]1 melt$ ) /eel1 improves ! latt] v consid]ably4 ,"o "p ( silv] & five hundr$ p>ts ( /eel 7 melt$ toge!r1 & e "p ( ! alloy =m$1 :5 te/$1 indicat$ silv]4 ,! alloy =g$ rem>kably well1 al?\gh v h>d1 & 0 pron\nc$ to be sup]ior to ! v be/ /eel4 ,?is excell5ce is und\bt$ly ow+ to its comb9ation ) ! silv]1 h[ev] small4 ,! alloy has be5 repeat$ly made1 & ) ! same success4 ,v>i\s cutt+ tools h be5 made f x ( ! be/ quality4 ,! silv] is f\nd to give a me*anical t\ghness to ! /eel4 ,plat9um & /eel1 equal p>ts by weight1 =m a beautiful alloy1 :i* takes a f9e poli%1 & does n t>ni%4 ,?is alloy is said to make ! be/ speculum4 ,/eel1 = edge tools1 is improv$ by ?is metal4 ,! proportions1 :i* appe> to be mo/ prop]1 are f "o to ?ree p] c5t4 ,an alloy ( #aj plat9um ) #hj ( /eel1 aft] exposure = _m mon?s1 _h n a speck on its surface4 ,w\ld n ?is alloy1 z x is n oxidiz$1 be v useful = mak+ po9ts = lightn+ rods1 9 lieu ( iron1 gold1 silv]1 or plat9um alone8 ,! exp]im5t is wor? a trial2 = no?+ adds m to ! safety ( a magaz9e1 or build+1 aga9/ ! effect ( lightn+1 ?an a conductor4 ,iron & c>bon1 x appe>s1 are capable ( unit+ 9 diff]5t proportions2 h5ce ! v>iety ( crude iron1 & ! diff]5t k9ds ( /eel4 ,:5 ! c>bon exce$s ! iron1 z 9 plumbago1 or black lead1 x =ms a c>buret4 ,:5 ! iron exce$s1 su* comp\nds are prop]ly speak+ sub-c>burets2 "u :i* "n1 we may rank all ! v>ieties ( ca/ iron & /eel4 ,! h>dness ( iron1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,mu%et1 7,phil4 ,mag4 xiii1 p4 #ach71 increases ) ! proportion ( *>coal1 ) :i* x comb9es1 until ! c>bon am\nts to ab\t #a_/fj? ( ! :ole mass4 ,?is is ! maximum1 ! metal acquir+ ! col\r ( silv]4 ,m c>bon dim9i%es ! h>dness1 accord+ to its quantity4 ,! diff]5ce 9 iron1 :e!r x be ! cold-%ort1 or hot-%ort iron1 a matt] ( "s consequ5ce to ! work]s 9 ?is metal1 0 f\nd to be ow+ to phosphoric acid 9 ! cold-%ort1 :i* exi/s ) ! iron4 ,b ! sub/ance1 call$ sid]um by ,b]gman1 is a phosphuret1 & n a phosphate ( iron4 ,we h gone into ?is subject m fully1 on acc\nt ( its importance1 & intimate connection ) ! ca/+ ( guns1 & ! diff]5t qualities ( iron4 ,9 fire-works1 x w appe> obvi\s1 t ! v>i\s prop]ties exhibit$ by iron are ow+ to ! iron & c>bon1 to ! *anges :i* !y und]go1 to ! combu/ion :i* necess>ily ensues1 & to ! production ( oxide ( iron1 & c>bonic acid gas2 effects t inv>iably take place1 :e!r ca/ iron or /eel be us$1 provid$ x is expos$ to ! action ( ag5ts1 "u ! same circum/ances & conditions4 ,sec4 ,,xlvii4 ,( ,glass4 ,glass1 9 ! =m ( p[d] or du/1 is us$ 9 fire-works4 ,! pulv]ization ( glass is easily p]=m$4 ,x may be done 9 an iron mort>1 & pass$ ?\gh f9e wire or brass sieves4 ,x is us$ 9 ! composition = :eels1 9 wat] balloons1 cones1 fire-pumps1 sl[ :ite fire1 c4 ,glass is no?+ m ?an fus$ silica1 made by expos+ a mixture ( silica & o!r sub/ances to ! action ( a viol5t heat4 ,! quality ( ! glass dep5ds on ! proportion ( silica1 & ! fluxes :i* are us$ 9 promot+ its fusion2 = ! v>i\s k9ds ( glass1 z :ite glass1 gre5 glass1 bottle glass1 c4 are all1 9 "o respect1 ! same1 ?\gh !y diff] 9 ^! p>ticul>s4 ,! glass ( ,sa9t-,gob9 9 ,france is made by fus+ :ite s&1 lime1 soda1 & brok5 inf]ior glass4 ,! :ite goblet-glass is made ( s&1 pota%1 lime1 & old glass2 ! quantity ( pota% is ab\t fifty p] c5t4 ,if gre51 or yell[1 ! col\r is de/roy$ by ! addition ( black oxide ( manganese2 & h5ce t oxide is nam$ glass mak]s' soap4 ,! common plate glass1 = electrical ma*9es1 c4 is =m$ ( s&1 crude soda1 old glass1 & oxide ( manganese4 ,! bottle glass1 made ) ! soda ( m>9e plants1 consi/s ( s&1 soda1 common a%es1 & old glass4 ,ano!r bottle glass is made by melt+ common s&1 black or yell[1 ) soda1 wood-a%es1 clay1 & brok5 glass4 ,x appe>s f ! use ( ! sub/ances :i* ent] into1 & compose1 glass1 t its quality is ow+ to ! mat]ials employ$4 ,! cry/al or fl9t glass is a f9] k9d4 ,! sub/ances1 ) ! proportions 9 :i* !y are us$1 are ! foll[+3 ,p>ts4 ,:ite s&1 #ajj ,r$ lead1 #hj to #he ,calc9$ pota% 7pe>l-a%17 #ce to #dj ,ref9$ nitre1 #b to #c ,black manganese1 #j4jf ,to ?is composition1 !re are sometimes add$3 ,p>ts4 ,:ite ars5ic1 #j4je to #j4a ,crude antimony1 #j4je to #j4a ,! specific gravity ( ?is glass is #c4b4 ,goblets1 lu/res1 c4 are made ( x4 ,fl9t glass1 accord+ to ! ,engli% =mula1 is made ( ,purifi$ ,lynn s& #ajj p>ts4 ,li?>ge or r$ lead #fj ,purifi$ pe>la% #cj ,to ?is is add$ black manganese1 to correct ! col\r1 & sometimes nitre & ars5ic4 ,plate glass is =m$ ( ,pure s&1 #dc4j p>ts4 ,dry c>bonate ( soda1 #bf4e ,pure quicklime1 #d4j ,nitre1 #a4e ,brok5 plate glass1 #be4j ------ #ajj4 ,cr[n1 or f9e w9d[ glass1 is compos$ ( ,f9e s&1 #bjj lbs4 ,be/ kelp1 gr\nd1 #ccj lbs4 ,to ?is is add$1 if ! vitrification is n complete1 "s muriate ( soda4 ,good glass1 accord+ to ,pajot des ,*>mes1 may be made by fus+ equal p>ts ( c>bonate ( lime1 s&1 & sulphate ( soda4 ,! glass is cle>1 solid1 & ( a pale yell[4 ,pr(essor ,s*eweigg] f\nd1 t ! foll[+ proportions 7 ! be/3 ,s&1 #ajj ,dry sulphate ( soda1 #ej ,dry quicklime 9 p[d]1 #ag to #bj ,*>coal1 #d ,broad glass is made ( a mixture ( soap-boil]s' wa/e1 kelp1 & s&4 ,two ( wa/e1 "o ( kelp1 & "o ( s& are ! proportions g5]ally employ$4 ,common bottle glass is usually made ( wa/e & riv] s&1 to :i* lime1 & clay1 & common salt are occasionally add$4 ,! col\r$ glasses are produc$ by v>i\s metallic oxides4 ,! col\r & beauty ( preci\s /ones are ?us imitat$4 ,^! col\rs are communicat$ by sundry metallic prep>ations1 z ! foll[+3 ,! purple p[d] ( ,cassius1 ) oxide ( manganese1 w give a r$ or purple accord+ to ! proportions us$2 zaffre1 an oxide ( cobalt1 a blue2 a mixture ( oxide ( cobalt1 muriate ( silv]1 or glass ( antimony1 a gre52 & oxide ( manganese1 a violet1 c4 ,! basis ( all artificial preci\s /ones1 is compos$ ( :at is call$ glass-pa/e1 a comp\nd ( silica1 pota%1 borax1 r$ lead1 & sometimes ars5ic4 ,^! sub/ances are melt$ toge!r4 ,! glass1 :i* =ms ! body ( ! artificial gem1 is pulv]iz$1 & ! col\r+ sub/ances are bl5d$ ) x by sift+2 & !n ! :ole mu/ be c>efully fus$1 be+ left on ! fire = f #bd to #cj h\rs1 & cool$ v sl[ly4 ,! foll[+ proportions are us$ = ?is purpose3 ,pa/es4 #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 ,rock cry/al1 #djef gr4 ---- #cdef #cfj ,m9ium1 #fcjj ---- #ecbh ---- ,pota%1 #baed #abfj #aidd #abfj ,borax1 #bgf #cfj #baf #cfj ,ars5ic1 #ab #ab #f ---- ,c]use ( cli*y1 -- #hejh ---- #hejh ,s&1 -- #cfjj ---- ---- ,topaz4 ,no4 #a1 ,no4 #b4 ,v :ite pa/e1 #ajjh #cdef ,glass ( antimony1 #dc ---- ,cassius purple1 #a ---- ,p]oxide ( iron1 7saffron ( ,m>s17 -- #cf4 ,ruby4 ,pa/e #bhhj1 oxide ( manganese #gb4 ,em]ald4 ,pa/e #dfjh1 gre5 oxide ( copp] #db1 oxide ( *rome #b4 ,sapphire4 ,pa/e #dfjh1 oxide ( cobalt #fh1 fus$ = #cj h\rs4 ,ame?y/4 ,pa/e #dfjh1 oxide ( manganese #cf1 oxide ( cobalt #bd1 purple ( ,cassius #a4 ,b]yl4 ,pa/e #cdef1 glass ( antimony #bd1 oxide ( cobalt #a-a_/b4 ,/yrian g>net1 or anci5t c>buncle4 ,pa/e #eab1 glass ( antimony #bef1 ,cassius purple #b1 oxide ( manganese #b4 ,! foll[+ recipes are giv5 by ,m4 ,lancon3 ,pa/e4 ,li?>ge #ajj1 :ite s& #ge1 pota% #aj4 ,em]ald4 ,pa/e #ibaf1 acetate ( copp] #gb1 p]oxide ( iron #a4e4 ,ame?y/4 ,pa/e #ibaf1 oxide ( manganese f #ae to #bd1 oxide ( cobalt #a4 ,! anci5t col\r$ glass has be5 mu* admir$4 ,! art 0 c>ri$ to a v great ext5t4 ,ev5 9 ,pl9y's "t1 ! highe/ price 0 set ^u glass entirely free f col\r4 ,he1 z well z o!rs1 m5tions t hyac9?s & sapphires 7 imitat$ v exactly4 ,! emp]or ,adrian receiv$ z a pres5t f an ,egyptian prie/1 sev]al glass cups ri*ly ornam5t$ ) v>i\s col\r$ glass4 ,s5eca speaks ( ! k ( ,democritus 9 ?is art4 ,porta1 ,n]i1 & o!rs1 9 mod]n times1 h treat$ ! subject 9 a m enl>g$ mann]4 ,col\r$ glass 0 us$ = ornam5t2 b ,pollio relates1 t ,gall5ius puni%$ an impo/or = sell+ to 8 wife a piece ( glass = a jewel4 ,9 ! ,museum ,victorium at ,rome1 are sev]al anci5t artificial gems1 su* z ! *rysolite & em]ald4 ,:at mat]ials ! anci5ts us$ = col\r+ glass is n kn[n4 ,gmel91 h[ev]1 obs]ves1 t x is probable !y made use ( iron1 by :i*1 he adds1 n only all ! %ades ( r$1 violet & yell[1 b ev5 a blue col\r might be communicat$4 ,cassius discov]$ ! p[d] :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,he 0 a physician1 & resid$ at ,lubec4#bb ,?is p[d] 0 employ$ by ! ,g]man arti/s4 ,:ile notic+ ?is subject1 x may be prop] to /ate1 t ,libavius 7,al*emy1 #afjf17 gives a process = mak+ ruby glass4 ,n]i1 7ars vitr>ia by ,kunkel17 0 acqua9t$ ) ! gold-purple & its use4 ,glaub] 7,furnus ,philosophicus1 #afdh7 m5tions ! use1 & gives ! prep>ation ( ! p[d]4 ,kunkel made artificial rubies 9 great abundance1 & a cup ( ruby glass = ! elector ( ,cologne4 ,9 #afgi1 he 0 inspector ( ! glass h\ses at ,potsdam2 &1 9 p]fect+ ! art1 he exp5d$ #afjj ducats1 :i* ! elector ( ,br&5burgh gave him = ! purpose4 ,m4 ,brongni>t has lately made _m exp]im5ts on ! subject ( /a9+ glass4 ,! col\rs1 h[ev]1 are ! same z we notic$4 ,a gre5 glass may be made by putt+ on "o side ( ! glass a blue1 & on ! o!r a yell[4 ,a black glass may be made by a mixture ( blue ) ! oxides ( manganese & iron4 ,pa9t+ on glass is an anci5t art4 ,:5 pieces ( old pa9t$ glass are exam9$1 !y h always on "o side a transp>5t r$ v>ni% burnt into !m4 ,! mod]ns1 h[ev]1 excel 9 ?is art4 ,glass is n act$ ^u by ! acids1 except ! fluoric or hydr(luoric4 ,h5ce ! acid ( ,d]by%ire sp>1 :i* is a fluate ( lime1 is us$ = et*+ on glass1 9 ! same mann] z nitric acid is1 on copp]4 ,fluoric acid1 a comp\nd ( fluor9e & hydrog51 is decompos$ dur+ ?is action1 & is *ang$1 by ! union ( its fluor9e ) silicon1 into ! silicat$ fluoric acid4 ,:5 a quantity ( alkali is us$ j suffici5t to fuse silica1 glass is ! result2 b :5 ! quantity is great]1 z ?ree or f\r to "o1 ! fus$ mass is soluble 9 wat]1 & !n =ms ! silicat$ alkali1 or liquor ( fl9ts4 ,f ?is ! silica is obta9$ 9 a pure /ate1 by ! addition ( an acid4 ,glass1 :5 melt$ & dropp$ into wat]1 assumes an oval =m1 ) a sl5d] projection1 call$ a tail4 ,?is is call$ ,pr9ce ,rup]t's drop4 ,if a small "p ( ?is tail be brok5 (f1 ! :ole bur/s into p[d]1 ) a k9d ( explosion4 ,! ,bologna1 or philosophical phial1 is a small cyl9drical vessel ( glass1 r\nd$ at ! bottom1 b op5 at ! upp] end4 ,x is made ?ick at ! bottom1 s z n to be easily brok52 b if a pebble be dropp$ into x1 x imm$iately cracks1 & ! :ole falls into pieces4 ,9 bo? ^!1 7! drop & ! bottle17 ! glass is unanneal$4 ,:5 ! ext]nal "p ( glass is sudd5ly cool$1 ! inn] "p is kept1 z x 71 contract$4 ,n[ anneal+1 ! process ( temp]+ glass 9 an ov51 r5d]s ! glass uni=mly alike1 & capable ( su/a9+ ! v>iations ( temp]ature1 )\t break+4 ,by a crack or fissure1 ! int]nal p>ts :i* rema9$ 9 a /ate ( t5sion1 endeav\r to recov] ! full /ate ( expansion1 & consequ5tly ! glass is r5t asund]4 ,sec4 ,,xlviii4 ,glue & ,is+lass4 ,bo? glue & is+lass are animal products4 ,!y are us$ 9 fire-works1 b always 9 ! /ate ( solution1 z vehicles to mix up compositions 9 ord] to make !m unite1 & to pres]ve !m f fall+ to p[d]4 ,! quantity1 h[ev]1 is nev] l>ge1 or ei!r w\ld de/roy ! effect4 ,! proportions are g5]ally prescrib$4 ,a solution ( glue is employ$ 9 ! old process = ref9+ saltpetre4 ,see ,nitre4 ,9 mak+ prim+ pa/e1 is+lass dissolv$ 9 br&y is sometimes us$4 ,glue & is+lass owe _! adhesive quality to ! pres5ce ( gelat92 ! mo/ rem>kable prop]ty ( :i* is1 t x unites )1 & precipitates ! tann+ pr9ciple f its solution 9 wat]4 ,= ?is reason1 ! use ( oak b>k & o!r a/r+5t sub/ances1 9 ! tann+ ( lea!r1 is obvi\s1 ! gelat9 ( ! hide or sk91 unit+ ) ! tann9 & =m+ tann$ lea!r4 ,gelat9 exi/s 9 bones1 muscles1 t5dons1 ligam5ts1 membranes & sk9s4 ,sk9s1 especially ^? ( old animals1 furni% ! be/ & /ronge/ glue4 ,= ! prep>ation ( glue1 ! p>+s & (fals ( hides1 pelts1 & ! ho(s & e>s ( horses1 ox51 calves1 %eep1 c4 are fir/ dige/$ 9 lime-wat] to clean !m2 !n /eep$ 9 fre% wat]1 :i* is suff]$ to run (f2 & be+ previ\sly inclos$ 9 a /rong l95 bag1 are boil$ 9 a copp] cauldron ) pure wat]4 ,! impurities are remov$ z !y rise4 ,to ! solution1 alum1 or f9ely p[d]$ lime1 is add$4 ,x is !n /ra9$ ?r\gh baskets & all[$ to settle2 aft] :i*1 ! cle> fluid is aga9 boil$4 ,:5 x becomes ?ick1 or ( a prop] consi/5ce1 x is p\r$ into m\lds or frames1 :5 x concretes into jelly4 ,x is cut into pieces by a spade1 & !n into ?9 slices by means ( wire1 & f9ally dri$ on co>se net-"w4 ,! goodness ( glue is kn[n by its brittl5ess1 & equal degree ( transp>5cy1 )\t black spots4 ,x swells up 9 cold wat]1 & becomes gelat9\s1 b does n dissolve4 ,x is a m>k ( want ( /r5g?1 :5 glue dissolves 9 cold wat]4 ,size is also a gelat9\s sub/ance1 & is col\rless & transp>5t4 ,eel sk9s1 vellum1 p>*m5t1 c4 are us$ 9 its prep>ation4 ,!y are treat$ 9 ! same mann] z hides4 ,is+lass1 or fi% glue1 is a f9] k9d ( gelat91 obta9$ f ! air bladd] & s\nds ( diff]5t k9ds ( fi% ( ! accip5s] g5us2 z ! /urio /ellatus1 huso ru!nses1 c4 ,! bladd]1 :5 tak5 f ! fi%1 is wa%$ & /ripp$ ( its ext]ior membrane1 & !n cut l5g?wise & =m$ into rolls1 or cut into /rips4 ,is+lass dissolves 9 wat] ) m difficulty ?an glue4 ,a co>s] k9d ( fi% glue is made f sea wolves1 porpoises1 %>ks1 cuttle fi%1 ! /urgeon1 c4 ,! head1 tail1 f9s1 c4 are boil$ 9 wat]1 & ! solution evaporat$4 ,is+lass is us$ = a v>iety ( purposes1 z ! mak+ ( c\rt pla/] & size1 ! cl>ification ( liquors1 c4 ,is+lass is almo/ :olly gelat94 ,"o hundr$ gra9s give n9ety-eight ( soluble matt]4 ,gelat9 con/itutes ! great] "p ( ! solid p>ts ( animals1 su* z bone1 ligam5t1 muscle1 membrane1 sk91 c4 & is always extract$ by boil+ !m 9 wat]4 ,we ne$ h>dly rem>k1 t x con/itutes ! *ief "p ( s\p1 :i* owes its nutritive qualities pr9cipally to its pres5ce4 ,! portable s\p is no?+ m ?an concrete gelat91 ) o!r sub/ances1 z spices1 salt1 c42 = x conta9s1 9 a small compass1 ! nutritive p>ts ( beef1 veal1 & o!r animal sub/ances1 f :i* x may h be5 prep>$4 ,besides ! use ( wat] = extract+1 or o!rwise sep>at+1 ! gelat9 f bone1 we may sep>ate ! phosphate ( lime entirely f ! latt]1 7z ^! two sub/ances con/itute ! great] "p ( bone71 by ! action ( dilute muriatic acid1 :i* w dissolve ! phosphate ( lime1 & leave ! gelat94 ,sect4 ,,xlix4 ,( ,wood4 ,( ! k9ds ( wood1 us$ = ! prep>ation ( coal1 = ! purpose ( gunp[d]1 ^? %\ld be pref]r$1 :i* are light1 & w give a t5d] *>coal4 ,?is subject 0 fully consid]$ "u t head4 ,b our int5tion1 9 notic+ wood at ?is "t1 is1 t x is employ$ 9 ! composition ( "s fire-works 9 ! =m ( saw-du/s1 or rasp+s4 ,its use 9 fire-works may be consid]$1 #a/1 z produc+ a p>ticul> col\r$ flame3 #b;dly1 z v>y+ ! "* ( ! flame1 & likewise ! degree ( ! combu/ion2 & #c;dly1 z communicat+ an agreeable od\r along ) o!r sub/ances2 z 9 odorif]\s fire-works4 ,to ?is1 we may add its use 9 smoke-balls along ) nitre & sulphur4 ,! rasp+s ( wood are sometimes requir$ to be extremely f9e4 ,?is c only be done by employ+ sieves ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess4 ,!y %\ld be pres]v$ f ! action ( moi/ure4 ,9 ! composition ( ! new prim+ p[d]1 ( :i* *lorate ( potassa is ! basis1 v f9e rasp+s ( a p>ticul> k9d ( wood are employ$4 ,s is also lycopodium = ! same purpose4 ,by ! di/illation ( wood1 z 9 ! process ( c>bonization 9 iron cyl9d]s1 we obta9 "s volatile products1 ! *ief ( :i* is ! pyroligne\s1 n[ call$ ! pyroacetic acid1 :ile ! ligne\s fibre is conv]t$ into coal2 b1 9 ! combu/ion ( wood1 all ! volatile products are expell$1 "s be+ consum$ 9 ! flame1 & o!rs1 ) "s c>bon1 cond5s$ 9 ! =m ( soot1 :ile ! residue is an a% :i* furni%es common pota%4 ,ovid 9 8 ,metamorphoses1 fable xvi1 says--,adomitis ,a?amanis aquis acc5d]e lignum n>ratur2 m9imos cum luna recessit 9 orbes4 ,?is idea we "k is gr\ndless2 = x is impossible1 t wood1 spr9kl$ ) wat]1 :e!r ! wat]s ( ,a?amanis1 or any o!r1 %\ld be k9dl$ :5 ! moon is 9 ! decrease1 or at any "t ( ! moon's age4 ,to prev5t ! action ( fire on wood1 m>9e salt1 vitriol1 & alum h all be5 us$4 ,v>i\s ways ( employ+ !m h be5 adopt$2 b !y d n absolutely prev5t wood tak+ fire 9 an active heat4 ,= ! same purpose1 7,coll4 ,academ4 tome xi1 p4 #dhg17 a mixture ( gre5 vitriol1 & quicklime is recomm5d$1 by :i* we =m sulphate ( lime & oxide ( iron4 ,! ,j\rnal de ,p>is ( #agha conta9s v>i\s processes4 ,at ,vi5na1 sal9e sub/ances are employ$4 ,! combu/ion ( wood is ! same1 9 all cases1 9 :i* oxyg5 is conc]n$2 b ! products 9 "s p>ticul>s may v>y4 ,h5ce saw-du/1 :5 mix$ ) nitrate ( potassa1 & inflam$1 w burn1 & produce little or no smoke1 because ! combu/ion is rapid & p]fect2 b :5 employ$ ) sulphur & nitre1 x produces mu* smoke4 ,"h ! oxyg5 is furni%$ by ! nitre1 & c>bonic acid gas is =m$4 ,! same ?+ takes place1 :5 a mixture ( saw-du/ & nitre is us$ 9 artificial fire2 &1 accord+ z ! decomposition is m or less rapid1 ! combu/ion w be s likewise4 ,! p>ticul> applications ( saw-du/ w be notic$ h]eaft]4 ,) respect to lycopodium or puff ball & v>i\s species ( ag>ic1 or ! m$ull>y excresc5ces ( trees1 :i* are us$ 9 "s prep>ations ( artificial fire1 we may obs]ve1 t ! fir/ is conf9$ pr9cipally to !atrical fire-works1 & ! second to ! prep>ation ( spunk1 or t9d]1 call$ also pyrote*nical sponge4 ,see ,pyrote*nical ,sponge4 ,z to ! sub/ance usually call$ lightn+ wood1 f\nd 9 ! holl[ ( ! /umps ( trees1 & sometimes on ! surface1 :i*1 f hav+ lo/ its compactness & o!r *>act]s ( ligne\s fibre1 is call$ rott5 wood1 x is 9 fact ! solid "p ( ! wood 9 a /ate ( decomposition1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 x becomes a sol> phosphorus4 ,x appe>s to owe its phosphoresc5t prop]ty1 i4 e4 its p[] ( %9+ 9 ! d>k1 to ! previ\s absorption ( light1 & n1 z "s h sugge/$1 to ! pres5ce ( phosphorus1 or ! emission ( any gase\s comp\nd1 :i* conta9s x4 ,! process ( animal putrefaction w produce su* appe>ances1 b1 9 ?is case1 ! cause is diff]5t4 ,turf or peat1 a sub/ance f\nd1 & employ$ z fuel1 9 "s c\ntries1 & f\nd 9 boggy situations1 is p>tially decompos$ vegetable matt]1 consi/+ ( a cong]ies ( fibres or roots4 ,b black m\ld is ! result ( a decomposition ( vegetable sub/ances1 9 :i* ! ligne\s fibre is c>boniz$1 & mix$ ) e>?4 ,! =mation ( m\ld1 h[ev]1 is ow+ m to ! decay ( leaves c4 7,see ,coal47 ,dr4 ,%aw 7,travels to ! ,holy ,l&7 obs]ves1 t :5 !y 7 ei!r to boil or bake1 camel's dung 0 _! common fuel2 :i*1 aft] be+ expos$ a day or two 9 ! sun1 cat*es fire l t\*-wood2 & burns z light z *>coal4 ,sec4 ,l4 ,( ,l9se$ ,oil4 ,l9se$1 or flaxse$1 oil is obta9$ by expression f flaxse$4 ,x is a ?ick mucilag9\s oil1 :5 fir/ extract$1 call$ raw oil1 & 9 ?is /ate1 is seldom us$4 ,! prep>ation1 x und]goes be=e x is us$ z dry+ oil = mix+ ) pa9ts1 is no?+ m ?an boil+ x ) li?>ge1 or "s oxide ( lead1 :i* sep>ates ! mucilage1 & unites ) ! oil4 ,by ?is treatm5t1 x acquires ! prop]ty ( dry+ ) facility1 :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,l9se$ oil unites ) great ease ) oils1 tall[1 fat1 wax1 c4 ,"s ( ^! compositions are us$ 9 fire-works4 ,a prep>ation ( pit*1 mutton suet1 & l9se$ oil is us$1 = in/ance1 9 prev5t+ ! access ( moi/ure to fuses2 & 9 milit>y fire-works1 x is employ$ 9 comb9ation ) pit*1 ros91 mutton suet & turp5t9e = inc5di>y works4 ,wax1 & tall[1 we may "h add1 are also us$ 9 ! prep>ations ( simil> works4 ,sec4 ,,li4 ,( ,gum arabic1 & ,gum ,tragacan?4 ,gum arabic1 :i* exudes f a tree t gr[s 9 ,egypt & ,arabia 7,mimosa nilotica7 :5 pure is transp>5t1 & ne>ly col\rless4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( ?is gum2 ! gum s5egal1 = in/ance1 :i* is ( a r$di% col\r1 & occurs 9 l>g] pieces4 ,o!r mucilag9\s sub/ances1 ! pea* tree gum1 ! *]ry tree gum1 c4 :i* exi/ only 9 small quantities1 are analog\s to ! gum ( ! ,mimosa4 ,gum arabic is brittle1 & = t reason may be easily r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,x is readily dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ) :i* x =ms mucilage4 ,9 ?is /ate1 x is employ$ 9 fire-works1 *iefly z a vehicle = ! mix+ ( pa/es1 mat*es1 c4 ,gum is a vegetable oxide1 compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,x does n cry/allize4 ,x is precipitat$ by "s metallic salts1 z acetate ( lead4 ,x is insoluble 9 alcohol1 :i* di/+ui%es x f res9s4 ,nitric acid decomposes x1 & *anges x into ! saclactic or muc\s acid4 ,) sug>1 ! same acid produces oxalic acid4 ,gum tragacan?1 or gum dragon1 is ! produce ( a ?orny %rub1 :i* gr[s 9 ,c&ia1 & o!r isl&s ( ! ,levant1 call$ a/ragalus tragacan?a4 ,! gum obta9$ f ?is %rub has _m prop]ties 9 common ) gum arabic1 & is1 !re=e1 us$ z a pa/e4 ,x dissolves readily 9 boil+ wat]2 b is insoluble 9 alcohol1 or e!r4 ,x consi/s1 almo/ entirely1 ( a peculi> vegetable pr9ciple1 :i* is call$ c]as9 by ,dr4 ,john4 ,c]as9 has ! adhesive qualities ( gum arabic1 b 9 a great] degree4 ,x is said to con/itute a "p ( ! gummy matt]1 t exudes f ! prunus c]asus1 prunus avies1 prunus dome/ica1 c4 ,sec4 ,,lii4 ,( ,cotton4 ,! s(t d[n1 :i* envelopes ! se$s ( diff]5t species ( gossypium1 or cotton plant1 is ! cotton ( comm]ce4 ,^! plants are natives ( w>m climates4 ,cotton :5 blea*$ is p]fectly :ite4 ,x is extremely combu/ible1 & burns ) a cle> lively flame4 ,! a%es left beh9d conta9 pota%4 ,cotton is ! sub/ance1 usually employ$ 9 mak+ mat* rope1 = ! communication ( fire4 ,x has also o!r uses 9 pyrote*ny4 ,cotton mat* is mu* us$ 9 fire-works = exhibition1 n only = s+le cases1 b also = a s]ies ( cases ( artificial fire1 ei!r = fix$ or moveable pieces2 & s]ves to communicate fire1 ei!r s+ly1 or f "o case to ano!r1 or to ! :ole piece at "o "t4 ,mat*es1 s us$1 are call$ lead]s1 & are g5]ally conf9$ 9 pap] tubes4 ,cotton is "o ( ! be/ applications to rec5t burns4 ,appli$ to ! "p1 x w1 9 a surpris+ mann]1 abate ! viol5ce ( ! pa91 & remove ! inflammation4 ,cotton is soluble 9 alkal9e ley4 ,= "s ( ! e>?s1 x has a /rong aff9ity1 p>ticul>ly alum9a2 z also = sev]al metallic oxides1 & tann94 ,! action ( mordants1 9 dy+ ( cotton-goods1 dep5ds on ^! aff9ities4 ,nitric acid conv]ts x into oxalic acid4 ,cotton wick = lamps1 c&les1 c4 is r5d]$ v inflammable by _s ( turp5t9e4 ,by dipp+ ! end ( ! wick 9 turp5t9e1 ! c&le w inflame at once1 ! mom5t flame is appli$4 ,= c&le-mak+1 ! wick is sometimes dipp$ 9 a solution ( camphor 9 spirits1 or 9 a melt$ mixture ( camphor & wax4 ,see ,c&le4 ,sec4 ,,liii4 ,( ,bone & ,ivory4 ,bone1 :i* is consid]$ to be a comb9ation ( phosphate ( lime1 gelat9\s matt]1 animal oil1 c4 is us$ occasionally 9 fire-works4 ,by de/ructive di/illation1 bones1 or osse\s matt]1 af=d ammonia1 ,dippel's animal oil1 c42 &1 :5 consum$ by fire1 leave a :ite a%1 :i* is compos$ pr9cipally ( phosphate ( lime4 ,bone-a% is ! result ( ! combu/ion ( bone2 =1 :ile all ! gelat9\s sub/ance1 oil1 c4 are burnt (f1 t1 :i* composes ! basis ( bone1 & :i* di/+ui%es x f gri/le1 rema9s 9 ! =m ( a%4 ,bone-a% furni%es phosphorus by a c]ta9 process4 ,see ,phosphorus4 ,dilut$ muriatic acid w take up ! phosphate ( lime ( bone & leave ! gelat94 ,?is mode is recomm5d$ = ! sep>ation ( gelat9 f bone4 ,bones1 :5 c>boniz$ 9 ! same mann] z wood1 furni% :at is call$ bone-black1 b commonly kn[n by ! "n ( ivory-black4 ,x is no?+ m ?an animal *>coal4 ,9 ,pyrote*ny1 bone1 9 ! =m ( rasp+s1 is employ$ to communicate a lu/re to ! flame ( gunp[d]2 b1 = ?is purpose1 ! mo/ compact1 & t1 :i* conta9s ! lea/ gelat91 is usually employ$4 ,h5ce ivory is pref]r$4 ,ivory1 9 ! =m ( rasp+s1 communicates to flame a bright silv] col\r2 &1 on t acc\nt1 is pref]r$ to all o!r k9ds ( bone4 ,! compositions1 into :i* x ent]s1 w be m5tion$ 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ! "w4 ,ivory is ! tusk1 or too? ( def5ce1 ( ! male elephant1 & is an int]m$iate sub/ance betwe5 bone & horn1 n capable ( be+ s(t5$ by fire4 ,! f9e/ & :ite/ ivory comes f ! isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,! too? ( ! sea-horse is said to approa* to ivory1 prop]ly s call$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 h>d]1 &1 = t reason1 pref]r$ by d5ti/s = mak+ artificial tee?4 ,! coal ( ivory is rem>kably black2 b ! s call$ ivory-black1 sold 9 ! %ops1 is no?+ else ?an bone-black4 ,bone & ivory may be /a9$ ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( ivory conta91 ,gelat91 #bd ,phosphate ( lime1 #fd ,c>bonate ( lime1 #j4a ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( ox-bone gave ,gelat91 #ea ,phosphate ( lime1 #cg4g ,c>bonate ( lime1 #aj ,phosphate ( magnesia1 #a4c ,b]zelius1 h[ev]1 detect$ 9 bone-fluate ( lime1 muriate ( soda1 & uncomb9$ soda4 ,album5 is mo/ g5]ally pres5t4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( bone are r$uc$ by calc9ation to sixty-?ree4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( human bone af=d$ ,b]zelius #ha4i phosphate ( lime1 #c fluate ( lime1 #aj lime1 #a4a phosphate ( magnesia1 #b soda1 & #b c>bonic acid4 ,sec4 ,,liv4 ,( ,galbanum4 ,galbanum is a gum-res91 obta9$ f ! bubon galbanum1 a plant peculi> to ,africa4 ,x is at fir/ a juicy fluid1 :i* exudes :5 ! plant is cut above ! root1 & h>d5s by exposure to ! air4 ,alcohol dissolves ab\t ?ree-fif?s ( x4 ,x conta9s "s volatile oil4 ,! only in/ance we "k (1 9 :i* galbanum has be5 us$ 9 fire-works1 is 9 ! composition ( ra9-fire1 employ$ z an inc5di>y1 be=e ! pres5t fire-/ones 7 inv5t$4 ,! ra9-fire1 :i* may be f\nd 9 ! f\r? "p ( ?is "w1 x is said1 gave rise to ! composition ( fire-/one4 ,!re is no advantage1 h[ev]1 9 us+ galbanum = ?is purpose2 s9ce pit*1 t>1 turp5t9e1 & _m o!r sub/ances are m inflammable1 &1 !re=e1 bett] adapt$ = su* compositions4 ,we m5tion x m]ely because x 0 "o ( ! +r$i5ts 9 t once celebrat$ inc5di>y prep>ation1 ! fire-ra9 ( ,siemi5[icz4 ,sec4 ,,lv4 ,( ,t[ & ,hemp4 ,9 milit>y fire-works1 t[ & hemp are mu* us$1 & pr9cipally = ! prep>ation ( inc5di>y works4 ,bo? t[ & hemp are employ$ 9 =m+ mat*4 ,al?\gh old rope1 c4 are us$ = imm]sion 9 ! t\rteaux1 c>cass1 or fire-/one composition1 :i* is readily imbib$1 if ! rope is untwi/$ & beat52 yet t[ or hemp is a bett] mat]ial1 & receives m ( ! composition4 ,! mann] ( us+ x may be se5 by ref]r+ to ! composition = fire-/one4 ,= v nice purposes1 ! t[ or hemp %\ld be well dress$4 ,flax is1 !re=e1 to be pref]r$ 9 su* cases4 ,sec4 ,,lvi4 ,( ,blue ,vitriol4 ,diff]5t prep>ations ( copp] are us$ 9 fire-works1 to communicate col\r to ! flame2 & besides copp] fil+s1 brass fil+s1 v]digris1 & ! oxides ( copp]1 ! sulphate ( copp]1 or blue vitriol1 has be5 employ$4 ,we may obs]ve "h1 t !re are ?ree sub-species ( ?is salt2 ! bisulphate1 sulphate1 & sub-sulphate1 ! fir/ prop]ly speak+ be+ ! blue vitriol ( comm]ce4 ,! sulphate1 al?\gh recomm5d$ 9 "s ( ! old =mul = col\r$ fire1 is n1 h[ev]1 pref]able to "s o!r prep>ations ( copp]4 ,! use & application ( copp]1 & its prep>ations1 w be se5 9 ! article on col\r$ fire4 ,:5 sulphate ( copp] is heat$1 x is conv]t$ into a blui%-:ite p[d]4 ,if ! heat be increas$1 ! acid is expell$1 & ! black oxide ( copp] rema9s4 ,be=e x is us$1 x is expos$ to heat to expel ! wat] ( cry/allization4 ,x ought to be 9 ! /ate ( impalpable p[d]4 ,x is compos$ ( #cc acid1 #cb oxide1 & #ce wat]4 ,x is decompos$ by ! alkalies & e>?s1 ! alkal9e c>bonates1 borates1 & phosphates1 & sev]al metallic salts4 ,! oxide may be obta9$ v readily f ?is salt1 = ! purpose ( fire-works1 by dissolv+ x 9 wat]1 & add+ a solution ( cau/ic potassa2 collect+ ! precipitate1 & dry+ x 9 a mod]ate heat4 ,?is w expel ! wat] t may be conta9$ 9 x2 z metallic precipitates1 made 9 ?is way1 are m or less 9 ! /ate ( hydrates4 ,:5 metallic copp] is requir$1 x may be obta9$ 9 f9e p[d]1 & v exp$iti\sly1 by imm]s+ a plate ( iron 9 a solution ( any ( ! salts ( copp]1 z ! sulphate4 ,x w precipitate on ! iron1 & gradually fall to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,?is metallic copp] w be f\nd to be mu* m impalpable ?an ! fil+s1 h[ev] f9e1 &1 = t reason1 may be mix$ m accurately ) diff]5t sub/ances4 ,copp] burns ) a beautiful gre5 flame1 & deposites a loose gre5i%-gray oxide4 ,! ammonia-oxalate ( copp]1 ( :i* !re are ?ree sub-species1 burns ) flame4 ,sec4 ,,lvii4 ,( ,nitrate ( ,copp]4 ,?is prep>ation ( copp] is us$ 9 "s fire-works4 ,x communicates a gre5 col\r to flame4 ,:5 comb9$ ) c>bonace\s sub/ances1 ! combu/ion is vivid4 ,?is is ow+ to ! decomposition ( ! nitric acid1 79 ! same mann] z ! acid ( nitrate ( potassa & o!r nitrates is decompos$71 dur+ :i* c>bonic acid & deutoxide ( azote are produc$4 ,nitrate ( copp] has be5 m p>ticul>ly recomm5d$ = ! prep>ation ( mat* /ick1 simil> to t ( ,m4 ,cadet1 & ( mat* rope4 ,x is us$ 9 ! same mann] z ! nitrate ( lead4 ,m4 ,pr\/ us$ x 9 lieu ( nitrate ( lead :5 repeat+ "s exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,born4 ,x is m exp5sive ?an ! acetate1 or ev5 ! nitrate ( lead4 ,its effect1 h[ev]1 is ! same4 ,nitrate ( copp] attracts ! moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e1 & deliquesces4 ,acetate ( lead1 on ! contr>y1 by exposure to ! air gradually effloresces1 & 9 "t is decompos$4 ,! prep>ations ( lead1 = t reason1 are pref]able to ! nitrate ( copp]4 ,nitrate ( copp] is =m$ by dissolv+ copp] 9 nitric acid2 &1 :5 ! acid is saturat$1 ! requisite quantity ( wat] may be add$4 ,! salt may be obta9$ 9 a dry /ate by evaporation2 &1 aft] be+ dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! wood or rope may be soak$ 9 x4 ,dry nitrate ( copp]1 wrapp$ up 9 t9-foil1 w produce no action2 b1 if wat] be add$1 suffici5t to moi/5 x1 & !n ! foil clos$ tightly1 combu/ion w take place4 ,! wat] promotes *emical action by dissolv+ ! nitrate ( copp]1 :i* is !n decompos$ by ! t91 & ! quantity ( caloric1 put 9 a di/ributable /ate1 is suffici5t to inflame ! t94 ,! details ( ! rationale w be giv5 h]eaft]4 ,! ammonia-nitrate ( copp] is fulm9at+ copp]4 ,! *lorate ( copp] is a deflagrat+ salt4 ,ammonia add$ to nitrate ( copp]1 fir/ sep>ates an oxide1 & !n dissolves x4 ,x is m ?an probable1 t nitrate ( ammonia causes ! ammonia-nitrate to explode4 ,sec4 ,,lviii4 ,( ,/rontia4 ,! e>? call$ /rontia or /rontian1 is f\nd abundantly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 9 comb9ation ) c>bonic & sulphuric acids4 ,! c>bonate ( /rontia or /rontianite1 eff]vesces ) acids1 & burns ) a purple flame4 ,x conta9s ab\t #fj or #gj p] c5t4 ( e>?4 ,! sulphate ( /rontia1 or cele/9e1 conta9s ab\t #eg ( /rontia4 ,:5 c>bonate ( /rontia is mix$ ) *>coal p[d]1 & expos$ to a heat ( #adj ( ,w$gwood's pyromet]1 ! c>bonic acid w be expell$1 & pure /rontia rema94 ,! e>? may be obta9$ 9 a pure /ate1 by dissolv+ ! c>bonate 9 nitric acid1 & evaporat+ ! solution until x cry/allizes1 & expos+ ! cry/als1 9 a crucible1 to a r$ heat1 until ! nitric acid is driv5 (f4 ,if ! c>bonate _c be _h1 ! sulphate may be employ$4 ,= ?is purpose1 x is to be pulv]iz$ & mix$ ) an equal weight ( c>bonate ( potassa1 & boil$ 9 wat]4 ,! c>bonate ( /rontia1 ?us obta9$1 :i* exi/s 9 ! =m ( a p[d]1 is to be treat$ ) nitric acid z already describ$4 ,/rontia1 l ! o!r e>?s1 is a comp\nd body1 hav+ a metallic basis1 call$ /rontium1 :i*1 unit$ ) oxyg51 =ms ! e>?4 ,! specific gravity ( /rontia approa*es t ( b>ytes4 ,l pure b>ytes1 x is soluble 9 wat]1 =m+ /rontia wat]4 ,x requires r m ?an #afj p>ts ( wat] at #fj to dissolve x2 b mu* less ( boil+ wat]4 ,! solution ( /rontia 9 wat]1 :5 evaporat$1 w cry/allize 9 ?91 transp>5t1 quadrangul> plates1 g5]ally p>allelograms1 seldom exce$+ a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,^! cry/als conta9 ab\t #fh p] c5t4 ( wat]2 & are soluble 9 little m ?an twice _! weight ( boil+ wat]1 & 9 #ed4d times _! weight ( wat] at #fj4 ,:5 dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 !y give a blood-r$ col\r to its flame4 ,! solution ( /rontia *anges vegetable blues to gre54 ,/rontia diff]s f b>ytes 9 be+ infusible1 mu* less soluble1 ( a diff]5t =m1 weak] 9 its aff9ities1 & n poison\s4 ,! metallic base ( /rontia1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 9 #ahjh1 :5 expos$ to ! air1 or :5 ?r[n into wat]1 rapidly absorbs oxyg51 & is conv]t$ into /rontia4 ,z /rontia communicates a r$ col\r to flame1 x has be5 us$ 9 c]ta9 compositions ( artificial fire4 ,! brilliant r$ fire1 sometimes us$ 9 !atres1 owes its col\r to ?is e>?4 ,see ,!atrical fire-works4 ,muriate & nitrate ( /rontia w give a r$ or purple col\r to ! flame ( alcohol4 ,see col\r$ flame ( alcohol4 ,if a piece ( clo? be dipp$ 9 a solution ( muriate1 nitrate1 or acetate ( /rontia1 or 9 /rontia wat]1 & !n imm]s$ 9 alcohol1 x w burn ) a r$ flame4 ,m4 ,f\rcroy1 7,sy/me des ,connaissances ,*imiques1 c4 tome iii17 m5tions ! use ( nitrate & muriate ( /rontia1 9 artificial fire-works1 = ! purpose ( communicat+ a r$ col\r to ! flame ( combu/ible bodies4 ,s9ce t "t1 ! nitrate1 9 p>ticul>1 has be5 recomm5d$ & us$4 ,"o ( ! *>act]s ( ! salts ( /rontia1 is1 t !y give a r$ flame to burn+ bodies2 :]eas ! salts ( b>ytes or ( lime1 us$ 9 ! same mann]1 communicate a yell[ flame4 ,! sal9e comb9ations ( /rontia 7 exam9$ ) p>ticul> att5tion by ,dr4 ,hope4 ,see ,ed9burg ,philosoph4 ,transactions = #agij4 ,nitrate ( /rontia may be =m$ by dissolv+ c>bonate ( /rontia1 or ! sulphuret obta9$ by decompos+ ! sulphate by *>coal1 9 nitric acid1 filt]+ ! solution1 evaporat+ x1 & suff]+ x to cry/allize4 ,nitrate ( /rontia deflagrates on ignit$ coals4 ,dr4 ,hope po9t$ out1 t if nitrate ( /rontia be expos$ to a r$ heat1 & a combu/ible sub/ance be1 at ?is "t1 br\ght 9 contact ) x1 a deflagration1 ) a v vivid r$ flame1 w be produc$4 ,:5 a cry/al ( ?is salt is put into ! wick ( a c&le1 x communicates a beautiful purple flame4 ,x does n deliquesce 9 ! air1 &1 !re=e1 ! compositions1 into :i* x ent]s1 _c spoil on t acc\nt4 ,ni*olson 7,*emical ,diction>y17 obs]ves1 t nitrate ( /rontia may be us$ 9 ! art ( pyrote*ny4 ,= ?is purpose1 h[ev]1 x is mix$ ) sulphur1 *lorate ( potassa1 & sulphuret ( antimony2 & sometimes ) ! addition ( sulphuret ( ars5ic & *>coal1 z 9 ! r$ fire = !atrical uses4 ,! muriate ( /rontia has simil> prop]ties4 ,davy fir/ obs]v$1 t :5 /rontia 0 heat$ 9 *lor9e gas1 x gave out oxyg5 gas1 & a *loride ( /rontium 0 =m$4 ,muriate ( /rontia is =m$ v readily1 by dissolv+ ! c>bonate or sulphuret ( /rontia 9 muriatic acid1 & evaporat+ ! solution 9 ord] to obta9 cry/als4 ,^! cry/als are v soluble 9 wat]4 ,!y are soluble1 also1 9 tw5ty-f\r times _! weight ( pure alcohol1 at ! temp]ature ( #fj4 ,?is alcoholic solution1 we rem>k$1 burns ) a f9e purple col\r4 ,^! cry/als suff] no *ange :5 expos$ to ! air1 except !y be v moi/2 9 :i* case1 !y deliquesce4 ,:5 heat$1 !y fir/ und]go ! wat]y fusion1 & are !n r$uc$ to a :ite p[d]4 ,f\rcroy recomm5ds ! muriate ( /rontia = fire-works4 ,c>bonate ( /rontia1 :5 ?r[n 9 p[d] on burn+ coals1 produces r$ sp>ks4 ,acetate ( /rontia1 ano!r salt us$ 9 fire-works1 is =m$ by dissolv+ /rontia1 or its c>bonate1 9 acetic acid4 ,x w cry/allize4 ,! cry/als are n affect$ by exposure to ! air4 ,:5 heat$1 its acid is decompos$1 z happ5s to all ! o!r acetates4 ,sec4 ,,lix4 ,( ,boracic ,acid4 ,borate ( soda1 or borax1 is a salt1 :i* has long be5 kn[n1 & is us$ *iefly 9 ! arts z a flux = ! fusion ( bodies1 & = sold]+4 ,boracic acid is a comp\nd body1 consi/+ ( a newly discov]$ sub/ance1 call$ boron1 & oxyg54 ,homb]g obta9$ ! acid f borax 9 #agjb1 by di/ill+ a mixture ( borax1 & sulphate ( iron4 ,he suppos$ t x 0 a product ( ! latt]2 & h5ce x 0 call$ ! volatile n>cotic salt ( vitriol1 or s$ative salt4 ,boracic acid =ms two salts ) soda2 ! borate1 prop]ly s call$1 & borax4 ,x is suppos$ to be our borax1 t ,pl9y m5tions "u ! "n crysocolla1 s call$ by ! anci5ts4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 ass]t1 t _! crysocolla 0 no?+ m ?an ! ru/ ( copp]1 triturat$ ) ur9e4 ,! impure borax 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 is call$ t9cal4 ,:5 borax is melt$1 & expos$ = "s "t to heat1 x loses its wat]1 & is *ang$ into :at is kn[n by ! "n ( calc9$ borax4 ,! easie/ process = obta9+ boracic acid is to make a conc5trat$ solution ( borax 9 hot wat]1 & add by degrees1 sulphuric acid1 :i* w unite ) ! soda2 &1 z ! fluid cools1 ! boracic acid w sep>ate 9 %9+ lam9at$ cry/als4 ,no m acid %\ld be add$ ?an is suffici5t to make ! solution slightly s\r4 ,! cry/als are to be wa%$ ) cold wat]1 & dra9$ ^u br[n pap]4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s ( boracic acid is1 t x is v soluble 9 alcohol1 to ! flame ( :i* x communicates a gre5 col\r4 ,pap] dipp$ 9 ?is solution1 burns 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is prop]ty ( imp>t+ a gre5 col\r to flame1 ,i made "s exp]im5ts ) x1 = ! purpose ( prep>+ gre5 fire2 & f\nd1 t1 by employ+ x 9 ! proportion ( "o-eigh?1 ! flame 0 always gre51 provid$ t ! flame ( ! combu/ible us$1 0 n t+$ ( any o!r col\r4 ,nitre1 *>coal1 & boracic acid w give a gre52 also nitre1 lamp oil1 & boracic acid2 nitre1 alcohol1 & boracic acid1 along ) *>coal2 & *lorate ( potassa1 *>coal1 & boracic acid1 ) or )\t ! addition ( alcohol4 ,b1 al?\gh boracic acid communicates a lively gre51 its exp5se w prev5t its use 9 t way1 especially z _m o!r prep>ations1 z ^? ( copp]1 w h ! same effect1 & are m economical on acc\nt ( _! price4 ,see ! ,col\r$ ,flame ( ,alcohol1 & ,col\r$ ,fire4 ,oils1 :5 assi/$ by heat1 w dissolve boracic acid4 ,9 naph?a1 x is v soluble4 ,) oils1 x yields fluid & solid products1 :i* give a gre5 col\r to ! flame ( alcohol4 ,x is n a combu/ible acid1 b only imp>ts col\r to ! flame ( combu/ible bodies4 ,boron w unite ) fluor9e1 ! radical ( fluoric acid4 ,:5 "o "p ( vitrifi$ boracic acid1 two ( fluate ( lime or fluor sp>1 & twelve ( sulphuric acid are di/ill$1 an acid gas w be obta9$1 call$ fluo-boric gas4 ,= ! prop]ties ( boron1 consult ,!n>d's ,trait de ,*imie4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,in/rum5ts1 ,,tools1 ,,& ,,ut5sils4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,laboratory4 ,! laboratory = pyrote*ny may consi/ ( a build+1 furni%$ ) furnaces1 boil]s1 c4 = ! prep>ation or ref9+ ( saltpetre1 & o!r sub/ances = use2 b accord+ to its pres5t acceptation1 x is a place :]e all k9ds ( fire-works are prep>$1 bo? = actual s]vice & = exhibition2 su* z1 besides ! ord9>y works = %[1 quick mat*es1 fuses1 port-fire1 grape-%ot1 case-%ot1 c>casses1 h& granades1 c>tridges1 c4 ,x %\ld h tables1 b5*es1 & closets1 :]e ! tools1 pap]1 ?read1 c4 may be commodi\sly plac$1 & an adjo9+ room to conta9 a supply ( mat]ials = two days' "w4 ,! *ief artific] takes ! weight ( ! mat]ials made use (1 att5ds to ! weigh+ ( ! diff]5t sub/ances1 & sees t ! mixtures are made prop]ly1 c4 ,he also keeps an acc\nt ( ! numb] & k9ds ( fire-works4 ,! prep>$ fire-works ought to be remov$ daily to ! magaz9e4 ,if !y are made up 9 ! field1 "u a t5t1 7d5om9at$ ! ,laboratory t5t17 !y %\ld be pack$ 9 b>rels or 9 caissons4 ,sec4 ,i4 ,( ,laboratory ,tools & ,ut5sils4 ,! foll[+ con/itute ! furniture & equipm5ts ( a laboratory3 ,copp] rods1 to load port fires1 & ! fuses ( %ells1 h[itz]s1 c4 ,wood5 =m]s1 on :i* to roll ! pap] cases ( ! port fires4 ,wood5 =m]s1 to roll ! cases ( rockets4 ,balances1 l>ge & small1 ) weights1 c4 ,buckets to c>ry wat]4 ,boxes = load+ prim+ tubes4 ,b>rels ) lea!r tops1 t draw1 9 ord] to keep gra9$ & meal gunp[d]4 ,rods1 or ramm]s = *>g+ rockets4 ,bru%es to wipe ! tables & sweep ! compositions toge!r4 ,frames to dry prim+ tubes4 ,copp] calib]s to regulate ! size ( prim+ tubes4 ,p5knives4 ,ne$les = pi]c+ prim+ tubes 9 ! direction ( _! l5g?4 ,fuse driv]s4 ,coop]s' adzes4 ,a copp] kettle4 ,scissors = clo? & pap]4 ,pap] cutt]s4 ,prim+ wires4 ,skimm]s = skimm+ ! fro? ( boil+ saltpetre4 ,funnels = *>g+ port-fires1 h[itz]s1 %ells1 c4 ,squ>e rul]4 ,fuses = %ells1 c4 7or a la! to make !m47 ,l>ge & small wood5 b[ls4 ,small axes4 ,ladles = *>g+ ! fuses ( %ells1 port-fires1 c4 ,mallets to hamm] ! fuses4 ,glue pots & bru%es4 ,heavy mallets to beat ! p[d]4 ,t9 measures1 ( diff]5t sizes4 ,h& mort>4 ,foot rules4 ,rat-tail files to cleanse ! int]ior ( ! re$s ( prim+ tubes4 ,wood5 rasps4 ,iron rul]s1 #a_/b foot long4 ,lea!r bags1 9 :i* gunp[d] & *>coal are r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,pocket saws4 ,pallet knives = saltpetre4 ,tables1 small ones to mix ! composition2 l>ge ones ) a l$ge to meal ! p[d] on4 ,sieves1 f9e & common2 ( silk1 & ( hair4 ,fuse draw]s4 ,tools = roll+ c>tridges4 ,gimblets ( diff]5t sizes4 ,! mat]ials requir$ m p>ticul>ly = milit>y fire-works1 are3 ,gunp[d]4 ,saltpetre4 ,sulphur4 ,*>coal4 ,camphor4 ,beeswax4 ,glue1 ros94 ,cotton y>n = quick mat*4 ,br&y or o!r spirits4 ,gum arabic4 ,l9se$ oil4 ,spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,pit*4 ,re$s or quills = prim+ fuses4 ,mutton tall[4 ,v9eg>4 ,?read = ty+ quick mat*4 ,c>tridge pap]4 ,?read1 t[ & spun y>n1 to make mat* rope4 ,cordage1 to make t\rteaux4 ,fl\r to make pa/e4 ,! *>act]s us$ to express c]ta9 sub/ances employ$ 9 fire-works1 are ! foll[+3 7,james's ,mil4 ,dict4 p4 #aja47 ,m4 means meal p[d]1 4 ,saltpetre4 ,c4 ,z4 ,crude sulphur4 ,c4 ,s4 ,sea coal4 ,s4 x ,/eel or iron fil+s4 ,g4 x ,glass du/4 ,c4 ,i4 ,ca/ iron4 ,x4 ,camphor4 ,b4 ,l4 ,lampblack4 ,l4 ,s4 ,lapis ,calam9>is4 ,w4 ,spirits ( w9e4 ,p4 ,o4 ,oil ( spike4 4 ,corn p[d]4 ,z4 ,brim/one4 ,c4 ,*>coal4 ,b4 ,r4 ,bee* rasp+s4 ,b4 x ,brass du/4 ,t4 x ,tann]s' du/4 ,c4 ,a4 ,crude antimony4 ,a4 ,y4 ,yell[ amb]4 ,g4 ,i4 ,is+lass4 4 ,gum4 ,s4 ,t4 ,spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ,m&rils & ,cyl9d]s = =m+ ,c>tridges & ,cases4 ,! roll]s or rods1 on :i* c>tridges are =m$1 ought to be solid1 & p]fectly /raight & r\nd4 ,v dry1 s\nd wood %\ld be select$1 & :5 turn$1 ! rod %\ld be p]fectly cyl9drical2 "o extremity be+ concave1 & ! o!r convex4 ,m&rils may be made ( copp]1 :i* is pref]able to wood1 z ?is is apt to w>p & crack2 & 9 bo? cases1 %\ld be long] ?an ! c>tridge1 s z to be drawn out easily4 ,!y are ( diff]5t l5g?s & diamet]s1 accord+ to _! respective uses4 ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ,ramm]s1 ,*>g]s1 & ,mallets4 ,! ramm]s :i* are us$ = compression1 are cyl9drical l ! prec$+4 ,!y h a head mu* l>g] 9 dim5sions ?an ! "p t ent]s ! tube4 7,see ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 & ,e ( ,fig4 #a4 9 ! ,plate74 ,besides be+ made ( wood1 :i* %\ld be ( ! h>de/ k9d1 z lignum vit1 !y may be =m$ ( copp] or brass4 ,9 ?is case1 !y are fir/ ca/ ( ! requisite size & %ape1 & f9i%$ 9 a la!4 ,wood5 heads are sometimes put to !m1 b ) little advantage2 z !y frequ5tly split & require to be r5ew$4 ,! wood5 ramm] may be /ruck ) metal2 b :5 ! ramm] is ( copp] or brass1 wood5 mallets mu/ be always employ$4 ,we may "h rem>k1 t 9 *>g+ rockets1 x has be5 cu/om>y to employ sev]al ramm]s4 ,! fir/ drift mu/ be six diamet]s f ! h&le1 & ?is1 z well z all o!r ramm]s1 ought to be a little ?9n] ?an ! =m]1 to prev5t ! te>+ ( ! pap]1 :5 ! *>ge is driv5 94 ,9 ! end ( ?is ramm] is a hole to fit ov] ! pi]c]4 7,see ,b4 ,fig4 #a47 ,! l9e m>k$ on ?is ramm]1 z w be expla9$ h]eaft]1 :5 x appe>s at ! top ( ! case1 indicates t a second ramm] mu/ be us$4 ,?is second ramm]1 f ! h&le1 is f\r diamet]s1 hav+ a hole = ! pi]c]1 #a-a_/b diamet]s long4 7,c4 ,fig4 #a47 ,:5 ! case is fill$ z high z ! top ( ! pi]c]1 a %ort & solid drift is us$4 7,e4 ,fig4 #a474 ,ramm]s mu/ h a f]rule1 or coll> ( brass at ! bottom1 to keep ! wood f spread+1 or splitt+4 ,) reg>d to ! h&les ( ! ramm]s1 if _! diamet] be equal to ! bore ( ! m\ld1 & two diamet]s long1 ! proportion is a good "o4 ,! %ort] !y c be us$1 ! bett]4 ,! long] ! drift1 ! less ( c\rse1 w be ! pressure on ! composition1 by ! bl[ giv5 by ! mallet4 ,we may obs]ve "h1 t rockets may ei!r be driv5 ov] a pi]c]1 or driv5 solid1 & aft]w>ds bor$4 ,z mu* ( ! effect ( rockets dep5ds ^u ! mann] !y are driv51 :e!r lightly or compactly1 or uni=mly ?r\gh\t1 circum/ances :i* affect _! quality2 x is necess>y1 9 us+ ! ramm]1 to employ an equal =ce = driv+ ! composition4 ,! mallet1 !re=e1 %\ld be ( a giv5 weight2 & a c]ta9 numb] ( /rokes ) ! same =ce1 on ea* new *>ge1 mu/ be accurately foll[$1 until ! driv+ is complet$2 tak+ c>e1 at ! same "t1 t ! rocket /&s firm on a solid body4 ,dry bee* is ! be/ wood = mallets4 ,a writ] v judici\sly obs]ves1 9 ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 7vol4 xv1 #fie71 t1 if a p]son uses a mallet ( a mod]ate size1 9 proportion to ! rocket1 accord+ to 8 judgm5t1 & if ! rocket succe$s1 he may dep5d on ! re/1 by us+ ! same mallet2 yet x w be necess>y1 t cases ( diff]5t sorts1 be driv5 ) mallets ( diff]5t sizes4 ,9 all cases1 "u "o ounce1 ! *>ge may be ramm$ ) an ounce mallet4 ,!re is an advantage1 also1 by hav+ ! h&le ( ! mallet turn$ out ( ! same piece z ! head1 & made 9 a cyl9drical =m4 ,if _! dim5sions are regulat$ by ! diamet]s ( ! rockets2 !n1 = example1 if ! ?ickness ( ! head be ?ree diamet]s1 & its l5g? f\r1 ! l5g? ( ! h&le w be five diamet]s1 ^: ?ickness mu/ be 9 proportion to ! h&4 ,bigot 7,artifice de ,gu]re1 p4 #aah7 speak+ ( ! fly+ fuses1 or sky-rockets1 obs]ves1 t ! mallet us$ = driv+ ! composition1 is proportionably l>ge1 accord+ to ! rockets1 & t x is five in*es 9 l5g?1 & f\r 9 bread?1 :5 ! diamet] ( ! rocket is f #ab to #ah l9es4 ,! mallets = l>g] rockets are /rong] & heavi]1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 :]e a great =ce is requir$1 z 9 driv+ w>-rockets1 a ma*9e simil> to ! pile-eng9e1 is us$4 ,see ,congreve ,rockets4 ,sec4 ,,iv4 ,( ,ut5sils necess>y = con/ruct+ ( ,signal ,rockets4 ,a detail$ acc\nt ( ! tools us$ 9 mak+ signal rockets1 may be se5 9 ,rugg]i1 ,pyrote*ny1 p4 #adc2 b ,m4 ,bigot has enum]at$ !m z foll[s3 ,"o m&ril = =m+ ! c>tridge1 or case4 ,"o pair ( curv$ compasses to det]m9e ! ext]ior diamet]4 ,?ree conical m&rils4 7,see fig4 #c1 plate47 ,"o solid1 or massive cyl9d]4 ,"o m\ld = g>ni%+4 ,two m\lds = ! capitals1 or heads1 "o ( :i* is = ! rockets )1 & ! o!r = ! rockets )\t1 ! g>ni%1 or furniture4 ,"o pi]c] & block 7,see plate1 fig4 #a1 ,i ,h47 ,"o scoop4 ,"o pun*4 ,"o mallet4 ,"o press4 ,"o l>ge knife4 ,"o pair ( scissors4 ,all ! wood5 ut5sils ought to be made ( h>d & s\nd wood1 )\t knots4 ,! ramm]s %\ld be furni%$ ) r+s or f]rules1 & ! fir/ bor$ ) a hole ( suffici5t l5g? to receive ! pi]c]4 ,! second %\ld be bor$ deep en\gh to receive two-?irds ( ! pi]c]1 & ! ?ird1 to receive "o-?ird1 :ile ! f\r? %\ld be solid4 ,^! ramm]s are all furni%$ ) heads4 7,see section iii47 ,sec4 ,v4 ,( ! ,roll+1 or ,plane ,bo>d4 ,?is bo>d is furni%$ ) a h&le1 & is us$ = roll+ rocket cases1 c4 & is ( diff]5t dim5sions1 accord+ to its application4 ,x is made ( h>d wood1 su* z oak or walnut4 ,:5 ! pap] is wrapp$ r\nd ! m&ril or =m]1 ! roll+ bo>d is us$ to compress ! pap]1 & make x r\nd & smoo?4 ,sec4 ,,vi4 ,( ! ,driv] = *>g+ l>ge ,rockets4 ,?is contrivance is simil> to a pile driv] 9 con/ruction2 &1 by means ( a weight fall+ ^u ! ramm]1 ! *>ge is s5t home ) great =ce4 ,its use is conf9$ to ! l>ge/ k9d ( rockets4 ,sec4 ,,vii4 ,( ,mort>s & ,pe/les4 ,mort>s are employ$ = ! pulv]ization ( sub/ances1 &1 accord+ to _! use1 may be ei!r ( wood1 m>ble1 brass1 or ca/-iron1 :i* la/ co/s less ?an ! o!rs4 ,l>ge mort>s h cov]s1 9 ord] to conf9e ! f9] p>ticles4 ,! pe/les %\ld be ( v h>d wood2 because1 9 t case1 no dang] w\ld be appreh5d$ ( an explosion ( ! mat]ials1 an occurr5ce :i* might take place1 if iron 7 us$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 dep5ds on ! sub/ances submitt$ to ! pe/le4 ,sec4 ,,viii4 ,( ! ,*oak] or ,/rangl]4 ,! *oak] is no?+ m ?an a contrivance1 usually made ( rope1 by :i* ! clos+ ( ! end ( ! rocket is effect$1 s z to =m a k9d ( cup or m\?4 ,sec4 ,,ix4 ,( ! ,table & ,sack = meal+ ,gunp[d]4 ,?is table may be ei!r squ>e or an octagon1 & made ( h>d wood4 ,!re is a rim1 a few in*es high1 rais$ r\nd x1 & a gutt] at "o end to all[ ! p[d] to pass out1 :5 ! op]ation is f9i%$4 ,see plate1 fig4 #g & #h4 ,?is mode ( meal+ p[d] is by no means to be pref]r$4 7,see ,gunp[d]47 ,a sack is also us$ = cru%+ p[d]4 ,x %\ld be made ( /rong ela/ic lea!r1 & sew$ toge!r 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t ! impalpable p[d] f pass+ ?r\gh its seams4 ,!y are ( an oblong %ape1 & conta9 f #bj to #be p\nds4 ,fifte5 p\nds are g5]ally put 9 at a "t4 ,?is me?od ( cru%+ p[d] is pref]r$1 z x is less liable to accid5ts4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add1 t ! bag is beat5 ) a cyl9drical /ick4 ,sec4 ,x4 ,( ,sieves4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( sieve4 ,! common sieve has nei!r a cov] nor a receiv]1 & may be ei!r =m$ ( horse hair1 or ( brass or copp] wire4 ,x is necess>y to h "s sieves ( a f9] k9d4 ,= ?is purpose1 silk & gauze are g5]ally us$4 ,! cov] is m]ely lea!r1 fix$ 9 a frame1 :i* fits on ! top4 ,! receiv] is =m$ ne>ly 9 ! same mann]1 hav+ a sk9 /ret*$ ov] a frame1 :i* fits on ! "u "p ( ! sieve4 ,sec4 ,,xi4 ,( ! ,pap] ,press4 ,a press1 = ! purpose ( press+ pap]1 is =m$ ( two pieces ( wood1 :i* are br\ght toge!r by means ( "o1 or sev]al screws4 ,?is press is sometimes1 ?\gh seldom1 us$4 ,if pa/ebo>d is made1 :5 x _c be _h ready prep>$1 !n ! press is actually necess>y4 ,! int5tion is to unite ! sev]al %eets1 :i* h be5 pa/$1 by us+ ! pressure ( ! screw1 & to remove any extrane\s pa/e1 s t ! pap] may h no inequalities on its surface4 ,9 lieu ( ! screw-press1 heavy weights laid on ! pap] = sev]al h\rs1 w answ] ! same purpose4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,prelim9>y op]ations 9 ! prep>ation ( fire-works1 & obs]vations on ! pres]vation ( gunp[d]1 & sundry manipulations4 ,sec4 ,i4 ,( ! ,work%op4 ,we h already notic$ ! pr9cipal furniture ( a laboratory1 &1 !re=e1 c add no?+ new on ?is head4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s ut5sils employ$ = p>ticul> works1 :i* we may "h describe4 ,9 ! disposition ( ! work%op1 ! tables1 ut5sils1 c4 are arrang$1 accord+ z ! judgm5t may dictate = conv5i5ce & use4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ! access ( fire1 & to prev5t1 z f> z possible1 ! pres5ce ( moi/ure4 ,lant]ns1 if light is requir$1 are always to be pref]r$2 b ! be/ mann] ( communicat+ light is ?r\gh a w9d[1 plac+ ! lights outside ( ! build+1 or ap>tm5t1 z is done 9 p[d] mills4 ,o!r precautions may be necess>y1 :i* w readily sugge/ !mselves4 ,9 conduct+ ! "w1 ! workm5 are to be s arrang$1 z t1 :ile "s are employ$ 9 ! prelim9>y op]ations1 o!rs are mak+ & f9i%+ ! prep>ations4 ,! compositions may be ready prep>$1 & well pres]v$ 9 j>s or o!r vessels4 ,?is is nam$ by ! ,fr5*1 ,cab9et de composition4 ,x is a place1 also1 :]e ! sub/ances are weigh$1 & mix$4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,magaz9e4 ,! magaz9e is a place ( deposite = gunp[d]1 to pres]ve x f fire1 & moi/ure4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! pres]vation ( gunp[d] 9 ! article on t subject2 b x may n be improp] to (f] "s rem>ks1 respect+ ! con/ruction ( magaz9es4 ,au?ors diff] 9 op9ion1 bo? 9 reg>d to _! situation & con/ruction2 b !y all agree1 t !y ought to be ar*$1 & bomb-pro(4 ,! fir/ p[d] magaz9es 7 made ) go?ic ar*es3 ,vauban con/ruct$ !m 9 a semicircul> =m1 to make !m /rong]4 ,_! dim5sions 71 sixty feet long1 )91 & tw5ty-five broad4 ,! f\ndations 7 eight or n9e feet ?ick1 & eight feet high1 to ! spr+ ( ! ar*4 ,! floors 7 two feet f ! gr\nd1 = ! purpose ( keep+ ! magaz9e free f dampness4 ,x is obs]v$1 t ! c5tres ( semicircul> ar*es w settle at ! cr[n1 & _! s9k+ mu/ break ! cem5t4 ,a rem$y 0 appli$ = ?is inconv5i5ce1 by ! ar* ( equilibration1 z describ$ 9 ,hutton's "w on bridges4 ,z1 9 p[d] magaz9es1 ! ill effect ( ! break+ ( ! cem5t is p>ticul>ly felt1 ,mr4 ,hutton propos$ to f9d an ar* ( equilibration = !m 9 p>ticul>1 & to con/ruct x1 :5 ! span is tw5ty feet1 ! pit* or height1 t51 7:i* are ! same dim5sions z ! semicircle71 ! incl9$ ext]ior walls at top1 =m+ an angle ( #aac degrees1 & ! height ( _! angul> po9t1 above ! top ( ! ar*1 equal to sev5 feet4 ,a wall built r\nd a magaz9e1 gives x an additional security4 ,! ro( %\ld be slat$1 or cov]$ ) lead or copp]1 & x ought to be furni%$ ) a lightn+ rod1 plac$ t5 or fifte5 y>ds f ! build+4 ,! po9ts ( ! rods may be ei!r gilt1 or ( solid gold4 ,silv]1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally us$2 b1 above all1 plat9um is to be pref]r$4 ,! advantage ( ^! po9ts is1 t !y d n ru/ l iron1 or become oxidiz$1 an occurr5ce :i* w\ld dim9i% _! p[]s z conductors ( ! electric fluid4 ,to prev5t ! access ( moi/ure1 or r to absorb x1 "s h recomm5d$ ! inn] walls to be cov]$ ) a composition ( p[d]$ coal1 c4 ,l9+ ( magaz9es ) %eet lead1 appe>s to h "s advantages4 ,/4 ,pi]re obs]ves1 t a ,prussian (fic] in=m$ him1 t1 hav+ rem>k$ t vap\r 0 attract$ by lead1 he _h employ$ x = dry+ ! atmosph]e ( a p[d] magaz9e1 con/ruct$ "u gr\nd1 9 ! ?roat ( a ba/ion1 r5d]$ useless f its humidity4 ,he ord]$ ! concave ceil+ ( ! ar* to be l9$ ) lead1 :]e ! gunp[d] 0 deposit$ 9 b>rels3 ! vap\r ( ! wall collect$ 9 drops on ! lead5 ro(1 ran (f1 & left ! gunp[d] b>rels p]fectly dry4 ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ! ,driv+ or ,ramm+ ( ,sky-rockets4 ,we purpose 9 ! pres5t article to give "s g5]al directions = ! driv+ ( rockets4 ,rockets may be driv5 solid1 or ov] a pi]c]4 ,9 ! latt] case1 !y mu/ n h s mu* composition put 9 !m at a "t4 ,! pi]c]1 accompany+ a great] "p ( ! bore ( ! case1 w\ld cause ! ramm] to rise too high2 s t ! pressure ( x w\ld n be s great on ! composition1 nor w\ld x be driv5 equally4 ,= rockets ramm$ ov] a pi]c]1 let ! ladle1 or copp] scoop1 hold z mu* composition1 z1 :5 driv51 w raise ! drift "o-half ! int]ior diamet] ( ! case2 &1 = ^? driv5 solid1 let x conta9 z mu* z w raise ! drift "o-half ! ext]ior diamet] ( ! case4 ,ladles are g5]ally made to g easily into ! case1 & ! l5g? ( ! scoop is ab\t "o & a half ( its own diamet]4 ,! *>ge ( rockets mu/ always be driv5 "o diamet] above ! pi]c]1 &1 on x1 mu/ be ramm$1 "o-?ird ( a diamet] ( clay2 ?r\gh ! middle ( :i* a small hole mu/ be bor$ to ! composition1 s t1 :5 ! *>ge is burnt to ! top1 x may communicate its fire1 ?r\gh ! hole1 to ! />s 9 ! head4 7,see plate1 fig4 #ad47 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to /rike1 ) ! mallet1 ) an equal =ce1 giv+ ! same numb] ( /rokes to ea* ladleful ( composition2 o!rwise ! rocket w n rise ) a uni=m motion1 or burn equally & regul>ly1 = :i* reason1 !y _c c>ry a prop] tail4 ,x w break1 9 ?is case1 be=e ! rocket has asc5d$ to its extreme height1 :]e ! rocket %\ld break & disp]se ! />s1 ra91 or :atev] is conta9$ 9 ! head4 ,:5 9 ! act ( ramm+1 ! drift or driv] mu/ be kept con/antly turn+ or mov+2 & :5 ! holl[ ramm]s are us$1 ! composition is to be knock$ out e n[ & !n1 or ! pi]c] w split !m4 ,to a rocket ( f\r ounces1 give to ea* ladleful ( *>ge1 #af /rokes2 to a rocket ( #a lb4 #bh2 to a #b p\nd]1 #cf2 to a #d p\nd]1 #db2 to a #f p\nd]1 #ef4 ,b rockets ( a l>g] sort _c be driv5 by h&1 & mu/ be ramm$ ) a ma*9e simil> to a pile-driv]4 ,! me?od ( ramm+ :eel cases1 or any o!r sort1 9 :i* ! *>ge is driv5 solid1 is mu* ! same z t us$ = sky-rockets2 = ! same proportion may be obs]v$ 9 ! ladle1 & ! same numb] ( /rokes giv51 accord+ to _! diamet]s1 all cases be+ di/+ui%$ by _! diamet]s4 ,9 ?is mann]1 a case1 ^: bore is equal to t ( a rocket ( f\r ounces1 is call$ a f\r ounce case2 & "o :i* is equal1 9 bore1 to an eight ounce rocket1 an eight ounce case1 c4 ,! me?od ( ramm+ cases1 )\t m\lds1 w answ] = /rong pa/$ cases1 & save ! exp5se ( mak+ s _m m\lds4 ,9 fill+ any case1 x mu/ be plac$ on a p]p5dicul> block ( wood1 9 ord] to keep x firm & solid2 o!rwise ! composition w\ld be ramm$ unequally4 ,:5 cases are to be fill$ )\t m\lds1 procure "s nipples1 made ( brass or iron1 9 proportion to ! cases1 to screw or fix 9 ! top ( ! driv+ block4 ,:5 ! nipple is fix$ 91 make1 at ab\t "o & half in*es f x1 a squ>e hole 9 ! block1 six in*es deep1 & "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,!n h a piece ( wood1 six in*es long] ?an ! case int5d$ to be fill$1 & two in*es squ>e4 ,on "o side ( x1 cut a groove1 almo/ ! l5g? ( ! case1 ^: bread? & dep? mu/ be suffici5t to cov] ne> "o-half ! case4 ,!n cut ! o!r end1 to fit ! hole 9 ! block2 b take c>e to cut x1 s t ! groove may be at a prop] di/ance f ! nipple4 ,?is half m\ld be+ made1 & fix$ tight 9 ! block1 cut1 9 ano!r piece ( wood1 ne>ly ( ! same l5g? z ! case1 a groove ( ! same dim5sions z t 9 ! fix$ piece4 ,!n put ! case on ! nipple1 &1 ) ! cord1 tie x1 & ! two half m\lds toge!r2 & ! case w be prep>$ = fill+4 ,! dim5sions ( ! above half m\lds are proportionable = cases ( eight ounces2 b !y diff] 9 size 9 proportion to ! cases4 ,sec4 ,,iv4 ,( ! ,bor+ ( ,rockets4 ,! ma*9e1 = bor+ rockets1 is simil>1 9 "s respects1 to a la!4 ,! rocket is conf9$ 9 a box1 &1 by means ( a :eel1 :i* is made to turn a second "o1 an aug] ramm] is put 9 motion4 ,! ramm] mu/ be ( a size1 proportionate to ! rocket1 & ( ! same diamet]1 z ! top ( ! bore int5d$1 & cont9ue ( t ?ickness1 a little long] ?an ! dep? ( ! bore requir$4 ,! ?ick end ( ea* ramm] mu/ be made squ>e1 & all ( ! same size4 ,! ramm] is made to move backw>d1 & =w>d1 s t1 aft] ! ramm] is m>k$ ?ree & a half diamet]s ( ! rocket1 f ! po9t1 set ! guide1 all[+ = ! ?ickness ( ! front ( ! rocket box1 & ! neck & m\? ( ! rocket4 ,:5 ! rocket is fix$ 9 ! box1 x mu/ be pu%$ =w>d aga9/ ! ramm]1 &1 :5 ! scoop ( ! ramm] is full1 draw ! box back1 & knock out ! composition4 ,a little oil is sometimes us$1 to prev5t ! friction f sett+ fire to ! rocket4 ,hav+ bor$ a numb] ( rockets1 taps mu/ be us$4 ,^! taps are simil> to ! common spicket4 ,:5 employ$1 x is necess>y to m>k !m ?ree & a half diamet]s f ! po9t1 all[+ = ! ?ickness ( ! rocket's neck4 ,!re are sev]al contrivances = ! bor+ ( rockets4 ,! op]ation is sometimes done1 by conf9+ ! rocket 9 a box1 & bor+ x ) a bor]1 fix$ 9 a brace1 us+1 at ! same "t1 a prop] director4 ,?is brace is l ! common brace1 us$ by c>p5t]s1 or =m$ on t pr9ciple1 & made ( iron4 ,! motion1 giv5 by ! h&1 p]=ms ! op]ation4 ,sec4 ,v4 ,( ! ,pres]vation ( ,/eel or ,iron ,fil+s4 ,:5 treat+ ( iron1 we m5tion$1 t x has ! prop]ty ( oxidiz+ rapidly1 :5 expos$ to ! air & moi/ure2 & t its effects 9 fire-works1 9 t case1 w\ld be ei!r de/roy$1 or consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,& ev5 fire-works1 9 :i* iron ent]s z a compon5t "p1 w1 if kept long1 lose "s ( _! effect1 9 consequ5ce ( ! *ange1 :i* ! iron suff]s2 =1 in/ead ( produc+ brilliant sp>ks1 :i* is _! int5tion1 x w\ld imp>t a dull r$ appe>ance4 ,two me?ods are recomm5d$ = ! pres]vation ( iron4 ,! "o is to melt a portion ( sulphur1 & ?r[ ! fil+s into x1 & aft]w>ds to sep>ate ! extrane\s sulphur4 ,! o!r consi/s 9 wrapp+ !m up 9 oil$ pap]4 ,z to ! fir/ me?od1 we may appreh5d ! effect ( ! sulphur1 comb9+ ) "s ( ! iron1 in/ead ( coat+ x1 =m+ !reby a sulphuret1 :i*1 besides1 is readily decompos$ by ! contact ( air & moi/ure1 produc+ sulphate ( iron4 ,! second me?od1 ( wrapp+ !m 9 oil1 or1 9 fact1 cov]+ !m ) oil1 is c]ta9ly a great] prev5tive f ru/1 = :]e ! oil is 9 contact1 no oxidizem5t c take place4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods recomm5d$ to pres]ve iron-"w f ru/+4 ,! use ( pa9t & v>ni% = ?is purpose is famili>4 ,9 ,sw$51 !y cov] iron-"w ) a mixture ( pit*1 t>1 & wood soot1 :i* acquires a gloss1 simil> to t ( v>ni%1 & is said to prev5t ! oxidizem5t ( ! metal v effectually4 ,fat-oil v>ni%1 mix$ ) f\r-fif?s ( rectifi$ _s ( turp5t9e1 has be5 recomm5d$4 ,x is appli$ ) a bru%1 or sponge4 ,articles1 v>ni%$ ) ?is prep>ation1 are said to reta9 _! metallic brilliancy1 & nev] contract any spots ( ru/4 ,ano!r composition1 = ! same purpose1 is highly recomm5d$4 ,x consi/s 9 apply+ a mixture ( "o p\nd ( hogs' l>d1 free f salt1 "o ounce ( camphor1 two dra*ms ( black lead 9 p[d]1 & two dra*ms ( dragon's blood4 ,at ,%effield & ,birm+ham1 sundry articles1 made ( /eel & iron1 are pres]v$ f ru/1 :5 s5t to =eign m>kets1 by wrapp+ !m 9 co>se br[n pap]1 prep>$ fir/ ) oil4 ,among ! diff]5t prep>ations1 recomm5d$ at v>i\s times to prev5t iron f contract+ ru/1 we may m5tion "o1 :i* has be5 us$ ) success1 & :i* gives a lead col\r4 ,x is no?+ m ?an tak+ "s li?>ge1 & heat+ x 9 an iron pot1 & scatt]+ ov] x "s sulphur4 ,! li?>ge w *ange its col\r1 =m+ a k9d ( sulphuret ( lead1 :i* is !n gr\nd ) dry+ oil1 & appli$ l pa9t4 ,we are told1 t ?is prep>ation gets rem>kably h>d1 & resi/s ! wea!r m effectually ?an any o!r lead col\r4 ,sec4 ,,vi4 ,( ! mak+ ( ,:eels & o!r ,works incombu/ible4 ,x is usual to give a coat ( pa9t to ! wood-"w ( :eels1 c4 :i* are design$ to c>ry a numb] ( cases4 ,to prev5t _! tak+ fire1 pa9t1 9 "s measure1 has ! effect4 ,! foll[+ composition is recomm5d$3 ,take brick du/1 coal-a%es1 & iron fil+s1 ( ea* an equal quantity1 & mix !m ) a d\ble size1 made hot4 ,apply ?is to ! wood1 & :5 dry1 give x ano!r coat4 ,sev]al me?ods h be5 adopt$ = ! same purpose2 b wood may be made to resi/1 9 a great degree1 ! action ( fire1 & r5d]$ almo/ incombu/ible1 by soak+ x 9 a solution ( ! sup]sulphate ( potassa & alum9a1 7alum71 9 sulphate ( iron1 7gre5 vitriol71 & 9 o!r salts1 :i* are incombu/ible4 ,) respect to ! use ( alum z a pres]vative aga9/ fire1 x is c]ta91 t1 al?\gh its use 9 ?is way is v anci5t1 x 0 n (t5 recomm5d$2 = writ]s on ! art ( w>1 su*1 = example1 z ,anas1 m5tions ! use ( v9eg>1 9 ! foll[+ quotation f 8 ,poliorcet4 cap4 #bd3 ,majus juv]it1 si prius ligna aceto l9antur2 nam a mat]ia aceto illita1 ignis ab/9et4 ,! use ( alum1 to prev5t sub/ances f tak+ fire1 is n a new inv5tion2 not)/&+ we f9d x recomm5d$ 9 mod]n works1 n only = wood1 b also = pap]1 & l95 & cotton dresses1 c4 ,aulus ,gellius relates1 t ,ar*elaus1 "o ( ! g5]als ( ,mi?ridates1 wa%$ ov] a wood5 t[] ) a solution ( alum1 & !reby r5d]$ x s mu* pro( aga9/ fire1 t all ,sylla's attempts to set x 9 flames prov$ abortive4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,an?ologia ,hib]nica1 vol4 iii1 = #agid1 obs]ves1 t ! use ( alum to prev5t ! action ( fire1 on wood1 or o!r combu/ible bodies1 is n new1 & ^?1 :o lay claim1 are n entitl$ to orig9ality on t head4 ,ano!r mode to prev5t wood f tak+ fire may also be adopt$4 ,x consi/s 9 mix+ toge!r1 "o ounce ( sulphur1 "o ounce ( r$ o*re1 & six ounces ( gre5 vitriol4 ,! wood "w is cov]$ ) jo9]s' glue1 & ! mixture is !n put ov] x4 ,?is process is to be repeat$ ?ree or f\r times1 all[+ ! glue to dry be=e a new coat is appli$4 ,!re are sev]al o!r prep>ations = ! same purpose1 n only = ! cov]+ ( wood1 b also pap]4 ,b ,m4 ,rugg]i is ( op9ion1 t !y _c be dep5d$ ^u1 :5 us$ on pap]2 = ! pap] w1 9 "p1 be consum$4 ,! =mula = "o ( ^! compositions1 is ?us giv5 by t g5tleman3 ,to a p\nd ( fl\r1 mix a h&ful ( p[d]$ alum1 & add to x /rong glue-wat]1 & br+ x to a prop] consi/5ce ) clay4 ,fl\r & glue-wat]1 mix$ toge!r1 ) ! addition ( a small quantity ( muriate ( soda1 7common salt71 is also recomm5d$ = ! same purpose4 ,wood1 /eep$ 9 a solution ( common salt1 s z to be ?or\ghly impregnat$ ) x1 is v difficult ( combu/ion4 ,9 ,p]sia1 salt is us$ to prev5t timb] f ! attack ( worms4 ,! practice ( salt+ %ip timb] is highly recomm5d$4 ,wood1 9 fact1 may be r5d]$ incombu/ible by sev]al processes1 "s ( :i* we h giv54 ,e>l ,/anhope1 among o!rs1 made "s int]e/+ exp]im5ts on ?is subject4#bc ,hav+ ?us giv5 "s ( ! modes1 usually adopt$ to r5d] wood incombu/ible1 or to prev5t its tak+ fire s in/antane\sly1 we purpose to add "s rem>ks respect+ ! processes = col\r+ x4 ,an excell5t pres]vation aga9/ moi/ure1 :i* communicates a col\r at ! same "t1 is =m$ ( #ab lbs ( ros91 #c lbs ( sulphur1 & #ab p9ts ( :ale oil1 melt$ & mix$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( r$ or yell[ o*re1 & appli$ by means ( a bru%4 ,pulv]iz$ black lead may be sub/itut$ = ! o*re4 ,sev]al coats ( ?is mixture may be put on1 all[+ ea* coat to dry be=e ano!r is appli$4 ,?is composition is p>ticul>ly well adapt$ = :eel "w1 c4 & = aquatic fire-works4 ,*aptal advises1 = ! same purpose1 a mixture ( equal p>ts ( :ite turp5t9e1 bees' wax1 & mal?a1 or1 9 ! place ( mal?a1 coal t>4 ,wood1 cov]$ ) ?ree coats ( ?is composition1 & imm]s$ = two ye>s 9 wat]1 0 f\nd to be q dry4 ,x w\ld be well1 h[ev]1 to cov] x ) "s ( ! prep>ation1 to r5d] wood incombu/ible4 ,) respect to ! /a9+ ( wood ( v>i\s col\rs1 sev]al prep>ations may be us$4 ,to communicate a gre5 col\r1 a hot solution ( acetate ( copp] may be us$2 or v]digris1 alum1 & v9eg>1 boil$ toge!r4 ,a decoction ( brazil wood1 ) alum & cream ( t>t>1 w imp>t a r$2 indigo1 dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid1 7liquid blue dye71 a blue2 a decoction ( logwood1 nut-galls1 & copp]as1 a black2 a solution ( dragon's blood1 or ( alkanet wood1 9 turp5t9e1 a mahogany col\r1 c4 ,! imitation ( bronze on wood may be effect$1 by cov]+ x fir/ ) is+lass size1 !n suff]+ x to dry1 & putt+ on a coat ( oil gold size1 & cov]+ x ) bronze p[d]1 a prep>ation sold = t purpose4 ,a solution ( aloes 9 spirits1 :i* communicates a gre5i%-black1 is a great pres]vative ( wood aga9/ worms4 ,m4 ,ollivi] 7,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 v1 p4 #chf7 has giv5 a v>iety ( recipes = imitat+ bronze1 /one1 c4 ,he recomm5ds ! foll[+ = ! imitation ( anci5t bronze1 :i* may be appli$ to wood-"w4 ,melt toge!r #aej lbs ( f9e s&1 #agj lbs ( lead ore1 7,gal5a71 & #cj lbs ( manganese1 & add "o-six? "p ( brass4 ,?is comp\nd is !n pulv]iz$4 ,x is appli$ on ! usual gr\nd4 ,black e>?1 z x is call$1 made ( gre5 e>?1 oxide ( manganese1 oxide ( iron1 & oxide ( copp]1 is also recomm5d$ = cov]+ wood-"w4 ,! composition = imitation m>ble1 is #a "p ( gre5 e>?1 #a_/b a "p ( s&1 & #a_/h? ( a "p ( bol4 arm54 ,by add+ #a_/ad? "p ( yell[ burnt copp]1 ! col\r w approa* to gre54 ,! same composition1 ) #a_/af? "p ( copp]1 & #a_/cb;d iron1 w give a black4 ,sec4 ,,vii4 ,( ! =mation ( ,rocket1 & o!r ,cases4 ,! cases = rockets1 z a g5]al rule1 are to be made #f-a_/b times _! ext]ior diamet] 9 l5g?2 & all o!r cases1 t are to be fill$ 9 m\lds1 mu/ be z long z ! m\lds1 )9 a half ( ! int]ior diamet]4 ,rocket cases1 f ! smalle/1 to #d or #f p\nds1 are g5]ally made ( ! /ronge/ sort ( c>tridge pap]1 & roll$ dry2 b ! l>ge sort are made ( pa/$ pa/ebo>d4 7,see obs]vations on t subject47 ,z x is v difficult to roll ! ends ( ! cases q ev51 ! be/ way is to keep a patt]n ( ! pap] = ! diff]5t k9ds ( cases4 ,^! patt]ns %\ld be long] ?an ! case !y are design$ =1 & ! numb] ( %eets requir$ %\ld be m>k$1 :i* w prev5t any pap] be+ cut to wa/e4 ,cut ! pap] ( a prop] size1 & ! la/ %eet = ea* case1 ) a slope at "o end2 s t :5 ! cases are roll$1 x may =m a spiral l9e r\nd ! outside2 & t ?is slope may always be ! same1 let ! patt]n be s =m$ = a con/ant guide4 ,be=e y beg9 to roll1 fold d[n "o end ( ! fir/ %eet s f>1 z t ! fold w g two or ?ree times r\nd ! =m]2 !n1 9 ! d\ble edge1 lay ! =m] ) its h&le (f ! table1 & aft] roll+ two or ?ree turns1 lay ! next %eet on t :i* is loose1 & roll x all on4 ,! smoo?+ bo>d1 :i* is ab\t tw5ty in*es long1 is n[ to be appli$2 & aft] roll+ ! pap] ?ree or f\r times1 lay on1 9 ! same mann]1 ano!r %eet ( pap]1 & smoo? x 9 ! same mann]4 ,?is op]ation is to be repeat$ till ! case is suffici5tly ?ick4 ,:5 ! la/ %eet is roll$1 we mu/ obs]ve1 t ! po9t ( ! slope is plac$ at ! small end ( ! roll]4 ,! case be+ made1 ! small end ( ! =m] is put 91 to ab\t "o diamet] ( ! end ( ! case1 & ! end piece is ins]t$ )9 a little di/ance ( ! =m]4 ,!n give ! p9*+ cord "o turn r\nd ! case1 betwe5 ! =m] & ! end piece4 ,at fir/1 pull easy1 & keep mov+ ! case1 :i* w make ! neck smoo?1 & )\t l>ge wr9kles4 ,?is op]ation is call$ by ! ,fr5* /rangl+1 or *oak+4 ,:5 ! cases are h>d to *oak1 let ea* %eet ( pap] 7except ! fir/ & la/ 9 t "p :]e ! neck is =m$7 be a little moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,imm$iately aft] y h /ruck ! concave /roke1 b9d ! neck ( ! case r\nd ) small tw9e1 :i* mu/ n be ti$ 9 a knot1 b fa/5$ ) two or ?ree hit*es4 ,hav+ ?us p9*$ & ti$ ! case1 s z n to give way1 put x into ! m\ld )\t its foot1 &1 ) a small mallet1 drive ! =m] h>d on ! end piece1 :i* w =ce ! neck close & smoo?4 ,:5 ?is is done1 cut ! case to its prop] l5g?1 all[+1 f ! neck to ! edge ( ! m\?1 half a diamet]1 :i* is equal to ! height ( ! nipple4 ,!n take out ! =m]1 & drive ! case ov] ! pi]c] ) ! long ramm]1 & ! v5t w be ( a prop] size4 ,:eel cases are sometimes driv5 on a nipple1 ) a po9t to close ! neck1 & make ! v5t ( ! size requir$2 :i*1 9 mo/ cases1 is g5]ally #a_/d? ( _! int]ior diamet]4 ,z x is v (t5 difficult1 :5 ! cases are roll$1 to draw ! roll] out1 a hole mu/ be made 9 its h&le1 & a p91 z a pur*ase1 put 94 ,! ma*9e = p9*+ cases consi/s ( a treadle1 :i*1 :5 press$ h>d ) ! foot1 w act ^u a cord1 & draw x tight4 ,! cord runs ov] a small pulley1 & is fix$ to an upright piece4 ,x is w\nd once r\nd ! case1 betwe5 ! =m] & end piece2 & :5 ! cord is drawn1 ! case is br\ght toge!r4 ,cases are commonly roll$ wet = :eels & fix$ pieces2 & :5 !y are requir$ to conta9 a great l5g? ( *>ge1 ! me?od ( mak+ ^! cases is ?us3 ,! pap] mu/ be cut z usual1 except ! la/1 :i* ought n to h a slope4 ,hav+ x ready1 pa/e ea* %eet on "o side1 & !n fold d[n ! fir/ %eet z be=e direct$2 b be c>eful t ! pa/e does n t\* ! upp] side ( ! fold4 ,if ! roll] be wett$1 x w te> ! pap] 9 draw+ x out4 ,9 pa/+ ! la/ %eet1 obs]ve n to wet ! la/ turn or two 9 t "p :]e x is to be p9*$2 = if t "p be damp1 ! p9*+ cord w /ick to x1 & te> ! pap]4 ,!re=e1 9 *oak+ ^? cases1 roll a bit ( dry pap] once r\nd ! case1 be=e ! p9*+ cord is us$4 ,?is pap] is to be tak5 (f aft] ! op]ation4 ,! roll+ bo>d1 & all o!r me?ods1 accord+ to ! =m] directions = ! roll+ & p9*+ ( cases1 mu/ be us$ = ^!1 z well z o!r cases4 ,see ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 vol4 xv1 p4 #fib4 ,morel1 9 a practical "w1 7,trait ,practique des ,feux d',artifice7 speak+ ( rocket cases1 obs]ves1 t ! rule is1 to give to _! ?ickness1 half ! int]ior diamet]1 or half ! diamet] ( ! roll]4 ,if ! roll]1 = in/ance1 7 half an in*1 ! case %\ld be #a_/d? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,a rocket is divid$ into ?ree equal p>ts2 two = ! int]ior diamet]1 & "o = ! ?ickness ( ! case4 ,z to ! l5g? ( sky-rockets1 x is regulat$ by ! l5g? ( ! pi]c]1 if !y are pi]c$ 9 ! *>g+4 ,"o-?ird m ?an ?is l5g? is all[$ = ! *oak1 & ! re/1 ( c\rse1 = ! composition4 ,) respect to o!r cases1 ,morel rem>ks1 t ! cases = turn+ pieces are usually six in*es 9 l5g?1 &1 = fix$ pieces1 sev5 & eight in*es4 ,! cases ( ,roman c&les1 are ( ! same ?ickness z ^? ( rockets4 ,9 l5g? !y are1 z well z ! ,mosaic c&le1 fifte5 in*es4 ,!y are *oak$ & cut4 ,^? ( s]p5ts are made ) "o or two c>ds1 :i* are roll$ ^u a =m] ( wood1 or metal1 #a_/d? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,:5 made1 ! case measures ?ree in*es4 ,dry roll+ is consid]$ suffici5t = ^! cases4 ,! fix$ />s are made ( common pa/ebo>d1 #c-a_/b in*es long1 on a m&ril1 #a_/b an in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y are pa/$ ) ord9>y pa/e1 b mix$ ) clay1 & *oak$1 & b\nd z usual4 ,sec4 ,,viii4 ,( ,t\rbillon ,cases4 ,?is k9d ( case is g5]ally made #h diamet]s long2 b1 if v l>ge1 sev5 w be suffici5t4 ,f f\r ounces to two p\nds1 w succe$ p]fectly1 b1 :5 l>g]1 !re is no c]ta9ty4 ,!y are be/ roll$ wet ) pa/e1 & ! la/ %eet mu/ h a /raight edge1 s t ! case may be all ( a ?ickness4 ,aft] roll+ !m 9 ! same mann] z :eel cases1 p9* !m close at "o end2 !n1 ) a ramm]1 drive ! ends d[n flat1 &1 aft]w>ds1 ram 9 ab\t "o-?ird ( a diamet] ( dri$ clay4 ,! diamet] ( ! =m] = ^! cases1 mu/ be ! same z = sky-rockets4 ,t\rbillons are to be ramm$ 9 m\lds1 )\t a nipple1 or 9 a m\ld )\t its foot4 7,ency4 ,brit47 ,sec4 ,,ix4 ,( ,balloon ,cases1 or ,pap] ,%ells4 ,fir/1 prep>e an oval =m]1 turn$ out ( smoo? wood2 !n pa/e a quantity ( br[n1 or c>tridge pap]1 & let x lie until ! pa/e is q soak$ ?r\gh4 ,?is be+ done1 rub ! =m] ) soap or grease1 to prev5t ! pap] f /ick+ to x4 ,next1 lay ! pap] on 9 small slips1 until y h made x "o-?ird ! ?ickness ( ! %ell int5d$4 ,hav+ ?is done1 set x to dry2 & :5 dry1 cut x r\nd ! middle1 & ! two halves w easily come (f3 b1 obs]ve1 :5 y cut1 to leave ab\t "o in* n cut1 :i* w make ! halves jo9 mu* bett] ?an if q sep>at$4 ,:5 y h "s ready to jo91 place ! halves ev5 toge!r1 & pa/e a slip ( pap] r\nd ! op5+1 to hold !m toge!r1 & let !m dry4 ,!n lay on pap]1 all ov] z be=e1 e :]e equally1 except+ t end :i* goes d[nw>d 9 ! mort>1 :i* may be a little ?ick] ?an ! re/2 = t "p1 :i* receives ! bl[ f ! p\nd] 9 ! *amb] ( ! mort>1 consequ5tly requires ! greate/ /r5g?4 ,:5 ! %ell is p]fectly dry1 burn a v5t at ! top1 ) an iron1 l>ge en\gh = ! fuse4 ,?is me?od w answ] = balloons f #d in*es #b_/e?s1 to #h in*es 9 diamet]2 b1 if !y are l>g]1 or requir$ to be ?r[n to a great height1 let ! fir/ %ell be turn$ ( elm1 in/ead ( be+ made ( pap]4 ,= balloons #d in*es #b_/e?s1 let ! =m] be #c in*es #a_/h?1 9 diamet]1 & #e-a_/b in*es long4 ,= a balloon ( #e-a_/b in*es1 ! diamet] ( ! =m] mu/ be #d in*es1 & #h in*es long4 ,= a balloon ( #h in*es1 let ! diamet] ( ! =m be #e in*es & #ae_/af?s1 & #aa in*es #g_/h?s long4 ,= a #aj in* balloon1 let ! =m be #g in*es #c_/af?s1 9 diamet]1 & #ad-a_/b in*es long4 ,! ?ickness ( a %ell = a balloon ( #d in*es #b_/e?s1 mu/ be #a_/b an in*4 ,= a balloon ( #e-a_/b in*es1 let ! ?ickness ( ! pap] be #e_/h?s1 ( an in*2 = an #h in* balloon1 #g_/h?s1 ( an in*2 & = a t5 in* balloon1 #a in* & #a_/h? ( an in*4 ,%ells1 t are design$ = />s only1 may be made q r\nd1 & ! ?9n] !y are at ! op5+1 ! bett]2 = if !y are too /rong1 ! />s are apt to break at ! bu/+ ( ! %ell4 ,:5 mak+ ! %ell1 employ a pair ( callip]s1 or a r\nd gage2 s t y may n lay ! pap] ?ick] 9 "o place ?an o!r1 & also t y may be able to "k1 :5 ! %ell is ( a prop] ?ickness4 ,balloons mu/ always be made to g easy into ! mort>s4 7,see ,encycl4 ,brit4 ,art4 ,balloon cases47 ,sect4 ,x4 ,( ,cases = ,illum9ation ,port-fires4 ,^! mu/ be made v ?91 ( pap]1 & roll$ on =m]s2 f #b to #c_/h?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & f #b to #f in*es long3 !y are p9*$ close at "o end1 & left op5 at ! o!r4 ,:5 !y are to be fill$1 put 9 b a little composition at a "t1 & ram x lightly1 s z n to break ! case4 ,?ree or f\r r\nds ( pap]1 ) ! la/ r\nd pa/$1 w be suffici5tly /rong = ^! cases4 7,ibid47 ,sect4 ,,xi4 ,( ,cases & ,m\lds = ,common ,port-fires4 ,common port-fires1 are int5d$ purposely to fire ! works1 _! fire be+ v sl[1 & ! heat ( ! flame s int5se1 t1 if appli$ to rockets1 lead]s1 c4 x w fire !m imm$iately4 ,:5 us$1 !y are held 9 copp] sockets1 fix$ 9 ! end ( a long /ick4 ,^! sockets are made l port-crayons1 only ) a screw in/ead ( a r+4 ,port-fires1 or lances ( s]vice ( ! ,fr5*1 may be made ( any l5g?1 b are seldom m ?an #ba in*es long4 ,! int]ior diamet] ( port-fire m\lds %\ld be #aj_/af?s1 ( an in*1 & ! diamet] ( ! =m] half an in*4 ,! cases mu/ be roll$ wet ) pa/e1 & "o end p9*$ or fold$ d[n4 ,! m\lds %\ld be made ( brass1 & to take 9 #b pieces l5g?wise3 :5 ! case is 9 ! two sides1 !y are held toge!r by brass r+s or hoops1 :i* are made to fit ov] ! outside4 ,! bore ( ! m\ld mu/ n be q ?r\gh1 s t !re w be no occasion = a foot4 ,! ,fr5* make ! cases ( five ?icknesses ( pap]1 & =m ! m\lds ^u roll]s ( #c_/h?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,port fire1 accord+ to ! full acceptation ( ! t]m ,porte-feu ( ! ,fr5*1 means a port]1 or c>ri] ( fire1 & implies all sorts ( fuses or mat*es1 by :i* fire is communicat$4 ,9 a treatise on ,milit>y ,fire-works1 z taught at ,/rasburg 9 #agfd1 an extract ( :i* 0 translat$ & publi%$ by ord] ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t 9 #ahjj1 !re are "s obs]vations on port-fires1 :i*1 z ! mode ( mak+ !m accord+ to ^! directions appe>s to h be5 adopt$1 may be useful to notice 9 ?is place4 ,port-fires may be made 9 two ways4 ,! fir/ is made & beat5 9 a m\ld2 ! o!r simply roll$ on a ramrod1 & fill$ ly+ on ! table4 ,to make port-fires ( ! fir/ k9d1 ! m\ld mu/ be made ( dry wood1 su* z pe>-tree1 nut or box wood4 ,! height ( ! m\ld is #ac4he in*es2 its diamet] at ! bottom1 #c4b in*es2 its diamet] above1 #b4ac in*es2 diamet] ( ! hole or calib]1 4#fb in*es2 height ( ! base1 #b4ac in*es2 its diamet]1 #c4b in*es4 ,! base ( ! m\ld has 9 ! middle a nob1 :i* ! turn] leaves !re1 ! diamet] ( :i* is equal to ! :ole ( ! m\ld1 & "o in* high1 includ+ ! circle1 :i* %\ld be r\nd$ l a hemisph]e4 ,!re mu/ be ?ree rods1 "o ( :i*1 ( h>d wood to roll ! c>tridge ^u2 ! two o!rs ( iron to ram d[n )4 ,! "o to roll ^u1 or ! =m1 is to be ( ! l5g? ( ! m\ld1 exclusive ( ! h&le1 :i* is #c4b in*es long]4 ,! diamet] ( ?is rod is 4#de p>ts ( an in*4 ,! fir/1 or great] "o to *>ge )1 is ! same l5g? ) t to roll ^u2 ! second is b half ! l5g?1 & bo? are 4#dd p>ts ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,to make good c>tridges1 y mu/ h good pap]1 well siz$1 cut accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! roll+ rod or =m1 :i* mu/ be roll$ v tightly r\nd ! =m1 s t ! vacancy left may be exactly equal to ! size ( ! m\ld1 & t ! pap] %\ld exactly fill ! space betwe5 ! =m & ! m\ld4 ,!n ! =m is drawn out1 aft] hav+ ti$ x at ! end ) pack?read4 ,to fill x1 x mu/ be replac$ 9 ! m\ld4 ,a cupful ( composition is !n put 91 & five or six /rokes giv5 ) ! l>ge ramrod4 ,! ramrod is !n )drawn1 & a new *>ge is put 91 :i* is beat5 l ! fir/1 until ! c>tridge is fill$ to ! height ( ! m\ld4 ,x is !n drawn out1 & prim$ ) prim+ p[d]4 ,! port-fire is fill$ ) ease1 9 us+ a tunnel plac$ at ! end ( ! c>t\*1 ?r\gh :i* y pass ! rod4 ,composition ( ,port-fires ( ! fir/ k9d4 ,saltpetre #d lbs4 #b oz4 ,sulphur #a #ab ,prim+ p[d] #j #ab ,aft] hav+ mix$ ^! mat]ials well toge!r ) ! h&1 & !n ) a roll+ p91 y pass !m ?r\gh a hair sieve1 & fill y\r wood5 b[ls4 ,! second k9d ( ,port-fires1 are made 9 roll+ /rips ( pap] #c in*es wide1 & #a4bgh in*es long1 on a =m ( h>d wood1 ab\t #ad in*es long1 & 4#ce p>ts ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,:5 ab\t two-?irds ( ! pap] is roll$1 ! rema9d] ( x is to be pa/$ ov] ) pa/e made ( fl\r & glue4 ,y !n f9i% x1 by pass+ y\r h& along ! extremity ( ! pa/$ pap]4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ! numb] requir$1 y place !m 9 ! sun1 or ne> a /ove1 & turn !m f "t to "t1 to prev5t !m f /ick+ toge!r1 or b5d+4 ,c>tridges be+ well dri$1 y mu/ fill !m ) ! foll[+ composition4 ,fold ! pap] at "o ( ! ends1 & at ! o!r1 p\r 9 ! composition1 plac+ y\r c>tridge aga9/ ! composition2 & hav+ plac$ x p]p5dicul>ly on ! table1 y give x sev]al /rokes1 to drive d[n ! composition4 ,!n y take y\r iron rod1 :i* is 4#ec p>ts ( an in* long] ?an ! "o :i* y use to roll )1 & a little less 9 ?ickness at ! top4 ,!re %\ld be a r+1 t x may hang to ! f+]1 & move ! m easily4 ,hav+ laid y\r c>tridges on ! table1 y introduce ! rod1 & ) x compress ! composition4 ,hav+ )drawn x1 m is put 91 x is press$ aga91 & s on until entirely full4 ,y w take c>e to press ! la/ lay] ( ! composition m ?an ! o!r1 to prev5t its fall+ out by mov+4 ,! port-fire c>tridges be+ f9i%$1 !y are laid by = use1 putt+ t5 9 a packet z be=e4 ,composition ( ,port-fires ( ! second k9d4 ,saltpetre #f ounces4 ,sulphur #b d4 ,prim+ p[d] #c d4 ,^! ?ree articles be+ mix$1 y w put !m 9 a wood5 b[l1 & moi/5 !m ) l9se$ oil1 until y f9d ! composition 7be+ press$ well7 is suffici5tly h>d4 ,x may be suffici5t to obs]ve1 t ! pres5t improv$ process ( mak+ port-fires is pref]able4 7,see ,port-fires47 ,sec4 ,,xii4 ,( ,pa/ebo>d1 & its ,uses4 ,! pa/ebo>d1 us$ 9 pyrote*ny1 is made ( f9e :ite pap]1 by jo9+ toge!r five1 & sometimes six1 sev51 & eight %eets ( pap]4 ,t :i* is g5]ally employ$1 is made ( five %eets1 & ! o!r descriptions are employ$ = l>ge cases4 ,siz$ pap] is pref]able1 hav+ m firmness ?an ! o!r4 ,pa/ebo>d is made 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,a pa/e ( fl\r is fir/ prep>$ ) hot wat]1 & pass$ ?r\gh a hair sieve1 to sep>ate ! lumps4 ,a %eet ( pap] is /ret*$ ^u a table1 & cov]$1 by means ( a bru%1 ) pa/e1 & a %eet is !n laid ov] x4 ,?is is compress$1 & ano!r coat ( pa/e appli$2 !n ano!r %eet1 !n pa/e1 & ! numb] is add$ accord+ to ! ?ickness requir$4 ,aft] five or m %eets are ?us pa/$ toge!r1 a dry %eet is laid ov]1 & ! op]ation is repeat$1 till five m are jo9$4 ,!n a dry %eet is put on1 & ! pa/+ is r5ew$4 ,by ?is means1 e five %eets are jo9$ toge!r1 & ! %eet1 ?us =m$1 is kept ap>t f ! re/1 by ! dry %eet4 ,a pile ( pa/ebo>d1 consi/+ ( "s hundr$ %eets1 may be made 9 ?is mann] at "o "t4 ,!y are !n put into a press = ! space ( five or six h\rs1 by :i* !y become firmly unit$1 & all ! extrane\s pa/e is press$ out4 ,:5 a press _c be _h1 !y may be put betwe5 bo>ds1 & heavy weights laid on4 ,! pa/ebo>d is !n hung up 9 ! air to dry1 & aga9 submitt$ to ! press1 to remove any inequalities1 & to make x smoo?4 ,:5 glaz$ pap] is us$ = mak+ pa/ebo>d1 we may employ1 alt]nately1 a %eet ( br[n pap]4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to use m ( ! glaz$ pap]1 ?an ( ! br[n pap]4 ,pa/ebo>d ( ?ree ?icknesses w be suffici5t = mo/ purposes4 ,x is ?is k9d1 :i* is us$ = ! heads ( rockets4 ,sev]al k9ds ( pap]1 h[ev]1 are us$ 9 fire-works4 ,= small prep>ations1 common :ite pap] is suffici5t4 ,= port-fire cases1 ! common br[n pap]2 = ! jo9ts1 gu>d+ places f fire1 & cov]+ tubes ( communication1 any k9d ( gray pap]2 & = cov]+ m>rons1 ! mo/ indiff]5t k9d may be us$4 ,c>tridge pap]1 z kn[n by t "n1 may be us$ = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,pap] may be r5d]$ incombu/ible1 or ne>ly s1 by soak+ x repeat$ly 9 a /rong solution ( alum4 ,9 ! ,lit]>y ,j\rnal ( #aghe1 ( ,pet]sburg1 !re is a discov]y m5tion$ ( a k9d ( pa/ebo>d1 :i* nei!r fire c consume1 nor wat] s(t54 ,x appe>s t alum9a1 & its salt 7alum7 7 us$ 9 ?is prep>ation4 ,9 ! ,j\rnal des ,arts et ,manufactures1 tom4 ii1 p4 #bje1 is an acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( pa/ebo>d at ,malm$y2 & 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,/ockholm = #aghe1 is a description ( ! process = mak+ ! ,sw$i% /one pap]1 :i* resi/s equally fire & wat]4 ,/one pap] is manufactur$ 9 ,france1 7,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie1 article ,c>ton71 by tak+ two p>ts ( m>tial e>?1 7o*re1 = in/ance71 & mix+ !m ) "o "p ( animal oil1 & two p>ts ( vegetable matt]1 previ\sly made into a pulp4 ,! ,briti% ,repository ( ,arts conta9s sev]al specifications ( pat5ts = ! prep>ation ( ! same pap]4 ,al?\gh pap] may be r5d]$ v difficult ( combu/ion by ! process already m5tion$1 t ( soak+ x 9 a /rong solution ( alum1 yet to make a pap] completely inde/ructible by fire1 x mu/ be made ( amian?us4 ,! process = manufactur+ pap] ) ?is m9]al1 0 ann\nc$ 9 ! ,gazette de ,france 9 #aggh4 ,pr(essor ,c>bury receiv$ a m$al = ! inv5tion4 ,incombu/ible pap]1 = c>tridges1 ought to h ! prop]ty1 n ( inflam+1 b ( simply c>boniz+1 :5 expos$ to heat4 ,m4 ,brugnatelli 7,bullet9 des ,neu/97 recomm5ds ! pap] to be prep>$ ) silicat$ alkali1 commonly call$ ! liquor ( fl9ts4 ,muriate ( potassa1 & sup]sulphate ( alum9a-&-potassa are bo? us$ = a simil> purpose4 ,pap] made accord+ to ,brugnatelli's process1 is m]ely c>boniz$ by fire1 & r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,m4 ,h]mb/a$t 7,bullet9 des ,dc\v]tes17 obs]ves1 t pap]1 made ) silicat$ liquor1 attracts humidity1 & proposes simply a solution ( gre5 vitriol1 :i* has n t prop]ty4 ,pap] may be /a9$1 or col\r$1 9 a v>iety ( ways1 z is ! case ) ! portable ,*9ese fire-works1 t are br\ght to ?is c\ntry4 ,?us1 a r$ pap] may be =m$ by dipp+ x 9 a decoction ( brazil wood & alum2 yell[1 by us+ fu/ic2 a gre51 by a mix$ ba? ( blue & yell[ dye1 or a solution ( copp]1 c4 ,col\r$ pap] may be glaz$ ) weak size1 rubb+ x aft]w>ds ) a poli%$ /one4 ,! ,*9ese are 9 possession ( sev]al processes1 z well = mak+1 z = ornam5t+ pap]4 ,_! silv] pap]1 :i* is sometimes put on _! fire-works1 is v>i\sly figur$4 ,! art is v simple4 ,two scruples ( glue1 & "o scruple ( alum1 are dissolv$ 9 a p9t ( wat]4 ,?is is evaporat$1 & put on ! pap]1 :]e !y want x1 & f9ally pulv]iz$ silv]y talc 7a magnesian /one7 is sift$ ov] x4 ,x is !n expos$ to ! sun1 & ! extrane\s talc is bru%$ (f4 ,! glue1 x is obvi\s1 causes ! talc to adh]e4 ,! ,abb ,raynal 7,hi/oire ,philosophique des deux ,indes t4 iii1 p4 #bbe7 has "s int]e/+ facts respect+ ,*9ese pap]4 ,"s useful rem>ks on pap] hang+s1 pap] = decorations1 tape/ry pap]1 c4 may be f\nd 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,p>is1 #aghe1 ! ,lyce des ,arts #agie1 & ! ,encyclop$ie ,me?od4 ,arts et ,meti]s1 t4 iv1 p4 #cic4 ,on ! =mation ( pap] vases1 9 imitation ( ,japan vases1 consult ! ,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie1 article vases4 ,! diff]5t pat5ts1 respect+ pap]1 may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,rep]tory ( ,arts1 & ! manufacture ( pap] g5]ally1 9 ,rees's ,cyclop$ia1 & ! ,arti/'s ,manual4 ,! ,am]ican improvem5ts are notic$ 9 ! latt]4 ,beckman 7,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions7 has a v>iety ( rem>ks on ! same subject2 &1 9 8 article on pap] hang+s1 c4 vol4 ii1 p4 #afa1 says1 t arti/s employ$ ! silv]-col\r$ glimm] 7is+lass7 = ! cov]+ ( pap]1 & t ! nuns ( ,rei*t9/e9 ornam5t$ ) x1 ! images1 :i* !y made2 z ! nuns 9 ,france1 & o!r ca?olic c\ntries1 ornam5t$ _! agni ,dei1 by /rew+ ov] !m a %9+ k9d ( talc4 ,! quality ( ! pa/e1 :i* is employ$ 9 mak+ pa/ebo>d1 ought to be att5d$ to4 ,! fl\r %\ld be ( rye1 & well boil$1 aft] mix+ x uni=mly ) cold wat]4 ,/rong bookb9d]'s pa/e has ! addition ( a f\r?1 fif?1 or six? ( ! weight ( ! fl\r1 ( p[d]$ alum4 ,! pat5t pa/e is prep>$ by extract+ />* f potatoes1 9 ! usual mann]1 by means ( cold wat]1 & mix+ x ) ma%$ potatoes1 aft] !y h be5 boil$1 & boil+ ! :ole 9 wat]4 ,! ,japanese cem5t1 or rice-glue1 may be advantage\sly us$ 9 _m cases4 ,x is =m$ by mix+ rice fl\r intimately ) cold wat]1 & !n boil+ x v g5tly4 ,x is beautifully :ite1 & dries almo/ transp>5t4 ,we are told1 t x is pref]able1 9 e respect1 to ! pa/e made ) fl\r2 & its /r5g? is su*1 t pap]1 pa/$ toge!r ) x1 w soon] sep>ate 9 _! own sub/ance ?an at ! jo9+4 ,! ,*9ese1 to prev5t accid5ts1 & 9 ord] t !y may fire _! works )\t injury1 & p>ticul>ly _! cases :i* are *>g$ ) brilliant fire1 h a process1 = prep>+ a pa/e ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,) ! exception ( ! clay1 ! same sub/ances h be5 employ$ else:]e = ! l purpose4 ,x consi/s ( "o p\nd ( rye fl\r1 boil$ 9 wat]2 to :i* is add$1 a small h&ful ( common salt1 ! :ole be+ ?ick5$ ) f9ely pulv]iz$ :ite clay4 ,! pa/ebo>d1 we are in=m$1 :i* is made ) ?is pa/e1 is n only v solid1 b n s susceptible ( inflammation1 z t prep>$ 9 ! usual way4 ,a ,*9ese pa/e is ann\nc$ 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit d',enc\ragem5t1 #ahae1 :i* is v economical1 & us$ ) success4 ,x is made by mix+ t5 p\nds ( bullock's blood1 ) "o p\nd ( quicklime1 & occasionally fl\r4 ,sec4 ,,xiii4 ,( ! ,pulv]ization ( ,sub/ances4 ,v>i\s sub/ances are employ$ ei!r 9 gra91 lam91 fil+s1 or impalpable p[d]4 ,:5 treat+ ( nitre1 sulphur1 & *>coal1 & o!r bodies1 we m5tion$ ! processes = r$uc+ !m to p[d]4 ,x w be suffici5t "h to rem>k1 t cannon p[d]1 :5 x is conv]t$ into f9e p[d]1 takes ! "n ( meal-p[d]2 ! conv]sion be+ effect$1 by beat+ x 9 a lea!r sack1 already describ$1 by roll+ x ^u ! meal+-table1 or by ! action ( a wood5 pe/le 9 a mort>4 ,x is !n pass$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve4 ,! sack is said to be a pref]able mode1 z ne>ly ! :ole ( x becomes pulv]iz$4 ,saltpetre1 sulphur1 *>coal1 antimony1 c4 may be r$uc$ to p[d] 9 a mort> ( ca/-iron1 m>ble1 or wood4 ,! be/ me?od ( pulv]iz+ saltpetre is giv5 "u t article1 :i* consi/s 9 boil+ x 9 a copp]1 & /irr+ x cont9ually at ! end ( ! process4 ,! be/ mode ( pulv]iz+1 or br++ ca/-iron to a /ate ( f95ess1 is m5tion$ 9 ! article on ,iron4 ,"s ( ! metals1 z iron1 z9c1 ! alloy ( copp] & z9c1 7brass17 c4 are br\ght to a suffici5t f95ess by ! file4 ,! fil+s1 if s requir$1 may be aft]w>ds sift$4 ,z9c1 :5 9 small pieces1 may be pulv]iz$1 by means ( a /eel mort> & pe/le4 ,x may be granulat$1 by suff]+ x to run1 :5 melt$1 ?r\gh an iron cull5d] into wat]4 ,= ! pulv]ization ( camphor1 see t article4 ,sec4 ,,xiv4 ,( ,mixtures4 ,all compositions = fire-works1 are g5]ally made at fir/ 9 mort>s1 & ! mixture is !n f9i%$ by pass+ x ?r\gh a sieve2 x be+ return$ to ! sieve1 & aga9 sift$4 ,?is op]ation is sometimes repeat$ sev]al times4 ,( all compositions1 t = sky-rockets requires to be mo/ intimately bl5d$4 ,to receive ! sift$ matt]1 lea!r or p>*m5t is us$2 b1 9 lieu ( ei!r1 pa/ebo>d1 or sev]al %eets ( pap]1 cem5t$ or glu$ toge!r w answ]4 ,x is obvi\s1 t1 9 prep>+ mixtures1 ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r articles1 !y %\ld n only be v f9e1 b uni=mly & intimately mix$4 ,sev]al receiv]s1 made by /it*+ lea!r ov] a rim1 9 ! mann] ( a sieve1 w\ld be f\nd v conv5i5t2 b wood5 b[ls1 & copp] bas9s1 are g5]ally us$4 ,"s +r$i5ts mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh a lawn sieve1 aft] hav+ be5 previ\sly incorporat$4 ,a receiv]1 ) a top1 is ! k9d ( sieve to be pref]r$4 ,! composition = :eels1 & common works1 ne$ n be s f9e z = rockets4 ,b 9 all fix$ works1 f :i* ! fire is to play regul>ly1 ! +r$i5ts mu/ be v f9e1 & great c>e tak5 9 mix+ !m toge!r2 & 9 ^? works1 into ! composition ( :i*1 iron & /eel ent]1 ! h&s mu/ nei!r t\* !m1 nor moi/ure be suff]$ to come 9 contact4 ,9 ei!r case1 !y w\ld be apt to ru/4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,fire-,,works ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,fire-,,works4 ,9 ,europe1 ! inv5tion ( fire-works is ( a rec5t date1 & ascrib$ to ! ,italians4 ,9 ,*9a1 h[ev]1 fire-works h be5 kn[n = c5turies4 ,"s rec5t exhibitions at ,pek9 prove1 t ! ,*9ese h atta9$ to a degree ( p]fection1 n surpass$ by ! arti/s ( ,france1 ,italy1 or ,engl&4 ,! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,b>r[1 7,travels 9 ,*9a71 on ?is subject are wor?y ( notice4 ,! fire-works1 9 "s p>ticul>s1 says he1 exce$$ any ?+ ( ! k9d ,i _h ev] se54 ,9 gr&eur1 magnific5ce1 & v>iety1 !y 71 ,i own1 inf]ior to ! ,*9ese fire-works1 we _h se5 at ,batavia1 b inf9itely sup]ior 9 po9t ( novelty1 neatness1 & +5uity ( contrivance4 ,"o piece ( ma*9]y ,i greatly admir$2 a *e/ five feet squ>e1 0 hoi/$ up by a pulley1 to ! height ( fifty or sixty feet f ! gr\nd3 ! bottom 0 s con/ruct$ z !n1 sudd5ly1 to fall out1 & make way = tw5ty or ?irty /r+s ( lant]ns1 enclos$ 9 a box1 to desc5d f x1 unfold+ !mselves f "o ano!r by degrees1 s z1 at la/1 to =m a collection ( full #ejj1 ea* hav+ a light ( a beautifully col\r$ flame1 burn+ brightly )9 x4 ,?is devolution & developm5t ( lant]ns 0 sev]al times repeat$1 &1 at e "t1 exhibit$ a diff]5ce ( col\r & figure4 ,on ea* side1 0 a correspond5ce ( small] boxes1 :i* op5$ 9 l mann] z ! o!rs1 & let d[n an imm5se net-"w ( fire1 ) divisions & comp>tm5ts ( v>i\s =ms & dim5sions1 r\nd & squ>e1 hexagons1 octagons1 c4 :i* %one l ! brighte/ burni%$ copp]1 & fla%$ l prismatic col\rs1 ) e impulse ( ! w9d4 ,! div]sity ( col\rs1 ) :i* ! ,*9ese h ! secret ( clo?+ fire1 seems "o ( ! *ief m]its ( _! pyrote*ny4 ,! :ole conclud$ ) a volcano1 or g5]al explosion & dis*>ge ( suns1 />s1 squibs1 crack]s1 rockets1 & granadoes1 :i* involv$ ! g>d5s = above an h\r 9 a cl\d ( intol]able smoke4 ,!v5ot 7,travels 9 ! ,levant7 says1 t dur+ ! bairam1 or c>nival1 :i* takes place ) a great deal ( c]emony1 ! sultan causes fire-works to be play$ (f all night2 ! sultan & sultanas div]t+ !mselves ) ^! & o!r amusem5ts4 ,dr4 ,pococke 7,travels ?r\gh ,egypt71 says1 t at ,cairo1 :5 ! ,nile is high1 besides aquatic excursions1 conc]ts ( music1 & o!r div]sions1 fire-works =m a "p ( ^? pleasures & recreations4 ,9 a ,description ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 fire-works are /at$ to be (t5 exhibit$ at ! m>riage ( ! ,banians or ,g5toos4 ,) respect to ! arrangem5t & display ( sundry pieces ( fire-works1 ei!r alone or comb9$1 ! effect dep5ds1 z well ^u ! +r$i5ts1 :i* compose ! sev]al sorts ( fire1 z on ! ta/e display$ 9 _! exhibition4 ,x w\ld be altoge!r unnecess>y to notice1 at ?is "t1 ! ord] ( exhibition usually adopt$1 res]v+ ?is subject until we h gone into ! v>i\s prep>ations1 :i* con/itute1 z x is call$1 a sy/em ( fire-works4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to become famili> ) ! mann] ( arrang+ !m1 z well z ) _! composition & prep>ation1 :e!r design$ = a g5]al or a p>tial display1 = ! op5 air or = rooms1 we purpose to appropriate di/9ct *apt]s = _! consid]ation4 ,! v>iety ( prep>ations1 :i* become necess>y :]e a full exhibition is int5d$1 ! accuracy ( ! diff]5t mixtures1 & ! adju/m5t ( cases to :eels1 :e!r v]tical or horizontal1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! lead]s1 or communicators ( fire1 f "o "p to ano!r ( ! "w1 ) _m o!r circum/ances1 9 relation to />s1 ra91 c4 all require1 f ! arti/1 p>ticul> c>e & att5tion4 ,= ! m]e exhibition ( "o or two pieces1 z a pla9 rocket1 rocket ) s]p5ts1 or ! l1 & likewise = "s exhibitions1 on wat]1 call$ aquatic fire-works1 9 rooms or ap>tm5ts1 ) sc5t$ fire1 or on ! /age2 ! prep>ations are by no means ext5sive4 ,x is1 !re=e1 our design to pres5t a view ( ! :ole subject 9 detail1 & to speak ( ! diff]5t comb9ations ( arrangem5t1 :i* are made accord+ to fancy & ta/e1 & calculat$1 z we h rem>k$1 ei!r = small or ext5sive exhibitions4 ,we h1 9 a prec$+ "p ( ?is "w1 made "s obs]vations on c]ta9 prelim9>y op]ations2 on ! v>i\s sizes & *>ges = cases2 on ! pap]1 necess>y to be us$1 = diff]5t k9ds ( cases2 &1 g5]ally1 on sundry manipulations1 connect$ ) ! mak+1 fill+1 & prep>ation ( sundry descriptions ( fire-works4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is subject1 to give ! sev]al =mul1 ) su* obs]vations z imm$iately conc]n ! subject2 & = ?is purpose we w pursue ! foll[+ ord]3 ,frazi] is ( op9ion1 t ! arrangem5t ( fire-works1 :i* h be5 exhibit$ ) effect1 may1 on p>ticul> occasions1 be e/abli%$ z a guide4 ,= ?is reason1 ,morel introduces an acc\nt ( ! celebrat$ fire-works at ,v]sailles & ,p>is1 9 #agci1 :i* we %all "h notice4 ,exhibition ( fire-works at ! city h\se ( ,p>is1 on occasion ( ! peace 9 #agci4 ,! !atre 0 a build+1 =ty feet squ>e1 ) a pyramid ( eighty feet 9 height1 on :i* 0 plac$ a globe1 conta9+ artificial fire1 & accompani$ ) sixte5 l>ge vases ( diff]5t =ms4 ,all ! edifice 0 ornam5t$ ) a v>iety ( decorations1 comb9$ ) figures & emblems ( peace1 & pa9t$ on m>ble4 ,aft] sev]al guns 7 fir$1 z a signal1 ! exhibition comm5c$1 ) ! dis*>ge ( a l>ge numb] ( honor>y rockets1 fir$ ?ree & ?ree at a "t4 ,ne>ly five hundr$ lances1 & saucissons g>ni%$1 light$ ! f\r sides ( ! body ( ! works4 ,?irty cases ( artificial fire1 furni%$ ) fuses1 & d\ble m>quises1 7 plac$ ^u ! l>ge t]race1 ) #abjj pots feu 7fire-pots72 & ^u ! ballu/rade ( ! same t]race1 =ty jets1 tw5ty ( :i* 7 aigrettes1 & eight1 revolv+ suns1 f\r 9 ! middle1 & f\r on ! angles4 ,f\r l>ge fix$ suns 7 plac$ above ! f\r :i* revolv$1 & f\r pattes d'oies1 7geese feet17 7 situat$ be=e ! gr& p$e/al ( ! pyramid1 ) jets1 & pots ) aigrette4 ,at ! foot ( ! pyramid1 on ! /eps1 7 plac$ #abjj fire-pots1 & ^u ! p$e/al ( ! pyramid1 twelve l>ge pots ( aigrette1 on ! extremity ( :i*1 7 arrang$ aigrettes 9 gr\ps1 & ?ree l>ge lum9\s />s1 =m$ ( two hundr$ fire lances4 ,! f\r faces ( ! pyramid 7 l9$ ) ab\t fifty o!r jets2 aft] :i* !re 7 cascades1 or f\nta9s ( fire4 ,! fir/ horizontal :eel 0 compos$ (1 or furni%$ )1 six cases1 & conta9$ also two hundr$ & =ty d\ble m>quises4 ,! second :eel conta9$ two hundr$ & =ty fire-pots1 & six cases1 ) upw>ds ( ?ree hundr$ fuses1 all 9 />s1 twelve air balloons 9 ! middle1 b plac$ at ! bottom ( ! fire-"w4 ,to ?is 0 add$1 twelve artificial bombs1 fix$ 9 mort>s1 & plac$ ne> ! cannon1 :i* po9t$ to ! works4 ,?is outl9e ( ! brilliant exhibition ( fire-works 9 #agci1 w give ! read] "s idea ( ! ta/e & magnific5ce ( ! "w at t p]iod4 ,we may "h add1 h[ev]1 t ! improvem5ts1 :i* h s9ce tak5 place1 bo? 9 ! composition ( artificial fire1 & its arrangem5t1 are su* z to place ! mod]n exhibitions ( ?is k9d f> above t we h j spok5 (4 ,b ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! execution ( fire-works1 p]=m$ on ! ,pont ,neuf1 9 ,augu/ ( ! same ye>1 is m ext5sive1 z ! exhibition appe>s to h be5 m gr&4 ,! !atre1 :i* repres5t$ ! temple ( ,hym51 0 an edifice ( ! doric ord]4 ,x 0 squ>e4 ,a gall]y ( five hundr$ feet 9 l5g? 0 support$ by ?irty-two columns1 f\r feet 9 diamet]1 & ?irty-?ree feet 9 height4 ,9 ! int]ior1 7 two solid bodies1 & also "o or m /air cases4 ,at ! two sides ( ?is temple1 along ! p>apets ( ! ,pont ,neuf1 7 ?irty-six pyramids1 eighte5 ( :i* 7 =ty feet high1 & ! o!rs1 tw5ty-six feet4 ,!y 7 jo9$ by :at is call$1 9 ar*itecture1 a corbil1 & c>ri$ vases on _! summits4 ,! signal = ! exhibition 0 giv5 by ! fir+ ( cannon4 ,imm$iately1 7 se51 ris+ into ! air f ea* side ( ! temple1 ?ree hundr$ rockets1 fir$ twelve at a "t4 ,!y 7 dis*>g$ f ! eight t[]s ( ! ,pont ,neuf1 :i* face ! ,tuil]ies1 & 7 succe$$ 7^u ! same t[]s17 by "o hundr$ & eighty pots ( aigrette4 ,! ,*9ese trees 7 dispos$ 9 su* a mann]1 z to =m a pyramid4 ,a succession ( ,*9ese trees n[ appe>$1 imm$iately on ! tablet ( ! cornice ( ! bridge2 !n foll[$ a great fix$ sun1 sixty feet 9 diamet]1 :i* appe>$ 9 all its spl5d\r1 9 ! mid/ ( surr\nd+ objects4 ,"u ?is1 0 plac$ a l>ge illum9at$ cyph]1 ?irty feet 9 height1 :i* consi/$ ( diff]5t col\rs1 9 imitation ( jewels4 ,at ! sides1 betwe5 ! pill>s ( ! temple1 7 also two o!r artificial cyph]s1 six feet high1 & compos$ ( blue fire1 :i* _h a surpris+ effect4 ,!re 7 plac$ ^u ! two walks ( ! bridge1 on ! "r & left ( ! temple1 beyond ! illum9at$ pyramids1 two hundr$ cases ( fuses de p>tem5t1 ( five or six doz5 ea*4 ,^! cases 7 fir$1 five at a "t1 & succe$$ ! rockets4 ,!y began1 on ea* side1 f ! fir/ ne> ! temple1 & 9 succession1 z f> z ! extremities to ! "r & left4 ,!re appe>$ !n cascades ( r$ fire1 issu+ f ! five ar*es ( ! bridge1 :i* seem$ to pi]ce ! illum9ation1 & s vivid 0 ! light1 t ! eye c\ld sc>cely su/a9 x4 ,! combat ( ! dragons next ensu$2 & ! wat]-fire1 or aquatic fire-works1 cov]$ almo/ ! :ole surface ( ! riv]4 ,eight boats1 conta9+ works = ! display on wat]1 7 arrang$ 9 symmetrical ord]1 ) ! boats ( illum9ation4 ,!re 7 also ?irty-six cascades or f\nta9s ( fire1 ab\t ?irty feet high1 :i* appe>$ to rise out ( ! wat]4 ,?is exhibition ( ! cascades1 0 prec$$ by a revolv+ wat]-sun1 & a dis*>ge ( />s f "o hundr$ & sixty pots ( aigrettes1 :i* 7 plac$ at ! l[] "p ( ! t]race4 ,f\r l>ge boats1 conta9+ aquatic fire-works1 7 moor$ ne> ! ar*es ( ! bridge1 & f\r o!rs 7 dispos$ on ! side next to ! ,tuil]ies4 ,! fire-works1 :i* !y conta9$1 consi/$ ( a great numb] ( l>ge & small casks1 *>g$ ) g]bes & pots1 :i*1 :5 dis*>g$1 fill$ ! air ) s]p5ts1 />s1 c4 ,!re 01 also1 a l>ge numb] ( h& g]bes1 & revolv+ wat]-suns4 ,:5 ! exhibition ( ! cascades 0 f9i%$1 ! gr& *&eli]1 compos$ ( six ?\s& fuses1 & re/+ on ! top ( ! temple1 0 light$4 ,bo? extremities 7 set on fire at ! same "t4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by two small] *&eli]s1 previ\sly plac$ on ea* side ( ! foot-way ( ! bridge1 & conta9+ five hundr$ fuses ea*4 ,! fire-works1 exhibit$ at ,v]sailles1 9 ! same ye>1 & on ! same occasion1 7 also magnific5t4 ,! acc\nt we h ( !m is ! foll[+3 ,!re 0 a l>ge build+ erect$1 repres5t+ ! temple ( ,hym51 n9e hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 & "o hundr$ & tw5ty 9 height1 9 ! g>d5s ( ,v]sailles1 9 front ( ! gr& gall]y4 ,x 0 9 ! =m ( a portico1 ) re-ent]+s & sali5ts at ! two extremities1 :i* fac$ ! two great bas9s2 &1 9 ! c5tre1 7 illum9at$ works4 ,! =ges ( ,vulcan1 9 ! grottos1 comm5c$ ) ! s\nd ( ! hamm]s ( ! ,cyclops4 ,! sp>ks1 !n produc$1 cov]$1 9 a few in/ants1 ! two bas9s1 provid$ = ! purpose1 ) an app>5t %eet or volume ( fire4 ,f ! summit ( a rock1 came out a jet ( brilliant fire1 m ?an ?irty feet 9 height1 accompani$ ) f\r o!rs ( less elevation1 repres5t+ torr5ts ( fire z f volcanoes4 ,to ?is succe$$ a great jet ( wat]1 =ty-five feet 9 height1 lead+ ) x1 z x 71 sev5te5 o!r jets1 :i* surr\nd$ ! rocks1 & ru%+ =? ) avidity1 produc$1 9 appe>ance1 a mixture ( flame & wat]1 :i*1 9 ! end1 consum$ entirely ! two grottos4 ,aft] ?is1 ! fire-works1 beh9d ! decoration1 7 exhibit$4 ,two hundr$ & fifty boxes1 & z _m caissons1 arrang$ on bo? sides ( ! turf1 :i* desc5d$ to ! grass1 7 fir/ exhibit$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 less brilliant ?an ! fire f ! ,cyclops4 ,to ?is succe$$ a brilliant fire1 plac$ be=e ! illum9ation4 ,?is composition1 elevat+ itself to a mean height1 pleas$ equally by its =m1 z by its brilliant :it5ess4 ,?is fire compos$ ?ree di/9ct decorations1 :i* succe$$ z ! "o replac$ ! o!r1 foll[+ ! same ord]4 ,! sp\t+ wat]s1 :i* decorat$ ! g>d5s1 toge!r ) ! artificial fire1 appe>$ 9 ! =m ( cascades & f\nta9s4 ,! fir/ decoration1 at ! head ( ! two great bas9s1 exhibit$ two h&some cascades1 9 ! =m ( a :ite %eet1 & surm\nt$ ) an aigrette tw5ty-five feet 9 height4 ,?is 0 accompani$ ) two pattes d'oies 7geese feet7 ( sev5 jets ea*1 & accompani$ also ) fifty jets play+ f ea* ( ! sides1 tw5ty feet 9 height1 & occupy+ ! =e gr\nd4 ,! second appe>$ "u ! =m ( ! pattes d'oies1 ( elev5 jets ea*1 ( :i* f\r1 at ! head ( ! bas9s1 7 l>ge1 & all project$ a body ( fire1 fifty feet 9 height4 ,!y 7 int]mix$1 h[ev]1 ) ! pots ( aigrettes1 tw5ty feet 9 height1 :i* ?rew a cr[n1 compos$ ( />s1 c4 to ! height ( fifty feet1 :i* produc$ 9 ! atmosph]e a lively & brilliant light4 ,! ?ird repres5t$ ?irte5 f\nta9s ( fire1 tw5ty-five feet 9 height1 & ?irty feet 9 diamet]1 ) an aigrette 9 ea*4 ,9 ^!1 !re 7 six circul>1 & six spiral f\nta9s4 ,! l>ge/ 0 plac$ betwe5 ! two bas9s1 ) f\r o!rs on ! "r & left4 ,! f\nta9s1 :i* repres5t$ ! combat ( animals1 _h 9 ea* ( !m two4 ,! animals ?rew1 at ! same "t1 jets ( wat] & fire1 &1 betwe5 ea* ( ! f\nta9s1 l>ge brilliant jets or sp\ts4 ,?is "p ( ! exhibition 0 f9i%$1 by ?r[+ into ! air ! g>ni%+ or furniture ( ! pots1 :i* produc$ cr[ns1 c4 ( great spl5d\r4 ,to ^! ?ree decorations1 succe$$ ! exhibition ( twelve ,italian pots1 plac$ six 9 a r[1 & 9 ! middle ( two great bas9s1 :i* produc$ repeat$ dis*>ges4 ,! :ole 0 !n clos$ by sett+ fire to two great *&eli]s1 :i* 7 plac$ beh9d ! gr& decoration1 & conta9$ m ?an ?ree ?\s& fuses4 ,x appe>s f hi/ory1 t :5 ,h5ry ,,ii1 ent]$ ,rheims1 !re 0 a repres5tation ( sev]al figures 9 fire2 & 9 #afjf1 ! duke ( ,sully made an exhibition ( fire-works at ,fonta9bleau2 & 9 #afab1 ,morel1 commiss>y ( artill]y1 prep>$ a spl5did exhibition ( ! same k9d4 ,x appe>s1 also1 t ! art ( communicat+ fire f "o piece ( fire-"w to ano!r1 z 9 ! comb9$ piece ( n9e mutations1 & ! pyric-piece 7:i* w be notic$ h]eaft]7 0 discov]$ by ,rugg]i1 artific] to ! k+1 at ,b\logne1 9 ,france1 9 #agdc4 ,x may n be improp]1 9 conclud+ ?is article1 to notice1 9 a g5]al mann]1 ! exhibition ( ! works ( fire by ! anci5ts4 ,! fire-works ( ! anci5ts consi/$1 = ! pr9cipal "p1 ( illum9ations1 & ! use ( "s p>ticul> descriptions ( fire4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 v imp]fect4 ,s9ce ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 its effects z well z its modifications1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 became kn[n2 &1 s f> z respects ! v>i\s prep>ations ( artificial fire1 gunp[d] itself has produc$ a new era 9 pyrote*ny1 & ! v>i\s modifications1 to :i* x is subject1 h occasion$ a great v>iety ( fire-works4 ,accord+ to ! au?ority we h on ! subject1 x appe>s1 t ! anci5ts1 9 exhibit+ _! prep>ations ( fire1 set !m (f by ! h&1 & direct$ !m among ! p1 :i* produc$ great eclat4 ,ano!r description ( fire-"w 0 design$ expressly = ! !atre1 "p ( :i* 0 exhibit$ 9 ! =m ( man or bea/4 ,( _! !atrical works1 our acc\nts are imp]fect4 ,_! works1 g5]ally1 7 =m$ ( l>dons1 />s1 & fire-balls1 9 imitation ( gr5ades1 & fly+ fuses or rockets4 ,t !y nei!r _h a sy/em 9 arrang+1 nor regul>ity 9 exhibit+ _! works1 is evid5t f a v>iety ( circum/ances2 =1 al?\gh ! numb] ( _! pieces1 su* z !y 71 0 great2 yet1 !y s cr[d$ !m ^u ea* o!r1 z t1 :5 !y 7 fir$1 !y frequ5tly de/roy$ ! p]sons 9 _! vic9ity4 ,an au?or ( antiquity obs]ves1 t he has se5 a great _m artificial ma*9es1 b1 to speak ! tru?1 few :i* h succe$$2 & x is commonly aft] acclamations ( joy1 t ! spectacle is f9i%$ by ! de/ruction ( "s1 & ! w\nd+ ( a great numb]4 ,?is fact is n at all surpris+2 because _! works 7 prep>$ 9 wood5 tubes1 at lea/ among ! m mod]n1 z pap] cases 7 n !n kn[n4 ,^! tubes1 moreov]1 7 n secur$ by any cov]+1 & 7 ! m likely to bur/1 & h5ce accid5ts 7 common4 ,! mod]ns1 h[ev]1 h reject$ altoge!r ! use ( wood1 9 ! =mation ( cases1 & h avail$ !mselves ( ! use ( pap]1 :i* c be made ( any size or ?ickness4 7,see ,pa/ebo>d47 ,not)/&+ wood is n employ$ by exp]i5c$ fire-work]s1 p>tly 9 consequ5ce ( ! reasons j giv51 & p>tly because pap] furni%es a mat]ial 9 e way adapt$ to ! purpose2 yet1 )9 a few ye>s pa/1 re$ has be5 us$ 9 ,spa91 :i*1 h[ev]1 is secur$ by clo? & pack ?read4 ,su* sub/itutes1 nev]!less1 besides be+ m or less dang]\s1 h no?+ to recomm5d !m4 ,x is a fact1 t ! ,*9ese1 :o und\bt$ly excel 9 ! manufacture ( fire-works1 if we believe ! au?ority ( ! ,engli% embassy1 use altoge!r pap] cases2 b 9 ! w>-rocket1 employ$ by ! natives aga9/ ! ,briti% at ,s]+apatam1 :i* did1 accord+ to ! ,engli% acc\nt1 great execution1 _! cases 7 =m$ entirely ( %eet-iron4 ,9 _! small] works1 :i* are prep>$ expressly = sale1 pap] cases are altoge!r made use (4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,fire-,,works ,,= ,,!atrical ,,purposes4 ,sec4 ,i4 ,( ,puffs1 or ,b\ffes4 ,! b\ffe1 accord+ to ! t]m us$ 9 ,fr5*1 signifies a species ( fire1 :i* exhibits itself 9 puffs1 or 9 alt]nate appe>ances1 m or less brilliant4 ,x is also call$ ! flambeaux ( ! furies4 ,?is description ( artificial fire is us$ 9 !atres1 & frequ5tly 9 ord9>y fire-works4 ,x is fir$ f1 & exhibit$ )1 a funnel ( t91 or %eet iron1 hav+ a hole at ! apex ( ! cone4 ,! hole is to be suffici5tly l>ge to admit ! fire f a quick mat*4 ,x is p>ticul>ly calculat$1 :5 a gulf1 crat]1 or ! caves ( ! ,cyclops1 int5d$ to eject flame1 are to be exhibit$4 ,al?\gh _m compositions may be us$ = ?is purpose1 yet ! foll[+1 :i* is employ$ 9 ,france1 is consid]$ pref]able3 ,composition = ,b\ffes4 ,saltpetre #af oz4 ,meal-p[d] #d oz4 ,*>coal #h oz4 ,:5 ! mat]ials are well mix$1 a piece ( silk pap] is prep>$ 9 a r\nd %ape1 by press+ x on ! end ( a roll]1 9 ! same mann] z ! ord9>y cases4 ,ab\t "o ounce ( ! composition is put into x1 on :i* is plac$ v lightly two dra*ms ( meal-p[d]4 ,a d\ble quick-mat* is n[ put on ! meal-p[d]1 & ! pap] is clos$ by press+ x betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,x is !n ti$ ) tw9e4 ,! quick-mat* is left suffici5tly long to pass ?r\gh ! hole at ! apex ( ! cone1 9 :i* is introduc$ ! puff1 be+ press$ a little at ! bottom4 ,! excess ( ! quick-mat*1 %\ld !re be any1 is cut (f )9 an in* ( ! extremity ( ! funnel4 ,:5 us$1 x is inflam$ by a lance or port fire4 ,! effect ( ! puff1 9 ! fir/ place1 is to ?r[ out ( ! funnel1 by ! meal-p[d]1 a volume ( fire1 :i* w cause ! appe>ances be=e m5tion$4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ,eruptions4 ,if ! appe>ance ( a volcano1 or ! effect ( a m9e is requir$ 9 a piece1 ! foll[+ me?od is commonly foll[$3 a t91 %eet-iron1 or brass box is provid$1 ei!r r\nd or squ>e1 ( n9e in*es 9 height1 & ?ree in*es & a half 9 diamet]1 & plac$ on a wood5 /&1 suffici5tly l>ge to prev5t x f ov]turn+4 ,?ree1 f\r1 or five ounces ( ! composition1 m5tion$ 9 ,sec4 i4 ( ?is *apt]1 is put into x1 accord+ to ! effect int5d$ to be produc$4 ,! composition is press$ a little ) ! h&1 & a piece ( quick-mat* is us$4 ,?is mat* projects out ( ! case1 & is secur$ ) a piece ( pap]1 pa/$ ov] its circumf]5ce4 ,:5 ! fire is pres5t$ to ! quick-mat*1 x communicates ) rapidity to ! inside ( ! box1 or case1 :i* produces an eruption1 f twelve to fifte5 feet 9 height4 ,! effect may be made m or less great1 by mak+ ! boxes ( a proportional size1 or by us+ sev]al ( !m at ! same "t4 ,if a m9e is ! subject ( repres5tation1 x is necess>y to employ "s l>ge m>rons1 :i* %\ld communicate ) ! boxes1 & 9 su* a mann]1 z t !y may op]ate at ! same "t4 ,?is exhibition1 x is obvi\s1 may be v>i$ accord+ to circum/ances1 ei!r by employ+ a l>g] quantity ( ! composition 9 sev]al cases1 or by us+ "o or m m>rons1 or "s o!r descriptions ( fire-works1 ! effect ( :i* is calculat$ to increase ! flame1 & to produce ! necess>y v>iations4 ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ! ,flames4 ,if a flame is to be repres5t$1 z = example1 ! effect ( an inc5di>y1 & its appe>ance is to be prolong$1 ! fire f t[ be+ too transi5t1 small iron kettles1 ( f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & dep?1 may be us$4 ,9 ^! are put ?ree or f\r ounces ( ! composition ( ! lances ( s]vice1 :i* is moi/5$ ) ! oil or _s ( turp5t9e4 ,:5 set on fire1 !y w produce a blaze ?ree or f\r feet 9 height1 & "o & a half 9 diamet]4 ,sev]al may be us$1 accord+ to ! effect requir$4 ,see ! composition = ! lances ( s]vice4 ,sec4 ,,iv4 ,( ! ,fire-ra94 ,a v>iety ( compositions = fire-ra9 are us$1 :i* w be notic$1 :5 we speak ( ! g>ni%+ ( rockets1 & o!r fire-works4 ,cases are prep>$ ( sev5-twelf?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & t5 in*es long1 :i* are *oak$ 9 su* a mann]1 z t ! hole ( communication %\ld be "o-?ird ( ! diamet] ( ! int]ior case4 ,!y are !n *>g$ ) ! foll[+ composition3 ,composition ( ! fire-ra94 ,saltpetre #h ounces4 ,sulphur #d d4 ,meal p[d] #af ounces4 ,*>coal ( oak #b d4 ,pitcoal #b d4 ,:5 ! cases are *>g$ & prim$1 !y are ti$ ^u a rod1 hav+ a groove cut 9 its l5g?4 ,9 ! inside ( ! groove1 is a port-fire1 or lead]1 :i* is ti$ to ! cases ) tw9e1 & ! groove is !n cov]$ ) sev]al pieces ( pap]1 9 ! %ape ( a b&4 ,?is precaution is ?us tak5 = ! !atre1 9 ord] to prev5t ! inflam$ port-fire f fall+ on ! /age4 ,sec4 ,v4 ,( o!r ,compositions = ,fire-ra91 9 ,*9ese fire4 ,! composition ( ,*9ese fire1 :i* we w h occasion to m5tion m fully h]eaft]1 is calculat$ to exhibit a m brilliant fire1 ) a /eady & uni=m effect4 ,x is us$ pr9cipally on ! ,fr5* /age1 9 l>ge op]as4 ,x is *>g$ & us$1 9 all respects1 l ! prec$+4 ,composition ( ,*9ese ,fire4 ,saltpetre1 #h ounces ,meal p[d]1 #af ,sulphur1 #d ,*>coal1 #b ,p[d]$ ca/ iron1 #aj ,! elegance ( ! flame1 produc$ by ?is mixture1 dep5ds entirely ^u ! effect1 :i* ca/ iron possesses2 &1 by its comb9ation ) *>coal1 sulphur1 meal p[d]1 & nitre1 :ile an oxide ( iron results f ! combu/ion1 we h1 likewise1 o!r products1 aris+ f ! decomposition ( ! nitre1 & ! union ( c>bon & sulphur respectively ) a "p ( ! oxyg5 ( ! nitric acid ( ! nitre4 ,! gunp[d] decomposes itself by reason ( ! nature ( its own composition2 b ! sulphur1 *>coal1 & iron1 decompose ! nitric acid ( ! nitre1 9 ! act ( combu/ion4 ,s t1 to produce ! effect1 an additional quantity ( nitre to t :i* is 9 ! gunp[d]1 is requir$ 9 ?is prep>ation4 ,sec4 ,,vi4 ,( ,?und]bolts4 7,f\dres ,f47 ,! ?und]bolts are *>g$ 9 cases ( two-?irds ( an in* 9 diamet]1 9 ! same mann] z cases = :eels & rockets4 ,!y are prim$1 :it5$1 well pa/$1 & left to dry4 ,"s prelim9>y op]ations are requir$ 9 _! exhibition1 z ! use ( ! pi]c]1 ! ty+ ( "o end ( ! case1 :i* is to desc5d fir/ f ! top ( ! !atre1 c4 ,a port-fire is us$ = sett+ !m (f4 ,composition ( ,?und]bolts4 ,meal p[d]1 #f ounces4 ,saltpetre1 #f ---- ,sulphur1 #c ---- ,antimony1 #d dra*ms4#bd ,sec4 ,,vii4 ,( ,dragons & o!r ,mon/]s4 ,9 c]ta9 pieces1 exhibitions ( ?is k9d are made4 ,!y are =m$ 9 su* a way1 z to make !m ?r[ fire f ! m\?1 nose1 & e>s1 :i* is bl[n out into ! air4 ,cases1 *>g$ ) brilliant fire1 are s arrang$ t _! fire may act all at ! same "t4 ,puffs may also be produc$ to g out at ! m\?1 by means ( a tube or funnel1 plac$ beh9d ! mon/]4 ,^! prep>ations & exhibitions are s susceptible ( v>iations1 t1 hav+ a previ\s k ( ! composition & effect ( ! fire-"w1 x may be s arrang$ z to produce a v>iety ( appe>ances4 ,sec4 ,,viii4 ,( ,lightn+4 ,! effect ( lightn+ may be %[n by sev]al prep>ations4 ,lycopodium1 or puff-ball1 is ! sub/ance mo/ commonly employ$4 ,:5 x _c be procur$1 ros9 may be sub/itut$2 &1 g5]ally1 z ! latt] is *eap]1 x is us$4 ,ros91 r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]1 & ?r[n ^u a flame1 w produce ! effect 9 a rem>kable degree1 & :5 bl[n ?r\gh a tube1 ! effect is m /rik+4 ,sev]al fluid sub/ances1 :5 eject$ f a syr+e on a light$ c&le1 h ! same appe>ance4 ,alcohol has ?is effect4 ,! difficulty ( prep>+ & employ+ !m1 has giv5 ! lycopodium a pref]5ce4 ,a t9 or brass tube1 l>g] at "o end ?an ! o!r1 & cov]$ at ! =m] end1 ) a cov]1 p]=at$ ) holes1 simil> to ! bran* ( a wat]+ pot1 is us$ = hold+ ! composition1 or sub/ance made use (4 ,?r\gh ?is cov]1 or lid1 a cotton wick is put1 :i*1 be=e light+1 is well soak$ 9 alcohol or spirits ( w9e4 ,:5 light$1 ! tor* or tube1 conta9+ ! lycopodium1 or ros91 is %ak5 at ! small] extremity2 :5 ^! sub/ances w pass ?r\gh ! holes 9 small quantities1 & be successively inflam$4 ,sec4 ,,ix4 ,( ! ,artifice ( ,de/ruction4 ,:51 9 any exhibition1 palaces1 ca/les1 or =ts are to be demoli%$1 or ?r[n d[n1 !re are ab\t tw5ty pet>ds fix$ on rods4 ,pet>ds1 = ?is use1 are made ) cases1 & sometimes ) :eels4 ,! cases are g5]ally ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 *>g$ ) gra9 p[d]1 & *oak$ at bo? ends4 ,!y are arrang$ 9 a zigzag direction4 ,?is s]ies ( crack]s has a f9e effect4 ,x is obvi\s1 t1 9 all ^! exhibitions1 intellig5t artizans may employ v>i\s descriptions ( artificial fire1 :]e1 9 p>ticul>1 x (t5 seems1 t !re is some?+ yet to be wi%$ =4 ,sec4 ,x4 ,( ! ,spur-fire4 ,! spur-fire is s call$1 because its fire or sp>ks resemble ! r[el ( a spur4 ,x is us$ 9 !atres & 9 rooms4 ,x is ! mo/ beautiful ( any yet kn[n1 & 0 inv5t$ by ! ,*9ese1 b greatly improv$ 9 ,europe4 ,x requires great c>e to make x prop]ly4 ,c>e ought to be tak5 t all ! +r$i5ts are ( ! be/ quality1 t ! lampblack is nei!r damp nor clodd$1 t ! saltpetre is ! be/ ref9$1 & ! sulphur p]fectly pure4 ,?is composition is g5]ally ramm$ into "o or two ounce cases1 ab\t five or six in*es long1 b n driv5 v h>d2 & ! cases mu/ h _! concave /roke /ruck v smoo?1 & ! *oak or v5t n q s l>ge z ! usual proportion3 ?is *>ge1 :5 driv51 & kept a few mon?s1 w be mu* bett] ?an :5 ramm$4 ,if kept dry1 x w la/ _m ye>s4 ,z ! beauty ( ?is composition _c be se5 at s great a di/ance z brilliant fire1 x has a bett] effect 9 a !atre or room1 ?an 9 ! op5 air2 & may be fir$ 9 a *amb]1 )\t dang]4 ,its effect is ( s innoc5t a nature1 t x has be5 call$ cold fire2 & s extraord9>y is ! fire produc$ f ?is composition1 t if well made1 ! sp>ks w n burn a h&k]*ief :5 held 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 ,! h&1 br\ght 9 contact ) ! sp>k1 w feel only a s5sation simil> to t occasion$ by ! fall+ ( ra94 ,:5 any ( ^! spurs are fir$ s+ly1 !y are call$ artificial fire-pots2 b "s ( !m1 plac$ r\nd a transp>5t pyramid ( pap]1 & fir$ 9 a l>ge room1 make a v elegant appe>ance4 ,composition ( ,spur-,fire4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #d lbs4 ,sulphur1 #b lbs4 ,lampblack1 #a lbs4 or1 #b4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb4 ,sulphur1 lb4 ,lampblack1 #d qu>ts4 ,! saltpetre & sulphur mu/ be fir/ mix$ toge!r1 & sift$1 & !n put into a m>ble mort>1 & ! lampblack ) !m1 :i* are to be work$ by degrees1 ) a wood5 pe/le1 till all ! +r$i5ts appe> ( "o col\r1 :i* w be a gray1 approa*+ to black4 ,x is !n to be tri$ by driv+ a little ( x into a case1 & fir$ 9 a d>k place2 & if ! sp>ks1 :i* are call$ />s1 or p9ks1 come out 9 clu/]s1 & aft]w>ds spread well1 )\t any o!r sp>ks1 x is a crit]ion ( its goodness4 ,if any drossy sp>ks appe>1 & ! />s are n full1 x is !n n mix$ suffici5tly3 b1 if ! p9ks are v small1 & soon break1 x is a pro( t x has be5 rubb$ too mu*2 =1 9 ?is case1 few />s w appe>4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! mixture is n rubb$ suffici5tly1 ! combu/ion w be too weak1 & lumps1 resembl+ dross1 ) an obscure smoke1 b )\t />s1 w be emitt$4 ,! peculi> effect ( ?is composition is ow+ to ! c>bon ( ! lampblack1 "o "p ( :i* is inflam$1 its combu/ion be+ support$ by ! oxyg5 gas ( ! atmosph]e4 ,sec4 ,,xi4 ,( ! col\r$ ,flame ( ,alcohol4 ,we h already rem>k$1 9 treat+ ( alcohol1 t its flame may be *ang$ ( v>i\s col\rs1 by us+ c]ta9 native sub/ances4 ,see ,alcohol4 ,alcohol1 ?us mix$1 or comb9$ ) sub/ances1 may be exhibit$ on c]ta9 occasions2 = ev5 cotton1 :5 imm]s$ 9 x1 & set on fire1 w %[ ! same appe>ances4 ,morel rem>ks1 t1 if v9eg>1 a small portion ( crude t>t>1 & common salt1 & a /ill small] quantity ( saltpetre1 be mix$ toge!r1 & di/ill$1 a liquid w be obta9$1 :i* burns ) great brilliancy4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 if we judge f analogy1 :e!r ei!r t>t>1 ! salt1 or saltpetre1 w communicate any peculi> prop]ty to ! di/ill$ v9eg>2 = ^! sal9e sub/ances w rema9 unalt]$ 9 ! di/ill+ vessel4 ,! v9eg>1 nev]!less1 may be obta9$ 9 a m conc5trat$ /ate1 be+ depriv$ ( its col\r+ & o!r matt]1 & ! great] "p ( its wat]1 &1 !re=e1 approa* to ! /ate ( acetic acid4 ,) respect to alcohol1 x is kn[n to dissolve a v>iety ( sal9e sub/ances1 mo/ ( :i* h ! prop]ty ( *ang+ ! col\r ( its flame4 ,al?\gh we h n made any exp]im5ts ) ! spirits ( turp5t9e1 yet we are ( op9ion1 t x may be us$ ) res9s1 c4 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 all cases1 x is evid5t1 t ! fluid made use ( mu/ be inflammable4 ,macqu] 7,memoirs ( ! ,tur9 ,academy7 made a numb] ( exp]im5ts on ! solubility ( salts 9 alcohol1 & on ! diff]5t col\r$ flames1 :i* !y produc$4 ,! pr9cipal results ( 8 exp]im5ts1 are ! foll[+3 ,quantity 9 gra9s4 ,salts soluble 9 #bjj ,peculi> ph5om5a gra9s ( _s4 ( ! flame4 ,flame1 l>g]1 high]1 #d ,nitrate ( potassa1 m ard5t1 yell[1 & lum9\s4 #e ,muriate ( potassa1 ,l>ge1 ard5t1 yell[1 & lum9\s4 #j ,sulphate ( soda1 ,consid]ably r$4 #ae ,nitrate ( soda1 ,yell[1 lum9\s1 detonat+4 #j ,muriate ( soda1 ,l>g]1 m ard5t1 & r$di%4 #j ,sulphate ( ammonia1 ,none4 #ajh ,nitrate ( ammonia1 ,:it]1 m lum9\s4 #bd ,muriate ( ammonia1 ,none4 #bhh ,nitrate ( lime1 ,l>g]1 m lum9\s1 r$1 & decrepitat+4 #bhh ,muriate ( lime1 ,l t ( nitrate ( lime4 #hd ,nitrate ( silv]1 ,none4 #bjd ,muriate ( m]cury1 ,l>ge1 yell[1 lum9\s1 & decrepitat+4 #d ,nitrate ( iron1 ,r$ & decrepitat+4 #cf ,muriate ( iron1 ,m :ite1 lum9\s1 & sp>kl+4 ,m :ite1 lum9\s1 #dh ,nitrate ( copp]1 & gre51 mu* smoke4 ,! sal9e residuum became black & burnt4 #dh ,muriate ( copp]1 ,f9e gre51 :ite & r$ fulgurations4 ,! alcohol1 he employ$1 _h a specific gravity ( #j4hdj4 ,sec4 ,,xii4 ,( ,r$ fire4 ,dr4 ,ure 7,*emical ,diction>y7 in=ms u1 t ! beautiful r$1 :i* is n[ frequ5tly us$ at ! !atres1 is compos$ ( ! foll[+ +r$i5ts3 #dj p>ts ( dry nitrate ( /rontia2 #ac p>ts ( f9ely p[d]$ sulphur2 #e p>ts ( *lorate 7hyp]oxymuriate7 ( potassa1 & #d p>ts ( sulphuret ( antimony4 ,! *lorate ( potassa & sulphuret ( antimony1 %\ld be p[d]$1 sep>ately1 9 a mort>1 & !n mix$ toge!r on pap]2 aft] :i* !y may be add$ to ! o!r +r$i5ts1 previ\sly p[d]$ & mix$4 ,no o!r k9d ( mixture ?an rubb+ toge!r on pap] is requir$4 ,sometimes a little realg> is add$ to ! sulphuret ( antimony1 & frequ5tly1 :5 ! fire burns dim & badly1 a v small quantity ( v f9ely p[d]$ *>coal or lampblack w make x p]fect4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,( ,,portable ,,fire-,,works4 ,sec4 ,i4 ,( exhibitions on ,tables4 ,fire-works1 x is obvi\s1 may be employ$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 ei!r l>ge or small1 9 ! op5 air1 or 9 ap>tm5ts1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,fire-tables are compos$ ( a great _m works1 ! same z is exhibit$ ^u a l>ge scale2 b ( a size correspond+ ) small exhibitions4 ,z fire-tables are us$ only 9 ap>tm5ts1 & ! works are %[n f tables1 on :i* !y are arrang$1 x is necess>y t ! cases :i* conta9 !m %\ld be ( a small calib]1 & _! fire less ext5sive4 ,! cases or c>tridges are made ( "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & *>g$ ) ! be/ pi/ol p[d]1 :i* produces less smoke ?an cannon p[d]4 ,^! small works are usually exhibit$ on pa/ebo>d1 diff]5tly arrang$4 ,among ! works are frequ5tly figures1 resembl+ fruit conta9$ 9 g]bes & ev5 small caprices4 ,p9ks1 :i* are also us$1 are g5]ally modifi$1 or accompani$ ) o!r decorations1 & furni%$ ) illum9at$ suns4 ,fire-pots ( "o in* 9 diamet]1 fill$ ) small bombs & v>i\s devices1 are employ$1 :5 a surprise is int5d$4 ,! fire-table is arrang$1 al?\gh ^u a small scale1 9 ! same mann] z o!r works4 ,_! arrangem5t1 !re=e1 is ! same z = o!r k9ds ( fire-works1 only proportion+ !m accord+ly4 ,brilliant fire4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,f9e fil+s ( /eel4 #b d ,jessam9e4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,saltpetre1 -- ,sulphur1 -- ,f9e /eel fil+s1 #b -- ,aurora4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,gold p[d]1 #b -- ,:ite4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,saltpetre1 #f -- ,sulphur1 #aj -- ,rays4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,ne$le fil+s1 7or fil+s ( ! be/ /eel17 #a -- ,silv] ra94 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,saltpetre1 -- ,sulphur1 -- ,ne$le fil+s1 7or fil+s ( ! be/ /eel17 -- ,*9ese silv] ra94 ,meal p[d]1 #ah oz4 ,sulphur1 #b -- ,saltpetre1 #a -- ,p[d] ( ca/ iron1 ( ! be/1 #e -- ,z to aquatic fire-works1 "s ( :i* are frequ5tly %[n 9 rooms1 ! read] w f9d 9 ! article on t subject1 a full acc\nt ( ! mann] ( =m+ !m4 ,he may also consult a treatise on ,artificial fire-works by ,p]r9t ,d',orval1 publi%$ 9 #agde4 ,?is "w gives ample in/ructions = p]=m+ all k9ds ( fire-"w on wat]4 ,9 ! article allud$ to w be f\nd sev]al =mul = prep>+ odorif]\s fire1 :i* may be us$ = exhibitions on ! table4 ,! succe$+ *apt]1 h[ev]1 is suffici5tly compreh5sive on t subject4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ,table ,rockets4 ,table rockets are n calculat$ = exhibition4 ,!y are design$ m]ely to %[ ! tru? ( driv+1 & ! judgm5t ( a fire-work]4 ,!y h no o!r effect1 :5 fir$1 ?an sp9n+ r\nd 9 ! same place :]e !y began1 till !y are burnt out1 & %[+ a horizontal circle ( fire4 ,! me?od ( mak+ ^! rockets1 is ! foll[+3 ,h a cone1 turn$ out ( solid wood1 #b-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 & ( ! same height1 &1 r\nd its base1 draw a l9e4 ,on ?is l9e1 fix f\r spokes1 two in*es long ea*1 s z to /& "o opposite ! o!r2 !n fill f\r n9e-in* "o p\nd cases ) any /rong composition1 )9 two in*es ( ! top4 ,^! cases are made l t\rbillons1 & mu/ be ramm$ ) ! greate/ exactness4 ,! rockets be+ fill$1 fix _! op5 ends on ! %ort spokes2 !n1 9 ! side ( ea* case1 bore a hole ne> ! clay4 ,all ^! holes or v5ts mu/ be s made1 t ! fire ( ea* case may act ! same way2 & f ^! v5ts c>ry lead]s to ! top ( ! cone1 & tie !m toge!r4 ,:5 ! rockets are to be fix$1 set !m on a smoo? table1 & light ! lead]s 9 ! middle1 & all ! cases w fire toge!r1 & sp9 on ! po9t ( ! cone4 ,^! rockets may be made to rise1 l t\rbillons1 by mak+ ! cases %ort]1 & bor+ f\r holes 9 ! "u side ( ea*1 at equal di/ances4 ,?is be+ done1 !y are call$ d\ble t\rbillons4 ,all ! v5ts 9 ! "u sides ( ! cases1 mu/ be light$ at once2 & ! %>p po9t ( ! cone cut (f1 at :i* place1 x is to be made sph]ical4 ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,( ! ,transp>5t ,illum9at$ ,table ,/>4 ,! table /> is usually twelve feet 9 diamet]1 &1 f ! ne>e/ extremity to ! frame1 f\r feet4 ,?is proportion1 obs]v$ on ea* side1 w make ! c5tre frame f\r feet squ>e4 ,9 ?is squ>e1 a transp>5t /> is fix$4 ,?is /> may be pa9t$ blue1 & its rays made l ! flam+ />s4 ,! :eels = ?is /> may be compos$ ( diff]5t col\r$ fires1 ) a *>ge or two ( sl[ fire4 ,! :eels1 on ! extremities1 may be clo!d ) any numb] ( cases2 s t ! />-:eel consi/s ( ! same4 ,! illum9at$ fires1 :i* mu/ be plac$ v ne> ea* o!r on ! frames1 9 ord] to h a prop] effect1 ought to burn z long z ! :eels1 & be light$ at ! same "t4 ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,( ,detonat+ ,works4 ,we h notic$ v>i\s fulm9at+ prep>ations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( our "w1 su* z ! ord9>y fulm9at+ p[d]1 ,higg9s's fulm9at+ p[d]1 fulm9at+ oil1 & sev]al metallic p[d]s4 ,we h also giv5 "s prep>ations made ) fulm9at+ silv]1 ! mak+ ( :i* we h notic$4 ,besides ! torp$o1 c4 prep>$ ) fulm9at+ silv]1 !re are "s o!r prep>ations made ) ! same sub/ance1 :i* we purpose to give 9 ?is place4 ,wat]loo crack]s4 ,take a slip ( c>tridge pap]1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 wid?1 pa/e & d\ble x4 ,let x rema9 till dry1 & cut x into two equal p>ts 9 l5g?1 7,no4 #a & #b71 accord+ to ! foll[+ patt]n4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 #a4 ,glass4 ,s4 ,glass4 ,no4 #b4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,take "s ( ! glass composition1 & lay x across ! pap] z 9 ! patt]n1 & put ab\t a qu>t] ( a gra9 ( fulm9at+ silv] 9 ! place m>k$ ,s42 &1 :ile ! glass composition is moi/1 put ! pap]1 m>k$ ,no4 #b1 ov] ! f>!/ r[ ( glass4 ,ov] all1 pa/e1 twice ov] ! "p t cov]s ! silv]1 a piece ( pap]2 let x dry4 ,by pull+ bo? ends ap>t1 ! friction by ! glass1 w cause ! fulm9at+ silv] to explode4 ,detonat+ ,girdle4 ,procure a piece ( gir?1 f #ab to #ah in*es 9 l5g?4 ,d\ble x1 & fold x d[n ab\t #a-a_/b in*es1 simil> to ! fold ( a lett]1 & !n turn back "o end ( ! gir?1 & x w =m two comp>tm5ts4 ,!n dissolve "s gum arabic 9 wat]1 & ?ick5 x by add+ co>sely p[d]$ glass4 ,place two upright r[s ( ! glass composition1 9 ! inside ( "o ( ! folds1 ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 wid?1 &1 :5 !y are dry1 s[ ! fir/ fold toge!r on ! edge1 & !n ! second at ! opposite end2 s t "o end may be op54 ,!n 9 ! c5tre ( ! two r[s1 put ab\t a gra9 ( fulm9at+ silv]1 & pa/e a piece ( cotton or silk ov] x4 ,make a hole at ea* end ( ! girdle1 & hang x to a hook 9 ! door po/1 & ! o!r hook on ! door2 obs]v+ to place ! silk "p1 s t x may come aga9/ ! edge ( ! door ^u be+ op5$1 :i* w occasion a report4 ,detonat+ ,tape4 ,?is is made ( b9d+1 ab\t #c_/h?s ( an in* 9 wid?4 ,! same directions are to be att5d$ to1 z ^? we h j giv5 = mak+ ! girdle4 ,x may be explod$ by tak+ hold ( ea* end1 & roll+ ! ends f ea* o!r %>ply1 or by two p]sons pull+ at opposite ends4 ,detonat+ ,balls4 ,^! are made 9 sev]al ways1 ei!r by enclos+ a %ot 9 pap] ) fulm9at+ silv]1 :i* is explod$ by ?r[+ x on ! gr\nd1 or made ( small glass globes4 ,= ! latt]1 procure "s small glass globes1 betwe5 ! size ( a pea & a small m>ble1 9 :i* !re mu/ be a small hole2 put into x half a gra9 ( fulm9at+ silv]1 & pa/e a piece ( pap] ov] ! hole4 ,:5 ?is ball is put on ! gr\nd1 & trod ^u1 x w g (f ) a l\d noise4 ,if put "u ! leg ( a *air1 & press$ by ! weight ( ! body1 ! same effect w take place4 ,detonat+ ,c>ds4 ,take a piece ( c>d1 ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( an in* 9 bread? & #ab 9 l5g?2 slit x at "o end1 & place 9 ! op5+ a qu>t] ( a gra9 ( fulm9at+ silv]1 close ! end d[n ) a little pa/e1 & :5 dry light ! end 9 a c&le4 ,fulm9at+ silv] may be us$ 9 sev]al o!r ways1 af=d+ a v>iety 9 ! effect1 z ! foll[+3 ,fold a lett] 9 ! usual mann]1 & along ) ! waf] introduce ! fulm9at+ silv] mix$ ) "s glass3 :5 ! waf] is brok51 9 ! act ( op5+ ! lett]1 a viol5t explosion w take place4 ,by plac+ a qu>t] ( a gra9 ( ! p[d] 9 ! mid/ ( "s tobacco 9 a pipe1 or betwe5 ! leaves ( a seg>1 & clos+ ! end aga9 to prev5t ! p[d] f fall+ out2 x ne$ h>dly be /at$1 t on light+ x1 an explosion ensues4 ,su* exp]im5ts %\ld be made ) caution4 ,"o-?ird ( a gra9 ( fulm9at+ silv]1 fold$ 9 a small piece ( pap]1 & wrapp$ 9 ano!r piece1 !n pa/$ r\nd a p91 :i* is to be /uck 9 ! wick ( a c&le1 w make a l\d report4 ,z fulm9at+ silv] explodes by heat1 or friction1 x is obvi\s1 t v>i\s contrivances may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,if1 = in/ance1 half a gra9 be put on a piece ( glass pap]1 7pap] cov]$ ) a mixture ( p[d]$ glass & gum71 !n inclos$ 9 a piece ( t9 foil1 & put 9 ! bottom or side ( a draw]2 on op5+ or %utt+ x1 ! p[d] w imm$iately explode4 ,! same effect takes place by putt+ a qu>t] ( a gra9 into a piece ( pap]1 & plac+ x 9 ! snuff]s4 ,:5 ! c&le is snuff$1 x w g (f4 ,two figures1 "o ( :i* bl[s out & ! o!r relights a c&le1 are sometimes exhibit$ 9 rooms4 ,?is is p]=m$ by mak+ two figures ( any %ape or mat]ial1 & ins]t+ 9 ! m\? ( "o1 a small tube1 at ! end ( :i* is a piece ( phosphorus1 & 9 ! m\? ( ! o!r1 a tube conta9+ at ! end a few gra9s ( gunp[d]2 obs]v+ t ea* be reta9$ 9 ! tube by a piece ( pap]4 ,if ! second figure be appli$ to ! flame ( a tap]1 x w ext+ui% x1 by reason ( ! gunp[d]1 & ! fir/ w light x aga94 ,c&le bombs4 ,^! are usually call$ c&le crack]s1 & are made ( glass4 ,!y are bl[n 9 small bubbles1 hav+ a neck ab\t half an in* long1 ) v sl5d] bores1 by means ( :i* a small quantity ( wat] or _s ( w9e is introduc$4 ,! orifice is !n clos$4 ,:5 !y are /uck into a c&le1 ! heat conv]ts ! wat] or alcohol into vap\r1 :i* breaks ! glass ) a l\d report1 ext+ui%+ ! flame at ! same "t4 ,detonations by ,electricity4 ,! electric fluid1 x is kn[n1 w inflame combu/ible bodies1 &1 = ! purpose ( exp]im5t1 sev]al contrivances h be5 us$4 ,t ( plac+ ! sub/ance1 gunp[d] = in/ance1 on a small insulat$ /&1 & pass+ ! sp>k ?r\gh x by means ( conductors1 w cause its inflammation4 ,! electrical h\se is also an exemplification ( ! effect ( ! electric fluid4 ,detonations by ,galvanism4 ,sub/ances1 plac$ on a glass plate1 & br\ght 9 contact ) ! positive & negative poles ( a galvanic batt]y1 are readily inflam$4 ,h5ce phosphorus1 gunp[d]1 ! metals1 c4 may be inflam$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! deflagrator ( pr(essor ,h>e ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 is a p[]ful app>atus = ! purpose2 = ! con/ruction ( :i*1 & ! details ( its effects1 see ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce by pr(essor ,silliman1 ( ,yale ,college4 ,among ! means ( produc+ heat t ( compression is well kn[n4 ,! common cond5s+ syr+e1 = inflam+ spunk or t\* pap]1 is on ?is pr9ciple4 ,?is syr+e is n[ made v portable1 n m ?an six in*es 9 l5g? & ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! end ( ! pi/on1 :i* fits tight 9 ! cyl9d]1 has a small cavity1 9 :i* ! spunk is put1 s t1 :5 ! pi/on is sudd5ly compress$1 ! air is cond5s$1 & a temp]ature produc$1 suffici5t to inflame x4 ,! air1 9 ! cyl9d]1 is cond5s$ 9 ! ratio ( ab\t "o to =ty4 ,! calculations on ! degree ( compression1 :i* atmosph]ic air mu/ und]go to produce fire by ?is k9d ( p]cussion1 ) obs]vations on ! subject1 may be se5 9 ,m4 ,biot1 7,trait de ,physique ,exp]im5tale1 c4 tome ii1 p4 #ag71 ) o!r rem>ks conc]n+ ! s\rces ( caloric4 ,to acc\nt = c]ta9 ph5om5a 9 ! atmosph]e1 "s ( :i* are accompani$ ) detonations1 ,mr4 ,ni*olson 7,*emical ,diction>y1 article ,air1 atmosph]ical71 conceives t ! l[] atmosph]e consi/s *iefly ( oxyg5 & nitrog51 toge!r ) moi/ure1 & ! occasional vap\rs or exhalations ( bodies4 ,! upp] atmosph]e seems to be compos$ ( a l>ge proportion ( hydrog51 a fluid ( s mu* less specific gravity ?an any o!r1 t x mu/ naturally asc5d to ! highe/ place2 :]e1 be+ occasionally set on fire by electricity1 x appe>s to be ! cause ( ! aurora borealis & fire-balls4 ,x may easily be und]/ood1 t ?is w only happ5 on ! conf9es ( ! respective masses ( common atmosph]ical air1 & ( ! inflammable air2 t ! combu/ion w ext5d progressively1 ?\gh rapidly1 9 fla%+s f ! place :]e x comm5ces2 & t1 :51 by any means1 a /ream ( inflammable air1 9 its progress t[>ds ! upp] atmosph]e1 is set on fire at "o end1 its ignition may be mu* m rapid ?an :at happ5s high] up1 :]e oxyg5 is want+2 & at ! same "t m def9ite 9 its figure & progression1 s z to =m ! appe>ance ( a fire-ball4 ,detonations frequ5tly accompany combu/ion4 ,!re are _m int]e/+ exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 "s ( :i* we w notice 9 ?is place1 viz4 ,exp]im5t #a4 ,if a small portion ( fulm9at+ p[d] be plac$ on a fire-%ovel ov] a hot fire1 x w become br[n1 !n melt1 & swell up1 & f9ally explode4 ,see ,fulm9at+ p[d]4 ,exp]im5t #b4 ,iron fil+s & sulphur1 made into a pa/e ) wat]1 & buri$ 9 ! gr\nd = a few h\rs1 w unite1 decompose ! wat]1 & inflame2 ?r[+ up ! e>? ) viol5ce & noise4 ,see ,artificial ,volcano4 ,exp]im5t #c4 ,if nitrate ( copp] be spread on t9 foil & wett$1 & ! foil imm$iately wrapp$ up1 sc9tillations ( fire w foll[1 accompani$ ) slight detonations4 ,exp]im5t #d4 ,five or six gra9s ( sulphuret ( antimony1 ) half its weight ( *lorate ( potassa1 :5 /ruck ) a hamm] w cause a l\d detonation4 ,exp]im5t #e4 ,two gra9s ( *lorate ( potassa1 & "o gra9 ( fl[]s ( sulphur1 :5 rubb$ toge!r1 w produce a detonat+ noise2 & ! same mixture1 /ruck ) a hamm]1 w give a l\d report4 ,see ,*lorate ( ,potassa4 ,exp]im5t #f4 ,"o gra9 ( phosphorus & two gra9s ( *lorate ( potassa1 /ruck 9 ! same mann]1 w produce a viol5t explosion4 ,see ,phosphorus4 ,exp]im5t #g4 ,mix t5 gra9s ( *lorate ( potassa ) "o gra9 ( phosphorus1 & drop ! mixture into sulphuric acid2 detonation & flame w be ! consequ5ce4 ,exp]im5t #h4 ,make a mixture ( ars5ic & *lorate ( potassa4 ,on pres5t+ a light$ mat*1 combu/ion1 accompani$ ) a detonation1 w ensue2 &1 if a tra9 ( gunp[d] be laid1 & bo? inflam$ at ! same "t1 ! ars5ical mixture w burn ) ! rapidity ( lightn+1 :ile ! o!r burns ) comp>ative sl[ness4 ,exp]im5t #i4 ,if "o gra9 ( dry nitrate ( bismu? be mix$ ) "o gra9 ( phosphorus1 & rubb$ toge!r 9 a metallic mort>1 a l\d detonation w be produc$4 ,exp]im5t #aj4 ,if a globule ( potassium be ?r[n ^u wat]1 an in/antane\s explosion w be produc$4 ,exp]im5t #aa4 ,a gra9 ( fulm9at+ gold1 /ruck g5tly ) a hamm]1 w produce a l\d explosion4 ,exp]im5t #ab4 ,a few gra9s ( fulm9at+ m]cury1 /ruck 9 ! same mann]1 w produce a l\d detonation4 ,exp]im5t #ac4 ,:5 a gra9 or two ( potassium are mix$ ) ! same quantity ( sodium1 no effect w take place2 b if ! mixture be br\ght 9 contact ) a globule ( m]cury1 & agitat$1 combu/ion1 ) a slight detonation1 w foll[1 %[+ ! vivid combu/ion ( ?ree metals1 :5 br\ght 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,exp]im5t #ad4 ,if to six gra9s ( *lorate ( potassa1 we add ?ree gra9s ( pulv]iz$ *>coal1 & rub ! two 9 a mort>1 no effect w ensue2 b if we add to ?is mixture two gra9s ( sulphur1 & cont9ue ! rubb+1 inflammation1 accompani$ ) a report1 w take place4 ,see ,gunp[d] ( *lorate ( potassa4 ,exp]im5t #ae4 ,*lorate ( potassa & sulphur1 rubb$ 9 a mort>1 w produce a crackl+ noise1 simil> to t ( a :ip4 ,^! reports w foll[ 9 succession z ! pe/le is press$ on ! mixture4 ,exp]im5t #af4 ,combu/ion1 ) a slight detonation1 takes place dur+ ! melt+ ( co9 9 a nut-%ell4 ,= ?is purpose1 make a mixture ( ?ree p>ts ( nitre1 "o "p ( sulphur1 & "o ( v f9e dry saw du/2 press a small portion ( ?is p[d] into a walnut %ell1 & put on x a small silv] or copp] co91 roll$ up1 & fill ! %ell ) ! mixture4 ,if ! mixture be n[ inflam$1 x w melt ! co9 9 a mass1 :ile ! %ell w be only black5$4 ,exp]im5t #ag4 ,introduce1 into an inflammable air pi/ol1 a mixture ( hydrog5 gas ) oxyg5 gas1 or1 9 ! place ( ! latt]1 atmosph]ic air1 & apply a light$ tap]3 a viol5t detonation w be produc$4 ,see ,inflammable air works4 ,exp]im5t #ah4 ,mix "s f9e musket p[d] ) pulv]iz$ glass1 & /rike ! mixture ) a hamm] on an anvil2 ! gunp[d] w explode4 ,see ,gunp[d]4 ,exp]im5t #ai4 ,take a small portion ( fulm9at+ plat9um1 & place x on ! end ( a spatula1 or on ! blade ( a knife1 & hold x ov] ! flame ( a c&le2 a %>p explosion w take place4 ,see ,fulm9at+ plat9um4 ,exp]im5t #bj4 ,if soap bubbles be =m$ ( a mixture ( hydrog5 gas & atmosph]ic air1 & t\*$ ) a light$ tap]1 !y w detonate 9 ! air4 ,exp]im5t #ba4 ,if a portion ( detonat+ oil1 7,*loride ( azote7 be heat$ to #bab1 a viol5t explosion w ensue2 or1 ,exp]im5t #bb4 ,if a portion ( ! same oil1 ( ! size ( a p9-head1 be br\ght 9 contact ) olive oil1 ! effect w be /ill m viol5t4 ,see ,detonat+ oil4 ,exp]im5t #bc4 ,take t5 or fifte5 gra9s ( ,higg9s's fulm9at+ p[d]1 & expose x to heat on a %ovel3 detonation w foll[4 ,see ,higg9s's ,fulm9at+ p[d]4 ,exp]im5t #bd4 ,if oxalate ( m]cury1 to ! am\nt ( ?ree or f\r gra9s1 be /ruck ) a hamm]1 a detonation w ensue1 9 ! same mann] z ) ! nitr\s e!riz$ oxalate ( m]cury1 or ,h[>d's fulm9at+ m]cury4 ,see ,m]cury4 ,exp]im5t #be4 ,take "s ( ! detonat+ p[d]1 prep>$ f indigo1 & wrap x up 9 pap]1 & /rike ! pap] ) a hamm]3 an explosion w ensue4 ,see ,detonat+ p[d] f indigo4 ,exp]im5t #bf4 ,if "s gunp[d] be plac$ on ! /& ( an electrical dis*>g]1 & ! electric sp>k pass$ ?r\gh x1 combu/ion1 ) a detonation1 w be produc$4 ,exp]im5t #bg4 ,if "s gunp[d] be wrapp$ 9 t9 foil1 & plac$ on a glass plate1 & ! two wires ( a galvanic batt]y br\ght 9 contact ) ! foil2 ! foil w inflame & explode ! p[d]4 ,exp]im5t #bh4 ,mix 9 a mort> "o "p ( sulphuret ( potassa ) two p>ts ( nitrate ( potassa1 & expose ! mixture to ! action ( heat 9 ! same mann] z fulm9at+ p[d]3 a viol5t detonation w take place4 ,! sulphuret ( potassa is recomm5d$1 9 lieu ( potassa & sulphur 9 a sep>ate /ate2 & al?\gh call$ ,b]gman's fulm9at+ p[d]1 ?is comp\nd is 9 fact1 accord+ to ! !ory ( its explosion1 ! same z ! ord9>y fulm9at+ p[d]4 ,exp]im5t #bi4 ,if1 says ,morey1 7,silliman's ,j\rnal ii1 #ba71 a giv5 quantity ( /rongly compress$ boil+ wat]1 be sudd5ly dis*>g$ into ab\t an equal quantity ( oil or ros91 at or ne> ! boil+ po9t1 x w explode1 to e appe>ance1 z quickly & viol5tly z gunp[d]4 ,exp]im5t #cj4 ,if z9c or iron fil+s1 or pulv]iz$ antimony1 be mix$ ) *lorate ( potassa1 & /ruck ) a hamm]1 viol5t detonations w ensue4 ,if sulphuret ( iron be us$1 ! same effect w ensue4 ,see ,,mm4 ,f\rcroy & ,vauquel9's communication to ! ,socit ,philomatique1 9 _! ,transactions4 ,exp]im5t #ca4 ,if oxide ( m]cury1 obta9$ f its solution 9 nitric acid by means ( cau/ic potassa1 be dri$1 & mix$ ) fl[]s ( sulphur1 & /ruck ) a hamm]1 a detonation w be produc$4 7,see ,j\rnal de ,physique1 #aggi47 ,exp]im5t #cb4 ,if alcohol or e!r be mix$ ) *lorate ( potassa1 into a ?ick pa/e1 & ! mixture /ruck ) a hamm]1 an explosion w be ! consequ5ce3 or1 ,exp]im5t #cc4 ,if1 in/ead ( alcohol or e!r1 we make use ( fix$ or volatile oils1 & proce$ 9 ! same mann]1 ! same effect w ensue4 ,exp]im5t #cd4 ,if a small portion ( *loride ( azote 7,detonat+ oil7 be dropp$ into a solution ( phosphorus 9 e!r or alcohol1 a viol5t explosion w take place3 or1 ,exp]im5t #ce4 ,if 9 ! place ( phosphoriz$ e!r1 o!r oils1 z camphorat$ oil1 palm oil1 :ale oil1 l9se$ oil1 sulphurett$ oil1 oil ( turp5t9e1 naph?a1 c4 be br\ght 9 contact1 ! same effect w ensue4 ,exp]im5t #cf4 ,*loride ( azote w also detonate ) sundry gase\s & solid sub/ances1 z sup]sulphurett$ hydrog51 sulphurett$ hydrog51 phosphurett$ hydrog51 nitr\s gas1 aque\s ammonia1 phosphuret ( lime1 amb]gris1 fus$ potassa1 & sundry metallic soaps4 ,messrs4 ,porret1 ,wilson1 & ,kirk1 br\ght "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five sub/ances 9 contact ) x1 & tw5ty-eight ( ! numb] produc$ detonations4 7,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 vol4 #cd47 ,exp]im5t #cg4 ,if a small quantity ( ammoniacal nitrate ( copp] be wrapp$ 9 pap]1 or 9 a piece ( t9 foil1 & /ruck ) a hamm]1 a detonation w ensue4 ,exp]im5t #ch4 ,if a small portion ( ars5ic & *lorate ( potassa be mix$1 & sm>tly /ruck1 a flame w be produc$1 accompani$ ) an explosion2 or1 ,exp]im5t #ci4 ,if ! same mixture be t\*$ ) a light$ mat*1 x w burn ) consid]able rapidity2 or1 ,exp]im5t #dj4 ,if x be ?r[n into conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 at ! in/ant ( contact1 a flame w rise into ! air l a fla% ( lightn+4 ,exp]im5t #da4 ,heat a portion ( deutoxide ( *lor9e3 :5 ! temp]ature arrives at #bab1 an explosion w take place1 & *lor9e & oxyg5 be evolv$4 ,exp]im5t #db4 ,if pruss9e gas1 o!rwise call$ cyanog51 or c>buret ( azote1 be mix$ ) atmosph]ic air1 9 ! proportion ( ab\t "o to f\r 9 volume1 & ! electric sp>k made to pass ?r\gh ! mixture2 a viol5t detonation w result1 leav+ a mixture ( c>bonic acid gas & azotic gas4 ,exp]im5t #dc4 ,if a mixture ( equal p>ts ( nitrate ( potassa1 & titanium1 be ?r[n into a r$-hot crucible1 detonation w foll[4 ,exp]im5t #dd4 ,melt "s nitrate ( potassa 9 a crucible1 & br+ x to ! /ate ( ignition3 n[ ?r[ 9 a small quantity ( pulv]iz$ z9c1 & a v viol5t detonation w take place4 ,exp]im5t #de4 ,if "o "p ( z9c fil+s & two p>ts ( dry ars5ic acid be di/ill$ 9 a retort1 or expos$ to heat 9 a crucible1 ! mom5t x becomes r$1 a detonation w be produc$4 ,exp]im5t #df4 ,if a few drops ( deutoxide ( hydrog51 or ! oxyg5iz$ wat] ( ,!n>d1 be let fall on dry oxide ( silv]1 a viol5t action w foll[1 accompani$ ) an explosion4 ,sev]al o!r oxides h ! same effect4 ,exp]im5t #dg4 ,if a portion ( black wadd1 an ore ( manganese f\nd 9 ,d]by%ire1 ,engl&1 be br\ght 9 contact ) l9se$ oil2 ! oil w take fire1 produc+ sometimes slight detonations4 ,exp]im5t #dh4 ,take a portion ( ! br[n oxide ( tung/51 =m$ by transmitt+ hydrog5 gas ov] tung/ic acid1 9 an ignit$ glass tube2 mix x ) *lorate ( potassa1 & /rike ! mixture ) a hamm]3 a l\d detonation w ensue2 or1 ,exp]im5t #di4 ,heat "s ( ! br[n oxide 9 ! air4 ,x w take fire1 & burn l t9d]1 pass+ to ! /ate ( ! yell[ oxide1 or tung/ic acid4 ,exp]im5t #ej4 ,if "o measure ( oxyg5 gas1 & two measures ( hydrog5 gas be mix$ 9 ! explosive eudiomet]1 & ! electric sp>k pass$ ?r\gh !m1 a detonation w ensue1 & a complete cond5sation take place4 ,exp]im5t #ea4 ,:5 equal volumes ( protoxide ( azote1 or gase\s oxide ( azote1 7call$ also nitr\s oxide71 & hydrog5 gas1 are treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 ! mixture w explode1 leav+ a residuum1 consi/+ ( azotic gas4 ,exp]im5t #eb4 ,if two measures ( c>bonic oxide or gase\s oxide ( c>bon1 & "o measure ( oxyg51 be submitt$ to ! action ( ! electric sp>k1 a detonation w ensue1 & ! c>bonic oxide w be *ang$ into c>bonic acid4 ,exp]im5t #ec4 ,if "o measure ( c>burett$ hydrog5 gas1 ei!r ! heavy or light c>burett$ hydrog51 call$ also ! hydroguret & bi-hydroguret ( c>bon1 7! =m] be+ sometimes call$ olefiant gas71 be mix$ ) two or ?ree measures ( oxyg5 gas1 & ! electric sp>k transmitt$ ?r\gh !m2 a detonation w ensue1 =m+ wat] & c>bonic acid4 ,exp]im5t #ed4 ,if "o measure ( cyanog51 7c>buret ( azote71 be mix$ ) two & a half measures ( oxyg5 gas1 & treat$ ) ! electric sp>k1 ! mix$ gases w explode v l\dly4 ,! cyanog5 burns1 9 ?is case1 ) a blue flame2 al?\gh x is usually ( a purple col\r4 ,! products ( combu/ion are c>bonic acid & azote4 7,see ,exp]im5t #db47 ,exp]im5t #ee4 ,if "o measure ( ars5urett$ hydrog5 gas1 7obta9$ f an alloy ( ?ree p>ts ( t9 & "o ( ars5ic1 by treat+ x ) muriatic acid71 & two measures ( oxyg5 gas are mix$ toge!r1 & ! electric sp>k is pass$ ?r\gh ! mixture2 a detonation w ensue1 & wat] & ars5i\s acid be =m$4 ,exp]im5t #ef4 ,if potassium be made to act ^u a comp\nd ( *lor9e & sulphur1 call$ *loride ( sulphur1 an explosion w imm$iately ensue2 b1 ,exp]im5t #eg4 ,if potassium be dropp$ into *lor9e gas1 inflammation only w take place1 accompani$ ) a vivid light1 =m+ *loride ( potassium1 7dry muriate ( potassa47 ,exp]im5t #eh4 ,if sulphuret ( potassium be heat$ 9 ! air1 x w burn ) great brilliancy1 =m+ sulphate ( potassa2 b1 if mix$ ) *lorate ( potassa1 & /ruck ) a hamm]1 a viol5t detonation w be produc$4 ,exp]im5t #ei4 ,if potassium be heat$ 9 sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 x takes fire1 & burns ) a vivid flame1 & pure hydrog5 is set free2 ?us prov+ t sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 al?\gh inflammable itself 9 oxyg5 gas1 is a support] ( combu/ion = potassium4 ,exp]im5t #fj4 ,if phosphuret ( potassium be expos$ to ! air1 x w inflame spontane\sly1 =m+ phosphate ( potassa2 b if x be dropp$ into wat]1 x w produce a viol5t explosion1 9 consequ5ce ( ! imm$iate dis5gagem5t ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,exp]im5t #fa4 ,if potassium be mod]ately heat$ 9 ! air1 x inflames1 burns ) a r$ light1 & emits alkal9e fumes4 ,exp]im5t #fb4 ,if potassium be ?r[n ^u wat]1 x acts ) great viol5ce1 burn+ ) a beautiful light1 ( a r$ col\r1 mix$ ) purple1 ! wat] becom+ a solution ( potassa4 ,exp]im5t #fc4 ,:5 sodium is heat$ /rongly 9 oxyg5 or *lor9e1 x burns ) great brilliancy2 b x does n inflame1 :5 ?r[n into wat]4 ,x is conv]t$1 h[ev]1 into soda4 ,if x be heat$ 9 oxyg5 gas 9 excess1 x burns1 & is conv]t$ into ! p]oxide ( sodium1 :i*1 :5 mix$ ) combu/ible bodies1 & expos$ to ! action ( heat1 deflagrates ) viol5ce1 giv+ (f its excess ( oxyg51 & becom+ *ang$ into soda1 or protoxide ( sodium4 ,exp]im5t #fd4 ,:5 sulphuret ( sodium is mix$ ) *lorate ( potassa1 & /ruck ) a hamm]1 a detonation w ensue2 & :5 sodium is heat$ ne>ly to fusion1 9 contact ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 x w unite ) ! sulphur2 flame w be produc$1 & hydrog5 gas set at lib]ty4 ,a sulphuret ( sodium is ?us =m$1 :i* is usually comb9$ ) "s sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,exp]im5t #fe4 ,:5 a mixture ( ammoniacal gas1 9 a dry /ate1 & oxyg5 gas1 is submitt$ to ! influ5ce ( ! electric sp>k1 9 ! explosive eudiomet]1 explosion w take place1 & wat] & azotic gas result4 ,exp]im5t #ff4 ,if potassium or sodium be heat$ 9 fluoric gas1 a rapid combu/ion takes place1 9 all respects z brilliant z 9 oxyg5 gas4 ,exp]im5t #fg4 ,if gallic acid be plac$ on a r$-hot iron1 x burns ) flame1 & emits an aromatic smell1 simil> to t ( b5zoic acid2 b1 if mix$ ) *lorate ( potassa & /ruck ) a hot hamm]1 a detonation w ensue4 ,v>i\s vegetable acids1 z ! b5zoic1 :i* is highly inflammable1 produce simil> effects4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,( ,,sc5t$ ,,fire-,,works4 ,!re is a v>iety ( sc5t$ fires1 all p>tak+1 9 a great] or less] degree1 ( a peculi> flav\r1 accord+ to ! sub/ances1 :i* ent] into _! composition4 ,x is a fact1 t1 9 ! ord9>y odorif]\s fire1 into :i*1 ei!r ! s call$ sc5t$ gums1 or ess5tial oils1 ent] z a compon5t "p1 ^! sub/ances are n only decompos$ 9 ! act ( combu/ion1 b evolve1 dur+ t process1 a "p ( _! respective od\rs1 to :i* we attribute ! sc5t imp>t$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ^? in/ances1 9 :i* gunp[d] =ms a "p ( ! composition1 x is to be rem>k$1 t ! peculi> smell ( fir$ gunp[d] is sc>cely recogniz$1 ow+ to ! prepond]ance ( ! sc5t 9 ! composition4 ,h5ce x is1 t sc5t$ fire-works are m calculat$ = conf9$ places ?an = ! op5 air4 ,sc5t$ fires are v>i\s bo? 9 _! nature & composition1 & may always be s modifi$1 z1 9 _! effect1 to produce1 n only ! p>ticul> flame1 or appe>ance ( ! fire1 b ! extrication1 along ) ! gase\s products1 ( ! od\r ( ! ess5tial oil1 or o!r sub/ance made use (4 ,l9nu1 9 a diss]tation on ! od\rs ( diff]5t sub/ances1 endeav\r$ to classify !m4 ,m4 ,lorrey 7,mmoires de la ,socit ,royale de ,m$ic9e #aghd7 divid$ !m into five classes2 viz4 camphors1 n>cotics1 e!rs1 volatile acids1 & alkalies2 b x is obvi\s1 t x is an impossibility to class all ! od\rs :i* exi/1 & may be =m$ by ! mixture1 or comb9ation ( v>i\s sub/ances4 ,we may consid] !m ei!r pleasant1 or unpleasant to ! s5se ( smell+4 ,b z we recognize bodies v frequ5tly by _! od\r1 ) :i* we become famili>1 z camphor & assaftida1 = in/ance2 s ! olfactories may be affect$ by o!r od\rs4 ,aromatic & fetid od\rs are opposite to ea* o!r4 ,"s ( ! gases1 z ! olefiant1 h a fragrant smell1 & o!rs1 z hydrog51 & sulphurett$ hydrog51 ei!r alone or mix$1 are extremely unpleasant4 ,! inte/9al gas 7gas inte/9aux ( ! ,fr5*7 is a p>ticul> in/ance ( ! od\r ( a comp\nd gas1 or mixture ( gase\s fluids4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,jur9e ( ,g5eva1 ( ,,mm4 ,*evreul & ,mag5die1 7,ann4 de ,*im4 et de ,phys4 t4 ii1 #bid71 ( ,m4 ,vauquel91 7,j\rnal de ,ph>macie1 t4 iii1 p4 #bje71 & ( ,,mm4 ,lameyran & ,fremy1 7,bullet9 de ,ph>macie1 t4 #a1 p4 #ceh71 are int]e/+ on ?is subject4 ,inte/9al gas diff]s 9 its composition4 ,x always conta9s c>bonic acid gas1 & azotic gas1 & hydrog5 gas1 ei!r pure1 or comb9$ ) c>bon & sulphur4 ,!n>d 7,trait de ,*imie1 iii1 p4 #egf7 conta9s "s obs]vations on ?is subject4 ,9 ! camphor od\r1 ,lorrey includes n only camphor itself1 b v>i\s species ( laurel1 myrrh1 & turp5t9e4 ,9 ! n>cotic od\r1 he embraces opium1 v>i\s gum-res9s1 roses1 lillies1 jessam9e1 c4 & musk1 amb]1 & ca/or4 ,9 ! e!real od\r1 diff]5t k9ds ( e!r4 ,"u ! od\r ( volatile acids1 he consid]s t ( fruits1 aromatic b>ks1 citron2 & "u ! alkal9e od\r1 ! acrid1 &1 9 g5]al1 ! antiscorbutic plants4 ,f\rcroy1 9 treat+ ( ! aroma ( plants1 or ! spiritus rector ( ,bo]haave1 7,bullet9 de la ,socit ,philomatique1 an4 #f1 p4 #eb17 has "s int]e/+ facts on ?is subject4 ,x is evid5t1 t p]fumes1 s call$1 owe _! peculi> fragrance to an ess5tial oil1 :i* *>act]izes ea* k9d2 = ! ess5tial oil obta9$ by di/illation1 p>takes ( ! od\r ( ! plant4 ,h5ce ! oils ( m9t1 roses1 ?yme1 c9namon1 cloves1 c4 c4 all ( :i* are peculi> 9 ?is respect4 ,odorif]\s fire-works owe _! p>ticul> prop]ties to ! pres5ce ( "s gum1 res91 or oil4 ,z to ! expansibility1 or r ! divisibility ( od\r1 sev]al int]e/+ facts are kn[n4 ,9 a "w1 entitl$ l',exi/5ce de ,dieu1 p> les m]veilles de la ,nature1 we are in=m$1 t1 if we take ! "o-f\r? ( a dra*m ( b5zo91 & place x 9 ! f\r corn]s ( a room1 ! od\r w be recognis$ 9 an in/ant4 ,! *amb] 9 :i* ! exp]im5t 0 made1 ! au?or /ates1 0 #bd feet by #af1 & conta9$ #ibab cubic feet ( air1 :i*1 multipli$ by #ajjj1 w\ld give #ibafjjj in*es1 & #ajjjjjj p>ts ( an in* 7 r5d]$ appreciable4 ,!re=e1 he inf]s1 t #ibafjjjjjjjjj are equally p]ceptible 9 ! *amb]4 ,prevot 7,bullet9 de la ,socit ,philomatique1 an4 #f7 has "s obs]vations ( ! same nature1 respect+ camphor4 ,if su* are ! effects ) b5zo91 :at1 we may ask1 w\ld be ^? ( ! m p[]ful p]fumes1 su* z musk8 ,"o gra91 or p]haps ! t5? "p ( a gra9 ( musk1 w\ld sc5t ! atmosph]e ( a room v p]fectly4 ,de ,laval 7,description ( ! ,maldiva ,isl&s7 m5tions ! use ( sc5t$ fire by ! inhabitants1 9 ! celebration ( _! fe/ivals4 ,on ! day ( e new moon1 !y place at ! entrance ( ! *ur*es1 & ! gates ( _! h\ses1 cocoa %ells cut 9 ! middle1 & fill$ ) :ite s& & burn+ coals1 ^u :i* !y burn1 almo/ all night1 sweet sc5t$ gums & woods2 & at ! nocturnal fe/ival1 call$ maulude1 ! night on :i* ,mahomet di$1 _! halls are illum9at$ ) a multitude ( lamps1 & ! air is fill$ ) ! smoke ( p]fumes4 ,! use ( sc5t$ fire appe>s to =m a pr9cipal "p ( _! devotional ex]cises4 ,p]fumes are ev5 burnt on ! graves ( deceas$ p]sons4 ,hav+ m5tion$ ! use ( odorif]\s plants 9 sc5t$ fire1 we may add1 t all plants possess "s peculi> "*1 if aromatic1 :i*1 z "o ( _! *>act]s1 s]ves to di/+ui% !m4 ,! qualities ( plants are said to be simil>1 :5 !y h ! same ta/e & od\r4 ,! od\rs ( plants1 ,ri*>d divides into #a4 ,fragrant1 #b4 ,aromatic1 #c4 ,ambrosiac1 or resembl+ amb]1 #d4 ,alliace\s1 or resembl+ g>lic1 #e4 ,fetid1 #f4 ,nause\s4 ,! ?ree fir/ are innoxi\s4 ,9 ! composition ( sc5t$ fire-works1 x is also to be obs]v$1 t gunp[d] does n always =m a "p2 & h5ce _! "* is v>i\s1 accord+ to ! purposes !y are appli$ to1 or _! uses4 ,9 ! odorif]\s wat] balloons1 7= :i*1 see aquatic fire-works71 we h1 = in/ance1 along ) saltpetre & o!r sub/ances1 9 ! diff]5t compositions1 ei!r amb] & fl[]s ( b5zo92 or frank9c5se1 myrrh1 & camphor2 or amb]1 c$> rasp+s1 & ! ess5tial oils ( roses & b]gamot2 or ! saw-du/ ( junip]1 cypress1 camphor1 myrrh1 dri$ rosem>y1 cortex elat]ii1 & oil ( roses4 ,^! are ! sub/ances1 !re=e1 :i* ent] into ! diff]5t compositions1 9 ! ord] "h giv51 & :i* imp>t to ! fire an odorif]\s "*4 ,! relative proportions may be le>nt1 by ref]r+ to ! *apt] on ,aquatic fire-works4 ,sc5t$ fires are1 h[ev]1 little us$4 ,_! effect is nev]!less agreeable 9 close rooms2 b 9 ! op5 air !y lose ?is prop]ty1 or r x is n p]ceptible1 ow+ to its extreme division4 ,! vases ( sc5t 7 greatly employ$ 9 ! public fea/s & c]emonies at ,rome1 ,a!ns1 &1 above all1 9 ,egypt4 ,9 temples1 palaces1 c4 !y 7 mo/ly us$4 ,! vessels1 :i* conta9$ ! composition1 7 plac$ by ! ,a!nians 9 sculptur$ or pa9t$ vases1 z well to hide _! appe>ance1 z to s]ve = ornam5t4 ,sec4 ,i4 ,( ,pa/illes4 ,pa/illes1 or fire crayons1 are small conical tro*es1 9 ! =m ( a loaf1 ( "o & a qu>t] in*es 9 height1 & ab\t an in* ?ick4 ,!y are made ( ! foll[+ composition1 :i* is moi/5$ ) rose-wat]1 hav+ "s gum arabic previ\sly dissolv$ 9 x4 ,! pa/e is made nei!r too ?ick nor too ?91 b ( a suffici5t consi/5ce to "w ) ! h&4 ,composition ( ,pa/illes4 ,/orax calamite1 #b oz4 ,b5zo91 #b -- ,gum ,junip]1 #b -- ,olibanum1 #a -- ,ma/i*1 #a -- ,frank9c5se1 #a -- ,:ite or yell[ ,amb]1 #a -- ,camphor1 #a -- ,saltpetre1 #c -- ,*>coal ( ! l9d51 or will[1 #d -- ,! pa/illes are burnt ^u a plate1 & communicate to ! air an agreeable od\r4 ,odorif]\s pa/e4 ,gum ,b5zo91 oz4 ,/orax calamite1 #d scruples4 ,p]uvian balsam1 7dri$7 oz4 ,casc>illa1 #d scruples4 ,cloves1 dra*m4 ,*>coal1 #a oz4 ,nitre1 #a dra*m4 ,oil ( ,lemon1 d4 ,t9cture ( ,amb]1 d4 ,! dry sub/ances are pulv]iz$ v f9e1 & mix$ intimately toge!r1 & ! oil ( lemon & t9cture ( amb] !n add$4 ,! :ole is !n made into a ?ick pa/e ) common mucilage1 & =m$ into pieces z be=e m5tion$4 ,^! pieces ought to be conical4 ,:5 us$1 !y are plac$ on a /one1 or a piece ( metal1 & inflam$4 ,?is composition is said to burn ) sc9tillations1 & to exhale a v fragrant & agreeable od\r4 ,see ,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie4 ,p]fume = ,ap>tm5ts4 ,orrisroot1 #a oz4 ,b5zo91 -- ,*>coal1 -- ,ess4 ,b]gamot1 #a dra*m4 ,^! +r$i5ts are mix$ into a pa/e 9 ! usual mann]1 ) orange fl[] wat]1 & a small quantity ( gum4 ,a small portion1 :5 dry1 ?r[n on ignit$ coals1 w exhale an agreeable od\r4--,ibid4 ,m4 ,brillat-,sav>9 7,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes iii1 p4 #cbh7 has inv5t$ a ma*9e1 :i* he calls ! irrorateur1 = p]fum+ ap>tm5ts4 ,he objects to ! ord9>y mode ( p]fum+ by fire1 & spr9kl+ odorif]\s fluids 9 a room4 ,8 irrorateur consi/s ( a small f\nta91 :i*1 by compression1 =ces out ! od\r requir$1 & may be convey$ to any place4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ,vases ( ,sc5t4 ,we obs]v$1 t ^! vases 7 mu* 9 use at ! public fea/s & c]emonies ( ! ,a!nians1 ,romans1 & ,egyptians4 ,composition = ! ,vases4 ,/orax1 #d oz4 ,b5zo91 #d -- ,frank9c5se1 #d -- ,camphor1 #b -- ,gum ,junip]1 #a -- ,*>coal ( ! will[1 #a -- ,^! sub/ances are pulv]iz$1 & intimately mix$1 & oil ( junip] is add$4 ,! mixture is put 9 an e>!n vessel1 hav+ a cotton1 simil> to a wick1 support$ by means ( a wire4 ,among ! anci5ts1 ! e>!n vessels 7 aft]w>ds plac$ 9 sculptur$1 or o!rwise ornam5t$ vases4 ,by us+ /one-w>e vessels1 & mix+ ! composition ) ! _s or oil ( turp5t9e1 ! combu/ion w be m rapid1 & ! flame m enl>g$4 ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,rem>ks on ,spontane\s ,acc5sion4 ,! spontane\s acc5sion ( _s ( turp5t9e by ! addition ( nitric acid1 might furni% also a means ( prep>+ a sc5t$ fire extemporane\sly2 by putt+ into ! vessel1 previ\sly to ! _s ( turp5t9e1 ! composition above m5tion$4 ,see ,nitric ,acid1 9 ! article ,nitre4 ,an extemporane\s fire may also be prep>$1 by plac+1 on ! sc5t$ mixture1 ! foll[+ composition1 namely1 *lorate1 or hyp]oxymuriate1 ( potassa & sug>1 & t\*+ ! mixture ) a glass rod dipp$ 9 sulphuric acid1 or oil ( vitriol4 ,! fire w !n communicate to ! o!r mat]ials4 ,see ,*lorate ( ,potassa & ! article on ,pyrophori4 ,camphor1 :i* imp>ts an agreeable od\r1 may be readily inflam$ 9 ?is mann]1 & ! exp]im5t ev5 be made on sn[ or ice4 ,see ,camphor4 ,sec4 ,,iv4 ,( ,tor*es1 & ,odorif]\s ,flambeaux4 ,flambeaux are usually wax tor*es4 ,odorif]\s flambeaux may be =m$ by melt+ ) ! wax1 camphor & frank9c5se1 & mix+ ) ! :ole1 :5 fluid1 "s ( ! ess5ce ( b]gamot4 ,al?\gh !re are no directions giv5 on t subject2 yet1 judg+ f analogy1 a mixture ( t k9d w\ld be an improvem5t on ! flambeau1 :5 x is to be us$ 9 rooms or = p>ticul> occasions4 ,!y may be made ei!r l>ge or small1 ) a wick ( a proportionate size4 ,tor*es are pr9cipally us$ = milit>y purposes1 to give light1 :5 an army is m>*+ at night1 dur+ sieges1 c4 ,!y ought n to be ext+ui%$ by w9d or ra94 ,! ,tor*es inext+uibles1 ( ! ,fr5*1 are ( ?is "*4 ,tor*es are made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,take f\r l>ge cotton mat*es1 ?ree or f\r feet long2 boil !m 9 a solution ( saltpetre1 & arrange !m r\nd a p9e /ick4 ,aft]w>ds1 cov] !m ) prim+ p[d] & sulphur1 made into a ?9 pa/e ) br&y4 ,:5 dry1 !y are to be cov]$ ) ! foll[+ composition3 ,composition = tor*es4 ,yell[ wax1 #b lbs4 ,:ite turp5t9e1 #b -- ,sulphur #ab oz4 ,camphor1 #f -- ,pit*1 #d -- ,ibid4 ,:ite pit*1 #cb p>ts4 ,h>d turp5t9e1 #d d4 ,yell[ wax1 #cb d4 ,sulphur1 #ab d4 ,camphor1 #f d4 ,ibid4 ,black pit*1 #bd p>ts4 ,:ite pit*1 #bd d4 ,turp5t9e1 #d d4 ,! second composition is t :i* is us$ 9 ,france1 &1 !re=e1 9 all likelihood1 is ! be/ =mula4 ,! flame may be m or less sc5t$1 by us+1 at ! same "t1 "s ( ! aromatic sub/ances be=e notic$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is unnecess>y = common purposes4 ,see ,fire-works us$ 9 w>4 ,! flambeau1 inv5t$ by ,petitpi]re1 7,bullet9 de la ,socit d',enc\ragem5t1 ,no4 #ajb71 is int5d$ to give light to ap>tm5ts4 ,sec4 ,v4 ,rem>ks conc]n+ ,odorif]\s & ,fetid ,fire4 ,fire-works may be made extremely unpleasant to ! olfactory n]ves1 by mix+ ) _! compositions1 sundry sub/ances ( an opposite quality to odorif]\s oils & aromatic gums4 ,x w be suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to rem>k1 t ?is effect is communicat$ m p>ticul>ly1 z 9 ! /9k-balls ( s]vice1 by us+ sulphur1 rasp$ horses' & asses' ho(s1 burnt 9 ! fire1 assaftida1 s]aphim gum1 & sundry fetid h]bs or plants4 ,! addition ( ! acid ( amb]1 call$ succ9nic acid1 &1 9 ! %ops1 ! salt ( amb]1 w give to ! atmosph]e 9 ! vic9ity ( ! fire1 ! peculi> prop]ty ( caus+ a cont9ual sneez+ & c\gh+4 ,su* are "s ( ! opposite effects1 :i* diff]5t sub/ances produce 9 conjunction ) fire-works4 ,"s ( ^! sub/ances1 x is obvi\s1 w\ld1 if us$ 9 too l>ge a proportion1 ret>d1 if n entirely prev5t ! combu/ion2 & = t reason1 !y be> only a giv5 proportion to ! p[d]1 nitre & *>coal1 :i* =ms ! basis ( "s1 z1 = in/ance1 ! /9k-ball composition4 ,b 9 su* cases1 ! combu/ion be+ 9 itself rapid1 & ! degree ( heat consequ5tly proportionate1 ^! fix$1 & o!rwise incombu/ible bodies1 9 a g5]al s5se1 are act$ ^u by ! fire1 already creat$2 &1 !re=e1 ! smoke t results mu/ necess>ily possess1 & p>take ( ! fetid qualities ( ! sub/ances employ$4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 we may acc\nt = ! effect ( ! sc5t$ pa/e1 & ! sc5t$ vases2 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t _m ( ^? sub/ances are !mselves inflammable1 &1 dur+ _! decomposition1 emit ! od\r peculi> to ea* ( !m4 ,we "k1 t ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( ^! bodies are c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 v>i\sly comb9$1 "s ( :i* are1 & "s are n inflammable2 & t1 9 combu/ion1 :5 x takes place1 !y are decompos$ & new products necess>ily ensue f a new arrangem5t ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples4 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 to give ! precise ord] 9 :i* decompositions by fire result2 s9ce ! sub/ances made use ( are num]\s & employ$ 9 giv5 proportions2 & s9ce _! action ^u ea* o!r1 dep5ds frequ5tly on ext]nal ag5ts1 anomal\s circum/ances1 & causes :i* d n foll[ at all times ! same ord] ( succession4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 we may obta9 su* a datum1 all ?+s be+ consid]$1 a datum d]iv$ f ! kn[n laws ( *emical decomposition1 z w furni% a rationale to expla9 bo? ! cause & effect4 ,see ,g5]al ,!ory ( ,fire-works4 ,!re is no d\bt1 t1 by ! action ( fire on fetid1 & p>ticul>ly animal1 sub/ances1 z ho(s1 c4 products may be =m$ 9 ! v act ( combu/ion1 :i* w\ld increase ! fetid prop]ties ( ! smoke4 ,zimome1 obta9$ f ! glut5 ( :eat by alcohol1 :i* takes up ! gliad9e1 :5 ?r[n ^u r$-hot coals1 exhales an od\r1 simil> to t ( burn+ hair or ho(s1 & burns ) flame4 ,! pyro-products are ! imm$iate consequ5ces ( ! decomposition ( ! sub/ance2 ! elem5ts ( :i* ei!r sep>ate entirely1 or recomb9e "u "s o!r =m1 z we f9d 9 ! process ( de/ructive di/illation4 ,bones1 & o!r h>d p>ts ( animals1 :5 subject$ to di/illation1 furni% sev]al products1 z impure ammonia1 animal oil1 & ! l4 ,wood also1 we rem>k$1 :5 treat+ ( its c>bonization = ! =mation ( coal1 produces1 besides gase\s & o!r volatile products1 ! result ( its decomposition1 a quantity ( acid liquor1 =m]ly call$ ! pyroligne\s1 b n[ ! pyroacetic acid4 ,by sep>at+ ! empyreumatic flav\r1 :i* at fir/ con/itutes a "p ( ! acid1 ! acetic acid is obta9$ 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,! pyro-t>t>ic acid is also ! result ( ! action ( heat2 & we "k1 :5 animal sub/ances are calc9$ ) pota%1 !y produce cyanog51 ! basis ( ! hydrocyanic & f]rocyanic acids1 ! latt] ( :i* :5 unit$ ) ! p]oxide ( iron1 =ms ! p]f]rocyanate ( iron1 commonly call$ ,prussian blue4 ,c>omel also1 t peculi> sub/ance :i* is dis5gag$ f sug> & v>i\s sac*>9e sub/ances1 :5 submitt$ to ! action ( heat1 is a product1 result+ f ! decomposition ( ! sug>4 ,! empyreumatic1 or burnt flav\r ( c]ta9 di/ill$ liquors1 :i* is correct$ by r$i/illation ) *>coal1 or pass+ ! liquor ?r\gh a filt] ( *>coal1 is ow+ to ! same cause4 ,! *anges1 t bodies und]go by p>tial roa/+1 are famili> to e "o2 z1 = in/ance1 ! torrefaction ( b>ley1 aft] g]m9ation1 9 ! prep>ation ( malt1 ! degree ( :i* det]m9es ! col\r & ta/e ( ! be]2 ! roa/+ ( rye & c(fee1 be=e !y c be employ$ to =m a bev]age2 & ! torrefaction ( ! cocoa1 be=e x c be made into *ocolate1 ! sweet ta/e & br[n col\r ( :i* are acquir$ 9 ! process1 are all examples ( ! effect ( heat on bodies4 ,! action ( heat1 accord+ to its temp]ature1 produces1 !re=e1 effects ( a p>ticul> k9d2 &1 z we regulate ! heat 9 su* cases1 we =m products ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,de/ructive di/illation1 h[ev]1 w\ld aga9 *ange ! "* ( ^! products4 ,( ?is k9d1 we may consid] ! effect ( ! heat1 produc$ 9 ! combu/ion ( inflammable sub/ances4 ,9 a ^w1 ! action ( heat may be s graduat$1 9 ! same mann] z ! temp]+ ( /eel1 z to produce only p>tial *anges1 :i* mu/ ensue at c]ta9 temp]atures2 or1 by an increm5t ( heat1 9 :i* a total decomposition takes place1 ! effect is regulat$1 by ! =ce ( aff9ities1 ex]t+ _! influ5ce "u modifi$ circum/ances4 ,h5ce we p]ceive1 by reason+ a priori1 t z sub/ances are alt]$ by ! action ( heat1 s !y produce new comp\nds1 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! action1 & ) or )\t ! ag5cy ( =eign bodies4 ,^! facts are s f> applicable to ! subject "u consid]ation1 z to enable u to expla91 or acc\nt = ! effects t result on ! mixture1 or combu/ion1 ( bodies1 a k ( :i* is und\bt$ly necess>y to =m a !ory ( fire-works 9 g5]al4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,( ,,mat*es1 ,,lead]s1 ,,& ,,t\* ,,pap]4 ,we purpose1 9 ! f\r? "p ( our "w1 to g into ! detail ( ! manufacture ( v>i\s k9ds ( mat*es1 :i* belong m p>ticul>ly to milit>y pyrote*ny1 add+1 at ?is "t1 t fire mat*es are diff]5tly =m$1 & are call$ ! quick & sl[ mat*4 ,! =m] is commonly made ( ?ree cotton /r&s1 drawn into l5g?s1 & put into a kettle1 & j cov]$ ) v9eg>1 7usually :ite w9e v9eg>71 a quantity ( saltpetre & meal p[d] be+ add$1 & ! :ole boil$ toge!r4 ,"s put only saltpetre into wat]1 &1 aft] soak+ ! cotton1 place x1 :ile hot1 9 a tr\gh ) "s meal p[d]1 moi/5$ ) "s spirits ( w9e1 or br&y1 :i* are ?or\ghly work$ into ! cotton1 by roll+ x backw>ds1 & =w>ds ) ! h&s4 ,:5 ?is is done1 !y are tak5 out sep>ately1 &1 aft] be+ drawn ?r\gh meal p[d]1 dri$ ^u a l9e4 ,ano!r mode is to /eep ! cotton fir/ 9 v9eg>1 & !n rub into x ! foll[+ composition3 ,composition = quick-mat*4 ,v9eg> 9 :i* mat*es are soak$1 #b qu>ts4 ,br&y1 #a d4 ,saltpetre1 lb4 ,prim+ p[d]1 #a d4 ,z mu* cotton z w take up all ! above1 :i* w be ab\t1 #a d4 ,to ! proportions ( "o p\nd & ?ree-qu>t]s ( cotton1 "o p\nd ( saltpetre1 two qu>ts ( spirits ( w9e1 "o p\nd ( meal p[d]1 & ?ree qu>ts ( wat]1 "s recomm5d ! addition ( f\r ounces ( is+lass1 dissolv$ 9 ?ree p9ts ( wat]4 ,ano!r me?od is to /eep ! mat*es 9 br&y1 & !n rub !m well ) prim+ p[d]4 ,sl[ mat* is made ( hemp1 or t[1 spun on a :eel l cord1 b v slack1 & is compos$ ( ?ree twi/s1 :i* are aft]w>ds aga9 cov]$ ) t[1 s t ! twi/s d n appe>4 ,x is f9i%$ by boil+ 9 ! lees ( old w9e4 ,?is1 :5 light$ at ! end1 burns gradually1 )\t go+ out4 ,!re are sev]al modes ( prep>+ sl[ mat*4 ,!re is also1 a k9d ( sl[ mat*1 :i* is sl[] 9 c>ry+ fire ?an ! prec$+ quick mat*4 ,! quick mat*1 = ?is purpose1 is drawn ?r\gh ! foll[+ composition1 :i* is melt$1 & ! op]ation is cont9u$ until x atta9s ! size ( a small c&le2 x is !n hung up to dry4 ,composition = a sl[ mat*4 ,gum ma/i*1 #a lb4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb4 ,ros91 lb4 ,yell[ wax1 lb4 ,*>coal1 #b oz4 ,:5 ^! mat*es are us$1 !y are to be light$1 & !n bl[n out4 ,if well made1 !y w burn a long "t4 ,!y may be us$ = communicat+ fire f "o "w to ano!r4 ,ano!r sl[ mat*1 us$ = common purposes1 is made by soak+ hemp5 cord 9 ! foll[+ ley3 ,lixivium = sl[ mat*4 ,oak a%es1 #c lbs4 ,quicklime1 #a lb4 ,liquor ( horse dung1 #b lbs4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb4 ,wat]1 a suffici5t quantity4 ,! cords are put into a pot1 & boil$ = two or ?ree days1 r5ew+ ! lixivium f "t to "t1 z x evaporates4 ,!y are !n tak5 out & dri$4 ,good mat* makes a h>d coal4 ,its duration dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! mat]ials2 b1 g5]ally1 f\r in*es w la/ an h\r4 ,fur!r rem>ks on ?is subject1 w be f\nd 9 ! f\r? "p ( ?is "w1 9 :i* ! v>i\s mod]n improvem5ts are giv54 ,! prep>ation ( t\* pap]1 = capp+ ( s]p5ts1 crack]s1 c4 may be "h notic$4 ,! directions ( arti/s are3 ,to dissolve 9 spirits ( w9e1 or v9eg>1 a little saltpetre1 & imm]se into ! solution1 "s purple or blue pap]1 & dry x = use4 ,!re is no advantage ga9$ by us+ ei!r spirits ( w9e1 or v9eg>3 = ! simple solution ( ! saltpetre 9 wat]1 w be suffici5t4 ,9 ! =m] case1 x may dry soon]1 b nei!r ( ^! fluids c add to ! effect ( ! saltpetre4 ,9 us+ ?is pap]1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ! pa/e :i* is made use (1 f t\*+ any "p1 t is to burn4 ,! me?od ( us+ x1 is by cutt+ x into slips1 suffici5tly long to g once r\nd ! m\? ( a s]p5t1 crack]1 c4 ,:5 !y are pa/$ on1 be c>eful to leave a little above ! m\? ( ! case n pa/$2 !n prime ) meal p[d]1 & twi/ ! pap] to a po9t4 ,! mode ( ?read+ & jo9+ lead]s1 & plac+ !m on diff]5t works1 we %all "h describe4 ,! obs]vations ( a writ] 9 ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 vol4 xv1 p4 #gac1 are po9t$ on ?is subject1 :i* we w briefly notice4 ,jo9+ & plac+ lead]s1 is a v ess5tial "p ( fire-works2 z x is on ! lead]s t ! p]=mance ( all complex works dep5ds4 ,! works be+ prep>$1 & ready to be clo!d1 ! pipes mu/ be cut ( a suffici5t l5g? to rea* f "o case to ! o!r2 & !n put 9 ! quick mat*1 :i* mu/ always be made to g 9 v easy4 ,:5 ! mat* is 91 cut x (f )9 ab\t an in* ( ! end ( ! pipe1 & let x project z mu* at ! o!r end2 !n fa/5 ! pipe to ! m\? ( ea* case1 ) a p91 & put ! loose ends ( ! mat* into ! m\?s ( ! cases1 ) a little meal p[d]4 ,?is be+ done1 pa/e ov] ! m\? ( ea* case1 two or ?ree bits ( pap]4 ,?is me?od is us$ = l>ge cases4 ,! practice adopt$ = small cases1 & = illum9ations1 is ! foll[+3 ,fir/1 ?read a long pipe2 !n lay x on ! tops ( ! cases1 & cut a bit ( ! "u side ov] ! m\? ( ea* case1 s t ! mat* may appe>1 & !n p9 ! pipe to e o!r case1 obs]v+1 be=e ! pipes are put on1 to put a little meal p[d] 9 ! m\? ( ea* case4 ,if ! cases1 ?us clo!d1 are port-fires on illum9at$ works1 cov] ! m\? ( ea* case1 ) a s+le pap]2 b if !y are *oak$ cases1 situat$ s1 t a numb] ( sp>ks f o!r works1 may fall on !m be=e !y are fir$1 secure !m ) ?ree or f\r pap]s1 :i* mu/ be pa/$ on v smoo?1 t !re may be no creases = ! sp>ks to lodge 91 :i* (t5 set fire to ! works be=e _! "t4 ,avoid1 z mu* z possible1 plac+ ! lead]s too ne>1 or "o across ! o!r1 s z to t\*2 z x may happ51 t ! fla% ( "o w fire ! o!r4 ,if ! works %\ld be s =m$ t ! lead]s mu/ cross1 or t\*1 !y mu/ be made v /rong1 & well secur$ at ! jo9ts1 & at e op5+4 ,:5 a great l5g? ( pipe is requir$1 x mu/ be made by jo9+ sev]al pipes1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,hav+ put on "o l5g? ( mat*1 z _m pipes z x w hold1 pa/e pap] ov] e jo9t2 b1 if a /ill great] l5g? is requir$1 m pipe mu/ be jo9$1 by cutt+ ab\t an in* (f "o side ( ea* pipe ne> ! end1 lay+ ! quick-mat* toge!r1 & ty+ !m fa/ ) a small tw9e2 aft] :i*1 cov] ! jo9+ ) pa/$ pap]4 ,lead]s1 or pipes ( communication1 are =m$ ( pap]1 :i* is cut into slips ?ree or f\r in*es broad1 s t1 :5 x is roll$ on ! m&ril or =m1 x may g ?ree or f\r times r\nd4 ,:5 !y are v ?ick1 !y are too /rong = ! pap] :i* fa/5s !m to ! works1 & w sometimes fly (f )\t lead+ ! fire4 ,! =ms = ^! lead]s are made f two to six-sixte5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]2 b f\r-sixte5?s is ! size g5]ally made use (4 ,! =ms are made ( smoo? brass wire2 &1 :5 us$1 !y are to be rubb$ ov] ) grease1 or wet ) pa/e1 to prev5t _! /ick+ to ! pap]1 :i* mu/ be pa/$ all ov]4 ,9 roll+ ( pipes1 make use ( a roll+ bo>d1 b press x lightly4 ,hav+ roll$ a pipe1 draw out ! =m ) "o h&1 hold+ ! pipe z light z possible ) ! o!r1 & avoid+ any unnecess>y pressure4 ,lead]s are made ( diff]5t l5g?s2 &1 9 cutt+ !m1 z is (t5 ! case1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to d x ) z little wa/e z possible4 ,lead]s = m>ron batt]ies mu/ be made ( /rong c>tridge pap]4 ,! ,et\pille ( ! ,fr5* is ! same z ! =m] mat*2 x be+ no?+ m ?an a k9d ( quick-mat*1 prep>$ by soak+ ?ree ?reads ( cotton 9 a pa/e1 compos$ ( ! be/ prim+ gunp[d] & br&y4 ,x is design$ to communicate fire ) promptness1 f "o "p ( a fire-"w to ano!r1 &1 !re=e1 has ! same effect z ! common cotton quick-mat*4 ,! cotton is usually soak$1 or /eep$ 9 a pa/e ( gunp[d] & br&y1 nei!r too ?ick nor too ?91 = ! space ( two h\rs1 add+ m ( ! br&y z x evaporates4 ,9 ! ,fr5* prep>ation1 gum arabic is us$1 9 ! proportion ( "o ounce to a p\nd ( p[d]4 ,9 ! ,engli% prep>ation1 is+lass1 or fi% glue is employ$1 9 ! proportion ( f\r ounces dissolv$ 9 ?ree p9ts ( wat]4 ,gummy & gelat9\s sub/ances are calculat$ = no o!r purpose1 ?an to make ! p[d] adh]e to ! cotton1 ! quantity n be+ suffici5t to ret>d ! combu/ion ( ! mat*4 ,pipes or lead]s ( communication1 are an ess5tial "p ( fire-works1 & h5ce great c>e & att5tion are requir$ 9 prep>+ !m4 ,cotton1 prep>$ 9 ! mann] already describ$1 is ! sub/ance g5]ally made use (4 ,x has ! prop]ty ( imbib+ fluids ) facility2 & :5 _s ( w9e1 or br&y1 or ev5 wat]1 is us$1 x absorbs1 & me*anically comb9es ) ! gunp[d]1 ! impregnation ) :i* det]m9es ! quality ( ! mat*4 ,alcohol1 depriv$ ( z mu* wat] z possible1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! mo/ conc5trat$1 appe>s to h an advantage ov] br&y or wat]4 ,if x be us$ m]ely z a vehicle1 9 ord] to susp5d ! gunp[d]1 & likewise to c>ry x1 z x 71 into ! fibres ( ! cotton1 :i* appe>s to be its modus op]&i1 !n x is und\bt$ly pref]able to ei!r br&y or wat]4 ,! =m]1 z x nev] exce$s f\r? pro(1 conta9s always a consid]able quantity ( wat]2 &1 !re=e1 z wat] decomposes gunp[d]1 by dissolv+ ! nitre1 & sep>at+ ! sulphur & *>coal1 on :i* x has no effect1 x is obvi\s1 t ! gunp[d] itself1 :5 mix$ ) br&y1 is m or less injur$4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t ! cotton 9 t case w\ld be m effectually saturat$ ) ! nitre2 b x does n foll[1 t x w\ld be saturat$ ) ! gunp[d]2 z two ( its compon5t p>ts1 viz4 ! *>coal & sulphur1 w\ld be sep>at$4 ,we h se51 t t\* pap] is no?+ m ?an pap]1 soak$ 9 a solution (1 & consequ5tly impregnat$ )1 nitre2 b1 9 ord] to r5d] a mat* m combu/ible1 & convey fire ) m rapidity1 :i* is requir$ 9 _m cases1 gunp[d] is ! only sub/ance1 t possesses ?is prop]ty 9 any degree4 ,! cotton1 :i* is us$ = ?is purpose1 is ! same z t = c&le wick1 &1 ) respect to ?ickness1 may be f "o to six ?reads1 accord+ to ! pipe1 x is int5d$ =4 ,! pipe mu/ always be l>ge en\gh = ! mat*1 s t ! mat* may be pu%$ 9 easily )\t break+ x4 ,aft] x is d\bl$ into z _m /r&s z requir$1 x is usually put into a flat bottom$ copp]1 or e>!n pan1 & !re boil$ 9 a solution ( saltpetre4 ,x is !n tak5 out1 & coil$ into ano!r pan1 & ! rema9+ solution is p\r$ on4 ,meal-p[d] is !n put 91 & press$ d[n1 till x is q wet4 ,x is !n w\nd ^u a reel1 keep+ ! h&s moi/5$ ) ! p[d] & fluid ( ! la/ kettle1 & suff]$ to rema9 a %ort "t2 :5 x is tak5 d[n1 & meal-p[d] sift$ on bo? sides ( x1 till x appe>s q dry4 ,:5 dry1 x is cut1 & secur$ 9 sk9s4 ,!re is "o advantage 9 ?is process1 t ! cotton 9 ! fir/ place is saturat$ ) nitre2 &1 9 ! second place1 :ile /ill wet1 is comb9$ me*anically ) ! meal-p[d]4 ,! mat* ,i appreh5d1 is 9 all respects equal to ! et\pille ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! prim+ pa/e1 z x is call$1 consi/+ ( meal-p[d] & br&y1 may be pres]v$ 9 close vessels = a l5g? ( "t2 &1 :5 us$1 may be br\ght to a prop] degree ( consi/5cy1 to be work$1 by ! addition ( m br&y4 ,! prep>ation ( ! et\pille1 or mat* = communicat+ fire1 w be giv5 at l>ge1 :5 we treat ( milit>y fire-mat*es4 ,x w be suffici5t to rem>k1 t its prep>ation1 accord+ to ,bigot1 7,trait d',artifice de ,gu]re1 p4 #gd71 consi/s 9 mac]at+ ! cotton 9 v9eg>1 !n press+ x1 & /eep+ x 9 br&y1 & aft]w>ds work+ x 9 a pa/e1 compos$ ( meal-p[d]1 gum arabic1 camphor1 & br&y1 & !n roll+ x on a table ) meal-p[d]4 ,9 prep>+ all k9ds ( mat*es1 we may increase or less5 _! effect by increas+ or dim9i%+ ! quantity ( gunp[d]4 ,by comb9+ p[d] & sulphur ) "o or m p>ts ( melt$ wax & ros91 9 ! mann] be=e m5tion$1 & imm]s+ ! cotton into x1 a mat* w be =m$1 :i*1 = "s purposes1 is consid]$ pref]able to ! ord9>y k9d4 ,! foll[+ proportions are giv5 = prep>+ #ajj1jjj prim+ fuses1 or mat*es3 ,cotton1 #ej lbs4 ,meal-p[d]1 #cj lbs4 ,v9eg>1 #ab galls4 ,br&y1 #g galls4 ,gum arabic1 #b lbs4 ,camphor1 #a lb4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,furniture1 ,,or ,,decorations ,,= ,,fire-,,works4 ,by ! t]m g>niture1 us$ by ! ,fr5*1 we und]/& ! furniture1 equipage1 embelli%m5ts1 or decorations = sundry fire-works1 z rockets1 bombs1 batt]ies1 fire-pots1 c4 ,sec4 ,i4 ,( ,s]p5ts4 ,! directions1 giv5 = ! =mation ( s]p5ts1 are ! same 9 ,morel & ,bigot4 ,pap] is roll$ l5g?wise on a m&ril1 or =m1 :i* is a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ( ?ree ?icknesses1 accord+ z x is /\t1 & ! la/ turn ( ! pap] is pa/$4 ,!y are made tight & /rong1 & /rangl$ fir/ at "o end4 ,!y are !n put upright 9 a squ>e or r\nd box1 call$ a bu%el1 = ! purpose ( *>g+ !m4 ,= ?is end we mu/ h a small mallet1 & a ramm] ( brass1 ( a small] diamet] ?an ! =m4 ,! composition is put 9 & ramm$1 proportion+ ! numb] & =ce ( ! bl[s to ! size ( ! case4 ,! pet>d is =m$1 ) extremely f9e p[d]1 !n ramm$1 & ! case *oak$4 ,to prime !m1 we op5 ! ends ) a pi]c]1 & by means ( a spatula introduce a portion ( prim+ pa/e1 or prim+ p[d]1 9 ord] t ! fire may communicate4 ,we may "h rem>k1 t l>ge cases = s]p5ts1 z well z :eel cases1 are driv5 solid4 ,!re is usually a m\ld1 9 :i* is a nipple1 ) a po9t at top1 t s]ves1 :5 ! case is fill+1 to /op ! neck1 & prev5t ! composition f fall+ out4 ,! air1 9 t ev5t1 w\ld get into ! case1 & cause x to bur/4 ,^! sorts ( m\lds are made ( any l5g? or diamet]1 z ! cases are requir$2 b ! diamet] ( ! =m mu/ be equal to half ! calib]1 & ! ramm]s solid4 ,l>dons are ( mu* ! same nature z s]p5ts1 b are made /rong]4 ,!y are *>g$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,to prime !m1 !y are fir/ pi]c$ ab\t five or six l9es 7or half an in*17 9 dep?1 :i* pres5ts a great] surface to ! fire1 & produces1 :5 inflam$1 m sc9tillations ?an s]p5ts4 ,composition ( ord9>y s]p5ts4 #a/ proportion1 #bnd proportion4 ,meal p[d]1 #af p>ts4 ,saltpetre1 #c d4 #ae p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #b d4 #d d4 ,*>coal1 d4 #b d4 ,m9e pots1 or ,s]p5ts4 ,meal p[d]1 #a lb4 ,*>coal1 #a oz4 ,ibid4 ,meal p[d]1 #i oz4 ,*>coal1 #a -- ,s]p5ts = ,pots de ,br9s4 ,meal p[d]1 #a lbs4 ,saltpetre1 #ab oz4 ,*>coal1 #b -- ,! s]p5ts or snakes = pots ( aigrettes1 small mort>s1 skyrockets1 c4 are made f two & a half in*es1 to sev5 in*es long4 ,_! =m]s are f ?ree-sixte5?s to five-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]2 b ! diamet] ( ! cases mu/ always be equal to two diamet]s ( ! =m]4 ,!y are roll$ & *oak$ l o!r cases1 & fill$ ) composition1 five-eigh?s ( an in* to "o & a half in*es high1 accord+ to ! size ( ! mort>s or rockets1 !y are design$ =4 ,! rema9d] ( ! cases are *>g$ or b\nc$ ) gra9$ p[d]1 & _! ends p9*$ & ti$ close4 ,be=e !y are us$1 _! m\?s mu/ be prim$ ) wet meal p[d] or prim+ pa/e z be=e-m5tion$4 ,s]p5ts1 or snakes1 9 fire-works1 are s call$ f ! p>ticul> appe>ance1 & ! effect :i* ensues1 namely1 a hiss+ & spitt+4 ,?is peculi> "* is giv5 by ! *>coal2 =1 :ile "o "p is actually consum$1 9 imm$iate contact ) ! sub/ances t ent] into ! composition2 ano!r "p is ?r[n out ) viol5ce 9 ! /ate ( ignition1 9 ! =m ( sp>ks1 & receives1 = ! support ( its combu/ion1 ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* c>bonic acid is produc$4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ,crack]s4 ,crack]s are made 9 ! foll[+ mann]2 cut "s c>tridge pap] into pieces1 ?ree & a half in*es broad1 & "o foot long4 ,"o edge ( ea* pap] fold d[n l5g?wise1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* broad4 ,!n fold ! d\ble edge d[n "o qu>t] ( an in*1 & turn ! s+le edge back half ov] ! d\ble fold4 ,op5 x1 & lay all along ! *annel1 :i* is =m$ by ! fold+ ( ! pap]1 "s meal p[d]4 ,x mu/ n[ be fold$ ov] & ov] till all ! pap] is d\bl$ up1 rubb+ x at e turn4 ,x is n[ to be b5t backw>ds & =w>ds1 two & a half in*es or m1 z (t5 z ! pap] w all[4 ,^! folds are to be held flat & close2 &1 ) a small p9*+ cord1 give "o turn r\nd ! middle ( ! crack]1 & p9* x close4 ,b9d1 z usual1 ) pack ?read1 9 ! place :]e x 0 p9*$4 ,prime "o end ( x1 & cap x ) t\* pap]4 ,:5 ^! crack]s are fir$1 !y w give a report at e turn ( ! pap]4 ,if !re are to be a great numb] ( b\nces1 ! pap] mu/ be cut long]1 or be jo9$ aft] !y are made4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y are made v long be=e !y are p9*$1 !re mu/ be a piece ( wood1 hav+ a groove suffici5tly deep to let 9 half ! crack]1 :i* w hold x /raight1 :ile x is p9*+4 ,! report1 produc$ by crack]s1 is on ! same pr9ciple z ! report ( a gun4 ,! reports1 :i* succe$ ea* o!r1 9 crack]s1 =m$ 9 ?is mann]1 dep5ds1 z we rem>k$1 on ! turn ( ! pap]1 ea* turn produc+ t effect4 ,e "p ( ! crack]1 by ?is division1 repres5ts 9 fact a gun2 & h5ce1 z ! combu/ion ( "o "p necess>ily succe$s t ( ano!r1 we h1 accord+ to ! numb] ( turns1 successive explosions4 ,crack]s1 =m$ 9 ?is way1 may furni% a v>iety 9 exhibitions4 ,!y may be ei!r hung on a bo>d1 or set (f on ! gr\nd4 ,z to ! report itself1 x may be increas$ or dim9i%$ by enl>g+ or dim9i%+ ! size ( ea* crack]1 or division4 ,crack]s1 z !y are usually call$1 are no?+ m ?an small cases *>g$ ) gunp[d]4 ,! ,*9ese squibs are crack]s ( ?is description4 ,"s are f\r ounce cases2 b ! squibs1 s nam$1 hold ab\t half a ?imble full ( p[d]4 ,a piece ( twi/$ mat* pap] is ins]t$ 9 ! m\? ( ea* ( !m4 ,!y are made ( five or six turns ( pap]1 & ! la/ "o is pa/$ & =m$ ( r$ pap]4 ,! int]ior diamet] is ab\t a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ,s+le ,reports4 ,cases = reports are g5]ally roll$ on "o or two ounce =m]s1 & seldom made l>g]1 except on p>ticul> occasions4 ,!y are f two to f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & are =m$ ( ?ick pap]4 ,hav+ roll$ a case1 p9* "o end1 q close1 & drive x d[n4 ,!n fill ! case ) gra9 p[d]1 leav+ suffici5t room to p9* at ! top4 ,be=e x is p9*$1 a piece ( pap] is to be put on ! p[d] at ! top4 ,reports are fir$ by a v5t bor$ 9 ! middle1 or at "o end4 ,among ! portable ,*9ese fire-works1 reports =m usually a l>ge numb]4 ,!y are clos$ ) clay1 :i* is p]=at$ to admit ! mat* & prim+4 ,sec4 ,,iv4 ,( ,s]p5t ,/>s4 ,!re are a v>iety ( compositions1 us$ to produce ! appe>ance ( />s4 ,?us1 !re are />s ( diff]5t col\rs1 :i* also produce tails ( sp>ks1 sc9tillations1 m or less vivid1 c4 & are calculat$ = p>ticul> exhibitions4 ,! s]p5t />s1 h[ev]1 h a diff]5t object1 namely1 to imitate a /> at fir/1 & aft]w>ds a s]p5t4 ,! cases = s]p5t />s are *oak$ half an in* l[] ?an ! common k9d2 &1 aft] fill+ ! hole ) meal p[d]1 ! foll[+ composition is put 94 ,x is f9i%$1 b )\t ! op]ation ( *oak+1 by adapt+ a piece ( quickmat*1 & add+ m prim+ p[d]4 ,composition = s]p5t />s4 ,saltpetre1 #af oz4 ,sulphur1 #h -- ,meal p[d]1 #d -- ,antimony1 #a -- ,?is is ! =mula1 giv5 by ,morel2 b ! =mul ( ,bigot are 9 "s respects diff]5t1 namely3 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #af oz4 ,sulphur1 #h -- ,meal p[d]1 #e -- ,antimony1 #b -- #b4 ,saltpetre1 #ai -- ,sulphur1 #h -- ,antimony1 #b -- ,*>coal1 #j -- ,s]p5t />s are ( two k9ds4 ,! "o is int5d$ z ! furniture = rockets1 c4 & ! o!r1 :5 m\ld$1 to be employ$ 9 ! ,roman c&les4 ,:5 requir$ to be m\ld$1 or made into cakes1 ! composition is mix$ ) gum & br&y1 into a pa/e1 :i* is spread ^u a table1 hav+ previ\sly cov]$ ! table ) meal p[d]4 ,small cubical or o!r %ap$ pieces are cut out1 spr9kl$ ) meal p[d]1 & dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,! meal p[d] s]ves z a prim+1 s t !y may all take fire at ! same "t4 ,! composition may be =m$ into balls4 ,s]p5t />s1 be+ design$ to produce a comb9$ effect1 x appe>s1 t1 :ile *>coal1 7&1 9 "s in/ances1 ! sulphur1 accord+ to ! =mula1 b m especially ! *>coal71 imp>ts ! s]p5tlike appe>ance1 ! antimony1 9 its turn1 div]sifies ! flame by giv+ to x an a/]oid "*4 ,! antimony1 us$ 9 ^! compositions1 is n ! regulus1 b ! crude1 or common sulphuret4 ,metallic antimony1 h[ev]1 w\ld produce ! effect 9 a great] degree3 b z sulphur ent]s into _! composition1 & also into ! crude antimony1 !re w\ld be b little1 if any1 advantage1 ga9$ 9 ! use ( ! regulus4 ,besides ! ord9>y products ( ! combu/ion ( gunp[d]1 or simil> products1 by employ+ nitre1 *>coal1 & sulphur1 ! antimony1 by its combu/ion1 w\ld be *ang$ into an oxide1 or1 if ! combu/ion is suffici5tly rapid1 & ! quantity ( oxyg5 absorb$ proportionate !reto1 x w\ld =m ! antimonic acid4 ,t x is oxidiz$1 h[ev]1 & t dur+ its oxidizem5t1 ! appe>ance we h m5tion$ takes place1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,sec4 ,v4 ,( ,:irl+ ,s]p5ts4 ,s]p5ts1 prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 h a peculi> effect1 by :i* !y are *>act]iz$4 ,!y =m 9 ! air a k9d ( :irl+ sun2 &1 z !y revolve by reason ( _! fire issu+ out at ! opposite sides ( _! extremities1 !y resemble ! sun turn+ on its axis4 ,b>k]'s hydraulic ma*9e1 describ$ 9 ,gregory's ,me*anics1 :i* is put 9 motion by two opposite curr5ts ( wat]1 act+ f ! two extremities ( an oblong box1 support$ by a p]p5dicul> holl[ %aft1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] fir/ passes1 acts ^u ! same pr9ciple z ?is revolv+ sun4 ,! asc5sion ( rockets is also to be acc\nt$ = 9 ! same way4 ,see ,g5]al ,!ory ( ,fire-works4 ,! :irl+ s]p5ts are *>g$ entirely ) composition4 ,no gra9 p[d] is us$4 ,a small pap] /opp] is ramm$ on ! top ( ! composition4 ,ne> ! two *okes1 b 9 opposite sides1 ! cases are pi]c$ ) small holes1 :i* are made to communicate ) ea* o!r1 & ) ! composition1 by means ( a %ort lead] or mat*4 ,sec4 ,,vi4 ,( ,*9ese ,fly]s4 ,some:at simil> to :irl+ s]p5ts are ! ,*9ese fly]s4 ,cases = fly]s may be made ( diff]5t sizes1 f "o to eight ounces4 ,!y are =m$ ( ?ick pap]1 & are eight int]ior diamet]s long4 ,!y are roll$ 9 ! same mann] z t\rbillons1 ) a /raight pa/$ edge1 & p9*$ close at "o end4 ,! case1 be+ put 9 a m\ld1 ^: cyl9d]1 or foot1 mu/ be flat at top1 )\t a nipple1 is to be fill$ )9 half a diamet] ( ! middle4 ,!n ram 9 half a diamet] ( clay1 &1 on t1 z mu* composition z be=e2 & aga9 put 9 half a diamet] ( clay4 ,p9* ! case !n close1 & drive x d[n flat1 & aft]w>ds bore a hole exactly ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! clay 9 ! middle4 ,9 opposite sides1 at bo? ends1 make a v5t1 &1 9 t side1 int5d$ to be fir$ fir/1 a small hole to ! composition1 ne> ! clay 9 ! middle1 f :i* c>ry a quickmat*1 cov]$ ) a s+le pap]1 to ! v5t at ! o!r end4 ,!n1 :5 ! *>ge is burnt on "o side1 x w1 by means ( ! quickmat*1 communicate to ! *>ge on ! o!r1 :i* may be ( a diff]5t sort4 ,! fly]s be+ ?us prep>$1 put an iron p91 t mu/ be fix$ 9 ! "w1 9 :i* !y are to be fir$1 & on :i* !y are to run1 ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! middle4 ,on ! end ( ?is p91 mu/ be a nut to secure x4 ,if !y are requir$ to turn back aga91 aft] !y are burnt1 make bo? ! v5ts at ! ends 9 ! same side1 :i* w alt] its c\rse ! contr>y way4 ,^! fly]s are int5d$ to revolve on an axis1 & to dis*>ge at diff]5t p]iods4 ,= ?is purpose1 a communication is made f "o v5t to ! o!r4 ,x is evid5t1 t ! clay1 :i* occupies ! middle ( ! case1 is int5d$ to prev5t any communication ( fire1 9 ! tube1 f "o end to ! o!r1 z ?is is effect$ on ! outside4 ,sec4 ,,vii4 ,( ,simple ,/>s4 ,! />s1 :i* are n made ^u ! =m]1 or roll]1 s]ve to furni% bombs & rockets4 ,!y are made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! composition be+ well mix$1 & pass$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve1 is made into a pa/e1 ) gum arabic & br&y4 ,! proportion ( ! gum to ! composition1 is z "o to sixte54 ,! composition is spread equally on a table1 ab\t ! ?ickness ( a f+]1 & cut into small squ>e pieces4 ,!y are !n cov]$ ) meal-p[d]1 :i* w s]ve = prim+1 & are dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,composition = ,simple ,/>s4 ,saltpetre1 #b lbs4 ,sulphur1 #a -- ,meal-p[d]1 -- ,antimony1 #c_/af -- ,?is is ! g5]al composition1 h[ev]1 = />s4 ,sec4 ,,viii4 ,( ,roll$ ,/>s4 ,x w be suffici5t to rem>k1 t roll$ />s are =m$ ( ! same composition z ! simple />s4 ,! composition is mix$ ) gum & br&y1 =m$ into a pa/e1 spread ^u a table1 & cut1 by a circul> in/rum5t1 into pieces ( ! size ( ! ,roman c&le1 ( :i* we %all speak h]eaft]4 ,!y are prim$ ) ! be/ pi/ol p[d]1 & dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,see ,roman ,c&le4 ,sec4 ,,ix4 ,( ,crack+ ,/>s4 ,crack+ />s are no?+ m ?an small m>rons4 ,!y are prim$1 & cov]$ aft]w>ds ) />-pa/e1 9 ! same mann] z meteors4 ,!y are employ$ z furniture = s]p5ts & />s4 ,!y are roll$ 9 meal-p[d]1 be=e !y are us$4 ,!y are ! toiles pet ( ! ,fr5*4 ,sec4 ,x4 ,( ,sundry ,compositions = ,/>s design$ = ,v>i\s ,purposes4 ,we purpose1 9 ?is section1 to pres5t a connect$ view ( ! diff]5t />-compositions1 by m]ely introduc+ ! =mul = _! prep>ation4 ,_! application w claim our att5tion h]eaft]1 :5 we treat ( rockets & o!r works4 ,rocket ,/>s4 ,:ite4 ,meal-p[d]1 #d oz4 ,saltpetre1 #ab -- ,sulphur vivum1 #f -- ,oil ( spike1 #b -- ,camphor1 #e -- ,blue />s4 ,meal-p[d]1 #h oz4 ,saltpetre1 #d -- ,sulphur1 #b -- ,_s ( w9e1 #b -- ,oil ( spike1 #b -- ,v>iegat$4 ,meal-p[d]1 #h dra*ms4 ,saltpetre1 #d oz4 ,sulphur vivum1 #b -- ,camphor1 #b -- ,brilliant4 ,saltpetre1 #c -- ,sulphur1 #a -- ,meal p[d]1 -- ,work$ up ) _s ( w9e only4 ,common4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb4 ,sulphur1 -- ,antimony1 #d oz4 ,is+lass1 -- ,camphor1 -- ,_s ( w9e1 -- ,tail$4 ,meal-p[d]1 #c oz ,sulphur1 #b -- ,saltpetre1 #a -- ,*>coal1 co>sely gr\nd1 -- ,drove4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #c lbs4 ,sulphur1 #a -- ,brass fil+s1 f9e1 -- ,antimony1 #c oz4 ,or #b4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb4 ,antimony1 -- ,sulphur1 -- ,fix$ po9t$4 ,saltpetre1 #h oz4 ,sulphur1 #b -- ,antimony1 #a oz4 #aj dr4 ,f9e col\r4 ,sulphur1 #a oz4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a -- ,saltpetre1 #a -- ,camphor1 -- ,spirits ( ,turp5t9e1 -- ,composition ( />s ( diff]5t col\rs4 #a4 ,meal-p[d]1 #d oz4 ,saltpetre1 #b -- ,sulphur1 #b -- ,/eel-fil+s1 #a -- ,camphor1 oz4 ,:ite amb]1 -- ,corrosive sublimate1 -- ,antimony1 -- #b4 ,ro*e-petre1 #aj oz4 ,sulphur1 -- ,*>coal1 -- ,antimony1 -- ,meal-p[d]1 -- ,camphor1 -- ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1 suffici5t to moi/5 !m4 ,^! compositions are made into />s1 by be+ fir/ work$ into a pa/e ) br&y1 9 :i* has be5 dissolv$ "s gum1 usually gum arabic1 or gum tragacan?4 ,aft] be+ roll$ 9 p[d]1 a hole is made ?r\gh ! middle ( ea*1 & !y are !n /rung on quick-mat*1 leav+ ab\t two in*es betwe5 ea*4 #c4 ,saltpetre1 #h oz4 ,sulphur1 #b -- ,amb]1 #a -- ,antimony1 #a -- ,meal-p[d]1 #c -- #d4 ,sulphur1 #b oz4 ,saltpetre1 #f -- ,frank9c5se1 #d -- ,ma/i*1 #d -- ,corrosive sublimate1 #d -- ,meal-p[d]1 #e -- ,:ite & yell[ amb]1 ( ea*1 #a -- ,camphor1 #a -- ,antimony & orpim5t1 ea*1 -- #e4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb4 ,sulphur1 -- ,meal-p[d]1 -- ,oil ( petroleum1 suffici5t to moi/5 !m4 #f4 ,meal-p[d]1 lb4 ,sulphur1 #d oz4 ,saltpetre1 #d -- #g4 ,saltpetre1 #d oz4 ,sulphur1 #b -- ,meal-p[d]1 #a -- ,! composition ( />s1 :i* c>ry tails ( sp>ks1 is ! foll[+3 #a4 ,sulphur1 #f oz4 ,antimony1 #b -- ,saltpetre1 #d oz ,ros91 #d -- #b4 ,saltpetre1 ros91 & *>coal1 ( ea*1 #b oz ,sulphur1 #a -- ,pit*1 #a -- ,^! compositions are sometimes melt$ 9 a pan1 &1 be=e !y are made into />s1 mix$ ) *opp$ cotton mat*4 ,!y may be work$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! composition = />s1 :i* yield "s sp>ks1 is ! foll[+4 ,to be made into />s1 x mu/ be wett$ 9 gum-wat]1 & spirits ( w9e1 t ! :ole may h ! consi/5ce ( a ?ick fluid4 ,"o ounce ( l9t is put into ! composition2 :]e x rema9s1 until x has tak5 up en\gh to be roll$ into />s4 #a4 ,camphor1 #b oz4 ,saltpetre1 #a -- ,meal-p[d]1 #a -- #b4 ,saltpetre1 #a oz4 ,sal prunelle1 -- ,camphor1 #b -- ,! composition = />s ( a yell[i% col\r is to be incorporat$1 & made into />s aft] ! common me?od4 ,composition = ,yell[ ,/>s4 ,gum arabic1 f9ely pulv]iz$1 #d oz4 ,camphor1 dissolv$ 9 br&y1 #b -- ,saltpetre1 #a lb4 ,sulphur1 -- ,glass1 9 co>se p[d]1 #d oz4 ,:ite amb]1 #a -- ,orpim5t1 #b -- ,! composition = ano!r k9d ( />1 is ! foll[+3 ,! +r$i5ts to be well mix$1 & !n roll$ into />s1 proportionable to ! rockets !y are int5d$ =4 ,camphor1 dissolv$ 9 _s ( w9e by heat1 #a lb4 ,gum arabic1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #a -- ,saltpetre1 #a -- ,sulphur1 #f oz4 ,meal-p[d]1 #e -- ,we w h occasion h]eaft]1 to notice ! diff]5t modes ( fix+1 & arrang+ />s2 ! =mation ( /rung />s1 roll$ & drove />s1 c4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 mak+ />s1 t ! sev]al +r$i5ts are r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 & ! composition is well work$ & mix$4 ,! in/ructions = roll+ ( />s1 are ! foll[+3 ,be=e we beg9 to roll1 take a p\nd ( ! composition1 & wet x ) ! foll[+ liquid1 suffici5t to make x /ick toge!r1 & roll easy1 viz3 ,_s ( w9e "o qu>t1 9 :i* dissolve #a_/d ( an ounce ( is+lass4 ,if a great quantity ( composition be wett$ at once1 ! _s w evaporate1 & leave x dry1 be=e all ! />s are roll$4 ,hav+ roll$ "o portion1 %ake ! />s 9 meal-p[d]1 & set !m to dry1 :i* w require ?ree or f\r days2 b1 if want$ = imm$iate use1 !y may be dri$ 9 an e>!n pan1 ov] a sl[ heat1 or 9 an ov54 ,x is v difficult to make ! />s all ( an equal size1 :5 ! composition is tak5 up promiscu\sly ) ! f+]s2 b1 by ! foll[+ me?od1 !y may be made v exact3 ,:5 ! mixture is moi/5$ prop]ly1 roll x on a flat smoo? /one1 & cut x into squ>e pieces1 mak+ ea* squ>e l>ge en\gh = ! />s requir$4 ,!re is ano!r me?od us$ by "s1 :i* consi/s 9 roll+ ! composition 9 long pieces1 & !n cutt+ (f ! />s2 s t ea* /> w be ( a cyl9drical =m4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 is n s good z ! =m]2 =1 9 ord] to make ! composition roll 9 ?is mann]1 x mu/ be made v wet1 :i* makes ! />s heavy1 z well z weak5s _! effect4 ,all />s mu/ be kept z mu* f ! air z possible2 o!rwise !y w lose _! prop]ties4 ,:at are call$1 9 pyrote*ny1 ! flam+ />s1 ) brilliant :eels1 ! moon & sev5 />s1 ! transp>5t />s ) illum9at$ rays1 ! transp>5t table />1 ! project$ />1 & ! illum9at$ /> :eel1 are all p>ticul> exhibitions1 :i* are produc$ by dispos+ ! works 9 a c]ta9 =m & ord]4 ,!y h1 !re=e1 no relation to ^? prep>ations1 or compositions1 :i* produce />s4 ,!y w be consid]$1 h[ev]1 9 _! respective places1 :5 we treat ( ! disposition & arrangem5t ( fire-works4 ,z a g5]al !ory ( />s1 we may rem>k1 t :ile combu/ion ensues1 z 9 o!r fire-works1 9 ! mann] expla9$ 9 our *apt] on t subject1 "s sub/ances are always employ$1 :i* h1 = _! object1 two effects 9 p>ticul>2 viz4 t ( modify+ ! appe>ance ( ! flame1 by produc+ c]ta9 col\rs1 & increas+ or dim9i%+ ! degree ( combu/ion1 & t ( ?r[+ out1 at ! same "t1 sc9tillations or sp>ks4 ,! latt] effect1 h[ev]1 is n s great 9 />s1 z 9 "s o!r prep>ations1 :i* are design$ especially = ! purpose4 ,t c]ta9 sub/ances h a p>ticul> effect1 :i* uni=mly ensues1 "u ! same circum/ances1 is a fact obvi\s to all4 ,h5ce1 we see 9 all ! num]\s =mul = />s1 = ^? t produce a r$1 a blue1 a yell[1 or any o!r flame1 & ^? :i* =m tails1 sp>ks1 c4 be+ modifi$ accord+ to circum/ances1 t ! effect is ow+ to ! pres5ce ( "o1 & sometimes to ! action ( two1 ?ree1 & m sub/ances1 co-op]at+ toge!r4 ,t combu/ion may be great] or less2 t x may be accel]at$1 ret>d$1 & o!rwise modifi$2 t ! flame ( inflammable bodies may be v>i$1 z to col\r1 by ! pres5ce ( =eign sub/ances2 t ! action ( "o sub/ance ^u ano!r1 9 c]ta9 elevat$ temp]atures1 may produce results :i* w\ld n take place at a r$uc$ temp]ature2 t1 = ! support ( combu/ion1 ! oxyg5 ( ! nitre1 or ! oxyg5 gas ( ! atmosph]e1 may1 s+ly1 or jo9tly1 produce t effect1 z 9 in/ances ( rapid combu/ion1 & 9 ! combu/ion ( bodies actually ?r[n out 9 ! /ate ( ignition2--^! are s _m consid]ations1 all necess>y to be att5d$ to1 9 e/abli%+ a !ory ( />s1 z well z ( fire-works 9 g5]al4 ,sec4 ,,xi4 ,( ! ,fire-ra91 7filam5t\s47 ,fire-ra9s are g5]ally two in*es long1 & =m$ on a small copp]1 iron1 or wood5 roll]1 two & a half l9es 9 diamet]4 ,two turns ( ! pap] are consid]$ suffici5t = !m4 ,!y are twi/$ at _! extremities1 & /ruck aft]w>ds on a table1 to flatt5 & close !m 9 ! same mann] z common cases4 ,us+ a small funnel1 !y are *>g$ ) ! foll[+ composition1 9 ! same mann] z s]p5ts4 ,gra9$ p[d]1 h[ev]1 is n employ$4 ,:5 *>g$1 !y are prim$ ) pa/e1 hav+ also1 a piece ( cotton-mat* atta*$ to !m4 ,composition4 ,meal-p[d]1 #af oz4 ,f9e oak *>coal1 #c -- ,six ounces ( *>coal to a p\nd ( p[d]1 is ! =mula ( ,bigot4 ,! "o giv5 is t ( ,morel4 ,sec4 ,,xii4 ,( ,sp>ks4 ,! second k9d ( ra9-fire1 call$ sp>ks1 is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! composition is =m$ into a ?ick liquid pa/e ) br&y2 & eight ounces ( flax are imm]s$ 9 x1 & kept !re = "s "t4 ,! flax is !n roll$ into small balls1 ab\t ! size ( peas4 ,!y are !n roll$ 9 dry meal-p[d]1 & hung up 9 ! op5 air1 9 ! %ade to dry4 ,composition4 ,saltpetre1 #h oz4 ,meal-p[d]1 #h -- ,camphor1 #af -- ,flax1 #h -- ,sec4 ,,xiii4 ,( ,gold ,ra94 ,we purpose to enum]ate1 9 ! foll[+ section1 all ! compositions :i* h be5 us$ = =m+ gold1 z well z silv] ra94 ,! recipe "h giv51 x may be prop] to rem>k1 appe>s to h be5 pref]r$ to all o!rs2 z "s ,fr5* au?ors1 & p>ticul>ly ,morel1 h giv5 x a di/9ct place4 ,composition = ,gold ,ra94 ,meal-p[d]1 #h oz4 ,sulphur1 #a -- ,gum arabic1 -- ,pulv]iz$ soot1 -- ,lampblack1 -- ,saltpetre1 -- ,^! sub/ances are mix$1 treat$1 cut1 & prim$ 9 ! same way z simple />s4 ,!y mu/ be cut all ( ! same size4 ,9 ! furni%+ ( rockets & bombs1 ! effect !y produce1 is v /rik+4 ,) respect to ! sc9tillat$ ra9-fire1 or t :i* appe>s 9 sp>ks1 ! effect is ow+ to ! flax1 :i*1 be+ soak$ 9 a mixture ( meal-p[d]1 saltpetre1 camphor1 & br&y1 9 ! same mann] z be=e /at$1 produces1 :5 inflam$1 a succession ( fire1 "u ! =m we h m5tion$4 ,! camphor seems to add to ! brilliancy ( ! flame4 ,!re is no d\bt b a "p1 at lea/1 if n ! :ole1 is burnt1 9 consequ5ce ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 ! inflammation ( ! gunp[d] br++ x to ! /ate ( ignition4 ,! p[d] itself produces at fir/ ! combu/ion4 ,! flax is1 !re=e1 consum$1 :i* seems to be ! la/ ( ! process1 filam5ts1 at ! same "t1 be+ produc$1 & ! combu/ion accel]at$ by ! nitre4 ,! fire-ra9 owes its effect to ! *>coal1 :i* is ?r[n out 9 ! /ate ( ignition4 ,9 ! gold fire1 ! effect is ow+ to ! pres5ce ( lampblack1 soot1 & nitre4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( produc+ bo? gold & silv] ra9s1 :i* we w notice 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,sec4 ,,xiv4 ,( ,ra9s 9 ,g5]al1 = ,sky-,rockets1 c4 ,! foll[+ compositions are also us$ 9 ! =mation ( fire-ra92 ,gold ra91 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb4 ,meal p[d]1 #d oz4 ,sulphur1 #d -- ,brass fil+s1 #a -- ,sawdu/1 #b -- ,pulv]iz$ glass1 -- #b4 ,meal p[d]1 #ab oz4 ,saltpetre1 #b -- ,*>coal1 #d -- #c4 ,saltpetre1 #h oz4 ,sulphur1 #b -- ,glass du/1 #a -- ,antimony1 -- ,brass fil+s1 -- ,sawdu/1 #a -- ,silv]-ra94 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #d oz4 ,sulphur1 #b -- ,meal-p[d]1 #b -- ,antimony1 #b -- ,sal prunelle1 -- #b4 ,saltpetre1 lb4 ,sulphur1 #b oz4 ,*>coal1 #d -- #c4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb4 ,sulphur1 -- ,antimony1 #f oz4 #d4 ,saltpetre1 #d oz4 ,sulphur1 #a -- ,p[d]1 #b -- ,/eel du/1 -- ,= ,calib]s above two-?irds ( an in*4 #e4 ,meal-p[d]1 #af p>ts4 ,saltpetre1 #a ---- ,sulphur1 #a ---- ,/eel fil+s1 #d ---- ,sec4 ,,xv4 ,( ,ra9-,falls1 & ,/>s1 d\ble & s+le4 ,! cases :i* conta9 ! gold & silv] ra9 composition1 are p9*$ close at "o end4 ,if !y are roll$ dry1 f\r or five r\nds ( pap] w be suffici5t2 b1 if !y are pa/$1 ?ree r\nds w be /rong en\gh4 ,! ?9 sort ( c>tridge pap] is be/ = ^? small cases1 :i*1 9 roll+1 mu/ n h ! inside edge turn$ d[n1 z 9 o!r cases1 = a d\ble edge w\ld be too ?ick = s small a calib]4 ,! m\lds = ra9 falls %\ld be made ( brass1 & turn$ v smoo? 9 ! inside2 or ! cases1 be+ v ?91 w\ld te> 9 com+ out4 ,! *>ge mu/ be driv5 9 light1 & ! bett] ! case fits ! m\ld1 ! m driv+ x w be>4 ,^! m\lds h no nipple1 b are made flat4 ,x is necess>y to h a funnel made ( ?9 t91 to fit on ! top ( ! case1 by ! help ( :i*1 !y may be fill$ v fa/4 ,= s+le ra9-falls = f\r ounce rockets1 let ! diamet] ( ! =m] or roll] be two-sixte5?s ( an in*1 & ! l5g? ( ! case two in*es2 = eight-ounce rockets1 f\r-sixte5?s1 & two diamet]s ( ! rocket long2 = two-p\nd rockets1 five-sixte5?s1 & ?ree & a half in*es long2 = f\r-p\nd rockets1 six-sixte5?s1 & f\r & a half in*es long2 & = six p\nd]s1 sev5-sixte5?s1 9 diamet]1 & five in*es long4 ,!re are two k9ds ( d\ble ra9-falls describ$3 "s appe> fir/ l a />1 & !n z ra92 & "s appe> fir/ z ra91 & !n l a />4 ,^! diff]5t appe>ances may be produc$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,:5 />s are to be =m$ fir/1 ! cases mu/ be fill$ )9 half an in* ( ! top1 ) ra9 composition1 & ! rema9d] ) /> composition2 b :5 x is int5d$ t ! ra9 %\ld be fir/1 we mu/ drive ! case half an in* ) /> composition1 & ! re/ ) ra94 ,by ?is me?od1 !y may make _m *anges ( fire2 = 9 l>ge rockets1 !y may be made to burn fir/ z />s1 !n z ra91 & aga9 z />s2 or1 !y may fir/ %[ ra91 !n />s1 & f9i% ) a report4 ,:5 !y are ?us manag$1 cut op5 ! fir/ ramm$ end1 aft] !y are fill$ & b\nc$1 at :i* place !y are to be prim$4 ,! /> composition = ?is purpose1 mu/ be a little /rong] ?an t = roll$ />s4 ,sec4 ,,xvi4 ,( ,sub/ances :i* %[ 9 ,sp>ks4 ,!re are _m sub/ances1 :i* %[ 9 sp>ks1 :5 ramm$ 9 *oak$ cases4 ,! set col\rs are produc$ by regul> *>ges4 ,o!r *>ges are call$ comp\nd & brilliant4 ,set col\rs1 produc$ by sp>ks1 are divid$ into f\r sorts1 :i* are d5om9at$1 ! :ite1 black1 gray1 & r$4 ,! *>ges1 to produce ^! sev]al effects1 are compos$ ( v>i\s +r$i5ts4 ,?us1 meal-p[d] & *>coal compose ! black *>ges2 saltpetre1 sulphur1 & *>coal1 ! :ite2 meal p[d]1 saltpetre1 sulphur1 & *>coal1 ! gray2 & saltpetre1 *>coal1 & sawdu/1 ! r$4 ,) respect to comp\nd & brilliant *>ges1 ! =m] is compos$ ( _m +r$i5ts2 su* z meal-p[d]1 saltpetre1 sulphur1 *>coal1 sawdu/1 sea-coal1 antimony1 glass-du/1 brass-du/1 /eel du/1 ca/-iron1 tann]'s du/1 c4 or any ?+ t w yield sp>ks2 all :i* mu/ be manag$ ) discretion1 or judgm5t4 ,brilliant *>ges1 on ! contr>y1 are compos$ ( meal-p[d]1 saltpetre1 sulphur1 & /eel-fil+s1 or ( meal-p[d] & /eel-fil+s only1 & sometimes ( ,*9ese fire4 ,sec4 ,,xvii4 ,( ,italian ,roses1 or ,fix$ ,/>s4 ,we prep>e cases = ^! works1 9 ! same mann] z describ$ 9 ! article respect+ fix$ />s4 ,half a spoonful ( clay is put into !m1 :i* is ramm$ tightly1 ) twelve bl[s ( a mallet ( a mod]ate size4 ,! height ( ! clay is !n m>k$ ^u ! case1 :i* is !n *>g$ ) f\r spoonfuls ( ! composition1 ramm+ ea* spoonful ) twelve bl[s ( ! mallet4 ,^! f\r *>ges %\ld occupy ab\t two f+]s 9 height4 ,aft] ?is we add ano!r spoonful ( e>?2 & divide1 on ! outside ( ! case1 f ! po9t we m>k$1 five equal p>ts4 ,we !n apply ! quick-mat* & pa/e4 ,"o end ( ! mat* is ( a suffici5t l5g?1 9 ord] t x may turn r\nd1 & come out above ! o!r *oke4 ,we aft]w>ds roll ! case 9 :ite pap]1 :i* mu/ g twice r\nd1 & ext5d beyond ea* extremity ab\t "o & a half in*es4 ,?is is call$ ! cov]+4 ,! l[] end is twi/$4 ,! o!r end1 ! side ( :i* is twi/$1 resembles a goblet1 & s]ves to inflame ! rose4 ,! composition ( ! rose is giv5 9 ! table = ^? ( revolv+ & fix$ pieces4 ,_! effect is1 t !y w produce z _m /reams ( flames z !re are holes1 & consequ5tly =m ! roses or />s4 ,! composition is six p>ts ( p[d]1 eight saltpetre1 five sulphur1 & half a "p ( antimony2 or two p[d]1 f\r saltpetre1 & "o sulphur4 ,sec4 ,,xviii4 ,( ,lances ( ,illum9ation1 :ite1 blue1 & yell[4 ,we h already giv5 ! calib]1 & ! mann] ( =m+ ! lances4 ,!y are *>g$ by us+ ! funnel & ramm]1 9 ! same mann] z s]p5ts1 b )\t any gra9-p[d]4 ,!y are fill$ )9 two-twelf?s ( _! end1 & prim$ ) ! pa/e )\t ! mat*4 ,! blue & yell[ lances are load$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! yell[ are made "o-?ird ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & "o in* & a ?ird 9 l5g?2 s z n to be ( a long] duration 9 burn+ ?an ! o!rs4 ,composition ( lances4 ,:ite lances4 ,blue lances4 ,yell[ lances4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,saltpetre #af oz4 ,saltpetre #af oz4 ,saltpetre #af oz4 ,sulphur #h oz4 ,antimony #h oz4 ,sulphur #af oz4 ,p[d] #d oz4 ,p[d] #h oz4 ,antimony #a oz4 ,amb] #h oz4 ,lances1 or port-fires ( illum9ation1 may be made also )\t antimony1 z foll[s3 ,port-fire composition = ,illum9ations4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb4 ,sulphur1 #f oz4 ,meal-p[d]1 #f oz4 ,! composition ( ! lance feu ( ! ,fr5*1 :i* is us$ *iefly to ?r[ occasional light across ! plat=m1 :il/ artificial fire-works are prep>+1 & l port-fires & mat*es1 to communicate fire1 is giv5 z foll[s3 7uvres ,militaires1 tom xi1 p4 #bjh47 ,composition ( ! lance feu4 ,saltpetre1 #c p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #b ---- ,antimony1 #b ---- ,! lance feu puant is ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,x is ! /9k-fire lance1 us$ = milit>y purposes1 & prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z /9k-pots4 ,!y are us$ pr9cipally 9 ! m9e1 & produce s p[]ful an exhalation1 z to r5d] x impossible to approa* ! qu>t] = ?ree or f\r days1 & occasion also1 ev5 to ! m9]s1 an app>5t suffocation4 ,! lance de feu1 h[ev]1 is a diff]5t prep>ation f ei!r4 ,x is a species ( squib1 :i* is us$ by ! g>rison ( a besieg$ t[n aga9/ a scal+ p>ty4 ,= ! prep>ation ( fire lances1 see ! subsequ5t "p4 ,sec4 ,,xix4 ,( ,sl[ ,:ite-flame ,lances4 ,! composition ( ?is lance1 or port-fire1 is su*1 t x w burn long] ?an ! ord9>y lance4 ,!re are two =mul giv5 = x4 ,bo? compositions1 :5 driv5 "o & a qu>t] in*es 9 an ounce case1 w burn "o m9ute1 :i* is consid]$ by "s a mu* long] "t ?an an equal quantity ( any composition1 yet kn[n1 w la/4 ,composition ( sl[ ,fire4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #b lbs4 ,sulphur1 #c lbs4 ,antimony1 #a lb4 #b4 ,saltpetre1 #c lbs4 ,sulphur1 #b lbs4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a lb4 ,antimony1 lb4 ,glass-du/1 lb4 ,brass-du/1 #a oz4 ,sec4 ,,xx4 ,( ,lights4 ,we purpose h]eaft] to treat p>ticul>ly ( ! ,*9ese lights1 ,b5gal lights1 amb] lights1 blue lights1 c4 ,we w m]ely m5tion 9 ?is place1 ! composition ( "s ( !m4 ,composition = ,lights4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #c lbs4 ,sulphur1 #a lb4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a lb4 ,antimony1 #aj oz4 ,oil ( ,spike1 suffici5t to mix !m4 ,composition = common fire4 ,saltpetre1 #c lbs4 ,*>coal1 #aj oz4 ,sulphur1 #b oz4 ,composition = r$ ,fire4 ,meal-p[d]1 #c lbs4 ,*>coal1 #ab oz4 ,sawdu/1 #h oz4 ,common fire = a calib] ( "o-?ird ( an in*4 ,meal-p[d]1 #af p>ts4 ,*>coal1 pulv]iz$1 #c ---- ,idem1 = a calib] half an in*4 ,meal-p[d]1 #cb p>ts4 ,*>coal1 #g ---- ,idem1 = a calib] above half an in*4 ,meal-p[d]1 #d p>ts4 ,*>coal1 #a ---- ,brilliant fire = ord9>y calib]s4 ,meal-p[d]1 #d p>ts4 ,iron-fil+s1 #a ---- ,idem1 m brilliant4 ,meal-p[d]1 #d p>ts4 ,/eel-fil+s1 #a ---- ,brilliant fire = all calib]s4 ,meal-p[d]1 #i p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #a ---- ,/eel1 #b ---- ,gr& brilliant fire1 = calib]s ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*1 & upw>ds4 ,meal p[d]1 #af p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #a ---- ,saltpetre1 #a ---- ,/eel fil+s1 #g ---- ,idem1 cle> & brilliant = any calib]4 ,meal p[d]1 #af p>ts4 ,saltpetre1 #a "p4 ,fil+s ( ! be/ /eel1 #c ---- ,idem1 l>ge jessam9e = any calib]4 ,meal p[d]1 #af p>ts4 ,saltpetre1 #a ---- ,sulphur1 #a ---- ,be/ /eel1 #f ---- ,idem1 small jessam9e = any calib]4 ,meal p[d]1 #af p>ts4 ,saltpetre1 #a ---- ,sulphur1 #a ---- ,be/ /eel1 #e ---- ,:ite fire = any calib]4 ,meal p[d]1 #h p>ts4 ,saltpetre1 #d ---- ,sulphur1 #a ---- ,,tabul> ,,view ,,( ,,"s ,,o!r ,,compositions4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,p>ts ,,( ,,compositions4 ---------------------------------- ,meal ,salt- ,sul- ,*>-,fil+s p[d] petre phur coal c4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,:ite fire = any calib]1 #af #j #c #j #j ,blue1 = p>asols & cascades1 #d #b #c #j #c ,z9c4 ,d4 = calib]s1 half an in* #d #h #d #j #ag ,z9c4 & above1 ,d4 = any calib]1 #f #b #h #j #j ,sp>kl+1 or %9+ fire = #af #j #j #j #c ,brass4 any calib]1 ,gre5 fire1 = any calib]1 #af #j #j #j #c ,brass4 ,aurora col\r1 #af #j #j #j #c ,gold p[d] ,*9ese fire1 = calib]s "u #h #h #b #b #g ,ct4iron an in*1 ,d4 = calib]s above an in*1 #af #j #c #c #g ,d4 ,d4 = palmtrees & cascades1 #h #f #d #b #e ,d4 ,d4 9 :ite = two-?irds & #h #h #d #j #f ,d4 five-six?s ( an in* cal41 ,d4 = g]bes1 ( t51 elev51 #h #a #a #a #h ,d4 & twelve l9es 9 diam41 ,b5gal lights1 #j #cb #i #j #e ,ant'y4 ,amb] lights1 #i #j #j #j #c ,amb]4 ,wat] squibs1 #a #j #j #a #j ,d4 #a #j #j #j #j ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,sec4 ,,xxi4 ,( ,lances = ,pet>ds4 ,lances = pet>ds are a k9d ( port-fire1 us$ 9 w>1 b n v (t54 ,z !y w be notic$ h]eaft]1 x may be suffici5t to rem>k1 t !y are =m$ ( c>tridge pap]1 & ! case is /rangl$ 9 ! usual mann]2 t a small portion ( bran is put 91 & !n ab\t z mu* good prim+ pi/ol p[d] 9 gra9s2 t ! case is !n /rangl$1 or *oak$1 ab\t two-?irds ( its l5g?1 ! rema9+ "o-?ird s]v+ = a h&le2 &1 9 us+ x1 t ! twi/$ end is cut (f1 s t ! fire may communicate to ! pet>d4 ,sec4 ,,xxii4 ,( ,lances ( ,s]vice4 ,^! lances s]ve = sett+ fire to works1 c4 ,!y are commonly made fifte5 in*es long1 ^u a =m] or roll]1 "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,f\r turns ( ! pap] are suffici5t = ! case4 ,!y are *>g$ 9 ! same way z ! pet>d lances1 & also 9 ! mann] describ$ = port-fires4 ,!y are prim$ ) ! mat* & pa/e4 ,composition = ! lances ( s]vice4 ,saltpetre1 #b lbs4 ,sulphur1 #a -- ,meal p[d]1 #e oz4 ,sec4 ,,xxiii4 ,( ,m>rons4 ,m>rons are made 9 sev]al ways4 ,we %all fir/ describe ^? 9 cases4 ,=m]s = m>rons are f ?ree-f\r?s ( an in*1 to "o & a half 9 diamet]4 ,! pap] = ! cases mu/ be cut twice ! diamet] ( ! =m]2 broad1 & suffici5tly long to make ?ree revolutions4 ,:5 a case is roll$1 pa/e d[n ! edge1 & tie "o end close2 & to remove ! wr9kles1 & make x flat at bottom1 put 9 ! =m] & drive x d[n4 ,! case is !n to be *>g$ ) granulat$ p[d]1 "o diamet] & a qu>t] high1 & ! re/ ( ! case1 fold$ d[n tight on ! p[d]4 ,! m>rons be+ ?us made1 wax "s /rong pack-?read ) %oemak]'s wax1 & w9d x up 9 a ball4 ,!n unw9d two or ?ree y>ds ( x1 & t "p1 :i* is ne> ! ball1 make fa/ to a hook4 ,n[ take a m>ron1 & /& z f> f ! hook z ! pack-?read w rea*1 & w9d x l5g?wise r\nd x1 z close z possible1 till x w hold no m 9 t direction2 !n turn x1 & w9d ! pack-?read on ! %ort way2 !n l5g?wise aga91 & cont9ue ?is w9d+ until ! pap] is all cov]$4 ,make fa/ ! end ( ! pack-?read1 & beat d[n bo? ends ( ! m>ron to br+ x 9 %ape4 ,! me?od ( fir+ m>rons is by mak+ a hole at "o end ) an awl1 & putt+ 9 a piece ( quickmat*4 ,!n take a piece ( /rong pap]1 9 :i* wrap ! m>ron ) two lead]s1 put d[n to ! v5t1 & tie ! pap] tight r\nd ) small tw9e4 ,^! lead]s are b5t on ea* side1 & _! loose ends ti$ to o!r m>rons1 & nail$1 9 ! middle1 to ! rail ( ! /&4 ,m>ron batt]ies are made ( sev]al /&s1 ) a numb] ( cross rails = ! m>rons1 :i* are regulat$ by lead]s1 by cutt+ !m ( diff]5t l5g?s1 & nail+ !m tight or loose4 ,?is arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 is only int5d$ = a c]ta9 purpose4 ,= z m>rons1 if well manag$1 w keep "t to a m>* or a piece ( music2 s1 by regulat+ !m 9 t way1 t is to say1 by cutt+ ! lead]s ( diff]5t l5g?s & nail+ !m tight or loose1 we may adju/ ! "t ( _! explosion by ! "t ( ! music4 ,9 =m+ batt]ies ) m>rons1 ! l>ge & small k9ds mu/ be us$1 & ! nails = ! lead]s1 or pipes ( communication mu/ h flat heads4 ,! m>rons = s]vice are a diff]5t k9d2 !y resemble ! inc5di>y bombs4 ,see ,f\r? ,"p ( ! "w4 ,! o!r k9d ( m>ron = fire-works1 z describ$ by ,morel1 7,trait ,practique des ,feux ,d',artifice p4 #cg17 & ,bigot1 7,trait d',artifice de ,gu]re p4 #ada17 are ( a cubical =m & ( a suitable size = ! pot1 9 :i* x is to ent]1 or ( any dim5sions1 if x be fir$ alone1 or )\t be+ employ$ z a decoration4 ,^! cubes are fill$ ) gra9 p[d]1 & are cov]$ ) two lay]s ( pack-?read1 :i* is b\nd v tightly1 & ov] ?is1 a coat ( pit* or t>4 ,!y are pi]c$ to ! p[d]1 & a mat* is adapt$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,port-fire has be5 us$1 b is consid]$ to possess no advantages4 ,! cubical m>rons are =m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,divide a piece ( /rong pa/ebo>d 9 su* a mann]1 z t ea* division w =m "o ( ! sides ( ! cube1 z repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ figure4 k ----- k k d ----- c b ----------------- c b 7,a7 b c ----------------- b c ----- ,pa/ebo>d1 =m$ 9 ! above mann]1 x is evid5t1 :5 put toge!r1 w make a cube4 7,a7 w be ! base1 & b c respectively1 w =m ! sides1 & d ! top1 k k k w come 9 contact ) ! edge ( ?ree sides4 ,9 d1 7! cov]71 is a hole1 9 ord] to *>ge x1 &1 if necess>y1 to hold ! mat* & prim+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may be atta*$ to ei!r side4 ,all ! angles are well secur$ ) pap] pa/$ ov] !m4 ,! pack-?read mu/ be well wax$ ) %oemak]s' wax1 be=e x is w\nd on x4 ,sec4 ,,xxiv4 ,( ,%9+ ,m>rons4 ,%9+ m>rons are cubes ( an in* at lea/ on ea* surface1 & prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z ! prec$+4 ,! excess ( ! mat*1 :i* is cut (f 9 ! =m] m>ron1 is suffici5t = ^! small] m>rons4 ,cotton is mac]at$1 or soak$ 9 a pa/e ( ! /> composition1 9 ! usual mann]1 viz3 by mix+ ! composition ) br&y1 & a small portion ( gum1 or a solution ( is+lass4 ,! m>ron is !n cov]$1 ab\t a f+] 9 ?ickness1 ) ?is cotton2 or m may be us$1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,x is aft]w>ds roll$ 9 meal p[d]1 :i* s]ves = prim+1 & !n dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,%9+ m>rons are us$ 9 furni%+ bombs1 fire-pots1 & rockets4 ,!y produce a brilliant effect2 a vivid :ite light1 :i* f9i%es ) a report4 ,sec4 ,,xxv4 ,( ,saucissons4 ,saucissons diff] f m>rons only 9 =m4 ,!y are int5d$1 l !m1 = simple detonations4 ,!y are g5]ally fir$ out ( l>ge mort>s )\t *amb]s1 ! same z ^? = aigrettes1 only some:at /rong]4 ,saucissons are made ( "o or two-ounce cases1 five or six in*es long1 & *oak$ 9 ! same mann] z s]p5ts4 ,half ! numb] :i* ! mort> conta9s mu/ be driv5 "o & a half diamet]s ) composition1 & ! o!r half1 two diamet]s2 s t1 :5 fir$1 !y may give two vollies ( reports4 ,b1 if ! mort>s are v /rong1 & w be> a suffici5t *>ge to ?r[ ! saucissons v high1 !re may be ?ree vollies ( reports1 by divid+ ! numb] ( cases into ?ree p>ts1 & mak+ a diff]5ce 9 ! height ( ! *>ge4 ,aft] !y are fill$1 p9* & tie !m at ! top ( ! *>ge1 almo/ close2 only leav+ a small v5t to communicate ! fire to ! upp] "p ( ! case1 :i* mu/ be fill$ ) gra9 p[d] v ne> ! top4 ,! end !n is to be p9*$ close & ti$1 & ! case1 b\nd v tightly ) wax$ pack-?read1 f ! *oak1 at ! top ( ! composition1 to ! end ( ! case4 ,?is w /r5g!n ! case1 & cause ! report to be v l\d4 ,saucissons %\ld be roll$ a little ?ick] ( pap] ?an ! common proportion4 ,:5 !y are to be put 9 ! mort>1 !y mu/ be prim$ 9 _! m\?s1 & fir$ by a case ( brilliant fire1 fix$ 9 _! c5tre4 ,! *>ge = ^! mort>s %\ld be #a_/f? or #a_/h? m ?an = pots d'aigrettes ( ! same diamet]4 ,= fly+ saucissons1 ! ,fr5* make use ( cases ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 ext]ior diamet]4 ,!y are *>g$1 to ! height ( half an in*1 ) ! composition = mosaic t\rbillons1 :i* see4 ,!y are !n *oak$ & b\nd at ?is place1 & f\r f+]s ( gra9 p[d] are put into ea*1 :i* is !n cov]$ ) a /opp] ( pap]4 ,!y are !n aga9 *oak$ & b\nd1 & ! excess ( ! case is cut (f4 ,!y are prim$ ) a piece ( mat*1 us+ ! prim+ pa/e at ! same "t4 ,:5 ! saucissons are requir$ to make a l\d] report1 ! "p ( ! case1 9 :i* ! p[d] is1 %\ld be wrapp$ r\nd ) pack-?read1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z already describ$1 & !n cov]$ ) glue or pit*4 ,^! saucissons are usually put 9 ! pots ( ! mosaics1 "s times 9 ! place ( !m1 & are arrang$ = exhibition on ! same frame4 ,we may1 if we wi% to v>y ! effect1 put a saucisson 9 "o pot1 & a mosaic 9 ano!r4 ,:5 ?r[n 9 ! air1 _! effect is to occasion a report4 ,!y fir/1 h[ev]1 =m a tail ( fire1 & f9i% ) an explosion4 ,bigot gives ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! int]nal & ext]nal diamet]s at f\r l9es1 or "o-?ird ( an in*4 ,saucissons may ei!r be us$ 9 ! mann] we h m5tion$ or ?r[n by h&4 ,accord+ to _! size1 & ! /r5g? ( ! case1 s w be ! report4 ,!y resemble a ?ick & %ort sausage1 h5ce _! "n4 ,sec4 ,,xxvi4 ,( ,fire-,pumps4 ,fire-pumps are int5d$ = a p>ticul> use1 :i* we w describe h]eaft]4 ,! composition is ! foll[+3 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #e lbs4 ,sulphur1 #a -- ,meal p[d]1 #a -- ,glass-du/1 #a -- #b4 ,saltpetre1 #e lbs4 #h oz4 ,sulphur1 #b -- ,meal p[d]1 #a -- #h -- ,glass-du/1 #a -- #h -- ,cases = fire-pumps are made l ^? = t\rbillons1 except t !y are pa/$1 in/ead ( be+ roll$ dry4 ,9 *>g+ !m1 fir/ put 9 a little meal p[d]1 & !n a />2 !n a ladleful or two ( ! above composition1 :i* ram tightly2 !n a little meal p[d]1 on t a />1 & !n composition aga91 & s on until ! case is fill$4 ,/>s = fire-pumps %\ld n be r\nd2 b mu/ be made ei!r squ>e1 or flat & circul>1 ) a hole ?r\gh ! middle4 ,! quantity ( p[d] = ?r[+ ! />s mu/ increase z we come ne> ! top ( ! case2 =1 if mu* p[d] be put at ! bottom1 x w bur/ ! case4 ,! />s mu/ diff] 9 size 9 ?is mann]3 ,let ! />1 :i* is fir/ put 91 be ab\t "o-f\r? less ?an ! calib] ( ! case2 b let ! next /> be a little l>g]1 & ! ?ird /> a little l>g] ?an ! second1 & s on = ! re/4 ,let !m increase 9 diamet] till )9 two ( ! top ( ! case1 :i* two mu/ fit 9 tight4 ,z ! load+ ( fire-pumps requires "s skill1 x w be necess>y to make two or ?ree trials be=e dep5d+ on _! p]=mance4 ,:5 a numb] ( pumps are fill$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to put 9 ea* an equal quantity ( *>ge betwe5 ! />s2 s t1 :5 !y are fir$1 !y may n ?r[ up too _m />s toge!r4 ,cases = fire-pumps %\ld be made v /rong1 & roll$ on f\r or eight-ounce =m]s1 ea* t5 or twelve in*es long4 ,= ! composition & prep>ation ( />s1 see />s4 ,sec4 ,,xxvii4 ,( ! ,volcano ( ,lem]y4 ,! artificial e>?quake1 or volcano ( ,lem]y1 is =m$ by mix+ into a pa/e ) wat]1 ab\t equal p>ts ( sulphur & /eel or iron fil+s1 & bury+ ! mixture 9 ! e>?4 ,! composition 9 a %ort "t1 w gr[ hot1 & bur/ out2 ! e>? w break1 & op5 9 sev]al places4 ,baum mix$ #ajj p\nds ( iron fil+s & ! same quantity ( sulphur toge!r1 ) wat]1 & ramm$ ! mixture into an iron pot4 ,aft] t5 h\rs1 ! mass swell$ up & grew w>m1 aque\s vap\rs arose1 & ! mass bur/4 ,t5 h\rs aft]w>ds1 ! heat1 vap\rs1 c4 greatly increas$1 & a flame issu$ =?1 la/+ only f #b to #c m9utes4 ,f9ally1 ! mass became r$-hot1 & ! burn+ & heat cont9u$ #dj h\rs long]2 b )\t flame4 ,we may m]ely rem>k1 t ?is effect is produc$ by ! *emical union1 :i* takes place betwe5 ! sulphur & iron1 =m+ a sulphuret ( iron1 analog\s 9 composition to ! native m>tial pyrites4 ,! wat] is at ! same "t1 decompos$1 dur+ :i* ! mixture swells1 becomes hot1 & ?r[s up ! e>?1 produc+ at ! same "t a l>ge quantity ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,?is gas is =m$ by ! comb9ation ( a "p ( ! sulphur ) ! hydrog5 ( ! wat]2 :il/ ! oxyg51 ! o!r elem5t ( ! wat]1 goes to oxidize ! metal & to acidify ! rema9+ sulphur4 ,h5ce sulphate ( iron1 or gre5 vitriol is produc$4 ,! exp]im5t may be made 9 a common bas94 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 t spontane\s combu/ion1 :i* takes place )\t ! application ( an ignit$ body1 ensues 9 a v>iety ( in/ances2 & new facts daily occur1 :i* %[1 t cases ( ?is k9d are m num]\s ?an we _h reason to suspect4 ,besides ! old & well kn[n effect ( quicklime1 pyrites1 pyrit\s s*i/1 c4 9 produc+ spontane\s combu/ion1 x is f\nd1 t a%es & oil1 oil & cotton1 & a numb] ( sub/ances h set fire to cotton mills1 & o!r works4 ,x is kn[n1 t1 9 ! slak+ ( quicklime1 a consid]able degree ( heat is produc$4 ,?is is ow+ to ! solidification ( ! wat]1 or its union ) ! lime 9 ! =m ( a hydrate1 & ! consequ5t *ange1 :i* ! caloric und]goes f a lat5t to an uncomb9$ /ate4 ,h5ce inflammable sub/ances1 9 contact ) lime1 "u ^! circum/ances1 are necess>ily set on fire4 ,spontane\s combu/ion arises simply f a play ( *emical aff9ities4 ,! foll[+ g5]al obs]vations on ?is subject are giv5 by ,ni*olson1 7,*emical ,diction>y72 & an enum]ation ( ! effects may lead to cautions ( importance = prev5t+ s]i\s accid5ts3 ,if quicklime1 9 any quantity1 be laid 9 contact ) any combu/ible1 z wood1 & be wett$ by accid5t1 or to make x into mort>1 a suffici5t quantity ( heat may be extricat$ to set fire to ! wood4 ,animal or vegetable sub/ances1 laid toge!r damp 9 l>ge heaps1 und]go a f]m5tation1 :i* (t5 excites combu/ion1 z 9 ! case ( hay-ricks4 ,wooll5 clo?1 n fre$ f ! oil us$ 9 dress+ x1 & laid up damp 9 l>ge heaps1 has be5 kn[n to take fire2 & s has pa9t$ canvass4 ,fl[]s & h]bs boil$ 9 oil1 z is done by druggi/s1 & !n laid 9 heaps1 sometimes d ! same4 ,! mixture ( l9se$ oil & lampblack1 or ( l9se$ oil & black wad1 is v liable to inflame4 ,torrefi$ vegetables1 z malt1 c(fee1 or bran1 put :ile hot1 into co>se bags1 are apt to take fire4 ,! spontane\s combu/ion ( phosphorus1 & v>i\s pyrophori1 is well kn[n4 ,x is suspect$ to be ow+ to ! pres5ce ( "o or o!r ( ^!1 t *>coal sometimes takes fire )\t any app>5t cause2 & ! *>coal ( peat is said to be p>ticul>ly liable to ?is4 ,hyp]oxyg5at$ muriate ( potassa1 mix$ ) sulphur1 or ) sulphur & *>coal1 is apt to detonate spontane\sly4 ,_m cases ( spontane\s combu/ion tak+ place 9 ! human body too are on record3 & x has be5 obs]v$1 t all ! p]sons1 :o ?us suff]$1 7 mu* addict$ to ! use ( spiritu\s liquors4 ,sec4 ,,xxviii4 ,( ! blue & gre5 ,mat*1 = ,cyph]s ,devices1 & ,decorations4 ,we _h occasion to m5tion1 t blue & gre5 flame may be produc$ by employ+ sundry sub/ances1 :i* h ! prop]ty ( *ang+ ! col\r ( flame4 ,?is is effect$ 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,= ! prep>ation ( ! mat*1 we melt "o p\nd ( roll brim/one 9 a glaz$ e>!n vessel1 ov] a sl[ fire1 & add "o ounce ( f9ely pulv]iz$ v]digris1 & half an ounce ( antimony4 ,! cotton = ! mat*1 may be ( any l5g? & ?ickness1 z we judge prop]2 & is to be imm]s$1 & well soak$1 9 ! wett$ sulphur1 hav+ previ\sly put 9 ! v]digris1 & antimony4 ,sulphur alone w =m a blue light4 ,! mat*es are aft]w>ds ti$ to a rod ( iron1 :i* is b5t accord+ to ! design we purpose to =m1 & to :i* !y are fa/5$ ) a v f9e iron wire1 call$ ! c>case4 ,!y are cov]$ ) prim+ pa/e1 & a quick mat* is ti$ along ! :ole l5g?4 ,!y are !n cov]$ ) b&s ( gray pap]1 & a piece ( port-fire is fix$ on ! end1 to communicate fire4 ,sec4 ,,xxix4 ,( ! ,purple or ,violet ,mat*4 ,! design is made1 & ! mat* is atta*$1 9 ! same mann] z describ$ 9 ! la/ section2 b )\t b5d+ x4 ,! prep>ation is z foll[s3 ,make a decoction ( jujubes1 :i* h be5 peel$1 & /on$1 & ?ick5 x by add+ z mu* ( ! fl\r ( sulphur1 z w br+ x to a prop] consi/5ce4 ,! cotton is !n cov]$ ) ?is mixture1 9 ! mann] be=e /at$2 its ?ickness to be det]m9$1 accord+ to ! "t requir$ = x to burn4 ,:ile hot1 ! mat* is prim$ by roll+ x 9 meal p[d]4 ,x is !n suff]$ to dry4 ,! design1 x is to be obs]v$1 ought to be support$ at ! di/ance ( f\r or five in*es f ! rods :i* hold x1 by small cross pieces ( iron1 to prev5t x tak+ fire2 a circum/ance necess>y to be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,sec4 ,,xxx4 ,( ,meteors4 ,artificial fire-works1 to resemble meteors 9 ! atmosph]e1 h1 if prop]ly prep>$ & exhibit$1 a brilliant appe>ance4 ,! composition mu/ be project$ to a great height1 :i* is ei!r done by rockets1 or f mort>s4 ,meteors are made 9 ! same mann] z %9+ m>rons1 :i* we h already describ$1 except1 h[ev]1 t !y are ( a v l>ge size & usually weigh t5 p\nds4 ,! l>g] !y are made ! bett]1 & ! m gr& is _! effect4 ,see ,%9+ ,m>rons4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,( ,,rockets ,,& ,,_! ,,app5dages4 ,a rocket is a fly+ fuse1 7,fuses ,volantes ( ! ,fr5*71 =m$ ) pap]1 ( a cyl9drical %ape1 & fill$ ) a composition ( c]ta9 inflammable sub/ances1 be+ pi]c$ 9 ! diamet] ( its l5g?4 ,x is furni%$ ) a /ick1 s]v+ z a c\nt]-weight1 or balance1 to guide x v]tically 9 its asc5sion4 ,x c>ries g5]ally diff]5t g>ni%es1 or furniture2 z />s1 s]p5ts1 fire-ra9s1 m>rons1 meteors c4 :i* are ?r[n (f1 & produce an elegant appe>ance1 :5 x t]m9ates its flight4 ,rockets h be5 appli$ to sev]al uses4 ,?us1 ! w>-rocket1 z an inc5di>y1 improv$ by ,congreve1 & ! signal rocket1 are "s ( its applications4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are modifi$ = ! purpose1 & w be spok5 ( h]eaft]4 ,! ,indian rockets1 call$ ,f\gette 7,baguette feu ( ! ,fr5*7 w also be notic$4 ,al?\gh z a fire-"w = exhibition1 ! rocket may be consid]$ ! mo/ gr&1 &1 especially :5 furni%$ ) v>i\s decorations1 ! mo/ brilliant1 yet its utility = ,milit>y & ,naval purposes is ackn[l$g$ by all4 ,:5 treat+ ( sundry prelim9>y op]ations 9 ! second "p ( ?is "w1 we _h occasion to introduce ! subject ( rockets1 z respects ! =mation ( _! cases1 ! mann] ( *>g+ & driv+ !m1 ) ! tools requir$1 & ! bor+ ( rockets1 :5 !y h be5 driv5 solid4 ,^! subjects may be f\nd 9 sections iv1 v1 & viii4 ,we purpose1 h[ev]1 to make su* obs]vations z may1 ) ! rem>ks h]et(ore (f]$1 furni% ! read] ) a g5]al k ( ! mak+1 decorat+1 & dis*>g+ ( rockets4 ,on ! !ory ( ! asc5sion ( rockets1 motion ( fire-:eels1 c4 & obs]vations on ! rocket pr9ciple1 consult ! *apt] 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! "w1 conc]n+ ! !ory ( p>ticul> fire-works4 ,= ! mann] ( unit+ %eets ( pap] ( sev]al ?icknesses1 = cases1 see ,pa/ebo>d4 ,sec4 ,i4 ,( ! ,calib] & ,proportion ( ,rockets4 ,sky-rockets are g5]ally made ( sev5 calib]s1 f half an in* to ?ree in*es4 ,diff]5t op9ions h be5 ent]ta9$ respect+ ! prop] proportions4 ,"s cont5d t ! height %\ld be always regulat$ by _! ext]ior diamet]4 ,on ?is subject1 sev]al exp]im5ts1 x seems1 h be5 made by an exp]i5c$ arti/1 ,m4 ,morel1 n only to det]m9e ! l5g?1 :i* is be/ calculat$ to produce ! maximum ( asc5sion1 b also ) respect to ! l5g? comp>$ ) ! calib] ( ! case4 ,! foll[+ tables are necess>y 9 ! =mation ( rockets4 ,! fir/ %[s ! size ( ! calib] ( ! m\ld1 = rockets ( a p\nd weight1 & bel[2 & ! second po9ts out ! size requir$ = ! calib] ( m\lds1 f "o p\nd to fifty p\nds4 ,a lb4 rocket1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 is t :i* is j capable ( admitt+ a lead5 bullet ( a p\nd weight1 & s ( ! re/4 ,,table ,i4 ,size ( ! calib] ( m\lds ( a p\nd weight1 & bel[ to an ounce4 -------------------- ,weight ( ,rockets 9 ,diamet]s ounces4 9 l9es4 -------------------- #af #ai #ab #ag #h #ae #g #ad #f #ad #e #ac #d #ab #c #aa #b #i #a #f -------------------- ,"h1 x is evid5t1 t ! m\ld ( a rocket ( twelve ounces 9 weight1 ought to be sev5te5 l9es 7#ab l9es to ! in*7 9 diamet]2 & "o ( five ounces1 w require a m\ld ( ?irte5 l9es 9 diamet]4 ,h5ce1 we d]ive an easy me?od ( f9d+ ! size1 :5 ! weights are giv53 &1 if ! diamet] ( ! rocket be giv51 x w be equally easy to f9d ! weight ( ! ball1 correspond+ to ! weight ( t calib]4 ,,table ,,ii4 ,size ( ! calib] ( m\lds1 ( f "o to fifty p\nd ball4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,p\nds ,calib] ,p\nds ,calib] ,p\nds ,calib] ,p\nds ,calib] ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #ajj #ad #bda #bg #cjj #dj #cda #b #abf #ae #bdg #bh #cjd #da #cdd #c #add #af #beb #bi #cjg #db #cdg #d #aeh #ag #beg #cj #caj #dc #cej #e #aga #ah #bfb #ca #cad #dd #cec #f #aha #ai #bfg #cb #cag #de #cee #g #aia #bj #bga #cc #cbj #df #ceh #h #bjj #ba #bge #cd #cbc #dg #cfa #i #bjh #bb #bhj #ce #cbf #dh #cfc #aj #bae #bc #bhd #cf #ccj #di #cff #aa #bbb #bd #bhh #cg #ccc #ej #cfh #ab #bbh #be #bib #ch #ccf #ac #bce #bf #bif #ci #cci ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,by ?is second table1 if ! weight ( ! ball be giv51 ! size ( ! m\ld may be f\nd3 suppose x be eighte5 p\nds2 opposite to x is ! numb] #bfb4 ,!n we say1 by ! rule ( proportion1 7z #ai-a_/b1 see ,table #a1 is suppos$ to be divid$ into a hundr$ p>ts7 #ajj 3 #ai-a_/b 3 3 #bfb to ! f\r? t]m s\ght1 viz4 #ea4ji2 :i* gives = ! requir$ calib] #eb l9es ne>ly1 or f\r in*es & f\r l9es4 ,b if ! calib] be giv5 9 l9es1 ! weight ( ! ball may be f\nd3 suppose ! giv5 calib] be #cf l9es1 !n z #ai-a_/b 3 #ajj 3 3 #cf 3 #ahd4 ,! ne>e/ numb] 9 ! table to ?is is #aha1 :i* %[s t ! weight ( ! ball w be r m ?an #f lbs2 or1 9 o!r words1 t a rocket1 ! diamet] or calib] ( :i* is ?irty-six l9es1 is a rocket ( a #f lb4 ball4 ,see ,congreve ,rocket4 ,z to m\lds to prev5t ! rockets f splitt+ 9 ! act ( *>g+ !m1 ,morel obs]ves1 t he has nev] us$ !m4 ,he rem>ks1 t a case :i* w n resi/ ! =ce ( ! *>ge1 _c resi/ ! viol5ce ( ! fire4 ,on ! subject ( compositions1 he obs]ves1 t he has only employ$ "o =mula1 &1 ( c\rse1 b "o /&>d proportion = all siz$ calib]s2 & is ( op9ion1 t x is useless to employ an inf]ior composition1 or "o ) :i* we are unacqua9t$1 :5 we h a =mula1 on :i* we may rely4 ,?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 does n agree ) t ( o!rs4 ,c]ta9 rockets1 x is to be rem>k$1 %[ tails ( fire 9 _! flight1 & o!rs aga9 d n4 ,?is dep5ds entirely ^u ! *>coal2 =1 if we use *>coal1 made f t5d] & light wood1 x burns rapidly1 )\t produc+ a tail ( fire2 b if we use ! *>coal ( oak or ( bee*1 or ( o!r h>d wood1 ! rocket w =m a brilliant tail ( fire1 dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( its asc5sion4 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 t ! *>coal ( light wood1 is light] & m inflammable1 & = t reason1 bett] calculat$ = rockets2 b1 s f> f produc+ ! effect1 we h m5tion$1 a quick combu/ion ensues1 leav+ no ignit$ coal to be act$ ^u by atmosph]ic air4 ,x is f\nd by exp]im5t1 t ev5 a little m or a little less p[d]1 gives to or takes f1 ! composition its effective p[]2 &1 !re=e1 t ! rockets1 9 _! flight1 asc5d to a great] or less height4 ,"s writ]s h ass]t$1 t p[d] ought n to ent] into ! composition ( rockets2 b 9 lieu !re(1 only its compon5t p>ts4 ,:]e1 we may inquire1 is ! diff]5ce8 ,! reason1 h[ev]1 assign$1 is1 t rockets made ) gunp[d] & ! o!r sub/ances1 w n keep any "t1 ow+ to ! p[d] becom+ damp1 & ! composition spoil$4 ,b rockets :i* h be5 made 9 ,france & c>ri$ to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & br\ght back1 7 f\nd1 on trial1 n to h lo/ any ( _! effect4 ,diff]5t op9ions h also be5 ent]ta9$1 respect+ ! composition = ! *>g+ ( rockets4 ,"s1 x appe>s1 w\ld employ a composition = ea* rocket1 accord+ to its calib]1 pre-suppos+1 t ! inflam$ matt] acquir$ =ce by ! increase ( its volume2 )\t consid]+1 t a l>ge rocket has m weight ?an a small "o1 & requires m p[] to raise x4 ,exp]i5ce has demon/rat$1 t a composition :i* w completely raise a rocket ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*1 w raise1 "u ! same circum/ances1 a rocket ( ?ree in*es2 &1 on ! contr>y1 t ! la/ w asc5d m sl[ly1 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ to enc\nt] a great] resi/ance 9 ! air1 ow+ to its size4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,composition ( ,sky-rockets1 & ,obs]vations on its ,prep>ation1 & on o!r ,subjects respect+ ,rockets4 ,! =mul we "h give1 :i* we notice sep>ately f ! o!rs1 are on ! au?ority ( ,morel1 :o1 by exp]i5ce1 has f\nd !m to excel all o!rs4 ,nev]!less1 we purpose to enum]ate o!r =mul = ! in=mation ( ! read]4 ,composition ( ,sky-,rockets1 accord+ to ,morel4 ,= ,summ]4 ,ano!r4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #ag oz4 #b4 ,saltpetre1 #af oz4 ,sulphur1 #c -- ,sulphur1 #d -- ,meal-p[d]1 #a -- ,*>coal1 #g -- ,*>coal ( oak1 #h -- ,= ,w9t]4 ,ano!r4 #c4 ,saltpetre1 #ag oz4 #d4 ,saltpetre1 #dd oz4 ,sulphur1 #c -- ,sulphur1 #d -- ,meal-p[d]1 #d -- ,*>coal1 #af -- ,*>coal ( oak1 #h -- ,ano!r4 ,ano!r4 #e4 ,saltpetre1 #af oz4 #f4 ,sulphur1 #c oz4 ,sulphur1 #b oz4 #c dra*ms4 ,saltpetre1 #bj -- ,*>coal1 #f oz4 ,*>coal1 #h -- ,*9ese ,composition = rockets ( hon\r4 ,saltpetre1 #e ounces4 ,sulphur1 #a ---- ,*>coal1 #b ---- ,meal p[d]1 #a ---- ,pulv]iz$ ca/ iron1 #b ---- ,two compositions = rockets ( any calib] are giv5 by ,bigot2 7p4 #abb72 viz4 ,rockets ( ,hon\r4 ,meal p[d]1 #b p>ts4 ,saltpetre1 #aj ---- ,sulphur1 #b ---- ,*>coal1 #e ---- ,ca/ iron1 pulv]iz$1 #e ---- ,p>ticul> ,composition4 ,saltpetre1 #af p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #d ---- ,*>coal1 #i ---- ,antimony1 #b ---- ,9 ! old au?ors on fire-works1 !re are a v>iety ( =mul = sky-rockets1 :i* w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ table3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,k9ds ( ,rockets4 ,meal ,salt- ,*>- ,/eel ,sul- ,,rem>ks4 p[d] petre coal phur ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- lb4oz4lb4oz4lb4oz4lb4oz4lb4oz4 ,rockets1 #d oz4 #a #d #j #d #j #b #j #j #j #j ,d4 #h oz4 #a #j #j #d #j #a #j #j #j #c ,d4 d4 #a #h #j #j #j #d #j #j #j #j ,d4 #a lb4 #b #j #j #h #j #b #j #a #j #d ,d4 9 g5]al1 #j #j #d #j #a #h #j #j #a #j ,d4 d4 #j #b #d #j #a #ab #j #j #a #h ,d4 l>ge fly1 #a #j #d #j #j #j #j #j #a #j ,d4 ( a middl+ #c #j #h #j #j #j #j #j #c #j size ,d4 d4 #a #j #c #j #a #j #j #j #b #j ,d4 wat]1 #f #j #d #j #e #j #j #j #c #j ,! proportion ( *>coal is c]- ta9ly too great4 ,d4 d4 #j #j #a #j #j #f #j #j #j #d ,d4 d4 #j #j #a #j #j #ab #j #j #j #d ,d4 d4 #j #j #d #j #a #ab #j #j #a #h ,d4 d4 #d #j #d #j #j #j #j #j #b #j ,d4 d4 #j #d #a #j #j #b #j #j #j #h ,d4 d4 #a #j #c #j #j #h #j #j #a #j ,sea-coal1 #a oz4 saw-du/1 oz4 co>se *>4 oz4 ,d4 d4 #a #ab #c #j #j #ab #j #j #a #h ,sawdu/1 #b oz4 ,d4 d4 s9k+ #j #h #j #j #j #ab #j #j #j #j *>ge1 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! *>coal ought n to be pulv]iz$ v f9e4 ,x %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a co>se wire sieve1 & ! impalpable p[d] !n sep>at$1 by submitt+ ! sift$ *>coal to ! same op]ation 9 a f9] sieve4 ,! f9e *>coal may be us$ = small fire-works4 ,! in/ructions1 h]et(ore giv51 = ! mixture ( compositions mu/ be att5d$ to2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 we h weigh$ ! p[d]1 nitre1 & sulphur1 ! :ole are to be incorporat$ 9 a mort>1 & !n pass$ ?ree times ?r\gh a l>ge sieve4 ,aft]w>ds add ! *>coal1 :i* is mix$ ?or\ghly ) ! h&4 7,see ! ,mixture ( ,sub/ances1 "p second74 ,) respect to ! ramm]s1 ! mode ( *>g+1 c4 see section iii1 ( "p second4 ,9 *>g+ cases ( half an in* calib]1 fifte5 bl[s ) ! mallet mu/ be giv52 = ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*1 tw5ty bl[s2 = "o in*1 tw5ty-five bl[s2 = "o & a qu>t] in*es1 ?irty bl[s2 "o & a half in*es1 ?irty-five bl[s2 = two in*es1 =ty bl[s2 & = ?ree in*es1 fifty bl[s2--t is to say1 ! numb] ( bl[s mu/ be giv5 to ea* *>ge put 91 :i* ought to occupy half ! int]ior diamet] ( ! case4 ,! ramm] mu/ be frequ5tly tak5 out1 & /ruck1 s z to dis5gage any ( ! composition1 :i* may adh]e to x4 ,respect+ ! accuracy ( ! *>ge1 see ,table rocket1 9 ! *apt] on ,table fire-works4 ,! g>ni%+1 or furniture1 %\ld n exce$1 9 any case1 "o-?ird ! weight ( ! rocket4 ,! head is made ( pa/ebo>d1 fir/ moi/5$1 & !n roll$ r\nd a conical =m]4 ,x mu/ ent] ! m\ld1 &1 :5 ins]t$1 ought to be pa/$ r\nd ! juncture ) pap]4 7,see sec4 iii1 & iv47 ,) respect to rocket /icks1 z !y are us$ = c\nt]-weights1 ,morel rem>ks1 t1 = rockets up to an in* & a qu>t]1 !y may be =m$ ( ! bran*es ( light wood1 z hazle1 eld]1 c4 & = rockets above t calib]1 heavy wood1 b p]fectly /raight & )\t knots1 may be us$4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! /icks are made t5 or twelve times ! l5g? ( ! rocket1 & 9 ?ickness ab\t "o-?ird ( ! ext]ior diamet] ( ! case4 ,9 ! l>ge end ( ! /ick1 !re is a gutt] or groove1 =m$ to receive ! rocket4 ,:5 bran*es are us$1 !y mu/ also lie /raight1 & cut flat at ! l>ge end1 ab\t half _! ?ickness1 s t !y may be jo9$ to ! rockets ) a pack-?read1 or f9e iron wire4 ,if ! /ick is too weighty1 x may be %av$ (f ! :ole l5g?4 ,rockets1 we may rem>k1 t are n well balanc$ by ! /ick1 w n asc5d regul>ly4 ,if ! /ick be too light1 !y w rise 9 a zigzag direction2 b1 if too heavy1 _! accel]at$ =ce w be dim9i%$1 _! motion sl[1 &1 :5 !y arrive at a c]ta9 height1 !y w fall 9 a semicircul> position4 7,see section v1 ( ?is *apt]1 on ! ,dim5sions & ,poise ( rocket /icks47 ,we may fur!r rem>k1 t all rockets are =m$ & proportion$ by ! diamet] ( _! orifice4 ,:5 ! height is six & two-?irds diamet]1 ! foot %\ld be "o diamet] & two-?irds4 ,! *oak ( ! m\ld1 if us$1 is "o diamet] & "o-?ird 9 height1 :i* mu/ be made out ( ! same piece z ! foot1 & fit tight 9 ! m\ld4 ,!re mu/ be an iron p9 to keep ! foot fa/4 ,! nipple is half a diamet] high1 & two-?irds ?ick1 & made ( ! same metal z ! pi]c]4 ,! height ( ! pi]c] is ?ree & a half diamet]s1 & at ! bottom "o-?ird ( a diamet] ?ick1 & f !nce tap]+ to "o-six? ( a diamet]4 ,! be/ mode ( fix+ ! pi]c] 9 ! cyl9d]1 is to make t "p bel[ ! nipple suffici5tly long to g entirely ?r\gh ! foot1 & rivet at ! bottom4 ,! =m] or roll]1 = ! cases1 is sev5 & a half diamet]s f ! h&le1 & its diamet] is two-?irds ( ! bore4 ,! end ( ! =m] is "o diamet] & two-?irds long1 & ( ! ?ickness giv5 above4 ,! small "p1 :i* fits 9 ! hole 9 ! end ( ! roll]1 :5 ! case is p9*$1 is "o-six? & "o-f\r? ( ! diamet] ( ! m\ld ?ick4 ,! fir/ drift1 or ramm]1 mu/ be six diamet]s f ! h&le2 & ?is1 z well z all o!r ramm]s1 mu/ be a little ?9n] ?an ! =m]1 to prev5t ! sack+ ( ! pap]1 :5 ! *>ge is driv54 ,9 ! end ( ?is ramm] mu/ be a hole to fit ov] ! pi]c]4 ,sev]al holl[ ramm]s are us$ 9 complet+ ! *>ge4 7,see our rem>ks 9 "p second on ,*>g+ ( cases47 ,! diamet] ( ! nipple %\ld always be equal to t ( ! =m]4 ,) reg>d to ! ?ickness ( m\lds1 x is immat]ial1 provid$ !y are sub/antial & /rong4 ,solid driv+ is m exp$iti\s ?an *>g+ ov] a pi]c]2 b great lab\r & att5tion is requir$ 9 bor+ !m1 an acc\nt ( :i*1 ) ! app>atus requir$1 may be se5 9 ,"p second4 ,! foll[+ table ( ! dim5sions ( rocket-m\lds1 if ! rockets are ramm$ solid1 may be useful4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,l5g? ( _! ,weight ( m\lds )\t ,int]nal diamet],height ( ! rockets4 _! feet4 ( ! m\lds4 nipples4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- lbs4 oz4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #f #j #cd4g #c4e #a4e #d #j #ch4f #b4i #a4d #b #j #ac4ce #b4a #a4j #a #j #ab4be #a4g #j4he #j #h #aj4abe #a4ccc c4 #j4f #j #d #g4ge #a4abe #j4e #j #b #f4b #j4i #j4de #j #a #d4i #j4g #j4ce #j #j #c4i #j4ee #j4be #f dra*ms4 #c4e #j4e #j4bbe #d dra*ms4 #b4a #j4c #j4b ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ! ,head+ ( ,rockets4 ,! heads = sky-rockets mu/ always be> a giv5 proportion to ! rockets4 ,a po9t$ cap1 adapt$ to ! summit1 w make a rocket asc5d to a great] height1 z x s]ves to facilitate its passage ?r\gh ! air4 ,to ^! rockets may be add$ sev]al o!r ?+s2 z a pet>d1 :i* is a box ( t9 plate1 fill$ ) f9e gunp[d]1 plac$ on ! summit4 ,! pet>d is put on ! composition1 at ! end1 :5 x has be5 fill$1 & ! rema9+ pap] ( ! c>tridge is fold$ d[n ov] x1 to keep x firm4 ,! pet>d produces its effect1 :5 ! rocket is 9 ! air1 & ! composition is consum$4 ,we h already rem>k$1 t ! upp] p>ts ( rockets1 t is to say1 _! heads1 are g5]ally furni%$ ) "s composition1 :i* takes fire1 :5 x has rea*$ its greate/ height1 emits a consid]able blaze1 or produces a l\d report & :izz+ noise4 ,( ?is k9d are saucissons1 m>rons1 />s1 %[]s ( fire1 c4 ,! heads ( sky-rockets1 are1 !re=e1 furni%$ ) a v>iety ( compositions4 ,:5 a rocket is five diamet]s1 & "o-six? 9 l5g?1 ! case be+ cut to ?is l5g?1 aft] x is fill$1 ! head %\ld be two diamet]s high1 & "o diamet] #a_/f?1 & #a_/b 9 bread?4 ,! p]p5dicul> height ( ! cone1 or cap ( ! head1 mu/ be 9 diamet]1 "o1 & "o-?ird4 ,!re is a circul> coll>1 to :i* ! head is fix$1 turn$ out ( any light wood2 its ext]ior diamet] mu/ be equal to ! int]ior diamet] ( ! head4 ,"o-six? is suffici5t = its ?ickness1 & r\nd ! outside mu/ be a groove4 ,! int]ior diamet] ( ! coll> %\ld n be q s wide z ! ext]ior diamet] ( ! rocket4 ,:5 x is to be glu$ on ! rocket1 two or ?ree r\nds ( pap] are to be cut (f1 :i* w make a %\ld] = x to re/ ^u4 ,two or ?ree r\nds ( pap] well pa/$1 w be suffici5t = ! head4 ,put ! coll> on ! m&ril1 or =m]1 :i* mu/ fit ! inside ( ! cone :5 =m$2 !n1 ) a p9*+ cord1 p9* ! bottom ( ! head into ! groove1 & tie x ) small tw9e4 ,to make ! caps1 cut ! pap] 9 r\nd pieces1 equal 9 diamet] to twice ! l5g? ( ! cone1 :i* is to be made4 ,^! pieces1 be+ cut into halves1 w make two caps ea*4 ,pa/e ov] ! caps a ?9 :ite pap]1 :i* mu/ be a little long] ?an ! cone1 s z to project ab\t half an in* bel[ ! bottom3 ?is projection ( pap] be+ mat*$ & pa/$1 s]ves to fa/5 ! cap to ! head1 ,a conical =m] is us$ to %ape ! head4 ,sec4 ,,iv4 ,( ! ,decorations = ,rockets1 & ! ,mann] ( fill+ _! ,heads4 ,hav+1 9 ! prec$+ section1 %[n ! mode ( =m+ heads1 or conical caps1 = rockets1 we may n[ rem>k1 t ! furniture or decorations = rockets consi/ ( />s ( diff]5t k9ds1 su* z tail$1 brilliant1 :ite1 blue1 yell[1 c4 or gold & silv] ra92 or s]p5ts1 crack]s1 fire-scrolls1 or %9+ m>rons1 or small rockets2 ! k9d ( ! decoration dep5d+ entirely ^u ta/e & fancy4 ,9 load+ ! heads ( rockets1 a ladleful ( p[d] mu/ be put into ea* head1 along ) ! decorations4 ,?is is absolutely necess>y 9 ord] to bur/ ! head & disp]se ! />s1 c4 ,v>i\s exp]im5ts h be5 in/itut$1 to make rockets1 by employ+ sundry compositions = *>g+ ! cases1 along ) ! rocket composition1 to produce1 l ! heads ( rockets1 :5 !y bur/1 diff]5t appe>ances4 ,m4 ,morel in=ms u1 t he made sev]al exp]im5ts ) t view1 b did n succe$4 ,he ascribes ! failure to sev]al causes2 &1 9 sub/ance1 concludes1 t su* figures h a great] weight ?an rockets are able to c>ry2 t _! irregul> =ms & movem5ts produce1 9 ! asc5sion1 a contr>iety ( effects1 :i* imp$es _! flight2 & t1 if !y 7 to succe$1 ! rapidity1 ) :i* ! fuse passes ?r\gh ! air1 w\ld prev5t any ?+ be+ di/+ui%$4 ,z su* exhibitions are %[n ) effect1 by ! bur/+ ( ! head ( ! rocket1 aft] x has ceas$ to burn2 we are ( op9ion1 t ! only mode1 :i* c be adopt$1 ) success1 is ! "o already describ$4 ,= aft] ! rocket has ceas$1 or f9i%$1 ! la/ portion ( fire is communicat$ to ! head1 conta9+ ! decorations1 :i* is bl[n (f1 & its cont5ts are inflam$ & disp]s$4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t1 9 "s compositions1 />s1 previ\sly made1 & !re=e n mix$ ) ! composition1 are put 9 ! cases along ) ! *>ge3 ,we h an in/ance ( ?is 9 ! fire-pump1 ,roman c&le1 c4 ,! cases = ^! are fill$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 fir/ ) gunp[d] to a c]ta9 ext5t1 !n a />1 !n composition2 !n p[d] aga91 !n ano!r />1 & s on alt]nately1 until ! *>ge is complet$2 b1 9 ?is in/ance1 ! />1 z well z ! gunp[d]1 is di/9ct f ! composition1 :i* =ms ! fire-pump4 ,=1 :ile ! composition p]=ms "o "p1 ! gunp[d] acts ano!r1 by ?r[+ ! />s out1 :i*1 by _! combu/ion1 give ! appe>ance !y are int5d$ to produce4 ,/>s may be =m$1 or r exhibit$1 9 ?is way1 :i*1 9 fact is mu* aft] ! mann]1 9 :i* !y are us$ = ! heads ( rockets4 ,b ! exp]im5ts ( ,morel appe> to h be5 made1 ) a view to produce t effect f ! rocket itself1 & altoge!r by ! composition1 by v>y+ or o!rwise modify+ x4 ,/>-composition1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 is ( a great] specific gravity ?an any ord9>y composition1 9 consequ5ce ( ! weight1 & quantity ( metallic & o!r sub/ances1 :i* ent] into x4 ,by arrang+ />s 9 cases1 9 ! mode describ$ = ! fire-pump1 ! effect1 we h spok5 (1 always takes place4 ,9 rockets1 h[ev]1 :i* require to be driv5 ) consid]able =ce1 & ov] a pi]c]1 !y c\ld n be us$4 ,sec4 ,v4 ,( ! ,dim5sions & ,poise ( ,rocket-/icks4 ,al?\gh we h made "s obs]vations on ! size1 z well z ! use ( rocket-/icks1 9 a g5]al way2 yet ! subject be+ v important1 z rockets1 h[ev] well made1 _c take a v]tical direction )\t !m1 we subjo9 ! foll[+ table1 :i* exhibits1 at "o view1 ! l5g?1 c4 ( ! /ick1 comp>$ ) ! weight ( ! rocket1 & ! poise x mu/ necess>ily h f ! po9t ( ! cone4 ,! c5tre ( gravity is a necess>y consid]ation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,weight ,poise f ( ! ,l5g? ( ,?ickness ,bread? ,squ>e at ! po9t ( rocket4 ! /ick4 at top4 at top4 bottom4 ! cone4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- lbs4 oz4 ,ft4 ,94 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,ft4 ,94 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #f #j #ad #j #a4e #a4he #j4ge #d #a4e #d #j #ab #aj #a4be #a4dj #j4fbe #c #i4 #b #j #i #d #a4abe #a4 #j4ebe #b #i4 #a #j #h #b #j4gbe #j4hj #j4cge #b #a4 #j #h #f #f #j4e #j4gj #j4be #a #aj4e #j #d #e #c #j4cgej #j4ee #j4ce #a #h4e #j #b #d #a #j4c #j4de #j4ae #a #c4 #c #a #b #f #j4be #j4ce #j4aj #aa #j4 #j #j #b #d #j4abe #j4bj #j4af #h #j4 #j #j #a #aj #j4a #j4ae #j4e #e #j4e ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 9999 ,transcrib] ,note3 ! la/ ?ree r[s ( ?is table h _m typos4 ,! r[s 7 probably int5d$ to be z foll[s3 #j #a #b #f #j4be #j4ce #j4aj #a #a4 #j #j #b #d #j4abe #j4bj #j4af #j #h4 #j #j #a #aj #j4a #j4ae #j4e #j #e4e ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 9999 end ( ,transcrib]s ,note 9999 ,! la/ column expresses ! di/ance f ! top ( ! cone1 :]e ! /ick1 :5 ti$ on1 %\ld balance ! rocket1 s z to /& 9 equilibrium on ! edge ( a knife4 ,hav+ giv5 ! me?od ( prep>+ /icks1 no?+ m is necess>y on t head1 except t !y %\ld be cut & plan$ accord+ to ! dim5sions 9 ! table4 ,a groove mu/ be made ! l5g? ( ! rocket1 & z broad z ! /ick w all[4 ,two not*es may be cut on ! opposite flat side1 = ! cord :i* ties on ! rocket4 ,! top ( ! /ick %\ld always t\* ! head4 ,9 fix+ on ! /ick1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to secure x well4 ,x is ! /ick :i* gives a prop] c\nt]poise1 )\t :i* ! rockets w\ld n asc5d2 &1 unless !y 7 ( a prop] l5g? & weight1 in/ead ( tak+ a v]tical or p]p5dicul> direction1 !y w\ld describe a p>abola1 or take an oblique c\rse1 & fall to ! gr\nd4 ,a rocket /ick may be made = any siz$ rocket1 al?\gh n express$ 9 ! table1 by assum+ ! data !re giv51 tak+ c>e to f9d ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,= ! /icks = w>-rockets1 see ,congreve ,rocket4 ,sec4 ,,vi4 ,( ! ,mode ( ,dis*>g+ ,rockets4 ,hav+ completely prep>$ ! rockets ) all _! app5dages1 we consid] 9 ! next place ! mann] ( dis*>g+ !m2 9 p]=m+ :i* "s c>e is to be obs]v$4 ,! old & h]et(ore common mann]1 ( sett+ !m (f by hang+ !m on nails & hooks1 has _m objections4 ,! be/ mode is to h a r+ made ( /rong iron wire1 l>ge en\gh = ! /ick to g 91 z f> z ! m\? ( ! rockets4 ,!n let ?is r+ be support$ by a small iron1 at "s di/ance f ! po/ or /&1 to :i* x is fix$2 & h ano!r r+ fix$ 9 ! same mann]1 to receive & guide ! small end ( ! /ick4 ,rockets1 ?us susp5d$1 w h no?+ to ob/ruct _! flight4 ,! upright1 to :i* ! r+s are fix$ by ! small iron1 mu/ be exactly v]tical4 ,two1 ?ree1 or m sky-rockets may be fix$ on "o /ick1 & fir$ toge!r4 ,_! appe>ance1 9 ?is case1 is v /rik+4 ,_! tails w seem b z "o ( imm5se size1 & ! dis*>ge f s _m heads1 at ! same "t1 w resemble m ! effect ( an air balloon4 ,rockets1 = ?is purpose1 mu/ be made alike 9 e p>ticul>4 ,if ! rockets are half-p\nd]s1 ^: /icks are six & a half feet long1 !n two1 or ?ree1 or six ( ^! are to be fix$ to "o /ick1 ! l5g? ( :i* mu/ be n9e feet & ?ree-qu>t]s4 ,cut ! top ( x into z _m sides z !re are rockets1 & let ! l5g? ( ea* side be equal to ! l5g? ( "o ( ! rockets )\t its head2 & 9 ea* ( ^! sides1 let a groove be made4 ,f ?is groove1 plane x r\nd1 d[n to ! end4 ,! rule is1 t ! /ick at top mu/ be suffici5tly ?ick1 :5 ! grooves are cut1 = all ! rockets to lie z ne> z possible1 )\t press+ ea* o!r4 ,:5 only two rockets are to be fix$ on "o /ick1 let ! l5g? ( ! /ick be ! la/ giv5 proportion1 b %ap$ aft] ! common me?od1 & ! bread? & ?ickness1 d\ble ! usual dim5sions4 ,:5 sev]al rockets are plac$ ^u "o /ick1 !re w be "s dang] ( _! fly+ up )\t ! /ick4 ,cases1 :5 ti$ on all sides ( ! /ick1 _c be secur$ to x by rope pass+ ov] not*es z be=e m5tion$4 ,in/ead ( :i*1 drive a small nail 9 ea* side ( ! /ick1 betwe5 ! necks ( ! cases2 & let ! cord1 :i* goes r\nd _! necks1 be br\ght close "u ! nails4 ,a quick mat*1 )\t a pipe1 is to be fix$ to ! m\? ( "o rocket1 & c>ri$ to ano!r4 ,?is mat* w communicate fire at "o & ! same "t4 ,!re is a mode ( dis*>g+ sky-rockets )\t /icks1 :i* consi/s 9 us+ balls ( lead ti$ to a wire two or ?ree feet long1 & fix+ ! o!r end ( ! wire to ! neck ( ! rocket4 ,^! balls answ] ! purpose ( /icks1 :5 made ( a prop] weight1 :i* is ab\t #b_/c;ds ! weight ( ! rocket4 ,!y w balance ! rocket at ! usual po9t4 ,to fire rockets1 ?us equipp$1 a diff]5t mode mu/ be adopt$4 ,!y are hung1 "o at a "t1 betwe5 ! tops ( wires plac$ = t purpose1 lett+ _! heads re/ on ! wire1 & ! balls hang d[n betwe5 !m4 ,! wires are ab\t ?ree feet long1 & ins]t$ 9 a circle1 9 a block ( wood1 :i* mu/ lie level1 & ! wires p]fectly v]tical4 ,! diamet] ( ! circle is two & a half in*es2 x is divid$ into ?ree equal p>ts1 & at ea* "o is a rod or wire4 ,we may introduce "h a description ( ! /&s = sky-rockets1 & ! gir&ole *e/s = ! flights ( rockets4 ,! fir/ is =m$ ( two rails ( wood1 ( any l5g?1 support$ at ea* end by a p]p5dicul> leg1 s t ! rails lie horizontal2 & let ! di/ance f "o to ! o!r be almo/ equal to ! l5g? ( ! /icks ( ! rockets1 int5d$ to be fir$4 ,!n 9 ! front ( ! top rail1 drive squ>e hooks at eight in*es di/ance1 ) _! po9ts turn+ sidewise2 s t1 :5 ! rockets are hung on !m1 ! po9ts w be bel[ ! /icks1 & keep !m f fall+ or be+ bl[n (f by ! w9d4 ,at ! front ( ! rail at ! bottom mu/ be /aples1 driv5 p]p5dicul>ly "u ! hooks at top4 ,?r\gh ^! /aples put ! small ends ( ! rocket-/icks4 ,!y are fir$ by apply+ a light$ port-fire to _! m\?s4 ,two or ?ree seconds w expire be=e !y asc5d4 ,! gir&ole *e/ is compos$ ( f\r sides ( equal dim5sions2 b may be made ( any size1 accord+ to ! numb] ( rockets to be fir$4 ,its height mu/ be 9 proportion to ! rockets1 & high] ?an ! rockets ) _! /icks4 ,:5 ! sides are jo9$1 fix 9 ! top1 z f> d[n ! *e/ z ! l5g? ( "o ( ! rockets ) its cap on4 ,on ?is top1 make z _m squ>e or r\nd holes1 to receive ! rocket-/icks1 z ! numb] ( rockets to be fir$2 b let ! di/ance betwe5 !m be suffici5t to prev5t _! t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,f "o hole to ano!r cut a groove ( a suffici5t size = a quick mat* to lie 94 ,! top be+ ?us fix$1 put 9 ! bottom1 at ab\t #a-a_/b feet di/ance f ! feet ( ! *e/4 ,9 ?is bottom1 make z _m holes z at ! top1 & all to correspond1 b n s l>ge z ^? 9 ! top4 ,to prep>e ! *e/1 a quick mat* is laid 9 all ! grooves1 f hole to hole4 ,!n take ! sky-rockets1 & prime !m ) meal-p[d]1 or prim+ pa/e1 z be=e-m5tion$1 & put a bit ( mat* up ! cavity ( ea*1 :i* %\ld project out4 ,put ! /icks ( ! rockets ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! top & bottom ( ! *e/1 s t _! m\?s may re/ on ! quick mat* 9 ! grooves4 ,! rockets w !n be fir$ at once4 ,!re %\ld be a door 9 ! side ( ! *e/1 & also a cov]1 to secure ! rockets until !y are requir$4 ,! f\nta9 ( rockets1 an exhibition :i* frequ5tly accompanies a display ( works1 is no?+ m ?an a numb] ( rockets dis*>g$ at ! same "t4 ,!re are "s improvem5ts on ! gir&ole *e/1 & on ! diff]5t modes ( dis*>g+ a s]ies ( rockets4 ,we may m5tion "o contrivance = ?is purpose1 z describ$ by ,morel4 ,x is an oblong box furni%$ ) a d\ble lid1 :i*1 :5 %ut1 resembles ! ro( ( a h\se4 ,?is box is sixty in*es 9 l5g?1 t5 in*es 9 bread?1 & n9e in*es 9 height4 ,x re/s ^u a frame1 & has a bottom 9 :i* are "o-hundr$ holes1 to receive ! same numb] ( rocket-/icks1 ! rockets re/+ on ! bottom ( ! box4 ,! lid s]ves to prev5t ! access ( moi/ure1 & to secure ! rockets4 ,no "p ( ! rocket is se5 9 ! box4 ,!y are set (f by fir/ /rew+ meal-p[d] on ! bottom1 :i* is !n 9 contact ) _! m\?s1 & apply+ a light$ port-fire4 ,!y rise out ( ! box all toge!r1 & at ! same "t4 ,:5 fir$ toge!r1 s z to =m a flight ( rockets1 ! ,fr5* use !m ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* calib]4 ,! gir&ole may be consid]$ an assemblage ( a l>ge numb] ( rockets ( v>i\s calib]s1 arrang$ 9 gradation2 ! l>ge/1 occupy+ ! fir/ range1 c4 ,! gir&ole con/itutes1 z a fire-"w1 9 ! language ( ,morel1 ! feux de g\v]nem5t4 ,simil> to ?is is a contrivance = ! same purpose1 b n s ext5sive1 & r diff]5tly =m$4 ,x consi/s ( a case1 9 :i* !re are holes to receive ! /icks & support ! rockets4 ,! case is support$ by legs2 two ( :i*1 work+ ^u a jo9t1 may be ext5d$1 & ?us ! rockets be made to move 9 any angul> direction4 ,! incl9ation giv5 is h>dly ev] m ?an #ee degrees4 ,! legs are po9t$1 s z to reta9 _! position4 ,if ! rockets are to asc5d v]tically1 ! two legs1 :i* move 9 a jo9t1 are clos$4 ,!y are /uck 9 ! gr\nd at ! same place4 ,= ! mode ( dis*>g+ ! ,congreve ,rocket1 see ! article on ,congreve ,rockets4 ,sec4 ,,vii4 ,( ! ,app5dages1 & ,comb9ations ( ,rockets4 ,we purpose to notice1 9 ?is section1 "s ( ! modes ( arrang+1 comb9+1 & also ( v>y+ ! effects ( rockets4 ,:5 a sky-rocket is fix$ ) its /ick on ! top ( ano!r1 a fre% tail ( fire w be obs]vable1 :5 ! second rocket takes fire1 :i* w m\nt to a great height4 ,! prep>ation ( ^! rockets consi/s 9 fill+ a two p\nd] only half a diamet] above ! pi]c]1 7:i* mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ?is in/ance17 & its head ) n m ?an t5 or twelve />s2 adapt+ a /ick z usual1 :i* mu/ be made a little ?ick] ?an cu/om>y4 ,?is /ick mu/ be cut 9 half ! way flat1 & 9 ea* half a groove1 s t1 :5 jo9$ toge!r1 !y w receive1 & be l>ge en\gh to hold ! /ick ( a half p\nd rocket4 ,! head+ is !n p]=m$ z be=e describ$4 ,! /ick ( ?is small rocket is to be fix$ 9 ! holl[ ( ! l>ge "o1 s f> t ! m\? ( ! rocket may re/ on ! head ( ! two p\nd]2 &1 f ! head ( ! two p\nd]1 a lead] is to be c>ri$ into ! m\? ( ! small rocket4 ,:5 sky-rockets are fix$ "o on ! top ( ano!r1 !y are call$ t[]+ rockets1 on acc\nt ( ! great height to :i* !y asc5d4 ,!y are made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,fix on a p\nd rocket1 a head )\t a coll>2 !n take a f\r-ounce rocket1 :i* may be head$ or b\nc$1 & rub ! m\? ( x ) prim+ pa/e1 or meal-p[d] & spirits ( w9e4 ,put x into ! head ( a l>ge rocket ) its m\? d[nw>ds1 previ\sly1 h[ev]1 ins]t+ a bit ( quick mat* 9 ! hole made ?r\gh ! clay ( ! p\nd-rocket1 :i* mat* %\ld be ( a suffici5t l5g? to g a small di/ance up ! bore ( ! small rocket1 to fire x :5 ! l>ge "o is burnt out4 ,! f\r-ounce rocket be+ too small to fill ! head ( ! o!r1 roll r\nd x z mu* t[ z w make x /& upright 9 ! c5tre ( ! head4 ,!n pa/e a s+le pap] r\nd ! op5+ ( ! top ( ! head ( ! l>ge rocket4 ,! l>ge rocket mu/ h only half a diamet] ( *>ge ramm$ above ! pi]c]2 =1 if fill$ to ! usual height1 x w\ld turn be=e ! small "o takes fire1 & entirely de/roy ! int5d$ effect4 ,:5 "o rocket is head$ ) ano!r1 !re w be no occasion = any bl[+ p[d]2 = ! =ce ) :i* x flies (f w be suffici5t to dis5gage x f ! head ( ! fir/ fir$ rocket4 ,! /icks = ^! rockets mu/ be a little long] ?an = ^? head$ ) />s1 ra91 c4 ,! caduceus rockets are =m$ ( two rockets4 ,:5 atta*$1 "o on ea* side at ! top ( ! /ick1 !y =m a "r angle1 _! m\?s be+ equidi/ant f ! /ick4 ,! /icks1 = ?is purpose1 mu/ h all _! sides alike1 :i* %\ld be equal to ! bread? ( a /ick1 prop] = a sky-rocket ( ! same weight z ^? int5d$ to be us$1 & to tap] d[nw>ds z usual4 ,!y mu/ be long en\gh to balance !m1 & "o l5g? ( a rocket f ! cross-/ick4 ,! cross-/ick is t to :i* ! cases are ti$1 & s]ves to pres]ve !m /eady 9 t position4 ,ea* rocket1 :5 ti$ on1 %\ld =m ei!r an angle ( #de1 or #fj degrees ) ! l>ge /ick1 or bo? toge!r an angle ( #ij or #abj degrees4 ,! la/1 h[ev]1 is consid]$ a pref]able angle4 ,:5 ty+ on ! rockets1 att5tion ought to be paid to place _! heads on ! opposite sides ( ! cross-/ick1 & _! ends on ! opposite sides ( ! long /ick4 ,quick-mat* is !n to be c>ri$ f ! m\? ( "o into t ( ! o!r4 ,:5 ^! rockets are to be fir$1 susp5d !m betwe5 two hooks or nails1 & apply fire to ! lead] 9 ! middle1 & bo? w take fire at ! same "t4 ,! p>ticul> effect ( ?is rocket is1 t1 9 ris+1 x =ms two spiral l9es1 or d\ble worms1 9 consequ5ce ( _! oblique position2 & ! c\nt]poise 9 ! middle 7! /ick7 causes !m to asc5d v]tically4 ,rockets1 = ?is purpose1 mu/ h _! ends *oak$ close1 )\t ei!r head or b\nce2 = a weight at top w\ld be an ob/ruction to _! m\nt+4 ,!y d n rise s high z s+le rockets1 because ( _! s]p5t9e motion1 & ! resi/ance !y meet ) 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,?is resi/ance is great] ?an two rockets ( ! same size fir$ s+ly4 ,honor>y rockets are no?+ m ?an sky-rockets1 except t !y c>ry nei!r head nor report4 ,!y are clos$ at top1 to :i* is atta*$ a cone4 ,on ! case1 close to ! top ( ! /ick1 a two-ounce case is ti$4 ,?is la/ is fill$ ) a /rong *>ge1 & is usually ab\t five or six in*es 9 l5g?1 & p9*$ close at bo? ends4 ,at ! opposite sides1 at ea* end1 a hole mu/ be bor$1 9 ! same mann] z 9 t\rbillons2 & f ea* hole1 a lead] mu/ be c>ri$ into ! top ( ! rocket4 ,:5 ! rocket is fir$1 & has arriv$ at its prop] height1 x w communicate fire to ! case at ! top1 :i* w cause ! rocket & /ick to desc5d v fa/ to ! gr\nd1 &1 9 its desc5t1 w repres5t a worm ( fire4 ,!re are sev]al modes ( plac+ ! small case1 s z to produce ! be/ effect4 ,"o is by lett+ ! /ick rise a little above ! top ( ! rocket1 & ty+ ! case to x1 s z to re/ on ! rocket4 ,^! rockets are n furni%$ ) cones4 ,ano!r me?od is also recomm5d$2 namely1 9 ! top ( ! rocket1 fix a piece ( wood1 9 :i* drive a small iron sp9dle2 !n make a hole 9 ! middle ( ! small case1 ?r\gh :i* put ! sp9dle1 & fix1 on ! top ( x1 a nut1 to keep ! case f fall+ (f4 ,! case1 by ?is means1 w turn v fa/1 )\t ! rocket4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 is n pref]r$4 ,"o-p\nd rockets are consid]$ ! be/ size = ?is purpose4 ,*a9$ rockets1 z !y are sometimes call$1 are ano!r modification ( ! mann] ( fix+ rockets2 = ! int5tion is to make sev]al sky-rockets rise 9 ! same direction1 & equally di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,?is effect is produc$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,take six1 or any numb] ( sky-rockets1 ( any size2 !n cut "s /rong pack-?read into pieces ( ?ree or f\r y>ds long1 & tie ea* end ( ^! pieces to a rocket 9 ?is way2--aft] ty+ "o end ( ! pack-?read r\nd ! body ( "o rocket1 & ! o!r end to ano!r1 take a second piece ( pack-?read1 & make "o end ( x fa/ to "o ( ! rockets already ti$1 & ! o!r end to a ?ird rocket2 s t all ! rockets1 except ! outside1 w be fa/5$ to two pieces ( pack ?read4 ,! l5g? ( ?read1 f "o rocket to ! o!r1 is indet]m9ate4 ,!y mu/ all be ( a size1 & _! heads fill$ ) ! same weight ( />s1 or o!r decorations4 ,9 ! m\? ( ea* rocket1 a lead] is to be fix$ ( ! same l5g?1 & :5 fix$1 !y may be hung almo/ close4 ,tie ! ends ( ! lead]s toge!r1 & prime !m3 ,:5 ?is is fix$1 all ! rockets w m\nt at ! same "t1 & sep>ate z f> z ! /r+s w admit4 ,!y w pres]ve ! same ord] & di/ance1 if !y are ramm$ alike1 & equally well made4 ,! mann] ( divid+ ! tail ( a sky-rocket1 s z to =m an ar* :5 asc5d+1 is ?us p]=m$4 ,hav+ "s rockets made1 & head$ accord+ to fancy1 & ti$ on _! /icks1 get "s %eet t91 & cut x into r\nd pieces ( ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!n1 on ! /ick ( ea* rocket1 "u ! m\? ( ! case1 fix "o ( ^! pieces ( t91 sixte5 in*es f ! head ( ! rocket1 & support x by a wood5 bracket z /rong z possible4 ,! use ( ?is is1 t1 :5 ! rocket is asc5d+1 ! fire w play ) great =ce on ! t91 :i* w divide ! tail 9 su* a mann]1 z to =m an ar*4 ,if !re is a %ort piece ( port-fire1 ( a /rong *>ge1 ti$ to ! end ( ! /ick1 x w add greatly to ! appe>ance2 b ?is mu/ be light$ be=e fire is put to ! rocket4 ,sec4 ,,viii4 ,( ,sw>m]s1 or ,small ,rockets4 ,al?\gh sw>m]s are no?+ m ?an rockets ( a small] size1 z f two ounces d[nw>ds1 & are *>g$ ) ! usual rocket composition1 :i* we h describ$2 yet x may be necess>y to make "s rem>ks respect+ !m4 ,sw>m]s are sometimes fir$ 9 flights1 or 9 a volley1 & 9 l>ge aquatic fire-works4 ,!y are bor$ 9 ! same mann] z l>ge rockets1 or pi]c$ 9 ! act ( *>g+ !m4 ,?is is ! case ) ^? ( "o & two ounces4 ,all rockets1 h[ev]1 "u "o ounce1 are n bor$1 b mu/ be fill$ to ! usual height ) composition4 ,! numb] ( /rokes = ramm+ ^! small sw>m]s is n mat]ial1 provid$ !y are ramm$ true & mod]ately h>d4 ,! necks ( unbor$ rockets mu/ be 9 ! same proportion z 9 common cases4 ,! composition1 ) :i* small sw>m]s are *>g$1 g5]ally consi/s ( ,meal-p[d]1 #d oz4 ,*>coal1 or /eel-du/1 oz4 ,z to ! sw>m]s :i* are pi]c$1 or bor$1 viz4 ^? ( "o & two ounces2 !y are made1 we obs]v$1 9 ! same mann] z l>ge rockets1 ) ! exception1 t1 :5 head$1 _! heads mu/ be put on )\t a coll>4 ,! numb] ( /rokes = driv+ "o-ounce cases mu/ be eight1 & = two-ounce1 twelve4 ,sec4 ,,ix4 ,( ,scrolls = ,sky-,rockets1 & ( ,/rung1 ,tail$1 ,drove1 & ,roll+ ,/>s4 ,we h giv51 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 ! composition ( v>i\s />s1 :i* are us$ = ! decoration ( sky-rockets1 & o!r species ( fire-works4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 conf9e ourselves to _! application1 & ! diff]5t modes ( prep>+ !m = ?is purpose4 ,scrolls are us$ z furniture1 or decorations = sky-rockets1 & are s nam$ f ! spiral =m !y assume1 :5 fir$ v quick 9 ! air4 ,we may put into ! head ( a rocket1 z _m ( ! cases z x w conta94 ,cases = scrolls %\ld be f\r or five in*es 9 l5g?1 & _! int]ior diamet]1 ?ree-eigh?s ( an in*4 ,"o end ( ^! cases mu/ be p9*$ q close be=e x is fill$2 &1 :5 fill$1 ! o!r end mu/ also be clos$4 ,!n1 9 ! opposite sides1 make a small hole at ea* end1 9 ! same mann] z 9 t\rbillons1 & prime !m ) prim+ pa/e1 or meal-p[d] & br&y4 ,/rung ,/>s1 s nam$ f hav+ a cotton quick mat* run ?r\gh !m1 are =m$ by tak+ "s ?9 pap]1 & cutt+ x into pieces ( ab\t "o & a half in*es squ>e1 & lay+ on ea* piece1 z mu* dry /> composition z ! pap]1 :5 fold$1 w easily conta94 ,! pap]1 ) its cont5ts1 is !n twi/$ up z h>d z possible4 ,:5 done1 rub "s pa/e betwe5 ! h&s1 & roll ! />s betwe5 !m1 & aft]w>ds dry !m4 ,!y are !n cov]$ ) t[1 & prim$ ) a pa/e compos$ ( meal p[d]1 & br&y1 9 :i* !y may be roll$ 9 ! same mann] z describ$ :5 treat+ ( />s4 ,!y are !n dri$ & /rung on cotton quickmat*1 by pi]c+ a hole ?r\gh !m1 tak+ c>e to put b t5 or twelve on ea* mat*1 & plac+ !m at ! di/ance ( ?ree or f\r in*es ap>t4 ,tail$ />s are ^? :i* produce a great _m sp>ks1 repres5t+ a tail l t ( a comet4 ,( ^!1 !re are two k9ds1 ! roll$ & ! drove4 ,! op]ation = ! roll+ ( />s1 we h suffici5tly expla9$2 x consi/s 9 mix+ ! composition ) br&y1 or1 if x c be _h1 ) _s ( w9e1 & ei!r weak gum wat]1 or is+lass size1 suffici5t to make a ?ick pa/e2 & !n roll+ x4 ,:5 tail$ />s are to be driv51 ! composition mu/ be moi/5$ ) _s ( w9e1 or if x _c be _h1 ) f\r? pro( br&y1 )\t ! gum1 or gelat91 & n made s wet z = roll+4 ,"o or two-ounce cases1 roll$ dry1 are be/ = ?is purpose2 & :5 !y are fill$1 unroll ! cases )9 ?ree or f\r r\nds ( ! *>ge1 & all t is unroll$ mu/ be cut (f4 ,!n pa/e d[n ! loose edge2 & 9 two or ?ree days aft]w>ds1 cut !m 9 pieces ( five or six-eigh?s ( an in* 9 l5g?2 !n melt "s wax1 & dip "o end ( ea* piece into x1 s z to cov] ! composition4 ,! o!r end mu/ be cov]$ ) prim+ pa/e4 ,drove />s are s designat$1 because ! composition is always drove1 & us$ 9 cases4 ,!y are seldom put 9 rockets1 b are *iefly us$ = air-balloons4 ,!y are put 9 cases1 to prev5t ! composition f be+ brok51 by ! =ce ( ! bl[+ p[d] 9 ! %ell4 ,see ,air-,balloons4 ,) respect to roll+ />s1 we gave1 9 our *apt] on /> compositions1 n only ! proportion ( _! con/itu5t p>ts1 b ample in/ructions = prep>+ !m = use4 ,!y are usually ab\t ! size ( a musket ball2 b sometimes !y are made an in* 9 diamet]4 ,:5 v small1 !y are call$ sp>ks4 ,see ,/>s4 ,sec4 ,x4 ,( ,l9e-,rockets & _! ,decorations4 ,l9e-rockets are ! same z ! c\rant9es ( ! ,fr5*1 or rockets t fly along a rope4 ,if a rocket be atta*$ to an empty case1 & a rope pass$ ?r\gh ! latt]1 & /ret*$ horizontally2 & if ! rocket be !n set on fire1 x w run along ! rope1 )\t /opp+ till ! matt] x conta9s is exhau/$4 ,l9e-rockets d n diff] mat]ially f sky-rockets1 z !y are made & driv5 l !m2 b !y are )\t heads1 & ! cases are cut close to ! clay4 ,!y are sometimes made ) six or sev5 *anges4 ,f\r or five1 h[ev]1 are ! mo/ common4 ,we mu/ fir/ h a piece ( light wood1 turn$ r\nd1 ab\t two & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a hole ?r\gh ! middle1 l5g?wise1 & suffici5tly l>ge = a wire to g easily ?r\gh4 ,if f\r *anges are requir$1 f\r grooves mu/ be cut 9 ! swivel1 "o opposite ! o!r1 to lay ! rockets 94 ,hav+ rubb$ ! m\?s ( ! rockets ) wet meal p[d]1 lay !m 9 ! grooves1 head to tail1 & tie !m fa/4 ,f ! tail ( ! fir/ rocket1 c>ry a lead] to ! m\? ( ! second1 & f ! second to ! ?ird1 & s on to z _m z !re are on ! swivel1 mak+ e lead] v secure2 b 9 fix+ ^! pipes1 c>e mu/ be tak51 t ! quick mat* does n ent] ! calib]s ( ! rockets4 ,! rockets be+ fix$ on ! swivel & ready to be fir$1 h a l9e1 #ajj y>ds long1 /ret*$1 & fix$ up tight1 at any height f ! gr\nd1 b plac$ p]fectly horizontal4 ,?is l5g? ( l9e w answ] = half-p\nd rockets1 b1 if l>g]1 ! l9e mu/ be long]4 ,"o end ( ! l9e1 be=e x is put up1 is to be put ?r\gh ! swivel2 & :5 ! l9e-rocket is fir$1 let ! m\? ( t rocket1 :i* is set (f fir/1 face t end ( ! l9e :]e ! op]ator /&s1 & ! effect w foll[ 9 succession1 viz3 ! fir/ rocket w c>ry ! re/ to ! o!r end ( ! l9e1 ! second w br+ !m back1 & !y w cont9ue runn+ out & 91 accord+ to ! numb] ( rockets4 ,at ea* end ( ! l9e1 !re mu/ be a piece ( wood = ! rocket to /rike aga9/1 to prev5t injury to ! l9e4 ,let ! l9e be well soap$1 & ! hole 9 ! swivel v smoo?4 ,9 ord] to v>y ! appe>ance1 diff]5t decorations may be us$ ) ! l9e-rockets2 ( ^!1 fly+ dragons1 ,m]curies1 c4 are ! mo/ conspicu\s4 ,ano!r motion may be giv5 to !m1 t ( revolv+1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,h a flat swivel1 made v exact1 & tie on x two rockets obliquely1 "o on ea* side2 :i* w make x turn ! :ole l5g? ( ! l9e1 & =m a circle ( fire4 ,! *>ge = ^! rockets1 %\ld be a little weak] ?an t usually employ$4 ,x is app>5t1 t a v>iety ( figures may be put 9 motion1 & consequ5tly new appe>ances =m$1 by diff]5t contrivances4 ,to repres5t1 = in/ance1 two fight+ dragons1 we mu/ h two swivels1 made squ>e2 & on ea* swivel1 tie ?ree rockets toge!r1 on ! "u side4 ,!n hav+ two fly+ dragons1 made ( t91 fix "o ( !m on ! top ( ea* swivel1 s z to /& upright1 & 9 ! m\? ( ea* dragon1 put a case ( common fire2 & ano!r at ! end ( ! tail4 ,two or ?ree port-fires may also be put on ! sides ( _! bodies to illum9ate !m ,put !m on ! l9e1 "o at ea* end2 b let !re be a swivel 9 ! middle ( ! l9e1 to keep ! figures f /rik+ toge!r4 ,be=e ! rockets are fir$1 light ! cases on ! dragons1 &1 if c>e be tak5 9 fir+ bo? at ! same "t1 !y w meet 9 ! middle ( ! l9e4 ,!y w !n turn1 & run back ) great viol5ce4 ,! l9e = ^! rockets1 mu/ be v long4 ,sec4 ,,xi4 ,( ,signal ,sky-,rockets4 ,signal rockets seldom exce$ a p\nd 9 weight4 ,^? :i* are employ$ 9 ! l& & sea s]vice1 are sometimes capp$1 or head$1 & conta9 />s1 s]p5ts1 c4 ,two sorts ( signals are us$ :5 artificial works are to be exhibit$2 namely1 "o ) s]p5ts1 & ! o!r )\t4 ,rockets :i* are to be b\nc$1 mu/ h _! cases made "o & a half or two diamet]s long] ?an ! common proportion1 &1 aft] !y are fill$1 a small quantity ( clay is put 94 ,!n b\nce & p9* !m 9 ! usual mann]1 & fix on ea* a cap4 ,signal sky-rockets1 )\t b\nc]s1 are only sky-rockets clos$ & capp$4 ,^! are v light1 &1 !re=e1 d n require su* heavy /icks z ^? ) load$ heads4 ,signal rockets1 ) reports1 are fir$ 9 small flights2 & are (t51 z well z ^? )\t reports1 us$ = signals ( ! comm5cem5t ( an exhibition ( fire-works4 ,signal rockets may be se5 at a great di/ance1 & obs]v$ in/antly1 :5 nei!r flags nor telegraphs c\ld be obs]v$ )\t glasses2 & may be s =m$1 z ev5 to communicate p>ticul> ord]s or intellig5ce1 by v>y+ _! decorations1 _! mode ( asc5sion1 z 9 ! caduceus rocket1 & by sev]al o!r means4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,( ,,sundry ,,fire-,,works1 ,,d5om9at$ ,,air-,,works4 ,be=e we notice ! v>i\s k9ds ( :eel-works1 & _! app5dages1 we purpose to consid] ! =mation ( g]bes1 air-balloons1 mort>s1 bombs1 t\rbillons1 aigrettes1 & "s o!r works4 ,sec4 ,i4 ,( ! ,composition & ,mode ( =m+ l>ge & small ,g]bes4 ,9 prep>+ cases = g]bes1 x is necess>y t !y %\ld be made /rong2 z !y w\ld be liable to bur/1 on acc\nt ( ! /r5g? ( ! composition1 :i* comes out ) great velocity4 ,!y %\ld be ( ! same ?ickness at top & bottom1 & ! pap] well pa/$4 ,_! necks %\ld be long1 9 :i* case1 ! iron w\ld h m "t to be heat$1 by meet+ ) m resi/ance 9 its dis5gagem5t1 ?an if ! neck 0 %ort]2 = !n x w\ld be burnt too wide be=e ! *>ge 0 consum$4 ,long necks w ?r[ ! />s to a great] height1 :i* w n fall be=e !y are sp5t4 ,!y %\ld rise & spread 9 su* a mann] z to resemble a :eat-%eaf4 ,g]bes are g5]ally made ab\t six diamet]s long1 f ! bottom to ! top ( ! neck4 ,_! calib] mu/ be "o-fif? n>r[] at top ?an at bottom4 ,_! neck is "o-six? diamet]1 & ?ree-f\r?s long4 ,!re is a wood5 foot or /&1 on :i* ! g]be re/s4 ,?is may be made ) a *oak or cyl9d]1 f\r or five in*es long1 to fit ! inside ( ! case1 or ) a hole 9 x to put 9 ! g]be3 bo? ^! me?ods w answ] ! same end4 ,9 ! *>g+ ( g]bes1 !re w be no ne$ ( a m\ld1 ! cases be+ suffici5tly /rong to support !mselves4 ,be=e ?is op]ation is comm5c$1 we mu/ be provid$ ) a piece ( wood made to fit 9 ! neck4 ,if ?is precaution is n us$1 ! composition w fall into ! neck1 & occasion a vacancy 9 ! case1 :i* w inevitably bur/ x1 ! mom5t ! fire rea*es ! air4 ,a weak composition %\ld be put 9 at fir/1 to ! quantity ( "o or two ladles full4 ,aft] ! case is fill$1 take out ! piece ( wood1 & fill ! neck ) sl[ *>ge4 ,small g]bes1 or :ite f\nta9s1 z !y are sometimes call$1 are usually made ( f\r1 eight1 or sixte5 ounce cases1 ( any l5g?1 tak+ c>e to pa/e1 & o!rwise make !m v /rong4 ,be=e !y are fill$1 h[ev]1 drive 9 clay "o diamet] ( _! orifice high4 ,:5 fill$1 bore a hole ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! clay to ! composition4 ,! ord9>y proportion w answ] = ! v5t1 :i* mu/ be prim$ ) a sl[ *>ge4 ,l>ge g]bes are made by _! diamet]s1 & _! cases at bottom "o-f\r? ?ick4 ,! int]ior diamet] ( a g]be is f\nd1 by suppos+ ! ext]ior diamet] ( ! case1 :5 made1 to be five in*es1 by tak+ two-f\r?s = ! sides ( ! case1 & !re w rema9 two & a half in*es = ! bore4 ,g]bes produce a brilliant fire1 & appe> rem>kably beautiful1 :5 a numb] ( !m are fix$ 9 front ( a build+4 ,! composition ( g]bes is simil> to t ( ! ,*9ese fire4 ,x is to ! ca/-iron1 :i* ent]s into x1 t its beautiful effects are to be ascrib$4 ,9 fact1 ! composition ( ,*9ese fire diff]s consid]ably1 z we %all notice1 :5 we treat ( x1 accord+ to ! purpose = :i* x is employ$4 ,x is adapt$1 = in/ance1 9 v>i\s proportions ( its con/itu5t p>ts1 to calib]s ( diff]5t diamet]s1 cascades1 repres5tation ( palm trees1 z well z = l>ge & small g]bes4 ,! old =mula = g]bes is ! foll[+4 ,composition = ,g]bes4 ,meal-p[d]1 #f lbs4 ,beat ca/-iron1 #b lbs4 #a oz4 ,! pres5t =mula1 z we rem>k$ :5 speak+ ( compositions = calib]s f ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* to an in*1 is saltpetre #a oz1 sulphur #a oz1 meal-p[d] #h oz1 *>coal #a oz1 & pulv]iz$ ca/-iron #h oz4 ,! vivid & rapid combu/ion :i* ensues1 :5 ?is composition is inflam$1 _c be acc\nt$ = 9 any o!r way1 ?an t ! nitre is act$ ^u by ! sulphur1 ! *>coal1 & ! iron2 t ! gunp[d]1 dur+ its combu/ion1 raises ! temp]ature to ! degree necess>y = ! decomposition ( ! nitre by ! sub/ances m5tion$2 t sulphur\s & probably sulphuric acid1 z well z c>bonic acid1 are g5]at$1 by ! union ( ! sulphur & c>bon ) a "p ( ! oxyg5 ( ! nitre2 t ! iron und]goes a combu/ion1 bo? 9 contact ) ! nitre & ) atmosph]ic air2 &1 la/ly1 t ! effect1 :i* *>act]izes ?is composition1 & o!r simil> compositions1 into :i* ca/-iron ent]s1 z 9 ! celebrat$ ,*9ese fire1 is to be attribut$ to ! iron2 & ! appe>ance :i* iron assumes1 :5 9 a /ate ( combu/ion1 is ow+ to no o!r cause ?an its rapid comb9ation ) oxyg51 by :i* ! metal is oxidiz$4 7,see ,iron1 9 ,"p ,i47 ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ,pap] ,mort>s4 ,x may n be improp]1 9 ?is place1 to give ! mann] ( =m+ pap] mort>s4 ,^! mort>s are necess>y = a v>iety ( exhibitions1 z w appe> h]eaft]4 ,mort>s are made ( /\t pap]2 or sev]al %eets are pa/$ toge!r1 & made into pa/ebo>d1 9 ! mann] be=e describ$4 7,see ,pa/ebo>d47 ,! prep>ations are v>i\s accord+ to ! size requir$4 ,= a coehorn mort>1 :i* is #d in*es & #b_/e?s 9 diamet]1 roll ! pa/ebo>d on ! =m]1 on :i* x is made1 #a_/f? ( its diamet] ?ick1 &1 :5 dry1 cut "o end smoo? & ev52 !n nail & glue x on ! upp] "p ( ! foot4 ,aft]w>ds cut (f ! pa/ebo>d at ! top1 all[+ = ! l5g? ( ! mort>1 two & a half diamet]s f ! m\? ( ! p[d] *amb]4 ,! mort> is !n b\nd r\nd ) a /rong cord1 wett$ ) glue4 ,! bottom ( ! foot1 x be+ turn$ out ( elm1 is "o diamet] & two ?irds broad1 & "o diamet] high1 & ! "p :i* goes into ! mort> is two-?irds ( its diamet] 9 height4 ,! copp] *amb] = ! p[d]1 :i* is sep>ate f ?is1 is made 9 a conical =m1 & is "o-?ird ( ! diamet] wide1 & "o & a half ( its own diamet] long4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! bottom ( ?is *amb]1 make a small hole1 a %ort di/ance d[n ! foot2 ?is hole mu/ be met by ano!r ( ! same size1 made 9 ! side ( ! foot4 ,if ^! holes are made true1 & a copp] pipe fitt$ into bo?1 ! mort>1 :5 load$1 w prime itself2 = ! p[d] w naturally fall to ! bottom ( ! fir/ hole4 ,by putt+ a piece ( quick mat* to ! side1 x w be prep>$ = fir+4 ,:5 mort>s ( a l>g] size ?an t5 in*es 9 diamet] are requir$1 x is bett] to h !m made ( brass4 ,see fur!r obs]vations on ?is subject 9 section sev5? ( ?is *apt]1 9 ! article on fire-pots4 ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ,mort>s to ?r[ ,aigrettes1 c4 ,%ells are fill$ ) a v>iety ( pyro-prep>ations1 z />s1 ra9s1 s]p5ts1 c4 ,^! are put 9 fir/1 & !n ! bl[+ p[d]1 z x is call$2 b ! %ells mu/ n be q fill$4 ,!y mu/ be introduc$ into ! %ells ?r\gh ! fuse hole4 ,"s sub/ances1 h[ev]1 z m>rons1 be+ too l>ge to g ?r\gh ! fuse hole1 mu/ be put 9 be=e ! %ell is clos$4 ,:5 ! %ells are load$1 glue & drive 9 ! fuses v tight4 ,) respect to ! diamet] ( ! fuse hole2 = a coehorn balloon1 let ! diamet] be sev5-eigh?s ( an in*2 = a balloon1 five & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 make ! fuse hole "o in* & "o-six? 9 diamet]2 = an eight-in* balloon1 "o in* & ?ree-eigh?s2 & = a t5-in* balloon1 "o in* & five-eigh?s4 ,air-balloons are divid$1 accord+ to ! sub/ances !y conta91 or ! effect !y are to produce1 & are usually ( f\r k9ds2 namely1 #a4 ,illum9at$ air-balloons1 #b4 ,balloons ( s]p5ts1 #c4 ,balloons ( reports1 m>rons1 & crack]s1 #d4 ,comp\nd balloons4 ,balloons & %ells1 9 fire-works1 are ! same4 ,9 ! foll[+ view ( ! diff]5t balloons1 we h giv5 ! numb] & quantity ( ea* article = ! diff]5t %ells1 designat+ _! k9d & "*3 ,coehorn balloon ,illum9at$4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a oz4 ,gra91 d4 -- ,p[d] = ! mort>1 #b -- ,l5g? ( ! fuse composition1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*3 #a oz4 drove or roll$ />s1 z _m z w ne>ly fill ! %ell4 ,coehorn balloon ( ,s]p5ts4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a oz4 ,gra91 d4 -- ,p[d] = ! mort>1 #b -- ,l5g? ( ! fuse composition #ac_/af?s ( an in*3 half-ounce cases1 driv5 ?ree diamet]s1 & b\nc$ ?ree diamet]s1 & half-ounce cases1 driv5 two diamet]s & b\nc$ f\r diamet]s1 ( ea*1 an equal quantity2 & z _m ( !m z w fit 9 easily1 plac$ head to tail4 ,coehorn balloons ( ,crack]s & ,reports4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a oz4 ,gra91 d4 d4 ,p[d] = ! mort>1 #b d4 ,l5g? ( ! fuse composition #c_/d ( an in*2 reports #d1 & crack]s ( six b\nces1 z _m z w fill ! %ell4 ,comp\nd ,coehorn ,balloons4 oz4 dr4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a #d ,corn1 d4 #j #ab ,p[d] = ! mort>1 #b #d ,l5g? ( ! fuse composition #ac_/af?s ( an in*3 #a_/b oz4 cases driv5 #c-a_/b diamet]s1 & b\nc$ #b1 #af2 #a_/b ounce cases driv5 #d diamet]s & n b\nc$1 #aj2 roll$ />s1 z _m z w complete ! balloon4 ,balloons illum9at$ 7,republican74 oz4 dr4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a #h ,gra91 d4 #j #ab ,p[d] = ! mort>1 #c #j ,l5g? ( ! fuse composition #ae_/af?s ( an in*2 #b oz4 /rung />s1 #cd2 roll$ />s1 z _m z ! %ell w conta91 all[+ = ! l5g? ( ! fuse4 ,balloon = ,s]p5ts1 7,republican74 oz4 dr4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a ,gra91 d4 #a #h ,p[d] = ! mort>1 #c #h ,l5g? ( ! fuse composition1 #a in*2 #a oz4 cases driv5 #c-a_/b & #d diamet]s1 & b\nc$ #b1 ( ea* an equal quantity1 suffici5t to load ! %ell4 ,balloons ) crack]s & ,m>rons4 7,rep47 oz4 dr4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a #h ,corn p[d]1 #a #d ,p[d] = ! mort>1 #c ,l5g? ( ! fuse composition #ad_/af?s ( an in*2 reports #ab2 to be complet$ ) crack]s ( #h b\nces4 ,comp\nd balloons 7,republican74 oz4 dr4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a #e ,corn p[d]1 #a #f ,p[d] = ! mort>1 #c #ab ,l5g? ( ! fuse composition1 "o-in*2 #a_/b ounce cases driv5 & b\nc$ #b diamet]s1 #h2 #b oz4 cases fill$ #c_/h?s ( an in* ) />-composition1 & b\nc$ #b diamet]s1 #h2 silv] ra9 falls1 t52 #b oz4 tail$ />s1 #af2 roll$ brilliant />s1 #cj4 ,if ?is %\ld n be suffici5t to load ! %ell1 x may be complet$ ) gold ra9 falls4 ,eight-in* balloons ,illum9at$4 oz4 dr4 ,meal-p[d]1 #b #h ,gra9 p[d]1 #a #d ,p[d] = ! mort>1 #i ,l5g? ( ! fuse composition1 "o in* & #a_/h?2 #b oz4 drove />s1 #dh2 #b oz4 cases1 driv5 ) /> composition1 #c_/h?s ( an in*1 & b\nc$ #c diamet]s1 #ab2 & ! balloon complet$ ) #b oz4 drove brilliant />s4 ,eight-in* ,balloons ( ,s]p5ts4 oz4 dr4 ,meal-p[d]1 #b #j ,corn p[d]1 #b #j ,p[d] = ! mort>1 #i #h ,l5g? ( ! fuse composition1 #a in* & #c_/af?s2 #b oz4 cases driv5 "o & a half diamet]s1 & b\nc$ #b1 & "o-ounce cases driv5 #b diamet]s1 & b\nc$ #b-a_/b2 ( ea* an equal quantity1 suffici5t = ! %ell4 ,we may rem>k1 t ! /> composition1 driv5 9 b\nc$ cases1 mu/ be manag$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,fir/1 ! cases mu/ be p9*$ close at "o end1 !n ! corn-p[d] put 9 = a report1 & ! case p9*$ aga9 close to ! p[d]1 only leav+ a small v5t = ! />-composition1 :i* is driv5 at top1 to communicate to ! p[d] at ! b\nce end4 ,comp\nd eight-in* ,balloon4 oz4 dr4 ,meal-p[d]1 #b #h ,corn p[d]1 #a #ab ,p[d] = ! mort>1 #i #d ,l5g? ( ! fuse composition1 #a_/h? ( an in*2 #d oz4 cases1 driv5 ) /> composition1 #c_/h? ( an in*1 & b\nc$ #c diamet]s1 #af2 #b oz4 tail$ />s1 #af2 #b oz4 drove brilliant />s1 #ab2 silv] ra9 falls1 #bj2 #a oz4 drove blue />s #bj2 & #a oz4 cases driv5 & b\nc$1 two diamet]s1 z _m z w fill ! %ell4 ,ano!r ( eight-in*es4 oz4 dr4 ,meal-p[d]1 #b #h ,corn1 d4 #a #ab ,p[d] = ! mort>1 #i #d ,l5g? ( ! fuse composition1 #a in* & #a_/h?2 crack]s ( six reports1 #aj2 gold ra9s1 #ad2 #b oz4 cases driv5 ) /> composition1 #c_/af?s ( an in*1 & b\nc$ #b diamet]s1 #af2 #b oz4 tail$ />s1 #af2 #b oz4 drove brilliant />s1 #ab2 silv] ra9s1 #aj2 #a oz4 drove blue />s1 #bj2 & #a ounce cases1 driv5 ) brilliant *>ge1 #b diamet]s1 & b\nc$ #c1 z _m z ! %ell w hold4 ,a comp\nd t5-in* ,balloon4 oz4 dr4 ,meal-p[d]1 #c #d ,corn p[d]1 #b #h ,p[d] = ! mort>1 #ab #h ,l5g? ( ! fuse composition #ae_/af?s ( an in*2 #a oz4 cases driv5 & b\nc$ #c diamet]s1 #af2 crack]s ( eight reports1 #ab2 #d oz4 cases1 driv5 #a_/b an in* ) /> composition1 & b\nc$ #b diamet]s1 #ad2 #b oz4 cases driv5 ) brilliant fire #a & #a_/d? diamet]s1 & b\nc$ #b diamet]s1 #af2 #b oz4 drove brilliant />s1 #cj2 #b oz4 drove blue />s1 #c2 gold ra9s1 #bj2 silv] ra9s #bj4 ,aft] all ^! are put 91 fill ! rema9d] ( ! case ) tail$ & roll$ />s4 ,t5 in* balloons ( ?ree *>ges4 oz4 dr4 ,meal-p[d]1 #c #j ,corn-p[d]1 #c #b ,p[d] = ! mort>1 #ac #j ,l5g? ( ! fuse composition1 #a in*3 ! %ell mu/ be load$ ) #b oz4 cases1 driv5 ) /> composition #a_/d? ( an in*1 & on t "o diamet] ( gold-fire1 !n b\nc$ ?ree diamet]s2 or ) #b oz4 cases1 fir/ fill$ "o diamet] ) gold fire1 !n "o & "o-f\r? diamet]s ( brilliant fire4 ,^! cases mu/ be well secur$ at top ( ! *>ge1 le/ !y %\ld take fire at bo? ends3 b _! necks mu/ be l>g] ?an ! common proportion4 ,= ! mann] ( =m+ balloon cases ( pap]1 consult ! article on t subject1 9 a prec$+ *apt]4 ,balloons1 ! bombs ( "s1 may be =m$ ( diff]5t sizes1 & made proportionably /rong4 ,bombs may be =m$ ( wood by turn+ x r\nd1 & holl[1 ( a suffici5t ?ickness1 & 9 two p>ts1 :i* fit ea* o!r l a common snuff box4 ,! inf]ior or l[] "p mu/ be made ?ick] ?an ! upp]1 z x re/s ^u ! p[d]2 & = ! same reason1 t iron bombs are ca/ ?ick] at _! bottom4 ,"o-twelf? ( ! diamet] is consid]$ a suffici5t ?ickness = ! "u "p1 & "o-fifte5? = ! upp] "p1 :i* is pi]c$ ) a hole to receive ! fuse4 ,?is hole is call$ ! eye ( ! bomb4 ,:5 balloons1 or bombs1 are to be *>g$1 ! decorations may be v>i$ 9 ! same mann] z = sky-rockets4 ,/>s1 gold5 ra91 & meteors1 are consid]$ ! be/1 z !y produce ! mo/ brilliant effect4 ,aft] ! addition ( ! furniture or decorations1 we f9i% ! *>ge by putt+ 9 co>se gra9 p[d]1 :i* is introduc$ ?r\gh ! eye4 ,! fuse is !n driv5 94 ,x is glu$1 9 ord] to secure x4 ,! bomb is n[ cov]$ ) ?ree or f\r turns ( canvass1 & ov] ?is "s pap]1 to secure x4 ,9 ?is /ate1 x ought n to be m ?an #a_/aa? ( an in* small] ?an ! calib] ( ! mort>4 ,?is leaves :at is d5om9at$ ! w9dage4 ,:5 ! bombs are well dri$1 ! fuse is prim$ ) a d\ble mat*1 & prim+ pa/e4 ,a cup1 made ) two turns ( pap]1 is !n atta*$ to ! fuse1 :i* receives ! d\ble mat*4 ,! bomb1 ?us prep>$1 is !n plac$ 9 a cone made ( pa/ebo>d1 :i* conta9s ! p[d] ( ! *>ge1 or t requir$ = its asc5sion1 & is put into ! mort>4 ,"o ( ! mat*es above describ$1 communicates ! fire to ! fuse1 & ! o!r at ! same "t to ! p[d] 9 ! cone4 ,! mat*1 x is to be obs]v$1 comes out ( ! m\? ( ! mort>1 & s]ves to fire x4 ,?is mode ( dis*>g+ ! mort>1 diff]s f ! "o we h previ\sly giv54 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! calib]s = bombs1 ! l5g? ( ! fuse = ea* calib]1 & ! weight ( ! p[d] requir$ = ! *>ge4 ,calib] = bombs4 ,l5g? ( ! fuse4 ,weight ( ! *>ge4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,bombs ( #d 94 diam4 #a in*es4 #b oz4 cannon p[d]4 ---- #f d4 -- #a d4 #e oz4 d4 ---- d4 ---- #i d4 -- #b d4 #f oz4 d4 ---- d4 ---- #ab d4 -- #b d4 #i oz4 d4 ---- d4 ,hav+ made "s rem>ks respect+ bombs1 we w n[ (f] a few obs]vations conc]n+ mort>s2 & al?\gh we h1 on a =m] occasion1 m5tion$ some?+ respect+ !m1 yet we deem a few rem>ks on ?is head n improp] at ?is "t4 ,mort>s1 f five to six in*es bore1 are usually made ( pa/ebo>d & canvass4 ,! canvass is fir/ soak$ 9 a gelato-amylace\s pa/e1 or pa/e compos$ ( half glue & half fl\r2 &1 :5 put on1 is cov]$ ) %eets ( pa/ebo>d1 :i* are glu$ or pa/$4 ,= v>i\s k9ds ( pa/e1 see ,pa/ebo>d4 ,:5 ! case1 or mort> is to be =m$1 cyl9d]s ( wood z =m]s are employ$4 ,!y are ( diff]5t diamet]s1 accord+ to ! size ( ! mort>s1 t are to be made4 ,= f\r-in* mort>s1 in* =m]s2 = six-in*1 "o & a half in* =m]s1 c4 ,aft] !y are roll$ & pa/$ on ! =m]1 !y are dri$ on x4 ,z to _! /r5g?1 ?is dep5ds on ! ?ickness ( ! case4 ,a mort> ( f\r in*es 9 int]ior diamet]1 ought to be six in*es 9 ext]ior diamet]1 & ^? ( six 9 int]ior1 %\ld be n9e1 ext]ior4 ,! cases be+ =m$1 we next h turn$ z _m cyl9d]s ( walnut1 z cases or pots4 ,^! cyl9d]s are %ort4 ,9 ea* is =m$ a conical *amb]1 9 ! %ape ( ! lett] ,v1 :i* is aft]w>ds l9$ ) t9 or brass1 to prev5t ! action ( ! p[d]4 ,!y are !n glu$ & put into ! end ( ea* pot1 ab\t ! l5g? ( an in*1 & fur!r secur$ by nails4 ,! *amb] is design$ to receive ! p[d]1 & its conical =m enables x to act ) all its =ce imm$iately on ! bomb4 ,a flat bottom w\ld n h ?is advantage1 z ! p[d] 9 t case w\ld h m room1 & consequ5tly its =ce be divid$4 ,!y are sometimes1 h[ev]1 made flat4 ,! *>ge = ^! mort>s1 z a g5]al rule1 is #a_/cj? "p ( ! weight ( ! bomb4 ,:5 mort>s are to be l>g] ?an ! sizes we h m5tion$1 x is necess>y to h !m ( metal1 & = ?is purpose copp] is g5]ally employ$4 ,its ?ickness %\ld be "o-f\r? ( an in*1 = a n9e-in* mort>2 & half an in*1 = twelve-in* mort>s4 ,a cone ( copp] is to be made 9 ! same way z above m5tion$4 ,?is is secur$1 & made solid by means ( lead4 ,9 exp]im5ts & exhibitions1 ! p[d]1 we may obs]ve1 mu/ be ( ! same /r5g?4 ,we f9d !n1 t mort>s1 = ! dis*>ge ( bombs1 or balloons1 are diff]5tly made f ^? :i* are us$ = ?r[+ iron-%ells4 ,9 fire-works1 ! design ( mort>s is to project ! balloon 9 a v]tical direction1 :i*1 be+ furni%$ ) a fuse z 9 ord9>y %ells1 receives ! fire f ! gun-p[d]2 & at a giv5 "t1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! fuse1 ! fire is communicat$ to ! balloon1 :i* bur/s & scatt]s its cont5ts 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! furniture = balloons be+ v>i\s1 & 9 a l>g] quantity ?an c\ld be conta9$ 9 ! heads ( rockets1 7except ! ,congreve17 ! appe>ance is m gr& & impressive4 ,x is obvi\s1 t1 :5 !y bur/1 fire is communicat$ to ! :ole at ! same "t2 & ! quantity ( p[d] is usually suffici5t1 n only to bur/ ! %ell1 b also to ?r[ ! cont5ts to "s di/ance4 ,! height1 to :i* balloons asc5d1 dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 on ! quantity ( gunp[d] put 9 ! mort>4 ,! quantity is g5]ally regulat$4 ,we f9d1 also1 t two modes are us$ = dis*>g+ ! mort>s4 ,! "o consi/s 9 hav+ a communication f )\t to ! bottom ( ! cone1 :i* conta9s ! p[d]1 & apply+ ! mat* to ?is v5t1 on ! same pr9ciple z t = fir+ a cannon1 or common mort>4 ,! o!r1 by fir+ a quick-mat* 9 ! conical cavity1 & putt+ 9 ! *>ge ) ! balloon2 lett+ ! mat*1 h[ev]1 be ( a suffici5t l5g? to come out ( ! m\? ( ! mort>1 & fall ov] its side4 ,?is mat*1 :5 fir$1 w communicate fire to ! p[d] 9 ! cone1 & produce ! same effect4 ,metallic cyl9d]s1 & especially copp]1 h[ev] small1 are c]ta9ly pref]able to ^? made 9 ! usual mann]4 ,sec4 ,,iv4 ,( mak+ ,balloon ,fuses4 ,wood1 p>ticul>ly bee*1 is g5]ally employ$ = =m+ fuses1 :i* is turn$ ( ! %ape requir$4 ,if made ) pa/$ pap]1 !y w answ] = ! purpose ( fire-works4 ,! diamet] ( ! =m] = fuses = coehorn balloons mu/ be half an in*2 = a republican fuse1 five-eigh?s ( an in*2 = an eight-in* fuse1 ?ree-f\r?s ( an in*2 & = a t5 in* fuse1 sev5-eigh?s ( an in*4 ,hav+ roll$ ! cases1 p9* & tie !m almo/ close at "o end2 !n drive !m d[n1 & let !m dry4 ,be=e !y are fill$1 m>k on ! outside ( ! case1 ! l5g? ( ! *>ge requir$1 all[+ = ! ?ickness ( ! bottom2 & :5 ! composition is ramm$ 91 take two pieces ( quick-mat* ab\t six in*es long1 & lay "o end ( ea* on ! *>ge1 & !n a little meal-p[d]1 :i* is to be ramm$ d[n loose4 ,! loose ends ( ! mat*1 d\ble up1 & place 9 ! top ( ! fuse4 ,?is top mu/ be cov]$ ) a prop] cap to keep x dry4 ,:5 ! %ells are put into ! mort>s1 uncap ! fuses1 & pull out ! loose ends ( ! mat*1 & let !m hang on ! sides ( ! balloon4 ,! use ( ! mat* is to receive ! fire f ! p[d] 9 ! *amb] ( ! mort>1 9 ord] to light ! fuse4 ,:5 ! %ell is put 9 ! mort>1 its fuse mu/ be upp]mo/1 & exactly 9 ! c5tre4 ,"s meal-p[d] is usually spr9kl$ ^u x4 ,fuses ( wood are long] ?an ^? ( pap]1 & n bor$ ?r\gh1 b left solid ab\t #a_/b an in* at bottom2 s t1 :5 us$1 ?is end is cut (f4 ,!y are saw$1 h[ev]1 at a prop] l5g?1 measur+ ! *>ge f ! cup at top4 ,on ! subject ( ,fuses1 see ! la/ "p ( ! "w4 ,fuses = bombs1 ,morel rem>ks1 are =m$ ( five ?icknesses ( pap]1 or ( pa/ebo>d1 made ( t ?ickness2 & ! =m]1 on :i* ! fuse case is roll$1 %\ld be "o-?ird diamet]4 ,! composition is put 9 ) a spoon1 & ea* *>ge is driv5 ) tw5ty /rokes ( a mod]ate size mallet4 ,composition = ! fuses ( bombs or balloons4 #a4 ,meal p[d]1 #ab oz4 ,sulphur1 #d -- ,*>coal1 #f -- #b4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb4 #aj -- ,sulphur1 #h -- ,meal p[d]1 #a lb4 #f -- #c4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb4 #h -- ,sulphur1 #h -- ,meal p[d]1 #a lb4 #h -- ,sec4 ,v4 ,( ! ,mosaic & ,common ,t\rbillon4 ,! t\rbillon de feu ( ! ,fr5*1 or :irlw9d ( fire1 is ! same z ! soleil montant2 because x asc5ds 9 full illum9ation1 & scatt]s fire 9 v>i\s directions4 ,! t\rbillon1 !re=e1 receives its "n f ! effect x produces4 ,x raises itself v high1 & =ms a :irl ( fire & t]m9ates 9 two coronal figures1 or cr[ns1 :i* desc5d 9 :at are call$ p>asols4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 produce cr[ns1 except :5 x is *>g$ ) ,*9ese fire4 ,!re are two k9ds ( t\rbillons1 :i* we w describe1 namely1 ! mosaic & ! common4 ,! mosaic produces a tail ( "s l5g?1 & aft] :irl+ r\nd1 f9i%es ) a report4 ,?is effect is ow+ to its p>ticul> /ructure & =mation1 z x diff]s f ! common t\rbillon4 ,9 prep>+ ! cases = mosaic t\rbillons1 pa/ebo>d1 =m$ ( five %eets ( pap]1 is us$4 ,!y are made sev5 in*es 9 l5g? ^u a roll] or =m] #e_/ab?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,_! ?ickness1 :5 roll$1 is #a_/h? ( an in*4 ,!y are *oak$ 9 ! usual mann]1 & ! excess ( ! /r+ is cut (f4 ,aft] hav+ put a qu>t] ( an in* ( e>? into a case1 & beat+ x ) t5 or twelve bl[s ) ! mallet1 we m>k ! height ( ! e>? on ! outside ( ! case4 ,we !n load x to ! height ( #g_/ab?s ) ! composition h]et(ore m5tion$4 ,ano!r qu>t] ( a spoonful ( e>? is !n put 94 ,we !n *oak1 & b9d ! case 9 ?is place4 ,two f+]s ( gra9 p[d] are n[ add$2 we aga9 *oak1 & b9d x above ?is4 ,we put 9 ! same composition1 aft] ! la/ op]ation1 to ! height ( #g_/ab?s ( an in*4 ,! *oak+1 x is to be obs]v$1 mu/ n :olly close ! case2 s t ! composition c set fire to ! p[d]4 ,we n[ introduce a spoonful ( e>?1 & *oak & b9d z be=e4 ,x is !n f9i%$ by *>g+ x ) #g_/ab?s ( an in* ( composition4 ,! rema9d] ( ! case is cut1 & ! composition prim$4 ,cases1 ?us prep>$1 are aft]w>ds treat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,we pi]ce ?ree holes 9 ! sides ( ea*1 "o a little above ! la/ *oak1 ano!r ?r\gh1 or into ! case1 to p5etrate ! la/ *>ge1 & ! ?ird ?r\gh ! fir/ *>ge4 ,^! holes h a communication ) ea* o!r by means ( quickmat*2 s t1 :5 ! mat* is set on fire1 ! two extremes are inflam$ at ! same "t1 & be+ oppos$ to ea* o!r1 give a rot>y motion to ! t\rbillon1 :i*1 :5 ! p[d] inflames1 t]m9ates by an explosion4 ,! holes ought to be cov]$ ) ?ree or f\r turns ( pa/$ pap]4 ,x is !n ready to be put into ! pots de *asse4 ,:5 complet$1 ! t\rbillon %\ld n exce$ #aj_/ab?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! pots de *asse 7mort>s some:at simil> to ^? describ$7 %\ld be made ( pa/ebo>d1 prep>$ ) eight ?icknesses ( pap]1 & m\ld$ ^u a roll] ( #aa_/ab?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y are m\nt$ 9 ! same mann] z fire-pots1 & are also prim$ 9 ! same way4 ,into ea* pot !re is put f\r dra*ms ( brok5 gra9 p[d]1 & a slip ( pa/ebo>d1 pi]c$ ) five or six holes1 :i* is introduc$ by means ( a /ick4 ,a little meal-p[d] is !n put into ! pot1 & aft]w>ds ! t\rbillon1 ! prim$ end ( :i* mu/ be above ! *asse4 ,x is !n clos$ ) pap]1 made into a wad or ball1 & ! pot is secur$ ) a slip ( pa/ebo>d1 pa/$ on x4 ,composition ( ,mosaic ,t\rbillons4 #a4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,*>coal1 #c or #d dr4 #b4 ,meal p[d]1 #af p>ts4 ,*>coal1 #c ---- ,common t\rbillons diff] 9 _m respects f ! mosaic1 al?\gh _! motion is ! same4 ,!re are two me?ods ( =m+ !m z well z _! app5dages1 bo? ( :i* we purpose to describe4 ,! fir/ is ! foll[+3 ,hav+ fill$ "s cases )9 ab\t #a-a_/b diamet]s1 drive 9 a h&ful ( clay1 prep>$1 ( c\rse1 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! "w2 !n p9* _! ends close1 & drive !m d[n ) a mallet4 ,!n f9d ! c5tre ( gravity ( ea* case2 :]e y nail & tie a /ick1 :i* %\ld be #a_/b an in* broad at ! middle1 & run a little n>r[] to ! ends2 ^! /icks mu/ h _! ends turn$ upw>ds1 s t ! cases may turn horizontally on _! c5tres4 ,at ! opposite sides ( ! cases1 at ea* end1 bore a hole close to ! clay1 ) a gimblet ! size ( ! neck ( a common case ( ! same nature4 ,f ^! holes1 draw a l9e r\nd ! case1 &1 at ! "u "p ( ! case1 bore a hole ) ! same gimblet1 )9 half a diamet] ( ea* l9e1 t[>ds ! c5tre2 !n f "o hole to ! o!r1 draw a "r l9e4 ,?is l9e divide into ?ree equal p>ts1 & bore a hole ne> to ea* ( ! ends2 !n f ^! holes to ! o!r two1 lead a quick-mat*1 ov] :i* pa/e a ?9 pap]4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t !re is a /ick ab\t ! l5g? ( ! case1 :i* goes across x1 & is securely fa/5$ by a cord1 t ! :ole lies flat ^u a table be=e x is fir$1 & h5ce1 x is sometimes nam$ ! table t\rbillon2 &1 t ! lead] %\ld be c>ri$ f "o side hole to ! o!r1 ! holes be+ made at ! opposite sides1 z be=e m5tion$4 ,:5 t\rbillons are fir$1 !y mu/ lay ^u a smoo? table1 ) _! /icks d[nw>ds1 ! lead] be+ set on fire 9 ! middle ) a port fire4 ,!y %\ld sp9 two1 ?ree1 or f\r seconds r\nd ! table1 be=e !y rise1 :i* is ab\t ! "t ! composition w be burn+ f ! side holes to ^? at ! bottom4 ,reports1 or detonat+ cases1 may be fix$ to t\rbillons1 if s requir$4 ,9 ?is case1 we make a small hole 9 ! c5tre ( ! case at top1 & 9 ! middle ( ! report make ano!r4 ,!n place !m toge!r1 & tie on ! report1 &1 ) a s+le pap]1 secure x f fire4 ,by ?is me?od1 small cases ( />s1 ra9s1 c4 may be fix$ on t\rbillons1 be+ c>eful1 nev]!less1 t !y are n ov]load$4 ,"o-eigh? w be a suffici5t ?ickness = ! /icks1 & _! l5g? equal to t ( ! cases4 ,! o!r mode ( =m+ common t\rbillons1 is ! foll[+3 ,!y are made ) cases ( an in*1 :i* are *oak$ & b\nd 9 ! usual mann]4 ,9 fill+1 we make two wads ( pap] ( ! same size1 & put "o ( !m into ! case1 & ram x ) fifte5 or tw5ty bl[s4 ,we !n m>k ^u ! case1 ! height ( ?is wad1 :i* is aft]w>ds driv5 ) ! composition1 giv5 at ! end ( ?is section4 ,to ea* *>ge1 ?irty /rokes ( a mod]ate size mallet1 w be requir$2 & ea* *>ge %\ld n be m 9 height 9 ! case ?an n9e ext]ior diamet]s4 ,we m>k1 on ! outside ( ! case1 ! height ( ?is *>ge1 & put 9 a wad ( ! same k9d & size z ! =m] "o4 ,we drive ?is 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/1 & !n *oak & b9d ! case4 ,aft] cutt+ (f ! excess ( ! ligature1 ) :i* we b\nd ! case1 we aga9 introduce ! ramm]1 & give x eighte5 bl[s ) ! mallet1 9 ord] to flatt5 ! *oak4 ,we aft]w>ds divide ! case p>allel to ea* end1 into f\r equal p>ts1 & m>k ! height ( ! wads4 ,t ( ! middle1 :i* becomes 9 fact ! bottom ( ! case1 7f ! mann] x is fix$ = asc5sion71 we divide into five equal p>ts f "o po9t to ! o!r1 & pi]ce a hole 9 ea* division to ! composition4 ,we !n make1 on a level ) ! wads1 ^u ! lat]al l9es1 two simil> holes2 "o ^u "o side1 & ! o!r on ! o!r side1 at ! opposite ends4 ,^! holes are s made z t ! case has f\r holes on "o l9e1 & "o ^u ea* ( ! o!r two4 ,ea* hole is !n prim$ ) a piece ( quick mat*1 & prim+ pa/e4 ,"o ( ^! mat*es mu/ pass ov] all ! o!r holes2 s t ! fire may be communicat$ f "o to ! o!r at ! same "t4 ,! mat*es are !n cov]$ ) a b& ( pa/$ pap]4 ,to hold ! t\rbillon 9 a horizontal position1 we procure a hoop ( ! same ?ickness & diamet] z ! l5g? ( ! case2 & on ! plate1 we make a groove = ! mat* ( communication1 :i* is support$ betwe5 ! f\r holes ) an iron wire4 ,if ! case :irls r\nd ) a uni=m motion1 x is well balanc$4 ,! f\r holes b5ea?1 s]ve to raise x 9 ! air1 & ! two lat]al ap]tures give x a revolv+ motion4 ,:5 t\rbillons are to be set (f1 !y mu/ be balanc$ ei!r by a cross /ick1 z 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 or "s o!r contrivance4 ,! effect is ! same z be=e describ$4 ,composition = ,t\rbillons1 or ,table ,fuses1 ( diff]5t ,calib]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,sub/ances4 ,calib]s ( d ,( ds ( an in* ,( ?s ( an in* ( an in*4 ) ,*9ese fire4 ) ,*9ese fire4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,saltpetre1 #h oz4 #af oz4 #af oz4 ,sulphur1 #d oz4 #h oz4 #h oz4 ,meal-p[d]1 #af oz4 #ah oz4 #af oz4 ,*>coal1 #a oz4 ,pulv]iz$ ca/ iron1 #aj oz4 #ab oz4 ,ano!r composition = a calib] ( half an in*1 ( common fire4 ,saltpetre1 #af oz4 ,sulphur1 #d -- ,meal-p[d]1 #g -- ,*>coal1 #d -- ,! foll[+ =mul are sometimes us$2 ,= f\r-ounce t\rbillons4 ,meal-p[d]1 #b lbs4 #d oz4 ,*>coal1 -- #d -- ,= eight-ounce t\rbillons4 ,meal p[d]1 #b lbs4 ,*>coal1 #d oz4 ,= l>ge t\rbillons4 ,meal-p[d]1 #b lbs4 ,saltpetre1 #a d4 ,sulphur1 #h oz4 ,beat-iron1 #h oz4 ,z a g5]al rule1 we may rem>k1 t ! l>g] t\rbillons are made1 employ+1 if necess>y1 diff]5t col\r$ fires1 ! weak] mu/ be ! *>ge2 &1 on ! contr>y1 ! small]1 ! /rong] _! *>ge4 ,sec4 ,,vi4 ,( ,mort>s = ?r[+ ,aigrettes1 & ! mann] ( load+ & fir+ !m4 ,pots ( aigrette1 :5 inflam$1 exhibit ! appe>ance ( an aigrette1 or clu/] ( rays1 su* z are produc$ by diamonds1 :5 !y are arrang$ 9 a p>ticul> way4 ,! aigrette takes its "n f a bird1 ^: fea!rs s]ve to make up an ornam5t = ! head4 ,x 0 giv5 9 diamonds1 z a p>ticul> m>k ( di/9ction1 by ! ,gr& ,signior1 to ,"l ,nelson1 aft] ! battle ( ! ,nile4 ,!re are aigrettes made ( glass4 ,= ! purpose ( ?r[+ aigrettes1 ! mort>s are g5]ally made ( pa/ebo>d1 ( ! same ?ickness z balloon mort>s1 & two & a half diamet]s long 9 ! inside f ! top ( ! foot4 ,! latt] mu/ be made ( elm )\t a *amb]1 b flat at top1 9 ! same proportion z ^? = balloon mort>s4 ,^! mort>s mu/ be b\nd r\nd ) a cord z be=e m5tion$4 ,sometimes eight or n9e ( ^! mort>s1 ( ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 are b\nd altoge!r1 s z to appe> z "o2 b :5 !y are prep>$ = ?is purpose1 ! bottom ( ! foot mu/ be ( ! same diamet] z ! mort>s1 & only "o-half a diamet] high4 ,hav+ b\nd ! mort>s toge!r1 fix !m on a heavy solid block ( wood4 ,to load !m1 place ov] ! inside bottom ( ea*1 a piece ( pap]1 & spread on x "o & a half ounces ( meal & gra9 p[d] mix$2 !n tie ! s]p5ts up 9 p>cels ) quickmat*1 & put !m 9 ) _! m\?s d[nw>ds4 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 t ! p>cels d n fit too tight 9 ! mort>s1 & t all ! s]p5ts h be5 well prim$1 or wett$ ) ! pa/e ( meal p[d] & _s ( w9e4 ,on ! top ( ! s]p5ts1 9 ea* mort>1 lay "s pap] or t[2 !n c>ry a lead] f "o mort> to ! o!r1 & f all ! outside mort>s to t 9 ! middle4 ,^! lead]s are to be put betwe5 ! cases & ! sides ( ! mort>1 d[n to ! p[d] at bottom4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! middle mort>1 fix a fire pump1 or brilliant f\nta91 & suffici5tly long to project out ( ! m\? ( ! mort>4 ,!n secure ! mort>s1 by pa/+ pap] ov] _! tops4 ,! ne/ ( s]p5ts 7z mort>s ?us prep>$ are call$7 is fir$ by light+ ! fire-pump1 :i*1 :5 consum$1 w communicate to all ! mort>s at once by means ( ! lead]s4 ,s+le mort>s are call$ pots des aigrettes4 ,if ! mort>s1 :5 load$1 are s5t to any di/ance1 or liable to be mu* mov$1 ! fir+ p[d] %\ld be secur$ f gett+ among/ ! s]p5ts1 :i* w\ld endang] ! mort>s1 z well z injure _! p]=mance4 ,to prev5t ?is accid5t1 ! mort>s are to be load$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]2 ,fir/1 put 9 ! fir+ p[d]1 & spread x equally2 !n cut a r\nd piece ( blue t\* pap]1 equal to ! ext]ior diamet] ( ! mort>1 & draw a circle on x equal to its int]ior diamet]1 & not* x z f> z t circle3 !n pa/e t "p1 :i* is not*$1 & put x 9 ! mort> close to ! p[d]1 & /ick ! pa/$ edge to ! mort>4 ,?is w secure ! p[d] at ! bottom1 s t x may be mov$ & c>ri$ )\t receiv+ any damage4 ,= mort>s ( six1 eight1 or t5 in*es diamet]1 ! s]p5ts %\ld be made 9 "o & two-ounce cases1 six or sev5 in*es long1 & fir$ by a lead]1 br\ght out ( ! m\? ( ! mort>1 & turn$ d[n ! outside2 its end be+ cov]$ ) pap]1 to prev5t ! sp>ks ( ! o!r works f sett+ x on fire4 ,= a six-in* mort>1 let ! quantity ( p[d] = fir+ be two ounces2 = an eight-in*1 two ounces & ?ree-qu>t]s2 & = a t5-in*1 ?ree ounces & ?ree-qu>t]s4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ^!1 z well z small mort>s1 n to put ! s]p5ts 9 tight1 = fe> ( bur/+ ! mort>s4 ,^! mort>s may be load$ ) />s1 crack]s1 c4 ,sec4 ,,vii4 ,( ,mak+1 ,load+1 & ,fir+ ,pots des ,br9s4 ,^! are =m$ ( pa/ebo>d1 & mu/ be roll$ pretty ?ick4 ,!y are usually made ?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & f\r diamet]s long2 & p9*$ at "o end l common cases4 ,a numb] ( ^! are plac$ on a plank 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,hav+ fix$ on a plank two r[s ( wood5 pegs1 cut1 9 ! bottom ( ! plank1 a groove ! :ole l5g?1 "u ea* r[ ( pegs4 ,!n ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ea* peg1 bore a hole d[n to ! groove at bottom1 &1 on e peg1 fix & glue a pot1 ^: m\? mu/ fit tight on ! peg4 ,?r\gh all ! holes1 run a quick-mat*1 "o end ( :i* mu/ g into ! pot1 & ! o!r into ! groove1 hav+ a mat* laid 9 ! groove f end to end1 & cov]$ ) pap]2 s t1 :5 light$ at "o end1 x may dis*>ge ! :ole almo/ at ! same in/ant4 ,9 all ! pots1 put ab\t "o ounce ( meal & gra9$ p[d]4 ,!n 9 "s put />s1 & 9 o!rs ra9s1 snakes1 s]p5ts1 crack]s1 c4 ,:5 !y are all load$1 pa/e pap] ov] _! m\?s4 ,two or ?ree hundr$ ( ^! pots be+ fir$ toge!r1 make a brilliant appe>ance by af=d+ s great a v>iety ( fires4 ,sec4 ,,viii4 ,rem>ks respect+ ,fire ,pots4 ,fire pots1 call$ also pots ( ordnance1 9 pyrote*ny1 are no?+ m ?an vessels us$ 91 z well z =1 ! exhibition ( artificial fire-works4 ,!y are g5]ally =m$ ( ?ick pa/ebo>d1 made by pa/+ toge!r six or eight %eets ( pap]1 ( two in*es int]ior diamet]1 ?ree in*es ext]ior diamet]1 & fifte5 in*es long4 ,!y are always plac$ ^u a solid block or plank1 & pres]v$ 9 a firm position4 ,!re is a /opp] or plug made ( wood1 :i* goes "o in* into ea* case or pot1 & is !re glu$ & secur$ by nails4 ,?is plug is turn$ ) a screw1 :i* ent]s ! plank1 & pres]ves ! pot 9 a /eady position4 ,! plank1 on :i* ! pots re/1 is usually ?ree in*es wide1 an in* & a half ?ick1 & suffici5tly long to receive twelve pots1 plac$ at ! di/ance ( half an in* ap>t4 ,be=e ! pots are fix$ on1 a hole is made ?r\gh ea* plug 9 its c5tre1 to receive a quick mat*1 :i* passes ?r\gh to ! composition4 ,a groove is also made 9 ! plank1 9 its l5g?1 "o-?ird ( an in* squ>e2 & 9 su* a mann]1 t ! holes1 :i* communicate to ! int]ior ( ! pots ?r\gh ! plugs1 mu/ come 9 ! middle ( ! groove4 ,:5 ! quick-mat* is put ?r\gh ! plugs1 to communicate ) ! int]ior ( ! pots1 we mu/ leave ab\t two in*es on ! outside4 ,at ea* hole1 also1 we put "s prim+ pa/e1 & !n p]mit x to dry4 ,if x is requir$ to dis*>ge !m all at once1 ?is may be done by mak+ a communication ?r\gh ! groove1 by means ( lead]s 9 ! mann] be=e m5tion$2 & cov]+ ! lead]s ) f\r or five b&s ( pap]1 & sett+ ! mat* or lead] on fire4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 !y are to g (f 9 succession1 ! groove is fill$ ) bran1 :i* is press$ ) ! f+]s1 & is !n cov]$ ) pap]4 ,! mat* ( communication ) ! pots mu/1 h[ev]1 be pres]v$4 ,! bran causes ! fire to communicate gradually f "o to ! o!r4 ,pots are *>g$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,we fir/ make ! sacs ( p[d]4 ,= ?is purpose1 we h z _m squ>es ( pap] z !re are pots1 :i* are made into cyl9d]s on ! same roll] t =m$ ! pots4 ,into ea* is put ab\t an ounce ( ! *>ge-composition1 h]eaft] m5tion$1 ) two pieces ( mat*1 suffici5tly long to come out an in*4 ,!y are !n clos$ & ti$1 & ! excess is cut (f4 ,"o ( ^! sacs is put into ea* pot1 hav+ previ\sly pi]c$ x ) sev]al small holes1 & spr9kl$ x ) meal p[d]4 ,aft] ?is1 ! g>ni%+1 furniture1 or decoration is add$1 always obs]v+ to put ! prim$ "p d[nw>ds4 ,a wad ( pap] is !n put ov] ! :ole1 & ! m\? is clos$ ) pa/$ pap]4 ,composition ( ! *>ge = fire pots4 ,gunp[d]1 9 brok5 gra9s1 #af oz4 ,*>coal1 #c -- ,fire pots are dis*>g$ 9 ! way we h describ$1 :i* is consid]$ ! be/ & mo/ c]ta92 or !y may be fir$ by communicat+ ! fire ) a mat*1 pass+ out ( ! m\?1 & hang+ ov] ! sides4 ,ano!r mode may be us$1 simil> to t = dis*>g+ balloons or bombs1 b on a scale proportionate !reto4 ,pots may be dis*>g$ 9 any direction2 h5ce two pieces1 or sets1 may be fir$ adv]sely1 l rockets f ! regulat$ rocket case4 ,_! effect dep5ds1 z we h frequ5tly obs]v$1 on _! furniture or decorations4 ,! /r5g? ( fire pots is also to be consid]$4 ,if !y are made ?ree in*es 9 int]ior diamet]1 x is prud5t to cov] !m ) /\t canvass1 or small cord1 wrapp$ r\nd & cov]$ ) a coat ( glue1 9 ! same mann] z = t\rbillons4 ,fire pots are calculat$ to ?r[ s]p5ts1 c4 9 ! air4 ,mort>s1 x w be recollect$1 are design$ to dis*>ge %ells or balloons1 :i* are ?r[n to a consid]able height1 by ! p[d] plac$ 9 ! conical cavity2 :]eas fire pots1 al?\gh _! cont5ts are ?r[n out by bl[+ p[d]1 are diff]5tly made at ! bottom1 & m]ely design$ to project s]p5ts1 />s1 c4 to a small di/ance4 ,be+ prim$1 !y take fire z !y pass out ( ! pot4 ,! *>ge is sometimes gunp[d]1 &1 z above1 compos$ ( gunp[d] & *>coal1 to less5 ! p[] ( ! =m]4 ,! pr9ciple1 on :i* !y are dis*>g$1 is ! same4 ,fire pots are call$ pots ( ordnance1 because !y are us$ = dis*>g+ sundry sub/ances1 by means ( gunp[d]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,( ,,p>ticul> ,,compositions4 ,sec4 ,i4 ,( ,fire-,jets1 or ,fire-,sp\ts4 ,fire-jets are produc$ by c]ta9 compositions1 :i* are employ$ 9 cases1 & are *>g$ solid4 ,!y are =m$ & us$ accord+ to ta/e or fancy4 ,! jets are made ) a calib] ( f "o-?ird ( an in*1 to "o in* & "o-?ird1 9 int]ior diamet]4 ,!y are sev5 or eight ext]ior diamet]s 9 l5g?1 & are *>g$ 9 ! usual mann] ) ! composition1 h]eaft] m5tion$1 driv+ ea* *>ge ) tw5ty bl[s ) a small mallet4 ,! fir/ *>ge mu/ be ! common fire composition4 ,"s ( ! compositions 9 ! foll[+ table h already be5 m5tion$1 :5 treat+ ( c]ta9 fire-works2 b we deem x ( importance to notice !m 9 a connect$ mann]1 s t we may h ! =mul 9 "o view4 ,fire-jets1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 are calculat$ z well = turn+1 z = fix$ pieces4 ,common ,fire = calib]s ( "o-?ird ( an in*4 ,meal-p[d]1 #af oz4 ,*>coal1 #c -- ,common ,fire = calib]s ( five-twelf?s to half an in*4 ,meal-p[d]1 #af oz4 ,*>coal1 #c -- #d dr4 ,common fire = calib]s above half an in*4 ,meal-p[d]1 #af oz4 ,*>coal1 #d -- ,brilliant fire = ord9>y calib]s4 ,meal-p[d]1 #af oz4 ,fil+s ( iron1 #d -- ,ano!r1 m beautiful4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,fil+s ( /eel1 #d -- ,ano!r1 m brilliant1 = any calib]4 ,meal p[d]1 #ah oz4 ,saltpetre1 #b -- ,fil+s ( /eel1 #e -- ,ano!r1 v brilliant1 = two-?irds ( an in* calib]1 & above4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,saltpetre1 #a -- ,sulphur1 #a -- ,fil+s ( /eel1 #g -- ,brilliant fire1 m cle>1 = any calib]4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,fil+s ( ne$les1 or ( ne$le /eel1 #c -- ,silv]-ra9 = calib]s above two-?irds ( an in*4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,saltpetre1 #a -- ,sulphur1 #a -- ,fil+s ( /eel1 f9e1 #d -- #d dr4 ,gr& jessam9e1 = any calib]4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,saltpetre #a -- ,sulphur1 #a -- ,fil+s ( spr+ /eel1 #f -- ,small jessam9e1 idem4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,saltpetre1 #a -- ,sulphur1 #a -- ,fil+s ( /eel1 ! be/1 #e -- ,:ite fire1 idem4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,saltpetre1 #h -- ,sulphur1 #b -- ,:ite fire1 idem4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,sulphur1 #c -- ,blue fire1 = p>asols & cascades4 ,meal p[d]1 #h oz4 ,saltpetre1 #d -- ,sulphur1 #f -- ,z9c1 #f -- ,ano!r blue fire1 = calib]s ( half an in*1 & upw>ds4 ,saltpetre1 #h oz4 ,meal p[d]1 #d -- ,sulphur1 #d -- ,z9c1 #ag -- ,! cases *>g$ ) ?is composition are only employ$ = furni%+ ! c5tre ( "s pieces1 ! movem5t ( :i* dep5ds on o!r cases2 = ^!1 hav+ no =ce1 w\ld n move ! piece4 ,blue ,fire1 = any calib]4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,saltpetre1 #b -- ,sulphur1 #h -- ,radiant ,fire1 idem4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,fil+s ( p9s1 7d'ep+les7 #c -- ,gre5 ,fire1 idem4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,fil+s ( copp]1 #c -- #b dr4 ,aurora ,fire1 idem4 ,meal p[d]1 #af oz4 ,gold p[d]1 7,p\dre d'or7 #c -- ,= ,italian roses or fix$ />s4 ,meal p[d]1 #b oz4 ,saltpetre1 #d -- ,sulphur1 #a -- ,ano!r1 = ! same4 ,meal-p[d]1 #ab oz4 ,saltpetre1 #af -- ,sulphur1 #aj -- ,antimony1 #a -- ,! jets ( fire1 :i* are v>i\s accord+ to ! composition employ$1 may appe> "u sev]al =ms1 sometimes 9 "o & sometimes 9 ano!r2 & h5ce !y may put on an a/]oid appe>ance1 or t ( a f\nta91 or wat] sp\t1 or ! =m ( ra94 ,! effect1 h[ev]1 is v elegant2 &1 9 conjunction ) o!r species ( fire-works1 _c fail to *ange ! g5]al appe>ance1 by modify+ ! :ole1 or r5d]+ x m v>i\s4 ,^! compositions are g5]ally us$ 9 ! mann] be=e m5tion$1 9 cases ( diff]5t sizes2 b !y may1 "u p>ticul> circum/ances1 be employ$ o!rwise4 ,9 fact1 ! =ms :i* may be giv5 to ! flame ( gunp[d]1 or ! sub/ances :i* compose x1 ei!r by increas+ or ret>d+ its combu/ion1 or *ang+ ! appe>ance ( ! flame1 & giv+ x ! =m ( jets1 />s1 ra91 c4 are s num]\s1 t x furni%es alone an important bran* ( ,pyrote*ny4 ,^! effects w be detail$1 :5 we treat ( ! =mation ( comp\nd works4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ,prim+ & ,:it5+ ,cases1 & ,rem>ks conc]n+ ,spunk & ,t\* ,pap]4 ,:5 ! cases are *>g$1 we pi]ce !m ) a small awl1 or make a hole ) a gimblet 9 ! end1 if x %\ld be /opp$ ) clay1 or probe !m ) a drill1 z fire-work]s call x1 9 ! hole :i* _h be5 fill$1 9 :i* we put "s m ( ! composition4 ,?is precaution is consid]$ necess>y1 9 ord] t ! e>? %\ld n cov] int]nally ! hole ( ! pi]c]4 ,a piece ( mat* is !n introduc$1 :i* ext5ds on ! outside1 & is secur$ !re ) a plug ( wood4 ,br[n pap]1 made ei!r ( l95 or cotton1 b n ( wooll5 clo?1 :5 soak$ 9 a conc5trat$ solution ( saltpetre1 is1 we h said1 r5d]$ v combu/ible1 & w convey fire = small works ) mu* facility4 ,x is ?is pap]1 call$ t\*1 or m prop]ly mat*1 pap]1 t is us$ = capp+1 c4 ,pap] ( ?is k9d may sometimes be us$1 z = crack]s1 s]p5ts1 c4 ,cotton quick-mat*1 h[ev]1 is us$ m g5]ally2 &1 = l>ge works1 :5 employ$ z a lead]1 x is usually conf9$ 9 a prop] tube1 ! bett] to pres]ve x entire1 & to keep x dry4 ,spunk1 made by soak+ c]ta9 species ( fungus 9 a solution ( saltpetre1 takes fire v readily by ! lea/ sp>k1 &1 !re=e1 is us$ = collect+ & pres]v+ ! fire f fl9t & /eel4 ,?is spunk1 :5 well made1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! prop] k9d ( fungus1 may be cut into slips1 & employ$ advantage\sly 9 "s fire-works4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 ! object is ! same1 to communicate fire ) facility to ! p[d]1 or composition2 & ?is object may be atta9$ by all ^? me?ods1 :i* we h _h occasion frequ5tly to m5tion4 ,see ,pyrote*nical ,sponge4 ,to :it5 cases is an op]ation1 :i* m]ely consi/s 9 cov]+ !m ) pap]1 & is p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,we procure z _m half-%eets ( pap] z we h cases1 & put !m on a table "o ^u ano!r4 ,we pa/e ! pap]1 & roll ea* case 9 "o ( ^! %eets1 :i* is nam$ ! cov]+4 ,! pap] is cut 9 su* a mann]1 t x passes ov] ! end ( ea* case an in* & a half4 ,!re is no p>ticul> use 9 ?is cov]+1 ! case be+ made suffici5tly /rong )\t x2 x makes1 h[ev]1 a h&some f9i%4 ,9 ! ,*9ese fire-works1 _! cases are cov]$ ) diff]5t col\r$ pap]s1 & frequ5tly ornam5t$ ) gild+4 ,9 all t ,i h se51 ) "s ( :i* ,i h made exp]im5ts1 ! mat* ( communication is no?+ m ?an twi/$ mat*-pap]4 ,! figures are made ( pap]1 pa9t$1 & ornam5t$ 9 ! same way2 "s resembl+ animals1 c4 b on a small scale4 ,! lead]s are fix$ 9 ! usual mann]1 & ! works are fir$ 9 ! same way4 ,t\rbillons1 s]p5ts1 & crack]s are *iefly ! k9d :i* we h se54 ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ,*9ese ,fire4 ,! composition = produc+ ?is fire1 z x is peculi>1 & !re=e di/9ct f all o!rs1 0 inv5t$ by ! ,*9ese1 & h5ce be>s t "n4 ,! sub/ance1 :i* produces ! peculi> effect is ca/ or crude iron4 ,see ,iron4 ,x 0 ! brilliant light1 produc$ :5 iron fil+s are ?r[n into ! fire1 t gave rise to an improvem5t 9 ! fire ( rockets1 r5d]+ x mu* m beautiful1 ?an :5 gunp[d]1 or ! sub/ances ( :i* x is compos$1 are alone employ$4 ,! ,*9ese h long be5 9 possession ( a me?od ( r5d]+ fire brilliant1 & v>iegat$ 9 its col\rs4 ,ca/-iron1 r$uc$ to a p[d] m or less f9e1 is call$ iron-s&1 because x answ]s to ! "n giv5 to x by ! ,*9ese4 ,!y use old iron pots1 :i* !y pulv]ize1 till ! gra9s are n l>g] ?an radi% se$2 & ^! !y sep>ate into sizes or numb]s1 = p>ticul> purposes4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 t rockets1 into ! composition ( :i*1 iron-fil+s & iron-s& ent]1 _c be long pres]v$1 ow+ to ! *ange :i* ! iron und]goes 9 consequ5ce ( moi/ure4 ,x may be prop] to introduce "h two tables1 :i* exhibit ! proportions ( ! diff]5t +r$i5ts = rockets ( ?is k9d f #ab to #cc lbs4 ,= ,r$ ,*9ese ,fire4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,calib]s4 ,saltpetre4 ,sulphur4 ,*>coal4 ,pulv4 ca/ iron4 ,no4 #a4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- lbs4 lbs4 oz4 oz4 oz4 dr4 #ab to #ae #a #c #d #g #j #ah -- #ba #a #c #e #g #h #bd -- #cf #a #d #f #h #j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,= ,:ite ,*9ese ,fire4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,calib]s4 ,saltpetre4 ,meal-p[d]4 ,*>coal4 ,pulv4 ca/ iron4 ,no4 #b4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- lbs4 lbs4 oz4 oz4 dr4 oz4 dr4 #ab to #ae #a #ab #g #h #aa #j #ah -- #ba #a #aa #h #j #aa #h #bd -- #cf #a #aa #h #h #ab #j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,^! sub/ances are incorporat$ toge!r 9 ! mann] already /at$4 ,! ca/-iron1 we obs]v$1 is r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 or r s&1 z ! ,fr5* fire-work]s call x1 & is !n pass$ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,= ! me?od ( r$uc+ x to p[d]1 consult ! article on ,iron4 ,t ! brilliancy ( ! fire is ow+ to ! iron 9 its crude /ate1 )\t be+ conv]t$ into s(t or malleable iron1 a process :i* c>ries (f a l>ge quantity ( c>bon1 oxyg51 c4 & increases its specific gravity1--is v evid5t f ! effect produc$4 ,wr\ght iron w occasion sc9tillations1 some:at ( ! same appe>ance1 & /eel1 also1 9 great] abundance2 & h5ce bo? are employ$ 9 sundry compositions4 ,b ! p>ticul> "*1 beauty1 & brilliancy ( ,*9ese fire mu/ be attribut$1 fir/ to ! iron1 & secondly to its peculi> /ate ( comb9ation ) c>bon & oxyg52 =1 we h said1 t malleable iron1 7:i* is depriv$ 9 a great measure ( ^! sub/ances 9 ! op]ation requir$ = its prep>ation71 produces an effect f> inf]ior to ca/ iron4 ,?is diff]5ce !n c only arise f ! quality1 "*1 composition1 or prop]ties ( ^! two k9ds ( iron4 ,/eel1 on ! contr>y1 hav+ a m vivid effect ?an wr\ght iron1 owes its prop]ties to ano!r /ate ( comb9ation ( ! iron & c>bon4 ,h5ce we acc\nt = ! diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ! flame1 & consequ5tly ! effect1 9 ! diff]5t mixtures ( crude iron1 malleable iron1 & /eel4 ,we h already rem>k$1 9 treat+ ( iron1 & 9 expla9+ ! action ( bodies 9 ! process ( combu/ion1 9 ! section on ! !ory ( fire-works1 t ! effect ( "s sub/ances 0 to produce sp>ks1 />s1 c4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 namely1 ! effect ( ! composition ( ! ,*9ese fire by combu/ion1 ! iron is fir/ ignit$ by ! p[]ful heat creat$ by ! combu/ion ( ! p[d]1 nitre1 *>coal1 & sulphur1 & 9 ?is /ate1 is ?r[n out ) viol5ce1 & is itself consum$4 ,! combu/ion ( iron is no?+ m ?an its oxidizem5t1 dur+ :i* a brilliant fire1 :i* *>act]izes s pre-em95tly ! ,*9ese fire1 is produc$4 ,?is oxidizem5t ( ! metal1 9 proportion z x is m rapid1 necess>ily gives rise to ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion1 :i*1 9 ?is1 & ! g5]ality ( in/ances1 presupposes a comb9ation ) oxyg54 ,! fire is1 !re=e1 m brilliant1 z ! combu/ion is m rapid1 & ! metal may be oxidiz$ 9 a great] or less] degree1 b n to a maximum4 ,f ! effect tak+ place 9 ! air1 z x does n ensue1 or is n se51 9 ! case1 x foll[s1 t ! iron receives = ! support ( its combu/ion ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,we h said1 t ! sub/ances :i* compose ca/-iron1 are iron1 c>bon1 & oxyg51 9 a peculi> /ate ( comb9ation4 ,we may also conclude1 !re=e1 t1 z c>bon1 by combu/ion 9 oxyg5 gas1 or 9 atmosph]ic air1 :i* conta9s ab\t tw5ty-two p] c5t4 produces c>bonic acid1 ! c>bon ( ! iron dur+ its combu/ion1 is *ang$1 by its union ) oxyg51 into ?is acid4 ,! products1 !n1 are oxide ( iron1 & c>bonic acid1 ! latt] exi/+ 9 ! gase\s /ate4 ,) respect to ! o!r products ( combu/ion1 aris+ f ! gunp[d]1 saltpetre1 sulphur1 & *>coal1 we h be=e notic$ !m4 ,see ,gunp[d]1 & ! ,g5]al ,!ory ( ,fire-,works4 ,we may rem>k1 at ! same "t1 t ! int5se heat1 produc$ z well by ! combu/ion ( ! gunp[d]1 z by ! combu/ion ( *>coal & sulphur1 9 contact ) ! nitrate ( potassa1 br+s ! metal almo/ to a /ate ( fusion2 :i*1 be+ ?r[n (f 9 ?is /ate1 & consid]ably divid$1 is act$ ^u by ! oxyg5 on all sides1 caus+ ! effect to be uni=m & g5]al4 ,! quantity ( iron1 x w be se51 :i* ent]s into ! diff]5t compositions1 is v>i\s1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> purpose to :i* ! composition is appli$4 ,! effect1 !re=e1 may be v>i$1 z we employ m or less ( ! iron2 & ! /ate ( ignition may be affect$1 z ! proportions ( nitre & *>coal are increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,^! facts are obvi\s1 by ref]r+ to ! respective =mul1 & ! application ( ! sev]al compositions4 ,x is1 besides1 no less true1 t z mu* c>e is requir$ 9 select+ pure mat]ials = e k9d ( artificial fire1 z scrupul\s accuracy1 9 foll[+ ! proportions prescrib$4 ,nor is ?is all2 ! mixture mu/ be intimately made1 or ! effect w\ld be d\btful & unc]ta94 ,!re is a p>ticul> mann] requir$ = prep>+ ! composition ( ,*9ese fire4 ,all ! sub/ances mu/ be pass$ ?ree times ?r\gh a sieve1 except ! sulphur1 & ! pulv]iz$ ca/-iron4 ,^! are mix$ by !mselves1 & aft]w>ds ) ! o!r sub/ances4 ,!y are turn$ ov] frequ5tly ) ! h&4 ,cases are fill$ ) x 9 ! same mann] z o!r compositions4 ,9 ord] to make ! mixture ( ! sulphur ) ! iron m intimate1 ! latt] may be wett$ occasionally ) _s ( w9e1 :i* %\ld conta9 no wat]1 z wat] w\ld t5d to ru/ ! metal1 & injure its effect4 ,! sulphur w\ld !n mix ) m fre$om1 & ! composition be m p]fect4 ,! _s ( w9e1 act+ m]ely z a vehicle1 aft]w>ds evaporates2 &1 z x has no *emical action on ei!r ! sulphur or ! metal1 !y w\ld rema9 unalt]$4 ,by proce$+ 9 ?is mann]2 namely1 fir/ mix+ ! o!r sub/ances by !mselves1 & aft]w>ds ! iron & sulphur1 & !n ! :ole1 we =m an intimate mixture ?r\gh\t4 ,! composition1 prep>$ 9 ?is way1 makes ! fire m brilliant2 giv+ x a great] lu/re ?an by proce$+ 9 a contr>y mann]4 ,we are in=m$1 t spontane\s combu/ion has frequ5tly tak5 place1 by suff]+ ! iron & alcohol1 or _s ( w9e1 to rema9 9 contact2 &1 al?\gh ?is appe>s an anomaly1 :i* we w n attempt to expla91 yet t x is a fact1 & t x has occurr$ at ,p>is1 we h ! au?ority ( ,m4 ,morel4 ,:5 ! ca/-iron is r$uc$ to p[d]1 or s&1 x is divid$ into sev]al sorts1 :i* are proportion$ to ! calib] employ$4 ,^! sorts are m>k$ or numb]$1 & are us$ z foll[s3 ,= calib]s "u #g_/ab?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ,no4 #a2 = ^? ( #g_/ab?s to #aj_/ab?s1 ,no4 #b2 & = l>g] calib]s1 ,no4 #c4 ,9 *>g+ ) ! composition1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to turn x ov] repeat$ly at e o!r ladle full2 because ! iron1 :i* is ! heavie/ sub/ance1 is liable to fall to ! bottom4 ,if ! composition be n equally diffus$1 ! fire w\ld be irregul>1 & g out by puffs4 ,?is is a defect :i* ought to be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,! mixture ( ! composition = ,jessam9e is made 9 ! same mann]4 ,*9ese fire1 9 cases1 is commonly employ$ 9 g>ni%+1 z x is call$1 ! circumf]5ce ( a decoration1 or 9 =m+ pyramids1 gall]ies1 yew trees1 cascades1 palm trees1 or 9 %ort1 9 produc+ a v>iety ( figures1 accord+ to ta/e & fancy4 ,!y are (t5 employ$ 9 turn+ pieces = _! la/ fire1 9 consequ5ce ( ! brilliancy ( _! effect4 ,we are told1 t no?+ is m elegant ?an ,*9ese fire2 & t x =ms1 9 its desc5t1 fl[]s ( v>iegat$ beauty1 :i*1 be+ scatt]$ ab\t by ! rotation ( ! piece1 resemble ! hydraulic gir&ole 9 ! rays ( ! sun4 ,*9ese fire1 h[ev]1 has little =ce2 & h5ce1 :5 x is us$1 x is accompani$ ) o!r fire1 z two or m jets ( :ite fire4 ,! latt] is only employ$1 :5 ! ,*9ese fire is to be exhibit$ on :eels1 or turn+ pieces4 ,:5 x is on fix$ pieces1 !re is no occasion = !m4 ,cases ( ,*9ese fire1 :5 burnt alone1 w n turn a :eel4 ,z ! effect ( ,*9ese fire on :eels dep5ds greatly on ! motion ( ! :eel1 its velocity %\ld !re=e be accel]at$2 :i*1 al?\gh ! duration ( its effect w\ld be %ort] & m brilliant1 may be produc$ by employ+ sev]al cases ( :ite fire1 & communicat+ _! fire "o to ! o!r by lead]s 9 ! usual mann]4 ,!re is no d\bt1 t ! accel]at$ motion ( ! :eel causes ! composition to burn m rapidly1 9 ! same way z a bell[s excites ! heat ( a bla/-furnace2 &1 !re=e1 ! increas$ brilliancy ( ! fire may be attribut$ to ! great] rapidity ( ! combu/ion1 :i* necess>ily produces1 9 a %ort] "t1 ! oxidizem5t ( ! iron1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! combu/ion ( ! o!r sub/ances4 ,) respect to ! comp>ative =ce ( compositions1 or t p[] by :i* cases1 z rockets1 c4 asc5d1 or :i* gives motion to v]tical & horizontal :eels1 we may obs]ve g5]ally1 t ^! effects dep5d on ! compositions employ$2 & t ! recoil1 9 su* in/ances1 is proportionate to ! impell+ p[]2 = ! resi/ance ) :i* ! fire meets f ! air1 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! calib] ( ! case1 causes a reaction1 :i* produces ! recoil1 & consequ5tly ! motion ( ! :eel4 ,t ?is effect dep5ds1 9 a great] or less degree1 on ! composition we use1 & ! mann] ! case is *>g$1 is v evid5t4 7,see ,g5]al ,!ory ( ,fire-,works4 ,"p #a47 ,composition ( ,*9ese ,fire = calib]s "u t5-twelf?s ( an in*4 ,meal-p[d]1 #af oz4 ,saltpetre1 #af -- ,sulphur1 #d -- ,*>coal1 #d -- ,pulv]iz$ ca/ iron1 #ad -- ,ano!r ( ! same4 ,meal-p[d]1 #af oz4 ,sulphur1 #c -- ,*>coal1 #c -- ,pulv]iz$ ca/ iron1 #g -- ,ano!r1 = ,palm-trees & ,cascades4 ,saltpetre1 #ab oz4 ,meal-p[d]1 #af -- ,sulphur1 #h -- ,*>coal1 #d -- ,pulv]iz$ ca/ iron1 #aj -- ,ano!r1 :ite1 = calib]s ( eight & t5-twelf?s ( an in*4 ,saltpetre1 #af oz4 ,sulphur1 #h -- ,meal-p[d]1 #af -- ,pulv]iz$ ca/ iron1 #ab -- ,ano!r1 = ,g]bes ( t51 & elev5-twelf?s & "o in* calib]4 ,saltpetre1 #a oz4 ,sulphur1 #a -- ,meal-p[d]1 #h -- ,*>coal1 #a -- ,pulv]iz$ ca/ iron1 #h -- ,x may be prop] to rem>k1 t ! above =mul are all approv$2 z !y h be5 us$ 9 ,france1 & are giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,morel & ,bigot4 ,we are in=m$1 inde$1 t ^! proportions produce ! mo/ p]fect fire1 :i* surpasses ! fire ( ! ,*9ese4 ,f ! _m exp]im5ts made 9 ,france1 in/itut$ ) ! view ( det]m9+ ! be/ proportions1 & lead+1 9 fact1 to ! improvem5t ( ! orig9al composition1 we d n hesitate to give !m ! pref]5ce ov] all o!rs4 ,9 ! composition ( :eel-cases1 ,*9ese fire is sometimes us$1 & !n only = decoration2 b 9 ne>ly all ! compositions employ$1 9 :eel-works1 = /&+ or fix$ cases1 sun-cases1 c4 /eel-du/ =ms a con/itu5t "p4 ,! proportion x be>s to o!r sub/ances is v>i\s3 viz4 to meal-p[d]1 z "o to five1 "o to t51 c4 ,9 "o ( ! =mul = brilliant fire1 ! proportion is /ill great]1 & 9 ano!r less2 b by mix+ sev5 & a half ounces ( /eel-du/ ) meal-p[d]1 saltpetre1 & sulphur 9 ! proportion ( elev5 p\nds1 "o p\nd two ounces1 & f\r ounces respectively1 a composition is =m$1 calculat$ to produce a brilliant fire4 ,b z ?is subject w be consid]$1 :5 we treat ( :eel-works1 /&+ pieces1 c4 & ! diff]5t compositions app]ta9+ !reto1 we w\ld only obs]ve1 t ,*9ese fire %\ld always be pref]r$1 :]e ! object is decid$ly appe>ance1 ) brilliancy & spl5d\r4 ,sec4 ,,iv4 ,( ,b5gal ,lights4 ,we h _h occasion to m5tion h]et(ore1 t metallic z well z ! crude1 or sulphuret (1 antimony1 ent]$ z a compon5t "p into "s compositions1 9 ord] to v>y ! effect & appe>ance ( ! flame4 ,t ?is is ! effect1 9 ! composition1 :i* con/itutes ! ,b5gal lights1 is a fact well kn[n1 & to :i* its p>ticul> "* is ow+4 ,b5gal lights1 9 consequ5ce ( ! :it5ess & brilliancy ( _! flame1 are consid]$ z highly important 9 fire-works4 ,! composition 0 a long "t kept secret1 & arti/s 7 at a loss to comp\nd x1 = ^? :o possess$ ! secret1 x appe>s1 w\ld n divulge x4 ,simple z x is1 x 0 n kn[n1 until _m exp]im5ts 7 made1 :i* prov$ its id5tity ) ! orig9al ,b5gal composition2 &1 s9ce t "t1 x has be5 confirm$ by ! orig9al =mula4 ,morel assures u1 t he pur*as$ ! secret4 ,composition ( ,b5gal ,lights4 ,saltpetre1 #c lbs4 ,sulphur1 #ac oz4 #d dr4 ,antimony1 #g oz4 #d dr4 ,!y are pulv]iz$ & mix$ 9 ! usual mann]1 & pass$ ?ree times ?r\gh a hair sieve4 ,any quantity may be made at "o "t4 ,! composition is usually put 9 e>!n vessels1 )\t decorations4 ,!y may be ( diff]5t sizes1 &1 9 fact1 z broad z !y are high1 suffici5tly l>ge1 h[ev]1 to conta9 ! composition4 ,a small quantity ( dry meal-p[d] is scatt]$ ov] its surface1 & a %eet ( pap] is ti$ on to secure x4 ,x is prim$ ) port fire mat*4 ,! effect ( ?is mixture is evid5tly t ( ! combu/ion ( ! sulphuret ( antimony1 z well z ( ! sulphur4 ,! nitre furni%es ! oxyg5 to bo?1 &1 z ! combu/ion is rapid1 ! metal is oxidiz$1 probably =m+ ! antimonic acid1 z ! antimony may be oxidiz$ to ! maximum4 ,!re is ano!r view1 9 :i* ?is combu/ion may be consid]$4 ,accord+ to ! pres5t !ory ( ! =mation ( sulphuric acid1 by ! combu/ion ( sulphur1 & nitre 9 lead5 *amb]s1 x appe>s1 t sulphur\s acid is fir/ produc$1 & nitric oxide gas1 7deutoxide ( azote71 is also =m$2 & t ! latt] by unit+ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air is *ang$ into nitr\s acid1 :i* is !n act$ ^u by ! sulphur\s acid1 & is decompos$4 ,"p ( its oxyg5 comb9es ) ! sulphur\s acid1 *ang+ x into ! sulphuric1 & deutoxide ( azote is reproduc$4 ,9 all probability1 !n1 9 ! combu/ion ( ! composition ( ,b5gal lights1 ! nitric oxide itself may affect ! combu/ion ( ! antimony1 :i*1 z x w\ld be envelop$ 9 nitr\s acid vap\r1 aris+ f ! union ( nitr\s gas & oxyg51 may pres5t1 9 a measure1 "o ( ^? cases ( combu/ion1 9 :i* nitric oxide acts z a support]1 af=d+ on t acc\nt a p>ticul> ph5om5on4 ,reason+ a po/]iori1 ?is may be affect$ aga9 by ! =mation ( sulphuric acid2 = a "p ( ! sulphur\s acid may be *ang$ into sulphuric1 n by its imm$iate union ) ! oxyg5 ( ! nitre1 accord+ to ! old !ory1 b by ! decomposition ( ! vap\r ( nitr\s acid4 ,?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 is suffici5t1 t ! nitre is decompos$1 & dur+ its decomposition1 ! sulphur & antimony are br\ght into action2 t a l>ge quantity ( caloric & light is evolv$1 :e!r f ! oxyg5 gas ( ! atmosph]e1 or ! sub/ances !mselves we w n /op to inquire2 &1 t1 9 ! act ( combu/ion1 ! sulphur & antimony are acidifi$1 =m+ new products4 ,x w be se51 by exam9+ ! =mul = ! composition ( ! :ite & blue-lances1 t !y bo? conta9 antimony1 b 9 diff]5t proportions3 ?us1 9 ! :ite lance1 ! proportion ( antimony is z "o to eight ( sulphur1 z "o to sixte5 ( saltpetre1 & z "o to f\r ( meal-p[d]2 & 9 ! blue-lance1 z x is compos$ only ( saltpetre & antimony1 ! proportion ( ! latt] to ! =m] is z eight to sixte54 ,9 ! composition ( ,italian roses1 or fix$ />s1 ! proportion ( antimony is /ill small]1 & is z "o to t5 ( sulphur1 "o to sixte5 ( saltpetre1 & "o to twelve ( meal-p[d]4 ,n[1 by comp>+ ^! proportions ) ^? :i* con/itute ! ,b5gal light composition1 !y w be f\nd to diff] f ^? compositions1 into :i* ! same sub/ances ent]2 =1 9 ! ,b5gal lights1 ! proportion ( ! antimony to ! sulphur is z five to n9e1 & to ! saltpetre1 z five to ?irty-two1 or !reab\t4 ,! inf]5ce we draw1 !re=e1 is1 t ! :ite lance composition diff]s f ! blue1 9 conta9+ meal-p[d] & sulphur1 & ! latt] f ! =m]1 9 conta9+ no sulphur1 b eight times z mu* antimony2 t ! :ite-lance composition v>ies f ! ,b5gal light1 by conta9+ "o-half less ( saltpetre1 "o-fif? less ( antimony1 & "o-n9? less ( sulphur2 & t ! ,b5gal composition diff]s f ! blue lance composition1 9 hav+ d\ble ! quantity ( saltpetre1 n9e p>ts ( sulphur1 7! blue-light hav+ none17 & ne>ly "o-?ird less ( antimony4 ,if we att5d to ^! proportions ( ! antimony1 ) ! o!r +r$i5ts1 9 ! respective prep>ations1 we w f9d1 t ! diff]5ce1 9 ! proportions ( ! antimony1 produces1 ) ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! meal-p[d] & sulphur1 & ! diff]5ce also 9 ! quantity ( ! latt]1 ! ph5om5a or effects :i* *>act]ise !m4 ,x is ?us1 !re=e1 ) ?is1 z ) o!r prep>ations2 only v>y ! proportions1 & in/itute new equival5ts1 z x 71 9 any p>ticul> prep>ation1 & adopt "s & reject o!r sub/ances1 & ! effects are v>i$ agreeably !reto2 &1 if improvem5ts are to be made 9 any composition1 !y c only be effect$ by exp]im5t1 & ! inve/igation ( ! effects ( new proportions1 a comp>ison ( :i*1 ) ! effect ( any p>ticul> composition1 prep>$ accord+ to a giv5 =mula1 c alone det]m9e ! relative value ( any new =mula4 ,sec4 ,v4 ,( ,roman ,c&les4 ,roman c&les are =m$ on a roll] sev5-twelf?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & are g5]ally fifte5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!y are *oak$ at "o end1 & ti$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,accord+ to ! nature ( ! *>ge1 :i* we %all m5tion1 _! effect is to ?r[ out brilliant />s1 to ! height ( "o hundr$ & m feet1 & :5 arrang$ ) m>rons1 !y f9i% ) a report4 ,aft] ! cases are =m$1 & ready to be fill$1 ! op]ation is p]=m$ ) exp$ition1 by ty+ a numb] ( !m toge!r1 & *>g+ !m 9 t mann]4 ,! cases are *>g$ ) ! rocket composition1 h]et(ore describ$1 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,a ladleful ( composition is put 91 & ramm$1 us+ sev5 or eight bl[s ) ! mallet2 a small spoonful ( p[d] is !n add$1 & aft]w>ds a m\ld$ />4 ,?is /> %\ld fit ! calib] ( ! case4 ,m ( ! composition is !n add$1 !n meal-p[d]1 & aft]w>ds a />1 & ^! are repeat$ 9 ! same ord]1 till ! case is completely *>g$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 obs]v+ ?is ord]1 o!rwise ! effect w\ld be de/roy$4 ,9 /rik+ ) ! mallet1 att5tion mu/ also be paid1 t ! bl[s are n too viol5t1 or ! /> might be de/roy$4 ,:5 ! cases1 or c&les1 are *>g$1 we untie !m1 & roll "s co>se pap] r\nd ea* end ( !m1 at ! extremity1 & r\nd ! *oak4 ,we may rem>k1 t 9 ! *>g+ ( ,roman c&les1 z _! effect dep5ds greatly on ! appe>ance ( ! />s1 :i* issue out 9 succession1 too mu* c>e _c be us$ 9 pres]v+ ! /> composition entire4 ,to d ?is1 mu* art is requir$ 9 putt+ 91 & ramm+1 ! rocket composition1 s z n to injure or break x4 ,! quantity ( gunp[d] to ea* /> mu/ be small1 o!rwise x might bur/ ! case4 ,roman c&les may be fir$ s+ly or sev]al at a "t1 accord+ to ! effect requir$4 ,to fire "o 9 a *&eli]1 = in/ance1 x is only necess>y to prime x ) prim+ pa/e2 b1 if we wi% to =m batt]ies 9 an artificial fire-"w1 9 ord] to produce a v>iety1 or to m\nt !m on fix$ or moveable pieces1 we may1 if necess>y1 t]m9ate _! effect ) m>rons1 :i* may be effect$ by unit+ !m 9 su* a way z to make ! fire ( ! "o1 at a giv5 "t1 communicate to ! o!r4 ,?is communication is usually made ?r\gh ! *oak1 by atta*+ a mat*1 :i* is c>ri$ to ! m\? ( ! m>ron2 s t1 :5 ! c&le has burnt out1 ! la/ portion ( ! fire may pass to ! m>ron1 ! effect ( :i* is in/antane\s4 ,if necess>y1 prim+ pa/e may be us$ to facilitate ! communication ( ! fire4 ,! m>ron may be fix$ directly "u ! bottom ( ! c&le1 by mak+ ! :ole solid by a pap] cyl9d]1 :i* fits ov] ! ends ( bo?4 ,! mosaic c&les1 z well z mosaic simples1 are =m$ 9 cases ( ! same ?ickness z sky-rockets1 f :i* !y diff] 9 ! introduction ( />s along ) ! composition4 ,we may rem>k1 also1 t !y are roll$ )\t pa/+2 & al?\gh ,morel recomm5ds *oak+ ! cases1 yet a writ] ( m rec5t date1 ,m4 ,bigot1 ^: practical k mu/ be great1 recomm5ds plugg+ !m on ! /ick or roll]4 ,?is is done by m]ely turn+ ! end d[n ab\t half an in*1 & !n beat+ x4 ,be=e ! composition is add$1 he advises1 also1 ! introduction ( two or ?ree f+]s' ?ickness ( clay1 :i* is ramm$ v solid4 ,?is answ]s = a base1 & sup]s$es ! necessity ( *oak+4 ,if1 z we be=e rem>k$1 x is necess>y to communicate fire f ?is end to a m>ron or any o!r case1 ! clay mu/ be bor$ to ! composition1 & quickmat* ins]t$2 or1 in/ead ( ?is1 ! case itself1 above ! clay1 may be p]=at$1 & a communication 9 ?is way made4 ,besides ! ord9>y ,roman c&les1 int5d$ expressly = exhibition1 !re is ano!r prep>ation1 :i* goes "u ! "n ( ! inc5di>y ,roman c&le1 us$ = ! purposes ( w>4 ,?is prep>ation is compos$ ( ?ree p>ts ( sulphur1 f\r p>ts ( saltpetre1 "o "p ( antimony1 & half a "p ( meal-p[d]2 b ?is1 toge!r ) ! inc5di>y />s1 we purpose to consid] :5 we treat ( ,milit>y ,fire-works4 ,sec4 ,,vi4 ,( ,mosaic ,simples4 ,mosaic simples are 9 reality no?+ m ?an a v>iety ( ! ,roman c&le1 be+ =m$ 9 ! same mann]1 & ( ! same composition1 except t ! m\ld$ />s are diff]5t1 & produce ano!r effect4 ,! mosaic simples produce m]ely a tail1 or sp\t ( fire2 :]eas ! ,roman c&le ?r[s out a brilliant />4 ,!y may be us$ ) m>rons 9 ! same mann] z ! ,roman c&le4 ,! l5g? ( ! case is fifte5 in*es1 & sev5-twelf?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,mosaic simples are v appropriate to t]m9ate a piece4 ,a numb] ( cases may be us$ by plac+ !m 9 su* a mann]1 t _! fires may cross ea* o!r1 an effect m /rik+ ?an ! ord9>y mode ( exhibition4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by arrang+ !m1 two & two1 to a horizontal /ick1 obs]v+ t _! m\?s are up1 & t !y cross ea* o!r4 ,!y are la%$ to ! /ick1 & lead]s are c>ri$ f ! m\? ( "o to ! m\? ( ano!r4 ,?is communication is s manag$1 t two pieces dis*>ge at ! same "t4 ,!y may be employ$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 accord+ to fancy4 ,sometimes pyramids =ty or fifty feet high are furni%$ on ea* side1 ) cases ( mosaic simples1 ) a /> at ! summit1 & :ite & col\r$ lances diff]5tly disp]s$4 ,! curta9 ( fire1 produc$ by s _m cases1 ! height to :i* x rises1 ! appe>ance ( ! /> ) ! v>iegat$ & div]sifi$ effect ( ! col\r$ lances1 all contribute to ! spl5d\r ( ?is arrangem5t4 ,composition ( ! ,mosaic ,m\ld$ ,/>s4 ,saltpetre1 #d oz4 ,sulphur1 #d dr4 ,meal-p[d]1 #af oz4 ,*>coal1 #c -- ,or 9 proportional p>ts3 saltpetre1 f\r p>ts2 sulphur1 half a "p2 meal-p[d]1 sixte5 p>ts2 & *>coal1 ?ree p>ts4 ,^! sub/ances1 be+ f9ely pulv]iz$1 & intimately mix$ 9 ! usual mann]1 are comb9$ ) gum-wat]1 c4 z direct$ = prep>+ />s1 & cut into loz5ges1 :i* are !n roll$ 9 prim+ p[d]1 & dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,sec4 ,,vii4 ,( ,mosaic ,t\rbillons4 ,we may m]ely rem>k1 z we h m5tion$ t\rbillons h]et(ore1 t ! cases = ! mosaic t\rbillons1 by :i* "n !y are designat$1 are sev5 in*es 9 l5g?1 five-twelf?s ( an in* 9 int]ior diamet]1 & n9e-twelf?s 9 ext]ior diamet]2 & t ! composition ) :i* !y are *>g$1 is compos$ ( sixte5 p>ts ( meal-p[d]1 & ?ree & a half p>ts ( pulv]iz$ *>coal4 ,see ,t\rbillon4 ,sec4 ,,viii4 ,( ,hydrog5 ,gas 9 ,fire-,works4 ,m4 ,dill]1 "s ye>s s9ce1 exhibit$ at ! pan!on ( ,p>is1 artificial fire produc$ by ! combu/ion ( hydrog5 gas4 ,f ! %ort acc\nt we h ( ?is exhibition 9 ! ,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie1 vol4 iii1 p4 #ci1 x seems1 t he employ$ ?ree diff]5t airs1 or gases1 & produc$ ?ree diff]5t flames3 viz4 :ite1 blue1 & gre51 :i* 7 made by ! mixture ( ! ?ree gases2 & t he repres5t$ v p]fectly1 suns1 />s1 triangles1 ! cross ( ,malta1 & sundry figures ( animals 9 motion4 ,we may rem>k1 t1 if hydrog5 gas be pure1 ! flame is ( a yell[i%-:ite2 b ?is1 h[ev]1 is seldom ! case1 z ! gas is always m or less impure1 &1 accord+ to ! sub/ances x may hold 9 solution1 s is ! flame t+$4 ,x is mo/ usually r$di%1 because ! gas holds 9 solution a little *>coal4 ,9 ,c>twright's fire1 e!r is always mix$ ) ! :ole1 or a "p ( ! gas1 :i* is br\ght to ! /ate ( vap\r by ! application ( a g5tle heat1 or ev5 by imm]s+ ! bladd] ( gas1 :i* conta9s ! liquid e!r1 9 hot wat]4 ,:5 comb9$ ) ars5ic1 9 ! =m ( ars5urett$ hydrog5 gas1 hydrog5 burns ) a blue flame2 comb9$ ) phosphorus x takes fire spontane\sly1 produc+ a :ite flame ) a beautiful corona1 caus$ by ! =mation ( wat]2 & :5 comb9$ ) sulphur1 =m+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 or hepatic gas1 x burns ) a blui%-r$ flame1 & a quantity ( sulphur is deposit$4 ,v>i\s mixtures ( hydrog5 ) o!r gases1 9 due proportions1 w produce diff]5t col\r$ flames2 s t1 by pay+ att5tion to ?is circum/ance1 ! same v>iety ( appe>ances may be produc$1 z 9 ,dill]'s exhibition4 ,bladd]s1 7or sacks made ( oil$ silk1 :i* are pref]able71 :5 fill$ ) gas1 & connect$ ) tubes1 revolv+ jets1 c4 b5t 9 diff]5t directions1 & =m$ into v>i\s figures1 & pi]c$ ) holes ( diff]5t sizes1 w1 :5 pressure is appli$1 all[ ! gas to pass ?r\gh ! diff]5t tubes1 jets1 c4 :i*1 :5 inflam$1 w repres5t ! sun & />s4 ,if to ?is be add$1 triangul> tubes1 tubes 9 ! =m ( ! cross ( ,malta1 or any o!r figure1 !y be+ pi]c$ 9 _! sides ) a great numb] ( holes n l>g] ?an ! po9t ( a p92 x is obvi\s1 t fix$ pieces may be repres5t$1 z well z revolv+ ones4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ,dill] mu/ h made 8 exhibition4 ,hydrog5 gas is usually made1 by p\r+ on z9c1 or iron fil+s1 9 a gas bottle1 sulphuric acid dilut$ ) six times its weight ( wat]4 ,! latt] is decompos$2 its oxyg5 unites ) ! metal1 & :ile ! oxide is tak5 up by ! acid1 ! hydrog5 passes (f 9 ! =m ( gas4 ,! gas may be receiv$ directly 9 ! bladd] or bag4 ,! inflammable air pi/ol is no?+ m ?an a holl[ metallic cyl9d]1 or an in/rum5t 9 ! %ape ( two cones jo9$ base to base1 & furni%$ ) a t\*-hole1 & h&le4 ,?is pi/ol is fill$ ) a mixture ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 gases1 or 9 lieu ( ! latt]1 atmosph]ic air2 a plug or /opp] is put 9 ! calib]1 &1 :5 ! t\*-hole is br\ght 9 contact ) a light$ tap]1 an explosion w take place1 & ! plug be s5t out ) mu* =ce4 ,! same effect may be %[n by pass+ ! electric sp>k ov] ! t\*-hole1 & h5ce1 on an insulat$ /ool1 a p]son1 *>g$ ) electricity1 may set x (f by ! f+] or nose4 ,?is pi/ol is usually call$ ! ,voltaic pi/ol1 f ,volta1 :o is said to h inv5t$ x4 ,m4 ,biot 7,trait de ,physique ,exp]im5tale1 c4 tome ii1 p4 #dce7 describes ! ,voltaic pi/ol z a metallic vessel ( a sph]oid %ape1 furni%$ ) an ap]ture & pipe1 & ) a conductor = ! electric fluid1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! middle ( ! vessel4 ,?is conductor is insulat$1 z x goes ?r\gh a glass tube1 & ext5ds to )9 an eigh? ( an in* ( ! middle2 & directly opposite to ?is conductor is a metallic wire1 hav+1 l ! fir/ conductor1 a small metallic ball on its end4 ,?is conductor is plac$ a %ort di/ance f ! fir/2 s t1 :5 ! electric fluid is conduct$1 x passes f "o ball to ! o!r )9 ! pi/ol1 & h5ce inflames ! hydrog5 gas4 ,) respect to ! =m ( ! pi/ol1 x is ( no mom5t :e!r x be cyl9drical1 conical1 or globul>1 z ! effect is ! same1 provid$ t x conta9 a suffici5t quantity ( gas1 & ! sp>k is convey$ ?r\gh ! gas1 or ! gas is inflam$ by a v5t4 ,! air pi/ol describ$ by ,br&e 7,br&e's ,*emi/ry7 is cyl9drical1 or r 9 ! %ape ( a cannon1 &1 :]e ! t\*-hole %\ld be1 !re is an insulat$ conductor1 :i* conveys ! sp>k to ! int]ior4 ,! ,voltaic lamp is also a contrivance by :i* hydrog5 gas is inflam$ by ! electric sp>k1 :i* sets fire to a tap]4 ,! orig9al lamp has be5 greatly improv$1 & simplifi$4 ,! eudiomet] ( ,volta is ano!r contrivance by :i* hydrog5 gas is burnt1 9 a /rong tube1 by ! electric sp>k4 ,! detonation ( inflammable air may be %[n ov] a pneumatic tub1 by fill+ metallic gas-hold]s ) a mixture ( hydrog5 gas & atmosph]ic air4 ,:5 flame is br\ght 9 contact ) ! m\? ( ! gas-hold]1 an explosion w imm$iately take place4 ,soap-bubbles1 bl[n ) hydrog5 gas1 mix$ ) atmosph]ic air1 w take fire1 on pres5t+ a light$ tap]1 & give a slight explosion4 ,! asc5sion ( ^! bubbles demon/rates1 t ! gas is light] ?an atmosph]ic air1 & x is its extreme levity t fits x = ! purpose ( fill+ balloons4 ,x may be made twelve times specifically light] ?an atmosph]ic air1 by pass+ x ov] dry muriate ( lime1 9 ord] to absorb ! moi/ure x may conta91 provid$ ! gas be free f c>bon1 or c>bonic acid4 ,light c>burett$ hydrog5 gas1 or fire-damp ( m9]s1 is t gas1 :i* s (t5 =m]ly produc$ _m dreadful accid5ts by its explosion4 ,! inv5tion1 by ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 ( ! safety-lamp prev5ts ?is effect4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is mo/ valuable discov]y1 appe>s to be altoge!r 9 ! f9e metallic gauze case1 :i* surr\nds ! flame ( ! lamp2 s t1 z x is f\nd by num]\s & repeat$ exp]im5ts1 ! inflammable air1 if pres5t1 _c take fire outside ( ! gauze2 9 o!r words1 ! flame1 9 ! int]ior ( ! case1 is prev5t$ f sett+ fire to ! ext]ior atmosph]e1 h[ev] explosive x may be4 ,hydrog5 gas1 9 comb9ation ) c>bon1 is n only g5]at$ 9 m9es & coal pits1 79 ! latt] ( :i*1 x is ! mo/ abundant71 b is frequ5tly f\nd on ! surface ( spr+s 9 ! =m ( bubbles1 usually h[ev] comb9$ ) sulphur2 & 9 _m places on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x may be inflam$ by a c&le4 ,! burn+ spr+s consi/ ( ?is gas :i* is set on fire1 & ! combu/ion is kept up by a con/ant supply ( gas f ! same s\rce4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ?is gas is v (t5 convey$ "u gr\nd ?r\gh holl[ re$s1 & is con/antly kept burn+4 ,at o!r times1 x is convey$ to ! sacr$ temples1 z ) ! ,zoroa/]s1 & burnt z holy fire2 & 9 "s c\ntries1 x is s abundant1 t ! natives employ x z fuel = boil+ _! pots4 ,x is f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a /rik+ incid5t1 %[+ its effects1 occurr$ lately ne> ,c9c9nati1 9 ! /ate ( ,ohio4 ,x appe>s1 t1 9 mak+ an excavation1 & bor+ = salt wat]1 ! workm5 p5etrat$ _! augur into a cavity1 :i* conta9$ an abundance ( gas1 & :i*1 ) ! wat]1 made its way to ! excavation4 ,n suspect+ t ! gas 0 inflammable1 or be+ unacqua9t$ ) x1 & appreh5d+ no dang]1 !y br\ght a light$ tap]2 & ! gas1 be+ mix$ ) atmosph]ic air1 explod$ ) a noise s consid]able1 t x 0 he>d sev]al miles 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! m5 7 mu* burnt1 "s ( !m dang]\sly4 ,! gas 0 aft]w>ds inflam$ by apply+ a tap]1 z x rose 9 bubbles f ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! philosophical c&le is no?+ m ?an hydrog5 gas set on fire z x proce$s f a capill>y tube1 be+ =m$ 9 a bottle to :i* ! tube is atta*$4 ,! mo/ brilliant flame1 h[ev]1 is produc$ by hydroguret ( c>bon1 or olefiant gas4 ,inflammable air is (t5 g5]at$ 9 ! /oma*s ( dead p]sons1 =1 on apply+ a light$ c&le1 ! vap\r has be5 kn[n to take fire4 ,dr4 ,sw$iaur relates "s in/ances ( ! same k9d1 b 9 liv+ p]sons1 9 :i* ! ur9e ( ! by /&]s 0 made use (4 ,accord+ to sev]al au?orities1 combu/ion has be5 kn[n to take place spontane\sly 9 liv+ p]sons4 ,lair1 h[ev]1 is ( op9ion1 t1 9 ^! cases1 x mu/ h occurr$ by "s slight ext]nal cause1 su* z ! fire ( a c&le1 tap]1 or pipe4 ,!re c be no "q z to ! developem5t ( hydrog5 gas4 ,morse1 7,univ]sal ,geography1 article ,p]sia1 p4 #ehh71 aft] m5tion+ ! ,p]sian guebres1 ! disciples & successors ( ! anci5t magi1 & foll[]s ( ,zoroa/]1 speaks ( a combu/ible gr\nd ab\t t5 miles di/ant f ,baku1 a city 9 ! nor? ( ,p]sia1 z ! place = _! devotion4 ,?is gr\nd conta9s sev]al old temples1 & is rem>kable = ! quantity ( inflammable air x emits1 :i* is employ$ to produce ! sacr$ flame ( univ]sal fire4 ,if ! gr\nd be p5etrat$ ) a /ick1 !re w issue out su* a prodigi\s quantity ( inflammable air1 z1 :5 light$1 w burn = a consid]able "t4 ,?is gas1 we rem>k$1 is employ$ !re = light+1 cook+1 & o!r purposes4 ,! naph?a di/ricts1 9 ,p]sia1 furni% ?is gas 9 abundance4 ,see ,naph?a4 ,a ,s&usky 7,ohio7 pap] /ates1 t1 ab\t "o mile & a qu>t] f ,milan1 is a place j 9 ! edge ( ! wat] ( ,huron riv]1 :]e !re is a curr5t ( inflammable gas1 t burns ) a cle> bright blaze1 & is 9 suffici5t quantity to light t5 h\ses4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,( ,,! ,,mann] ,,( ,,fix+ ,,& ,,arrang+ ,,fire-,,works ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,= ,,exhibition4 ,hav+ already treat$ ( ! =mation ( v>i\s k9ds ( fire-works1 we come n[ to consid] _! arrangem5t 9 fix$ & moveable pieces4 ,x is obvi\s1 t ! ord] ( arrangem5t1 ! mann] ( dispos+ ! "w1 or e/abli%+ pieces = exhibition1 may be greatly v>i$ accord+ to ta/e & fancy4 ,! great v>iety ( fix$ & moveable pieces1 consi/+ ( suns1 moons1 />s1 c4 :i* may be ei!r made p]man5t1 or to revolve on1 or r\nd a c5tre2 or ( :eels1 d\ble1 s+le1 or treble1 ei!r mov+ r\nd o!r :eels1 or by !mselves 9 a v]tical or horizontal ord]1 toge!r ) ! arrangem5t ( fire-pots1 & col\r$ lights1 ! managem5t ( rockets1 ! =mation ( a]ial />s1 s]p5ts1 t\rbillons1 c4 & ! imitation ( cascades1 gir&oles1 & wat]-falls1 all dep5d on ! ta/e & fancy ( ! arti/4 ,x is our int5tion1 !re=e1 9 ! diff]5t sections ( ?is *apt]1 to give ! ord] & arrangem5t ( pieces1 z adopt$ 9 ,europe1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,france2 s t ! mann] ( fix+ any "o piece1 or comb9ation ( pieces1 to produce effects ( diff]5t k9ds1 may be se5 at "o view4 ,! moveable pieces are g5]ally made ( :eel-"w1 ! :eel always turn+ ^u an axle1 :i* may pass entirely ?r\gh & be kept on by a nut or p94 ,!y %\ld revolve )\t mu* friction1 &1 = ?is reason1 ! sp9dle %\ld be ( metal1 & oil$ or greas$4 ,black lead1 along ) tall[1 w dim9i% ! friction v consid]ably4 ,z to ! =mation ( ! :eel1 :e!r x be solid1 or =m$ ( spokes & a b& or hoop1 or made ) sev]al conc5tric b&s1 plac$ at giv5 di/ances ap>t1 c4 ! obs]vations on ?is head w be f\nd "u ! respective articles1 &1 g5]ally1 on all o!r pieces = exhibition4 ,we purpose1 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 to notice p>ticul>ly ! works1 made 9 & on wat]1 usually d5om9at$ aquatic fire-works2 z _! arrangem5t1 9 _m respects1 diff]s f ^? on ! l&4 ,aquatic works furni% a v>iety1 bo? 9 "* & effect1 &1 !re=e1 are calculat$ to produce1 9 conjunction ) l& works1 a brilliant spectacle4 ,( ?is1 we h an in/ance1 m5tion$ 9 ! introduction to ?is "p ( our "w1 9 ! spl5did exhibition at ! ,pont ,neuf 9 ,p>is4 ,sec4 ,i4 ,( ! ,composition ( ,:eel-,cases1 /&+ & fix$4 ,x may n be improp]1 be=e notic+ ! arrangem5t ( :eel-cases1 to give 9 ?is place ! compositions1 :i* are us$ = *>g+ !m1 res]v+1 h[ev]1 ! notice ( "s prep>ations1 :5 we treat ( su* works1 9 :i* !y are p>ticul>ly employ$4 ,:eel-cases f two ounces to f\r p\nds4 #a4 ,meal-p[d]1 #b lbs4 ,saltpetre1 #d oz4 ,iron-fil+s1 #g -- #b4 ,meal-p[d]1 #b lbs4 ,saltpetre1 #ab oz4 ,sulphur1 #d -- ,/eel-du/1 #c -- #c4 ,meal-p[d]1 #d lbs4 ,saltpetre1 #a -- ,sulphur1 #h oz4 ,*>coal1 #d -- #d4 ,meal-p[d]1 #h oz4 ,saltpetre1 #d -- ,sawdu/1 #a -- ,sea-coal1 -- #e4 ,meal p[d]1 #a lb4 #d oz4 ,sulphur1 #d -- #aj dr4 ,saltpetre1 #h -- ,glass-du/1 #b -- #f4 ,meal-p[d]1 #ab oz4 ,*>coal1 #a -- ,sawdu/1 -- #g4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb4 #i oz4 ,sulphur1 #d -- ,*>coal1 #d -- #h4 ,meal-p[d]1 #b lbs4 ,saltpetre1 #a -- ,sulphur1 -- ,sea-coal1 #b oz4 #i4 ,saltpetre1 #b lbs4 ,sulphur1 #a -- ,meal-p[d]1 #d -- ,glass-du/1 #d oz4 #aj4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a lb4 ,saltpetre1 #b oz4 ,/eel-du/1 #c -- #aa4 ,meal-p[d]1 #b lbs4 ,/eel-du/ #b oz4 ,beat iron1 #b -- #ab4 ,saltpetre1 #b lbs4 #ac oz4 ,sulphur #h -- ,*>coal1 #d -- ,sl[ fire = :eels4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #d oz4 ,sulphur1 #b -- ,meal-p[d]1 #a -- #b4 ,saltpetre1 #d oz4 ,sulphur1 #a -- ,antimony1 #a -- #f dr4 #c4 ,saltpetre #d oz4 ,sulphur1 #a -- ,meal-p[d]1 #a -- ,dead fire = :eels4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #a oz4 ,sulphur1 -- ,lapis calam9>is1 7prep>$ calam9e17 -- ,antimony1 #b dr4 ,/&+1 or fix$ cases4 #a4 ,meal-p[d]1 #d lbs4 ,saltpetre1 #b lbs4 ,sulphur & *>coal1 7toge!r17 #a -- #b4 ,meal-p[d]1 #b lbs4 ,saltpetre1 #a -- ,/eel-du/1 #h oz4 #c4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a lb4 #d oz4 ,*>coal1 #d oz4 #d4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a lb4 ,/eel-du/1 #d oz4 #e4 ,meal-p[d]1 #b lbs4 ,sulphur1 #d oz4 ,seacoal1 #f -- #f4 ,meal-p[d]1 #c lbs4 ,*>coal1 #e oz4 ,sawdu/1 #a -- ,sun cases4 #a4 ,meal-p[d]1 #h lbs4 ,saltpetre1 #a -- #b oz4 ,/eel-du/1 #b -- #aj -- ,sulphur1 #d -- #b4 ,meal-p[d]1 #c lbs4 ,saltpetre1 #f oz4 ,/eel-du/1 #g -- ,cr[ns or globes4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #f oz4 ,sulphur1 #b lbs4 ,antimony1 #d oz4 ,camphor1 #b -- ,?is view ( ! compositions us$ 9 fix$ & turn+ pieces1 exhibits ! v>i\s comp\nds :i* h be5 employ$1 &1 !re=e1 may be reli$ ^u4 ,not)/&+ !y are consid]$ ! /&>d =mul2 yet we mu/ obs]ve1 t 9 "s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! turn+ sun1 ) v>iations1 *anges are requir$1 9 ord] to produce a v>iety 9 ! effect4 ,?is is accompli%$1 by mak+1 9 ! fir/ place1 a p>ticul> composition1 & mix+ a giv5 quantity ( x ) meal-p[d]1 :i* =ms ! second *ange4 ,( ?is second composition1 comb9$ 9 a giv5 proportion1 ) meal-p[d]1 we =m a ?ird *ange2 &1 9 l mann]1 we employ ! ?ird along ) m p[d]1 to =m a f\r?1 & ! f\r? to =m a fif?4 ,! p>ticul> mann] ( mak+ ^! *anges w be describ$ 9 a future section4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ,s+le1 ,v]tical1 ,horizontal1 ,spiral1 & o!r :eels4 ,( ! diff]5t k9ds ( v]tical :eels1 we may m5tion1 t "s h _! fells ( a circul> =m1 o!rs1 9 ! =m ( a hexagon1 octagon1 or ( a figure ( a great] numb] ( sides1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! cases design$ = ! :eels4 ,! spokes be+ fix$ 9 ! nave1 nail slips ( t91 ) _! edges turn$ up1 s z to =m grooves = ! cases to lie 91 f ! end ( "o spoke to ano!r4 ,!n tie ! cases 9 ! grooves head to tail1 9 ! same mann] z ^? on ! horizontal wat]-:eel2 s t ! cases successively tak+ fire f "o to ano!r1 w keep ! :eel 9 an equal rotation4 ,two ( ^! :eels are v (t5 fir$ toge!r1 "o on ea* side ( a build+1 & bo? light$ at ! same "t1 & all ! cases fill$ alike to make !m keep "t toge!r4 ,?is may be accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,9 all ! cases ( bo? :eels1 except ! fir/1 & on ea* :eel1 drive two or ?ree ladles full ( sl[ fire1 9 any "p ( ! cases1 b be c>eful to ram ! same quantity 9 ea* case2 & 9 ! end ( "o ( ! cases on ea* :eel1 "o ladle full ( dead-fire composition1 :i* mu/ be v lightly driv54 ,_m *>ges ( fire may be made by ! same me?od4 ,! hole 9 ! nave ( ! :eel may be l9$ ) brass1 & made to turn on a smoo? iron sp9dle4 ,on ! end ( ?is sp9dle1 let !re be a nut to screw (f & on4 ,:5 we h plac$ ! :eel on ! sp9dle1 screw on ! nut1 :i* w keep ! :eel f fly+ (f4 ,let ! m\? ( ! fir/ case be a little rais$4 ,v]tical :eels are made f t5 in*es1 to ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 & ! size ( ! cases mu/ v>y accord+ly4 ,f\r-ounce cases w be suffici5t = :eels ( f\rte5 or sixte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* is ! proportion g5]ally us$4 ,! be/ wood = :eels ( all k9ds1 is ! light & dry bee*4 ,horizontal :eels are m p]fect1 :5 _! fells are made circul>4 ,9 ! middle ( ! top ( ! nave mu/ be a p9tle1 turn$ out ( ! same piece z ! nave1 two in*es long1 & equal 9 diamet] to ! bore ( "o ( ! cases ( ! :eel4 ,!re mu/ be a hole bor$ up ! c5tre ( ! nave1 )9 half an in* ( ! top ( ! p9tle4 ,nail at ! end ( ea* spoke1 ( :i* !re %\ld be six or eight1 a piece ( wood ) a groove1 cut 9 x to receive ! case4 ,fix ^! pieces 9 su* a mann]1 t half ! cases may incl9e upw>ds1 & half d[nw>ds1 & t1 :5 !y are ti$ on1 _! heads & tails1 or extremities1 may come v ne> toge!r4 ,f ! tail ( "o case to ! m\? ( ! o!r1 c>ry a lead]1 :i* is necess>y to be secur$ ) pa/$ pap]4 ,besides ^! pipes1 a little meal-p[d] mu/ be plac$ 9 ! inside ( ! pa/$ pap]1 to bl[ (f ! pipe1 t !re may be no ob/ruction to ! fire f ! cases4 ,by means ( ^! pipes1 ! cases w successively take fire1 burn+ "o upw>ds1 & ! o!r d[nw>ds4 ,on ! p9tle1 fix a case ( ! same sort z ^? on ! :eel4 ,?is case mu/ be fir$ by a lead] f ! m\? ( ! la/ case on ! :eel1 :i* case mu/ play d[nw>ds4 ,in/ead ( a common case 9 ! middle1 we may put a case ( ,*9ese fire1 suffici5tly long to burn a giv5 "t1 or z long z two or ?ree cases on ! :eel4 ,horizontal :eels are (t5 fir$ two at a "t1 & made to keep "t1 l v]tical :eels1 only !y are prep>$ )\t any sl[ or dead-fire4 ,t5 or twelve in*es w be suffici5t = ! diamet] ( :eels ) six spokes4 ,) respect to spiral :eels1 we may rem>k1 t !y are only d\ble horizontal :eels1 made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! nave mu/ be ?ick] ?an t ( ! s+le sort2 &1 in/ead ( ! p9tle at top1 a hole is usually made = ! case to be fix$ 94 ,!re are two sets ( spokes1 "o set put ne> ! top ( ! nave1 & ! o!r1 ne> ! bottom4 ,at ! end ( ea* spoke1 cut a groove1 9 :i* ! cases are to be ti$1 !re be+ no fell4 ,! spokes %\ld n be m ?an ?ree & a half in*es long f ! nave1 s t ! :eel may n be m ?an eight or n9e in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! cases are plac$ 9 su* a mann]1 t ^? at top play d[n1 & ^? at ! bottom play up2 b let ! ?ird or f\r? case burn horizontally4 ,! case 9 ! middle may beg9 ) any ( ! o!rs4 ,six spokes w be suffici5t = ea* set2 s t ! :eel may consi/ ( twelve cases1 besides t on ! top2 ! cases six in*es ea*4 ,plural :eels are diff]5t f ! =m]4 ,!y are made to turn horizontally1 & consi/ ( ?ree sets ( spokes1 plac$ six at top1 six at bottom1 & f\r 9 ! middle1 :i* mu/ be a little %ort] ?an ! re/4 ,let ! diamet] ( ! :eel be t5 in*es4 ,! cases mu/ be ti$ on ! ends ( ! spokes1 9 grooves1 cut on purpose1 or 9 pieces ( wood1 nail$ on ! ends ( ! spokes1 ) grooves cut 9 !m z usual4 ,9 clo?+ ^! :eels1 make ! upp] set ( cases play obliquely d[nw>ds1 ! bottom set obliquely upw>ds1 & ! middle set1 horizontally4 ,9 plac+ ! lead]s1 we mu/ s arrange !m1 z t ! case may turn ?us3 namely1 fir/ up1 !n d[n1 !n horizontally1 & s on ) ! re/4 ,b ano!r *ange may be made1 by driv+ 9 ! end ( ! eigh? case two or ?ree ladles full ( sl[ fire1 to burn till ! :eel has /opt its c\rse4 ,!n let ! o!r cases be fix$ ! contr>y way1 :i* w make ! :eel run back aga94 ,= ! case at top1 we may put a small g]be1 & ! cases on ! spokes may be %ort1 & fill$ ) ! /rong brilliant *>ge4 ,= =m+ ! illum9at$ spiral :eel1 we mu/ proce$ ?us3 ,fir/ h a circul> horizontal :eel1 made two feet 9 diamet]1 ) a hole q ?r\gh ! nave2 !n take ?ree ?9 pieces ( light bo>d1 ?ree feet long ea*1 & ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* broad4 ,"o end ( ea* ( ^! pieces1 nail to ! fell ( ! :eel1 at an equal di/ance f "o ano!r2 & ! o!r end1 nail to a block ) a hole 9 its bottom1 :i* mu/ be p]p5dicul> to t 9 ! block ( ! :eel1 b n s l>ge4 ,plane a hoop d[n v ?9 & flat1 & nail "o end ( x to ! end ( ! :eel1 & w9d x r\nd ?ree /icks 9 a spiral l9e1 f ! :eel to ! block at top4 ,on ! top ( ?is block1 fix a case ( ,*9ese fire4 ,on ! :eel may be plac$ any numb] ( cases1 :i* mu/ incl9e d[nw>ds1 & burn two at a "t4 ,if ! :eel %\ld consi/ ( t5 cases1 we may let ! illum9ations & ,*9ese fire beg9 ) ! second cases4 ,! sp9dle = ?is :eel mu/ be a little long] ?an ! cone1 & made v smoo? at top1 on :i* ! upp] block is to turn1 & ! :ole weight ( ! :eel to re/4 ,= mak+ ! d\ble spiral :eel1 ! block1 or nave1 mu/ be z long z ! height ( ! worms1 or spiral l9es2 b mu/ be v ?91 & z light z possible4 ,9 ?is block fix sev]al spokes1 :i* mu/ dim9i% 9 l5g? f ! :eel to ! top1 s z n to exce$ ! surface ( a cone ( ! same height4 ,to ! ends ( ^! spokes nail ! worms1 :i* mu/ cross ea* o!r1 sev]al times4 ,^! worms clo! ) ! same illum9ations z ^? on ! s+le :eels1 b ! horizontal :eel may be clo!d accord+ to fancy4 ,at ! top ( ! worm1 place a case ( sl[ fire1 or an amb] light4 ,balloon :eels turn horizontally4 ,!y are usually made two feet 9 diamet] )\t any spokes1 & v /rong1 ) any numb] ( sides4 ,on ! top ( ! :eel1 range & fix 9 pots ( ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & sev5 in*es high ea*1 z _m z !re are cases on ! :eel4 ,ne> ! bottom ( ea* pot1 make a small v5t2 & into ea* ( ^! v5ts1 c>ry a lead] f ! tail ( ea* case4 ,"s ( ! pots may be *>g$ ) />s & "s ) s]p5ts1 crack]s1 c4 ,z ! :eels turn1 ! pots w be fir$ 9 succession1 & ?r[ into ! air a great v>iety ( fires4 ,fruiloni :eels are made ) a nave1 n9e in*es long1 & ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,ne> ! bottom ( ?is nave1 fix eight spokes ) a hole 9 ! end ( ea*1 suffici5tly l>ge to receive a two or f\r-ounce case4 ,ea* ( ^! spokes may be f\rte5 in*es long f ! block4 ,ne> ! top ( ?is block1 fix ?ree m ( ! same spokes1 exactly ov] ! o!rs1 b n s long by two in*es4 ,z ?is :eel is to run horizontally1 all ! cases 9 ! spokes1 mu/ play obliquely upw>ds1 & all ^? 9 ! spokes at bottom1 obliquely d[nw>ds4 ,?is be+ accompli%$1 h a small horizontal :eel1 made ) eight spokes1 ea* five in*es long f ! block4 ,on ! top ( ?is :eel1 place a case ( brilliant fire4 ,all ! cases on ?is :eel mu/ play 9 an oblique direction d[nw>ds1 & burn two at a "t2 & ^? on ! l>ge :eel1 f\r at a "t2 i4 e4 two ( ^? on ! top set ( spokes1 & two ( ^? 9 ! bottom set ( spokes4 ,! f\r fir/ cases on ! l>ge :eel1 & ! two fir/ on ! small1 mu/ be fir$ at ! same "t1 & ! brilliant fire at ! top1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ cases4 ,! cases ( ! :eels may be fill$ ) a gray *>ge4 ,:5 ^! :eels are complet$1 we mu/ h a /rong iron sp9dle1 f\r feet six in*es long2 & fix$ p]p5dicul>ly on ! top ( a /&4 ,on ?is1 we put ! l>ge :eel1 ^: nave mu/ h a hole q ?r\gh f ! bottom to ! top4 ,?is hole mu/ be l>ge en\gh to turn easy r\nd ! bottom ( ! sp9dle1 at :i* place !re mu/ be a %\ld]1 to keep ! :eel f t\*+ ! /&4 ,at ! top ( ! sp9dle1 put ! small :eel1 & jo9 x to a l>ge "o ) a lead]1 9 ord] t !y may be fir$ bo? toge!r4 ,p9 :eels1 z !y are call$1 are =m$ by roll+ "s pap] into pipes ( ab\t f\rte5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! pap] %\ld be ?91 & roll$ ( ?ree ?icknesses4 ,:5 !y are ?or\ghly dri$1 procure a t9 tube1 twelve in*es long1 to fit easy into ! pipes4 ,at "o end ( ?is tube1 fix a small conical cup1 :i* cone is call$ a funnel2 !n b5d "o end ( "o ( ! pipes1 & put ! funnel 9 at ! o!r1 z f> z x w rea*1 & fill ! cup ) composition4 ,draw out ! funnel g5tly1 %ak+ x up & d[n1 & x w fill ! pipe1 z x comes out4 ,hav+ fill$ "s pipes1 procure "s small blocks1 ab\t "o in* 9 diamet] & half an in* ?ick4 ,r\nd "o ( ^! blocks1 w9d & pa/e a pipe1 & to ! end ( ?is pipe1 jo9 ano!r1 :i* mu/ be done by twi/+ ! end ( "o pipe to a po9t1 & putt+ x into ! end ( ! o!r ) a little pa/e4 ,9 ?is mann]1 jo9 f\r or five pipes1 w9d+ !m "o ^u ano!r1 s z to =m a spiral l9e4 ,hav+ w\nd on ! pipes1 pa/e two /rips ( pap] across !m to hold !m toge!r4 ,! pipes mu/ also be pa/$ toge!r4 ,! o!r me?od ( mak+ ^! :eels is describ$ ?us3 w9d on ! pipes )\t pa/e1 & /ick !m toge!r ) seal+ wax at e half turn2 s t1 :5 !y are fir$1 ! end w fall loose1 e "t ! fire passes ! wax1 by :i* means ! circle ( fire w be consid]ably increas$4 ,! =m]s = ^! pipes are made f #a-a_/b to #d_/af?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y may be fir$ on a l>ge p91 & held 9 ! h& ) safety4 ,composition = ,p9-,:eels4 ,meal-p[d]1 #h oz4 ,saltpetre1 #b -- ,sulphur1 #a -- ,/eel-fil+s1 or ! p[d] ( ca/-iron1 -- ,! +r$i5ts are to be well mix$1 & dry4 ,! mixture ne$ n be v f9e1 or x w adh]e to ! funnel4 ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ,revolv+ ,suns4 ,f :at has be5 said 9 ! prec$+ section1 x is obvi\s1 t revolv+ or turn+ suns may be =m$1 or any piece put 9 motion1 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,! mo/ common mode ( =m+ a sun1 is to atta* to ?ree naves1 :i* proce$ f a hub1 t revolves on a sp9dle1 f ?ree to six cases1 plac+ !m 9 su* a way1 t !y may be fir$ successively4 ,! jets1 or sp\ts1 proce$+ f ! cases1 con/itute ! rays1 ! sun be+ 9 ! c5tre1 :i* revolves ) ! cases on an axis4 ,! arrangem5t ( ^! cases %\ld be su*1 z t ! six 7z t numb] is usually employ$17 might =m ! p]imet]4 ,! cases may be *>g$ ) "o1 or ) diff]5t compositions1 giv5 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,!y are atta*$ 9 su* a way1 t ! head ( ! fir/ is ne>ly 9 contact ) ! ray ( ! second1 & t to ! ?ird1 c4 ,:5 ! fir/ case is f9i%+1 x mu/1 !re=e1 communicate fire to ! second1 t to ! ?ird1 & s on 9 succession4 ,^! cases mu/ be atta*$ firmly by wire2 & lead]s are us$ to communicate ! fire1 z 9 o!r works4 ,! end mu/ be enclos$ 9 ! neck ( ! fir/ case1 & ! o!r end 9 t ( ! second1 c4 ,!y are secur$ 9 _! respective positions1 by ty+ !m securely to ! cases4 ,) respect to ! composition employ$1 x may be v>i$ accord+ to pleasure4 ,9 mo/ in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! ord9>y sun-composition is us$2 b1 9 o!r in/ances1 ?is is v>i$ accord+ to circum/ances4 ,morel has adopt$ ! foll[+ composition = a sun ( six cases1 ! cases be+ eight-twelf?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,^! cases are m\nt$ on ! arms ( ! sun 9 ! same mann] z be=e describ$4 ,composition = a sun ) v>iations1 ! cases ( :i* are eight-twelf?s ( an in* 9 calib]4 ,no4 #a1 fir/ *ange1 ,saltpetre1 #af oz4 ,sulphur1 #f -- ,meal-p[d]1 #c -- ,no4 #b1 second *ange1 ,composition ,no4 #a1 #b oz4 ,meal-p[d]1 #b -- ,no4 #c1 ?ird *ange1 ,composition ,no4 #b1 #a oz4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a -- ,no4 #d1 f\r? *ange1 ,composition ,no4 #c1 #a oz4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a -- ,no4 #e1 fif? *ange1 ,composition ,no4 #d1 #a oz4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a -- ,no4 #f1 six? *ange1 ,meal-p[d] alone1 = two *anges4 ,x appe>s evid5t1 t ! *anges ?us produc$ are ow+ to ! dim9ution ( ! quantity ( saltpetre & sulphur1 or1 9 o!r words1 to ! increase ( ! quantity ( p[d]2 & t ! f\r? *ange mu/ conta9 b a small quantity ( ea*1 :il/ ! six? or la/ *ange conta9s none1 except t :i* is 9 ! composition ( ! p[d]4 ,! effect1 !re=e1 mu/ be proportionate2 =1 x mu/ be app>5t1 t ?is dim9ution ( nitre & sulphur1 & ! increase ( p[d]1 mu/ r5d] ea* *>ge m explosive1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! combu/ion m in/antane\s1 & t ?is effect *>act]izes ea* ( ! *anges 9 succession1 is a result :i* necess>ily foll[s4 ,! in/ructions giv5 by ,morel = employ+ ^! *anges1 9 ! *>g+ ( cases1 are ?us3 ,we take ! above composition = ! ?ird case ( ! sun4 ,! fir/ case is ( common fire2 ! second ( silv] ra92 ! ?ird ( two *>ges ( common fire1 & aft]w>ds a *>ge ( ,no4 #a1 ! second two *>ges ( ,no4 #b1 ! ?ird ?ree *>ges ( ,no4 #c1 ! f\r? f\r *>ges ( ,no4 #d1 ! fif? f\r *>ges ( ,no4 #e1 & two *>ges ( ,no4 #f4 ,! f\r? case is compos$ ( brilliant fire2 ! fif? ! same z ! ?ird1 & ! six? ( l>ge or gr& jessam9e4 ,we may m]ely rem>k1 t ! sun mu/ be support$ v firmly1 & t x ceases to revolve at ! f\r?1 fif?1 & six? numb]s4 ,sec4 ,,iv4 ,( ,fix$ ,suns4 ,fix$ suns are s call$1 because !y rema9 /ation>y1 & exhibit ! appe>ance ( a sun ) innum]able rays4 ,a fix$ sun is =m$ by putt+ eight or m /rips ( bo>d across ea* o!r1 s t ea* arm may proce$ f a common c5tre1 9 :i* a sun is pa9t$ on silk4 ,to ! extremities ( ^! arms are atta*$1 to ea* "o 9 succession1 a case ( brilliant fire1 :i*1 by means ( bodies fix$ 9 ! usual mann]1 g (f toge!r4 ,! two arms bel[1 =m+ "r angles ) ea* o!r1 are long] ?an ! re/2 s is also ! upp] & v]tical arm4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 dep5ds ^u fancy4 ,! cases are ti$ to ^! arms2 &1 aft] ! lead]s are fix$ f ! m\? ( "o case to t ( ! o!r1 !y t]m9ate at ! bottom & hang bel[ ! v]tical arm4 ,fire is fir/ communicat$ to ! hang+ mat*4 ,fix$ suns are usually employ$ z a decoration = o!r works4 ,!y are sometimes sixty feet 9 diamet]1 & v>i\sly decorat$4 ,!y are commonly1 h[ev]1 t5 feet4 ,! fire ext5ds a consid]able di/ance1 sometimes1 x is said1 to ! di/ance ( ?irty feet2 b ?is mu/ dep5d on ! size ( ! cases4 ,sec4 ,v4 ,( ,fix$ ,suns ) ,transp>5t ,faces4 ,fix$ suns may be made ) transp>5t faces 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,two r[s ( cases mu/ be fix$ 9 radii f ! face ( ! sun1 ! sun be+ 9 ! c5tre2 & ^! cases1 be+ plac$ alt]nately "o above ! o!r1 & pres]v+ ! same di/ance all r\nd1 pres5t :at is call$ a d\ble glory1 & make ! rays /rong & full4 ,! frame or sun-:eel is made ?us3 ,h a circul> flat nave1 made v /rong1 #ab in*es 9 diamet]1 & fix six /rong flat spokes1 proce$+ f ! circle t conta9s ! sun's face to ! extremity ( ! :eel1 & also two o!r hoops1 plac$ betwe5 x & ! sun4 ,to ^!1 & ! ext]nal :eel1 ! cases are ti$4 ,:5 ! cases are ti$ on1 lead]s are atta*$ f ! upp] to ! "u cases4 ,! front ( ^! spokes supports a circul> fell1 five feet 9 diamet]4 ,)9 ?is is ano!r fell1 small] 9 diamet] by ! l5g? ( "o ( ! sun cases2 & )9 ?is also is a ?ird fell1 ^: diamet] mu/ be less ?an ! second by ! l5g? ( "o case & "o ?ird4 ,! fells are divid$ into z _m equal p>ts z we employ cases1 :i* may be f tw5ty-f\r to =ty-f\r4 ,at ea* division1 fix a flat iron /aple4 ,^! /aples mu/ be made to fix ! cases & hold !m fa/ on ! :eel4 ,! /aples mu/ be s plac$1 t "o r[ ( cases may lie 9 ! middle ( ! int]vals ( ! o!r4 ,!re is a sp9dle 9 ! c5tre ( ! block ( ! sun1 to :i* a small hexagonal :eel is put4 ,! cases ( ?is :eel mu/ be fill$ ) ! same *>ge z ! cases ( ! sun4 ,two cases mu/ burn at a "t1 & beg9 ) !m on ! fells4 ,! pipes ( communication are to be c>ri$ f "o to ! o!r1 & f "o side ( ! sun to ! :eel 9 ! middle1 & f !nce to ! o!r side ( ! sun4 ,!y w hold ! :eel /eady1 :5 ! sun is fix+ up4 ,a sun ?us made is call$ a brilliant sun1 z !re appe>s no?+ b sp>ks ( brilliant fire1 ! wood-"w be+ cov]$ ) fire f ! :eel 9 ! middle4 ,a transp>5t face is usually made ) pa/ebo>d1 by cutt+ out ! eyes1 nose1 & m\?1 = ! sp>ks ( ! :eel to appe> ?r\gh4 ,a face may be pa9t$ on oil$ pap]1 or ,p]sian silk1 put ov] a hoop1 & support$ by ?ree or f\r pieces ( wire at six in*es di/ance f ! :eel 9 ! c5tre4 ,! silk may be pa9t$ accord+ to fancy4 ,z to ! size ( cases = a sun ( five feet 9 diamet]1 half-p\nd cases1 fill$ t5 in*es ) composition1 is consid]$ a good proportion4 ,sec4 ,,vi4 ,( ! ,rose-,piece & ,sun4 ,?is exhibition may be made 9 su* a mann] z to produce a pleas+ effect4 ,a rose-piece may be us$ = a mutation1 or *ange ( a regulat$ piece1 or fix$ by itself4 ,x makes ! be/ appe>ance1 :5 made l>ge4 ,if its ext]ior diamet] be six feet1 x w be a good size4 ,let ! ext]ior fell be made ( wood1 & support$ by f\r wood5 spokes4 ,all ! o!r p>ts1 on :i* ! illum9ations are fix$1 mu/ be made ( /rong iron-wire4 ,on ! ext]ior fell1 place z _m half p\nd cases ( brilliant *>ge1 z w be suffici5t2 b ! m1 ! great] w be ! effect1 = ! ne>] ! cases are plac$1 ! /rong] w be ! rays ( ! sun4 ,! illum9ations %\ld be plac$ )9 ?ree in*es ( ea* o!r4 ,!y mu/ all be fir$ toge!r1 & burn "s "t be=e ! sun is light$1 :i* may be done by c>ry+ a lead] f ! middle ( "o ( ! illum9ations to ! m\? ( "o ( ! sun cases4 ,sec4 ,,vii4 ,( ! ,mann] ( *ang+ a ,horizontal to a ,v]tical ,:eel1 & repres5t+ a ,sun 9 front4 ,9 ord] to produce ?is *ange1 ! :eel = ?is purpose %\ld be ab\t ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 & its fell circul>1 on :i* tie sixte5 half-p\nd cases1 fill$ ) brilliant *>ge4 ,two ( ^! cases mu/ burn at a "t4 ,on ea* end ( ! nave is to be a t9 b>rel ( ! same con/ruction z ^? on ! regulat$ piece4 ,we mu/ !n h a /&1 made ( any height1 ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es squ>e1 & saw (f f ! top a piece two feet long4 ,?is piece is !n to be jo9$ aga91 at ! place :]e x 0 cut1 ) a h+e on "o side1 s t x may lift up & d[n 9 ! front ( ! /&4 ,!n fix on ! top ( ! bottom "p ( ! /&1 on ea* side1 a bracket1 :i* mu/ project1 at "r angles ) ! /&1 "o foot f ! front1 = ! %ort piece to re/ on4 ,^! brackets are to be plac$ a little above ! jo9t ( ! po/1 s t1 :5 ! upp] /& falls1 x may lie betwe5 !m at "r angles ) ! bottom /&2 :i* may be done by fix+ a piece ( wood "o foot long betwe5 ! brackets1 & ev5 ) ! top ( ! bottom /&4 ,!n1 z ! brackets rise above ! bottom /&1 !y w =m a *annel = ! %ort po/ to lie 91 & keep x /eady )\t /ra9+ ! h+e4 ,on ! side ( ! %ort po/1 opposite ! h+e1 nail a piece ( wood ( su* a l5g?1 t1 :5 ! po/ is p]p5dicul>1 x may rea* ab\t "o & a half feet d[n ! long po/2 to :i*1 be+ ti$1 x w hold ! %ort /& upright4 ,! /& be+ ?us prep>$1 9 ! top ( x1 fix a sp9dle t5 in*es long4 ,on ?is sp9dle put ! :eel2 !n fix on a brilliant sun1 ) a s+le glory4 ,! diamet] ( ?is sun mu/ be six in*es less ?an t ( ! :eel4 ,:5 we fire ?is piece1 att5tion mu/ be paid to light ! :eel fir/1 & let x run horizontally till f\r cases are consum$4 ,!n1 f ! end ( ! f\r? case1 c>ry a lead] into ! t9 b>rel t turns ov] ! end ( ! /&4 ,?is lead] mu/ be met by ano!r1 br\ght ?r\gh ! top ( ! po/1 f a case fill$ ) a /rong port-fire *>ge1 & ti$ to ! bottom po/1 ) its m\? fac+ ! pack ?read1 :i* holds up ! /&2 s t1 :5 ?is case is light$ x w burn ! pack ?read & let ! :eel fall =w>d1 by :i* means x w become v]tical4 ,!n f ! la/ case ( ! :eel1 c>ry a lead] into ! b>rel1 next ! sun1 :i* w beg9 z soon z ! :eel is burnt out4 ,sec4 ,,viii4 ,( ,caprices & ,fire-,w&s4 ,caprices are s call$ f ! p>ticul> motion !y assume1 & are regulat$ accord+ to ! ord] & mann] ( _! fir+4 ,a p]p5dicul> %aft1 or po/1 is fir/ provid$1 9 :i* are plac$ two sets ( spokes at "s di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,at ! extremities ( ^! spokes1 jo9ts are made1 on :i* ! cases are fix$4 ,^! cases communicate ) ea* o!r by lead]s4 ,! fir/ :i* takes fire1 dis*>ges upw>ds2 ! second1 v]tically2 ! ?ird1 horizontally2 & ! f\r?1 fif?1 six?1 & sev5?1 g (f at ! same "t2 viz4 ! f\r?1 upw>ds2 ! fif?1 v]tically1 a little incl9$2 ! six?1 horizontally2 & ! sev5?1 v]tically4 ,! mat* ( communication is fix$ by a port-fire4 ,! arrangem5t ( ?is piece1 to produce ! effect1 dep5ds on ! con/ruction ( ! wood "w4 ,! great fall+ caprice diff]s f ! =ego+ 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>1 t x sep>ates itself 9 ! mid/ ( its fire into ?ree p>ts4 ,x is =m$ ( ?ree :eels1 :i* appe> z "o2 b at a c]ta9 "t aft] ! fire is communicat$1 !y sep>ate & occupy c]ta9 positions4 ,m]cury's ,w&1 z x is call$1 is =m$ by plac+1 across ea* o!r1 two pieces ( wood1 & at ! extremity ( ea* f\r lances p>allel to ea* o!r1 & "o obliquely4 ,^! lances ( illum9ation mu/ be connect$ by lead]s4 ,circul> b&s are atta*$ to ! extremity ( ea* leg1 :i* t]m9ates 9 ! c5tre1 & ! w+s or legs move 9 opposite directions4 ,! d\ble cresc5ts1 ?us =m$1 produce1 9 turn+1 a v>iety ( figures4 ,sec4 ,,ix4 ,( ,palm & o!r ,trees4 ,! repres5tation ( trees is consid]$ an elegant fire-"w4 ,palm trees are %[n by fix+ an upright piece1 :i* s]ves z a trunk1 & atta*+ to x a numb] ( pieces1 resembl+ 9 effect ! bran*es ( a tree4 ,! extremities or bran*es are decorat$ ) g]bes1 & sometimes ) m>rons1 arrang$ 9 su* a mann] t !y may g (f toge!r4 ,= ,yew trees1 cases ( brilliant fire1 jessam9e1 or ,*9ese are us$4 ,9 mak+ ?is repres5tation1 ! upright piece is usually f\r feet 9 l5g?1 two in*es 9 bread?1 & "o in* ?ick4 ,at ! top we fix1 on ! flat side1 a hoop f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & r\nd its edge & front1 place illum9ations1 & 9 its c5tre a five-po9t$ />4 ,at a foot & a half f ! edge ( ! hoop1 two cases ( brilliant fire are usually plac$1 "o on ea* side4 ,^! cases %\ld be "o foot long ea*4 ,bel[ ^! are usually fix$ two m cases1 at su* a di/ance t _! m\?s may almo/ meet ^? at top4 ,two o!r cases are sometimes add$1 :i* ought to be p>allel ) ! la/4 ,! cases are !n clo!d ) lead]s1 s t !y1 ) ! illum9ations & />s at top1 may all take fire toge!r4 ,fire trees may be =m$ by plac+ cases at an angle ( #de degrees1 incl9+ upw>ds f ! trunk1 & at c]ta9 di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,! two la/ cases may incl9e d[nw>ds4 ,cases may also be plac$ on ! trunk itself1 s t ! :ole w resemble a body ( fire4 ,fire trees are commonly made ab\t six feet long & ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! cases are g5]ally fix$ to pegs4 ,at ! top ( ! tree1 a f\r-in* mort> is fix$1 :i* is load$ ) />s1 ra9s1 or crack]s4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is mort>1 we may place a case fill$ ) any sort ( *>ge1 :i* mu/ be fir$ ) ! o!r cases4 ,brilliant fire is g5]ally employ$4 ,! fire is communicat$1 z 9 o!r works1 by means ( lead]s1 :i* are fir$ at ! bottom4 ,!re is also ano!r exhibition (t5 made ) ! s call$ illum9at$ yew-tree4 ,! middle piece or /em on :i* ! bran*es are plac$1 is g5]ally eight feet six in*es high4 ,! bran*es all incl9e d[nw>d1 & %ort5 z !y g up4 ,! numb] ( bran*es on ea* side is six1 & _! l5g? is det]m9$ accord+ to judgm5t4 ,:5 ! bran*es are fix$1 place illum9at+ port-fires on ! top ( ea*1 z _m z are requir$4 ,beh9d ! top ( ! /em1 fa/5 a g]be or f\nta9 ( ,*9ese fire1 :i* mu/ be fir$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! illum9ations on ! tree4 ,fires are (t5 made to int]sect ea* o!r1 :i* has a good effect4 ,= ?is purpose a p]p5dicul> po/ is provid$1 ( any ?ickness1 s t x is suffici5tly /rong to hold ! cases4 ,!re are two pieces ( wood :i* g across ! po/1 two feet six in*es ap>t & two feet 9 l5g?4 ,on ! end ( ea* ( ^! pieces !re is usually a five-po9t$ />4 ,six />s are mo/ly employ$4 ,pegs are fix$ to ! po/ 9 su* a way t two ( !m incl9e upw>ds & two d[nw>ds1 bo? =m+ an angle ( n9ety degrees1 or =ty-five degrees ) ! po/4 ,to ^! pegs are fix$ half p\nd cases ( brilliant fire4 ,all ! cases & />s mu/ be fir$ at once4 ,x is obvi\s t by ?is arrangem5t ( ! cases1 ! fires mu/ cross1 & ?us by int]sect+ ea* o!r af=d a great] v>iety4 ,sec4 ,x4 ,( ! ,pyramid ( ,fl[] ,pots4 ,?is piece is =m$ by atta*+ to a po/1 t5 or twelve feet high1 & plac$ p]p5dicul>ly 9 ! gr\nd1 f\r rails or pieces1 two feet ap>t1 :i* mu/ dim9i% 9 l5g?1 s z to repres5t a pyramid4 ,! bottom rail mu/ be six feet long4 ,on ! bottom rail fix five pap] mort>s1 ea* ?ree & a half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,let "o be opposite ! po/1 & ! o!r f\r equally di/ant on ea* side4 ,load ^! mort>s ) s]p5ts1 crack]s1 />s1 c4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ea* mort> fix a case ( spur-fire4 ,on ! second rail fix f\r mort>s s z to /& exactly 9 ! middle ( ! int]vals ( ^? on ! bottom rail4 ,on ! ?ird rail1 place ?ree mort>s1 on ! f\r?1 two2 & on ! top ( ! po/1 "o4 ,all ! mort>s mu/ incl9e a little =w>ds1 t !y may easily dis*>ge2 & ! spur-fire ramm$ exactly alike1 t ! mort>s may all be fir$ at ! same "t4 ,! pipes ( communication be+ prep>$1 c>ry !m f "o spur-fire to ! o!r4 ,sec4 ,,xi4 ,( ! ,dodeca$ron4 ,! piece1 requir$ 9 =m+ a twelve sid$ figure1 is prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a ball mu/ be turn$ out ( solid wood1 f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & its surface is to be divid$ into f\rte5 equal p>ts4 ,9 ea* division bore holes ( a half in* 9 diamet]1 p]p5dicul> to ! c5tre1 s t !y may all meet 9 ! middle4 ,9 ! inside ( ea* hole1 let !re be turn$ a female screw4 ,to all ! holes b "o mu/ be made a r\nd spoke1 five feet long1 ) f\r in*es ( ! screw at "o end to fit ! holes4 ,9 ! screw end ( all ! spokes1 bore a hole five in*es up1 :i* mu/ be bor$ slant+ s z to come out at "o side a little above ! screw4 ,f ^! holes cut a small groove along ! spoke1 )9 six in*es ( ! o!r end1 :]e ano!r hole ?r\gh to ! o!r side ( ! spoke is made4 ,to ?is end fix a sp9dle1 on :i* put a small :eel ( ?ree or f\r sides1 ea* side six or sev5 in*es long2 ^! sides mu/ h grooves cut 9 !m1 l>ge en\gh to receive a two or f\r-ounce case4 ,:5 ^! :eels are clo!d put !m on ! sp9dles1 & at ! end ( ea* sp9dle atta* a nut to keep ! :eel f fall+ (f4 ,! :eels be+ ?us fix$1 c>ry a pipe f ! m\? ( ! fir/ case on ea* :eel ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! side ( ! spoke1 & f !nce along ! groove & ?r\gh ! o!r hole1 s z to hang out at ! screw end ab\t an in*4 ,! spokes be+ all prep>$ 9 ?is mann]1 a po/ mu/ be provid$ on :i* ! piece is to be fir$1 hav+ an iron screw 9 ! top ( x to fit "o ( ! holes 9 ! ball4 ,on ! screw atta* ! ball & !n 9 ! top hole ( ! ball put a little meal-p[d]1 & "s loose quick-mat*4 ,aft] ?is1 screw 9 all ! spokes1 & 9 "o side ( ! ball bore a hole1 9 :i* put a lead] & secure x at ! end4 ,by ?is lead] ! p[d] & mat* 9 ! c5tre are fir$1 :i* w light ! mat* at ! end ( ! spokes all at once1 & by :i* all ! :eels w be light$ at ! same "t4 ,!re may be an addition to ?is piece by fix+ a small globe on ea* :eel1 or "o on ! top :eel only4 ,gray *>ge may be us$ = ! :eel cases4 ,sec4 ,,xii4 ,( ,cascades ( ,fire4 ,cascades ( fire may be made ( any size1 & ) cases f a half p\nd to a p\nd1 or m4 ,half p\nd cases are usually ! size employ$4 ,cascades may be made ei!r fix$1 or turn+4 ,! =m] are an assemblage ( pieces ( wood1 furni%$ ) cases *>g$ ) ,*9ese fire1 & plac$ "o above ! o!r4 ,! di/ance may be m or less2 sometimes f eight to fifte5 feet4 ,! latt]1 or turn+ cascades1 are con/ruct$ ab\t f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,! :eel is made to turn on a pivot1 & is put 9 motion by atta*+ to x1 9 ! usual mann]1 cases ( :ite fire4 ,^! play horizontally4 ,! cases ( ,*9ese fire1 :i* play d[nw>ds1 are fix$ to ! :eel1 or to ano!r :eel bel[ ?is1 or above x1 accord+ to fancy1 & are plac$ ) _! m\?s d[nw>ds4 ,sometimes 9 fact !y play upw>ds1 & = t purpose are made to incl9e outw>ds4 ,9 ! c5tre1 !re is a case or two ( brilliant fire4 ,x is obvi\s1 t ?is arrangem5t n only gives a motion to ! :eel1 & to ! cases ( ,*9ese fire1 b produces 9 effect a circul> %eet1 :i* falls l a cascade4 ,by hav+ an upright piece1 /uck 9 ! gr\nd1 on :i* are fix$ ?ree or m horizontal :eels1 or segm5ts ( a circle1 made p]man5t1 & at ab\t ?ree feet f ea* o!r1 dim9i%+1 h[ev]1 z !y g up1 & also 9 _! diamet]1 a frame w be =m$ capable ( hold+ a great numb] ( cases4 ,! fir/ segm5t may be f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,! top pieces may be ( any l5g?1 s z to hold ! cases at a little di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,all ! cross pieces are to be fix$ horizontally1 & support$ by brackets4 ,! bottom cross piece1 or segm5t1 %\ld be ab\t "o foot six in*es broad 9 ! middle2 ! second1 "o foot2 ! ?ird1 n9e in*es2 & ! top piece1 f\r in*es4 ,! cases may be made ( any l5g?1 b mu/ be fill$ ) a brilliant *>ge4 ,bits ( wood ought to be nail$ on ! edges ( ! cross pieces1 hav+ a groove cut 9 ea* piece1 & suffici5tly l>ge = a case to lie 94 ,^! bits ( wood are fix$1 s z to incl9e d[nw>ds1 & t ! fire f "o ti] ( cases may play ov] ! o!r4 ,lead]s are c>ri$ f "o to ! o!r1 z be=e m5tion$4 ,let !re be a pipe1 hung f ! m\? ( "o ( ^! cases1 cov]$ at ! end ) a s+le pap]1 :i* is burnt to fire ! cascade4 ,n9e cases g5]ally =m ! fir/ ti]2 sev51 ! second1 f\r1 ! ?ird2 & ?ree1 ! la/4 ,^! cases play d[nw>ds1 except ! ?ree at top1 "o ( :i* is v]tical & ! o!r two incl9+ at an angle ( ab\t =ty-five degrees4 ,! arrangem5t may be v>i$ at pleasure4 ,! only ?+ to be att5d$ to is1 to fix ! cases 9 su* a way1 t ! fire :i* proce$s f !m may pass ov] ! ti] imm$iately und]nea?1 t ! effect may be g5]al & uni=m4 ,*9ese fire may be us$1 z 9 ! =m] in/ance4 ,sec4 ,,xiii4 ,( ,*9ese ,f\nta9s1 & ,p>asols4 ,! mann] ( con/ruct+ ! wood "w ( a ,*9ese f\nta9 is z foll[s3 ,procure a p]p5dicul> piece ( wood1 sev5 feet long1 & two & a half in*es squ>e4 ,at sixte5 in*es f ! top1 fix on ! front a cross piece1 "o in* ?ick1 & two & a half in*es broad2 ) ! broad side up4 ,bel[ ?is1 fix ?ree m pieces ( ! same wid? & ?ickness1 at sixte5 in*es f ea* o!r4 ,let ! bottom rail be five feet long1 & ! o!rs ( su* a l5g? z to all[ ! fire-pumps to /& 9 ! middle ( ! int]vals ( ea* o!r4 ,! pyramid be+ ?us made1 fix 9 ! holes1 made 9 ! bottom rail1 five fire-pumps1 at equal di/ances3 on ! second rail1 place f\r pumps2 on ! ?ird1 ?ree2 on ! f\r?1 two2 & on ! top ( ! po/1 "o4 ,place !m all1 h[ev]1 to incl9e a little =w>d1 s t :5 !y ?r[ out ! />s1 !y may n /rike aga9/ ! cross rails4 ,! fire-pumps are to be clo!d ) lead]s1 9 ord] t !y may all be fir$ toge!r4 ,cases = ,fire-pumps are made 9 ! same mann] z ^? = t\rbillons4 ,see ,fire-pump1 & also ,fire-pots ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! effect ( ^! cases dep5ds entirely on ! />-composition4 ,/>s1 previ\sly m\ld$1 are introduc$ into !m along ) meal-p[d]4 ,p>asols are also =m$ ) ,*9ese fire4 ,a horizontal :eel is provid$1 & its circumf]5ce is clo!d ) eight or t5 cases ( t fire4 ,^! cases may be five-six?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 &1 :5 inflam$1 %\ld ?r[ _! fire horizontally4 ,! fire1 9 ?is in/ance1 is made to resemble a %eaf2 b ! ord9>y composition is g5]ally us$4 ,! cases1 h[ev]1 %\ld play horizontally4 ,to make ! :eel turn on its pivot1 two cases ( :ite fire are atta*$ to x4 ,! p>asol1 produc$ by ! fire1 is f tw5ty-five to ?irty feet 9 diamet]4 ,x is =m$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! fire com+ 9 contact1 & produc+ a concave %eet 9 its fall1 resembl+ a p>asol :5 ext5d$4 ,sec4 ,,xiv4 ,( ,w+s or ,cross ,fire4 ,ne>ly simil> to "o ( ! pieces describ$1 t ( ! repres5tation ( a tree1 is ! cross-fire1 or w+s1 a "n giv5 to x1 because x resembles ! sails1 or w+s ( a w9dmill4 ,9 =m+ ?is piece1 two /icks1 eight feet 9 l5g?1 are provid$1 & ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ea*1 a squ>e hole is made1 to receive a piece ( iron ( ! same size1 ?r\gh :i* is a hole to admit a pivot4 ,:5 ^! /icks are put toge!r1 !re mu/ be a suffici5t di/ance betwe5 !m to prev5t _! rubb+ ea* o!r4 ,five cases1 *>g$ ) ! composition ( brilliant fire1 are fix$ to ea* extremity1 proce$+ t[>ds ! c5tre1 at a %ort di/ance ap>t1 & mak+ 9 all tw5ty cases4 ,f\r ( ^! cases are plac$ at ea* end1 ne>ly horizontally1 resembl+ ! r\nds ( a ladd]1 ! /icks be+ ne>ly v]tical2 & ! "o ne>e/ ! c5tre is plac$ almo/ v]tically1 or r obliquely4 ,! cases1 be+ connect$ ) lead]s1 :5 fir$1 turn ) ! /icks 9 an opposite direction to ea* o!r4 ,:5 ?ree :eels are ea* furni%$ ) two r\nds ( :ite & col\r$ fire1 & are s arrang$1 t ! p]iph]y ( ea* %\ld pass ov] 9 succession at ! di/ance ( n9ety degrees ( ! p]imet]1 ?is piece is !n call$ by ! :imsical "n ( ! love-knot4 ,sec4 ,,xv4 ,( ,gall]ies ( ,fire1 & ,batt]ies ( ,roman & ,mosaic ,c&les4 ,gall]ies ( fire are =m$ by atta*+1 to long /rips ( wood1 at conv5i5t di/ances f ea* o!r1 cases ( ,*9ese fire1 :i* g (f toge!r4 ,at ! end ( ea* case1 is put a m>ron1 :i*1 :5 ! case is burnt1 ends ) an explosion4 ,to =m batt]ies ) m>rons1 9 connection ) ,roman c&les1 !y are ti$ at two feet di/ance f ea* o!r1 on long /icks1 lead]s be+ atta*$4 ,^! batt]ies1 l ! fire gall]y1 usually accompany o!r fire-works4 ,we may "h rem>k1 t ?und] is imitat$ by m>rons1 :i* are fix$ 9 ! same way two feet ap>t4 ,to produce ! effect1 & increase ! report1 x is necess>y to use !m ( diff]5t sizes1 f a qu>t] ( an in* to ?ree in*es calib]4 ,!y %\ld be prec$$ by fla%es ( lightn+1 :i* is imitat$ ei!r ) p[d]$ ros91 or lycopodium1 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 our *apt] on ,!atrical ,fire-,works4 ,sec4 ,,xvi4 ,( ,gir&oles1 & _! ,modifications4 ,gir&oles1 = ! purpose "h notic$1 are no?+ m ?an :eels :i* turn on a pivot4 ,!y are made ( light wood1 ) a rim simil> to t ( a sieve1 & are clo!d ) cases4 ,two cases are fir$ at a "t1 :i* burn 9 an opposite direction4 ,gir&oles may be made to imitate a p>asol1 by plac+1 horizontally1 cases *>g$ ) ! blue-fire composition1 or ) t ( ! ,*9ese fire4 ,cascades may be =m$1 by arrang+ !m v]tically1 horizontally1 & "s at an angle ( t5 or fifte5 degrees f ! horizon4 ,! bun* ( fl[]s is repres5t$ by us+1 at ! same "t1 cases ( #aj_/ab?s1 #aa_/ab?s1 & "o in*1 *>g$ ) ,*9ese composition1 z giv5 9 ! table = calib]s ( t diamet]4 ,see ,*9ese ,fire4 ,crack]s are =m$ by atta*+ ,roman c&les & ,mosaic simples1 & ! %eaf is %[n by fix+ 9 ! c5tre "s empty cases1 on :i* are /rung small rockets1 :i* are fir$ by ! la/ case4 ,!re are diff]5t modes ( v>y+ ! effect ( ! gir&ole4 ,!y may imitate ! fire-ra91 by employ+ cases *>g$ ) t composition1 :i* is giv5 9 ! *apt] on ,!atrical ,fire-,works4 ,sec4 ,,xvii4 ,( ,crack+ ,caprices4 ,= ?is piece1 a circul> table is =m$ ab\t tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]1 & "o in* & a qu>t] ?ick4 ,!re is a hole made 9 ! c5tre1 :i* is furni%$ ) a pivot4 ,twelve in*es f ! circumf]5ce1 & at equal di/ances1 eight holes are to be bor$1 to receive ! same numb] ( pots1 ( two in*es calib]2 &1 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! c5tre hole1 :i* receives ! pivot1 f\r m are made1 = f\r o!r pots4 ,eight arms1 ?ree in*es long1 project f ! table at equal di/ances1 on :i* is fa/5$ a hoop "o in* 9 wid?4 ,! fire-pots are n[ put 9 ! diff]5t ap]tures1 :i* are made sometimes to screw 92 & ! frame1 ( :i* we h spok51 is furni%$ ) cases ( brilliant fire4 ,x is necess>y t ?is piece %\ld g (f at ?ree fires2 b ! ord] ( fir+ may be v>i$ accord+ to circum/ances4 ,sec4 ,,xviii4 ,( ! ,project$ ,regulat$ ,piece ( ,n9e ,mutations4 ,a regulat$ piece1 if well execut$1 is consid]$ z curi\s 9 its effect z any o!r 9 pyrote*ny4 ,x consi/s ( fix$ & moveable pieces on "o sp9dle1 repres5t+ v>i\s figures1 :i* take fire successively "o ^u ano!r1 )\t any assi/ance aft] light+ ! fir/ mutation4 ,i4 ,names ( ! mutations1 ) ! col\r ( fire1 & size ( ! case1 belong+ to ea*4 ,fir/ ,mutation4--,?is is a hexagon v]tical :eel1 illum9at$ 9 front ) small port-fires1 ti$ on ! spokes4 ,?is :eel mu/ be clo!d ) two-ounce cases1 fill$ ) black *>ge4 ,! l5g? ( ^! cases is det]m9$ by ! size ( ! :eel1 b ea* mu/ burn s+ly4 ,second ,mutation4--,?is is a fix$ piece1 call$ a gold5 glory1 by reason ( ! cases be+ fill$ ) spur fire4 ,! cases mu/ /& p]p5dicul> to ! block1 on :i* !y are fix$1 s t1 :5 burn+1 !y may repres5t a glory ( fire4 ,?is mutation is g5]ally compos$ ( five1 or sev5 two-ounce cases4 ,?ird ,mutation4--,?is is moveable1 & is only an octagon v]tical :eel1 clo!d ) f\r-ounce cases1 fill$ ) brilliant *>ge4 ,two ( ^! cases mu/ burn at a "t4 ,9 ?is :eel1 we may make *anges ( fire4 ,f\r? ,mutation4--,?is is a fix$ sun ( brilliant fire1 consi/+ ( twelve f\r-ounce cases4 ,! necks ( ^! cases mu/ be a little l>g] ?an ^? ( f\r-ounce :eel cases4 ,9 ?is mutation1 may be made a *ange ( fire1 by fill+ ! cases half ) brilliant *>ge1 & half ) gray4 ,fif? ,mutation4--,?is is a fix$ piece call$ ! porcup9e quills4 ,?is piece consi/s ( twelve spokes1 /&+ p]p5dicul> to ! block 9 :i* !y are fix$4 ,on ea* ( ^! spokes1 ne> ! end1 mu/ be plac$ a f\r-ounce case ( brilliant fire4 ,all ^! cases mu/ incl9e ei!r to ! "r or left1 s t !y may all play "o way4 ,six? ,mutation4--,?is is a /&+ piece call$ ! cross fire4 ,?is mutation consi/s ( eight spokes fix$ 9 a block4 ,ne> ! end ( ea* ( ! spokes1 mu/ be ti$ two f\r-ounce cases ( :ite *>ge1 "o across ! o!r2 s t ! fires f ! cases on "o spoke may int]sect ! fire f ! cases on ! o!r4 ,sev5? ,mutation4--,?is is a fix$ :eel ) two circul> fells1 on :i* are plac$ sixte5 eight-ounce cases ( brilliant fire1 9 ! =m ( a />4 ,?is piece is call$ a fix$ /> ( wild fire4 ,eigh? ,mutation4--,?is is a beautiful piece1 call$ a brilliant /> piece4 ,x consi/s ( six spokes1 :i* are /r5g!n$ by two fells ( a hexagon =m1 at "s di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,at ! end ( ea* spoke1 9 ! front1 is fix$ a brilliant /> ( five po9ts2 & on ea* side ( e /> is plac$ a f\r-ounce case ( black or gray *>ge4 ,^! cases mu/ be plac$ ) _! m\?s sidewise1 s t _! fires may cross ea* o!r4 ,n9? ,mutation4--,?is is a :eel piece4 ,x is compos$ ( six long spokes1 ) a hexagon v]tical :eel at ! end ( ea*4 ,^! :eels run on sp9dles 9 front ( ! spokes4 ,all ! :eels are light$ toge!r4 ,two-ounce cases w be suffici5t = ^! :eels1 & may be fill$ ) any col\r$ *>ge4 ,,ii4 ,) respect to ! proportion ( ^! mutations1 ) ! me?od ( convey+ ! fire f "o to ! o!r1 & ! di/ance !y /& f ea* o!r on ! sp9dle1 ! foll[+ g5]al rem>ks w be suffici5t4 ,! fir/ mutation mu/ be a hexagon v]tical :eel f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,on "o side ( ! block1 ^: diamet] is two & "o-f\r? in*es1 is fix$ a t9 b>rel4 ,?is b>rel mu/ be a little less 9 diamet] ?an ! nave4 ,let ! l5g? ( ! b>rel1 & block be six in*es4 ,hav+ fix$ ! cases on ! :eel1 c>ry a lead]1 f ! tail ( ! la/ case1 into ! t9 b>rel1 ?r\gh a hole1 made on purpose1 two in*es f ! block4 ,at ! end ( ?is lead]1 let !re be ab\t "o in*1 or two1 ( loose mat*2 b be c>eful to secure ! hole1 9 :i* ! pipe is put1 to prev5t any sp>ks fall+ 91 :i* w\ld light ! second mutation be=e its "t1 & confuse ! :ole4 ,! second mutation is ?us made4 ,h a nave1 turn$ two & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & ?ree long2 !n let half an in* ( t end1 :i* faces ! fir/ :eel1 be turn$1 s z to fit easy into ! t9 b>rel ( ! fir/ mutation1 :i* mu/ turn r\nd x )\t t\*+4 ,on ! o!r end ( ! block1 fix a t9 b>rel ,no4 #b4 ,?is b>rel mu/ be six in*es long1 & only half an in* ( x to fit on ! block4 ,r\nd ! nave1 fix five spokes1 "o in* & a half long ea*4 ,! diamet] ( ! spokes mu/ be equal to a two-ounce =m]4 ,on ^! spokes1 put five sev5-in* two-ounce cases ( spur-fire1 & c>ry lead]s f ! m\? ( "o to ! o!r1 t !y may all light toge!r4 ,!n1 f ! m\? ( "o ( ^! cases1 c>ry a lead] ?r\gh a hole bor$ slantwise 9 ! nave1 f betwe5 ! spokes to ! front ( ! block1 ne> ! sp9dle hole4 ,! end ( ?is lead] mu/ project out ( ! hole into ! b>rel ( ! fir/ mutation2 s t1 :5 ! pipe1 :i* comes f ! end ( ! la/ case on ! fir/ :eel1 fla%es1 x may take fire & light ! second mutation4 ,to communicate ! fire to ! ?ird mutation1 bore a hole ne> ! bottom ( "o ( ! five cases to ! composition2 & f !nce c>ry a lead] into a hole1 made 9 ! middle ( ! b>rel4 ,?is hole mu/ be cov]$ ) pa/$ pap]4 ,! ?ird mutation may be ei!r an octagon or hexagon :eel1 tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,let ! nave be ?ree & a qu>t] in*es 9 diamet]1 & ?ree & a half 9 l5g?4 ,"o & a half in*es ( ! front ( ! nave mu/ be made to fit 9 ! b>rel ,no4 #b4 ,on ! o!r end ( ! block1 fix a t9 b>rel ,no4 #c4 ,?is b>rel mu/ be six & a half in*es 9 l5g?1 "o in* ( :i* mu/ fit ov] ! block4 ,! cases ( ?is :eel mu/ burn two at a "t1 &1 f ! m\?s ( ! two fir/ cases1 c>ry a lead] ?r\gh holes 9 ! nave1 into ! b>rel ( ! second mutation1 aft] ! usual mann]4 ,b besides ^! lead]s1 let a pipe g across ! :eel f "o ( ! fir/ cases to ! o!r4 ,!n1 f ! tail ( "o ( ! la/ cases1 c>ry a pipe into a hole 9 ! middle ( ! b>rel ,no4 #c3 at ! end ( ?is pipe1 let !re be "s loose quick mat*4 ,f\r? & ,fif? ,mutations4--,_! naves are made ( "o piece1 :i*1 f ! b>rel ( ! f\r?1 to ! comm5cem5t ( ! six?1 is f\rte5 in*es4 ,! block ( ! f\r? is f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 hav+ t5 or twelve %ort spokes1 on :i* are fix$ elev5 in* eight-ounce cases4 ,! front ( ?is block mu/ fit easy 9 ! b>rel ( ! ?ird :eel4 ,clo! ! cases1 s t !y may all light toge!r2 & let a pipe be c>ri$ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! block into ! b>rel ,no4 #c1 9 ord] to receive ! fire f ! lead]1 br\ght f ! la/ case on ! :eel4 ,! nave ( ! fif? mutation mu/ be f\r & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & furni%$ ) t5 or twelve spokes1 eighte5 in*es 9 l5g? ea*4 ,^! spokes mu/ /& sev5 in*es di/ant f ! spokes ( ! f\r? mutation1 &1 at ! end ( ea* spoke1 tie a f\r-ounce case z ,no4 #e4 ,all ^! cases are to be light$ toge!r1 by a lead] br\ght f ! end ( "o ( ! cases on ,no4 #d4 ,six? & ,sev5? ,mutations4--,! blocks ( ^! two mutations are turn$ out ( "o piece ( wood1 ^: l5g? f ! b>rel ( ! fif? :eel1 to ! block ( ! eigh? :eel1 is fifte5 in*es4 ,! block ( ! six? :eel is five in*es 9 diamet]1 hav+ eight spokes1 ea* two feet f\r in*es long4 ,at ! end ( ea* spoke1 tie two f\r-ounce cases1 z 9 ,no4 #f4 ,all ^! cases mu/ be fir$ at ! same "t1 by a pipe br\ght f ! end ( "o ( ! cases on ! fif? mutation4 ,let ! di/ance betwe5 ! spokes ( ! six?1 & ^? 9 ! fif? mutation1 be sev5 in*es4 ,! nave ( ! sev5? mutation mu/ be five & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & furni%$ ) eight spokes4 ,on ! front ( !m1 two circul> fells1 "o ( f\r feet eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! o!r1 ?ree feet elev5 in*es1 are to be fix$4 ,on ^! fells1 tie sixte5 eight-ounce cases1 or p\nd cases1 z 9 ,no4 #g1 & c>ry lead]s f "o to ! o!r1 s t !y may be fir$ at ! same "t4 ,?is mutation mu/ be fir$ by a lead]1 br\ght f ! tail ( "o ( ! cases on ! six? mutation4 ,eigh? & ,n9? ,mutations4--,! blocks ( ^! may be turn$ out ( "o piece1 ^: l5g? f ! b>rel ( ! sev5? mutation to ! block ( ! n9?1 mu/ be twelve in*es4 ,! block ( ! eigh?1 six in*es 9 diamet]1 mu/ conta9 six spokes1 ea* ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 & /r5g!n$ by an hexagon fell1 )9 ?ree or f\r in*es ( ! ends ( ! spokes4 ,close to ! end ( ea* spoke1 9 ! front1 fix a five-po9t$ brilliant />1 & sev5 in*es bel[ ea* />1 atta* two t5-in* eight-ounce cases1 s t ! upp] ends ( ! cases may re/ on ! fells1 & _! ends on ! spokes4 ,ea* ( ^! cases mu/ be plac$ p>allel to ! opposite fell4 ,n9? ,mutation4--,! block ( ! n9? mutation is sev5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & holds six spokes1 six feet long ea*1 ) holes & grooves = lead]s1 z ^? 9 ! dodeca$ron4 ,at ! end ( ea* spoke 9 ! front1 fix a sp9dle = a hexagon v]tical :eel1 t5 in*es 9 diamet]1 z 9 ,no4 #i4 ,:5 ^! :eels are on1 c>ry a lead] f ea* into ! block1 s t !y may all meet4 ,!n lead a pipe f ! end ( "o ( ! cases ( ! eigh? mutation1 ?r\gh a hole bor$ 9 ! block ( ! n9?1 to meet ! lead]s f ! v]tical :eels1 9 ord] t !y may be fir$ toge!r4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 a brief description ( ?is complicat$ "w1 ! p]=mance ( :i* dep5ds s mu* on ! accuracy ( its p>ts1 we w n[ add a few rem>ks respect+ ! =mation ( sp9dles4 ,= ! l>g] pieces1 ! sp9dles %\ld be made v /rong & exact4 ,! in/ructions on ?is head are1 t = a piece ( n9e mutations1 let ! sp9dle be1 at ! l>ge end1 "o in* 9 diamet]1 & cont9ue t ?ickness z f> z ! sev5? mutation1 & f !nce to ! fif?1 let its diamet] be ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,! o!r proportions1 !n1 are1 f ! f\r? to ! second1 half an in*2 & f ! second to ! end1 ?ree-eigh?s ( an in*4 ,at ! small end mu/ be a nut1 to keep on ! fir/ :eel1 & at ! ?ick end1 a l>ge nut2 s t ! screw "p ( ! sp9dle be+ put ?r\gh a po/1 & a nut screw$ on tight1 ! sp9dle w be held fa/ & /eady4 ,! :eels1 h[ev]1 ought to run easy & )\t /ick+4 ,! fix$ pieces are made on diff]5t blocks1 & ! lead]s mu/ be jo9$1 aft] !y are fix$ on ! sp9dle4 ,! be/ me?od ( prev5t+ ! fix$ mutations f mov+ on ! sp9dle1 is to bore a hole a little l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( ! sp9dle2 &1 at ea* end ( ! block1 ov] ! hole1 fa/5 a piece ( brass1 ) a squ>e hole 9 x to fit ! sp9dle4 ,simil> to ?is piece ( n9e mutations is ! ,pice ,pyrique ( ! ,fr5*1 :i* consi/s ( a great v>iety ( fix$ & mov+ pieces1 t are fir$ alt]nately1 b 9 regul> succession4 ,?is piece we purpose to describe 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,sec4 ,,xix4 ,( ! ,pyric or ,fire-,piece4 ,?is1 we h rem>k$1 is a comb9ation ( pieces1 calculat$1 l ! "o we h describ$1 to produce a v>iety ( fires1 v>i\sly arrang$ & di/ribut$4 ,! pyric piece commonly comm5ces ) a turn+ sun4 ,?is sun consi/s ( ?ree cases1 fix$ to ?ree arms proce$+ f ! c5tre4 ,!y are atta*$ by means ( a /r+1 & h lead]s :i* g f "o to ! o!r ( ! cases4 ,see ,sun4 ,?is sun communicates its fire to a fix$ sun1 =m$ ( eight or n9e /rips ( bo>d1 cross+ ea* o!r1 or z _m spokes f a hub1 to :i* are atta*$1 l5g?wise1 z _m cases1 ^: m\?s are made to communicate fire by means ( lead]s2 s t ea* case pres5ts ! appe>ance we h be=e describ$4 ,!n foll[s a :eel consi/+ ( two or m conc5tric circles1 & r\nd :i* are plac$ eight cases1 ) _! m\?s incl9+ a little upw>ds4 ,^! cases are g5]ally *>g$ ) brilliant fire4 ,!y communicate ) ea* o!r 9 ! usual mann]1 & aft]w>ds ) a fix$ />1 plac$ on a /ick1 proce$+ f ! horizontal axis4 ,?is /> is made ( two cases1 *>g$ ) ,*9ese fire1 ) _! m\?s upw>ds1 & =m+1 ) ea* o!r1 an angle ( =ty-five degrees4 ,?is fire is !n communicat$ to ano!r :eel1 & f t to "o1 on :i*1 at c]ta9 di/ances1 are fix$ six small] :eels1 furni%$ ) six cases ea*2 s t ! :ole are put 9 motion at "o "t1 ! fire be+ communicat$ at ! same p]iod4 ,! appe>ance ( ^! small] :eels1 z ! cases may be *>g$ ) ! col\r$ fire-composition1 is su* z to exhibit ! motion ( a screw2 :i*1 h[ev]1 dep5ds on ! /ructure ( ! :eel4 ,! fire f ?is may !n communicate to o!r :eels ( ! same k9d1 to cases ( brilliant fire1 to m>rons & ! l1 diff]5tly arrang$ accord+ to fancy4 ,cyl9d]s ( copp] or t91 call$ b>rels by "s1 are us$ 9 ! arrangem5t1 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,9 fact1 ! rem>ks we h be=e made on ! regulat$ piece ( n9e mutations1 ! mann] ( =m+ z well z ( execut+ x1 w apply to ! ,pyric-piece4 ,sec4 ,,xx4 ,( ,sundry ,illum9at$ ,figures4 ,!re are v>i\s illum9at$ pieces1 "s ( :i* we purpose to notice 9 ?is section4 ,! illum9at$ pyramid1 ) ,ar*im$ean screws1 a globe1 & v]tical sun1 may be exhibit$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,let a pyramid be made tw5ty-"o feet 9 height1 & ! height ( ! p$e/al six feet1 & bread? n9e feet1 hav+ a space betwe5 ! rails ( six in*es4 ,!y mu/ be made z ?9 z possible1 & 9 all put port-fires at int]vals ( f\r in*es4 ,! ,ar*im$ean screws are plac$ on ! p$e/al4 ,!y are no?+ m ?an d\ble spiral :eels1 on :i* ! cases are plac$1 b horizontally in/ead ( obliquely4 ,! v]tical sun1 plac$ f\r feet bel[ ! top ( ! pyramid1 may consi/ ( twelve rays4 ,! globe on ! top may be made 9 proportion to ! pyramid4 ,! lead]s mu/ be prep>$ & arrang$ 9 su* a mann]1 t all ! illum9at+ port-fires1 or lances1 screws1 globe1 & sun may take fire toge!r4 ,transp>5t />s ) illum9at$ rays are =m$1 by mak+ a /rong circul> block or body = ! />1 two feet 9 diamet]1 & atta*+ to x illum9at$ rays4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! front ( ! body1 fix a sp9dle1 on :i* put a d\ble triangul> :eel1 six in*es 9 diamet]1 clo!d ) two-ounce cases ( brilliant *>ge4 ,! cases on ?is :eel mu/ burn only "o at a "t4 ,r\nd ! edge ( ! body1 nail a hoop made ( ?9 wood or t91 :i* mu/ project 9 front six or sev5 in*es4 ,9 ?is hoop1 cut ?ree or f\r holes to let out ! smoke f ! :eel4 ,! /> may be cut out ( /rong pa/ebo>d or t9 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,cut a r\nd piece ( pa/ebo>d1 two feet 9 diamet]1 on :i* draw a />1 & cut x out4 ,ov] ! vacancy1 pa/e ,p]sian silk1 & pa9t ! lett]s yell[2 & also f\r ( ! rays yell[1 & f\r r$4 ,?is transp>5t /> is to be fix$ to ! wood5 hoop by a screw1 to take (f & on4 ,! illum9at$ rays are made ( ?9 wood1 ) t9 sockets1 fix$ on _! sides1 )9 f\r in*es ( ea* o!r4 ,9 ^! rockets1 put ! illum9at+ port-fires1 or lances2 & beh9d ! po9t ( ea* ray1 atta* a half p\nd case ( gray1 black1 or ,*9ese fire4 ,! illum9at$ rays are to be light$ at ! same "t z ! triangul> :eel1 or aft] x is burnt out4 ,?is may be done by a t9 b>rel1 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! regulat$ piece4 ,into ?is b>rel1 c>ry a lead] f ! illum9at$ rays1 ?r\gh ! back ( ! />1 :i* mu/ be met by ano!r lead]1 br\ght f ! tail ( ! la/ case on ! :eel4 ,! regulat$ illum9at$ spiral piece1 ) a project$ /> :eel1 also illum9at$1 is made by procur+ a block1 eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & putt+ 9 six iron spokes1 :i* s]ve = sp9dles = ! spiral :eels4 ,^! :eels are made "o & a half feet 9 diamet]1 & ?ree feet 9 height4 ,! sp9dles mu/ be ( suffici5t l5g? to keep ! :eels f\r or five in*es f "o ano!r4 ,at ! end ( ea* sp9dle1 put a screw nut4 ,on ^! sp9dles1 ! :eels1 t hang d[nw>ds1 are to run4 ,on ! sp9dles1 :i* /& upw>ds1 mu/ be a %\ld]1 = ! blocks ( ! :eels to run on4 ,! project$ /> :eel turns on ! same sp9dle on :i* ! l>ge block is fix$4 ,?is sp9dle mu/ be long en\gh to admit ! />-:eel to project a little be=e ! spiral :eels4 ,! ext]ior diamet] ( ! /> :eel is five feet five in*es4 ,on ?is :eel1 ?ree circles ( iron wire are to be fix$1 to :i* atta* ei!r port1 or o!r illum9at+ fires4 ,on ! block1 place a transp>5t />1 or a l>ge five-po9t$ brilliant />4 ,! cases on ?is :eel may burn f\r at once4 ,! cases on ! spiral :eels mu/ be plac$ p>allel to _! fells & burn two at a "t4 ,9 ord] to make a figure-piece1 ) five-po9t$ />s1 illum9at$1 all t is necess>y is to h a v]tical :eel ab\t "o foot 9 diamet]1 & furni%$ ) six f\r-ounce cases ( diff]5t col\r$ *>ge1 :i* mu/ burn d\ble4 ,on ! frame ( ! figure piece1 fix five-po9t$ brilliant or blue />s1 ramm$ f\r in*es ) composition4 ,let ! space betwe5 ea* /> be eight in*es1 &1 at ea* po9t1 fix a g]be or case ( ,*9ese fire4 ,! g]be1 />s1 & :eel are to be light$ at ! same "t4 ,! illum9at$ /> :eel may be =m$ by procur+ a fell ab\t f\r feet 9 diamet]1 & plac+1 )9 ?is fell1 ?ree circles ( iron wire1 "o small] ?an ! o!r1 s t ! diamet] ( ! lea/ may be ab\t t5 in*es4 ,place ! port1 or o!r fires on ^! fells1 ) _! m\?s incl9+ outw>ds1 & ! port-fires on ! po9ts ( ! />1 ) _! m\?s project+ 9 front4 ,! ext]ior fell mu/ be clo!d ) f\r-ounce cases ( gray *>ge4 ,!y mu/ burn f\r at a "t & be light$ at ! same "t ) ! illum9ations4 ,! illum9at$ regulat+ piece z x is call$1 consi/s ( flat wood5 spokes1 ea* five feet long1 & at ! end ( ea*1 a v]tical :eel1 t5 in*es diamet]1 & clo!d ) six f\r-ounce cases ( brilliant fire4 ,^! cases burn "o at a "t4 ,on two ( ! spokes ( ea* :eel1 two port-fires are atta*$1 :i* mu/ be light$ ) ! fir/ case ( ! :eel4 ,on ea* spoke1 beh9d ! :eels1 place six cases ( ! same size ) ^? on ! :eels4 ,^! cases mu/ be ti$ across ! spokes ) _! m\?s 9 "o direction1 & be made to take fire 9 succession4 ,! diamet] ( ! l>ge :eel mu/ be two & a half feet1 & its fell made ( wood1 :i* is to be fix$ to ! l>ge spokes4 ,tw5ty-f\r cases ( ! same k9d are fix$ on ?is :eel1 & burn f\r at a "t4 ,on ! circles ( iron-wire1 already m5tion$1 illum9at+ port-fires are atta*$4 ,! />-po9ts on ! l>ge spokes may be made ( ?9 a%-hoops4 ,! diamet] ( ^! po9ts1 close to ! c5tre :eel1 is usually elev5 in*es4 ,on ^!1 port-fires are plac$1 ?ree & a half in*es di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,! illum9at$ d\ble cone-:eel is no?+ m ?an a d\ble cone1 =m$ ( a numb] ( hoops1 & support$ by ?ree or f\r pieces ( wood1 9 ! mann] ( ! spiral :eels4 ,! :eel to :i* ! cones are atta*$1 base to base1 is two feet six in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! height ( ea* cone is ?ree feet six in*es4 ,port-fires1 or lances1 are ti$ to ea* ( ! hoops1 9 a horizontal direction1 ) _! m\?s outw>ds4 ,! cases are eight-ounce1 & play horizontally1 two at a "t4 ,! sp9dle = ?is piece mu/ rise ?ree feet above ! po9t ( ! cone at top2 s t its l5g? w be t5 feet f\r in*es f ! top ( ! po/1 9 :i* x is fix$1 all[+ f\r in*es = ! ?ickness ( ! block ( ! :eel4 ,! :ole weight ( ! :eel & cones mu/ be made to be> on a %\ld] 9 ! sp9dle1 on :i* ! block ( ! :eel is to turn4 ,on ! top ( ! sp9dle1 fix a sun1 compos$ ( sixte5 f\r-ounce cases ( brilliant fire4 ,^! cases mu/ be /uck into a block1 six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! front ( ?is sun1 put a circul> v]tical :eel1 sixte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,on ! front ( ?is :eel1 =m a spiral ) wire1 to :i* atta* illum9ations 9 ! usual mann]4 ,?is :eel is to be fir$1 :5 ! cones are burnt out1 :i* may be done z be=e describ$4 ,! sun mu/ n be fir$1 until ! v]tical :eel is burnt out4 ,?ree v]tical :eels illum9at$1 :i* turn on _! own naves ^u a horizontal table1 is a piece readily =m$4 ,x consi/s 9 hav+ a table1 ?ree feet 9 diamet] fix$ horizontally on ! top ( a po/1 ) ?ree :eels t turn r\nd on x4 ,!re are ?ree spokes1 jo9$ to a triangul> flat piece ( wood1 9 ! middle ( :i*1 a hole is made to fit easily ov] a sp9dle plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! table4 ,!re are ?ree pieces ( wood f\r or five in*es long1 & two in*es squ>e1 fix$ on ! "u sides ( ! spokes4 ,9 ^! pieces1 holes are made l5g?wise1 to receive ! ?9 p>ts ( ! blocks ( ! :eels1 :i*1 :5 91 are prev5t$ f com+ out by a small iron p9 t runs ?r\gh ! end ( ea*4 ,! ?ree v]tical octagon :eels1 ea* eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 h blocks suffici5tly long1 = ?ree or f\r in*es to re/ on ! table4 ,r\nd ^! a numb] ( %>p po9ts ( wire are driv51 7:i* mu/ n project out ( ! blocks m ?an #a_/af? ( an in*71 & ! clo?+ is affix$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! use ( ! po9ts is ?is1 t1 :5 ! blocks turn r\nd1 !y w /ick 9 ! table & assi/ 9 giv+ a uni=m motion to ! :eel4 ,on ! front ( ! :eels1 make f\r or five circles ( /rong wire1 or flat hoops1 & tie1 on ^! circles1 z _m illum9ations1 z !y w hold1 at two in*es f ea* o!r4 ,spiral l9es may be made in/ead ( circles4 ,:5 illum9ations are fix$ 9 a spiral l9e1 9 ! front ( a :eel1 !y ought to be plac$ on ! slant4 ,! cases = ^! :eels may be fill$ ) any col\r$ *>ge1 b mu/ burn only "o at a "t4 ,a globe1 or spiral :eel may be put on ! sp9dle1 s t its fire may play ov] ! v]tical :eels4 ,! :eels mu/ be light$ at ! same "t1 & ! illum9ations1 aft] two cases ( ea* :eel are consum$4 ,! v]tical scroll :eel is =m$ by tak+ a block ( a mod]ate size1 & fix+ 9 x f\r flat spokes1 &1 on !m1 a flat circul> fell ( wood4 ,r\nd ! front ( ?is fell1 port-fires are plac$2 & on ! front ( ! spokes a scroll is =m$ ei!r ) a hoop or /rong iron-wire4 ,on ?is scroll1 tie cases ( brilliant fire 9 proportion to ! :eel1 head to tail4 ,:5 ! fir/ case ne> ! fell is light$1 ! fire is communicat$ 9 succession4 ,! gr& volute1 ) a project$ :eel 9 front1 is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,two hoops are =m$ ( /rong iron wire1 "o ( six feet 9 diamet]1 & ! o!r ( f\r feet two in*es4 ,^! hoops mu/ be jo9$ to scrolls1 =m$ accord+ to fancy1 ( ! same k9d ( wire4 ,on ^!1 tie1 ) iron wire1 z _m illum9at+ port-fires1 z !y w c>ry1 at two in*es di/ance4 ,prep>e !n a circul> :eel ( f\r spokes1 ?ree feet six in*es 9 diamet]1 &1 on its fell1 tie z _m f\r-ounce cases1 head to tail1 z w complete ! circle1 only all[+ a suffici5t di/ance betwe5 ! cases1 t ! fire may pass free4 ,on ea* spoke1 fix a f\r-ounce case1 ab\t ?ree in*es f ! fell ( ! :eel4 ,^! cases are to burn "o at a "t1 & ! fir/ ( !m to beg9 ) ^? on ! fell1 ( :i* f\r are to burn at a "t4 ,on ! front ( ! :eel1 =m a spiral l9e ) /rong wire1 on :i* tie port-fires1 ) _! m\?s to face ! same way z ! cases on ! :eel4 ,all ^! port-fires mu/ be fir$ ) ! second cases on ! :eel4 ,! spokes ( ! :eel mu/ be =m$ ( wood1 & made to screw into a block 9 ! c5tre1 & ea* spoke %\ld be f\r feet six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,9 ! top ( ea*1 fix a sp9dle1 &1 9 ea* sp9dle1 put a spiral :eel ( eight spokes4 ,! blocks ( ^! :eels mu/ h a hole at top = ! c5tre cases1 & ! sp9dle mu/ be furni%$ ) nuts1 screw$ on _! ends1 :i* %\ld fit 9 ! holes at ! top ( ! blocks4 ,! cases ( ^! :eels are to burn d\ble2 & ! me?od ( fir+ !m1 is by c>ry+ a lead] f ea* d[n ! spokes into ! block 9 ! c5tre1 z 9 ! dodeca$ron2 b ! c5tre cases ( ea* :eel mu/ beg9 ) ! two la/ cases z usual4 ,! l>ge circul> :eel 9 front ought to h a t9 b>rel on its block2 into :i* a pipe mu/ be c>ri$ f "o ( ! second cases on ! :eel4 ,?is pipe1 be+ met by ano!r f ! l>ge block1 9 :i* ! eight spokes are screw$1 w fire all ! spiral :eels1 & ! illum9at+ port-fires at ! same "t4 ,! cases ( ! project$ :eel may be fill$ ) a :ite *>ge1 & ^? ( ! spiral :eels ) a gray4 ,sec4 ,,xxi4 ,( ! ,spiral or ,endless ,screw1 & ,wav$ ,fire4 ,?is piece is =m$ 9 ! same mann] z ! s+le & d\ble cones2 &1 9 fact1 is ! same z ! ,ar*im$ean screw1 :i* we h already describ$4 ,! s]p5t9e =m :i* *>act]izes ! spiral piece1 is giv5 to x by ! p>ticul> arrangem5t ( ! lances ( illum9ation4 ,! cone receives its motion f ! cases ( :ite-fire2 ! fire ( :i* is communicat$ by lead]s to ! cases ( port-fire1 or lances ( illum9ation4 ,!y mu/ burn ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,! wav$ fire is produc$ by hav+ two :eels ( a simil> size1 turn+ 9 a contr>y direction on ! same axis1 & furni%$ ) cases1 :i* are incl9$ ab\t #de degrees f ! level ( ! table4 ,^! :eels c>ry f\r cases ea*1 & burn at ! same "t4 ,!y h be5 made to c>ry =ty-eight cases1 & furni%$1 at _! c5tres1 ) lances1 b5t 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 s z to repres5t ! motion ( s]p5ts4 ,sec4 ,,xxii4 ,( ! ,decoration ( ,:eels4 ,:eels1 we h se51 may be made ( diff]5t dim5sions1 accord+ to ! purpose to :i* !y are appli$4 ,! mo/ common are ?ree or f\r feet 9 diamet]1 ) a nave ( h>d wood1 & spokes ( light wood4 ,!y are sometimes surm\nt$ ) a fell1 & frequ5tly by sev]al conc5tric hoops1 plac$ at diff]5t di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,:eels1 9 g5]al1 are furni%$ ) cases1 & v>i\s decorations4 ,"s h two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & m fires2 b1 if !y are f9i%$ too mu*1 ! weight !y ?us acquire w\ld ret>d ! velocity ( ! :eel4 ,_! c5tres may be f9i%$ 9 sev]al ways2 z1 = in/ance1 by atta*+1 to ! inn] fells or circles1 cases fill$ ) :ite lance-composition1 plac$ at ! di/ance ( two in*es f ea* o!r1 or alt]nately1 :ite1 blue1 & yell[1 or ,*9ese g]bes1 or cases ( blue fire4 ,we may also atta* small turn+ suns1 ! axes ( :i* be+ plac$ ^u ! spokes4 ,!y may also be made to resemble a mirror1 by furni%+ all ! spokes ) :ite lances2 & = ! la/ fire1 we may atta* f\r cases to ! c5tre1 or 9 its vic9ity1 plac$ 9 su* a mann]1 t _! fire may issue f ! int]ior ( ! :eel4 ,to ?is1 we may add1 two o!r cases1 :i* may cross ! =m]4 ,lead]s are fix$1 & !y are light$ at ! same "t4 ,automatons ) all _! jo9ts1 or articulations1 h be5 add$ to exhibitions ( ?is k9d1 & ) p>ticul> effect4 ,!y are clo!d ) cases aft] ! usual mann]4 ,sec4 ,,xxiii4 ,( ,globes1 ) _! ,v>i\s ,decorations4 ,! fir/ we purpose to treat ( are ! illum9at$ globes ) horizontal :eels4 ,! hoops = ^! globes may be made ( wood1 t91 or iron wire1 ab\t two feet 9 diamet]4 ,= a s+le globe1 take two hoops & tie !m toge!r1 "o )9 ! o!r1 at "r angles2 !n h a horizontal :eel made1 ^: diamet] mu/ be a little wid] ?an ! globe1 & its nave six in*es long2 on ! top ( :i*1 ! globe is fix$ s z to /& ?ree or f\r in*es f ! :eel4 ,on ?is :eel may be put any numb] ( cases1 fill$ ) any ( ! ord9>y *>ges1 z ! :ite fire composition4 ,two ( ^! cases mu/ burn at a "t4 ,!y may be plac$ horizontally1 or incl9+ d[nw>ds4 ,:5 ! :eel is clo!d1 fix on ! hoops z _m illum9ations z w /&1 )9 two & a half in*es ( ea* o!r1 :i* are fa/5$ on ! hoops ) small iron wire4 ,atta* ! pipes ( communication1 & arrange !m s z to c>ry ! fire to all at ! same "t1 ) ! exception ( "o or two1 :i* are to receive _! fire = ! la/4 ,! sp9dle1 on :i* ! globe is to turn1 mu/ g ?r\gh ! block ( ! :eel up to ! inside ( ! top ( ! globe2 at ?is place mu/ be fix$ a bit ( brass or iron1 ) a hole 9 x1 to receive ! po9t ( ! sp9dle1 on :i* ! :ole weight ( ! :eel is to be>4 ,:5 ! globe is to be /ation>y & ! :eel to run by itself1 ! block ( ! :eel mu/ n be s long1 or ! sp9dle any long] ?an to raise ! globe a little above ! :eel4 ,we may rem>k1 t1 :ile ! cases ( :ite fire composition give to ! piece a rot>y motion1 ^? ( ! lance or illum9at+ port-fire produce ! effect1 :i* *>act]izes 9 p>ticul> ?is fire-"w4 ,) respect to fire globes1 !re are two k9ds2 namely1 "o ) project$ cases1 & ! o!r ) conceal$ cases4 ,if we h a globe made ( wood1 ( any diamet]1 & divide its surface into tw5ty-f\r equal p>ts1 & bore a p]p5dicul> hole 9 ea* ( ^! divisions to ! c5tre1 we may !n repres5t ?is piece 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,9 e hole1 except "o1 put a case fill$ ) brilliant or any o!r *>ge1 & let ! m\?s ( ! cases be ev5 ) ! surface ( ! globe4 ,!n cut 9 ! globe a groove f ! m\? ( "o case to t ( ano!r = lead]s1 :i* mu/ be c>ri$ f case to case1 s t !y may all be fir$ toge!r4 ,! globe is !n cov]$ ) a s+le pap] & pa9t$4 ,fire globes ) project$ cases are made 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,prep>e a globe ) f\rte5 holes1 & fix 9 e hole except "o1 a case1 & let ea* case project f ! globe two-?irds ( its l5g?4 ,!n clo! all ! cases ) lead]s4 ,x mu/ be support$ by a sp9dle made to fit ! hole 9 :i* !re is no case4 ,! bur/+-globe is no?+ m ?an a globe prep>$ 9 a p>ticul> way4 ,x turns on a pivot1 & is made by unit+ f\r segm5ts4 ,^! segm5ts or p>ts are fix$ to h+es1 :i* op5 on ! inside1 &1 :5 br\ght toge!r1 are kept 9 _! place by a mat* :i* goes r\nd ! globe4 ,! globe1 x is to be obs]v$1 is furni%$ 9 ! inside ) sev]al /eel spr+s1 :i*1 unless ! globe itself 7 ti$1 w\ld =ce x op54 ,:5 ! mat* is burnt1 ?is effect foll[s & ! globe sep>ates into f\r p>ts4 ,x is furni%$ ) lances & cases 9 ! same mann] z ^? already describ$4 ,! la/ effect is t we h notic$4 ,globes1 :i* leap or roll on ! gr\nd1 may be =m$ by procur+ a wood5 globe1 furni%$ ) a cyl9d]2 &1 hav+ load$ x ) ! composition h]eaft] m5tion$1 introduce into x f\r or m pet>ds load$ ) gra9 p[d] to _! orifices1 :i* mu/ be well /opp$ ) pap] or t[4 ,if a globe prep>$ 9 ?is mann] be fir$ by means ( a mat* at ! m\? ( ! cyl9d]1 x w leap ab\t z x burns on a smoo? horizontal plane1 accord+ z ! pet>ds are set on fire4 ,! pet>ds may be affix$ to ! ext]ior surface ( ! globes1 :i* !y w cause to roll & leap z !y cat* fire4 ,composition4 ,gra9$ p[d]1 #a lb4 ,saltpetre1 #cb -- ,sulphur1 #h -- ,scrap$ ivory1 #a oz4 ,sawdu/1 7boil$ 9 saltpetre & dri$17 #h lbs4 ,sec4 ,,xxiv4 ,( ! ,repres5tation ( ! ,moon & ,/>s4 ,! moon & />s are repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,make a :eel eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 by fix+ eight or m spokes 9 ! nave2 & !n adapt a fell to x4 ,to ! fell fa/5 eight cases ( ! black or gray composition1 & let ! fire communicate f "o to ! o!r4 ,^! cases give motion to ! :eel4 ,furni% ! spokes ( ?is :eel ) cases *>g$ ) ! :ite lance composition4 ,make n[ a cresc5t ( iron & atta* x to ! spokes1 or a little be=e ! spokes ( ! :eel4 ,9 ord] to fix />s to ?is piece1 eight /rips ( wood1 sev5 feet 9 l5g?1 are made to cross ea* o!r at equal di/ances1 & nail$ to ea* o!r 9 ! middle2 s t :5 ?is frame is put beh9d & secur$ to ! moon-piece1 its arms w ext5d "s di/ance beyond ! p]imet] ( ! :eel4 ,^! projections are furni%$ ) five-po9t$ />s1 eight in*es ap>t1 & !re is usually 9 all ?irty-two4 ,!y are made to communicate ) ea* o!r by means ( ! cotton mat*1 z be=e describ$4 ,! light ( ! lances r5d]s ! moon v app>5t1 & ! fix$ />s resemble ^? 9 ! firmam5t4 ,! repres5tation ( ! moon & sev5 />s may be p]=m$ by procur+ a smoo?1 circul> bo>d1 six feet 9 diamet]4 ,out ( ! middle ( x cut a circul> piece twelve or f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & cov] ! hole =m$ ) ,p]sian silk1 on :i* is to be pa9t$ a moon's face4 ,also cut out ( ! bo>d />s ( f\r or five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^! />s are cut out ) five po9ts & cov]$ ) oil$ silk4 ,on ! front ( ! l>ge circul> bo>d draw a sev5-po9t$ />1 z l>ge z ! circle w admit1 & on ! l9es :i* =m ?is />1 make sev]al p]=ations1 9 :i* six-po9t$ />s are to be fix$4 ,a :eel ( brilliant fire is plac$ beh9d ! moon1 :i* r5d]s ! moon & />s transp>5t4 ,!y w disappe> :5 ! :eel is burnt out2 b !n 9 consequ5ce ( ! communication ( ! fire to ! l>ge /> 9 front1 :i* is =m$ ( po9t$ />s1 ! appe>ance ( ?is /> succe$s1 & f9i%es ! piece4 ,a l>ge fix$ /> may be made ?us4 ,to ea* extremity ( ! pieces ( wood1 arrang$ s z to cross ea* o!r1 atta* two cases ( ! black *>ge4 ,_! fire mu/ communicate4 ,ne> ^! cases1 on ea* arm1 place a turn+ sun ( ?ree cases4 ,^! five suns are fix$ at ! same "t1 & :5 !y cease1 ! cases comm5ce4 ,^! cases =m ! />4 ,! repres5tation ( flam+ />s1 ) brilliant :eels1 is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,aft] procur+ a circul> piece ( wood1 ab\t "o in* ?ick1 & two feet 9 diamet]1 fix r\nd x eight po9ts1 ea* two feet & a half long1 f\r ( :i* mu/ be /raight & f\r wav$1 or flam+4 ,^! po9ts be+ jo9$ on v /rong1 & ev5 ) ! surface ( ! wood1 nail t9 or pa/ebo>d on _! edges1 f ! wood to ! end ( ea*1 :]e !y mu/ be jo9$4 ,?is t9 is to project 9 front eight in*es1 & be jo9$ :]e !y meet at ! block4 ,r\nd ! front ( ! wood1 fix f\r pieces ( ?ick iron wire1 eight in*es long ea*1 equally di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,cut a piece ( pa/ebo>d r\nd1 two feet 9 diamet]1 & draw on x a />2 !n cut out ?is />1 & on ! back ( x1 place oil$ pap]4 ,pa9t half r$ & half yell[1 l5g?wise4 ,! body ( ! /> mu/ be left op5 9 :i* mu/ be se5 a brilliant :eel4 ,?is :eel is =m$ by hav+ a block turn$ n9e in*es long1 & fix+ 9 x six spokes4 ,at ! end ( ea* spoke1 put a two-ounce case ( brilliant fire4 ,! l5g? ( ^! cases is made 9 proportion to ! :eel1 & ! diamet] ( ! :eel1 :5 ! cases are on1 mu/ be less ?an ! diamet] ( ! body ( ! small />4 ,! cases on ! spokes 9 front mu/ h _! m\?s incl9$ outw>ds1 & ^? on ! inside spokes1 plac$ s z to =m a v]tical circle ( fire4 ,c>ry ! fir/ lead]1 f ! tail ( "o ( ! cases 9 front1 to ! m\? ( "o ( ! inside cases1 & f ! tail ( t to ano!r 9 front1 & 9 ! same ord] to all ( !m4 ,put on a sp9dle 9 ! c5tre ( ! />4 ,?is sp9dle mu/ be furni%$ ) a %\ld] at bottom1 to keep ! :eel at a little di/ance f ! block1 :i* is kept on ! sp9dle by a nut at ! end4 ,hav+ fix$ on ! :eel1 fa/5 ! transp>5t /> to f\r pieces ( wire4 ,:5 fir$1 a common horizontal :eel w only be se52 b :5 ! fir/ case is burnt out1 x w fire "o ( ! v]tical cases1 :i* w %[ ! transp>5t /> & fill ! l>ge flames & po9ts ) fire4 ,x w !n appe> l a common :eel1 & repres5t ! same appe>ance = twelve *anges4 ,) respect to ! =mation ( />s = regulat$ pieces1 we may rem>k1 t !y are made ( diff]5t sizes accord+ to ! "w = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,!y are prep>$ ) cases f "o ounce to "o p\nd2 b1 9 g5]al1 ) f\r-ounce cases1 f\r or five in*es long4 ,! cases %\ld be roll$ ) pa/e1 & twice z ?ick ( pap] z a rocket ( ! same calib]4 ,hav+ roll$ a case1 let "o end ( x be p9*$ q close2 !n drive 9 half a diamet] ( clay1 &1 :5 dry1 fill x ) composition to two or ?ree in*es ( ! l5g? ( ! case4 ,at ! top ( ! *>ge1 drive "s clay2 z ! ends ( ^! cases1 be+ seldom p9*$1 w\ld be likely to take fire4 ,divide ! case1 :5 fill$1 at ! p9*$ end close to ! clay1 into five equal p>ts2 !n bore five holes ) a gimblet1 ab\t ! size ( ! neck ( a common f\r-ounce case1 into ! composition4 ,f "o hole to ano!r1 c>ry a quick mat*1 & secure x ) pap]1 9 ! same mann] z ! ends ( :eel cases2 s t ! holl[ "p1 :i* projects f ! end ( ! case1 may s]ve to receive a lead] f any o!r "w1 to give fire to ! po9ts ( ! />s4 ,^! />s may be made ) any numb] ( po9ts4 ,sec4 ,,xxv4 ,( ! ,repres5tation ( ,sundry ,figures 9 ,fire4 ,animals & v>i\s figures may be repres5t$ 9 fire by ! foll[+ me?od3 ,take sulphur1 r$uc$ to a v f9e p[d]1 &1 hav+ =m$ x into a pa/e ) />*1 cov] ! figure ( ! ?+ to be repres5t$1 ) ?is mixture1 hav+ fir/ coat$ x ) clay to prev5t x f be+ burnt4 ,aft] ! figure is cov]$ ) pa/e1 x mu/ be spr9kl$1 :ile moi/1 ) gunp[d]2 &1 :5 ! :ole is p]fectly dry1 arrange ab\t x sev]al small mat*es1 t ! fire may be spe$ily communicat$ to x on all sides4 ,9 ?is way1 all sorts ( g>l&s1 fe/oons1 & o!r ornam5ts may be imitat$ by fire ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,a %[] ( fire may be connect$ ) ?is repres5tation1 by us+ cases ( "o-?ird ( an in* 9 diamet]1 *>g$ ) any ( ! foll[+ compositions4 ,^! cases %\ld be two in*es & a half 9 l5g?4 ,!y mu/ n be *oak$1 x be+ suffici5t to twi/ ! end ( ! c>tridge4 ,! effect ( ^! cases is to fill ! surr\nd+ air ) an undulat+ fire4 ,! compositions are simil> to ^? already notic$2 viz4 = ,*9ese ,fire1 take gunp[d] "o p\nd1 sulphur two ounces1 pulv]iz$ ca/-iron ( ,no4 #a4 five ounces2 = anci5t fire1 meal-p[d] "o p\nd1 *>coal two ounces2 & = brilliant fire1 meal-p[d] "o p\nd1 & iron fil+s f\r ounces4 ,sp>ks are also sometimes employ$4 ,^! are made 9 ! usual mann]4 ,besides ! common mode ( =m+ sp>ks1 z !y diff] f />s only 9 _! size & duration1 7be+ =m$ into small balls ab\t ! size ( peas71 !y may be made by ! foll[+ me?od3 ,take sawdu/ ( fir1 popl>1 c4 & boil x 9 wat]1 9 :i* saltpetre has be5 dissolv$4 ,:5 ! wat] has boil$ "s "t1 x is to be p\r$ (f1 t ! sawdu/ may rema9 9 ! vessel4 ,:5 ne>ly dry1 spread x out on a table1 & spr9kle x ) sulphur1 sift$ ?r\gh a v f9e sieve1 to :i* may be add$ a little meal-p[d]4 ,if x be requir$ to accompany ! exhibition ) be>d$ rockets1 7fuses *evelues ( ! ,fr5*71 s call$ f ! circum/ance1 t1 :5 !y fall1 !y make small undulations 9 ! air l frizzl$ hair1 we may =m !m 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,fill ! b>rels ( "s goose-quills ) ! composition ( sky-rockets1 & place ^u ! m\? ( ea* a little moi/ gunp[d]1 bo? to keep 9 ! composition1 & to s]ve z a mat*4 ,if a fly+-rocket be !n load$ ) ^! quills1 !y w produce1 at ! end1 a beautiful %[] ( fire4 ,sec4 ,,xxvi4 ,( ! ,repres5tation ( ,flat ,/>s1 ) a l>ge ,body ( ,fire4 ,a /> ( five po9ts1 ab\t two feet f po9t to po9t1 is to be made1 &1 9 its c5tre1 is plac$ a turn+ sun1 compos$ ( ?ree cases1 & altoge!r n m ?an six or eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,to ?is /> five bran*es are fix$1 ea* ( :i* is ?ree feet 9 l5g?2 &1 to ! extremity ( ea*1 are atta*$ sev5 cases1 ) _! m\?s outw>ds1 & incl9+ ab\t ?irty-five degrees4 ,"o case is !n atta*$ l5g?wise1 & =ms ! v extremity ( ea* projection4 ,on ea* leg or bran*1 ne>]1 h[ev]1 ! c5tre ( ! />1 mu/ be ?ree cases1 fix$ 9 an hexangul> =m4 ,! bord] ( ! l>ge /> is decorat$ ) ,italian or fix$ />s4 ,! fire is communicat$ to ! /> by means ( a lead]1 !n to ! sun & ! cases on ! bran*es4 ,sec4 ,,xxvii4 ,( ! ,s+le1 ,d\ble1 & ,triple ,table ,:eel4 ,we h spok5 ( an arrangem5t ( fire-works1 :i* moves a :eel on a circul> bo>d4 ,t contrivance is simil> to ! "o we n[ purpose to describe4 ,! table-:eel is a k9d ( gir&ole1 :i* turns circul>ly on a r\nd table1 by hav+ its axis connect$ ) a p]p5dicul> p91 fix$ 9 ! table2 s t its motion is v]tical1 :ile x moves 9 a circul> position r\nd ! table4 ,! table1 z well z ! :eel1 may be ( any size1 accord+ to fancy4 ,eight or n9e cases are usually atta*$ to ! fell ( ! :eel1 & 9 ! direction ( ! fell4 ,^! cases turn x ) great velocity4 ,! c5tre ( ! :eel may be decorat$ ) lances1 or illum9at+ port-fires4 ,:5 d\ble or treble :eels are to be arrang$ on ! same table1 ?is is done by hav+ ! iron s l5g!n$1 z to ext5d ov] ! table1 & receive ano!r :eel ( ! same size2 & by us+ a contrivance ( iron1 hav+ ?ree projections1 at equal di/ances ap>t1 & turn+ 9 ! same mann] on a pivot1 or p91 fix$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! table1 ?ree :eels may be put 9 motion at ! same "t4 ,:5 two :eels are employ$1 we may decorate "o ) blue lances1 & ! o!r ) yell[4 ,:5 ?ree :eels =m ! same piece1 x is usual to illum9ate !m1 sev]ally1 ) :ite1 blue1 & yell[ lances4 ,! :eels ( col\r$ fire augm5t ! beauty ( ! exhibition4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! table1 may be plac$ a pyramid1 decorat$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,spiral :eels1 globes1 c4 may be atta*$1 if s requir$4 ,sec4 ,,xxviii4 ,( ,decorations1 ,transp>5cies1 & ,illum9ations4 ,cut-"w1 z x is call$1 is (t5 employ$ 9 decorations4 ,v>i\s figures1 lett]s1 g>l&s1 c4 may be repres5t$4 ,?is may also be accompli%$ 9 tamb\r-"w4 ,sev]al me?ods h be5 us$ to produce ! same effect4 ,cut-"w1 made 9 pa/ebo>d1 & ! pa/ebo>d black5$ & susp5d$ 9 a frame1 w1 by ! aid ( lights plac$ beh9d x1 exhibit ! design v p]fectly4 ,a figure ( a sun cut out ( pa/ebo>d1 ei!r fix$ or made to revolve 9 ! mann] be=e describ$1 & illum9at$ by fix$ lights or revolv+ cases1 is consid]$ to be ! be/ mode ( =m+ su* pieces4 ,9 all in/ances1 ! m brilliant ! fire1 ! m p]fect is ! repres5tation4 ,tamb\r decorations are v>i\sly arrang$2 &1 frequ5tly1 9 ! t]m9ation ( an exhibition1 six or m are %[n at once1 & sometimes ) cascades1 & turn+ suns4 ,9 ! place ( cut-"w1 pa9t$ transp>5cies1 made ) f9e col\rs1 & on ,flor5ce ,taffeta1 are usually employ$4 ,transp>5t pa9t+s h[ev]1 are n pref]r$ by "s1 z ! effect1 x is said1 is n s p]fect z :5 cut-"w is employ$4 ,morel gives a pref]5ce to ! latt]4 ,transp>5cies may be =m$ ) silk1 or f9e l951 & ev5 ) pap]1 if previ\sly prep>$1 by means ( ! _s ( turp5t9e4 ,! col\rs are pa9t$ 9 turp5t9e1 & transp>5t v>ni% is !n appli$4 ,transp>5t scre5s may be prep>$1 by spread+ :ite wax1 dissolv$ 9 spirits ( turp5t9e1 ov] ?9 musl94 ,a scre51 ?us prep>$1 w roll up )\t injury4 ,a cle>] scre5 may be produc$1 by hav+ ! musl9 /ret*$ ^u a rectangul> frame1 & prep>$ ) turp5t9e in/ead ( wax4 ,9 ! uvres de ,did]ot1 t4 xv1 p4 #cdi1 are obs]vations respect+ transp>5cies1 & ! mann] ( prep>+ !m4 ,! process describ$ is no?+ m ?an we h notic$4 ,x consi/s 9 us+ ! oil ( turp5t9e1 & sometimes a solution ( wax 9 turp5t9e4 ,! col\rs are prep>$ mo/ly ) turp5t9e4 ,canada balsam1 ?9n$ by ! addition ( ! _s1 is also employ$4 ,moveable transp>5cies 7 exhibit$ ) great effect 9 ,p>is4 ,transp>5t figures 7 made to move cont9ually 9 e direction1 :i* _h a s+ul> appe>ance4 ,artificial fire-works 7 v accurately imitat$1 by produc+ a v>iety ( movem5ts ) diff]5t pieces ( transp>5cies1 v>i\sly col\r$4 ,! sun1 moon1 & />s1 revolv+ :eels1 c4 compos$ a "p ( ?is exhibition4 ,) respect to decorations 9 :ite & col\r$ lances1 we may obs]ve1 t artificial fire-works are usually t]m9at$ by "s decoration1 :i* corresponds ) ! subject4 ,= ?is purpose1 triumphal ar*es1 fronts ( palaces1 colonades1 rocks1 c4 are =m$1 & repres5t$ 9 wood-"w4 ,^! are usually clo!d1 & pa9t$ 9 wat]-col\rs4 ,f ! rocks1 wat] is made to issue1 =m+ cascades1 & a numb] ( figures are put 9 motion4 ,! jets ( wat] are t]m9at$ by jets ( ,*9ese fire1 or brilliant fire-ra94 ,! furniture1 or decorations1 may be v>i\s1 ei!r ) :ite or col\r$ lances ( illum9ation1 hung f\r in*es ap>t1 & atta*$ to diff]5t p>ts ( ! figure1 or build+4 ,if x is 9 front ( a temple1 ! columns are ornam5t$ ) emblems1 c4 ! fire-"w be+ ?us arrang$3 viz4 blue lances are atta*$ to ! columns1 :ite lances to _! entablature1 & to ! emblems1 yell[ lights4 ,?is h[ev]1 dep5ds on ta/e4 ,decorations are also made ) mat*es2 b ?is mode is n pref]r$1 because s mu* smoke is !reby produc$4 ,figures1 cut 9 pap]1 are illum9at$ 9 ! mann] be=e describ$4 ,b = ?is purpose1 musl9 is fir/ /ret*$ on a frame1 & its sides are cov]$ ) two or ?ree ?icknesses ( pap]1 :i* are pa/$ on4 ,x is !n black5$4 ,aft] trac+ ! design1 or ! subject ( ! illum9ation1 & cutt+ x out ) exactness1 ! frame is put 9 a case1 suffici5tly deep to conta9 a numb] ( lights4 ,illum9ations1 z an expression1 ( public feel+ = "s ev5t or memorable occasion1 are by no means a rec5t ?+4 ,v>i\s modes h be5 adopt$ to r5d] su* exhibitions m elegant1 z well z m expressive4 ,h5ce1 ) ! usual display ( lights1 arrang$ accord+ to ta/e & fancy1 transp>5cies1 decorations1 su* z we h describ$1 c4 h be5 m or less cu/om>y4 ,we m5tion$1 9 ! fir/ "p ( our "w1 some?+ 9 relation to ! antiquity ( illum9ations2 b1 z ?is subject may be int]e/+1 we deem ! foll[+ brief rem>ks n irrelevant4 ,beckman assures u1 7,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions71 t ! orig9 ( illum9ations is v anci5t4 ,! fea/s1 or holy-days 7 celebrat$ 9 ! days ( antiquity1 9 v>i\s ways1 among :i*1 t ) lamps 0 v common 9 ,egypt4 ,x 0 call$ ! fea/ ( ! lamps1 7,fte des ,lampes71 & ! inhabitants ( "s cities 9 ,egypt 7 oblig$ to illum9ate1 ) a great numb] ( lamps1 plac$ be=e _! h\ses4 ,h]odotus 7lib4 ii1 *ap4 #fb71 rem>ks1 t1 at a p>ticul> fe/ival ( ! ,egyptians1 lamps 7 plac$ be=e all ! h\ses ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & kept burn+ ! :ole night4 ,dur+ ! fe/um encniorum1 ! ,fea/ ( ! ,d$ication ( ! ,temple1 :i*1 accord+ to common op9ion1 0 celebrat$ 9 ,decemb]1 & cont9u$ eight days1 a numb] ( lamps 7 light$ be=e ea* ( _! h\ses4 ,su* illum9ations 7 us$1 also1 9 ,greece & ,rome1 & 7 call$ ,lampad>ia4 ,an inf9ite numb] ( lamps 7 burnt 9 hon\r ( ,m9]va1 ,vulcan1 ,prome!us1 ,bac*us1 c4 ,on ! la/ occasion1 ! illum9ation 0 call$ ,lampt]ic4 ,x seems t ! light+ ( /reets _h n be5 adopt$ at t p]iod4#be ,at ,rome1 ! =um 0 light$1 :5 games 7 exhibit$ 9 ! night-"t2 & ,caligula1 on a l occasion1 caus$ ! :ole city to be light$4 ,z ,cic]o 0 return+ home late at night1 aft] ,catal9e's conspiracy _h be5 defeat$1 lamps & tor*es 7 light$ 9 all ! /reets1 9 hon\r ( t great orator4 ,! emp]or ,con/ant9e caus$ ! :ole city ( ,con/ant9ople to be illum9at$ ) lamps & wax c&les on ,ea/]-eve4 ,! fir/ *ri/ians (t5 illum9at$ _! h\ses on idolatr\s fe/ivals1 9 a m elegant mann] ?an ! hea!ns4 ,?is 0 dictat$ by policy4 ,! h\ses ( ! anci5ts 7 illum9at$ on bir?-days1 by susp5d+ lamps f *a9s4 ,= illum9ations at ! pres5t day1 tall[ is *iefly us$4 ,x is cl>ifi$1 = ! mak+ ( c&les1 by means ( alum4 ,m4 ,ola9e 9 #agaj pres5t$ to ! academy ( sci5ces an app>atus = ! manufacture ( c&les4 ,! b\gie economique ( ! ,fr5* is describ$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,p>is = #aghb4 ,! outl9e ( ! process = prep>+ !m is z foll[s3 ,take eight p>ts ( suet1 & melt x ) "o qu>t ( wat]2 & aft] /ra9+ x1 & return+ x to ! same boil]1 add ! same quantity ( wat]1 9 :i* 0 dissolv$ half an ounce ( saltpetre1 z mu* sal ammoniac1 & "o ounce ( alum4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ to evaporate ! wat]4 ,! wick is made ( cotton or flax1 & roll$ 9 a solution ( camphor 9 petroleum1 & aft]w>ds cov]$ 9 ! usual mann] ) ! above composition4 ,9 us+ tall[ g5]ally1 quicklime is recomm5d$ to be add$ to x 9 fusion4 ,:5 ! quicklime subsides1 x is p\r$ (f4 ,ano!r mode recomm5d$ is to melt ! tall[ ) v9eg>1 & to add to x a decoction ( rosem>y1 sage1 laurel1 & a small quantity ( turm]ic2 ! :ole be+ boil$ until ! wat] is evaporat$4 ,?is communicates1 x is said1 an agreeable od\r1 & a yell[ col\r4 ,diff]5t modes ( prep>+ tall[ = c&les h be5 us$4 ,see sal ammoniac4 ,) respect to anci5t lamps1 "s acc\nt ( !m has be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,antiquities1 by ,montfaucon & by ,pass]i2 & ! ,j\rnal des ,savants #afhb & #afhe m5tions ! two lamps ( ,boyle & ,/urmius1 & "s acc\nt ( ! celebrat$ lamp ( ,callimacus 9 ! temple ( ,m9]va4 ,on ! =mation ( lamps1 & ! purification ( oil1 sundry pat5ts h be5 grant$ bo? 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,! arg& lamp = burn+ its own smoke1 :i* x effects by a glass cyl9d] plac$ ov] ! flame1 is "o ( ! be/ improvem5ts ( ! k9d4 ,! pr9ciple ( ^! lamps is ! same1 al?\gh v>i\sly modifi$ 9 %ape & /ructure4 ,= *emical purposes1 an iron cyl9d] is sub/itut$ = glass4 ,a lamp1 = ! burn+ ( t> & turp5t9e1 ) /eam1 has lately be5 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,morey1 7see ,silliman's ,j\rnal ,vol4 ,,ii47 ,mr4 ,e4 ,cl>ke obta9$ a pat5t = a lamp calculat$ to burn tall[2 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is1 t by ! heat ( ! flame1 ! caloric is conduct$ to ! tall[ by means ( a piece ( iron1 :i* is heat$ by x1 & ! tall[ melts z x is want$4 ,?is lamp may be economically us$1 :5 common lamp oil is sc>ce & high 9 price4 ,a lamp is describ$ 9 ! ,repository ( ,arts1 to burn tall[4 ,z a wick1 besides cotton1 sev]al sub/ances h be5 recomm5d$4 ,! filam5ts ( amian?us1 = in/ance1 :ile !y p]=m ! (fice ( a wick1 are incombu/ible4 ,! ,j\rnal de ,v]dun = #agdh1 ann\nc$ incombu/ible wick by sieur ,lesp>4 ,t\* wood1 ! tussilago s>f>a1 & ! v]bascum tapsus ( ,l9nu1 are also recomm5d$4 ,9 #aghc1 ,leg] ann\nc$1 9 ! ,j\rnal de la ,blan*]ie1 t he _h inv5t$ a mat* :i* w\ld burn )\t smoke & od\r4 ,lamps h be5 furni%$ ) fix$ & moveable mirrors1 to ?r[ ! light =w>d by reflection4 ,! rev]b]atory lamps1 revolv+ lights = light h\ses1 c4 are ( ?is k9d4 ,_m pat5ts h be5 obta9$ = su* contrivances1 :i* we h n room to notice4 ,! inflammable air lamp = ! table1 describ$ 9 ! ,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie1 is no?+ m ?an a _s ( w9e lamp1 & us$ 9 lieu ( hot bricks1 or vessels fill$ ) boil+ wat] = ! w>m+ ( di%es1 c4 ,9 #aghj1 ,m4 ,ehrman1 9 8 ,description et usage de quelques lampes air inflammable1 describes a *af+ di% ) inflammable air1 inv5t$ by ,nevet1 :i* op]ates by ! combu/ion ( hydrog5 gas4#bf ,fix$ illum9ations are m brilliant & m magnific5t2 z ! lights are m num]\s1 z well z m div]sifi$4 ,wax1 sp]maceti1 or tall[ c&les1 or oil burnt 9 t9 lamps1 or 9 glass cups susp5d$ by wire1 are all us$ = ! purpose4 ,if ! wick be dipp$ 9 _s ( turp5t9e1 x w take fire in/antane\sly4 ,x is unnecess>y to make any rem>ks z to ! arrangem5t ( lights4 ,l>ge di%es conta9+ melt$ tall[1 & a wick proportionally ?ick & susp5d$ by means ( a simple contrivance ( t91 are recomm5d$ = ! same purpose4 ,col\r$ lights af=d a v>iety4 ,! appe>ance ( col\r$ flame may be produc$ by burn+ ! oil 9 col\r$ glasses1 s dispos$ z to let ! light pass ?r\gh ! glass1 or by plac+ lamps beh9d bottles fill$ ) col\r$ wat]4#bg ,! col\r$ glasses :i* are sold 9 ,p>is = ! purpose1 are =m$ ) facets on ! outside1 :i* n only produce ! appe>ance ( col\r$ flame1 b also1 accord+ to ! numb] ( facets1 ! refraction & reflection ( ! light4 ,ar*es1 pyramids1 obelisks1 c4 are light$ up 9 ?is mann]4 ,! ,pont ,neuf1 & ! ,se9e 9 #agci1 7 illum9at$ at ! "t ( ! spl5did exhibition ( fire-works4 ,x is unnecess>y1 h[ev]1 to p>ticul>ize on ?is head4 ,we all rememb] ! spl5did illum9ations 9 all our cities dur+ ! late w>1 :i* 7 inde$ a true expression ( our national & individual feel+4 ,illum9ations1 9 ?is c\ntry1 be=e t "t 7 v r>e2 none we ?9k s9ce ! peace ( #aghc1 & ! union "u ! f$]al compact4 ,phosphuret ( lime1 ( ! size ( peas1 ?r[n into wat]1 w af=d1 at %ort int]vals1 a brilliant flame ( fire2 = ! phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas ?us produc$ has ! prop]ty ( inflam+ spontane\sly 9 atmosph]ic air4 ,alcohol1 conta9+ sundry salts 9 solution1 w give a flame ( v>i\s col\rs1 accord+ to ! salt x holds 9 solution4 ,see ,alcohol4 ,illum9at$ works are mu* admir$ by ! ,italians1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,illum9at$ *&eli]1 :i* is consid]$ a great addition to a collection ( works4 ,an illum9at$ *&eli] is =m$ ( ?9 wood ) arms ext5d+ on ea* side4 ,holes are bor$ 9 ! front ( ! bran*es & 9 ! body1 & also 9 ! eagle 7if x be add$17 at top1 & di/ant f ea* o!r ab\t ?ree in*es4 ,9 ^! holes1 we put illum9ations1 fill$ ) :ite1 blue & brilliant *>ge4 ,hav+ fix$ 9 ! port-fires1 !y mu/ be clo!d ) lead]s1 s t ! *&eli] & eagle may light toge!r4 ,we may also obs]ve1 t1 = ! spe$y light+ ( a numb] ( lamps1 at "o & ! same "t1 quick-mat* enclos$ 9 pap] tubes has be5 us$4 ,?is quick-mat* is sometimes made to communicate its fire to a sulphur mat*1 prep>$ by dipp+ /r&s ( cotton 9 melt$ sulphur1 & f ?is to ! lamp4 ,sev]al me?ods are recomm5d$ = ?is purpose2 "o ( :i* consi/s 9 dipp+ cotton wick 9 ! oil ( spike1 & arrang+ x along ! wicks ( ! diff]5t lamps1 s t :5 inflam$ ! fire may pass rapidly f "o lamp to ano!r4 ,9 #aggb1 ,m4 ,r5ault1 a ,p>isian1 ann\nc$ 9 ! public pap]s1 t he possess$ a secret1 by :i* he c\ld light #bjjj lamps 9 five m9utes1 by means ( a mat* ( communication4 ,we h "s exp]im5ts & obs]vations on col\r$ flame1 by ,mr4 ,morey1 9 8 essay on heat & light1 9 ! second volume ( ,silliman's ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 p4 #abj4 ,! exp]im5ts are curi\s1 & wor?y ( rem>k4 ,if wat]1 he obs]ves1 be put into "o cyl9d]1 & made to boil1 & ! /eam be l$ to ! bottom ( ano!r includ$ cyl9d]1 conta9+ spirits ( turp5t9e1 ! /eam1 :5 let out "u a mod]ate pressure1 c>ries (f ) x a suffici5t quantity ( ! _s to burn ) a pleasant :ite flame1 free f smoke2 b if ! pressure be increas$1 ! flame w become 9 "p or :olly blue4 ,"h1 he adds1 z 9 _m o!r exp]im5ts1 ,i h notic$1 t diff]5t col\r$ flames may be produc$ f ! same mat]ials--are ! products ( combu/ion diff]5t8 ,he fur!r obs]ves1 t if ! /eam ( wat]1 conta9+ a small proportion ( ! vap\r ( ros91 be driv5 aga9/ iron1 at or bel[ a r$ heat1 x burns ) a pleasant blue flame1 :i* w be ext5d$ "s way back into ! column ( ! vap\r1 int]mix$ ) innum]able sp>ks ( v :ite flame1 evid5tly p>ticles ( ! ros94 ,if ! vap\rs1 :5 ! proportion ( ! ros9 is v small1 are made to pass betwe5 two plates ( iron1 at or ne> a r$ heat1 !y c be inflam$ on ! opposite sides ( ! plates1 & w !n1 sometimes1 burn ) an entirely blue flame1 al?\gh ! vap\r c n be inflam$1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! plates4 ,he /ates o!r exp]im5ts1 made ) tall[ & /eam1 produc+ a blue flame4 ,! blue col\r seems to be ow+ to ! pressure made use (2 =1 9 8 second communication1 7page #abb1 ( ! same volume71 he m5tions :ite flame be+ produc$ by ! vap\r ( wat]2 & :5 x is 9 a suffici5t quantity1 !re is no smoke4 ,if too great1 combu/ion ceases4 ,speak+ ( ! col\r ( ! flame1 produc$ by mix$ vap\rs1 7( ! combu/ible & wat]71 su* z blue1 blue & :ite1 :ite & int5se :ite1 he adds1 t !y may be imitat$1 at pleasure1 ) ! pat5t lamp /ove1 by burn+ t>1 pit* p9e1 or m9]al coal & wat]4 ,newly made *>coal w take up ab\t ?ree times its weight ( wat]4 ,s&1 a%es1 or f9e clay1 he obs]ves1 answ]s well = mix+ ) ! t>1 c4 ,if ! latt] be made into a pa/e ) equal p>ts ( _s ( turp5t9e & wat]1 & cold lumps ( x1 ( a conical =m1 be plac$ on a table1 & a flame appli$1 ! vap\rs burn )\t smoke = a %ort "t1 c4 ,if enclos$ 9 a t9 cyl9d]1 & ! vap\r be made to issue ?r\gh small holes at ! top1 plac$ z be=e /at$1 or on a plate ov] a *af+ di% ( coals1 x burns ) a v bright light1 free f smoke4 ,if ! cyl9d] be tight at ! top & ! vap\r be l$ f ! inside at ! top1 d[n & ?r\gh ! bottom1 & !re be made to issue 9 an oblique direction1 & f a numb] ( small op5+s1 x w burn ) a beautiful flame & supports & regulates1 v accurately1 its own evaporation4 ,! oblique direction c>ries ! heat1 9 "p1 beyond ! cyl9d]1 :5 ! evaporation is too great4 ,e effect may be produc$ 9 consum+ ! smoke1 & giv+ an int5se :ite flame1 by us+ a c]ta9 proportion ( wat]1 intimately bl5d$ or mix$ ) ^! vap\rs1 t c be f an access ( oxyg5 furni%$1 by creat+ a v /rong curr5t ( air1 ) a high flue4 ,! description ( ,morey's lamp /ove1 may be se5 9 ! same "w4 ,! /eam1 he obs]ves1 may be furni%$ by a small t9 boil]1 & direct$ to or ne> ! bottom ( ! t>4 ,an int5se :ite flame free f smoke1 may be ?us produc$ f t>1 ros91 r\gh turp5t9e or ! _s1 alcohol1 oil1 fat1 tall[1 m9]al coal1 pit* p9e wood1 & ! knots1 bir* b>k1 & pumpk91 sun-fl[]1 flax1 & o!r se$s4 ,) reg>d to p9e wood1 he adds1 x is ! easie/ manag$1 evaporates at a l[] temp]ature1 consumes a great] proportion ( wat] 9 its combu/ion1 conta9s ! wat] )9 itself1 & gives a bright] light ?an common c&les or lamps1 & )\t smoke4 ,! m volatile p>ts are evaporat$ at a temp]ature bel[ t ( boil+ wat]1 & burn well ) ?ree p>ts ( ! vap\r ( wat]2 ! flame !n1 h[ev]1 is ne>ly blue4 ,obs]vations on ! application ( ?is mode ( produc+ light & heat1 may be se5 9 ,silliman1 p4 #aca1 c4 ,x appe>s1 t ,gay-,lussac 7,annales de ,*imie1 = ,june1 #ahai17 has comm5t$ on ,mr4 ,morey's plan4 ,pr(essor ,h>e 7,silliman's ,j\rnal1 vol4 #b;d1 p4 #agb7 also obs]ves1 t ! flame ( hydrog5 gas is r5d]$ lum9\s1 l t ( oil1 by add+ a small quantity ( oil ( turp5t9e to ! usual mixture = g5]at+ ?is gas2 & t ! addition ( #a_/ag ( ! same fluid to alcohol1 w give x ! prop]ty ( burn+ ) a highly lum9\s flame2 & !re is a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! proportions1 at :i* ! mixture burns )\t smoke1 l a gas light4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 he obs]ves1 :5 ! +r$i5ts are at ! prop] temp]ature1 ! light is great] ?an t produc$ by c>burett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,speak+ ( ?is application ( spirits1 ! pr(essor judici\sly adds3 ,x might be s]viceable to morals1 if ! value ( ?is article c\ld be enhanc$ by a new mode ( consumption4 ,we f9d1 also1 t ! effect ( vap\r on flame has be5 notic$ by ,dr4 ,dana1 9 ! same ,j\rnal1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dj2 by :i* x appe>s1 t :5 a jet ( /eam is made to pass into a *>coal fire1 ! vividness ( ! combu/ion is increas$1 & also ! l[ att5uat$ flame ( ! coal2 t x prev5ts ! smoke ( a common oil lamp1 & makes ! flame bright]2 t ! flame ( _s ( turp5t9e1 :i* is usually dull & r$di%1 is r5d]$ bright1 & no smoke is =m$2 or :5 ! vap\r ( bo? are made to issue toge!r f ! same orifice1 & inflam$1 no smoke appe>s2 t a jet ( /eam1 ?r[n into ! flame ( a _s ( w9e lamp1 or into flames :i* evolve no smoke or c>bonace\s matt]1 produces ! same effect z a curr5t ( air2 b t1 9 all flames :i* evolve smoke1 /eam produces an increas$ brightness & a m p]fect combu/ion4 ,dr4 ,dana fur!r sugge/s1 t /eam might be introduc$ into ! flames ( /reet lamps1 :i* might be s contriv$ z to keep wat] boil+1 to produce ! /eam1 & !reby cause a m p]fect combu/ion1 & a great] quantity ( light f ! same mat]ials4 ,c\nt ,rum=d has %[n1 t ! quantity ( light1 emitt$ by a giv5 portion ( inflammable matt] 9 combu/ion1 is proportional1 9 "s high ratio1 to ! elevation ( temp]ature2 & t a lamp1 hav+ _m wicks ne> ea* o!r1 s z mutually to increase _! heat1 burns ) inf9itely m brilliancy ?an ! ,arg& lamps 9 common use4 ,to measure ! proportional int5sities ( two or m lights2 place !m a few in*es asund]1 & at ! di/ance ( a few feet or y>ds f a scre5 ( :ite pap]1 or a :ite wall4 ,on hold+ a small c>d ne> ! wall two %ad[s w be project$ on x1 ! d>k] "o by ! int]ception ( ! bright] light1 & ! light] %ad[1 by ! int]ception ( ! dull] light4 ,br+ ! fa9t] light ne>] to ! c>d1 or remove ! bright] "o fur!r f x1 till bo? %ad[s acquire ! same int5sity4 ,measure n[ ! di/ances ( ! two lights1 f ! wall or scre51 squ>e !m1 & y h ! ratio ( illum9ation4 ,?us1 if an ,arg& flame & a c&le1 /& at ! di/ances ( #aj feet & #d feet1 respectively1 :5 _! %ad[s are equally deep1 we h #ajb & #db1 or #ajj & #af1 or #f-a_/d & #a1 = _! relative quantities ( light4 ,! au?or ( ! ,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie1 vol4 iii1 p4 #cfe1 9 treat+ on ! subject ( illum9ation1 m5tions diff]5t modes ( illum9at+1 bo? ) & )\t transp>5cies4 ,we "k t v>i\s mixtures w produce diff]5t col\r$ flame4 ,?us1 ars5ic w burn ) a beautiful :ite flame 9 oxyg5 gas2 iron & /eel w burn also1 af=d+ a brilliant light2 phosphorus & *>coal ) a :ite1 & sulphur ) a beautiful blue flame2 z9c ) a gre5 col\r1 c4 ,aga91 we "k t a mixture ( nitrate ( /rontia & *>coal w burn ) a rose col\r$ flame2 "o "p ( boracic acid1 & ?ree ( *>coal1 ) a gre5 flame2 "o ( nitrate ( b>ytes1 & f\r ( *>coal1 ) a yell[ flame2 & equal p>ts ( nitrate ( lime & *>coal p[d]1 ) an orange flame4 ,we also "k1 t cotton dipt 9 oil ( turp5t9e1 or ard5t _s1 ros91 camphor1 c4 w burn extremely vivid & beautiful4 ,! au?or1 :om we h j quot$1 gives "s rem>ks on ! v>i\s col\r$ flames1 t may int]e/ ! read]4 ,felt 7,feutre1 ,fr47 he rem>ks1 if put 9 ! fire1 w give mo/ beautiful col\rs1 a gold5 yell[ & a brilliant blue4 ,& ?is1 he adds1 may be prov$ by ?r[+ pieces ( old hats into ! fire2 = ^! col\rs dep5d on ! sub/ances us$ 9 dy+ ! hat4 ,he fur!r rem>ks1 t gre5 oak wood gives a yell[ flame1 & alcohol ) s$ative salt1 7boracic acid71 a blue1 & t1 by unit+ ! flame ( bo?1 ! product1 z to col\r1 w be a gre54 ,! flame ( alcohol is *ang$ ( v>i\s col\rs1 accord+ to ! salt x holds 9 solution4 ,( ?is circum/ance1 ,s*att 0 appris$1 :5 he gave "s =mula _m ye>s ago1 on ! mann] ( =m+ col\r$ flame4 ,reaumur rem>k$ also1 ! diff]5t col\rs :i* "s metals assume1 :5 submitt$ to ! action ( heat1 :i* is kn[n n[ to be ! effect ( oxidizem5t4 ,z respects ! ph5om5a ) felt1 we are told1 t1 if we ?r[ into ! fire ! cutt+s ( hats1 we w p]ceive at fir/ a :ite flame1 & !n 9 succession a blue1 gre51 & violet col\r2 all :i*1 our au?or obs]ves1 proce$s f ! v]digris & o!r sub/ances1 employ$ 9 ! composition ( ! dye /uff4 ,!re is "o fact1 :i* he has ass]t$1 :i* may probably be expla9$ on ! mat]iality ( light1 s f> z reg>ds ! =mation ( col\r1 7n consid]+1 h[ev]1 ! !ory ( ,bancr(t1 giv5 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,p]man5t ,col\rs1 or ! m philosophical "o ( ,dr4 ,samuel ,conov]1 ( ,philadelphia1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society71 & ?is fact is1 t ! flame c>ries ! col\r to ! object :i* x illum9ates1 & t ! object itself actually p>takes ( ! col\r1 9 ord] to produce any p>ticul> appe>ance4 ,t col\rs1 z visible to ! eye1 are all =m$ 9 ! sol> light1 & _! appe>ance dep5ds ^u ! absorption ( "s ( ! rays ( light1 & ! reflection ( o!rs1 is a doctr9e :i* foll[$ ! discov]ies ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,we h n room to notice ?is subject1 h[ev] int]e/+ x may be 9 a philosophical po9t ( view4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 t ! art ( col\r+ flame 0 kn[n = a long "t4 ,we are told1 t ! philosoph] ,anaxilaus ev5 pret5d$1 t1 by putt+ ink ) ! oil ( a lamp1 or ! liquor ( ! cuttle fi%1 ! faces ( ! by/&]s w appe> black by ! light ( ?is lamp6 ,sulphur has ! effect ( r5d]+ ! visage pale & cadav]\s4 ,o!r p]sons1 z ,simon ,se!1 advanc$ an op9ion1 t1 if we moi/5 ! wick ( a lamp ) ink1 or 9 a mixture ( ! ru/ ( copp]1 & hav+ light$ ! wick1 & plac$ o!r lights ar\nd x1 ! faces w appe>1 "s black1 & "s ( a brass col\r4 ,o!rs1 su* z ,c>dan1 say1 t1 by mak+ a mixture ( w9e & salt1 & !n r$uc+ x two-?irds by evaporation1 ! flame1 :i* ! w9e w !n give1 w make ! liv+ put on a cadav]\s appe>ance1 if !y rema9 9 "o po/ure4 ,mal9a also obs]ves1 t1 by burn+ a piece ( wooll5 clo? well soak$ 9 a solution ( salt 9 v9eg>1 ! visage w appe> frightful by ! light ( ! flame4 ,b ! process ( ,j4 ,b4 ,porta is n less wor?y ( note4 ,if good old w9e1 he obs]ves1 be put into a b[l ) a h&ful ( salt1 & set on live coals1 b n 9 ! flame1 & z soon z x beg9s to boil1 is set on fire1 7! o!r lights 9 ! room be+ ext+ui%$71 ! figure ( ea* p]son w appe> s hide\s1 z to produce a mutual dread4 ,! au?or ( ! ,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie1 iii1 p4 #dcc1 obs]ves1 t he has repeat$ ?is exp]im5t1 sometimes ) br&y1 & at o!r times ) alcohol1 ) p]fect success4 ,a cadav]\s appe>ance is said to be giv51 by mix+ common salt ) alcohol1 9 :i* "s saffron _h be5 infus$4 ,:5 set on fire1 & ! o!r lights ext+ui%$1 ! effect1 we are told1 is v /rik+4 ,! s call$ miracul\s lum9>ies1 are no?+ else ?an sol> phosphori1 :i* are v num]\s4 ,_! effect is to emit light 9 ! d>k1 b n heat4 ,almo/ e ?+ 9 nature possesses ?is prop]ty 9 a great] or less degree1 :i* dep5ds on ! absorption & subsequ5t transmission ( light4 ,! eyes ( v>i\s animals h ?is prop]ty2 cats & owls 9 p>ticul>4 ,sn[ possesses x 9 a consid]able degree4 ,putrid animal matt]1 fi%1 = example1 rott5 wood1 c4 p>take also ( ?is prop]ty4 ,x may n be improp] to notice1 9 a g5]al way1 "s ( ! sub/ances1 :i* are d5om9at$ sol> phosphori4 ,! ,bolognian phosphorus is ! calc9$ b>osel5ite1 7sulphate ( b>ytes71 :i*1 :5 expos$ a few m9utes to ! light1 %9es :5 tak5 into ! d>k l burn+ coals4 ,9 wat] x emits ! same light4 ,?is prop]ty1 z is ! case ) all o!r sol> phosphori1 x loses gradually2 b by heat+ x aga91 imbibes light4 ,canton's phosphorus is calc9$ oy/] %ells4 ,x is us$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,baldw9's phosphorus is fus$ nitrate ( lime4 ,v>i\s sal9e & o!r bodies1 z diamonds & preci\s gems1 possess ! same prop]ty4 ,express$ oils & animal fats1 :5 heat$ to #dej1 become phosphoresc5t4 ,hanzelet 7,trait des ,feux d',artifice7 rem>ks1 t a /one may be made to give light by wat]1 if prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,take quicklime1 tutty1 & saltpetre1 ( ea* "o "p2 r$uce !m to p[d]1 & expose !m to ! action ( heat4 ,on ! addition ( wat]1 light is said to be giv5 out4 ,:5 quicklime is mix$ ) ess5tial oil1 & br\ght 9 contact ) wat]1 spontane\s combu/ion is said to take place4 ,fluor or ,d]by%ire sp>1 7fluate ( lime71 :5 pulv]iz$ & heat$ to #bab ,fahr41 & !n remov$ to ! d>k1 is v lum9\s4 ,if writ+ be made on a copp] or iron plate1 ) ?9 mucilage or :ite ( egg1 & p[d]$ fluor sp>1 spr9kl$ on x2 :5 ! plate is remov$ to a g5tle coal fire1 ! del9eat$ objects w become lum9\s1 & opaque aga9 :5 ! plate becomes cold4 ,! lapis lazuli has ! same effect4 ,! phosphoric sub/ances1 :i* become lum9\s by attrition or p]cussion1 are num]\s4 ,homb]g's phosphorus1 :i* is no?+ m ?an calc9$ muriate ( lime1 is ( ?is "*4 ,:5 /ruck x emits light4 ,)\t ei!r light or fire1 a numb] ( bodies w give out light4 ,fl9ts1 & o!r silice\s /ones1 /ruck aga9/ "o ano!r1 appe> lum9\s 9 ! d>k4 ,v>i\s o!r m9]als h ! same prop]ty4 ,w$gwood 7,phil4 ,trans4 #agi17 ,coates 7,ni*4 ,j\r4 #agii17 ,we/rumb 7,crell's ,*em4 ,annals1 #aghd17 h writt5 on ?is subject2 to :i* enum]ation we may add ! int]e/+ rem>ks ( ,dr4 ,hulme1 7,phil4 ,trans4 #ahjj17 & ! obs]vations ( ,cab>ris1 9 8 ,memoir1 read be=e ! ,national ,in/itute4 ,x may be suffici5t to rem>k1 t ! %ell-fi% call$ pholas2 ! m$uca phosphorea1 & o!r molluscs2 sev]al insects ( ! species fulgora1 or lant]n-fly2 ! lampyris1 or gl[worm2 ! scolop5dra electrica2 ! canc] fulg5s2 ! m$ull>y sub/ance ( ! human bra91 c4 are all phosphoresc5t4 ,m4 ,dessaignes 7,bullet9 de la ,socit ,philomatique1 ,octobre1 #ahaj7 made a numb] ( exp]im5ts on solid1 liquid1 & a]i=m bodies1 relative to ! dis5gagem5t ( light by compression4 ,among o!r conclusions1 he adds1 t wat] is ! cause ( ! spontane\s phosphoresc5ce ( bodies1 su* z quicklime1 ,canton's phosphorus1 dry muriate ( lime1 c4 all :i*1 :5 br\ght 9 contact ) wat]1 emit light1 :i* he attributes to ! consolidation ( t fluid4 ,! absorption ( moi/ure1 & its subsequ5t consolidation1 may1 9 "s in/ances1 give rise to lum9\s appe>ances4 ,! lapis sol>is1 ,bolognian /one1 or ! pres5t sulphate ( b>ytes1 0 discov]$ 9 #afjb1 by ,casciorolus1 a %oemak] ( ,bologna4 ,he came to ,scipio ,begatello1 :o at t "t 0 p>ticul>ly kn[n by 8 atta*m5t to ! art ( gold-mak+1 & %[$ him ?is /one1 "u ! my/ical "n ( lapis sol>is1 on acc\nt ( its attract+ ! gold5 light ( ! sun1 & its boa/$ fitness = conv]t+ ! semi-metals into gold1 ! sol ( ! al*emi/s6 ,dr4 ,brew/] 7,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal7 made a numb] ( exp]im5ts on ! col\r & int5sity ( light1 evolv$ by diff]5t m9]als1 by :i* x appe>s1 t ! yell[ sulphate ( b>ytes gives a pale light1 :ile fluate ( lime1 a blue & gre5 light4 ,cell9i 7,treatise on ,jewelry1 publi%$ ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury7 0 ! fir/ :o obs]v$ ! phosphoresc5ce ( m9]als2 x does n appe> t he knew ( ! ,bolognian /one4 ,grim%ire 7,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 #hvo4 vols4 #ae1 #af1 #ai17 made a numb] ( exp]im5ts on ! emission ( light by bodies1 :5 subject$ to ! electrical influ5ce2 &1 :5 ?us treat$1 sulphate ( b>ytes gave a brilliant gre5 light4 ,! cawk ( ! m9]s1 z x is also a sulphate ( b>ytes1 phosphoresces :5 previ\sly expos$ to heat4 ,!re are two wat] f\nta9s1 bo? set 9 motion by ! action ( heat on conf9$ air1 :i*1 z x exp&s1 =ces ! wat] f an "u vessel 9 jets4 ,! fir/ is call$ ! illum9at$ f\nta91 & plays :5 ! c&les are light$1 /opp+ :5 !y are ext+ui%$4 ,! o!r is a f\nta91 :i* acts on ! same pr9ciple1 b by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,! effect ( ! fir/ is m or less consid]able accord+ to ! pressure ( ! air ^u ! wat]1 & consequ5tly1 to ! degree ( r>efaction :i* ! air und]goes4 ,! *emical illum9ation ( "s writ]s1 by us+ oil ( vitriol1 iron fil+s1 & wat]1 & inflam+ ! vap\r z x proce$s f a bottle1 is no?+ else ?an ! inflammation ( hydrog5 gas4 ,! :ite vap\rs1 :i* !y describe1 is ! gas 9 "q4 ,hav+ notic$ ! use ( c&les & lamps = illum9ation1 we purpose1 9 conclud+ ?is article1 to give ! result ( "s exp]im5ts on ! relative int5sities ( light1 & duration ( diff]5t c&les1 made by ,dr4 ,ure1 :i* we extract f 8 ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,numb] ,duration ,weight ,consump4 ,propor- ,economy ,c&les 9 a ( a 9 p] h\r3 tion ( ( equal "o p\nd4 c&le4 gra9s4 gra9s4 light4 light4 arg&4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #aj m\ld #e h4 #i m4 #fhb #acb #ab #fh #e4g #aj dipp$ #d #cf #fgb #aej #ac #fe #e4be #h m\ld #f #ca #hef #acb #aj #ei #f4f #f d4 #g #b #aafj #afc #ad #ff #e4j #d d4 #i #cf #aghg #ahf #bj #hj #c4e ,arg& ,oil ,flame #eab #fi4d #ajj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! doctor rem>ks1 t #a_/h? ( a gallon ( good seal-oil1 weighs #fjaj gr4 or #ac & #a_/aj? oz4 avoirdupois1 & la/s1 9 a bright arg& lamp1 #aa h\rs #dd m9utes4 ,! weight ( oil x consumes p] h\r1 is equal to f\r times ! weight ( tall[ 9 c&les1 #h to ! p\nd1 & ?ree & "o-sev5? times ! weight ( tall[ 9 c&les1 #f to ! p\nd4 ,b its light be+ equal to t ( #e ( ! latt] c&les1 x appe>s1 f ! above table1 t #b lbs4 weight ( oil1 9 an arg&1 are equival5t1 9 illum9at+ p[]1 to ?ree p\nds ( tall[ c&les4 ,! l>g] ! flames 9 ! above c&les ! great] ! economy ( light4#bh ,sec4 ,,xxix4 ,( ,imitative ,fire-,works4 ,imitative fire-works are ne>ly ( ! same "* z ! transp>5cies & illum9ations m5tion$ 9 ! la/ section2 b1 z ?is subject may be int]e/+ to "s ( our read]s1 we ?\ght prop] = t reason to appropriate a section to its consid]ation4 ,imitative fire-works are =m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,take a pap] t is black$ on bo? sides1 or in/ead ( black1 let x be col\r$ on ea* side ) a deep blue1 :i* w be /ill bett] = su* z are to be se5 ?r\gh transp>5t pap]s4 ,x mu/ be ( a prop] size = ! figure int5d$ to be exhibit$4 ,9 ?is pap]1 cut ) a p5-knife sev]al spaces1 & ) a pi]c] make a great numb] ( holes1 r long ?an r\nd1 & at no regul> di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,to repres5t revolv+ pyramids & globes1 ! pap] mu/ be cut ?r\gh ) a p5-knife1 & ! space cut out betwe5 ea* spiral %\ld be ?ree or f\r times z wide z ! spirals !mselves4 ,!y mu/ be s cut1 t ! pyramid or globe may appe> to turn on its axis4 ,! columns t are repres5t$ 9 pieces ( ar*itecture1 or 9 jets ( fire1 mu/ be cut 9 ! same mann] z if !y are to be repres5t$ z turn+ on _! axis4 ,9 l mann] may be exhibit$ a great v>iety ( ornam5ts1 cyph]s1 & m$allions1 :i*1 :5 prop]ly col\r$1 _c fail ( produc+ a mo/ pleas+ effect4 ,!re %\ld n be a v great div]sity ( col\rs1 z t w\ld n produce ! mo/ agreeable appe>ance4 ,:5 ^! pieces are drawn ^u a l>ge scale1 ! ar*itecture or ornam5ts may be %ad$2 & to repres5t diff]5t %ades1 pieces ( col\r$ pap] mu/ be pa/$ ov] ea* o!r1 :i* w produce an effect t w\ld n be expect$ f transp>5t pa9t+s4 ,five or six pieces ( pap]1 pa/$ ov] ea* o!r1 w be suffici5t to repres5t ! /ronge/ %ades4 ,to give ^! pieces ! diff]5t motions !y require1 we mu/ fir/ consid] ! nature ( ea* piece3 if1 = example1 we h cut out ! figure ( ! sun1 or ( a />1 we mu/ con/ruct a wire :eel ( ! same diamet] ) ^? pieces4 ,ov] ?is :eel a v ?9 pap] is to be pa/$1 on :i* is drawn ) black ink ! spiral figure4 ,! :eel ?us prep>$1 is to be plac$ beh9d ! sun or />1 9 su* a mann] t its axis may be exactly opposite ! c5tre ( ei!r ( ^? figures4 ,?is :eel may be turn$ by any contrivance4 ,n[1 ! :eel be+ plac$ directly beh9d ! sun1 = example1 & v ne> to x1 is to be turn$ regul>ly r\nd & /rongly illum9at$ by c&les plac$ beh9d x4 ,! l9es t =m ! spiral w !n appe> ?r\gh ! spaces cut f ! sun1 to proce$ f its c5tre to its circumf]5ce2 & w resemble sp>ks ( fire t incessantly succe$ ea* o!r4 ,! same effect w be produc$ by ! />1 or by any o!r figure1 :]e ! fire is n to appe> z proce$+ f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre4 ,^! two pieces1 z well z ^? t foll[1 may be ( any size1 provid$ we obs]ve ! proportion betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! figure & ! spiral1 :i* mu/ be wid] 9 l>ge figures ?an 9 small4 ,if ! sun1 = example1 h f six to twelve in*es diamet]1 ! wid? ( ! /rokes t =m ! spiral ne$ n be m ?an "o-tw5tie? "p ( an in*1 & ! spaces betwe5 !m t =m ! transp>5t p>ts1 ab\t two-t5?s ( an in*4 ,if ! sun be two feet 9 diamet]1 ! /rokes %\ld be "o-eigh? ( an in*1 & ! space betwe51 "o qu>t] ( an in*2 & if ! figure be six feet 9 diamet]1 ! /rokes %\ld be "o-f\r? ( an in*1 & ! spaces1 five-twelf?s ( an in*4 ,^! pieces h a pleas+ effect1 :5 repres5t$ ( a small size2 b ! deception is m /rik+ :5 !y are ( l>g] dim5sions4 ,x w be prop] to place ^! pieces1 :5 ( a small size1 9 a box q close on e side1 t none ( ! light may be diffus$ 9 ! *amb]2 = :i* purpose x w be conv5i5t to h a t9 door beh9d ! box1 to :i* ! c&le/icks may be sold]$1 & ! c&les m easily light$4 ,! sev]al figures cut out %\ld be plac$ 9 frames1 t !y may be put alt]nately 9 a groove 9 ! =ep>t ( ! box1 or !re may be two grooves1 t ! second piece may be put 9 be=e ! fir/ is tak5 out4 ,! :eel mu/ be c>efully conceal$ f ! eye ( ! spectator4 ,:]e !re is an opportunity ( repres5t+ ^! artificial fires by a hole 9 ! p>tition1 !y w d\btless h a mu* m /rik+ effect1 z ! spectator _c !n conjecture by :at means !y are produc$4 ,x is easy to conceive1 t1 by ext5d+ ?is me?od1 :eels may be con/ruct$ ) ?ree or f\r spirals1 to :i* may be giv5 diff]5t directions4 ,x is manife/1 also1 t1 on ! same pr9ciple1 a great v>iety ( transp>5t figures may be contriv$1 :i* may be all plac$ be=e ! same spiral l9es4 ,9 repres5t+ cascades ( fire1 x is necess>y to obs]ve1 t1 9 cutt+ out ! cascades1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to pres]ve a natural inequality 9 ! p>ts cut out2 = if to save "t1 all ! holes are made ) ! same po9t$ tool1 ! uni=mity ( ! p>ts w produce a disagreeable effect4 ,to produce ! app>5t motion ( ^! cascades1 in/ead ( draw+ a spiral1 a slip ( /rong pap] is to be provid$1 9 :i* !re mu/ be made a great numb] ( holes ne> ea* o!r1 & made ) po9t$ tools ( diff]5t dim5sions4 ,at ea* end ( ! pap]1 a "p1 ( ! same size ) ! cascade1 mu/ be left uncut2 & t[>ds ^? p>ts ! holes mu/ be made a great] di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,:5 ! cascade t is cut out is plac$ be=e ! scroll ( pap] j m5tion$1 & x is entirely w\nd ^u ! roll]1 ! "p ( ! pap] t is !n betwe51 be+ q opaque1 no "p ( ! cascade w be visible2 b1 z ! :eel is turn$ g5tly & regul>ly r\nd1 ! transp>5t "p ( ! pap] w give to ! cascade ! appe>ance ( fire t desc5ds 9 ! same direction2 & ! illusion w be s /rong1 z to appe> z a real cascade ( fire4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,( ,,aquatic ,,fire-,,works4 ,fire-works1 :i* are exhibit$ on wat]1 h a v pleas+ effect4 ,wat] rockets1 9 p>ticul>1 are mu* admir$4 ,sec4 ,i4 ,( ,wat] ,rockets4 ,wat] rockets are g5]ally small1 f f\r ounces to two p\nds4 ,:5 l>ge1 !y are difficult to be kept above wat] )\t a cork float4 ,:5 ?is is us$1 x is ti$ to ! neck ( ! case4 ,!y w n dive z well ) z )\t floats4 ,! cases = wat] rockets are made 9 ! same proportion z = sky-rockets1 b ! pap] is ?ick]4 ,= ^? :i* are driv5 solid1 put 9 at fir/ a ladle full ( sl[-fire1 & !n two ( ! prop] *>ge1 & on t1 "o or two ladles ( s9k+ *>ge2 !n ! prop] *>ge1 !n ! s9k+ *>ge aga92 & s on till ! case is fill$ )9 ?ree diamet]s4 ,!n drive on ! composition "o ladleful ( clay1 ?r\gh :i* make a small hole to ! *>ge4 ,fill ! case )9 half a diamet] ) corn p[d]1 on :i* turn d[n two or ?ree r\nds ( ! case 9 ! inside2 !n p9* & tie ! end v tight4 ,hav+ ?us fill$ ! rockets1 dip _! ends 9 melt$ ros9 or seal+ wax1 or secure !m ) grease4 ,:5 !y are fir$1 six or eight may be ?r[n 9 at once2 b if !y are all to swim or s9k at ! same "t1 !y mu/ all h an equal quantity ( composition & be fir$ toge!r4 ,9 ! rockets :i* burn 9 ! wat]1 !re mu/ be a consid]able v>iation 9 ! con/ruction ( ! m\ld1 & also 9 ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,! composition %\ld consi/ ( ?ree mat]ials mix$ toge!r1 viz4 ?ree ounces ( meal-p[d]1 "o p\nd ( saltpetre1 & eight ounces ( sulphur4 ,if ! rocket is to appe> on ! wat] ) a beautiful tail1 ! composition mu/ consi/ ( eight ounces ( gunp[d]1 "o p\nd ( saltpetre1 eight ounces ( sulphur1 & two ounces ( *>coal4 ,:5 ! composition has be5 prep>$ accord+ to ^! proportions1 & ! rocket be5 fill$1 apply a saucisson to ! end ( x1 & hav+ cov]$ ! rocket ) wax1 pit*1 c4 z be=e m5tion$1 atta* x to a small rod ( :ite will[1 ab\t two feet 9 l5g?1 t ! rocket may conv5i5tly float4 ,cork may be us$1 z we obs]v$1 = ! same purpose4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( meal-p[d]1 )\t any mixture1 put at c]ta9 di/ances1 mu/ be us$1 if x is requir$ t ^! rockets %\ld plunge d[n & aga9 rise up4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ,pipes ( ,communication4 ,! pipes ( communication :i* are us$ "u wat]1 mu/ be made ( ?ick pap]1 & :5 dry cov]$ ) dry+ oil1 :i* mu/ !n be ?or\ghly dri$4 ,9 oil+ !m leave ab\t "o & a half in*es dry = jo9ts2 z ! p>ts w\ld n adh]e :]e ! oil 0 appli$4 ,! :ole1 h[ev]1 is completely oil$ aft] ! lead]s are jo9$1 & ! pa/e dry4 ,^! pipes w rema9 "u wat] = "s "t )\t injury4 ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ,horizontal ,:eels = ,wat]4 ,an octagon :eel is to be provid$1 made ( flat bo>ds eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 s t ! l5g? ( ea* size w be ne> sev5 in*es4 ,9 all ! sides1 cut a groove = ! cases to lie 94 ,procure a wood5 b[l )\t a h&le1 & on ! top nail ! :eel2 !n take f\r eight-ounce cases1 fill$ ) a prop] *>ge1 ea* ab\t six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,:5 ! :eel is to be clo!d ) ^! cases1 get "s :iti%-br[n pap]1 & cut x into slips ( f\r or five in*es broad1 & sev5 or eight long4 ,^! slips be+ pa/$ all ov] on "o side1 take "o ( ! cases1 & roll "o ( ! slips ( pap] ab\t "o & a half in*es on its end1 s t !re w rema9 ab\t two & a half in*es ( ! pap] holl[ f ! end ( ! case4 ,?is case is to be ti$ on "o ( ! sides ( ! :eel1 ne> ! corn]s ( :i* holes mu/ be bor$1 ?r\gh :i* ! pack ?read is put to tie ! cases4 ,hav+ ti$ on ! fir/ case at ! neck & end1 put a little meal-p[d] 9 ! holl[ pap]2 !n pa/e a slip ( pap] on ! end ( ano!r case1 ! head ( :i* put into ! holl[ pap] ( ! fir/1 all[+ a suffici5t di/ance f ! tail ( "o to ! head ( ! o!r = ! pa/$ pap] to b5d )\t te>+4 ,! second case is to be ti$ on 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/1 & s on ) ! re/ except ! la/1 :i* mu/ be clos$ at ! end2 unless x is to communicate to any ?+ on ! top ( ! :eel1 su* z fire-pumps1 or brilliant fires1 fix$ 9 holes cut 9 ! :eel1 provid$ !y be n too heavy = ! b[l4 ,be=e ! cases are ti$ on1 ! upp] "p ( all _! ends except ! la/ %\ld be cut %elv+1 t ! fire f "o may play ov] ! o!r1 )\t be+ ob/ruct$ by ! case4 ,:eel cases h no clay driv5 9 _! ends1 nor are !y p9*$1 b always left op52 only ! la/1 or ^? :i* are n to lead fire1 :i* mu/ be well secur$4 ,sec4 ,,iv4 ,( ,wat] ,m9es4 ,a b[l & :eel1 z above describ$1 are necess>y = ?is exhibition2 b ) ?is diff]5ce t 9 ! :eel !re mu/ be a hole l>ge en\gh to receive ! m9e4 ,^! m9es are t9 pots1 ) /rong bottoms1 & a little m ?an two diamet]s 9 l5g?4 ,! m9e mu/ be fix$ 9 ! hole 9 ! :eel1 ) its bottom re/+ on ! b[l2 !n load$ ) s]p5ts1 crack]s1 />s1 small wat] rockets1 c4 9 ! same mann] z pots ( aigrettes2 b 9 ! c5tre fix a case ( ,*9ese fire1 or a small g]be1 :i* mu/ be light$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ case on ! :eel4 ,^! :eels are to be clo!d z usual4 ,sec4 ,v4 ,( ,fire ,globes = ! ,wat]4 ,b[ls = wat] globes mu/ be v l>ge1 & ! :eels on !m ( a decagon =m4 ,on ea* side ( ! :eels1 nail a piece ( wood f\r in*es long2 & on ! outside ( ea*1 cut a groove1 wide en\gh to receive ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! ?ickness ( a f\r-ounce case4 ,^! pieces ( wood mu/ be nail$ 9 ! middle ( ea* face ( ! :eel1 & fix$ 9 an oblique direction2 s t ! fire f ! cases may incl9e upw>ds4 ,! :eel be+ ?us prep>$1 tie 9 ea* groove a f\r-ounce case1 fill$ ) a gray *>ge4 ,!n c>ry a lead] f ! tail ( "o case to ! m\? ( ano!r4 ,globes = ^! cases are made ( two t9 hoops1 ) ?9 edges outw>ds1 fix$ "o )9 ! o!r1 at "r angles4 ,! diamet] ( ^! hoops mu/ be some:at less ?an t ( ! :eel4 ,hav+ made a globe1 drive 9 ! c5tre ( ! :eel1 an iron sp9dle1 :i* mu/ /& p]p5dicul>1 & be 9 l5g? f\r or six in*es m ?an ! diamet] ( ! globe4 ,! sp9dle s]ves z an axis1 on :i* ! globe is fix$1 :i*1 :5 done1 mu/ /& f\r or six in*es f ! :eel4 ,r\nd1 on "o side ( ea* hoop1 mu/ be sold]$ small bits ( t91 two & a half in*es di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,^! pieces mu/ be two in*es 9 l5g? ea*1 & only fa/5$ at "o end1 ! o!r ends be+ left loose1 on :i* to turn r\nd ! small port-fires1 to hold !m on3 ,^! port-fires mu/ be made ( su* a l5g?1 z w la/ out ! cases on ! :eel4 ,!re ne$ n be any port-fires at ! bottom ( ! globe1 )9 f\r in*es ( ! sp9dle2 =1 if !re 71 !y w\ld h no effect1 b only burn ! :eel4 ,all ! port-fire mu/ be plac$ p]p5dicul> f ! c5tre ( ! globe1 ) _! m\?s outw>ds2 & mu/ all be clo!d ) lead]s1 s z all to take fire ) ! second case ( ! :eel2 :i* cases mu/ burn two at a "t opposite to ea* o!r4 ,:5 two cases ( a :eel beg9 toge!r1 two w end toge!r2 !re=e ! two opposite end cases mu/ h _! ends p9*$1 & secur$ f fire4 ,! me?od ( fir+ su* :eels is1 by c>ry+ a lead] f ! m\? ( "o ( ! fir/ cases to t ( ! o!r2 :i* lead]1 be+ burnt ?r\gh ! middle1 w give fire to bo? at ! same "t4 ,sec4 ,,vi4 ,( ,odorif]\s ,wat] ,balloons4 ,odorif]\s works are g5]ally fix$ 9 rooms1 &1 :5 speak+ ( sc5t$ fire1 we notic$ su* compositions z w\ld communicate an agreeable od\r to ! air4 ,wat] balloons are made 9 ! same mann] z air balloons1 b v ?9 ( pap]1 & 9 diamet] #a-c_/d in*es1 ) a v5t1 #a_/b an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! %ells be+ made1 & q dry1 are fill$ ) odorif]\s composition1 :i* mu/ be ramm$ 9 tight4 ,^! balloons are fir$ at ! v5t1 & put into a b[l ( wat]4 ,wat] rockets may also be made ( any ( ! foll[+ compositions1 ) a little alt]ation to make !m weak] or /rong]4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #b oz4 ,sulphur1 -- ,camphor1 -- ,yell[ ,amb]1 -- ,*>coal du/1 -- ,fl[]s ( b5zo91 -- #b4 ,saltpetre1 #b oz4 ,sulphur1 -- ,antimony1 -- ,amb]1 -- ,c$>-rasp+s1 -- ,oil ( roses1 #aj drops4 ,oil ( b]gamot1 #dj drops4 #c4 ,saltpetre1 #ab oz4 ,meal-p[d]1 #c -- ,frank9c5se1 #a -- ,myrrh1 -- ,camphor1 -- ,*>coal1 #c -- ,oil ( ,spike1 a small quantity4 #d4 ,saltpetre1 #d oz4 ,sulphur1 #a -- ,sawdu/ ( ,junip]1 -- ,sawdu/ ( ,cypress1 #a -- ,camphor1 -- ,myrrh1 -- ,dri$ rosem>y1 -- ,cortex elat]ii1 -- ,sec4 ,,vii4 ,( ,wat] ,balloons4 ,hav+ made "s ?9 pap] %ells1 fill "s ) ! composition = wat] balloons1 & "s aft] ?is mann]3 ,hav+ made ! v5t ( ! %ells pretty l>ge1 fill !m almo/ full ) wat]-rockets1 m>rons1 squibs1 c4 ,!n put 9 "s bl[+ p[d]1 suffici5t to bur/ ! %ells1 & aft]w>ds fix 9 ! v5t a wat]-rocket1 long en\gh to rea* ! bottom ( ! %ell1 & its neck to project a little out ( ! v5t4 ,?is rocket mu/ be op5$ at ! end1 to fire ! p[d] 9 ! %ell1 :i* w bur/ ! %ell1 & disp]se ! small rockets1 c4 9 ! wat]4 ,:5 ! l>ge rocket is well secur$ 9 ! v5t ( ! %ell1 take a cork float ) a hole 9 its middle1 :i* fits ov] ! head ( ! rocket1 & fa/5 x to ! %ell4 ,?is float mu/ be l>ge en\gh to keep ! balloon above wat]4 ,composition = ,wat]-,balloons4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #d lbs4 ,sulphur1 #b -- ,meal-p[d]1 #b -- ,antimony1 #d oz4 ,sawdu/1 #d -- ,glass-du/1 #a -- #b4 ,saltpetre1 #i lbs4 ,sulphur1 #c -- ,meal-p[d]1 #f -- ,ros91 #ab oz4 ,antimony1 #h -- ,! foll[+ composition is giv5 = ,wat]-,globes4 ,gra91 or ,corn-p[d]1 #a lb4 ,saltpetre1 #cb -- ,sulphur1 #h -- ,scrap$ ivory1 #a oz4 ,sawdu/ 7previ\sly soak$ 9 saltpetre & dri$7 #h lbs4 ,sec4 ,,viii4 ,( ,wat] ,squibs4 ,^! are g5]ally made ( "o-ounce s]p5t cases1 sev5 or eight in*es long fill$ two-?irds ) *>ge1 & ! rema9d] b\nc$4 ,! common me?od ( fir+ !m is ?is3 ,take a wat]-:eel1 ) a t9 mort> 9 its c5tre1 :i* load ) squibs aft] ! usual me?od2 b ! p[d] 9 ! mort> mu/ be no m ?an w ?r[ ! squibs out easily into ! wat]4 ,! cases may be plac$ on ! :eel1 ei!r obliquely or horizontally1 & on ! top ( ! :eel1 r\nd ! mort>1 fix two cases ( brilliant fire p]p5dicul>ly to ! :eel4 ,^! cases mu/ be fir$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ case ( ! :eel1 & ! mort> at ! conclusion ( ! same4 ,sec4 ,,ix4 ,( ! ,wat] ,fire-,f\nta94 ,a float made ( wood1 ?ree feet 9 diamet] is to be provid$4 ,9 ! middle1 a p]p5dicul> po/1 f\r feet high & two in*es wide mu/ be ins]t$4 ,?ree circul> :eels1 made ( ?9 wood1 b )\t spokes1 are fix$ r\nd ?is po/4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! :eels mu/ be plac$ )9 two or ?ree in*es ( ! float1 & mu/ be ne>ly ( ! same diamet]4 ,! second mu/ be #b feet #b in*es 9 diamet]1 & fix$ at ! di/ance ( two feet f ! fir/4 ,! ?ird :eel mu/ be #a foot #d in*es 9 diamet]1 & fix$ )9 six in*es ( ! top ( ! po/4 ,! :eels be+ arrang$1 take #ah f\r or eight-ounce cases ( brilliant fire1 & place !m r\nd ! fir/ :eel1 ) _! m\?s outw>ds1 & incl9+ d[nw>ds4 ,on ! second :eel1 place ?irte5 cases ( ! same1 & 9 ! same mann] z ^? on ! fir/4 ,on ! ?ird1 place eight m ( ^! cases1 9 ! same mann] z be=e1 & on ! top ( ! po/1 fix a g]be4 ,!n clo! all ! cases ) lead]s1 s t !y & ! g]be may take fire at ! same "t4 ,! float %\ld be tri$ fir/ 9 ! wat]1 to see if ! f\nta9 /&s upright4 ,sec4 ,x4 ,( ,swans & ,ducks1 to dis*>ge ,rockets 9 ,wat]4 ,?is exp]im5t may be made1 by =m+ swans1 or ducks ( pap]1 leav+ a cavity )94 ,!y are to be fill$ ) small wat]-rockets1 ) "s bl[+ p[d] to ?r[ !m out4 ,hav+ made & pa9t$ "s swans1 fix !m on floats4 ,!n 9 ! place :]e _! eyes %\ld be1 bore holes two in*es deep1 incl9+ d[nw>ds1 & wide en\gh to receive a small port-fire4 ,! port-fire case = ?is purpose mu/ be made ( brass1 two in*es long1 & fill$ ) a sl[ bright *>ge4 ,9 ! middle ( "o ( ^! cases1 make a little hole4 ,!n put ! port-fire 9 ! eye-hole ( ! swan1 leav+ ab\t half an in* to project out1 & 9 ! o!r eye1 put ano!r port-fire1 ) a hole made 9 x4 ,!n1 9 ! neck ( ! swan1 )9 two in*es ( "o ( its eyes1 bore a hole slantwise1 to meet t 9 ! port-fire4 ,9 ?is hole1 put a lead]1 & c>ry x to a wat]-rocket1 t mu/ be fix$ ^u its tail1 ) its m\? upw>ds4 ,on ! top ( ! head1 place #b "o-ounce cases1 f\r in*es long ea*1 driv5 ) brilliant fire4 ,"o ( ^! cases mu/ incl9e =w>ds1 & ! o!r backw>ds4 ,!y mu/ be light$ at ! same "t z ! wat]-rocket2 to d :i*1 bore a hole betwe5 !m 9 ! top ( ! swan's head1 d[n to ! hole 9 ! port fire1 to :i* c>ry a lead]4 ,if ! swan is fill$ ) rockets1 !y mu/ be fir$ by a pipe f ! end ( ! wat]-rocket1 "u ! tail4 ,:5 ! swan is put 9 ! wat]1 ! two eyes are to be light$4 ,sec4 ,,xi4 ,( ,dis*>g+ ,rockets "u ,wat]4 ,/&s mu/ be made z usual1 only ! rails mu/ be plac$ flat in/ead ( edgewise1 & h holes 9 !m = ! rocket /icks to g ?r\gh2 = if !y 7 hung ^u hooks1 ! motion ( ! wat] w\ld ?r[ !m (f4 ,! /&s be+ made1 if ! pond is deep en\gh1 s9k !m at ! sides s deep1 t1 :5 ! rockets are 91 _! heads may j appe> above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,to ! m\? ( ea* rocket fix a lead]1 :i* mu/ be put ?r\gh ! hole ) ! /ick4 ,!n a little above ! wat] mu/ be a bo>d1 support$ by ! /&1 & plac$ along "o side ( ! rockets2 & ! ends ( ! lead]s are to be turn$ up ?r\gh holes made 9 ?is bo>d1 exactly opposite ! rockets4 ,by ?is means1 !y may be fir$ s+ly1 or at once4 ,rockets may be fir$ by ?is me?od 9 ! middle ( a pond1 by a ,neptune1 a swan1 or a wat]-:eel4 ,a rocket1 :i* is fir$ 9 ! wat]1 &1 aft] burn+ !re half ! "t ( its duration1 m\nts into ! air ) great velocity1 may be ?us con/ruct$4 ,take a sky-rocket1 furni%$ ) a rod1 &1 by means ( a little glue1 atta* x to a wat]-rocket1 b only at ! middle1 9 su* a mann]1 t ! latt] w h its neck upp]mo/4 ,adju/ to _! extremity1 a small tube1 to communicate fire f ! "o to ! o!r1 & cov] bo? ) a coat+ ( wax1 pit*1 c4 t !y may n be damag$ by ! wat]4 ,!n atta* to ! sky-rocket1 aft] x has be5 ?us cem5t$ to ! aquatic rocket1 a rod1 &1 by means ( a /r+1 support a musket bullet1 made fa/ to ! rod by means ( a ne$le or piece ( iron4 ,:5 ^! arrangem5ts h be5 made1 set fire to ! mat* aft] ! rocket is 9 ! wat]1 &1 :5 ! composition is 9 "p consum$1 ! fire w be communicat$ ?r\gh ! small tube to ! o!r rocket4 ,! latt] w !n rise & leave ! o!r1 :i* w n be able to foll[ x1 on acc\nt ( ! weight adh]+ to x4 ,sec4 ,,xii4 ,( ! ,repres5tation ( ,neptune 9 8 ,*>iot4 ,?is repres5tation is p]=m$ by procur+ a figure made ( wood1 or wick] wood1 ( ! prop] size1 & support+ x on a float1 on :i* mu/ be two horses' heads & necks1 s z to appe> swimm+4 ,= ! :eels ( ! *>iot1 !re mu/ be two v]tical :eels ( black fire1 &1 on ,neptune's head1 a horizontal :eel ( brilliant fire1 ) all its cases to play upw>ds4 ,:5 ?is :eel is made1 cov] x ) pap]1 or pa/ebo>d1 cut & pa9t$ l ,neptune's coronet2 !n let ! trid5t be made )\t prongs2 b1 in/ead ( !m1 fix ?ree cases ( a v weak gray *>ge1 & on ea* horse's head1 put an eight ounce case ( brilliant fire1 & on ! m\? ( ea*1 fix a %ort case ( ! same diamet]1 fill$ ) ! :ite flame composition1 suffici5t to la/ out all ! cases on ! :eels4 ,^! %ort cases mu/ be op5 at bottom1 t !y may light ! brilliant fires4 ,= ! horses' eyes1 put small port-fires1 &1 9 ea* no/ril1 put a small case1 fill$ half ) gray *>ge1 & ! re/ ) port-fire composition4 ,if ,neptune is to give fire to any build+ on ! wat]2 at 8 fir/ sett+ out1 ! :eels ( ! *>iot & t on 8 head1 ) ! :ite flames on ! horses' heads1 & ! port-fires 9 _! eyes & no/rils1 mu/ be all light$ at once4 ,!n1 f ! bottom ( ! :ite flames1 c>ry a lead] to ! trid5t4 ,z ! figure is to advance by ! help ( a block & cord1 x mu/ be s manag$ z to prev5t its turn+ ab\t1 till ! brilliant fires on ! horses & ! trid5t beg94 ,= x is by ! fire f ! horses 7:i* plays almo/ upright17 t ! build+1 or "w is light$1 :i* mu/ be ?us prep>$4 ,f ! m\? ( ! case1 :i* is to be fir/ fir$1 hang "s loose quick-mat*1 to receive ! fire f ! horses4 ,:5 ,neptune is only to be %[n by himself1 )\t sett+ fire to any o!r ( ! works2 let ! :ite flames on ! horses be v %ort1 & n to la/ long] ?an "o case ( ea* :eel2 & let two cases ( ea* :eel burn at a "t4 ,sec4 ,,xiii4 ,( ! ,repres5tation ( a ,sea-,fight ) ,small ,%ips1 & ! ,prep>ation ( a ,fire-,%ip4 ,hav+ procur$ a numb] ( small %ips ( two or ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 prep>e a numb] ( small reports1 :i* are to s]ve = guns4 ,( ^!1 range z _m z y please on ea* side ( ! upp] decks4 ,!n1 at ! head & /]n ( ea* %ip1 fix a two-ounce case1 eight in*es long1 fill$ ) sl[ port-fire composition2 b take c>e to place x 9 su* a mann]1 t ! fire may fall 9 ! wat]1 & n burn ! rigg+4 ,9 ^! cases1 bore holes1 at unequal di/ances f "o ano!r2 b make z _m 9 ea* case z half ! numb] ( reports2 s t "o case may fire ! guns on "o side1 & ! o!r1 ^? on ! opposite4 ,! me?od ( fir+ ! guns is by c>ry+ a lead] f ! holes 9 ! cases to ! reports on ! decks4 ,^! lead]s mu/ be made small1 & c>e mu/ also be tak5 9 calculat+ ! burn+ ( ! sl[-fire 9 ! regulat+ cases1 t m ?an two guns be fir$ at a "t4 ,to give a broadside1 let ! lead] be c>ri$ to a crack]1 plac$ on ! outside ( ! %ip2 :i* crack] mu/ be ti$ loose1 or ! reports w be too sl[4 ,9 all ! %ips1 put artificial guns at ! port-holes4 ,hav+ fill$1 & bor$ holes 91 two port-fires = regulat+ ! guns 9 "o %ip1 make all ! re/ exactly ! same4 ,!n1 :5 ! engagem5t has comm5c$1 light "o %ip fir/1 & set x a sail+2 & s on ) ! re/1 s5d+ !m out s+ly1 :i* w make !m fire regul>ly1 at diff]5t times1 )\t confusion2 = ! "t betwe5 ! fir+ ( ea* gun w be equal to t ( light+ ! sl[-fires4 ,! fire-%ip may be ( any size4 ,to prep>e a %ip = ?is purpose1 make a port-fire1 equal 9 size to ^? 9 ! o!r %ips1 & place x at ! /]n4 ,9 any port1 place a l>ge port-fire1 fill$ ) v /rong composition1 & pa9t$ 9 imitation ( a gun1 & let !m all be fir$ at once by a lead] f ! sl[ fire1 )9 two or ?ree diamet]s ( its bottom4 ,all along bo? sides1 on ! top ( ! upp] deck1 lay />-composition1 ab\t half an in* ?ick & "o broad1 :i* mu/ be wett$ ) ?9 size1 !n prim$ ) meal-p[d]1 & secur$ f fire by pa/+ pap] ov] x4 ,9 ! place1 :]e ?is composition is laid1 "s little tacks1 ) flat heads1 are to be driv51 to secure x fa/ to ! deck4 ,?is mu/ be fir$ j aft] ! %am guns1 &1 :5 burn+1 w %[ a flame all r\nd ! %ip4 ,at ! head1 take up ! decks1 & put 9 a t9 mort>1 load$ ) crack]s1 :i* mort> mu/ be fir$ by a pipe f ! end ( ! sl[ fire4 ,! fir+ ( ! mort> w s9k ! %ip1 & make a pretty conclusion4 ,hav+ prep>$ all ! %ips = fight+1 we %all next proce$ ) ! managem5t ( !m :5 on ! wat]4 ,at "o end ( ! pond1 "u ! surface ( ! wat]1 fix two runn+ blocks1 at ! di/ance ! %ips are to fight ap>t1 & at ! o!r end ( ! pond1 opposite to ea* ( ^! blocks1 "u wat]1 fix a d\ble block4 ,on ! l&1 by ea* ( ! d\ble blocks1 place two small w9dlasses4 ,r\nd "o ( !m1 turn "o end ( a small cord1 ! o!r end ( :i* is to be put ?r\gh "o ( ! blocks4 ,!n c>ry x ?r\gh ! s+le "o at ! opposite end ( ! pond1 & br+ x back ?r\gh ! d\ble block aga91 & r\nd ! o!r w9dlass4 ,to ?is cord1 ne> ! d\ble block1 tie z _m small /r+s1 z half ! numb] ( %ips1 at ! di/ance requir$4 ,^! /r+s1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be m ?an two feet ea*4 ,make fa/ ! loose end ( ea* to a %ip1 j "u ! b[sprit1 b if ti$ to ! keel1 or too ne> ! wat]1 x w ov]set ! %ip4 ,half ! %ips be+ ?us prep>$1 ne> ! o!r d\ble block1 fix two m w9dlasses1 to :i* fa/5 a cord1 & to x1 tie ! o!r half ( ! %ips z above4 ,:5 ! %ips are fir$1 turn t w9dlass :i* draws !m out1 & s on ) ! re/1 till !y are all out 9 ! middle ( ! pond4 ,!n by turn+ ! o!r w9dlass1 !y w be drawn back aga92 by :i* me?od1 !y may be made to *ange sides1 & tack ab\t backw>ds & =w>ds at pleasure4 ,= ! fire-%ip1 fix ! blocks & w9dlass betwe5 ! o!rs2 s t1 :5 %e sails out1 %e w be betwe5 ! o!r %ips4 ,%e mu/ n advance1 h[ev]1 till ! guns at h] ports take fire4 ,9 ! exhibition ( wat] fire-works1 x is obvi\s1 f ! obs]vations we h made1 & ! diff]5t pieces prep>$ = t purpose1 t su* exhibitions may be v>i$1 & ev5 new pieces got up4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,( ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,fire-,,works ,,= ,,exhibition4 ,jones 7,fire-works1 #hvo4 #aggf7 obs]ves1 among o!r rem>ks1 t no?+ adds m to ! appe>ance ( fire-works1 ?an plac+ !m prop]ly2 ?\gh ! managem5t ( !m *iefly dep5ds on ! judgm5t ( ! mak]4 ,:5 wat]-works are to be exhibit$1 divide !m into sev]al sets1 & fire "o set aft] e fif? or six? *ange ( l& & air works4 ,obs]ve ?is rule 9 fir+ a d\ble set ( works2 always to beg9 ) sky-rockets2 !n two moveable pieces2 !n two fix$ pieces1 & s on2 end+ ) a l>ge flight ( rockets1 or a m>ron batt]y4 ,if a s+le collection1 fire a fix$ piece aft] e :eel or two1 & occasionally "s air & wat] works4 ,! rules1 adopt$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( fire-works = exhibition1 are ! foll[+3 ,if !y are a d\ble set1 place "o :eel ( a sort on ea* side ( ! build+2 &1 next to ea* ( !m1 t[>ds ! c5tre1 place a fix$ piece2 !n :eels & s on1 leav+ a suffici5t di/ance betwe5 !m1 = ! fire to play f "o1 )\t burn+ ! o!r4 ,hav+ fix$ "s ( ! works 9 front1 place ! re/ beh9d !m1 9 ! c5tre ( ! int]vals4 ,! l>ge/ piece1 :i* is g5]ally a regulat$ or transp>5t piece1 mu/ be plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! build+2 & beh9d x a sun1 :i* mu/ always /& above all ! o!r works4 ,a little be=e ! build+1 or /&s1 place ! l>ge g]bes2 &1 at ! back ( ! works1 fix y\r m>ron batt]ies1 pots des aigrettes1 pots des b9s1 pots des saucissons1 air balloons1 & flights ( rockets4 ,! rocket-/&s may be fix$ beh9d1 or any :]e else1 s z n to be 9 ! way ( ! works4 ,s+le collections are fir$ on /&s1 :i* /&s are made 9 ! same mann] z !odolite /&s2 only ! top "p mu/ be long or %ort1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,^! /&s may be fix$ up )\t mu* tr\ble4 ,! foll[+ is ! ord] ( fir+ works1 viz3 #a4 ,two signal #b4 ,sky #c4 ,two honor>y ,rockets4 #d4 ,f\r caduceus #e4 ,v]tical #f4 ,two ,spiral ,:eels1 illum9at$4 #g4 ,transp>5t />s4 #h4 ,a l9e ( rockets ( five *anges4 #i4 ,f\r t\rbillons4 #aj4 ,horizontal :eels4 #aa4 ,air-balloons1 illum9at$4 #ab4 ,two ,*9ese f\nta9s4 #ac4 ,regulat+ pieces1 ( f\r mutations ea*4 #ad4 ,pots des aigrettes4 #ae4 ,?ree l>ge g]bes4 #af4 ,a flight ( rockets4 #ag4 ,balloon :eels4 #ah4 ,two ,cascades ( brilliant fire4 #ai4 ,twelve sky-rockets4 #bj4 ,illum9at$ yew trees4 #ba4 ,two ,air balloons ( s]p5ts1 & two comp\nd4 #bb4 ,f\r t\rbillons4 #bc4 ,fruiloni :eels4 #bd4 ,two ,illum9at$ globes ) horizontal :eels4 #be4 ,"o pot des saucissons4 #bf4 ,two plural :eels4 #bg4 ,m>ron batt]y4 #bh4 ,two *&eli]s1 illum9at$4 #bi4 ,range ( ,pots des br9s4 #cj4 ,twelve sky-rockets4 #ca4 ,two yew-trees ( fire4 #cb4 ,ne/s ( s]p5ts4 #cc4 ,two d\ble cones1 illum9at$4 #cd4 ,regulat+ piece ( sev5 mutations1 viz4 #a4 ,v]tical :eel1 illum9at$4 #b4 ,gold5 glory4 #c4 ,octagon v]tical :eel4 #d4 ,porcup9e's quills4 #e4 ,cross fires4 #f4 ,/> piece ) brilliant rays4 #g4 ,six v]tical :eels4 #ce4 ,brilliant sun4 #cf4 ,l>ge flight ( rockets4 ,accord+ to ! arrangem5t1 & execution ( fire-works = exhibition1 z giv5 by ,morel 7,trait ,practique des ,feux d',artifice1 p4 #aca17 ! foll[+ ord] is obs]v$3 #a4 ,a salvo ( artill]y4 #b4 ,six doz5 rockets ( hon\r1 dis*>g$ two at a "t f ea* side ( ! decoration4 #c4 ,twelve ,b5gal lights1 di/ribut$ 9 su* a mann]1 z to light all p>ts ( ! decoration4 #d4 ,two batt]ies ( ordnance1 7fire-pots47 #e4 ,f\r regulat$ cases1 ea* consi/+ ( two doz5 rockets ( an in* calib]1 =m+ ! mosaique at ! elevation ( five hundr$ feet4 #f4 ,eight turn+ suns1 ) ! calib] ( five-six?s ( an in*4 #g4 ,f\r caprices 7detonat+47 #h4 ,two balloons ( gold5 ra91 & two 9 />s4 #i4 ,! pyric piece1 complete4 #aj4 ,twelve t\rbillons1 or table rockets4 #aa4 ,f\r gir&oles2 two mosaic1 & two ( ,roman c&les4 #ab4 ,a l>ge sph]e4 #ac4 ,six balloons2 ?ree 9 gold5 ra91 & ?ree 9 />s4 #ad4 ,tw5ty-f\r honor>y rockets1 fir$ f\r at a "t4 #ae4 ,a l>ge illum9at+ cut-"w1 ) a device1 accompani$ ) two ,*9ese p>asols1 & two :eels ( col\r$ fire4 #af4 ,f\r fall+ caprices4 #ag4 ,twelve balloons ( />s1 prec$$ by six doz5 honor>y rockets1 fir$ twelve at a "t4 #ah4 ,! undulat+ fire1 accompani$ ) eight w+s1 f\r on ea* side4 #ai4 ,a batt]y ( two hundr$ mosaics1 & z _m ,roman c&les1 ) m>rons & fire-pots4 #bj4 ,illum9ation ( ! decoration1 ) f\r mosaic t\rbillons1 foll[$ by two cases1 conta9+ two hundr$ rockets ea*2 & a salvo ( artill]y1 :i* ann\nces ! dep>ture ( ! gir&e1 compos$ ( a ?\s& rockets1 9 gold5 ra94 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,milit>y ,,pyrote*ny4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,obs]vations ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,laboratory-works compreh5d all ! op]ations ( ! work%op1 connect$ ) ?is bran* ( pyrote*ny4 ,! tools & in/rum5ts requir$ = ! laboratory1 z well z ! sub/ances employ$ 9 ! diff]5t prep>ations1 we h already describ$4 ,hav+ notic$ ! orig9 ( gunp[d]1 9 ! fir/ "p ( our "w1 ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 relation to t subject1 namely1 ! hi/ory1 ( cannon1 may be int]e/+4 ,= "s "t aft] ! inv5tion ( artill]y1 gunp[d] 0 ( a weak] composition ?an t at pres5t us$1 or ?an t describ$ by ,m>cus ,grcus4 ,! fir/ pieces ( artill]y 7 r\gh & v inconv5i5t1 be+ usually fram$ ( sev]al pieces ( iron b>s1 fitt$ toge!r l5g?wise1 & hoop$ ) r+s4 ,^! guns 7 fir/ employ$ 9 ?r[+ /one %ot ( a prodigi\s weight1 9 imitation ( ! anci5t ma*9es1 to :i* !y succe$$1 & 7 ( an enorm\s bore4 ,:5 ,con/ant9ople 0 besieg$ by ,mahomet ,,ii4 9 ! ye> #adec1 ! walls 7 batt]$ ) /one bullets1 & "s ( ! pieces 7 ( #abjj lbs4 calib]2 b !y c\ld n be fir$ m ?an f\r times 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & sometimes 7 bur/ by ! fir/ *>ge4 ,z ma!matical k increas$ 9 ,europe1 t ( me*anics gradually advanc$1 & enabl$ arti/s1 by mak+ brass cannon ( a mu* small] bore = iron bullets1 & capable ( be>+ a mu* great] *>ge ( /rong p[d] 9 proportion to _! calib]s1 to produce a v mat]ial & important *ange 9 ! con/ruction & fabric ( ^? orig9al pieces4 ,guicci>d9 7,hi/ory1 c4 #a/ book7 in=ms u1 t1 ab\t #aad ye>s aft] ! fir/ use made ( ^? unwieldy pieces by ! ,v5etians1 9 _! w> aga9/ ! ,g5oese 9 #achj1 ! ,fr5* 7 able to procure1 = ! invasion ( ,italy1 a great numb] ( brass cannon1 m\nt$ on c>riages1 drawn by horses4 ,he !n enum]ates ! advantages :i* ^! pieces possess$1 & p>ticul>ly t !y c\ld be po9t$ ) incr$ible quickness & exp$ition1 9 comp>ison ) ^? =m]ly made use ( 9 ,italy4 ,b1 z our limits w n p]mit u to notice all ! circum/ances 9 connection ) ^! pieces1 x is suffici5t to rem>k1 t ?is *ange 9 ! =mation ( artill]y has z yet und]gone no mat]ial alt]ation2 if we except ! introduction ( c>ronades1 fir/ sugge/$ by g5]al ,melville1 & ( ,columbiads1 by ! late ,mr4 ,b>l[4 ,gl5ie 7,hi/ory ( ,gunn]y1 #aggf7 appe>s to h be5 ! fir/1 :o gave ! !ory ( projectiles 9 vacuo by pla9 geometry1 or by means ( ! squ>e & rhombus1 ) a me?od ( r$uc+ projections on incl9$ planes1 :e!r elevat$ or depress$ bel[ ! horizontal plane1 to ^? :i* are made on ! horizon4 ,! exp]im5ts1 & obs]vations1 ( ,mr4 ,rob9s1 on ! subject ( gunp[d]1 c4 may be se5 9 ! article on gunp[d]4 ,besides ! =mation ( cannon1 by unit+ iron b>s toge!r1 & /r5g!n+ !m by hoops1 7"o or two ( :i* 7 made 9 ,philadelphia 9 #aggf1 by a ,mr4 ,:eel]1 ( a sup]ior k9d17 o!rs 7 made ( ?9 %eets ( iron1 roll$ up toge!r & hoop$2 & on em]g5cies1 !y 7 made ( lea!r1 ) plates ( iron or copp]4 ,/one balls 7 us$1 & a small quantity ( p[d]4 ,9 ! #ac? c5tury1 cannon 7 us$ 9 a sea fight1 betwe5 ! k+ ( ,tunis & ! ,moori% k+ ( ,seville4 ,! ,v5etians us$ cannon at ! siege ( ,claudia ,jessa1 n[ call$ ,*ioggia1 9 #acff1 :i* 7 br\ght ?i!r by two ,g]mans1 ) "s p[d] & lead5 balls2 z likewise 9 _! w>s ) ! ,g5oese 9 #acgi4 ,at ! battle ( ,cressy1 9 #acdf1 ,edw>d ,,iii made use ( cannon4 ,!y 7 also employ$ 9 ! seige ( ,calais1 9 #acdg4 ,pieces ( ordnance 7 made use ( by ! ,turks1 at ! siege ( ,con/ant9ople1 !n 9 possession ( ! ,*ri/ians1 9 #acid1 or 9 t ( #adeb1 t ?rew a weight ( #ajjf lbs4 ,l\is ,,xii _h "o ca/ at ,t\rs1 ( ! same size4 ,"o ( ^? cannon 0 tak5 at ! seige ( ,dieu1 9 #aedf1 by ,don ,john de ,ca/ra1 & is 9 ! ca/le ( ,/4 ,juliao de ,b>ra1 #aj miles f ,lisbon4 ,its l5g? is #bj feet #g in*es1 diamet] at ! c5tre1 #f feet #c in*es1 & x dis*>ges a ball ( #ajjj lbs4 ,x has nei!r dolph9s1 r+s1 nor buttons1 is ( a curi\s k9d ( metal1 & has a l>ge ,indo/an inscription ^u x1 by :i* x appe>s x 0 ca/ 9 #adjj4 ,! mort>s at ! ,d>danelles are repres5t$ to ?r[ %ells1 or ball ( an imm5se size & weight4 ,"s d n consid] cannon an ,european inv5tion2 because x is ass]t$1 t au!ntic docum5ts exi/ ( _! use 9 ,*9a1 _m c5turies be=e !y 7 ?\ght ( 9 ,europe4 ,if !y say1 ! te/imony ( ! ,*9ese !mselves is n suffici5t on ?is po9t1 ! fact ( _! great wall be+ furni%$ ) embrasures1 fitt$ 9 su* a mann] = cannon1 leaves no d\bt ( _! hav+ be5 9 use at ! "t ( its erection4 ,to ?is1 an additional argum5t may be add$1 f _! v anci5t game ( *ess1 9 :i* pieces h be5 us$ f remote antiquity1 designat+ eng9es ( w>1 ^: p[] 0 d]iv$ f gunp[d]4 ,mr4 ,irv91 7,trans4 ,royal ,iri% ,academy17 9 8 pap] on ! ,*9ese ,game ( ,*ess1 proves1 t gunp[d] 0 9 common use 9 ,*9a1 #cga ye>s aft] ,confucius1 or #afa ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 & ,du ,halde has long s9ce giv5 docum5ts to %[1 t ! ,*9ese wall 0 9 exi/5ce #bjj ye>s be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 & consequ5tly1 = ! reason be=e /at$1 ! use ( cannon mu/ h be5 ( at lea/ equal antiquity4 ,! ,asiatic ,rese>*es conta9 "s rem>ks to ! same po9t4 ,!re is a /rong probability !n1 t ! inv5tion ( guns 0 ( a mu* m remote date4 ,x is n impossible1 h[ev]1 t ! same ?+ may h be5 inv5t$ by diff]5t p]sons1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,we m5tion$1 t x is mu* m probable1 t ! use ( gunp[d] 9 w> 0 d]iv$ ultimately f ! ,*9ese1 not)/&+ ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion1 t ! ,greek fire 0 ! prog5itor ( its discov]y2 or t ,bacon1 or ,s*w>tz1 an obscure monk1 has claims to ! inv5tion4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! use ( gunp[d] 9 w> might h pass$ f ,*9a to ,europe1 is ! mo/ probable & simple imag9able4 ,z+is ,khan is kn[n to h conqu]$ ! five nor!rn prov9ces ( ,*9a1 ab\t ! ye> #abcd4 ,he mu/ h kn[n ! common use ( gunp[d] at t p]iod1 z x _h be5 kn[n 9 ,*9a #adjj ye>s be=e4 ,9 ! ,*9ese annals ( ! ,moguls1 by ,yu51 z translat$ by ,pre ,gaubil1 x is p>ticul>ly /at$1 t ! use ( cannon & mort>s 0 famili> 9 ! w>s & sieges ( ,z+is aga9/ ! ,*9ese1 bo? by !m & him1 9 attack & def5ce4 ,x is mo/ probable1 t he us$ gunp[d] 9 8 w>s aga9/ ,mahomet1 ,sultan ( ,c>isme1 ^: dom9ions ext5d$ f ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 to ! bord]s ( ,india & ( ,turki/an4 ,x is kn[n1 t he _h a body ( ,*9ese eng9e]s 9 8 army1 :o1 ( c\rse1 mu/ h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! use ( gunp[d]4 ,! conque/s ( ,z+is w\ld ?us h spread ! k ( gunp[d]1 c4 ov] ! we/]n "p ( ,asia2 & ! ,europeans1 9 _! crusades1 may h _h frequ5t opportunities ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) x4 ,x 0 j aft] ?is "t1 t x became kn[n1 & 0 us$ 9 ! ,european w>s4 ,sir ,francis ,bacon 7,moral & ,political ,essays17 obs]ves1 t ordnance 0 kn[n 9 ! city ( ,oxydraces1 9 ,india1 & 0 t :i* ! ,mac$onians call$ '?und]1 lightn+1 & magic2' & x is well kn[n1 t ! use ( ordnance _h be5 common 9 ,*9a above two ?\s& ye>s4 ,beckman1 7,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions1 iii1 p4 #dcd17 9 8 essay on ! orig9 ( guns & gun-locks1 has giv51 at "s l5g?1 ! hi/ory ( guns4 ,all we c add "h1 is1 t ! fir/ portable fire-arms 7 dis*>g$ by means ( a mat*1 :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 0 fa/5$ to a cock1 & aft]w>ds a fire /one & /eel plate 7 us$4 ,?is fire /one 0 n a fl9t1 b a compact pyrites1 or m>casite1 7sulphuret ( iron71 :i* 0 di/+ui%$ by t "n4 ,on ea* new improvem5t1 ! piece receiv$ a new "n2 z1 b*se1 hak5 b*se1 arquebuse1 c4 ,aft] expla9+ ! orig9 ( ^! names1 he adds1 t ! l>ge pieces 7 convey$ on c>riages1 call$ k>r5b*se1 b soon aft] also canna1 cannon4 ,pi/ols are m5tion$ by ,beilay1 9 #aedd1 9 ! "t ( ,francis ,i2 & "u ,h5ry ,,ii1 ! ,g]man horsem5 7 call$ pi/oli]s4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f ,pi/oia1 9 ,tuscany2 because !y 7 !re fir/ made4 ,muskets receiv$ _! "n f ! ,lat9 mus*etus1 :i* signifies a male sp>r[-hawk4 ,!y 7 fir/ us$ at ! seige ( ,rhege1 9 ! ye> #aeba4 ,!y 7 kn[n 9 ,france 9 ! "t ( ,francis ,i4 ,brantome1 h[ev]1 ass]ts1 t !y 7 fir/ introduc$ by ! ,duke ( ,alva1 9 #aefg1 & us$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,he also says1 t !y 7 made g5]al 9 ,france by ,m4 de ,/rozzi1 "u ,*>les ,,xi4 ,! lock 0 inv5t$ 9 ,g]many1 9 ! city ( ,nuremb]g1 9 #aeag2 x is unc]ta9 :e!r x is ! pres5t lock4 ,9 ! ars5al at ,hanov]1 !re are _m anci5t pieces4 ,! olde/ _h on ! b>rel1 ! figure ( a h5 ) a musket 9 its m\?2 because x is said !y 7 made at ,h5neb]g4 ,!re are ?ree species ( cannon1 ! gun1 ! h[itz]1 & ! mort>4 ,! gun is ! longe/ piece ( artill]y1 employ$ at ! pres5t day3 ! culv]9s1 dragons1 c4 z !y 7 =m]ly call$1 _h calib]s twice1 & ev5 ?ree times z long z ^? n[ us$4 ,guns 7 orig9ally call$ bomb>ds1 & 7 eight calib]s 9 l5g?4 ,! t]m pi]i]s1 f pi]re1 a /one1 7 giv5 to "s guns1 because !y 7 employ$ 9 ?r[+ r\gh /ones4 ,! c>ronades1 d]iv$ f ! riv] ,c>ron1 9 ,scotl&1 :]e !y 7 orig9ally made1 is a %ort gun1 ) a bore ab\t eight diamet]s ( ! %ot 9 l5g?4 ,! h[itz] is a species ( mort>1 b long]1 & us$ to ?r[ a holl[ projectile1 call$ a h[itz1 :i* acts at fir/ z a rico*et ball4 ,! mort> is ! %orte/ species ( cannon1 & is us$ to ?r[ bombs or %ells4 ,a /one mort> is us$ 9 sieges1 to ?r[ /ones ^u an enemy4 ,besides ^! descriptions ( guns1 !re is ano!r division1 to :i* ,g5]al ,lallem& 7,treatise on ,artill]y1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bj17 has giv5 ! "n ( demi-guns1 "u :i* he ranks ! h>quebus on a swivel1 ! ramp>t gun1 & ! repeat+ gun1 or musket1 ( ! ,am]icans4 ,he obs]ves1 t ! h>quebus ne>ly resembles ! amusette ( ,m>%al ,saxe1 has a b>rel l t ( a musket1 & c>ries a ball weigh+ half a p\nd or m2 t ! ramp>t gun1 or wall piece1 is a l>ge musket1 t 0 anci5tly mu* us$ 9 ! def5ce ( =tresses1 hav+ a b>rel ( #e-a_/b or #f feet long1 & a ball f #aj to #ad to ! p\nd2 & t ! repeat+ musket is a gun1 consi/+ ( #g b>rels1 all ( :i* dis*>ges #cb r\nds 9 succession1 mak+ #bbd 9 all4 ,) respect to ?is gun1 ! effect ( :i* we h witness$1 n only 9 ! dis*>ge ( ?irty-two r\nds f a s+le gun1 b ! comb9$ effect ( sev5 or m b>rels1 ! ,g5]al obs]ves1 t ! diamet] ( ! bore is ?ree-f\r?s ( an in*1 & ! weight sev5ty p\nds4 ,x is plac$1 l ! ramp>t guns1 ^u a wood5 frame1 & has a h&le at ! bree* to po9t by4 ,z to its use1 he adds3--x may be advantage\sly employ$ 9 ! def5ce ( places at ! mom5t ( assault2 x may be useful 9 ! field1 to def5d p>ts ( a l9e ( battle1 or entr5*m5ts1 ) few troops1 & yet a/oni% ! enemy by a w>m fire1 :5 he v5tures to approa*4 ,its dis*>ge does n la/ a m9ute4 ,x may be ( great s]vice 9 ! tops ( %ips ( w>4 ,! inv5tor is a ,mr4 ,*amb]s1 ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,we witness$ its effect1 :5 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates visit$ ! navy y>d 9 ,philadelphia1 :]e ! inv5tor manufactur$ !m2 & also at ,bu%-hill1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( t city4 ,hav+ exam9$ _! con/ruction1 & also ! %ot x may be suffici5t to rem>k1 t ! lead is cyl9drical1 "o end be+ flat1 & ! o!r conical1 & ( su* a size z to fit ! calib] ( ! musket2 t ^! r\nds are pi]c$ ) a hole 9 ! c5tre1 :i* is *>g$ ) fuse composition2 &1 aft] a *>ge ( p[d]1 "o ( ^! cyl9d]s is put 92 !n a *>ge1 !n a cyl9d]1 c4 up to #cb4 ,! lock is plac$ opposite ! la/ *>ge1 s t :5 ! fir/ load is dis*>g$1 ! fire communicates successively ?r\gh ! cyl9d]s4 ,a repeat+ gun has be5 inv5t$ by a g5tleman ( ,new ,york4 ,i h se5 no description ( x4 ,! ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 9 8 ,c5tury ( ,inv5tions1 9 ! #eh? to ! #fd? inv5tion1 h9ts at a simil> contrivance2 z = in/ance1 7,inv54 #eh?17 ,h[ to make a pi/ol to dis*>ge a doz5 times ) "o load+1 & )\t s mu* z "o new prim+ requisite1 or to *ange x out ( "o h& into ! o!r1 or /op "o's horse4 ,we may add1 t1 9 #agfd1 ,m4 ,b\illet & ,sons pres5t$1 to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 at ,p>is1 a musket ( _! inv5tion1 :i* 0 light] ?an ! common k9d1 & _h ! prop]ty ( fir+ tw5ty-f\r times 9 succession1 *>g+ & prim+ itself by a s+le circul> movem5t ( ! musket ^u an axis1 fix$ = t purpose4 ,9 ! file ( ! ,fr5* ,gazette1 = #aghf1 article ,l9b]g1 !re is an acc\nt ( an inv5tion ( ! b>on ,de ,walskohl4 ,x is ! same1 x w\ld appe> f ! description1 z ! repeat+ musket4 ,be+ once *>g$1 x w fire ?irty-six times 9 succession4 ,! exp]im5ts made ) x 7 satisfactory4 ,_m pat5ts h be5 secur$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 ,engl& & ,france1 = improvem5ts on ! musket & rifle2 b1 9 ord] to accommodate %ort-sight$ p]sons1 ,m4 ,regni]'s inv5tion appe>s to be ! fir/ :i* consi/s 9 an optic glass fix$ 9 ! butt1 enabl+ p]sons ( t description to %oot ) accuracy4 ,?is inv5tion is giv5 9 ! ,j\rnal de la ,blan*]ie = #aggi1 p4 #aid4 ,9 #agga1 ,moret1 an arm\r]1 ann\nc$ a new con/ruct$ pi/ol1 :i* w\ld *>ge itself1 c4 & 9 #agic1 ,m4 ,gass pres5t$ to ! milit>y committee ( ,france1 a pi/ol ( a new con/ruction1 calculat$ to fire sev]al ball 9 succession4 ,! ,j\rnal des ,inv5tions et ,dc\v4 i1 p4 #aba1 speak+ ( ?is inv5tion1 adds1 t ! means employ$ dep5d$ entirely on ! con/ruction ( ! ball1 :i*1 in/ead ( r\nd1 0 a cyl9d]1 pi]c$ 9 its l5g?4 ,?is small canal is fill$ ) meal-p[d]1 & s]ves z ! mat* ( communication to ! *>ges4 ,?is contrivance is mu* ! same z ! "o we h describ$4#bi ,mr4 ,misson 7,travels ?r\gh ,g]many & ,italy17 says1 t 9 ! ars5al at ,v5ice1 !re is an eng9e :i* w light five hundr$ mat*es at once1 & "s v curi\s arms ( anci5t make1 among :i* is a small trunk1 ) six little guns1 :i* ,c>r>a1 ! la/ "l ( ,padua1 :o 0 fam\s = 8 inhumanity1 s5t z a pres5t to a lady2 & 0 s contriv$1 t1 ^u op5+ ( ! trunk1 ! guns all fir$ at once1 & kill$ h]6 ,) respect to ! inv5tion ( ! v>i\s inc5di>y ma*9es1 we may obs]ve g5]ally1 7z we purpose to notice !m 9 _! respective places71 t ,greek fire 0 employ$ 9 diff]5t ways1 & 0 consid]$ a de/ructive composition2 t ra9-fire1 bombs1 lances1 mat*es1 fire-balls & c>casses1 tor*es1 p[d] sacks1 pet>ds1 c4 7 all employ$ 9 m mod]n times = ! same purpose2 &1 la/ly1 t ! f\gette ( ! ,asiatics1 call$ ,indian rockets1 ! ,congreve rocket1 ! inc5di>y bomb ( ! ,fr5*1 & ! float+ rocket c>cass1 are embrac$ "u ! same head1 & are all us$ = simil> purposes 9 w>4 ,^!1 & o!r subjects1 belong+ to milit>y fire-works1 we purpose to m5tion 9 ?is1 & ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,sec4 ,i4 ,( ,c>tridges4 ,c>tridges are cases ( pap]1 p>*m5t1 or flannel1 fitt$ to ! calib] ( ! piece1 & hold+ exactly its prop] *>ge4 ,/rong pap] is always us$ = musket & pi/ol c>tridges1 & ! ,fr5* musket-ball-c>tridges are capp$ ) flannel or co>se cotton4 ,= heavy guns1 !y are made ( ?ick1 & z ! ,engli% call x1 ( cur$ pap]1 ) flannel bottoms4 ,^? = field ordnance are all made ( flannel1 & _! size suit$ to ! bore1 or *amb] ( pieces1 = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,! ball c>tridges1 = wall pieces1 muskets1 c>b9es1 & pi/ols1 are made ( :iti%-br[n pap]1 on =m]s ( wood4 ,a %eet ( pap] w make six = wall pieces1 twelve = muskets1 sixte5 = c>b9es1 & tw5ty-f\r = pi/ols4 ,! quantity ( p[d] !y conta9 respectively is1 = wall pieces t5 dra*ms1 musket six1 c>b9e f\r1 & pi/ol ?ree dra*ms4 ,blank c>tridges1 = pi/ols1 c>b9es1 & muskets1 are made ( blue pap]1 to pres]ve a di/9ction betwe5 ball & blank1 & to prev5t ! possibility ( accid5ts1 f ! ball c>tridges be+ mix$ ) ! blank4 ,! *>ge = muskets is commonly half ! weight ( ! ball4 ,! balls = musketry are eighte5 to ! p\nd2 & "o p\nd ( p[d] is suffici5t = ?irty-six c>tridges4#cj ,=ty c>tridges may be us$ to ! p\nd1 b =ty-five w\ld be too weak4 ,! pap]1 necess>y to =m c>tridges1 %\ld be well siz$ & n too ?ick4 ,x is made = ! purpose1 "u ! "n ( c>tridge pap]1 & %\ld be ( su* a size z to cut to advantage4 ,x is usually f\rte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & sixte5 9 bread?4 ,a %eet w =m twelve c>tridges1 b on acc\nt ( wa/age1 x makes only t54 ,half a %eet is employ$ z a wrapp] = e t5 c>tridges1 & "o & a half %eets are us$ = t5 & _! wrapp]4 ,six quires w make #ajjj c>tridges1 & #ca reams1 #ajj1jjj4 ,five ounces ( pack?read are necess>y = b9d+ #ajjj c>tridges1 & #ca lbs4 = #ajj1jjj4 ,musket c>tridges are made 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,long tables are provid$1 &1 at c]ta9 di/ances1 excavations1 or holes are made1 l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( ! ball1 & "o-?ird ( its diamet] 9 dep?4 ,^! holes are design$ = r\nd+ ! folds ^u ! ball4 ,x is necess>y fir/ to be provid$ ) =m]s to roll ! c>tridges ^u1 & measures to fill !m )4 ,^! =m]s are made ( h>d & dry wood1 sev5 in*es1 or sev5 & a half in*es 9 l5g?1 & six-t5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 "o-twelf? ( an in* less ?an ! diamet] ( ! calib]4 ,"o end is r\nd$ s z n to hurt ! h&2 ! o!r is holl[1 to receive "o-?ird ( ! ball4 ,! measures are 9 ! =m ( ! fru/rum ( a cone1 op5 above4 ,!y are made ( %eet-t91 & %\ld conta9 "o-=tie? "p ( a p\nd ( p[d]1 7"o-=ty-n9? accord+ to ! ,/rasburgh directions71 or1 :5 heap$1 "o ?irty-six? "p ( a p\nd4 ,! height ( ^! measures is "o in* & a qu>t]2 _! diamet] at ! l>ge end "o in* & "o-twelf?1 & at ! small] end1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,9 e squad ( t5 m51 six are employ$ to roll ! c>tridges1 two to fill !m1 & two to pack !m4 ,ea* squad may make #aj1jjj1 b commonly #h1jjj1 9 a day4 ,to cut ! pap] = musket c>tridges1 we beg9 by fold+ ! %eet 9 ?ree p>ts wid?wise2 !n ea* ?ird "p into two1 aga9 into ?ree1 & aga9 into two1 by a diagonal l9e :i* takes f #b4b in*es ( a sup]ior angle on ! left1 to #b4b ( ! opposite inf]ior angle at ! "r2 s t e %eet ( pap] w cut1 )\t loss1 into twelve p>ts1 & e "p w be #e4fh in*es 9 height1 #d4ec 9 wid? at "o end1 & #b4b at ! o!r end4 ,accord+ to ,bigot1 h[ev]1 ea* trapezoid ?us =m$ is #e-a_/c in*es 9 l5g?1 #d-a_/d 9 wid? at "o end1 & #b-a_/d at ! o!r end4 ,! pap] is cut by a p]son detail$ = ! purpose4 ,! p]son :o rolls ! c>tridges1 hav+ spread ! cut pap] ^u a table1 takes ! =m ) "o h&1 & ! ball 9 ! o!r1 :i* he puts into ! holl[ ( ! =m2 aft] :i*1 he rolls ! pap] r\nd ! ball & ! =m1 s t !re rema9s suffici5t beyond ! ball1 to fold ov] 9 small folds2 !n he rolls ! =m surr\nd$ ) ! pap]1 & hav+ r\nd$ ! folds ^u ! ball1 9 a small hole made = t purpose 9 ! table1 he )draws ! =m1 & passes ! c>tridge to ! man :o is to fill x4 ,he puts 9 ! *>ge ) a small t9 measure1 folds ! pap] ov] ^u ! p[d] z close z possible1 & passes x on to him :o is to make ! packages4 ,! pack] takes t5 9 8 h&1 & arranges !m on a %eet ( pap] fold$ 9 two1 ! balls half on "o side & half on ! o!r2 & hav+ wrapp$ !m 9 ! pap]1 he folds ov] ! two ends1 & ties ! packets crosswise ov] ! middle1 & l5g?wise4 ,musket c>tridges _c be too tightly roll$ ^u ! =m2 & to asc]ta9 _! accuracy1 !y mu/ be calib]$ be=e !y are load$2 t is1 !y mu/ be put into ! end ( a musket4 ,he :o fills !m1 %\ld make a *>ge complete 9 e c>tridge1 & n load "o m ?an ano!r1 b always p\r a full measure into e "o4 ,! pack] %\ld tie ! c>tridges1 & r\nd !m z mu* z possible1 )\t te>+ ! pap]4 ,he %\ld take c>e t all ! packets are ( ! same l5g?2 s t !y may be plac$ 9 ! p>titions ( ! ammunition *e/1 :i* are all ( "o det]m9$ l5g?1 & w n !re=e conta9 !m1 if made too long4 ,cannon c>t\*es %\ld be well arrang$ 9 ! ammunition *e/s1 & well /[$ ) t[1 t !y may be c>ri$ )\t dang] ( injury f ! road4 ,! t[ is press$ d[n 9 small quantities1 by a little wood5 spatula1 & _c be press$ too h>d2 = ! m ! *e/s are /uff$ ) t[1 ! bett] ! ammunition w be pres]v$4 ,musket c>tridges are plac$ 9 ! ammunition *e/s 9 diff]5t arrangem5ts1 ! height ( :i* is proportion$ to t ( ! c>tridge4 ,!re are ?ree /ories 9 height 9 ea* *e/1 = musket c>tridges2 & betwe5 ea* a small sep>ation1 to prev5t !m f injur+ ea* o!r4 ,! numb] ( c>tridges conta9$ 9 an ammunition wagon is proportion$ to ! k9d ( wagon 9 use1 & to ! quantity necess>y = ! s]vice4 ,! common load ( ammunition wagons does n exce$ ?irte5 hundr$ weight1 if x is meant to take ! b5efit ( =c$ m>*es4 ,9 e ammunition wagon = cannon c>t\*es1 !re are c>t\*es ) ball1 grape-%ot1 quick-mat*1 & port-fires1 /affs = port-fires1 prim+ wires & mat*-rope--s t e wagon conta9s all k9ds ( ammunition relative to its calib]4 ,9 an ammunition wagon fill$ ) musket c>tridges1 a c]ta9 numb] ( fl9ts are conta9$1 to be di/ribut$ to ! troops f ! same *e/ :5ce !y receive _! ammunition4 ,we might "h speak ( ! load ( e ammunition wagon2 b ?is subject m p>ticul>ly belongs to artill]y & its suite1 ?an to fire-works4 ,c>tridges1 us$ 9 sieges1 c4 are made ( pap] bags1 ( ! calib]s ( ! diff]5t pieces1 & ( a suffici5t l5g? to conta9 ! requisite quantity ( p[d]4 ,! pap] %\ld be l>ge & /rong4 ,! h&le ( ea* ( ! =m]s %\ld h su* a l5g? & size1 z to r5d] !m conv5i5t to hold 9 ! h&4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to pi]ce a small hole 9 ! middle1 ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! =m1 by :i* ! air might ent] to ! c>t\*es1 & cause ! =m to be m easily drawn out1 aft] ! c>tridge is made4 ,pa/$ c>tridges are =m$ 9 ! usual mann] ^u a =m]2 & :5 five-six?s ( ! pap] are roll$1 ! rema9+ portion is pa/$ ) a pa/e made ( fl\r & glue1 mix$ toge!r4 ,! bottom is pa/$ ov] 9 ! same mann]4 ,:5 ! c>tridge is drawn (f ! =m]1 x is plac$ to dry 9 ! sun1 or ne> a /ove4 ,) reg>d to ! co/ ( c>tridges 9 ,france1 x appe>s1 t a p\nd ( pack?read co/s twelve s\s1 & workm5 receive f fifte5 to tw5ty s\s p] ?\s& = _! lab\r4 ,! :ole exp5se ( #ajj1jjj w\ld be1 = pap]1 #aje livres2 = pack?read1 #ah livres1 #ae s\s2 = mak+ #ajj livres2 total #bbc livres1 #ae s\s4 ,bigot has furni%$ u ) ! foll[+ e/imate3 ,= #ca reams ( pap]1 at #d fr4 #ej c4 ! ream1 is #adj fr4 #fj c4 ,= #ca lbs4 ( pack?read at #hj c5times1 #bd ,lab\r1 #a fr4 p] ?\s&1 #ajj ,five days "w1 = ! cutt]1 #e ------------- ,total4 #bfi fr4 #fj c4 ,"o hundr$ ?\s& c>tridges1 = :i* ! above is a calculation1 require also ,bullets ( lead1 #eeef lbs4 ,p[d]1 #bejj lbs4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ,cannon ,c>tridges4 ,! g>g\sse ( ! ,fr5*1 9 artill]y1 is a sack or bag ( pap]1 or p>*m5t1 de/9$ to enclose ! load ( a cannon4 ,:5 x is made ( s]ge1 x is !n call$ a p\*1 7sa*et72 &1 :5 unit$ ) ! ball1 x receives ! "n ( ball-c>tridge4 ,bigot rem>ks1 t ^! c>tridges h be5 sub/itut$ = ! dang]\s & unsafe use ( ! spoon1 or ladle1 7lant]nes1 ,fr4#ca71 by means ( :i* ! load 0 c>ri$ to ! bottom ( ! piece4 ,!y are pap] bags or sacks1 ( ! calib] ( ! gun4 ,! load+ is mu* m exp$iti\s1 & less dang] is to be appreh5d$4 ,x requires only1 t ! piece %\ld be well spong$1 & ! prim+ to communicate ) ! load4 ,= ! con/ruction ( ^! cases1 co>se gray pap]1 & suffici5tly /rong1 is us$2 & !y %\ld be well pa/$4 ,! pap]1 :i* is us$ ) advantage1 & commonly employ$1 is #bc in*es 9 l5g?1 & #bh in*es 9 bread?4 ,x s]ves = all calib]s1 & ev5 pro( *>ges1 :i* are /rong] ?an ! ord9>y loads4 ,! pap] is cut ( su* a size z to leave f #a-a_/d in*es1 to #a-a_/b in*es1 on ! roll]1 & a suffici5cy to cov] ! l[] extremity4 ,"o ( ! sides1 z well z ! side :i* is cut1 is pa/$4 ,! pap] is roll$ ^u ! =m]1 or roll]1 & is /raight5$1 s t ! h& may be pass$ ov] ! pa/$ "p1 & ! pap] tight5$4 ,! bottom ( ! bag is plac$ ^u ! roll]1 &1 9 fold+ x1 ! bag is ti$ above t "p ( ! pap]1 :i* is pa/$4 ,! bag is !n dri$1 by plac+ x on "o end ^u a table1 & expos+ x to ! air4 ,! roll]s %\ld be bor$ 9 _! axis1 s t1 9 draw+ !m out1 !y may come out easy1 & )\t injur+ ! bag4 ,?is hole admits ! ext]nal air1 & prev5ts ! =mation ( a vacuum 9 a degree1 :5 ! roll] is sudd5ly )drawn4 ,! bottoms 7culots17 are cut ( ! same diamet] z ! roll]4 ,! pa/e is made ( fl\r & glue4 ,! table giv5 by ,bigot1 p4 #bh1 relative to ! dim5sions ( sacks or c>tridges1 = cannon1 embraces ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 ,! diamet] ( ! =m]1 or roll] = a #bd pr4 is #e-a_/f in*es3 = a #af1 #d-a_/b2 = a #ab1 #d2 = an #h1 #c-a_/b2 = a #f1 #c-a_/f2 & = a f\r p\nd] #b-c_/d ( an in*3 ! circumf]5ce ( ! c>tridge = a #bd pr4 is #ag-b_/c in*es2 = a #af1 #ae-c_/ab?s2 = a #ab1 #ac-a_/c2 = an #h1 #ab-aa_/ab2 = a #f1 #f-a_/b2 = a #d1 #i-b_/c;ds in*es4 ,! height ( ! roll] = a #bd pr4 is #ah in*es2 = a #af1 #ae2 = a #ab1 #ad2 = an #h1 #ac2 = a #f1 #ab-a_/b1 & = a #d1 #ab4 ,! height ( ! pap]1 includ+ ! circumf]5ce1 = a #bd pr4 is #ag-b_/c in*es2 = a #af1 #ad2 = a #ab1 #ad2 = an #h1 #aa2 = a #f1 #aj-a_/b2 = a #d1 #aj4 ,! height1 :i* cov]s ! c>tridge1 is = a #bd pr4 #a-e_/aj in*es2 = a #af1 #a-c_/ab2 = a #ab1 #a-a_/ab2 = an #h1 #aa_/ab2 = a #f1 #aj_/ab2 & = a #d1 #i_/ab4 ,! bottom 7culot17 = a #bd pr4 is #a-b_/ab? in*es2 = a #af1 #a2 = a #ab1 #aj_/ab2 = an #h1 #b_/c;ds2 = a #f1 #g_/ab2 & = a #d1 #a_/b in*4 ,! height ( ! *>ge = a #bd pr4 is #aa-a_/f = a #af1 #h-a_/b2 = a #ab1 #h-a_/f2 = an #h1 #g-a_/c2 = a #f1 #f-i_/aa2 & = a #d1 #f-b_/ab?s in*es4 ,! height ( ! pap]1 = ! *>ges ( ex]cise1 is = a #bd pr4 #aj in*es2 = a #af1 #i2 = a #ab1 #h2 = an #h1 #g2 = a #f1 #f-a_/b2 & = a #d1 #f in*es4 ,9 ! table ( ! proportions ( ! *>ge1 = diff]5t calib]s1 giv5 by ,ruggi]i1 7,pyrote*nie ,militaire1 p4 #aig17 besides ! weight ( ! ball1 & ! height ( ! sack1 ! weight ( ! *>ge is giv5 9 p\nds1 & ounces1 :i* is ?us /at$ by him3 = a #d pr4 #a lb4 #h oz2 an #h pr4 #b lbs4 #h oz2 a #ab pr4 #d lbs4 #h oz2 a #af pr4 #e lbs2 & a #bd pr4 #h lbs4 ,cannon ,c>t\*es are compos$ ( a bag ( s]ge1 & a %oe or base1 9 :i* ! ball 0 fix$ by means ( a t9 cross1 nail$ to ! %oe or base4 ,! bag %\ld be z l>ge z ! %oe1 & long en\gh to conta9 ! requisite quantity ( p[d]4 ,! %oe is a little less 9 diamet] ?an ! ball1 s t ! t9 & ! bag put ^u x1 d n increase its size beyond t ( ! ball4 ,! %oe is flat on "o side1 & holl[ on ! o!r4 ,! holl[ "p %\ld be a sph]ical concavity1 ab\t "o-?ird ( ! diamet] ( ! ball4 ,at a small di/ance f ! bottom ( ! %oe1 a groove is made suffici5tly deep to conta9 ! pack?read1 ) :i* x is fa/5$ to ! bag4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( cannon c>t\*es1 ! ball mu/ fir/ be fix$ to ! base by means ( two t9 b&s 9 ! =m ( a cross1 & nail$ ) two small nails at ! bottom & sides ( ! base4 ,^! b&s = sixte5 & twelve p\nd]s1 are at lea/ 4#dd decimal p>ts ( an in* 9 wid?1 & #ae in*es long4 ,^? = eight & f\r p\nd]s1 are 4#cee decimal p>ts ( an in* 9 wid?1 & #aa4gb in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! ball be+ fix$ on ?is base1 x is put into a bag fill$ ) p[d]1 & ! bag ti$ above to ! base4 ,!n a bit ( p>*m5t soak$ 9 wat]1 ( f two to f\r in*es 9 wid?1 & ( suffici5t l5g? to g r\nd ! c>t\*1 is plac$ r\nd ! bag1 half on ! %oe & half on ! p[d]4 ,!n tie x ) a /r+ pass+ 9 ! groove1 at ab\t 4#bg p>ts ( an in* bel[ ! base2 s t ! c>t\* is ti$ 9 ?ree diff]5t places--! two fir/ above 9 ! groove ( ! %oe1 s]ves to hold ! bag & x /rongly toge!r2 ! ?ird bel[1 is to prev5t ! p[d] f ris+ & slipp+ betwe5 ! bag & ! %oe4 ,! b& is plac$ on ! "p :]e ! greate/ friction is1 to pres]ve ! bag f be+ torn4 ,! c>t\* ?us made1 is to be calib]$ by try+ x ) ! piece = :i* x is int5d$1 into :i* x mu/ ent] ) ease4 ,?is _c be too /rongly recomm5d$4 ,x is ( all ?+s ! mo/ ess5tial1 & ! only way ( asc]ta9+ ! goodness ( ammunition4 ,a work%op ( twelve workm5 is divid$ into f\r classes4 ,! fir/ class consi/s ( two m5 :o put ! ball into ! %oe2 ! second ( two o!rs :o fill ! bag ) p[d]2 ! ?ird1 two o!rs :o press ! p[d] into ! bag2 & ! rema9+ six are employ$ 9 ty+ ! bags to ! %oes1 two to ea*4 ,^! twelve workm5 c1 9 "o day ( twelve h\rs1 make two hundr$ & =ty c>t\*es1 ( sixte5 or twelve p\nd]s1 or #cbj ( eight or f\r p\nd]s4 ,table relative to ! ,c>t\*1 or ,p\*4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,= #ab #h #f #d ,light ,troops ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,height1 )\t ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ! folds4 #aa #aj #i #i #f ,circumf]5ce1 )\t ! folds4 #ab-g_/ab #aj-i_/ab #i #h #e-c_/ab ,diamet] ( ! base1 )\t ! folds4 #d #c-e_/ab #c-a_/ab #b-i_/ab #a-h_/ab ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,to make grape %ot1 we mu/ h a bag ( tick+1 9 :i* ! small balls are arrang$2 also a %oe1 to :i* n only ! bag :i* conta9s ! ball is atta*$1 b also ! s]ge fill$ ) p[d]4 ,! %oe is made ( ! same wood ) ! ball c>tridges1 & ( ! foll[+ dim5sions1 viz4 ,! sixte5 p\nd] %\ld h #d4ig in*es diamet]2 ! twelve p\nd]s1 #d4ce2 ! eight p\nd]s1 #c4hb2 & ! f\r p\nd]s1 #c4a in*es diamet]4 ,^? ( ! calib] ( sixte5 & twelve1 %\ld be #a4f in*es 9 ?ickness1 ) a groove 9 ! middle ( 4#dd p>ts ( an in* 9 dep?1 & ! same 9 wid?2 ! eight & f\r p\nd]s h b #a4jg in* 9 ?ickness1 ) a groove 9 ! middle ( 4#cf p>ts ( an in* 9 dep? & wid?4 ,e %oe or base1 has a p9 9 its c5tre1 ! size ( :i* is 9 proportion to ! vacancy left by ! small balls ( iron arrang$ ab\t x4 ,! height is 9 proportion to ! diff]5t lay]s ( ball4--,9 g5]al ?irty-six balls are put into "o grape %ot1 ( :atev] calib] x be2 t is to say1 six heights ( six ea*4 ,! balls %\ld be proportion$ to ! calib]1 s t ! six balls on ! base %\ld exactly fill ! circumf]5ce ( x4 ,! p9 9 ! middle ( ! base is exactly ! size ( ! ball & sev5 times its diamet] 9 height4 ,at ! top ( ! p9 a groove is made to tie ! ?reads1 ! wid? ( :i* is "o-?ird1 & ! dep?1 "o-f\r? ( its diamet]4 ,! bag 9 :i* ! small balls are arrang$1 lay] ^u lay]1 %\ld be ( good /rong tick+ closely wov54 ,x is ( ! size ( ! %ot1 & #b4ac in*es 9 l5g? above ! top ( ! p94 ,x is /rongly fa/5$ at ! bottom 9 ! groove ( ! base ) /rong pack-?read4 ,!re mu/ be #c-a_/b fa?om ( /rong pack-?read trebl$1 to tie ! grape ( ! calib] ( sixte5 & twelve p\nd]s1 & ?ree fa?om only = "o ( eight & f\r4 ,grape %ot may be cord$ 9 ! same mann] z ! c>case is cord$2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 in/ead ( eight turns1 tak+ only six4 ,! be/ & /ronge/ me?od ( ty+ ! ?read 9 grape-%ot1 is 9 ! net-"w =m--"o p]son hold+1 & ano!r ty+ x4 ,9 a "w-%op :]e t5 m5 are employ$1 eight are employ$ to w9d ! ?read r\nd1 & two to atta* ! bag to ! base or %oe1 or to arrange ! small balls on ! %oe1 r\nd ! p94 ,su* a "w-%op1 9 a day ( t5 h\rs1 c complete #abj grape-%ot ( ! l>ge/ calib]1 & z _m z #adj ( eight or f\r p\nd]s might be made4 ,! grape %ot compos$ ( #cf iron balls1 weigh1 )\t _! *>ge ( p[d]1 z foll[s3 lb4 oz4 ,= a calib] ( #af #ba #aj ,= d4 ( #ab #af #c ,= d4 ( #h #aj #ab ,= d4 ( #d #f #c ,! diamet]s ( ! small balls = grape %ot1 ( :i* six exactly fill ! circumf]5ce1 are z foll[s3 ,= #af p\nd]s1 #a4ff in*4 ,= #h p\nd]s1 #a4ca in*4 ,= #ab d4 #a4e d4 ,= #d d4 #j4af d4 ,m4 ,bigot has giv5 ! foll[+ ,table relative to ,c>t\*es1 & _! ,balls4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,calib]s4 #ab #h #f #d ,light ,troops ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- lbs4 oz4 lbs4 oz4 lbs4 oz4 lbs4 oz4 lbs4 oz4 ,*>ge ( p[d]4 #d #j #b #b #j #a #j #ag ,weight ( ! c>t\* & ball4 #af #aa #aa #b #h #e #ab #b #a ,height ( ! ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 *>ge ( p[d]4 #h-c_/ab #f-i_/ab #f-c_/ab #f-a_/ab #e-a_/ab ,total height ( ! c>t\*4 #ac #aa #aj-h_/ab #i-aa_/ab #g-h_/ab ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,mat*es4 ,mat*es1 9 artill]y1 are a k9d ( rope made ( flax1 hemp1 or cotton slightly twi/$1 & prep>$ to reta9 fire = ! use ( artill]y1 m9es1 fire-works1 c4 ,bigot1 7,trait d',artifice de ,gu]re1 p4 #fd17 has consid]$ ?is subject "u ?ree heads2 namely1 ( mat*-rope1 prim+ fuses or tubes1 & quick-mat*4 ,we purpose1 !re=e1 9 ! foll[+ sections1 to treat ! subject 9 ?is ord]4 ,sec4 ,i4 ,( ,sl[ ,mat*4 ,sl[-mat* may be prep>$ by diff]5t processes4 ,:5 hemp or t[ is spun on ! :eel l cord1 b v slack1 & made into ?ree twi/s & !n cov]$ ) t[1 s t ! twi/s d n appe>1 & !n boil$ 9 ! lees ( old w9e1 a sl[-mat* w be =m$ :i* burns v gradually2 b sl[-mat* is commonly made aft] ! foll[+ me?od3 ,! rope = ?is mat* is made ( flax1 or ( s(t well-beat5 hemp1 ?or\ghly cleans$ f ! h>d] fibres1 & ! /r&s are loosely spun4 ,?ree /r&s are suffici5t1 :i* %\ld n1 :5 =m$ into rope1 exce$ "o in* & two-?irds 9 ?ickness4 ,x %\ld n be %ort5$ 9 twi/+ m ?an "o-fif?1 or "o-f\r? at mo/1 9 ord] to be firm )\t be+ h>d4 ,! ley or lixivium 9 :i* ! rope is soak$1 is compos$ ( wood a%es & quick lime2 & e hundr$ p\nds ( mat* require fifty p\nds ( ! =m]1 & tw5ty-five p\nds ( ! latt]4 ,!y are boil$ = fifte5 h\rs & are tak5 out ( ! tub1 pil$ 9 heaps & cov]$ ) t[1 9 :i* situation !y are left to f]m5t4 ,"s recomm5d1 9 ord] to improve !m1 imm]s+ !m two or ?ree times 9 a nitr\s solution1 compos$ ( f\r p\nds ( saltpetre 9 a suffici5t quantity ( wat]1 to e "o hundr$ p\nds ( mat*4 ,! mat* is aft]w>ds poli%$ by rubb+ x along a hair rope1 :i* removes all extrane\s fibres t w\ld spread fire too rapidly4 ,twi/+ ! rope /rongly be=e x is poli%$1 is said to be a good plan4 ,mat*es are f9ally dri$ 9 ! sun1 & roll$ into pieces ( tw5ty y>ds ea*1 7weigh+ ab\t two & a half p\nds72 !n made up into b>rels or boxes1 ea* ( :i* conta9s ab\t tw5ty ( ^! pieces4 ,mat* ( a good quality burns uni=mly at ! rate ( five in*es p] h\r1 & its coal t]m9ates 9 a po9t t resi/s pressure4 ,mat* rope may be =m$ by boil+ ! rope 9 wat]1 conta9+ ?ree p\nds ( wood a%es1 "o p\nd ( quicklime1 two p\nds ( ! liquor ( horse-dung1 & "o p\nd ( saltpetre4 ,9 ! small "w1 call$ ,! ,bomb>di] & ,pocket ,gunn]1 !re are ?ree =mul giv5 = sl[-mat*3 ,! fir/ consi/s 9 soak+ light twi/$ rope 9 /rong ley = ?ree days4 ,x burns ?ree feet 9 six h\rs4 ,! second or ,no4 #b1 z made at ,gibralt>1 by imm]s+ blue pap] 9 a solution ( eight ounces ( nitre 9 a gallon ( wat]4 ,! ,no4 #c1 by soak+ rope 9 a solution ( ?ree-f\r?s ( an ounce ( sug> ( lead 9 a p9t ( ra9-wat]1 us+ a l>g] quantity 9 ! same proportion1 accord+ to ! rope4 ,! use ( ! acetate or sug> ( lead = ! =mation ( mat*-rope1 0 recomm5d$ by a ,fr5* (fic] 9 #aghb2 & s9ce t "t has be5 us$ 9 ,france bo? ) & )\t saltpetre4 ,! t9d]-wood1 if soak$ alt]nately 9 solutions ( saltpetre & sug> ( lead1 w =m a v good mat*4 ,m4 ,ro!let 7,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 v1 p4 #bci7 has giv5 "s new obs]vations on ! use ( acetate ( lead = ! prep>ation ( combu/ible mat*-rope4 ,he m5tions ! use ( liquid acetate ( lead1 :i* may ei!r be a solution ( ! oxide ( lead 9 di/ill$ v9eg>1 or a solution ( sug> ( lead 9 wat]4 ,rope1 he adds1 may be made v inflammable1 by soak+ x well 9 ! liquid acetate1 & dry+ x ?or\ghly4 ,see also ! ,bullet9 de ,ph>macie1 ,septemb]1 #ahab4 ,mat*es may be made v exp$iti\sly by employ+ sug> ( lead 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,put a quantity ( ra9 or riv] wat] 9 a kettle ov] ! fire1 & :5 x boils1 ?r[ 9 sug> ( lead 9 ! proportion ( ?ree-f\r?s ( an ounce to a p\nd ( wat]4 ,remove ! kettle :5 ! sug> ( lead is all dissolv$1 & imm]se ! cord or rope 9 ! solution = t5 m9utes1 & !n take x out & dry x 9 ! air4 ,if cold wat] is us$1 ! rope mu/ rema9 long] 9 ! solution4 ,rope ( e description1 old or new1 or t made ( ! l9d5 b>k1 & damag$ mat*1 may be submitt$ to ! same process1 previ\sly boil+ !m 9 common wat] to remove _! old coat+4 ,"o p\nd ( solution is requir$ = ea* p\nd ( cord4#cb ,rugg]i 7,pyrote*nie ,militaire1 p4 #ahe17 has a simil> process4 ,! salt ( saturn !re recomm5d$1 is ! same z sug> ( lead4 ,:5 mat*es h be5 made by contract1 we may det]m9e _! quality by exam9+ _! int]ior1 to see if !y are n mix$ ) old mat*es1 or pieces ( dirty hemp4 ,!y %\ld be suffici5tly clos$ )\t be+ ei!r too h>d or too loose4 ,! lixivium %\ld p5etrate to _! c5tre2 ! diff]5ce ( col\r w indicate ! contr>y4 ,!y %\ld be well dri$ & p>take nei!r ( m\ld nor rott5ness1 :i* are easily asc]ta9$ by ! col\r & smell4 ,to be good1 ! mat* :5 light$ %\ld pres]ve ! fire1 & burn uni=mly )\t int]ruption 9 moi/ wea!r1 s t a piece ( five in*es 9 l5g? %all la/ at lea/ "o h\r4 ,9 #ahjh1 !re appe>$ 9 our pap]s an article on ! subject ( artill]y rods1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a copy4 ,we re-publi%$ x 9 ! ,aurora1 ( ,philadelphia1 9 ! same ye>1 ) comm5ts4 ,in/ead ( ! acetate1 nitrate ( lead is us$4 ,m4 ,cadet1 ( ,p>is1 has inv5t$ artill]y rods to sup]s$e ! mat*es 9 common use4 ,!y may be made ( bir*1 elm1 popl>1 or ( ! l9d5 tree4 ,!y are saturat$ ) nitrate ( lead & und]go two ebullitions 9 _s ( turp5t9e4 ,!y !n burn v well & are n ext+ui%$ by ! air4 ,a metre ( ea* w la/ an h\r & a half1 :ile ! common mat*es burn only sev5 m9utes4 ,g5]al ,gass5di has made a calculation1 :i* proves1 t mat*es1 :i* n[ co/ ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t tw5ty-?\s& livres1 w n co/ m ?an fifte5 hundr$1 if made on ,m4 ,c's new pr9ciple4 ,"o p\nd ( rope-mat*1 su* z is us$ 9 ! milit>y academy ( ,segovia1 la/s ne>ly ?irty-five h\rs1 & r m provid$ x be damp4 ,9 t /ate x is g5]ally sur*>g$ ) f six to sev5 p] c5t4 ( moi/ure4 ,9 %ort x w\ld be bett] to dry ! rods 9 an ov51 be=e !y are saturat$ ) ! nitrate z well z aft]w>ds4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! diff]5ce ( duration betwe5 ! mat*es made ( rope & ! new inv5t$ rods2 & ! quantity ( nitrate1 ea* wood absorbs p] qu9tal1 is specifi$ 9 ! la/ column4 ,woods4 ,durat4 p] #be lbs4 lbs4 ,fr5* ,cord-mat* #hej #d ,l9d51 #bdjj #aj ,p9e1 #bdjj #db ,c$>1 #bdjj #db ,elm1 #bdcj #ai ,oak1 #bbjj #ah ,gre5 oak1 #adjj #ah ,walnut1 #adjj #g ,popl>1 #adjj #cg ,will[1 #bdjj #cj ,h5ce we f9d t ! popl>1 p9e1 c$> & will[1 exclude !mselves :5 comp>$ ) ! l9d5 tree2 s9ce !y absorb ?ree or f\r times m nitrate ?an ! latt]1 )\t burn+ long]4 ,! l9d5 unites ! advantages ( economy & duration1 s9ce x absorbs only a t5? ( its weight4 ,! common oak1 elm1 walnut & gre5 oak1 occupy b ! second rank4 ,we may rem>k also1 t ! h>de/ woods are n ( ! greate/ duration2 = a rod made ( gre5 oak1 :i* is mu* h>d] ?an ! common oak1 supports combu/ion only eight h\rs1 :ile ! latt] w burn = twelve h\rs4 ,half a kilogramme ( nitrate ( lead w saturate =ty-five metres ( elm1 sev5te5 ( bir*2 tw5ty-"o ( popl>1 & twelve ( ! l9d5 tree4 ,! woods 7 cut 9 p>allelepip$s & boil$ 9 a fi%-pan4 ,,mm4 ,c>not1 ,guyton ,morveau1 & ,deyeux1 7 appo9t$ to exam9e ?is inv5tion1 :o report$ favorably4 ,an extract ( _! report may be se5 9 ! ,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 v1 p4 #bdj4 ,born also recomm5ds = ! same purpose1 nitrate ( lead1 & us$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,pr\/1 x appe>s1 repeat$ ! exp]im5ts ( ,born1 & came to ! same conclusion2--t x 0 an exp$iti\s1 &1 on a l>ge scale1 an economical process = mak+ mat*es4 ,pr\/1 h[ev]1 us$ hazle wood4 ,he obs]ves t ! solution mu/ be /rong2 t :5 cold x requires ?ree days imm]sion 9 ! fluid1 & :5 boil+1 only "o & a half h\rs4 ,he also f\nd t nitrate ( copp] may be sub/itut$ = ei!r ! acetate or nitrate ( lead4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ,prim+ ,tubes4 ,prim+ tubes1 7fuses d'amorce7 s]ve to communicate fire to ! p[d] 9 a cannon4 ,!y 7 =m]ly made ( t91 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! inconv5i5ce ( ru/+ !y 7 laid aside4 ,james 7,milit>y ,diction>y1 p4 #daf7 rem>ks1 t1 ow+ to ?is defect 9 ! t91 a colonel ,h>d+ _h inv5t$ a pewt] tube 9 lieu ( t9 tubes4 ,tubes are us$ 9 quick fir+4 ,:5 made ( t9 _! diamet] is two-t5?s ( an in*1 be+ j suffici5t to ent] into ! v5t ( ! piece4 ,!y are ab\t six in*es long4 ,?r\gh ?is tube is drawn a quick-mat*1 ! cap be+ prim$ ) meal p[d] moi/5$ ) spirits ( w9e4 ,to prev5t ! meal$ p[d] f fall+ out by c>riage1 a cap ( pap] or flannel1 /eep$ 9 spirits ( w9e1 is ti$ ov] x4 ,!y are compos$ ( two di/9ct p>ts1 ! cravat :i* conta9s ! prim+1 & ! tube t ent]s into ! t\* hole4 ,small pieces ( well dri$ re$s or ( quills1 a little less ?an ! size ( ! v5t ( ! piece1 are pref]r$4 ,!y are made ?us4 ,! re$s are cut into pieces ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 squ>e at "o end & diagonally at ! o!r1 & are pass$ ?r\gh a calib] two & "o-?ird l9es 9 diamet]1 7! diamet] ( ! v5t be+ two & "o-f\r? l9es27 !y are !n rubb$ clean 9 ! inside by pass+ a small file sev]al times ?r\gh !m1 t removes ! inn] sk94 ,hav+ prep>$ ! re$s1 !y are fill$1 & also quills1 or o!r cases1 ) ! composition h]eaft] m5tion$1 made suffici5tly ?9 to ent] !m4 ,?is may be done ) ! mo/ facility by plac+ ! cases side by side1 ) ! squ>e end up1 9 a t9 or wood5 box five in*es deep2 ! composition is put into ?is1 & made to desc5d into ! cases1 by knock+ ! box on ! table4 ,:5 !y are full1 !y are tak5 out ( ! box1 wip$ clean1 & laid to dry 9 ! sun or 9 a w>m room2 be=e ! composition is entirely dry1 a knitt+ ne$le is pass$ f "o end to ! o!r1 9 ord] t ! fire may rea* ! bore ( ! piece m rapidly4 ,! mat* ( communication 7et\pille7 is !n fix$4 ,?is is done by cutt+ a not* on ea* side ( ! re$1 ne> ! end t is cut squ>e1 to :i* two /r&s ( a mat*1 two & a half in*es long1 are ti$ ) a fibre ( hemp4 ,! tubes are ti$ up 9 packets ( t5 ea*1 to facilitate _! di/ribution 9 s]vice4 ,! re$s1 or o!r cases1 may also be fill$ 9 ! foll[+ way1 viz3 ,take tw9e made ( ! /r&s ( cotton ?read1 & cut into pieces t5 in*es long2 fold ea* ( ^! into two l5g?s1 & pass !m ?r\gh ! re$ f "o end to ! o!r by means ( a loop ( v f9e ?read4 ,! two in*es are cov]$ ) "s ( ! composition made ?ick4 ,composition ( ,prim+ ,tubes4 ,p>ts (1 ,meal-p[d]1 ,saltpetre1 ,sulphur1 ,*>coal4 ,usual composition1 #ab #h #b #c ,v quick1 #d #a #j #j ,p>ticul> #j #ac #c #d composition1 #j #d ,! composition is to be moi/5$ ) a solution ( camphor1 c4 9 br&y4 ,to e p9t add "o ounce ( gum arabic1 & half an ounce ( camphor4 ,gum wat] ret>ds ! combu/ion ( ! mat*4 ,fifte5 p\nds ( ?is composition w make t5 ?\s& tubes4 ,m4 ,cadet1 7,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 i1 p4 #dab7 has connect$ ) ! mat* a prep>ation ( *lorate ( potassa1 :i* is inflam$ by sulphuric acid4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! use ( *lorate1 =m]ly call$ hyp]-oxymuriate1 ( potassa1 9 ?is way4 ,see *lorate ( potassa4 ,m4 ,cadet's inv5tion is z foll[s3 ,9 a glass tube or tube ( eld]1 is enclos$ a mat* cov]$ ) a mixture ( *lorate ( potassa & sulphur2 above :i* is fix$ a small glass bulb conta9+ sulphuric acid4 ,?is bulb has a small /em ( glass simil> to t ( ! c&le crack]1 to /ick x by into ! composition4 ,?is mat* is plac$ above ! v5t or t\* hole1 & reta9$ !re by a socket ( lead4 ,a spr+1 to :i* a small hamm] is atta*$1 is fix$ to ! gun1 & is ext5d$ & kept 9 t position by a hook or bolt4 ,:5 ?is is pu%$1 ! spr+ is unhook$1 & by recov]+ itself gives a bl[ ) ! hamm] :i* breaks ! glass ball1 & ! acid falls directly on ! composition4 ,?is is !n inflam$ & ! fire is communicat$ to ! mat*1 & f ! mat* to ! gunp[d]4 ,a small portion ( sug> mix$ ) ! *lorate ( potassa & sulphur1 w ensure ! composition to inflame ) m c]ta9ty2 al?\gh ,m4 ,cadet m5tions only ! hyp]-oxymuriate & sulphur4 ,if "s ( ?is composition1 aft] ! prim+ fuse is *>g$1 be put 9 ! cup ( ! fuse1 a drop ( sulphuric acid w inflame ! fuse4 ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ,quick ,mat*es4 ,! et\pille ( ! ,fr5* is ! same z quick mat*1 :i* is us$ to communicate fire 9 p>ticul> 9 milit>y works1 to prim+ tubes & o!r fuses4 ,we h notic$ 9 a =m] article ! prep>ation ( ! mat*es ( communication us$ 9 ,fire-works1 & ! mode ( =m+ lead]s = ! purpose ( convey+ fire to ! diff]5t p>ts ( a fix$ or moveable piece4 ,x w be suffici5t1 !re=e1 to notice ! prep>ation ( :at is usually call$ quick mat*4 ,^! mat*es are made1 accord+ to ,bigot1 ( five /r&s ( f9e cotton ?read1 soak$ tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 /rong v9eg>1 & sometimes 9 br&y4 ,!y are !n put1 = twelve h\rs at lea/1 9 a liquid pa/e1 made ( meal gunp[d]1 & spirits1 9 :i* gum arabic & camphor are dissolv$1 9 proportions to be giv5 h]eaft]4 ,to make !m imbibe ?is completely1 !y are press$ ) a pallet knife4 ,!y are !n tak5 out & drawn g5tly betwe5 ! f+]s to dis*>ge ! excess1 spread ^u a table1 & :5 half dry1 du/$ ) meal-p[d]4 ,! mat* is roll$ by h& to make x r\nd1 hung ^u a frame1 furni%$ ) p9s1 to dry1 & aft]w>ds cut into l5g?s ( two & a half feet & ti$ up 9 bundles4 ,mat]ials necess>y to make t5 ?\s& ,prim+ ,tubes4 ,cotton ?read1 #e lbs4 ,meal-p[d]1 #c -- ,v9eg>1 #e qu>ts4 ,br&y1 or o!r spirits1 #c ---- ,gum arabic1 #c ounces4 ,camphor1 #a ---- ,:5 mat*es are requir$ to communicate fire sl[ly1 sulphur & beeswax1 or ros9 are add$ to meal-p[d]1 9 proportion to ! degree ( sl[ness requir$4 ,! cotton1 9 ?is case1 mu/ h be5 soak$ 9 wat] in/ead ( spirits4 ,cotton1 #a lb4 #ab ounces4 ,saltpetre1 #a -- #h ---- ,spirits ( w9e1 #b qu>ts4 ,wat]1 #b ---- ,is+lass1 #c gills4 ,meal-p[d]1 #aj lbs4 ,! cotton is !n tak5 out & laid 9 a tr\gh1 :]e "s meal-p[d]1 moi/5$ ) alcohol1 is ?or\ghly wr\ght into x4 ,?is done1 ! cotton1 be+ 9 /r&s1 is tak5 out sep>ately1 & drawn ?r\gh meal-p[d] & hung ^u a l9e to dry4 ,if wor/$ 9 ! place ( cotton is employ$1 ! proportions !n are1 ,wor/$1 #aj ounces4 ,meal-p[d]1 #aj p\nds4 ,alcohol1 7spirits ( w9e17 #c p9ts4 ,v9eg>1 7:ite w9e17 #c ---- ,9 ! prep>ation ( quick mat*1 ! foll[+ me?od is sometimes pursu$2 viz4 soak ! cotton well 9 a hot solution ( saltpetre2 !n remove x & lay x 9 a tr\gh ) "s meal$ p[d]1 moi/5$ ) spirits ( w9e1 :i* is to be work$ 9 by ! h&4 ,x is aft]w>ds drawn ?r\gh meal-p[d]1 & dri$ ^u a l9e or reel4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,( ,,port ,,fires4 ,port fires 7lances feu7 are a species ( fuse ( a sl[ composition1 design$ = diff]5t purposes1 & p>ticul>ly = guns1 :5 !y are to fire rapidly4 ,! pap]1 is fir/ roll$ 9 cases4 ,! rod or m&ril %\ld be ( h>d wood1 #af or #ah in*es long1 & #e-a_/b l9es 9 diamet]4 ,two brass rods to load !m1 "o ( #ag in*es 9 l5g?1 ! o!r ( only #h1 are requir$4 ,a wood5 ramm]1 ) a heavy head1 may be us$4 ,a small funnel ) a sp\t #e-a_/b l9es 9 diamet]1 & a ladle to lift ! composition1 are also requir$4 ,! in/ructions ( ,m4 ,bigot = ! =mation ( ,port-fire are t ! pap] mu/ be cut 9 b&s1 #c-a_/b to f\r in*es wide1 & #ae in*es long1 & six /rips ( ?is pap] are to be arrang$ on a level table1 "o above ! o!r 9 su* a way1 t ea* /rip ext5ds ab\t half an in* beyond ! next bel[ x1 & pa/+ ! project+ p>ts ( x2 t ! wood5 rod is !n plac$ ^u ! upp] /rip1 ne> ! side1 & ! pap] is roll$ sev]al times r\nd x2 press+ x at ! same "t1 & %utt+ ! case1 ?us =m$1 at "o end1 by b5d+ ! pap] up #c or #d l9es on ! rod1 & /rik+ x on ! table to flatt5 x2 t ! rod is !n remov$1 & ! case is dri$1 :i* is aft]w>ds fill$ by introduc+ ! composition ?r\gh ! funnel1 & ramm+ x z fa/ z x falls d[n2 :i* is done by alt]nately rais+ & l[]+ ! copp] rod1 )\t draw+ x entirely out2 t 9 *>g+1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to beat x uni=mly1 ) su* a =ce1 t ! pap] may n be torn1 & ! composition equally solid ?r\gh\t2 t :5 ! composition is )9 an in* ( ! end ( ! pap] case1 a t[ mat* is put ov] x1 ( #a-a_/b in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 ! two ends ( :i* project f ! pap] case1 & are cov]$ ) prim+ pa/e2 & f9ally1 t ! port-fire is f9i%$1 by pa/+ ^u its end a small bit ( pap]1 :i* is torn (f1 :5 ! mat* is to be us$4 ,port-fires are ti$ up 9 a %eet ( pap]1 9 p>cels ( t54 ,composition ( ,port-fires4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,meal ,salt- ,,k9ds ,,( ,,port-,,fire4 p[d]4 petre4,sulphur4,*>coal4,ros94 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,to la/ #ab m94 moi/5$ #aj #ab #f ) l9se$ oil4 ---- #aj d--d #ai #g ---- #g d--commonly us$4 #ai #h ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! articles are pulv]iz$1 & mix$ by pass+ !m ?r\gh f9e sieves at lea/ twice4 ,aft] ! addition ( l9se$ oil1 ! composition is aga9 mix$ ) ! h&4 ,if too mu* oil be add$1 ! port-fire w n keep4 ,f\rte5 p\nds ( composition1 & #b-a_/b reams ( pap]1 are requir$ = #ajj port-fires4 ,port-fires are usually #af-a_/b in*es1 & seldom m ?an #ba in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! pap] cases mu/ be roll$1 wet ) pa/e4 ,! di/9ction1 made betwe5 :at is call$ ! wet1 & dry port-fire1 is1 t1 9 ! =m]1 l9se$ oil is us$1 &1 9 ! latt]1 ! composition is mix$ dry4 ,dry port-fire1 accord+ to ! ,briti% =mula1 is compos$ ( saltpetre #d p>ts1 sulphur #a1 meal-p[d] #b1 & antimony #a4 ,! foll[+ =mul = port fire are giv5 9 ! ,pyrote*ny ( ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica4 #a4 ,saltpetre #ab oz4 ,sulphur #d -- ,meal-p[d] #b -- #b4 ,saltpetre #h oz4 ,sulphur #d -- ,meal-p[d] #b -- #c4 ,saltpetre #a lb4 #b oz4 ,meal-p[d] #a lbs4 ,sulphur #aj oz4 #d4 ,meal-p[d] #f oz4 ,saltpetre #b lbs4 #b -- ,sulphur #aj -- #e4 ,saltpetre #a lb4 #d oz4 ,meal-p[d] #d -- ,sulphur #e -- ,sawdu/ #h -- #f4 ,saltpetre #h oz4 ,sulphur #b -- ,meal-p[d] #b -- ,illum9at+ port-fires1 us$ 9 fire-works = exhibition1 c4 h be5 notic$ h]et(ore4 ,! composition ( ! *>ge = fire-lances 7port-fire17 is ?us giv5 by ,rugg]i2 ,sub/ances4 ,proportions4 ,saltpetre #af p>ts4 ,sulphur #h ---- ,p[d]$ antimony or p[d]$ pitcoal #d ---- ,mix$1 & pass$ ?ree times ?r\gh a sieve4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,( ,,fuses ,,= ,,%ells1 ,,h[itzes1 ,,& ,,gr5ades4 ,! fuse ( ! ,fr5*1 is appli$ to v>i\s purposes1 & is diff]5tly made by diff]5t artific]s4 ,fuses are int5d$ to communicate fire to ! p[d] ) :i* %ells1 c4 are fill$1 s z to make !m bur/ 9 ! places to :i* !y are ?r[n4 ,!y are compos$1 accord+ to "s1 ( "o p\nd ( gunp[d]1 & two or ?ree ounces ( *>coal1 well mix$ toge!r2 or ( f\r p\nds ( gunp[d]1 two ( saltpetre1 & "o ( sulphur4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ! "t a bomb1 or gr5ade1 w take to burn1 aft] x has be5 ?r[n out ( ! mort>1 or a h[itz out ( a h[itz]1 dep5ds entirely ^u ! l5g? & quality ( ! fuse4 ,fuses are made ( wood turn$ 9 ! =m ( a truncat$ cone1 9 ord] to ent] fairly into ! eye ( ! %ell4 ,!y are p]=at$ ?r\gh ! middle1 9 ! direction ( ! axis1 s z to receive ! composition4 ,?is *annel is call$ ! light ( ! fuse4 ,! wood t is employ$1 %\ld be /rong1 dry1 s\nd1 & )\t knots4 ,! be/ k9ds are ! oak1 ! elm1 & ! l9d54 ,!y are fill$ ) a sl[ combu/ible composition4 ,! mat]ials are increas$ or dim9i%$ accord+ to ! nature ( _! application4 ,fuses are sometimes made ( copp]4 ,! fuses = #aj & #ab in* %ells are #h-a_/b in*es long2 = #h in* %ells1 #g-a_/b1 = h[itzes1 #e-a_/b2 & = h& gr5ades1 #b-a_/b4 ,! diamet] ( ! light1 9 ! fir/ is #e l9es1 9 ! second & ?ird1 #d l9es1 & #b l9es = gr5ades4 ,at ! l>g] end ( ! fuse = %ells1 & h[itzes1 a cup is made f #aj to #ad l9es 9 diamet]1 & #c deep4 ,9 turn+ !m1 a solid bit1 #b-a_/b in*es ?ick1 is left at ! small end1 to prev5t !m f splitt+1 :5 ! composition is press$ into ! canal4 ,:5 ! fuse is to be driv5 into ! eye ( ! projectile1 ?is piece is sawn (f1 cutt+ ! fuse diagonally4 ,! turn] m>ks its t]m9ation by a circle ^u ! fuse4 ,fuses decrease ne>ly "o in* 9 l5g?1 & two l9es 9 diamet]1 accord+ to ! calib] ( ! bomb4 ,! diamet] ( ! lights1 or ap]tures1 only dim9i% half a l9e4 ,9 :at is call$ ! ,%rapnel %ell1 inv5t$ by colonel ,%rapnel1 ! seasonable use ( ! fuse con/itutes "o ( its pr9cipal advantages4 ,) reg>d to ! ,am]ican elongat$ %ell1 inv5t$ by a g5tleman 9 ! ,ordnance1 we h he>d no?+4 ,see ,%rapnel %ell1 c4 ,sec4 ,i4 ,( ! ,me?od ( ,*>g+ ! ,fuses ( ,bombs or ,%ells4 ,two ramm]s ( copp] are requir$ = ea* ( ! sev]al calib]s ( #ab1 #aj1 & #h in*es2 ! fir/ an in* long] ?an ! fuse1 ! second half z long4 ,^! ramm]s are ( ! same size ) ! lights ( _! respective fuses1 & h a head to receive ! bl[s ( a mallet4 ,only "o rod is want$ = ! fuses ( small] calib]s4 ,! fir/ op]ation is to exam9e ! fuses1 to see t !y h no knots or flaws1 & are n wormeat54 ,! artific]s place !mselves a/ride1 & fac+ ea* o!r1 ^u b5*es ( /rong plank1 hav+1 betwe5 !m1 a small vessel fill$ ) ! composition1 & ea* "o1 a small measure4 ,ea* artific] takes a fuse1 ins]ts ! small end into a hole1 made 9 ! b5*1 = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ x erect1 & prev5t+ x f splitt+ 9 ! act ( *>g+4 ,he !n passes a measure ( ! composition into ! light1 & introduces ! fir/ rod1 on :i* he /rikes #ae /rokes1 ( equal =ce1 ) ! mallet4 ,betwe5 e ?ree /rokes1 he raises ! rod1 to make ! composition fall4 ,! ramm+ ( ?is measure is !re=e execut$ 9 #e vollies or bl[s4 ,he !n )draws ! rod1 & introduces a new *>ge ( ! composition1 :i* he beats z be=e1 & s on until ! fuse is half full2 aft] :i* he makes use ( ! second rod1 & goes on load+1 until ! *>ge rea*es )9 ?ree l9es ( ! cup4 ,he !n takes two /r&s ( quick mat*1 :i* 7aft] plac+ !m 9 ! =m ( a cross1 on ! top ( ! fuse7 he presses ) 8 rod1 p\rs "s ( ! composition ^u !m1 &1 beat+ x c>efully s z n to cut ! mat*1 he fills ! fuse to ! top ( ! cup4 ,! fuses ( h[itzes & gr5ades are *>g$ 9 ! same way2 b ! bl[s are n s heavy z 9 l>g] ones1 = fe> ( splitt+ ! wood4 ,! fuses be+ ?us *>g$1 ! quick mat* is fold$ into ! cup1 & ! op5+ clos$ ) a bit ( clo? or p>*m5t1 or v /rong pap]1 :i* is ti$ an in* bel[ ! top4 ,?is op]ation is call$ capp+ ! fuse4 ,all ! fuses = bombs or gr5ades are at pres5t furni%$ ) mat*es4 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 !re=e1 to leave a vacancy ( ab\t 4#bg p>ts ( an in*1 9 ord] to fix 9 ! mat*4 ,fuses ( gr5ades are *>g$ ) ! same precision z ^? = bombs1 only ! bl[s1 z we rem>k$1 %\ld be weak] = fe> ( splitt+ ! fuse4 ,be=e ! little end is driv5 into ! bomb or %ell1 c>e is to be tak5 to h ! end cut slop+ly1 )\t :i* ! communication ( ! fire ) ! p[d] w\ld be unc]ta94 ,:5 fuses h be5 well load$1 & ! mat]ials previ\sly well mix$1 !y w naturally burn ) an equal /eady fire1 pres]v+ 9 g5]al an ev5 l5g? ( flame1 )\t splitt+1 or irregul>ly %ak+4 ,!y may be prov$ by ?r[+ !m into wat]1 ti$ to a /one1 or by driv+ !m ) heavy bl[s into ! e>?4 ,!y %\ld n g out 9 ei!r ( ^! cases4 ,fuses made ) ! composition we %all describe1 & = #aj & #ab in* %ells1 la/ sev5ty seconds4 ,accord+ to ! ,/rasb\rg directions1 x appe>s1 t fuses = %ells ( #ab4gh in*es %\ld la/ until y c c\nt #hj or #he1 or #gj seconds4 ,^? = bombs #h4eb in*es1 #fe c\nts1 or #fj seconds1 & ^? = gr5ades #be or #cj c\nts4 ,be=e ! fuse is driv5 into ! bomb1 ! ?9 or small end mu/ be cut (f1 9 ord] t ! fire may be easily communicat$ to ! mass ( gunp[d]1 :i* is lodg$ 9 ! bomb4 ,to fire bombs at a small di/ance1 ! fuse mu/ be cut on a long] slant1 s t ! bomb may take effect soon]1 & may n rema9 a long "t 9 ! place :]e x falls1 )\t bur/+4 ,! fuse mu/ be ( su* a l5g?1 z to cont9ue burn+ all ! "t ! %ell is 9 its range1 & to set fire to ! p[d] z soon z x t\*es ! gr\nd1 :i* occasions ! %ell in/antly to bur/ into _m pieces4 ,:5 ! di/ance f ! object is kn[n1 ! "t ( ! %ell's flight may be comput$ to a second or two2 :i* be+ asc]ta9$1 ! fuse may be cut accord+ly4 ,by burn+ two or ?ree1 & mak+ use ( a wat*1 or ( a /r+1 by way ( a p5dulum1 to vibrate seconds1 we may det]m9e ! l5g? ( "t a fuse1 or any l5g? ( a fuse1 w take to burn4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve fuses = a l5g? ( "t1 & protect !m f moi/ure1 ! cap is coat$ ) a composition1 or cem5t1 made ( #af p>ts ( bees' wax1 & #d ( mutton tall[2 melt+ ! wax fir/1 & !n add+ ! suet4 ,"s make use ( two-?irds wax1 & "o-?ird ros94 ,! cap ( ! fuse is dipp$ 91 :5 ! mixture is half cold1 & imm$iately )drawn4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,p>ts ,,( ,composition = ! ,fuses ( ------------------------------ ,%ells1 ,h[itzes & ,gr5ades4 ,meal ,salt- ,*>- p[d]4,sulphur4 petre4 coal4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,composition usually employ$1 #e #c #b ,quick] composition1 #g #d #b ,ano!r 7f ,rugg]i7 #ad #f #h ,d4 ,d4 #af #g #aj ,d4 7,engli%7 #g #c #d ,d4 7,/rasb\rg7 = #h4eb bombs1 #d #b #c ,d4 7f ! ,pocket ,gunn]7 lbs4 #b #a #c ,d4 p>ticul> 7f ,bigot7 #b #f #c #i ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! foll[+ is ! quantity ( composition requir$ = fuses1 viz3 #ajjj fuses1 = #aj & #ab in* %ells1 #ib lbs4 ,d4 d4 = #h in* %ells1 #ec -- ,d4 d4 = #f in* h[itzes1 #cc -- ,d4 d4 = h& gr5ades #af -- ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ,load+ ,%ells1 ,h[itzes & ,gr5ades4 ,! %ells1 be=e !y are load$1 are cleans$ f any =eign sub/ances t may be 9 !m2 & ^? :i* are split1 or h flaws 9 ! eye are reject$2 s are also ^? t are n well bor$1 or are ecc5tric4 ,!y are !n *>g$ ) p[d]1 introduc$ into !m by means ( a funnel4 ,five or six p\nds ( gunp[d] are usually put into twelve-in* %ells2 f ?ree to five1 9 t5-in* %ells2 f "o to "o & a qu>t]1 into eight-in* %ells2 f ?ree-qu>t]s to "o p\nd1 into h[itzes2 & gr5ades ( all sorts are half fill$4 ,! *>ge ( %ells is increas$1 :5 !y are to bur/ into a great numb] ( pieces2 = in/ance1 :5 !y are to fall among troops4 ,inc5di>y fire-works are add$1 :5 build+s are to be set on fire4 ,among ^! are fire-/one1 & inc5di>y mat*es4 ,! *>ge hav+ be5 put into ^! holl[ projectiles1 a fuse is introduc$ into ! eye1 aft] x has be5 cut diagonally at ! small] end1 & ! small] "p tak5 (f4 ,x is =c$ 9 by repeat$ bl[s ( a mallet on ! fuse driv]1 :i* is laid ^u ! cap ( ! fuse4 ,x ought n to project m ?an eight or t5 l9es 9 %ells1 & six or sev5 9 h[itzes4 ,! fuses ( load$ %ells1 h[itzes1 & gr5ades are pres]v$ f wet & fire 9 ! field1 by dipp+ t "p ( ! fuse1 :i* projects f ! surface ( ! sph]e1 = ! same purpose z be=e m5tion$1 into ! foll[+ composition4 ,! imm]sion mu/ be made1 :5 ! composition1 aft] be+ melt$1 is half cold4 ,ei!r ?is1 or ! =mula be=e giv51 may be us$4 ,composition4 ,pit*1 #ca p>ts4 ,turp5t9e1 #af ---- ,mutton tall[1 #a ---- ,l9se$ oil1 #f ---- ,agreeably to ! ,/rasb\rg ,memoir on ,milit>y ,fire-works1 x appe>s1 t1 fuses be+ driv5 into ! %ell1 f\r ?reads ( mat* mu/ be neatly arrang$ 9 ! cap4 ,!n cap ! fuse ) a piece ( p>*m5t dipp$ 9 br&y2 aft] :i*1 apply r\nd ! fuse1 at ! eye ( ! %ell1 "s capp+ wax :5 lukew>m4 ,!n dip all ! extreme "p ( ! fuse1 d[n to ! %ell1 9 melt$ pit*1 :i* y w leave to cool 9 ! %ade1 9 su* a mann]1 t ! %ell may nei!r be expos$ to moi/ure1 nor to ! accid5t ( fire4 ,composition ( ! ,pit*4 ,black pit*1 #d lbs4 ,ros91 #d -- ,?is pit* s]ves n only to pit* ! fuses ( bombs & gr5ades1 b also to cov] ! outside ( fire-balls & o!r fire-works1 int5d$ to be pres]v$4 ,ano!r ,composition ( pit* = ! same ,purposes4 ,black pit*1 #f lbs4 ,l9se$ oil1 #ab oz4 ,see ! prec$+ section4 ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ,fuses ) ,dead ,light4 ,! feu mort1 or dead fire fuse1 is a peculi> species ( fuse4 ,! diff]5ce1 betwe5 ^! fuses & ! ord9>y k9d1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! eye1 in/ead ( be+ pi]c$ & holl[1 is full1 & ( a hemisph]ical %ape4 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 ! composition is introduc$ ?r\gh ! small end4 ,composition = dead light4 ,meal-gunp[d]1 #af p>ts4 ,a%es ( wood1 #i ---- ,! a%es mu/ be dri$1 & run ?r\gh a sieve4 ,pott]s' e>?1 or clay1 w produce ! same effect z ! a%es4 ,9 proce$+ to *>ge a bomb-fuse t is made ( ord9>y wood1 ! eye1 or ap]ture1 is fir/ clos$ ) pipe clay1 :i* is well beat5 & press$ aga9/ ! fuse 9 a small platt]2 ! ?9 end ( ! fuse be+ held upw>ds4 ,?ree l9es 7#c_/ab?s ( an in*7 ( ?is e>? w be suffici5t to /op ! communication ( any fire4 ,a tube1 or trundle1 fill$ ) meal-p[d]1 = ! purpose ( sett+ fire to ! composition call$ feu mort1 is ?ru/ into ! fuse1 by :i* x is f9ally *>g$4 ,if ?is *>ge ( meal-gunp[d] 7 to be omitt$1 ! fuse might n be susceptible ( ignition2 b ! quantity nev] ought to exce$ ?ree l9es1 z ! fuse w\ld split by ! explosion4 ,:5 ! gra9s ( gunp[d] h be5 well p\nd$1 a trundle or tube1 fill$ ) ! a=em5tion$ composition1 mu/ be appli$1 & x is f9ally load$ l ! re/4 ,x mu/ be recollect$1 t two in*es ( ?is composition w la/ z long z "o ( ! quality1 ) :i* common fuses are *>g$4 ,be=e ! fuse is driv5 into ! bomb1 x mu/ be pi]c$ ?r\gh ) a gimblet ( "o l9e 9 diamet]2 tak+ c>e1 t ! hole is made precisely ?r\gh ! *>ge ( meal-p[d]4 ,"o end ( a prim+ mat* mu/ be =c$ 91 & ?ree o!rs be ti$ to x1 :i* ?ree are to fall ^u ! bomb1 :5 x lies 9 ! mort>4 ,! p>ticul> object to be obta9$ by ?is k9d ( fuse1 is to prev5t ! lea/ trace ( fire or light be+ visible 9 its projection2 s t ! enemy may rema9 ignorant ( ! range1 or direction ( ! bomb1 & n be able1 ( c\rse1 to get out ( ! way :5 x falls1 or to avoid ! effects ( its explosion4 ,^! fuses 7 made use ( at ! siege ( ,ham 9 #agfa4 ,! exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 made1 9 #agib1 ) ?is composition1 by an artific] belong+ to ! ordnance bo>d1 at ,d\ay1 h prov$1 t x answ]s e purpose1 = :i* x 0 inv5t$4 ,! au?or ( ! ,manuel de l',artilleur obs]ves1 h[ev]1 t ! advantages to be d]iv$ f ?is inv5tion1 are n s great z !y fir/ appe>4 ,he rem>ks1 t1 ) respect to ! real utility ( ! fuse feu mort1 if x be consid]$ z t5d+ mat]ially to ! def5ce ( any beseig$ place1 ! argum5t _c be v =cible1 :5 we reflect1 t to ga9 "t con/itutes "o ( ! pr9cipal means ( def5ce1 & t ! only way to obta9 x1 is by ret>d+ ! beseig]s' op]ations4 ,^! ends are ga9$ by v>i\s exp$i5ts4 ,among o!rs1 ! common light$ fuse conduces n a little3 s9ce1 dur+ ! :ole direction ( ! bomb aga9/ ! works ( ! assailants1 ! att5tion ( ! workm5 is div]t$ f _! imm$iate lab\r2 & z long z x cont9ues 9 its range1 mu* uneas9ess is creat$1 because its ultimate explosion & concomitant de/ruction are unkn[n4 ,add to ?is1 t1 indep5d5t ( ! confusion t is occasion$ among ! assailants by repeat$ projectiles1 ! bomb>di]1 by means ( light$ fuses1 is enabl$ to correct 8 aim dur+ ! d>ke/ night4 ,?is k9d ( fuse has be5 kn[n = _m ye>s1 &1 x is presum$ f ^! objections to its use1 ! common fuse has be5 hi!rto adopt$4 ,sec4 ,,iv4 ,( ! ,dim5sions ( ,fuses1 & ! ,dim5sions & ,*>ge ( ,bombs1 ,h[itzes & ,gr5ades4 ,%ells1 9 gunn]y1 are holl[ iron balls1 to be ?r[n out ( mort>s or h[itz]s1 ) a fuse hole ( ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 to load !m ) p[d]1 & to receive ! fuse4 ,! bottom1 or "p opposite ! fuse1 is made heavi] ?an ! re/1 t ! fuse may fall upp]mo/4 ,9 small elevations1 ?is is n always ! case1 nor is x necess>y4 ,%ells are call$ holl[ projectiles1 &1 besides p[d]1 v>i\s inc5di>y matt]s are introduc$2 b 9 addition to %ells1 prop]ly s call$1 holl[ projectiles compreh5d h[itzes & gr5ades4 ,z a pr9ciple1 x is obs]v$1 t _! sides ought to be proportionably ?ick to ! %ock !y receive 9 ! piece1 & to ! quantity ( p[d] introduc$ = bur/+ !m2 & _! weight1 accord+ to ! objects !y are to de/roy4 ,we rem>k$1 t a %ell %\ld be ?ick] opposite ! fuse4 ,?is ?ickness is call$ by ! ,fr5* a culot1 or re9=cem5t ( metal2 ! object ( :i* is to prev5t ! break+ ( ! %ell on rocks or /one1 z well z to prev5t its fall+ on ! fuse4 ,f\r times z mu* p[d] may be put 9 ! cavity z is suffici5t to bur/ !m4 ,?is admits ! introduction ( inc5di>y matt]4 ,h[itzes are holl[ balls ) a culot1 or re9=cem5t ( metal1 ^u ! inside1 opposite ! eye1 & are calculat$ = rico*et1 t is1 = pass+1 b\nd+1 ov] ! gr\nd1 &1 by /rik+ & p5etrat+ solid objects1 & f9ally bur/+1 produce consid]able havoc & deva/ation4 ,= rico*et1 ! h[itz1 9 fact1 %\ld be ( ! same ?ickness ?r\gh\t4 ,gr5ades are also a holl[ ball1 & are ( two k9ds2 namely1 ! ramp>t or dit* gr5ades1 ( ! calib] ( #cf1 #bd1 #ah1 & #ab p\nd]s1 design$ = roll+ along a tr\gh f ! top ( ! ramp>t1 & fall+ into ! dit*1 to annoy an enemy1 9 attempt+ to cross x2 & ! h&-gr5ade1 t are ?r[n by h& into ! int]ior ( works1 t are attack$1 into cov]$ ways & tr5*es1 c4 ,!y are ( six & ?ree p\nd] calib]s1 & _! spl9t]s w fly #ce y>ds4 ,gr5ades 7 inv5t$ ab\t ! "t t %ells 71 & fir/ us$ 9 #aeid4 ,gr5ades h sunk into disuse2 b !y may be advantage\sly employ$4 ,dur+ ! seige ( ,cassel1 "u ! c\nt de la ,lippe1 9 ! campaign ( #agfb1 a "y eng9e] und]took to c>ry "o ( ! outworks1 ) a small deta*m5t ( m5 by us+ gr5ades1 & 9 consequ5ce succe$$4 ,message %ells are no?+ m ?an h[itz] %ells1 & are s call$1 because !y are us$ to c>ry lett]s or pap]s4 ,dur+ ! bomb>dm5t ( ,flu%+1 & :ile ! communication ) ,cads& 0 cut (f1 means 7 f\nd to convey a lett] f ! g>rison into ! latt] place4 ,x 0 inclos$ 9 a %ell )\t inflammable matt]1 & dis*>g$ f a mort>1 plant$ on "o ( ! sea batt]ies4 ,%rapnel %ells 7 inv5t$ by colonel ,%rapnel ( ! ,briti% s]vice4 ,!y 7 us$1 we are told1 ) peculi> effect aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 9 #ahjh1 & at ! battle ( ,wat]loo 9 #ahae4 ,! fuses = ^! %ells1 aft] be+ turn$ s z to fit ! fuse-holes1 are bor$1 & a deep ?read groov$ inside1 to hold ! composition firm2 &1 in/ead ( be+ turn$ ) cups1 !y are holl[$ conical1 & r\gh$ ) a tool t cuts "u1 ! bett] to receive ! prim+4 ,aft] !y are driv51 ) fuse composition1 "o & a half in*es1 !y are saw$ across ! top ab\t "o-fif? ( an in* d[n1 s z n to t\* ! composition1 & divid$ into five equal p>ts1 ( two-t5?s ( an in* ea*2 aft] :i*1 a bit ( quickmat* is plac$ across1 & drawn tight 9 ! same grooves4 ,!y are !n prim$ ) meal-p[d] & spirits ( w9e1 capp$1 & pack$ = s]vice4 ,we "h ins]t ?ree tables1 :i* we h extract$ f ! "w ( ,m4 ,bigot4 ,! fir/ table is relative to ! dim5sions ( fuses = %ells1 h[itzes1 & gr5ades2 ! second1 respect+ ! dim5sions ( bombs1 h[itzes1 & gr5ades2 & ! ?ird1 ( ! *>ge ( bombs & h[itzes4 ,^! tables1 tak5 toge!r1 w exhibit all ! p>ticul>s on ?is subject2 & z ?is k9d ( data is necess>y1 9 ! practical op]ations ( ! laboratory1 _! introduction 9 ?is place1 we consid] important4 ,table relative to ! ,dim5sions ( ,fuses = ,%ells1 ,h[itzes1 & ,gr5ades4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,gr5ades4 ,,calib]s4 #ab & #h-;in*4h[itzes1------------- #aj-;in* #f-;in*4 ,ramp>t4,h&4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- in*4 in*4 in*4 in*4 in*4 ,l5g?1 #i #h #e #d #b ,diamet]4 ,at ! l>ge end1 #a #a #a #aa_/ab ,at #c in*es f ! l>ge #a #a #aa_/ab #j #j end1 ,at ! small end1 #a #aa_/ab #aj_/ab ,( ! light1 #e_/ab ,( ! int]ior ( ! cup1 #a #aa_/ab #g_/ab #e_/ab ,dep? ( ! cup1 #c_/ab #c_/ab #c_/ab #c_/ab #c_/ab ,height ( ! massive1 #e_/ab #e_/ab #j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,table ( ,dim5sions ( ,bombs1 ,h[itzes1 & ,gr5ades4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #h-;in*1 ,,calib]4 #ab-;in*4#aj-;in*4 h[itzh[itzes ,h& #h-;in*4 #f-;in*4gr5ades ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- in*4 in*4 in*4 in*4 in*4 l9es4 l9es4 l9es4 l9es4 l9es4 pts4 pts4 pts4 pts4 pts4 ,diam4( bombs1 #aa #aj #f #aj #j #j #h #a #f #f #j #j #c #f #j ( ! lightext]ior1 #a #d #j #a #d #j #a #j #j #j #aa #j #j #h #f int]ior1 #a #c #j #a #c #j #j #aa #j #j #aj #i #j #h #j ,?ickness ( ! sides1 #a #f #j #a #f #j #j #aa #j #j #aa #j #j #d #j ( ! culot1 #b #b #j #a #d #j #a #c #j #j #j #j #j #e #j ,p\nds4 ,p\nds4 ,p\nds4 ,p\nds4 ,p\nds4 ,weight ( ! bombs1 #ade to #ig to #dc to #bj to #c #aej #ajj #de #be #j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! ramp>t gr5ades are v>iable 9 _! dim5sions1 & weigh f eight to twelve p\nds4 ,table ( ! ,*>ge ( ,bombs & ,h[itzes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,bombs ( ,h[itzes4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ab-;in*es#aj-;in*es #h-;in*es4 #h-;in*es4 #f-;in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,*>ge ( full bombs1 #ag lbs4 #aj lbs4 #d lb4 #a oz4#d lb4 #a oz4#a lb4 #f oz4 suffici5t to bur/ !m4 #e #c #a #a #j #ab ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,( ,,inc5di>y ,,fire-,,works4 ,"u ?is head are includ$ all artificial prep>ations1 design$1 z ! "n expresses1 to communicate fire to build+s1 %ipp+1 c4 & = o!r purposes1 connect$ ) ! op]ations ( w>4 ,at diff]5t p]iods1 ev5 f ! remote/ antiquity1 inc5di>y works h be5 us$4 ,( ^! prep>ations1 we may enum]ate ! foll[+3 %ells1 h[itzes1 & gr5ades2 fire-/one to put into %ells & h[itzes1 int5d$ to produce conflagration2 inc5di>y mat*es1 us$ 9 ! same mann]2 c>casses & fire balls1 to be ?r[n f a mort>1 design$ to light up ! works 9 front ( a besieg$ =tress1 & to burn build+s2 inc5di>y1 or fire-balls1 to be ?r[n f cannon or by h&1 us$ 9 besieg$ =tresses to light up ! enemy's works2 pit*$ t\rteaux & fasc9es1 to illum9ate ! passage ( riv]s & defiles2 p[d] bags1 to ?r[ ^u troops m\nt+ to ! assault2 p[d] b>rels1 to roll f ! top ( a brea*1 or f ! head ( a sap f ! glacis2 ?und]+ b>rel1 employ$ = ! same purpose2 burn+ or illum9at+ b>rel2 pet>d1 to break d[n ! gates & b>ri]s ( small t[ns1 & ev5 ?9 walls2 tor*es or flambeaux1 to give light dur+ night m>*es1 & o!r purposes2 rockets1 f\gettes1 & murd]+ & ! ,congreve w> rocket1 = v>i\s uses2 rocket c>cass ( ,congreve1 z an inc5di>y2 rocket light ball1 to illum9ate ! horizon ne> ! enemy2 murd]+ m>rons2 ,roman inc5di>y c&les1 & inc5di>y />s2 t>r$ & pit*$ ropes2 fire ra92 m>9e fuses1 c4 to :i* we may add ! anci5t ,greek fire1 & r$-hot balls4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 "u ! diff]5t heads1 we purpose to describe ^!1 & o!r fire-works1 us$ 9 w>4 ,we may rem>k1 also1 t animals are sometimes us$ z inc5di>y ag5ts4 ,rats1 = in/ance1 h be5 employ$ 9 c]ta9 ent]prizes1 z = ! purpose ( sett+ fire to magaz9es ( gunp[d]4 ,on ^! occasions1 a light$ mat* is ti$ to ! tail ( ! animal4 ,! c\ri] pigeon ( ! ,fr5*1 or c>ri] pigeon1 is n us$ 9 ?is way2 b only z a c>ri] ( lett]s1 to :i* x is tra9$ & us$ 9 ,p]sia & ,turkey4 ,sec4 ,i4 ,( ,fire ,/one4 ,! fire /one 7,ro*e feu7 is a compact1 or solid composition4 ,x is calculat$ to burn sl[ly1 & :5 put into %ells & h[itzes1 & ?r[n into cities1 produces conflagration4 ,?is /one is compos$ ( sulphur1 saltpetre1 meal-p[d]1 & sometimes gra9-p[d]1 c4 ,! sulphur is melt$ 9 a kettle1 or glaz$ e>!n vessel1 ov] a clean *>coal fire2 ! saltpetre be+ pulv]iz$1 is !n ?r[n into x1 & ! spirits ( turp5t9e1 if any is us$4 ,^! articles are /irr$ ) a spatula1 & ! fire mu/ be s regulat$1 z to prev5t ! composition f boil+ ov]1 or tak+ fire4 ,:5 ^! are well melt$ & mix$1 !y are tak5 (f ! fire1 & p]mitt$ to cool a little2 ! gunp[d] is !n ?r[n 91 & ! composition p\r$ ^u a cold surface1 :]e x consolidates4 ,x is !n brok5 into small lumps1 to be made use ( :5 requir$4 ,we may "h rem>k1 t1 z ! goodness ( ?is composition dep5ds ^u ! accuracy ) :i* ! mixture is made1 too mu* c>e _c be paid to ?is circum/ance4 ,= ! purpose ( r5d]+ ?is inc5di>y m inflammable1 x is recomm5d$ to roll ! pieces 9 meal-p[d]1 be=e !y become fully h>d4 ,if ! same composition be mix$ ) suet & spirits ( turp5t9e1 x is us$ = ! same purpose1 b n 9 ! same mann]4 ,! inv5tion ( ! fire /one is said to h orig9at$ f ! fire-ra9 ( ,casimir ,siemi5[icz1 an +5i\s ,pol&]1 & ,*evali] ( ,li?uania1 c42 & 9 fact1 accord+ to ,ruggi]i1 ! composition 0 tak5 f 8 treatise4 ,inc5di>ies to be put into bombs or %ells1 are sometimes 9 rolls 9 ! =m ( a sausage1 :i* cont9ue to burn aft] ! %ell has bur/4 ,!y infallibly set fire to :atev] combu/ible sub/ance !y t\*4 ,:5 ?us made !y are f 4#hh p>ts ( an in*1 to an in* 9 diamet]1 & f #c to #d in*es long4 ,c>cass composition is g5]ally us$4 ,x is run into cyl9d]s1 :i* are pi]c$ 9 ! middle1 & ! hole is fill$ ) ! composition ( bomb fuse4 ,!y are also furni%$ ) cotton mat*es4 ,composition ( ,fire ,/one4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,p>ts ,,( ---------------------------------------- ,sulphur4,salt- ,meal ,p[d] ,*>- petre4 ,p[d]4 9 coal4 gra94 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,composition frequ5tly made #af #d #d #c #j use (1 ,d d d #bh #e #d #d #j ,d = p>ticul> purposes1 #i #af #j #j ,d d d #aa #bi #j #j #a ,d d 7spirits ( turp5t9e1 #ab oz47 & #f #a #d ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,fire /one may be consid]$ ! wild-fire2 b ?is t]m is applicable to any composition1 z ! ,greek fire1 :i*1 :5 inflam$1 burns ) rapidity1 & communicates its fire to surr\nd+ objects ) quickness4 ,9 su* cases1 ! combu/ion is s rapid1 t build+s1 c4 are imm$iately wrapt 9 flames1 :i* seem almo/ to defy all human p[] to ext+ui%4 ,su* 0 ! nature ( ! ,greek fire1 ( :i* we %all speak h]eaft]4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,( ,inc5di>y ,mat*es4 ,^! are bett] = ! purpose ( putt+ into %ells & h[itzes1 ?an fire-/one alone1 :i* does n burn z well4 ,_! prep>ation consi/s 9 boil+ common sl[ mat* 9 a solution ( #bj p>ts ( saltpetre1 9 six p>ts ( wat]2 !n dry+ & cutt+ x into pieces ( two or ?ree in*es long1 & imm]s+ x into fire-/one1 9 a /ate ( fusion4 ,be=e ! mat* has become solid1 let x be roll$ 9 meal-p[d]1 or 9 gra9 p[d]4 ,fifty p\nds ( fire-/one w be suffici5t = #aejj mat*es4 ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,( ,c>casses & ,fire-,balls4 ,c>casses & fire-balls are made ( a composition ( combu/ible sub/ances1 & are us$ to produce light1 z well z to fire build+s4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is1 t ! c>cass has b&s or hoops ( iron1 t =m its %ell4 ,^! hoops are made at "r angles ) ea* o!r1 9 an oval =m1 & fa/5$ toge!r ) a base ( iron4 ,! fire-ball is made ( a sack ( /rong t[ clo?1 or ( a bag ( basket "w1 9 an oval =m1 & cov]$ ) /rong cord1 to give x a body4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 are well wrapp$ ) cord1 to make !m m solid4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,co/e1 9 #agid1 inv5t$ a c>cass composition1 :i* he submitt$ to ! ,fr5* national conv5tion4 ,x appe>s t its fire 0 v viol5t1 :i* no?+ c\ld ext+ui%1 & c\ld be ?r[n #hjj paces f a calib] ( #bd 94 & to a great] di/ance1 if requir$4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is c>cass is giv5 9 ! ,moniteur1 ,no4 #cdb4 ,oblong c>casses 7 =m]ly 9 use4 ,! r\nd c>cass is m applicable = mort>s & h[itz]s4 ,! #ac-;in* r\nd c>cass weighs ab\t #bab lbs41 #aj-;in* #if lbs41 #h-;in* #dh lbs41 & #e-a_/b-;in* #af lbs4 ,c>casses are seldom or ev] fir$ f guns or c>ronades1 9 ! l& or sea s]vice4 ,9 bomb vessels1 !y are only fir$ f mort>s4 ,aft] ! fir/ inv5tion ( bombs1 t ( c>casses & gr5ades naturally foll[$4 ,!y are said to h be5 fir/ us$ 9 #aeid1 & aft]w>ds by ! bi%op ( ,mun/]1 at ! siege ( ,groll1 9 #afgb1 :]e ! ,duke ( ,luxemburg comm&$4 ,! c>cass = #ab & #aj-;in* mort>s has six b&s ( iron2 t = an #h-;in* mort>1 no m ?an f\r4 ,^! b&s are ( an oval %ape1 & fix$ ) nails1 ei!r cl5*$ or rivett$ to a bottom1 ( ! %ape ( a segm5t ( a sph]e2 !n to a hoop1 plac$ horizontally at "o-?ird ( _! height2 & at top1 to ano!r t closes ! op5+4 ,! sacks1 t conta9 c>casses & fire-balls1 are ( a cyl9drical =m1 & _! diamet] & height are equal1 be+ ! same z t ( ! c>cass at "o-?ird its height4 ,!y are sew$ ^u a circul> bottom1 l ! wooll5 bags ( gun-c>tridges4 ,:5 ! ball is w\nd ) ?read1 ! folds w disappe>4 ,! sacks ( fire balls are an in* less ?an ! calib] ( ! mort>1 & ^? ( c>casses f\r in*es m4 ,table relative to ! ,dim5sions ( ,c>casses1 to fire f ! ,mort>4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,calib]s ,,( #ab-;in*4 #aj-;in*4 #h-;in*4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! sph]ical segm5t4 ,in*4 ,in*4 ,in*4 radius1 #e-e_/ab #d #a height1 #b #a #a ,diam4 ( ! circle1 at ( ! height #aj #h #g at ! op5+ #f #e #d ,( ! iron m\nt+ #ab #aj #h ,( ! *>g$ c>cass1 ! #af #ad #ab ,height e> n includ$ ,( ! envelop+ sacks #af #ad #ab ,! weight ( ! iron1 = ! m\nt+ ,p\nds4 ,p\nds4 ,p\nds4 ( ! c>cass1 ab\t #bj #ah #g ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,composition ( ,c>casses & ,light ,balls4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pit*4 ,:ite ,pit*4 7,turp5t9e47 ,mutton ,tall[4 ,ros94 ,sulphur4 ,saltpetre4 ,gra9-p[d]4 ,meal-p[d]4 ,camphor4 ,*>coal4 ,c>ab4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,moi/ composition4 #bd #ab #d #j #j #j #cf #j #j #j ,idem4 #ah #j #a #j #j #j #cj #j #j #j #j ,dry composition4 #j #j #jab #a #b #j #b #j #j #j ,idem4 #j #j #jab #b #aa #j #j #j #aj ,ano!r4 #ab #f #b #j #j #j #cj #j #j #j ,ditto4 #j #j #aab #j #b #bj #j #b #j #a ,ditto4 #ab #j #c #j #j #f #cj #j #j #j #j ,ditto4 #ae #j #c #j #j #f #cj #j #j #j #j ,ditto4 #j #b #j #a #a #a #j #b #j #j #j ,ditto1 p>ticul>1 = sett+ fire #j #j #j #a #d #b #jaj #j #j #j to magaz9es1 build+s1 c4 ,ditto1 same purpose4 #j #j #j #d #af #cb #jdh #j #a #j99 ,ditto4 d4 #g #j #a #f #f #j #j #h #j #j #j ,antim4 ,ditto4 d4 #e #j #j #h #be #ej #j #j #j #j #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 99 ,also1 iron or /eel fil+s1 #b2 & fir-tree sawdu/ boil$ 9 a solution ( saltpetre1 #b4 ,we may rem>k1 t ! f\r fir/ =mul are giv5 by ,bigot1 & are us$ 9 ! ,fr5* s]vice4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ! o!rs h be5 employ$1 we may consid] ! proportions 9 ^!1 z be/ adopt$ = ! c>cass & light-ball composition4 ,ab\t #di lbs4 ( composition & two lbs4 ( f9e t[1 are requir$ = a c>cass ( #ab in*es4 ,lum9\s or light balls are sometimes made ( ! foll[+ compositions4 ,composition = ,lum9\s ,balls4 #a4 ,sulphur #f oz4 ,antimony #b -- ,saltpetre #d -- ,ros9 #d -- ,*>coal #d -- #b4 ,saltpetre #b oz4 ,ros9 #b -- ,*>coal #b -- ,antimony #a -- ,sulphur #a -- ,pit* #a -- ,9 ! =mation ( lum9\s1 or light balls1 :atev] may be ! composition1 we may rem>k1 t ! only +r$i5ts :i* appe> to be ess5tially necess>y are nitrate ( potassa & inflammable sub/ances4 ,9 "s prep>ations1 antimony is us$1 = ! same reason z 9 ! ,b5gal lights4 ,ros91 pit*1 & *>coal are all inflammable2 & sulphur1 al?\gh x takes fire m in/antane\sly ?an ^!1 ent]s into ! composition ( su* fires m on acc\nt ( its flame ?an any o!r4 ,z a g5]al rule = ! prep>ation ( c>cass composition1 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s mu/ be att5d$ to4 ,aft] melt+ ! pit*1 turp5t9e1 ros91 & sulphur1 add ! tall[ & camphor1 & !n ! nitre & *>coal1 9 p[d]4 ,!y are !n to be /irr$1 & mix$ intimately4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to regulate ! fire1 & prev5t ! composition tak+ fire4 ,aft] ! kettle is )drawn f ! fire1 ! gunp[d] is !n g5tly add$1 & /irr$ ) a /ick or spatula4 ,! kettle is !n aga9 put ov] ! fire1 & aft]w>ds )drawn4 ,t[ is n[ add$ 9 small quantities at a "t1 /irr+ ! mixture well t x may be ?or\ghly incorporat$4 ,! prep>ation ( ! c>cass1 or fire-ball1 is z foll[s2 obs]v+1 t1 if x is a c>cass1 ! iron-frame mu/ be fir/ plac$ 9 ! sack4 ,f\r cords are tak51 ea* f\r l9es 9 diamet]1 f\r feet long = ! calib]s ( #aj & #ab in*es1 b only #c feet = ! calib]s ( #h in*es4 ,! middle ( ^! f\r cords are laid "o ^u ! o!r 9 ! =m ( an eight-po9t$ />4 ,ea* end ( ! ropes is !n fix$ to a nail1 & a bottom is =m$1 simil> to basket-"w1 by int]lac+ a cord1 two l9es 9 diamet]1 ?ree or f\r times r\nd ! c5tral po9t4 ,! small cord is !n ti$ ) a knot1 & ! bottom ( ! basket complet$1 by ty+ ! f\r l>ge cords toge!r ) f\r half knots4 ,! bottom ( ! sack1 conta9+ ! iron c>cass1 or ( an empty sack1 if a fire-ball is to be made1 is plac$ ^u ! middle ( ?is1 & ! fill+ p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 namely3 ,a suffici5t quantity ( ! composition is tak5 f ! kettle to fill ! empty c>cass1 or sack1 ?ree or f\r in*es high2 a few load$ gr5ades1 ) ! fuse d[n1 or a h[itz plac$ 9 ! same way1 are laid ^u ?is fir/ lay]4 ,! fill+ is cont9u$ to ! top1 putt+ ! composition & gr5ades1 9 alt]nate lay]s4 ,:5 x is done1 ! sack is ti$ ) tw9e4 ,9 ord] to tie up ! fire-ball 9 its cord net1 ! cords are rais$ f _! nails1 ov] ! sack1 & ti$ 9 su* a way z to susp5d x ab\t ! height ( a man's head1 & to p]mit x to be easily turn$ r\nd4 ,an artific] fixes ! end ( a small cord to "o ( ! l>g] ones1 at ! di/ance ( #a-a_/b in*es f ! bottom2 he makes a half knot ^u ?is1 & c>ries ! small cord r\nd to ! o!rs1 to :i* he ties x 9 ! same way1 =m+ a spiral r\nd ! ball4 ,! l>ge cords are kept regul>ly /ret*$ 9 su* a way1 t ea* turn ( ! spiral may be #a-a_/b in*es f t b5ea? x4 ,:5 ! spiral has rea*$ ! top ( ! ball1 he unites ! small cord1 call$ ! trav]se1 ) ! ends ( ! f\r o!rs1 call$ uprights4 ,he divides ! latt] into two p>cels1 & =ms a loop ( !m1 ?r\gh :i* a lev] may be pass$ = ! conv5i5ce ( c>ry+ x4 ,at two or ?ree in*es f ! upp] end1 & ^u two sides1 diametrically opposite to ea* o!r1 two p9s ( h>d dry wood1 well greas$1 are driv5 94 ,^! p9s are #f in*es 9 l5g?1 "o 9 diamet] at ! head1 & half an in* at ! po9t4 ,!y mu/ be incl9$ 9 su* a way1 z to meet 9 ! axis ( ! fire ball1 at ab\t half its height4 ,! c>cass or fire-ball1 :5 f9i%$1 is dipp$ into ! foll[+ composition3 ,composition ( ,pit* = ,fire-,balls4 ,pit*1 #cb p>ts4 ,turp5t9e1 #af ---- ,ros91 #h ---- ,l9se$ oil1 #f ---- ,mutton ,tall[1 #a ---- ,gr5ades answ] ! purpose ( disp]s+ ! fire ( ! c>cass 9 diff]5t places2 & ! %ell w n bur/1 till ! c>cass has burnt = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t4 ,sometimes ! ends ( gun b>rels1 or pi/ols1 load$ ) ball1 are put 94 ,c>casses & fire-balls are prim$ be=e !y are us$1 by draw+ out ! p9s1 & fill+ ! holes ) ! composition = ! fuses ( %ells2 tak+ c>e to use = ramm+1 only wood5 or copp] ramm]s4 ,f\r cotton mat*es are plac$ 9 ea* hole1 #f4d in*es long1 9 ord] to convey ! fire4 ,c>casses & fire-balls are dis*>g$ f mort>s1 9 ! same mann] z a bomb4 ,:5 ! c>cass is int5d$ to give light to discov] ! enemy's works1 !n ! small *>ges are to be put into ! *amb] ( ! mort>1 & b little elevation giv51 = fe> x %\ld bury itself 9 ! gr\nd4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! int5tion is to set fire to h\ses or magaz9es1 a great] elevation is giv5 to ! mort>s1 9 ord] t x may rea* & de/roy ! build+s1 ^u :i* x is int5d$ to fall4 ,! composition us$ by ! ,au/rians at ! siege ( ,val5ci5nes1 :i* is call$ aft] x1 has ! same effect z c>cass4 ,x is compos$ ( saltpetre #ej p>ts1 sulphur #bh1 antimony #ah1 & ros9 #f4 ,an ,engli% writ] obs]ves1 t ! be/ way ( mak+ light balls1 is to take ?ick br[n pap]1 & make a %ell ! size ( ! mort>1 & fill x ) a composition ( equal p>ts ( sulphur1 pit*1 ros9 & meal-p[d]4 ,be=e clos+ ?is article1 we may add1 t c>casses are sometimes made to weigh two hundr$ & ?irty p\nds1 & ^? = ! naval s]vice diff] f a %ell only 9 ! composition1 & 9 ! f\r holes1 f :i* x burns :5 fir$4 ,sec4 ,,iv4 ,( ,inc5di>y ,balls1 or ,fire ,balls1 to be ?r[n f ,cannon or by ,h&4 ,balls ( ?is k9d are employ$ *iefly 9 beseig$ =tresses to light up ! enemy's works4 ,9 ord] to burn %ips1 holl[ balls fill$ ) inc5di>y matt] & r$-hot %ot are pref]able4 ,composition ( ,inc5di>y ,balls4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,meal-p[d]4 ,saltpetre4 ,sulphur4 ,ros94 ,tall[4 ,alum4 ,antimony4 ,*>coal4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ord9>y composition1 moi/5$ ) spirits & l9se$ oil1 meal1 #d #d #c #j #j #j #j ,ano!r1 #h #h #bd #j #d #b #a #j ,d4 #j #g #d #c #j #j #j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! fir/ composition is r$uc$ to a pa/e ) good br&y or o!r spirits1 9 :i* gum arabic & camphor h be5 dissolv$2 & aft] leav+ x a few h\rs to dry1 moi/5 x ) l9se$ oil1 & make x into balls a little less ?an ! calib]s ( ! guns1 f :i* !y are to be fir$ or weigh+ ab\t f\r p\nds1 if !y are to be ?r[n by h&4 ,!y are ti$ up 9 a clo? & /eep$ 9 a ba? ( pit* 9 ! same way z c>casses4 ,!y are usually cov]$ a second "t ) clo? & dipp$ 9 ! same way4 ,if !y are to be fir$ f guns1 !y are envelop$ 9 a nett+ ( wire1 to prev5t !m f be+ broke by ! action ( ! *>ge4 ,^! balls :5 fir$ are put d[n ov] a small *>ge )\t ramm+4 ,two holes are made 9 !m 9 ! same way z 9 c>casses & fire balls & !y are prim$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 employ+ ! second & o!r compositions1 ! mat]ials mu/ fir/ be melt$1 su* z ros91 tall[1 & sulphur1 & ! p[d]1 alum1 & antimony1 add$2 :5 ! melt$ matt] is remov$ f ! fire4 ,aft] !y are all mix$1 ! mixture is !n p\r$ into wood5 m\lds ( two pieces1 t are greas$ on ! inside2 ! ball is tak5 f ! m\ld :5 cool1 & wrapp$ up 9 clo? or 9 t[4 ,x is dipp$ 9 melt$ pit*4 ,:5 x is to be us$1 holes are made 9 x ) a gimblet1 & x is prim$ l ! o!rs4 ,we may rem>k "h1 t ! ,congreve inc5di>y rocket is arm$ ) c>cass composition1 :i* produces all ! effects ( ! usual c>cass4 ,! rocket c>cass w be consid]$ "u ! head ( w>-rocket4 ,sec4 ,v4 ,( ,smoke ,balls4 ,smoke balls are compos$ ( ! same sub/ances z c>casses & light balls1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t !y conta9 five to "o ( pit*1 ros91 & sawdu/4 ,?is composition is put into %ells made = ! purpose1 hav+ f\r holes to let out ! smoke4 ,smoke balls are ?r[n out ( mort>s1 & cont9ue to smoke f tw5ty-five to ?irty m9utes4 ,sec4 ,,vi4 ,( ,/9k ,balls4 ,/9k ,balls are prep>$ ) a composition ( meal$ p[d]1 ros91 saltpetre1 pit*1 sulphur1 rasp$ horses' & asses' ho(s1 burnt 9 ! ho(1 assaftida1 s]aphim-gum1 /9k+ h]bs1 c4 made up into balls 9 ! same mann] z light-balls1 accord+ to ! size ( ! mort>1 out ( :i* !y are to be ?r[n4 ,sec4 ,,vii4 ,( ,poison$ ,balls4 ,) respect to poison$ balls1 we are in=m$1 t1 al?\gh !y h n be5 us$ by ,european nations1 ! ,africans & ! ,indians h always be5 v +5i\s at poison+ sev]al k9ds ( fire compositions4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,fr5* revolution1 poison$ balls 7 exhibit$ to ! p1 pret5d$ to h be5 fir$ by ! ,au/rians1 p>ticul>ly at ! seige ( ,lisle4 ,!y conta9$ glass1 small pieces ( iron1 c4 & 7 said to be mix$ ) a greasy composition1 :i* 0 impregnat$ ) poison\s matt]4 ,9 #agib1 !y 7 deposit$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ,p>is4 ,poison$ balls1 accord+ to au?ors1 are compos$ ( meal p[d] f\r p>ts1 pit* six1 ros9 ?ree1 sulphur five1 assaftida eight1 extract ( toads' poison twelve1 o!r poison\s sub/ances twelve1 made into balls 9 ! mann] we h m5tion$4 ,see ,poison$ ,arr[4 ,sec4 ,,viii4 ,( ,r$-hot ,balls4 ,x w be suffici5t to obs]ve1 t r$-hot %ot1 z an inc5di>y1 are consid]$ fully adequate to p]=m ! effect :i* !y are design$ to produce4 ,! balls are ignit$ 9 a coal fire on an iron grate1 9 a furnace con/ruct$ = ! purpose2 &1 :5 ?us heat$1 are ?r[n f guns1 ! space betwe5 ! p[d] & ball be+ fill$ up ) a piece ( wood ( ! exact diamet] ( ! gun1 or ) wet hay or grass1 to prev5t ! ball f sett+ fire to ! p[d]4 ,) respect to *a9 balls1 compos$ ( two balls l9k$ toge!r by a *a9 f twelve in*es to f\r feet 9 l5g?1 & design$ to de/roy palisadoes1 wood5 bridges1 & *evaux-de-frize ( a =tification2 /ang-balls1 or b>-%ot1 call$ by "s1 balls ( two heads1 made by unit+1 by means ( a b>1 half %ot2 & an*or balls1 fill$ ) ! same composition z light-balls1 ) "s trifl+ v>iation 9 ! ball itself1 c4--!y are all us$ z de/ructive weapons1 :i* belong m p>ticul>ly to ! s]vice ( artill]y4 ,sec4 ,,ix4 ,( ,pit*$ ,t\rteaux & ,fasc9es4 ,t\rteaux are employ$ to illum9ate ! passages ( riv]s & defiles4 ,!y are plac$ 9 portable lant]ns or 9 fire-grates4 ,!y are us$ *iefly to light up ! works ( ! beseig]1 :5 he approa*es ! cov]t way1 & to burn ! gabions & fasc9es1 ) :i* he con/ructs 8 passage to ! dit*4 ,t>r$ l9ks are no?+ m ?an old junk or mat*es1 dipp$ into a composition ( pit*1 suet1 l9se$ oil & turp5t9e2 ! junk be+ cut into l5g?s ( ab\t five feet1 :i* is call$ a l9k4 ,! ,t\rteaux g\dronns ( ! ,fr5* are ! same1 & =m$ ( old rope1 :i* is untwi/$1 imm]s$ 9 pit* or t>1 & aft]w>ds left to dry4 ,! ,fr5* make ! ,t\rteaux g\dronns 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,take twelve p\nds ( t> or pit*1 six p\nds ( tall[1 & ?ree p9ts ( l9se$ oil2 melt !m toge!r & dip twi/$ pieces ( rope ( any l5g? into ! boil+ mixture4 ,if !y are requir$ to burn sl[1 six p\nds ( ros9 & two p\nds ( turp5t9e are add$4 ,sometimes to ! composition ( pit*1 tall[1 & l9se$ oil1 are add$ two p>ts ( saltpetre1 "o "p ( sulphur1 & half a "p ( antimony4 ,t\rteaux1 accord+ to ,bigot1 are made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,old cords or pieces ( mat* are beat5 ) mallets to take out ! dirt1 & prep>e !m to receive ! composition4 ,!y are untwi/$ a little = ! same purpose4 ,!y are !n cut into pieces ab\t five feet 9 l5g?1 & ea* is int]tw9$ to =m a circle ( five or six in*es ( ext]nal diamet]1 mak+ a hole at ! same "t 9 ! middle = ! passage ( ! po9t ( ! lant]n4 ,! rope1 be+ ?us prep>$1 is next boil$ 9 ! composition giv5 bel[1 = ! space ( t5 or fifte5 m9utes1 & !n laid ^u a wet plank4 ,!y are a second "t dipp$ into ! composition1 & ?r[n into cold wat]1 to give !m aga91 by h&1 ! circul> figure !y may h lo/4 ,fl[] ( sulphur is n[ put ov] !m1 & !y are dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,composition = ,t\rteaux4 ,pit*1 #bd p>ts4 ,turp5t9e1 #ab ---- ,ros91 #f ---- ,mutton tall[1 #d ---- ,l9se$ oil1 #a ---- ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #a ---- ,ano!r1 = ,t>r$ ,l9ks & ,fasc9es1 accord+ to ! ,/rasb\rg =mula4 ,pit*1 #ah p>ts4 ,turp5t9e1 #i ---- ,suet1 or tall[1 #d ---- ,l9se$ oil1 #a ---- ,spirits ( turp5t9e1 #a ---- ,:5 a great quantity ( l9ks are to be made1 ei!r = illum9ation or = light+ a city1 ! oil may be omitt$4 ,! l9ks w co/ less1 & !y w answ] ! purpose equally well4 ,fasc9es are made ( /rips ( wood1 or dry twigs1 or w9e %oots1 :i* are ! be/1 ( ! l5g? ( f\rte5 or sixte5 in*es4 ,!y are ti$ 9 bundles ( f\r or five in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a cord or iron wire1 & !n boil$ 9 ! composition = t\rteaux1 & ?r[n into wat] to cool4 ,!y are pr9cipally us$ to give light to ! works ( an enemy1 & to set fire to ! passage ( ! dit*4 ,fasc9es are ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,9 =tification1 !y are a k9d ( fagot1 made ( small bran*es ( trees or bru% wood1 ti$ 9 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 or six places1 & are ( v>i\s dim5sions1 accord+ to ! purposes int5d$4 ,^? t are to be pit*$ ov] = burn+ lodgem5ts1 gall]ies1 or any o!r "w ( ! enemy1 %\ld be "o & a half or two feet long4 ,sec4 ,x4 ,( ,tor*es or ,flambeaux4 ,we h already spok5 ( tor*es1 b 9 connection ) milit>y pyrote*ny1 we may add1 t !y are us$ to give light dur+ night m>*es1 & = o!r purposes4 ,!y are made 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,boil1 9 a mixture ( equal p>ts ( wat] & saltpetre1 old cords or old mat*1 well clean$ & untwi/$4 ,take !m out & dry !m2 !n cut !m 9 pieces ( f\r & a half feet 9 l5g?1 & tie f\r ( ^! pieces ) tw9e to a cyl9drical piece ( wood1 ( ! same l5g?1 & an in* 9 diamet]2 s t ! :ole toge!r may be f two to two & a half in*es ?ick4 ,dip ?is tor* into a liquid made ( equal p>ts ( meal-p[d] & sulphur1 mix$ toge!r ) br&y1 9 :i* "s gum has be5 dissolv$4 ,fill ! int]vals ( ! pieces ( cordage1 ) a pa/e1 compos$ ( ?ree p>ts ( sulphur1 & "o ( quicklime4 ,dry ! tor*1 & :5 dry1 turn x g5tly r\nd1 & f9i% x by p\r+ on x ! foll[+ composition4 ,composition = ,flambeaux4 ,turp5t9e1 #cb p>ts4 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #d ---- ,beeswax1 #cb ---- ,sulphur1 #ab ---- ,camphor1 #f ---- ,ano!r4 ,pit*1 #f p>ts4 ,turp5t9e1 #f ---- ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #a ---- ,tor*es or flambeaux may also be made )\t ! c5tral piece ( wood4 ,tor*es ought to h ! quality ( burn+1 let ! wea!r be :at x may4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( mak+ !m is also recomm5d$4 ,take f\r l>ge cotton mat*es1 ?ree or f\r feet long1 boil !m 9 saltpetre1 & arrange !m r\nd a p9e /ick2 aft] :i* cov] !m ) prim+ p[d] & sulphur1 made into a ?9 pa/e ) br&y4 ,:5 dry1 cov] ! mat*es ) ! foll[+ composition2 viz4 #b lbs4 ( yell[ wax1 z mu* :ite pit*1 #ab oz4 sulphur1 #f oz4 camphor1 & #d oz4 ( turp5t9e3 melt ! :ole toge!r4 ,sec4 ,,xi4 ,( ,p[d] ,bags4 ,p[d] bags are little sacks1 t conta9 f\r p\nds ( p[d]4 ,!y are ( great use 9 besieg$ places4 ,!y are ca/ by ! h&1 set fire :]ev] !y fall1 & v mu* intimidate troops mak+ an assault4 ,!y are made ) good co>se clo?4 ,_! wid? & size are n det]m9$4 ,x is suffici5t t !y c be easily ?r[n4 ,! sides only are sew$ up4 ,9 *>g+ !m1 we beg9 by ty+ "o end ) /rong pack?read4 ,!n turn x inside out1 s t ! ligature may be )91 & fill x ) p[d]1 ramm+ x d[n ) a c>tridge =m1 proportion$ to ! bag1 until x is full4 ,!n put 9 ! fuse1 ! l>ge end inw>ds1 & tie ! bag tight4 ,aft]w>ds ! outside is cov]$ ) t>1 or pit*4 ,sec4 ,,xii4 ,( ! ,p[d] ,b>rel4 ,a p[d] b>rel is a common b>rel1 fill$ ) p[d]1 to roll f ! top ( a brea*1 or ^u ! head ( a sap f ! glacis4 ,! b>rel conta9s f #ajj to #bjj p\nds ( p[d]1 & is cov]$ ) a clo?4 ,a hole is made at ea* end1 9 :i* a fuse may be fix$1 ( su* a size1 t ! fire may be communicat$ to ! p[d]1 at ! mom5t :5 ! b>rel1 roll$ f ! top ( ! brea*1 is met by ! troops m\nt+ to ! assault4 ,engli% writ]s /ate ! diamet] ( p[d] b>rels at #af in*es1 & #cj or #cb in*es 9 l5g?1 & capable ( hold+ #ajj p\nds ( p[d]4 ,! quantity ( p[d] put into !m is #ij lbs2 into a half-b>rel1 #de lbs2 & into a qu>t]-b>rel1 us$ = rifle p[d]1 only #bb-a_/b lbs4 ,?is proportion leaves a space = ! p[d] to sep>ate :5 roll$1 or o!rwise x w\ld always be 9 lumps1 & liable !reby to damage4 ,sec4 ,,xiii4 ,( ! ,burn+ or ,illum9at+ ,b>rel4 ,?is b>rel diff]s f ! ?und]+ b>rel1 :i* we %all describe 9 ! foll[+ section1 only 9 hav+ no gr5ades2 & :5 x is plac$ ^u a glacis1 x lights up or discov]s ! works ( ! besieg]4 ,x has a fuse 9 only "o ( its ends4 ,:5 %av+s are boil$ 9 ! composition = l9ks & fasc9es1 or ( t\rteaux1 & arrang$ lay] by lay]1 scatt]+1 ov] ea* /ratum1 "s prim+-p[d]1 ! combu/ion mu/ be rapid1 :5 ! b>rel is set on fire4 ,fire b>rels1 we may obs]ve1 are ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,"s are m\nt$ on :eels1 fill$ ) composition1 & int]mix$ ) load$ gr5ades1 & _! outsides full ( %>p spikes4 ,"s are plac$ "u gr\nd1 & h ! effect ( small m9es2 & o!rs1 z ! k9d we h m5tion$1 are us$ to roll d[n a brea* to prev5t ! entrance ( ! enemy4 ,! foll[+ composition has be5 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,composition = ,fire-,b>rels4 ,gra9$ p[d]1 #cj lbs4 ,pit*1 #ab ---- ,saltpetre1 #f ---- ,tall[1 #c ---- ,sec4 ,,xiv4 ,( ! ,?und]+ ,b>rel4 ,?is is employ$ = ! same purpose z ! prec$+1 or to light up ! works ( ! besieg] at ! foot ( ! glacis4 ,x has ! same dim5sions ) ! o!r1 b has no cov]4 ,x is fill$ ) *ips1 7dipp$ into ! composition ( ! t\rteaux71 :i* are arrang$ 9 lay]s1 putt+1 betwe5 ea* lay]1 meal-p[d]1 & gr5ades1 furni%$ ) _! fuses1 or ) pieces ( musket b>rels4 ,! fir/ & la/ lay]s are made ) t[1 boil$ 9 ! c>cass composition4 ,! b>rel be+ fill$1 x is !n clos$ & prim$ 9 ! same way z ! p[d] b>rel1 ) a bomb fuse at ea* end4 ,holes are made along ! b>rel to assi/ ! combu/ion4 ,gr5ades are employ$ 9 p>ticul> to prev5t ! approa* ( p]sons to ext+ui% ! flame4 ,! inv5tion ( bombs is said to be ow+ to ,scotl&1 & to ! siege ( ,/4 ,&rews4 ,9 ! ,art ( ,w> 7says ! ,an?ologia ,hib]nica1 vol4 iii1 p4 #agd7 pr9t$ at ,v5ice1 we are %[n ! repres5tation ( a hog%ead1 coat$ ) conical head$ nails1 9 :i* !re is enclos$ a b>rel ( gunp[d]1 susp5d$ 9 ! c5tre by an iron tube1 :i* communicates at bo? ends ) ! op5 air4 ,?is eng9e1 we are told by ! au?or1 kill$ #eeh p]sons by its explosion 9 ! fosse4 ,sec4 ,,xv4 ,( ! ,pet>d4 ,! pet>d is us$ to break d[n ! gates & b>ri]s ( small t[ns1 & ev5 _! walls1 by hang+ x aga9/ !m1 & sett+ fire to ! fuse4 ,its inv5tion is ascrib$ to ! ,fr5* ,hugu5ots 9 #aegi1 :o1 by means ( pet>ds1 took ,cahors1 9 ! same ye>4 ,x 0 inv5t$1 z o!rs in=m u1 by ! celebrat$ ,coehorn4 ,! pet>d is a holl[ piece ( iron1 ei!r ca/ or wr\ght1 ( ! figure ( a truncat$ cone1 & usually eight in*es high1 & n9e & a half in*es diamet] at ! base1 ! metal be+ five-six?s ( an in* ?ick at top1 & half an in* at bottom4 ,x is op5 at ! l>ge end2 & ! small end1 :i* is r\nd$1 is pi]c$ ) a hole1 9 :i* is plac$ a brass fuse1 fill$ ) composition1 9 lieu ( :i*1 h[ev]1 an ord9>y bomb-fuse1 or a quick-mat* may be us$4 ,x is furni%$ ) f\r trunnions1 7"o & a half in*es by "o71 to receive ! iron /aples1 t are atta*$ to an oak5 plank1 eighte5 in*es squ>e1 & two & a half in*es ?ick1 & re9=c$ bel[ by two iron b&s1 9 ! =m ( a cross1 nail$ & dove-tail$ 94 ,x has two iron h&les to c>ry x by1 & to hook x to a screw1 fix$ 9 ! gate int5d$ to be brok54 ,x is fill$ ) gunp[d]4 ,:5 ! pet>d is to be load$1 x is fill$ ) p[d] to )9 ?ree in*es ( ! bottom4 ,"s folds ( c>tridge pap] are !n put 91 & a b$ ( t[ well ramm$4 ,x is f9i%$ ) a hot cem5t made ( "o "p ( ros91 & two p>ts ( gr\nd brick1 or ,spani% br[n4 ,a plate ( iron f\r or five l9es ?ick is set into ?is1 t fits ! inside ( ! pet>d at t "p4 ,x is furni%$ ) ?ree iron po9ts1 to be driv5 into ! plank4 ,a pet>d1 ready = use1 weighs eighty-five p\nds1 & conta9s n9e p\nds ( p[d]4 ,dim5sions ( ! ,pet>d4 ,in*es4 ,ext]ior diamet] ( ! op5+4 #i ,ext]ior height4 #h ,at ! height1 ,?ickness ( ! metal1 ,9 ! middle1 ,at ! bottom1 ,trunnions1 ,l5g?1 #a ,height1 #a ,fuses1 ,l5g?1 #d-e_/ab ,diam4 "u ! screw1 #aa_/ab ,diam4 ( ! screw1 #a ,plank1 ,l5g? & wid?1 #ah ,?ickness1 #b ,accord+ to ,rugg]i1 a pet>d is fill$1 aft] w>m+ x1 ) ?ree f+]s ( p[d]1 :i* is moi/5$ ) br&y1 & !n compress$ )\t cru%+ x4 ,on ?is p[d]1 a quick mat* is plac$1 :i* is also compress$2 aft] :i*1 x is fill$ ) composition previ\sly melt$4 ,! composition is z foll[s3 ,composition = ,pet>ds4 ,pit* #d p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #c ---- ,saltpetre1 #a ---- ,antimony1 #a ---- ,aft] introduc+ "o-half ( ?is mixture1 :5 melt$1 we put 9 ! iron plate1 :i* re/s on ! composition1 & !n add ! re/ ( x1 :i* f9i%es ! op]ation4 ,sec4 ,,xvi4 ,( ! ,/9k-,fire ,lance4 ,?is lance 7,lance feu puant ( ! ,fr5*7 is prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z /9k-pots1 & is pr9cipally us$ by m9]s4 ,:5 a m9] or sapp] has s f> p5etrat$ t[>ds ! enemy1 z to he> ! voices ( p]sons 9 any place contigu\s to 8 own excavation1 he fir/ ( all bores a hole ) 8 probe1 !n fires (f sev]al pi/ols ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 & la/ly =ces 9 a lance feu puant4 ,he takes c>e to close up ! hole on 8 side1 to prev5t ! smoke f return+ t[>ds himself4 ,! explosion & fetid gas & vap\r1 :i* issue f ! lance1 & rema9 on ! side ( ! enemy1 infect ! air s mu*1 t x is impossible to approa* ! qu>t] = ?ree or f\r days4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 !y h _h su* in/antane\s effect1 t1 9 ord] to save _! lives1 m9]s1 :o w\ld p]sev]e1 h be5 dragg$ out 9 an app>5t /ate ( suffocation4 ,! composition ( ord9>y fire-lance has be5 giv54 ,!y are sometimes us$ to set fire to fuses4 ,! fire-pot is a vessel made ( clay1 ) two h&les1 9 :i* a gr5ade ) p[d] is conf9$1 & :i* is ?r[n aga9/ an enemy1 aft] ! mat* has be5 light$2 b a /9k-pot is a vessel1 fill$ ) combu/ible & o!r matt]1 us$ 9 bo>d+ %ips1 c4 ,! suffocat+ pot is ano!r contrivance1 z its "n expresses1 to produce suffocation2 &1 z ! mat]ials consi/ only ( sulphur & nitre1 ! gas :i* pr9cipally produces ?is effect is ! sulphur\s acid4 ,composition = ,suffocat+ ,pots4 ,sulphur1 #f p>ts4 ,nitre1 #e ---- ,connect$ ) ?is subject1 we may m5tion ano!r composition1 to produce smoke1 :i* is us$ ei!r 9 pots1 or balls4 ,h5ce1 ! smoke-pot1 & smoke-balls4 ,! foll[+ is ! composition4 ,composition = ,smoke-,balls4 ,gra9$-p[d]1 #aj lbs4 ,nitre1 #b -- ,pit*1 #d -- ,sea-coal1 #c -- ,tall[1 #a -- ,! coal & pit* produce ! smoke1 & ! gunp[d] & nitre promote ! combu/ion1 &1 ) ! tall[ r5d] ! product ( combu/ion m (f5sive4 ,sec4 ,,xvii4 ,( ! ,combu/ible ,sub/ances us$ 91 & ! ,mann] ( prep>+1 a ,fire-,%ip4 ,a fire-%ip is a vessel1 fill$ ) combu/ible sub/ances1 & fitt$ ) grappl+ irons1 to hook1 & set fire to ! enemy's %ips 9 battle1 c4 ,) respect to ! prep>ation requir$1 "s k may be _h by consid]+ ! foll[+ p>ticul>s4 ,f ! bulk-head at ! =e-ca/le1 to a bulk-head to be rais$ beh9d ! ma9 *a9s1 on ea* side1 & across ! %ip at ! bulk-heads1 is fix$1 close to ! %ip's sides1 a d\ble r[ ( tr\ghs1 two feet di/ance f ea* o!r1 ) cross tr\ghs q r\nd1 at ab\t two & a half feet di/ance1 :i* are mortis$ into ! o!rs4 ,! cross tr\ghs lead to ! sides ( ! %ip1 to ! b>rels1 & to ! port-holes1 to give fire bo? to ! b>rels & to ! *amb]s1 to bl[ op5 ! ports2 & ! side tr\ghs s]ve to communicate ! fire all along ! %ip1 & ! cross tr\ghs4 ,! timb]s1 ( :i* ! tr\ghs are made1 are ab\t five in*es squ>e2 ! dep? ( ! tr\gh1 half _! ?ickness2 & !y are support$ by cross-pieces at e two or ?ree y>ds1 nail$ to ! timb]s ( ! %ip1 & to ! wood-"w1 :i* encloses ! =e & ma9ma/s4 ,! decks & tr\ghs are all well pay$ ) melt$ ros94 ,on ea* side ( ! %ip1 six small port-holes are cut1 f fifte5 to eighte5 in*es l>ge1 7! ports op5+ d[nw>ds71 & are close caulk$ up4 ,aga9/ ea* port is fix$ an iron *amb]1 :i*1 at ! "t ( fir+ ! %ip1 bl[s op5 ! ports & lets out ! fire4 ,at ! ma9 & =e *a9s1 on ea* side1 a wood5 funnel is fix$ ov] a fire-b>rel1 & comes ?r\gh a scuttle 9 ! deck1 up to ! %r\ds to set !m on fire4 ,bo? funnels & scuttles mu/ be /opp$ ) plugs1 & h sail-clo? or canvass nail$ close ov] !m to prev5t any accid5t happ5+ t way by fire to ! combu/ibles bel[4 ,! port-holes1 funnels1 & scuttles1 n only s]ve to give ! fire a free passage to ! outside & upp] p>ts ( ! %ip & h] rigg+1 b also to all[ ! inw>d air 7o!rwise conf9$7 to exp& itself1 & pu% ?r\gh ^? holes at ! "t ( ! combu/ibles be+ on fire1 & prev5t ! bl[+ up ( ! decks1 :i* o!rwise mu/ happ5 f ! sudd5 & viol5t r>efaction ( ! air4 ,9 ! bulkhead beh9d on ea* side1 is cut a small hole1 l>ge en\gh to receive a tr\gh ( ! same size z ! o!rs1 f :i*1 to ea* side ( ! %ip1 lies a lead+ tr\gh1 "o end com+ ?r\gh a sally port1 cut ?r\gh ! %ip's side1 & ! o!r fix+ into a communicat+ tr\gh1 t lies along ! bulk head1 f "o side ( ! %ip to ! o!r2 & be+ laid ) quick-mat*1 at ! "t ( fir+ ei!r ( ! lead+ tr\ghs1 x communicates ! fire1 9 an in/ant1 to ! contr>y side ( ! %ip1 & bo? sides burn toge!r4 ,hav+ ?us describ$ ?is prep>atory arrangem5t1 we %all consid]1 9 ! next place1 ! combu/ibles made use ( 9 fitt+ up a fire-%ip4 ,fire-b>rel4 ,! fire-b>rels = ?is purpose are cyl9drical1 on acc\nt ( t %ape answ]+ bett] bo? = fill+ !m ) re$s1 & = /[+ !m betwe5 ! tr\ghs4 ,_! inside diamet]s are ab\t #ba in*es1 & _! l5g? #cc4 ,! bottom p>ts are fir/ fill$ ) d\ble-dipt re$s1 set on end1 & ! rema9d] ) fire-b>rel composition1 made ( ! foll[+ sub/ances4 ,composition = fire-b>rels1 = fire-%ips4 ,gra9$ ,p[d] #cj lbs4 ,pit* #ab -- ,saltpetre #f -- ,tall[ #c -- ,!re are #e holes ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & #c in*es deep1 made ) a drift ( t size1 9 ! top ( ! composition1 :ile x is w>m2 "o 9 ! c5tre1 & ! o!r f\r at equal di/ances1 r\nd ! sides ( ! b>rel4 ,:5 ! composition is cold & h>d1 ! b>rel is prim$ by well driv+ ^! holes1 full ( fuse composition1 to )9 an in* ( ! top2 !n fix+ 9 ea* hole a /r& ( quick-mat* twice d\bl$1 & 9 ! c5tre hole1 two /r&s ! :ole l5g?2 all :i* mu/ be well driv5 ) meal-p[d]4 ,!n lay ! quick-mat* all )9 ! b>rel1 & cov] ! top ( x ) a dipp$ curta91 fa/5$ on ) a hoop to slip ov] ! head1 & nail$ on4 ,bav9s4 ,bav9s are made ( bir*1 hea?1 or o!r sort ( bru% wood1 t is bo? t\gh & quickly fir$4 ,_! l5g? is #b-a_/b to #c feet4 ,! bu% ends are all laid "o way1 & ! o!r ends1 ti$ ) two b&s ea*4 ,!y are dipp$1 & spr9kl$ ) sulphur1 ! same z re$s2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! bu% ends only are dipp$1 & %\ld be a little clos$ toge!r by ! h& z soon z done1 to keep !m m compact1 9 ord] to produce a /rong] fire1 & to pres]ve ! bran*es f break+ 9 %ift+ & h&l+ !m4 ,composition = ,bav9s4 ,ros9 #abj lbs4 ,sulphur1 co>se1 or roll #ij -- ,pit* #fj -- ,tall[ #f -- ,meal-p[d] #ab -- ,iron ,*amb]s4 ,^! are t5 in*es long1 & #c4e 9 diamet]2 bree*$ aga9/ a piece ( wood1 fix$ across ! holes4 ,:5 load$1 !y are almo/ fill$ ) gra9$ p[d]1 ) a wood5 tompion well driv5 into _! muzzles4 ,!y are prim$ ) a small piece ( quick-mat*1 ?ru/ ?r\gh _! v5ts into ! p[d]1 ) a "p ( x hang+ out2 &1 :5 ! %ip is fir$1 !y bl[ op5 ! ports1 :i* ei!r fall d[nw>ds1 or are c>ri$ away1 & accord+ly give v5t to ! fire out ( ! sides ( ! %ip4 ,curta9s4 ,curta9s are made ( b>ras1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a y>d wide1 & "o y>d 9 l5g?4 ,:5 !y are dipp$1 two m51 ) ea* a =k1 mu/ run ! prongs ?r\gh ! corn] ( ! curta9 at ! same end4 ,!n dip !m into a l>ge kettle ( composition1 7:i* is ! same z ! composition = bav9s17 well melt$2 &1 :5 well dipp$ & ! curta9 ext5d$ to its full bread?1 :ip x betwe5 two /icks ( ab\t #e4e feet long1 & #a4e in*es squ>e1 held close by two o!r m51 to take (f ! sup]flu\s composition hang+ to x4 ,!n imm$iately spr9kle sawdu/ on bo? sides1 to prev5t x f /ick+1 & ! curta9 is f9i%$4 ,re$s4 ,!y are made up 9 small bundles ( ab\t #ab in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 cut ev5 at bo? ends1 & ti$ ) two b&s ea*4 ,! longe/ sort are #d feet1 & ! %orte/ #b4e1 ! only l5g?s :i* are us$4 ,"o "p ( !m is s+le dipp$1 only at "o end2 ! re/ are d\ble dipp$1 t is1 at bo? ends4 ,9 dipp+1 !y mu/ be put ab\t #g or #h in*es deep into a copp] kettle ( melt$ composition1 ( ! same k9d z t = bav9s2 &1 :5 !y h dra9$ a little ov] x1 to c>ry (f ! sup]flu\s composition1 spr9kle !m1 ov] a tann$ hide1 ) pulv]iz$ sulphur1 at "s di/ance f ! copp]4 ,) respect to ! /ores1 requir$ = a fire %ip ( #aej tons1 ! foll[+ complem5t is giv53 viz4 ,no4 ,fire b>rels #h ,iron *amb]s #ab ,prim+ composition b>rels #c ,quick-mat* b>rels #a ,curta9s dipp$ #cj ,long re$s1 s+le dipp$ #aej ,%ort re$s d\ble dipp$ #ge s+le dipp$ #ge ,bav9s1 s+le dipp$ #bji ,! quantity ( composition1 = prep>+ ! /ores ( a fire %ip is z foll[s3 ,= #h b>rels2 gra9$ p[d] #ifj p\nds1 pit* #dhj p\nds1 tall[ #hj p\nds4 ,= #c b>rels ( prim+ composition1 saltpetre #age lbs4 sulphur #adj lbs4 gra9$ p[d] #cej lbs4 ros9 #ba lbs4 oil-pots #aa4 ,= curta9s1 bav9s1 & re$s1 & sulphur to salt !m1 z artific]s call x2 sulphur #bdj lbs4 pit* #cej lbs4 ros9 #age lbs4 tall[ #ej lbs4 t> #be lbs4 ,total weight ( ! composition #cjag p\nds1 equal to #bf cwt4 #c qr4 #ba lbs4 ,! composition1 requir$ = ! rods & b>rels1 is "o-fif? ( ! :ole ( ! la/ article1 :i* is equal to #afj lbs4 mak+ 9 ! :ole1 #cagg lbs4 or #bh cwt4 #a qr4 #ac lbs4 ,adye 7,bomb>di] & ,pocket ,gunn]7 has giv5 two g5]al =mul = ! composition1 us$ 9 fire-%ips1 :i* we w "h ins]t4 ,composition = dipp+ re$s1 bav9s1 & curta9s4 ,ros91 #abj lbs ,co>se sulphur1 #ij -- ,pit*1 #fj -- ,tall[1 #f or #h ,meal$ p[d]1 #ab -- ,composition = prim+4 ,pulv]iz$ saltpetre1 #bb lbs4 #h oz4 ,ros91 #b -- #aa -- ,sulphur1 #ah -- ,meal-p[d]1 #de -- ,l9se$ oil1 #a p9t4 ,! composition put 9 cases1 to set fire to fasc9e batt]ies1 is sometimes us$ 9 fire-%ips1 viz4 ,composition = sett+ fire to ,fasc9e ,batt]ies4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a lb4 #d oz4 ,saltpetre1 #f -- ,sulphur1 #a -- #h oz4 ,!re is also ano!r composition1 :i* might be us$ advantage\sly = ! same purpose1 & :i* is employ$ = hoops1 fire-arr[s1 & lances1 namely3 ,composition = ,hoops1 ,fire-,arr[s1 c4 ,meal-p[d]1 #a lb4 ,saltpetre1 #c -- ,sulphur1 #h oz4 ,l9se$ oil1 #h -- ,! composition ( kitt1 us$ = ! la/ cov]+ ( c>casses1 may also be employ$4 ,x mu/ be appli$ :5 v ?9 & hot4 ,composition ( ,kitt4 ,ros91 #i lbs4 ,bees' wax1 #f -- ,pit*1 #f -- ,tall[1 #a -- ,sec4 ,,xviii4 ,on ,inf]nal ,ma*9es4 ,! ,ma*9es ,inf]nales ( ! ,fr5*1 :i* h excit$ s mu* att5tion 9 ,europe1 we deem ( suffici5t importance to describe4 ,?is inv5tion is by no means new1 al?\gh x has be5 attribut$ to ! ,fr5*4 ,x appe>s t ,fr$ric ,jambelli1 an ,italian eng9e]1 0 ! fir/ t us$ !m1 :5 ,alex&]1 ( ,p>ma1 besieg$ ,antw]p4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,orange likewise _h rec\rse to ! de/ructive effects ( an inf]nal ma*9e1 9 ord] to bomb>d ,havre-de-,grace1 & to set x on fire4 ,! ,dut* & ,engli%1 9 conjunction1 attempt$ to de/roy ,/4 ,malo by ! same means4 ,! fir/ in/ance1 h[ev]1 ^u record1 9 :i* ! ,fr5* made use ( ?is ma*9e1 0 :5 ,l\is ,,xiv ord]$ a vessel1 c>ry+ an enorm\s %ell1 full ( e k9d ( combu/ible matt]1 to be despat*$ to ,algi]s1 = ! purpose ( demoli%+ its h>b\r4 ,?is1 x is suppos$1 sugge/$ ! use ( fire-%ips1 :i* h frequ5tly be5 us$ aga9/ m>itime places4 ,! au?or ( ! uvres ,militaires1 tom4 xxii1 p4 #bbb1 speak+ ( ! inf]nal ma*9e1 obs]ves1 t1 if he 7 to be 9 a situation1 :i* requir$ ! use ( s dreadful an explosion1 especially to de/roy a bridge1 he w\ld pref] hav+ ! ma*9e made simply ) diff]5t /rong pieces ( wood1 jo9$ toge!r1 s z to be 9 ! %ape ( an egg1 or ( a cone rev]s$4 ,! :ole mu/ !n be made compact ) cords twi/$ r\nd4 ,?is me?od1 9 8 op9ion1 is n only ! be/1 b c be execut$ 9 ! mo/ easy & exp$iti\s mann]4 ,he fur!r adds1 t1 9 ord] to burn or bl[ up wood5 bridges1 & ev5 to de/roy su* z are con/ruct$ ^u ar*es1 sev]al sorts ( b>ges or boats might be us$1 :i* %\ld be fill$ ) fire-works1 bombs1 pet>ds1 c4 ,x w\ld1 likewise1 be easy to con/ruct ^! ma*9es ^u float+ raft]s1 c>ry+ sev]al ?\s& p\nds weight ( gunp[d]1 :i* might be conf9$ )9 /rong pieces ( wood1 put toge!r 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,^! ma*9es %\ld be pil$ "o above ano!r1 & long iron b>s mu/ be ?r[n across ! floats1 or be fix$ l ma/s2 s t1 :5 ! :ole ( ! combu/ible mat]ial is b5ea? ! c5tre ( ! bridge1 ! raft]s may be /opp$4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to dispose ! mat*es 9 su* a mann]1 t no fire may be communicat$ to ! gunp[d] be=e ! ma*9e rea*es ! exact spot1 :i* is to be de/roy$4 ,9 #ahjd1 an inf]nal ma*9e 0 us$ at ,b\logne1 :i* is describ$ z foll[s3 ,?is ma*9e appe>s to be z simple 9 its con/ruction1 z x is calculat$ to be effectual 9 its op]ations4 ,x is compos$ ( #b /\t planks1 #ag feet long1 :i* =m its sides1 & are di/ant f ea* o!r ab\t #g feet4 ,^! planks are connect$ by transv]se timb]s1 screw$ to ! planks2 s z to keep ! :ole firm & compact1 & to prev5t ! dang] ( _! be+ sep>at$ at sea4 ,( ^! transv]se timb]s1 two are at ! =e extremity1 & ?ree beh9d4 ,?is may be call$1 ! frame or hull ( ! ma*9e2 ! rema9d] ( ! "w1 be+ ei!r = ! /[age ( ! combu/ible matt]1 or = ! accommodation ( ! seam51 :o r[ ! ma*9e4 ,along ! transv]se timb]s1 at bo? extremities1 are laid p>allel to ! sides1 five longitud9al b>s ( ne>ly ! same /r5g? z ! transv]se timb]s1 :i* =m a k9d ( grate1 on :i* ! c(f]s1 conta9+ ! combu/ible matt]1 are plac$4 ,! grate beh9d is d\ble ! size ( ! "o be=e1 on ! pr9ciple ( giv+ facility to ! motion ( ! :ole1 by mak+ ! ma*9e light] at ! head4 ,9 ! c5tre1 betwe5 ! planks =m+ ! sides1 f ! inn] extremity ( ! grate beh9d1 to ! out] extremity ( ! grate be=e1 !re is fix$ a plank1 some:at broad] ?an ! side planks1 :i* is well secur$ to !m by ?ree /\t transv]se timb]s1 :i* pass "u ! c5tre plank1 to prev5t its giv+ way to pressure4 ,9 ?is plank1 two triangul> ap]tures are cut = m5 :o r[1 to dispose ( ! l[] extremities1 :il/ !y ply ! ma*9e4 ,_! seats1 h[ev]1 are s contriv$1 t ea* man's pressure is directly ov] t "p ( ! plank1 :i* is support$ by ! transv]se timb]s4 ,! seats lie ne>] to ! head ?an to ! h9d "p ( ! ma*9e2 p]haps to be "s c\nt]poise = ! great] weight ( ! combu/ible matt] beh9d4 ,ne> ea* seat are fa/5$ by r+s to ! sides1 two o>s1 "o on ea* side1 & ea* man plies a pair4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is work$ to its de/9ation1 ! m5 set ! combu/ibles 9 a tra9 = explosion1 & ab&on _! po/s4 ,! :ole is s regulat$1 z to weight ( mat]ials1 t ! ma*9e floats1 or1 m probably1 moves "u ! surface ( ! wat]2 s t little m ?an ! heads ( ! m5 are se54 ,?is secures ! m5 & ! ma*9e f ! fire ( ! enemy2 & z ! o>s mu/ be con/antly pli$ "u wat]1 !re is less dang] ( _! be+ discov]$ by _! noise1 z !y approa*4 ,inf]nal ma*9es h also be5 made1 to be us$ on l&4 ,su* is ! ma*9e we are told1 :i* 0 int5d$ = ! de/ruction ( ,bonap>te4 ,!y may be made to explode at a giv5 "t1 by clock-"w1 or by a mat*1 calculat$ to burn a c]ta9 "t6 ,sec4 ,,xix4 ,( ! ,catam>94 ,! catam>91 prop]ly s call$1 is a float+ raft1 orig9ally us$ 9 ,*9a1 & among ! ,portuguese z a fi%+-boat4 ,! ,indian catam>9 consi/s ( two logs ( wood1 ^u :i* ! natives float1 & g ?r\gh ! heavie/ surf4 ,! milit>y or naval catam>9 is a diff]5t ?+4 ,x is prop]ly a case1 fill$ ) combu/ibles1 & contriv$ to rema9 s l[ 9 ! wat] z to be almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,?is1 be+ t[$ to ! build+1 or %ip1 aga9/ :i* ! attack is to be direct$1 is left to explode1 by means ( ma*9]y )9 itself1 :5 its op]ation is sometimes v de/ructive4 ,engli% writ]s ackn[l$ge1 t ! catam>91 submitt$ by ! late ,mr4 ,pitt to ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 & :i* co/ 9 its con/ruction a consid]able sum1 0 orig9ally inv5t$ by our c\ntryman1 ! late ,mr4 ,fulton1 ( ^: inv5tion we w speak h]eaft]4 ,"s obs]vations on a boat1 nam$1 by ! ,fr5*1 ,*el+ues1 & ! ,indian catam>91 may be se5 9 ! ,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie1 article ,bateau4 ,sev]al div+ ma*9es h be5 inv5t$ 9 ,france & else:]e4 ,m4 ,ca/]a 7,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 iii1 p4 #ahe7 describes a plung+ boat1 :i* resembles 9 figure a cone4 ,x is furni%$ ) a res]voir1 calculat$ to hold wat]1 & may be fill$ or empti$ by means ( pumps4 ,by means ( glasses & copp] h&les1 ! navigator is enabl$ to see & to take hold ( objects4 ,x is also furni%$ ) tubes = ! transmission ( ! air necess>y = respiration1 t communicate f ! int]ior ( ! vessel ) ! atmosph]e2 & a d\ble bell[s1 design$ z well = receiv+1 z expell+ air4 ,besides o>s or paddles1 necess>y to move x "u wat]1 !re is a contrivance = deta*+ ! boat f ! res]voir1 ei!r :olly or 9 "p1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,m4 ,ca/]a1 9 a memoir on sub-m>9e navigation1 has notic$ sev]al applications ( ! plung+ boat1 :i* may be se5 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit d',enc\ragem5t1 ,no4 #ga4 ,9 ,no4 #fa1 ( ! same "w1 is ! fir/ notice ( ,ca/]a's inv5tion1 an extract ( :i* may be se5 9 ! ,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 ii4 p4 #aba4 ,a description ( ,lutg5dorf's boat may be se5 9 ! ,magaz9 d] ,erf9dung51 ,no4 #df4 ,sec4 ,,xx4 ,( ! ,am]ican ,turtle4 ,x is well kn[n t ! div+-bell1 & simil> contrivances1 h be5 us$ = naval purposes1 9 connection ) naval w>f>e4 ,div]s1 or ^? :o made x a bus9ess1 by long habit & exp]i5ce1 to rema9 "u wat]1 & g to a great dep?1 7 (t5 employ$ 9 w> to de/roy ! works & %ips ( ! enemy4 ,:5 ,alex&] 0 besieg+ ,tyre1 div]s swam (f f ! city1 "u wat]1 to a great di/ance1 &1 ) long hooks1 tore to pieces ! mole1 ) :i* ! besieg]s 7 endeav\r+ to block up ! h>b\r4 ,! inv5tion ( ! div+-bell1 ! campana ur9atoria ( "s1 is g5]ally assign$ to ! sixte5? c5tury2 b x is evid5t1 f ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle & o!rs1 t1 9 8 "t1 div]s us$ a k9d ( kettle to enable !m to cont9ue long] "u wat]4 ,at ! pe>l fi%]ies1 9 ! ,bay ( ,condalz*y1 9 ,ceylon1 div]s usually rema9 "u wat] two m9utes4 ,!re are "s :o c /ay five m9utes2 & a div] f ,anjano1 engag$ 9 ?is fi%]y 9 #agig1 0 able to rema9 six m9utes "u wat]4 ,b _! ef=ts are s great1 t1 :5 !y come up1 blood frequ5tly issues f _! m\?s1 e>s1 & no/rils4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 !y frequ5tly dive f =ty to fifty times a day1 & br+ up 9 a bag-net a hundr$ oy/]s ea* "t4 ,x may be prop] to obs]ve1 t ! subject ( sub-m>9e navigation 0 l>gely descant$ ^u by ,m]s5nus1 7,tractatus de ,magnetis ,proprietatibus71 & by ,bi%op ,wilk9s 7,ma!matical ,magic1 #afdh71 :o1 by ! way1 is r vision>y4 ,! conv5i5ces & advantages he enum]ates1 are3 #a4 ',privacy1 z a man may ?us g to any "p ( ! _w invisibly1 )\t be+ discov]$ or prev5t$4 #b4 ,safety1 f ! unc]ta9ty ( tides & tempe/s1 c4 #c4 ,x may be us$ to bl[ up1 or und]m9e a navy3 #d4 ,or to relieve a blockad$ place1 c4 ,b1 ) reg>d to ! use ( sub-m>9e vessels 9 w>1 ,mr4 ,david ,bu%nel1 ( ,saybrook1 ,connecticut1 appe>s to be entitl$ to ! cr$it ( ! inv5tion4 ,8 acc\nt ( x may be se5 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society4 ,! int5d$ object ( ?is vessel 0 to de/roy %ipp+1 by ! explosion ( a magaz9e ( gunp[d]4 ,9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #id1 is a communication by ,mr4 ,griswold1 on ! subject ( ,bu%nel's ma*9e1 ) an acc\nt ( ! fir/ attempt ) x1 9 ,augu/1 #aggf1 by ,ezra ,lee1 a s]geant 9 ! ,am]ican army1 to de/roy "s ( ! ,briti% %ips !n ly+ at ,new ,york4 ,mr4 ,griswold rem>ks1 t1 consid]+ ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,bu%nel z ! fir/ ( its k9d1 x w be pron\nc$ to be rem>kably complete ?r\gh\t 9 its con/ruction1 & t su* an inv5tion furni%es evid5ce ( ^? res\rces & creative p[]s1 :i* mu/ rank him z a me*anical g5ius ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,he has giv5 a description ( x2 b ! outl9e :i* we give is tak5 f ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 qu>to1 iv1 p4 #bbi4 ,x is a deck$ boat1 to g und]wat]3 & sev]al p]sons h gone "u wat] _m leagues4 ,! difficulty is1 to provide ! p]sons 9 ! boat ) fre% air = respiration2 & ?is is contriv$1 by hav+ a res]voir ( air1 ( suitable dim5sions to ! size ( ! boat1 & ! numb] ( p]sons 9 x4 ,by means ( a cond5s+ pump1 ! air1 9 ?is res]voir1 is cond5s$ ab\t #djj times2 & by a spr+1 ! air is let out at int]vals1 z circum/ances require1 ! c>bonic acid produc$ by respiration be+ absorb$ by quicklime4 ,)9 ?is boat are flaps1 l ^? ( a rundle1 to move ! boat1 two rudd]s1 "o v]tical1 ! o!r horizontal1 & a pump to empty ! hold1 or air res]voir4 ,! p]son )91 c1 at pleasure1 come to ! top ( ! wat]4 ,! diff]5t exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,bu%nel may be se5 9 ! ,transactions ref]r$ to1 or 9 ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 qu>to1 iv1 #bbi4 ,dur+ ! late w>1 ,mr4 ,fulton1 ,mr4 ,mix1 & "s o!rs1 made v>i\s exp]im5ts ) subm>9e ma*9es2 & dur+ ! revolution1 ! inc5di>y kegs1 well kn[n by ! "n ( ! battle ( ! kegs1 excit$ no small att5tion1 &1 _h x n be5 = "s un=ese5 circum/ance1 !y w\ld1 9 all probability1 h produc$ ! effect = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,( ,bu%nel's vessel1 we may obs]ve1 t1 9 ! =e "p ( ! brim ( ! cr[n1 z x is call$1 0 a socket1 & an iron tube pass+ ?r\gh ! socket4 ,! tube /ood upright1 & c\ld slide up & d[n 9 ! socket1 six in*es4 ,at ! top ( ! tube 0 a wood screw1 fix$ by means ( a rod1 :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! tube1 & screw$ ! wood screw fa/ ^u ! top ( ! tube4 ,by pu%+ ! wood screw up aga9/ ! bottom ( a %ip1 & turn+ x at ! same "t1 x w\ld ent] ! planks4 ,:5 ! wood screw 0 firmly fix$1 x c\ld be ca/ (f by unscrew+ ! rod1 :i* fix$ x ^u ! top ( ! tube4 ,beh9d ! subm>9e vessel1 0 a place1 above ! rudd]1 = c>ry+ a l>ge p[d] magaz9e4 ,?is 0 made ( two pieces ( oak timb]1 suffici5tly l>ge1 :5 holl[$ out1 to conta9 #aej lbs4 ( p[d]1 7#acj lbs4 accord+ to ,griswold17 ) ! app>atus us$ 9 fir+ x1 & 0 secur$ 9 its place by a screw1 turn$ by ! op]ator4 ,a /rong piece ( rope ext5d$ f ! magaz9e to ! wood screw above m5tion$1 & 0 fa/5$ to bo?4 ,:5 ! wood screw 0 fix$1 & to be ca/ (f f its tube1 ! magaz9e 0 to be ca/ (f likewise by unscrew+ x1 leav+ x hang+ to ! wood screw2 x 0 light] ?an ! wat]1 t x might rise up aga9/ ! object1 & apply itself :5 fa/5$4 ,mr4 ,griswold rem>ks1 t ! mo/ difficult po9t ( all to be ga9$1 0 to fa/5 ?is magaz9e to ! bottom ( a %ip4 ,)9 ! magaz9e1 0 a ma*9e1 con/ruct$ to run any propos$ l5g? ( "t "u twelve h\rs4 ,:5 x _h run out its "t1 x unp9ion$ a /rong lock resembl+ a gun-lock1 :i* gave fire to ! p[d]4 ,?is app>atus 0 s p9ion$1 t x c\ld n possibly move1 till1 by ca/+ (f ! magaz9e f ! vessel1 x 0 set 9 motion4 ,?is skilful op]ator c\ld swim s l[ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 z to approa* v ne> a %ip 9 ! night )\t fe> ( discov]y1 & might1 if he *ose1 approa* ! /em or /]n above wat]1 ) v little dang]4 ,he c\ld s9k v quickly1 keep at any dep? he pleas$1 & r[ a great di/ance 9 any direction he desir$1 )\t com+ to ! surface2 &1 :5 he rose to ! surface1 he c\ld soon obta9 a fre% supply ( air2 :51 if necess>y1 he might desc5d aga9 & pursue 8 c\rse4 ,! projector f\nd "s "t & att5tion to be requisite = ! gradual in/ruction ( ?is op]ator1 &1 aft] v>i\s attempts1 he f\nd "o1 on :om he ?\ght he c\ld dep5d4 ,he s5t ?is man f ,new ,york to a #ej gun %ip1 ly+ n f> f ,gov]nor's isl&4 ,he w5t "u ! %ip1 & attempt$ to fix ! wood screw 9 h] bottom1 b /ruck1 z he suppos$1 a b> ( iron1 :i* passes f ! rudd]'s h+e1 & is spik$ "u ! %ip's qu>t]4 ,_h he remov$ a few in*es1 :i* he might h done )\t r[+1 ! projector has no d\bt b he might h f\nd wood1 :]e he might h fix$ ! screw2 or if ! %ip 7 %ea!d ) copp]1 he might easily h pi]c$ x4 ,b1 n be+ well skill$ 9 ! managem5t ( ! vessel1 9 attempt+ to r[ to ano!r place1 he lo/ ! %ip4 ,aft] seek+ h] 9 va9 "s "t1 he r[$ to "s di/ance1 & rose to ! surface ( ! wat]1 b f\nd day light _h advanc$ s f>1 t he dur/ n r5ew ! attempt4 ,he says1 he c\ld easily h fa/5$ ! magaz9e "u ! /]n ( ! %ip above ! wat]1 z he r[$ up to ! /]n1 & t\*$ x be=e he desc5d$4 ,_h he fix$ x !re1 ! explosion ( #aej lbs ( gunp[d] 7! quantity conta9$ 9 ! magaz9e7 mu/ h be5 fatal to ! %ip4 ,9 8 return f ! %ip to ,new ,york1 he pass$ ne> ,gov]nor's isl&1 & ?\ght he 0 discov]$ by ! enemy on ! isl&4 ,be+ 9 ha/e to avoid ! dang] he fe>$1 he ca/ (f ! magaz9e1 z he imag9$ x ret>d$ him 9 ! swell1 :i* 0 v consid]able4 ,aft] ! magaz9e _h be5 ca/ (f an h\r1 ! "t ! int]nal app>atus 0 set to run1 x blew up ) great viol5ce4 ,mr4 ,griswold gives an acc\nt ( an attempt to de/roy a %ip ( w>2 & hav+ receiv$ 8 in=mation f ,mr4 ,lee1 "o ( ! adv5tur]s1 we h ?\ght prop] to introduce x f t s\rce4 ,x 0 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 #aggf1 :5 ,admiral ,h[e lay ) a =midable ,briti% fleet 9 ,new ,york bay1 a little above ! n>r[s1 & a num]\s ,briti% =ce ^u ,/at5 ,isl&1 comm&$ by ,g5]al ,h[e1 ?reat5$ annihilation to ! troops "u ,wa%+ton1 t ,mr4 ,bu%nel reque/$ ,g5]al ,p>sons1 ( ! ,am]ican army1 to furni% him ) two or ?ree m5 to le>n ! navigation ( 8 new ma*9e1 ) ! view ( de/roy+ "s ( ! enemy's %ipp+4 ,g5]al ,p>sons imm$iately s5t = ,lee1 !n a s]geant1 & two o!rs1 :o _h (f]$ _! s]vices to g on bo>d a fire %ip2 & on ,bu%nel's reque/ be+ made kn[n to !m1 !y enli/$ !mselves "u him = ?is novel piece ( s]vice4 ,! p>ty w5t up into ,long ,isl& s\nd ) ! ma*9e1 & made v>i\s exp]im5ts ) x 9 ! diff]5t h>b\rs along %ore2 & aft] hav+ become pretty ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! mode ( navigat+ x1 !y return$ ?r\gh ! s\nd2 b1 dur+ _! abs5ce1 ! enemy _h got possession ( ,long ,isl& & ,gov]nor's ,isl&4 ,!y1 !re=e1 _h ! ma*9e convey$ by l& across f ,new ,ro*elle to ! ,hudson riv]1 & aft]w>ds arriv$ ) x at ,new ,york4 ,! ,briti% fleet n[ lay to ! nor? ( ,/at5 ,isl&1 ) a l>ge numb] ( transports1 & 7 ! objects aga9/ :i* ?is new mode ( w>f>e 0 de/9$ to act4 ,! fir/ s]5e night 0 fix$ ^u = ! execution ( ?is p]il\s ent]prize1 & s]geant ,lee 0 to be ! eng9e]4 ,aft] a lapse ( a few days1 a fav\rable night arriv$1 &1 at #aa o'clock1 a p>ty emb>k$ 9 two or ?ree :ale boats1 ) ,bu%nel's ma*9e 9 t[4 ,!y r[$ d[n z ne> ! fleet z !y d>$1 :5 s]geant ,lee ent]$ ! ma*9e1 0 ca/ (f1 & ! boats return$4 ,lee n[ f\nd ! ebb tide r too /rong1 & be=e he 0 aw>e1 _h drift$ him d[n pa/ ! m5 ( w>4 ,he1 h[ev]1 imm$iately got ! ma*9e ab\t1 & by h>d lab\r at ! crank = ! space ( five glasses by ! %ip's bells1 two & a half h\rs1 he arriv$ "u ! /]n ( "o ( ! %ips at ab\t slack wat]4 ,day _h n[ dawn$1 & by ! light ( ! moon he c\ld see ! p on bo>d1 & he> _! conv]sation4 ,?is 0 ! mom5t = div+3 he accord+ly clos$ up ov] head1 let 9 wat]1 & desc5d$ "u ! %ip's bottom4 ,he n[ appli$ ! screw1 & did all 9 8 p[] to make x ent]2 b ow+ probably 9 "p to ! %ip's copp]1 & ! want ( an adequate pressure1 to enable ! screw to get a hold on ! bottom1 8 attempts all fail$4 ,at ea* essay1 ! ma*9e reb\nd$ f ! %ip's bottom1 n hav+ suffici5t p[] to resi/ ! impulse ?us giv5 to x4 ,he next paddl$ along to a diff]5t "p ( h] bottom1 b1 9 ?is manuvre1 he made a deviation1 & in/antly rose to ! wat]'s surface on ! ea/ side ( ! %ip1 expos$ to ! increas+ light ( ! morn+1 & 9 imm95t haz>d ( be+ discov]$4 ,he imm$iately made ano!r desc5t1 ) a view ( mak+ "o m trial2 b ! fa/ approa* ( day1 :i* w\ld expose him to ! enemy's boats1 & r5d] 8 escape difficult1 if n impossible1 det]r$ him2 & he conclud$ ! be/ g5]al%ip w\ld be1 to comm5ce an imm$iate retreat4 ,he n[ _h be=e him a di/ance ( m ?an f\r miles to trav]se1 b ! tide 0 fav\rable4 ,at ,gov]nor's isl&1 great dang] await$ him2 = 8 compass hav+ got out ( ord]1 he 0 "u ! necessity ( look+ out f ! top ( ! ma*9e v frequ5tly1 to asc]ta9 its c\rse1 & at fir/ made a v irregul> zigzag track4 ,! soldi]s at ,gov]nor's isl& espi$ ! ma*9e1 & curiosity drew sev]al hundr$s ^u ! p>apet to wat* its motions4 ,at la/ a p>ty came d[n to ! bea*1 %ov$ (f a b>ge1 & r[$ t[>ds x4 ,at t mom5t1 s]geant ,lee ?\ght he saw 8 c]ta9 de/ruction1 & z ! la/ act ( def5ce1 let g ! magaz9e1 expect+ !y w\ld seize t likewise1 & ?us all w\ld be bl[n to atoms toge!r4 ,provid5ce1 h[ev]1 o!rwise direct$ x3 ! enemy1 aft] approa*+ )9 #ej or #fj y>ds ( ! ma*9e1 & see+ ! magaz9e deta*$1 began to suspect a yankee trick1 took al>m1 & return$ to ! isl&4 ,approa*+ ! city1 he soon made a signal2 ! boats came to him1 & br\ght him safe & s\nd to ! %ore4 ,! magaz9e1 9 ! mean "t1 _h drift$ pa/ ,gov]nor's isl& into ! ,ea/ riv]1 :]e x explod$ ) trem5d\s viol5ce1 ?r[+ l>ge columns ( wat]1 & pieces ( wood t compos$ x1 high into ! air4 ,g5]al ,putnam1 ) _m o!r (fic]s1 /ood on ! %ore1 spectators ( ?is explosion4 ,9 a few days1 ! ,am]ican army evacuat$ ,new ,york1 & ! ma*9e 0 tak5 up ! ,nor? riv]4 ,ano!r attempt 0 aft]w>ds made by ,lee1 ^u a frigate t lay opposite ,bloom+sdale4 ,8 object n[ 0 to fa/5 ! magaz9e to ! /]n ( ! %ip1 close at ! wat]'s edge4 ,b :ile attempt+ ?is1 ! wat* discov]$ him1 rais$ an al>m1 & compell$ him to ab&on 8 ent]prize4 ,he !n endeav\r$ to get "u ! frigate's bottom2 b 9 ?is he fail$1 hav+ desc5d$ too deep4 ,?is t]m9at$ 8 exp]im5ts4 ,) reg>d to div+ bells1 sev]al ma*9es1 = ! purpose ( desc5d+ "u wat]1 c4 h be5 inv5t$4 ,"s exp]im5ts h be5 made by ! ,fr5* ) simil> contrivances1 )\t any adequate result2 & ! difficulty ( c>ry+ !m into execution1 9 real practice1 w prev5t _! introduction4 ,dr4 ,cau/ic1 7,t]rible ,tractoration1 p4 #fe71 9 a note1 9 ref]5ce to ,bu%nel's inv5tion1 obs]ves1 t if y consult ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 y w see :at ,mr4 ,d4 ,bu%nel1 ( ,connecticut1 has done1 & _h l to h done1 by virtue ( subm>9e explosions4 ,y w f9d1 t sev]al ,engli% %ips h be5 put 9 jeop>dy1 & "o s*oon] actually bl[n up & demoli%$ by ,mr4 ,bu%nel's subm>9e explosions4#cc ,sec4 ,,xxi4 ,( ! ,torp$o4 ,! late ,mr4 ,fulton appli$ himself to ! improvem5t ( ! ,turtle dur+ ! late w>1 & br\ght x to su* p]fection1 t if x came 9 contact ) a %ip's bottom1 x w\ld inevitably bl[ up ! vessel4 ,f ! acc\nt we h giv5 ( ! turtle1 we may readily imag9e ! con/ruction ( ! torp$o4 ,^! 7 ( sev]al k9ds2 "s 7or r ! magaz9e atta*$ to !m17 7 design$ to be screw$ "u ! bottom1 & o!rs to explode by com+ 9 contact ) ! vessel1 or any resi/+ body4 ,! "t ( explosion 0 s det]m9$1 by clock-"w ma*9]y1 9 ! mann] ( ,bu%nel's contrivance t x w\ld inv>iably explode at ! m9ute or second requir$4 ,mr4 ,fulton wrote a numb] ( essays on ?is torp$o1 & o!r contrivances = annoy+ ! enemy1 su* z ! h>poon1 c4 ,! torp$o1 at :i* ! ,briti% %ips1 /ation$ on our coa/1 7 s mu* al>m$1 is 9 fact a p[]ful weapon ( de/ruction4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t ! magaz9e1 accompany+ ! bell1 9 "s in/ances1 0 deta*$2 s t ! latt] 0 remov$ out ( dang]1 :5 ! =m] 0 fix$ to ! %ip's bottom4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! torp$o f float+ aga9/ ! sides ( a vessel1 ! precaution ( hav+ nett+ spread at "s consid]able di/ance r\nd ! vessel1 & ( keep+ up a con/ant gu>d ( boats1 :i* 7 r[$ r\nd ! %ip bo? day & night1 0 us$4 ,n hav+ ! writ+s ( ,mr4 ,fulton be=e u1 we c give no precise description ( 8 improvem5ts4 ,!y are describ$ to be an app>atus1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal piece is a copp] box1 & prep>$ ) an int]ior spr+1 :i* sets fire to ! p[d]2 at ! same "t t ! :ole is enclos$ 9 a cov]+ ( cork1 or "s o!r light wood1 to make ! torp$o float "u ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,x w be suffici5t to rem>k1 t !y h produc$ ! effect ( caus+ a con/ant1 &1 9 our op9ion1 pa9ful anxiety to ! ,briti%4 ,( ?is we h abundant pro(4 ,we may add1 h[ev]1 ! result ( "s ( ! exp]im5ts1 by :i* x w appe>1 t !y are em95tly calculat$1 l ! inf]nal ma*9e1 to produce dea? & de/ruction4 ,9 consequ5ce ( "s essays1 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,fulton1 on ! practicability ( de/roy+ %ips by torp$oes1 sev]al p]sons turn$ _! att5tion to ?is subject2 among :om 0 a ,mr4 ,mix ( ! navy4 ,mr4 ,mix's int5tion 0 to de/roy ! %ip ( w> ,plantag5et1 ( #gd guns1 ly+ 9 ,lynnhav5 bay4 ,hav+ made a torp$o1 ,mr4 ,mix1 accompani$ by two g5tlem51 "o ( :om 0 a mid%ipman1 proce$$ 9 a boat1 on ! night ( ! #bd? ( ,july1 #ahac1 &1 hav+ rea*$ )9 #ajj y>ds ( ! %ip1 dropp$ ! torp$o4 ,x 0 swept along by ! side1 b explod$ a few seconds be=e x w\ld h come 9 contact ) ! vessel4 ,x produc$1 h[ev]1 great con/]nation & confusion on bo>d ! vessel1 & induc$ sev]al ( ! crew to take to _! boats4 ,! %ip 0 greatly agitat$1 & "s damage done by ! viol5t motion ( ! wat]4 ,! noise1 occasion$ by ! explosion1 0 l\d & trem5d\s2 & ! appe>ance ( ! wat]1 ?r[n up 9 a column ( ?irty or =ty feet high1 awfully sublime4 ,x has n be5 asc]ta9$1 t any lives 7 lo/4 ,! case ( a ,mr4 ,p5ny1 ( ,ea/hampton1 ,long ,isl&1 is connect$ ) ! subject ( torp$oes4 ,he 0 c>ri$ on bo>d ! ,ramilies1 & put 9 irons2 because 8 "n _h be5 ent]$ on ! books ( "o ( ! frigates1 z hav+ be5 employ$ 9 a boat1 contriv$ = ! purpose1 "u ! comm& ( ,?omas ,well+1 prep>$ ) a torp$o1 to de/roy ?is 7,capt4 ,h>dy's7 %ip4 ,! affair ( ,/on+ton1 also1 %[s1 t ! ,briti% 7 det]m9$ to puni% ! inhabitants = hav+1 z capta9 ,h>dy expresses x1 prep>$ torp$oes2 & ! capta9 /at$1 9 8 reply to ! deputation f ! t[n1 t ! bomb>dm5t %\ld cease1 9 case ! inhabitants w\ld engage t no torp$oes %\ld be fitt$ out by !m4 ,no torp$oes1 h[ev]1 7 fitt$ out at ,/on+ton4#cd ,mr4 ,fulton made a numb] ( exp]im5ts ) ! torp$o1 9 ! h>b\r ( ,new ,york2 & "o vessel 0 completely cut 9 two4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 v satisfactory to all :o witness$ !m4 ,! greate/ difficulty he exp]i5c$ 0 9 giv+ !m a prop] direction1 s z to hit ! vessel int5d$ to be de/roy$4 ,?is he ackn[l$g$ to a fri5d1 pr(essor ,eaton1 ( ,troy1 :o in=m$ u ( ! fact4 ,he ent]ta9$ no d\bt :atev] ( ! effect ( ! torp$o1 :5 once br\ght 9 contact ) a vessel4 ,at ,havre1 9 ,france1 ,mr4 ,fulton con/ruct$ a sub-m>9e boat1 suffici5t to conta9 sev]al m51 & air = eight h\rs1 & /rong en\gh to be> subm]sion to ! dep? ( "o hundr$ feet1 if necess>y4 ,9 ?is boat1 he rema9$ an h\r "u wat]1 made half a league ( way 9 t "t1 ) 8 boat horizontally situat$1 & at v>i\s dep?s1 :]e he f\nd t ! compass trav]s$ exactly1 z on ! surface4 ,to ! boat he atta*$ a ma*9e1 by means ( :i* he blew up a light] 9 ,bre/ ,h>b\r4 ,:ile 9 ,france1 9 ! "t ( ! ,republic1 ,mr4 ,f4 direct$ 8 att5tion to ?is subject4 ,8 ,bateau-poisson1 describ$ 9 ! ,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie1 vol4 i1 p4 #bfe1 is ( ! same "*4 ,a numb] ( exp]im5ts p]=m$ ) x are giv54 ,sec4 ,,xxii4 ,( ! ,m>9e ,inc5di>y ,kegs1 c4 ,we purpose to notice1 "u ?is head1 two contrivances1 :i* h be5 us$1 ! "o 9 ! revolution1 & ! o!r1 dur+ ! late w> ) ,great ,brita94 ,! piece ( poetry1 call$ ! ,battle ( ! ,kegs1 writt5 by ! late ,francis ,hopk9son1 ,esq4 ( ,philadelphia1 n>rat+ ! inc5di>y kegs1 is f\nd$ on ?is contrivance4 ,= ! purpose ( de/roy+ ! %ipp+ at ,philadelphia1 :i* 0 !n 9 possession ( ! ,briti%1 "s =ty or m kegs 7 fitt$ up at ,burl+ton1 ,n4 ,j4 or 9 its neighb\rhood1 conta9+ a quantity ( gunp[d]4 ,^! kegs 7 connect$ 9 su* a mann]1 t1 :ile !y =m$ "o float1 :5 "o explod$1 ! :ole w\ld g (f4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 also made ) ano!r1 if our in=mation is correct1 :i* consi/$ 9 a trigg] connect$ ) a gun-lock1 7"o or m kegs hav+ ! same72 s t1 :5 ! trigg]s w5t (f1 by ! casks com+ aga9/ any ?+1 9 float+ d[n ! tide1 ! :ole w\ld explode at ! same "t4 ,!re is "o ( ! orig9al kegs 9 ! magaz9e ( ,=t ,miffl94 ,we appreh5d1 h[ev]1 t ! contrivance 0 m l t ( clock-"w1 set to a giv5 "t1 l ! torp$o ( ,fulton2 b ( ?is we h no c]ta9 acc\nt4 ,^! kegs 7 t[$ d[n ! riv]1 )9 a mile or two ( ! city1 & 7 se5 ab\t sunrise opposite to x4 ,!y did no execution2 b1 if !y _h be5 tak5 to a giv5 spot1 in/ead ( be+ left to ! direction ( ! runn+ curr5t1 & !n prop]ly adju/$1 no d\bt ! effect w\ld h be5 z ! contriv] calculat$4 ,x excit$1 h[ev]1 no small s5sation at ! "t4 ,( ! o!r contrivance1 we h ! foll[+ acc\nt3 ,a ,mr4 ,scudd] 7,hi/ory ( ! late ,w>1 c4 p4 #ahg7 =m$ a design ( de/roy+ ! ,briti% %ip ,ramilies1 ( #gd guns1 (f ,new ,london4 ,= ?is purpose1 #aj kegs ( p[d] 7 put into a /rong cask1 ) a quantity ( sulphur mix$ into x4 ,at ! head ( ! cask 71 fix$ two gun-locks1 ) cords fa/5$ to ! trigg]s1 & to ! "u side ( ! b>rels 9 ! hat*way2 s t x 0 impossible to hoi/ ! b>rels1 )\t spr++ ! locks ea* side ( ! p[d]4 ,on ! top 7 plac$ a quantity ( turp5t9e & spirits ( turp5t9e1 :i* 9 all probability 7 suffici5t to de/roy any vessel t ev] float$4 ,^! kegs 7 put on bo>d ! smack ,eagle1 :i* sail$ f ,new ,york on ! #ae? ( ,june1 = ,new ,london2 b :i* ! crew ab&on$1 on be+ pursu$ by ! boats ( ! enemy4 ,x 0 expect$1 t ! vessel w\ld be br\ght alongside ! ,ramilies1 &1 by explod+1 de/roy t %ip4 ,! w9d dy+ away1 & ! tide be+ aga9/ !m1 %e c\ld n1 v =tunately = ! enemy1 be br\ght alongside4 ,:5 ! ,eagle explod$1 !re 7 f\r boats alongside1 & a great _m m5 on bo>d ( h]4 ,aft] ! explosion1 !re 0 n a ve/ige ( ! boats to be se54 ,a body ( fire rose to a va/ height1 & !n bur/ l a rocket4 ,e man1 ne> or ab\t h]1 0 probably lo/1 z ! boats s5t f ! ,ramilies 7 se5 to return )\t pick+ up any?+4 ,9 relation to simil> ent]prizes1 :at c\ld h be5 a m d>+ & haz>d\s ent]prize1 ?an t ( lieut5ants ,wadswor?1 ,summ]s1 c4 :o1 by a previ\s agreem5t1 det]m9$1 if !y 7 likely to be captur$ by ! ,turks1 to bl[ !mselves up 9 ! fire-%ip1 :i* !y _h prep>$ to de/roy ! enemy's %ipp+1 9 ! h>b\r ( ,tripoli8 ,_! fate is too well kn[n1 lam5table z x is6 ,! m>quis ( ,worce/]1 9 8 ,c5tury ( ,inv5tions1 inv5tions n9e & t51 speaks ( c]ta9 contrivances = ! de/ruction ( vessels1 :i* seem to h be5 ( ! k9d m5tion$3 viz4 ,an eng9e1 portable 9 "o's pocket1 :i* may be c>ri$ & fa/5$ on ! inside ( ! greate/ %ip1 tanquam aliud ag5s2 &1 at an appo9t$ m9ute1 ?\gh a week aft]1 ei!r ( a day or night1 x %all irrecov]ably s9k t %ip2 & a way f a mile (f1 to drive & fa/5 a l eng9e to any %ip1 s z x may punctually "w ! same effect1 ei!r = "t or execution4 ,sec4 ,,xxiii4 ,( ,sea ,lights4 ,! fanaux de m]1 or sea lights1 are s call$1 f ! p>ticul> application ( ?is fire4 ,x is sometimes requir$ at sea to ?r[ light ^u ! wat]1 & ar\nd ! vessel1 9 ord] to p]ceive ! approa* ( an enemy4 ,?is is effect$ by ! composition = sea lights4 ,a tube mu/ be =m$ ( n less ?an ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & elev5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,a %ield is !n adapt$1 ( f\r times ! ext]ior diamet] ( ! tube or case1 :i* %ield is to be made ( wood1 & atta*$ at ab\t ! di/ance ( "o-f\r? ( ! l5g? ( ! tube1 & ne> ! end ( ! orifice4 ,! case or tube is !n *>g$ ) ! foll[+ composition3 ,composition = ,sea ,lights4 ,saltpetre1 #af p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #h ---- ,meal-p[d]1 #c ---- ,antimony1 #c ---- ,! tube1 :i* may be made ( iron1 pa/ebo>d1 or wood1 by bor+ x out1 aft] be+ *>g$1 is prim$ 9 ! usual mann]1 ins]t+ 9 ! end1 at ! same "t1 a piece ( quick-mat*4 ,:5 dri$1 x is wrapp$ 9 pap] = bett] pres]vation4 ,sec4 ,,xxiv4 ,( ,signal & ,w>-,rockets4 ,rockets1 we h said1 are cyl9drical cases1 =m$ g5]ally ( pa/ebo>d1 & fill$ ) a peculi> composition1 made ( meal-p[d]1 saltpetre1 sulphur1 & *>coal2 or )\t p[d]1 & sometimes ) ! addition ( pulv]iz$ ca/ iron4 ,9 "s1 z ! ,congreve rocket1 iron cases are sub/itut$ = ^? ( pap]4 ,! out] diamet] is usually f "o & a half to two in*es1 ! l5g? ( ! *>ge five diamet]s1 & ! int]ior diamet] two-?irds z mu* z ! ext]ior4 ,! tools necess>y are1 a rod or =m] ( wood1 to m\ld ! case ^u2 an artific]'s tool to roll ! pap] close2 a conical spit or pi]c]1 by means ( :i* ! rocket :5 load$ has a holl[ ?r\gh ! middle1 :i* pi]c] %\ld be f\r & two-?irds times z long z ! out] diamet] ( ! rocket1 "o-?ird ( ?is diamet] at ! base1 & "o-six? at ! small end2 ?ree rods = load+1 hav+ a conical ap]ture to receive ! pi]c]1 & "o massive2 & a ladle or measure1 ^: diamet] is equal to t ( ! inside ( ! rocket1 & its l5g? ?ree times z mu*4 ,! con/ruction ( ! c>t\* case1 or pap] cyl9d]1 consi/s 9 us+ pa/ebo>d ( ?ree or m ?icknesses1 :i* is roll$ on ! =m]1 until ! case becomes suffici5tly ?ick4 ,! *oak+ ( ! cyl9d] is p]=m$ by means ( a cord1 ( ?ree l9es 9 diamet]1 "o end ( :i* is firmly fix$ into a wall1 & ! o!r ti$ to a /ick1 aga9/ :i* ! artific] :o be/rides ! cord re/s4 ,! rocket is load$ or *>g$1 by introduc+ at a "t1 a ladle full ( composition1 fir/ fix+ ! case ov] ! pi]c]1 & us+ ! appropriate ramm] & mallet1 9 ! mann] /at$1 c4#ce ,signal rockets are sometimes trimm$ ) s]p5ts1 />s1 & pet>ds4 ,! s]p5ts are made ( cases 9 ! mann] already m5tion$2 viz4 by roll+ play+ c>ds 9 ! direction ( _! l5g?1 ^u a =m]1 ?ree l9es 9 diamet]1 & cov]$ ) ?ree coats ( pap]1 ! la/ ( :i* is pa/$4 ,! cases are *oak$ at "o end1 & 9 ! ni*e is plac$ a /r& ( t[1 & a prim+ ( meal-p[d]1 moi/5$ ) br&y4 ,!y are load$1 by means ( a rod1 ?ree-f\r?s full ( ! composition1 & aga9 *oak$ at half _! height4 ,! rema9d] is fill$ up ) p[d]1 to make a report4 ,if a s]p5t ) />s is to be made1 only half ! case is fill$ ) ! s]p5t-composition1 & ! re/ ) t = />s4 ,s]p5ts are plac$ upright 9 ! pot1 ! prim+ d[n4 ,composition = ,s]p5ts1 = trimm+ ,signal ,rockets4 ,meal-p[d]1 #af p>ts4 ,saltpetre1 #c ---- ,sulphur1 #b ---- ,*>coal1 ---- ,! /> composition is ! same z be=e giv54#cf ,x is mix$ & made into balls or cubes1 9 ! same mann]4 ,! pet>ds or crack]s are small cubes ( pap]1 fill$ ) gra9$ gunp[d]4 ,!y are wrapp$ ) two lay]s ( good ?read1 :i* is drawn tight 9 e direction4 ,!y are dipp$ 9 t> to give !m m consi/5ce1 & pi]c$ & prim$ ) quick mat*4 ,we h already giv5 ! !ory ( ! flight ( rockets 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w2 & also ! op9ions ( ,m>iotte & ,dr4 ,desaguli]s4 ,on ?is head1 !re=e1 fur!r obs]vation seems unnecess>y ,we h said1 h[ev]1 t x is necess>y1 = giv+ ! rocket a suffici5t degree ( motion1 t ! p[d] )9 ! rocket be bor$ ) a tap]+ cavity f ! *oke1 & at ! *oke ?is cavity mu/ be z wide z ! *oke itself1 & at ! fur!r end1 n m ?an half t wid?4 ,! l5g? ( ?is bore mu/ be b "o inn] diamet] ( ! rocket1 %ort ( ! :ole height to :i* ! rocket is ramm$4 ,! use ( ?is bore1 x is to be obs]v$1 is to increase ! surface1 t takes fire at once2 t a great] body ( fire may issue out ( ! m\? ( ! rocket4 ,f ! vehem5ce ) :i* ! fire issues out1 ! rocket receives its motion4 ,we h se51 t rockets are us$ 9 all fire-works t h motion2 = cases *>g$ give motion to :eels ( v>i\s k9ds1 & act on ! same pr9ciple4 ,su* works z are ?r[n into ! air aft] ! mann] ( bombs1 are1 h[ev]1 an exception4 ,! rocket-/ick is a necess>y app5dage4 ,:5 v heavy1 to prev5t mis*ief by _! fall1 !y n[ bore ! /icks1 & fill !m ) p[d]1 t !y may %iv] 9 ! air be=e !y fall4 ,t ! /ick keeps ! rocket p]p5dicul> is obvi\s4 ,if ! rocket %\ld beg9 to tumble1 mov+ r\nd a po9t 9 ! *oke1 z be+ ! common c5tre ( gravity ( rocket & /ick1 !re w\ld be s mu* friction aga9/ ! air1 by ! /ick betwe5 ! c5tre & ! po9t1 & ! po9t w\ld beat aga9/ ! air ) s mu* velocity1 t ! reaction ( ! m$ium w\ld re/ore x to its p]p5dicul>ity4 ,:5 ! composition is burnt out1 & ! impulse upw>ds has ceas$1 ! common c5tre ( gravity is br\ght l[] t[>ds ! middle ( ! /ick4 ,h5ce ! velocity ( ! po9t ( ! /ick is decreas$1 & t ( ! po9t ( ! rocket increas$2 s t ! :ole w tumble d[n1 ) ! rocket end =emo/4 ,dur+ ! combu/ion ( ! rocket1 ! common c5tre ( gravity is %ift+ & gett+ d[nw>ds1 & fa/] & l[] z ! /ick is light]4 ,9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 7vol4 xlvi1 p4 #egh7 & ,rob9s's ,ma!matical ,tracts1 7vol4 i1 p4 #cag1 c47 are sundry exp]im5ts1 & obs]vations conc]n+ ! flight ( rockets2 & z ^! exp]im5ts app]ta9 m to milit>y purposes1 ! foll[+ extracts may1 on t acc\nt1 be useful4 ,mr4 ,rob9s1 consid]+ ! great use t may be made ( rockets1 9 det]m9+ ! position ( di/ant places1 & 9 giv+ signals = naval & milit>y purposes1 procur$ "s1 ) a view ( asc]ta9+ ! height to :i* !y rise1 & ! di/ance at :i* !y may be se54 ,! greate/ "p ( !m did n rise to above f\r hundr$ y>ds2 "o to ab\t five hundr$2 & "o to six hundr$ y>ds ne>ly4 ,! greate/ di/ance at :i* ^! 7 obs]v$1 0 f ?irty-five to ?irty-eight miles4 ,o!rs 7 fir$ at a diff]5t "t1 "o ( :i* rose to six hundr$ & n9ety y>ds2 & x 0 obs]v$1 t ! l>ge/1 :i* 7 ab\t two & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 rose ! highe/4 ,9 "s subsequ5t exp]im5ts1 conduct$ by ,mr4 ,da ,co/a1 ,mr4 ,banks1 c4 x 0 f\nd1 t1 ( two rockets1 ( ab\t ?ree & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 "o rose to ab\t eight hundr$ & ?irty-?ree1 & ! o!r to #iae y>ds4 ,9 ano!r trial1 a rocket ( f\r in*es 9 diamet] rose to "o ?\s& "o hundr$ & n9ety y>ds4 ,9 o!r exp]im5ts1 a rocket ( "o & a half in*es rose to sev5 hundr$ & =ty-?ree y>ds2 "o ( two in*es to six hundr$ & fifty n9e2 "o ( two & a half in*es to eight hundr$ & eighty2 ano!r ( ! same size to "o ?\s& & sev5ty-"o2 "o ( ?ree in*es to "o ?\s& two hundr$ & fifty-f\r2 "o ( ?ree & a half in*es to "o ?\s& "o hundr$ & n9e2 & "o ( f\r in*es rose to sev5 hundr$ y>ds1 &1 turn+1 fell to ! gr\nd be=e x w5t out4 ,besides ^!1 !re 0 "o ( ! rockets ( tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 diamet]1#cg :i* rose to sev5 hundr$ & eighty f\r y>ds1 & ano!r ( ! same size1 to eight hundr$ & ?irty-?ree y>ds4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts1 x is inf]r$1 t rockets f two & a half to ?ree & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 are suffici5t to answ] all ! purposes = :i* !y are int5d$2 & !y may be made to rise to a height1 & to af=d a light capable ( be+ se5 to consid]ably great] di/ances ?an ^? j m5tion$4 ,be=e we m5tion ! w>-rockets ( ,congreve1 x may n be improp] to speak ( ! ,indian rockets1 :i* are us$ by ! native troops ( ,india1 & :i* 7 employ$ aga9/ ! ,briti%1 ) great effect1 dur+ ! seige ( ,s]+apatam 9 #agii4 ,^! rockets are made ( iron1 & are la%$ to a bamboo cane4 ,! weight is seldom m ?an two p\nds1 or less ?an "o4 ,! f\gette1 or ,indian rocket1 resembles 9 %ape a sky-rocket1 ^: flight is gradually br\ght to run along a horizontal direction4 ,by ?r[+ sev]al f\gettes into p>ks ( artill]y1 & ^u caissons1 c4 consid]able damage might be occasion$ f ! fire1 :i* w\ld inevitably be communicat$ to "s "p4 ,a f\gette =ces itself imm$iately =w>d1 cuts z x p5etrates1 by ! =mation ( its sides1 :i* are fill$ ) small spikes1 becomes combu/ible1 & on fire at all its po9ts1 & possesses )9 itself a ?\s& diff]5t means1 by :i* x c adh]e to :atev] object x is de/9$ to set on fire or de/roy4 ,a ,fr5* writ] ev5 ass]ts1 t ?is weapon w\ld be m effectual1 because x might be m v>i\sly appli$1 to def5d ! m\? ( a h>b\r aga9/ an enemy's %ipp+1 ?an r$-hot balls c ev] prove2 & we are also told1 t1 by means ( _! natural velocity1 !y w\ld d m execution1 9 a less space ( "t1 ?an ! mo/ active piece ( ordnance c\ld effect2 & !y w\ld also require few] h&s1 z ! only necess>y op]ation w\ld be to light & d>t !m =w>d4 ,! f\gette1 call$ also 9 ,fr5* ! ,baguette feu1 has receiv$ improvem5ts 9 ,france1 :i* we w notice h]eaft]4 ,9 fav\r ( ^! improvem5ts & _! application1 we are told1 t1 to d execution at a di/ance1 especially 9 sea-fights1 f\gettes may be s made z t !y may rea* %ipp+ at a great di/ance1 & ) a giv5 velocity4 ,! ,congreve rocket is a new species ( w>-rocket1 inv5t$ by ,sir ,william ,congreve4 ,?is inc5di>y rocket drew ! att5tion ( ! ,european nations1 aft] ! attack ( ! ,briti% on ,cop5hag52 :]e1 we are in=m$1 !y did incr$ible execution4 ,?is rocket may be consid]$ to be a c>ri] ( fire4 ,_! effect1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,*esapeake1 & else:]e1 dur+ ! late w>1 0 v trifl+4 ,!y seem$1 9 fact1 little calculat$ to injure & m to intimidate4#ch ,!y diff] f ! common rocket z well 9 _! magnitude & con/ruction1 z 9 ! p[]ful nature ( _! composition2 :i* is su*1 t )\t ! encumbrance ( any ordnance1 7! rocket conta9+ ! propell+ p[] :olly )9 itself71 balls1 %ells1 case-%ot & c>casses1 may be project$ to ! di/ance ( "o ?\s& to ?ree ?\s& y>ds4 ,! pr9ciple ( projectile =ce is s greatly increas$1 z n only to triple ! flight ( small rockets s =m$1 b also to all[ ( ! con/ruction ( rockets ( su* dim5sions1 z1 on ! ord9>y pr9ciples ( comb9ation1 w\ld n ev5 rise f ! gr\nd1 & ( su* p[]s ( flight & bur!n1 z h hi!rto be5 consid]$ altoge!r impracticable4 ,on ! basis ( ?is increase ( p[]1 ,congreve has succe$$ 9 mak+ ?is rocket4 ,!y are =m$ ( v>i\s dim5sions1 z well 9 l5g? z 9 calib]1 & are diff]5tly arm$1 accord+ z !y are int5d$ = ! field1 or = bomb>dm5t & conflagration2 c>ry+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ei!r %ells or case %ot1 & 9 ! second1 = ! purpose ( de/roy+ %ipp+1 build+s1 /ores1 c4 a peculi> species ( composition1 :i* nev] fails ( de/roy+ e combu/ible mat]ial ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,! latt] are call$ c>cass-rockets1 & 7 fir/ us$ at ,b\logne 9 #ahje1 aft] _m exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 made by ,congreve1 at ,woolwi*4 ,! attack 9 #ahjf 0 m]ely desultory1 9 :i* n m ?an #bjj rockets 7 fir$4 ,! t[n 0 set on fire by ! fir/ dis*>ge1 & cont9u$ burn+ = ne> two days4 ,aft] ! affair at ,cop5hag51 :i* e/abli%$ _! reputation1 x appe>s t a committee ( (fic]s1 :o _h witness$ _! effect 9 t bomb>dm5t1 pron\nc$ !m to be a p[]ful auxili>y to ! pres5t sy/em ( artill]y4 ,at ! seige ( ,flu%+1 !y appe> to h be5 us$ ) success1 & g5]al ,monnet1 ! ,fr5* comm&ant1 made a =mal remon/rance to "l ,*a?am respect+ ! use ( !m 9 t bomb>dm5t4 ,! rocket sy/em 0 also tri$ ) success1 & ! cr[n pr9ce ( ,sw$5 0 ! fir/ g5]al1 :o bore te/imony to _! effects 9 ?is s]vice4 ,at ! memorable battle ( ,leipzig1 !y prov$1 we are in=m$1 a p[]ful weapon1 & also1 :5 ! ,briti% army "u ,well+ton1 cross$ ! ,ad\r4 ,9 #ahad1 a rocket-corps 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,briti% s]vice4 ,g5]al de ,grave transmitt$1 to ! ,society ( ,enc\ragem5t ( ,p>is1 a ,congreve rocket1 or an ,engli% inc5di>y rocket1 :i* 0 f\nd on ! ,fr5* coa/4 ,m4 ,gay-,lussac exam9$ x4 ,! case 0 made ) gray pap]1 & pa9t$4 ,! inflammable matt] 0 ( a yell[i%-gray1 & ! sulphur 0 di/+ui%able ) ! nak$ eye4 ,x burnt ) a quick flame1 & exhal$ sulphur\s acid gas4 ,accord+ to 8 analysis1 7,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 ii1 #cjc71 ! composition gave ,nitrate ( potassa1 #ge4jj ,*>coal1 #a4f ,sulphur1 #bc4d ------ #ajj ------ ,gay-,lussac1 aft] det]m9+ ! proportions ( ! con/itu5t p>ts1 made a composition ( a simil> k9d1 & *>g$ a case1 :i* exhibit$ ! same prop]ties z ! ,engli% rocket4 ,! great g5]al po9t ( excell5ce ( ! rocket sy/em1 if we may judge f ! acc\nt ( ,engli% writ]s1 is ! facility ) :i* all ! natures ( ?is weapon may be convey$ & appli$4 ,its peculi> applicability to naval bomb>dm5t is said to re/ on ?is prop]ty1 t !re is no reaction1 no recoil 9 ! fir+ ( ! l>ge/ rocket2 s t by ?is means c>casses1 equal to ^? project$ by ! l>ge/ mort>s1 may be ?r[n f ! smalle/ boats4 ,its peculi> fitness = l& s]vice is1 t x is a description ( extremely p[]ful ammunition )\t ordnance1 s t ! bur!n ( mort>s & guns is disp5s$ )1 & all t is to be c>ri$ is actual available missile matt]1 capable ( range1 & ( _m ( ! mo/ important effects ( ! heavie/ artill]y4 ,! rocket sy/em1 z a sy/em ( ammunition )\t ordnance1 is highly extoll$ by ,briti% writ]s4 ,we w n[ speak ( _! con/ruction4 ,all rockets design$ = s]vice are cyl9drical1 hav+ /rong metallic cases1 & arm$1 z we be=e obs]v$1 ei!r ) c>cass composition = bomb>dm5t & conflagration1 or ) %ells & case %ot = field s]vice4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 ( v>i\s weights & dim5sions1 f ! eight-in* c>cass or explosion rocket1 weigh+ ne>ly ?ree hundr$ weight1 to ! six p\nd %ell rocket1 :i* is ! smalle/ size1 us$ 9 ! field4 ,! /icks1 :i* are employ$ = regulat+ _! flight1 are also ( diff]5t l5g?s1 accord+ to ! size & s]vice ( ! rocket2 & :i*1 = ! conv5i5ce ( c>riage1 are /[$ ap>t f ! rocket1 & s contriv$ z to consi/ ( two or m p>ts1 :i* are connect$ to x1 & to ea* o!r1 :5 requisite1 ) ! utmo/ exp$ition4 ,! #cb p\nd] rocket c>cass1 :i* is ! nature hi!rto *iefly us$ = bomb>dm5t1 w range #cjjj y>ds ) ! same quantity ( combu/ible matt] z t conta9$ 9 ! #aj in* sph]ical c>cass1 & #bejj y>ds ) ! same quantity z t ( ! #ac in* sph]ical c>cass4 ,! #ab p\nd] rocket case %ot1 :i* is s portable t x may be us$ ) ! facility ( musketry1 has a range ne>ly d\ble t ( field artill]y1 c>ry+ z _m bullets z ! #f p\nd] sph]ical case4 ,we may rem>k "h1 t ! projectile =ce ( ! rocket is well calculat$ = ! conveyance ( case %ot to great di/ances2 because1 z x proce$s1 its velocity is accel]at$ in/ead ( be+ ret>d$1 z happ5s ) any o!r projectile2 :ile ! av]age velocity ( ! %ell is great] ?an t ( ! rocket only 9 ! ratio ( #i to #h4 ,indep5d5t ( ?is1 ! case %ot convey$ by ! rocket admits ( any desir$ increase ( velocity 9 its range by ! bur/+ ( p[d]1 :i* _c be obta9$ 9 any o!r description ( case4 ,rocket ammunition is divid$ into ?ree classes1 heavy1 m$ium1 & light2 ! =m] includ+ all ^? above #db lbs41 :i* are d5om9at$ accord+ to _! calib]1 z eight-in*1 sev5-in*1 c4 rockets2 ! m$ium includ+ all ^? f #db lbs4 to #bd lbs42 & ! light embrac+ f #ah p\nd] to #f p\nd] inclusive4 ,! c>cass-rockets are arm$ ) /rong iron conical heads1 conta9+ a composition z h>d & solid z iron itself1 & :i*1 :5 once inflam$1 _c be ext+ui%$4 ,a #cb p\nd] c>cass rocket w p5etrate #i feet 9 common gr\nd4 ,!y h be5 kn[n to pi]ce ?r\gh sev]al floors1 & ?r\gh ! sides ( h\ses4 ,= field s]vice1 ! #bd1 #ah1 #ab1 & #f p\nd]s are commonly us$4 ,! ranges ( ! eight-in*1 sev5-in*1 & six-in* rockets1 are f #bjjj to #bejj y>ds1 & ! quantity ( combu/ible matt]1 or bur/+ p[d]1 f #be lbs4 to #ej lbs4 ,^! siz$ rockets are equally effici5t = ! de/ruction ( bomb pro(s1 or ! demolition ( /rong build+s4 ,! l>ge/ rocket t has yet be5 con/ruct$ has n exce$$ #cjj weight4 ,x is propos$1 h[ev]1 to make !m f half a ton to a ton 9 weight4 ,! #db & #cb p\nd]s1 :i* are us$ 9 bomb>dm5t1 w convey f #g lbs4 to #aj lbs4 ( combu/ible matt] ea*1 & h a range ( upw>ds ( #cjjj y>ds4 ,! #bd p\nd] is equal to ! propell+ ( ! coehorn %ell1 or #ab p\nd] %ot4 ,x is1 f ! sav+ 9 weight1 g5]ally pref]r$ to ! #cb p\nd]4 ,! eighte5-p\nd]1 :i* is ! fir/ ( ! light nature ( rockets1 is arm$ ) a n9e p\nd %ot or %ell2 ! twelve-p\nd]1 ) a six d42 ! n9e-p\nd]1 ) a gr5ade2 & ! six-p\nd]1 ) a #c lb4 %ot or %ell4 ,! foll[+ table pres5ts a g5]al view ( ! ranges1 elevations1 & o!r p>ticul>s ( sev]al ( ! mo/ useful descriptions ( ,congreve rockets4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,elevation ,extreme = ,nature ( ammunition4 ,arm$ ) range4 extreme range4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,c>casses1 l>ge1 #ah ,elevation #db ,p\nd] c>cass lbs4 ( combu/ible y>ds4= rockets4 matt]2 small1 #ab lbs4 extreme d4 #c1ejj range1 n less #db ,p\nd] %ell ,%ells1 #e1 #ab pr4 ?an #fj rockets4 sph]ical4 ,c>casses1 l>ge1 #ah lbs4 y>ds4 #cb ,p\nd] c>cass ( combu/ible matt]2 #b1jjj #fj rockets4 m$ium #ab lbs4 #ac in* c>cass2 #b1ejj #fj to #ee ,small1 #h lbs4 #aj in* #c1jjj #ee c>cass4 #cb ,p\nd] %ell %ells1 #i pr4 sph]ical4 #c1jjj #ej rockets4 #cb ,p\nd] case ,case l>ge #bjj c>b9e %ot rockets4 %ot1 balls4 #b1ejj #ee small #ajj d4 #c1jjj #ej ,/rong iron conta9+ #cb ,p\nd] explosion f #e lbs4 to #ab lbs4 f rockets4 ( p[d]1 to bur/ #bejj #ee by fuses4 #hjjj l>ge #gb c>b9e #ab ,p\nd] case ,case balls4 #b1jjj #de %ot rockets4 %ot1 small1 #dh c>b9e balls4 #b1ejj #de ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,f ! prec$+ table1 x w be se51 t ! #cb p\nd] c>cass rocket w range #cjjj y>ds1 ) ! same quantity ( combu/ible matt] z t conta9$ 9 a t5-in* sph]ical case1 & #bejj y>ds1 ) ! same quantity z t ( ! ?irte5-in* sph]ical c>cass4 ,! twelve p\nd] case-%ot rocket1 :i* is s portable t x may be us$ ) ! facility ( musquetry1 has a range ne>ly d\ble t ( field artill]y1 c>ry+ z _m bullets z ! six p\nd] sph]ical case3 add to :i*1 t1 f ! nature ( ! comb9ation ( ! rocket1 ^! bullets are project$ f x 9 any "p ( its track1 ) an increase ( velocity1 by :i* its op]ation becomes frequ5tly m de/ructive at t po9t1 :]e any diff]5t species ( ammunition ceases to be effective4 ,( ?is description ( rocket-case-%ot1 "o hundr$ soldi]s w c>ry into action1 9 any situation :]e musquetry c act1 #cjj r\nds1 & #aj frames = dis*>g+ !m2 f ea* ( :i*1 f\r r\nds may be fir$ 9 a m9ute4 ,( ! same description ( case-%ot1 f\r horses w c>ry #gb r\nds1 & f\r frames2 f :i* may be fir$ #af r\nds 9 a m9ute4 ,! rockets us$ by cavalry are twelve p\nd]s1 arm$ ) a #f p\nd] %ell or case %ot2 ea* horse c>ry+ f\r ( ^! rockets4 ,to detail ! arrangem5t ( ! rocket corps1 ! weight ( ammunition c>ri$ by ! troop horse1 & o!r p>ticul>s1 w\ld require m space ?an we c conv5i5tly appropriate to ^! subjects4 ,we may rem>k1 h[ev]1 t ! heavi] species ( rockets1 z ! #cb p\nd] or #bd p\nd]1 z also ! #ah & #ab p\nd]s1 are sometimes c>ri$ 9 c>s ( a peculi> description2 :i* n only convey ! ammunition1 b are contriv$ also to dis*>ge ea* two rockets 9 a volley1 f a d\ble iron-plate tr\gh4 ,?is tr\gh is ( ! same l5g? z ! boxes = ! /icks1 & travels betwe5 !m2 b be+ moveable1 may1 :5 ! c> is unlimb]$1 be %ift$ into its fight+ position1 at any angle f ! gr\nd ranges1 or po9t blank1 up to #de1 )\t be+ deta*$ f ! c>riage4 ,! limb]s are always 9 ! re>4 ,! rockets are fir$ ) a port-fire & long /ick4 ,:5 us$ by infantry1 "o man 9 t51 c>ries a frame ( a v simple con/ruction1 /&+ on ?ree legs l a !odolite1 :5 spread4 ,x is m\nt$ at top ) an op5 cradle1 f :i* ! rockets are dis*>g$1 ei!r = gr\nd ranges1 or at any requir$ elevation4 ,:5 !y are us$ = bomb>dm5t1 !y are dis*>g$ f frames ( a diff]5t1 ?\gh simple1 con/ruction2 &1 9 _m cases1 ! frames are disp5s$ )1 z !y are ?r[n f a batt]y1 erect$ = ! purpose4 ,= ! def5ce ( a pass1 or = cov]+ ! retreat ( an army1 ! rockets are laid 9 batt]ies ( #ajj or #ejj 9 a r[1 accord+ to ! ext5t ( ! gr\nd to be protect$4 ,"o man may fire ! :ole4 ,) reg>d to _! use 9 ! naval s]vice1 "s additional rem>ks may be int]e/+4 ,we obs]v$1 t1 9 consequ5ce ( !re be+ no reaction 9 ^! projectiles on ! po9t ( dis*>ge1 rockets may be us$ 9 ! smalle/ boats ( ! navy4 ,^! rockets c>ry a quantity ( combu/ible matt]1 &1 accord+ to ! ord9>y sy/em1 w\ld require to be ?r[n f ! l>ge/ mort>s1 & f %ips ( v heavy tonnage4 ,! #ab & #ah p\nd] h be5 fir$ f a f\r-o>$ gig4 ,!y may be made to rico*et 9 ! wat] at l[ angles4 ,9 bo>d+1 !y h be5 recomm5d$1 to be ?r[n into ! port holes ( ! enemy4 ,!y h also be5 recomm5d$ = fire-%ips1 9 ord] to produce an ext5sive & deva/at+ fire among ! %ips ( ! enemy4 ,besides ! advantages1 :i* rockets possess1 & ( :i* we h spok52 namely1 t x is a species ( projectile1 conta9+ )9 itself ! propell+ p[]1 by :i* heavy ordnance is disp5s$ )1 & t an ext5sive fire may be kept up1 by a few m51 aga9/ any important po9t2 !re is ano!r advantage said to be peculi> to !m2 viz4 t !y may be employ$ 9 a v>iety ( cases1 9 :i* ! usual artill]y1 f ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 or o!r imp$im5ts1 _c be r5d]$ effective2 & t1 9 sev]al bomb>dm5ts1 9 consequ5ce ( _! trifl+ reaction1 !y may be ?r[n f cutt]s & small boats1 &1 !re=e1 f po9ts1 :i* c\ld nev] be approa*$ by ! vessels1 usually employ$ 9 t s]vice4 ,) respect to ! exp5se ( ! =mation ( w>-rockets1 calculations h be5 made1 by :i* x appe>s1 t _! co/ is less ?an ! usual exp5se ( c>casses4 ,we are in=m$ on ?is head1 t x is ! *eape/ ( all ammunition1 dep5d+ on ! projectile =ce ( gunp[d]4 ,= a #cb p\nd] c>cass rocket co/s only #al4 #as4 #aa;d4 complete = s]vice1 & its equival5t1 ! #aj in* sph]ical c>cass1 ) ! *>ge ( p[d] necess>y to convey x #cjjj y>ds1 :i* p[] is conta9$ 9 ! rocket1 co/s #al4 #bs4 #g;d41 indep5d5t ( any *>ge = ! mort>1 mort> b$1 plat=m1 diff]5ce ( transport1 c4 ,a vessel ( #cjj tons w c>ry #ejjj ( !m at lea/4 ,b ! comp>ison1 z to ! exp5se1 is /ill m 9 fav\r ( ! rocket1 :5 comp>$ ) ! l>g] nature ( c>casses4 ,! #ae in* sph]ical c>cass co/s #al4 #ags4 #aa-a_/b;d4 to ?r[ #bejj y>ds2 :ile its equival5t rocket co/s b #al4 #es4 be+ a sav+ on ! fir/ co/1 ( #abs4 #aa-a_/b;d4 ,not)/&+ all ! encomiums1 be/[$ on ! ,congreve rockets by ! ,engli%1 ! ,fr5* ent]ta9 a diff]5t op9ion ( !m4 ,= ! foll[+ rem>ks1 we are indebt$ to ,rugg]i1 7,pyrote*nie ,militaire1 p4 #bgh71 by :i* x appe>s1 t ,congreve 0 n ! orig9al inv5tor4 ,he ackn[l$ges1 h[ev]1 t !y exp]i5c$ ! sad effects ( !m2 & we d n (f] ?is rem>k ) any sort ( prejudice1 b z an ackn[l$gm5t1 t ! ,fr5* exp]i5c$ _! sad effects4 ,rugg]i says1 t ! ,congreve rocket is no?+ m ?an he describ$ 9 8 ,elem5ts ( ,pyrote*ny five ye>s be=e !y 7 kn[n to ! ,engli%4 ,x is1 !re=e1 wrong1 he adds1 t we reg>d x z an ,engli% inv5tion4 ,x 0 inv5t$1 says he1 by a naval (fic] at ,bordeaux1 & ought n1 he fur!r rem>ks1 to be reg>d$ z a useful weapon 9 w>4 ,! reason he gives is1 t its utility mu/ dep5d ^u places & circum/ances4 ,if x is requir$1 he adds1 to attack a fleet1 we mu/ employ two or ?ree hundr$ be=e mak+ any impression2 because we _c direct a fir+ rocket1 z a cannon or ball4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a great inconv5i5ce4 ,he makes ! co/ also mu* great] ?an ! ,engli% calculation2 namely1 = a s+le "o ( !m t5 times m ?an = a r$-hot %ot4 ,rugg]i1 h[ev]1 is c&id en\gh to say1 t1 not)/&+ he diff]s 9 op9ion1 he is f> f oppos+ any trials or exp]im5ts1 made ) ! view ( improv+ or p]fect+ x2 b is decid$ly ( op9ion1 t x c nev] be employ$ at sea ) ! same advantage z bombs & cannon-ball4 ,rugg]i publi%$1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,p>is1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahji1 a lett]1 9 reply to a writ]1 :o _h publi%$ "s reflections on inc5di>y rockets1 f :i*1 z x ?r[s "s light on ?is subject1 we %all "h introduce a few extracts3 ,al?\gh ,monsieur1 ! cannoni] ( ,o/5d1 may n h giv5 ! precise con/ruction ( ! rocket1 :i* we "n ! sky-rocket1 & ( :i* ! ,engli% h made s crim9al a use1 ,i w comm5ce at fir/ by assur+ y1 t ,i co9cide p]fectly ) him1 9 ! pref]5ce he gives to h[itzes1 bombs1 & o!r projectiles1 :i* are us$ by civiliz$ nations4 ,he has v satisfactorily demon/rat$ _! advantages ov] ! ,congreve rocket4 ,i w only add1 t bombs & h[itzes h also ! advantage ( be+ "o-fif? *eap]1 & project$ ) great] facility4 ,! ,congreve rocket _c be ( any p>ticul> advantage1 because x only c>ries fire to ! place :]e x falls2 & if we wi% to use !m aga9/ any vessel :atev]1 x is impossible to assure ourselves ( a direction on a giv5 po9t1 z _m difficulties occur 9 project+ !m4 ,! m]it ( ! inv5tion ( ^! rockets does n belong to ! ,engli%4 ,?is inv5tion 0 made by a ,fr5*man1 a capta9 ( a private]1 :o made ! fir/ attempt to use !m ab\t sev5te5 ye>s s9ce1 7#agie74 ,! ,engli% h p]fect$1 or r h modifi$ ?is rocket4 ,x is sometime s9ce ,i (f]$ a k9d ( bomb1 :i* may be us$ ) m facility ?an ! common k9d4 ,?is bomb has ! advantage ov] ! ,congreve rocket3 #a/1 ,because x is less tr\blesome to use2 #b;dly1 ,x may be made ( any diamet] or size1 & consequ5tly suit$ to all calib]s2 #c;dly1 ,! place & "t ( its fall is readily det]m9$2 & f\r?1 & la/ly1 ,x bur/s into pieces1 & atta*es itself to all combu/ible bodies1 ) :i* x meets4 ,x rema9s = me to say1 t x is n ! p[d] :i* moves ! rocket1 b a composition almo/ z /rong4 ,! p[d]1 :i* is us$ 9 ! ,congreve rocket1 is int5d$ to de/roy ! ma*9e aft] x has produc$ its de/ructive effects4 ,see ,pyrote*nie ,militaire1 p4 #bgh4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 inc5di>y rockets1 & common signal rockets1 is 9 ! int]ior4 ,in/ead ( ! furniture1 or g>ni%+ pot & head1 a conical head ( %eet iron is sub/itut$1 9 :i* sev]al holes are made to suff] ! composition x conta9s to burn m readily4 ,! composition is ! same z t = fire-rockets2 b is co>sely pulv]iz$1 & mix$ ) an equal quantity ( ! composition ( fire-lances4 ,^! rockets are employ$ ) advantage to burn a city1 or vessels 9 a h>b\r4 ,! cone1 ) :i* !y are capp$1 enables !m to p5etrate ! ro(s ( h\ses1 & set !m on fire4 ,sec4 ,,xxv4 ,sky-,rockets 7,meurtrires47 ,! sangu9>y or murd]+ rocket is made 9 ! same mann] z ! prec$+4 ,!y h nei!r head nor pot2 b1 9 _! place1 !y are furni%$ ) a cone ( beat5 or solid iron4 ,?is cone is ! app5dage1 or weapon1 :i* produces su* de/ructive effects4 ,^! rockets1 :5 !y fall ^u ! troops ( an enemy1 w\nd !m v dang]\sly1 )\t _! be+ able to prev5t x4 ,! advantage1 m p>ticul>ly d]iv$1 is1 t !y may be project$ f "u cov]1 & to d\ble ! di/ance ( ord9>y musketry4 ,to make use ( ^! rockets1 a box is con/ruct$1 ^: int]ior is s arrang$ z to receive ! rockets 9 regul> ord]4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ 9 x ) _! /icks2 &1 !re=e1 ! case mu/ be made suffici5tly l>ge to admit !m4 ,by ?is contrivance1 ! rockets are %elt]$ f ! fire & wat]4 ,to dis*>ge !m1 ! box is fir/ incl9$ on ! side next to ! heads ( ! rockets1 & 9 ! direction ( ! place1 to :i* !y are to be ?r[n4 ,a communication is made by lead]s1 9 ! mann] already m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ "p ( ?is "w2 s t1 :5 ! mat* is fir$1 or a s+le rocket1 !y all are dis*>g$ at ! same "t4 ,! mode ( fir+ rockets ei!r s+ly or 9 numb]s1 ! mann] ( prep>+ ! cases1 ! diff]5t compositions1 & ! op]ation ( fill+1 & ( furni%+ !m1 c4 are giv5 9 ! prec$+ "p4 ,sec4 ,,xxvi4 ,( ! ,rocket ,light-,ball4 ,congreve also inv5t$ a species ( light-ball1 :i*1 :5 ?r[n into ! air by means ( "o ( 8 rockets1 & hav+ rea*$ ! elevation ( ! rockets' asc5t1 is deta*$ f x ) an explosion1 & rema9s susp5d$ 9 ! air by a small p>a*ute1 to :i* x is connect$ by a *a94 ,?us1 9 lieu ( ! transi5t mom5t>y gleam1 obta9$ by ! common light ball1 a p]man5t & brilliant light is obta9$1 & susp5d$ 9 ! air = five m9utes at lea/1 s z to af=d "t & light suffici5t to obs]ve ! motions ( an enemy1 ei!r on %ore or at sea2 :]e x is p>ticul>ly useful 9 *as+1 & = giv+ di/ant & m ext5sive night signals4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t no?+ ( ?is k9d c be obta9$ by ! projectile =ce ( ei!r guns or mort>s2 because ! explosion infallibly de/roys any con/ruction1 t c\ld be made to produce ! susp5sion 9 ! air4 ,we h se5 no acc\nt ( any exp]im5ts1 :i* h be5 made ) x4 ,sec4 ,,xxvii4 ,( ! ,float+ ,rocket ,c>cass4 ,congreve also appli$ 8 rocket1 & ! p>a*ute1 = ! purpose ( convey+ combu/ible matt] to di/ances f> beyond ! range ( any kn[n projectile =ce1 at ! same "t t x is *eap1 simple1 & portable4 ,! float+ c>cass1 l ! light-ball1 is ?r[n into ! air1 atta*$ to a rocket1 f :i* be+ lib]at$ at its greate/ altitude1 & susp5d$ to a small p>a*ute1 x is driv5 =w>d by ! w9d1 & w1 9 a mod]ate breeze1 af=d ranges at lea/ d\ble ^? ( ! common c>cass4 ,x may1 !re=e1 = naval purposes1 be ?r[n f a blockad+ squadron1 9 great quantities1 by a fair w9d1 aga9/ any fleet or ars5al1 )\t ! smalle/ risk1 or )\t approa*+ )9 range ( ei!r guns or mort>s4 ,! rocket conta9+ ! c>cass is no l>g] ?an ! #cb p\nd] c>cass rocket2 & ! :ole exp5se1 add$ to ! rocket1 does n exce$ five %ill+s4 ,nor are ! approa*es ( ! c>cass itself necess>ily visible by night2 z x may be s arrang$1 z n to inflame1 till "s "t aft] x has settl$4 ,x is evid5tly1 !re=e1 capable ( becom+ a h>ass+ weapon1 if ! acc\nt ( x be true2 &1 among l>ge fleets & flotillas1 x may d z mu* injury z any o!r c>cass1 by lodg+ unp]ceiv$ 9 ! rigg+1 or light+ on ext5sive ars5als1 9 su* situations1 :]e o!r means ( annoyance c\ld n be us$4 ,sec4 ,,xxviii4 ,obs]vations on ,rockets4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks on ! subject ( rockets by ,m4 ,bigot1 7,trait d',artifice de ,gu]re1 p4 #aca17 may be int]e/+ to ! read]4 ,au?ors1 :o h writt5 on rockets1 are ( op9ion1 t ! height ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( rockets %\ld n be increas$ on acc\nt ( _! diamet]2 because1 z ! diamet] increases1 ! rocket also increases 9 weight & surface2 & if augm5t$ 9 height 9 ! same ratio1 its p[] ( asc5sion w\ld be feeble4 ,x is f ?is reason+1 toge!r ) practice1 t !y h det]m9$ ! height ( empty cases4 ,"s h giv5 ! proportion ( six times _! ext]ior diamet]1 & o!rs aga9 h made !m a ?ird long] ?an ! pi]c]4 ,!re has result$ f ?is diff]5ce ( op9ion1 su* an irregul>ity 9 ! =mation ( rockets1 t artific]s or fire-work]s 7 left 9 unc]ta9ty z to ! be/ mode to be pursu$4 ,to avoid1 h[ev]1 ?is emb>rassm5t1 if we consid] ! diamet] ( ! base ( ! pi]c] ( any k9d ( rocket z "o-?ird ( ! ext]ior diamet] ( ! case1 ! small end mu/ be ! "o-six? "p ( x2 & ! pi]c] & ! cone are ( ! same diamet]1 & ! surface ( ! "o is equal to ! surface ( ! o!r4 ,we might conclude1 accord+ly1 t ! increase ( ! height ( ! case1 %\ld be ! same ) all k9ds ( rockets4 ,x appe>s by diff]5t au?ors1 t ! anci5t & mod]n fire-work]s h fix$ ! dim5sions ( rockets & _! pi]c]s1 by v>i\s exp]im5ts4 ,if we take = grant$ all ! heights ( ! pi]c]s1 or ! rockets !mselves1 we obta9 a curve ( d\ble or treble reflection1 :i* is v evid5tly 9 opposition to ! above pr9ciples1 & ( ! law :i* results f !m4 ,exp]im5ts prove1 t to make a good rocket ( half an in* 9 diamet]1 ! pi]c] mu/ be five times & a ?ird ( ! same diamet]2 & = a rocket ( ?ree in*es1 ! pi]c]1 or broa*1 z x is sometimes call$1 is only f\r times ! diamet] 9 height4 ,to det]m9e1 h[ev]1 ! height ( ! pi]c] 9 g5]al1 great] ?an ! prec$+1 x is f\nd necess>y to h "s satisfactory result1 9 ord] to employ1 ma!matically speak+1 less times ( ! ext]ior diamet] ( ! rocket4 ,! half-in* & ?ree-in* rocket are ! extremes ( an increas+ ari?metical progression2 & _! equival5ts1 #e-a_/c & #d diamet]s is ! extreme ( a simil>1 b decreas+ progress2 b if we ins]t ! same numb] ( ari?metical mean betwe5 ! two extremes ( ea* ( ^! two progressions1 & !n cont9ue !m indiff]5tly1 ! t]ms ( ! fir/ w express ! diamet] ( z _m diff]5t cases2 & ^? ( ! second1 ! height ( ! correspond+ pi]c]s4 ,!y w be1 = in/ance1 9 ! two foll[+ proportions3 #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad1 c4 #cf4 #e-ad_/de #e-ab_/de #e-aa_/de #e-i_/de #e-g_/de #e-g_/de #e-b_/de #e-a_/de #d-dd_/de c4 #d4 ,! fir/ ( :i* has unity = its common diff]5ce4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 t1 by ins]t+ 9 ea*1 a mean ( #bi1 ! height ( ! pi]c]s w correspond ) ! sup]ior diamet]1 :i* is less1 or regulat$ by _! respective diamet]s4 ,besides1 z ! diamet]s g on augm5t+1 ! rockets are proportionably increas$ 9 height1 b only 9 an inv]se ord]1 until ! #eh? t]m includ$1 & beyond :i* !y decrease1 until !y become negative1 :i* appe>s to indicate t ! t]m app]ta9s to ! diamet] ( ! rocket1 & )\t any unc]ta9ty4 ,x results f ! intimate relation ( ^! two progressions1 t1 9 /opp+ at ! #eh? t]m1 if we br+ back on an axis z x 71 ! height ( ! pi]c]s1 we obta9 a /raight in/ead ( a curv$ l9e4 ,bigot has giv5 two tables relative to ! con/ruction ( rockets1 &1 z _! use is se5 by m]e inspection1 we "h introduce !m )\t rem>k4 ,!y compreh5d ! dim5sions ( rockets ( diff]5t calib]s1 comp>$ ) ! ext]ior & respective diamet] ( ea* k9d2 & relative to ! dim5sions ( ! tools ( sky-rockets ( diff]5t calib]s1 & also comp>$ ) ! ext]ior & respective diamet] ( ea*4 ,x w be se51 on an exam9ation ( ^! tables1 t all ! data are satisfactorily giv52 s t1 9 ! con/ruction ( rockets1 ! artific] w f9d !m extremely useful1 if n absolutely necess>y4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* ^! tables are f\nd$1 may be dep5d$ on1 inasmu* z ,m4 ,bigot has tak5 consid]able pa9s on t head2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! calculations1 :i* foll[1 & ! proportions1 e/abli%$ = ! con/ruction ( rockets 9 g5]al1 are suffici5tly conclusive4 7,,table ,i3 ,"p #a ( #c7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,diamet] ( ,height ( tools ( wood4 ! rocket4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,ramm]s1 c4 ---------------------------------------- ,"n ( ! ,= *>g+ ! head n ,rocket4 compris$4 ,ext ,int- ------------------------------- eriorerior,roll] #a #b #c ,solid#d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ in*4,diam4 ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,small ,p>tem5t1 #bd #f #d-e_/i #b-g_/i #a ,p>tem5t1 idem4 #af #f-b_/i #d-ac_/bg #b-f_/bg idem4 ,m>quise1 #a idem4 #ab #f-a_/ab #d-g_/ah #b-be_/cf idem4 ,d\ble m>quises #a idem4 idem4#e-ad_/aed-ac_/de #b-bi_/de idem4 ,ditto1 = #d doz4 #a idem4 #aj #e-g_/i #d-e_/bg #b-af_/bg idem4 ,rocket ( #b idem4 #i #e #c-ca_/cf #b-be_/gb #a ,ditto1 #b idem4 #h #e-a_/ae #c-bi_/de #b-b_/i #a-b_/ae ,ditto1 #c idem4 #h #d-g_/i #c-d_/i #b-a_/i #a-a_/i ,ditto1 #d idem4 #f #d #c-c_/cb #a-ae_/af #a ,ditto1 #e idem4 #f #c-dc_/fjb-acc_/ahja-acg_/ahja-g_/fj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 7,,table ,i3 ,"p #b ( #c7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,diamet] ( ,height ( ,diamet] ( ! ! rocket4tools ( wood tools ( wood4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,ramm]s4 ----------- ,"n ( ! ,rocket4 ,con- ,sockets ,ext ,int- ical ,to ,to ,( ( ! eriorerior ,pot4 head run *>ge pots4 pot4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- in*4,diam4 ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,small ,p>tem5t1 #c #a #g_/ab #a ,p>tem5t1 idem4 #b #a-e_/i idem4#aa_/ah #a-e_/i #g_/i ,m>quise1 #a idem4 #b #a idem4idem4 #a ,d\ble m>quises #a idem4 #b #a-h_/ae;idem4 #a-h_/ae #ac_/ae ,ditto1 = #d doz4 #a idem4 #b #a idem4#aa_/ah #a ,rocket ( #b idem4 #a idem4 idem4 idem4 ,ditto1 #b idem4 #a idem4 idem4#ai_/cj idem4 #i_/aj ,ditto1 #c idem4 #a idem4 idem4#bc_/cf idem4 #aa_/ab ,ditto1 #d idem4#a-a_/af;idem4 idem4#ca_/dh idem4 #ae_/af ,ditto1 #e idem4 #i_/aj;idem4 idem4#ac_/bj idem4 #ad_/ae ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- 7,,table ,i3 ,"p #c ( #c7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,diamet] (,diamet] ( ! ,dim5sion ( ! rocket4 tools ( wood4 mallets4 ---------------------------------------- - ,"n ( ! ,rocket4 ,base ( ,ext ,int-conical eriorerior head4 ,ladle4,diamet]4 ,l5g?4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ in*4,diam4 ,d4 ,d4 in*es4 in*es4 ,small ,p>tem5t1 #a #b #c ,p>tem5t1 idem4 #a-e_/i idem4 #b #c ,m>quise1 #a idem4 #a idem4 #c #d ,d\ble m>quises #a idem4 #a-h_/ae idem4 #c #d ,ditto1 = #d doz4 #a idem4 #a idem4 #d #e ,rocket ( #b idem4 idem4 idem4 ,ditto1 #b idem4 idem4 idem4 ,ditto1 #c idem4 idem4 idem4 #e #f ,ditto1 #d idem4 idem4 idem4 ,ditto1 #e idem4 idem4 idem4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 7,,table ,,ii3 ,"p #a ( #c7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,diamet] ( ,,height ,,( rockets4 -------------------------------- ---------- ,*>g$ ,"n ( ! rockets1 ,rockets4 ,ext- ,int- ,empty button1 ,massive eriorerior cases4c4incl4,rockets,pi]c]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ in*4,diam4 ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,small p>tem5t1 #g #f #e ,p>tem5t1 idem4 idem4 #f-g_/i idem4 #e-b_/i ,m>quise1 #a idem4 #g-g_/ab #f-g_/ab idem4 #e-a_/ab ,d\ble m>quise #a idem4 #g #f-g_/ae idem4 #d-ad_/ae ( #c doz4 ,ditto1 #d doz4 #a idem4 #f-g_/i #f-e_/ah idem4 #d-g_/i ,rocket ( #b idem4 #f #e #d-ac_/bd ,ditto1 #b idem4 #f-a_/ae #e-ag_/cj #g_/ae #d-d_/ae ,ditto1 #c idem4 #e-g_/i #e-e_/ah #d_/i #d ,ditto1 #d idem4 #e #d-gc_/gf #aa_/bd #c-ae_/cb ,ditto1 #e idem4 #d-dc_/fj #d-ac_/fj #i_/bj #b-ad_/ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------ 7,,table ,,ii3 ,"p #b ( #c7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,diamet] ( ,,height ,,( rockets4 --------------------------------- ---------- ,total ( ,"n ( ! ,button ! pi]c] ,rockets4 ,ext- ,int- _! & culot erioreriorcyl9d],culots4compris$4 ,screw4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- in*4,diam4 ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,small p>tem5t1 #a #g ,p>tem5t1 idem4 idem4 idem4 #g-e_/i #b ,m>quise1 #a idem4 idem4 idem4 #g-a_/ab #b ,d\ble m>quise #a idem4 idem4 #a #f #b ( #c doz4 ,ditto1 #d doz4 #a idem4 idem4 #a-a_/ah #f #a ,rocket ( #b idem4 idem4 #f-a_/ab #a ,ditto1 #b idem4 idem4 #e-aa_/ae #a-c_/aj ,ditto1 #c idem4 idem4 #e #a ,ditto1 #d idem4 idem4 #d-fa_/if #ae_/af ,ditto1 #e idem4 idem4 #d ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 7,,table ,,ii3 ,"p #c ( #c7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,diamet] ( ,diamet] ( ! p>ts ( ! pi]c]4 rockets4 -------------------------------- --- ---------- ,"n ( ! ,ext]ior ,button ,screw ,rockets4 ,ext- ,int- ( small & at ! eriorerior ,base4 end4 cyl9d]4,culot4 base4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- in*4,diam4 ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,small p>tem5t1 #a #a ,p>tem5t1 idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 #g_/i ,m>quise1 #a idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 ,d\ble m>quise #a idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 ( #c doz4 ,ditto1 #d doz4 #a idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 #e_/i ,rocket ( #b idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 ,ditto1 #b idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 ,ditto1 #c idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 ,ditto1 #d idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 #e_/ab ,ditto1 #e idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 idem4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,note4 ,! rockets ( two in*es1 & ^? betwe5 t & ?ree in*es1 require to be beat5 ) f\r ramm]s1 indep5d5tly ( t :i* is solid2 & also ^? above ?ree in*es1 require five4 ,! roll+ bo>d %\ld be suffici5tly l>ge = ! cases we wi% to =m2 viz4 "o ( tw5ty-eight in*es 9 l5g?1 & six in*es 9 bread? = small rockets2 "o ( ?irty in*es 9 l5g?1 & t5 in*es 9 bread? = middlesiz$ rockets2 & "o ( ?irty-six in*es by eighte5 = ! l>ge/ rockets4 ,sec4 ,,xxix4 ,( ! ,succ\r+ ,rocket4 ,! succ\r+1 or m>9e rocket1 is a "n giv5 to a rocket1 :i* is suffici5tly l>ge to convey a small cord or rope to "s di/ance f a vessel1 & by its means to save ! lives ( p]sons 9 dang] ( %ipwreck4 ,rockets = ?is purpose %\ld be at lea/ two in*es 9 int]ior diamet]4 ,! rod %\ld be ( ! same l5g? & ?ickness z a rocket ( half ?is calib]4 ,to ?is rod is ti$ ! cord1 :i* mu/ be light1 & yet /rong1 & :5 ! rocket is fir$1 ! /r+ %\ld be arrang$ loose1 s t no imp$im5t is exp]i5c$ 9 ! flight ( ! rocket4 ,! applications ( ! succ\r+ rocket are two 9 p>ticul>3 viz4 ,9 case a seaman %\ld fall ov]bo>d1 & 9 case ( %ipwreck2 9 ! =m]1 to ?r[ a cord to "s di/ance1 & 9 ! latt]1 to convey a cord f ! %ip to ! %ore1 %\ld a vessel be /r&$ on a bea*4 ,sev]al me?ods h be5 propos$ = ! same purpose1 namely1 t ( convey+ a l9e or rope to %ore1 :5 ! surf is too high = a small boat to live 9 x4 ,! inv5tion ( lieut4 ,bell1 describ$ 9 ! ,annales des ,arts et ,manufactures1 & 9 ! ,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 ii1 #abj1 is design$ = a simil> purpose z ! succ\r+ rocket4 ,mr4 ,bell's inv5tion consi/s simply 9 ?r[+ a rope f a vessel by means ( a mort>1 atta*+ x to a %ell1 9 ord] to make a communication f a vessel 9 dang] to ! %ore4 ,= ?is contrivance1 he receiv$ "o hundr$ gu9eas4 ,sev]al exp]im5ts 7 made ) x1 :i* 7 satisfactory4 ,9 ! essays1 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,fulton1 a contrivance ( ?is k9d is sugge/$1 us+1 h[ev]1 an in/rum5t simil> to a h>poon1 to :i* a rope is atta*$4 ,?is h>poon is ?r[n by a long gun4 ,x is calculat$1 also1 z ! h>poon = ?is purpose is furni%$ ) sev]al b>bs1 to pi]ce & secure an enemy's vessel4 ,sec4 ,,xxx4 ,( ! ,greek ,fire4 ,x is n kn[n precisely :at ! composition ( ! ,greek fire 04 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,call9icus ( ,hellipolis1 a t[n 9 ,syria1 :o us$ x ) s mu* skill & effect dur+ a naval engagem5t1 t he de/roy$ a :ole fleet belong+ to ! enemy1 9 :i* 7 emb>k$ ?irty ?\s& m54 ,x is def9$ to be a sort ( artificial fire1 :i* ins9uates itself beyond ! surface ( ! sea1 & :i* burns ) increas$ viol5ce1 :5 x mixes ) wat]4 ,its directions are contr>y to ! c\rse ( natural fire2 = ! flames1 we are told1 w spread !mselves d[nw>ds1 to ! "r or left1 agreeably to ! mom5t t is giv54 ,x 0 us$ 9 ! ye> #afgi1 & 0 kn[n & us$ 9 #abia4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly liquid1 & employ$ 9 _m diff]5t ways2 b1 *iefly1 on bo>d %ips1 be+ ?r[n f l>ge eng9es on ! %ips ( ! enemy4 ,?is fire 0 sometimes k9dl$ 9 p>ticul> vessels1 :i* might be call$ fire-%ips1 & :i* 7 introduc$ among a ho/ile fleet4 ,sometimes x 0 put into j>s & o!r vessels1 :i* 7 ?r[n at ! enemy by means ( projectile ma*9es2 & sometimes x 0 squirt$ by soldi]s f h&-eng9es1 or1 z x appe>s1 bl[n ?r\gh pipes4 ,?is fire 0 dis*>g$ f ! =e "p ( %ips1 by a ma*9e con/ruct$ ( copp] & iron1 ! extremity ( :i* resembl$ ! op5 m\? & jaws ( a lion or o!r animal4 ,!y 7 pa9t$1 & ev5 gild$1 &1 x appe>s1 7 capable ( project+ ! fire to a great di/ance4 ,pr(essor ,beckman1 :o exam9$ all ! anci5t au?ors respect+ ! ,greek fire1 expressly says1 t ! ma*9es :i* ! anci5ts employ$ to ?r[ ?is fire 7 sp\t+ eng9es4 ,he also obs]ves 7,hi/ory ( ,inv5t4 iv1 p4 #he7 t ,john ,cam5iata1 speak+ ( 8 native city1 ,!ssalonica1 :i* 0 tak5 by ! ,s>ac5s 9 ! ye> #ija1 says1 t ! enemy ?rew fire into ! wood5 works ( ! besieg$1 :i* 0 bl[n into !m by means ( tubes1 & ?r[n f o!r vessels4 ,?is passage1 :i* ,i d n f9d quot$ 9 any ( ! works t treat on ! ,greek fire1 proves1 t ! ,greeks1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury1 7 no long] ! only p acqua9t$ ) ! art ( prep>+ ?is fire1 ! precurs] ( our gunp[d]4 ,! ,emp]or ,leo1 :o ab\t ! same p]iod wrote 8 art ( w>1 recomm5ds su* eng9es1 ) a metal cov]+1 to be con/ruct$ 9 ! =e "p ( %ips2 & he twice aft]w>ds m5tions eng9es = ?r[+ out ,greek fire4 ,9 ! ea/1 "o may easily h conceiv$ ! idea ( load+ "s k9d ( pump ) ! ,greek fire2 z ! use ( a =c+ pump = ext+ui%+ fires 0 long kn[n !re be=e ! inv5tion ( ,call9icus4 ,writ]s diff] consid]ably z to ! composition ( ,greek fire1 prop]ly s call$1 z !re 7 _m prep>ations1 "s hundr$ ye>s aft] ! discov]y1 :i* w5t "u ! "n ( ,greek fire4 ,c]ta9 x is1 t ! ,greeks _h a k ( a v highly combu/ible prep>ation1 :i* wat] w\ld n ext+ui%1 & :i*1 f its nature1 mu/ h _h ! prop]ty ( decompos+ wat] itself1 or possess$ s mu* oxyg51 z to support ! combu/ion ( ! inflammable sub/ances1 ev5 9 contact ) wat]4 ,mr4 ,p>ke1 7,*em4 ,cate*ism1 p4 #dfe71 speak+ ( "s ( ! uses ( nitre or saltpetre1 says1 t = ! same purposes x 0 us$ by ! anci5ts 9 t de/ructive composition ( antiquity1 ! ,greek fire4 ,sulphur1 ros91 camphor1 & o!r combu/ibles1 7 melt$ ) x1 & 9 ?is melt$ mass1 wooll5 cords 7 dipp$1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds roll$ up = use4 ,^! balls be+ set on fire 7 ?r[n into ! t5ts1 c4 ( ! enemy1 & z ! combu/ibles 7 furni%$ ) a con/ant supply ( oxyg5 f ! nitre1 no?+ c\ld ext+ui% !m4 ,he also obs]ves3 ,= _m c5turies1 ! me?od ( mak+ ?is dreadful article ( de/ruction 0 lo/2 b x has j be5 discov]$ by ! libr>ian ( ! elector ( ,bav>ia1 :o has f\nd a v old lat9 manuscript1 :i* conta9s directions = prep>+ x4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t x c\ld only be ext+ui%$ by ur9e1 s&1 c4 ,james 7,mil4 ,dic4 p4 #cbi7 says1 x is compos$1 or made up ( naph?a1 sulphur1 bitum51 gum1 & pit*1 & x c only be ext+ui%$ by v9eg>1 mix$ ) ur9e & s&1 or ) undress$ lea!r & gre5 hides4 ,! au?or ( a ,fr5* "w1 uvres ,militaires1 says1 t a p[]ful composition1 :i* is n ext+ui%able ) wat]1 may be made ( ! foll[+ sub/ances3 viz4 pit*1 ros91 tall[1 camphor1 turp5t9e1 saltpetre1 liquid v>ni%1 oil ( sulphur1 l9se$1 rock oil1 flax1 & *>coal f9ely pulv]iz$4 ,! :ole is melt$ toge!r & boil$1 & be=e x gr[s cold1 quicklime 9 p[d] is add$4 ,x is said to be susceptible ( ! mo/ subtile & de/ructive fire4 ,b]tr&on de la ,brocqui]e1 :o 0 9 ,pale/9e 9 #adcb1 z c\nsellor to ! ,duke ( ,burgundy1 obs]ves1 t ! ,moors 7 !n 9 possession ( ! ,greek fire4 ,he 0 pres5t at ,b>rat1 dur+ "o ( ! ,moori% celebrations4 ,x began1 says he1 9 ! ev5+ at sun set4 ,num]\s companies1 scatt]$ "h & !re1 7 s++ & utt]+ l\d cries4 ,:ile ?is 0 pass+1 ! cannon ( ! ca/le 7 fir$1 & ! p ( ! t[n laun*$ into ! air1 'bi5 hault et bi5 lo+1 une manire de feu plus gros fallot que je veisse oncques allume4' ,!y told me1 !y made use ( su* at sea1 to set fire to ! sails ( an enemy's vessel4 ,x seems to me1 t z x is a ?+ easy to be made1 & at a little exp5se1 x may be equally well employ$ to burn a camp or a ?at*$ village1 or 9 an engagem5t ) cavalry1 to fright5 _! horses4 ,curi\s to "k its composition1 ,i s5t ! s]vant ( my ho/ to ! p]son :o made ?is fire1 & reque/$ him to tea* me ?is me?od4 ,he return$ = answ]1 t he d>$ n1 = t he %\ld run great dang]1 7 x kn[n2 b z !re is no?+ a ,moor w n d = money1 ,i (f]$ him a ducat1 :i* quiet$ 8 fe>s1 & he taught me all he knew1 & ev5 gave me ! m\lds 9 wood1 ) ! o!r +r$i5ts1 :i* ,i h br\ght to ,france4 ,al?\gh ,la ,brocqui]e may h br\ght ! secret to ,europe1 yet x does n appe> to h be5 us$4 ,we may ju/ly conclude1 t ! pres5t gunp[d] possesses sup]ior advantages to ! ,greek fire1 & "s au?ors1 z ,rugg]i1 are ( op9ion1 t ! acc\nt we h ( x1 t ( its fire desc5d+1 & ! l1 are exagg]at$4 ,porta1 7,magie ,naturelle71 9 treat+ ( ?is subject1 obs]ves1 t ! ,greek fire 0 compos$ ( ! *>coal ( will[1 salt1 burnt br&y1 sulphur1 pit*1 frank9c5se1 flax1 & camphor1 & t camphor alone has ! effect ( burn+ 9 wat]4 ,he rem>ks also1 t1 :5 ,con/ant9ople 0 attack$1 ! emp]or ,leon burnt ! vessels1 or boats1 to ! numb] ( #ahjj1 by means ( ! ,greek fire4 ,! ,j\rnal des ,savants1 #afgf1 p4 #adh1 speaks ( ! orig9 & use ( ! same fire4 ,9 #abdi1 at ! siege ( ,damietta1 ! ,fr5* exp]i5c$ ! fatal effects ( x4 ,! ,j\rnal des ,savants = #afff1 m5tions a ma*9e1 :i*1 :5 appli$ aga9/ a vessel1 communicates fire to x imm$iately1 )\t injur+ ! p]son :o uses x4 ,9 ! ,fr5* pap]s = #agig1 ,m4 ,*evali] ann\nc$1 t he _h inv5t$ an inext+ui%able inc5di>y fuse1 :i* is ?r[n by fire arms1 & calculat$ to set fire to ! rigg+ ( %ips4 ,9 #agei1 ,dr4 ,dupr publi%$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,j\rnals1 t he _h inv5t$ a composition1 :i* _h ! same prop]ties & effects z ! anci5t ,greek fire1 & t he possess$ ! means ( ext+ui%+ x4 ,an exp]im5t 0 made at ,v]sailles to ! satisfaction ( all1 & ! secret 0 pur*as$ by ,l\is ,,xv4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,co/e1 9 #agid1 laid be=e ! ,fr5* national conv5tion1 a new inv5tion1 = ! purpose ( w>1 consi/+ ( a c>cass composition1 :i* no?+ c\ld ext+ui%1 & :i* resembl$ 9 t respect ! ,greek fire4 ,!v5ot 7,travels 9 ! ,levant71 says1 t 9 ! #eb;d ye> ( ! ,hegira1 7,anno ,dom9i #fgb71 ,con/ant9ople 0 besieg$ 9 ! reign ( ,con/ant9e ,prognates1 by ,yesid1 ! son ( ,moavia1 ! fir/ caliph ( ! family ( ! ,ammiades2 :5 ! ,greek emp]or f\nd himself s press$1 t he 0 almo/ r$uc$ to despair4 ,b ! fam\s eng9e]1 ,call9icus1 inv5t$ a k9d ( wild fire1 :i* w\ld burn "u wat]1 & by ?is means de/roy$ ! :ole fleet4 ,gibbon 7,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 vol4 vii1 p4 #bhb71 speaks also ( ! ,greek fire1 & obs]ves1 t ! deliv]ance ( ,con/ant9ople may be *iefly ascrib$ to x4 ,x appe>s1 t ,call9icus1 ! inv5tor1 des]t$ f ! s]vice ( ! ,caliph to t ( ! ,emp]or2 & ,gibbon is ( op9ion1 t ?is discov]y or improvem5t ( ! milit>y art1 0 =tunately res]v$ = ! di/ressful p]iod1 :5 ! deg5]ate ,romans ( ! ea/ 7 incapable ( cont5d+ ) ! w>like en?usiasm & y\?ful vig\r ( ! ,s>ac5s4 ,he is ( op9ion1 t little or no cr$it c be giv5 to ! ,byzant9e acc\nts1 z to ! composition ( ?is fire2 al?\gh1 f _! obscure & fallaci\s h9ts1 x %\ld seem t ! pr9cipal +r$i5t 0 naph?a1 a liquid bitum5 :i* spr+s f ! e>?4#ci ,?is 0 mix$ ) sulphur1 & ) ! pit*1 extract$ f ! ev]gre5 firs1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,anna ,comm5a1 7,alexid1 l4 xiii1 p4 #chc71 & ,leo1 9 ! xix? *apt] ( 8 ,tactics1 speaks ( ! new inv5tion4 ,gibbon describes its effects mu* z we h /at$1 viz4 t ! fire 0 /rong & ob/9ate1 & 0 quick5$ by wat]2 t s&1 ur9e1 & v9eg> 7 ! only ag5ts t c\ld damp its fury2 t x 0 us$ = ! annoyance ( ! enemy1 bo? by sea & l&1 9 battles or 9 sieges1 & 0 ei!r p\r$ f ! ramp>t 9 l>ge boil]s1 or lan*$ into r$-hot balls ( /one & iron1 or d>t$ 9 arr[s & javel9s1 twi/$ r\nd ) flax & t[1 :i* _h deeply imbib$ ! inflammable oil2 t1 at o!r times1 x 0 deposit$ 9 fire %ips1 or bl[n ?r\gh long tubes ( copp]1 fix$ on a pr[ ( a galley2 t its composition 0 kept secret at ,con/ant9ople1 pret5d+ t ! k ( x came f an angel to ! fir/ & greate/ ( ! ,con/ant9es1 ) a sacr$ injunction n to divulge x "u any pretext1 c4 ,he also obs]ves1 t1 aft] x 0 kept secret above f\r hundr$ ye>s1 & to ! end ( ! #aa? c5tury1 ! me?od ( prep>+ x 0 /ol5 by ! ,mahometans1 :o employ$ x aga9/ ! crusad]s4 ,a knight1 x appe>s1 :o despis$ ! swords & lances ( ! ,s>ac5s1 relates1 ) he>tfelt s9c]ity1 8 own fe>s1 at ! sight & s\nd ( ! mis*iev\s eng9e1 t dis*>g$ a torr5t ( ! ,greek fire1 ! feu ,gregeois1 z x is /yl$ by ! m e>ly ( ! ,fr5* writ]s4 ,x came fly+ ?r\gh ! air1 says ,gibbon1 quot+ ,jo9ville1 7,hi/oire de ,/4 ,l\is7 l a w+$ long tail$ dragon1 ab\t ! ?ickness ( a hog%ead1 ) a report ( ?und] & ! velocity ( lightn+2 & ! d>kness ( ! night 0 dispell$ by ?is deadly illum9ation4 ,! use ( ! ,greek1 or z x might n[ be call$1 ,s>ac5 fire1 0 cont9u$ to ! middle ( ! #ad? c5tury1 :5 ! sci5tific or casual comp\nd ( nitre1 sulphur1 & *>coal1 effect$ a new revolution 9 ! art ( w>1 & ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,ramsay1 our le>n$ hi/orian1 7,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 vol4 ii1 p4 #aej71 gives ! same acc\nt ( ! ,greek fire4 ,morse1 9 8 ,univ]sal ,geography1 page #ehh1 obs]ves1 t naph?a =ms spr+s 9 ,p]sia1 &1 :5 scatt]$ on ! sea1 x burns1 & ! flame is (t5 waft$ to a great di/ance4 ,= rem>ks respect+ ! naph?a ( ,p]sia1 & ! univ]sal fire ( ! foll[]s ( ,zoroa/]1 see ! article on ,naph?a4 ,9 naph?a di/ricts1 ! quantity ( inflammable air is s great1 t x is us$ = fuel4 ,s9ce writ+ ! above1 we h exam9$ ,rugg]i1 7,pyrote*nie ,militaire1 p4 #bhi71 & f9d no?+ new4 ,he /ates ! composition ( ,greek fire1 on ! au?ority ( o!rs1 to consi/ ( naph?a1 sulphur1 bitum51 camphor1 & petroleum2 t x 0 inv5t$ by ,call9icus1 & employ$ aga9/ ! ,s>ac5s z an inc5di>y2 t ,pl9y1 9 8 "t1 m5tion$ a combu/ible sub/ance1 :i* 0 ?r[n ^u arm$ m51 & burnt & de/roy$ !m 9 ! mid/ ( ! battle2 t x 0 employ$ successfully by ! successors ( ,con/ant9e1 & its composition 0 kept a /ate secret2 t ! ,turks us$ x1 or a composition ( a simil> nature1 at ! siege ( ,damieta1 9 #abdi1 =ty-five ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,rog] ,bacon2 &1 f9ally1 t1 :5 ! composition & effects ( gunp[d] became kn[n1 ! ,greek fire1 al?\gh x laid ! f\ndation ( ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 0 no long] 9 use1 & ! secret ( ! orig9al prep>ation became lo/4 ,see ,gunp[d]4 ,sec4 ,,xxxi4 ,( ,m9es & ,m9+4 ,a m9e is a subt]rane\s passage1 dug "u ! wall or ramp>t ( a =tification1 = ! purpose ( bl[+ x up by gunp[d]2 & m9+ is ! art ( accompli%+ ?is effect4 ,! art ( m9+1 hav+ become "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial p>ts ( ! attack & def5ce ( places1 %\ld be well und]/ood2 & requires a p]fect k ( heights1 dep?s1 bread?s1 & ?icknesses2 to judge p]fectly ( slopes & p]p5dicul>s1 :e!r !y be su* z are p>allel to ! horizon1 or su* z are visual2 toge!r ) ! true levels ( all k9ds ( e>?4 ,to ?is may be add$1 a k ( rocks1 clays1 soil1 c4 & ! effect ( gunp[d]4 ,m9es 7 made long be=e ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]4 ,! anci5ts made gall]ies1 or und]gr\nd passages1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! mod]ns1 f )\t1 "u ! walls ( places1 :i* !y cut (f f ! f\ndation1 & support$ ) /rong props4 ,! int]vals 7 fill$ ) all mann] ( combu/ibles1 :i*1 be+ set on fire1 burnt _! props1 & ! wall1 be+ no long] support$1 fell1 by :i* a brea* 0 made4 ,! besieg$ also made und]gr\nd passages1 f ! t[n1 "u ! besieg]s' ma*9es1 by :i* !y batt]$ ! walls1 to de/roy !m1 prov+ t necessity has be5 ! inv5tress ( m9es4 ,! fir/ m9es we read (1 s9ce ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 7 made 9 #adhg1 by ! ,g5oese1 at ! attack ( ,s]ezanella1 a t[n 9 ,flor5ce4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 fail$1 & !y 7 neglect$1 till ,pet] ,nav>ro1 be+ !n eng9e] to ! ,g5oese1 & aft]w>ds to ! ,spani>ds1 9 #aejc1 aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 at ! siege ( ! ca/le del ,ovo1 at ,naples1 made a m9e "u ! wall1 & blew x up2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! ca/le 0 tak5 by /orm4 ,valli]s says1 t ! eng9e] 0 ,francis ,george1 an ,italian4 ,! place :]e ! p[d] is lodg$1 is call$ ! *amb] ( ! m9e1 or f\rneau1 & ! passage lead+ to ! p[d]1 is call$ ! gall]y4 ,! l9e ( ! lea/ resi/ance1 is ! l9e drawn f ! c5tre ( ! *amb]1 p]p5dicul> to ! surface ( ! gr\nd2 & ! excavation1 call$ ! crat]1 is ! pit or hole1 made by spr++ ! m9e4 ,c\nt]-m9es are ^? made by ! besieg$1 :]eas m9es are g5]ally made by ! besieg]s4 ,bo? m9es & c\nt]-m9es1 are made 9 ! same mann]1 & = l purposes1 viz4 to bl[ up _! enemies & _! works4 ,gall]ies1 made )9 ! =tification1 be=e ! place is attack$1 & f :i* sev]al bran*es are c>ri$ to diff]5t places1 are g5]ally #d & #d-a_/b feet wide1 & #e or #e-a_/b feet high4 ,! e>? is support$ f fall+ 91 by ar*es & walls1 z !y are to rema9 = a consid]able "t4 ,b :5 m9es are made to be us$ 9 a %ort "t1 !n ! gall]ies are b #c or #c-a_/b feet wide1 & #e feet high1 & ! e>? is support$ by wood5 frames1 or props4 ,! gall]y be+ c>ri$ on to ! place1 :]e ! p[d] is to be lodg$1 ! m9]s make ! *amb]s4 ,?is is g5]ally ( a cubical =m1 l>ge en\gh to hold ! wood5 box1 :i* conta9s ! p[d] necess>y = ! *>ge4 ,! box is l9$ ) /raw & s& bags1 to prev5t ! p[d] f contract+ dampness4 ,! *amb] is sunk r l[] ?an ! gall]y1 if ! soil p]mits2 b :]e wat] is to be appreh5d$1 x mu/ be made high] ?an ! gall]y2 o!rwise ! besieg$ w let 9 ! wat]1 & spoil ! m9e4 ,! fire is communicat$ to ! m9e by a pipe1 or hose1 made ( co>se clo?1 ^: diamet] is ab\t #a-a_/b in*es1 call$ a saucisson1 7= ! fill+ ( :i*1 ne> half a p\nd ( p[d] is all[$ to e foot71 ext5d+ f ! *amb] to ! entrance ( ! gall]y1 to ! end ( :i* is fix$ a mat*1 t ! m9] :o sets fire to x1 may h "t to retire be=e x rea*es ! *amb]4 ,to prev5t ! p[d] f contract+ any dampness1 ! saucisson is laid 9 a small tr\gh1 call$ an auget1 made ( bo>ds #c-a_/b in*es broad1 jo9$ toge!r l5g?wise1 ) /raw 9 x1 & r\nd ! saucisson1 ) a wood5 cov] nail$ ^u x4 ,! quantity ( p[d]1 requir$ to *>ge m9es1 dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! soil4 ,t :i* is m t5aci\s1 w require ! greate/ =ce to sep>ate its p>ts4 ,! d5sity may be le>n$1 comp>atively speak+1 by det]m9+ ! specific gravity ( ea* k9d ( soil4 ,! requisites 9 m9+ may be asc]ta9$ by f\r simple problems1 :i* relate to ! nature ( ! soil1 ! diamet] ( ! excavation1 ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 & ! *>ge4 ,table ( ! quantity ( ,gunp[d]1 to raise a cubic fa?om ( diff]5t k9ds ( ,soil4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,d5sity4 ,,t5acity4 ------------------------------ ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,soil4 ,quantity ( ,weight ( #a p[d] to cubic foot4 raise #a cubic fa?om4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a4 ,loose e>? or s&4 #ie lbs4 #h lbs4 #b4 ,common light soil4 #abd #aj #c4 ,loam or /rong soil4 #abg #ab #d4 ,pott]s' clay1 or /iff soil4 #ace #ac #e4 ,clay1 mix$ ) /ones4 #afj #af #f4 ,masonry4 #bje #ba ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! gall]y & *amb] be+ ready to be load$1 a /rong box ( wood is made ( ! size & figure ( ! *amb]1 be+ ab\t "o-?ird or "o-f\r? l>g] ?an is requir$ = conta9+ ! necess>y quantity ( p[d]4 ,aga9/ ! sides & bottom ( ! box is put "s /raw1 & ?is /raw is cov]$ ov] ) empty s& bags1 to prev5t ! p[d] f contract+ any dampness4 ,a hole is made 9 ! side1 next ! gall]y1 ne> ! bottom1 = ! saucisson to pass ?r\gh1 :i* is fix$ to ! middle ( ! bottom1 by means ( a wood5 peg1 to prev5t its loos5+ f ! p[d]1 or to h9d] ! enemy 7if he %\ld rea* ! entrance7 f be+ able to te> x out4 ,?is done1 ! p[d] is br\ght 9 s& bags1 & ?r[n loosely 9 ! box1 & cov]$ also ) /raw & s& bags4 ,^u ?is is put ! cov] ( ! box1 press$ d[n v tight ) /rong props2 &1 to r5d] !m m secure1 planks are also put above !m1 aga9/ ! e>?1 & w$g$ 9 z fa/ z possible4 ,?is done1 ! vacant spaces betwe5 ! props are fill$ up ) /ones & dung1 & ramm$ 9 ! /ronge/ mann]4 ,! lea/ neglect 9 ?is "w w consid]ably alt] ! effect ( ! m9e4 ,!n ! auget1 or small tr\gh1 is laid f ! *amb] to ! entrance ( ! gall]y1 ) "s /raw at ! bottom2 & ! saucisson laid 9 x1 ) /raw ov] x4 ,la/ly1 x mu/ be %ut ) a wood5 cov]1 nail$ ^u x4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 /opp+ up ! gall]y1 n to press too h>d ^u ! auget1 = fe> ( spoil+ ! saucisson1 :i* may h9d] ! p[d] f tak+ fire1 & prev5t ! m9e f spr++4 ,! gall]y is /opp$ up ) /ones1 e>? & dung1 well ramm$1 six or sev5 feet fur!r f ! *amb] ?an ! l5g? ( ! l9e ( ! lea/ resi/ance4#dj ,be=e clos+ ?is article1 %ort z x is1 comp>$ ) a full view ( ! subject1 :i* belongs exclusively to eng9e]+1 we %all notice1 f ,belidor1 ! globe ( compression 9 m9es4 ,if we imag9e a l>ge globe ( e>?1 homog5e\s 9 all its p>ts1 & a c]ta9 quantity ( p[d] lodg$ 9 its c5tre1 s z to produce a prop] effect )\t bur/+ ! globe2 by sett+ fire to ! p[d]1 x is evid5t t ! explosion w act all r\nd1 to ov]come ! ob/acles :i* oppose its motion2 & z ! p>ticles ( ! e>? are por\s1 !y w compress ea* o!r 9 proportion z ! flame increases1 & ! capacity ( ! *amb] increases likewise3 b ! p>ticles ( ! e>? next to ! *amb] w communicate a "p ( _! motion to ^? next to !m1 & ^? to _! neighb\rs2 & ?is communication w ?us cont9ue 9 a decreas+ proportion1 till ! :ole =ce ( explosion is entirely sp5t2 & ! p>ticles ( e>? beyond ?is t]m w rema9 9 ! same /ate z !y 7 at fir/4 ,! p>ticles ( e>?1 t h be5 act$ ^u by ! =ce ( explosion1 w compose a globe1 :i* ,mr4 ,belidor calls ! globe ( compression4 ,he obs]v$1 t1 :5 a m9e explod$1 & ?rew up ! gr\nd ov] x1 its action 01 at ! same "t1 felt 9 a circul> direction1 ?r\gh\t ! surr\nd+ gr\nd1 to a di/ance at lea/ equal to ! oblique l9e drawn f ! c5tre ( inflammation to ! edge ( ! funnel4 ,m9es & c\nt]-m9es are n[ call$ (f5sive & def5sive m9es4 ,! hole made by ! explosion is call$ ! entonnoir1 crat]1 or funnel4 ,9 ! sy/em ( c\nt]-m9es1 we h ! magi/ral gall]y1 or gall]y ( ! c\nt]sc>p1 :i* is t ext5d$ bel[ ! cov]$ way1 f :i* bran*es are pu%$ to ov]?r[ ! works & batt]ies ( ! beseig]1 t cr[n x2 ! envelop+ gall]y t communicates ) ! o!r passages1 call$ ! gall]ies ( communication1 & is ne>ly p>allel ) ! fir/ at ! di/ance ( f =ty to sixty y>ds4 ,o!r gall]ies are pu%$ =w>d1 leav+ ! envelop+ gall]y1 project+ at lea/ ?irty y>ds1 & hav+ spaces betwe5 !m ( ab\t fifty y>ds 9 wid?2 s t ! enemy's m9]1 ^: "w may be he>d "u gr\nd ab\t ?irty y>ds1 may n pass betwe5 any two ( !m )\t be+ discov]$4 ,^! are call$ li/5+ gall]ies4 ,x may be obs]v$1 t1 f ^! gall]ies1 bran*es are c>ri$ =w>d to e/abli% *amb]s "u ! works ( ! enemy4 ,^? :o wi% to acquire in=mation on ?is1 & o!r subjects1 connect$ ) attack & def5ce1 & on "s bran*es ( eng9e]+1 w\ld d well to consult ! ,fr5* "w ( ,b\sm>d4 ,!re are likewise small m9es call$ ,f\gasses1 us$ 9 ! def5ce ( field works4 ,!y are seldom m ?an t5 feet b5ea? ! surface1 & are plac$ at ! expect$ po9ts ( attack1 usually n9e feet f ! sali5t angles1 & )\t ! c\nt]sc>p4 ,! *e/ ( p[d] & ! saucisson are plac$ z usual4 ,b>rels or casks & ev5 gr5ades are us$4 ,sec4 ,,xxxii4 ,( ! ,means ( ,increas+ ! ,/r5g? ( ,gunp[d] = ,m9+4 ,we m5tion$1 9 ! article on gunp[d]1 t quicklime _h ! effect ( increas+ its /r5g?4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 to employ quicklime1 = ?is purpose1 :5 gunp[d] is us$ 9 m9+4 ,botte & ,riffault 7,trait de l'art de ,fabriqu] la ,p\dre canon1 p4 #cja7 h giv5 ! result ( "s exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 :i* we purpose to notice4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 are n satisfactory on ?is head4 ,dr4 ,ba9e1 a physician ( ,foxano1 9 ,tuscany1 0 ! fir/ :o ann\nc$ ! fact1 t quicklime w\ld increase ! explosive effect ( gunp[d]4 ,! increase he /ates to be "o-?ird4 ,! proportions are1 tw5ty-?ree grammes ( quicklime1 & "o kilogramme ( p[d]4#da ,! quicklime is p[d]$1 & mix$ ) ! gunp[d]4 ,v>i\s exp]im5ts 7 made1 ) ! epr\vette ( ,regni]1 :i* did n e/abli% ! tru? ( ,dr4 ,ba9e's ass]tion4 ,! ,tuscan hunt]s use gunp[d] mix$ ) lime4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 made by ,m4 ,l4 ,maitre & colonel ,*>bonel4 ,!y employ$ pure dry p[d]1 dry p[d] mix$ ) quicklime1 moi/ p[d] pure1 & moi/ p[d] mix$ ) lime4 ,! object ( ^! exp]im5ts 0 to asc]ta91 if ! pres5ce ( quicklime add$ to ! =ce ( p[d]2 ei!r z a f\r? compon5t "p & act+ *emically1 or by absorb+ ! moi/ure :i* ! p[d] conta9s4 ,! *>ge ( ea* 0 ?ree ounces4 ,! result ( ! exp]im5ts is ?us giv53 ,p[d]1 dry & pure1 #gch feet #b in*es4 ,p[d]1 dry1 & mix$ ) quicklime1 #fij -- #a -- ---- ---- ,diff]5ce 9 favor ( dry p[d]1 #dh #a ,p[d]1 moi/ & pure1 #gad feet #a in*4 ,p[d]1 moi/1 & mix$ ) quicklime1 #fdb -- #b -- ---- ---- ,diff]5ce 9 favor ( moi/ p[d]1 #ga #aa ,x has be5 ass]t$1 t ! =ce ( gunp[d] is increas$ by wat]1 alcohol1 & e!r1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great expansibility ( ^! fluids2 b1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,botte & ,riffault1 ! range ( ! ball 0 mu* less :5 ! ?ree fluids 7 us$ successively1 ?an :5 ! dry & pure gunp[d] alone 0 employ$4 ,we are in=m$ by a g5tleman1 :o saw ! exp]im5t made1 t :5 gunp[d] is mix$ ) an equal weight ( f9e saw du/1 & fir$1 x w give ! same range to a ball z ! same weight ( unmix$ p[d]4 ,we f9d t col4 ,gibbs1 7,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 i4 #hg71 9 a lett] to pr(essor ,silliman1 m5tions ! use ( lime 9 increas+ ! /r5g? ( gunp[d]4 ,he gives a c]tificate ( ! p]son1 :om he employ$ 9 bl[+ rocks1 9 :i* he us$ quicklime along ) p[d]1 9 ! proportion ( "o "p ( ! =m] to two ( ! latt]4 ,9 ! c]tificate1 x is /at$1 t a *>ge ( ?is mixture 0 f\nd to be equally p[]ful1 or to answ] equally well ) a l quantity ( gunp[d]1 hav+ made upw>ds ( fifty bla/s 9 ?is mann]1 &1 z he /ates1 sev]al hundr$ 9 ! usual way4 ,he rem>ks1 h[ev]1 t1 :5 ! p[d]$ lime 0 mix$ ) ! gunp[d] ! day be=e1 ! effect 0 dim9i%$4 ,! colonel attributes ! effect to ! desiccation ( ! p[d] by ! lime2 &1 z gunp[d] absorbs m or less wat]1 ! lime1 9 its cau/ic /ate1 takes x f ! p[d]4 ,if ! lime %\ld rema9 too long1 he is ( op9ion t x w\ld probably attack ! wat] ( cry/allization ( ! saltpetre1 &1 accord+ to c\nt ,rum=d's idea1 de/roy a great "p ( ! p[d]4 ,! exam9ation ( ?is subject1 says ,gibbs1 l$ me to consid] ! increase ( ! p[] ( gunp[d] 9 v>i\s situations1 & ( its use 9 ! field4 ,x is well kn[n1 t1 aft] a few dis*>ges1 a cannon becomes heat$1 & ! range is mu* great]1 z well z ! recoil4 ,! *>ge ( p[d] is1 !re=e1 r$uc$ ab\t "o-qu>t]1 to produce ! orig9al effect4 ,z ,i h n he>d or se5 any explanation ( ?is fact1 ,i %all take ?is opportunity ( m5tion+1 t x appe>s to arise f ! same cause z ! fir/ expla9$1 viz3 ! desiccation ( ! p[d]1 c4 ,m4 ,humboldt1 7,bullet9 de la ,socit ,philomatique1 floreal1 an4 #c7 x appe>s1 sugge/$ an improvem5t 9 m9+1 n by increas+ ! =ce ( gunp[d]1 b 9 ! *>g+ ( x2 to leave a space occupi$ only by air1 a fact well kn[n to ^? :o are accu/om$ to ?is "w1 al?\gh n always adopt$4 ,he /ates ! effect ( p[d] on a %ell2 t1 if x be fill$1 x breaks only into two or ?ree pieces2 b if only half fill$1 x is %att]$ into a great numb]1 :i* he attributes to ! pres5ce ( air 9 ! %ell4 ,sec4 ,,xxxiii4 ,( ,inc5di>y ,bombs4 ,^! are us$ 9 sieges1 & on wat]4 ,rugg]i gives ! prep>ation ( ^! bombs z foll[s1 obs]v+ to melt ! sub/ances 9 ! ord] !y are m5tion$4 #a4 ,?ree p>ts ( sulphur2 #b4 ,"o "p ( pit*2 #c4 ,two p>ts ( nitrate ( potassa2 #d4 ,"o "p ( mutton suet4 ,aft] melt+ ^! sub/ances1 & mix+ !m intimately1 ! mixture is remov$ f ! fire1 & two p\nds ( gunp[d] are add$1 & ?or\ghly bl5d$4 ,x is aga9 submitt$ to heat1 & a suffici5t quantity ( quick mat*1 to cov] a good siz$ m>ron1 is imm]s$4 ,! m>ron is furni%$ ) a fuse4 ,! composition h>d5s on ! mat*4 ,! mat* is employ$ z be=e describ$4 ,wat] does n ext+ui% ! fire1 produc$ by ! combu/ion ( ?is composition4 ,see ,c>casses & ,fire-,balls4 ,sec4 ,,xxxiv4 ,( ,murd]+ ,m>rons4 ,m>rons1 :i* take ?is "n1 are ^?1 ^: effect is diff]5t f ! inc5di>y bomb4 ,! latt] is calculat$ to set fire to h\ses1 c4 :ile ! =m] is design$ to de/roy ! lives ( p]sons4 ,to make a murd]+ m>ron1 we prep>e1 9 ! usual mann]1 a cyl9drical case1 & fill x ) gunp[d]1 & !n wrap r\nd x1 a quantity ( pack-?read4 ,9 w9d+ on ! ?read1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to cross x 9 ! mann] m5tion$ 9 a =m] article4 ,x is !n f9i%$ by coat+ x ) a mixture ( glue & wax1 or1 9 pref]5ce1 pit*4 ,?is prev5ts ! ?read f unwrapp+1 & r5d]s ! case firm & less liable to break4 ,a hole is !n made 9 its side to ! p[d]1 9 :i* we ins]t a piece ( quick-mat*1 to communicate fire to ! cont5ts ( ! case4 ,a small fuse1 simil> to t ( a bomb fuse1 b %ort]1 & made ( pa/ebo>d1 is also us$2 &1 aft] x is fix$ to ! m>ron1 musket balls1 previ\sly pi]c$ ) holes1 are nail$ r\nd ! m>ron1 ! nails pass+ ?r\gh ! balls into ! case4 ,aft] ?us fix+ z _m balls z ! surface ( ! case w admit1 we cov] !m ) a composition made ( ?ree p>ts ( glue & "o "p ( wax4 ,:5 ?is coat+ is dry1 a hemisph]ical case is adapt$4 ,?is case is a small sack ( pap]1 made r\nd1 & fill$ ) gunp[d]4 ,x is plac$ at ! bottom ( ! m>ron1 & secur$ !re ) pap] & glue4 ,! mat* is convey$ to ! orifice ( ! fuse ( ! m>ron2 &1 9 %ort1 a communication is s made f ! "o to ! o!r1 t1 at a giv5 "t1 ! fire passes by means ( ! fuse to ! m>ron1 :i* !n explodes1 & ?r[s ! balls1 ) :i* x is furni%$1 9 e direction4 ,%ells1 made by unit+ two hemisph]es1 conta9+ p[d]1 & furni%$ ) balls & a fuse1 are also a de/ructive weapon ( ! same "*4 ,sec4 ,,xxxv4 ,( ,inc5di>y ,rope4 ,we h m5tion$1 "u ! head ( ,t\rteaux1 or t>r$ l9ks & fasc9es1 ! compositions made use ( = ^! prep>ations4 ,! composition = inc5di>y rope is z foll[s3 ,sulphur #ab p>ts ,saltpetre #f ---- ,ros9 #b ---- ,camphor #b ---- ,meal-p[d] #d ---- ,gra9$ p[d] #b ---- ,! ros91 sulphur1 camphor1 & saltpetre are melt$1 & mix$ ?or\ghly toge!r1 & ! kettle1 :i* conta9s !m1 is remov$ f ! fire2 ! gunp[d] is !n add$1 & intimately bl5d$4 ,! mixture is aga9 heat$1 & ! rope is !n imm]s$ 9 x1 & suff]$ to rema9 until x has imbib$ suffici5tly4 ,x is !n tak5 out1 & all[$ to cool4 ,aft] ?is op]ation1 we melt1 9 a sep>ate kettle1 ! foll[+ sub/ances3 ,ros9 #d p>ts4 ,pit* 7or t>7 #d ---- ,mutton suet #b ---- ,:5 !y are melt$1 & mix$1 ! rope previ\sly prep>$ z above1 is ?r[n into ! mixture1 & !n remov$ & hung up4 ,aft] ?is second process1 we make1 9 an e>!n vessel1 a prim+ mixture1 9 :i* ! rope is sometimes imm]s$1 or su* p>ts ( x1 z are to take fire promptly4 ,?is prim+ pa/e is compos$ (1 ,meal-p[d] #d p>ts4 ,saltpetre #d ---- ,sulphur #b ---- ,_s ( w9e1 7or br&y71 a suffici5t quantity4 ,gum arabic ---- ,inc5di>y rope is us$ m g5]ally 9 ! =m ( a ball1 :i* is enclos$ 9 a sack1 & fir$ out ( a common mort>4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by an (fic] at ,t\lon4 ,see ,c>casses4 ,sec4 ,,xxxvi4 ,( ,balloons ( ,gr5ades1 ( ,bombs1 & ( ,fl9ts or ,/one4 ,balloons ( ?is k9d are cases1 or sacks1 made suffici5tly l>ge1 conta9+ p[d]1 & enclos+ gr5ades1 %ells1 & /ones4 ,! balloon ( gr5ades holds twelve *>g$ gr5ades1 conta9+ diff]5t quantities ( p[d]4 ,!y are f9i%$ l p[d] sacks1 & cord$ ) small cord1 tw9e1 or ?read4 ,! balloon ( fl9ts1 riv] /ones1 or small pebbles1 is made by enclos+ ^! sub/ances along ) p[d] 9 a sack1 z be=e /at$4 ,^! balloons are employ$ = ! def5ce ( works1 c4 ,see ,p[d] ,sacks4 ,! ,ballon ,bombes1 ( ! ,fr5*1 is ! same4 ,x is a bag1 9 :i* are plac$ b$s ( small] bombs1 t are *>g$ & int]laid ) gunp[d]4 ,! bag is put into ano!r cov]+1 t is pit*$1 ) ! neck closely ti$ up ) pack ?read1 9 :i* a fuse is fix$1 z 9 ord9>y bombs4 ,! ,engli% say1 t ,colonel ,%rapnel's inv5tion ( ! sph]ical case %ot1 is ( a sup]ior k9d4 ,we purpose1 !re=e1 to notice !m 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,sec4 ,,xxxvii4 ,( ,sph]ical ,case-,%ot4 ,ord9>y case %ot is a t9 case or canni/]1 fill$ ) iron balls1 s z to make up ! weight ( ! %ot4 ,! balls are seldom less ?an #a-a_/d oz1 9 weight4 ,little effect is to be expect$ f fir+ case %ot beyond #cjj y>ds1 f ! v great div]g5cy ( ! balls4 ,! foll[+ summ>y ( ! effects & advantages ( ?is species ( %ot1 :i*1 z inv5t$ by ,col4 ,%rapnel1 is call$ ! ,%rapnel %ell1 w be suffici5t = our purpose4 ,x is extract$ f a book lately publi%$4 #a/4 ,! :ole *>ge takes effect on ! enemy at any di/ance4 ,by ! pres5t mode ( fir+1 ! greate/ "p ( ! *>ge disp]ses z soon z x leaves ! muzzle ( ! gun1 & _c be direct$4 #bnd4 ,grape1 or case %ot1 may be fir$ ) effect equally close & collect$1 to any di/ance )9 ! range ( ! piece2 & ! artill]y ne$ n advance )9 musket %ot ( ! enemy1 to make use ( ?is k9d ( fire ) its full effect1 & are n s subject to h _! guns *>g$ ei!r by cavalry or infantry4 #c;d4 ,x requires less precision & exactness1 to po9t a piece ( ordnance *>g$ ) sph]ical case %ot ?an ) r\nd %ot2 because case %ot is a wide & disp]s$ fire1 & ! difficulty 9 elevation consequ5tly less4 #d?4 ,its comp>ative de/ruction ) t ( r\nd %ot w be1 g5]ally1 z ! numb] ( ! %ot )9 ! %ells to "o2 t is to say1 a ?ree p\nd]1 tw5ty-two to "o 9 its fav\r2 a six p\nd]1 fifty to "o1 c42 9 :i* calculation is n enum]at$ any effect f ! spl9t]s ( ! %ell4 #e?4 ,small balls _c be project$ to v consid]able di/ances1 unless enclos$ 9 heavy sph]ical cases1 :i*1 f _! =m & weight1 are n mu* influ5c$ by ! resi/ance ( ! air1 or div]t$ f _! direction4 #f?4 ,! explosion ( ! %ell makes no *ange 9 ! direction ( ! %ot )92 !y consequ5tly complete ! %ell's track1 or curve1 :i* has sometimes be5 obs]v$ to be #djj y>ds4 #g?4 ,f ! unev5ness ( ! gr\nd1 su* z hillocks1 banks1 fall[ fields1 c4 all %ot :i* graze1 mo/ commonly lodge3 :]eas1 by us+ ?is %ell1 ! :ole *>ge w be c>ri$ ov] ^! irregul>ities1 & rea* ! object ) its full cont5ts ( balls4 ,sec4 ,,xxxviii4 ,( ! ,fire-,ra91 accord+ to ,casimir ,siemi5[icz4 ,! composition1 :i* produces fire-ra91 :i* we purpose to notice 9 ?is place1 is tak5 f ! ,artis ,magn ,artill]i ( ,casimir ,siemi5[icz4 ,he seems1 h[ev]1 to h tak5 x f a ,g]man au?or4 ,! fire ra9 is an inc5di>y fire-"w1 & calculat$1 l o!r inc5di>ies1 = fir+ ! h\ses ( a besieg$ place or city1 :i* are cov]$ ) %+les1 la?s1 /ubble1 or re$s4 ,besides sev]al o!r compositions1 designat$ by artific]s1 t ( fire-ra9 0 s call$ f its suppos$ resemblance to a %[] ( ra94 ,to prep>e ?is composition1 ! foll[+ me?od is us$3 ,we take #bd p>ts ( sulphur1 & melt 9 a copp]1 or iron pot1 ov] live coals )\t flame1 & !n ?r[ 9 #af p>ts ( saltpetre1 & mix x ) an iron spatula1 to incorporate ! :ole4 ,! pot is n[ remov$ f ! fire1 & :5 ! composition is become r cold1 /ir into x #h p>ts ( gra9$ p[d]4 ,! composition is !n p\r$ on a m>ble slab1 or metallic plate1 :]e x is all[$ to cool4 ,x is !n brok5 into pieces ( ! size ( a walnut1 :i*1 :5 us$1 is int]sp]s$ ) quick mat*1 cov]$ ) gunp[d]1 & put into %ells or bombs4 ,^! bombs are made 9 ! same mann]1 z ^?1 :i* are =m$ 9 fire-works = exhibition4 ,wood1 cov]$ ) ?is composition1 w burn 9 ! same mann] z ! %ells4 ,! globe ( fire is also simil> to ^? = exhibition4 ,! mort> is elevat$ at an angle ( #de1 9 ord] t ! globe may g to ! greate/ height1 & ! greate/ range2 = ! fall ( ! inflam$ matt]1 :i* is disp]s$ 9 all directions by ! p[d]1 is m or less v]tical1 &1 9 t /ate1 lights ^u h\ses1 c4 ,?is effect1 t ( sett+ fire to "o or m h\ses1 dep5ds greatly on ! accuracy ( _! dis*>ge f ! mort>4 ,! foll[+ compositions are also us$ = ! same purpose1 obs]v+ to foll[ ! same mann] ( mix+ ! +r$i5ts3 #a4 ,sulphur #c p>ts4 ,saltpetre #a ---- ,meal-p[d] #a ---- ,iron fil+s ---- ,gre5 ,vitriol ---- #b4 ,sulphur #a "p4 ,saltpetre #a ---- ,gra9$ p[d] #a ---- #c4 ,sulphur #a "p4 ,galbanum #d ---- ,saltpetre #d ---- ,gra9$ p[d] #a ---- #d4 ,sulphur #e p>ts4 ,saltpetre #b ---- ,ros9 #a ---- ,meal-p[d] #a ---- ,^! compositions may be us$ 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,two wood5 hemisph]es1 fill$ ) ! prep>ation & jo9$ toge!r1 is ! usual mode ( =m+ a fire bomb4 ,! bomb or globe is !n cov]$ ) /rong canvass1 & f9i%$ by dipp+ x1 or sme>+ x ) melt$ pit*4 ,ov] ?is1 two or ?ree cov]s ( canvass are sometimes sew$4 ,:5 ! bomb is dry1 we put x 9 a case1 9 ! same mann] z direct$ = ! murd]+1 & inc5di>y bombs4 ,! case is *>g$ ) f9e meal-p[d]1 c4 ,! mod]n improvem5ts1 :i* are _m1 sup]s$e ! ra9-fire4 ,fire /one1 = in/ance1 is a m p[]ful prep>ation4 ,! inc5di>ies made ) ?is composition1 & ! ord9>y c>cass1 are m effectual = ?is purpose4 ,t ! ,greek fire 0 an active composition1 & produc$ v de/ructive effects on t[ns & %ipp+1 !re c be no d\bt2 not)/&+ ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] has completely *ang$ ! art ( w>1 & sup]s$$1 z we h %[n 9 our articles on gunp[d] & ,greek fire1 ! use ( ! inc5di>y composition ( ! ,greeks4 ,sec4 ,,xxxix4 ,( ! ,effect ( ,mirrors 9 inflam+ ,bodies at a ,di/ance4 ,z ?is subject may be ( "s int]e/ to ! read]1 at lea/ 9 relation to an important fact1 t ( ! conc5tration ( ! calorific rays ( ! sun1 :i* has _h ! effect ( burn+ bodies at "s di/ance1 we deem ! foll[+ facts n irrelevant4 ,! effects ( burn+ glasses1 bo? by refraction & reflection1 are notic$ by ,emp$ocles & ,euclid1 :o compos$ a treatise on ! anci5t optics & catoptrics4 ,x has be5 ?\ght1 t ! ,romans _h a me?od ( light+ _! sacr$ fire by "s su* means4 ,ari/ophanes1 9 "o ( 8 com$ies1 introduces a p]son z mak+ use ( a globe1 fill$ ) wat]1 to cancel a bond t 0 aga9/ him1 by ?us melt+ ! wax ( ! seal4 ,plut>*1 9 8 life ( ,numa1 says1 t ! in/rum5ts us$ to k9dle fires1 7 metallic di%es1 :i* 7 plac$ opposite to ! sun1 & ! combu/ible matt] 9 ! c5tre1 by :i*1 x is probable1 he meant ! focus1 conceiv+ t to be at ! c5tre ( ! mirror's concavity4 ,fa!r ,kir*] 0 ! fir/1 :o ?\ght ( sub/itut+1 = a concave mirror1 sev]al plane mirrors1 s dispos$1 t ! sun's rays reflect$ at _! surface might conv]ge t[>ds ! same po9t4 ,he employ$ five only ( ^! mirrors1 :i* he s arrang$1 t ! concurr5ce ( ! rays %\ld take place at a di/ance ( m ?an "o hundr$ feet1 & he f\nd ! heat !re to be sc>cely supportable4 ,n[1 says ,kir*]1 if five mirrors produce s consid]able an effect1 :at w\ld a hundr$ or a ?\s& d1 arrang$ 9 ! same mann]8 ,!y w\ld excite s viol5t a heat1 t x w\ld set fire to e ?+1 & r$uce all to a%es4 ,orpheus comp>es 8 jaspis to rock cry/al1 & says t x k9dles fire1 & t he knew h[ to use rock cry/al z a burn+ glass4 ,diodorus calls "s k9ds ( jasp] transp>5t1 & sky-col\r$4 ,! jaspis1 describ$ 9 ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john 7*apt] xxi1 v]se #aa1 #ah1 #ai17 may h be5 ! same /one4 ,x is n our int5tion1 h[ev]1 to notice ! hi/ory ( mirrors1 f ! "t ( ,moses1 7,exodus1 *ap4 xxxviii1 v]se #h17 or ( ,job1 7,job1 *ap4 xxxvii1 v]se #ah7 ?r\gh diff]5t p]iods ( "t1 to ! pres5t day2 z ! read] may f9d an int]e/+ acc\nt on ?is head 9 ,beckman1 7,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions1 vol4 iii1 p4 #aed72 b to /ate 9 p>ticul> ! celebrat$ exp]im5t ( ,ar*im$es1 :i* has inde$ a/oni%$ m5 ( sci5ce1 :o h liv$ s9ce t p]iod4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! fact1 if we reflect = a mom5t1 t "s mod]n exp]im5ts h ju/ifi$ ! conclusion :i* has be5 drawn2 &1 !re=e1 t ! sol> rays may be conc5trat$ to su* a degree1 z to inflame bodies at "s di/ance (f3 & z ! heat produc$ is mu* great] ?an t ( our hotte/ furnaces1 incr$ible z x may appe>1 !re c be no "q z to ! effect1 :i* may be produc$ by a sy/em ( mirrors4 ,by means ( burn+ mirrors1 ,ar*im$es burnt ! ,roman %ips1 :i* 7 beseig+ ,syracuse1 & r$uc$ !m to a%es4 ,desc>tes1 among o!rs1 discr$it$ ! /ory z fallaci\s2 b ,kir*] made _m exp]im5ts1 ) a view ( e/abli%+ its cr$ibility4 ,he tri$ ! effect ( a numb] ( plane mirrors1 & ) five mirrors ( ! same size1 plac$ 9 a frame1 he contriv$ to ?r[ ! rays reflect$ f !m to ! same spot1 at ! di/ance ( m ?an "o hundr$ feet2 &1 by ?is means1 he produc$ su* a degree ( heat1 z l$ him to conclude1 t1 by increas+ _! numb]1 he c\ld h set fire to inflammable sub/ances at a great] di/ance4 ,he likewise made a voyage to ,syracuse1 9 company ) 8 pupil1 ,s*ottus1 9 ord] to exam9e ! place ( ! suppos$ transaction2 & !y 7 bo? ( op9ion1 t ! galleys ( ,m>cellus c\ld n h be5 m ?an ?irty paces f ,ar*im$es4#db ,proclus is also said to h de/roy$ ! navy ( ,vitalian1 beseig+ ,byzantium1 ne> ,con/ant9ople1 by means ( burn+ glasses4 ,among ! mod]ns1 ! mo/ rem>kable burn+ mirrors h be5 ^? ( ,mag9e2 ( ,septala ( ,milan1 :i* 0 ne>ly ?ree & a half feet 9 diamet]1 & :i* burnt at ! di/ance ( fifte5 or sixte5 paces2 ( ,vilette1 & ,ts*ir9haus52 ! new complex "o ( ,m4 ,buffon2 t ( ,truda9e1 & t ( ,p>k]4 ,ts*ir9haus5's burn+ glass 0 betwe5 ?ree & f\r feet 9 diamet]1 & its focus 0 r5d]$ m p[]ful by a second "o4 ,x may n be improp] to notice ! con/ruction1 z well z ! effect ( "s ( ^! mirrors4 ,la ,brocquire1 a travell] ( ! #ae? c5tury1 says1 t1 at ,damascus1 !y made mirrors ( /eel t magnify objects1 & "o ( !m1 :5 expos$ to ! sun1 reflect$ ! heat s /rongly1 z to set fire to a plank fifte5 or sixte5 feet di/ant4 ,m4 ,buffon con/ruct$ a ma*9e consi/+ ( a numb] ( mirrors1 by :i* he seems to h reviv$ ! secret ( ,ar*im$es1 & to h v9dicat$ ! cr$it ( hi/ory 9 ?is po9t4 ,! exp]im5t 0 fir/ tri$ ) tw5ty-f\r mirrors1 :i* readily set on fire a combu/ible matt] prep>$ ( pit* & t[1 laid on a deal bo>d at a di/ance ( sixty-six ,fr5* feet4 ,he !n pursu$ ! attempt1 & put toge!r a k9d ( polyh$ron1 consi/+ ( "o hundr$ & sixty-eight pieces ( plane look+ glass1 ea* six in*es squ>e2 & by means ( ?is1 "s bo>ds ( bee* wood 7 set on fire at a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & fifty feet1 & a silv] plate 0 melt$ at ! di/ance ( sixty feet4 ,?is ma*9e1 9 ! next /age ( its improvem5t1 conta9$ #cfj plane mirrors1 ea* #h in*es long1 & #f broad1 m\nt$ on a frame #h feet high1 & #g feet broad4 ,) #ab ( ^! mirrors1 light combu/ible matt]s 7 k9dl$ at a di/ance ( #bj feet2 ) #de ( !m1 at ! same di/ance1 a l>ge t9 vessel 0 melt$2 & ) #aag1 a ?9 piece ( silv]4 ,:5 ! :ole ma*9e 0 employ$1 all ! metals 7 melt$ at ! di/ance ( tw5ty-five1 & ev5 ( =ty feet4 ,wood 0 k9dl$ 9 a cle> sky1 at ! di/ance ( #baj feet4 ,mr4 ,buffon aft]w>ds con/ruct$ a ma*9e1 :i* conta9$ f\r hundr$ mirrors1 ea* six in*es squ>e1 ) :i* he c\ld melt lead & t9 at ! di/ance ( #adj feet4 ,mr4 ,p>k]1 an em95t glass manufactur]1 9 ,fleet /reet1 ,london1 con/ruct$ ! mo/ p[]ful burn+ mirror ev] made4 ,he erect$ an out build+ at ! bottom ( 8 g>d5 = ! purpose ( c>ry+ on 8 op]ations4 ,he succe$$ 9 =m+ a mo/ p[]ful burn+ l5s4 ,its diamet] 0 ?ree feet4 ,plat9um1 iron1 /eel1 fl9t1 c4 7 melt$ 9 a few seconds1 on be+ expos$ to its imm5se focus4 ,a diamond weigh+ ?irty gra9s 0 r$uc$ to six gra9s1 9 ! space ( ?irty m9utes4 ,x op5$ & foliat$ l ! leaves ( a fl[]1 & emitt$ :iti% fumes1 7c>bonic acid gas27 :5 close aga91 x bore a poli%1 & reta9$ its =m4 ,g>nets1 clay1 c4 soon melt$4 ,sev5 hundr$ gu9eas 7 subscrib$ to indemnify ! inv5tor1 x hav+ co/ him sev5 hundr$ p\nds4 ,x 0 pur*as$1 h[ev]1 & pres5t$ by "l ,mac>tney to ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t1 & rema9s n[ at ,pek94 ,m4 ,pay>d1 7,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 c47 has inv5t$ a burn+ mirror1 consi/+ ( sev]al plane mirrors s arrang$ z to conc5trate ! sol> heat into a focus ) great precision4 ,! arrangem5t1 x may be prop] to /ate1 is diff]5t f t h]et(ore us$1 & ! effect is said to be v p[]ful4 ,a polygonal mirror1 f a sugge/ion ( ! celebrat$ ,buffon1 0 erect$ 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5 at ,p>is1 9 #agdg1 & _h also a v p[]ful effect4 ,?is mirror 0 compos$ ( "o hundr$ & sixty-eight plates ( t9n$ or silv]$ glass1 capable ( mov+ 9 e direction & ( be+ fix$ at diff]5t degrees ( incl9ation1 s t !re c\ld be giv5 to ! :ole1 a =m m or less concave1 & ! focus be ?r[n to diff]5t di/ances4 ,?is mirror set fire to wood at two hundr$ feet1 & fus$ metals at =ty-five feet4 ,z caloric1 l light1 foll[s ! same laws ) respect to its motion1 & z ! angle ( incid5ce is equal to ! angle ( reflection1 ! radiation ( heat1 conduct$ aft] ! mann] ( ,pictet's exp]im5t1 has n only occasion$ ! combu/ion ( gunp[d]1 b ( o!r inflammable sub/ances4 ,b1 = ?is purpose1 ! mirrors mu/ be l>ge & extremely bright4 ,t heat radiates 9 all directions1 & is reflect$1 & t ! calorific rays may !reby be conc5trat$1 are facts :i* are n[ univ]sally admitt$4 ,! application ( ?is pr9ciple1 by us+ concave mirrors suffici5tly l>ge1 has1 we are in=m$1 produc$ ! explosion ( gunp[d]4 ,!y 7 plac$ ab\t twelve feet ap>t4 ,9 ! focus ( "o a live coal 0 put1 :i* 0 con/antly bl[n ) a d\ble bell[s1 & 9 ! focus ( ! o!r "s gunp[d]4 ,9 all our exp]im5ts ) ! ord9>y reflectors1 we c\ld nev] produce any ?+ l ! heat necess>y to inflame gunp[d]4 ,t ! pr9ciple is sub/antiat$ by exp]im5t is evid5t2 = ! rays ( a heat$ body1 or a sub/ance :i* produces heat1 z a lamp or c&le1 plac$ 9 ! focus ( a concave mirror1 are reflect$ 9 p>allel l9es1 & if ano!r concave mirror be plac$ opposite to x at "s di/ance1 ! calorific rays w be ?us int]cept$ & reflect$ back 9 a focus4 ,?is focus1 !re=e1 l ! focus ( a burn+ glass1 is ! conc5tration ( all ! p>allel rays ( heat4 ,sec4 ,,xl4 ,( ,inc5di>y & ,poison$ ,arr[s4 ,! b[ is a v anci5t weapon ( (f5ce1 made ( /eel1 wood1 horn1 or o!r ela/ic sub/ance1 :i*1 aft] be+ b5t by means ( a /r+ fa/5$ to its two ends1 9 return+ to its natural /ate1 ?r[s out an arr[ ) great =ce4 ,t ! b[ 0 a weapon ( (f5ce among ! nations ( antiquity1 ! inhabitants ( ,asia & ,africa1 & ! ,aborig9es ( ?is c\ntry1 & t x 0 us$ 9 ,europe1 be=e ! inv5tion or use ( fire-arms1 are facts1 ( :i* we h abundant pro(4 ,b[s are mu* ! same 9 all c\ntries4 ,x has g5]ally two inflections or b5d+s1 betwe5 :i*1 9 ! place :]e ! arr[ is drawn1 is a "r l9e4 ,! ,grecian b[ 0 adorn$ ) gold or silv]4 ,! ,scy?ian b[ 0 di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! ,grecians & o!r nations1 by its incurvation1 :i* 0 s great1 z to =m a half moon1 or semi-circle4 ,! ,p]sian b[s 7 made ( re$4 ,! ,indians us$ ! same mat]ial1 z well = _! b[s z _! arr[s4 ,! ,lycian b[s 7 made ( ! cornel tree2 & ^? ( ! ,e?iopians1 :i* surpass$ all o!rs 9 magnitude1 7 made ( ! palm tree4 ,! ,romans1 al?\gh !y did n admit b[s 9 ! infancy ( _! republic2 yet !y consid]$ !m z ho/ile weapons4 ,!y employ$ auxili>y ar*]s 9 all _! w>s4 ,! ,amazonians1 z well z ! primitive ,grecians1 9 draw+ _! b[1 did n pull back _! h& t[>ds _! "r e>1 accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ! anci5t ,p]sians1 & ( mod]n ages2 b1 plac+ _! b[ directly be=e !m1 return$ _! h& ^u _! "r brea/4 ,:ile notic+ ?is subject1 we may also obs]ve1 t ,l\is ,,xi fir/ aboli%$ ! use ( b[s 9 ,france1 introduc+1 9 _! place1 ! halb]d1 pike1 & broadsword4 ,! long b[ 0 mu* 9 use by ! ,engli% ar*]s1 & _m laws 7 pass$ enc\rag+ its use4 ,9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 ! p>liam5t compla9$ ( ! disuse ( long b[s4 ,! b[ is n[ laid aside altoge!r z a w> weapon4 ,! arr[s1 made use (1 7 arm$ ) b>b$ iron1 &1 among ! aborig9es ( ?is & o!r c\ntries1 ) a /one1 =m$ 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 _m ( :i* are pick$ up 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we h f\nd !m at ,we/ ,po9t4 ,! natives 7 9 ! habit ( poison+ _! arr[s1 by us+ a p>ticul> composition1 n kn[n2 ! effect ( :i*1 h[ev]1 :5 ! arr[ p5etrat$ into ! fle%1 is always de/ructive4 ,roggewe91 7,voyage = ! ,discov]y ( ,s\!rn ,l&s7 speak+ ( ,batavia1 obs]ves1 t1 at ?is place1 !re are "s ( ! ,macass>s1 s fam\s = _! little poison$ arr[s1 :i* !y bl[ ?r\gh a trunk4 ,?is poison is ! juice ( a tree1 t gr[s 9 ,macass>1 & 9 ! ,b\gie isl&s4 ,!y dip ! po9ts ( _! arr[s 9 ?is juice1 & !n let !m dry4 ,! w\nd !y give is mortal4 ,! natives ( ,ceylon are v dext]\s ) ! b[ & arr[2 s also are ! ,hott5tots1 accord+ to ,kolb51 9 8 ,voyage to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,a ,hott5tot arr[ consi/s ( a small tap]+ /ick or cane1 ( ab\t a foot & a half 9 l5g?1 po9t$ ) a small ?9 piece ( iron be>d$1 & jo9$ to ! /ick or cane by a b>rel4 ,_! b[s are made ( olive1 or iron wood1 & ! /r+s1 ( ! s9ews & entrails ( bea/s4 ,:5 !y attack a lion1 tig]1 or leop>d1 :i* !y d ) wond]ful resolution & dext]ity1 !y employ sl+s 7hassagayes7 & arr[s1 :i* = t purpose are usually poison$4 ,ellis 7,voyage = ! ,discov]y ( a ,nor?-,we/ ,passage7 speaks ( ! b[s & arr[s ( ! ,eskimaux ,indians1 & ! facility ) :i* !y use !m1 b n ( poison$ arr[s4 ,moore1 7,travels into ! int]ior ( ,africa7 obs]ves1 t a native took him to 8 h\se1 & %[$ him a great numb] ( arr[s1 daub$ ov] ) a black mixture1 said to be s v5om\s1 t1 if ! arr[ did b draw blood1 x w\ld be mortal1 unless ! p]son :o made ! mixture _h a m9d to cure x4 ,= ! man obs]v$ to him1 t !re 7 no poison\s h]bs1 ^: effects might n be prev5t$ by ! application ( o!r h]bs4 ,poison$ arr[s1 accord+ to v>i\s hi/orians1 7 us$ 9 ! remote/ p]iods ( antiquity4 ,! mode ( treat+ w\nds 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 by us+ membrane l ! pres5t gold-beat]s' sk91 may be m5tion$ 9 relation to ?is circum/ance4 ,! ,emp]or1 ,john ,comm5us1 accid5tally w\nd$ himself 9 ! h& ) a poison$ arr[1 :ile hunt+1 & appli$ a piece ( sk9 to ! w\nd4 ,! emp]or1 h[ev]1 di$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! w\nd1 aft] x _h become inflam$ "u ! pellicle2 :i*1 9 l>ge w\nds1 & :5 ! sk9 is suff]$ to rema9 too long1 is commonly ! case1 ?\gh ! poison alone we are in=m$1 w\ld h be5 a suffici5t cause ( dea?4 ,o!r in/ances are also m5tion$ ( dea? be+ occasion$ by ! poison$ arr[4 ,on ! subject ( poison$ arr[s1 ! foll[+ outl9e is giv5 on ! au?ority ( ! au?or ( ! ,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ej4 ,! juice ( ! ,manc5ili]1 or ! ,lianes des ,m>ais1 call$ 9 ,guyanne ,cur>e1 is employ$ by "s savages4 ,! ,arabs use ! juice ( a milky %rub1 :i* !y "n *>k1 & call$ by ! ,p]sians gulbut sam\r4 ,indian arr[s are said to be poison$ ) ! v5om ( s]p5ts4 ,! isl&]s ( ,java rub _! d>ts ) ! blood & v5om ( ! liz>d ,gecko1 :i* !y kill by :ipp+ x to dea?4 ,! ne$les ( ! ,macass>s1 !y poison ) ! juice ( a tree1 :i* is said to belong to ! ah\ai ( ,am]ica4 ,at ,ceylon !y extract ! v5om\s matt] f ! ,n]ium1 or laurel rose4 ,! anci5t ,gauls are said by ,m4 ,paw to h poison$ _! arms ) ! juice ( ! ,caprisigui]4 ,9 "s cantons ( ! ,pyr5ees & ,alps1 !y express ! juice ( ! roots ( ! ,aconitum1 7?ora71 :i* !y put on weapons4 ,m4 ,*>les ,coqueb]t1 9 a memoir read to ! ,philomatic ,society1 9 #agih1 obs]ves1 t ! anci5t ,european inhabitants employ$ ?ree plants to poison _! arr[s2 namely1 ,v]atrum album1 ,helleborus viridis1 & ,aconitum ,lysocitonum4 ,!re h be5 obta9$ f ! ,society ,isl&s "s poison$ arr[s1 & a pot ( ! composition1 9 :i* !y are dipp$4 ,x has ! appe>ance ( a black fluid extract1 & seems to be an infusion or decoction ( "s plants1 probably mix$ ) o!r sub/ances4 ,) respect to ! poisons obta9$ f ! animal k+dom1 !y are pr9cipally liquid juices4 ,fontana1 9 p>ticul>1 has paid att5tion to ?is subject4 ,! poison ( ! vip]1 :i* is conta9$ 9 two small vesicles ( ! m\?1 :5 ! animal bites1 is =c$1 ?r\gh ! fangs1 into ! w\nd4 ,if ! vesicles be extract$1 or ! liquor prev5t$ f fl[+ into ! w\nd1 ! bite is h>mless4 ,%>p in/rum5ts1 z arr[s1 :5 !y p5etrate ! sk91 be+ cov]$ ) ! poison1 w h ! same effect4 ,fontana made a set ( exp]im5ts on ! dry poison ( ! vip]1 & a simil> set on gum arabic1 & obta9$ ! same results6 ,small birds & quadrup$s die imm$iately1 :5 !y are bitt5 by a vip]2 b to a man1 ! bite is n always fatal4 ,! exp]im5ts & obs]vations ( ,franc9i1 7,abridg4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ii1 #h17 ,mead1 7,on ,poisons1 p4 #ce17 ,tyson1 7,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 xii17 ,fontana1 ,r$i1 ,russel1 ! late ,dr4 ,ramsay1 ( ,*>le/on1 7,phil4 ,mag4 xvii1 #abe17 & ,dr4 ,b4 ,s4 ,b>ton1 7,am]4 ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 ii1 p4 #ajj17 furni% an abundance ( facts on ! v5om ( ! vip]1 & "s on ! antidotes to ! bite4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,g4 ,gr51 late pr(essor at ,halle1 9 ,saxony1 7,pr9ciples ( ,mod]n ,*emi/ry1 ii1 p4 #dg71 obs]ves1 9 speak+ ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,fontana1 z ! poison ( ! vip] exhibits all ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( gum1 :e!r ! gum be m]ely ! vehicle ( a peculi> v5om\s sub/ance1 :i*1 ^u inve/igation1 escapes ! notice ( ! s5ses8 or :e!r ?is action ^u liv+ bodies1 s diff]5t f its usual nature1 be imp>t$ to ! gum1 m]ely by a *ange 9 ! proportions ( its radicals1 s slight z to be unobs]vable 9 its *emical analysis8 ,mr4 ,misson 7,travels ?r\gh ,g]many & ,italy7 obs]ves1 t1 at ! ars5al at ,v5ice1 he saw "s pocket cross b[s1 & /eel arr[s1 ) :i* ! late "l ( ,padua us$ to kill su* z pass$ by1 )\t _! kn[+ f :5ce !y receiv$ _! w\nds4 ,arr[s 7 sometimes employ$ by ! ,grecians1 = convey+ _! ,greek fire4 ,x seems1 accord+ to ,gibbon1 7,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 vol4 vii1 #bhd71 t1 among ! diff]5t means ( dis*>g+ x1 t ) ! b[ & arr[ 0 "o4 ,= ?is purpose1 flax or t[ 0 dipp$ 9 ! composition1 & wrapp$ r\nd ! arr[1 :i* 0 dis*>g$ ! mom5t x 0 inflam$4 ,! ,indians1 & ,africans 9 p>ticul>1 h be5 v +5i\s 9 poison+ sev]al k9ds ( w>like in/rum5ts4 ,! blades ( swords1 ! b>bs ( arr[s1 balls1 c4 !y h prep>$ 9 su* a way1 z to be extremely poison\s4#dc ,see ,poison$ ,ball4 ,) respect to inc5di>y arr[s1 x w be suffici5t to rem>k1 t ! b>b1 = ?is purpose1 0 furni%$ ) a composition1 :i*1 :5 inflam$1 0 project$ by ! b[ to ! spot design$ to be set on fire4 ,!y 7 n mu* employ$1 & at ! pres5t day1 are entirely out ( use4 ,t[1 = in/ance1 previ\sly prep>$ ) pit*1 meal-p[d]1 & turp5t9e1 or a composition equally combu/ible1 :5 wrapp$ r\nd ! head ( an arr[1 & ?r[n at ! mom5t ( its inflammation1 w\ld1 9 _m cases1 set fire to build+s4 ,b1 z ! pres5t sy/em ( employ+ inc5di>y fire-works1 pres5ts advantages decid$ly 9 its fav\r1 x is h>dly probable1 t ! b[ & arr[ w ev] be employ$ by civiliz$ nations = t purpose4 ,! anci5t catapulta 0 p>ticul>ly calculat$ = ?r[+ inc5di>y compositions4 ,! catapulta 0 an eng9e1 contriv$ = ?r[+ arr[s1 d>ts1 & /ones1 ^u ! enemy4 ,_! p[] 0 s great1 t !y w\ld project a /one ( a hundr$ weight ) an almo/ incr$ible =ce4 ,josephus1 9 notic+ ?is ma*9e1 says1 t ! /ones ?r[n out ( x1 beat d[n ! battlem5ts1 knock$ (f ! angles ( ! t[]s1 & _h a =ce suffici5t to level a deep file ( soldi]s4 ,sec4 ,,xli4 ,( ,pyrote*nical ,sponge4 ,?is "n is appli$ to ! ,g]man black mat*1 or t9d]1 us$ *iefly to receive ! file f fl9t & /eel4 ,we h1 on a =m] occasion1 notic$ ! prep>ation ( ! sub/ance call$ spunk2 namely1 by imm]s+ ! fungus 9 a solution ( saltpetre1 & !n dry+ x4 ,!re are v>i\s species ( ag>ic4 ,! mu%room is a g5us belong+ to ! ord] ,fungi1 & ! boletus igni>ius1 spunk1 or t\*-wood1 call$ also female ag>ic1 is employ$1 n only z a mat*1 b z a /yptic4 ,! fung\s excresc5ces1 :i* gr[ ^u old oaks1 a% trees1 firs1 c4 are all us$ = ! same purpose4 ,! ,g]mans take ! s(t inn] sub/ance 9 pref]5ce to ! h>d1 & aft] beat+ ) a hamm] to r5d] x /ill s(t]1 !y boil x 9 ley1 !n dry x1 & boil x aga91 9 a solution ( nitrate ( potassa1 & f9ally dry x 9 an ov5 = use4 ,! amad\ ( ! ,fr5*1 is ! same z our spunk1 or pyrote*nical sponge4 ,x is always made1 l ! latt]1 f v>i\s k9ds ( ag>ic1 :i* con/itute ! spongy excresc5ce ( trees4 ,! ,fr5* prep>e x = use 9 ! mann] be=e /at$4 ,!y prep>e amad\1 also1 by soak+ blue pap] 9 a solution ( nitre4 ,!y sometimes employ x 9 ! /ate ( t9d]1 &1 = ?is purpose1 burn x to a coal4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 !re is a :ite spongy plant1 :i*1 :5 r$uc$ to a k9d ( *>coal1 furni%es a v good t9d]4 ,spunk1 or pyrote*nical sponge1 is g5]ally made 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ord9>y t9d]1 ! be/ mode ( c>boniz+ ! old l951 in/ead ( burn+ & !n smo!r+ ! flame1 is to *> ! rags 9 close iron vessels4 ,x may be made m quick by soak+ x 9 a solution ( nitre1 & !n dry+ x4 ,dry turf1 or peat1 is susceptible ( inflammation by ! sp>k1 &1 if previ\sly soak$ 9 a solution ( nitre1 ! effect1 we are told1 is mu* ! same z ) spunk4 ,pr(essor ,beckman 7,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions1 i1 p4 #ccc71 rem>ks1 t a sp>k fall+ accid5tally on a turf moor1 dur+ a dry summ]1 (t5 sets x on fire2 & ! conflagration x occasions1 (t5 la/s s long1 t x _c escape notice4 ,( ! e>? tak+ fire 9 ?is mann]1 !re are _m in/ances to be f\nd 9 ! anci5ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable1 is t m5tion$ by ,tacitus1 7,annal41 lib4 xiii1 cap4 #eg71 :o relates1 t n long aft] ! build+ ( ! city ( ,cologne1 ! neighb\r+ l& took fire1 & burn$ 9 su* a mann]1 t ! corn1 villages1 & e production ( ! fields1 7 de/roy$ by ! flames1 :i* advanc$ ev5 to ! walls ( ! city4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly a morass set on fire4 ,gmel9 7,travels 9 ,russia1 #agfh-fi1 vol4 i1 p4 #bb7 speaks ( a morass 9 ,sib]ia1 :]e a village 0 erect$1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its situation1 ! inhabitants des]t$4 ,?is morass 0 set on fire1 & :5 he 0 !re1 _h be5 burn+ = m ?an six mon?s2 & be+ v inflammable1 produc$ mu* deva/ation4 ,turf1 :i* consi/s ( a cong]ies ( vegetable roots or fibres1 p>tly 9 a dry & decompos$ /ate1 or p>tly c>boniz$1 :5 sep>at$ f e>?y matt]1 & treat$ 9 ! same mann] z ! m$ull>y excresc5ce ( wood1 may be advantage\sly employ$ 9 l mann]2 b x is to be rem>k$1 t = ?is purpose1 ! small & m friable1 & consequ5tly ! m decompos$ "p1 %\ld be pref]r$4 ,t turf1 or peat1 has be5 us$ = fuel1 f "t immemorial1 !re c be no d\bt2 s9ce x is furni%$ 9 "s c\ntries v abundantly1 & its inflammability has be5 long kn[n4 ,sec4 ,,xlii4 ,( ,ext+ui%+ ,flame ) ,fir$ ,gunp[d]4 ,! diff]5t me?ods = ext+ui%+ fire 9 *imnies1 by us+ salt1 sulphur1 c4 to smo!r ! flame1 z x is call$1 dep5d on "o pr9ciple1 t ( produc+ ei!r a gas or vap\r1 :i* supplies ! place ( atmosph]ic air1 & z x is a non-support] ( combu/ion1 ext+ui%es ! flame4 ,c>bonic acid gas w\ld h ! same effect z ! sulphur\s acid gas1 produc$ by ! combu/ion ( sulphur1 or ! vap\r ( salt4 ,s long1 h[ev]1 z ! air is p]mitt$ to h a draught1 ! fire w cont9ue to burn2 & h5ce1 )\t mak+ any rem>ks on ! bur/+ ( *imnies1 by clos+ all ! av5ues1 by :i* ! air ent]s1 z ! fire mu/ ex]t a lat]al pressure1 ?is plan is g5]ally adopt$4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 & 9 fact ! sugge/ion is by no means new1 t ! smoke ( fir$ gunp[d] w\ld ext+ui% flame4 ,"s recomm5d fir+ a pi/ol up a *imney = ?is purpose1 & o!rs aga91 ?r[+ gunp[d] into ! fire4 ,9 ! ,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie1 iii1 p4 #ca1 ,i f9d "s rem>ks on ?is subject4 ,besides ! use ( gunp[d]1 ! vap\r ( wat] is recomm5d$2 b hav+ "s objections1 among :i*1 t ( accel]at+ ! curr5t ( air 9 p>ticul>1 x is laid aside4 ,int]cept+ ! passage ( air seems to be pref]r$4 ,x appe>s1 t ! p]son1 :o fir/ sugge/$ ! use ( gunp[d] = ?is purpose1 0 a ,za*>iah ,greyl1 ( ,augsburgh1 9 #agbj4 ,! effect 0 attribut$ to ! vap\r ( ! gunp[d] de/roy+ ! ela/icity ( ! air2 & ! same effect is said to take place :5 ! vap\r ( sulphur1 or ( volatile acids1 is employ$4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add1 t ?is conclusion1 ( ! dim9ution ( ! ela/icity ( ! air1 on :i* dep5ds its fitness = combu/ion1 7accord+ to ! !ory !n advanc$71 is altoge!r hypo!tical2 & ! cause ( ! ext9ction ( ! flame1 mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! sub/ances !mselves1 produc+ an atmosph]e1 :i* is decid$ly a non-support] ( combu/ion4 ,! ,j\rnal de ,p>is = #aghe1 & ! ,affi*es de ,prov9ce ( ! same ye>1 recomm5d ! use ( brim/one4 ,9 ! same "w1 page #ded1 x is said1 t m>9e salt is employ$ ) success = ! ext+ui%+ ( fires2 & t1 :5 a c]ta9 quantity is ?r[n ^u ! fire1 x evaporates 9 an in/ant1 & displaces1 by its fumes1 ! atmosph]ic air4 ,9 #agbc1 ,m4 ,h(f] inv5t$ 8 ma*9e2 & 9 #agha1 ,m4 ,cadet de ,vaux made "s exp]im5ts be=e ,l]oy1 ,lavoisi]1 & ,macqu]1 on ! means ( r5d]+ bodies incombu/ible by sal9e sub/ances1 & diff]5t modes ( ext+ui%+ flame4 ,9 #agbb1 ! ,g]mans ann\nc$1 t1 by means ( a c]ta9 quantity ( gunp[d]1 flame at all times might be ext+ui%$4 ,! secret1 = su* x 0 !n consid]$1 has be5 reviv$2 = ! same plan has lately be5 recomm5d$ by a mod]n writ]4 ,m4 de ,reaumur communicat$ to ! ,fr5* academy1 an acc\nt ( ?is contrivance1 by :i* x appe>s1 t ! ma*9e 0 a l>ge box1 or cask1 t conta9$ a l>ge quantity ( wat]2 9 ! c5tre ( :i*1 0 plac$ a case ( %eet t91 conta9+ "s p\nds ( cannon p[d]4 ,to ?is 0 atta*$ a fuse4 ,:5 x 0 inflam$1 ! gunp[d] w\ld bur/ ! vessel1 & disp]se ! wat] 9 e direction4 ,see ! ,j\rnal des ,savants1 #agbe1 p4 #fga4 ,9 ! ,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie1 a prompt & c]ta9 me?od is recomm5d$ = clean+ ! tunnel ( *imnies4 ,?is is r a novel plan4 ,( its efficacy we "k no?+4 ,x consi/s 9 tak+ a p[d]1 compos$ ( ?ree p>ts ( saltpetre1 two p>ts ( salt ( t>t>1 & "o "p ( fl[]s ( sulphur1 7or fulm9at+ p[d]71 & explod+ x on a %ovel up ! *imney4 ,! explosion inde$ may deta* ! loose pieces ( soot2 b x _c remove ! h>d] cru/1 & besides1 x w\ld endang] ! *imney tak+ fire4 ,we "k t v>i\s contrivances h be5 us$ = ! same purpose2 & ( ! *imney cleans+ ma*9es1 calculat$ to dim9i% ! numb] ( infant victims ( a fil?y & disgu/+ op]ation1 t ( ,mr4 ,sm>t appe>s to possess e advantage1 :i* 7or a plan simil> to x7 is n[ 9 use 9 our cities4 ,a description ( ?is ma*9e1 & ano!r by ,hornbl[]1 are giv5 9 ,gregory's ,me*anics1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ach4 ,! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,hornbl[] consi/s ( a vessel1 into :i* air is cond5s$1 t communicates ) a tube1 *>g$ ) small gravel1 :i* be+ bl[n up ! *imney1 br+s d[n ! soot4 ,sec4 ,,xliii4 ,( ! ,inflammable ,d>t4 ,?is d>t is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,we take a common rocket case1 ( "o in* ext]ior diamet]1 & *>ge x solid ) ! ord9>y rocket composition4 ,"s use "o spoonful ( e>?1 & ?ree spoonfuls ( ! composition = fire lances1 pi]c+ ! case1 & atta*+ a quick mat*4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 appe>s altoge!r unnecess>y1 z ! rocket composition is suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,! mat*1 9 ei!r case1 is fix$ 9 ! end to set x (f4 ,to ! end ( ! case is atta*$ a d>t1 made ( iron1 & v %>p4 ,?is d>t is secur$ 9 ! head1 9 su* a mann] z to be kept firm4 ,a /ick is !n la%$ to ! case 9 ! usual way4 ,x may be s5t 9 ! direction requir$4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t1 al?\gh x is calculat$ to be ?r[n on an enemy1 x has n be5 mu* us$2 nor c x be consid]$ an active weapon1 comp>$ ) o!rs1 employ$ = simil> purposes4 ,"o use = :i* x is recomm5d$1 is = ! def5ce ( build+s4 ,sec4 ,,xliv4 ,( ! ,firebr&4 ,! b\te-feu ( ! ,fr5*1 :i* we h translat$ into firebr&1 z ! mo/ appropriate t]m 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 is us$ z an inc5di>y1 & is no?+ m ?an a long /ick1 furni%$ at "o ( its ends ) two iron prongs1 ) sometimes ! figure ( a dragon's head1 on :i* is roll$ ?ick rope1 previ\sly prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z t\rteaux4 ,"o end ( ?is rope passes betwe5 ! iron prongs4 ,! b\te-feu is calculat$ to set fire to build+s1 c4 aft] ! retreat ( an enemy4 ,x is only a conv5i5t & exp$iti\s mode ( communicat+ fire4 ,"o end ( ! /ick is po9t$1 & usually cov]$ ) iron1 s z to /ick 9 ! gr\nd4 ,sec4 ,,xlv4 ,( ! ,fire ,flask4 ,! fire flask1 or fire bottle1 is a bottle1 ei!r squ>e or r\nd1 & *>g$ ) gra9-p[d]1 mix$ ) fire-/one1 :i* is introduc$ & compress$ ) a /ick4 ,! bottle is !n cov]$ ) a clo?1 sew$ on x1 :i* is coat$ ) pit*4 ,! m\? is secur$ ) p>*m5t4 ,:5 us$1 a mat* is ins]t$1 & inflam$4 ,x is !n ?r[n by ! h&4 ,sec4 ,,xlvi4 ,( ! ,trompe-,r\te4 ,! trompe-r\te ( ! ,fr5* is a light made use ( at sea1 to deceive ! enemy4 ,x is no?+ m ?an a common fire lance1 "o in* 9 diamet]1 & twelve in*es long1 fix$ 9 ! c5tre ( a r\nd plank1 :i*1 :5 light$1 is let d[n ^u ! wat]4 ,z x floats f ! %ip1 ! lights ( ! latt] be+ d>k5$1 ! enemy1 9 pursuit1 w foll[ ! light1 & by ?is means ! %ip escapes4 ,sec4 ,,xlvii4 ,( ,fire-,pots = ,ramp>ts4 ,ramp>t fire-pots are us$1 :5 an enemy approa*es a "w4 ,!y are furni%$ ) gra9-p[d]1 & *>g$ gr5ades )\t fuses1 & sometimes also ) fire /one4 ,! pots are ord9>y pott]s' w>e1 &1 :5 !y conta9 ! +r$i5ts1 are cov]$ ) p>*m5t4 ,a mat* passes ?r\gh ! op5+ ( ! pot1 & :5 us$1 is inflam$ ) a port-fire4 ,! foll[+ composition is also us$ = ramp>t pots4 ,composition = ,ramp>t ,fire-,pots4 ,saltpetre1 #ab p>ts4 ,meal-p[d]1 #ab ---- ,sulphur1 #d ---- ,antimony1 #d ---- ,^! +r$i5ts are mix$ 9 a mort> ) ! oil ( petroleum1 or1 if ?is _c be _h1 good sp]maceti oil1 & made into a ?ick pa/e1 ab\t ! consi/5ce ( d\gh1 & !n roll$ into balls4 ,! pots g5]ally hold two r[s ( ^! balls1 di/ribut+ ?r\gh !m gra9$ p[d]4 ,!y are !n f9i%$ by us+ fire /one composition1 beat5 into pieces1 & mix$ ) an equal quantity ( gra9$ p[d]1 & cov]$ ) meal-p[d] to facilitate ! inflammation4 ,! pots are cov]$ ov] ) p>*m5t1 z 9 ! =m] case4 ,x is d\btful1 :e!r fire pots1 prep>$ 9 ?is way1 h any advantages ov] ^?1 made 9 ! mann] fir/ describ$4 ,z to ! %ape ( fire-pots1 "s are cyl9drical1 & o!rs ( ! common figure4 ,sometimes !y are furni%$ ) an iron hoop1 ) a hook ( iron1 by :i* !y are susp5d$4 ,!y are us$1 :5 equipp$ 9 t way1 m = sea s]vice1 z a def5ce aga9/ small boats4 ,!y are hung ov] ! side ( ! vessel1 s z to come 9 contact ) ! boats4 ,:5 design$ 9 p>ticul> = t use1 !y are *>g$ ) ! foll[+ composition3 ,composition = ,fire-,pots1 = sea s]vice4 ,gra9$ p[d]1 #f lbs4 ,meal-p[d]1 #b -- ,saltpetre1 #a -- ,sulphur1 -- ,*>coal1 #aj oz4 ,) ?is composition1 gr5ades are us$1 :i* are put into ! pot ) p[d]1 fire-/one1 c4 & a mat* is fix$ z be=e m5tion$4 ,we are told1 t fire-pots1 prep>$ 9 ?is mann]1 are a def5sive1 z well z a dang]\s weapon1 & t a vessel 9 ! ,indian seas 0 actually sav$ by !m1 :5 attack$ by pirates4 ,x appe>s1 t %e endeav\r$ to escape f h] pursu]s1 & f9d+ x 9 va91 ! crew ?\ght ( mak+1 & employ+ fire-pots1 = _! def5ce2 z ! numb] ( ! pirates 0 great] ?an _! own crew4 ,! effect 01 t1 n expect+ t k9d ( reception1 !y 7 oblig$ to ab&on _! ent]prize4 ,!re is an inc5di>y fire-pot1 :i* diff]s f t us$ 9 fire-works = exhibition1 by be+ made ( copp] & v /\t4 ,x is *>g$ ) pieces ( fire-/one1 previ\sly roll$ 9 a pa/e ( meal-p[d] & br&y4 ,a *>ge ( p[d] is put 9 ! pot1 & quick-mat* is fix$1 :i* mu/ be suffici5tly long to hang ov] ! pot1 & !n ! fire-/one is ?r[n 94 ,:5 ! mat* is inflam$1 ! p[d] takes fire1 & disp]ses ! fire-/one4 ,! bett] plan is to h a communication to ! p[d] bel[1 z 9 ! pots ( ordnance1 or mort>s = ?r[+ fire-balloons4 ,we see no p>ticul> advantage to be d]iv$ f ! use ( ?is pot2 z a c>cass or fire-ball1 ?r[n out ( a mort>1 w d m execution1 & at a great] di/ance ?an any ( ^! contrivances4 ,! c>cass rocket1 h[ev]1 may be an exception1 if we believe ! acc\nt we h ( x4 ,z an inc5di>y1 ! fire-/one1 put 9 a %ell ) p[d]1 is m effectual ?an ! fire-pot1 we h j describ$4 ,sec4 ,,xlviii4 ,( ,inflammable ,balls4 ,c\nt ,rum=d 7,biblio?que ,physico-,economique1 #ahab7 has inv5t$ a composition1 :i* is v inflammable1 &1 z x is us$ 9 balls1 is = t reason s call$4 ,equal p>ts ( clay1 pitcoal1 & *>coal ( wood1 are mix$ toge!r1 7hav+ previ\sly r$uc$ !m to p[d]71 & made into a consi/5ce ) wat] fit to roll into balls4 ,^! balls are !n dri$ = use4 ,!y may be r5d]$ m inflammable1 by soak+ !m 9 a /rong solution ( saltpetre4 ,c\nt ,rum=d1 :5 he recomm5d$ ! use ( clay ) coal1 0 aw>e1 t1 9 ! combu/ion ( coal1 a consid]able "p ( ! heat 0 lo/2 :]eas1 al?\gh clay is incombu/ible1 a great] "p ( ?is heat is reta9$ by ! clay1 & giv5 out gradually4 ,! inflammable ball may be consid]$ m 9 ! "* ( an economical fuel ?an 9 any o!r4 ,! only inconv5i5ce att5d+ ^! balls is1 t1 :5 prep>$ )\t nitre1 :i* mu/ add to ! exp5se1 !y d n readily inflame2 &1 !re=e1 a fire mu/ fir/ be k9dl$1 be=e !y are us$4 ,:ile notic+ ! use ( clay 9 ?is mann]1 we may rem>k1 t ! economical brick1 z x is call$1 is made ne>ly 9 ! same way4 ,two p>ts ( clay1 sep>at$ f /ones1 are mix$ ) "o "p ( pitcoal4 ,aft] ! fire is k9dl$1 ! coal burns 9 ! same mann]1 & ! clay bakes4 ,ano!r composition is giv5 9 ! ,biblio?que ,physico-,economique1 = ,m>*1 #ahab4 ,x is compos$ ( pott]s' clay1 c[ dung1 /reet dirt1 saw-du/ ( wood1 turf1 horse dung1 /raw1 & tan4 ,besides ^!1 pit*1 t>1 oils1 & o!r combu/ible sub/ances1 are occasionally us$1 ei!r ) ! above1 or mix$ ) pitcoal 9 p[d]4 ,obs]vations on ?is prep>ation may be se5 9 ! "w quot$1 or 9 ! ,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 v1 p4 #acg4 ,sec4 ,,xlix4 ,( ,pauly's ,inflammable ,p[d]4 ,we m5tion$1 9 a note to ! article on guns1 t ,m4 ,pauly _h inv5t$ a musket1 or f[l+ piece1 :i* 0 dis*>g$ by p]cussion1 in/ead ( fl9t & /eel1 by us+ a prim+ p[d] made ( *lorate ( potassa4 ,x may be prop]1 h[ev]1 to /ate1 t ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,=sy? made use ( a simil> p[d]1 & = ! same purpose1 _m ye>s ago1 ( :i* we h already spok54 ,m4 ,!n>d also has giv5 a =mula = a prep>ation ( a simil> p[d]4 ,a description ( ,m4 ,pauly's improvem5t may be se5 9 ! ,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 = #ahab1 p4 #aeh1 & 9 t ( #ahad1 p4 #agd1 :]e ! composition ( ! p[d] is notic$2 & also 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit d',enc\ragem5t1 = #ahad4 ,?is p[d] is compos$ z foll[s3 ,*lorate1 or hyp]oxymuriate ( potassa #h oz4 ,fl[]s ( sulphur #c -- ,*>coal ( light wood #b -- ,!y are mix$ toge!r ) ,cologne wat]1 or 9 its place ) br&y1 to :i* a small quantity ( ! solution ( gum arabic is add$4 ,! +r$i5ts mu/ be made z f9e z possible1 & intimately bl5d$ toge!r4 ,?is p[d] may be inflam$ by a hamm]1 or by ! cond5sation ( air 9 a pi/on1 a mode recomm5d$ by ,pauly4 ,we h se5 a f[l+-piece1 con/ruct$ accord+ to ,m4 ,pauly's plan1 & also ! prim+ p[d] us$4 ,sec4 ,l4 ,( ,extemporane\s ,fire4 ,!re are sev]al prep>ations1 :i* h ! effect ( produc+ fire ei!r by friction1 or *emical action4 ,"s ( ^! prep>ations1 we h notic$4 ,! causes ( spontane\s combu/ion may be ref]r$ to *emical decomposition1 & ! *ange ( quiesc5t into di/ributable heat4 ,we rem>k$1 t a mixture ( *lorate ( potassa & sug> is inflam$1 :5 br\ght 9 contact ) sulphuric acid2 t1 9 ! slak+ ( quicklime1 ! heat is suffici5t to inflame oils2 t pyrites by decomposition v frequ5tly sets fire to combu/ible bodies2 t oil ( turp5t9e is inflam$ by nitric acid2 t pyrophorus1 :5 expos$ to ! air1 takes fire1 & also phosphorus by slight friction2 & t1 9 all cases ( combu/ion1 ei!r friction1 an increase ( temp]ature1 or ! action ( "s body1 :i* is br\ght 9 contact1 are necess>y to produce ! effect4 ,wat]1 :5 add$ to "s sub/ances & prep>ations1 w produce fire4 ,?us potassium readily decomposes x1 & ! potassurett$ hydrog5 gas1 :i* is produc$ 9 flames4 ,! same may be said ( phosphuret ( lime & wat]2 = ! phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas inflames1 :5 x comes to ! air4 ,on "s occasions1 ^! sub/ances may be employ$ z inc5di>ies4 ,hanzelet rem>ks1 t ! foll[+ composition w produce inflammation ) wat]4 ,extemporane\s ,fire4 ,l9se$ ,oil #c lbs4 ,_s ( ,turp5t9e #a -- ,:ite ( egg -- ,quicklime #h -- ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ?is composition w h t effect2 al?\gh ! heat produc$ by ! slak+ ( quicklime is v consid]able1 &1 z we rem>k$1 spontane\s combu/ion1 9 sev]al in/ances1 has be5 ref]r$ to its ag5cy4 ,lime1 9 ! act ( slak+1 absorbs1 & *emically unites )1 wat]1 :i* becomes solidifi$1 conv]t+ x into a hydrate1 :il/ its lat5t caloric is set at lib]ty4 ,?is is a process1 :i* puts quiesc5t heat 9 motion1 to become di/ributable heat4 ,see ,introduction4 ,if ! quantity ( free caloric1 ?us g5]at$1 be suffici5t1 ! turp5t9e & oil w necess>ily inflame4 ,we may add1 !re=e1 t a rapid transition ( caloric1 f a lat5t to a free /ate1 z 9 combu/ion1 is all t is requir$ to produce effects ( ?is k9d2 &1 9 %ort1 all cases ( spontane\s combu/ion may be acc\nt$ = on ?is pr9ciple2 by consid]+ ! cause1 :i* acts 9 ^? in/ances s p[]fully1 & 9 "s in/ances in/antane\sly1 & :i* *anges caloric f a quiesc5t to a di/ributable /ate4 ,dr4 ,irv9e ref]s all cases ( combu/ion to a *ange 9 ! capacity ( bodies = caloric2 :i* dep5ds on ! nature ( ! products3 if !y h a great] capacity1 no flame ensues1 & ! caloric rema9s m or less quiesc5t2 if !y possess a less capacity1 flame is ! consequ5ce4 ,!re are exceptions to ?is doctr9e4 ,9 ! emission ( caloric1 ,dr4 ,black supposes1 t x is giv5 out1 9 consequ5ce ( ! result+ attraction ( ! new comp\nd = caloric be+ less ?an t ( its +r$i5ts1 :5 sep>ate4 ,m4 ,curad\ 7,j\rnal de ,physique1 #ahji7 obs]ves1 t1 9 prep>+ ! artificial /one1 "o-half ( :i* is compos$ ( wat]1 by mix+ "o "p ( sulphuric acid ) two p>ts ( clay1 & a suffici5t quantity ( wat]1 a high] temp]ature is produc$ ?an t ( boil+ wat]4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 we f9d t1 9 ! =mation ( sulphate ( alum9a1 :i* envelopes ! silica1 ! wat] is solidifi$1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 &1 :ile x =ms a solid sub/ance1 ! caloric ( fluidity is lib]at$4 ,! heat1 he rem>ks1 is sometimes s great z to set fire to inflammable sub/ances4 ,sec4 ,,li4 ,( ! ,indian ,:ite ,fire4 ,?is prep>ation 7feu blanc ,indi5 ( ! ,fr5*7 is describ$ 9 ! ,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 c4 vol4 ii1 p4 #cjj4 ,x appe>s1 t x 0 kept secret 9 ,france1 & 0 us$ by ! ,fr5* a/ronom]s = signals4 ,9 #ahjg1 ,m4 de ,za* publi%$ "s acc\nt ( x1 9 8 ,a/ronomical & ,geographical correspond5ce4 ,! case1 9 :i* ! composition is put1 is t5 in*es 9 diamet] & f\r 9 height2 b may be ( any size1 accord+ to ! quantity ( ! composition to be burnt1 & ! degree ( light requir$4 ,x 0 se5 #dj miles at sea4 ,g5]al ,ray light$1 on ! ,engli% coa/1 a case ( ?is fire1 :i* 0 se5 v di/9ctly on ! ,fr5* coa/4 ,composition ( ,:ite ,fire4 ,saltpetre #bd p>ts4 ,sulphur #g ---- ,r$ ars5ic #b ---- ,?is p[d] lights )\t explosion1 & illum9ates ) great brilliancy4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to brea! ! ,ars5ical vap\rs1 :i* are produc$ by ! combu/ion4 ,a case ( six in*es 9 diamet]1 & six in*es high1 burns ?ree m9utes4 ,! light is said to injure ! eyes4 ,! price ( ?is p[d] is equal to t ( ord9>y gunp[d]4 ,! mat*1 :i* accompanies ?is prep>ation :5 x is sold1 is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,pulv]ize f\r p>ts ( saltpetre1 two p>ts ( gunp[d]1 two p>ts ( *>coal1 & "o "p ( sulphur1 & pass !m ?r\gh a sieve4 ,provide !n a numb] ( pap] cases1 made 9 ! usual mann]1 or a roll]1 ab\t ! diamet] ( a quill1 & two feet 9 l5g?1 & *>ge ) ! composition4 ,?is mat*1 :5 us$1 is atta*$ to a /ick4 ,x w resi/ ! action bo? ( w9d & ra94 ,an artific] ( ,m>seilles proposes ! foll[+ composition = mat*es4 ,sulphur #h p>ts4 ,saltpetre #d ---- ,gunp[d] #b ---- ,sec4 ,,lii4 ,( ! ,pyrophore ( ,def5ce4 ,an app>atus = def5ce1 call$ ! ,pyrophore1 0 ann\nc$ 9 a ,fr5* publication 9 #ahae4 ,x may be appli$1 accord+ to ! au?or1 9 #bd h\rs = ! def5ce ( t[ns1 roads1 passages1 & defiles4 ,! pyrophore itself is a squ>e box furni%$ ) a lid1 & suffici5tly l>ge to conta9 fifty p\nds ( gunp[d]4 ,:5 x is fill$1 & to be us$1 x is fix$ ) cords1 or *a9s1 9 su* a mann] z to be convey$ to a giv5 po9t4 ,! lid is furni%$ ) cross pieces1 :i* op5 x :5 necess>y4 ,at ! sides ( ! box are r+s1 made v /rong & fix$ 9 bolts1 :i* g ?r\gh ! sides1 & cl5*$4 ,to ea* ( ^! r+s1 a cord or *a9 is atta*$1 furni%$ at ea* end ) a crot*et4 ,?is cord or *a9 runs ^u two fix$ pulleys1 plac$ = in/ance1 at ! two extremities ( a batt]y1 & is manag$ by artill]i/s4 ,! pyrophore is "u cov]4 ,:5 x is convey$ to a c]ta9 place1 :]e a b> or grate is fix$1 x is /opp$1 by ! contrivance be=e m5tion$1 ! lid is rais$1 & ! p[d] falls into a k9d ( funnel or gutt]1 at ! end ( :i* ! explosion is made1 to take effect4 ,x appe>s t ! inv5tor _h 9 view ! conveyance ( a giv5 quantity ( p[d] to a p>ticul> place1 & by c>ry+ a light to x by means ( a cord1 simil>ly fix$1 to inflame x1 :5 x _h arriv$ at its de/9ation4 ,x is impossible to make a ma*9e ( ?is k9d effective2 = ! difficulty 9 arrang+1 & f9ally manag+ x1 ! enemy tak+ means to gu>d aga9/ x1 are c]ta9ly ob/acles1 & /rong objections to its use4 ,o!r means ( def5ce1 :i* we h po9t$ out1 are pref]able2 al?\gh we admit1 t1 9 "s situations1 a contrivance ( ?is sort might be advantage\sly us$1 :]e1 = in/ance1 we wi% to deposite a quantity ( p[d]1 to be 9 read9ess = ! approa* ( an enemy1 )\t expos+ m5 to an attack4 ,:at is m de/ructive ?an ! ?und]+ b>rel1 :i* is furni%$ ) gr5ades1 c4 c4 if set (f among ! assailants8 ,see1 = a m9ute acc\nt ( ?is contrivance1 ! ,pyrophore1 ou ,moy5 de def5se gnrale1 p> un g>de national3 #bj pages gr& 9 #hvo4 avec un plan*e4 ,p>is ,dondey ,dupr1 #ahae1 & also ! ,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 tome #h4 p4 #bha4 ,,vocabul>y ,,( ,,fr5* ,,t]ms1 ,,:i* ,,occur ,,9 ,,! ,,"w4 ,aigremore4 ,pulv]iz$ *>coal1 prop] = fire-works4 ,aigrette4 ,an imitation 9 fire ( ! aigrette2 l ! aigrette ( glass4 ,ail]ons4 ,!y are us$ 9 mak+ rockets4 ,amad\4 ,a k9d ( t9d] made ) ag>ic4 ,ame4 ,?is is m p>ticul>ly us$ to express ! k9d ( "w1 put 9 ! head ( a rocket4 ,! t]m1 h[ev]1 is arbitr>y4 ,amorce4 ,prim+3 a pa/e ( p[d] & _s ( w9e4 ,arqu]4 ,a "n giv5 to a p>ticul> %ap$ case4 ,artifice1 feu d'4 ,fire-works2 artificial fire4 ,auget4 ,! wood5 tr\gh to conta9 ! saucisson1 :i* communicates fire to a m9e4 ,baguette4 ,a ramm]1 roll]1 =m]1 c4 ,baguette *>g]4 ,ramm]s or *>g]s1 pi]c$ ) holes 9 _! l5g?1 m or less1 to receive ! pi]c]4 ,!y are applicable to ! *>g+ ( rockets1 if !y are to be driv5 holl[2 if n1 solid ramm]s are employ$4 ,baguette feu4 ,f\gette2 ,ea/ ,indian rocket4 ,see page #ebi4 ,baguette r\l]4 ,a =m]1 on :i* ! pa/ebo>d or pap] is roll$1 9 =m+ cases = rockets1 port-fires1 c4 c4 ,baguette de fuse volante4 ,rocket /ick4 ,a /ick1 atta*$ to ! rocket1 be=e x is set (f4 ,baguette en massive4 ,rods or ramm]s1 :i* are n bor$4 ,bague susp5due aux c5dres d'un fil4 ,a r+ susp5d$ to ! a%es ( a ?read4 ,ballon4 ,balloon2 a bomb or %ell1 made ( pa/ebo>d1 :i* is ?r[n 9 ! air by means ( a mort>4 ,ballon bombes4 ,a l>ge globe1 fill$ ) bombs1 gr5ades1 c4 fir$ by means ( a fuse1 & ?r[n into ! works ( ! enemy4 ,ballon d',artifice4 ,a bomb1 or sph]ical case1 conta9+ sundry compositions4 ,ballons d'air4 ,air-,balloons4 ,ballons d'eau4 ,wat]-,balloons4 ,battage4 ,! process ( p\nd+1 gr9d+1 & mix+1 ) wat]1 ! ?ree sub/ances1 compos+ gunp[d]1 to r$uce !m to a prop] consi/5cy4 ,x is p]=m$ 9 wood5 mort>s1 ) wood5 pe/les1 furni%$ ) a brass box to agitate ! wat]4 ,! "t1 employ$ 9 ! battage 9 ,france1 is f #ad to #bb h\rs4 ,bateau-poisson4 ,a div+ boat4 ,billot *>g]4 ,a billot = *>g+2 us$ occasionally 9 ! place ( a mallet4 ,bote4 ,a species ( small mort>4 ,x is us$1 also1 to express a piece ( wood or pa/ebo>d1 us$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( "s fire-works4 ,bonnetage4 ,! cov]+ ( prim+ ov] a case1 or fuse4 ,b\ffes4 ,lit]ally puffs1 or bla/s3 9 ,pyrote*ny1 a k9d ( fire-works1 us$ 9 !atres1 to repres5t ! flames1 issu+ f gulfs1 or ! caves ( ,cyclops4 ,!y are also call$ ,cornets1 f _! resembl+ horns 9 _! %ape4 ,b\te feu4 ,l9t/ock4 ,b\ton4 ,! extremity ( ! culot is sometimes s call$4 ,br94 ,frame4 ,! frame on :i* are plac$ or fix$1 fire-pots1 saucissons1 c4 ,h5ce pots de ,br91 c4 ,c>ab or ,k>ab4 ,yell[ amb]4 ,c>te de ,m\lage4 ,means 9 g5]al1 ! pap] = cases4 ,*apiteau d'artifice4 ,conical head ( a rocket4 ,*asse4 ,*>ge ( gra9$ p[d] = mort>s1 c4 ,*evelure de feu4 ,a species ( furniture = rockets1 9 ! =m ( s]p5ts4 ,*el+ues4 ,a m>9e t]m4 ,a k9d ( flat bottom$ boat1 us$ on ! coa/ ( ,corom&el4 ,corde feu4 ,mat* rope4 ,sl[ mat*4 ,a mat* to pres]ve a small quantity ( fire4 ,c\rant94 ,a mess5g]1 runn]1 or fly+ dragon2 a rocket1 t flies along a rope or /r+4 ,see page #cde4 ,c\rant9 simple4 ,a l9e-rocket4 ,a rocket fix$ on a cord1 /ret*$ horizontally on :i* a rocket moves4 ,c\rant9 d\ble4 ,two l9e-rockets4 ,c\ri] pigeon4 ,c>ri] pigeon4 ,see page #dij4 ,culot4 ,bottom2 ! ?icke/ "p ( a %ell1 opposite to ! eye2 also call$ re9=cem5t4 ,! r\nd iron plate1 fix$ ^u ! sabot1 or %oe1 = canni/] %ot1 or at ! bottom ( ! canni/]1 to project ! %ot ) m =ce3--,! bottom1 or block1 :i* supports ! pi]c] & m\ld = *>g+ rockets1 7see plate1 fig4 #a73--,t "p ( a cannon c>tridge1 :i* rema9s 9 ! piece aft] fir+4 ,cam\flet4 ,a small f\gasse1 to act aga9/ ! enemy's m9]s1 :o are he>d at "w1 to suffocate !m & poison _! bran*4 ,dauph94 ,a fire-"w 9 wat]4 ,debonnet] une fuse4 ,! pap] cov]1 put ov] ! prim+ ( a fuse4 ,eaux de cuite4 ,lit]ally1 wat] ( boil+4 ,! /ronge/ lixivium obta9$ 9 extract+ nitre f pla/] rubbi%4 ,x mu/ m>k m ?an five degrees ( ,baum's areomet]1 & is call$ wat] ( boil+1 on acc\nt ( its be+ suffici5tly /rong1 to be imm$iately subject$ to boil+1 = fur!r conc5tration4 ,eaux =te4 ,lixivia f pla/] rubbi%1 :i* m>k betwe5 ?ree & five degrees ( ! areomet]4 ,eaux faibles4 ,lixivia f pla/] rubbi%1 ^: /r5g? is "u ?ree degrees ( ! areomet]4 ,eclair1 ou jet de flame4 ,sev]al fire-works are s call$ f _! effect4 ,eclatante4 ,a case *>g$ ) brilliant fire4 ,ep\ssetage4 ,! process ( sep>at+ ! du/ f gunp[d]2 also ( sep>at+ meal$ p[d]1 f t :i* is n r$uc$4 ,epr\vette4 ,gunp[d] tri]s3 an in/rum5t = prov+ gunp[d]4 ,etoile4 ,/>4 ,etoiles pet4 ,/>s :i* explode4 ,entonnoir4 ,! crat] or tunnel ( a m9e1 z =m$ by its explosion4 ,et\pille4 ,quick mat*1 lead]1 mat* ( communication2 cotton or ?read mix$ 9 a pa/e1 compos$ ( meal-p[d]1 spirits1 & a small portion ( gum4 ,etrangl]4 ,/rangl+2 *oak+4 ,! clos+ ( a case1 & ty+ x4 ,fanaux de ,m]4 ,%ip lights2--,beacons = vessels 9 ! night2--wat*-lights4 ,feu blanc ,indi54 ,*9ese fire4 ,feu brilliant4 ,a bright vivid fire4 ,?us ! fire1 produc$ by /eel & iron1 9 fire-works1 is d5om9at$ a brilliant fire4 ,feu commun4 ,common fire4 ,a fire produc$ by ! mixture ( p[d] & *>coal4 ,feu mort4 ,dead light2 dead fire4 ,see page #dhe4 ,feux de ,g\v]nem5t4 ,/ate or public fire-works4 ,filag]e4 ,! ?read us$ = /rangl+4 ,flamboyante4 ,a species ( rocket1 :i*1 f its effects 9 ! atmosph]e1 is call$ ! comet4 ,f\dres4 ,?und]bolts1 lightn+s2 9 pyrote*ny1 ! prep>ations1 us$ to imitate ?und]bolts2 ?und] p[d]4 ,f\droyante4 ,a case or rocket1 :i* imitates ?und]3 ,f\gette4 7,see ,baguette feu47 ,f\gasse4 ,a small m9e4 ,f\gues4 ,small rockets1 )\t /icks4 ,f\rneau4 ,furnace4 ,a m9e4 ,! *amb] ( a m9e4 ,fuse4 ,any sort ( composition1 put 9 a cyl9drical case4 ,9 ,engli%1 h[ev]1 ! t]m fuse is conf9$ to p>ticul> compositions2 z fuse = bombs1 h[itzes & gr5ades4 ,fuses *evelues4 ,be>d$ rockets4 ,see page #dbd4 ,fuses d'amorce4 ,prim+ fuses4 ,fuses volantes4 ,fly+ or sky-rockets4 ,g>niture4 ,g>niture1 furniture1 embelli%m5t1 ornam5t3 9 pyrote*ny ! small fire-works1 su* z />s1 s]p5ts1 m>rons1 c4 :i* are put into ! pots ( sky-rockets1 into fire-pots1 c4 ,! pet>ds ) :i* ! pots ( inc5di>y rockets are *>g$4 ,g>g\sse4 ,c>t\*1 c>tridge4 ,x m prop]ly means ! sack1 or bag = conta9+ ! *>ge ( p[d] = a cannon1 :5 ! bag is made ( pap] or p>*m5t2 b :5 x is made ( s]ge1 x is call$ sa*et4 7,see sa*et47 ,gir&ole4 ,*&eli]3 9 pyrote*ny1 two or m horizontal :eels1 plac$ above "o ano!r & turn+ ^u ! same v]tical axis4 ,:5 ( diff]5t sizes1 ^! :eels resemble a *&eli]2 h5ce ! "n4 ,gir&e4 ,a clu/]1 or assemblage1 ( sev]al hundr$s or ?\s&s ( rockets1 ?r[n up at ! same "t4 ,sev]al clu/]s may be arrang$ 9 diff]5t boxes1 & fir$ sep>ately ) regul> int]vals1 or all at ! same "t4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! assemblage is call$ a ,gir&e4 ,x is also call$ g]be4 ,see g]be1 & page #dee4 ,g]be4 ,%eaf2 a fire-jet case1 *>g$ ) ! composition = brilliant or ,*9ese fire1 :i* is ?r[n out 9 su* a mann] z to repres5t a lum9\s %eaf4 ,a gr\p ( fuses1 or fire-jets1 fir$ at ! same "t1 also be>s ?is "n3 ,a ,*9ese tree4 ,gr5age4 ,! gra9+ ( gunp[d]4 ,glace ,inflammable4 ,inflammable ice4 ,lissage4 ,! glaz+ ( gunp[d]4 ,l>don4 ,?is t]m g5]ally signifies all ^? small fire-works1 :i* are sold 9 %ops2 su* z s]p5ts1 squibs1 crack]s1 c42 b1 m /rictly1 x signifies ! l>ge/1 & /ronge/ k9d ( s]p5ts4 ,lance feu4 ,squib1 fire-lance1 or simply lance4 ,lance de feu4 ,a species ( lance us$ by g>risons aga9/ scal+ p>ties4 ,lance feu puant4 ,/9k-fire lances1 us$ by m9]s4 ,lant]ne4 ,lit]ally lant]n2 a copp] spoon1 or ladle1 us$ in/ead ( c>tridges = convey+ ! *>ge to ! bottom ( a cannon4 ,!y 7 =m]ly us$ 9 all pieces1 b at pres5t only 9 siege & g>rison pieces4 ,l>mes feu4 ,fire-te>s1 or drops2 te>s4 ,lianes des ,m>ais4 ,a species ( convolvulus2 b9d we$4 ,m>quise4 ,m>*ioness2 a rocket hav+ an int]ior diamet] ( two-?irds ( an in*4 ,:5 x has ! diamet] ( five-six?s ( an in*1 x is call$ a d\ble m>quise4 ,ma*9e ,inf]nale4 ,inf]nal ma*9e4 ,mosaique4 ,mosaic2 ! imitation ( mosaic 9 fire-works4 ,meurtrires4 ,lit]ally ,murd]]s3 appli$ to ^? modifications ( any species ( fire-"w1 :i* fit !m = ! de/ruction ( an enemy4 ,p>tem5t4 ,see fuse de p>tem5t4 ,p>tem5t1 fuses de4 ,sky-rockets1 hav+ an int]ior diamet] ( half ( an in*4 ,:5 ! diamet] ( ! rocket is only "o-?ird ( an in*1 x is call$ ,petit ,p>tem5t4 ,p>atonn]re4 ,lightn+ rod4 ,patte d'oie4 ,a goose's foot3 a k9d ( fire-works1 s call$ f _! resemblance to a goose's foot3--,a t]m 9 m9+ to signify ?ree small bran*es1 :i* run out at ! extremity ( a gall]y4 ,pots feu4 ,fire pots3 !y are ?r[n ^u ! enemy 9 ! attack or def5ce ( places2 b are n s mu* us$ z fire-balls & c>casses3 pot granado4 ,pots des ,br9s4 ,see page #cfd4 ,pots de ,*asse4 ,see page #cfj4 ,pots des ,saucissons4 ,! pots ( saucissons4 ,pluie d'or4 ,gold5 ra94 ,p\dre d'or4 ,gold p[d]4 ,porte feu4 ,port-fire2 also a lead]4 ,pice pyrique4 ,?is "n is g5]ally giv5 to all k9ds ( fire-works2 compos$ ( fix$ & turn+ pieces1 :i* w\ld require a great numb] ( words to describe sep>ately2 b x is m p>ticul>ly giv5 to a k9d ( me*anical contrivance ( fix$ & turn+ :eels1 "o ( :i* communicates fire to ! o!r1 & vice v]sa4 ,see page #dab4 ,rico*et4 ,a b\nd1 leap1 or skip1 su* z a flat piece ( /one makes1 :5 ?r[n obliquely along ! surface ( a pond3 ,! b\nds1 :i* are made by balls1 fir$ ) small *>ges1 & "u angles ( little elevation1 ei!r ^u l&1 or wat]3 ,fire-works1 :i* leap or roll on ! gr\nd4 ,ro*e feu4 ,fire-/one4 ,s*age4 ,! process ( dry+ ei!r gunp[d] or fire-works4 ,saucisson4 ,sausage3 9 pyrote*ny1 a sort ( fuse or pet>d1 /ill l>g] ?an ! l>don3--,a cyl9drical bag ( p[d] to convey fire to a m9e3--,a bundle ( /icks1 us$ 9 =tification4 ,soleil montant4 ,ris+ sun4 ,sa*et4 ,sat*el3 ! bag or sack ( a cannon c>tridge1 :5 made ( s]ge4 ,t\rteaux4 ,l9ks3 see page #ejj4 ,t\rteaux g\dronns4 ,t>r$ l9ks4 ,t\rbillon4 ,:irlw9d1 vortex3 a table :eel4 ,t\rbillon de feu4 ,a :irlw9d ( fire2 fire-:eels1 :i* rise or fall 9 ! air2 also call$ ris+ or fall+ suns4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,we deem an outl9e ( ! nature & effects ( caloric z1 9 "s respects1 indisp5sably necess>y2 = caloric1 x is to be obs]v$1 is an ag5t1 ^: effects are recognis$ 9 e species ( fire-"w4 #b ,t ! t]ms hot & cold are relative1 z to our feel+s1 fact & obs]vations abundantly prove4 ,dr4 ,=dyce 7,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 #fd #fe7 heat$ a room by /oves to two hundr$ & sixty degrees ( ,fahr5heit's scale1 & rema9$ 9 x = "s "t )\t great inconv5i5ce4 ,b diff]5t metallic sub/ances1 z ! lock ( ! door1 8 wat* & keys ly+ on ! table1 c\ld n be t\*$ )\t burn+ him3 & al?\gh an egg became h>d1 & 8 pulse beat "o hundr$ & ?irty-n9e p] m9ute1 yet a !rmomet] plac$ 9 8 m\? 0 only two or ?ree degrees hott] ?an common4 ,he p]spir$ pr(usely4 ,j5n+'s /eam ba? w heat ! air 9 contact ) ! nak$ body f "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & tw5ty degrees1 a heat suffici5t1 z x is 9 ! aque\s vap\r1 result+ f ! combu/ion ( alcohol or /rong _s1 to induce a copi\s diaphoresis 9 less ?an half an h\r4 ,hav+ tri$ ?is exp]im5t 9 sev]al cases1 ,i c only say1 t ,i effect$ 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r1 :at1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 w\ld require twelve or tw5ty-f\r1 viz4 a copi\s p]spiration1 & t too )\t ! exhibition ( sudorifics4 ,! practice is an old "o n only among civiliz$ nations1 b aborig9es4 ,x is nev]!less wor?y ( adoption4 ,froz5 m]cury _c be t\*$ )\t exp]i5c+ a s5sation simil> to t ( an ignit$ body1 al?\gh directly opposite to heat4 #c ,a writ] ( ! la/ c5tury rem>ks1 t he _c possibly admit ! sun to possess ! lea/ mann] ( heat1 b r to conta9 ! capabilities ( fire1 l a /ick1 or a fl9t1 ?\gh ) a faculty ( express+ x1 by its own action1 :i* ! o!rs h n4 ,i imag9e its beams n to be hot1 9 _! rectil9eal direction1 b productive ( ?is effect1 f reflection1 only4 ,if ! rays ( ! sun 7 fire1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ^? consequ5ces w\ld naturally foll[1 t our fri5d & correspond5t ,tria s well describes 9 8 ,day ( ,judgm5t1 ',! riv]s 7 dri$ up1 & liquid ore suppli$ _! burn+ *annels4 ,! cl\ds 7 turn$ to fire1 & %ot ?r\gh ! a/oni%$ sky4 ,! air 0 flame1 & brea?+ 0 no m4 ,! firmam5t 0 melt$ d[n1 & ra9$ its sulphur o'er ! pro/rate globe1 c4' ,! sun emanates light only1 9 ! direct l9e1 b owes its heat to reflection4 ,we feel x1 !re=e1 m int5sely1 9 a valley1 ?an on a hill4 ,:y are ! ,alps & ,pyr5nees cr[n$ ) et]nal fro/s1 :ile ! %eph]ds1 ) _! flocks1 are %elt]+ _! scor*+ heads f ! heat ( ! sun1 at ! foot ( !m8 ,:y d ! upp] regions ( ! air %[] d[n _! hail & sn[1 to be ?aw$ & melt$ "h bel[8 ,:y %all a l5s ( ice receive ! rays above1 s coldly1 & transmit !m s int5sely hot1 b5ea?8 ,:y is x w>m]1 9 summ]1 ?\gh ! sun is f>!r (f1 ?an 9 w9t]1 :5 'tis s mu* ne>] to u8 ,because ( our situation1 9 reg>d to x1 only4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! rays are v]tical1 9 o!rs lat]al2 & p]p5dicul> reflections are /rong]1 ?an oblique ones4 ,we judge ( fire above1 f :at we feel bel[1 c4 ,! summit ( tna1 not)/&+ ! fire ( ! volcano1 is cov]$ almo/ all ! ye> ) sn[4 ,fazello1 speak+ ( ?is says1 t ?is region ext5ds ne>ly twelve miles2 &1 ev5 9 summ]1 is almo/ p]petually cov]$ ) sn[1 & extremely cold3 :i* is ! m wond]ful z ! summit cont9ually produces1 n\ri%es1 & p\rs =? flames amid ! ice & sn[ ) :i* x is envelop$4 ,sol9us says1 tna1 9 a wond]ful mann]1 exhibits sn[s mix$ ) fires2 & reta9s e appe>ance ( ! sev]e/ w9t]1 amid h] va/ conflagrations4 ,silius ,italicus1 & ,claudian1 & ,p9d>1 :o liv$ #ejj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 be> te/imony to ! antiquity ( ?is fact4 ',:]e burn+ tna1 t[]+1 ?reats ! skies1 ,mid flames & ice ! l(ty rocks arise1 ,! fire amid et]nal w9t] gl[s1 ,& ! w>m a%es hide ! ho>y sn[s4' ,silius ,italicus1 f ! ,lat94 ',amid ! fires accumulates ! sn[1 ,& fro/ rema9s :]e burn+ a%es gl[2 ,o'er ice et]nal sweep ?' inactive flames1 ,& w9t]1 spite ( fire1 ! region claims4' ,claudian1 f ! ,lat94 ----',sn[y tna1 nurse ( endless fro/1 ,! mighty prop ( heav54' ,p9d>1 f ! ,greek4 ,! height ( tna is g5]ally e/imat$ at #aa1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,9 #agee1 x issu$ out a torr5t1 n ( mud1 z 0 suppos$1 b ( sn[ & ice melt$ by ! lava4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ at ! volcano ( ,c>g>ossa 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! celebrat$ ,h]s*el1 7,phil4 ,trans4 #ahja1 & ,ni*4 ,j\r4 #a4 #ac71 9 consid]+ ! con/ruction ( ! sun1 inf]s x to be a habitable globe m magnific5t ?an our e>?1 or o!r planets1 & t its lucid sub/ance is n a liquid nor an ela/ic fluid2 b t x exi/s 9 ! mann] ( lum9\s cl\ds1 swimm+ 9 ! transp>5t atmosph]e ( ! sun1 or r ( lucid decompositions tak+ place )9 t atmosph]e4 ,! ,philosophical ,transactions1 #agie1 p4 #gb1 also conta9s rem>ks on ?is lucid matt]4 ,hav+ reject$ ! old t]ms ( spots1 nuclei1 p5umbr1 & luculi1 he has sub/itut$ ^? ( op5+s1 %all[s1 ridges1 nodules1 corrugations1 ind5tations1 & pores4 ,! op5+s are places :]e ! lum9\s sol> cl\ds are remov$1 :i* he ?9ks are produc$ by a w9d or gas f ! sun's body4 ,%all[s are depressions bel[ ! lum9\s cl\ds1 & are caus$ by ! propell+ gas1 :i* produces ! op5+s4 ,!y are tuft$ l masses ( cl\ds4 ,ridges are elevations ( ! lum9\s cl\ds4 ,! l5g? ( "o ( ! longe/ 0 f\nd to be #ge1jjj miles4 ,!y g5]ally surr\nd ! op5+s4 ,h]s*el ?9ks x probable1 f appe>ances1 t ! lum9\s matt] is di/urb$ at top by ! transp>5t ela/ic fluid1 :i* issues f ! op5+s4 ,nodules are small elevations ( ! lum9\s matt]4 ,corrugations are small] elevations & depressions ( ! same matt]4 ,ind5tations are ! d>k places ( corrugations4 ,t !y are n mu* depress$1 is d$uc$ f _! visibility ne> ! m>g9 ( ! sun4 ,!y are ( ! same nature z %all[s1 & ( diff]5t sizes4 ,pores are ! l[ places ( ind5tations4 ,! doctor is ( op9ion1 t ! ph5om5a be=e describ$ c\ld n appe>1 if ! %9+ matt] 7 a liquid2 because1 by ! laws ( hydro/atics1 ! op5+s1 %all[s1 ind5tations1 & pores w\ld be fill$ up4 ,/ill less c\ld ^! ph5om5a exi/ ) ! supposition ( ela/ic fluidity4 ,! %9+ matt]1 he concludes1 mu/ exi/ 9 ! mann] ( empyreal lum9\s or phosphoric cl\ds4 ,! planet>y atmosph]e ( ! sun1 its great height1 its d5sity1 z inf]r$ f ! p[] ( gravitation1 :i* is kn[n to be tw5ty-sev5 times /rong] at ! sun's surface ?an ) u1 & o!r subjects are also discuss$4 ,he supposes ! gas to pass f ! sun itself upw>ds to ! region ( ! cl\ds1 s z to g5]ate pores1 corrugations1 c4 ,he concludes f9ally1 t if ?is view ( ! sol> appe>ances be well f\nd$1 !re w be no difficulty 9 asc]ta9+ ! actual /ate ( ! sun ) reg>d to its en]gy 9 giv+ heat & light4 ,9 a pap] on ! ,con/ruction ( ! ,heav5s1 ! doctor ?9ks x probable1 t ! great /ratum call$ ! milky way is t 9 :i* ! sun is plac$1 ?\gh p]haps n 9 ! c5tre ( its ?ickness4 ,! celebrat$ a/ronom] ,lal&e supposes ! spots be=e m5tion$ to be p>ts ( ! solid body ( ! sun1 b admits n a lum9\s atmosph]e1 b a lum9\s ocean4 ,= ! obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,"y1 see 8 ,natural ,philosophy1 & ( sir ,isaac ,newton1 8 ,pr9cipia1 c4 ,consult also ,biot4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton has ass]t$1 accord+ to ,ni*olson1 7,briti% ,encyclop$ia7 t ! d5sity ( ! sun's heat1 :i* is proportion$ to 8 light1 is sev5 times z great 9 ,m]cury z ) u1 & t wat] !re w\ld be all c>ri$ (f 9 ! %ape ( /eam1 =1 he f\nd1 by exp]im5ts ) ! !rmomet]1 t a heat sev5 times great] ?an t ( ! sun's beams 9 summ] w s]ve to make wat] boil4 ,t fix$ />s are ( ! same nature z ! sun1 s9ce !y agree ) x 9 sev]al p>ticul>s1 z 9 ! prop]ty ( emitt+ light cont9ually1 & 9 reta9+ con/antly _! relative situation ) b little v>iation1 is g5]ally admitt$4 ,!y are suppos$ also to emit heat z well z light4 ,! sun is1 !re=e1 consid]$ a fix$ /> comp>atively ne> u1 & ! fix$ />s1 :i* seem z c5tres to o!r sy/ems ( worlds1 z suns at imm5se di/ances f u4 ,tak+ ! di/ance ( ! sun f u to be1 z is f\nd by calculation1 #ie1jjj1jjj miles1 we may inf]1 t e ?+ mu/ be scor*$ up at its surface2 b ?is "q is put at re/1 if we consid] t ! sun's rays act on a calorific m$ium1 z ! cause ( *ang+ quiesc5t into di/ributable heat4 ,may n light itself1 by "s process unkn[n to u1 produce calorific rays8 ,t heat & light are bo? mat]ial1 & possess "s prop]ties 9 common1 t = in/ance1 ( reflection & refraction1 are facts well kn[n2 b to acc\nt = ! peculi> ag5cy ( light1 if x be admitt$1 is a problem1 :i*1 p]haps1 w nev] be settl$8 #d ,fire mu/ h be5 a v pot5t in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( ,hannibal1 if we believe :at ,livy & ,pl9y ass]t respect+ ! means he employ$ 9 cross+ ! ,alps1 :i* took him fifte5 days1 aft] meet+ ) almo/ e ob/acle4 ,livy tells u1 t ,hannibal s(t5$ ! rock by p\r+ v9eg> ^u x1 aft] x _h fir/ be5 made hot "u flam+ piles ( huge trees6 ,m4 ,roll9 quotes ,pl9y to prove t v9eg> has ! =ce to break /ones & rocks6 ,?is /ory is altoge!r fabul\s2 = 9 ! fir/ place1 _h he v9eg> suffici5t2 &1 secondly1 :o ev] knew t v9eg> _h =ce1 or ev5 ! p[] ( dissolv+ primitive rocks1 su* z granite or gneiss2 &1 ?irdly1 if x possess$ ! p[] /at$ by ,pl9y1 & _h he a suffici5t quantity1 :]e 0 8 wood8 ,= ,polybius assures u1 t ,hannibal _h no wood to make a fire )1 & t !re 0 n a tree 9 ! place1 :]e he !n 01 nor ne> x4 ,t ,hannibal pass$ ov] ! ,alps into ,italy1 & at an inclem5t season ( ! ye>1 is c]ta91 & t x 0 "o ( ! greate/ a*ievem5ts t an ent]pris+ comm&] ev] accompli%$1 is g5]ally admitt$4 #e ,respiration is a me*anical & *emical process1 & consi/s 9 alt]nate inhalation & exhalation1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! oxyg5 gas 9 ! air1 effects a *ange 9 ! v5\s blood t ent]s ! lungs f ! pulmon>y art]y4 ,n[ z ?is blood is *>g$ ) c>bon1 to :i* its d>k purple col\r is ow+1 x is c>ri$ (f 9 union ) oxyg5 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid4 ,h5ce c>bonic acid is produc$ 9 respiration & ! v5\s blood is *ang$ into ! bright r$ art]ial blood4 ,a common siz$ man w consume ab\t #df ?\s& cubic in*es ( oxyg5 p] diem2 equival5t to #abe cubic feet ( air1 & makes ab\t tw5ty respirations 9 a m9ute1 or = e sev5 pulsations brea!s twice4 #f ,( ?is fact ! read] may =m "s idea1 :5 he is in=m$1 t ,newton's ,pr9cipia1 ,biot's ,physique1 ,hat*ette1 ,gregory1 c4 c4 =m ! class books ( in/ruction1 works :i* require deep /udy1 & pr(\nd ?\ght4 #g ,v>i\s applications ( *emi/ry1 among :i* t to gunp[d]1 drew my att5tion at an e>ly p]iod ( life4 ,9 ! ,aurora ( ,philad4 ,i publi%$ a s]ies ( essays on ?is & o!r subjects1 :i*1 f ! lett]s receiv$ at t "t1 ,i flatt] myself t5d$ 9 "s degree to advance ! manufactur+ int]e/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 an int]e/1 :i* is connect$ ) our individual & national prosp]ity1 & ! p]man5t & practical indep5d5ce ( ! republic4 ,^! essays 7 entitl$ ,application ( *emi/ry to ! arts & manufactures1 & publi%$ 9 #ahjh4 ,i h s9ce enl>g$ t plan 9 ! ,arti/'s ,manual1 c4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,:ile notic+ ?is subject we may add1 t1 hav+ ! hon\r ( be+ "o ( ! few ( ! orig9al society ( ,philadelphia = ! promotion ( ,national ,indu/ry1 ^: essays excit$1 z !y claim$1 ! att5tion ( ! citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 mu* is due to ! indefatigable lab\rs ( "s ( ! memb]s ( t association4 ,we are greatly indebt$ to ! able & ma/]ly p5 ( ,,samuel ,,jackson ,m4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,ph>macy 9 ! college ( ,apo!c>ies1 ( ,philadelphia1 = _m ( ! be/ essays x produc$1 ^: dis9t]e/$ motives1 lib]al & exalt$ m9d1 & pure patriotic feel+ prompt$ him to ! laudable und]tak+2 & ^: essays 7 full1 cle>1 & compreh5sive4 ,view+ 8 tal5ts1 8 wor?1 8 m]it1 we may truly add1 t he is n only an hon\r to ! c\ntry :i* gave him bir?1 b an ornam5t to ! age 9 :i* he lives4 ,! able address ( ! ,philadelphia ,l9nan society1 p5n$ & sign$ by him1 ! late ,samuel ,b5ezet ,m4 ,d41 & ! au?or1 z a committee1 al?\gh writt5 _m ye>s ago1 conta9s ! pr9ciples1 :i* are n[ advocat$ = ! support & enc\ragem5t ( national indu/ry4 ,?is address 0 calculat$1 h[ev]1 to promote1 at ! same "t1 ! int]e/s ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 #h ,incombu/ible clo? made ( ?is sub/ance 0 =m]ly 9 use1 n only = dome/ic purposes1 b1 also to reta9 ! a%es ( ! dead f ^? ( ! fun]al pile4 ,clo? made ( amian?us1 :5 greas$1 or soil$1 may be cleans$ by ?r[+ x into a bright fire4 ,x is !n re/or$ to a dazzl+ :ite col\r4 ,pl9y1 ! naturali/1 saw table clo?s1 t[els1 & napk9s ( amian?us tak5 f ! table ( a great fea/1 ?r[n into ! fire1 & burnt be=e ! :ole company2 & by ?is op]ation1 he says1 !y became bett] cleans$ ?an if !y _h be5 wa%$4 ,pontoppidan 7,natural ,hi/ory ( ,norway7 rem>ks1 t he has a piece ( pap] made ( ! ,norway asbe/us1 :i*1 :5 ?r[n into a fi]ce fire1 is n 9 ! lea/ wa/$1 b :at is writt5 on x totally disappe>s4 ,9 ,norway1 ! /one flax is prep>$ by beat+ x 9 wat]1 till ! fibres sep>ate1 :i* are repeat$ly wa%$1 & !n dri$ 9 a sieve4 ,x is aft]w>ds spun1 obs]v+ to moi/5 ! f+]s ) oil4 #i ,9 ! ye> #afja1 a horse1 :i* _h be5 taught to p]=m a numb] ( tricks1 0 tri$1 z possess$ by ! devil1 & condemn$ to be burnt4 ,joblonski affirms 9 8 ,lexicon1 c4 t he 0 condemn$ to ! flames 9 ,lisbon4 ,no?+ 0 a great] imposition on mank9d ?an ! ,oracles4 ,! imposition ( caus+ /atues to speak1 z ! head ( ,orpheus 9 ! isl& ( ,lesbos1 ! sculapius ( ,alex&]1 c4 may be readily p]ceiv$1 :5 ,lucius relates1 t1 9 ! case ( ,alex&]'s oracle1 he took in/ead ( a pipe1 ! gullet ( a crane1 & transmitt$ ! voice ?r\gh x to ! m\? ( ! /atue6 ,bi%op ,!ophilus1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 broke to pieces ! /atues at ,alex&ria4 ,he f\nd "s :i* 7 holl[1 & plac$ 9 su* a mann] aga9/ a wall1 t a prie/ c\ld slip unp]ceiv$ beh9d !m1 & speak to ! ignorant populace ?r\gh _! m\?s4 ,pr(essor ,beckman obs]ves1 t ! ,pagan prie/s1 l our juggl]s1 7 afraid t _! deceptions1 if long practis$1 might be discov]$4 ,!y consid]$ x1 !re=e1 z m secure to deliv] ! answ]s !mselves1 or cause !m to be deliv]$ by wom5 in/ruct$ = t purpose1 or by writ+s1 or by any o!r means4 ,we read1 nev]!less1 t idols1 & ! images ( sa9ts once spoke2 = at pres5t ! latt] w n v5ture to op5 _! m\?s4 ,if _! vot>ies ev] really he>d a voice proce$ f ! /atue1 x may h be5 produc$ 9 ! be=e-m5tion$ mann]4 ,we ?9k1 t a contrivance1 simil> to ! bull ( ,phal>is1 9 ! place ( holl[ /atues1 w\ld furni% a good reality4 ,! oracle ( ,apollo at ,delphos1 says ,p]cy1 hav+ be5 consult$ ab\t ! mann] ( /opp+ a plague !n rag+ at ,a!ns1 return$ = answ]1 t ! plague %\ld cease1 :5 ,apollo's alt>1 :i* 0 cubical1 %\ld be d\bl$4 ,! philosoph]s ( ,a!ns imm$iately appli$ !mselves to discov] ! duplicature ( ! cube1 :i* h5ce=w>d 0 call$ ! ,delian ,problem1 & cont9u$ = a long "t to be an object ( ! ke5e/ pursuit to ! curi\s4 ,! fir/ :o discov]$ ! solution 0 ,hippocrates ,*ias4 #aj ,signs 9 ! heav5s 7 believ$ by ! anci5ts2 & ev5 ) reg>d to natural occurr5ces1 !y produc$ melan*oly & awful reflections4 ,augu/us ,cs> 0 s afraid ( ?und] & lightn+1 t1 ?\gh he c>ri$ ab\t him a sk9 ( a sea-calf1 :i* 0 9 ^? days acc\nt$ an excell5t p>atonn]re1 yet1 :5ev] he saw a tempe/ com+1 he us$ to fly = refuge to "s vault$ place und]gr\nd4 ,caius ,caligula rivall$ ,augu/us 9 ?is respect2 = ,suetonius obs]ves1 t :5 x ?und]$1 he w\ld wrap 8 head 9 "s cov]+2 or1 if 9 b$1 leap out ( b$ & hide himself "u x4 #aa ,by means ( a sol> microscope1 ,i h se5 ! animalcula 9 v9eg> sev]al in*es 9 l5g?1 "s ( :i* _h ! appe>ance ( eels1 & 9 motion4 #ab ,!re is a sort ( m\ntebanks n only 9 ,ceylon1 b 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 :o make a trade ( tam+ s]p5ts1 :i* !y pret5d to d by incantation1 & c>ry !m ab\t by way ( %[4 ,i once witness$ ! tam+ ( a s]p5t1 a black snake ab\t f\r feet 9 l5g?1 by an ,engli% g5tleman at ,h>r[gate1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,philadelphia4 ,he 0 rem>kably fond ( snakes = pets1 & _h !m n only to foll[ him1 b also to be ab\t 9 ! h\se among 8 *ildr51 :o became famili> ) !m2 &1 al?\gh "y myself1 ,i obs]v$ t !y 7 passive & ob$i5t1 & knew by in/9ct _! dep5d5ce on 8 fav\rs4 ,! incantation1 t ,mr4 ,c--d us$1 0 simply ?is3 ,! snake 0 put into a room1 & ,mr4 ,c4 took 9 ) him a b[l ( milk1 & ! door 0 clos$4 ,hav+ tak5 (f 8 coat1 & put on a glove1 he proce$$ t[>ds 8 antagoni/1 :o1 be+ prep>$ = ! attack1 made at him1 b 0 repuls$2 a second & ?ird attempt 0 made1 b he 0 ?r[n back z be=e4 ,! snake f9d+ himself ma/]$1 did n ?9k prop] to r5ew ! combat1 & crawl$ into ! corn] pant+ = brea?4 ,mr4 ,c4 n[ took "s ( ! milk & plac$ x be=e him1 )\t ! lea/ fe>1 & aft] he _h f9i%$ x1 he gave him m4 ,?is he cont9u$ until ! snake 0 satisfi$4 ,aft] :i*1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( all :o witness$ ! exp]im5t1 he took x up1 & hav+ w\nd itself r\nd 8 arm1 he c>ri$ x home4 ,:e!r he exam9$ 8 m\?1 de/roy$ ! fang1 or ! vesicul> sac1 7if x _h "o71 ,i d n recollect2 b ?is same snake 0 aft]w>ds a great favorite1 & w\ld foll[ 8 ma/] l a dog1 & ev5 play ab\t ) ! *ildr54 ,i m5tion ?is incid5t to %[1 t s]p5ts possess consid]able in/9ct1 & are1 l dome/ic animals1 consci\s ( _! fri5ds & b5efactors1 & may be tra9$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,ceylon1 !re is a small animal call$ ! ,indian ,i*neumon1 :i* de/roys snakes 9 abundance2 b1 :at is rem>kable1 he only attacks !m 9 an op5 place1 :]e he has an opportunity ( runn+ to a c]ta9 h]b1 :i* he kn[s in/9ctively to be an antidote aga9/ ! poison ( ! bite1 if he %\ld happ5 to receive "o4 ,! monkeys ( ,india1 kn[+ ! malignity ( snakes1 make a bus9ess ( hunt+ & de/roy+ !m at night2 aft] seiz+ !m1 !y c>ry !m to a /one1 & beat _! heads until ! fangs are de/roy$1 & !n exult+ly ?r[ !m 9 ! air4 ,! poison is lodg$ 9 two small vesicles1 & :5 ! animal bites !y are squeez$1 & ! poison is =c$ ?r\gh ! fangs into ! w\nd4 ,if ! vesicles be extract$1 or ! liquid prev5t$ f fl[+ into ! w\nd1 ! bite is h>mless4 #ac ,! great cave on ,crook$ ,creek1 0 discov]$ ab\t ! ye> #ahjj1 by ,mr4 ,bak]4 ,he proce$$ only a small di/ance into x4 ,on ! succe$+ day1 he br\ght 8 wife1 & two or ?ree *ildr5 to explore x4 ,he c>ri$ a tor*1 :i* he accid5tally dropp$4 ,dur+ two days & two nights1 ?is family w&]$ 9 total d>kness1 ?\gh sometimes )9 ! he>+ ( a cat>act1 :51 =tunately1 ,mrs4 ,bak]1 9 attempt+ to support h]self on a rock1 p]ceiv$ t x 0 wet4 ,%e conjectur$ t x 0 caus$ by ! mud1 :i* !y _h br\ght 9 ^u _! feet4 ,bak] imm$iately asc5d$ ! rock1 & saw ! light ( day4 #ad ,!re c be no d\bt1 z we obs]v$1 t miasma is v>i\sly comp\nd$2 b !re is no c]ta9ty1 z to :at x is compos$ (1 or :at modifications x may assume4 ,t x is1 h[ev]1 a *emical comb9ation1 & may be decompos$1 & de/roy$ by *emical ag5ts1 appe>s equally true4 ,! dis9fect+ app>atus ( ,morveau1 sundry fumigations1 c4 are us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! prop] de/roy]s ( ^! gase\s poisons1 are nitric acid vap\r1 muriatic acid1 & *lor9e4 ,! two la/ are ! mo/ effectual4 ,h[ w\ld *lor9e gas act on pruss9e gas1 or cyanog58 ,w\ld x n deprive x ( its c>bon1 =m+ ! *loroc>bonic acid1 & ?us set ! azote at lib]ty1 or might x n unite ) ! nitrog51 & =m a *loride ( nitrog58 ,suppose ! cyanog5 to be comb9$ ) hydrog51 ! decomposition ( ! hydrocyanic acid w\ld be effect$ fir/ by ! *lor9e comb9+ ) ! hydrog51 =m+ muriatic acid1 & secondly ) ! c>bon1 =m+ *loroc>bonic acid4 ,if hydrog51 9 any o!r comb9ation1 %\ld exi/1 w\ld n ! *lor9e 9 e case decompose su* comp\nd1 & !reby de/roy its delet]e\s prop]ties by tak+ away its hydrog58 ,i ?9k x w be prov$1 "s "t or o!r1 t ! miasma1 :i* produces yell[ fev]1 is a comp\nd ( c>bon & azote1 ) hydrog51 act+ "u p>ticul> circum/ances & conditions4 ,v>i\s o!r means1 besides ^? we h /at$1 h be5 recomm5d$ to prev5t ! effect ( contagi\s matt]1 su* z odorif]\s sub/ances1 prep>ations ( camphor1 aromatic v9eg>1 call$ ! v9eg> ( f\r ?ieves1 c4 b all come %ort ( ! effect1 & may be reg>d$ z no/rums4 ,! vap\r ( burn+ sulphur1 or sulphur\s acid1 is us$ 9 ! ,ea/ aga9/ ! plague2 b ?is is inf]ior to ei!r ( ! o!r acids1 ( :i* *lor9e1 =m]ly call$ oxymuriatic acid1 is to be pref]r$4 ,a mixture ( f\r p>ts ( common salt1 "o ( black oxide ( manganese1 & two ( sulphuric acid1 or muriatic acid p\r$ on manganese or r$ lead1 w g5]ate *lor9e gas4 ,morveau's dis9fect+ app>atus conta9s ! above mixture4 ,! free use ( ?is gas 9 ap>tm5ts1 c4 c4 _c be too /rongly recomm5d$4 #ae ,on ?is subject1 see a pap] by ,mr4 ,h[>d 9 ! ,engli% ,philosophical ,transactions1 = #ahjb1 & by ,vauquel9 9 ! ,j\rnal des ,m9es1 ,no4 #gf4 #af ,= ! hi/ory ( saltpetre1 ! read] may consult1 ) advantage1 ,beckman's ,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions4 #ag ,! aff9ity ( *>coal = oxyg5 is s consid]able1 t in/ances h be5 kn[n ( its und]go+ spontane\s combu/ion by simple contact ) ! air4 ,an occurr5ce ( ?is k9d took place at ! p[d] mills ( ,essonne1 9 ,france4 7,an4 de ,*im4 #cf1 p1 #ic47 ,a l>ge quantity ( rec5tly burnt *>coal _h be5 gr\nd 9 ! usual mann]1 & 0 deposit$ 9 a l>ge receptacle = future use2 "s days aft]1 ! door ( ! magaz9e be+ op5$1 9 ord] to remove a "p ( ! *>coal1 an extraord9>y heat 0 p]ceiv$1 & imm$iately a tra9 ( fire 0 obs]v$1 spread+ ov] ! surface ( ! *>coal1 & :i* 0 n ext+ui%$ )\t mu* difficulty4 ,aik9's ,*emical ,diction>y1 vol4 i1 p4 #bch4 #ah ,?is app>atus w heat ! air 9 a room to #hd 9 ! colde/ wea!r1 & is p>ticul>ly calculat$ = cotton mills1 & o!r purposes4 ,8 inv5tion is consid]$ to be a judici\s application ( a well kn[n pr9ciple4 ,c\nt ,rum=d heat$ rooms 9 a simil> mann] by /eam1 :i* may be se5 9 ! ,repository ( ,arts vol4 xv1 p4 #ahf4 ,a ,mr4 ,gre5 ( ,w&swor?1 ,engl&1 obta9$ a pat5t 9 #agic1 = w>m+ rooms1 by heat$ air1 heat$ ) /eam4 ,/eam pipes1 h[ev]1 are n[ 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! great quantity ( lat5t caloric 9 /eam 7ab\t #ajjj degrees7 :i* is giv5 out z free heat 9 its cond5sation1 ?is pr9ciple has be5 judici\sly appli$ n only to ! w>m+ ( ap>tm5ts1 b to ! boil+ ( dye kettles1 & o!r purposes4 ,see an acc\nt ( ,woolf's /eam app>atus1 subsequ5t pages4 #ai ,! pr9cipal workm5 !y describe1 are a ma/] p[d]]1 a ma/] c>p5t]1 a ma/] coop]1 a head boy1 7,g>on7 employ$ 9 ! pulv]ization ( ! sub/ances1 ano!r = ! fabrication ( *>coal1 "o = e mill1 besides workm5 = aid+ 9 ! *>r+1 = ! mill1 c4 #bj ,trait sur l'art de fabriqu] la p\dre canon1 p> ,,mm4 ,botte et ,riffault may be consult$4 #ba ,?is is a mix$ gas1 compos$ ( c>burett$ hydrog51 & c>bonic oxide4 #bb ,8 son wrote a "w1 hav+ ! foll[+ title3 ,?\ghts conc]n+ t la/ & mo/ p]fect "w ( nature1 & *ief ( metals1 gold1 its wond]ful prop]ties1 g5]ation1 affection1 effects1 & fitness = ! op]ations ( art2 illu/rat$ by exp]im5ts1 f ! ,lat94 ,hamburgh1 #afhe1 #hvo4 #bc ,9 ! ye> #aggg1 ,"l ,mahon1 aft]w>ds ,e>l ,/anhope1 exhibit$ "s exp]im5ts1 to prove ! c]ta91 *eap1 & simple me?od ( secur+ h\ses aga9/ fire1 )\t mak+ use ( ei!r brick1 /ones1 tiles1 iron1 or any su* incombu/ible mat]ial4 ,a build+1 entirely con/ruct$ ( wood1 & ( la? & pla/]1 ) a v small quantity ( s& laid "u ! floors1 :i* 7 ( deal1 0 attempt$ to be set on fire by means ( a l>ge quantity ( dry burn+ fuel1 faggots1 /raw1 pit* & o!r combu/ibles1 ) :i* ! l[] room ( ?is build+ 0 fill$1 f ! floor to ! ceil+ almo/ 9 e "p4 ,! :ole mass ( fire burnt out )\t do+ ! lea/ damage4 ,^? :o 7 9 ! next /ory1 directly ov] ! conflagration1 did n p]ceive ! lea/ degree ( heat4 ,a wood5 /air case1 made 9 ! same mann]1 also resi/$ ! flames4 #bd ,! imitation ( ?und]1 ra91 hail1 c4 = !atrical purposes1 is v>i\sly p]=m$4 ,mr4 ,ni*olson1 9 describ+ an exhibition he saw 9 ,london1 7,see ,phantasmagoria17 rem>ks1 t ?und] 0 imitat$ v accurately1 by means ( %eet iron plates4 ,! noise ( ra9 & hail may be imitat$ by procur+ a ?9 holl[ cyl9d] ( wood1 ab\t t5 in*es wide1 & two or ?ree feet long2 divid+ its inside into five equal p>ts1 by bo>ds1 plac$ obliquely1 ( five or six in*es1 obs]v+ to let !re be betwe5 !m & ! wood5 circle1 a space ( ab\t "o-six? ( an in*1 & !n introduc+ ab\t f\r or five p\nds ( %ot1 & turn+ x upside d[n4 ,! %ot w pass ?r\gh ! v>i\s p>titions1 & resemble ! fall ( ra94 ,if l>ge %ot be us$1 ! noise w be increas$1 & resemble hail4 ,accord+ to ! ,dictionnaire de l',indu/rie1 7article ,tonn]re artificiel71 ?und] is imitat$1 by mak+ a hexangul> case ( %eet iron1 & putt+ /ones or small balls into x1 & roll+ x m or less swiftly4 ,ano!r mode is to roll cannon balls on a floor1 on :i* is loosely nail$1 at c]ta9 di/ances ap>t1 /rips ( wood or la?4 ,a clap ( ?und] is imitat$ by lett+ fall on ea* o!r1 v sudd5ly1 a numb] ( %eet iron plates1 hav+ !m previ\sly susp5d$1 or /rung on a cord1 :i* mu/ be v]tical4 ,9 #aghd1 ,m4 ,mi*ael1 7,j\rnal de ,p>is7 made a ma*9e1 :i* imitat$ ?und]1 s completely1 z ei!r to produce ! mo/ viol5t clap1 or ! mo/ di/ant rumbl+1 ) int]m$iate v>iations4 ,p>*m5t1 /ret*$ ov] a frame1 has likewise1 be5 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,! di/ant ?und] may be repres5t$ 9 ?is mann]2 b1 to produce a %>p noise1 or clap1 some?+ m is requir$4 #be ,:oev] walk$ ! /reets ( ,rome1 at night1 )\t a lant]n1 0 "u ! necessity ( creep+ home 9 p]fect d>kness1 & 9 great dang]1 l ,alexis1 9 ,a!nu4 ,antio*1 ,rome1 & a few o!r cities _h public lant]ns 9 /reets :i* 7 mo/ frequ5t$4 ,libanus1 :o liv$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury1 9 prais+ 8 native city1 ,antio*1 says1 t ! light ( ! sun is succe$$ by o!r lights1 :i* are f> sup]ior to ! lamps light$ by ! ,egyptians on ! fe/ival ( ,m9]va ( ,sais4 ,! night diff]s f ! day only 9 ! appe>ance ( ! light4 ,) reg>d to lab\r & employm5t1 e ?+ goes on well4 ,"s "w cont9ually2 b o!rs laugh & amuse !mselves ) s++4 ,9 ano!r passage1 9 ! oration to ,ellibi*us1 ! same au?or tells u1 t ! ropes f :i* ! lamps t ornam5t$ ! city 7 susp5d$1 _h be5 cut by "s riot\s soldi]s1 n f> f a ba?4 ,proce$+1 says he to a ba?1 n f> (f1 !y cut1 ) _! swords1 ! ropes1 f :i* 7 susp5d$ ! lamps t af=d$ light 9 ! night-"t1 to %[ t ! ornam5ts ( ! city ought to give way to !m4 ,j]ome also makes x appe>1 t ,antio* 0 light$ ) lamps2 =1 he rem>ks1 t1 9 an alt]cation betwe5 a ,lucif]an & an ,or?odox1 an adh]5t to ! s*ismatic ,lucif] disput$ 9 ! /reet ) a true believ]1 till ! /reets 7 light$1 :5 ! li/5+ cr[d dep>t$1 & t !y spat 9 ea* o!r's face1 & retir$4 ,edessa1 9 ,syria1 0 light$ 9 ! fif? c5tury1 & ! gov]nor ( t city ord]$1 t a "p ( ! oil1 :i* 0 be=e giv5 to ! *ur*es & mona/]ies1 %\ld be burnt 9 ! /reets4 ,:ile illum9ations 7 consid]$ emblematical ( public rejoic+1 ! rev]se 0 consid]$ a tok5 ( public sorr[2 to d5ote :i*1 on occasions ( great mis=tune1 x 0 cu/om>y n to light ! /reets4 ,val]ius quotes a passage ( ,libanius 9 pro( ( ?is ass]tion1 :]e x is said1 t ! p ( ,antio*1 9 ord] to mitigate ! ang] ( ! emp]or1 be?\ght !mselves ( light+ ei!r no lamps1 or a v small numb]4 ,9 #aehh1 ,p>is 0 light$ up ) falots1 or vases fill$ ) pit*1 ros91 & o!r combu/ibles4 ,! ,abb ,laudati let out tor*es & lant]ns 9 ,p>is1 9 #affb4 #bf ,9 ! ,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes1 c4 sev]al new lamps are describ$1 z foll[s3 ,a lamp1 inv5t$ by c\nt ,rum=d notic$ by him 9 a memoir on ! light ( lamps1 & ! means ( increas+ x2 a new lamp ) a d\ble curr5t ( air1 by ,l5orm&2 /> lamp by ,bordi]2 rev]b]atory lamp = t[ns1 c4 by de ,?irville & ,bordi]2 a modifi$ !rmo-lamp by ,w9sor2 a new lamp by ,baswell2 ! economical lamp ( inflammable gas1 by ,murdoc1 & economical lamp by ,lamb]t92 ! cupola lamp by ,vivi52 new lamp ) a porcela9 reflector by ,l',ange2 ! hydrodynamic & *emical lamp1 by ,l',ange2 ! portable lamp by c\nt ,rum=d2 horizontal reflectors1 ) p>abolic surfaces 9 revolv+1 & p>abolic reflectors1 simple & d\ble1 by ,arg& & ,bordi] ,m>cet2 improv$ lamp1 by ,m>cet2 !rmo-lamp by ,sobolewsky & ,horr]2 wat* lamp by ,dum\ceau2 v>i\s lamps1 ) c>burett$ hydrog52 ! polyflame lamp1 ( ,rum=d2 ! curv$ lamp by ,conna92 ! enamell]s' lamp1 & hydropneumatic lamp by ,tilley1 c4 ,davy's safety lamp is describ$ 9 ,br&e's ,*emi/ry1 & 9 ,ure's ,*emical ,diction>y4 ,see ,aphlogi/ic lamp4 #bg ,a solution ( muriate ( copp] gives a gre51 ( sulphate ( copp] & muriate ( soda1 a light gre52 ( sulphate ( copp]1 & ammonia 9 excess1 a deep blue2 a decoction ( co*9eal1 or ( brazil wood1 & a solution ( t91 a deep r$ or sc>let1 c4 ,^! solutions may be us$ = t purpose4 #bh ,hav+ m5tion$ 9 ?is article1 ! use ( c&les = illum9ation1 x may n be improp] to obs]ve1 t !y 7 also employ$ = cook+1 z w appe> f ! foll[+ incid5t4 ,9 #aagb1 ,h5ry ,,ii1 ( ,france1 collect$ toge!r ! feign]s ( ,langu$oc1 9 ord] to m$iate a peace betwe5 ! c\nt ( ,t\l\se1 & ! k+ ( ,arragon1 at :i* ,guillaume ,gros de ,m>tel gave a sumptu\s d9n]1 ! vi&s be+ all cook$ by ! flame ( wax tap]s6 #bi ,9 ! ,ar*ives des ,dc\v]tes et des ,inv5tiones ,n\velles1 are sev]al new inv5tions & improvem5ts1 relative to fire arms1 among :i* are ! foll[+3 ,new fire arms1 inv5t$ by ,pauly1 :i* are said to c>ry a ball d\ble ! di/ance ( ord9>y muskets1 & to possess o!r advantages2 = a p>ticul> acc\nt ( :i*1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit d',enc\ragem5t1 ,no4 #ii2 ano!r k9d1 by ,,mm4 ,pauly & ,prelat1 :i* primes itself1 c4 & goes (f by p]cussion2 an improvem5t 9 guns by us+ plat9a bu%+1 c4 by ,lepage1 ) ! use ( prim+1 compos$ ( p[d] made ( *lorate ( potassa 9 lieu ( saltpetre2 ! improvem5t ( ,regni] 9 guns2 improvem5t 9 ! use ( plat9a = guns1 to be us$ ) ! oxymuriat$ p[d]1 by ,deb\rbet2 a gun :i* fires f\rte5 times 9 succession )\t new load+1 by ,m4 ,h5ri2 an improv$ c>ab9e1 :i* is dis*>g$ by p]cussion1 by ,m4 ,gosset1 c4 #cj ,s9ce #agib1 musket-balls are sev5-twelf?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & tw5ty g to ! p\nd in/ead ( eighte54 ,9 ! ,briti% s]vice1 elev5 bullets to ! p\nd are us$ = ! pro( ( muskets1 & f\rte5 9 ! p\nd1 or tw5ty-n9e 9 two p\nds1 = s]vice2 sev5te5 = ! pro( ( c>b9es1 & tw5ty = s]vice2 & tw5ty-eight 9 ! p\nd1 = ! pro( ( pi/ols1 & ?irty f\r = s]vice4 ,! diamet] ( musket-bullets diff]s b "o-fiftie? "p f t ( ! musket bore2 = if ! %ot b j rolls into ! b>rel1 x is suffici5t4 ,! diamet] ( any bullet is f\nd1 by divid+ #a4fgjf by ! cube root ( ! numb]1 :i* %[s h[ _m ( !m make a p\nd1 or x may be done 9 a %ort] way4 ,f ! log>i?m 4#bbbhgef ( #a4fgjf1 subtract cont9ually ! ?ird "p ( ! log>i?m ( ! numb] ( bullets 9 ! p\nd1 & ! diff]5ce w be ! log>i?m ( ! diamet] requir$4 ,?us ! diamet] ( a bullet1 :]e( twelve weigh a p\nd1 is f\nd by subtract+ 4#ceigbgj1 a ?ird "p ( ! log>i?m ( #ab1 f ! giv5 log>i?m 4#bbbhgef2 or1 :5 ! log>i?m is less ?an ! =m]1 a unit mu/ be add$1 s z to h #a4bbbhgef1 & ! diff]5ce 4#hfcadhf w be ! log>i?m ( ! diamet] s\ght1 :i* is 4#gbig in*es2 obs]v+ t ! numb] f\nd w always be a decimal1 :5 ! log>i?m1 :i* is to be subtract$ is great] ?an t ( ! p\nd2 because ! divisor is great] ?an ! divid5d 9 ?is case4 ,h5ce1 f ! specific gravity ( lead1 ! diamet] ( any bullet may be f\nd f its giv5 weight3 =1 s9ce a cube foot weighs #aacbe ounces1 & #fgh is to #cee1 z ! cube #agbh ( a foot1 or #ab in*es1 is ! cont5t ( ! sph]e2 :i* !re=e is1 #eibi4g is to #af ounces1 or a p\nd1 z ! cube #agbh is to ! cube ( ! diamet] ( a sph]e :i* weighs a p\nd2 :i* cube !re=e is #d4ffbfc1 & its root #a4fgjf in*es1 ! diamet] s\ght4 #ca ,a t]m us$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,navy1 to signify a wood5 case or box1 9 :i* c>tridges are br\ght out ( ! p[d]-magaz9e = ! purpose ( s]v+ ! guns2 also a spoon or ladle1 made ( copp]1 & fix$ to a long pole1 :i* s]ves to convey gunp[d] into a piece ( ordnance4 #cb ,if sug> ( lead _c be _h1 & a sub/itute is requir$ :i* 9 fact is ! same1 we may dissolve :ite lead 9 v9eg>1 until ! latt] is saturat$4 ,?is may be us$ ) wat] 9 ! same mann]1 us+1 h[ev]1 m ( x z x is 9 solution4 #cc ,lee's adv5ture1 j relat$1 br+s to m9d ano!r1 by a man ( same "n1 n1 h[ev]1 ) a subm>9e torp$o1 or any ?+ ( t k9d2 b ) a sublun> a]o/atic vessel1 made ab\t two or ?ree ye>s ago1 at ,camd51 opposite ,philadelphia4 ,?is 0 a balloon ( an oblong %ape1 int5d$ to float 9 ! air l a %ip on wat]1 & furni%$ ) o>s or w+s4 ,x 0 fill$ ) hydrog5 gas4 ,! object 0 to direct x1 7a desid]atum 9 a]o/ation71 l a vessel on wat]2 b ! a]onaut1 hav+ arose 9 8 c> to ! height ( a lomb>dy popl>1 :i* came 9 contact ) x1 & judg+ a retreat 0 pref]able1 leap$ on a limb1 :]e he _h ! mis=tune to be caught by ! seat ( 8 pantaloons1 & appe>$1 z x 71 susp5d$ betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 to ! no small div]sion ( ?\s&s ( spectators4 ,! balloon asc5d$ to "s height1 & !n turn$1 ?r[+ out 8 s& bags1 c4 :i*1 9 ! city1 7 tak5 = ! un=tunate a]onaut1 & produc$1 ( c\rse1 a contr>y feel+4 ,lee call$ on me ! next day1 &1 9 explanation ( ! cause1 obs]v$1 t1 :5 he asc5d$ to ! height m5tion$1 he f\nd ! c5tre ( gravity 0 %ift+1 & ?\ght x prud5t n to v5ture4 ,i obs]v$1 t x 0 well he *ang$ 8 gravity1 b 0 sorry to f9d1 t he _h transf]r$ 8 c5tre a po/]iori4 #cd ,a fri5d1 :o 0 a prison] on bo>d ( ,h>dy's %ip1 v faceti\sly obs]v$1 su* 0 ! dread ( torp$oes by ! ,briti%1 t !y 7 lit]ally afraid ( eat+ a potato1 le/ x %\ld conta9 a torp$o6 #ce ,we are in=m$1 t "s rockets1 :i* 7 made at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,ars5al at ,troy1 7 *>g$ ) ! usual rocket composition1 & a small portion ( quicklime1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* _! p[] 0 greatly augm5t$2 a useful h9t = _! improvem5t4 #cf ,/> composition3--meal-p[d] #e p>ts1 saltpetre #af p>ts1 sulphur #h p>ts1 antimony #b p>ts4 #cg ,f\r in*es m likely4 #ch ,g5]al ,lallem& 7,treatise on ,artill]y1 vol4 i1 p4 #bf17 obs]ves1 t ! ,congreve rocket is ?irty in*es 9 l5g?1 & ?ree & a half in*es 9 diamet]2 t a "p ( its *>ge consi/s ( fire /one & small gr5ades2 t _! range is equal to a long gun1 b _! direction is v unc]ta92 s mu* s z to r5d] !m ( little s]vice1 except to set fire to objects ) ext5sive surfaces2 & t !y w n pi]ce ?r\gh solid build+s1 & 9 battle are at be/ only fit to fright5 horses4 #ci ,9 a note to ,gibbon1 page #bhc1 we read1 ,! naph?a1 ! oleum inc5di>um ( ! hi/ory ( ,j]usalem 7,ge/4 ,dei p] ,francos1 p4 #aafg17 ! ori5tal f\nta9 ( ,james de ,vitry 7l4 iii1 c4 #hd17 is introduc$ on slight evid5ce & /rong probability4 ,! "n by :i* ,c9namus call ! ,greek fire1 corresponds ) ! locality :]e naph?a 0 f\nd1 betwe5 ! ,tigris & ! ,caspian sea4 ,pl9y 7,hi/4 ,natur4 ii1 #aji17 says1 x 0 subs]vi5t to ! rev5ge ( ,m$ea1 & accord+ to ! etymology1 naph?a 0 signifi$4 #dj ,! ,f\gasses & ,cam\flets1 us$ 9 m9+1 are employ$ = diff]5t purposes4 ,! f\gasses are small m9es1 ^: l9e ( resi/ance is only six to six & two-?irds feet4 ,!y are us$ to def5d l>ge po/s4 ,bomb f\gasses are no?+ m ?an f\gasses1 *>g$ ) bombs conta9+ p[d]4 ,to e/imate ! effects ( bomb f\gasses1 artill]i/s h asc]ta9$ ! exact quantity ( p[d] conta9$ 9 ea* k9d ( bomb4 ,a bomb ( eight & a half in*es weighs =ty-six & a half p\nds2 x requires f\r & a half p\nds ( p[d] to fill x2 b "o p\nd w bur/ x4 ,! eighte5 in* bomb1 or com9age1 weighs ne>ly five hundr$ & sev5ty-"o p\nds1 & conta9s =ty p\nds ( p[d] ,?irte5 p\nds ( p[d] w bur/ x4 ,! cam\flet is a small f\gasse1 made to act aga9/ ! enemy's m9es1 to suffocate & poison _! bran*4 ,! cam\flet is also us$ to act aga9/ ! sides ( ! crat] ( a m9e t has be5 sprung4 ,see ,sci5ce ( ,w> & ,=tification1 vol4 #b;d1 p4 #bhf4 #da ,! gramme is ! ,fr5* unit ( weight1 & is equal to ! weight ( a cubic c5timetre ( pure wat]2 x weighs #ah4hd gra9s1 ,fr5*4 ,! kilogramme is equal to #ajjj grammes4 7#b lbs41 #e dra*ma1 #di gra9s1 ,fr5*47 #db ,among o!r inv5tions1 by ?is philosoph]1 su* z ! detection ( ! adult]ation ( ! cr[n ( ,hi]o1 m5tion$ by ,vitruvius1 ! ca*leon or ,ar*im$es' screw1 ! ,helix = laun*+ l>ge %ips1 ! ,trispa/on = draw+ imm5se weights1 ,pneumatic & ,hydro/atic eng9es1 sph]e1 :i* exhibit$ ! cele/ial motions2--!re are two 9 p>ticul>1 :i* relate to ! def5ce ( ,syracuse1 z well z ! de/ruction ( ! enemy4 ,besides 8 burn+ mirrors1 ,polybius1 ,livy1 & ,plut>* ass]t1 t 8 inv5tions = def5ce consi/$ ( ,torm5ta1 ,bali/1 ,catapults1 ,sagitt>ii1 ,scorpions1 ,cranes1 c4 ,ar*im$es di$ 9 ! #adc;d ,olympiad1 #baj ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 #dc ,c]ta9 plants1 we h said1 are made use ( = ?is purpose4 ,botani/s h c]ta9 rules = di/+ui%+ poison\s plants1 f ^? :i* are innoc5t4 ,pr(essor ,eaton 7,manual ( ,botany1 c4 p4 #ag7 obs]ves1 t plants ) five /am5s & "o pi/il1 ) a dull col\r$ lurid corol1 & ( a nauseat+ sickly smell1 are always poison\s2 z tobacco1 ?orn-apple1 h5bane1 night-%ade4 ,! degree ( poison\s prop]ty dim9i%$1 :5 ! fl[] is bright] col\r$1 & ! smell1 less nause\s4 ,he also obs]ves1 t umbellif]\s plants ( ! aquatic k9d1 & ( a nauseat+ sc5t1 are always poison\s2 z wat]-hemlock & c[-p>sley4 ,b if !y gr[ 9 dry l&1 & _! smell is pleasant1 !y are n poison\s2 z f5nel1 dill1 c4 ,snap dragon1 foxglove1 & plants1 g5]ally1 ) labiate corols1 & se$s 9 capsules1 are poison\s1 & also ^? plants :i* exude a milky juice :5 brok51 unless !y be> comp\nd fl[]s2 z milk-we$ & dog-bane4 ,x is und]/ood1 also1 t plants hav+ any app5dage to ! calyx or corol1 & eight or m /am5s1 are g5]ally poison\s4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,acc5sion ( glace inflammable1 #dj ,acc5sion ( _s ( turp5t9e1 #ea ,acc5sion ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 #he ,acc5sion1 spontane\s1 rem>ks on1 #bhh ,acid ( borax1 use (1 9 fire-works1 #bbg ,aigrette1 pots (1 #cfc :y s nam$1 ibid ,air works1 #cdg ,alcohol1 #afh ! flame (1 h[ col\r$1 #bj1 #bfi its comp\nd ) wat]1 c4 #afi its use 9 fire-works1 #afh its pro(1 or /r5g?1 h[ asc]ta9$1 #agj us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( fulm9at+ m]cury1 ibid burns )\t smoke1 ibid ,alex&] ! ,great1 surpris$ ) ! effects ( naph?a1 #cb1 #aec ,alb]tus ,magnus1 publi%$ an acc\nt ( ! ordeal by fire1 #ch on ! ,greek fire1 #ih ,amad\2 see ,pyrote*nical sponge4 ,amb]1 #aef us$ 9 odorif]\s fire1 #aeg f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ibid black2 see ,jet4 ,amb]gris1 ibid ,am]ican ,turtle1 :at1 #eae ,ammonia1 muriate (1 #ahd ,analysis ( gunp[d]1 9 :at x consi/s1 #adj ,anci5ts1 fire-works ( !1 #bfa z exhibit$ 9 !atres1 ibid made *iefly 9 wood5 tubes1 #bfb illum9at$ on bir? days1 #dbh ,anelz91 ,con/ant9e1 suppos$ to h inv5t$ gunp[d]1 #ii ,animal poisons1 = :at us$1 #efh ,animalcula1 #cd ,anglesea1 ,isl& (1 furni%es sulphur f copp] pyrites1 #hj ,antimony1 #ahh ,antio*1 _h "s public lamps1 note4 #dbh ,anna ,comm5a1 h] =mula = ,greek fire1 #ih ,aphlogi/ic lamp1 #agj ) camphor1 #aga ,aquatic fire-works1 #ba1 #ddb ,aqua=tis1 #di ,ar*bi%op ( ,magdeburg _h nitre di/ricts1 #eb ,arr[1 poison$1 #efg ,ar*bi%op ( ,tri]s1 grant$ privileges = se>*+ = nitre1 #ec ,artifice ( de/ruction1 #bfg ,artificial nitre b$s1 #fi ,artificial fl[] pot1 #aj ,artill]y1 h[ fir$ by sulphuric acid1 #ge mat*1 #dga rod1 #dgd ,ars5ic1 sulphurets (1 #ahg ,arr[s1 us$ to attract lightn+1 #ca ,asbe/us1 or ,amian?us1 wicks (1 #bf ,a%es1 wood1 #aib ,asphaltum1 #aee us$ z a cem5t1 ibid ,aurum ,musivum1 #bjj ,aug] ramm]1 :at1 #bch size (1 = bor+ rockets1 ibid ,auget 9 m9+1 :at1 #eea ,automatons ( fire1 #dai ,aurora1 composition =1 #bgb ,azote1 iodide (1 a fulm9at+ comp\nd1 #agg 9 nitre b$s1 furni%$ by animal matt]1 #gj quantity (1 9 nitric acid1 #abb dis5gag$ f gunp[d]1 ibid quantity (1 dis5gag$ f p[d]1 #abc exi/s 9 miasmata1 #fj c>buret (1 9 miasmata1 #fa diff]5t comb9ations (1 ib4 ,b4 ,bacon1 ,rog]1 #ih receiv$ 8 k ( gunp[d]1 ib4 8 "w1 conta9+ ! composition ( p[d]1 ib4 8 op9ion ( ! mann] ! ,midianites 7 defeat$1 ib4 knew gunp[d] be=e ,s*w>tz1 #ii ,balls1 inc5di>y1 #ib smoke1 #ddi /9k1 ibid poison$1 ibid inflammable1 #egg r$-hot1 #ddi ,balloon :eels1 #cid ,balloons ( gr5ades1 bombs & /one1 #eei ,coehorn1 #cea ,republican1 #ceb ( s]p5ts1 #cec ( crack]s & m>rons1 #ceb comp\nd1 ibid eight-in*1 c4 #cec t5-in*1 c4 #ced obs]vations on1 #cee ,table respect+1 #cef ,mort>s = ! *>ge (1 ibid fuses (1 #ced composition = !1 #ceh cases =1 #bde ,b>badoes t>1 #aee ,b>ras1 #adh ,b>-,co*ebra1 ! rabbi1 8 deceptions on ! ,jews1 #ca ,b>r['s acc\nt ( ,asiatic fire-works1 #bee ! nitre caves ( ,africa1 #eh ,battle ( ! kegs1 #ebc ,batt]ies ( ,roman c&les1 #djf ,mosaic c&les1 ibid ,bav9s1 = fire-%ips1 #eji composition =1 ibid ,beckman1 8 rem>ks conc]n+ juggl]s1 #bg ,b5gal lights1 #cgg ,b5zo91 #afa ,b5zoic acid1 ibid ,b5zo91 :y us$ 9 fire-works1 #afb fl[]s (1 ibid ,b]>d1 8 improvem5t 9 ref9+ nitre1 #fg ,b]?ollet1 propos$ *lorate ( potassa = gunp[d]1 #gf 8 fulm9at+ silv]1 #agd ,b]gamot1 ! ess5ce (1 us$ 9 odorif]\s flambeaux1 #bhh ,bigot1 8 obs]vations on rockets1 #edj ,bi/re1 h[ prep>$ f wood-soot1 #adf ,bitum51 ela/ic1 #aee solid1 ibid ,black1 ivory1 #ij ,black lead1 #bji ,black amb]1 #aeg ,blue vitriol1 #bbb ,blue />s1 #ah ,boat1 plung+1 #ead ,bod+ton1 inv5t$ a ma*9e to prove p[d]1 #aci ,bologna phial1 #bad ,bones1 *>r+ (1 #id ,bone & ivory1 #bbj ,borello1 8 process = reg5]ation1 #cd ,bottle1 phosphoric fire1 #he ,bombs1 h[itzes & gr5ades1 #dhg tables respect+1 #dhi inc5di>y1 ( ,rugg]i1 #ecg composition (1 #eef :]e said to h be5 inv5t$1 #ejd succ\r+1 an acc\nt ( ,bell's1 #edd ,brass1 #aig ,br&1 fire1 #egd ,brick1 economical1 #egg ,brilliant />s1 #ah fire1 #bga ,br9s1 pots de1 #cfd ,brim/one1 #gh roll1 #hj h[ obta9$1 ib4 h[ to det]m9e its purity1 #hc fl[]s (1 #hb ,br[n+ ( gun b>rels1 #bjd ,br[ne1 ,dr4 on nitre caves1 #ed1 #ee1 #eh ,bronze1 #aih ,brongni>t's directions = ref9+ saltpetre1 #fb ,brugnatelli's fulm9at+ silv]1 #agd ,bullock's blood1 pa/e made )1 #bec ,burgundy pit*1 #adg ,burn+ b>rel1 #ejc composition = !1 #ejd ,byzantium1 illum9ation (1 #bd ,c4 ,cab9et de composition1 #bce ,cadet1 8 mode ( dis*>g+ guns1 #dgg ,caduceus rocket1 #cda ,caglio/ro1 ! impo/]1 #cc 8 pret5sions to ! miracul\s1 ib4 8 phial1 ib4 ,c>dan's acc\nt ( 8 phial1 ib4 ,csalp9us1 8 comm5t on ,ari/otle1 #cd ,call9icus1 ! inv5tor ( ! ,greek fire1 #edd1 #edh ,calam9e /one1 #aie ,calc>e\s cav]ns mo/ly conta9 nitre1 #ed ,caligula1 caus$ ,rome to be illum9at$1 #bd1 #dbh ,camphor1 #aeg us$ 9 c&le-mak+1 #aei obta9$ f ! ,laurus ,camphora1 #aeh crude1 h[ ref9$1 ibid prop]ties (1 #aeh use (1 9 fire-works1 #afj ! flame produc$ by1 ibid ,c&les1 ,roman1 #chj cases =1 & effect (1 ibid mann] ( *>g+ !1 ibid mann] ( fir+1 ibid ,mosaic1 #cha duration (1 #dci light (1 ibid ,ure's exp]im5ts on1 ibid ,cannon1 hi/ory (1 #def h[ orig9ally made1 #deg diff]5t k9ds (1 #dei op9ions respect+1 #deh ,c>bon1 gase\s oxide (1 #hi diff]5t comb9ations (1 ib4 quantity 9 diff]5t coals1 h[ asc]ta9$1 #aea ,c>bonic acid1 #hh ,c>bonic oxide gas1 #hi ,c>burett$ hydrog5 gas1 ib4 ,c>twright's fire-works1 #bj ,c>omel1 #afe ,c>bonate ( ,ammonia1 #ahe z9c1 impure1 #aie potassa1 #ahi ,ca/]a's ,plung+ boat1 "s acc\nt (1 #ead ,caprices1 #djj crack+1 #djg ,cascades ( fire1 #djd ,c>ney1 ,m4 8 process = gunp[d]1 #aaj ,c>cass rocket1 #ecj ,c>casses1 #dib h[ made1 #dic table ( ! dim5sions (1 #did uses (1 #dib composition (1 #did a g5]al rule = _! prep>ation1 #die composition = cov]+1 #dif h[ dis*>g$ f mort>s1 #dig inext+ui%able1 #dic ,c>tridges1 #dfb musket1 #dfd cannon1 #dfg us$ 9 seiges1 :at k9d (1 #dff co/ (1 9 ,france1 ibid ball =1 calculations respect+1 #dfc dim5sions ( ! sacks =1 #dfh cannon1 ( :at compos$1 ibid table relative to1 #dfi ,bigot's table on ! *>ge ( p[d] =1 #dga ,cases1 :5 drove solid1 obs]vations on1 #bcg h[ di/+ui%$ by _! diamet]s1 ibid *>g+ (1 )\t m\lds1 ibid nipples =1 ibid :5 *>g$ solid1 h[ bor$1 #bch roll$ wet1 = :eels & fix$ pieces1 #bdd = turn+ pieces1 ( :at l5g?1 #bde = ,roman c&les1 ibid = s]p5ts1 ibid = fix$ />s1 ibid t\rbillon1 ibid balloon1 h[ made1 ibid = illum9ation port-fires1 #bdf lances1 #bdg = common port-fires1 ibid pap] =1 #bej pap]1 pref]r$ to wood5 tubes1 #bfb us$ by ! ,*9ese1 ibid = reports1 #cja = crack]s1 #cjj = fire-pumps1 #cbb = scrolls1 #cdd prim+ (1 #cgj :it5+ (1 ibid /&+ & fix$1 compositions =1 #chh ,catam>91 #ead inv5t$ by ,fulton1 ibid ,caves1 nitre1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ed ,celsius1 8 writ+s aga9/ ! ,magi1 #bg ,cem5t1 ,japanese1 #beb ,c]as91 #bai ,*a9$ rockets1 #cdb ,*aptal1 8 approval ( ,c>ney's process1 #aaj 8 obs]vations on saltpetre1 #fg ,*ri/ians 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 illum9at$1 #bd1 #dbh ,*>coal1 #hg acc5sion (1 by nitric acid1 #ea f damag$ gunp[d]1 #gb quantity (1 = decompos+ #ajj p>ts ( nitre1 #if us$ 9 fire-works1 #hg decomposes nitric acid1 ib4 nitrate ( potassa1 #if prop]ties (1 #hg de/roys ! empyreumatic flav\r ( liquor1 ib4 burns 9 oxyg5 gas1 c4 #hh "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( gunp[d]1 #hi h[ made1 #ij h[ made int5sely black1 #if = gunp[d]1 h[ prep>$1 #id wood us$ = mak+1 #id ,*>r$ pitcoal1 #ij ,*>g]s1 #bca ,*>act]s1 us$ 9 pyrote*ny1 #bcj ,*ampy1 ,m4 8 process = gunp[d]1 #aji ,*anges1 9 sun pieces1 h[ effect$1 #cif ,*emical effects 9 fire-works1 #b *anges1 ib4 ,*imnies1 diff]5t modes ( cleans+1 #egc ,sm>t's ma*9e =1 #egd ,*9ese fire1 #ai1 #cga works1 #bee prep>ation ( ! iron =1 #bja composition (1 z us$ 9 !atres1 #bfe = table works1 #bgb peculi> art ( !1 9 mak+ fire-works1 #bee fly]s1 #cjc cases =1 ibid h[ fill$1 ibid use (1 ibid f\nta9s1 #dje pa/e1 h[ made1 #beb iron s&1 diff]5t numb]s ( !1 h[ made1 #bjb ,inc>ville's acc\nt ( !1 #bjb ,*lorate ( potassa1 9 fire-works1 #g acc5sion by1 #bb exp]im5ts )1 ib4 h[ made1 #gd composition (1 #ge decompos$ by combu/ibles1 #ge & sug>1 give fire ) sulphuric acid1 ib4 effects (1 ) *>coal & sulphur1 #gf 9 lieu ( nitre = gunp[d]1 ib4 s]i\s accid5ts f1 ib4 proportions (1 = p[d]1 ib4 p[d] made )1 /rong] ?an ! common1 ib4 p[d] (1 exp]im5ts ) !1 ib4 = rockets1 #gg h[ us$ to dis*>ge cannon1 #ge ,*oak]1 #bcc ,*oak+1 h[ p]=m$1 #bdc contrivance =1 #bdd ,cic]o1 lamps light$ 9 honor (1 #bd1 #dbh ,clay1 uses (1 9 pyrote*ny1 #aic h[ prep>$ = use1 #aid ,cleavel&1 pr(essor1 8 notices ( saltpetre caves1 #ed ,coal1 #adi common1 ibid pit1 ibid compon5t p>ts (1 ibid "* (1 ibid :at k9d (1 be/ = fire-works1 ibid sur*>g$ ) bitum51 h[ x burns1 #aej ,am]ican1 ibid use (1 9 ! arts1 ibid k9ds (1 ibid quantity ( c>bon 91 h[ asc]ta9$1 #aea :y us$ 9 fire-works1 ibid analysis (1 ibid orig9 (1 #aeb ,coke1 #ij ov5s1 #aej ,coehorn balloon1 #cea illum9at$1 ibid ( s]p5ts1 ibid ( crack]s1 ibid comp\nd1 #ceb ,colophony1 #adg ,col\rs1 h[ communicat$1 #ai ,combu/ion1 spontane\s1 h[ occasion$1 #cbc accel]at$ or ret>d$1 #a produces new comp\nds1 #b products (1 ib4 ( metals1 #d ( sulphur ) nitre1 #di ,common />s1 #ah ,compositions1 rem>ks respect+ p>ticul>1 #i h[ pres]v$1 #bce sundry1 = fire-works1 tabul> view (1 #cag effects ( p>ticul>1 #cfg = v>iations1 = sun pieces1 #cif to pres]ve ! fuses ( %ells1 c4 #dhe = dipp+ curta9s1 bav9s1 c4 #eaa = prim+ = fire-%ips1 ibid = sett+ fire to fasc9es1 ibid = hoops1 fire arr[s1 c4 ibid = kitt1 #eab ,cond5s+ syr+e1 #bgf ,c\rant9es1 or l9e rockets1 #cde ,con/antius1 al>m$ at "s feats by fire1 #ca ,con/ant9ople1 illum9ation (1 #bd by ord] ( ,con/ant9e1 #dbh ,copal1 #afd ,cornelius1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 8 description ( a nitre cave1 #eh ,corrosive sublimate1 #ahf use (1 9 fire-works1 ibid ,cotton1 #bai ,c\nt]-m9es1 #eea ,crack]s ( fulm9at+ silv]1 #agc h[ made = fire-works1 #cjj report (1 h[ caus$1 ibid ,wat]loo1 #bgc ,crawfi%1 process = reg5]at+1 #cd ,cram]'s exp]im5ts on ! =mation ( nitre1 #gj ,cross-fire1 :at1 #djf ,cr[ns & globes1 compositions =1 #cij ,cruik%ank1 8 process = mak+ fulm9at+ silv]1 #agd ,curta9s1 = fire-%ips1 #eaj ,cyanog51 #hi ,cyl9d]s1 or roll]s1 #bcj ,cyph]s 9 fire1 h[ made1 #cbd ,d4 ,dana1 8 rem>ks respect+ vap\r 9 combu/ion1 #dcd ,d>t1 ! inflammable1 #egd ,dead fire1 = :eels1 #chi light fuse1 #dhe ,deceptions by fire1 v>i\s1 #cj ,decorations = fire-works1 #bih1 #dbe ,deflagration ( nitre ) crude antimony1 #ej ,delian problem1 7note71 #bh ,deliquesc5t salts 9 nitre1 #ch ,desaguli]s1 8 rem>ks conc]n+ rockets4 ,see ,rockets4 ,de/ruction1 artifice (1 #bfg ,detonation ) nitre & phosphorus1 #di ,detonations1 sundry ) *lorate ( potassa1 #ge sundry exp]im5ts to produce1 #bgc ,detonat+ mixtures ) phosphorus1 #he girdle1 #bgd p[d] f indigo1 #agg tape1 #bgd oil1 #agi works1 #bgc balls1 #bgd c>ds1 #bge ,devices1 v>i\sly =m$1 #cbd ,diamond1 pure c>bon1 #hg ,dodeca$ron1 repres5tation (1 #djc ,don ,p$ro1 #ii ,d',orval1 8 acc\nt ( aquatic fire-works1 #bgb ,dragons1 9 fire-works1 exhibitions (1 #bff ,driv] = *>g+ l>ge rockets1 #bcc ,dry+ ( p[d]1 #aab ,duponts1 ! ,messrs4 ! "* ( _! p[d]1 #gc ,du/+ ( gunp[d]1 #aab ,dung ( camels1 us$ z fuel1 #bah ,e4 ,eau de cuite1 #fd ,eau =te1 ib4 ,eau faible1 ib4 ,europeans1 anci5t1 _! poison$ arr[s1 #efh ,ela/ic bitum51 #aee a]i=m fluids1 #f ,electron1 #aef ,electricity1 effects (1 on inflammable bodies1 #bgf ,ellibi*us1 7note471 #dbh ,emp$ocles knew ! effect ( burn+ glasses1 #efb ,endless screw1 #dah ,epr\vette1 #ach ( ,hutton1 ibid improv$1 ibid ( ,d>cy1 #gf ( ,regni]1 #gg ( ,ramsd51 #aci ,dr4 ,hutton's op9ion ( !1 #ach ,eruption1 volcanic1 #bfc sub/ances :i* produce1 ibid ,ess5ce ( spruce1 #adg ,e!r1 phosphoriz$1 #he ,ess5tial oils1 #afc ,et\pille ( ! ,fr5*1 #bie h[ prep>$1 #big ,ewel1 8 pat5t = mak+ gunp[d]1 #aah ,exam9ation1 *emical1 ( nitre1 #gb ,exhibition ( fire-works1 #dec ,exp]im5ts1 sundry1 ) detonat+ sub/ances1 #bgc ,extemporane\s fire1 #egh v>i\s k9ds (1 ibid by *emical action1 ibid ,hanzelet's composition =1 #egi rem>ks on1 ibid ,f4 ,fasc9es1 #eja h[ made1 ibid to :at use appli$1 ibid v>i\s k9ds (1 #eja ,fea/ ( ! lant]ns 9 ,*9a1 #be ,fea/ ( ! lamps1 #dbg ,fea/ ( ! d$ication ( ! ,temple1 ibid ,fe/um encniorum ( ! ,jews1 #bd ,fev]s1 malignant1 suppos$ causes (1 #fj ,fight1 ) small %ips1 h[ repres5t$1 #dea ,fire1 feats p]=m$ )1 #bf works (1 g5]al basis (1 #ai works1 to %[ 9 sp>ks1 c4 #bj = rooms1 ( :at made1 #ba sub/ances us$ 91 #dh ra91 inc5di>y1 #efj composition (1 #efj1 #efa obs]vations on1 ibid gave rise to ! fire-/one1 #efb ,greek1 #edd ( :at compos$1 #ede flasks1 #ege /one1 :at1 #bje produc$ by p]cussion1 #bgc works 9 g5]al1 #bee inv5tion ( ,europe1 ibid at ,pek91 ibid kn[n 9 ,*9a f "t immemorial1 ibid ,*9ese n surpass$ by any nation1 ibid ,b>r['s acc\nt ( !1 ibid arrangem5t (1 #bef a sy/em (1 :at1 ibid ( inflammable air1 #chc ,frazi]'s op9ion respect+1 #beg ordeal by1 #cg works at ,v]sailles & ,p>is1 #beg ( ! anci5ts1 #bfa !atrical1 #bfb ra9 = !atres1 #bfd composition (1 #bfd1 #cji1 #caj1 #caa 9 ,*9ese fire1 #bfe spur1 #bfg composition (1 #bfh works1 portable1 #bga sc5t$1 #bhc tables1 #bga pots1 #cfe = ramp>ts1 #ege *>ge =1 #cff br&1 #egd pumps1 #cbb composition =1 ibid cases =1 h[ made1 ibid h[ *>g$1 ibid jets1 #cfg extemporane\s1 h[ made1 #egh sp\ts1 #cfg compositions =1 ibid blue1 = p>asols & cascades1 #cfi radiant1 ibid gre51 ibid ,aurora1 ibid ,italian rose1 ibid ev]la/+1 :at1 #aed jets1 diff]5t appe>ances (1 #cgj h[ us$1 ibid ,*9ese1 #cga r$1 #cgb ca/ iron1 us$ 9 !1 #cga iron s& 9 !1 ibid applications ( !1 #cge has little =ce1 ibid on :eels1 its effect1 ibid = calib]s "u #aj_/ab?s ( an in*1 #cgf = o!r calib]s1 ibid = ,palm trees & cascades1 ibid :ite1 ibid = g]bes1 ibid works = exhibition1 ! arrangem5t (1 #chg h[ arrang$1 #dec inc5di>y1 #dij g5]al acc\nt ( !1 ibid numb] ( !1 ibid sl[1 = :eels1 #chi dead1 = :eels1 ibid w&s1 #djj cascades (1 #djd gall]ies (1 #djf globes1 #dbj crayons1 #bhf globe1 aquatic1 #dde repres5tation ( figures 91 #dbc %ip1 9 m9iature1 #dea = s]vice1 #ejg prep>ation ( a1 ibid uses ( a1 ibid /ores requir$ = a1 #eaj fire-b>rels = a1 ibid composition =1 ibid /one1 #dia its use1 ibid ( :at compos$1 ibid cautions to be us$ 9 mak+1 ibid on :at its goodness dep5ds1 ibid h[ made m inflammable1 ibid composition (1 #dib orig9 (1 #dia composition1 us$ = c>casses2 see c>casses4 balls1 #dib ,fire balls1 composition (1 #did table on ! dim5sions (1 ibid h[ !y diff] f c>casses1 #dib composition = cov]+ (1 #dif h[ dis*>g$1 #dig a new mode = mak+1 ibid to be ?r[n by h&1 k9d =1 ibid composition = h&1 #dih works1 ) hydrog5 gas1 #chc ,dillon's exhibition ( inflammable air1 ibid ,c>twright's d4 d41 ibid flame ( hydrog5 gas 91 h[ *>g$1 ibid ( inflammable air1 h[ execut$1 ibid _! "*1 ibid imitative1 #ddj h[ made1 ibid ,r$1 = !atres1 #bgj ,fix$ air1 #hg suns1 #cig1 #cih cases1 #ai ,flame1 ! rapidity ( ! communication (1 #dca ( felt1 col\rs (1 #dce ,reaumur & ,s*att's rem>ks on1 ibid ( felt1 exp]im5t to produce !1 ibid col\r$1 !ory (1 #dcf v rem>kable effects (1 on liv+ p]sons1 ibid h[ prep>$ to produce s+ul> appe>ances1 ibid ,flame1 *ang$ ( diff]5t col\rs1 #b1 #dcb deception by brea?+1 #cj !1 9 fire-works1 h[ %[n1 #bfd h[ ext+ui%$1 & made to reappe> at ! same "t1 #bge ,flambeaux1 odorif]\s1 #bhh its use 9 w>1 #eja h[ made1 #ejb composition =1 ibid ,fl[] pot1 artificial1 ( fire1 #aj ,fl[]s ( sulphur1 #hb ,fl[] pots1 pyramid (1 #djb ,flux1 black1 #ej :ite1 ib4 ,fly]s1 ,*9ese1 #cjc ,fetid c>bonate ( lime1 #aee fire1 rem>ks on1 #bij ,=sy?1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 8 composition = gunp[d]1 #bc1 #ge 8 inv5tion ( a gun-lock1 #bb ,f\dres1 :at1 #bfe ,f\gasses1 #eed ,f\gette1 #ebi improvem5t on !1 #ecj ,f\nta9s1 ,*9ese1 #dje ,frank9c5se1 #adh us$ 9 odorif]\s fire1 ibid ,frazi]1 8 op9ion on fire-works1 #beg ,fruiloni :eel1 #cid ,fuel1 economical1 #egg ,fulm9at+ p[d]1 #ej ( ,higg9s1 ib4 m]cury1 #aga ( ,bay51 #agc silv]1 #agc1 #bgd balls1 ibid1 ibid bombs1 #agc1 #bge silv]1 ( ,b]?ollet1 #agd ( ,*5evix1 ibid ( ,silliman1 #age gold1 ibid plat9um1 #agf p[d]1 f indigo1 #agg comp\nd1 call$ iodide ( azote1 ibid oil1 #agi silv]1 ent]ta9+ exp]im5ts )1 #bgc ,fusion1 p[d] (1 #ej ,fuses1 #dha = %ells1 h[itzes1 & gr5ades1 ibid h[ made1 ibid h[ *>g$1 #dhb sundry compositions =1 #dhd ) dead light1 #dhe composition = !1 #dhf dim5sions (1 #dhg ,g4 ,gallipot1 #adg ,galbanum1 #bba ,gall]ies ( fire1 #djf ,galvanism1 detonations produc$ by1 #bgf ,games at ,rome1 illum9at$ at night1 #bd ,g>niture1 9 fire-works1 :at1 #bih ,gases produc$ 9 fire-works1 #f "* ( !1 ib4 ,gas lights1 #hi ,gases1 :at1 produc$ by gunp[d]1 #aba numb] (1 evolv$ f gunp[d]1 #abb c>bonic acid1 c4 quantity f gunp[d]1 #abc ,g5]al !ory ( ,pyrote*ny1 #a ,g]bes1 #ai acc\nt (1 #cdh composition =1 #cdi ,gibbs1 colonel1 8 exp]im5ts on gunp[d] ) lime1 #eef ,gir&oles1 #djg modification (1 ibid *e/s (1 = rockets1 #cch ,girdle1 detonat+1 #bgd ,glaz+ ( p[d]1 :at1 #aaa plumbago us$ = !1 ibid ,glass1 #baj diff]5t k9ds (1 ibid act$ ^u by fluoric acid1 #bad anneal+ (1 ibid uses (1 9 fire-works1 #baj ,globes1 ) _! decorations1 #dai leap+1 #dbj composition =1 #dba bur/+1 #dbj ,globe ( compression1 #eec ,glue1 #bad its use 9 pyrote*ny1 ibid ,gold ra91 #caj fulm9at+1 #age ,grac*us1 ,m>cus1 #ih ,grcus1 ,m>cus1 ib4 said to h inv5t$ gunp[d]1 ib4 ,grape %ot1 h[ made1 #dgj ,granulation ( p[d]1 #aaa ,grecian illum9ation1 #bd ,gre5 mat*1 #cbd fire ( ! ,palm tree1 #gg ,gregory1 8 summ>y ( ,rob9s's exp]im5ts1 #abe ,greek-fire1 #edd inv5t$ by ,call9icus1 ibid us$ by ,call9icus ) success1 ibid h[ def9$1 ibid us$ at diff]5t p]iods1 #ede h[ made use (1 ibid ?r[n by sp\t+ eng9es1 ibid ,beckman's rem>ks on !1 ibid peculi> prop]ties ( !1 #edf mod]n imitations ( !1 ibid ,la ,brocqui]e on !1 ibid ,rugg]i's rem>ks on !1 #edg said to h giv5 rise to gunp[d]1 #ih recipes = ! mak+ (1 kn[n to ,bacon1 ib4 a manuscript conta9+ !1 & gunp[d]1 ib4 v>i\s k9ds (1 #edf ! orig9al1 n kn[n1 ibid ! au?or ( uvre ,militaire on1 ibid recomm5ds a sub/itute = !1 ibid sup]s$$ by gunp[d]1 #edg ,gr5ades1 fuses =1 #dha h[ *>g$1 #dhd ,gums1 us$ 9 fire-works1 #ba conta9 c>bon1 #hi ,gum arabic1 #bai ,tragacan?1 ibid ,gun1 repeat+1 #dfj ,guns dis*>g$ by p]cussion1 #ge ,guns1 see cannon4 ,gunp[d]1 hi/ory (1 #ig inv5t$ 9 ,india1 #ig1 #deh inv5tion1 h[ br\ght to ,europe1 #ig ! ,arabians obta9$ a k (1 f ! ,indians1 ib4 ! use (1 =bidd5 9 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,indians1 ib4 employ$ 9 #fij at ! battle ( ,mecca1 ib4 ! ,greek fire said to h giv5 rise to1 #ih recipe =1 9 an old manuscript1 ib4 quality (1 #ig ! =mul = ( ,m>cus ,grcus1 #ih said to h be5 inv5t$ by a ,g]man monk1 #ii inv5tion (1 ascrib$ to ,anelz91 ib4 to ,s*w>tz1 ib4 no m5tion made (1 9 ! ,fr5* regi/]s1 ib4 damag$1 nitre extract$ f1 #gb h[ exam9$ by reag5ts1 #gc analysis (1 9 :at x consi/s1 #gc1 #adj made ) *lorate ( potassa1 #gf ) *lorate ( potassa1 effects (1 ib4 :at requir$ to make good1 #ajj v>ies 9 its con/itu5t p>ts1 ibid ,fr5* =mula1 = ! be/1 ibid ,engli%1 proportions us$ =1 ibid gov]nm5t1 7,briti%71 :at1 ibid exp]im5ts )1 at ,gr5ille1 ibid proportions =1 by diff]5t nations1 ibid = w>1 ,fr5* =mula1 #ajb = hunt+1 d4 d41 ibid = m9+1 d4 d41 ibid manufacture (1 #ajb 9 ,france1 summ>y ( !1 #aaj improvem5t 9 ! dry+ (1 #ajc glaz+ (1 #ajd = mak+1 accord+ to ,*ampy1 #aji mills1 #ajd accid5ts to1 ibid at ,frank=d1 an exp]im5t at1 #aje ma*9]y (1 ibid *>coal =1 accord+ to ,pr\/1 #aaj ,c>ney's process = mak+1 ibid its p[]1 on :at x dep5ds1 #abj gases produc$ by ! combu/ion (1 #aba quantity (1 #abb ,!n>d's rem>ks on ! gases f1 #aba ,pr\/'s op9ion ( ! products ( fir$1 ibid rem>ks on ! combu/ion (1 ibid ,granulation (1 said to be injuri\s1 #abd fir$ 9 a vacuum1 ! products (1 #abe c>bonic acid gas f1 #aba ,rob9s's exp]im5ts )1 #abe ,dr4 ,hutton's rem>ks on1 #abg *>ges (1 #abi ! velocity ( balls caus$ by1 ibid table ( ! *>ges1 c4 (1 #acj ,hutton's exp]im5ts at ,woolwi*1 )1 ibid azotic gas f1 #aba pro( (1 #acf v>i\s1 ibid comp>ative1 ibid by ! epr\vette1 #ach /r5g? (1 h[ increas$1 #adj pres]vation (1 ibid exam9ation (1 ibid *emical1 ibid m>ks1 :at1 #acf quantity requir$ to raise a cubic fa?om ( e>?1 #eeb torp$o2 see ,torp$o4 sev]al modes propos$ to increase ! =ce (1 #eed exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,l4 ,maitre1 c4 )1 #eee basis ( fire-works4 ,see ,!ory ( ,fire-,works4 ext+ui%+ flame ) fir$1 #egb *>g+ (1 ) a ball1 a new mode1 #ci h[ us$ ) ball1 )\t injur+1 ib4 ,tricks )1 by juggl]s1 #dj action & reaction (1 aga9/ a ball1 ib4 h[ put 9 ! repeat+-gun4 ,see ,cannon4 h[ x acts 9 ext+ui%+ flame1 #egb recomm5d$ to scatt] wat] on build+s on fire1 #egc inflammation (1 by ! radiation ( heat1 #eff cautions 9 load+ guns )1 #abe its =ce increas$ by conf9$ air1 ibid h[ employ$ = ! splitt+ ( trees1 c4 ibid damag$1 h[ ! nitre is recov]$ f1 #gb purification ( sulphur1 = mak+1 #ha mills1 spontane\s combu/ion 91 #ajf h[ prev5t$1 #ajg ,b>?oldi's op9ion ( !1 #ajf ,david's plan to prev5t !1 ibid ,gunb>rels1 h[ br[n$1 #bjd utility ( br[n+1 ibid ,h4 ,hanzelet1 8 extemporane\s fire1 #egi ,half-m\lds1 #bch dim5sions (1 ibid ,h>e1 pr(essor1 8 rem>ks conc]n+ flame1 #dcc ,heat1 lat5t1 #acf idea (1 h[ =m$1 ibid 9 nitric acid1 ibid ,h]odotus1 8 acc\nt ( ! ,egyptian illum9ations1 #bd ( ! ,egyptian fe/ivals1 #dbg ,higg9s1 8 fulm9at+ p[d]1 #ej improvem5t on ! old1 ib4 ,hirpi1 !1 jump$ ?r\gh fire1 c4 #cg ,hippocrates ,*ias1 ! discov]] ( ! ,delian problem1 7note47 #bi ,holy ,fire1 (fice ( !1 #da c]emonies ( !1 ib4 ,honor>y rockets1 #cdb ,horse1 a1 burnt1 ?r\gh a sup]/iti\s notion1 7note47 #bh ,humboldt1 8 obs]vation on gunp[d] = m9+1 #eef ,h[>d's fulm9at+ m]cury1 #agb ( :at compos$1 ibid h[ prep>$1 ibid effects (1 #agc ,h[itzes1 fuses =1 #dha h[ *>g$1 #dhd ,hughes' nitre cave1 #ed ,hydrog5 gas1 = fire-works1 #bj1 #chc ,c>twright's fire-works )1 #bj ,dillon's fire-works )1 #chc detonation (1 9 a pi/ol1 #chd ,hyp]boreans1 h[ !y caught ! electric fluid1 #ca ,hyp]oxymuriate ( potassa1 #g1 #gd sundry prop]ties (1 #ge us$ = gunp[d]1 #gf ! same z *lorate ( potassa1 #gd conta9s a l>ge quantity ( oxyg51 #ge h[ prep>$1 #gd basis ( ! pocket lights1 #ge ,i4 ,illum9ation port-fires1 cases =1 #bdf lances (1 #cad composition = !1 ibid ( v>i\s col\rs1 ibid ,illum9ations1 #bc1 #dbe = :at design$1 #bc antiquity (1 ib4 ,egyptian1 #bd ,p>isian1 ib4 by ! ,anci5ts1 on great occasions1 ib4 port-fire1 composition =1 #cad *emical1 #dci1 #ebc ,illum9at+ b>rel1 #ejc ,illum9at$ table />1 #bgc ,illum9at$ spiral :eel1 #cic yew tree1 #djb figures1 sundry1 #dac f\nta91 #dci h[ produc$1 ibid ,imitative fire-works1 #ddj ,inc5di>y ma*9es1 9 w>1 #dfb fire-works1 #dij mat*es1 #dib kegs1 #ebc rocket1 #ecj rope1 #eeh composition =1 ibid arr[s1 #eff ,incombu/ible1 :eels1 c4 h[ made1 #bdj ,indigo1 a fulm9at+ p[d] f1 #agg ,indian :ite fire1 #ehj composition ( !1 ibid mat*es = !1 ibid ,+5h\z1 ,dr4 8 rem>ks conc]n+ gunp[d]1 #abj ,inflammable p[d] ( ,m4 ,g5gembrie & ,botte1 #ej ,inf]nal ma*9e1 #eab ,inflammable ball1 #egg air1 #bj works1 #chc pi/ol1 #chd lamp1 ibid d>t1 #egd ,iodide ( azote1 a fulm9at+ sub/ance1 #agg ,iron cyl9d]s & cases1 :y pref]r$ = *>r+ wood1 #ia use (1 9 fire-works1 #bja ca/1 or crude1 an +r$i5t ( ,*9ese fire1 ibid pig1 or crude iron1 #bjf prop]ties (1 #bja ! effect (1 9 brilliant & ,*9ese fire1 ibid s& ( ! ,*9ese1 p[d]$ ca/ iron1 ibid *amb]s (1 = fire-%ips1 #eji _! use1 ibid "s prep>ations (1 #bja !ory ( ! effect (1 9 fire-works1 #bjb fil+s1 h[ pres]v$1 #bci 9 brilliant fire1 #d ,irrorateur1 #bhh ,is+lass1 us$ 9 composition1 #ai its prop]ties1 #bad ,italian roses1 #cac composition =1 ibid ,j4 ,japanese cem5t1 #beb ,j]ome1 8 rem>ks on ! lights ( ,antio*1 7note47 #dbh ,jessam9e fire1 composition (1 #bga ,jet1 #aef fire1 #cfg ,jews1 fe/ival (1 _h illum9ations at !1 #bd ,joblonski1 8 acc\nt ( ! horse condemn$ at ,lisbon1 7note47 #bh ,julius ,camillus1 8 homunculi1 #cd ,k4 ,k>ab1 #aef ,kir*]1 8 mirror1 #efb ,kurtz1 8 pat5t = prep>+ *>coal1 #ic ,l4 ,laboratory1 9 ,pyrote*ny1 #bbh ,laboratory tools1 ibid ,lampblack1 9 spur fire1 #aj action (1 9 spur fire1 ib4 acc5sion (1 by nitric acid1 #ea h[ made1 #hi1 #add orig9 ( ! "n (1 #add h\ses1 ibid prop]ties (1 #ade purity (1 h[ discov]$1 ibid artificial tann9 f1 ibid quality (1 h[ improv$1 ibid durable ink1 prep>$ )1 ibid us$ 9 pr9t]s' ink1 ibid a con/itu5t "p ( ,close's ink1 ibid ,lampad>ia1 :at1 #dbh ,lampt]ic1 ibid ,lamp1 inflammable air1 #dcj ,lamps1 k9ds (1 #dbi v>i\s pat5t1 7note47 #dcj cu/om ( ! ,turks )1 #bd ,pococke's acc\nt (1 9 a synagogue1 ib4 ,p]sian c]emony )1 #be ,lances ( illum9ation1 #cad sundry compositions =1 ibid ,lance feu1 composition (1 ibid /9k fire1 ibid sl[ :ite flame1 #cae composition (1 ibid = pet>ds1 #cah h[ made1 ibid ( s]vice1 ibid composition = !1 ibid ,lant]ns1 fea/ ( !1 9 ,*9a1 #be ,lapis ,calam9>is1 #aie ,l>dons1 same nature z s]p5ts1 #bih ,lead1 recomm5d$ = ! pres]vation ( p[d]1 #adj exp]im5ts )1 = ?is purpose1 ibid c>tridges =m$ ( %eet1 ibid black1 #bji us$ = ! glaz+ ( p[d]1 #aaa ,lead]s1 #bid1 #bie ?read+ & jo9+ (1 #bid = small cases1 h[ us$1 ibid ,lee1 ,s]geant1 8 acc\nt ( ,bu%nel's turtle1 #eah 8 adv5ture ) a subm>9e vessel1 ibid 8 adv5ture ) a balloon-%ip1 7note47 #eba ,libanus speaks ( 8 native city1 on acc\nt ( ! lamps1 7note47 #dbh ,lights1 pocket1 h[ made1 #bb1 #ge v>i\s k9ds (1 #cae composition =1 ibid common1 composition =1 ibid r$1 composition =1 #caf sundry compositions (1 = diff]5t calib]s1 ibid brilliant1 c4 composition =1 ibid = all calib]s1 ibid ano!r1 ibid l>ge ,jessam9e1 #cag small ,jessam9e1 ibid tabul> view ( compositions =1 ibid ,b5gal1 #cgg composition ( !1 #cgh obs]vations on !1 ibid ,lightn+1 ! ,anci5ts knew h[ to attract !1 #ca h[ repres5t$1 #bfg ,lime1 promotes ! =mation ( nitre1 #ec ! c>bonate (1 ! same effect1 ib4 ,lime1 #aid its use 9 fire-works1 #aie ,l9e rockets1 #cde ,l9se$ oil1 #bah ,lixivium = sl[ mat*1 h[ made1 #bic ,long*amp1 8 improvem5t 9 ref9+ saltpetre1 #fg ,lycopodium us$ 9 prim+ p[d]1 #gf imitat+ lightn+1 #bfg ,m4 ,ma*9es1 inf]nal1 #eab ,magaz9e1 #bce pr9ciples ( =m+ a bomb pro(1 ibid lightn+ rod = a1 #bcf access ( moi/ure 9 a1 h[ prev5t$1 ibid ,magic lant]n1 #dd phantasmagoria ) !1 ib4 ,magi1 "* ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptian1 #bg ,mallets1 #bca ,mal?a1 #aee ,m&rils1 #bcj ,m>ble1 bitum9\s1 #aee ,m>ks1 gunp[d]1 #adc ,m>iotte1 8 !ory ( ! flight ( rockets1 #ad ,m>rons1 #cah made to imitate ! explosion ( m9es1 #bfd h[ made1 #cah h[ fir$1 #cai batt]ies (1 h[ =m$1 ibid = s]vice1 ibid cubical1 ibid figure ( ! pap]1 be=e =m+1 #cbj %9+1 #cbj = :at design$1 ibid ,murd]+1 #eeg ,ma/i*1 #afc f ! ,pi/acia l5tiscus1 ibid us$ 9 ! sc5t$ pa/e1 #afd ,mat*es1 9 artill]y1 #dga ,mat*1 #bib quick1 ibid sl[1 #bic lixivium = sl[1 ibid pr9ciples ) respect to ! combu/ion (1 #bif proportion ( sub/ances = =m+1 #big sl[ 7milit>y71 #dga h[ prep>$1 ibid rope =1 #dgb lixivium =1 ibid nitre1 :y us$1 ibid h[ poli%$1 ibid ano!r process = prep>+1 ibid h[ made at ,gibralt>1 ibid made ( sug> ( lead1 ibid quick1 process ( ,m4 ,bigot =1 #dgg diff]5t compositions =1 #dgh ( wor/$1 ibid h[ made ) exp$ition1 ibid rod1 artill]y1 ( ,m4 ,cadet1 #dgd exp]im5ts )1 ibid inc5di>y1 #dib h[ prep>$1 ibid phosphoric1 #he wood1 #ega pap]1 #bid = cyph]s1 blue & gre51 #cbd purple1 or violet1 #cbe ,meal-p[d]1 #bcd ,meal+ table1 h[ made1 #hc ,meal+ ( brim/one1 ib4 ,m$ici1 h\se (1 brib$ to aboli% ! ,academy del ,cim5to1 #bh ,m]cury1 fulm9at+1 #aga ,m]cury1 corrosive muriate (1 #ahf ,metals1 us$ 9 fire-works1 #d ,metallic prep>ations1 "s detonate1 #bc ,metallic copp]1 h[ obta9$ by precipitation1 #bbb us$ 9 fire-works1 #bbc ,meteors1 imitation ( natural1 #cbe ,meteorolites1 #fb ,meteoric ph5om5on1 ib4 ,mexia1 ,pet]1 8 rem>ks on gunp[d]1 #ih ,miasmata1 ( :at compos$1 #fj produce fev]s1 ib4 produce yell[ fev]1 #fj h[ de/roy$1 7note47 #fa k9d (1 suppos$ to produce yell[ fev]1 ib4 ,milit>y ,pyrote*ny1 :at1 #def ,milk ( sulphur1 #hc ,m9e pots1 #bii composition (1 ibid ,m9es1 & m9+1 #eej ,m9]va ( ,sais1 fe/ival (1 7note47 #dbh ,m9]al t>1 #aed ,miracles1 #bi ,mirrors1 p[]ful effects (1 #efb ,ar*im$es employ$1 ) success1 #efc ,mix1 lieut4 8 unsuccessful attempt ) a torp$o1 #ebb ,mixtures1 h[ made = fire-works1 #bec ,morey1 8 exp]im5t ) nitre & oil1 #ea ) t>1 #dcc ) ros9 & boil+ wat]1 #dcb ,mort>s & pe/les1 #bcc pap]1 #cej to ?r[ aigrettes1 #cej1 #cfc ,moore1 8 rem>ks on rockets1 #ae ,moon & />s1 #dba ,mosaic c&les1 #cha !ory & effect (1 #ag gold1 #bjj t\rbillons1 #ceh composition (1 #cfj simples1 #cha h[ us$1 ibid m\ld$ />s1 #chb composition (1 ibid ,moses1 h[ he diff]$ f ! ,magi1 #cj rod (1 miracles wr\ght ) !1 #bi ,"m wat] ( nitre1 #eg ,m\lds1 = common port-fires1 #bdg ,muriat$ gunp[d]1 :at1 #gf ,muriate ( ,ammonia1 #ahd ,mu%et1 8 rem>ks on iron1 #baj ,mutations1 a regulat$ piece ( n9e1 #djh ,myrrh1 #afd us$ 9 odorif]\s fire1 #afe ,n4 ,naph?a1 #aec ! sub/ance1 :i* burnt ,creusa1 ibid ,alex&] ! great1 surpris$ at ! effects (1 ibid us$ by ! ,anci5ts 9 exhibitions1 #aed ,hanway's acc\nt (1 ibid ,p9k]ton's obs]vations on1 ibid gr\nds1 s+ul> prop]ties (1 ibid us$ 9 ! ,greek fire1 #aed ,neptune1 h[ repres5t$ 9 fire1 #dej ,nitre1 #dh fix$ by *>coal1 #di us$ 9 ! =mation ( gunp[d]1 #ej its quality1 h[ judg$ (1 by fire-work]s1 #ea h[ procur$ 9 ! ,ea/1 #eb di/ricts1 :at1 ib4 h[ procur$ at ,lima1 ib4 regale1 9 ,g]many1 :at1 ib4 h[ obta9$ 9 ,g]many1 ib4 f old walls1 build+s1 c4 #ec =m$ ) animal & vegetable matt]1 ib4 collect$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ib4 quantity us$ 9 ,*9a = fire-works1 ib4 b$ (1 at ,apulia1 ne> ,naples1 ib4 h[ obta9$ 9 ,switz]l&1 ib4 spr+s1 9 ,hung>y1 ib4 convocation at ,p>is1 ( "y m51 to receive in/ruction = =m+1 ib4 ,caves ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ed obta9$ f ! soil ( tobacco-h\ses1 ib4 b$s1 artificial1 ib4 h[ extract$ f ! nitr\s e>? ( nitre caves1 #ed1 #ee crude1 :at1 #ed e>?1 :at1 ib4 f\nd 9 caves 9 a /ate ( purity1 ib4 caves ( ,t5nessee1 ,virg9ia1 & ,m>yl&1 ib4 cave1 a1 h[ discov]$1 #ee 9 ! grease1 :at1 #ef !ory ( ! process ( extract+1 #eg cry/allization (1 ib4 r\gh1 ib4 rock ore (1 h[ treat$1 ib4 caves1 obs]vations on1 #ei ,brongni>t's direction = ref9+1 #fb process = extract+1 9 ,france1 #fc old process = ref9+1 #ff ,*aptal's obs]vations1 c4 on1 #fg conditions necess>y to =m1 #gj h[ extract$ f damag$ gunp[d]1 #gb h[ to asc]ta9 its purity1 ib4 h[ r$uc$ exp$iti\sly to p[d]1 #gc cubic1 #gd caves ( ,africa1 a bitum9\s sub/ance f\nd !re1 #eh native1 9 ! nitre caves ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ef native1 ( ,africa1 #eh 9 ! s&/one /rata ( ,africa1 ib4 caves ( ,africa1 conta9 animal excrem5t1 ib4 9 ! cave at ,nicajack 9 ,georgia1 ib4 quantity obta9$ at ,nicajack1 #ei suppos$ orig9 (1 at ,nicajack1 ib4 9 ! cave at ,corydon1 ,indiana1 ib4 caves ( ,ea/ ,t5nessee1 ,ka9's rem>ks on1 ib4 ( ! ,cumb]l& m\nta9s1 ib4 causes :i* are suppos$ to =m1 ib4 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( c&les1 #ahf ,nitrification1 :at1 #gj ,nitr\s effloresc5ce1 ! anci5t scrophula contra lapides1 #ec ,nitrate ( potassa1 nitre1 or saltpetre1 #dh ( soda1 us$ 9 fire-works1 #h ( /rontia1 ib4 produces flame1 ib4 ( soda1 #gc exp]im5ts )1 by ,botte ,riffault1 #gd ( copp]1 #bbc uses (1 9 fire-works1 ibid use (1 = mat*es1 ibid prep>ation (1 ibid ,nitrates ( diff]5t bases1 may be us$ 9 fire-works1 #h all conta9 oxyg51 ib4 ,nitric acid1 #ea h[ prep>$1 ib4 ,o4 ,odorif]\s fire-works1 g5]al pr9ciple (1 #ba wat] balloons1 #bhf1 #ddf flambeaux1 #bhi & fetid fire1 #bij fire1 by spontane\s acc5sion1 #bhh pa/illes1 or crayons1 #bhf vases ( ! anci5ts1 ibid ,od\r1 classification (1 ibid extreme divisibility (1 #bhe ,oils1 ess5tial1 #afc inflammation (1 #ea us$ 9 odorif]\s fire1 #bhe ,oil ( vitriol1 #hb ,oil1 phosphoriz$1 #he detonat+1 #agi l9se$1 #bah :y requir$ 9 bor+ ( rockets1 #bch us$ = ! pres]vation ( iron or /eel fil+s1 #bci ( spike1 #aef h[ prep>$1 ibid ,olefiant gas4 ,see fire-works ) hydrog5 gas1 #hi ,ores1 _m1 furni% sulphur by sublimation1 #hj h[ treat$ to yield sulphur1 ib4 ,or5burg gum1 #adg ,ordeal by fire1 :at1 #cg ,orpim5t1 #ahg ,oxyg5 gas1 h[ obta9$ f nitre1 #di 9 nitrates & *lorates1 #h an important ag5t 9 fire-works1 #b ,oxides1 =m$ by combu/ion1 :at k9d (1 #d ,oxide ( copp]1 9 fire-works1 #bbb h[ obta9$1 ibid ,p4 ,pagan ,prie/s1 consci\s ( _! deceptions1 #cj ,palm trees1 repres5tation (1 #dja ,pap] press1 #bcd diff]5t k9ds (1 us$ = cases1 #bej h[ made incombu/ible1 ibid h[ col\r$ & glaz$1 #bea pref]r$ = cases to wood1 #bfb cases us$ by ! ,*9ese1 ibid t\*1 or mat*1 #bid mort>s1 #cdi ,sw$i% /one1 #bej incombu/ible1 ( amian?us1 #bea ,*9ese1 ibid obs]vations on1 ibid ,p>asols1 ,*9ese1 #dje ,p>is1 fire-works at1 9 #agci1 #beg ,pa/e1 #beb pat5t1 ibid ,japanese1 ibid odorif]\s1 #bhg bo>d1 h[ made1 #bdi uses (1 ibid = fire-works1 ,*9ese mode ( mak+ !1 #beb ,pa/illes1 or pa/es1 #bhf composition (1 #bhg ,pea*-wood1 rasp+s (1 #gf ,pe>l a%1 #aij ,p]*loride ( ,m]cury1 #ahf ,p]sia1 ! sacr$ fire 91 #chf gr\nds (1 conta9 inflammable air1 ibid ! foll[]s ( ,zoroa/] 91 ibid ,pet>d1 #bih = w>1 #eje table ( ! dim5sions ( !1 ibid ,pet>ds1 composition =1 #ejf ,petroleum1 #aed ,pay>d1 ,m4 8 burn+ mirror1 #efe ,peyre1 8 rem>ks conf9$ to gunp[d]1 #af ,phantasmascope1 #dg ,phantasmagoria1 #dd ?und] & lightn+ ) !1 #dg ,phal>is1 bull (2 7note47 #bh ,philosophical phial1 #bad ,phlogi/on1 suppos$ to h exi/$ 9 acids1 #gj ,phosphorus1 #hd g5]al prop]ties (1 #he h[ prep>$1 #hf ,phosphoric mat*es1 & fire bottles1 #he /one1 #hf tap]s1 #he p5cil1 #hf e!r1 #he oil1 ib4 ,phosphuret ( lime1 its effect 9 wat]1 ib4 ( ,wurz]1 #hf ,phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 #he ,piece1 regulat$1 ( n9e mutations1 #djh ,p9ks1 fire1 f fl[] pots1 #aj ,p9 :eels1 #cie composition =1 ibid ,pipes ( communication1 #ddc = fire-works1 #bie h[ jo9$ toge!r1 ibid h[ made1 ibid :y necess>y1 ibid ,pit*1 ,jews'1 #aee h[ made1 #adg use (1 9 fire-works1 ibid a composition (1 almo/ inext+ui%able1 ibid us$ 9 ! ,greek fire1 ibid us$ 9 inc5di>y fire-works1 see milit>y fire-works4 ,burgundy1 furni%$ by ! ,p9us ,abies1 ibid :ite1 ibid ,plane bo>d1 #bcc ,plat9um1 fulm9at+1 #agf ,pl9y1 8 acc\nt ( ,pors5a1 #ca ( ,numa ,pompilius1 ib4 ( ,tullius ,ho/ilius1 ib4 ,plumbago1 #bji ,plut>*1 8 acc\nt ( ,naph?a1 #cb ,pocket lights1 h[ made1 #bb1 #ge ,poison$ arr[s1 #eff ( savages1 ( :at compos$1 #efg sundry plants =1 specifi$1 #efh ! ,arabs1 h[ !y make1 ibid ( ! isl& ( ,java1 ibid ,asiatic1 ) :at poison$1 ibid ( ! ,alps1 ibid anci5t ,europeans1 h[ !y made1 ibid ,polydore ,virgil1 to :om he ascribes ! inv5tion ( p[d]1 #ii ,polygonal mirror1 its effect1 #efe ,pontiffs1 !1 consid]$ le>n+ oppos$ to _! views1 #bh _! arbitr>y edicts1 ib4 brib$ ! h\se ( ,m$ici1 ib4 aboli%$ ! academy ,del ,cim5to1 ib4 ,port-fire1 cases =1 #bdg l5g? (1 ibid orig9 ( ! t]m1 ibid h[ made1 by ! ,/rasburg =mula1 ibid ,/rasburg1 composition (1 #bdh h[ g5]ally made1 #dgi in/ructions ( ,m4 ,bigot respect+1 ibid composition (1 v>i\s1 ibid usual l5g? (1 #dhj wet & dry1 ibid dry1 accord+ to ! ,engli% me?od1 ibid o!r compositions =1 ibid composition =1 accord+ to ,rugg]i1 ibid ,pota%1 #aia ,potassium1 ibid ,pots des ,br9s1 #cfd s]p5ts =1 #bii h[ made1 #cfd de *asse1 #cfj fire1 rem>ks on1 #cfe = ramp>ts1 #ege composition =1 #cff ( ordnance1 #dbb h[ made1 ibid h[ fix$1 ibid h[ dis*>g$1 #dbc fl[]1 pyramid (1 #djb ,p[d]-tri]s1 #ach pro(1 #acf bags1 #ejc h[ made1 ibid b>rel1 ibid ( fusion1 :at1 #ej fulm9at+1 ib4 inflammable1 ( ,pauly1 #egg ( :at compos$1 #egh ,prie/s ( antiquity1 act+ z juggl]s1 #cb ,pr9ce ,rup]t's drops1 #bad ,prim+ p[d]1 ( *lorate ( potassa1 #ge tubes1 or fuses1 #dge =m]ly made ( t91 ibid compos$ ( two p>ts1 ibid re$s1 or quills us$ =1 ibid h[ fill$1 #dgf compositions1 sundry =1 ibid pewt] us$ =1 #dge ,progno/icator1 a prep>ation ( camphor = a1 #aei ,pr\/1 8 rem>ks on ! *>coal = p[d]1 #aaj ,prussic acid1 #hi ,puddl+1 :at1 #bjg ,puffs1 #bfb composition =1 #bfc ,pulv]ization ( sub/ances1 #bec ,purple mat*1 #cbe ,putrefaction ( animal & vegetable sub/ances1 #gj =ms saltpetre1 #ga ,pyrote*ny1 #a g5]al !ory (1 ib4 ( ! ,*9ese1 #ec ,pyrote*nical sponge1 #egj mixtures1 #a ,pyroacetic acid1 #ia h[ purifi$ = use1 #ic1 #ie ,pyric piece1 #dab ,pyrophorus1 #ahj ( ,wurz]1 #hf h[ prep>$1 ib4 ,pyrophore ( def5ce1 #eha ,q4 ,quick mat*1 #bj h[ g5]ally made1 ib4 milit>y1 #dgg diff]5t k9ds (1 see mat*4 ,quicklime1 #aid its use 9 mak+ sl[ mat*1 #dgb ,r4 ,radiation ( heat1 its effects1 #efe ,ramm]s1 #bca ,ramp>t fire-pots1 #ege ,realg>1 #ahg ,reag5ts1 *emical1 to discov] =eign salts 9 nitre1 #gb ,recoil ( a gun1 simil> to ! recoil ( a rocket1 #aa ,re$s1 = fire-%ips1 #eaj ,r$-fire = !atres1 #bgj ,res9s1 #adh ,!n>d's op9ion (1 ibid ,repeat+ gun1 #dfj ,reports1 s+le1 #cja cases =1 ibid ,ra91 silv]1 composition =1 #bgb fire1 #ah filam5t\s1 #cji h[ =m$1 ibid cases =1 ) :at *>g$1 ibid 9 sp>ks1 :at1 ibid composition =1 #caj gold1 composition =1 ibid rem>ks on !1 #cai fire1 9 g5]al1 sundry compositions =1 #caa falls1 & />s1 d\ble & s+le1 ibid obs]vations on ! cases =1 ibid & hail1 h[ imitat$1 7note47 #bff ,rays1 composition =1 #bgb ,rice glue1 #beb ,ri*>dson1 8 tricks ) fire1 #cf ,r+1 a1 h[ susp5d$ by a ?read r$uc$ to a%es1 #da ,rob9s1 8 conclusions applicable to rockets1 #af 8 exp]im5ts on gunp[d]1 #abe ,ro*os1 on ! a%es ( toads1 #cd ,rock saltpetre ore1 :at1 #ee ,rockets1 gunp[d]1 c4 causes ! asc5sion (1 #aa motion (1 h[ balanc$1 #ab gases produc$ by ! combu/ion ( ! composition = !1 ib4 pr9ciple ( !1 gives motion to fire-:eels1 #aa a missile weapon1 ib4 us$ at ! seige ( ,s]+apatam1 ib4 pr9ciple1 :at1 #ab employ$ = explosion & conflagration1 #aa !ory ( ! asc5sion ( !1 #ab /ick1 its use1 ib4 />s1 #ah wat]1 ib4 *>coal ( h>d wood =1 :5 us$1 #id rem>ks on *>g+ ( !1 #bca *>g+ ( !1 ramm]s requir$ =1 ibid signal1 tools requir$ = =m+ !1 #bcb table1 #bgb driv+ ( a1 #bcf driv5 solid1 or holl[1 #bcf ladle = *>g+1 #bcg bl[s requir$ = *>g+ ( !1 ibid = ea* ladleful ( composition1 ibid h[ bor$1 & ma*9e = bor+1 #bch taps =1 :at1 ibid bor$ ) a brace & screw bit1 #bci cases1 h[ made1 #bdc cases1 ,morel's rule = mak+1 #bdd l5g? ( !1 h[ regulat$1 #bde & _! app5dages1 #cbf fly+1 ibid uses (1 ibid calib] & prep>ation (1 ibid tables1 conc]n+ !1 #cbg1 #cbh diff]5t op9ions respect+1 #cbg m\lds =1 rem>ks on !1 #cbh composition =1 rem>ks on !1 ibid *>coal us$ 9 ! composition =1 ( :at k9d1 #cbi compositions =1 op9ions respect+ !1 ibid compositions =1 ibid accord+ to ,morel1 #ccj to ,bigot1 ibid tabul> view ( !1 #cca ( hon\r1 ,*9ese composition =1 #ccj obs]vations on *>g+ (1 #cca furniture (1 its weight1 #ccb heads =1 h[ made1 ibid /icks =1 ibid h[ measur$1 ibid pi]c]1 :at1 #ccc ramm]s1 = *>g+ (1 ibid =m]s = ! cases (1 ibid m\lds =1 table exhibit+ ! dim5sions (1 ibid on ! head+ (1 #ccd heads (1 :y us$1 ibid exp]im5ts respect+1 #cce mann] ( decorat+ !m1 ibid decorations us$ =1 ibid /icks1 _! dim5sions & poise1 #ccf _! use1 ibid table respect+1 ibid h[ dis*>g$1 #ccg diff]5t modes ( dis*>g+1 ibid fir$ )\t /icks1 9 :at mann]1 #cch ,gir&ole *e/ = dis*>g+1 ibid h[ made1 #cci f\nta9 (1 :at1 ibid h[ dis*>g$ at ! same "t1 ibid ,morel's contrivance = dis*>g+1 ibid angle ( incl9ation giv5 to1 if requir$1 #cdj comb9ations (1 ) app5dages1 ibid fix$ on ! top ( ea* o!r1 ibid t[]+1 #af1 #cdj ,caduceus1 #af1 #cda ,honor>y1 #cdb ,*a9$1 ibid tails (1 h[ made to =m an ar*1 #cdc small1 or sw>m]s1 ibid composition =1 ibid scrolls =1 #cdd cases =1 ibid l9e1 ) decorations1 #cde signal1 #cdg wat]1 #ddc dis*>g+ (1 9 wat]1 #ddh "u wat]1 #ddi w>1 #aa1 #ebf ,congreve1 has iron cases ibid ,signal1 trimm+ (1 ibid composition = ! trimm+ (1 #ebg quicklime us$ 9 ! composition (1 7note47 #ebf ! holl[ 91 increases ! surface t takes fire1 #ebg /icks (1 :5 l>ge1 are bor$ & fill$ ) p[d]1 #ebh ,rob9s's exp]im5ts )1 ibid height ( asc5sion (1 ibid ,indian1 #ebi ,congreve1 h[ x diff]s f ! common1 #ecj conta9s ! propell+ p[]1 ibid c>ries ball1 %ells1 case %ot1 c4 ibid di/ance ( its flight1 ibid c>cass1 ibid h[ arm$1 #ecc us$ at ,b\logne & ,cop5hag51 #eca advantages x is said to possess1 ibid range ( ! l>ge/ k9d (1 #ecb k9ds us$ = diff]5t s]vices1 #ecc table conc]n+ ! range1 c4 ( !1 ibid h[ dis*>g$1 #ece e/imate ( ! co/ ( !1 #ecf ,fr5* acc\nt ( !1 ibid describ$ by ,rugg]i1 ibid ,congreve said n to be ! inv5tor ( !1 ibid inv5t$ by a naval (fic]1 ibid ,rugg]i's publication conc]n+ !1 ib4 analysis ( !1 by ,gay-,lussac1 #eca objections to !1 #ecg diff]5ce betwe5 ! inc5di>y & common1 #ech murd]+1 h[ =m$1 ibid h[ dis*>g$1 ibid light ball1 #eci c>cass1 ! float+1 ibid obs]vations on !1 #edj ,bigot's rem>ks conc]n+ !1 ibid ,bigot's tables ( ! diff]5t k9ds (1 #edb1 #edc ! succor+1 #edd ,roll+ bo>d1 #bcc ,roll$ />s1 #cjd ,rome1 ! =um at1 light$1 #dbh )\t public lights1 ibid ,roman c&les1 #chj ,roses1 ,italian1 #cac composition =1 ibid ,rose-piece & sun1 #cii ,ros91 #adf h[ prep>$1 #adg ,rugg]i1 8 op9ion ( *lorate ( potassa = rockets1 #gg ,rum=d1 c\nt1 8 improvem5t 9 fuel1 #egg ,s4 ,sacks1 = meal+ gunp[d]1 #bcd ( p[d]1 = pots des br9s1 #cff ,sage1 on ! spontane\s combu/ion ( *>coal1 #ajg 8 rem>ks conc]n+ gunp[d]1 #ajh ,sal ,alembro?1 #ahg ammoniac1 use (1 9 fire-works1 #ahd 9 c&le mak+1 #aia ammoniac1 #ahd ,sal ,prunelle1 #di1 #afg ,saltpetre1 ! basis ( fire-works4 ,see ,nitre1 #c af=ds oxyg51 ib4 decompos$ by *>coal1 ib4 rem>ks conc]n+1 #di conv]t$ into sal prunelle1 #afg ref9+ (1 #fe old process = ref9+ (1 #ff reag5ts us$ to det]m9e ! purity (1 #gb ,dupont's ref9$1 "* (1 #gc h[ obta9$ 9 f9e p[d]1 ib4 prep>ation (1 = fire-works1 ib4 ! olde/ c]ta9 acc\nt (1 #ih ,caves4 ,see ,nitre4 proportion ( acid 91 #abb us$ 9 c&le-mak+1 #ahf ,s>ac5 fire1 #edi ,saucissons1 #cba h[ made1 ibid fly+1 ibid h[ us$1 #cbb 9 m9+1 :at1 #eea ,scudd]1 8 plan = bl[+ up ! ,ramilies1 #ebd ,scrolls = rockets1 #cdd ,sc5t$ vase1 #bhh ,sc5t$ fire-works1 #ba1 #bhc vase ( ! ,a!nians1 #ba fire ( ! ,moldiva ,isl&s1 #bhe ,s*w>tz1 said to be ! inv5tor ( gunp[d]1 #ii ,s*i/us1 bitum9\s1 #aee ,s*pf] reviv$ magic1 #cc & ,caglio/ro1 tricks (1 ib4 ,sea lights1 #ebe composition =1 ibid ,sea fights1 h[ repres5t$1 #dea ,sieves1 #bcd ,s5eca oil1 #aee ,s]p5ts1 ne/ (1 #cfd h[ =m$1 #bih h[ driv51 ibid composition (1 #bii = pots de br9s1 ibid = pots ( aigrettes1 c4 ibid :y s call$1 ibid />s1 #cja _! int5tion1 ibid cases =1 ibid compositions =1 ibid ( two k9ds1 ibid h[ m\ld$1 #cjb h[ prim$1 ibid !ory ( _! effect1 ibid :irl+1 ibid pr9ciple ( !1 ibid h[ *>g$1 ibid ,%ip1 fire1 #ejg prep>ation ( a1 #ejg ,%ells1 pap]1 h[ made1 #bde fuses =1 #dha load+ (1 #dhd ,%9+ m>rons1 #cbj ,%rapnel %ell1 #eei ,siemi5[icz1 ,casimir1 8 fire-ra91 #efj ,signal rockets1 #cdg ,silliman1 pr(essor1 8 fulm9at+ silv]1 #age ,silv] ra91 composition (1 #bgb :at1 #ah fulm9at+1 #agc ,size1 #bae ,sk91 !1 h[ made call\s1 #cf ,sky-rocket1 see ,rocket4 ,smoke ball1 composition ( !1 #ejg ,snakes1 h[ tam$1 7note47 #ce de/roy$ 9 ,india1 7note47 ib4 fangs (1 :at1 7note47 ib4 ,sol> phosphori1 #dcg ! miracul\s lum9>ies1 no o!r ?an1 diff]5t k9ds (1 ibid phosphorus1 ,bolognian1 ibid ,canton's1 ibid ,hanzelet's1 ibid ,baldw9's1 ibid ,soot1 :y us$ 9 "s pyrote*nical mixtures1 #ade ( :at compos$1 #adf ( animal excrem5t furni%es sal ammoniac1 ibid ( camels' dung1 its use 9 ,egypt1 ibid ( oil1 & turp5t9e4 ,see ,lampblack4 ,sp>ks1 9 ra9-fire1 #cji sub/ances1 :i* %[ 91 #cab ,spelt]1 #aif ,sph]ical case %ot1 #eei ,spiral screw1 #dah ,spontane\s combu/ion1 #ea ,sp\ts1 fire1 #cfg ,_s ( sal ammoniac1 #ahe ,spirits ( turp5t9e1 #adg ,_s ( w9e1 #afh ,_s lamps1 #agj ,spur fire1 #i1 #bfg composition (1 #bfh ,spunk1 #egj ,/&+ or fix$ cases1 compositions =1 #chi ,/&s1 = sky-rockets1 #cch ,/ahl1 8 op9ion ( ! composition ( nitric acid1 #gj ,/>s1 f artificial fl[] pots1 #aj simple1 #cjc use (1 ibid h[ prep>$1 ibid composition =1 #cjd roll$1 #cjd h[ made1 ibid composition us$ =1 ibid crack+1 ibid are small m>rons1 ibid rocket1 :ite1 composition (1 ibid blue1 composition (1 #cje v>iegat$1 composition (1 ibid brilliant1 composition (1 ibid common1 composition (1 ibid tail$1 composition (1 ibid drove1 composition (1 ibid fix$ po9t$1 composition (1 ibid ( a f9e col\r1 composition =1 ibid ( diff]5t col\rs1 composition (1 ibid directions = prep>+1 #cjf ano!r composition =1 ibid :i* c>ry tails ( sp>ks1 ibid composition (1 ibid :i* yield "s sp>ks1 #cjg yell[1 composition =1 ibid ano!r composition =1 ibid caution 9 roll+1 ibid diff]5t ways ( =m+1 #cjh flam+1 ) brilliant :eels1 ibid g5]al !ory (1 ibid fix$1 #cac scrolls =1 #cdd /rung1 ibid m\ld$ ,mosaic1 #chb flat1 #dbd ,/eam1 h[ us$ = dry+ gunp[d]1 #aab1 #aaf1 #aai pipes1 :at1 #aab lat5t heat 91 7note47 ibid = boil+ dye kettles1 7note47 ibid ,c\nt ,rum=d's exp]im5t )1 7note47 ibid ,/eel1 its use 9 fire-works1 #bja combu/ion (1 9 oxyg5 gas1 #bjb h>d5+ (1 #bjd temp]+ (1 ibid natural1 #bjg k9d call$ f]rum c&idum1 #bjh ( cem5tation1 #bjg s+ul> mode ( mak+1 9 ,spa91 #bjh bli/]$1 #bjg antiquity ( h>d5+1 #bjh %e>1 #bjg ca/1 ibid or iron fil+s1 h[ pres]v$ = fire-works1 #bci fil+s1 9 spur-fire1 #aj produce sc9tillations1 ib4 ( :at compos$1 #hi ,/9k fire lance1 #ejg ,/9k /one1 #aee ,/rangl+ ( cases1 h[ p]=m$1 #bdc contrivance =1 #bdd ,/rangl]1 #bcc ,/reets1 light+ ( !1 a mod]n inv5tion1 #bf ,/orax1 #afb ,sub/ances1 :at1 requir$ = milit>y fire-works1 #bbh pulv]ization (1 #bec prop]ties ( v>i\s1 kn[n to juggl]s1 #bf ,subm>9e navigation1 #eae ,succ9um1 #aef ,succ9ic acid1 #aeg its effect 9 fire-works1 #bij ,suffocat+ pot1 #ejg composition = !1 ibid ,sug>1 #afe us$ 9 fire-works1 ibid decompos$ by *lorate ( potassa1 ibid f v>i\s sub/ances1 #aff c>omel f1 by ! burn+ (1 #afe sulphuric acid conv]ts sev]al sub/ances into1 #aff ,sulphur1 #gh native1 ib4 9 ! isl& ( ,java1 ib4 associat$ ) gypsum1 ib4 volcanic1 #gi h[ obta9$ f ores1 #gh h[ purifi$ = gunp[d]1 #hj m9]alizes metals1 ib4 f pyrites1 ib4 vivum1 :at1 ib4 h[ recov]$1 f damag$ gunp[d]1 #gb f gal5a1 #gi v>i\s means ( obta9+1 #hj quantity obta9$1 f pyrites1 #hj quantity ( 9 metallic sulphurets1 #gi roll1 #hj fl[]s (1 ib4 prop]ties (1 #hb v>i\s comp\nds (1 ib4 a con/itu5t "p ( gunp[d]1 #hc meal+ (1 ib4 h[ to det]m9e ! purity (1 ib4 to discov] ! adult]ation (1 by oil ( turp5t9e1 #hd milk (1 #hc use (1 9 pres]v+ iron & /eel1 #bci ,sulphuret ( ars5ic1 #ahg antimony1 #ahh ,sulphurets1 #hb ,sulphuric acid1 ib4 native1 9 ! isl& ( ,java1 #gh ,sulphur\s acid1 #hb ,sun cases1 #ai ,suns1 c4 exhibition (1 by ! ,*9ese1 #bef ,suns1 fix$1 #cig ) transp>5t faces1 #cih ) v>iations1 #cif compositions = ! *>ges1 ibid ) rose piece1 #cii ,sw>m]s1 #cdc composition =1 ibid ,sw$i% melt+ h\se1 feats p]=m$ at !1 #cf ,sword blades1 h[ ornam5t$1 #bje ,t4 ,table1 meal+1 #bcd fire1 #bga works exhibit$ on1 ibid ,table rocket1 #bgb ,table-/>1 ! illum9at$1 #bgc ,tape1 detonat+1 #bgd ,t>1 h[ obta9$1 #adg ,b>badoes1 #aee ,morey's exp]im5ts )1 #adh ,t>r$ l9ks1 #ejj h[ made1 ibid ,te/s1 _! use 9 discov]+ ! pres5ce ( sub/ances1 #gb ,!n>d's =mula = prim+ p[d]1 #gf ,!n>d1 respect+ nitr\s lixivium1 #fc ,!ophilus1 bi%op1 respect+ ! /atues at ,alex&ria1 7note47 #bh ,?ick /uff1 ( nitre boil]s1 #eg ,?\v5al's op9ion respect+ nitre b$s1 #gj ,?und]+ b>rel1 #ejd ,?und] bolts1 9 fire-works1 #bfe composition =1 #bff v>i\s ways ( imitat+1 7note47 ibid accompany+ ! phantasmagoria1 h[ imitat$1 7note47 ib4 ,?us1 #adh us$ 9 odorif]\s fire1 ibid copall9um1 #afd ,t91 %eet1 #bjf plate1 ibid ,t9d]1 #egj ,tools & ut5sils1 #bbh ,tophania1 ! female poison]1 #dh ,torp$o1 ,fulton's1 #eba pr9ciple (1 ibid precautions aga9/1 #ebb fulm9at+ silv] us$ 9 ! small1 #agc us$ aga9/ ! ,plantag5et1 #ebb ,t\* pap]1 #ba1 #bib1 #bid1 #cgj ,t\rbillons1 !ory (1 #af cases =1 #bde h[ *>g$1 ibid common1 #ceh mosaic1 ibid "* (1 #cei mosaic1 composition (1 #cfj table1 #cfa app5dages to1 ibid directions = fir+1 ibid common1 ano!r mode ( mak+1 ibid composition (1 = diff]5t calib]s1 #cfb = half in* calib]1 ibid ( v>i\s sizes1 ibid g5]al rule respect+1 #cfc ,tor*es1 odorif]\s1 #bhi compositions =1 ibid us$ 9 w>1 #eja h[ made1 #ejb ,t\rteaux1 #ejj = :at us$1 ibid g\dronn ( ! ,fr5*1 ibid h[ made1 ibid composition =1 accord+ to ,bigot1 ibid accord+ to ! ,/rasburg =mula1 #eja ,t[ & hemp1 #bbb ,t[]+ rocket1 #cdj !ory ( !1 #af ,transp>5cies1 #dbe ,tubes1 cannon1 h[ inflam$ by sulphuric acid1 #bb ,tune/rick1 8 wond]ful p]=mance1 #cd 8 miracul\s liquor1 #ce ,turp5t9e1 #adf = :at purpose us$ 9 fire-works1 ibid _s (1 h[ inflam$ by nitric acid1 #ea decomposes ! nitrates1 #adf a compon5t "p ( ! anci5t ,greek fire1 ibid obta9$ f diff]5t species ( ! ,p9us1 ibid common1 f ! ,p9us ,sylve/ris1 ibid compos$ ( res9 & volatile oil1 #adg ,_s (1 h[ obta9$1 ibid ,ess5tial oil (1 ibid ,v5ice1 f ! ,p9us l>yx1 #adg made artificially1 ibid f ! ,p9us ,m>itima1 ib4 spirits (1 ,morey's exp]im5ts )1 #adh ,turtle1 ! ,am]ican1 #eae inv5t$ by ,bu%nel1 #eaf int5d$ to de/roy %ipp+1 ibid outl9e ( its con/ruction1 ibid exp]im5ts )1 #eag s]geant ,lee's adv5ture ) !1 ibid ,turf1 us$ 9 ! place ( spunk1 #egb inflammability (1 #aeb1 #ega ( morasses1 "s acc\nt (1 ibid ,tacitus' acc\nt (1 tak+ fire1 ibid ,gmel9's obs]vations on1 ibid ,v4 ,vap\r ( wat] accel]ates combu/ion1 #dcb prep>ation (1 to =m blue flame1 ibid ,v>ni%1 #afd ,v>iegat$ />s1 #ah ,vase1 ! sc5t$1 #bhh composition = !1 ibid ,vegetable poisons1 _! use 9 poison+ ( arr[s1 #efh ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #adg ,v]sailles1 fire-works at1 9 #agci1 #beg ,v9eg> f wood1 "* ( !1 #ic quantity ( !1 ib4 app>atus = obta9+ !1 #ie ,violet mat*1 #cbe ,vitriol1 blue1 its use 9 fire-works1 #bbb ,volcano ( ,lem]y1 #cbc h[ made1 ibid !ory (1 ibid exhibition ( a1 9 ,*9a1 #bef ,volute1 gr&1 #dag ,w4 ,w&1 ,m]cury's1 #dja fire1 #djj ,w>-rockets1 #ebf ( ! ,asiatics1 #bfb1 #ebi ,wat]-squibs1 #ddh fire-f\nta91 ibid balloons1 odorif]\s1 #ddf compositions =1 ibid m9es1 #ddd fire-works1 #ddb rockets1 #ah1 #ddc ( ammonia1 #ahe casks1 ! use ( *>r+1 #hg h[ pres]v$ at sea1 ib4 ,wat]1 its pres5ce 9 fire-works injuri\s1 #h weak1 :at1 #fd /rong1 9 nitre mak+1 ib4 ,wat]loo crack]s1 h[ made1 #bgc ,watson1 ! ,bi%op ( ,ll&aff1 8 mode ( exam9+ gunp[d]1 #ada ,wav$ fire1 #dah ,wax1 artificial1 = c&les1 #ea ,:eels1 #ai ,:eel cases1 mann] ( load+1 #bcg ,:eels1 h[ made incombu/ible1 #bdj ,:eel cases1 /&+ & fix$1 composition =1 #chh ,:eels1 sl[ fire =1 #chi dead fire =1 ibid s+le1 v]tical1 c4 #cia plural1 #cic illum9at$ spiral1 ibid balloon1 #cid fruiloni1 ibid p91 #cie composition =1 ibid horizontal1 h[ *ang$ to v]tical1 ) a sun 9 front1 #cii cone1 d\ble illum9at$1 #daf v]tical1 on a horizontal table1 ib4 decoration (1 #dah s+le1 d\ble1 & triple table1 #dbe = wat]1 horizontal1 #ddd ,:ite fire1 composition =1 #bgb1 #ehj flame lances1 #cae composition ( !1 ib4 iron ( ! ,fr5*1 :at1 #bjf pit*1 #adg ,/>s1 #ah ,:it5+ ( cases1 #cgj ,:irl+ s]p5ts1 #cch ,wicks1 lamp1 ( amian?us1 #bf ,kir*]'s1 ib4 ,wild fire1 #dib ,w-)-!-,wisp1 #he ,w+s1 #djf ,wom51 ,roman1 _! cu/om ) fire1 #cg ,wood1 *>r$1 #ij c>bonization (1 h[ p]=m$1 ib4 improv$ process = !1 #ia k9ds (1 = mak+ *>coal = gunp[d]1 #id light1 = gunp[d]1 ib4 heavy1 or h>d1 :5 us$1 ib4 rasp+s (1 us$ 9 fire-works1 #afc1 #baf di/illation (1 #bag bronz+ (1 #bdb a%es (1 us$ 9 fire-works1 #aib tubes (1 us$ by ! anci5ts 9 fire-works1 #bfb h[ pres]v$ f ! wea!r1 #bfe h[ made incombu/ible1 #bda col\r+ (1 h[ p]=m$1 ibid ,woolf1 ,ar?ur1 8 /eam app>atus1 #aai ,wootz1 #bji ,worce/]1 ! ,m>quis (1 8 de/ructive ma*9es1 #ebe ,works1 detonat+1 #bgc ,work%op = artific]s1 #bce ,wr\ght iron1 #bjf ,x4 ,x5ophon1 8 acc\nt ( anci5t juggl]s1 #bc ,y4 ,yew tree1 illum9at$1 #djb ,yell[ fev]1 suppos$ cause (1 #fa ,z4 ,zoroa/]1 ! foll[]s (1 9 ,p]sia1 #chf sacr$ fire ( !1 ibid ,z9c1 #aif ,,! ,,end4 ,illu/ration ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,plate4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,a4 is ! ent]+ ramm] or driv]4 ,x is bor$ 9 su* a mann]1 t ! :ole ( ! broa*1 or pi]c] above ! nipple1 n1 may be admitt$4 ,! cavity ( ! bore is cyl9drical1 & equal 9 diamet] to t ( ! foot ( ! broa*4 ,?is driv] s]ves to fix ! rocket case1 ov] ! broa*1 9 ! m\ld ,g1 & to =m ! cup1 o1 fig4 #aj1 = receiv+ ! prim+4 ,b4 is ! driv] ( ! fir/ *>ge4 ,x is bor$ 9 su* a mann]1 z to admit ! broa* to )9 two-fif?s ( ! int]ior diamet] ( ! case1 f its base4 ,its bore is cyl9drical1 & has ! diamet] ( ! broa*1 at ! height ( two-fif?s ! int]ior diamet] ( ! case4 ,c4 is ! driv] ( ! second *>ge1 & admits ! broa* two-?irds ( its l5g?2 ! diamet] ( its bore be+ ! same z t ( ! broa*1 at "o-?ird ( its height4 ,d4 is ! driv] ( ! ?ird *>ge1 & admits "o-?ird ( ! broa*2 ! diamet] ( ! bore be+ t ( ! broa*1 at two-?irds ( its height4 ,e4 is ! la/ driv]1 & is solid2 ! *>ge be+ above ! summit ( ! broa*4 ,see page #bca4 ,,fig4 #a4 & ,,fig4 #f4 ,,fig4 #a4 7cont47 & ,,fig4 #f4--,! broa* or pi]c] ,i1 fig4 #a1 7a section ( :i* is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #f71 is a truncat$ cone1 hav+ a hemisph]ical summit4 ,! cone is ! "p f a to b1 fig4 #f4 ,! diamet] ( ! base ( ! cone at b1 ought to be two-fif?s ( ! int]ior diamet] ( ! case1 & ! diamet] at ! summit1 "o-fif?1 :i* is also ! diamet] ( ! small hemisph]e at ! top4 ,! height f b to a1 ought to be sev5 times ! int]ior diamet] ( ! case1 or #ag4e times ! diamet] ( ! base b4 ,! "p n1 fig4 #a1 & f b to c1 fig4 #f1 is r\nd$4 ,its diamet] ought to be t ( ! int]ior ( ! case1 & its height1 sev5-t5?s ( t diamet]4 ,?is is call$ ! nipple1 & is ! "p1 :i* gives %ape to ! cup o1 fig4 #aj4 ,! "p m1 fig4 #a1 & f c to d1 fig4 #f1 is cyl9drical1 & may be made ( any height or diamet]1 provid$ ! latt] is n less ?an t ( ! cone4 ,x is g5]ally "o-tw5tie? m ?an ! ext]ior diamet]4 ,?is "p ought to p5etrate into ! bottom ( ! *>g+ m\ld1 ,g1 fig4 #a1 & fit closely1 s z to be firm4 ,! "p f d to e1 fig4 #f1 is ! blade or tongue ( ! broa*4 ,x is rectangul>1 & ent]s into ! block ,h1 fig4 #a1 :]e x is firmly fix$4 ,! size ( ?is "p is arbitr>y1 z well z t ( ! block ,h1 fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4--,! ,rocket f9i%$4 ,,fig4 #c4--;,conical ,m&ril or ,=m]1 = ! head ( ! ,rocket4 ,,figs4 #d #e4--;,head ( ! ,rocket & ,pot de fuse4 ,,figs4 #g #h4--,meal+ table & ,mull>4 ,,fig4 #i4--,! ,rocket case *oak$1 & prep>$ = *>g+4 ,,fig4 #aj4--,section ( ! ,rocket1 aft] *>g+4 ,,fig4 #aa4--,! ,rocket ) its /ick4 ,= want ( room1 ! /ick is repres5t$ 9 two pieces4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,expon5ts are d5ot$ by s = example #db indicates #d squ>$4 ,= consi/5cy & cl>ity1 a space 7:5 abs5t7 has be5 plac$ betwe5 ! numb] & ! unit ( weight lb4 & lbs4 giv+ = example '#ba lbs4' 9 place ( '#balbs4' ,fractions1 usually 9 ! =m '#ad #c-d' 9 ! orig9al text1 h be5 conv]t$ to ! =m '#ad-c_/d' 9 ?is etext4 ,fractions 9 all tables h be5 conv]t$ to ,unicode etc41 = cl>ity & to cons]ve space 9 l>g] tables4 ,a few tables h non-,unicode fractions :i* rema9 9 ! =m #a-g_/ab4 ,also1 9 a few l>g] tables ) italic /yl+ on "s text1 ?is italic /yl+ has be5 remov$1 = cl>ity & to cons]ve space4 ,9 a few cases a ^w has be5 abbreviat$ to cons]ve table space3 cal4 calib]2 diam4 diamet]4 ,"s in/ances ( ,tome 9 ,fr5* citations h be5 *ang$ to ,tome 7no italic71 = consi/5cy4 ,"s acc5ts & spell+ 9 ,fr5* citations h be5 correct$4 ,= consi/5cy1 in/ances ( 'fireworks' & 'fire works' h be5 *ang$ to ! pr$om9ant =m 'fire-works'4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ above & bel[1 misspell+ 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,= example3 meal-p[d]1 meal p[d]2 quick-mat*1 quick mat*1 quickmat*2 siege1 seige2 musket1 musquet2 hazle2 dodeca$ron2 deposite2 inclose4 ,pg xiv4 ',meutri]es' replac$ by ',meurtrires'4 ,pg xiv4 ',siemi5[ick' replac$ by ',siemi5[icz'4 ,pg xviii4 'accesssion' replac$ by 'accession'4 ,pg xxv4 'al*ohol' replac$ by 'alcohol'4 ,pg xxxi4 ,! ref]5ces to #dj h be5 reta9$ 7%\ld be #d74 ,pg xxxv4 'indisp5sible' replac$ by 'indisp5sable'4 ,pg xl4 'kn[lege' replac$ by 'k'4 ,pg xliv4 ',siemi5[ick' replac$ by ',siemi5[icz'4 ,pg #ai4 'pluv]iz$' replac$ by 'pulv]iz$'4 ,pg #ai4 '=etel' replac$ by '=etell'4 ,pg #bb4 ',belhelaive' replac$ by ',belhelvie'4 ,pg #bd4 ',h]oditus' replac$ by ',h]odotus'4 ,pg #bf ,footnote #h4 ',pontoppidon' replac$ by ',pontoppidan'4 ,pg #bf ,footnote #h4 'seive' replac$ by 'sieve'4 ,pg #ca4 ',h]oditus' replac$ by ',h]odotus'4 ,pg #cd4 ',tune/eick' replac$ by ',tune/rick'4 ,pg #dd4 'skre5' replac$ by 'scre5'4 ,pg #ec4 ',brad5burgh' replac$ by ',br&5burgh'4 ,pg #fg4 ',rifault' replac$ by ',riffault'4 ,pg #fh4 'indisp5sible' replac$ by 'indisp5sable'4 ,pg #gd4 'exhilirat+' replac$ by 'exhil>at+'4 ,pg #ajj4 'salpetre' replac$ by 'saltpetre'4 7twice7 ,pg #ajj4 'decrib$' replac$ by 'describ$'4 ,pg #ajg4 'occur$' replac$ by 'occurr$'4 ,pg #ajg ,footnote #ag4 'occur5ce' replac$ by 'occurr5ce'4 ,pg #acd4 'combu/bile' replac$ by 'combu/ible'4 ,pg #ach4 '"o-hundre?' replac$ by '"o-hundr$?'4 ,pg #adj4 'eprovette' replac$ by 'epr\vette'4 ,pg #adj4 'pulv]iz$ quick-lime' replac$ by 'pulv]iz$ quicklime'4 ,pg #adb4 'processess' replac$ by 'processes'4 ,pg #adh4 'frank9cese' replac$ by 'frank9c5se'4 ,pg #aeh4 'by "s4 ,x is' replac$ by 'by "s x is'4 ,pg #aei4 'guages' replac$ by 'gauges'4 ,pg #afc4 'tranv]se' replac$ by 'transv]se'4 ,pg #agb4 ':i* see4' replac$ by ':i* see bel[4'4 ,pg #ahh4 ',,xxxvi' replac$ by ',sect4 ,,xxxvi'4 ,pg #aib4 'we/t]n' replac$ by 'we/]n'4 ,pg #aic4 'nesess>y' replac$ by 'necess>y'4 ,pg #aig4 'absord' replac$ by 'absorb'4 ,pg #bjc4 'h>psicord' replac$ by 'h>psi*ord'4 ,pg #bjf4 'metalic' replac$ by 'metallic'4 ,pg #bba4 ',siem5[itz' replac$ by ',siemi5[icz'4 ,pg #bcb4 ',britanica' replac$ by ',britannica'4 ,pg #bcd4 'pa/e-bo>d' replac$ by 'pa/ebo>d'4 ,pg #bce4 ':e r ' replac$ by ':]e'4 ,pg #bcf4 ',peirre' replac$ by ',pi]re'4 ,pg #bcg4 'bass' replac$ by 'brass'4 ,pg #bda4 'repect+' replac$ by 'respect+'4 ,pg #bdd4 ',britanica' replac$ by ',britannica'4 ,pg #bde4 'cases is' replac$ by 'case is'4 ,pg #bea4 'abbe ,raynal' replac$ by ',abb ,raynal'4 ,pg #bef4 ',eygpt' replac$ by ',egypt'4 ,pg #beg4 'gr\pes' replac$ by 'gr\ps'4 ,pg #beh4 ',tuill]ies' replac$ by ',tuil]ies'4 ,pg #bei4 ',tuill]ies' replac$ by ',tuil]ies'4 ,pg #bfb4 ',britti%' replac$ by ',briti%'4 ,pg #bga4 'pa/ebord' replac$ by 'pa/ebo>d'4 ,pg #bgd4 'p>ts l5g?' replac$ by 'p>ts 9 l5g?'4 ,pg #bgf4 'breakes' replac$ by 'breaks'4 ,pg #bgg4 ',volcono' replac$ by ',volcano'4 ,pg #bgh4 'sucession' replac$ by 'succession'4 ,pg #bhd4 'esss5tial' replac$ by 'ess5tial'4 ,pg #bhg4 '+$i5ts' replac$ by '+r$i5ts'4 ,pg #bhg4 'w to exhale' replac$ by 'w exhale'4 ,pg #cad4 'artficial' replac$ by 'artificial'4 ,pg #cbj4 ,! italic /yl+ on ! lett]s 9 ! figure has be5 remov$ = cl>ity4 ,pg #cbd4 'phosporus' replac$ by 'phosphorus'4 ,pg #cbe4 'peal$' replac$ by 'peel$'4 ,pg #cbh4 ,9 ! table '#bhf' replac$ by '#bhj' & '#cch' by '#ccj'4 ,pg #cbh4 '3 #afj 3' replac$ by '3 #ajj 3'4 ,pg #cca4 'section iv' replac$ by 'section iii'4 ,pg #ccb4 'c\nt]-t] weights' replac$ by 'c\nt]-weights'4 ,pg #cdc4 'desscrib$' replac$ by 'describ$'4 ,pg #cde4 'unrol' replac$ by 'unroll'4 ,pg #cde4 'c\rat9es' replac$ by 'c\rant9es'4 ,pg #cea4 'fiit' replac$ by 'fit'4 ,pg #cei4 '?icknes' replac$ by '?ickness'4 ,pg #cfb4 'case :irl' replac$ by 'case :irls'4 ,pg #chb4 'pyrimids' replac$ by 'pyramids'4 ,pg #chc4 'air' replac$ by 'airs'4 ,pg #chd4 ',votaic' replac$ by ',voltaic'4 ,pg #djf4 ',sec4 ,,xiv4' replac$ by ',sec4 ,,xv4'4 ,pg #dac4 ',ar*im$ian' replac$ by ',ar*im$ean'4 7twice7 ,pg #dad4 '/> weeel' replac$ by '/> :eel'4 ,pg #dah4 ',ar*im$ian' replac$ by ',ar*im$ean'4 ,pg #dca4 ',al*ohol' replac$ by ',alcohol'4 ,pg #ddj ,footnote #bh4 'm$itate' replac$ by 'm$iate'4 ,pg #ddj ,footnote #bh4 ',guillume' replac$ by ',guillaume'4 ,pg #ddc4 'ladle-full' replac$ by 'ladleful'4 ,pg #dec4 'sauccissons' replac$ by 'saucissons'4 ,pg #ded4 'sauccissons' replac$ by 'saucissons'4 ,pg #ded4 'squills' replac$ by 'quills'4 ,pg #dee4 'mosique' replac$ by 'mosaique'4 ,pg #dfj4 'ri*o*et' replac$ by 'rico*et'4 ,pg #dge4 'p>allelopepids' replac$ by 'p>allelepip$s'4 ,pg #dgf4 ,9 ! table1 'comsition' replac$ by 'composition'4 ,pg #dhh4 ',%rapnell' replac$ by ',%rapnel'4 7twice7 ,pg #dia4 ',siemi5[i*' replac$ by ',siemi5[icz'4 ,pg #ead4 ',dictionaire' replac$ by ',dictionnaire'4 ,pg #eag4 'passs+' replac$ by 'pass+'4 ,pg #eai4 ',he h[' replac$ by ',he n['4 ,pg #ebf4 'two-?ird' replac$ by 'two-?irds'4 ,pg #ecc4 ,duplicate phrase ',elevation = extreme range' remov$ f ! table4 ,pg #ece4 '_! be+' replac$ by '!re be+'4 ,pg #ece4 'ri*o*et' replac$ by 'rico*et'4 ,pg #edb4 '!' remov$ f head] ',base ( ! conical head' 9 ! table4 ,pg #efj4 ',siemi5[ick' replac$ by ',siemi5[icz'4 7twice7 ,pg #egj ,footnote #dc4 'f5nell' replac$ by 'f5nel'4 ,pg #ehj4 'seive' replac$ by 'sieve'4 ,pg #eha4 'pullies' replac$ by 'pulleys'4 ,pg #ehe4 'de ,g\v]nm5t' replac$ by 'de ,g\v]nem5t'4 ,index3 ,pg #eij4 ',b]?olet' replac$ by ',b]?ollet'4 ,pg #eij4 ',caglio/ra' replac$ by ',caglio/ro'4 ,pg #eij4 ,call9icus3 '#fgc' replac$ by '#edd1 #edh'4 ,pg #eic4 ',copal' entry mov$ to correct alphabetic ord]4 ,pg #eif4 ',grcus1 ,m>cus' replac$ by ',grcus1 ,m>cus'4 ,pg #eih4 ,section = ',j' mov$ aft] section = ',i'4 ,pg #eih4 ,inflammable3 ',g+embrie' replac$ by ',g5gembrie'4 ,pg #eih4 ',jassam9e' replac$ by ',jessam9e'4 ,pg #eii4 ',lampadacea' replac$ by ',lampad>ia'4 ,pg #eii4 ',longs*amp' replac$ by ',long*amp'4 ,pg #fjb4 ,pl9y3 ',porc5a' replac$ by ',pors5a'4 ,pg #fjd4 ',ro*us' replac$ by ',ro*os'4 ,pg #fjf4 ',s5eka' replac$ by ',s5eca'4 ,pg #fji4 ,watson3 ',l&aff' replac$ by ',ll&aff'4 ,pg #fji4 ',w-)-!-:isp' replac$ by ',w-)-!-,wisp'4