,,new ,,"w ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,j ready1 9 small #hvo1 ) ,frontispiece & ,vignette1 ,,pa9t+ ,,popul>ly ,,expla9$2 ,,) ,! ,practice ( ! ,art1 ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,notices ,,( ,,its ,,progress4 ,,by ,,?omas ,j4 ,,gullick1 ,,pa9t]1 ,,& ,,john ,,timbs1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,! plan ( ?is "w is ?us sket*$ 9 ! ,introduction3 8,!re h be5 9 ! hi/ory ( ,art1 f\r gr& /yles ( imitat+ ,nature--,temp]a1 ,encau/ic1 ,fresco1 & ,oil4 ,^!1 toge!r ) ! m9or modes ( ,pa9t+1 we propose arrang+ 9 some?+ l *ronological sequ5ce2 b our design be+ to (f] an explanation ( ! ,art d]iv$ f practical acqua9tance1 r ?an attempt to give its hi/ory1 we %all conf9e ourselves = ! mo/ "p to s mu* only ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ z is necess>y to elucidate ! orig9 ( ! diff]5t practices :i* h obta9$ at diff]5t p]iods40 ,by ?is means1 ! ,au?ors hope to produce a "w :i* may be valuable to ! ,amateur1 & int]e/+ to ! ,connoisseur1 ! ,arti/1 & ! ,g5]al ,read]4 ,,london3 ,,k5t ,,co4 7,,late ,,bogue71 ,,fleet ,,/reet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m\? ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,rosse ,,telescope1 ,,at ,,p>son/[n4 ,,f ,a ,,photograph4 ,?+s n g5]ally ,kn[n ,famili>ly ,expla9$4 ,,curiosities ,,( ,,sci5ce1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 ,a ,,book ,,= ,,old ,,& ,,"y4 ,,by ,,john ,,timbs1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,?+s ,,n ,,g5]ally ,,kn[n2 ,,& ,,editor ,,( ,,! ,,ye>-,,book ,,( ,,facts4 ,illu/ration3 ,model ( ! ,safety-,lamp1 made by ,sir ,humphry ,davy's own h&s2 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,,london3 ,,k5t ,,& ,,co4 7,,late ,,bogue71 ,,fleet ,,/reet4 ,,mdccclviii4 ,! ,au?or res]ves ! "r ( au?oris+ a ,translation ( ?is ,"w4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,levey1 ,,robson1 ,,& ,,franklyn1 ,great ,new ,/reet & ,fett] ,lane4 ,,g5tle ,,read]1 ,! volume ( 8,,curiosities0 :i* ,i "h pres5t to y\r notice is a portion ( ! result ( a long c\rse ( read+1 obs]vation1 & rese>*1 necess>y = ! compilation ( ?irty volumes ( 8,arcana ( ,sci5ce0 & 8,ye>-,book ( ,facts10 publi%$ f #ahbh to #aheh4 ,?r\gh\t ?is p]iod--ne>ly half ( ! ,psalmi/'s 8days ( our ye>s0--,i h be5 bless$ ) heal? & /r5g? to produce ^! volumes1 ye> by ye> 7) "o exception71 ^u ! appo9t$ day2 & ?is ) unbrok5 att5tion to p]iodical duties1 frequ5tly r5d]$ h>ass+ or ung5ial4 ,nev]!less1 dur+ ^! ?ree decades ,i h f\nd my acc\nt 9 ! increas+ approbation ( ! read+ public1 :i* has be5 s l>gely ext5d$ to ! s]ies ( 8,,?+s ,,n ,,g5]ally ,,kn[n10 ( :i* ! pres5t volume ( 8,,curiosities ,,( ,,sci5ce0 is an in/alm5t4 ,i ne$ sc>cely add1 t 9 its progressive prep>ation ,i h endeav\r$ to comp>e1 weigh1 & consid]1 ! cont5ts1 s z to comb9e ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,pa/ ) ! advantages ( ! ,pres5t4 ,9 ^! days ( univ]sal atta9m5ts1 :5 ,sci5ce becomes n m]ely a luxury to ! ri*1 b bread to ! poor1 & :5 ! v amusem5ts z well z ! conv5i5ces ( life h tak5 a sci5tific col\r1 x is reasonable to hope t ! pres5t volume may be acceptable to a l>ge class ( seek]s aft] 8?+s n g5]ally kn[n40 ,= ?is purpose1 ,i h aim$ at s\ndness z well z popul>ity2 al?\gh1 = myself1 ,i c claim little beyond be+ "o ( ^? indu/ri\s 8ants ( sci5ce0 :o g>n] facts1 & by selection & comp>ison adapt !m = a wid] circle ( read]s ?an !y 7 orig9ally expect$ to rea*4 ,9 ea* case1 z f> z possible1 ^! 8,,curiosities0 be> ! m9t-m>k ( au?ority2 & 9 ! liv+ li/ are prom95t ! names ( ,humboldt & ,h]s*el1 ,airy & ,:ewell1 ,f>aday1 ,brew/]1 ,ow51 & ,agassiz1 ,maury1 ,:eat/one1 & ,hunt1 f ^: writ+s & rese>*es ! foll[+ pages are frequ5tly enri*$4 ,! sci5ces "h illu/rat$ are1 9 ! ma91 ,a/ronomy & ,meteorology2 ,geology & ,paleontology2 ,physical ,geography2 ,s\nd1 ,light1 & ,heat2 ,magnetism & ,electricity1--! latt] ) special att5tion to ! great m>vel ( our times1 ! ,electro-magnetic ,telegraph4 ,i hope1 at no v di/ant p]iod1 to ext5d ! 8,,curiosities0 to ano!r volume1 to include bran*es ( ,natural & ,exp]im5tal ,sci5ce :i* are n "h pres5t$4 ,i4 ,t4 ,novemb] #aheh4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introductory #a-aj ,,physical ,,ph5om5a #aa-bf ,,s\nd ,,& ,,light #bg-ec ,,a/ronomy #ed-ajc ,,geology ,,& ,,paleontology #ajd-ade ,,meteorological ,,ph5om5a #adf-afi ,,physical ,,geography ,,( ,,! ,,sea #agj-aib ,,magnetism ,,& ,,electricity #aic-bai ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph #bbj-bbh ,,miscellanea #bbi-bda ,! ,frontispiece4 ,,! ,,great ,,rosse ,,telescope4 ,! orig9ator & ar*itect ( ?is magnific5t in/rum5t _h long be5 di/+ui%$ 9 sci5tific rese>* z ,"l ,oxmant[n2 & may be consid]$ to h gracefully commemorat$ 8 succession to ! ,e>ldom ( ,rosse1 & 8 ,presid5cy ( ! ,royal ,society1 by ! completion ( ?is m>vell\s "w1 ) :i* 8 "n w be h]eaft] indissolubly associat$4 ,! ,great ,reflect+ ,telescope at ,birr ,ca/le 7( :i* ! ,frontispiece repres5ts a portion#a7 w be f\nd fully describ$ at pp4 #if-ii ( ! pres5t volume ( ,curiosities ( ,sci5ce4 ,?is mat*less in/rum5t has already disclos$ 8=ms ( /ell> arrangem5t indicat+ modes ( dynamic action nev] be=e contemplat$ 9 cele/ial me*anics40 8,9 ^! dep>tm5ts ( rese>*1--! exam9ation ( ! configurations ( nebul1 & ! resolution ( nebul into />s 7says ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,scoresby71--! six-feet speculum has _h its gr&e/ triumphs1 & ! noble artific] & obs]v] ! highe/ rew>ds ( 8 tal5ts & ent]prise4 ,altoge!r1 ! quantity ( "w done dur+ a p]iod ( ab\t sev5 ye>s--includ+ a w9t] :5 a noble philan?ropy = a />v+ population absorb$ ! ke5e/ int]e/s ( sci5ce--has be5 decid$ly great2 & ! new k acquir$ conc]n+ ! h&iwork ( ! great ,creator amply satisfy+ ( ev5 sangu9e expectation40 ,! ,vignette4 ,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy',s ,,own ,,model ,,( ,,8 ,,safety-,,lamp4 ,( ! sev]al contrivances :i* h be5 propos$ = safely light+ coal-m9es subject to ! visitation ( fire-damp1 or c>burett$ hydrog51 ! ,safety-,lamp ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy is ! only "o :i* has ev] be5 judg$ safe1 & be5 ext5sively employ$4 ,! inv5tor fir/ turn$ 8 att5tion to ! subject 9 #ahae1 :5 ,davy began a m9ute *emical exam9ation ( fire-damp1 & f\nd t x requir$ an admixture ( a l>ge quantity ( atmosph]ic air to r5d] x explosive4 ,he !n asc]ta9$ t explosions ( inflammable gases 7 incapable ( be+ pass$ ?r\gh long n>r[ metallic tubes1 & t ?is pr9ciple ( security 0 /ill obta9$ by dim9i%+ _! l5g? & increas+ _! numb]4 ,?is fact l$ to trials ^u sieves made ( wire-gauze2 :5 ,davy f\nd t if a piece ( wire-gauze 0 held ov] ! flame ( a lamp1 or ( coal-gas1 x prev5t$ ! flame f pass+2 & he asc]ta9$ t a flame conf9$ 9 a cyl9d] ( v f9e wire-gauze did n explode ev5 9 a mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 b t ! gases burnt 9 x ) great vivacity4 ,^! exp]im5ts s]v$ z ! basis ( ! ,safety-,lamp4 ,! ap]tures 9 ! gauze1 ,davy tells u 9 8 "w on ! subject1 %\ld n be m ?an #a_/bb;d ( an in* squ>e4 ,! lamp is screw$ on to ! bottom ( ! wire-gauze cyl9d]4 ,:5 x is light$1 & gradually introduc$ into an atmosph]e mix$ ) fire-damp1 ! size & l5g? ( ! flame are fir/ increas$4 ,:5 ! inflammable gas =ms z mu* z #a_/ab? ( ! volume ( air1 ! cyl9d] becomes fill$ ) a feeble blue flame1 )9 :i* ! flame ( ! wick burns brightly1 & ! light ( ! wick cont9ues till ! fire-damp increases to #a_/f? or #a_/e?2 x is !n lo/ 9 ! flame ( ! fire-damp1 :i* n[ fills ! cyl9d] ) a pretty /rong light2 & :5 ! f\l air con/itutes "o-?ird ( ! atmosph]e x is no long] fit = respiration1--& ?is ought to be a signal to ! m9] to leave t "p ( ! work+s4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy pres5t$ 8 fir/ communication respect+ 8 discov]y ( ! ,safety-,lamp to ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahae4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a s]ies ( pap]s rem>kable = _! simplicity & cle>ness1 cr[n$ by t read on ! #aa? ( ,janu>y #ahaf1 :5 ! pr9ciple ( ! ,safety-,lamp 0 ann\nc$1 & ,sir ,humphry pres5t$ to ! ,society a model made by 8 own h&s1 :i* is to ?is day pres]v$ 9 ! collection ( ! ,royal ,society at ,burl+ton ,h\se4 ,f ?is int]e/+ memorial ! ,vignette has be5 sket*$4 ,!re h be5 sev]al modifications ( ! ,safety-,lamp1 & ! m]it ( ! discov]y has be5 claim$ by o!rs1 among :om 0 ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5son2 b ! "q 0 set at re/ =ty-"o ye>s s9ce by an exam9ation1--atte/$ by ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,p4,r4,s41 ,mr4 ,br&e1 ,mr4 ,hat*ett1 & ,dr4 ,wolla/on1--& aw>d+ ! indep5d5t m]it to ,davy4 ,a m sub/antial1 ?\gh n a m hon\rable1 te/imony ( approval 0 giv5 by ! coal-own]s1 :o subscrib$ #bejjl4 to pur*ase a sup]b s]vice ( plate1 :i* 0 suitably inscrib$ & pres5t$ to ,davy4#b ,mean:ile ! ,report by ! ,p>liam5t>y ,committee 8_c admit t ! exp]im5ts 7made ) ! ,lamp7 h any t5d5cy to detract f ! "* ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 or to disp>age ! fair value plac$ by himself ^u 8 inv5tion4 ,! improvem5ts are probably ^? :i* long] life & additional facts w\ld h induc$ him to contemplate z desirable1 & ( :i*1 _h he n be5 ! inv5tor1 he might h become ! patron40 ,! pr9ciple ( ! inv5tion may be ?us summ$ up4 ,9 ! ,safety-,lamp1 ! mixture ( ! fire-damp & atmosph]ic air )9 ! cage ( wire-gauze explodes ^u com+ 9 contact ) ! flame2 b ! combu/ion _c pass ?r\gh ! wire-gauze1 & be+ !re imprison$1 _c imp>t to ! explosive atmosph]e ( ! m9e any ( its =ce4 ,?is effect has be5 errone\sly attribut$ to a cool+ influ5ce ( ! metal4 ,pr(essor ,playfair has eloqu5tly describ$ ! ,safety-,lamp ( ,davy z a pres5t f philosophy to ! arts2 a discov]y 9 no degree ! effect ( accid5t or *ance1 b ! result ( pati5t & enlight5$ rese>*1 & /rongly exemplify+ ! great use ( an imm$iate & con/ant appeal to exp]im5t4 ,aft] *>act]is+ ! inv5tion z ! %utt+-up 9 a net ( ! mo/ sl5d] texture a mo/ viol5t & irresi/ible =ce1 & a p[] t 9 its trem5d\s effects seems to emulate ! lightn+ & ! e>?quake1 ,pr(essor ,playfair ?us concludes3 8,:5 to ?is we add ! b5eficial consequ5ces1 & ! sav+ ( ! lives ( m51 & consid] t ! effects are to rema9 z long z coal cont9ues to be dug f ! b[els ( ! e>?1 x may be fairly said t !re is h>dly 9 ! :ole compass ( art or sci5ce a s+le inv5tion ( :i* "o w\ld r wi% to be ! au?or4444 ,?is10 says ,pr(essor ,playfair1 8is exactly su* a case z we %\ld *oose to place be=e ,bacon1 7 he to revisit ! e>?2 9 ord] to give him1 9 a small compass1 an idea ( ! advancem5t :i* philosophy has made s9ce ! "t :5 he _h po9t$ out to h] ! r\te :i* %e ought to pursue40 ,,curiosities ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,introductory4 ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,_w4 ,9 e prov9ce ( human k :]e we n[ possess a c>eful & coh]5t int]pretation ( nature1 m5 began by attempt+ 9 bold flights to leap f obvi\s facts to ! highe/ po9t ( g5]ality--to "s wide & simple pr9ciple :i* aft]-ages _h to reject4 ,?us1 f ! facts t all bodies are hot or cold1 moi/ or dry1 !y leapt at once to ! doctr9e t ! _w is con/itut$ ( f\r elem5ts--e>?1 air1 fire1 wat]2 f ! fact t ! heav5ly bodies circle ! sky 9 c\rses :i* occur aga9 & aga91 !y at once ass]t$ t !y move 9 exact circles1 ) an exactly uni=m motion2 f ! fact t heavy bodies fall ?r\gh ! air some:at fa/] ?an light ones1 x 0 assum$ t all bodies fall quickly or sl[ly exactly 9 proportion to _! weight2 f ! fact t ! magnet attracts iron1 & t ?is =ce ( attraction is capable ( increase1 x 0 inf]r$ t a p]fect magnet w\ld h an irresi/ible =ce ( attraction1 & t ! magnetic pole ( ! e>? w\ld draw ! nails out ( a %ip's bottom :i* came ne> x2 f ! fact t "s ( ! f9e/ qu>tz cry/als are f\nd among ! sn[s ( ! ,alps1 x 0 inf]r$ t ! cry/allisation ( gems is ! result ( int5se & long-cont9u$ cold3 & s on 9 innum]able in/ances4 ,su* anticipations z ^! con/itut$ ! basis ( almo/ all ! sci5ce ( ! anci5t _w2 = su* pr9ciples be+ s assum$1 consequ5ces 7 drawn f !m ) great +5uity1 & sy/ems ( su* d$uctions /ood 9 ! place ( sci5ce4--,ed9burgh ,review1 ,no4 #baf4 ,,sci5ce ,,at ,,ox=d ,,& ,,cambridge4 ,! e>lie/ sci5ce ( a decid$ly ,engli% s*ool is due1 = ! mo/ "p1 to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 & specially to ,m]ton ,college1--a f\ndation ( :i* ,wood rem>ks1 t !re 0 no o!r = two c5turies1 ei!r 9 ,ox=d or ,p>is1 :i* c\ld at all come ne> x 9 ! cultivation ( ! sci5ces4 ,b he goes on to say t l>ge *e/s full ( ! writ]s ( ?is college 7 all[$ to rema9 unt\*$ by _! successors = fe> ( ! magic :i* 0 suppos$ to be conta9$ 9 !m4 ,nev]!less1 x is n difficult to trace ! lib]alis+ effect ( sci5tific /udy ^u ! ,univ]sity 9 g5]al1 & ,m]ton ,college 9 p>ticul>2 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t to ! cultivation ( ! m9d at ,ox=d we owe almo/ all ! lit]>y celebrity ( ! middle ages4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge appe>s to h acquir$ no sci5tific di/9ction4 ,tak+ z a te/ ! acquisition ( celebrity on ! cont95t1 we f9d t ,bacon1 ,sacrobosco1 ,grea!ad1 ,e/wood1 c4 7 all ( ,ox=d4 ,! latt] ,univ]sity _h its morn+ ( spl5d\r :ile ,cambridge 0 comp>atively unkn[n2 x _h also its noonday1 illu/rat$ by su* m5 z ,briggs1 ,wr51 ,wallis1 ,halley1 & ,bradley4 ,! age ( sci5ce at ,cambridge may be said to h begun ) ,francis ,bacon2 & b t we ?9k mu* ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 him & 8 celebrat$ namesake lies m 9 "t & circum/ances ?an 9 tal5ts or feel+s1 we w\ld r date f #afjj ) ! =m] ?an f #abej ) ! latt]4 ,praise or blame on ei!r side is out ( ! "q1 see+ t ! e>li] f\ndation ( ,ox=d1 & its sup]iority 9 pecuni>y means1 r5d]$ all t took place highly probable2 & we are 9 a great measure indebt$ = ! lib]ty ( writ+ our ?\ghts1 to ! cultivation ( ! lib]alis+ sci5ces at ,ox=d 9 ! d>k ages4 ,) reg>d to ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 = a long "t !re h>dly exi/$ ! mat]ials ( any prop] in/ruction1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( po9t+ out :at books %\ld be read by a /ud5t desir\s ( cultivat+ a/ronomy4 ,,plato',s ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces4 ,plato1 l ,francis ,bacon1 took a review ( ! sci5ces ( 8 "t3 he enum]ates ari?metic & plane geometry1 treat$ z collections ( ab/ract & p]man5t tru?s2 solid geometry1 :i* he 8notes z defici5t0 9 8 "t1 al?\gh 9 fact he & 8 s*ool 7 9 possession ( ! doctr9e ( ! 8five regul> solids20 a/ronomy1 9 :i* he dem&s a sci5ce :i* %\ld be elevat$ above ! m]e k ( ph5om5a4 ,! visible appe>ances ( ! heav5s only sugge/ ! problems ) :i* true a/ronomy deals2 z beautiful geometrical diagrams d n prove1 b only sugge/ geometrical propositions4 ,f9ally1 ,plato notices ! subject ( h>monics1 9 :i* he requires a sci5ce :i* %all deal ) tru?s m exact ?an ! e> c e/abli%1 z 9 a/ronomy he requires tru?s m exact ?an ! eye c assure u (4 ,9 a subsequ5t pap] ,plato speaks ( ,dialectic z a /ill high] elem5t ( a philosophical education1 fitt$ to lead m5 to ! k ( real exi/5ces & ( ! supreme good4 ,"h he describes dialectic by its objects & purpose4 ,9 o!r places dialectic is spok5 ( z a me?od or process ( analysis2 z 9 ! ,phdrus1 :]e ,socrates describes a good dialectician z "o :o c divide a subject accord+ to its natural memb]s1 & n miss ! jo9t1 l a bad c>v]4 ,x5ophon says t ,socrates d]iv$ dialectic f a t]m imply+ to divide a subject into p>ts1 :i* ,mr4 ,grote ?9ks unsatisfactory z an etymology1 b :i* has indicat$ a practical connection 9 ! ,socratic s*ool4 ,! result seems to be t ,plato did n e/abli% any me?od ( analysis ( a subject z 8 dialectic2 b he conceiv$ t ! analytical habits =m$ by ! compreh5sive /udy ( ! exact sci5ces1 & %>p5$ by ! practice ( dialogue1 w\ld lead 8 /ud5ts to ! k ( fir/ pr9ciples4--,dr4 ,:ewell4 ,,folly ,,( ,,a!ism4 ,morphology1 9 natural sci5ce1 tea*es u t ! :ole animal & vegetable creation is =m$ ^u c]ta9 fundam5tal types & patt]ns1 :i* c be trac$ "u v>i\s modifications & trans=mations ?r\gh all ! ri* v>iety ( ?+s app>5tly ( mo/ dissimil> build4 ,b "h & !re a sci5tific p]son takes x into 8 fooli% head t !re may be a set ( m\lds )\t a m\ld]1 a calculat$ gradation ( =ms )\t a calculator1 an ord]$ _w )\t an ord]+ ,god4 ,n[1 ?is a!i/ical sci5ce conveys ab\t z mu* mean+ z suicidal life3 = sci5ce is possible only :]e !re are ideas1 & ideas are only possible :]e !re is m9d1 & m9ds are ! (fspr+ ( ,god2 & a!ism itself is n m]ely ignorance & /upidity1--x is ! purely nons5sical & ! un9telligible4--,pr(essor ,blackie2 ,ed9burgh ,essays1 #ahef4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,obs]vation4 ,to obs]ve prop]ly 9 ! v simple/ ( ! physical sci5ces requires a long & sev]e tra9+4 ,no "o kn[s ?is s feel+ly z ! great discov]]4 ,f>aday once said1 t he always d\bts 8 own obs]vations4 ,mits*]li* on "o occasion rem>k$ to a man ( sci5ce t x takes f\rte5 ye>s to discov] & e/abli% a s+le new fact 9 *emi/ry4 ,an en?usia/ic /ud5t "o day betook himself to ,b>on ,cuvi] ) ! exhibition ( a new organ--a muscle :i* he suppos$ himself to h discov]$ 9 ! body ( "s liv+ creature or o!r2 b ! exp]i5c$ & sagaci\s naturali/ k9dly bade ! "y man return to him ) ! same discov]y 9 six mon?s4 ,! ,b>on w\ld n ev5 li/5 to ! /ud5t's demon/ration1 nor exam9e 8 dissection1 till ! eag] & y\?ful discov]] _h hung ov] ! object ( inquiry = half a ye>2 & yet t object 0 a m]e ?+ ( ! s5ses4--,nor?-,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #ah4 ,,mutual ,,relations ,,( ,,ph5om5a4 ,9 ! obs]vation ( a ph5om5on :i* at fir/ sight appe>s to be :olly isolat$1 h[ (t5 may be conceal$ ! g]m ( a great discov]y6 ,?us1 :5 ,galvani fir/ /imulat$ ! n]v\s fibre ( ! frog by ! accid5tal contact ( two het]og5e\s metals1 8 contempor>ies c\ld nev] h anticipat$ t ! action ( ! voltaic pile w\ld discov] to u 9 ! alkalies metals ( a silv] lu/re1 s light z to swim on wat]1 & em95tly inflammable2 or t x w\ld become a p[]ful in/rum5t ( *emical analysis1 & at ! same "t a !rmoscope & a magnet4 ,:5 ,huygh5s fir/ obs]v$1 9 #afgh1 ! ph5om5on ( ! pol>isation ( light1 exhibit$ 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 two rays into :i* a p5cil ( light divides itself 9 pass+ ?r\gh a d\bly refract+ cry/al1 x c\ld n h be5 =ese5 t a c5tury & a half lat] ! great philosoph] ,arago w\ld1 by 8 discov]y ( *romatic pol>isation1 be l$ to disc]n1 by means ( a small fragm5t ( ,icel& sp>1 :e!r sol> light emanates f a solid body or a gase\s cov]+2 or :e!r comets transmit light directly1 or m]ely by reflection4--,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 i4 ,,practical ,,results ,,( ,,!oretical ,,sci5ce4 ,:at are ! great wond]s1 ! great s\rces ( man's mat]ial /r5g?1 weal?1 & com=t 9 mod]n times8 ,! ,railway1 ) its mile-long tra9s ( m5 & m]*&ise1 mov+ ) ! velocity ( ! w9d1 & d>t+ ov] *asms a ?\s& feet wide2 ! ,electric ,telegraph1 along :i* man's ?\ghts travel ) ! velocity ( light1 & girdle ! e>? m quickly ?an ,puck's promise to 8 ma/]2 ! contrivance by :i* ! ,magnet1 9 ! v middle ( a /rip ( iron1 is /ill true to ! di/ant pole1 & rema9s a fai?ful guide to ! m>9]2 ! ,electrotype process1 by :i* a metallic model ( any giv5 object1 un]r+ly exact1 gr[s into be+ l a fl[]4 ,n[1 all ^! wond]s are ! result ( rec5t & pr(\nd discov]ies 9 !oretical sci5ce4 ,! ,locomotive ,/eam-eng9e1 & ! ,/eam-eng9e 9 all its o!r wond]ful & invaluable applications1 d]ives its efficacy f ! discov]ies1 by ,watt & o!rs1 ( ! laws ( /eam4 ,! ,railway ,bridge is n made /rong by m]e accumulation ( mat]ials1 b by ! mo/ exact & c>eful sci5tific exam9ation ( ! means ( giv+ ! requisite /r5g? to e "p1 z 9 ! great example ( ,mr4 ,/eph5son's ,britannia ,bridge ov] ! ,m5ai ,/rait4 ,! ,correction ( ! ,magnetic ,ne$le 9 iron %ips x w\ld h be5 impossible = ,mr4 ,airy to secure )\t a complete !oretical k ( ! laws ( ,magnetism4 ,! ,electric ,telegraph & ! ,electrotype process include 9 _! pr9ciples & me*anism ! mo/ complete & subtle results ( electrical & magnetical !ory4--,ed9burgh ,review1 ,no4 #baf4 ,,p]petuity ,,( ,,improvem5t4 ,9 ! progress ( society all great & real improvem5ts are p]petuat$3 ! same corn :i*1 f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 0 rais$ f an improv$ grass by an inv5tor wor%ip$ = two ?\s& ye>s 9 ! anci5t _w "u ! "n ( ,c]es1 /ill =ms ! pr9cipal food ( mank9d2 & ! potato1 p]haps ! greate/ b5efit t ! old has d]iv$ f ! new _w1 is spread+ ov] ,europe1 & w cont9ue to n\ri% an ext5sive population :5 ! "n ( ! race by :om x 0 fir/ cultivat$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica is =gott54--,sir ,h4 ,davy4 ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,engli% ,,sci5tific ,,treatise4 ,ge(frey ,*auc]1 ! poet1 wrote a treatise on ! ,a/rolabe = 8 son1 :i* is ! e>lie/ ,engli% treatise we h met ) on any sci5tific subject4 ,x 0 n complet$2 & ! apologies :i* ,*auc] makes to 8 own *ild = writ+ 9 ,engli% are curi\s2 :ile 8 inf]5ce t 8 son %\ld !re=e 8pray ,god save ! k+ t is "l ( ?is language10 is at lea/ z loyal z logical4 ,,philosoph]s' ,,false ,,e/imates ,,( ,,_! ,,own ,,lab\rs4 ,galileo 0 confid5t t ! mo/ important "p ( 8 contributions to ! k ( ! sol> sy/em 0 8 ,!ory ( ! ,tides--a !ory :i* all succe$+ a/ronom]s h reject$ z utt]ly baseless & unt5able4 ,desc>tes probably plac$ f> above 8 beautiful explanation ( ! ra9b[1 8 priori !ory ( ! exi/5ce ( ! vortices :i* caus$ ! motion ( ! planets & satellites4 ,newton p]haps consid]$ z "o ( ! be/ p>ts ( 8 optical rese>*es 8 explanation ( ! natural col\r ( bodies1 :i* succe$+ optical philosoph]s h _h to reject2 & he c]ta9ly held v /rongly ! necessity ( a mat]ial cause = gravity1 :i* 8 disciples h disreg>d$4 ,davy look$ = 8 greate/ triumph 9 ! application ( 8 discov]ies to prev5t ! copp] bottoms ( %ips f be+ corrod$4 ,& s 9 o!r matt]s4--,ed9burgh ,review1 ,no4 #baf4 ,,relics ,,( ,,g5ius4 ,pr(essor ,george ,wilson1 9 a lecture to ! ,scotti% ,society ( ,arts1 says3 8,! spectacle ( ^! ?+s m9i/]s only to ! good impulses ( humanity4 ,isaac ,newton's telescope at ! ,royal ,society ( ,london2 ,otto ,gu]icke's air-pump 9 ! ,libr>y at ,b]l92 ,james ,watt's repair$ ,newcom5 /eam-eng9e 9 ! ,natural-,philosophy class-room ( ! ,college at ,glasg[2 ,fahr5heit's !rmomet] 9 ! correspond+ class-room ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh2 ,sir ,h4 ,davy's great voltaic batt]y at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,london1 & 8 safety-lamp at ! ,royal ,society2 ,joseph ,black's pneumatic tr\gh 9 ,dr4 ,gregory's possession2 ! fir/ wire :i* ,f>aday made rotate electro-magnetically1 at ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,hospital2 ,dalton's atomic models at ,man*e/]2 & ,kemp's liquefi$ gases 9 ! ,indu/rial ,museum ( ,scotl&1--are alike p]sonal relics1 hi/orical monum5ts1 & objects ( in/ruction1 :i* gr[ m & m preci\s e ye>1 & ( :i* we nev] c h too _m40 ,,! ,,royal ,,society3 ,,! ,,natural ,,& ,,sup]natural4 ,! ,royal ,society 0 =m$ ) ! av[$ object ( increas+ k by direct exp]im5t2 & x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! *>t] grant$ by ,*>les ,,ii4 to ?is celebrat$ in/itution decl>es t its object is ! ext5sion ( natural k1 z oppos$ to t :i* is sup]natural4 ,dr4 ,p>is 7,life ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agh7 says3 8,! *>t] ( ! ,royal ,society /ates t x 0 e/abli%$ = ! improvem5t ( natural sci5ce4 ,?is epi!t natural 0 orig9ally int5d$ to imply a mean+1 ( :i* v few p]sons1 ,i believe1 are aw>e4 ,at ! p]iod ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! society1 ! arts ( wit*craft & div9ation 7 v ext5sively enc\rag$2 & ! ^w natural 0 !re=e introduc$ 9 contradi/9ction to sup]natural40 ,,! ,,philosoph] ,,boyle4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,bacon1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,engli%m5 0 c]ta9ly ,rob]t ,boyle1 :o1 if comp>$ ) 8 contempor>ies1 may be said to rank imm$iately bel[ ,newton1 ?\gh ( c\rse v inf]ior to him z an orig9al ?9k]4 ,boyle 0 ! fir/ :o in/itut$ exact exp]im5ts into ! relation betwe5 col\r & heat2 & by ?is means n only asc]ta9$ "s v important facts1 b laid a f\ndation = t union betwe5 optics & !rmotics1 :i*1 ?\gh n yet complet$1 n[ m]ely waits = "s great philosoph] to /rike out a g5]alisation l>ge en\gh to cov] bo?1 & ?us fuse ! two sci5ces into a s+le /udy4 ,x is also to ,boyle1 m ?an to any o!r ,engli%man1 t we owe ! sci5ce ( hydro/atics 9 ! /ate 9 :i* we n[ possess x4#c ,he is also ! orig9al discov]] ( t beautiful law1 s f]tile 9 valuable results1 accord+ to :i* ! ela/icity ( air v>ies z its d5sity4 ,&1 9 ! op9ion ( "o ( ! mo/ em95t mod]n naturali/s1 x 0 ,boyle :o op5$ up ^? *emical inquiries :i* w5t on accumulat+ until1 a c5tury lat]1 !y suppli$ ! means by :i* ,lavoisi] & 8 contempor>ies fix$ ! real basis ( *emi/ry1 & enabl$ x = ! fir/ "t to take its prop] /& among ^? sci5ces t deal ) ! ext]nal _w4--,buckle's ,hi/ory ( ,civilization1 vol4 i4 ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton',s ,,rooms ,,& ,,laboratory ,,9 ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,,cambridge4 ,( ! rooms occupi$ by ,newton dur+ 8 e>ly resid5ce at ,cambridge1 x is n[ difficult to settle ! locality4 ,! *amb] allott$ to him z ,fell[1 9 #affg1 0 8! ,spiritual ,*amb]10 conjectur$ to h be5 ! gr\nd-room1 next ! *apel1 b x is n c]ta9 t he resid$ !re4 ,! rooms 9 :i* he liv$ f #afhb till he left ,cambridge1 are 9 ! nor?-ea/ corn] ( ! great c\rt1 on ! fir/ floor1 on ! "r or nor? ( ! gateway or pr9cipal entrance to ! college4 ,8 laboratory1 z ,dr4 ,humphrey ,newton tell u1 0 8on ! left end ( ! g>d51 ne> ! ea/ end ( ! *apel2 & 8 telescope 7refract+7 0 five feet long1 & plac$ at ! head ( ! /airs1 go+ d[n into ! g>d540#d ,! ea/ side ( ,newton's rooms has be5 alt]$ )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s3 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 :o came up to college 9 #ahjd1 recollects a wood5 room1 support$ on an arcade1 %[n 9 ,loggan's view1 9 place ( :i* arcade is n[ a wood5 wall & brick *imney4 ,dr4 ,humphrey ,newton relates t 9 college ,sir ,isaac v r>ely w5t to b$ till two or ?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+1 sometimes n till five or six1 especially at spr+ & fall ( ! leaf1 :5 he us$ to employ ab\t six weeks 9 8 laboratory1 ! fire sc>cely go+ out ei!r night or day2 he sitt+ up "o night1 & ,humphrey ano!r1 till he _h f9i%$ 8 *emical exp]im5ts4 ,dr4 ,newton describes ! laboratory z 8well furni%$ ) *ymical mat]ials1 z bodyes1 receiv]s1 heads1 crucibles1 c41 :i* 0 made v little use (1 ye crucibles except$1 9 :i* he fus$ 8 metals3 he w\ld sometimes1 ?\gh v seldom1 look into an old m\ldy book1 :i* lay 9 8 laboratory2 ,i ?9k x 0 titl$ ,agricola de ,metallis1 ! transmut+ ( metals be+ 8 *ief design1 = :i* purpose antimony 0 a great +r$i5t40 8,8 brick furnaces1 pro re nata1 he made & alt]$ himself )\t tr\bl+ a bricklay]40 8,:at obs]vations he might make ) 8 telescope1 ,i "k n1 b sev]al ( 8 obs]vations ab\t comets & ! planets may be f\nd scatt]$ "h & !re 9 a book intitl$ ,! ,elem5ts ( ,a/ronomy1 by ,dr4 ,david ,gregory40#e ,,newton',s 8,,apple-,,tree40 ,curi\s & manifold z are ! trees associat$ ) ! great names ( _! plant]s1 or ^? :o h soj\rn$ 9 _! %ade1 ! ,tree :i*1 by ! fall+ ( its fruit1 sugge/$ to ,newton ! idea ( ,gravity1 is ( p>am\nt int]e/4 ,x appe>s t1 9 ! autumn ( #affe1 ,newton left 8 college at ,cambridge = 8 pat]nal home at ,wool/horpe4 8,:5 sitt+ alone 9 ! g>d510 says ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 8& speculat+ on ! p[] ( gravity1 x occurr$ to him1 t z ! same p[] by :i* ! apple fell to ! gr\nd 0 n s5sibly dim9i%$ at ! greate/ di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! e>? to :i* we c rea*1 nei!r at ! summits ( ! l(tie/ spires1 nor on ! tops ( ! highe/ m\nta9s1 x might ext5d to ! moon & reta9 h] 9 h] orbit1 9 ! same mann] z x b5ds into a curve a /one or a cannon-ball :5 project$ 9 a /raight l9e f ! surface ( ! e>?40--,life ( ,newton1 vol4 i4 p4 #bf4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] notes1 t nei!r ,pemb]ton nor ,:i/on1 :o receiv$ f ,newton himself 8 fir/ ideas ( gravity1 records ?is /ory ( ! fall+ apple4 ,x 0 m5tion$1 h[ev]1 to ,voltaire by ,ca!r9e ,b>ton1 ,newton's niece2 & to ,mr4 ,gre5 by ,m>t9 ,folkes1 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] saw ! reput$ apple-tree 9 #ahad1 & br\ght away a portion ( "o ( its roots4 ,! tree 0 s mu* decay$ t x 0 cut d[n 9 #ahbj1 & ! wood ( x c>efully pres]v$ by ,mr4 ,turnor1 ( ,/oke ,ro*e=d4 ,de ,morgan 79 ,notes & ,qu]ies1 #b;d s]ies1 ,no4 #aci1 p4 #afi7 que/ions :e!r ! fruit 0 an apple1 & ma9ta9s t ! anecdote re/s ^u v slight au?ority2 m especially z ! idea _h = _m ye>s be5 float+ be=e ! m9ds ( physical inquir]s2 al?\gh ,newton cle>$ away ! confusions & difficulties :i* prev5t$ v able m5 f proce$+ beyond conjecture1 & by ?is means e/abli%$ univ]sal gravitation4 ,,newton',s 8,,pr9cipia40 8,x may be ju/ly said10 obs]ves ,halley1 8t s _m & s valuable philosophical tru?s z are h]e9 discov]$ & put pa/ dispute 7 nev] yet ow+ to ! capacity & indu/ry ( any "o man40 8,! importance & g5]ality ( ! discov]ies10 says ,laplace1 8& ! imm5se numb] ( orig9al & pr(\nd views1 :i* h be5 ! g]m ( ! mo/ brilliant !ories ( ! philosoph]s ( ?is 7#ah?7 c5tury1 & all pres5t$ ) mu* elegance1 w ensure to ! "w on ! ,ma!matical ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy a prem95ce above all ! o!r productions ( human g5ius40 ,,desc>tes' ,,lab\rs ,,9 ,,physics4 ,! mo/ pr(\nd among ! _m em95t ?9k]s ,france has produc$1 is ,rn ,desc>tes1 ( :om ! lea/ t c be said is1 t he effect$ a revolution m decisive ?an has ev] be5 br\ght ab\t by any o!r s+le m9d2 t he 0 ! fir/ :o successfully appli$ algebra to geometry2 t he po9t$ out ! important law ( ! s9es2 t 9 an age 9 :i* optical in/rum5ts 7 extremely imp]fect1 he discov]$ ! *anges to :i* light is subject$ 9 ! eye by ! cry/all9e l5s2 t he direct$ att5tion to ! consequ5ces result+ f ! weight ( ! atmosph]e2 & t he moreov] detect$ ! causes ( ! ra9b[4 ,at ! same "t1 & z if to comb9e ! mo/ v>i$ =ms ( excell5ce1 he is n only all[$ to be ! fir/ geometrician ( ! age1 b by ! cle>ness & admirable precision ( 8 /yle1 he became "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ,fr5* prose4 ,&1 al?\gh he 0 con/antly engag$ 9 ^? l(ty inquiries into ! nature ( ! human m9d1 :i* c nev] be /udi$ )\t wond]1 he comb9$ ) !m a long c\rse ( labori\s exp]im5t ^u ! animal frame1 :i* rais$ him to ! highe/ rank among ! anatomi/s ( 8 "t4 ,! great discov]y made by ,h>vey ( ! ,circulation ( ! ,blood 0 neglect$ by mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies2 b x 0 at once recognis$ by ,desc>tes1 :o made x ! basis ( ! physiological "p ( 8 "w on man4 ,he 0 likewise ! discov]] ( ! lacteals by ,aselli1 :i*1 l e great tru? yet laid be=e ! _w1 0 at its fir/ appe>ance1 n only disbeliev$1 b cov]$ ) ridicule4--,buckle's ,hi/ory ( ,civilization1 vol4 i4 ,,conic ,,sections4 ,if a cone or sug>-loaf be cut ?r\gh 9 c]ta9 directions1 we %all obta9 figures :i* are t]m$ conic sections3 ?us1 if we cut ?r\gh a sug>-loaf p>allel to its base or bottom1 ! outl9e or edge ( ! loaf :]e x is cut w be a circle4 ,if ! cut is made s z to slant1 & n be p>allel to ! base ( ! loaf1 ! outl9e is an ellipse1 provid$ ! cut goes q ?r\gh ! sides ( ! loaf all r\nd2 b if x goes slant+1 & p>allel to ! l9e ( ! loaf's side1 ! outl9e is a p>abola1 a conic section or curve1 :i* is di/+ui%$ by *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 e po9t ( x be>+ a c]ta9 fix$ relation to a c]ta9 po9t )9 x1 z ! circle does to its c5tre4--,dr4 ,p>is's ,notes to ,philosophy 9 ,sport1 c4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,computation4 ,! high] class ( ma!maticians1 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 _h become excell5t comput]s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,engl&1 ( :i* ,wallis1 ,newton1 ,halley1 ! ,gregorys1 & ,de ,moivre1 are spl5did examples4 ,be=e results ( extreme exactness _h become q famili>1 !re 0 a gratify+ s5se ( p[] 9 br++ out ! new me?ods4 ,newton1 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,old5burg1 says t he 0 at "o "t too mu* atta*$ to su* ?+s1 & t he %\ld be a%am$ to say to :at numb] ( figures he 0 9 ! habit ( c>ry+ 8 results4 ,! gr[? ( p[] ( computation on ! ,cont95t did n1 h[ev]1 keep pace ) t ( ! same 9 ,engl&4 ,9 #afif1 ,de ,laguy1 a well-kn[n writ] on algebra1 & a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 said t ! mo/ skilful comput] c\ld n1 9 less ?an a mon?1 f9d )9 a unit ! cube root ( #fifecfdhccahfdjjcejgcfdajcg4--;,de ,morgan4 8,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,! ,,cosmos40 ,humboldt1 *>act]ises ?is 8uncommon b def9ite expression0 z ! treat+ ( 8! assemblage ( all ?+s ) :i* space is fill$1 f ! remote/ nebul to ! climatic di/ribution ( ^? delicate tissues ( vegetable matt] :i* spread a v>iegat$ cov]+ ov] ! surface ( our rocks40 ,! ^w cosmos1 :i* primitively1 9 ! ,hom]ic ages1 indicat$ an idea ( ord] & h>mony1 0 subsequ5tly adopt$ 9 sci5tific language1 :]e x 0 gradually appli$ to ! ord] obs]v$ 9 ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies2 to ! :ole univ]se2 & !n f9ally to ! _w 9 :i* ?is h>mony 0 reflect$ to u4 ,physical ,ph5om5a4 ,,all ,,! ,,_w ,,9 ,,motion4 ,humboldt1 9 8 ,cosmos1#f gives ! foll[+ beautiful illu/rative pro(s ( ?is ph5om5on3 ,if1 = a mom5t1 we imag9e ! acut5ess ( our s5ses pret]naturally height5$ to ! extreme limits ( telescopic vision1 & br+ toge!r ev5ts sep>at$ by wide int]vals ( "t1 ! app>5t repose :i* reigns 9 space w sudd5ly vani%2 c\ntless />s w be se5 mov+ 9 gr\ps 9 v>i\s directions2 nebul w&]+1 cond5s+1 & dissolv+ l cosmical cl\ds2 ! milky way break+ up 9 p>ts1 & its veil r5t asund]4 ,9 e po9t ( ! cele/ial vault we %all recognise ! dom9ion ( progressive movem5t1 z on ! surface ( ! e>? :]e vegetation is con/antly putt+ =? its leaves & buds1 & unfold+ its blossoms4 ,! celebrat$ ,spani% botani/1 ,cavanilles1 fir/ conceiv$ ! possibility ( 8see+ grass gr[10 by plac+ ! horizontal micromet] wire ( a telescope1 ) a high magnify+ p[]1 at "o "t on ! po9t ( a bamboo %oot1 & at ano!r on ! rapidly unfold+ fl[]+ /em ( an ,am]ican aloe2 precisely z ! a/ronom] places ! cross ( wires on a culm9at+ />4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole life ( physical nature--9 ! organic z 9 ! sid]eal _w--exi/5ce1 pres]vation1 production1 & developm5t1 are alike associat$ ) motion z _! ess5tial condition4 ,,! ,,axis ,,( ,,rotation4 ,x is rem>kable z a me*anical fact1 t no?+ is s p]man5t 9 nature z ! ,axis ( ,rotation ( any ?+ :i* is rapidly :irl$4 ,we h examples ( ?is 9 e-day practice4 ,! fir/ is ! motion ( a boy's hoop4 ,:at keeps ! hoop f fall+8--,x is its rotation1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ subjects 9 me*anics4 ,ano!r ?+ p]t95t to ?is "q is1 ! motion ( a quoit4 ,e body :o ev] ?rew a quoit kn[s t to make x pres]ve its position z x goes ?r\gh ! air1 x is necess>y to give x a :irl+ motion4 ,x w be se5 t :ile :irl+1 x pres]ves its plane1 :atev] ! position ( ! plane may be1 & h[ev] x may be incl9$ to ! direction 9 :i* ! quoit travels4 ,n[1 ?is has great] analogy ) ! motion ( ! e>? ?an any ?+ else4 ,ano!r illu/ration is ! motion ( a sp9n+ top4 ,! greate/ ma!matician ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! celebrat$ ,eul]1 has writt5 a :ole book on ! motion ( a top1 & 8 ,lat9 treatise ,de motu ,turb9is is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable books on me*anics4 ,! motion ( a top is a matt] ( ! greate/ importance2 x is applicable to ! elucidation ( "s ( ! greate/ ph5om5a ( nature4 ,9 all ^! in/ances !re is ?is wond]ful t5d5cy 9 rotation to pres]ve ! axis ( rotation unalt]$4--,pr(4 ,airy's ,lect4 on ,a/ronomy4 ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,annual ,,motion4 ,9 con=mity ) ! ,cop]nican view ( our sy/em1 we mu/ le>n to look ^u ! sun z ! comp>atively motionless c5tre ab\t :i* ! e>? p]=ms an annual elliptic orbit ( ! dim5sions & exc5tricity1 & ) a velocity1 regulat$ accord+ to a c]ta9 assign$ law2 ! sun occupy+ "o ( ! foci ( ! ellipse1 & f t /ation quietly dissem9at+ on all sides its light & heat2 :ile ! e>? travell+ r\nd x1 & pres5t+ itself diff]5tly to x at diff]5t times ( ! ye> & day1 passes ?r\gh ! v>ieties ( day & night1 summ] & w9t]1 :i* we enjoy4--,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy4 ,laplace has %[n t ! l5g? ( ! day has n v>i$ ! hundr$? "p ( a second s9ce ! obs]vations ( ,hipp>*us1 #bjjj ye>s ago4 ,,/ability ,,( ,,! ,,ocean4 ,9 submitt+ ?is "q to analysis1 ,laplace f\nd t ! equilibrium ( ! ocean is /able if its d5sity is less ?an ! mean d5sity ( ! e>?1 & t its equilibrium _c be subv]t$ unless ^! two d5sities are equal1 or t ( ! e>? less ?an t ( its wat]s4 ,! exp]im5ts on ! attraction ( ,s*ehalli5 & ,mont ,c5is1 & ^? made by ,cav5di%1 ,rei*1 & ,baily1 ) balls ( lead1 demon/rate t ! mean d5sity ( ! e>? is at lea/ five times t ( wat]1 & h5ce ! /ability ( ! ocean is plac$ beyond a d\bt4 ,z ! seas1 !re=e1 h at "o "t cov]$ cont95ts :i* are n[ rais$ above _! level1 we mu/ seek = "s o!r cause ( x ?an any want ( /ability 9 ! equilibrium ( ! ocean4 ,h[ beautifully does ?is conclusion illu/rate ! language ( ,scripture1 8,hi!rto %alt ?\ come1 b no fur!r06 7,job xxxviii4 #aa47 ,,compression ,,( ,,bodies4 ,sir ,john ,leslie obs]ves1 t air compress$ into ! fiftie? "p ( its volume has its ela/icity fifty times augm5t$3 if x cont9u$ to contract at t rate1 x w\ld1 f its own incumb5t weight1 acquire ! d5sity ( wat] at ! dep? ( ?irty-f\r miles4 ,b wat] itself w\ld h its d5sity d\bl$ at ! dep? ( n9ety-?ree miles1 & w\ld atta9 ! d5sity ( quicksilv] at ! dep? ( #cfb miles4 ,9 desc5d+1 !re=e1 t[>ds ! c5tre1 ?r\gh ne>ly #djjj miles1 ! cond5sation ( ord9>y sub/ances w\ld surpass ! utmo/ p[]s ( conception4 ,dr4 ,"y says1 t /eel w\ld be compress$ into "o-f\r?1 & /one into "o-eigh?1 ( its bulk at ! e>?'s c5tre4--,mrs4 ,som]ville4 ,,! ,,_w ,,9 ,a ,,nut%ell4 ,f ! _m pro(s ( ! non-contact ( ! atoms1 ev5 9 ! mo/ solid p>ts ( bodies2 f ! v great space obvi\sly occupi$ by pores--! mass hav+ (t5 no m solidity ?an a heap ( empty boxes1 ( :i* ! app>5tly solid p>ts may /ill be z por\s 9 a second degree & s on2 & f ! great read9ess ) :i* light passes 9 all directions ?r\gh d5se bodies1 l glass1 rock-cry/al1 diamond1 c41 x has be5 argu$ t !re is s exce$+ly little ( really solid matt] ev5 9 ! d5se/ mass1 t ! :ole _w1 if ! atoms c\ld be br\ght into absolute contact1 might be compress$ into a nut%ell4 ,we h z yet no means ( det]m9+ exactly :at relation ?is idea has to tru?4--,arnott4 ,,! ,,_w ,,( ,,atoms4 ,! inf9ite gr\ps ( atoms fly+ ?r\gh all "t & space1 9 diff]5t directions & "u diff]5t laws1 h int]*angeably tri$ & exhibit$ e possible mode ( r5c\nt]3 sometimes repell$ f ea* o!r by concussion2 & sometimes adh]+ to ea* o!r f _! own jagg$ or po9t$ con/ruction1 or f ! casual int]/ices :i* two or m connect$ atoms mu/ produce1 & :i* may be j adapt$ to ^? ( o!r figures1--z globul>1 oval1 or squ>e4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( comp\nd & visible bodies2 h5ce ! orig9 ( l>ge masses ( matt]2 h5ce1 ev5tually1 ! orig9 ( ! _w4--,dr4 ,good's ,book ( ,nature4 ,! great ,epicurus speculat$ on 8! pla/ic nature0 ( atoms1 & attribut$ to ?is nature ! p[] !y possess ( arrang+ !mselves into symmetric =ms4 ,mod]n philosoph]s satisfy !mselves ) attraction2 & reason+ f analogy1 imag9e t ea* atom has a pol> sy/em4--,hunt's ,poetry ( ,sci5ce4 ,,m9ute ,,atoms ,,( ,,! ,,elem5ts3 ,,divisibility ,,( ,,matt]4 ,s m9ute are ! p>ts ( ! elem5t>y bodies 9 _! ultimate /ate ( division1 9 :i* condition !y are usually t]m$ atoms1 z to elude all our p[]s ( inspection1 ev5 :5 aid$ by ! mo/ p[]ful microscopes4 ,:o c see ! p>ticles ( gold 9 a solution ( t metal 9 aqua regia1 or ^? ( common salt :5 dissolv$ 9 wat]8 ,dr4 ,?omas ,?omson has e/imat$ ! bulk ( an ultimate p>ticle or atom ( lead z less ?an #a_/hhhdibjjjjjjjjj? ( a cubic in*1 & concludes t its weight _c exce$ ! #a_/cajjjjjjjjjj? ( a gra94 ,?is curi\s calculation 0 made by ,dr4 ,?omson1 9 ord] to %[ to :at degree ,matt] c\ld be divid$1 & /ill be s5sible to ! eye4 ,he dissolv$ a gra9 ( nitrate ( lead 9 #ejj1jjj gra9s ( wat]1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! solution a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog52 :5 ! :ole liquid became s5sibly discol\r$4 ,n[1 a gra9 ( wat] may be reg>d$ z be+ almo/ equal to a drop ( t liquid1 & a drop may be easily spread out s z to cov] a squ>e in* ( surface4 ,b "u an ord9>y microscope ! million? ( a squ>e in* may be di/+ui%$ by ! eye4 ,! wat]1 !re=e1 c\ld be divid$ into #ejj1jjj1jjj1jjj p>ts4 ,b ! lead 9 a gra9 ( nitrate ( lead weighs #jfb ( a gra92 an atom ( lead1 accord+ly1 _c weigh m ?an #a_/hajjjjjjjjjj? ( a gra92 :ile ! atom ( sulphur1 :i* 9 comb9ation ) ! lead r5d]$ x visible1 c\ld n weigh m ?an #a_/bjaejjjjjjjjj1 t is1 ! two-billion? "p ( a gra94--,pr(essor ,l[2 ,jameson's ,j\rnal1 ,no4 #ajf4 ,,weight ,,( ,,air4 ,air c be s r>efi$ t ! cont5ts ( a cubic foot %all n weigh ! t5? "p ( a gra93 if a quantity t w\ld fill a space ! hundr$? "p ( an in* 9 diamet] be sep>at$ f ! re/1 ! air w /ill be f\nd !re1 & we may reasonably conceive t !re may be sev]al p>ticles pres5t1 ?\gh ! weight is less ?an ! sev5te5-hundr$-million? ( a gra94 ,,duration ,,( ,,! ,,pyramid4 ,! great reason ( ! duration ( ! pyramid above all o!r =ms is1 t x is mo/ fitt$ to resi/ ! =ce ( gravitation4 ,?us ! ,pyramids ( ,egypt are ! olde/ monum5ts 9 ! _w4 ,,in]tia ,,illu/rat$4 ,_m ?+s ( common occurr5ce 7says ,pr(essor ,tyndall7 are to be expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! quality ( inactivity4 ,we w "h /ate a few ( !m4 ,:5 a railway tra9 is mov+1 if x /rike aga9/ any ob/acle :i* arre/s its motion1 ! pass5g]s are ?r[n =w>d 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! tra9 0 proce$+4 ,su* accid5ts (t5 occur on a small scale1 9 atta*+ c>riages at railway /ations4 ,! reason is1 t ! pass5g]s %>e ! motion ( ! tra91 &1 z matt]1 !y t5d to p]si/ 9 motion4 ,:5 ! tra9 is sudd5ly *eck$1 ?is t5d5cy exhibits itself by ! fall+ =w>d ref]r$ to4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 a tra9 previ\sly at re/ is sudd5ly set 9 motion1 ! t5d5cy ( ! pass5g]s to rema9 at re/ ev9ces itself by _! fall+ 9 a direction oppos$ to t 9 :i* ! tra9 moves4 ,,! ,,lean+ ,,t[] ,,( ,,pisa4#g ,sir ,john ,leslie us$ to attribute ! /ability ( ?is t[] to ! cohesion ( ! mort> x is built ) be+ suffici5t to ma9ta9 x erect1 9 spite ( its be+ out ( ! condition requir$ by physics--to wit1 t 89 ord] t a column %all /&1 a p]p5dicul> let fall f ! c5tre ( gravity mu/ fall )9 ! base40 ,sir ,john describes ! ,t[] ( ,pisa to be 9 violation ( ?is pr9ciple2 b1 accord+ to lat] au?orities1 ! p]p5dicul> falls )9 ! base4 ,,e>ly ,,pres5tim5ts ,,( ,,c5trifugal ,,=ces4 ,jacobi1 9 8 rese>*es on ! ma!matical k ( ! ,greeks1 comm5ts on 8! pr(\nd consid]ation ( nature ev9c$ by ,anaxagoras1 9 :om we read ) a/oni%m5t a passage ass]t+ t ! moon1 if ! c5trifugal =ce 7 int]mitt$1 w\ld fall to ! e>? l a /one f a sl+40 ,anaxagoras likewise appli$ ! same !ory ( 8fall+ :]e ! =ce ( rotation _h be5 int]mitt$0 to all ! mat]ial cele/ial bodies4 ,9 ,ari/otle & ,simplicius may also be trac$ ! idea ( 8! non-fall+ ( heav5ly bodies :5 ! rotatory =ce pr$om9ates ov] ! actual fall+ =ce1 or d[nw>d attraction20 & ,simplicius m5tions t 8wat] 9 a phial is n spilt :5 ! movem5t ( rotation is m rapid ?an ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! wat]40 ,?is is illu/rat$ at ! pres5t day by rapidly :irl+ a pail half-fill$ ) wat] )\t spill+ a drop4 ,plato _h a cle>] idea ?an ,ari/otle ( ! attractive =ce ex]cis$ by ! e>?'s c5tre on all heavy bodies remov$ f x2 = he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! accel]ation ( fall+ bodies1 al?\gh he did n correctly und]/& ! cause4 ,john ,philoponus1 ! ,alex&rian1 probably 9 ! six? c5tury1 0 ! fir/ :o ascrib$ ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies to a primitive impulse1 connect+ ) ?is idea t ( ! fall ( bodies1 or ! t5d5cy ( all sub/ances1 :e!r heavy or light1 to rea* ! gr\nd4 ,! idea conceiv$ by ,cop]nicus1 & m cle>ly express$ by ,kepl]1 :o ev5 appli$ x to ! ebb & fl[ ( ! ocean1 receiv$ 9 #afff & #afgd a new impulse f ,rob]t ,hooke2 & next ,newton's !ory ( gravitation pres5t$ ! gr& means ( conv]t+ ! :ole ( physical a/ronomy into a true me*anism ( ! heav5s4 ,! law ( gravitation kn[s no exception2 x acc\nts accurately = ! mo/ complex motions ( ! memb]s ( our own sy/em2 nay m1 ! pa?s ( d\ble />s1 f> remov$ f all appreciable effects ( our portion ( ! univ]se1 are 9 p]fect accordance ) its !ory4#h ,,height ,,( ,,falls4 ,! fancy ( ! ,greeks delight$ itself 9 wild visions ( ! height ( falls4 ,9 ,hesiod's ,!ogony x is said1 speak+ ( ! fall ( ! ,titans into ,t>t>us1 8if a braz5 anvil 7 to fall f heav5 n9e days & n9e nights long1 x w\ld rea* ! e>? on ! t5?40 ,?is desc5t ( ! anvil 9 #ggg1fjj seconds ( "t gives an equival5t 9 di/ance ( #cji1dbd geographical miles 7all[ance be+ made1 accord+ to ,galle's calculation1 = ! consid]able dim9ution 9 =ce ( attraction at planet>y di/ances72 !re=e #a times ! di/ance ( ! moon f ! e>?4 ,b1 accord+ to ! ,iliad1 ,heph/us fell d[n to ,lemnos 9 "o day2 8:5 b a little brea? 0 /ill 9 him40--,note to ,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 iii4 ,,rate ,,( ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,bodies4 ,a body falls 9 gravity precisely #af-a_/af feet 9 a second1 & ! velocity increases accord+ to ! squ>es ( ! "t1 viz43 ,9 7qu>t] ( a second7 a body falls #a foot4 7half a second7 #d feet4 #a second #af 0 #b ditto #fd 0 #c ditto #add 0 ,! p[] ( gravity at two miles di/ance f ! e>? is f\r times less ?an at "o mile2 at ?ree miles n9e times less1 & s on4 ,x goes on less5+1 b is nev] de/roy$4--,notes 9 v>i\s ,sci5ces4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,spe$4 ,a ,fr5* sci5tific "w /ates ! ord9>y rate to be3 p] second4 ,( a man walk+ #d feet4 ,( a good horse 9 h>ness #ab 0 ,( a re9-de] 9 a sl$ge on ! ice #bf 0 ,( an ,engli% race-horse #dc 0 ,( a h>e #hh 0 ,( a good sail+ %ip #ai 0 ,( ! w9d #hb 0 ,( s\nd #ajch 0 ,( a #bd-p\nd] cannon-ball #acjj 0 ,,lift+ ,,heavy ,,p]sons4 ,"o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y pages 9 ,sir ,david ,brew/]'s ,lett]s on ,natural ,magic is ! exp]im5t 9 :i* a heavy man is rais$ ) ! greate/ facility :5 he is lift$ up ! in/ant t 8 own lungs1 & ^? ( ! p]sons :o raise him1 are inflat$ ) air4 ,?us ! heavie/ p]son 9 ! p>ty lies d[n ^u two *airs1 8 legs be+ support$ by ! "o & 8 back by ! o!r4 ,f\r p]sons1 "o at ea* leg1 & "o at ea* %\ld]1 !n try to raise him--! p]son to be rais$ giv+ two signals1 by clapp+ 8 h&s4 ,at ! fir/ signal1 he himself & ! f\r lift]s beg9 to draw a long & full brea?2 & :5 ! inhalation is complet$1 or ! lungs fill$1 ! second signal is giv5 = rais+ ! p]son f ! *air4 ,to 8 own surprise1 & t ( 8 be>]s1 he rises ) ! greate/ facility1 z if he 7 no heavi] ?an a fea!r4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] /ates t he has se5 ?is inexplicable exp]im5t p]=m$ m ?an once2 & he appeal$ = te/imony to ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 :o _h repeat$ly se5 ! exp]im5t1 & p]=m$ ! "p bo? ( ! load & ( ! be>]4 ,x 0 fir/ %[n 9 ,engl& by ,major ,h41 :o saw x p]=m$ 9 a l>ge p>ty at ,v5ice1 "u ! direction ( an (fic] ( ! ,am]ican navy4#i ,sir ,david ,brew/] 79 a lett] to ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ,no4 #adc7 fur!r rem>ks1 t 8! inhalation ( ! lift]s ! mom5t ! ef=t is made is d\btless ess5tial1 & = ?is reason3 :5 we make a great ef=t1 ei!r 9 pull+ or lift+1 we always fill ! *e/ ) air previ\s to ! ef=t2 & :5 ! inhalation is complet$1 we close ! rima glottidis to keep ! air 9 ! lungs4 ,! *e/ be+ ?us kept exp&$1 ! pull+ or lift+ muscles h receiv$ z x 7 a fulcrum r\nd :i* _! p[] is ex]t$2 & we c ?us lift ! greate/ weight :i* ! muscles are capable ( do+4 ,:5 ! *e/ collapses by ! escape ( ! air1 ! lift]s lose _! muscul> p[]2 re9halation ( air by ! liftee c c]ta9ly add no?+ to ! p[] ( ! lift]s1 or dim9i% 8 own weight1 :i* is only increas$ by ! weight ( ! air :i* he inhales40 8,,=ce ,,c ,,nei!r ,,be ,,creat$ ,,nor ,,de/roy$40 ,pr(essor ,f>aday1 9 8 able inquiry ^u 8! ,cons]vation ( ,=ce10 ma9ta9s t to admit t =ce may be de/ructible1 or c altoge!r disappe>1 w\ld be to admit t matt] c\ld be uncreat$2 = we "k matt] only by its =ces4 ,f 8 _m illu/rations we select ! foll[+3 ,! inde/ructibility ( individual matt] is a mo/ important case ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,*emical ,=ce4 ,a molecule has be5 end[$ ) p[]s :i* give rise 9 x to v>i\s qualities2 & ^? nev] *ange1 ei!r 9 _! nature or am\nt4 ,a p>ticle ( oxyg5 is ev] a p>ticle ( oxyg52 no?+ c 9 ! lea/ we> x4 ,if x ent]s into comb9ation1 & disappe>s z oxyg52 if x pass ?r\gh a ?\s& comb9ations--animal1 vegetable1 m9]al2 if x lie hid = a ?\s& ye>s1 & !n be evolv$1--x is oxyg5 ) ! fir/ qualities1 nei!r m nor less4 ,x has all its orig9al =ce1 & only t2 ! am\nt ( =ce :i* x dis5gag$ :5 hid+ itself1 has aga9 to be employ$ 9 a rev]se direction :5 x is set at lib]ty3 & if1 h]eaft]1 we %\ld decompose oxyg51 & f9d x comp\nd$ ( o!r p>ticles1 we %\ld only increase ! /r5g? ( ! pro( ( ! cons]vation ( =ce2 = we %\ld h a "r to say ( ^! p>ticles1 long z !y h be5 hidd51 all t we c\ld say ( ! oxyg5 itself4 ,9 conclusion1 he adds3 ,let u n admit ! de/ruction or creation ( =ce )\t cle> & con/ant pro(4 ,j z ! *emi/ owes all ! p]fection ( 8 sci5ce to 8 dep5d5ce on ! c]ta9ty ( gravitation appli$ by ! balance1 s may ! physical philosoph] expect to f9d ! greate/ security & ! utmo/ aid 9 ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( =ce4 ,all t we h t is good & safe--z ! /eam-eng9e1 ! electric telegraph1 c4--witness to t pr9ciple2 x w\ld require a p]petual motion1 a fire )\t heat1 heat )\t a s\rce1 action )\t reaction1 cause )\t effect1 or effect )\t cause1 to displace x f its rank z a law ( nature4 ,,no?+ ,,lo/ ,,9 ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,_w4 8,x is rem>kable10 says ,kobell 9 8 ,m9]al ,k+dom1 8h[ a *ange ( place1 a circulation z x 71 is appo9t$ = ! inanimate or naturally immovable ?+s ^u ! e>?2 & h[ new conditions1 new creations1 are cont9ually develop+ !mselves 9 ?is way4 ,i w n ent] "h into ! evaporation ( wat]1 = in/ance f ! widely-spread+ ocean2 h[ ! cl\ds produc$ by ?is pass ov] into =eign l&s & !n fall aga9 to ! e>? z ra91 & h[ ?is w&]+ wat] is1 p>tly at lea/1 c>ri$ along new j\rneys1 return+ aft] v>i\s voyages to its orig9al home3 ! m]e me*anical ph5om5a1 su* z ! transf] ( se$s by ! w9ds or by birds1 or ! decomposition ( ! surface ( ! e>? by ! friction ( ! elem5ts1 suffice to illu/rate ?is40 ,,"t ,,an ,,elem5t ,,( ,,=ce4 ,pr(essor ,f>aday obs]ves t ,"t is gr[+ up daily into importance z an elem5t 9 ! ex]cise ( ,=ce1 :i* he ?us /rik+ly illu/rates3 ,! e>? moves 9 its orbit ( "t2 ! cru/ ( ! e>? moves 9 "t2 light moves 9 "t2 an electro-magnet requires "t = its *>ge by an electric curr5t3 to inquire1 !re=e1 :e!r p[]1 act+ ei!r at s5sible or ins5sible di/ances1 always acts 9 "t1 is n to be metaphysical2 if x acts 9 "t & across space1 x mu/ act by physical l9es ( =ce2 & our view ( ! nature ( =ce may be affect$ to ! extreme/ degree by ! conclusions :i* exp]im5t & obs]vation on "t may supply1 be+ p]haps f9ally det]m9able only by !m4 ,to inquire aft] ! possible "t 9 :i* gravitat+1 magnetic1 or electric =ce is ex]t$1 is no m metaphysical ?an to m>k ! times ( ! h&s ( a clock 9 _! progress2 or t ( ! temple ( ,s]apis1 & its asc5ts & desc5ts2 or ! p]iods ( ! occultation ( ,jupit]'s satellites2 or t 9 :i* ! light comes f !m to ! e>?4 ,aga91 9 "s ( ! kn[n cases ( ! action ( "t some?+ happ5s :ile ! "t is pass+ :i* did n happ5 be=e1 & does n cont9ue aft]2 x is !re=e n metaphysical to expect an effect 9 e case1 or to endeav\r to discov] its exi/5ce & det]m9e its nature4 ,,calculation ,,( ,,heights ,,& ,,di/ances4 ,by ! assi/ance ( a seconds wat* ! foll[+ int]e/+ calculations may be made3 ,if a travell]1 :5 on a precipice or on ! top ( a build+1 wi% to asc]ta9 ! height1 he %\ld drop a /one1 or any o!r sub/ance suffici5tly heavy n to be imp$$ by ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e2 & ! numb] ( seconds :i* elapse be=e x rea*es ! bottom1 c>efully not$ on a seconds wat*1 w give ! height4 ,= ! /one w fall ?r\gh ! space ( #af-a_/h feet dur+ ! fir/ second1 & w increase 9 rapidity z ! squ>e ( ! "t employ$ 9 ! fall3 if1 !re=e1 #af-a_/h be multipli$ by ! numb] ( seconds ! /one has tak5 to fall1 ?is product also multipli$ by ! same numb] ( seconds w give ! height4 ,suppose ! /one takes five seconds to rea* ! bottom3 #af-a_/h #e #hj-e_/h #e #djc-a_/h1 height ( ! precipice4 ,! ,c\nt ,xavi] de ,mai/re1 9 8 ,expdition nocturne aut\r de ma ,*ambre1 anxi\s to asc]ta9 ! exact height ( 8 room f ! gr\nd on :i* ,tur9 is built1 tells u he proce$$ z foll[s3 8,my he>t beat quickly1 & ,i j c\nt$ ?ree pulsations f ! in/ant ,i dropp$ my slipp] until ,i he>d ! s\nd z x fell 9 ! /reet1 :i*1 accord+ to ! calculations made ( ! "t tak5 by bodies 9 _! accel]at$ fall1 & ( t employ$ by ! sonor\s undulations ( ! air to arrive f ! /reet to my e>1 gave ! height ( my ap>tm5t z #id feet #c in*es #a t5? 7,fr5* measure71 suppos+ t my he>t1 agitat$ z x 01 beat #abj times 9 a m9ute40 ,a p]son travell+ may asc]ta9 8 rate ( walk+ by ! aid ( a slight /r+ ) a piece ( lead at "o end1 & ! use ( a seconds wat*2 ! /r+ be+ knott$ at di/ances ( #dd feet1 ! #abj? "p ( an ,engli% mile1 & be>+ ! same proportion to a mile t half a m9ute be>s to an h\r4 ,if ! travell]1 :5 go+ at 8 usual rate1 drops ! lead1 & suff]s ! /r+ to slip ?r\gh 8 h&1 ! numb] ( knots :i* pass 9 half a m9ute indicate ! numb] ( miles he walks 9 an h\r4 ,?is contrivance is simil> to a log-l9e = asc]ta9+ a %ip's rate at sea3 ! lead is enclos$ 9 wood 7:5ce ! "n log71 t x may float1 & ! divisions1 :i* are call$ knots1 are measur$ = nautical miles4 ,?us1 if t5 knots are pass$ 9 half a m9ute1 !y %[ t ! vessel is sail+ at ! rate ( t5 knots1 or miles1 an h\r3 a seconds wat* w\ld "h be ( great s]vice1 b ! half-m9ute s&-glass is 9 g5]al use4 ,! rapidity ( a riv] may be asc]ta9$ by ?r[+ 9 a light float+ sub/ance1 :i*1 if n agitat$ by ! w9d1 w move ) ! same cel]ity z ! wat]3 ! di/ance x floats 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( seconds w give ! rapidity ( ! /ream2 & ?is indicates ! height ( its s\rce1 ! nature ( its bottom1 c4--,see ,sir ,h[>d ,d\glas on ,bridges4 ,?omson's ,"t & ,"t-keep]s4 ,,s& ,,9 ,,! ,,h\r-,,glass4 ,x is a notewor?y fact1 t ! fl[ ( ,s& 9 ! ,h\r-glass is p]fectly equable1 :atev] may be ! quantity 9 ! glass2 t is1 ! s& runs no fa/] :5 ! upp] half ( ! glass is q full ?an :5 x is ne>ly empty4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be natural en\gh to conclude1 t :5 full ( s& x w\ld be m swiftly urg$ ?r\gh ! ap]ture ?an :5 ! glass 0 only a qu>t] full1 & ne> ! close ( ! h\r4 ,! fact ( ! ev5 fl[ ( s& may be prov$ by a v simple exp]im5t4 ,provide "s silv] s&1 dry x ov] or be=e ! fire1 & pass x ?r\gh a tol]ably f9e sieve4 ,!n take a tube1 ( any l5g? or diamet]1 clos$ at "o end1 9 :i* make a small hole1 say ! eigh? ( an in*2 /op ?is ) a peg1 & fill up ! tube ) ! sift$ s&4 ,hold ! tube /eadily1 or fix x to a wall or frame at any height f a table2 remove ! peg1 & p]mit ! s& to fl[ 9 any measure = any giv5 "t1 & note ! quantity4 ,!n let ! tube be empti$1 & only half or a qu>t] fill$ ) s&2 measure aga9 = a l "t1 & ! same quantity ( s& w fl[3 ev5 if y press ! s& 9 ! tube ) a rul] or /ick1 ! fl[ ( ! s& ?r\gh ! hole w n be increas$4 ,! above is expla9$ by ! fact1 t :5 ! s& is p\r$ into ! tube1 x fills x ) a succession ( conical heaps2 & t all ! weight :i* ! bottom ( ! tube su/a9s is only t ( ! heap :i* fir/ falls ^u x1 z ! succe$+ heaps d n press d[nw>d1 b only aga9/ ! sides or walls ( ! tube4 ,,figure ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,by means ( a purely a/ronomical det]m9ation1 bas$ ^u ! action :i* ! e>? ex]ts on ! motion ( ! moon1 or1 9 o!r words1 on ! inequalities 9 lun> longitudes & latitudes1 ,laplace has %[n 9 "o s+le result ! mean ,figure ( ! ,e>?4 ,x is v rem>kable t an a/ronom]1 )\t leav+ 8 obs]vatory1 may1 m]ely by comp>+ 8 obs]vations ) mean analytical results1 n only be enabl$ to det]m9e ) exactness ! size & degree ( ellipticity ( ! e>?1 b also its di/ance f ! sun & moon2 results t o!rwise c\ld only be arriv$ at by long & ardu\s exp$itions to ! mo/ remote p>ts ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,! moon may !re=e1 by ! obs]vation ( its movem5ts1 r5d] appreciable to ! high] dep>tm5ts ( a/ronomy ! ellipticity ( ! e>?1 z x taught ! e>ly a/ronom]s ! rotundity ( our e>? by means ( its eclipses4--,laplace's ,expos4 du ,sy/4 du ,monde4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,asc]ta9 ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,magnitude4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el gives ! foll[+ means ( approximation4 ,x appe>s by obs]vation t two po9ts1 ea* t5 feet above ! surface1 cease to be visible f ea* o!r ov] /ill wat]1 &1 9 av]age atmosph]ic circum/ances1 at a di/ance ( ab\t eight miles4 ,b #aj feet is ! #ebh? "p ( a mile2 s t half _! di/ance1 or f\r miles1 is to ! height ( ea* z #d #ebh1 or #baab3a1 & !re=e 9 ! same proportion to f\r miles is ! l5g? ( ! e>?'s diamet]4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be equal to #d #baab #hddh1 or 9 r\nd numb]s1 ab\t #hjjj miles1 :i* is n v f> f ! tru?4 ,! excess is1 h[ev]1 ab\t #ajj miles1 or #a_/hj? "p4 ,z conv5i5t numb]s to rememb]1 ! read] may be> 9 m9d1 t 9 our latitude !re are j z _m ?\s&s ( feet 9 a degree ( ! m]idian z !re are days 9 ! ye> 7#cfe72 t1 speak+ loosely1 a degree is ab\t sev5ty ,briti% /atute miles1 & a second ab\t #ajj feet2 t ! equatorial circumf]5ce ( ! e>? is a little less ?an #be1jjj miles 7#bd1hii71 & ! ellipticity or pol> flatt5+ am\nts to #a_/cjj? "p ( ! diamet]4--,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy4 ,,mass ,,& ,,d5sity ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,) reg>d to ! det]m9ation ( ! ,mass & ,d5sity ( ! ,e>? by direct exp]im5t1 we h1 9 addition to ! deviations ( ! p5dulum produc$ by m\nta9 masses1 ! v>iation ( ! same in/rum5ts :5 plac$ 9 a m9e #abjj feet 9 dep?4 ,! mo/ rec5t exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ by ,pr(essor ,airy1 9 ! ,h>ton coal-pit1 ne> ,s\? ,%ields3#aj ! oscillations ( ! p5dulum at ! bottom ( ! pit 7 comp>$ ) ^? ( a clock above2 ! beats ( ! clock 7 transf]r$ bel[ = comp>ison by an electrio wire2 & x 0 ?us det]m9$ t a p5dulum vibrat+ seconds at ! m\? ( ! pit w\ld ga9 #b seconds p] day at its bottom4 ,! f9al result ( ! calculations dep5d+ on ?is exp]im5t1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( #ahef1 gives #fefe = ! mean d5sity ( ! e>?4 ,! celebrat$ ,cav5di% exp]im5t1 by means ( :i* ! d5sity ( ! e>? 0 det]m9$ by obs]v+ ! attraction ( lead5 balls on ea* o!r1 has be5 repeat$ 9 a mann] exhibit+ an a/oni%+ am\nt ( skill & pati5ce by ! late ,mr4 ,f4 ,baily4#aa ,! result ( ^! exp]im5ts1 comb9$ ) ^? previ\sly made1 gives z a mean result #edda z ! e>?'s d5sity1 :5 comp>$ ) wat]2 ?us confirm+ "o ( ,newton's a/oni%+ div9ations1 t ! mean d5sity ( ! e>? w\ld be f\nd to be betwe5 five & six times t ( wat]4 ,humboldt is1 h[ev]1 ( op9ion t 8we "k only ! mass ( ! :ole e>? & its mean d5sity by comp>+ x ) ! op5 /rata1 :i* alone are accessible to u4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 :]e all k ( its *emical & m9]alogical "* fails1 we are limit$ to z pure conjecture z 9 ! remote/ bodies t revolve r\nd ! sun4 ,we c det]m9e no?+ ) c]ta9ty reg>d+ ! dep? at :i* ! geological /rata mu/ be suppos$ to be 9 a /ate ( s(t5+ or ( liquid fusion1 ( ! condition ( fluids :5 heat$ "u an enorm\s pressure1 or ( ! law ( ! increase ( d5sity f ! upp] surface to ! c5tre ( ! e>?40--,cosmos1 vol4 i4 ,9 ,m4 ,f\cault's beautiful exp]im5t1 by means ( ! vibration ( a long p5dulum1 consi/+ ( a heavy mass ( metal susp5d$ by a long wire f a /rong fix$ support1 is demon/rat$ to ! eye ! rotation ( ! e>?4 ,! ,gyroscope ( ! same philosoph] is reg>d$ n z a m]e philosophical toy2 b ! pr9ciples ( dynamics1 by means ( :i* x is made to demon/rate ! e>?'s rotation on its own axis1 are expla9$ ) ! greate/ cle>ness4 ,?us ! +5uity ( ,m4 ,f\cault1 comb9$ ) a pr(\nd k ( me*anics1 has obta9$ pro(s ( "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ problems ( a/ronomy f an unsuspect$ s\rce4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,man ,,comp>$4 ,! ,e>?--speak+ r\ndly--is #hjjj miles 9 diamet]2 ! atmosph]e is calculat$ to be fifty miles 9 altitude2 ! l(tie/ m\nta9 peak is e/imat$ at five miles above ! level ( ! sea1 = ?is height has nev] be5 visit$ by man2 ! deepe/ m9e t he has =m$ is #afej feet2 & 8 own /ature does n av]age six feet4 ,!re=e1 if x 7 possible = him to con/ruct a globe #hjj feet--or twice ! height ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral--9 diamet]1 & to place ^u any "o po9t ( its surface an atom ( #a_/dchj? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & #a_/gbj? ( an in* 9 height1 x w\ld correctly d5ote ! proportion t man be>s to ! e>? ^u :i* he moves4 ,:5 by measurem5ts1 9 :i* ! evid5ce ( ! me?od advances equally ) ! precision ( ! results1 ! volume ( ! e>? is r$uc$ to ! million? "p ( ! volume ( ! sun2 :5 ! sun himself1 transport$ to ! region ( ! />s1 takes up a v mode/ place among ! ?\s&s ( millions ( ^? bodies t ! telescope has reveal$ to u2 :5 ! #ch1jjj1jjj ( leagues :i* sep>ate ! e>? f ! sun h become1 by reason ( _! comp>ative smallness1 a base totally insuffici5t = asc]ta9+ ! dim5sions ( ! visible univ]se2 :5 ev5 ! swiftness ( ! lum9\s rays 7#gg1jjj leagues p] second7 b>ely suffices = ! common valuations ( sci5ce2 :51 9 %ort1 by a *a9 ( irresi/ible pro(s1 c]ta9 />s h retir$ to di/ances t light c\ld n trav]se 9 less ?an a million ( ye>s2--we feel z if annihilat$ by su* imm5sities4 ,9 assign+ to man & to ! planet t he inhabits s small a position 9 ! mat]ial _w1 a/ronomy seems really to h made progress only to humble u4--,arago4 ,,mean ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,surface4 ,pr(essor ,dove has %[n1 by tak+ at all seasons ! mean ( ! temp]ature ( po9ts diametrically opposite to ea* o!r1 t ! mean temp]ature ( ! :ole e>?'s surface 9 ,june consid]ably exce$s t 9 ,decemb]4 ,?is result1 :i* is at v>iance ) ! great] proximity ( ! sun 9 ,decemb]1 is1 h[ev]1 due to a totally diff]5t & v p[]ful cause1--! great] am\nt ( l& 9 t hemisph]e :i* has its summ] sol/ice 9 ,june 7i4 e4 ! nor!rn72 & ! fact is s expla9$ by him4 ,! effect ( l& "u sun%9e is to ?r[ heat into ! g5]al atmosph]e1 & to di/ribute x by ! c>ry+ p[] ( ! latt] ov] ! :ole e>?4 ,wat] is mu* less effective 9 ?is respect1 ! heat p5etrat+ its dep?s & be+ !re absorb$2 s t ! surface nev] acquires a v elevat$ temp]ature1 ev5 "u ! equator4--,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ,outl9es4 ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,/ation>y4 ,al?\gh1 accord+ to ,bessel1 #be1jjj cubic miles ( wat] fl[ 9 e six h\rs f "o qu>t] ( ! e>? to ano!r1 & ! temp]ature is augm5t$ by ! ebb & fl[ ( e tide1 all t we "k ) c]ta9ty is1 t ! resultant effect ( all ! !rmal ag5cies to :i* ! e>? is expos$ has und]gone no p]ceptible *ange )9 ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,we owe ?is f9e d$uction to ,arago4 ,9 ord] t ! date palm %\ld rip5 its fruit1 ! mean temp]ature ( ! place mu/ exce$ #gj deg4 ,fahr42 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! v9e _c be cultivat$ successfully :5 ! temp]ature is #gb deg4 or upw>ds4 ,h5ce ! mean temp]ature ( any place at :i* ^! two plants fl\ri%$ & bore fruit mu/ lie betwe5 ^! n>r[ limits1 i4 e4 c\ld n diff] f #ga deg4 ,fahr4 by m ?an a s+le degree4 ,n[ f ! ,bible we le>n t bo? plants 7 simultane\sly cultivat$ 9 ! c5tral valleys ( ,pale/9e 9 ! "t ( ,moses2 & its !n temp]ature is ?us def9itively det]m9$4 ,x is ! same at ! pres5t "t2 s t ! mean temp]ature ( ?is portion ( ! globe has n s5sibly alt]$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?irty-?ree c5turies4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,cry/allisation4 ,pr(essor ,plck] has asc]ta9$ t c]ta9 cry/als1 9 p>ticul> ! cyanite1 8po9t v well to ! nor? by ! magnetic p[] ( ! e>? only4 ,x is a true compass-ne$le2 & m ?an t1 y may obta9 its decl9ation40 ,^u ?is ,mr4 ,hunt rem>ks3 8,we mu/ rememb] t ?is cry/al1 ! cyanite1 is a comp\nd ( silica & alum9a only4 ,?is is ! am\nt ( exp]im5tal evid5ce :i* sci5ce has af=d$ 9 explanation ( ! conditions "u :i* nature pursues h] wondr\s "w ( cry/al =mation4 ,we see j suffici5t ( ! op]ation to be conv9c$ t ! lum9\s /> :i* %9es 9 ! brightness ( heav51 & ! cav]n-secret$ gem1 are equally ! result ( =ces :i* are kn[n to u 9 only a few ( _! modifications40--,poetry ( ,sci5ce4 ,gay ,lussac fir/ made ! rem>k1 t a cry/al ( pota%-alum1 transf]r$ to a solution ( ammonia-alum1 cont9u$ to increase )\t its =m be+ modifi$1 & might ?us be cov]$ ) alt]nate lay]s ( ! two alums1 pres]v+ its regul>ity & prop] cry/all9e figure4 ,m4 ,beudant aft]w>ds obs]v$ t o!r bodies1 su* z ! sulphates ( iron & copp]1 might pres5t !mselves 9 cry/als ( ! same =m & angles1 al?\gh ! =m 0 n a simple "o1 l t ( alum4 ,b ,m4 ,mits*]li* fir/ recognis$ ?is correspond5ce 9 a suffici5t numb] ( cases to prove t x 0 a g5]al consequ5ce ( simil>ity ( composition 9 diff]5t bodies4--,graham's ,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry4 ,,imm5se ,,cry/als4 ,cry/als are f\nd 9 ! mo/ microscopic "*1 & ( an exce$+ly l>ge size4 ,a cry/al ( qu>tz at ,milan is ?ree feet & a qu>t] long1 & five feet & a half 9 circumf]5ce3 its weight is #hgj p\nds4 ,b]yls h be5 f\nd 9 ,new ,hamp%ire measur+ f\r feet 9 l5g?4--,dana4 ,,visible ,,cry/allisation4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 9 a lecture deliv]$ by him at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,london1 on ! prop]ties ( ,ice1 gave ! foll[+ int]e/+ illu/ration ( cry/all9e =ce4 ,by p]fectly clean+ a piece ( glass1 & plac+ on x a film ( a solution ( *loride ( ammonium or sal ammoniac1 ! action ( cry/allisation 0 %[n to ! :ole audi5ce4 ,! glass slide 0 plac$ 9 a microscope1 & ! electric light pass+ ?r\gh x 0 conc5trat$ on a :ite disc4 ,! image ( ! cry/als1 z !y />t$ into exi/5ce1 & %ot across ! disc 9 exquisite arboresc5t & symmetrical =ms1 excit$ ! admiration ( e "o4 ,! lectur] expla9$ t ! heat1 caus+ ! film ( moi/ure to evaporate1 br\ght ! p>ticles ( salt suffici5tly ne> to ex]cise ! cry/all9e =ce1 ! result be+ ! beautiful /ructure built up ) su* m>vell\s rapidity4 ,,union ,,( ,,m9]alogy ,,& ,,geometry4 ,x is a peculi> *>act]i/ic ( m9]als1 t :ile plants & animals diff] 9 v>i\s regions ( ! e>?1 m9]al matt] ( ! same "* may be discov]$ 9 any "p ( ! _w1--at ! ,equator or t[>ds ! ,poles2 at ! summit ( ! l(tie/ m\nta9s1 & 9 works f> b5ea? ! level ( ! sea4 ,! granite ( ,au/ralia does n necess>ily diff] f t ( ! ,briti% isl&s2 & ores ( ! same metals 7! prop] geological conditions prevail+7 may be f\nd ( ! same g5]al "* 9 all regions4 ,climate & geographical position h no influ5ce on ! composition ( m9]al sub/ances4 ,?is uni=mity may1 9 "s measure1 h induc$ philosoph]s to seek its ext5sion to ! =ms ( cry/allography4 ,ab\t #agfj 7says ,mr4 ,buckle1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization71 ,rom de ,lisle set ! fir/ example ( /udy+ cry/als1 accord+ to a s*eme s l>ge z to include all ! v>ieties ( _! prim>y =ms1 & to acc\nt = _! irregul>ities & ! app>5t caprice ) :i* !y 7 arrang$4 ,9 ?is inve/igation he 0 guid$ by ! fundam5tal assumption1 t :at is call$ an irregul>ity is 9 tru? p]fectly regul>1 & t ! op]ations ( nature are inv>iable4 ,hay appli$ ?is great idea to ! almo/ innum]able =ms 9 :i* m9]als cry/allise4 ,he ?us a*iev$ a complete union betwe5 m9]alogy & geometry2 &1 br++ ! laws ( space to be> on ! molecul> arrangem5ts ( matt]1 he 0 able to p5etrate into ! intimate /ructure ( cry/als4 ,by ?is means he prov$ t ! second>y =ms ( all cry/als are d]iv$ f _! prim>y =ms by a regul> process ( decrem5t2 & t :5 a sub/ance is pass+ f a liquid to a solid /ate1 its p>ticles coh]e1 accord+ to a s*eme :i* provides = e possible *ange1 s9ce x includes ev5 ^? subsequ5t lay]s :i* alt] ! ord9>y type ( ! cry/al1 by di/urb+ its natural symmetry4 ,to asc]ta9 t su* violations ( symmetry are susceptible ( ma!matical calculation1 0 to make a va/ addition to our k2 &1 by prov+ t ev5 ! mo/ unc\? & s+ul> =ms are ! natural results ( _! antec$5ts1 ,hay laid ! f\ndation ( :at may be call$ ! pa?ology ( ! inorganic _w4 ,h[ev] p>adoxical su* a notion may appe>1 x is c]ta9 t symmetry is to cry/als :at heal? is to animals2 s t an irregul>ity ( %ape 9 ! fir/ corresponds ) an appe>ance ( disease 9 ! second4--,see ,hi/4 ,civilization1 vol4 i4 ,,reproductive ,,cry/allisation4 ,! g5]al belief t only organic be+s h ! p[] ( reproduc+ lo/ p>ts has be5 disprov$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,jordan on cry/als4 ,an octoh$ral cry/al ( alum 0 fractur$2 x 0 !n replac$ 9 a solution1 & aft] a few days its injury 0 se5 to be repair$4 ,! :ole cry/al _h ( c\rse increas$ 9 size2 b ! increase on ! brok5 surface _h be5 s mu* great] t a p]fect octoh$ral =m 0 rega9$4--,g4 ,h4 ,lewes4 ,?is rem>kable p[] possess$ by cry/als1 9 common ) animals1 ( repair+ _! own injuries _h1 h[ev]1 be5 ?us previ\sly ref]r$ to by ,paget1 9 8 ,pa?ology1 confirm+ ! exp]im5ts ( ,jordan on ?is curi\s subject3 8,! ability to repair ! damages su/a9$ by injury 444 is n an exclusive prop]ty ( liv+ be+s2 = ev5 cry/als w repair !mselves :51 aft] pieces h be5 brok5 f !m1 !y are plac$ 9 ! same conditions 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ =m$40 ,,glass ,,brok5 ,,by ,,s&4 ,9 "s glass-h\ses ! workm5 %[ glass :i* has be5 cool$ 9 ! op5 air2 on ?is !y let fall lead5 bullets )\t break+ ! glass4 ,!y aft]w>ds desire y to let a few gra9s ( s& fall ^u ! glass1 by :i* x is brok5 into a ?\s& pieces4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ! lead does n scrat* ! surface ( ! glass2 :]eas ! s&1 be+ %>p & angul>1 scrat*es x suffici5tly to produce ! above effect4 ,s\nd & ,light4 ,,s\nd+ ,,s&4 ,mr4 ,hugh ,mill]1 ! geologi/1 :5 9 ! isl& ( ,eigg1 9 ! ,hebrides1 obs]v$ t a musical s\nd 0 produc$ :5 he walk$ ov] ! :ite dry s& ( ! bea*4 ,at ea* /ep ! s& 0 driv5 f 8 footpr9t1 & ! noise 0 simultane\s ) ! scatt]+ ( ! s&2 ! cause be+ ei!r ! accumulat$ vibrations ( ! air :5 /ruck by ! driv5 s&1 or ! accumulat$ s\nds occasion$ by ! mutual impact ( ! p>ticles ( s& aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,if a musket-ball pass+ ?r\gh ! air emits a :i/l+ note1 ea* individual p>ticle ( s& mu/ d ! same1 h[ev] fa9t be ! note :i* x yields2 & ! accumulation ( ^! inf9itesimal vibrations mu/ con/itute an audible s\nd1 v>y+ ) ! numb] & velocity ( ! mov+ p>ticles4 ,9 l mann]1 if two plates ( silex or qu>tz1 :i* are b cry/als ( s&1 give out a musical s\nd :5 mutually /ruck1 ! impact or collision ( two m9ute cry/als or p>ticles ( s& mu/ d ! same1 9 h[ev] inf]ior a degree2 & ! union ( all ^! s\nds1 ?\gh s+ly imp]ceptible1 may con/itute ! musical notes ( 8! ,m\nta9 ( ! ,bell0 9 ,arabia ,petra1 or ! less] s\nds ( ! trodd5 sea-bea* ( ,eigg4--,nor?-,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #e4 ,,int5sity ,,( ,,s\nd ,,9 ,,r>efi$ ,,air4 ,! exp]i5ces dur+ asc5ts ( ! highe/ m\nta9s are contradictory4 ,saussure describes ! s\nds on ! top ( ,mont ,blanc z rem>kably weak3 a pi/ol-%ot made no m noise ?an an ord9>y ,*9ese crack]1 & ! popp+ ( a bottle ( *ampagne 0 sc>cely audible4 ,yet ,m>tius1 9 ! same situation1 0 able to di/+ui% ! voices ( ! guides at a di/ance ( #acdj feet1 & to he> ! tapp+ ( a lead p5cil ^u a metallic surface at a di/ance ( f #ge to #ajj feet4 ,,mm ,w]!im & ,breguet h propagat$ s\nd ov] ! wire ( an electric telegraph at ! rate ( #aa1ded feet p] second4 ,,di/ance ,,at ,,:i* ,,! ,,human ,,voice ,,may ,,be ,,he>d4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! human voice1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 is capable ( fill+ a l>g] space ?an 0 ev] probably enclos$ )9 ! walls ( a s+le room4 ,lieut5ant ,fo/]1 on ,p>ry's ?ird ,arctic exp$ition1 f\nd t he c\ld conv]se ) a man across ! h>b\r ( ,port ,b[51 a di/ance ( #ffif feet1 or ab\t "o mile & a qu>t]4 ,dr4 ,"y records t at ,gibralt> ! human voice has be5 he>d at a di/ance ( t5 miles4 ,if s\nd be prev5t$ f spread+ & los+ itself 9 ! air1 ei!r by a pipe or an ext5sive flat surface1 z a wall or /ill wat]1 x may be convey$ to a great di/ance4 ,biot he>d a flute cle>ly ?r\gh a tube ( ca/-iron 7! wat]-pipes ( ,p>is7 #cabj feet long3 ! l[e/ :isp] 0 di/9ctly he>d2 inde$1 ! only way n to be he>d 0 n to speak at all4 ,,! ,,ro> ,,( ,,niag>a4 ,! v nature ( ! s\nd ( runn+ wat] pron\nces its orig9 to be ! bur/+ ( bubbles3 ! impact ( wat] aga9/ wat] is a comp>atively subord9ate cause1 & c\ld nev] ( itself occasion ! murmur ( a brook2 :]eas1 9 /reams :i* ,dr4 ,tyndall has exam9$1 he1 9 all cases :]e a ripple 0 he>d1 discov]$ bubbles caus$ by ! brok5 column ( wat]4 ,n[1 7 ,niag>a cont9u\s1 & )\t lat]al vibration1 x w\ld be z sil5t z a cat>act ( ice4 ,9 all probability1 x has its 8contract$ sections10 aft] pass+ :i* x is brok5 into deta*$ masses1 :i*1 plung+ successively ^u ! air-bladd]s =m$ by _! precursors1 sudd5ly lib]ate _! cont5ts1 & ?us create ! ?und] ( ! wat]fall4 ,,figures ,,produc$ ,,by ,,s\nd4 ,/ret* a %eet ( wet pap] ov] ! m\? ( a glass tumbl] :i* has a foot/alk1 & glue or pa/e ! pap] at ! edges4 ,:5 ! pap] is dry1 /rew dry s& ?9ly ^u its surface4 ,place ! tumbl] on a table1 & hold imm$iately above x1 & p>allel to ! pap]1 a plate ( glass1 :i* y also /rew ) s&1 hav+ previ\sly rubb$ ! edges smoo? ) em]y p[d]4 ,draw a viol9-b[ along any "p ( ! edges2 & z ! s& ^u ! glass is made to vibrate1 x w =m v>i\s figures1 :i* w be accurately imitat$ by ! s& ^u ! pap]2 or if a viol9 or flute be play$ )9 a few in*es ( ! pap]1 !y w cause ! s& ^u its surface to =m regul> l9es & figures4 ,,! ,,tun+-,,=k ,a ,,flute-,,play]4 ,take a common tun+-=k1 & on "o ( its bran*es fa/5 ) seal+-wax a circul> piece ( c>d ( ! size ( a small waf]1 or suffici5t ne>ly to cov] ! ap]ture ( a pipe1 z ! slid+ ( ! upp] end ( a flute ) ! m\? /opp$3 x may be tun$ 9 unison ) ! load$ tun+-=k by means ( ! movable /opp] or c>d1 or ! =k may be load$ till ! unison is p]fect4 ,!n set ! =k 9 vibration by a bl[ on ! unload$ bran*1 & hold ! c>d closely ov] ! m\? ( ! pipe1 z 9 ! engrav+1 :5 a note ( surpris+ cle>ness & /r5g? w be he>d4 ,inde$ a flute may be made to 8speak0 p]fectly well1 by hold+ close to ! op5+ a vibrat+ tun+-=k1 :ile ! f+]+ prop] to ! note ( ! =k is at ! same "t p]=m$4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,jew',s ,,h>p4 ,if y cause ! tongue ( ?is little in/rum5t to vibrate1 x w produce a v l[ s\nd2 b if y place x be=e a cavity 7z ! m\?7 conta9+ a column ( air1 :i* vibrates mu* fa/]1 b 9 ! proportion ( any simple multiple1 x w !n produce o!r high] s\nds1 dep5d5t ^u ! reciprocation ( t portion ( ! air4 ,n[ ! bulk ( air 9 ! m\? c be alt]$ 9 its =m1 size1 & o!r circum/ances1 s z to produce by reciprocation _m diff]5t s\nds2 & ^! are ! s\nds belong+ to ! ,jew's ,h>p4 ,a pro( ( ?is fact has be5 giv5 by ,mr4 ,eul5/e91 :o fitt$ into a long metallic tube a pi/on1 :i* be+ mov$1 c\ld be made to l5g!n or %ort5 ! effici5t column ( air )9 at pleasure4 ,a ,jew's ,h>p 0 !n s fix$ t x c\ld be made to vibrate be=e ! m\? ( ! tube1 & x 0 f\nd t ! column ( air produc$ a s]ies ( s\nds1 accord+ z x 0 l5g!n$ or %ort5$2 a s\nd be+ produc$ :5ev] ! l5g? ( ! column 0 su* t its vibrations 7 a multiple ( ^? ( ! ,jew's ,h>p4 ,,sol> ,,& ,,artificial ,,light ,,comp>$4 ,! mo/ int5sely ignit$ solid 7produc$ by ! flame ( ,lieut5ant ,drummond's oxy-hydrog5 lamp direct$ aga9/ a surface ( *alk7 appe>s only z black spots on ! disc ( ! sun1 :5 held betwe5 x & ! eye2 or 9 o!r words1 ,drummond's light is to ! light ( ! sun's disc z #a to #adf4 ,h5ce we are d\bly /ruck by ! felicity ) :i* ,galileo1 z e>ly z #afab1 by a s]ies ( conclusions on ! smallness ( ! di/ance f ! sun at :i* ! disc ( ,v5us 0 no long] visible to ! nak$ eye1 arriv$ at ! result t ! blacke/ nucleus ( ! sun's spots 0 m lum9\s ?an ! brighte/ portions ( ! full moon4 7,see 8,! ,sun's ,light comp>$ ) ,t]re/rial ,lights10 9 ,?+s n g5]ally ,kn[n1 pp4 #d1 #e47 ,,s\rce ,,( ,,light4 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,hunt1 9 a lecture deliv]$ by him at ! ,russell ,in/itution1 8,on ! ,physics ( a ,sunbeam10 m5tions "s exp]im5ts by ,"l ,br\gham on ! sunbeam1 9 :i*1 by plac+ ! edge ( a %>p knife j )9 ! limit ( ! light1 ! ray 0 inflect$ f its previ\s direction1 & col\r$ r$2 & :5 ano!r knife 0 plac$ on ! opposite side1 x 0 deflect$1 & ! col\r 0 blue4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7says ,mr4 ,hunt7 seem to confirm ,sir ,isaac ,newton's !ory1 t light is a fluid emitt$ f ! sun4 ,,! ,,undulatory ,,scale ,,( ,,light4 ,! :ite light ( ! sun is well kn[n to be compos$ ( sev]al col\r$ rays2 or r1 accord+ to ! !ory ( undulations1 :5 ! rate at :i* a ray vibrates is alt]$1 a diff]5t s5sation is produc$ ^u ! optic n]ve4 ,! analytical exam9ation ( ?is "q %[s t to produce a r$ col\r ! ray ( light mu/ give #cg1fdj undulations 9 an in*1 & #deh1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj 9 a second4 ,yell[ light requires #dd1jjj undulations 9 an in*1 & #ece1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj 9 a second2 :il/ ! effect ( blue results f #ea1aaj undulations )9 an in*1 & #fbb1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj ( waves 9 a second ( "t4--,hunt's ,poetry ( ,sci5ce4 ,,visibility ,,( ,,objects4 ,9 t]re/rial objects1 ! =m1 no less ?an ! modes ( illum9ation1 det]m9es ! magnitude ( ! smalle/ angle ( vision = ! nak$ eye4 ,adams v correctly obs]v$ t a long & sl5d] /aff c be se5 at a mu* great] di/ance ?an a squ>e ^: sides are equal to ! diamet] ( ! /aff4 ,a /ripe may be di/+ui%$ at a great] di/ance ?an a spot1 ev5 :5 bo? are ( ! same diamet]4 ,! m9imum optical visual angle at :i* t]re/rial objects c be recognis$ by ! nak$ eye has be5 gradually e/imat$ l[] & l[]1 f ! "t :5 ,rob]t ,hooke fix$ x exactly at a full m9ute1 & ,tobias ,mey] requir$ #cd to p]ceive a black speck on :ite pap]1 to ! p]iod ( ,leuw5hoeck's exp]im5ts ) spid]s' ?reads1 :i* are visible to ord9>y sight at an angle ( #dg4 ,9 ,hueck's mo/ accurate exp]im5ts on ! problem ( ! movem5t ( ! cry/all9e l5s1 :ite l9es on a black gr\nd 7 se5 at an angle ( #ab2 a spid]'s ?read at #jf2 & a f9e gli/5+ wire at sc>cely #jb4 ,humboldt1 :5 at ,*illo1 ne> ,quito1 :]e ! cre/s ( ! volcano ( ,pi*9*a lay at a horizontal di/ance ( #ij1jjj feet1 0 mu* /ruck by ! circum/ance t ! ,indians /&+ ne> di/+ui%$ ! figure ( ,bonpl& 7!n on an exp$ition to ! volcano71 z a :ite po9t mov+ on ! black basaltic sides ( ! rock1 soon] ?an ,humboldt c\ld discov] him ) a telescope4 ,bonpl& 0 envelop$ 9 a :ite cotton pon*o3 assum+ ! bread? across ! %\ld]s to v>y f ?ree to five feet1 accord+ z ! mantle clung to ! figure or flutt]$ 9 ! breeze1 & judg+ f ! kn[n di/ance1 ! angle at :i* ! mov+ object c\ld be di/9ctly se5 v>i$ f #g to #ab4 ,:ite objects on a black gr\nd are1 accord+ to ,hueck1 di/+ui%$ at a great] di/ance ?an black objects on a :ite gr\nd4 ,gauss's heliotrope light has be5 se5 ) ! nak$ eye reflect$ f ! ,brock5 on ,hob5hag5 at a di/ance ( ab\t #bbg1jjj feet1 or m ?an #db miles2 be+ frequ5tly visible at po9ts 9 :i* ! app>5t bread? ( a ?ree-in* mirror 0 only #jdc4 ,,! ,,smalle/ ,,bright ,,bodies4 ,ehr5b]g has f\nd f exp]im5ts on ! du/ ( diamonds1 t a diamond sup]ficies ( #a_/ajj? ( a l9e 9 diamet] pres5ts a mu* m vivid light to ! nak$ eye ?an "o ( quicksilv] ( ! same diamet]4 ,on press+ small globules ( quicksilv] on a glass micromet]1 he easily obta9$ small] globules ( ! #a_/ajj? to ! #a_/bjjj? ( a l9e 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! sun%9e he c\ld only disc]n ! reflection ( light1 & ! exi/5ce ( su* globules z 7 #a_/cjj? ( a l9e 9 diamet]1 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,small] ones did n affect 8 eye2 b he rem>k$ t ! actual bright "p ( ! globule did n am\nt to m ?an #a_/ijj? ( a l9e 9 diamet]4 ,spid] ?reads ( #a_/bjjj? 9 diamet] 7 /ill disc]nible f _! lu/re4 ,ehr5b]g concludes t !re are 9 organic bodies magnitudes capable ( direct pro( :i* are 9 diamet] #a_/ajjjjj ( a l9e2 & o!rs1 t c be indirectly prov$1 :i* may be less ?an a six-million? "p ( a ,p>isian l9e 9 diamet]4 ,,velocity ,,( ,,light4 ,x is sc>cely possible s to /ra9 ! imag9ation z to conceive ! ,velocity ) :i* ,light travels4 8,:at m]e ass]tion w make any man believe10 asks ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 8t 9 "o second ( "t1 9 "o beat ( ! p5dulum ( a clock1 a ray ( light travels ov] #aib1jjj miles2 & w\ld !re=e p]=m ! t\r ( ! _w 9 ab\t ! same "t t x requires to w9k ) our eyelids1 & 9 mu* less "t ?an a swift runn] occupies 9 tak+ a s+le /ride80 ,7 a cannon-ball %ot directly t[>ds ! sun1 & 7 x to ma9ta9 its full spe$1 x w\ld be tw5ty ye>s 9 rea*+ x2 & yet light travels ?r\gh ?is space 9 sev5 or eight m9utes4 ,! result giv5 9 ! ,annuaire = #ahdb = ! velocity ( light 9 a second is #gg1jjj leagues1 :i* corresponds to #bae1hcd miles2 :ile t obta9$ at ! ,pulk[a ,obs]vatory is #ahi1gdf miles4 ,william ,ri*>dson gives z ! result ( ! passage ( light f ! sun to ! e>? #h #aibh1 f :i* we obta9 a velocity ( #bae1cib miles 9 a second4--,memoirs ( ! ,a/ronomical ,society1 vol4 iv4 ,9 o!r words1 light travels a di/ance equal to eight times ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>? betwe5 two beats ( a clock4 ,?is is a prodigi\s velocity2 b ! measure ( x is v c]ta94--,pr(essor ,airy4 ,! navigator :o has measur$ ! e>?'s circuit by 8 h\rly progress1 or ! a/ronom] :o has pac$ a degree ( ! m]idian1 c alone =m a cle> idea ( velocity1 :5 we tell him t light moves ?r\gh a space equal to ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>? 9 ! eigh? "p ( a second--9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye4 ,c\ld an obs]v]1 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 see ?is mov+ light1 z x describes ! e>?'s circumf]5ce1 x w\ld appe> a lum9\s r+2 t is1 ! impression ( ! light at ! comm5cem5t ( its j\rney w\ld cont9ue on ! ret9a till ! light _h complet$ its circuit4 ,nay1 s9ce ! impression ( light cont9ues long] ?an ! f\r? "p ( a second1 two lum9\s r+s w\ld be se51 provid$ ! light made two r\nds ( ! e>?1 & 9 pa?s n co9cid5t4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,light4 ,humboldt enum]ates ! foll[+ diff]5t me?ods adopt$ = ! ,measurem5t ( ,light3 a comp>ison ( ! %ad[s ( artificial lights1 diff]+ 9 numb]s & di/ance2 diaphragms2 plane-glasses ( diff]5t ?ickness & col\r2 artificial />s =m$ by reflection on glass sph]es2 ! juxtaposition ( two sev5-feet telescopes1 sep>at$ by a di/ance :i* ! obs]v] c\ld pass 9 ab\t a second2 reflect+ in/rum5ts 9 :i* two />s c be simultane\sly se5 & comp>$1 :5 ! telescope has be5 s adju/$ t ! /> gives two images ( l int5sity2 an app>atus hav+ 79 front ( ! object-glass7 a mirror & diaphragms1 ^: rotation is measur$ on a r+2 telescopes ) divid$ object-glasses1 on ei!r half ( :i* ! /ell> light is receiv$ ?r\gh a prism2 a/romet]s1 9 :i* a prism reflects ! image ( ! moon or ,jupit]1 & conc5trates x ?r\gh a l5s at diff]5t di/ances into a /> m or less bright4--,cosmos1 vol4 iii4 ,,h[ ,,fizeau ,,measur$ ,,! ,,velocity ,,( ,,light4 ,?is di/+ui%$ physici/ has submitt$ ! ,velocity ( ,light to t]re/rial measurem5t by means ( an +5i\sly con/ruct$ app>atus1 9 :i* artificial light 7resembl+ /ell> light71 g5]at$ f oxyg5 & hydrog51 is made to pass back1 by means ( a mirror1 ov] a di/ance ( #bh1cba feet to ! same po9t f :i* x emanat$4 ,a disc1 hav+ #gbj tee?1 :i* made #abf rotations 9 a second1 alt]nately obscur$ ! ray ( light & all[$ x to be se5 betwe5 ! tee? on ! m>g94 ,x 0 suppos$1 f ! m>k+ ( a c\nt]1 t ! artificial light trav]s$ #ef1fdb feet1 or ! di/ance to & f ! /ations1 9 #a_/ahjj? "p ( a second1 :5ce we obta9 a velocity ( #aia1dfj miles 9 a second4#ab ,?is result approximates mo/ closely to ,delambre's 7:i* 0 #ahi1agc miles71 z obta9$ f ,jupit]'s satellites4 ,! inv5tion ( ! rotat+ mirror is due to ,:eat/one1 :o made an exp]im5t ) x to det]m9e ! velocity ( ! propagation ( ! dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 batt]y4 ,! mo/ /rik+ application ( ! idea 0 made by ,fizeau & ,f\cault1 9 #ahec1 9 c>ry+ out a proposition made by ,arago1 soon aft] ! inv5tion ( ! mirror3 we h "h det]m9$ 9 a di/ance ( twelve feet no less ?an ! velocity ) :i* light is propagat$1 :i* is kn[n to be ne>ly #bjj1jjj miles a second2 ! di/ance m5tion$ corresponds !re=e to ! #gg-million? "p ( a second4 ,! object ( ^! measurem5ts 0 to comp>e ! velocity ( light 9 air ) its velocity 9 wat]2 :i*1 :5 ! l5g? is great]1 is n suffici5tly transp>5t4 ,! mo/ complete optical & me*anical aids are "h necess>y3 ! mirror ( ,f\cault made f #fjj to #hjj revolutions 9 a second1 :ile t ( ,fizeau p]=m$ #abjj to #aejj 9 ! same "t4--,pr(4 ,helmholtz on ! ,me?ods ( ,measur+ v small ,portions ( ,"t4 ,,:at ,,is ,,done ,,by ,,pol>isation ,,( ,,light4 ,malus1 9 #ahjh1 0 l$ by a casual obs]vation ( ! light ( ! sett+ sun1 reflect$ f ! w9d[s ( ! ,palais de ,luxemb\rg1 at ,p>is1 to inve/igate m ?or\ghly ! ph5om5a ( d\ble refraction1 ( ord9>y & ( *romatic pol>isation1 ( int]f]5ce & ( diffraction ( light4 ,among 8 results may be reckon$ ! means ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 direct & reflect$ light2 ! p[] ( p5etrat+1 z x 71 into ! con/itution ( ! body ( ! sun & ( its lum9\s envelopes2 ( measur+ ! pressure ( atmosph]ic /rata1 & ev5 ! smalle/ am\nt ( wat] !y conta92 ( asc]ta9+ ! dep?s ( ! ocean & its rocks by means ( a t\rmal9e plate2 & 9 accordance ) ,newton's pr$iction1 ( comp>+ ! *emical composition ( sev]al sub/ances ) _! optical effects4 ,arago1 9 a lett] to ,humboldt1 /ates t by ! aid ( 8 pol>iscope1 he discov]$1 be=e #ahbj1 t ! light ( all t]re/rial objects 9 a /ate ( inc&esc5ce1 :e!r !y be solid or liquid1 is natural1 s long z x emanates f ! object 9 p]p5dicul> rays4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if su* light emanate at an acute angle1 x pres5ts manife/ pro(s ( pol>isation4 ,?is l$ ,m4 ,arago to ! rem>kable conclusion1 t light is n g5]at$ on ! surface ( bodies only1 b t "s portion is actually eng5d]$ )9 ! sub/ance itself1 ev5 9 ! case ( plat9um4 ,a ray ( light :i* rea*es our eyes aft] trav]s+ _m millions ( miles1 f1 ! remote/ regions ( heav51 ann\nces1 z x 7 ( itself1 9 ! pol>iscope1 :e!r x is reflect$ or refract$1 :e!r x emanates f a solid or fluid or gase\s body2 x ann\nces ev5 ! degree ( its int5sity4--,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vols4 i4 & ii4 ,,m9ut5ess ,,( ,,light4 ,!re is some?+ wond]ful1 says ,arago1 9 ! exp]im5ts :i* h l$ natural philosoph]s legitimately to talk ( ! diff]5t sides ( a ray ( light2 & to %[ t millions & millions ( ^! rays c simultane\sly pass ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le )\t int]f]+ ) ea* o!r6 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,light4 ,light affects ! respiration ( animals j z x affects ! respiration ( plants4 ,?is is novel doctr9e1 b x is demon/rable4 ,9 ! day-"t we expire m c>bonic acid ?an dur+ ! night2 a fact kn[n to physiologi/s1 :o expla9 x z ! effect ( sleep3 b ! diff]5ce is ma9ly ow+ to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( sunlight2 = sleep1 z sleep1 increases1 in/ead ( dim9i%+1 ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid expir$1 & a man sleep+ w expire m c>bonic acid ?an if he lies quietly awake "u ! same conditions ( light & temp]ature2 s t if less is expir$ dur+ ! night ?an dur+ ! day1 ! reason _c be sleep1 b ! abs5ce ( light4 ,n[ we und]/& :y m5 are sickly & /unt$ :o live 9 n>r[ /reets1 alleys1 & cell>s1 comp>$ ) ^? :o1 "u simil> conditions ( pov]ty & dirt1 live 9 ! sunlight4--,blackwood's ,ed9burgh ,magaz9e1 #aheh4 ,! influ5ce ( light on ! col\rs ( organis$ creation is well %[n 9 ! sea4 ,ne> ! %ores we f9d seawe$s ( ! mo/ beautiful hues1 p>ticul>ly on ! rocks :i* are left dry by ! tides2 & ! ri* t9ts ( ! act9i :i* inhabit %all[ wat] mu/ (t5 h be5 obs]v$4 ,! fi%es :i* swim ne> ! surface are also di/+ui%$ by ! v>iety ( _! col\rs1 :]eas ^? :i* live at great] dep?s are gray1 br[n1 or black4 ,x has be5 f\nd t aft] a c]ta9 dep?1 :]e ! quantity ( light is s r$uc$ t a m]e twilight prevails1 ! inhabitants ( ! ocean become ne>ly col\rless4--,hunt's ,poetry ( ,sci5ce4 ,,action ,,( ,,light ,,on ,,muscul> ,,fibres4 ,t light is capable ( act+ on muscul> fibres1 indep5d5tly ( ! influ5ce ( ! n]ves1 0 m5tion$ by sev]al ( ! old anatomi/s1 b repudiat$ by lat] au?orities4 ,m4 ,br[n ,squ>d has1 h[ev]1 prov$ to ! ,royal ,society t "s portions ( muscul> fibre--! iris ( ! eye1 = example--are affect$ by light indep5d5tly ( any reflex action ( ! n]ves1 !reby confirm+ =m] exp]i5ces4 ,! effect is produc$ by ! illum9at+ rays only1 ! *emical & heat rays rema9+ neutral4 ,& n lea/ rem>kable is ! fact1 t ! iris ( an eel %[$ itself susceptible ( ! excitem5t sixte5 days aft] ! eyes 7 remov$ f ! creature's head4 ,s f> z is yet kn[n1 ?is muscle is ! only "o on :i* light ?us takes effect4--,phil4 ,trans4 #aheg4 ,,light ,,nights4 ,x is n possible1 z well-atte/$ facts prove1 p]fectly to expla9 ! op]ations at "w 9 ! mu*-conte/$ upp] b\nd>ies ( our atmosph]e4 ,! extraord9>y lightness ( :ole nights 9 ! ye> #ahca1 dur+ :i* small pr9t might be read at midnight 9 ! latitudes ( ,italy & ! nor? ( ,g]many1 is a fact directly at v>iance ) all t we "k1 accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t & acute rese>*es on ! crepuscul> !ory & ! height ( ! atmosph]e4--,biot4 ,,phosphoresc5ce ,,( ,,plants4 ,mr4 ,hunt rec\nts ^! /rik+ in/ances4 ,! leaves ( ! no!ra macroc>pa are said to exhibit phosphoric light :5 ! air is highly *>g$ ) electricity4 ,! ag>ics ( ! olive-gr\nds ( ,montpeli] too h be5 obs]v$ to be lum9\s at night2 b !y are said to exhibit no light1 ev5 9 d>kness1 dur+ ! day4 ,! subt]ranean passages ( ! coal-m9es ne> ,dresd5 are illum9at$ by ! phosphoresc5t light ( ! rhizomorpha phosphoreus1 a peculi> fungus4 ,on ! leaves ( ! ,p9doba palm gr[s a species ( ag>ic :i* is exce$+ly lum9\s at night2 & _m v>ieties ( ! li*5s1 creep+ along ! ro(s ( cav]ns1 l5d to !m an air ( en*antm5t by ! s(t & cle> light :i* !y diffuse4 ,9 a small cave ne> ,p5ryn1 a lum9\s moss is abundant2 x is also f\nd 9 ! m9es ( ,hesse4 ,accord+ to ,he9zmann1 ! rhizomorpha subt]ranea & aidul are also phosphoresc5t4--,see ,poetry ( ,sci5ce4 ,,phosphoresc5ce ,,( ,,! ,,sea4 ,by microscopic exam9ation ( ! myriads ( m9ute insects :i* cause ?is ph5om5on1 no o!r fact has be5 elicit$ ?an t !y conta9 a fluid :i*1 :5 squeez$ out1 leaves a tra9 ( light ^u ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! creatures appe> almo/ inv>iably on ! eve ( "s *ange ( wea!r1 :i* w\ld lead u to suppose t _! lum9\s ph5om5a mu/ be connect$ ) electrical excitation2 & ( ?is ,mr4 ,c4 ,pea* ( ,f[ey has furni%$ ! mo/ satisfactory pro(s yet obta9$4#ac ,,light ,,f ,,! ,,juice ,,( ,a ,,plant4 ,9 ,brazil has be5 obs]v$ a plant1 conjectur$ to be an ,euphorbium1 v rem>kable = ! light :i* x yields :5 cut4 ,x conta9s a milky juice1 :i* exudes z soon z ! plant is w\nd$1 & appe>s lum9\s = sev]al seconds4 ,,light ,,f ,,fungus4 ,phosphoresc5t funguses h be5 f\nd 9 ,brazil by ,mr4 ,g>dn]1 gr[+ on ! decay+ leaves ( a dw>f palm4 ,!y v>y f "o to two in*es across1 & ! :ole plant gives out at night a bright phosphoresc5t light1 ( a pale gre5i% hue1 simil> to t emitt$ by fire-flies & phosphoresc5t m>9e animals4 ,! light giv5 out by a few ( ^! fungi 9 a d>k room is suffici5t to read by4 ,a v l>ge phosphoresc5t species is occasionally f\nd 9 ! ,swan ,riv] colony4 ,,light ,,f ,,buttons4 ,^u highly poli%$ gilt buttons no figure :atev] c be se5 by ! mo/ c>eful exam9ation2 yet1 :5 !y are made to reflect ! light ( ! sun or ( a c&le ^u a piece ( pap] held close to !m1 !y give a beautiful geometrical figure1 ) t5 rays issu+ f ! c5tre1 & t]m9at+ 9 a lum9\s rim4 ,,col\rs ,,( ,,scrat*es4 ,an extremely f9e scrat* on a well-poli%$ surface may be reg>d$ z hav+ a concave1 cyl9drical1 or at lea/ a curv$ surface1 capable ( reflect+ light 9 all directions2 ?is is evid5t1 = x is visible 9 all directions4 ,h5ce a s+le scrat* or furr[ 9 a surface may produce col\rs by ! int]f]5ce ( ! rays reflect$ f its opposite edges4 ,exam9e a spid]'s ?read 9 ! sun%9e1 & x w gleam ) vivid col\rs4 ,^! may arise f a simil> cause2 or f ! ?read itself1 z spun by ! animal1 consi/+ ( sev]al ?reads agglut9at$ toge!r1 & ?us pres5t+1 n a cyl9drical1 b a furr[$ surface4 ,,magic ,,bu/4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] has %[n h[ ! rigid features ( a :ite bu/ may be made to move & v>y _! expression1 sometimes smil+ & sometimes fr[n+1 by mov+ rapidly 9 front ( ! bu/ a bright light1 s z to make ! lights & %ad[s take e possible direction & v>i\s degrees ( int5sity2 & if ! bu/ be plac$ be=e a concave mirror1 its image may be made to d /ill m :5 x is ca/ ^u wrea?s ( smoke4 ,,col\rs ,,hit ,,mo/ ,,frequ5tly ,,dur+ ,,battle4 ,x w\ld appe> f num]\s obs]vations t soldi]s are hit dur+ battle accord+ to ! col\r ( _! dress 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 r$ is ! mo/ fatal col\r2 ! lea/ fatal1 ,au/rian gray4 ,! proportions are1 r$1 #ab2 rifle-gre51 #g2 br[n1 #f2 ,au/rian blui%-gray1 #e4--;,jameson's ,j\rnal1 #ahec4 ,,transmutation ,,( ,,topaz4 ,yell[ topazes may be conv]t$ into p9k by heat2 b x is a mi/ake to suppose t 9 ! process ! yell[ col\r is *ang$ into p9k3 ! fact is1 t "o ( ! p5cils be+ yell[ & ! o!r p9k1 ! yell[ is dis*>g$ by heat1 ?us leav+ ! p9k unimpair$4 ,,col\rs ,,& ,,t9ts4 ,m4 ,*evreul1 ! ,directeur des ,gobel9s1 has pres5t$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy a plan = a univ]sal *romatic scale1 & a me?odical classification ( all imag9able col\rs4 ,may]1 a pr(essor at ,gtt+51 calculat$ t ! diff]5t comb9ations ( primitive col\rs produc$ #hai diff]5t t9ts2 b ,m4 ,*evreul e/abli%$ n less ?an #ad1dbd1 all v di/9ct & easily recognis$1--all ( c\rse proce$+ f ! ?ree primitive simple col\rs ( ! sol> spectrum1 r$1 yell[1 & blue4 ,= example1 he /ates t 9 ! violet !re are tw5ty-eight col\rs1 & 9 ! dahlia =ty-two4 ,,objects ,,really ,,( ,,no ,,col\r4 ,a body appe>s to be ( ! col\r :i* x reflects2 z we see x only by reflect$ rays1 x c b appe> ( ! col\r ( ^? rays4 ,?us grass is gre5 because x absorbs all except ! gre5 rays4 ,fl[]s1 9 ! same mann]1 reflect ! v>i\s col\rs ( :i* !y appe> to u3 ! rose1 ! r$ rays2 ! violet1 ! blue2 ! daffodil1 ! yell[1 c4 ,b ^! are n ! p]man5t col\rs ( ! grass & fl[]s2 = :]ev] y see ^! col\rs1 ! objects mu/ be illum9at$2 & light1 f :atev] s\rce x proce$s1 is ( ! same nature1 compos$ ( ! v>i\s col\r$ rays :i* pa9t ! grass1 ! fl[]s1 & e col\r$ object 9 nature4 ,objects 9 ! d>k h no col\r1 or are black1 :i* is ! same ?+4 ,y c nev] see objects )\t light4 ,light is compos$ ( col\rs1 !re=e !re c be no light )\t col\rs2 & ?\gh e object is black or )\t col\r 9 ! d>k1 x becomes col\r$ z soon z x becomes visible4 ,,! ,,diorama--,,:y ,,s ,,p]fect ,,an ,,illusion4 ,because :5 an object is view$ at s great a di/ance t ! optic axes ( bo? eyes are s5sibly p>allel :5 direct$ t[>ds x1 ! p]spective projections ( x1 se5 by ea* eye sep>ately1 are simil>2 & ! appe>ance to ! two eyes is precisely ! same z :5 ! object is se5 by "o eye only4 ,!re is1 9 su* case1 no diff]5ce betwe5 ! visual appe>ance ( an object 9 relief & its p]spective projection on a plane surface2 h5ce pictorial repres5tations ( di/ant objects1 :5 ^? circum/ances :i* w\ld prev5t or di/urb ! illusion are c>efully exclud$1 may be r5d]$ su* p]fect resemblances ( ! objects !y are int5d$ to repres5t z to be mi/ak5 = !m4 ,! ,diorama is an in/ance ( ?is4--,pr(essor ,:eat/one2 ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahch4 ,,curi\s ,,optical ,,effects ,,at ,,! ,,cape4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 9 8 obs]vatory at ,feldhaus51 at ! base ( ! ,table ,m\nta91 witness$ sev]al curi\s optical effects1 aris+ f peculi> conditions ( ! atmosph]e incid5t to ! climate ( ! ,cape4 ,9 ! hot season 8! nights are = ! mo/ "p sup]b20 b occasionally1 dur+ ! excessive heat & dryness ( ! s&y pla9s1 8! optical tranquillity ( ! air0 is greatly di/urb$4 ,9 "s cases1 ! images ( ! />s are viol5tly dilat$ into nebul> balls or puffs ( #ae 9 diamet]2 on o!r occasions !y =m 8s(t1 r\nd1 quiet pellets ( #c or #d diamet]10 resembl+ planet>y nebul4 ,9 ! cool] mon?s ! tranquillity ( ! image & ! %>pness ( vision are su*1 t h>dly any limit is set to magnify+ p[] b t :i* arises f ! ab]ration ( ! specula4 ,on occasions l ^!1 optical ph5om5a ( extraord9>y spl5d\r are produc$ by view+ a bright /> ?r\gh a diaphragm ( c>dbo>d or z9c pi]c$ 9 regul> patt]ns ( circul> holes by ma*9]y3 ^! ph5om5a surprise & delight e p]son t sees !m4 ,:5 close d\ble />s are view$ ) ! telescope1 ) a diaphragm 9 ! =m ( an equilat]al triangle1 ! discs ( ! two />s1 :i* are exact circles1 h a cle>ness & p]fection almo/ incr$ible4 ,,! ,,telescope ,,& ,,! ,,microscope4 ,s s+ul> is ! position ( ! ,telescope & ! ,microscope among ! great inv5tions ( ! age1 t no o!r process b t :i* !y embody c\ld make ! slighte/ approximation to ! secrets :i* !y disclose4 ,! /eam-eng9e might h be5 imp]fectly replac$ by an air or an e!r-eng9e2 & a highly ela/ic fluid might h be51 & may yet be1 f\nd1 :i* %all impel ! 8rapid c>10 or drag ! m]*ant-%ip ov] ! globe4 ,! electric telegraph1 n[ s p]fect & un]r+1 might h spok5 to u 9 ! rude 8language ( *imes20 or s\nd1 9 place ( electricity1 might h pass$ along ! metallic pa?1 & appeal$ to ! e> 9 place ( ! eye4 ,= ! pr9t+-press & ! typographic art might h be5 f\nd a sub/itute1 h[ev] poor1 9 ! li?ographic process2 & k might h be5 widely diffus$ by ! photographic pr9t+ p[]s ( ! sun1 or ev5 artificial light4 ,b )\t ! telescope & ! microscope1 ! human eye w\ld h /ruggl$ 9 va9 to /udy ! worlds beyond our own1 & ! elaborate /ructures ( ! organic & inorganic creation c\ld nev] h be5 reveal$4--,nor?-,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #ej4 ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,microscope4 ,! e>lie/ magnify+ l5s ( :i* we h any k 0 "o rudely made ( rock-cry/al1 :i* ,mr4 ,lay>d f\nd1 among a numb] ( glass b[ls1 9 ! nor?-we/ palace ( ,nimr\d2 b no simil> l5s has be5 f\nd or describ$ to induce u to believe t ! microscope1 ei!r s+le or comp\nd1 0 inv5t$ & us$ z an in/rum5t previ\s to ! comm5cem5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury1 h[ev]1 ,s5eca alludes to ! magnify+ p[] ( a glass globe fill$ ) wat]2 b z he only /ates t x made small & indi/9ct lett]s appe> l>g] & m di/9ct1 we _c consid] su* a casual rem>k z ! inv5tion ( ! s+le microscope1 ?\gh x might h l$ ! obs]v] to try ! effect ( small] globes1 & ?us obta9 magnify+ p[]s suffici5t to discov] ph5om5a o!rwise invisible4 ,l5ses ( glass 7 und\bt$ly 9 exi/5ce at ! "t ( ,pl9y2 b at t p]iod1 & = _m c5turies aft]w>ds1 !y appe> to h be5 us$ only z burn+ or z read+ glasses2 & no attempt seems to h be5 made to =m !m ( s small a size z to entitle !m to be reg>d$ ev5 z ! precursors ( ! s+le microscope4--,nor?-,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #ej4 ,! rock-cry/al l5s f\nd at ,n9eveh 0 exam9$ by ,sir ,david ,brew/]4 ,x 0 n entirely circul> 9 its ap]ture4 ,its g5]al =m 0 t ( a plano-convex l5s1 ! plane side hav+ be5 =m$ ( "o ( ! orig9al faces ( ! six-sid$ cry/al qu>tz1 z ,sir ,david asc]ta9$ by its action on pol>is$ light3 ?is 0 badly poli%$ & scrat*$4 ,! convex face ( ! l5s _h n be5 gr\nd 9 a di%-%ap$ tool1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* l5ses are n[ =m$1 b 0 %ap$ on a lapid>y's :eel1 or 9 "s su* mann]4 ,h5ce x 0 unequally ?ick2 b its extreme ?ickness 0 #b_/aj?s ( an in*1 its focal l5g? be+ #d in*es4 ,x _h twelve rema9s ( cavities1 :i* _h orig9ally conta9$ liquids or cond5s$ gases4 ,sir ,david has assign$ reasons :y ?is c\ld n be look$ ^u z an ornam5t1 b a true optical l5s4 ,9 ! same ru9s 7 f\nd "s decompos$ glass4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,! ,,fi%-,,eye ,,microscope4 ,v good microscopes may be made ) ! cry/all9e l5ses ( fi%1 birds1 & quadrup$s4 ,z ! l5s ( fi%es is sph]ical or sph]oidal1 x is absolutely necess>y1 previ\s to its use1 to det]m9e its optical axis & ! axis ( vision ( ! eye f :i* x is tak51 & place ! l5s 9 su* a mann] t its axis is a cont9uation ( ! axis ( our own eye4 ,9 no o!r direction b ?is is ! album5 ( :i* ! l5s consi/s symmetrically dispos$ 9 lam9 ( equal d5sity r\nd a giv5 l9e1 :i* is ! axis ( ! l5s2 & 9 no o!r direction does ! gradation ( d5sity1 by :i* ! sph]ical ab]ration is correct$1 pres]ve a prop] relation to ! axis ( vision4 ,:5 ! l5s ( any small fi%1 su* z a m9n[1 a p>1 or tr\t1 has be5 tak5 out1 along ) ! adh]+ vitre\s hum\r1 f ! eye-ball by cutt+ ! scl]otic coat ) a pair ( scissors1 x %\ld be plac$ ^u a piece ( f9e silv]-pap] previ\sly fre$ f its m9ute adh]+ fibres4 ,! absorb5t nature ( ! pap] w assi/ 9 remov+ all ! vitre\s hum\r f ! l5s2 & :5 ?is is c>efully done1 by roll+ x ab\t ) ano!r piece ( silv]-pap]1 !re w /ill rema91 r\nd or ne> ! equator ( ! l5s1 a black ridge1 consi/+ ( ! processes by :i* x 0 susp5d$ 9 ! eye-ball4 ,! black circle po9ts out to u ! true axis ( ! l5s1 :i* is p]p5dicul> to a plane pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,:5 ! small cry/all9e has be5 fre$ f all ! adh]+ vitre\s hum\r1 ! capsule :i* conta9s x w h a surface z f9e z a pellicle ( fluid4 ,x is !n to be dropp$ f ! pap] into a cavity =m$ by a brass rim1 & its position *ang$ till ! black circle is p>allel to ! circul> rim1 9 :i* case only ! axis ( ! l5s w be a cont9uation ( ! axis ( ! obs]v]'s eye4--,ed94 ,j\r4 ,sci5ce1 vol4 ii4 ,,leuw5hoeck',s ,,microscopes4 ,leuw5hoeck1 ! fa!r ( microscopical discov]y1 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society1 9 #afgc1 a description ( ! /ructure ( a bee & a l\se1 se5 by aid ( 8 improv$ microscopes2 & f ?is p]iod until 8 decease 9 #agbc1 he regul>ly transmitt$ to ! society 8 microscopical obs]vations & discov]ies1 s t #cge ( 8 pap]s & lett]s are pres]v$ 9 ! society's ar*ives1 ext5d+ ov] fifty ye>s4 ,he fur!r bequea!d to ! ,royal ,society a cab9et ( tw5ty-six microscopes1 :i* he _h gr\nd himself & set 9 silv]1 mo/ly extract$ by him f m9]als2 ^! microscopes 7 exhibit$ to ,pet] ! ,great :5 he 0 at ,delft 9 #afih4 ,9 ackn[l$g+ ! beque/1 ! c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 9 #agbd1 pres5t$ ,leuw5hoeck's daught] ) a h&some silv] b[l1 be>+ ! arms ( ! society4--,weld's ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society1 vol4 i4 ,,diamond ,,l5ses ,,= ,,microscopes4 ,9 recomm5d+ ! employm5t ( ,diamond & o!r gems 9 ! con/ruction ( ,microscopes1 ,sir ,david ,brew/] has be5 met ) ! objection t !y are too exp5sive = su* a purpose2 &1 says ,sir ,david1 8!y c]ta9ly are = in/rum5ts int5d$ m]ely to in/ruct & amuse4 ,b if we desire to make great discov]ies1 to unfold secrets yet hid 9 ! cells ( plants & animals1 we mu/ n grudge ev5 a diamond to reveal !m4 ,if ,mr4 ,coop] & ,sir ,james ,s\? h giv5 a c\ple ( ?\s& p\nds a piece = a refract+ telescope1 9 ord] to /udy :at h be5 miscall$ #8dots' & #8lumps' ( light on ! sky2 & if ,"l ,rosse has exp5d$ f> great] sums on a reflect+ telescope = analys+ :at has be5 call$ #8sp>ks ( mud & vap\r' encumb]+ ! azure purity ( ! heav5s1--:y %\ld n o!r philosoph]s op5 _! purse1 if !y h "o1 & o!r noblem5 sacrifice "s ( _! h\sehold jewels1 to resolve ! microscopic /ructures ( our own real _w1 & disclose secrets :i* ! ,almighty mu/ h int5d$ t we %\ld "k80--,proce$+s ( ! ,briti% ,association1 #aheg4 ,,! ,,eye ,,& ,,! ,,bra9 ,,se5 ,,?r\gh ,a ,,microscope4 ,by a microscopic exam9ation ( ! ret9a & optic n]ve & ! bra91 ,m4 ,bau] f\nd !m to consi/ ( globules ( #a_/bhjj? to #a_/djjj? an in* diamet]1 unit$ by a transp>5t viscid & coagulable gelat9\s fluid4 ,,microscopical ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,hair4 ,if a hair be drawn betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb1 f ! end to ! root1 x w be di/9ctly felt to give a great] resi/ance & a diff]5t s5sation to t :i* is exp]i5c$ :5 drawn ! opposite way3 9 consequ5ce1 if ! hair be rubb$ betwe5 ! f+]s1 x w only move "o way 7travell+ 9 ! direction ( a l9e drawn f its t]m9ation to its orig9 f ! head or body71 s t ea* extremity may ?us be easily di/+ui%$1 ev5 9 ! d>k1 by ! t\* alone4 ,! my/]y is resolv$ by ! a*romatic microscope4 ,a hair view$ on a d>k gr\nd z an opaque object ) a high p[]1 n less ?an t ( a l5s ( "o-?irtie? ( an in* focus1 & dully illum9at$ by a cup1 ! hair is se5 to be ind5t$ ) tee? some:at resembl+ ^? ( a co>se r\nd rasp1 b extremely irregul> & rugg$3 z ^! incl9e all 9 "o direction1 l ^? ( a common file1 viz4 f ! orig9 ( ! hair t[>ds its extremity1 x suffici5tly expla9s ! above s+ul> prop]ty4 ,?is is a s+ul> pro( ( ! acut5ess ( ! s5se ( feel+1 = ! said tee? may be felt mu* m easily ?an !y c be se54 ,we may ?us und]/& :y a razor w cut a hair 9 two mu* m easily :5 drawn aga9/ its tee? ?an 9 ! opposite direction4--,dr4 ,gor+4 ,,! ,,microscope ,,& ,,! ,,sea4 ,:at myriads has ! microscope reveal$ to u ( ! ri* luxuriance ( animal life 9 ! ocean1 & convey$ to our a/oni%$ s5ses a consci\sness ( ! univ]sality ( life6 ,9 ! oceanic dep?s e /ratum ( wat] is animat$1 & sw>ms ) c\ntless ho/s ( small lum9if]\s animalcules1 mamm>ia1 cru/acea1 p]id9ea1 & circl+ n]eides1 :i*1 :5 attract$ to ! surface by peculi> meteorological conditions1 conv]t e wave into a foam+ b& ( fla%+ light4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,microscope ,,to ,,m9]alogi/s4 ,m4 ,duf\r has %[n t an impond]able quantity ( a sub/ance c be cry/allis$2 & t ! cry/als s obta9$ are q *>act]i/ic ( ! sub/ances1 z ( sug>1 *loride ( sodium1 ars5ic1 & m]cury4 ,?is process may be extremely valuable to ! m9]alogi/ & toxicologi/ :5 ! sub/ance = exam9ation is too small to be submitt$ to te/s4 ,by aid ( ! microscope1 also1 %ells are measur$ to ! ?\s&? "p ( an in*4 ,,f9e ,,d[n ,,( ,,qu>tz4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] hav+ brok5 9 two a cry/al ( qu>tz ( a smoky col\r1 f\nd bo? surfaces ( ! fracture absolutely black2 & ! blackness appe>$ at fir/ sight to be ow+ to a ?9 film ( opaque matt] :i* _h ins9uat$ itself into ! crevice4 ,?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 0 unt5able1 z e "p ( ! surface 0 black1 & ! two halves ( ! cry/als c\ld n h /uck toge!r _h ! crevice ext5d$ across ! :ole section4 ,^u fur!r exam9ation ,sir ,david f\nd t ! surface 0 p]fectly transp>5t by transmitt$ light1 & t ! blackness ( ! surfaces arose f _! be+ entirely compos$ ( a f9e d[n ( qu>tz1 or ( %ort & sl5d] filam5ts1 ^: diamet] 0 s exce$+ly small t !y 7 incapable ( reflect+ a s+le ray ( ! /ronge/ light2 & !y c\ld n exce$ ! "o ?ird ( ! million? "p ( an in*4 ,?is curi\s specim5 is 9 ! cab9et ( h] grace ! ,du*ess ( ,gordon4 ,,microscopic ,,writ+4 ,pr(essor ,kell& has %[n1 9 ,p>is1 on a spot no l>g] ?an ! head ( a small p91 by means ( p[]ful microscopes1 sev]al specim5s ( di/9ct & beautiful writ+1 "o ( !m conta9+ ! :ole ( ! ,"l's ,pray] writt5 )9 ?is m9ute compass4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is1 two rem>kable facts 9 ,lay>d's late/ "w on ,n9eveh %[ t ! national records ( ,assyria 7 writt5 on squ>e bricks1 9 *>act]s s small z sc>cely to be legible )\t a microscope2 9 fact1 a microscope1 z we h j %[n1 0 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,nimr\d4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,magic ,,mirror4 ,draw a figure ) weak gum-wat] ^u ! surface ( a convex mirror4 ,! ?9 film ( gum ?us deposit$ on ! outl9e or details ( ! figure w n be visible 9 disp]s$ daylight2 b :5 made to reflect ! rays ( ! sun1 or ^? ( a div]g5t p5cil1 w be beautifully display$ by ! l9es & t9ts occasion$ by ! diffraction ( light1 or ! int]f]5ce ( ! rays pass+ ?r\gh ! film ) ^? :i* pass by x4 ,,sir ,,david ,,brew/]',s ,,kaleidoscope4 ,! idea ( ?is in/rum5t1 con/ruct$ = ! purpose ( creat+ & exhibit+ a v>iety ( beautiful & p]fectly symmetrical =ms1 fir/ occurr$ to ,sir ,david ,brew/] 9 #ahad1 :5 he 0 engag$ 9 exp]im5ts on ! pol>isation ( light by successive reflections betwe5 plates ( glass4 ,! reflectors 7 9 "s in/ances incl9$ to ea* o!r2 & he _h occasion to rem>k ! circul> arrangem5t ( ! images ( a c&le r\nd a c5tre1 or ! multiplication ( ! sectors =m$ by ! extremities ( ! glass plates4 ,9 repeat+ at a subsequ5t p]iod ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,biot on ! action ( fluids ^u light1 ,sir ,david ,brew/] plac$ ! fluids 9 a tr\gh1 =m$ by two plates ( glass cem5t$ toge!r at an angle2 & ! eye be+ necess>ily plac$ at "o end1 "s ( ! cem5t1 :i* _h be5 press$ ?r\gh betwe5 ! plates1 appe>$ to be arrang$ into a regul> figure4 ,! rem>kable symmetry :i* x pres5t$ l$ to ,dr4 ,brew/]'s inve/igation ( ! cause ( ?is ph5om5on2 & 9 s do+ he discov]$ ! lead+ pr9ciples ( ! ,kaleidoscope4 ,by ! advice ( 8 fri5ds1 ,dr4 ,brew/] took out a pat5t = 8 inv5tion2 9 ! specification ( :i* he describes ! kaleidoscope 9 two diff]5t =ms4 ,! in/rum5t1 h[ev]1 hav+ be5 %[n to sev]al opticians 9 ,london1 became kn[n be=e he c\ld avail himself ( 8 pat5t2 & be+ simple 9 pr9ciple1 x 0 at once l>gely manufactur$4 ,x is calculat$ t n less ?an #bjj1jjj kaleidoscopes 7 sold 9 ?ree mon?s 9 ,london & ,p>is2 ?\gh out ( ?is numb]1 ,dr4 ,brew/] says1 n p]haps #ajjj 7 con/ruct$ ^u sci5tific pr9ciples1 or 7 capable ( giv+ any ?+ l a correct idea ( ! p[] ( 8 kaleidoscope4 ,,! ,,kaleidoscope ,,?\ght ,,to ,,be ,,anticipat$4 ,9 ! sev5? edition ( a "w on g>d5+ & plant+1 publi%$ 9 #agci1 by ,ri*>d ,bradley1 ,f4,r4,s41 late ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 we f9d ! foll[+ details ( an inv5tion1 8by :i* ! be/ design]s & draughtsm5 may improve & help _! fancies4 ,!y mu/ *oose two pieces ( look+-glass ( equal bigness1 ( ! figure ( a long squ>e4 ,^! mu/ be cov]$ on ! back ) pap] or silk1 to prev5t rubb+ (f ! silv]4 ,?is cov]+ mu/ be s put on t no?+ ( x appe>s ab\t ! edges ( ! bright side4 ,! glasses be+ ?us prep>$1 mu/ be laid face to face1 & h+$ toge!r s t !y may be made to op5 & %ut at pleasure l ! leaves ( a book40 ,aft] %[+ h[ v>i\s figures are to be look$ at 9 ^! glasses "u ! same op5+1 & h[ ! same figure may be v>i$ "u ! diff]5t op5+s1 ! +5i\s arti/ ?us concludes3 8,if x %\ld happ5 t ! read] has any numb] ( plans = p>t]res or wild]nesses by him1 he may by ?is me?od alt] !m at 8 pleasure1 & produce su* innum]able v>ieties z x is n possible ! mo/ able design] c\ld ev] h contriv$40 ,,magic ,,( ,,photography4 ,pr(essor ,mos] ( ,knigsb]g has discov]$ t all bodies1 ev5 9 ! d>k1 ?r[ out invisible rays2 & t ^! bodies1 :5 plac$ at a small di/ance f poli%$ surfaces ( all k9ds1 depict !mselves ^u su* surfaces 9 =ms :i* rema9 invisible till !y are develop$ by ! human brea? or by ! vap\rs ( m]cury or iod9e4 ,ev5 if ! sun's image is made to pass ov] a plate ( glass1 ! light tread ( its rays w leave beh9d x an invisible track1 :i* ! human brea? w in/antly reveal4 ,among ! e>ly attempts to take pictures by ! rays ( ! sun 0 a v int]e/+ & successful exp]im5t made by ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y4 ,9 #ahjb1 :5 ,mr4 ,w$gewood 0 8mak+ pr(iles by ! ag5cy ( light10 & ,sir ,humphry ,davy 0 8copy+ on prep>$ pap] ! images ( small objects produc$ by means ( ! sol> microscope10 ,dr4 ,"y 0 tak+ photographs ^u pap] dipp$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 ( ! col\r$ r+s obs]v$ by ,newton2 & 8 exp]im5ts cle>ly prov$ t ! ag5t 0 n ! lum9\s rays 9 ! sun's light1 b ! invisible or *emical rays beyond ! violet4 ,?is exp]im5t is describ$ 9 ! ,bak]ian ,lecture1 #ahjc4 ,niepce 7says ,mr4 ,hunt7 pursu$ a physical inve/igation ( ! curi\s *ange1 & f\nd t all bodies 7 influ5c$ by ?is pr9ciple radiat$ f ! sun4 ,dagu]re#ad produc$ effects f ! sol> p5cil :i* no arti/ c\ld approa*2 & ,talbot & o!rs ext5d$ ! application4 ,h]s*el took up ! inquiry2 & he1 ) 8 usual p[] ( inductive se>* & ( philosophical d$uction1 pres5t$ ! _w ) a class ( discov]ies :i* %[$ h[ va/ a field ( inve/igation 0 op5+ = ! y\ng] races ( mank9d4 ,! fir/ attempts 9 photography1 :i* 7 made at ! in/igation ( ,m4 ,arago1 by ord] ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 to copy ! ,egyptian tombs & temples & ! rema9s ( ! ,aztecs 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 7 failures4 ,al?\gh ! photograph]s employ$ succe$$ to admiration1 9 ,p>is1 9 produc+ pictures 9 a few m9utes1 !y f\nd (t5 t an exposure ( an h\r 0 insuffici5t "u ! bright & gl[+ illum9ation ( a s\!rn sky4 ,,! ,,be/ ,,sky ,,= ,,photography4 ,contr>y to all preconceiv$ ideas1 exp]i5ce proves t ! bright] ! sky t %9es above ! cam]a ! m t>dy ! action )9 x4 ,italy & ,malta d _! "w sl[] ?an ,p>is4 ,"u ! brilliant light ( a ,mexican sun1 half an h\r is requir$ to produce effects :i* 9 ,engl& w\ld occupy b a m9ute4 ,9 ! burn+ atmosph]e ( ,india1 ?\gh photographical ! ye> r\nd1 ! process is comp>atively sl[ & difficult to manage2 :ile 9 ! cle>1 beautiful1 & moreov] cool1 light ( ! high] ,alps ( ,europe1 x has be5 prov$ t ! production ( a picture requires _m m m9utes1 ev5 ) ! mo/ s5sitive prep>ations1 ?an 9 ! murky atmosph]e ( ,london4 ,^u ! :ole1 ! temp]ate skies ( ?is c\ntry may be pron\nc$ fav\rable to photographic action2 a fact = :i* ! prevail+ *>act]i/ic ( our climate may p>tially acc\nt1 humidity be+ an indisp5sable condition = ! work+ /ate bo? ( pap] & *emicals4--,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,no4 #bjb4 ,,photographic ,,effects ,,( ,,lightn+4 ,! foll[+ au!nticat$ in/ances ( ?is s+ul> ph5om5on h be5 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society by ,&rs ,poey1 ,director ( ! ,obs]vatory at ,havana3 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 9 #aghf1 /at$ t ab\t tw5ty ye>s previ\s1 a man :o 0 /&+ opposite a tree t _h j be5 /ruck by 8a ?und]bolt0 _h on 8 brea/ an exact repres5tation ( t tree4 ,9 ! ,new-,york ,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce1 ,augu/ #bf?1 #ahec1 x is relat$ t 8a little girl 0 /&+ at a w9d[1 be=e :i* 0 a "y maple-tree2 aft] a brilliant fla% ( lightn+1 a complete image ( ! tree 0 f\nd impr9t$ on h] body40 ,m4 ,raspail relates t1 9 #ahee1 a boy hav+ climb$ a tree = ! purpose ( robb+ a bird's ne/1 ! tree 0 /ruck1 & ! boy ?r[n ^u ! gr\nd2 on 8 brea/ ! image ( ! tree1 ) ! bird & ne/ on "o ( its bran*es1 appe>$ v pla9ly4 ,m4 ,olioli1 a le>n$ ,italian1 br\ght be=e ! ,sci5tific ,congress at ,naples ! foll[+ f\r in/ances3 #a4 ,9 ,septemb] #ahbe1 ! =ema/ ( a brigant9e 9 ! ,bay ( ,/4 ,arniro 0 /ruck by lightn+1 :5 a sailor sitt+ "u ! ma/ 0 /ruck dead1 & on 8 back 0 f\nd an impression ( a horse-%oe1 simil> ev5 9 size to t fix$ on ! ma/-head4 #b4 ,a sailor1 /&+ 9 a simil> position1 0 /ruck by lightn+1 & _h on 8 left brea/ ! impression ( ! numb] #d #d1 ) a dot betwe5 ! two figures1 j z !y appe>$ at ! extremity ( "o ( ! ma/s4 #c4 ,on ! #i? ,octob] #ahcf1 a "y man 0 f\nd /ruck by lightn+2 he _h on a girdle1 ) "s gold co9s 9 x1 :i* 7 impr9t$ on 8 sk9 9 ! ord] !y 7 plac$ 9 ! girdle1--a s]ies ( circles1 ) "o po9t ( contact1 be+ pla9ly visible4 #d4 ,9 #ahdg1 ,mme4 ,morosa1 an ,italian lady ( ,lugano1 0 sitt+ ne> a w9d[ dur+ a ?und]/orm1 & p]ceiv$ ! commotion1 b felt no injury2 b a fl[] :i* happ5$ to be 9 ! pa? ( ! electric curr5t 0 p]fectly reproduc$ on "o ( h] legs1 & !re rema9$ p]man5tly4 ,m4 ,poey himself witness$ ! foll[+ in/ance 9 ,cuba4 ,on ,july #bd?1 #aheb1 a popl>-tree 9 a c(fee-plantation 0 /ruck by lightn+1 & on "o ( ! l>ge dry leaves 0 f\nd an exact repres5tation ( "s p9e-trees t lay #cfg y>ds di/ant4 ,m4 ,poey consid]s ^! lightn+ impressions to h be5 produc$ 9 ! same mann] z ! electric images obta9$ by ,mos]1 ,riess1 ,k>/]1 ,grove1 ,fox ,talbot1 & o!rs1 ei!r by /atical or dynamical electricity ( diff]5t int5sities4 ,! fact t impressions are made ?r\gh ! g>m5ts is easily acc\nt$ = by _! r\gh texture n prev5t+ ! lightn+ pass+ ?r\gh !m ) ! impression4 ,to corroborate ?is view1 ,m4 ,poey m5tions an in/ance ( lightn+ pass+ d[n a *imney into a trunk1 9 :i* 0 f\nd an in* dep? ( soot1 :i* mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh ! wood itself4 ,,photographic ,,survey+4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #ahed1 9 ! ,baltic1 ! ,briti% /eam]s employ$ 9 exam9+ ! enemy's coa/s & =tifications took photographic views = ref]5ce & m9ute exam9ation4 ,) ! /eam] mov+ at ! rate ( fifte5 knots an h\r1 ! mo/ p]fect def9itions ( coa/s & batt]ies 7 obta9$4 ,outl9es ( ! coa/s1 correct 9 height & di/ance1 h be5 fai?fully transcrib$2 & all details ( ! =tresses pass$ "u ?is photographic review are accurately record$4 ,x is curi\s to reflect t ! aids to photographic developm5t all date )9 ! la/ half-c5tury1 & are b little old] ?an photography itself4 ,x 0 n until #ahaa t ! *emical sub/ance call$ iod9e1 on :i* ! f\ndations ( all popul> photography re/1 0 discov]$ at all2 brom9e1 ! only o!r sub/ance equally s5sitive1 n till #ahbf4 ,! inv5tion ( ! electro process 0 ab\t simultane\s ) t ( photography itself4 ,gutta-p]*a only j prec$$ ! sub/ance ( :i* collodion is made2 ! e!r & *lor(orm1 :i* are us$ 9 "s me?ods1 t ( collodion4 ,we say no?+ ( ! optical improvem5ts previ\sly contriv$ or adapt$ = ! purpose ( ! photograph3 ! a*romatic l5ses1 :i* correct ! discrepancy betwe5 ! visual & *emical foci2 ! d\ble l5ses1 :i* increase ! =ce ( ! action2 ! b9ocul> l5ses1 :i* d ! "w ( ! /]eoscope2 nor ( ! innum]able o!r me*anical aids :i* h sprung up = its use4 ,,! ,,/]eoscope ,,& ,,! ,,photograph4 ,:5 once ! availability ( "o great primitive ag5t is work$ out1 x is easy to =esee h[ ext5sively x w assi/ 9 unravell+ o!r secrets 9 natural sci5ce4 ,! simple pr9ciple ( ! ,/]eoscope1 = in/ance1 might h be5 discov]$ a c5tury ago1 = ! reason+ :i* l$ to x 0 indep5d5t ( all ! prop]ties ( light2 b x c\ld nev] h be5 illu/rat$1 f> less multipli$ z x n[ is1 )\t ,photography4 ,a few diagrams1 ( suffici5t id5tity & diff]5ce to prove ! tru? ( ! pr9ciple1 might h be5 con/ruct$ by h&1 = ! gratification ( a few sages2 b no arti/1 x is to be hop$1 c\ld h be5 f\nd possess+ ! requisite ability & /upidity to execute ! two portraits1 or two gr\ps1 or two int]iors1 or two l&scapes1 id5tical 9 e m9utia ( ! mo/ elaborate detail1 & yet diff]+ 9 po9t ( view by ! in* betwe5 ! two human eyes1 by :i* ! pr9ciple is br\ght to ! level ( any capacity4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! accuracy & ins5sibility ( a ma*9e c\ld alone avail2 & if 9 ! ord] ( ?+s ! *eap popul> toy :i* ! /]eoscope n[ repres5ts 0 necess>y = ! use ( man1 ! photograph 0 fir/ necess>y = ! s]vice ( ! /]eoscope4--,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,no4 #bjb4 ,,! ,,/]eoscope ,,simplifi$4 ,:5 we look at any r\nd object1 fir/ ) "o eye1 & !n ) ! o!r1 we discov] t ) ! "r eye we see mo/ ( ! "r-h& side ( ! object1 & ) ! left eye mo/ ( ! left-h& side4 ,^! two images are comb9$1 & we see an object :i* we "k to be r\nd4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! ,/]eoscope1 :i* consi/s ( two mirrors plac$ ea* at an angle ( #de deg41 or ( two semi-l5ses turn$ ) _! curv$ sides t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,to view its ph5om5a two pictures are obta9$ by ! cam]a on photographic pap] ( any object 9 two positions1 correspond+ ) ! conditions ( view+ x ) ! two eyes4 ,by ! mirrors on ! l5ses ^! dissimil> pictures are comb9$ )9 ! eye1 & ! vision ( an actually solid object is produc$ f ! pictures repres5t$ on a plane surface4 ,h5ce ! "n ( ! in/rum5t1 :i* signifies ,solid ,i see4--,hunt's ,poetry ( ,sci5ce4 ,,photo-,,galvanic ,,engrav+4 ,t :i* 0 ! *ief aid ( ,niepce 9 ! humble/ dawn ( ! art1 viz4 to trans=m ! photographic plate into a surface capable ( be+ pr9t$1 is 9 ! above process done by ! cop]ation ( ,electricity ) ,photography4 ,?is inv5tion ( ,m4 ,prets*1 ( ,vi5na1 diff]s f all o!r attempts = ! same purpose 9 n op]at+ ^u ! photographic tablet itself1 & by disc>d+ ! usual means ( v>ni%es & bit+s-94 ,! process is simply ?is3 ,a glass tablet is coat$ ) gelat9e dilut$ till x =ms a jelly1 & conta9+ bi-*romate ( pota%1 nitrate ( silv]1 & iodide ( potassium4 ,^u ?is1 :5 dry1 is plac$ face d[nw>ds a pap] positive1 ?r\gh :i* ! light1 be+ all[$ to fall1 leaves ^u ! gelat9e a repres5tation ( ! pr9t4 ,x is !n soak$ 9 wat]2 & :ile ! p>ts act$ ^u by ! light are comp>atively unaffect$ by ! fluid1 ! rema9d] ( ! jelly swells1 & ris+ above ! g5]al surface1 gives a picture 9 relief1 resembl+ an ord9>y engrav+ ^u wood4 ,( ?is intaglio a ca/ is n[ tak5 9 gutta-p]*a1 to :i* ! electro process 9 copp] be+ appli$1 a plate or matrix is produc$1 be>+ on x an exact repetition ( ! orig9al positive picture4 ,all t n[ rema9s to be done is to repeat ! electro process2 & ! result is a copp]-plate 9 ! necess>y relievo1 ( :i* x has be5 said nature furni%$ ! mat]ials & sci5ce ! arti/1 ! inf]ior workman be+ only ne$$ to roll x ?r\gh ! press4--,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,no4 #bjb4 ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,! ,,soap-,,bubble4 ,few ( ! m9or +5uities ( mank9d h amus$ s _m individuals z ! bl[+ ( bubbles ) soap-la!r f ! b[l ( a tobacco-pipe2 yet h[ few :o 9 *ildhood's c>eless h\rs h ?us amus$ !mselves1 h 9 aft]-life become acqua9t$ ) ! beautiful ph5om5a ( light :i* ! soap-bubble w enable u to illu/rate6 ,usually ! bubble is =m$ )9 ! b[l ( a tobacco-pipe1 & s inflat$ by bl[+ ?r\gh ! /em4 ,x is also produc$ by introduc+ a capill>y tube "u ! surface ( soapy wat]1 & s rais+ a bubble1 :i* may be inflat$ to any conv5i5t size4 ,x is !n gu>d$ ) a glass cov]1 to prev5t its bur/+ by curr5ts ( air1 evaporation1 & o!r causes4 ,:5 ! bubble is fir/ bl[n1 its =m is elliptical1 into :i* x is drawn by its gravity be+ resi/$2 b ! in/ant x is deta*$ f ! pipe1 & all[$ to float 9 air1 x becomes a p]fect sph]e1 s9ce ! air )9 presses equally 9 all directions4 ,!re is also a /rong cohesive attraction 9 ! p>ticles ( soap & wat]1 aft] hav+ be5 =cibly di/5d$2 & z a sph]e or globe possesses less surface ?an any o!r figure ( equal capacity1 x is ( all =ms ! be/ adapt$ to ! close/ approximation ( ! p>ticles ( soap & wat]1 :i* is ano!r reason :y ! bubble is globul>4 ,! film ( :i* ! bubble consi/s is inconceivably ?9 7n exce$+ ! two-million? "p ( an in*72 & by ! evaporation f its surface1 ! contraction & expansion ( ! air )91 & ! t5d5cy ( ! soap-la!r to gravitate t[>ds ! l[] "p ( ! bubble1 & consequ5tly to r5d] ! upp] "p /ill ?9n]1 x foll[s t ! bubble la/s b a few seconds4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x 7 bl[n 9 a glass vessel1 & ! latt] imm$iately clos$1 x might rema9 = "s "t2 ,dr4 ,p>is ?us pres]v$ a bubble = a consid]able p]iod4 ,dr4 ,hooke1 by means ( ! col\r$ r+s ^u ! soap-bubble1 /udi$ ! curi\s subject ( ! col\rs ( ?9 plates1 & its application to expla9 ! col\rs ( natural bodies4 ,v>i\s ph5om5a 7 also discov]$ by ,newton1 :o ?us did n disda9 to make a soap-bubble ! object ( 8 /udy4 ,! col\rs :i* are reflect$ f ! upp] surface ( ! bubble are caus$ by ! decomposition ( ! light :i* falls ^u x2 & ! range ( ! ph5om5a is alike ext5sive & beautiful4#ae ,newton 7says ,sir ,d4 ,brew/]71 hav+ cov]$ ! soap-bubble ) a glass %ade1 saw its col\rs em]ge 9 regul> ord]1 l s _m conc5tric r+s encompass+ ! top ( x4 ,z ! bubble grew ?9n] by ! cont9ual subsid5ce ( ! wat]1 ! r+s dilat$ sl[ly1 & ov]spread ! :ole ( x1 desc5d+ to ! bottom1 :]e !y vani%$ successively4 ,:5 ! col\rs _h all em]g$ f ! top1 !re arose 9 ! c5tre ( ! r+s a small r\nd black spot1 dilat+ x to m ?an half an in* 9 bread? till ! bubble bur/4 ,^u exam9+ ! r+s betwe5 ! object-glasses1 ,newton f\nd t :5 !y 7 only eight or n9e 9 numb]1 m ?an =ty c\ld be se5 by view+ !m ?r\gh a prism2 & ev5 :5 ! plate ( air seem$ all ov] uni=mly :ite1 multitudes ( r+s 7 disclos$ by ! prism4 ,by means ( ^! obs]vations ,newton 0 enabl$ to =m 8 ,scale ( ,col\rs1 ( great value 9 all optical rese>*es4 ,dr4 ,reade has ?us produc$ a p]man5t soap-bubble3 ,put into a six-ounce phial two ounces ( di/ill$ wat]1 & set ! phial 9 a vessel ( wat] boil+ on ! fire4 ,! wat] 9 ! phial w soon boil1 & /eam w issue f its m\?1 expell+ ! :ole ( ! atmosph]ic air f )94 ,!n ?r[ 9 a piece ( soap ab\t ! size ( a small pea1 cork ! phial1 & at ! same in/ant remove x & ! vessel f ! fire4 ,!n press ! cork f>!r into ! neck ( ! phial1 & cov] x ?ickly ) seal+-wax2 & :5 ! cont5ts are cold1 a p]fect vacuum w be =m$ )9 ! bottle1--mu* bett]1 inde$1 ?an c be produc$ by ! be/-con/ruct$ air-pump4 ,to =m a bubble1 hold ! bottle horizontally 9 bo? h&s1 & give x a sudd5 upw>d motion1 :i* w ?r[ ! liquid into a wave1 ^: cre/ t\*+ ! upp] int]ior surface ( ! phial1 ! t5acity ( ! liquid w cause a film to be reta9$ all r\nd ! phial4 ,next place ! phial on its bottom2 :5 ! film w =m a section ( ! cyl9d]1 be+ ne>ly b nev] q horizontal4 ,! film w be n[ col\rless1 s9ce x reflects all ! light :i* falls ^u x4 ,by rema9+ at re/ = a m9ute or two1 m9ute curr5ts ( la!r w desc5d by _! gravitat+ =ce d[n ! incl9$ plane =m$ by ! film1 ! upp] "p ( :i* ?us becomes dra9$ to ! necess>y ?9ness2 & ?is is ! "p to be obs]v$4 ,sev]al conc5tric segm5ts ( col\r$ r+s are produc$2 ! col\rs1 beg9n+ f ! top1 be+ z foll[s3 #a/ ord]3 ,black1 :ite1 yell[1 orange1 r$4 #b;d ord]3 ,purple1 blue1 :ite1 yell[1 r$4 #c;d ord]3 ,purple1 blue1 gre51 yell[i%-gre51 :ite1 r$4 #d? ord]3 ,purple1 blue1 gre51 :ite1 r$4 #e? ord]3 ,gre5i%-blue1 v pale r$4 #f? ord]3 ,gre5i%-blue1 p9k4 #g? ord]3 ,gre5i%-blue1 p9k4 ,z ! segm5ts advance !y get broad]1 :ile ! film becomes ?9n] & ?9n]4 ,! sev]al ord]s disappe> upw>ds z ! film becomes too ?9 to reflect _! col\rs1 until ! fir/ ord] alone rema9s1 occupy+ ! :ole surface ( ! film4 ,( ?is ord] ! r$ disappe>s fir/1 !n ! orange1 & la/ly ! yell[4 ,! film is n[ divid$ by a l9e into two ne>ly equal portions1 "o black & ! o!r :ite4 ,?is rema9s = "s "t2 at l5g? ! film becomes too ?9 to hold toge!r1 & !n vani%es4 ,! col\rs are n fa9t & imp]fect1 b well def9$1 gl[+ ) gorge\s hues1 or melt+ into t9ts s exquisite z to h no rival ?r\gh ! :ole circle ( ! arts4 ,we quote ^! details f ,mr4 ,toml9son's excell5t ,/ud5t's ,manual ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,we f9d ! foll[+ anecdote relat$ ( ,newton at ! above p]iod4 ,:5 ,sir ,isaac *ang$ 8 resid5ce1 & w5t to live 9 ,/4 ,m>t9's ,/reet1 ,leice/] ,squ>e1 8 next-door neighb\r 0 a wid[ lady1 :o 0 mu* puzzl$ by ! little %e obs]v$ ( ! habits ( ! philosoph]4 ,a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society call$ ^u h] "o day1 :51 among h] dome/ic news1 %e m5tion$ t "s "o _h come to reside 9 ! adjo9+ h\se :o1 %e felt c]ta91 0 a poor crazy g5tleman1 8because10 %e cont9u$1 8he div]ts himself 9 ! odde/ way imag9able4 ,e morn+1 :5 ! sun %9es s brightly t we are oblig$ to draw ! w9d[-bl9ds1 he takes 8 seat on a little /ool be=e a tub ( soapsuds1 & occupies himself = h\rs bl[+ soap-bubbles ?r\gh a common clay-pipe1 :i* bubbles he int5tly wat*es float+ ab\t till !y bur/4 ,he is d\btless10 %e add$1 8n[ at 8 fav\rite amusem5t1 = x is a f9e day2 d come & look at him40 ,! g5tleman smil$1 & !y w5t up/airs2 :51 aft] look+ ?r\gh ! /aircase-w9d[ into ! adjo9+ c\rt-y>d1 he turn$ & said3 8,my de> madam1 ! p]son :om y suppose to be a poor lunatic is no o!r ?an ! great ,sir ,isaac ,newton /udy+ ! refraction ( light ^u ?9 plates2 a ph5om5on :i* is beautifully exhibit$ on ! surface ( a common soap-bubble40 ,,light ,,f ,,qu>tz4 ,among natural ph5om5a 7says ,sir ,david ,brew/]7 illu/rative ( ! col\rs ( ?9 plates1 we f9d none m rem>kable ?an "o exhibit$ by ! fracture ( a l>ge cry/al ( qu>tz ( a smoky col\r1 & ab\t two & a qu>t] in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! surface ( fracture1 9 place ( be+ a face or cleavage1 or irregul>ly con*oidal1 z we h sometimes se5 x1 0 filam5t\s1 l a surface ( velvet1 & consi/$ ( %ort fibres1 s small z to be incapable ( reflect+ light4 ,_! size c\ld n h be5 great] ?an ! ?ird ( ! million? "p ( an in*1 or "o-f\r? ( ! ?9ne/ "p ( ! soap-bubble :5 x exhibits ! black spot :]e x bur/s4 ,,c ,,! ,,cat ,,see ,,9 ,,! ,,d>k8 ,no1 9 all probability1 says ! read]2 b ! opposite popul> belief is support$ by em95t naturali/s4 ,buffon says3 8,! eyes ( ! cat %9e 9 ! d>k some:at l diamonds1 :i* ?r[ out dur+ ! night ! light ) :i* !y 7 9 a mann] impregnat$ dur+ ! day40 ,valmont de ,bam>e says3 8,! pupil ( ! cat is dur+ ! night /ill deeply imbu$ ) ! light ( ! day20 & aga91 8! eyes ( ! cat are dur+ ! night s imbu$ ) light t !y !n appe> v %9+ & lum9\s40 ,spallanzani says3 8,! eyes ( cats1 polecats1 & sev]al o!r animals1 %9e 9 ! d>k l two small tap]s20 & he adds t ?is light is phosphoric4 ,treviranus says3 8,! eyes ( ! cat %9e :]e no rays ( light p5etrate2 & ! light mu/ 9 _m1 if n 9 all1 cases proce$ f ! eye itself40 ,n[1 t ! eyes ( ! cat d %9e 9 ! d>k is to a c]ta9 ext5t true3 b we h to inquire :e!r by d>k is meant ! entire abs5ce ( light2 & x w be f\nd t ! solution ( ?is "q w dispose ( sev]al ass]tions & !ories :i* h = c5turies p]plex$ ! subject4 ,dr4 ,k>l ,ludwig ,ess] has publi%$ 9 ,k>/5's ,ar*ives ! results ( an exp]im5tal inquiry on ! lum9\s appe>ance ( ! eyes ( ! cat & o!r animals1 c>efully di/+ui%+ su* z evolve light f ^? :i* only reflect x4 ,hav+ br\ght a cat into a half-d>k5$ room1 he obs]v$ f a c]ta9 direction t ! cat's eyes1 :5 opposite ! w9d[1 sp>kl$ brilliantly2 b 9 o!r positions ! light sudd5ly vani%$4 ,on caus+ ! cat to be held s z to exhibit ! light1 & !n gradually d>k5+ ! room1 ! light disappe>$ by ! "t ! room 0 made q d>k4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 a cat 0 plac$ opposite ! w9d[ 9 a d>k5$ room4 ,a few rays 7 p]mitt$ to ent]1 & by adju/+ ! light1 "o or bo? ( ! cat's eyes 7 made to %9e4 ,9 proportion z ! pupil 0 dilat$1 ! eyes 7 brilliant4 ,by sudd5ly admitt+ a /rong gl>e ( light into ! room1 ! pupil contract$2 & !n sudd5ly d>k5+ ! room1 ! eye exhibit$ a small r\nd lum9\s po9t1 :i* enl>g$ z ! pupil dilat$4 ,! eyes ( ! cat sp>kle mo/ :5 ! animal is 9 a lurk+ position1 or 9 a /ate ( irritation4 ,inde$1 ! eyes ( all animals1 z well z ( man1 appe> bright] :5 9 rage ?an 9 a quiesc5t /ate1 :i* ,coll9s has commemorat$ 9 8 ,ode on ! ,passions3 8,next ,ang] ru%$1 8 eyes on fire40 ,?is brilliancy is said to arise f an increas$ secretion ( ! la*rymal fluid on ! surface ( ! eye1 by :i* ! reflection ( ! light is increas$4 ,dr4 ,ess]1 9 places absolutely d>k1 nev] discov]$ ! slighte/ trace ( light 9 ! eye ( ! cat2 & he has no d\bt t 9 all cases :]e cats' eyes h be5 se5 to %9e 9 d>k places1 su* z a cell>1 light p5etrat$ ?r\gh "s w9d[ or ap]ture1 & fell ^u ! eyes ( ! animal z x turn$ t[>ds ! op5+1 :ile ! obs]v] 0 fav\rably situat$ to obta9 a view ( ! reflection4 ,to prove m cle>ly t ?is light does n dep5d ^u ! w ( ! animal1 nor ^u its angry passions1 exp]im5ts 7 made ^u ! head ( a dead cat4 ,! sun's rays 7 admitt$ ?r\gh a small ap]ture2 & fall+ imm$iately ^u ! eyes1 caus$ !m to gl[ ) a beautiful gre5 light m vivid ev5 ?an 9 ! case ( a liv+ animal1 on acc\nt ( ! increas$ dilatation ( ! pupil4 ,x 0 also rem>k$ t black & fox-col\r$ cats gave a bright] light ?an gray & :ite cats4 ,to asc]ta9 ! cause ( ?is lum9\s appe>ance ,dr4 ,ess] dissect$ ! eyes ( cats1 & expos$ !m to a small regulat$ am\nt ( light aft] hav+ remov$ diff]5t portions4 ,! light 0 n dim9i%$ by ! removal ( ! cornea1 b only *ang$ 9 col\r4 ,! light /ill cont9u$ aft] ! iris 0 displac$2 b on tak+ away ! cry/all9e l5s x greatly dim9i%$ bo? 9 int5sity & col\r4 ,dr4 ,ess] !n conjectur$ t ! tapetum 9 ! h9d] "p ( ! eye mu/ =m a spot :i* caus$ ! reflection ( ! incid5t rays ( light1 & ?us produce ! %9+2 & ?is appe>$ m probable z ! light ( ! eye n[ seem$ to emanate f a s+le spot4 ,hav+ tak5 away ! vitre\s hum\r1 ,dr4 ,ess] obs]v$ t ! entire want ( ! pigm5t 9 ! h9d] "p ( ! *oroid coat1 :]e ! optic n]ve ent]s1 =m$ a gre5i%1 silv]-col\r$1 *angeable oblong spot1 :i* 0 n symmetrical1 b surr\nd$ ! optic n]ve s t ! great] "p 0 above & only ! small] "p bel[ x2 :]e=e ! great] "p lay beyond ! axis ( vision4 ,x is ?is spot1 !re=e1 t produces ! reflection ( ! incid5t rays ( light1 & beyond all d\bt1 accord+ to its t9t1 contributes to ! diff]5t col\r+ ( ! light4 ,x may be z well to expla9 t ! int]ior ( ! eye is coat$ ) a black pigm5t1 :i* has ! same effect z ! black col\r giv5 to ! inn] surface ( optical in/rum5ts3 x absorbs any rays ( light t may be reflect$ )9 ! eye1 & prev5ts !m f be+ ?r[n aga9 ^u ! ret9a s z to int]f]e ) ! di/9ctness ( ! images =m$ ^u x4 ,! ret9a is v transp>5t2 & if ! surface beh9d x1 in/ead ( be+ ( a d>k col\r1 7 capable ( reflect+ light1 ! lum9\s rays :i* _h already act$ on ! ret9a w\ld be reflect$ back aga9 ?r\gh x1 & n only dazzle f excess ( light1 b also confuse & r5d] indi/9ct ! images =m$ on ! ret9a4 ,n[ 9 ! case ( ! cat ?is black pigm5t1 or a portion ( x1 is want+2 & ^? p>ts ( ! eye f :i* x is abs5t1 hav+ ei!r a :ite or a metallic lu/re1 are call$ ! tapetum4 ,! smalle/ portion ( light ent]+ f x is reflect$ z by a concave mirror2 & h5ce x is t ! eyes ( animals provid$ ) ?is /ructure are lum9\s 9 a v fa9t light4 ,^! exp]im5ts & obs]vations %[ t ! %9+ ( ! eyes ( ! cat does n arise f a phosphoric light1 b only f a reflect$ light2 t consequ5tly x is n an effect ( ! w ( ! animal1 or ( viol5t passions2 t _! %9+ does n appe> 9 absolute d>kness2 & t x _c enable ! animal to move securely 9 ! d>k4 ,x has be5 prov$ by exp]im5t t !re exi/s a set ( rays ( light ( f> high] refrangibility ?an ^? se5 9 ! ord9>y ,newtonian spectrum4 ,mr4 ,hunt consid]s x probable t ^! highly refrangible rays1 al?\gh "u ord9>y circum/ances invisible to ! human eye1 may be adapt$ to produce ! necess>y degree ( excitem5t ^u :i* vision dep5ds 9 ! optic n]ves ( ! night-roam+ animals4 ,! bat1 ! owl1 & ! cat may see 9 ! gloom ( ! night by ! aid ( rays :i* are invisible to1 or inactive on1 ! eyes ( man or ^? animals :i* require ! light ( day = p]fect vision4 ,a/ronomy4 ,,! ,,great ,,tru?s ,,( ,,a/ronomy4 ,! difficulty ( und]/&+ ^! m>vell\s tru?s has be5 glanc$ at by an old div9e 7see ,?+s n g5]ally ,kn[n1 p4 #a72 b ! r>ity ( _! full compreh5sion by ^? unskill$ 9 ma!matical sci5ce is m p[]fully urg$ by ,"l ,br\gham 9 ^! cog5t t]ms3 ,satisfy+ himself ( ! laws :i* regulate ! mutual actions ( ! planet>y bodies1 ! ma!matician c conv9ce himself ( a tru? yet m sublime ?an ,newton's discov]y ( gravitation1 ?\gh fl[+ f x2 & mu/ yield 8 ass5t to ! m>vell\s position1 t all ! irregul>ities occasion$ 9 ! sy/em ( ! univ]se by ! mutual attraction ( its memb]s are p]iodical1 & subject to an et]nal law1 :i* prev5ts !m f ev] exce$+ a /at$ am\nt1 & secures ?r\gh all "t ! balanc$ /ructure ( a univ]se compos$ ( bodies ^: mighty bulk & prodigi\s swiftness ( motion mock ! utmo/ ef=ts ( ! human imag9ation4 ,all ^! tru?s are to ! skilful ma!matician z ?or\ghly kn[n1 & _! evid5ce is z cle>1 z ! simple/ proposition ( ari?metic to common und]/&+s4 ,b h[ few are ^? :o ?us "k & compreh5d !m6 ,( all ! millions t ?or\ghly believe ^! tru?s1 c]ta9ly n a ?\s& individuals are capable ( foll[+ ev5 any consid]able portion ( ! demon/rations ^u :i* !y re/2 & probably n a hundr$ n[ liv+ h ev] gone ?r\gh ! :ole /eps ( ^! demon/rations4--,diss]tations on ,subjects ( ,sci5ce connect$ ) ,natural ,!ology1 vol4 ii4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] ?us impressively illu/rates ! same subject3 ,m9ds fitt$ & prep>$ = ?is species ( inquiry are capable ( appreciat+ ! great v>iety ( evid5ce by :i* ! tru?s ( ! planet>y sy/em are e/abli%$2 b ?\s&s ( individuals1 & _m :o are highly di/+ui%$ 9 o!r bran*es ( k1 are incapable ( und]/&+ su* rese>*es1 & view ) a sceptical eye ! great & irrefragable tru?s ( a/ronomy4 ,t ! sun is /ation>y 9 ! c5tre ( our sy/em2 t ! e>? moves r\nd ! sun1 & r\nd its own axis2 t ! diamet] ( ! e>? is #hjjj miles1 & t ( ! sun "o hundr$ & t5 times z great2 t ! e>?'s orbit is #aij1jjj1jjj ( miles 9 bread?2 & t if ?is imm5se space 7 fill$ ) light1 x w\ld appe> only l a lum9\s po9t at ! ne>e/ fix$ />1--are positions absolutely un9telligible & incr$ible to all :o h n c>efully /udi$ ! subject4 ,to millions ( our species1 !n1 ! great ,book ( ,nature is absolutely seal$2 ?\gh x is 9 ! p[] ( all to unfold its pages1 & to p]use ^? gl[+ passages :i* proclaim ! p[] & wisdom ( its ,au?or4 ,,a/ronomy ,,& ,,dates ,,on ,,monum5ts4 ,a/ronomy is a useful aid 9 discov]+ ! ,dates ( anci5t ,monum5ts4 ,?us1 on ! ceil+ ( a portico among ! ru9s ( ,t5tyris are ! twelve signs ( ! ,zodiac1 plac$ accord+ to ! app>5t motion ( ! sun4 ,accord+ to ?is ,zodiac1 ! summ] sol/ice is 9 ,leo2 f :i* x is easy to compute1 by ! precession ( ! equ9oxes ( #eja annually1 t ! ,zodiac ( ,t5tyris mu/ h be5 made #djjj ye>s ago4 ,mrs4 ,som]ville relates t %e once witness$ ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! date ( a ,papyrus by means ( a/ronomy4 ,! manuscript 0 f\nd 9 ,egypt1 9 a mummy-case2 & its antiquity 0 det]m9$ by ! configuration ( ! heav5s at ! "t ( its con/ruction4 ,x prov$ to be a horoscope ( ! "t ( ,ptolemy4 8,,! ,,cry/al ,,vault ,,( ,,heav540 ,?is poetic designation dates back z f> z ! e>ly p]iod ( ,anaxim5es2 b ! fir/ cle>ly def9$ signification ( ! idea on :i* ! t]m is bas$ occurs 9 ,emp$ocles4 ,?is philosoph] reg>d$ ! heav5 ( ! fix$ />s z a solid mass1 =m$ f ! e!r :i* _h be5 r5d]$ cry/all9e by ! action ( fire4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* believ$ ! firmam5t to consi/ ( f sev5 to t5 glassy /rata1 incas+ ea* o!r l ! diff]5t coat+s ( an onion4 ,?is supposition /ill keeps its gr\nd 9 "s ( ! mona/]ies ( s\!rn ,europe1 :]e ,humboldt 0 greatly surpris$ to he> a v5]able prelate express an op9ion 9 ref]5ce to ! fall ( a]olites at ,aigle1 t ! bodies we call$ meteoric /ones ) vitrifi$ cru/s 7 n portions ( ! fall5 /one itself1 b simply fragm5ts ( ! cry/al vault %att]$ by x 9 its fall4 ,emp$ocles ma9ta9$ t ! fix$ />s 7 rivet$ to ! cry/al heav5s2 b t ! planets 7 free & uncon/ra9$4 ,x is difficult to conceive h[1 accord+ to ,plato 9 ! ,timu1 ! fix$ />s1 rivet$ z !y are to solid sph]es1 c\ld rotate indep5d5tly4 ,among ! anci5t views1 x may be m5tion$ t ! equal di/ance at :i* ! />s rema9$1 :ile ! :ole vault ( heav5 seem$ to move f ea/ to we/1 _h l$ to ! idea ( a firmam5t & a solid cry/al sph]e1 9 :i* ,anaxim5es 7:o 0 probably n mu* lat] ?an ,py?agoras7 _h conjectur$ t ! />s 7 rivet$ l nails4 ,,music ,,( ,,! ,,sph]es4 ,! ,py?agoreans1 9 apply+ _! !ory ( numb]s to ! geometrical consid]ation ( ! five regul> bodies1 to ! musical int]vals ( tone :i* det]m9e a ^w & =m diff]5t k9ds ( s\nds1 ext5d$ x ev5 to ! sy/em ( ! univ]se itself2 suppos+ t ! mov+1 &1 z x 71 vibrat+ planets1 excit+ s\nd-waves1 mu/ produce a sph]al music1 accord+ to ! h>monic relations ( _! int]vals ( space4 8,?is music10 !y add1 8w\ld be p]ceiv$ by ! human e>1 if x 0 n r5d]$ ins5sible by extreme famili>ity1 z x is p]petual1 & m5 are accu/om$ to x f *ildhood40 ,! ,py?agoreans affirm1 9 ord] to ju/ify ! reality ( ! tones produc$ by ! revolution ( ! sph]es1 t he>+ takes place only :]e !re is an alt]nation ( s\nd & sil5ce4 ,! inaudibility ( ! sph]al music is also acc\nt$ = by its ov]p[]+ ! s5ses4 ,ari/otle himself calls ! ,py?agorean tone-my? pleas+ & +5i\s1 b untrue4 ,plato attempt$ to illu/rate ! tones ( ! univ]se 9 an agreeable picture1 by attribut+ to ea* ( ! planet>y sph]es a syr51 :o1 support$ by ! /]n daught]s ( ,necessity1 ! ?ree ,fates1 ma9ta9 ! et]nal revolution ( ! _w's axis4 ,m5tion is con/antly made ( ! h>mony ( ! sph]es1 ?\gh g5]ally reproa*fully1 ?r\gh\t ! writ+s ( ,*ri/ian antiquity & ! ,middle ,ages1 f ,basil ! ,great to ,?omas ,aqu9as & ,petrus ,alliacus4 ,at ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,kepl] reviv$ ^! musical ideas1 & s\ght to trace out ! analogies betwe5 ! relations ( tone & ! di/ances ( ! planets2 & ,ty*o ,brahe 0 ( op9ion t ! revolv+ conical bodies 7 capable ( vibrat+ ! cele/ial air 7:at we n[ call 8resi/+ m$ium07 s z to produce tones4 ,yet ,kepl]1 al?\gh he _h talk$ ( ,v5us & ! ,e>? s\nd+ %>p 9 aphelion & flat 9 p]ihelion1 & ! highe/ tone ( ,jupit] & t ( ,v5us co9cid+ 9 flat accord1 positively decl>$ !re to be 8no su* ?+s z s\nds among ! heav5ly bodies1 nor is _! motion s turbul5t z to elicit noise f ! attrition ( ! cele/ial air40 7,see ,?+s n g5]ally ,kn[n1 p4 #dd47 8,,m ,,worlds ,,?an ,,"o40 ,al?\gh ?is op9ion 0 ma9ta9$ incid5tally by v>i\s writ]s bo? on a/ronomy#af & natural religion1 yet ,m4 ,font5elle 0 ! fir/ individual :o wrote a treatise on ! ,plurality ( ,worlds1 :i* appe>$ 9 #afhe1 ! ye> be=e ! publication ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia4 ,font5elle's "w consi/s ( five *apt]s3 #a4 ,! e>? is a planet :i* turns r\nd its axis1 & also r\nd ! sun4 #b4 ,! moon is a habitable _w4 #c4 ,p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! _w 9 ! moon1 & t ! o!r planets are also inhabit$4 #d4 ,p>ticul>s ( ! worlds ( ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn4 #e4 ,! fix$ />s are z _m suns1 ea* ( :i* illum9ates a _w4 ,9 a future edition1 #agai1 ,font5elle add$1 #f4 ,new ?\ghts :i* confirm ^? 9 ! prec$+ conv]sations1 & ! late/ discov]ies :i* h be5 made 9 ! heav5s4 ,! next "w on ! subject 0 ! ,!ory ( ! ,univ]se1 or ,conjectures conc]n+ ! ,cele/ial ,bodies & _! ,inhabitants1 #afih1 by ,*ri/ian ,huyg5s1 ! contempor>y ( ,newton4 ,! doctr9e is ma9ta9$ by almo/ all ! di/+ui%$ a/ronom]s & writ]s :o h fl\ri%$ s9ce ! true figure ( ! e>? 0 det]m9$4 ,giordano ,bruna ( ,nola1 ,kepl]1 & ,ty*o ,brahe1 believ$ 9 x2 & ,c>d9al ,cusa & ,bruno1 be=e ! discov]y ( b9>y sy/ems among ! />s1 believ$ also t ! />s 7 inhabit$4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton likewise adopt$ ! belief2 & ,dr4 ,b5tley1 ,ma/] ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 9 8 eigh? s]mon on ! ,confutation ( ,a!ism f ! orig9 & frame ( ! _w1 has ably ma9ta9$ ! same doctr9e4 ,9 our own day we may numb] among its support]s ! di/+ui%$ names ( ! ,m>quis de la ,place1 ,sir ,william & ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 ,isaac ,taylor1 & ,m4 ,arago4 ,dr4 ,*alm]s ma9ta9s ! doctr9e 9 8 ,a/ronomical ,disc\rses1 :i* "o ,alex&] ,maxwell 7:o did n believe 9 ! gr& tru?s ( a/ronomy7 attempt$ to controv]t1 9 #ahbj1 9 a *apt] ( a volume entitl$ ,plurality ( ,worlds4 ,next appe>$ ,( a ,plurality ( ,worlds1 attribut$ to ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,:ewell1 ,ma/] ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge2 urg+ ! !ological n less ?an ! sci5tific reasons = believ+ 9 ! old tradition ( a s+le _w1 & ma9ta9+ t 8! e>? is really ! l>ge/ planet>y body 9 ! sol> sy/em1--its dome/ic he>?1 & ! only _w 9 ! univ]se40 8,i d n pret5d10 says ,dr4 ,:ewell1 8to disprove ! plurality ( worlds2 b ,i ask 9 va9 = any argum5t :i* makes ! doctr9e probable40 8,x is too remote f k to be ei!r prov$ or disprov$40 ,sir ,david ,brew/] has repli$ to ,dr4 ,:ewell's ,essay1 9 ,m ,worlds ?an ,"o1 ! ,cre$ ( ! ,philosoph] & ! ,hope ( ! ,*ri/ian1 emphatically ma9ta9+ t analogy /rongly c\nt5ances ! idea ( all ! sol> planets1 if n all worlds 9 ! univ]se1 be+ peopl$ ) creatures n dissimil> 9 be+ & nature to ! inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,?is view is support$ 9 ,sci5tific ,c]ta9ties ( ,planet>y ,life1 by ,t4 ,c4 ,simon1 :o well treats "o po9t ( ! argum5t--t m]e di/ance ( ! planets f ! c5tral sun does n det]m9e ! condition z to light & heat1 b t ! d5sity ( ! e!real m$ium ent]s l>gely into ! calculation4 ,mr4 ,simon's g5]al conclusion is1 t 8nei!r on acc\nt ( defici5t or excessive heat1 nor ) reg>d to ! d5sity ( ! mat]ials1 nor ) reg>d to ! =ce ( gravity on ! surface1 is !re ! slighte/ pretext = suppos+ t all ! planets ( our sy/em are n inhabit$ by intellectual creatures ) animal bodies l ourselves1--moral be+s1 :o "k & love _! great ,mak]1 & :o wait1 l ! re/ ( ,8 creation1 ^u ,8 provid5ce & ^u ,8 c>e40 ,"o ( ! lead+ po9ts ( ,dr4 ,:ewell's ,essay is1 t we %\ld n elevate ! conjectures ( analogy into ! rank ( sci5tific c]ta9ties2 & t 8! =ce ( all ! presumptions drawn f physical reason+ = ! op9ion ( planets & />s be+ ei!r inhabit$ or un9habit$ is s small1 t ! belief ( all ?\ghtful p]sons on ?is subject w be det]m9$ by moral1 metaphysical1 & !ological consid]ations40 ,,worlds ,,to ,,come--,,abodes ,,( ,,! ,,ble/4 ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 9 8 eloqu5t advocacy ( ! doctr9e ( 8m worlds ?an "o10 ?us argues = _! peopl+3 ,man1 9 8 future /ate ( exi/5ce1 is to consi/1 z at pres5t1 ( a spiritual nature resid+ 9 a corporeal frame4 ,he mu/ live1 !re=e1 ^u a mat]ial planet1 subject to all ! laws ( matt]1 & p]=m+ functions = :i* a mat]ial body is indisp5sable4 ,we mu/ consequ5tly f9d = ! race ( ,adam1 if n races t may h prec$$ him1 a mat]ial home ^u :i* !y may reside1 or by :i* !y may travel1 by means unkn[n to u1 to o!r localities 9 ! univ]se4 ,at ! pres5t h\r1 ! inhabitants ( ! e>? are ne>ly a ?\s& millions2 & by :atev] process we may compute ! numb]s t h exi/$ be=e ! pres5t g5]ation1 & e/imate ^? t are yet to inh]it ! e>?1 we %all obta9 a population :i* ! habitable p>ts ( our globe c\ld n possibly accommodate4 ,if !re is n room1 !n1 on our e>? = ! millions ( millions ( be+s :o h liv$ & di$ ^u its surface1 & :o may yet live & die dur+ ! p]iod fix$ = its occupation by man1 we c sc>cely d\bt t _! future abode mu/ be on "s ( ! prim>y or second>y planets ( ! sol> sy/em1 ^: inhabitants h ceas$ to exi/ l ^? on ! e>?1 or ^u planets 9 our own or 9 o!r sy/ems :i* h be5 9 a /ate ( prep>ation1 z our e>? 01 = ! adv5t ( intellectual life4 8,,gaug+ ,,! ,,heav5s40 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 9 #aghe1 conceiv$ ! happy idea ( c\nt+ ! numb] ( />s :i* pass$ at diff]5t heights & 9 v>i\s directions ov] ! field ( view1 ( fifte5 m9utes 9 diamet]1 ( 8 tw5ty-feet reflect+ telescope4 ,! field ( view ea* "t embrac$ only #a_/hccjjj? ( ! :ole heav5s2 & x w\ld !re=e require1 accord+ to ,/ruve1 eighty-?ree ye>s to gauge ! :ole sph]e by a simil> process4 ,,velocity ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em4 ,m4 ,f4 ,w4 ,g4 ,/ruve gives z ! spl5did result ( ! unit$ /udies ( ,,mm4 ,argel&]1 ,o4 ,/ruve1 & ,pet]s1 gr\nd$ on obs]vations made at ! ?ree ,russian obs]vatories ( ,dorpat1 ,abo1 & ,pulk[a1 8t ! velocity ( ! motion ( ! sol> sy/em 9 space is su* t ! sun1 ) all ! bodies :i* dep5d ^u x1 advances annually t[>ds ! con/ellation ,h]cules#ag #afbc times ! radius ( ! e>?'s orbit1 or #cc1eej1jjj geographical miles4 ,! possible error ( ?is la/ numb] am\nts to #a1gcc1jjj geographical miles1 or to a sev5? ( ! :ole value4 ,we may1 !n1 wag] #djj1jjj to #a t ! sun has a prop] progressive motion1 & #a to #a t x is compris$ betwe5 ! limits ( ?irty-eight & tw5ty-n9e millions ( geographical miles40 ,t is1 tak+ #ie1jjj1jjj ( ,engli% miles z ! mean radius ( ! ,e>?'s orbit1 we h #ie #afbc #aedahe millions ( miles2 & consequ5tly1 ,engli% ,miles4 ,! velocity ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em #aed1ahe1jjj 9 ! ye>4 0 0 #dbb1dbd 9 a day4 0 0 #ag1fja 9 an h\r4 0 0 #bic 9 a m9ute4 0 0 #eg 9 a second4 ,! ,sun & all 8 planets1 prim>y & second>y1 are !re=e n[ 9 rapid motion r\nd an invisible focus4 ,to t n[ d>k & my/]i\s c5tre1 f :i* no ray1 h[ev] feeble1 %9es1 we may 9 ano!r age po9t our telescopes1 detect+ p]*ance ! great lum9>y :i* controls our sy/em & b\nds its pa?3 into t va/ orbit man1 dur+ ! :ole cycle ( 8 race1 may nev] be all[$ to r\nd4--,nor?-,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #af4 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,m4 ,arago has f\nd1 by exp]im5ts ) ! pol>iscope1 t ! light ( gase\s bodies is natural light :5 x issues f ! burn+ surface2 al?\gh ?is circum/ance does n prev5t its subsequ5t complete pol>isation1 if subject$ to suitable reflections or refractions4 ,h5ce we obta9 a mo/ simple me?od ( discov]+ ! nature ( ! sun at a di/ance ( =ty millions ( leagues4 ,= if ! light emanat+ f ! m>g9 ( ! sun1 & radiat+ f ! sol> sub/ance at an acute angle1 rea* u )\t hav+ exp]i5c$ any s5sible reflections or refractions 9 its passage to ! e>?1 & if x (f] traces ( pol>isation1 ! sun mu/ be a solid or a liquid body4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 ! light emanat+ f ! sun's m>g9 give no indications ( pol>isation1 ! inc&esc5t portion ( ! sun mu/ be gase\s4 ,x is by means ( su* a me?odical sequ5ce ( obs]vations t we may acquire exact ideas reg>d+ ! physical con/itution ( ! sun4--,note to ,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 iii4 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,lum9\s ,,disc ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,! extraord9>y /ructure ( ! fully lum9\s ,disc ( ! ,sun1 z se5 ?r\gh ,sir ,james ,s\?'s great a*romatic1 9 a draw+ made by ,mr4 ,gwilt1 resembles compress$ curd1 or :ite almond-soap1 or a mass ( asbe/os fibres1 ly+ 9 a quaquav]sus direction1 & compress$ into a solid mass4 ,!re c be no illusion 9 ?is ph5om5on2 x is se5 by e p]son ) good vision1 & on e "p ( ! sun's lum9\s surface or envelope1 :i* is ?us %[n to be n a flame1 b a s(t solid or ?ick fluid1 ma9ta9$ 9 an inc&esc5t /ate by subjac5t heat1 capable ( be+ di/urb$ by diff]5ces ( temp]ature1 & brok5 up z we see x :5 ! sun is cov]$ ) spots or op5+s 9 ! lum9\s matt]4--,nor?-,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #af4 ,cop]nicus nam$ ! sun ! lant]n ( ! _w 7luc]na mundi72 & ,!on ( ,smyrna call$ x ! he>t ( ! univ]se4 ,! mass ( ! sun is1 accord+ to ,encke's calculation ( ,sab9e's p5dulum =mula1 #cei1eea times t ( ! e>?1 or #cee1dii times t ( ! e>? & moon toge!r2 :5ce ! d5sity ( ! sun is only ab\t 7or m accurately #jbeb7 t ( ! e>?4 ,! volume ( ! sun is #fjj times great]1 & its mass1 accord+ to ,galle1 #gch times great]1 ?an t ( all ! planets comb9$4 ,x may assi/ ! m9d 9 conceiv+ a s5su\s image ( ! magnitude ( ! sun1 if we rememb] t if ! sol> sph]e 7 entirely holl[$ out1 & ! e>? plac$ 9 its c5tre1 !re w\ld /ill be room en\gh = ! moon to describe its orbit1 ev5 if ! radius ( ! latt] 7 increas$ #afj1jjj geographical miles4 ,a railway-eng9e1 mov+ at ! rate ( ?irty miles an h\r1 w\ld require #cfj ye>s to travel f ! e>? to ! sun4 ,! diamet] ( ! sun is r m ?an "o hundr$ & elev5 times ! diamet] ( ! e>?4 ,!re=e ! volume or bulk ( ! sun mu/ be ne>ly "o million f\r hundr$ ?\s& times t ( ! e>?4 ,la/ly1 if all ! bodies compos+ ! sol> sy/em 7 =m$ into "o globe1 x w\ld be only ab\t ! five-hundr$? "p ( ! size ( ! sun4 ,,great ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,on ,,! ,,horizon ,,expla9$4 ,! dilat$ size 7g5]ally7 ( ! ,sun or ,moon1 :5 se5 ne> ! horizon1 beyond :at !y appe> to h :5 high up 9 ! sky1 has no?+ to d ) refraction4 ,x is an illusion ( ! judgm5t1 aris+ f ! t]re/rial objects int]pos$1 or plac$ 9 close comp>ison ) !m4 ,9 t situation we view & judge ( !m z we d ( t]re/rial objects--9 detail1 & ) an acquir$ att5tion to p>ts4 ,al(t we h no association to guide u1 & _! insulation 9 ! expanse ( ! sky leads u r to und]value ?an to ov]-rate _! app>5t magnitudes4 ,actual measurem5t ) a prop] in/rum5t corrects our error1 )\t1 h[ev]1 dispell+ our illusion4 ,by ?is we le>n t ! sun1 :5 j on ! horizon1 subt5ds at our eyes almo/ exactly ! same1 & ! moon a mat]ially less1 angle ?an :5 se5 at a great] altitude 9 ! sky1 ow+ to its great] di/ance f u 9 ! =m] situation z comp>$ ) ! latt]4--,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ,outl9es4 ,,translatory ,,motion ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,?is ph5om5on is ! progressive motion ( ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! :ole sol> sy/em 9 univ]sal space4 ,its velocity1 accord+ to ,bessel1 is probably f\r millions ( miles daily1 9 a relative velocity to t ( #fa ,cygni ( at lea/ #c1ccf1jjj miles1 or m ?an d\ble ! velocity ( ! revolution ( ! e>? 9 h] orbit r\nd ! sun4 ,?is *ange ( ! entire sol> sy/em w\ld rema9 unkn[n to u1 if ! admirable exactness ( our a/ronomical in/rum5ts ( measurem5t1 & ! advancem5t rec5tly made 9 ! art ( obs]v+1 did n cause our progress t[>ds remote />s to be p]ceptible1 l an approximation to ! objects ( a di/ant %ore 9 app>5t motion4 ,! prop] motion ( ! /> #fa ,cygni1 = in/ance1 is s consid]able1 t x has am\nt$ to a :ole degree 9 ! c\rse ( #gjj ye>s4--,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 i4 ,,! ,,sun',s ,,light ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,t]re/rial ,,lights4 ,mr4 ,ponton has by means ( a simple mono*romatic photomet] asc]ta9$ t a small surface1 illum9at$ by mean sol> light1 is #ddd times bright] ?an :5 x is illum9at$ by a mod]ator lamp1 & #aefj times bright] ?an :5 x is illum9at$ by a wax-c&le 7%ort six 9 ! lb47--! artificial light be+ 9 bo? in/ances plac$ at two in*es' di/ance f ! illum9at$ surface4 ,& ?ree electric lights1 ea* equal to #ebj wax-c&les1 w r5d] a small surface z bright z :5 x is illum9at$ by mean sun%9e4 ,x is !nce inf]r$1 t a /ratum occupy+ ! entire surface ( ! sph]e ( :i* ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun is ! radius1 & consi/+ ( ?ree lay]s ( flame1 ea* #a_/ajjj? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 ea* possess+ a brightness equal to t ( su* an electric light1 & all ?ree embrac$ )9 a ?ickness ( #a_/dj? ( an in*1 w\ld give an am\nt ( illum9ation equal 9 quantity & int5sity to t ( ! sun at ! di/ance ( #ie millions ( miles f 8 c5tre4 ,& 7 su* a /ratum transf]r$ to ! surface ( ! sun1 :]e x w\ld occupy #df1bge times less area1 its ?ickness w\ld be increas$ to #id feet1 & x w\ld embrace #ach1hbe lay]s ( flame1 equal 9 brightness to ! electric light2 b ! same effect might be produc$ by a /ratum ab\t n9e miles 9 ?ickness1 embrac+ #gb millions ( lay]s1 ea* hav+ only a brightness equal to t ( a wax-c&le4#ah ,,act9ic ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,wat]/on1 9 #aheg1 made at ,bombay "s exp]im5ts on ! photographic p[] ( ! sun's direct light1 to obta9 data 9 an inquiry z to ! possibility ( measur+ ! diamet] ( ! sun to a v m9ute fraction ( a second1 by comb9+ photography ) ! pr9ciple ( ! electric telegraph2 ! fir/ to measure ! elem5t space1 ! latt] ! elem5t "t4 ,! result is t ab\t #a_/bjjjj? ( a second is suffici5t exposure to ! direct light ( ! sun to obta9 a di/9ct m>k on a s5sitive collodion plate1 :5 develop$ by ! usual processes2 & ! duration ( ! sun's full action on any "o po9t is ab\t #a_/ijjj? ( a second4 ,m4 ,s*att1 a "y pa9t] ( ,b]l91 aft] #aejj exp]im5ts1 succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a scale ( all ! %ades ( black :i* ! action ( ! sun produces on photographic pap]2 s t by comp>+ ! %ade obta9$ at any giv5 mom5t on a c]ta9 pap] ) t indicat$ on ! scale1 ! exact =ce ( ! sun's light may be det]m9$4 ,,heat+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,all mov+ p[] has its orig9 9 ! rays ( ! sun4 ,:ile ,/eph5son's iron tubul> railway-bridge ov] ! ,m5ai ,/raits1 #djj feet long1 b5ds b half an in* "u ! heavie/ pressure ( a tra91 x w b5d up an in* & a half f its usual horizontal l9e :5 ! sun %9es on x = "s h\rs4 ,! ,bunk]-,hill monum5t1 ne> ,bo/on1 ,u4,s41 is high] 9 ! ev5+ ?an 9 ! morn+ ( a sunny day2 ! little sunbeams ent] ! pores ( ! /one l s _m w$ges1 lift+ x up4 ,9 w9t]1 ! ,e>? is ne>] ! ,sun by ab\t #a_/cj ?an 9 summ]2 b ! rays /rike ! nor!rn hemisph]e m obliquely 9 w9t] ?an ! o!r half ye>4 ,m4 ,p\illet has e/imat$1 ) s+ul> +5uity1 f a s]ies ( obs]vations made by himself1 t ! :ole quantity ( heat :i* ! ,e>? receives annually f ! ,sun is su* z w\ld be suffici5t to melt a /ratum ( ice cov]+ ! entire globe =ty-six feet deep4 ,by ! action ( ! sun's rays ^u ! e>?1 vegetables1 animals1 & man1 are 9 _! turn support$2 ! rays become likewise1 z x 71 a /ore ( heat1 & 8! s\rces ( ^? great deposits ( dynamical effici5cy :i* are laid up = human use 9 our coal /rata0 7,h]s*el74 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ! p[] ( ! sun's rays is record$ at ,/oneh\se ,po9t1 ,devon1 9 ! ye> #ahbh4 ,to lay ! f\ndation ( a sea-wall ! workm5 _h to desc5d 9 a div+-bell1 :i* 0 fitt$ ) convex glasses 9 ! upp] "p1 by :i*1 on sev]al occasions 9 cle> wea!r1 ! sun's rays 7 s conc5trat$ z to burn ! lab\r]s' clo!s :5 oppos$ to ! focal po9t1 & ?is :5 ! bell 0 tw5ty-five feet "u ! surface ( ! wat]6 ,,cause ,,( ,,d>k ,,col\r ,,( ,,! ,,sk94 ,d>kness ( complexion has be5 attribut$ to ! sun's p[] f ! age ( ,solomon to ?is day1--8,look n ^u me1 because ,i am black1 because ! sun ha? look$ ^u me30 & !re _c be a d\bt t1 to a c]ta9 degree1 ! op9ion is well f\nd$4 ,! invisible rays 9 ! sol> beams1 :i* *ange vegetable col\r1 & h be5 employ$ ) su* rem>kable effect 9 ! dagu]reotype1 act ^u e sub/ance on :i* !y fall1 produc+ my/]i\s & wond]ful *anges 9 _! molecul> /ate1 man n except$4--,mrs4 ,som]ville4 ,,extreme ,,sol> ,,heat4 ,! fluctuation 9 ! sun's direct heat+ p[] am\nts to #a_/ae?1 :i* is too consid]able a fraction ( ! :ole int5sity n to aggravate 9 a s]i\s degree ! suff]+s ( ^? :o are expos$ to x 9 ?ir/y des]ts )\t %elt]4 ,! am\nt ( ^! suff]+s1 9 ! int]ior ( ,au/ralia = in/ance1 are ( ! mo/ frightful k9d1 & w\ld seem f> to exce$ :at h ev] be5 und]gone by travell]s 9 ! nor!rn des]ts ( ,africa4 ,?us ,capta9 ,/urt1 9 8 acc\nt ( 8 ,au/ralian exploration1 says3 8,! gr\nd 0 almo/ a molt5 surface2 & if a mat* accid5tally fell ^u x1 x imm$iately ignit$40 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has obs]v$ ! temp]ature ( ! surface soil 9 ,s\? ,africa z high z #aei ,fahr5heit4 ,an ord9>y lucif]-mat* does n ignite :5 simply press$ ^u a smoo? surface at #bab2 b 9 ! act ( )draw+ x x takes fire1 & ! slighte/ friction ^u su* a surface ( c\rse ignites x4 ,,h[ ,,dr4 ,,wolla/on ,,comp>$ ,,! ,,light ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,! ,,fix$ ,,/>s4 ,9 ord] to comp>e ! ,light ( ! ,sun ) t ( a ,/>1 ,dr4 ,wolla/on took z an int]m$iate object ( comp>ison ! light ( a c&le reflect$ f a bulb ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]1 fill$ ) quicksilv]2 & se5 by "o eye ?r\gh a l5s ( two in*es focus1 at ! same "t t ! /> on ! sun's image1 plac$ at a prop] di/ance1 0 view$ by ! o!r eye ?r\gh a telescope4 ,! mean ( v>i\s trials seem$ to %[ t ! light ( ,sirius is equal to t ( ! sun se5 9 a glass bulb #a_/aj? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 at ! di/ance ( #baj feet2 or t !y are 9 ! proportion ( "o to t5 ?\s& millions3 b z ne>ly "o half ( ?is light is lo/ by reflection1 ! real proportion betwe5 ! light f ,sirius & ! sun is n great] ?an t ( "o to tw5ty ?\s& millions4 8,,! ,,sun ,,d>k5$40 ,humboldt selects ! foll[+ example f hi/orical records z to ! occurr5ce ( a sudd5 decrease 9 ! light ( ! ,sun3 ,a4,d4 #cc1 ! ye> ( ! ,crucifixion4 8,n[ f ! six? h\r !re 0 d>kness ov] all ! l& till ! n9? h\r0 7,/4 ,mat!w xxvii4 #de74 ,accord+ to ,/4 ,luke 7xxiii4 #de71 8! sun 0 d>k5$40 ,9 ord] to expla9 & corroborate ^! n>rations1 ,eusebius br+s =w>d an eclipse ( ! sun 9 ! #bjb;d ,olympiad1 :i* _h be5 notic$ by ! *ronicl] ,phlegon ( ,tralles 7,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ,ma!m4 ,*ronologie1 ,bd4 ii4 p4 #dag74 ,wurn1 h[ev]1 has %[n t ! eclipse :i* occurr$ dur+ ?is ,olympiad1 & 0 visible ov] ! :ole ( ,asia ,m9or1 mu/ h happ5$ z e>ly z ! #bd? ( ,novemb] #bi ,a4,d4 ,! day ( ! ,crucifixion correspond$ ) ! ,jewi% ,passov] 7,idel]1 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #eae-ebj71 on ! #ad? ( ! mon? ,nisan1 & ! ,passov] 0 always celebrat$ at ! "t ( ! full moon4 ,! sun _c !re=e h be5 d>k5$ = ?ree h\rs by ! moon4 ,! ,jesuit ,s*e9] ?9ks ! decrease 9 ! light might be ascrib$ to ! occurr5ce ( l>ge sun-spots4 ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,t]re/rial ,,magnetism4 ,! important influ5ce ex]t$ by ! ,sun's body1 z a mass1 ^u ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 is confirm$ by ,sab9e 9 ! +5i\s obs]vation1 t ! p]iod at :i* ! int5sity ( ! magnetic =ce is greate/1 & ! direction ( ! ne$le mo/ ne> to ! v]tical l9e1 falls 9 bo? hemisph]es betwe5 ! mon?s ( ,octob] & ,febru>y2 t is to say1 precisely at ! "t :5 ! e>? is ne>e/ to ! sun1 & moves 9 its orbit ) ! greate/ velocity4 ,,is ,,! ,,heat ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,decreas+8 ,! ,heat ( ! ,sun is dissipat$ & lo/ by radiation1 & mu/ be progressively dim9i%$ unless its !rmal en]gy be suppli$4 ,accord+ to ! measurem5ts ( ,m4 ,p\illet1 ! quantity ( heat giv5 out by ! sun 9 a ye> is equal to t :i* w\ld be produc$ by ! combu/ion ( a /ratum ( coal sev5te5 miles 9 ?ickness2 & if ! sun's capacity = heat be assum$ equal to t ( wat]1 & ! heat be suppos$ drawn uni=mly f its entire mass1 its temp]ature w\ld !reby und]go a dim9ution ( #bjd ,fahr4 annually4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a va/ /ore ( =ce 9 our sy/em capable ( conv]sion into heat4 ,if1 z is indicat$ by ! small d5sity ( ! sun1 & by o!r circum/ances1 t body has n yet rea*$ ! condition ( incompressibility1 we h 9 ! future approximation ( its p>ts a fund ( heat1 probably q l>ge en\gh to supply ! wants ( ! human family to ! end ( its soj\rn "h4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t an am\nt ( cond5sation :i* w\ld dim9i% ! diamet] ( ! sun by only ! t5-?\s&? "p1 w\ld suffice to re/ore ! heat emitt$ 9 #bjjj ye>s4 ,,univ]sal ,,sun-,,dial4 ,mr4 ,%>p1 ( ,dubl91 exhibit$ to ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahdi a ,dial1 consi/+ ( a cyl9d] set to ! day ( ! mon?1 & !n elevat$ to ! latitude4 ,a ?9 plane ( metal1 9 ! direction ( its axis1 is !n turn$ by a mill$ head bel[ x till ! %ad[ is a m9imum1 :5 a dial on ! top %[s ! h\rs by "o h&1 & ! m9utes by ano!r1 to ! precision ( ab\t ?ree m9utes4 ,,l5g? ,,( ,,days ,,at ,,! ,,poles4 ,dur+ ! summ]1 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 places ne> ! ,nor? ,pole are 9 cont9ual sunlight--! sun nev] sets to !m2 :ile dur+ t "t places ne> ! ,s\? ,pole nev] see ! sun4 ,:5 x is summ] 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & ! sun %9es on ! ,s\? ,pole )\t sett+1 ! ,nor? ,pole is entirely depriv$ ( 8 light4 ,inde$1 at ! ,poles !re is b "o day & "o night2 = ! sun %9es = six mon?s toge!r on "o ,pole1 & ! o!r six mon?s on ! o!r ,pole4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,di/ance ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,is ,,asc]ta9$ ,,by ,,! ,,y>d-,,measure4 ,pr(essor ,airy1 9 8 ,six ,lectures on ,a/ronomy1 gives a ma/]ly analysis ( a problem ( consid]able intricacy1 viz4 ! det]m9ation ( ! p>allax ( ! sun1 & consequ5tly ( 8 di/ance1 by obs]vations ( ! transit ( ,v5us1 ! connect+ l9k betwe5 measures ^u ! e>?'s surface & ! dim5sions ( our sy/em4 ,! fur!r /ep ( inve/igat+ ! p>allax1 & consequ5tly ! di/ance ( ! fix$ />s 7:]e t is practicable71 is also elucidat$2 & ! au?or1 ) evid5t satisfaction1 ?us sums up ! sev]al /eps3 ,by means ( a y>d-measure1 a base-l9e 9 a survey 0 measur$2 f ?is1 by ! triangulations & computations ( a survey1 an arc ( m]idian on ! e>? 0 measur$2 f ?is1 ) prop] obs]vations ) ! z5i? sector1 ! surveys be+ also repeat$ on diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 ! e>?'s =m & dim5sions 7 asc]ta9$2 f ^!1 & a previ\s indep5d5t k ( ! proportions ( ! di/ances ( ! e>? & o!r planets f ! sun1 ) obs]vations ( ! transit ( ,v5us1 ! sun's di/ance is det]m9$2 & f ?is1 ) obs]vations lead+ to ! p>allax ( ! />s1 ! di/ance ( ! />s is det]m9$4 ,& e /ep 9 ! process c be di/9ctly ref]r$ to its basis1 t is1 ! y>d-measure4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,tides ,,are ,,produc$ ,,by ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,moon4 ,ea* ( ^! bodies excites1 by its attraction ^u ! wat]s ( ! sea1 two gigantic waves1 :i* fl[ 9 ! same direction r\nd ! _w z ! attract+ bodies !mselves app>5tly d4 ,! two waves ( ! moon1 on acc\nt ( h] great] ne>ness1 are ab\t #c times z l>ge z ^? excit$ by ! sun4 ,"o ( ^! waves has its cre/ on ! qu>t] ( ! e>?'s surface :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! moon2 ! o!r is at ! opposite side4 ,bo? ^! qu>t]s possess ! fl[ ( ! tide1 :ile ! regions :i* lie betwe5 h ! ebb4 ,al?\gh 9 ! op5 sea ! height ( ! tide am\nts to only ab\t ?ree feet1 & only 9 c]ta9 n>r[ *annels1 :]e ! mov+ wat] is squeez$ toge!r1 rises to ?irty feet1 ! might ( ! ph5om5on is nev]!less manife/ f ! calculation ( ,bessel1 accord+ to :i* a qu>t] ( ! e>? cov]$ by ! sea possesses dur+ ! fl[ ( ! tide ab\t #be1jjj cubic miles ( wat] m ?an dur+ ! ebb2 & t1 !re=e1 su* a mass ( wat] mu/ 9 #f h\rs fl[ f "o qu>t] ( ! e>? to ! o!r4--,pr(essor ,helmholtz4 ,,spots ,,on ,,! ,,sun4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el describes ^! ph5om5a1 :5 wat*$ f day to day1 or ev5 f h\r to h\r1 z appe>+ to enl>ge or contract1 to *ange _! =ms1 & at l5g? disappe> altoge!r1 or to break out anew 9 p>ts ( ! surface :]e none 7 be=e4 ,occasionally !y break up or divide into two or m4 ,! scale on :i* _! movem5ts takes place is imm5se4 ,a s+le second ( angul> measure1 z se5 f ! e>?1 corresponds on ! sun's disc to #dfa miles2 & a circle ( ?is diamet] 7conta9+ !re=e ne>ly #afg1jjj squ>e miles7 is ! lea/ space :i* c be di/9ctly disc]n$ on ! sun z a visible area4 ,spots h be5 obs]v$1 h[ev]1 ^: l9e> diamet] has be5 upw>ds ( #de1jjj miles2 & ev51 if "s records are to be tru/$1 ( v mu* great] ext5t4 ,t su* a spot %\ld close up 9 six weeks "t 7= !y seldom la/ mu* long]71 its bord]s mu/ approa* at ! rate ( m ?an #ajjj miles a-day4 ,! same a/ronom] saw at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 on ! #bi? ,m>* #ahcg1 a sol> spot occupy+ an area ( ne> five squ>e m9utes1 equal to #c1ghj1jjj1jjj squ>e miles4 8,! black c5tre ( ! spot ( ,may #be?1 #ahcg 7n ! t5? "p ( ! prec$+ "o71 w\ld h all[$ ! globe ( our e>? to drop ?r\gh x1 leav+ a ?\s& miles cle> ( contact on all sides ( t trem5d\s gulf40 ,= su* an am\nt ( di/urbance on ! sun's atmosph]e1 :at reason c be assign$8 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,dawes has inv5t$ a peculi> contrivance1 by means ( :i* he has be5 enabl$ to scrut9ise1 "u high magnify+ p[]1 m9ute portions ( ! sol> disc4 ,he places a metallic scre51 pi]c$ ) a v small hole1 9 ! focus ( ! telescope1 :]e ! image ( ! sun is =m$4 ,a small portion only ( ! image is ?us all[$ to pass ?r\gh1 s t x may be exam9$ by ! eye-piece )\t inconv5i5c+ ! obs]v] by heat or gl>e4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 ,mr4 ,dawes has obs]v$ peculi>ities 9 ! con/itution ( ! sun's surface :i* are disc]nible 9 no o!r way4 ,be=e ^! obs]vations1 ! d>k spots se5 on ! sun's surface 7 suppos$ to be portions ( ! solid body ( ! sun1 laid b>e to our view by ^? imm5se fluctuations 9 ! lum9\s regions ( its atmosph]e to :i* x appe>s to be subject4 ,x n[ appe>s t ^! d>k portions are only an additional & inf]ior /ratum ( a v feebly lum9\s or illum9at$ portion ( ! sun's atmosph]e4 ,?is aga9 9 its turn ,mr4 ,dawes has frequ5tly se5 pi]c$ ) a small] & usually mu* m r\nd$ ap]ture1 :i* w\ld seem at la/ to af=d a view ( ! real sol> surface ( mo/ int5se blackness4 ,m4 ,s*wabe1 ( ,dessau1 has discov]$ t ! abundance or paucity ( spots display$ by ! sun's surface is subject to a law ( p]iodicity4 ,?is has be5 confirm$ by ,m4 ,wolf1 ( ,b]ne1 :o %[s t ! p]iod ( ^! *anges1 f m9imum to m9imum1 is #aa ye>s & #aa-;hundr$?s ( a ye>1 be+ exactly at ! rate ( n9e p]iods p] c5tury1 ! la/ ye> ( ea* c5tury be+ a ye> ( m9imum4 ,x is /rongly corroborative ( ! correctness bo? ( ,m4 ,wolf's p]iod & also ( ! p]iodicity itself1 t ( all ! in/ances ( ! appe>ance ( spots on ! sun record$ 9 hi/ory1 ev5 be=e ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 or ( rem>kable defici5cies 9 ! sun's light1 ( :i* !re are great numb]s1 only two are f\nd to deviate z mu* z two ye>s f ,m4 ,wolf's epo*s4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el obs]v$ t ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( spots _h an influ5ce on ! temp]ature ( ! seasons2 8 obs]vations h be5 fully confirm$ by ,m4 ,wolf4 ,&1 f an exam9ation ( ! *ronicles ( ,zuri* f ,a4,d4 #ajjj to ,a4,d4 #ahjj1 he has come to ! conclusion 8t ye>s ri* 9 sol> spots are 9 g5]al dri] & m fruitful ?an ^? ( an opposite "*2 :ile ! latt] are wett] & m /ormy ?an ! =m]40 ,! mo/ extraord9>y fact1 h[ev]1 9 connection ) ! spots on ! sun's surface1 is ! s+ul> co9cid5ce ( _! p]iods ) ^? great di/urbances 9 ! magnetic sy/em ( ! e>? to :i* ! epi!t ( 8magnetic /orms0 has be5 affix$4 ,^! di/urbances1 dur+ :i* ! magnetic ne$le is greatly & univ]sally agitat$ 7n 9 a p>ticul> limit$ locality1 b at "o & ! same in/ant ( "t ov] :ole cont95ts1 or ev5 ov] ! :ole e>?71 are f\nd1 s f> z obs]vation has hi!rto ext5d$1 to ma9ta9 a p>allel1 bo? 9 respect ( _! frequ5cy ( occurr5ce & int5sity 9 successive ye>s1 ) ! abundance & magnitude ( ! spots 9 ! same ye>s1 too close to be reg>d$ z =tuit\s4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ! epo*s ( maxima & m9ima 9 ! two s]ies ( ph5om5a am\nts1 inde$1 to id5tity2 a fact evid5tly ( mo/ important significance1 b :i* nei!r a/ronomical nor magnetic sci5ce is yet suffici5tly advanc$ to int]pret4--,h]s*el's ,outl9es4 ,! signification & connection ( ! above v>y+ ph5om5a 7,humboldt ma9ta9s7 c nev] be manife/$ 9 _! entire importance until an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( repres5tations ( ! sun's spots c be obta9$ by ! aid ( me*anical clock-"w & photographic app>atus1 z ! result ( prolong$ obs]vations dur+ ! _m mon?s ( s]5e wea!r enjoy$ 9 a tropical climate4 ,m4 ,s*wabe has ?us di/+ui%$ himself z an indefatigable obs]v] ( ! sun's spots1 = 8 rese>*es receiv$ ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society's ,m$al 9 #aheg4 8,= ?irty ye>s10 said ! ,presid5t at ! pres5tation1 8nev] has ! sun exhibit$ 8 disc above ! horizon ( ,dessau )\t be+ confront$ by ,s*wabe's imp]turbable telescope2 & t appe>s to h happ5$ on an av]age ab\t #cjj days a-ye>4 ,s1 suppos+ t he _h obs]v$ b once a-day1 he has made #ijjj obs]vations1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he discov]$ ab\t #dgjj gr\ps4 ,?is is1 ,i believe1 an in/ance ( devot$ p]si/5ce unsurpass$ 9 ! annals ( a/ronomy4 ,! en]gy ( "o man has reveal$ a ph5om5on t _h elud$ ! suspicion ( a/ronom]s = #bjj ye>s40 ,,has ,,! ,,moon ,,an ,,atmosph]e8 ,! ,moon possesses nei!r ,sea nor ,atmosph]e ( appreciable ext5t4 ,/ill1 z a negative1 9 su* case1 is relative only to ! capabilities ( ! in/rum5ts employ$1 ! se>* = ! indications ( a lun> atmosph]e has be5 r5ew$ ) fre% augm5tation ( telescopic p[]4 ,( su* indications1 ! mo/ delicate1 p]haps1 are ^? af=d$ by ! occultation ( a planet by ! moon4 ,! occultation ( ,jupit]1 :i* took place on ,janu>y #b1 #aheg1 0 obs]v$ ) ?is ref]5ce1 & is said to h exhibit$ no hesitation1 or *ange ( =m or brightness1 su* z w\ld be produc$ by ! refraction or absorption ( an atmosph]e4 ,z respects ! sea1 if wat] exi/$ on ! moon's surface1 ! sun's light reflect$ f x %\ld be completely pol>is$ at a c]ta9 elongation ( ! moon f ! sun2 & no traces ( su* light h be5 obs]v$4 ,,mm4 ,ba] & ,ma$l] conclude t ! moon is n entirely )\t an atmosph]e1 b1 ow+ to ! smallness ( h] mass1 %e is incapacitat$ f hold+ an ext5sive cov]+ ( gas2 & !y add1 8x is possible t ?is weak envelope may sometimes1 ?r\gh local causes1 9 "s measure dim or cond5se itself40 ,b if any atmosph]e exi/s on our satellite1 x mu/ be1 z ,laplace says1 m att5uat$ ?an :at is t]m$ a vacuum 9 an air-pump4 ,mr4 ,hopk9s ?9ks t if !re be any lun> atmosph]e1 x mu/ be v r>e 9 comp>ison ) ! t]re/rial atmosph]e1 & inappreciable to ! k9d ( obs]vation by :i* x has be5 te/$2 yet ! abs5ce ( any refraction ( ! light ( ! />s dur+ occultation is a v ref9$ te/4 ,mr4 ,nasmy? obs]ves t 8! sudd5 disappe>ance ( ! />s beh9d ! moon1 )\t any *ange or dim9ution ( h] brilliancy1 is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ph5om5a t c be witness$40 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el obs]ves3 ,! fact ( ! moon turn+ always ! same face t[>ds ! e>? is1 9 all probability1 ! result ( an elongation ( its figure 9 ! direction ( a l9e jo9+ ! c5tres ( bo? ! bodies1 act+ conjo9tly ) a non-co9cid5ce ( its c5tre ( gravity ) its c5tre ( symmetry4 ,if to ?is we add ! supposition t ! sub/ance ( ! moon is n homog5e\s1 & t "s consid]able prepond]ance ( weight is plac$ exc5trically 9 x1 x w be easily appreh5d$ t ! portion ( its surface ne>] to t heavi] portion ( its solid cont5t1 "u all ! circum/ances ( ! moon's rotation1 w p]man5tly occupy ! situation mo/ remote f ! e>?4 ,9 :at reg>ds its assumption ( a def9ite level1 air obeys precisely ! same hydro/atical laws z wat]4 ,! lun> atmosph]e w\ld re/ ^u ! lun> ocean1 & =m 9 its bas9 a lake ( air1 ^: upp] portions at an altitude su* z we are n[ contemplat+ w\ld be ( excessive t5uity1 especially %\ld ! provision ( air be less abundant 9 proportion ?an our own4 ,x by no means foll[s1 !n1 f ! abs5ce ( visible indications ( wat] or air on ?is side ( ! moon1 t ! o!r is equally de/itute ( !m1 & equally unfitt$ = ma9ta9+ animal or vegetable life4 ,"s slight approa* to su* a /ate ( ?+s actually obta9s on ! e>? itself4 ,ne>ly all ! l& is collect$ 9 "o ( its hemisph]es1 & mu* ! l>g] portion ( ! sea 9 ! opposite4 ,!re is evid5tly an excess ( heavy mat]ial v]tically b5ea? ! middle ( ! ,pacific2 :ile n v remote f ! po9t ( ! globe diametrically opposite rises ! great table-l& ( ,india & ! ,himalaya *a91 on ! summits ( :i* ! air has n m ?an a ?ird ( ! d5sity x has on ! sea-level1 & f :i* animat$ exi/5ce is = ev] exclud$4--,h]s*el's ,outl9es1 #e? edit4 ,,light ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,! actual illum9ation ( ! lun> surface is n mu* sup]ior to t ( wea!r$ s&/one-rock 9 full sun%9e4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has frequ5tly comp>$ ! moon sett+ beh9d ! gray p]p5dicul> faade ( ! ,table ,m\nta9 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 illum9at$ by ! sun j ris5 f ! opposite qu>t] ( ! horizon1 :5 x has be5 sc>cely di/+ui%able 9 brightness f ! rock 9 contact ) x4 ,! sun & moon be+ ne>ly at equal altitudes1 & ! atmosph]e p]fectly free f cl\d or vap\r1 its effect is alike on bo? lum9>ies4 ,,heat ,,( ,,moonlight4 ,m4 ,zant$es*i has prov$1 by a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s at ,v5ice1 ,flor5ce1 & ,padua1 t1 contr>y to ! g5]al op9ion1 ! diffus$ rays ( moonlight h an influ5ce ^u ! organs ( plants1 z ! ,s5sitive ,plant & ! ,desmodium gyrans4 ,! influ5ce 0 feeble comp>$ ) t ( ! sun2 b ! action is left beyond fur!r "q4 ,melloni has prov$ t ! rays ( ! ,moon give out a slight degree ( ,heat 7see ,?+s n g5]ally ,kn[n1 p4 #g72 & ,pr(essor ,piazzi ,smy?1 f a po9t ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe #hhdj feet above ! sea-level1 has f\nd di/9ctly p]ceptible ! heat radiat$ f ! moon1 :i* has be5 s (t5 s\ght = 9 va9 9 a l[] region4 ,,sc5]y ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,by means ( ! telescope1 m\nta9-peaks are di/+ui%$ 9 ! a%-gray light ( ! l>g] spots & isolat$ brightly-%9+ po9ts ( ! moon1 ev5 :5 ! disc is already m ?an half illum9at$4 ,lamb]t & ,s*rot] h %[n t ! extremely v>iable int5sity ( ! a%-gray light ( ! moon dep5ds ^u ! great] or less degree ( reflection ( ! sunlight :i* falls ^u ! e>?1 accord+ z x is reflect$ f cont9u\s cont95tal masses1 full ( s&y des]ts1 grassy /eppes1 tropical =e/s1 & b>r5 rocky gr\nd1 or f l>ge ocean surfaces4 ,lamb]t made ! rem>kable obs]vation 7#ad? ( ,febru>y #aggd7 ( a *ange ( ! a%-col\r$ moonlight into an olive-gre5 col\r bord]+ ^u yell[4 8,! moon1 :i* !n /ood v]tically ov] ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 receiv$ ^u its "r side ! gre5 t]re/rial light :i* is reflect$ t[>ds h] :5 ! sky is cle> by ! =e/ di/ricts ( ,s\? ,am]ica40 ,plut>* says di/9ctly1 9 8 rem>kable "w ,on ! ,face 9 ! ,moon1 t we may suppose ! spots to be p>tly deep *asms & valleys1 p>tly m\nta9-peaks1 :i* ca/ long %ad[s1 l ,m\nt ,a?os1 ^: %ad[ rea*es ,lemnos4 ,! spots cov] ab\t two-fif?s ( ! :ole disc4 ,9 a cle> atmosph]e1 & "u fav\rable circum/ances 9 ! position ( ! moon1 "s ( ! spots are visible to ! nak$ eye2 z ! edge ( ! ,ap5n9es1 ! d>k elevat$ pla9 ,grimaldus1 ! enclos$ ,m>e ,crisium1 & ,ty*o1 cr[d$ r\nd ) num]\s m\nta9 ridges & crat]s4 ,pr(essor ,alex&] rem>ks1 t a map ( ! ea/]n hemisph]e1 tak5 ) ! ,bay ( ,b5gal 9 ! c5tre1 w\ld be> a /rik+ resemblance to ! face ( ! moon pres5t$ to u4 ,! d>k portions ( ! moon he consid]s to be cont95tal elevations1 z %[n by measur+ ! av]age height ( m\nta9s above ! d>k & ! light portions ( ! moon4 ,! surface ( ! moon c be z di/9ctly se5 by a good telescope magnify+ #ajjj times1 z x w\ld be if n m ?an #bej miles di/ant4 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,moon4 ,a circle ( "o second 9 diamet]1 z se5 f ! e>?1 on ! surface ( ! moon conta9s ab\t a squ>e mile4 ,telescopes1 !re=e1 mu/ be greatly improv$ be=e we c\ld expect to see signs ( inhabitants1 z manife/$ by edifices or *anges on ! surface ( ! soil4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$1 t ow+ to ! small d5sity ( ! mat]ials ( ! moon1 & ! comp>atively feeble gravitation ( bodies on h] surface1 muscul> =ce w\ld !re g six times z f> 9 ov]com+ ! weight ( mat]ials z on ! e>?4 ,ow+ to ! want ( air1 h[ev]1 x seems impossible t any =m ( life analog\s to ^? on e>? c subsi/ !re4 ,no appe>ance indicat+ vegetation1 or ! slighte/ v>iation ( surface :i* c 9 our op9ion fairly be ascrib$ to *ange ( season1 c any :]e be disc]n$4--,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ,outl9es4 ,,! ,,moon ,,se5 ,,?r\gh ,,"l ,,rosse',s ,,telescope4 ,9 #ahdf1 ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,scoresby _h ! gratification ( obs]v+ ! ,moon ?r\gh ! /up5d\s telescope con/ruct$ by ,"l ,rosse at ,p>son/[n4 ,x appe>$ l a globe ( molt5 silv]1 & e object to ! ext5t ( #ajj y>ds 0 q visible4 ,edifices1 !re=e1 ( ! size ( ,york ,m9/]1 or ev5 ( ! ru9s ( ,:itby ,abbey1 might be easily p]ceiv$1 if !y _h exi/$4 ,b !re 0 no appe>ance ( any ?+ ( t nature2 nei!r 0 !re any indication ( ! exi/5ce ( wat]1 or ( an atmosph]e4 ,!re 7 a great numb] ( ext9ct volcanoes1 sev]al miles 9 bread?2 ?r\gh "o ( !m !re 0 a l9e ( cont9uance ab\t #aej miles 9 l5g?1 :i* ran 9 a /raight direction1 l a railway4 ,! g5]al appe>ance1 h[ev]1 0 l "o va/ ru9 ( nature2 & _m ( ! pieces ( rock driv5 out ( ! volcanoes appe>$ to lie at v>i\s di/ances4 ,,m\nta9s ,,9 ,,! ,,moon4 ,by ! aid ( telescopes1 we disc]n irregul>ities 9 ! surface ( ! moon :i* c be no o!r ?an m\nta9s & valleys1--= ?is pla9 reason1 t we see ! %ad[s ca/ by ! =m] 9 ! exact proportion z to l5g? :i* !y ought to h :5 we take into acc\nt ! incl9ations ( ! sun's rays to t "p ( ! moon's surface on :i* !y /&4 ,f micrometrical measurem5ts ( ! l5g?s ( ! %ad[s ( ! m conspicu\s m\nta9s1 ,messrs4 ,ba] & ,ma$l] h giv5 a li/ ( heights = no less ?an #ajie lun> m\nta9s1 among :i* occur all degrees ( elevation up to #bb1hbc ,briti% feet1 or ab\t #adjj feet high] ?an ,*imborazo 9 ! ,&es4 ,if ,*imborazo 7 z high 9 proportion to ! e>?'s diamet] z a m\nta9 9 ! moon kn[n by ! "n ( ,newton is to ! moon's diamet]1 its peak w\ld be m ?an sixte5 miles high4 ,arago calls to m9d1 t ) a #fjjj-;fold magnify+ p[]1 :i* nev]!less c\ld n be appli$ to ! moon ) proportionate results1 ! m\nta9s ^u ! moon w\ld appe> to u j z ,mont ,blanc does to ! nak$ eye :5 se5 f ! ,lake ( ,g5eva4 ,we sometimes obs]ve m ?an half ! surface ( ! moon1 ! ea/]n & nor!rn edges be+ m visible at "o "t1 & ! we/]n or s\!rn at ano!r4 ,by means ( ?is libration we are enabl$ to see ! annul> m\nta9 ,malap]t 7:i* occasionally conceals ! moon's s\? pole71 ! arctic l&scape r\nd ! crat] ( ,gioja1 & ! l>ge gray plane ne> ,endymion1 :i* conceals 9 sup]ficial ext5t ! m>e vaporum4 ,?ree-sev5?s ( ! moon are entirely conceal$ f our obs]vation2 & mu/ always rema9 s1 unless "s new & unexpect$ di/urb+ causes come into play4--,humboldt4 ,! fir/ object to :i* ,galileo direct$ 8 telescope 0 ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ! moon1 :5 he %[$ h[ _! summits might be measur$3 he f\nd 9 ! moon "s circul> di/ricts surr\nd$ on all sides by m\nta9s simil> to ! =m ( ,bohemia4 ,! measurem5ts ( ! m\nta9s 7 made by ! me?od ( ! tang5ts ( ! sol> ray4 ,galileo1 z ,helvetius did /ill lat]1 measur$ ! di/ance ( ! summit ( ! m\nta9s f ! b\nd>y ( ! illum9at$ portion at ! mom5t :5 ! m\nta9 summit 0 fir/ /ruck by ! sol> ray4 ,humboldt f\nd no obs]vations ( ! l5g?s ( ! %ad[s ( ! m\nta9s3 ! summits 7 8mu* high] ?an ! m\nta9s on our e>?40 ,! comp>ison is rem>kable1 s9ce1 accord+ to ,riccioli1 v exagg]at$ ideas ( ! height ( our m\nta9s 7 !n ent]ta9$4 ,galileo l all o!r obs]v]s up to ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( _m seas & ( a lun> atmosph]e4 ,,! ,,moon ,,& ,,! ,,wea!r4 ,! only influ5ce ( ! ,moon on ! ,wea!r ( :i* we h any decisive evid5ce is ! t5d5cy to disappe>ance ( cl\ds "u ! full moon1 :i* ,sir ,john ,h]s*el ref]s to its heat be+ mu* m readily absorb$ 9 trav]s+ transp>5t m$ia ?an direct sol> heat1 & be+ ext+ui%$ 9 ! upp] regions ( our atmosph]e1 nev] rea*es ! surface ( ! atmosph]e at all4 ,,! ,,moon',s ,,attraction4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,p4 ,bond ( ,cambridge1 by "s inve/igations to asc]ta9 :e!r ! ,attraction ( ! ,moon has any effect ^u ! motion ( a p5dulum1 & consequ5tly ^u ! rate ( a clock1 has f\nd ! la/ to be *ang$ to ! am\nt ( #i_/ajjj ( a second daily4 ,at ! equator ! moon's attraction *anges ! weight ( a body only #a_/gjjjjjj ( ! :ole2 yet ?is =ce is suffici5t to produce ! va/ ph5om5a ( ! tides6 ,x is no slight evid5ce ( ! importance ( analysis1 t ,laplace's p]fect !ory ( tides has enabl$ u 9 our a/ronomical ephem]ides to pr$ict ! height ( spr+-tides at ! p]iods ( new & full moon1 & ?us put ! inhabitants ( ! sea on _! gu>d aga9/ ! increas$ dang] att5d+ ! lun> revolutions4 ,,measur+ ,,! ,,e>? ,,by ,,! ,,moon4 ,z ! =m ( ! ,e>? ex]ts a p[]ful influ5ce on ! motion ( o!r cosmical bodies1 & especially on t ( its neighb\r+ satellite1 a m p]fect k ( ! motion ( ! latt] w enable u reciprocally to draw an inf]5ce reg>d+ ! figure ( ! e>?4 ,?us1 z ,laplace ably rem>ks3 8an a/ronom]1 )\t leav+ 8 obs]vatory1 may1 by a comp>ison ( lun> !ory ) true obs]vations1 n only be enabl$ to det]m9e ! =m & size ( ! e>?1 b also its di/ance f ! sun & moon2 results t o!rwise c\ld only be arriv$ at by long & ardu\s exp$itions to ! mo/ remote p>ts ( bo? hemisph]es40 ,! compression :i* may be inf]r$ f lun> inequalities af=ds an advantage n yield$ by individual measurem5ts ( degrees or exp]im5ts ) ! p5dulum1 s9ce x gives a mean am\nt :i* is ref]able to ! :ole planet4--,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 i4 ,! di/ance ( ! moon f ! e>? is ab\t #bdj1jjj miles2 & if a railway-c>riage 7 to travel at ! rate ( #ajjj miles a-day1 x w\ld be eight mon?s 9 rea*+ ! moon4 ,b t is no?+ comp>$ ) ! l5g? ( "t x w\ld occupy a locomotive to rea* ! sun f ! e>?3 if travell+ at ! rate ( #ajjj miles a-day1 x w\ld require #bfj ye>s to rea* x4 ,,cause ,,( ,,eclipses4 ,z ! ,moon is at a v mod]ate di/ance f u 7a/ronomically speak+71 & is 9 fact our ne>e/ neighb\r1 :ile ! sun & />s are 9 comp>ison imm5sely beyond x1 x mu/ ( necessity happ5 t at "o "t or o!r x mu/ pass ov]1 & occult or eclipse1 e /> or planet )9 its zone1 &1 z se5 f ! surface ( ! e>?1 ev5 some:at beyond x4 ,nor is ! sun itself exempt f be+ ?us hidd5 :5ev] any "p ( ! moon's disc1 9 ?is h] tortu\s c\rse1 comes to ov]lap any "p ( ! space occupi$ 9 ! heav5s by t lum9>y4 ,on ^! occasions is exhibit$ ! mo/ /rik+ & impressive ( all ! occasional ph5om5a ( a/ronomy1 an ,eclipse ( ! ,sun1 9 :i* a great] or less portion1 or ev5 9 "s conjunctures ! :ole ( its disc1 is obscur$1 &1 z x 71 oblit]at$1 by ! sup]position ( t ( ! moon1 :i* appe>s ^u x z a circul>ly-t]m9at$ black spot1 produc+ a tempor>y dim9ution ( daylight1 or ev5 nocturnal d>kness1 s t ! />s appe> z if at midnight4--,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ,outl9es4 ,,va/ ,,numb]s ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,! numb] ( telescopic />s 9 ! ,milky ,way un9t]rupt$ by any nebul is e/imat$ at #ah1jjj1jjj4 ,to comp>e ?is numb] ) some?+ analog\s1 ,humboldt calls att5tion to ! fact1 t !re are n 9 ! :ole heav5s m ?an ab\t #hjjj />s1 betwe5 ! fir/ & ! six? magnitudes1 visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,! b>r5 a/oni%m5t excit$ by numb]s & dim5sions 9 space :5 n consid]$ ) ref]5ce to applications engag+ ! m5tal & p]ceptive p[]s ( man1 is awak5$ 9 bo? extremes ( ! univ]se--9 ! cele/ial bodies z 9 ! m9ute/ animalcules4 ,a cubic in* ( ! poli%+ slate ( ,bil9 conta9s1 accord+ to ,ehr5b]g1 #dj1jjj millions ( ! silice\s %ells ( ,galionell4 ,,= ,,:at ,,purpose ,,7 ,,! ,,/>s ,,creat$8 ,surely n 7says ,sir ,john ,h]s*el7 to illum9ate our nights1 :i* an additional moon ( ! ?\s&? "p ( ! size ( our own w\ld d mu* bett]2 nor to sp>kle z a pageant void ( mean+ & reality1 & bewild] u among va9 conjectures4 ,useful1 x is true1 !y are to man z po9ts ( exact & p]man5t ref]5ce2 b he mu/ h /udi$ a/ronomy to little purpose1 :o c suppose man to be ! only object ( 8 ,creator's c>e1 or :o does n see 9 ! va/ & wond]ful app>atus ar\nd u provision = o!r races ( animat$ be+s4 ,! planets d]ive _! light f ! sun2 b t _c be ! case ) ! />s4 ,^! d\btless1 !n1 are !mselves suns2 & may p]haps1 ea* 9 its sph]e1 be ! presid+ c5tre r\nd :i* o!r planets1 or bodies ( :i* we c =m no conception f any analogy (f]$ by our own sy/em1 are circulat+4#ai ,,numb] ,,( ,,/>s4 ,v>i\s e/imates h be5 haz>d$ on ! ,numb] ( ,/>s ?r\gh\t ! :ole heav5s visible to u by ! aid ( our colossal telescopes4 ,/ruve assumes = ,h]s*el's #bj-;feet reflector1 t a magnify+ p[] ( #ahj w\ld give #e1hjj1jjj = ! numb] ( />s ly+ )9 ! zones ext5d+ #cj on ei!r side ( ! equator1 & #bj1cgd1jjj = ! :ole heav5s4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el conjectur$ t #ah1jjj1jjj ( />s 9 ! ,milky ,way might be se5 by 8 /ill m p[]ful #dj-;feet reflect+ telescope4--,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 iii4 ,! assumption t ! ext5t ( ! />ry firmam5t is lit]ally inf9ite has be5 made by ,dr4 ,olb]s ! basis ( a conclusion t ! cele/ial spaces are 9 "s slight degree defici5t 9 transp>5cy2 s t all beyond a c]ta9 di/ance is & mu/ rema9 = ev] unse51 ! geometrical progression ( ! ext9ction ( light f> outrunn+ ! effect ( any conceivable increase 9 ! p[] ( our telescopes4 ,7 x n s1 x is argu$ t e "p ( ! cele/ial concave ought to %9e ) ! brightness ( ! sol> disc1 s9ce no visual ray c\ld be s direct$ z n1 9 "s po9t or o!r ( its inf9ite l5g?1 to enc\nt] su* a disc4--,ed9burgh ,review1 ,jan4 #ahdh4 ,,/>s ,,t ,,h ,,disappe>$4 ,not)/&+ ! great accuracy ( ! catalogu$ positions ( telescopic fix$ />s & ( mod]n />-maps1 ! c]ta9ty ( conviction t a /> 9 ! heav5s has actually disappe>$ s9ce a c]ta9 epo* c only be arriv$ at ) great caution4 ,errors ( actual obs]vation1 ( r$uction1 & ( ! press1 (t5 disfigure ! v be/ catalogues4 ,! disappe>ance ( a heav5ly body f ! place 9 :i* x _h be5 be=e di/9ctly se51 may be ! result ( its own motion z mu* z ( any su* dim9ution ( its photometric process z w\ld r5d] ! waves ( light too weak to excite our organs ( sight4 ,:at we no long] see1 is n necess>ily annihilat$4 ,! idea ( de/ruction or combu/ion1 z appli$ to disappe>+ />s1 belongs to ! age ( ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,ev5 ,pl9y makes x a "q4 ,! app>5t et]nal cosmical alt]nation ( exi/5ce & de/ruction is n annihilation2 x is m]ely ! transition ( matt] into new =ms1 into comb9ations :i* are subject to new processes4 ,d>k cosmical bodies may by a r5ew$ process ( light aga9 become lum9\s4--,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 iii4 ,,! ,,pole-,,/> ,,f\r ,,?\s& ,,ye>s ,,ago4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 9 8 ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy1 ?us %[s ! *anges 9 ! cele/ial pole 9 #djjj ye>s3 ,at ! date ( ! erection ( ! ,pyramid ( ,gizeh1 :i* prec$es ! pres5t epo* by ne>ly #djjj ye>s1 ! longitudes ( all ! />s 7 less by #ee #de ?an at pres5t4 ,calculat+ f ?is datum ! place ( ! pole ( ! heav5s among ! />s1 x w be f\nd to fall ne> ,draconis2 its di/ance f t /> be+ #c #dd #be4 ,?is be+ ! mo/ conspicu\s /> 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood1 0 !re=e ! ,pole ,/> ( t epo*4 ,! latitude ( ,gizeh be+ j #cj nor?1 & consequ5tly ! altitude ( ! ,nor? ,pole !re also #cj1 x foll[s t ! /> 9 "q mu/ h _h at its l[e/ culm9ation at ,gizeh an altitude ( #be #ae #ce4 ,n[ x is a rem>kable fact1 t ( ! n9e pyramids /ill exi/+ at ,gizeh1 six 7includ+ all ! l>ge/7 h ! n>r[ passages by :i* alone !y c be ent]$ 7all :i* op5 out on ! nor!rn faces ( _! respective pyramids7 incl9$ to ! horizon d[nw>ds at angles ! mean ( :i* is #bf #dg4 ,at ! bottom ( e "o ( ^! passages1 !re=e1 ! ,pole ,/> mu/ h be5 visible at its l[] culm9ation2 a circum/ance :i* c h>dly be suppos$ to h be5 un9t5tional1 & 0 d\btless connect$ 7p]haps sup]/iti\sly7 ) ! a/ronomical obs]vations ( t />1 ( ^: proximity to ! pole at ! epo* ( ! erection ( ^! wond]ful /ructures we are ?us furni%$ ) a monum5tal record ( ! mo/ imp]i%able nature4 ,,! ,,pleiades4 ,! ,pleiades prove t1 sev]al ?\s& ye>s ago ev5 z n[1 />s ( ! sev5? magnitude 7 invisible to ! nak$ eye ( av]age visual p[]4 ,! gr\p consi/s ( sev5 />s1 ( :i* six only1 ( ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? magnitudes1 c\ld be readily di/+ui%$4 ,( ^! ,ovid says 7,fa/4 iv4 #agj73 8,qu septem dici1 sex tam5 esse sol5t40 ,aratus /ates !re 7 only six />s visible 9 ! ,pleiades4 ,"o ( ! daught]s ( ,atlas1 ,m]ope1 ! only "o :o 0 w$d$ to a mortal1 0 said to h veil$ h]self = v %ame & to h disappe>$4 ,?is is probably ! /> ( ! sev5? magnitude1 :i* we call ,celne2 = ,hipp>*us1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,aratus1 obs]ves t on cle> moonless nights sev5 />s may actually be se54 ,! ,pleiades 7 d\btless kn[n to ! rude/ nations f ! e>lie/ times2 !y are also call$ ! m>9]'s />s4 ,! "n is f 7ple971 #8to sail4' ,! navigation ( ! ,m$it]ranean la/$ f ,may to ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]1 f ! e>ly ris+ to ! e>ly sett+ ( ! ,pleiades4 ,9 h[ _m beautiful effusions ( poetry & s5tim5t has 8! ,lo/ ,pleiad0 be5 deplor$6--&1 to desc5d to m famili> illu/ration ( ?is gr\p1 ! 8,sev5 ,/>s10 ! sailors' fav\rites1 & a frequ5t riv]-side public-h\se sign1 may be trac$ to ! ,pleiades4 ,,*ange ,,( ,,col\r ,,9 ,,! ,,/>s4 ,! sc9tillation or tw9kl+ ( ! />s is accompani$ by v>iations ( col\r1 :i* h be5 rem>k$ f a v e>ly age4 ,m4 ,arago /ates1 ^u ! au?ority ( ,m4 ,bab9et1 t ! "n ( ,b>akes*1 giv5 by ! ,arabians to ,sirius1 signifies ! /> ( a ?\s& col\rs2 & ,ty*o ,brahe1 ,kepl]1 & o!rs1 atte/ to simil> *ange ( col\r 9 tw9kl+4 ,ev5 soon aft] ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 ,simon ,m>ius rem>k$ t by remov+ ! eye-piece ( ! telescope ! images ( ! />s exhibit$ rapid fluctuations ( brightness & col\r4 ,9 #ahad ,ni*olson appli$ to ! telescope a sm>t vibration1 :i* caus$ ! image ( ! /> to be trans=m$ into a curv$ l9e ( light return+ into itself1 & div]sifi$ by sev]al col\rs2 ea* col\r occupi$ ab\t a ?ird ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! curve1 & by apply+ t5 vibrations 9 a second1 ! light ( ,sirius 9 t "t pass$ ?r\gh ?irty *anges ( col\r4 ,h5ce ! />s 9 g5]al %9e only by a portion ( _! light1 ! effect ( tw9kl+ be+ to dim9i% _! brightness4 ,?is ph5om5on ,m4 ,arago expla9s by ! pr9ciple ( ! int]f]5ce ( light4 ,ptolemy is said to h not$ ,sirius z a r$ />1 ?\gh x is n[ :ite4 ,sirius tw9kles ) r$ & blue light1 & ,ptolemy's eyes1 l ^? ( sev]al o!r p]sons1 may h be5 m s5sitive to ! r$ ?an to ! blue rays4--,sir ,david ,brew/]'s ,m ,worlds ?an ,"o1 p4 #bce4 ,"s ( ! d\ble />s are ( v diff]5t & dissimil> col\rs2 & to ! revolv+ planet>y bodies :i* app>5tly circulate ar\nd !m1 a day light5$ by a r$ light is succe$$ by1 n a night1 b a day equally brilliant1 ?\gh illum9at$ only by a gre5 light4 ,,di/ance ,,( ,,! ,,ne>e/ ,,fix$ ,,/> ,,f ,,! ,,e>?4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el wrote 9 #ahcc3 8,:at is ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ fix$ />8 ,:at is ! scale on :i* our visible firmam5t is con/ruct$8 ,& :at proportion d its dim5sions be> to ^? ( our own imm$iate sy/em8 ,to ?is1 h[ev]1 a/ronomy has hi!rto prov$ unable to supply an answ]4 ,all we "k on ?is subject is negative40 ,to ^! que/ions1 h[ev]1 an answ] c n[ be giv54 ,slight *anges ( position ( "s ( ! />s1 call$ p>allax1 h be5 di/9ctly obs]v$ & measur$2 & among ^! />s ,no4 #fa ,cygni ( ,flam/ead's catalogue has a p>allax ( #e1 & t ( ,c5tauri has a prop] motion ( #d p] annum4 ,! same a/ronom] /ates t ea* second ( p>allax indicates a di/ance ( #bj billions ( miles1 or #c ye>s' j\rney ( light4 ,n[ ! light s5t to u by ! sun1 z comp>$ ) t s5t by ,sirius & ,c5tauri1 is ab\t #bb ?\s& millions to #a4 8,h5ce1 f ! p>allax assign$ above to t />1 x is easy to conclude t its intr9sic spl5d\r1 z comp>$ ) t ( our sun at equal di/ances1 is #bcbdg1 t ( ! sun be+ unity4 ,! light ( ,sirius is f\r times t ( ,c5tauri1 & its p>allax only #jae4 ,?is1 9 effect1 ascribes to x an intr9sic spl5d\r equal to #iffc times t ( ,c5tauri1 & !re=e #bbdg times t ( our sun40 ,?is is ju/ly reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ brilliant triumphs ( a/ronomical sci5ce1 = ! delicacy ( ! inve/igation is almo/ inconceivable2 yet ! reason+ is z unimpea*able z ! demon/ration ( a !orem ( ,euclid4 ,,light ,,( ,a ,,/> ,,sixte5fold ,,t ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,! bright /> 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,lyre1 t]m$ ,vega1 is ! brighte/ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e2 & ! comb9$ rese>*es ( ,/ruve1 fa!r & son1 h f\nd t ! di/ance ( ?is /> f ! e>? is no less ?an #acj billions ( miles6 ,light travell+ at ! rate ( #aib ?\s& miles 9 a second consequ5tly occupies tw5ty-"o ye>s 9 pass+ f ?is /> to ! e>?4 ,n[ x has be5 f\nd1 by comp>+ ! light ( ,vega ) ! light ( ! sun1 t if ! latt] 7 remov$ to ! di/ance ( #acj billions ( miles1 8 app>5t brightness w\ld n am\nt to m ?an ! sixte5? "p ( ! app>5t brightness ( ,vega4 ,we are !re=e w>rant$ 9 conclud+ t ! light ( ,vega is equal to t ( sixte5 suns4 ,,div]sities ,,( ,,! ,,planets4 ,9 illu/ration ( ! great div]sity ( ! physical peculi>ities & probable condition ( ! planets1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el describes ! int5sity ( sol> radiation z ne>ly sev5 times great] on ,m]cury ?an on ! e>?1 & on ,uranus #ccj times less2 ! proportion betwe5 ! two extremes be+ t ( upw>ds ( #bjjj to #a4 ,let any "o figure to himself1 7adds ,sir ,john17 ! condition ( our globe 7 ! sun to be septupl$1 to say no?+ ( ! great] ratio2 or 7 x dim9i%$ to a sev5?1 or to a #cjj? ( its actual p[]6 ,aga91 ! int5sity ( gravity1 or its efficacy 9 c\nt]act+ muscul> p[] & repress+ animal activity1 on ,jupit] is ne>ly two-&-a-half times t on ! e>?2 on ,m>s n m ?an "o-half2 on ! moon "o-six?2 & on ! small] planets probably n m ?an "o-tw5tie?2 giv+ a scale ( :i* ! extremes are 9 ! proportion ( sixty to "o4 ,la/ly1 ! d5sity ( ,saturn h>dly exce$s "o-eigh? ( ! mean d5sity ( ! e>?1 s t x mu/ consi/ ( mat]ials n mu* heavi] ?an cork4 ,jupit] is elev5 times1 ,saturn t5 times1 ,uranus five times1 & ,neptune ne>ly six times1 ! diamet] ( our e>?4 ,^! f\r bodies revolve 9 space at su* di/ances f ! sun1 t if x 7 possible to />t !nce = ea* 9 succession1 & to travel at ! railway spe$ ( #cc miles p] h\r1 ! travell] w\ld rea* ,jupit] 9 #agab ye>s ,saturn #caac 0 ,uranus #fbbf 0 ,neptune #ifhe 0 ,if1 !re=e1 a p]son _h comm5c$ 8 j\rney at ! p]iod ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 he w\ld n[ h to travel ne>ly #acjj ye>s be=e he w\ld arrive at ! planet ,saturn2 m ?an #dcjj ye>s be=e he w\ld rea* ,uranus2 & no less ?an #ghjj ye>s be=e he c\ld rea* ! orbit ( ,neptune4 ,yet ! light :i* comes to u f ^! remote conf9es ( ! sol> sy/em fir/ issu$ f ! sun1 & is !n reflect$ f ! surface ( ! planet4 ,:5 ! telescope is turn$ t[>ds ,neptune1 ! obs]v]'s eye sees ! object by means ( light t issu$ f ! sun eight h\rs be=e1 & :i* s9ce !n has pass$ ne>ly twice ?r\gh t va/ space :i* railway spe$ w\ld require almo/ a c5tury ( c5turies to accompli%4--,b\vi]'s ,famili> ,a/ronomy4 ,,gr& ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,jupit]',s ,,satellites4 ,?is discov]y1 "o ( ! fir/ fruits ( ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 & ( ,galileo's e>ly & happy idea ( direct+ its newly-f\nd p[]s to ! exam9ation ( ! heav5s1 =ms "o ( ! mo/ memorable epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy4 ,! fir/ a/ronomical solution ( ! great problem ( ! longitude1 practically ! mo/ important = ! int]e/s ( mank9d :i* has ev] be5 br\ght "u ! dom9ion ( /rict sci5tific pr9ciples1 dates imm$iately f ?is discov]y4 ,! f9al & conclusive e/abli%m5t ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em ( a/ronomy may also be consid]$ z ref]able to ! discov]y & /udy ( ?is exquisite m9iature sy/em1 9 :i* ! laws ( ! planet>y motions1 z asc]ta9$ by ,kepl]1 & specially t :i* connects _! p]iods & di/ances1 7 specially trac$1 & f\nd to be satisfactorily ma9ta9$4 ,& 7z if to accumulate hi/orical int]e/ on ?is po9t7 x is to ! obs]vation ( ! eclipses ( ,jupit]'s satellites t we owe ! gr& discov]y ( ! ab]ration ( light1 & ! consequ5t det]m9ation ( ! enorm\s velocity ( t wond]ful elem5t--#aib1jjj miles p] second4 ,mr4 ,dawes1 9 #ahdi1 fir/ notic$ ! exi/5ce ( r\nd1 well-def9$1 bright spots on ! belts ( ,jupit]4 ,!y v>y 9 situation & numb]1 z _m z t5 hav+ be5 se5 on "o occasion4 ,z ! belts ( ,jupit] h be5 ascrib$ to ! exi/5ce ( curr5ts analog\s to our trade-w9ds1 caus+ ! body ( ,jupit] to be visible ?r\gh 8 cl\dy atmosph]e1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el conjectures t ^? bright spots may possibly be insulat$ masses ( cl\ds ( local orig91 simil> to ! cumuli :i* sometimes cap asc5d+ columns ( vap\r 9 our atmosph]e4 ,x w\ld require ne>ly #acjj globes ( ! size ( our e>? to make "o ( ! bulk ( ,jupit]4 ,a railway-eng9e travell+ at ! rate ( ?irty-?ree miles an h\r w\ld travel r\nd ! e>? 9 a mon?1 b w\ld require m ?an elev5 mon?s to p]=m a j\rney r\nd ,jupit]4 ,,0 ,,saturn',s ,,r+ ,,kn[n ,,to ,,! ,,anci5ts8 ,9 ,maurice's ,indian ,antiquities is an engrav+ ( ,sani1 ! ,saturn ( ! ,h9doos1 tak5 f an image 9 a v anci5t pagoda1 :i* repres5ts ! deity encompass$ by a r+ =m$ ( two s]p5ts4 ,h5ce x is inf]r$ t ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) ! exi/5ce ( ! r+ ( ,saturn4 ,arago m5tions ! rem>kable fact ( ! r+ & f\r? satellite ( ,saturn hav+ be5 se5 by ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el ) 8 small] telescope by ! nak$ eye1 )\t any eye-piece4 ,! fir/ or inn]mo/ ( ,saturn's satellites is ne>] to ! c5tral body ?an any o!r ( ! second>y planets4 ,its di/ance f ! c5tre ( ,saturn is #hj1jhh miles2 f ! surface ( ! planet #dg1dhj miles2 & f ! outmo/ edge ( ! r+ only #diaf miles4 ,! travell] may =m to himself an e/imate ( ! smallness ( ?is am\nt by rememb]+ ! /atem5t ( ! well-kn[n navigator1 ,capta9 ,bee*ey1 t he _h 9 ?ree ye>s pass$ ov] #gb1hjj miles4 ,accord+ to v rec5t obs]vations1 ,saturn's r+ is divid$ into ?ree sep>ate r+s1 :i*1 f ! calculations ( ,mr4 ,bond1 an ,am]ican a/ronom]1 mu/ be fluid4 ,he is ( op9ion t ! numb] ( r+s is cont9ually *ang+1 & t _! maximum numb]1 9 ! normal condition ( ! mass1 does n exce$ tw5ty4 ,mr4 ,bond likewise ma9ta9s t ! p[] :i* su/a9s ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! r+ is n 9 ! planet itself1 b 9 its satellites2 & ! satellites1 ?\gh con/antly di/urb+ ! r+1 actually su/a9 x 9 ! v act ( p]turbation4 ,m4 ,otto ,/ruve & ,mr4 ,bond h lately /udi$ ) ! great ,muni* telescope1 at ! obs]vatory ( ,pulk[a1 ! ?ird r+ ( ,saturn1 :i* ,mr4 ,lassell & ,mr4 ,bond discov]$ to be fluid4 ,!y saw di/9ctly ! d>k int]val betwe5 ?is fluid r+ & ! two old ones1 & ev5 measur$ its dim5sions2 & !y p]ceiv$ at its inn] m>g9 an edge feebly illum9at$1 :i* !y ?\ght might be ! comm5cem5t ( a f\r? r+4 ,^! a/ronom]s are ( op9ion1 t ! fluid r+ is n ( v rec5t =mation1 & t x is n subject to rapid *ange2 & !y h come to ! extraord9>y conclusion1 t ! inn] bord] ( ! r+ has1 s9ce ! "t ( ,huyg5s1 be5 gradually approa*+ to ! body ( ,saturn1 & t we may expect1 soon] or lat]1 p]haps 9 "s doz5 ( ye>s1 to see ! r+s unit$ ) ! body ( ! planet4 ,b ?is !ory is by o!r obs]v]s pron\nc$ unt5able4 ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,planet ,,m]cury4 ,m]cury be+ s mu* ne>] to ! ,sun ?an ! ,e>?1 he receives1 x is suppos$1 sev5 times m heat ?an ! e>?4 ,mrs4 ,som]ville says3 8,on ,m]cury1 ! mean heat aris+ f ! int5sity ( ! sun's rays mu/ be above t ( boil+ quicksilv]1 & wat] w\ld boil ev5 at ! poles40 ,b he may be provid$ ) an atmosph]e s con/itut$ z to absorb or reflect a great portion ( ! sup]abundant heat2 s t 8 inhabitants 7if he h any7 may enjoy a climate z temp]ate z any on our globe4 ,,speculations ,,on ,,ve/a ,,& ,,pallas4 ,! mo/ rem>kable peculi>ities ( ^! ultra-zodiacal planets1 accord+ to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 mu/ lie 9 ?is condition ( _! /ate3 a man plac$ on "o ( !m w\ld spr+ ) ease sixty feet high1 & su/a9 no great] %ock 9 8 desc5t ?an he does on ! e>? f leap+ a y>d4 ,on su* planets1 giants might exi/2 & ^? enorm\s animals :i* on ! e>? require ! buoyant p[] ( wat] to c\nt]act _! weight1 might !re be d5iz5s ( ! l&4 ,b ( su* speculations !re is no end4 ,,is ,,! ,,planet ,,m>s ,,inhabit$8 ,! oppon5ts ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,plurality ( ,worlds all[ t a great] probability exi/s ( ,m>s be+ inhabit$ ?an 9 ! case ( any o!r planet4 ,8 diamet] is #dajj miles2 & 8 surface exhibits spots ( diff]5t hues1--! seas1 accord+ to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 be+ gre51 & ! l& r$4 8,! v>iety 9 ! spots10 says ?is a/ronom]1 8may arise f ! planet n be+ de/itute ( atmosph]e & cl\d2 & :at adds greatly to ! probability ( ?is1 is ! appe>ance ( brilliant :ite spots at its poles1 :i* h be5 conjectur$1 ) "s probability1 to be sn[1 z !y disappe> :5 !y h be5 long expos$ to ! sun1 & are greate/ :5 em]g+ f ! long night ( _! pol> w9t]1 ! sn[-l9e !n ext5d+ to ab\t six degrees f ! pole40 8,! l5g? ( ! day10 says ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 8is almo/ exactly tw5ty-f\r h\rs1--! same z t ( ! e>?4 ,cont95ts & oceans & gre5 savannahs h be5 obs]v$ ^u ,m>s1 & ! sn[ ( 8 pol> regions has be5 se5 to disappe> ) ! heat ( summ]40 ,we actually see ! cl\ds float+ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s1 & !re is ! appe>ance ( l& & wat] on 8 disc4 ,9 a sket* ( ?is planet1 z se5 9 ! pure atmosph]e ( ,calcutta by ,mr4 ,grant1 x appe>s1 to use 8 words1 8actually z a little _w10 & z ! e>? w\ld appe> at a di/ance1 ) its seas & cont95ts ( diff]5t %ades4 ,z ! diamet] ( ,m>s is only ab\t "o half t ( our e>?1 ! weight ( bodies w be ab\t "o half :at x w\ld be if !y 7 plac$ ^u our globe4 ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,planet ,,neptune4 ,?is noble discov]y m>k$ 9 a signal mann] ! maturity ( a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,! pro(1 or at lea/ ! urg5t presumption1 ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a planet1 z a means ( acc\nt+ 7by its attraction7 = c]ta9 small irregul>ities obs]v$ 9 ! motions ( ,uranus1 0 af=d$ almo/ simultane\sly by ! indep5d5t rese>*es ( two geomet]s1 ,mr4 ,adams ( ,cambridge1 & ,m4 ,lev]ri] ( ,p>is1 :o 7 enabl$ f !ory alone to calculate :]eab\ts x ought to appe> 9 ! heav5s1 if visible1 ! places ?us indep5d5tly calculat$ agree+ surpris+ly4 ,)9 a s+le degree ( ! place assign$ by ,m4 ,lev]ri]'s calculations1 & by him communicat$ to ,dr4 ,galle ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory at ,b]l91 x 0 actually f\nd by t a/ronom] on ! v fir/ night aft] ! receipt ( t communication1 on turn+ a telescope on ! spot1 & comp>+ ! />s 9 its imm$iate neighb\rhood ) ^? previ\sly laid d[n 9 "o ( ! zodiacal *>ts4 ,?is rem>kable v]ification ( an indication s extraord9>y took place on ! #bc;d ( ,septemb] #ahdf4bj--,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ,outl9es4 ,neptune revolves r\nd ! sun 9 ab\t #agb ye>s1 at a mean di/ance ( ?irty1--t ( ,uranus be+ n9ete51 & t ( ! e>? "o3 & by its discov]y ! sol> sy/em has be5 ext5d$ "o ?\s& millions ( miles beyond its =m] limit4 ,neptune is suspect$ to h a r+1 b ! suspicion has n be5 confirm$4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ by ! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,lassell1 ,m4 ,otto ,/ruve1 & ,mr4 ,bond1 to be att5d$ by at lea/ "o satellite4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s facts br\ght to light by ! discov]y ( ,neptune1 is ! failure ( ,bode's law to give an approximation to its di/ance f ! sun2 a /rik+ exemplification ( ! dang] ( tru/+ to ! univ]sal applicability ( an empirical law4 ,aft] /&+ ! sev]e te/ :i* l$ to ! discov]y ( ! a/]oids1 x seem$ almo/ contr>y to ! laws ( probability t ! discov]y ( ano!r memb] ( ! planet>y sy/em %\ld prove its failure z an univ]sal rule4 ,,magnitude ,,( ,,comets4 ,al?\gh ,comets h a small] mass ?an any o!r cosmical bodies--be+1 accord+ to our pres5t k1 probably n equal to #a_/ejjj? "p ( ! e>?'s mass--yet !y occupy ! l>ge/ space1 z _! tails 9 sev]al in/ances ext5d ov] _m millions ( miles4 ,! cone ( lum9\s vap\r :i* radiates f !m has be5 f\nd 9 "s cases 7z 9 #afhj & #ahaa7 equal to ! l5g? ( ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun1 =m+ a l9e t int]sects bo? ! orbits ( ,v5us & ,m]cury4 ,x is ev5 probable t ! vap\r ( ! tails ( comets m+l$ ) our atmosph]e 9 ! ye>s #ahai & #ahbc4--;,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 i4 ,,comets ,,visible ,,9 ,,sun%9e--,,! ,,great ,,comet ,,( #ahdc4 ,! ph5om5on ( ! tail ( a ,comet be+ visible 9 bright ,sun%9e1 :i* is record$ ( ! comet ( #adjb1 occurr$ aga9 9 ! case ( ! l>ge comet ( #ahdc1 ^: nucleus & tail 7 se5 9 ,nor? ,am]ica on ,febru>y #bh? 7accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,j4 ,g4 ,cl>ke1 ( ,portl&1 ,/ate ( ,ma9e71 betwe5 "o & ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! di/ance ( ! v d5se nucleus f ! sun's light admitt$ ( be+ measur$ ) mu* exactness4 ,! nucleus & tail 7a d>k] space int]v5+7 appe>$ l a v pure :ite cl\d4--,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xiv4 ,e4 ,c4 ,ott1 ! translator ( ,bohn's edition ( ,humboldt's ,cosmos1 at ,new ,b$=d1 ,massa*usetts1 ,u4,s41 ,feb4 #bh?1 #ahdc1 di/9ctly saw ! above comet betwe5 "o & two 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! sky at ! "t 0 int5sely blue1 & ! sun %9+ ) a dazzl+ brightness unkn[n 9 ,european climates4 ,?is v rem>kable ,comet1 se5 9 ,engl& on ! #ag? ( ,m>* #ahdc1 _h a nucleus ) ! appe>ance ( a planet>y disc1 & ! brightness ( a /> ( ! fir/ or second magnitude4 ,x _h a d\ble tail divid$ by a d>k l9e4 ,at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope x 0 se5 9 full daylight1 & 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! sea2 b ! mo/ rem>kable fact 9 its hi/ory 0 its ne> approa* to ! sun1 its di/ance f 8 surface be+ only "o-f\rte5? ( 8 diamet]4 ,! heat to :i* x 0 expos$1 !re=e1 0 mu* great] ?an t :i* ,sir ,isaac ,newton ascrib$ to ! comet ( #afhj1 namely #bjj times t ( r$-hot iron4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has comput$ t x mu/ h be5 #bd times great] ?an t :i* 0 produc$ 9 ! focus ( ,p>k]'s burn+ l5s1 #cb in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* melts cry/als ( qu>tz & agate4#ba ,,! ,,milky ,,way ,,unfa?omable4 ,m4 ,/ruve ( ,pulk[a has comp>$ ,sir ,william ,h]s*el's op9ion on ?is subject1 z ma9ta9$ 9 #aghe1 ) t to :i* he 0 subsequ5tly l$2 & arrives at ! conclusion t1 accord+ to ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el himself1 ! visible ext5t ( ! ,milky ,way increases ) ! p5etrat+ p[] ( ! telescopes employ$2 t x is impossible to discov] by 8 in/rum5ts ! t]m9ation ( ! ,milky ,way 7z an indep5d5t clu/] ( />s72 & t ev5 8 gigantic telescope ( =ty feet focal l5g? does n enable him to ext5d our k ( ! ,milky ,way1 :i* is incapable ( be+ s\nd$4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el's ,!ory ( ! ,milky ,way 0 z foll[s3 ,he consid]$ our sol> sy/em1 & all ! />s :i* we c see ) ! eye1 z plac$ )91 & con/itut+ a "p (1 ! nebula ( ! ,milky ,way1 a cong]ies ( _m millions ( />s1 s t ! projection ( ^! />s mu/ =m a lum9\s track on ! concavity ( ! sky2 & by e/imat+ or c\nt+ ! numb] ( />s 9 diff]5t directions1 he 0 able to =m a rude judgm5t ( ! probable =m ( ! nebula1 & ( ! probable position ( ! sol> sy/em )9 x4 ,?is rem>kable belt has ma9ta9$ f ! e>lie/ ages ! same relative situation among ! />s2 &1 :5 exam9$ ?r\gh p[]ful telescopes1 is f\nd 7wond]ful to relate67 to consi/ entirely ( />s scatt]$ by millions1 l glitt]+ du/1 on ! black gr\nd ( ! g5]al heav5s4 ,,di/ances ,,( ,,nebul4 ,^! are truly a/\nd+4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el e/imat$ ! di/ance ( ! annul> nebula betwe5 ,beta & ,gamma ,lyr to be f our sy/em #iej times t ( ,sirius2 & a globul> clu/] ab\t #e s\?-ea/ ( ,beta ,sir ,william comput$ to be "o ?\s& ?ree hundr$ billions ( miles f our sy/em4 ,aga91 9 ,scutum ,sobieski is "o nebula 9 ! %ape ( a horse%oe2 b :i*1 :5 view$ ) high magnify+ p[]1 pres5ts a diff]5t appe>ance4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el e/imat$ ?is nebula to be #ijj times f>!r f u ?an ,sirius4 ,9 "s p>ts ( its vic9ity he obs]v$ #ehh />s 9 8 telescope at "o "t2 & he c\nt$ #beh1jjj 9 a space #aj long & #b wide4 ,!re is a globul> clu/] betwe5 ! m\?s ( ,pegasus & ,equuleus1 :i* ,sir ,william ,h]s*el e/imat$ to be #bdc times f>!r f u ?an ,sirius4 ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el discov]$ 9 ! "r foot ( ,&rom$a a nebula ( enorm\s dim5sions1 plac$ at an inconceivable di/ance f u3 x consi/s probably ( myriads ( sol> sy/ems1 :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 are b a po9t 9 ! univ]se4 ,! nebula ab\t #aj we/ ( ! pr9cipal /> 9 ,triangulum is suppos$ by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el to be #cdd times ! di/ance ( ,sirius f ! e>?1 :i* w\ld be ! imm5se sum ( ne>ly sev5te5 ?\s& billions ( miles f our planet4 ,,inf9ite ,,space4 ,aft] ! /ra9+ m9d has exhau/$ all its res\rces 9 attempt+ to fa?om ! di/ance ( ! smalle/ telescopic />1 or ! fa9te/ nebula1 x has rea*$ only ! visible conf9es ( ! sid]eal creation4 ,! univ]se ( />s is b an atom 9 ! univ]se ( space2 above x1 & b5ea? x1 & ar\nd x1 !re is /ill inf9ity4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,our ,,planet>y ,,sy/em4 ,,! ,,nebul> ,,hypo!sis4#bb ,! comm5cem5t ( our ,planet>y ,sy/em1 includ+ ! sun1 mu/1 accord+ to ,kant & ,laplace1 be reg>d$ z an imm5se nebul\s mass fill+ ! portion ( space :i* is n[ occupi$ by our sy/em f> beyond ! limits ( ,neptune1 our mo/ di/ant planet4 ,ev5 n[ we p]haps see simil> masses 9 ! di/ant regions ( ! firmam5t1 z pat*es ( nebul1 & nebul\s />s2 )9 our sy/em also1 comets1 ! zodiacal light1 ! corona ( ! sun dur+ a total eclipse1 exhibit resemblances ( a nebul\s sub/ance1 :i* is s ?9 t ! light ( ! />s passes ?r\gh x un5feebl$ & unrefract$4 ,if we calculate ! d5sity ( ! mass ( our planet>y sy/em1 accord+ to ! above assumption1 = ! "t :5 x 0 a nebul\s sph]e :i* rea*$ to ! pa? ( ! outmo/ planet1 we %\ld f9d t x w\ld require sev]al cubic miles ( su* matt] to weigh a s+le gra94--,pr(essor ,helmholtz4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el express$ 8 op9ion t ^? nebul :i* 7 n resolv$ into individual />s by ! highe/ p[]s !n us$1 might be h]eaft] completely resolv$ by a fur!r increase ( optical p[]3 ,9 fact1 ?is probability has almo/ be5 conv]t$ into a c]ta9ty by ! magnific5t reflect+ telescope con/ruct$ by ,"l ,rosse1 ( #f feet 9 ap]ture1 :i* has resolv$1 or r5d]$ resolvable1 multitudes ( nebul :i* _h resi/$ all inf]ior p[]s4 ,! sublimity ( ! spectacle af=d$ by t in/rum5t ( "s ( ! l>g] globul> & o!r clu/]s is decl>$ by all :o h witness$ x to be su* z no words c express4#bc ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 nebul d exi/1 :i* ev5 9 ?is p[]ful telescope appe> z nebul1 )\t any sign ( resolution1 x may v reasonably be d\bt$ :e!r !re be really any ess5tial physical di/9ction betwe5 nebul & clu/]s ( />s1 at lea/ 9 ! nature ( ! matt] ( :i* !y consi/2 & :e!r ! di/9ction betwe5 su* nebul z are easily resolv$1 b>ely resolvable ) excell5t telescopes1 & altoge!r irresolvable ) ! be/1 be any ?+ else ?an "o ( degree1 aris+ m]ely f ! excessive m9ut5ess & multitude ( ! />s ( :i* ! latt]1 z comp>$ ) ! =m]1 consi/4--,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy1 #e? edit4 #aheh4 ,x %\ld be add$1 t ,sir ,john ,h]s*el consid]s ! 8nebul> hypo!sis0 & ! above !ory ( sid]eal aggregation to /& q indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,heat ,,9 ,,our ,,sy/em4 ,pr(essor ,helmholtz1 assum+ t at ! comm5cem5t ! d5sity ( ! nebul\s matt] 0 a vani%+ quantity1 z comp>$ ) ! pres5t d5sity ( ! sun & planets1 calculates h[ mu* "w has be5 p]=m$ by ! cond5sation2 h[ mu* ( ?is "w /ill exi/s 9 ! =m ( me*anical =ce1 z attraction ( ! planets t[>ds ! sun1 & z vis viva ( _! motion2 & f9ds by ?is h[ mu* ( ! =ce has be5 conv]t$ into heat4 ,! result ( ?is calculation is1 t only ab\t ! #de? "p ( ! orig9al me*anical =ce rema9s z su*1 & t ! rema9d]1 conv]t$ into heat1 w\ld be suffici5t to raise a mass ( wat] equal to ! sun & planets tak5 toge!r1 n less ?an #bh1jjj1jjj ( degrees ( ! c5tigrade scale4 ,= ! sake ( comp>ison1 ,pr(essor ,helmholtz m5tions t ! highe/ temp]ature :i* we c produce by ! oxy-hydrog5 bl[pipe1 :i* is suffici5t to vaporise ev5 plat9a1 & :i* b few bodies c endure1 is e/imat$ at ab\t #bjjj degrees4 ,( ! action ( a temp]ature ( #bh1jjj1jjj ( su* degrees we c =m no notion4 ,if ! mass ( our entire sy/em 7 ( pure coal1 by ! combu/ion ( ! :ole ( x only ! #cej? "p ( ! above quantity w\ld be g5]at$4 ,! /ore ( =ce at pres5t possess$ by our sy/em is equival5t to imm5se quantities ( heat4 ,if our e>? 7 by a sudd5 %ock br\ght to re/ 9 h] orbit--:i* is n to be fe>$ 9 ! exi/+ arrangem5t ( our sy/em--by su* a %ock a quantity ( heat w\ld be g5]at$ equal to t produc$ by ! combu/ion ( f\rte5 su* e>?s ( solid coal4 ,mak+ ! mo/ unfav\rable assumption z to its capacity = heat1 t is1 plac+ x equal to t ( wat]1 ! mass ( ! e>? w\ld !reby be heat$ #aa1bjj2 x w\ld !re=e be q fus$1 & = ! mo/ "p r$uc$ to vap\r4 ,if1 !n1 ! e>?1 aft] hav+ be5 ?us br\ght to re/1 %\ld fall into ! sun1 :i* ( c\rse w\ld be ! case1 ! quantity ( heat develop$ by ! %ock w\ld be #djj times great]4 ,,an ,,a/ronom]',s ,,dream ,,v]ifi$4 ,! mo/ f]tile region 9 a/ronomical discov]y dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury has be5 ! planet>y memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,9 #ahcc1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el enum]at$ t5 planets z visible f ! e>?1 ei!r by ! unaid$ eye or by ! telescope2 ! numb] is n[ increas$ m ?an fivefold4 ,) ! exception ( ,neptune1 ! discov]y ( new planets is conf9$ to ! class call$ ,a/]oids4 ,^! all revolve 9 elliptic orbits betwe5 ^? ( ,jupit] & ,m>s4 ,zitius ( ,wittemb]g discov]$ an empirical law1 :i* seem$ to gov]n ! di/ances ( ! planets f ! sun2 b !re 0 a rem>kable int]ruption 9 ! law1 accord+ to :i* a planet ought to h be5 plac$ betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,pr(essor ,bode ( ,b]l9 direct$ ! att5tion ( a/ronom]s to ! possibility ( su* a planet exi/+2 & 9 sev5 ye>s' obs]vations f ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1 n "o b f\r planets 7 f\nd1 diff]+ widely f "o ano!r 9 ! elem5ts ( _! orbits1 b agree+ v ne>ly at _! mean di/ances f ! sun ) t ( ! suppos$ planet4 ,?is curi\s co9cid5ce ( ! mean di/ances ( ^! f\r a/]oids ) ! planet accord+ to ,bode's law1 z x is g5]ally call$1 l$ to ! conjecture t ^! f\r planets 7 b fragm5ts ( ! miss+ planet1 bl[n to atoms by "s int]nal explosion1 & t _m m fragm5ts might exi/1 & be possibly discov]$ by dilig5t se>*4 ,conc]n+ ?is app>5tly wild hypo!sis1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el (f]$ ! foll[+ rem>kable apology3 8,?is may s]ve z a specim5 ( ! dreams 9 :i* a/ronom]s1 l o!r speculators1 occasionally & h>mlessly indulge40 ,! dream1 wild z x appe>$1 has be5 realis$ n[4 ,sir ,john1 9 ! fif? edition ( 8 ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy1 publi%$ 9 #aheh1 tells u3 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( su* a speculation z a physical hypo!sis1 ?is conclusion has be5 v]ifi$ to a consid]able ext5t z a matt] ( fact by subsequ5t discov]y1 ! result ( a c>eful & m9ute exam9ation & mapp+ d[n ( ! small] />s 9 & ne> ! zodiac1 und]tak5 ) t express object4 ,zodiacal *>ts ( ?is k9d1 ! product ( ! zeal & indu/ry ( _m a/ronom]s1 h be5 con/ruct$1 9 :i* e /> d[n to ! n9?1 t5?1 or ev5 l[] magnitudes1 is ins]t$2 & ^! />s be+ comp>$ ) ! actual />s ( ! heav5s1 ! intrusion ( any /rang] )9 _! limits _c fail to be notic$ :5 ! comp>ison is sy/ematically conduct$4 ,! discov]y ( ,a/ra & ,hebe by ,pr(essor ,h5cke1 9 #ahde & #ahdg1 reviv$ ! flagg+ _s ( inquiry 9 ?is direction2 ) :at success1 ! li/ ( fifty-two a/]oids1 ) _! names & ! dates ( _! discov]y1 w be/ %[4 ,! lab\rs ( our indefatigable c\ntryman1 ,mr4 ,h9d1 h be5 rew>d$ by ! discov]y ( no less ?an eight ( !m4 ,,fire-,,balls ,,& ,,%oot+ ,,/>s4 ,humboldt relates1 t a fri5d at ,popayan1 at an elevation ( #eehc feet above ! sea-level1 at noon1 :5 ! sun 0 %9+ brightly 9 a cl\dless sky1 saw 8 room light$ up by a fire-ball3 he _h 8 back t[>ds ! w9d[ at ! "t1 & on turn+ r\nd1 p]ceiv$ t great "p ( ! pa? trav]s$ by ! fire-ball 0 /ill illum9at$ by ! brighte/ radiance4 ,! ,g]mans call ^! ph5om5a />-snuff1 f ! vulg> notion t ! lights 9 ! firmam5t und]go a process ( snuff+1 or clean+4 ,o!r nations call x a %ot or fall ( />s1 & ! ,engli% />-%oot4 ,c]ta9 tribes ( ! ,or9oco t]m ! pe>ly drops ( dew :i* cov] ! beautiful leaves ( ! heliconia />-spit4 ,9 ! ,li?uanian my?ology1 ! nature & signification ( fall+ />s are embodi$ "u nobl] & m graceful symbols4 ,! ,p>c1 ,w]peja1 weave 9 heav5 = ! new-born *ild its ?read ( fate1 atta*+ ea* sep>ate ?read to a />4 ,:5 dea? approa*es ! p]son1 ! ?read is r5t1 & ! /> wanes & s9ks to ! e>?4--,jacob ,grimm4 ,,!ory ,,& ,,exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! p]petual vicissitude ( !oretical views1 says ! au?or ( ,giordano ,bruno1 8mo/ m5 see no?+ 9 philosophy b a succession ( pass+ meteors2 :il/ ev5 ! gr&] =ms 9 :i* %e has reveal$ h]self %>e ! fate ( comets1--bodies t d n rank 9 popul> op9ion among/ ! ext]nal & p]man5t works ( nature1 b are reg>d$ z m]e fugitive app>itions ( igne\s vap\r40 ,,meteorites ,,f ,,! ,,moon4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! sel5ic orig9 ( meteoric /ones dep5ds ^u a numb] ( conditions1 ! accid5tal co9cid5ce ( :i* c\ld alone conv]t a possible to an actual fact4 ,! view ( ! orig9al exi/5ce ( small planet>y masses 9 space is simpl]1 & at ! same "t m analog\s ) ^? ent]ta9$ conc]n+ ! =mation ( o!r portions ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,diog5es ,la]tius ?\ght a]olites came f ! sun2 b ,pl9y d]ides ?is !ory4 ,! fall ( a]olites 9 bright sun%9e1 & :5 ! moon's disc 0 invisible1 probably l$ to ! idea ( sun-/ones4 ,moreov] ,anaxagoras reg>d$ ! sun z 8a molt5 fi]y mass20 & ,euripides1 9 ,phaton1 t]ms ! sun 8a gold5 mass10 t is to say1 a fire-col\r$1 brightly-%9+ matt]1 b n lead+ to ! inf]5ce t a]olites are gold5 sun-/ones4 ,! ,greek philosoph]s _h f\r hypo!ses z to _! orig93 telluric1 f asc5d+ exhalations2 masses ( /one rais$ by hurricanes2 a sol> orig92 & la/ly1 an orig9 9 ! regions ( space1 z heav5ly bodies :i* _h long rema9$ invisible3 ! la/ op9ion entirely accord+ ) t ( ! pres5t day4 ,*ladni /ates t an ,italian physici/1 ,paolo ,m>ia ,t]zago1 on ! occasion ( ! fall ( an a]olite at ,milan1 9 #affj1 by :i* a ,franciscan monk 0 kill$1 0 ! fir/ :o surmis$ t a]olites 7 ( sel5ic orig94 ,)\t any previ\s k ( ?is conjecture1 ,olb]s 0 l$1 9 #agie 7aft] ! celebrat$ fall at ,si5a1 ,june #af?1 #agid71 to inve/igate ! am\nt ( ! initial tang5tial =ce t w\ld be requir$ to br+ to ! e>? masses project$ f ! moon4 ,olb]s1 ,br&es1 & ,*aldni ?\ght t 8! velocity ( #af to #cb miles1 ) :i* fire-balls & %oot+-/>s ent]$ our atmosph]e10 furni%$ a refutation to ! view ( _! sel5ic orig94 ,accord+ to ,olb]s1 x w\ld require to rea* ! e>?1 sett+ aside ! resi/ance ( ! air1 an initial velocity ( #hbib feet 9 ! second2 accord+ to ,laplace1 #ghfb2 to ,biot1 #hbhb2 & to ,poisson1 #geie4 ,laplace /ates t ?is velocity is only five or six times z great z t ( a cannon-ball2 b ,olb]s has %[n t 8) su* an initial velocity z #gejj or #hjjj feet 9 a second1 meteoric /ones w\ld arrive at ! surface ( our e>? ) a velocity ( only #ce1jjj feet40 ,b ! measur$ velocity ( meteoric /ones av]ages upw>ds ( #aad1jjj feet to a second2 consequ5tly ! orig9al velocity ( projection f ! moon mu/ be almo/ #aaj1jjj feet1 & !re=e #ad times great] ?an ,laplace ass]t$4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be recollect$1 t ! op9ion !n s preval5t1 ( ! exi/5ce ( active volcanoes 9 ! moon1 :]e air & wat] are abs5t1 has s9ce be5 ab&on$4 ,laplace else:]e /ates1 t 9 all probability a]olites 8come f ! dep?s ( space20 yet he 9 ano!r passage incl9es to ! hypo!sis ( _! lun> orig91 always1 h[ev]1 assum+ t ! /ones project$ f ! moon 8become satellites ( our e>?1 describ+ ar\nd x m or less ecc5tric orbits1 & ?us n rea*+ its atmosph]e until sev]al or ev5 _m revolutions h be5 accompli%$40 ,9 ,syria !re is a popul> belief t a]olites *iefly fall on cle> moonlight nights4 ,! anci5ts 7,pl9y tells u7 look$ = _! fall dur+ lun> eclipses4--,abridg$ f ,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 i4 7,bohn's edition74 ,dr4 ,laur5ce ,smi?1 ,u4,s41 accepts ! 8lun> !ory10 & consid]s meteorites to be masses ?r[n (f f ! moon1 ! attractive p[] ( :i* is b "o-six? t ( ! e>?2 s t bodies ?r[n f ! surface ( ! moon exp]i5ce b "o six? ! ret>d+ =ce !y w\ld h :5 ?r[n f ! e>?'s surface4 ,look aga9 7says ,dr4 ,smi?7 at ! con/itution ( ! meteorite1 made up pr9cipally ( pure iron4 ,x came evid5tly f "s place :]e !re is little or no oxyg54 ,n[ ! moon has no atmosph]e1 & no wat] on its surface4 ,!re is no oxyg5 !re4 ,hurl$ f ! moon1 ^! bodies1--^! masses ( almo/ pure iron1--w\ld flame 9 ! sun l poli%$ /eel1 & on rea*+ our atmosph]e w\ld burn 9 its oxyg5 until a black oxide cool$ x2 & ?is we f9d to be ! case ) all meteorites1--! black col\r is only an ext]nal cov]+4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 f facts conta9$ 9 8 rese>*es on flame1 9 #ahag1 conceives t ! light ( meteors dep5ds1 n ^u ! ignition ( inflammable gases1 b ^u t ( solid bodies2 t su* is _! velocity ( motion1 z to excite suffici5t heat = _! ignition by ! compression ev5 ( r>e air2 & t ! ph5om5a ( fall+ />s may be expla9$ by reg>d+ !m z small incombu/ible bodies mov+ r\nd ! e>? 9 v ecc5tric orbits1 & becom+ ignit$ only :5 !y pass ) imm5se rapidity ?r\gh ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e2 :il/ ^? meteors :i* ?r[ d[n /ony bodies are1 simil>ly circum/anc$1 combu/ible masses4 ,masses ( iron & nickel1 hav+ all ! appe>ance ( a]olites or meteoric /ones1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ,sib]ia1 at a dep? ( t5 metres bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,f ! fact1 h[ev]1 t no meteoric /ones are f\nd 9 ! second>y & t]ti>y =mations1 x w\ld seem to foll[ t ! ph5om5a ( fall+ /ones did n take place till ! e>? assum$ its pres5t conditions4 ,,va/ ,,%[] ,,( ,,meteors4 ,! mo/ magnific5t ,%[] ( ,meteors t has ev] be5 kn[n 0 t :i* fell dur+ ! night ( ,novemb] #ab?1 #ahcc1 comm5c+ at n9e o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 & cont9u+ till ! morn+ sun conceal$ ! meteors f view4 ,?is %[] ext5d$ f ,canada to ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ov] a tract ( ne>ly #cjjj miles 9 wid?4 ,,imm5se ,,meteorite4 ,mrs4 ,som]ville m5tions a ,meteorite :i* pass$ )9 tw5ty-five miles ( our planet1 & 0 e/imat$ to weigh #fjj1jjj tons1 & to move ) a velocity ( tw5ty miles 9 a second4 ,only a small fragm5t ( ?is imm5se mass rea*$ ! e>?4 ,f\r in/ances are record$ ( p]sons be+ kill$ by _! fall4 ,a block ( /one fell at gos ,potamos1 ,b4,c4 #dfe1 z l>ge z two mill/ones2 ano!r at ,n>ni1 9 #iba1 project$ l a rock f\r feet above ! surface ( ! riv]1 9 :i* x 0 se5 to fall4 ,! ,emp]or ,jehangire _h a sword =g$ f a mass ( meteoric iron1 :i* fell 9 #afbj at ,jahl9d] 9 ! ,punjab4 ,sixte5 in/ances ( ! fall ( /ones 9 ! ,briti% ,isles are well au!nticat$ to h occurr$ s9ce #afbj1 "o ( !m 9 ,london4 ,x is v rem>kable t no new *emical elem5t has be5 detect$ 9 any ( ! num]\s meteorites :i* h be5 analys$4 ,,no ,,fossil ,,meteoric ,,/ones4 ,x is 7says ,olb]s7 a rem>kable b hi!rto unreg>d$ fact1 t :ile %ells are f\nd 9 second>y & t]ti>y =mations1 no ,fossil ,meteoric ,/ones h z yet be5 discov]$4 ,may we conclude f ?is circum/ance1 t previ\s to ! pres5t & la/ modification ( ! e>?'s surface no meteoric /ones fell on x1 ?\gh at ! pres5t "t x appe>s probable1 f ! rese>*es ( ,s*reib]s1 t #gjj fall annually8#bd ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,our ,,sy/em4 ,:ile all ! ph5om5a 9 ! heav5s indicate a law ( progressive creation1 9 :i* revolv+ matt] is di/ribut$ into suns & planets1 !re are indications 9 our own sy/em t a p]iod has be5 assign$ = its duration1 :i*1 soon] or lat]1 x mu/ rea*4 ,! m$ium :i* fills univ]sal space1 :e!r x be a lum9if]\s e!r1 or arise f ! indef9ite expansion ( planet>y atmosph]es1 mu/ ret>d ! bodies :i* move 9 x1 ev5 7 x #cfj1jjj millions ( times m r>e ?an atmosph]ic air2 &1 ) its "t ( revolution gradually %ort5+1 ! satellite mu/ return to its planet1 ! planet to its sun1 & ! sun to its primeval nebula4 ,! fate ( our sy/em1 ?us d$uc$ f me*anical laws1 mu/ be ! fate ( all o!rs4 ,motion _c be p]petuat$ 9 a resi/+ m$ium2 & :]e !re exi/ di/urb+ =ces1 !re mu/ be prim>ily d]angem5t1 & ultimately ru94 ,f ! great c5tral mass1 heat may aga9 be summon$ to exhale nebul\s matt]2 *emical =ces may aga9 produce motion1 & motion may aga9 g5]ate sy/ems2 b1 z 9 ! recurr+ cata/rophes :i* h desolat$ our e>?1 ! great ,fir/ ,cause mu/ preside at ! dawn ( ea* cosmical cycle2 &1 z 9 ! animal races :i* 7 successively reproduc$1 new cele/ial creations ( a nobl] =m ( beauty & ( a high] =m ( p]man5ce may yet appe> 9 ! sid]eal univ]se4 8,behold1 ,i create new heav5s & a new e>?1 & ! =m] %all n be rememb]$40 8,! new heav5s & ! new e>? %all rema9 be=e me40 8,let u look1 !n1 accord+ to ?is promise1 = ! new heav5s & ! new e>?1 :]e9 dwelle? righte\sness40--,nor?-,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #c4 ,,b5efits ,,( ,,glass ,,to ,,man4 ,cuvi] eloqu5tly says3 8,x c\ld n be expect$ t ^? ,phnician sailors :o saw ! s& ( ! %ores ( ,btica trans=m$ by fire into a transp>5t ,glass1 %\ld h at once =ese5 t ?is new sub/ance w\ld prolong ! pleasures ( sight to ! old2 t x w\ld "o day assi/ ! a/ronom] 9 p5etrat+ ! dep?s ( ! heav5s1 & 9 numb]+ ! />s ( ! ,milky ,way2 t x w\ld lay op5 to ! naturali/ a m9iature _w1 z popul\s1 z ri* 9 wond]s z t :i* alone seem$ to h be5 grant$ to 8 s5ses & 8 contemplation3 9 f9e1 t ! mo/ simple & direct use ( x w\ld enable ! inhabitants ( ! coa/ ( ! ,baltic ,sea to build palaces m magnific5t ?an ^? ( ,tyre & ,memphis1 & to cultivate1 almo/ "u ! pol> circle1 ! mo/ delici\s fruit ( ! torrid zone40 ,,! ,,galilean ,,telescope4 ,galileo appe>s to be ju/ly entitl$ to ! hon\r ( hav+ inv5t$ t =m ( ,telescope :i* /ill be>s 8 "n2 :ile we mu/ accord to ,john ,lipp]%ey1 ! spectacle-mak] ( ,middleburg1 ! hon\r ( hav+ previ\sly inv5t$ ! a/ronomical telescope4 ,! int]e/ excit$ at ,v5ice by ,galileo's inv5tion am\nt$ almo/ to fr5zy4 ,on asc5d+ ! t[] ( ,/4 ,m>k1 t he might use "o ( 8 telescopes )\t mole/ation1 ,galileo 0 recognis$ by a cr[d 9 ! /reet1 :o took possession ( ! wondr\s tube1 & deta9$ ! impati5t philosoph] = sev]al h\rs1 till !y _h successively witness$ its effects4 ,^! in/rum5ts 7 soon manufactur$ 9 great numb]s2 b 7 pur*as$ m]ely z philosophical toys1 & 7 c>ri$ by travell]s into e corn] ( ,europe4 ,,:at ,,galileo ,,fir/ ,,saw ,,) ,,8 ,,telescope4 ,! moon display$ to him h] m\nta9-ranges & h] gl5s1 h] cont95ts & h] highl&s1 n[ ly+ 9 d>kness1 n[ brilliant ) sun%9e1 & und]go+ all ^? v>iations ( light & %ad[ :i* ! surface ( our own globe pres5ts to ! alp9e travell] or to ! a]onaut4 ,! f\r satellites ( ,jupit] illum9at+ _! planet1 & suff]+ eclipses 9 8 %ad[1 l our own moon2 ! spots on ! sun's disc1 prov+ 8 rotation r\nd 8 axis 9 tw5ty-five days2 ! cresc5t phases ( ,v5us1 & ! triple =m or ! imp]fectly develop$ r+ ( ,saturn1--7 ! o!r discov]ies 9 ! sol> sy/em :i* rew>d$ ! dilig5ce ( ,galileo4 ,9 ! />ry heav5s1 too1 ?\s&s ( new worlds 7 discov]$ by 8 telescope2 & ! ,pleiades alone1 :i* to ! unassi/$ eye exhibit only sev5 />s1 display$ to ,galileo no few] ?an =ty4--,nor?-,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #c4 ,! fir/ telescope 8! />ry ,galileo0 con/ruct$ ) a lead5 tube a few in*es long1 ) a spectacle-glass1 "o convex & "o concave1 at ea* ( its extremities4 ,x magnifi$ ?ree times4 ,telescopes 7 made 9 ,london 9 ,febru>y #afaj1 a ye> aft] ,galileo _h complet$ 8 own 7,rigaud1 ,on ,h>riot's ,pap]s1 #ahcc74 ,!y 7 at fir/ call$ cyl9d]s4 ,! telescopes :i* ,galileo con/ruct$1 & o!rs ( :i* he made use = obs]v+ ,jupit]'s satellites1 ! phases ( ,v5us1 & ! sol> spots1 possess$ ! gradually-increas+ p[]s ( magnify+ f\r1 sev51 & ?irty-two l9e> diamet]s2 b !y nev] _h a high] p[]4--,arago1 9 ! ,annuaire = #ahdb4 ,clock-"w is n[ appli$ to ! equatorial telescope1 s z to all[ ! obs]v] to foll[ ! c\rse ( any />1 comet1 or planet he may wi% to obs]ve cont9u\sly1 )\t us+ 8 h&s = ! me*anical motion ( ! in/rum5t4 ,,antiquity ,,( ,,telescopes4 ,long tubes 7 c]ta9ly employ$ by ,arabian a/ronom]s1 & v probably also by ! ,greeks & ,romans2 ! exactness ( _! obs]vations be+ 9 "s degree attributable to _! caus+ ! object to be se5 ?r\gh diopt]s or slits4 ,abul ,hassan speaks v di/9ctly ( tubes1 to ! extremities ( :i* ocul> & object diopt]s 7 atta*$2 & in/rum5ts s con/ruct$ 7 us$ 9 ! obs]vatory f\nd$ by ,hulagu at ,m]agha4 ,if />s be m easily discov]$ dur+ twilight by means ( tubes1 & if a /> be soon] reveal$ to ! nak$ eye ?r\gh a tube ?an )\t x1 ! reason lies1 z ,arago has truly obs]v$1 9 ! circum/ance t ! tube conceals a great portion ( ! di/urb+ light diffus$ 9 ! atmosph]ic /rata betwe5 ! /> & ! eye appli$ to ! tube4 ,9 l mann]1 ! tube prev5ts ! lat]al impression ( ! fa9t light :i* ! p>ticles ( air receive at night f all ! o!r />s 9 ! firmam5t4 ,! int5sity ( ! image & ! size ( ! /> are app>5tly augm5t$4--,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ec4 ,,newton',s ,,fir/ ,,reflect+ ,,telescope4 ,! ye> #affh may be reg>d$ z ! date ( ! inv5tion ( ,newton's ,reflect+ ,telescope4 ,five ye>s previ\sly1 ,james ,gregory _h describ$ ! mann] ( con/ruct+ a reflect+ telescope ) two concave specula2 b ,newton p]ceiv$ ! disadvantages to be s great1 t1 accord+ to 8 /atem5t1 he 8f\nd x necess>y1 be=e attempt+ any ?+ 9 ! practice1 to alt] ! design1 & place ! eye-glass at ! side ( ! tube r ?an at ! middle40 ,on ?is improv$ pr9ciple ,newton con/ruct$ 8 telescope1 :i* 0 exam9$ by ,*>les ,,ii42 x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society ne> ! end ( #afga1 & is c>efully pres]v$ by t di/+ui%$ body1 ) ! inscription3 8,,! ,,fir/ ,,reflect+ ,,telescope2 ,,inv5t$ ,,by ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton1 ,,& ,,made ,,) ,,8 ,,own ,,h&s40 ,sir ,david ,brew/] describes ?is telescope z consi/+ ( a concave metallic speculum1 ! radius ( curvature ( :i* 0 #ab-b_/c or #ac in*es1 s t 8x collect$ ! sun's rays at ! di/ance ( #f-a_/c in*es40 ,! rays reflect$ by ! speculum 7 receiv$ ^u a plane metallic speculum incl9$ #de to ! axis ( ! tube1 s z to reflect !m to ! side ( ! tube 9 :i* !re 0 an ap]ture to receive a small tube ) a plano-convex eye-glass ^: radius 0 "o-twelf? ( an in*1 by means ( :i* ! image =m$ by ! speculum 0 magnifi$ #ch times4 ,su* 0 ! fir/ reflect+ telescope appli$ to ! heav5s2 b ,sir ,david ,brew/] describes ?is in/rum5t z small & ill-made2 & fifty ye>s elaps$ be=e telescopes ( ! ,newtonian =m became useful 9 a/ronomy4 ,,sir ,,william ,,h]s*el',s ,,great ,,telescope ,,at ,,sl\gh4 ,! plan ( ?is ,telescope 0 intimat$ by ,h]s*el1 ?r\gh ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 to ,george ,,iii41 :o (f]$ to defray ! :ole exp5se ( x2 a noble act ( lib]ality1 :i* has nev] be5 imitat$ by any o!r ,briti% sov]eign4 ,t[>ds ! close ( #aghe1 accord+ly1 ,h]s*el began to con/ruct 8 reflect+ telescope1 =ty feet 9 l5g?1 & hav+ a speculum fully f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,! ?ickness ( ! speculum1 :i* 0 uni=m 9 e "p1 0 #c in*es1 & its weight ne>ly #baah p\nds2 ! metal be+ compos$ ( #cb copp]1 & #ajg ( t93 x 0 ! ?ird speculum ca/1 ! two previ\s attempts hav+ fail$4 ,! speculum1 :5 n 9 use1 0 pres]v$ f damp by a t9 cov]1 fitt$ ^u a rim ( close-gra9$ clo?4 ,! tube ( ! telescope 0 #ci ft4 #d 94 long1 & its wid? #d ft4 #aj 942 x 0 made ( iron1 & 0 #cjjj lbs4 light] ?an if x _h be5 made ( wood4 ,! obs]v] 0 seat$ 9 a susp5d$ movable seat at ! m\? ( ! tube1 & view$ ! image ( ! object ) a magnify+ l5s or eye-piece4 ,! focus ( ! speculum1 or place ( ! image1 0 )9 f\r in*es ( ! l[] side ( ! m\? ( ! tube1 & came =w>d into ! air1 s t !re 0 space = "p ( ! head above ! eye1 to prev5t x f int]cept+ _m ( ! rays go+ f ! object to ! mirror4 ,! eye-piece mov$ 9 a tube c>ri$ by a slid] direct$ to ! c5tre ( ! speculum1 & fix$ on an adju/ible f\ndation at ! m\? ( ! tube4 ,x 0 complet$ on ! #bg? ,augu/ #aghi2 & ! v fir/ mom5t x 0 direct$ to ! heav5s1 a new body 0 add$ to ! sol> sy/em1 namely1 ,saturn & six ( its satellites2 & 9 less ?an a mon? aft]1 ! sev5? satellite ( ,saturn1 8an object10 says ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 8( a f> high] ord] ( difficulty40--,abridg$ f ! ,nor?-,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #c4 ,?is magnific5t in/rum5t /ood on ! lawn 9 ! re> ( ,sir ,william ,h]s*el's h\se at ,sl\gh2 & "s ( our read]s1 l ourselves1 may rememb] its extraord9>y aspect :5 se5 f ! ,ba? coa*-road1 & ! road to ,w9dsor4 ,! difficulty ( manag+ s l>ge an in/rum5t--requir+ z x did two assi/ants 9 addition to ! obs]v] himself & ! p]son employ$ to note ! "t--prev5t$ its be+ mu* us$4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,weld1 /ates ! entire co/ ( its con/ruction1 #djjjl41 0 defray$ by ,george ,,iii4 ,9 #ahci1 ! woodwork ( ! telescope be+ decay$1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el _h x cle>$ away2 & pi]s 7 erect$1 on :i* ! tube 0 plac$1 t be+ ( iron1 & s well pres]v$ t1 al?\gh n m ?an "o-tw5tie? ( an in* ?ick1 :5 9 ! horizontal position x conta9$ )9 all ,sir ,john's family2 & next ! two reflectors1 ! poli%+ app>atus1 & portions ( ! ma*9]y1 to ! am\nt ( a great _m tons4 ,sir ,john attributes ?is great /r5g? & resi/ance to ! int]nal /ructure ( ! tube1 v simil> to t pat5t$ "u ! "n ( corrugat$ iron-rop+4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el also ?9ks t sy/em ( triangul> arrangem5t ( ! woodwork 0 ^u ! pr9ciple to :i* 8diagonal brac+0 owes its /r5g?4 ,,! ,,e>l ,,( ,,rosse',s ,,great ,,reflect+ ,,telescope4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] has rem>k$1 t 8! long int]val ( half a c5tury seems to be ! p]iod ( hyb]nation dur+ :i* ! telescopic m9d re/s f its lab\rs 9 ord] to acquire /r5g? = "s great a*ievem5t4 ,fifty ye>s elaps$ betwe5 ! dw>f telescope ( ,newton & ! l>ge in/rum5ts ( ,hadley2 o!r fifty ye>s roll$ on be=e ,sir ,william ,h]s*el con/ruct$ 8 magnific5t telescope2 & fifty ye>s m pass$ away be=e ! ,e>l ( ,rosse produc$ t colossal in/rum5t :i* has already a*iev$ su* brilliant discov]ies40#be ,9 ! improvem5t ( ! ,reflect+ ,telescope1 ! fir/ object has always be5 to increase ! magnify+ p[] & light by ! con/ruction ( z l>ge a mirror z possible2 & to ?is po9t ,"l ,rosse's att5tion 0 direct$ z e>ly z #ahbh1 ! field ( op]ation be+ at 8 lord%ip's seat1 ,birr ,ca/le at ,p>son/[n1 ab\t fifty miles we/ ( ,dubl94 ,= ?is high bran* ( sci5tific inquiry ,"l ,rosse 0 well fitt$ by a r>e comb9ation ( 8tal5t to devise1 pati5ce to be> disappo9tm5t1 p]sev]ance1 pr(\nd ma!matical k1 me*anical skill1 & un9t]rupt$ leisure f o!r pursuits20#bf all ^!1 h[ev]1 w\ld n h be5 suffici5t1 _h n a great comm& ( money be5 add$2 ! gigantic telescope we are ab\t to describe hav+ co/ c]ta9ly n less ?an twelve ?\s& p\nds4 ,"l ,rosse gr\nd & poli%$ specula fifte5 in*es1 two feet1 & ?ree feet 9 diamet] be=e he comm5c$ ! colossal in/rum5t4 ,x is impossible "h to detail ! admirable contrivances & processes by :i* he prep>$ himself = ?is great "w4 ,he fir/ asc]ta9$ ! mo/ useful comb9ation ( metals = specula1 bo? 9 :it5ess1 porosity1 & h>dness1 to be copp] & t94 ,( ?is comp\nd ! reflector 0 ca/ 9 pieces1 :i* 7 fix$ on a b$ ( z9c & copp]1--a species ( brass :i* exp&$ 9 ! same degree by heat z ! pieces ( ! speculum !mselves4 ,!y 7 gr\nd z "o body to a true surface1 & !n poli%$ by ma*9]y mov$ by a /eam-eng9e4 ,! peculi>ities ( ?is me*anism 7 entirely ,"l ,rosse's inv5tion1 & ! result ( close calculation & obs]vation3 !y 7 *iefly1 plac+ ! speculum ) ! face upw>d1 regulat+ ! temp]ature by hav+ x imm]s$ 9 wat]1 usually at #ee ,fahr41 & regulat+ ! pressure & velocity4 ,?is 0 f\nd to "w a p]fect sph]ical figure 9 l>ge surfaces ) a degree ( precision unatta9able by ! h&2 ! poli%]1 by work+ above & ^u ! face ( ! speculum1 be+ enabl$ to exam9e ! op]ation z x proce$$ )\t remov+ ! speculum1 :i*1 :5 a ton weight1 is no easy matt]4 ,! contrivance = do+ ?is is v beautiful4 ,! ma*9e is plac$ 9 a room at ! bottom ( a high t[]1 9 ! successive floors ( :i* trap-doors c be op5$4 ,a ma/ is elevat$ on ! top ( ! t[]1 s t its summit is ab\t n9ety feet above ! speculum4 ,a dial-plate is atta*$ to ! top ( ! ma/1 & a small plane speculum & eye-piece1 ) prop] adju/m5ts1 are s plac$ t ! comb9ation becomes a ,newtonian telescope1 & ! dial-plate ! object4 ,! la/ & mo/ important "p ( ! process ( work+ ! speculum1 is to give x a true p>abolic figure1 t is1 su* a figure t ea* portion ( x %\ld reflect ! incid5t ray to ! same focus4 ,"l ,rosse's op]ations = ?is purpose consi/--#a/1 ( a /roke ( ! fir/ ecc5tric1 :i* c>ries ! poli%] along "o-?ird ( ! diamet] ( ! speculum2 #b;d1 a transv]se /roke tw5ty-"o times sl[]1 & equal to #jbg ( ! same diamet]1 measur$ on ! edge ( ! tank1 or #ag beyond ! c5tre ( ! poli%]2 #c;d1 a rotation ( ! speculum p]=m$ 9 ! same "t z ?irty-sev5 ( ! fir/ /rokes2 & #d?1 a rotation ( ! poli%] 9 ! same direction ab\t sixte5 times sl[]4 ,if ^! rules are att5d$ to1 ! ma*9e w give ! true p>abolic figure to ! speculum1 :e!r x be six in*es or ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! ?ree-feet speculum1 ! figure is s true ) ! :ole ap]ture1 t x is ?r[n out ( focus by a motion ( less ?an ! ?irtie? ( an in*1 8& ev5 ) a s+le l5s ( "o-eigh? ( an in* focus1 giv+ a p[] ( #beib1 ! dots on a wat*-dial are /ill 9 "s degree def9$40 ,?us 0 execut$ ! ?ree-feet speculum = ! tw5ty-six-feet telescope plac$ ^u ! lawn at ,p>son/[n1 :i*1 9 #ahdj1 %[$ ) p[]s up to #ajjj & ev5 #afjj2 & :i* resolv$ nebul into />s1 & de/roy$ t symmetry ( =m 9 globul> nebul ^u :i* 0 f\nd$ ! hypo!sis ( ! gradual cond5sation ( nebul\s matt] into suns & planets4#bg ,sc>cely 0 ?is in/rum5t out ( ,"l ,rosse's h&s1 :5 he resolv$ to attempt by ! same processes to con/ruct ano!r reflector1 ) a speculum six feet 9 diamet] & fifty feet long6 & ?is magnific5t in/rum5t 0 complet$ e>ly 9 #ahde4 ,! focal l5g? ( ! speculum is fifty-f\r feet4 ,x weighs f\r tons1 &1 ) its supports1 is sev5 times z heavy z ! f\r-feet speculum ( ,sir ,william ,h]s*el4 ,! speculum is plac$ 9 "o ( ! sides ( a cubical wood5 box1 ab\t eight feet wide1 & to ! opposite end ( ?is box is fa/5$ ! tube1 :i* is made ( deal /aves an in* ?ick1 hoop$ ) iron clamp-r+s1 l a huge cask4 ,x c>ries at its upp] end1 & 9 ! axis ( ! tube1 a small oval speculum1 six in*es 9 its less] diamet]4 ,! tube is ab\t #ej feet long & #h feet 9 diamet] 9 ! middle1 & furni%$ ) diaphragms #f feet 9 ap]ture4 ,! late ,dean ( ,ely walk$ ?r\gh ! tube ) an umbrella up4 ,! telescope is e/abli%$ betwe5 two l(ty ca/ellat$ pi]s #fj feet high1 & is rais$ to diff]5t altitudes by a /rong *a9-cable atta*$ to ! top ( ! tube4 ,?is cable passes ov] a pulley on a frame d[n to a w9dlass on ! gr\nd1 :i* is wr\ght by two assi/ants4 ,to ! frame are atta*$ *a9-guys fa/5$ to ! c\nt]weights2 & ! telescope is balanc$ by ^! c\nt]weights susp5d$ by *a9s1 :i* are fix$ to ! sides ( ! tube & pass ov] l>ge iron pulleys4 ,! imm5se mass ( matt] weighs ab\t twelve tons4 ,on ! ea/]n pi] is a /rong semicircle ( ca/-iron1 ) :i* ! telescope is connect$ by a rack$ b>1 ) friction-roll]s atta*$ to ! tube by :eelwork1 s t by means ( a h&le ne> ! eye-piece1 ! obs]v] c move ! telescope along ! b> on ei!r side ( ! m]idian1 to ! di/ance ( an h\r = an equatorial />4 ,on ! we/]n pi] are /airs & gall]ies4 ,! obs]v+ gall]y is mov$ along a railway by means ( :eels & a w9*2 & ! me*anism = rais+ ! gall]ies to v>i\s altitudes is v +5i\s4 ,sometimes ! gall]ies1 fill$ ) obs]v]s1 are susp5d$ midway betwe5 ! two pi]s1 ov] a *asm sixty feet deep4 ,an excell5t description ( ?is imm5se ,telescope at ,birr ,ca/le w be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,weld's volume ( ,vacation ,rambles4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] ?us eloqu5tly sket*es ! p[]s ( ! telescope at ! close ( 8 able description ( ! in/rum5t1 :i* we h 9 "p quot$ f 8 ,life ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,we h1 9 ! morn+s1 walk$ aga9 & aga91 & ev] ) new delight1 along its my/ic tube1 & at midnight1 ) its di/+ui%$ ar*itect1 pond]$ ov] ! m>vell\s sights :i* x dis-closes1--! satellites & belts & r+s ( ,saturn1--! old & new r+1 :i* is advanc+ ) its cre/ ( wat]s to ! body ( ! planet1--! rocks1 & m\nta9s1 & valleys1 & ext9ct volcanoes ( ! moon1--! cresc5t ( ,v5us1 ) its m\nta9\s outl9e1--! sy/ems ( d\ble & triple />s1--! nebul & />ry clu/]s ( e v>iety ( %ape1--& ^? spiral nebul> =mations :i* baffle human compreh5sion1 & con/itute ! greate/ a*ievem5t 9 mod]n discov]y4 ,! ,a/ronom] ,royal1 ,mr4 ,airy1 alludes to ! impression made by ! enorm\s light ( ! telescope1--p>tly by ! modifications produc$ 9 ! appe>ance ( nebul already figur$1 p>tly by ! great numb] ( />s se5 at a di/ance f ! ,milky ,way1 & p>tly f ! prodigi\s brilliancy ( ,saturn4 ,! acc\nt giv5 by ano!r a/ronom] ( ! appe>ance ( ,jupit] 0 t x resembl$ a coa*-lamp 9 ! telescope2 & ?is well expresses ! blaze ( light :i* is se5 9 ! in/rum5t4 ,! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,scoresby ?us records ! results ( 8 visits3 ,! range op5$ to u by ! great telescope at ,birr ,ca/le is be/1 p]haps1 appreh5d$ by ! n[ usual measurem5t--n ( di/ances 9 miles1 or millions ( miles1 or diamet]s ( ! e>?'s orbit1 b--( ! progress ( light 9 free space4 ,! det]m9ation )91 no d\bt1 a small proportion ( error ( ! p>allax ( a consid]able numb] ( ! fix$ />s yields1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,pet]s1 a space betwixt u & ! fix$ />s ( ! smalle/ magnitude1 ! six?1 ord9>ily visible to ! nak$ eye1 ( #acj ye>s 9 ! flight ( light4 ,?is in=mation enables u1 on ! pr9ciples ( s\nd+ ! heav5s1 sugge/$ by ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ) ! photometrical rese>*es on ! />s ( ,dr4 ,wolla/on & o!rs1 to c>ry ! e/imation ( di/ances1 & t by no means on vague assumption1 to ! limits ( space op5$ out by ! mo/ effective telescopes4 ,& f ! guidance ?us af=d$ u z to ! comp>ative p[] ( ! six feet speculum 9 ! p5etration ( space z already elucidat$1 we might fairly assume ! fact1 t if any o!r telescope n[ 9 use c\ld foll[ ! sun if remov$ to ! remote/ visible position1 or till its light w\ld require #aj1jjj ye>s to rea* u1 ! gr& in/rum5t at ,p>son/[n w\ld foll[ x s f> t f #bj1jjj to #be1jjj ye>s w\ld be sp5t 9 ! transmission ( its light to ! e>?4 ,b 9 ! cases ( clu/]s ( />s1 & ( nebul exhibit+ a m]e speck ( mi/y lum9osity1 f ! comb9$ light ( p]haps hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( suns1 ! p5etration into space1 comp>$ ) ! results ( ord9>y vision1 mu/ be enorm\s2 s t x w\ld n be difficult to %[ ! probability t a million ( ye>s1 9 flight ( light1 w\ld be requisite1 9 reg>d to ! mo/ di/ant1 to trace ! enorm\s int]val4 ,,gigantic ,,telescopes ,,propos$4 ,hooke is said to h propos$ ! use ( ,telescopes hav+ a l5g? ( upw>ds ( #aj1jjj feet 7or ne>ly two miles71 9 ord] to see animals 9 ! moon6 an extravagant expectation :i* ,auz\t consid]$ x necess>y to refute4 ,! ,capu*9 monk ,s*yrle von ,rheita1 :o 0 well v]s$ 9 optics1 _h already spok5 ( ! spe$y practicability ( con/ruct+ telescopes t %\ld magnify #djjj times1 by means ( :i* ! lun> m\nta9s might be accurately laid d[n4 ,optical in/rum5ts ( su* enorm\s focal l5g?s rem9d u ( ! ,arabian contrivances ( measurem5t3 quadrants ) a radius ( ab\t #aij feet1 ^u ^: graduat$ limb ! image ( ! sun 0 receiv$ z 9 ! gnomon1 ?r\gh a small r\nd ap]ture4 ,su* a quadrant 0 erect$ at ,sam>c&1 probably con/ruct$ aft] ! model ( ! old] sextants ( ,al*ok&i1 :i* 7 ab\t sixty feet 9 height4 ,,late ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,optical ,,in/rum5ts4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,nor?-,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #ej1 consid]s x /range t a v>iety ( facts :i* mu/ h pres5t$ !mselves to ! mo/ c>eless obs]v] %\ld n h l$ to ! e>li] con/ruction ( ,optical ,in/rum5ts4 ,! anci5ts1 d\btless1 mu/ h =m$ metallic articles ) concave surfaces1 9 :i* ! obs]v] c\ld n fail to see himself magnifi$2 & if ! radius ( ! concavity exce$$ twelve in*es1 twice ! focal di/ance ( 8 eye1 he _h 9 8 h&s an extempore reflect+ telescope ( ! ,newtonian =m1 9 :i* ! concave metal 0 ! speculum1 & 8 eye ! eye-glass1 & :i* w\ld magnify & br+ ne> him ! image ( objects ne>ly beh9d him4 ,?r\gh ! sph]ical drops ( wat] susp5d$ be=e 8 eye1 an att5tive obs]v] might h se5 magnifi$ "s m9ute body plac$ accid5tally 9 its ant]ior focus2 & 9 ! eyes ( fi%es & quadrup$s :i* he us$ = 8 food1 he might h se51 & might h extract$1 ! beautiful l5ses :i* !y conta91 & :i* he c\ld n fail to reg>d z ! pr9cipal ag5ts 9 ! vision ( ! animals to :i* !y belong$4 ,curiosity might h prompt$ him to look ?r\gh ^! rem>kable l5ses or sph]es2 & _h he plac$ ! l5s ( ! smalle/ m9n[1 or t ( ! bird1 ! %eep1 or ! ox1 9 or be=e a circul> ap]ture1 he w\ld h produc$ a microscope or microscopes ( excell5t quality & diff]5t magnify+ p[]s4 ,no su* obs]vations seem1 h[ev]1 to h be5 made2 & ev5 aft] ! inv5tion ( glass1 & its conv]sion into globul> vessels1 ?r\gh :i*1 :5 fill$ ) any fluid1 objects are magnifi$1 ! microscope rema9$ undiscov]$4 ,a ,,triad ,,( ,,contempor>y ,,a/ronom]s4 ,x is a rem>kable fact 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy 7says ,sir ,david ,brew/]71 t ?ree ( its mo/ di/+ui%$ pr(essors 7 contempor>ies4 ,galileo 0 ! contempor>y ( ,ty*o dur+ ?irty-sev5 ye>s1 & ( ,kepl] dur+ ! fifty-n9e ye>s ( 8 life4 ,galileo 0 born sev5 ye>s be=e ,kepl]1 & surviv$ him ne>ly ! same "t4 ,we h n le>n$ t ! intellectual triumvirate ( ! age enjoy$ any opportunity = mutual congratulation4 ,:at a privilege w\ld x h be5 to h contra/$ ! ari/ocratic dignity ( ,ty*o ) ! reckless ease ( ,kepl]1 & ! manly & impetu\s mi5 ( ! ,italian sage6--,brew/]'s ,life ( ,newton4 ,a ,,peasant ,,a/ronom]4 ,at ab\t ! same "t t ,goodricke discov]$ ! v>iation ( ! rem>kable p]iodical /> ,algol1 or ,p]sei1 "o ,palitz*1 a f>m] ( ,prolitz1 ne> ,dresd51--a peasant by /ation1 an a/ronom] by nature1--f 8 famili> acqua9tance ) ! aspect ( ! heav5s1 0 l$ to notice1 among s _m ?\s& />s1 ,algol1 z di/+ui%$ f ! re/ by its v>iation1 & asc]ta9$ its p]iod4 ,! same ,palitz* 0 also ! fir/ to re-discov] ! pr$ict$ comet ( ,halley 9 #agei1 :i* he saw ne>ly a mon? be=e any ( ! a/ronom]s1 :o1 arm$ ) _! telescopes1 7 anxi\sly wat*+ its return4 ,^! anecdotes c>ry u back to ! era ( ! ,*aldean %eph]ds4--,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ,outl9es4 ,,%irburn-,,ca/le ,,obs]vatory4 ,"l ,macclesfield1 ! em95t ma!matician1 :o 0 twelve ye>s ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 built at 8 seat1 ,%irburn ,ca/le 9 ,ox=d%ire1 an ,obs]vatory1 ab\t #agci4 ,x /ood #ajj y>ds s\? f ! ca/le-gate1 & consi/$ ( a b$-*amb]1 a room = ! transit1 & ! ?ird = a mural quadrant4 ,9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society is a curi\s pr9t repres5t+ two ( ,"l ,macclesfield's s]vants tak+ obs]vations 9 ! ,%irburn obs]vatory2 !y are ,?omas ,phelps1 ag$ #hb1 :o1 f be+ a /able-boy to ,"l-,*ancellor ,macclesfield1 rose by 8 m]it & g5ius to be appo9t$ obs]v]4 ,8 companion is ,john ,b>tlett1 orig9ally a %eph]d1 9 :i* /ation he1 by books & obs]vation1 acquir$ su* a k 9 computation1 & ( ! heav5ly bodies1 z to induce ,"l ,macclesfield to appo9t him assi/ant-obs]v] 9 8 obs]vatory4 ,phelps 0 ! p]son :o1 on ,decemb] #bc;d1 #agdc1 discov]$ ! great comet1 & made ! fir/ obs]vation ( x2 an acc\nt ( :i* is ent]$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 b n ! "n ( ! obs]v]4 ,,lacaille',s ,,obs]vatory4 ,lacaille1 :o made m obs]vations ?an all 8 contempor>ies put toge!r1 & ^: rese>*es w h ! highe/ value z long z a/ronomy is cultivat$1 _h an obs]vatory at ! ,collge ,maz>91 "p ( :i* is n[ ! ,palace ( ! ,in/itute1 at ,p>is4 ,= a long "t x _h be5 )\t obs]v] or in/rum5ts2 "u ,napoleon's reign x 0 demoli%$4 ,lacaille nev] us$ to illum9ate ! wires ( 8 in/rum5ts4 ,! inn] "p ( 8 obs]vatory 0 pa9t$ black2 he admitt$ only ! fa9te/ light1 to enable him to see 8 p5dulum & 8 pap]3 8 left eye 0 devot$ to ! s]vice ( look+ to ! p5dulum1 :il/ 8 "r eye 0 kept %ut4 ,! latt] 0 only employ$ to look to ! telescope1 & dur+ ! "t ( obs]vation nev] op5$ b = ?is purpose4 ,?us ! fa9te/ light made him di/+ui% ! wires1 & he v seldom felt ! necessity ( illum9at+ !m4 ,"p ( ^! black5$ walls 7 visible long aft] ! demolition ( ! obs]vatory1 :i* took place some:at ab\t #ahaa4--,pr(essor ,mohl4 ,,nicety ,,requir$ ,,9 ,,a/ronomical ,,calculations4 ,9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 #ahej1 we f9d ! foll[+ illu/rations ( ! enorm\s propagation ( m9ute errors3 ,! rod us$ 9 measur+ a base-l9e is commonly ab\t t5 feet long2 & ! a/ronom] may be said truly to apply t v rod to mete ! di/ance ( ! />s4 ,an error 9 plac+ a f9e dot :i* fixes ! l5g? ( ! rod1 am\nt+ to "o-five-?\s&? ( an in* 7! ?ickness ( a s+le silk5 fibre71 w am\nt to an error ( #gj feet 9 ! e>?'s diamet]1 ( #caf miles 9 ! sun's di/ance1 & to #fe1bjj1jjj miles 9 t ( ! ne>e/ fix$ />4 ,secondly1 z ! a/ronom] 9 8 obs]vatory has no?+ fur!r to d ) asc]ta9+ l5g?s or di/ances1 except by calculation1 8 :ole skill & artifice are exhau/$ 9 ! measurem5t ( angles2 = by ^! alone spaces inaccessible c be comp>$4 ,happily1 a ray ( light is /raight3 7 x n s 79 cele/ial spaces at lea/71 !re w\ld be an end ( our a/ronomy4 ,n[ an angle ( a second 7#cfjj to a degree7 is a subtle ?+4 ,x has an app>5t bread? utt]ly invisible to ! unassi/$ eye1 unless accompani$ ) s int5se a spl5d\r 7e4 g4 9 ! case ( a fix$ />7 z actually to raise by its effect on ! n]ve ( sight a spuri\s image hav+ a s5sible bread?4 ,a silkworm's fibre1 su* z we h m5tion$ above1 subt5ds an angle ( a second at #c feet di/ance2 a cricket-ball1 #b in*es diamet]1 mu/ be remov$1 9 ord] to subt5d a second1 to #dc1jjj feet1 or ab\t #h miles1 :]e x w\ld be utt]ly invisible to ! %>pe/ sight aid$ ev5 by a telescope ( "s p[]4 ,yet x is on ! measure ( "o s+le second t ! asc]ta9m5t ( a s5sible p>allax 9 any fix$ /> dep5ds2 & an error ( "o-?\s&? ( t am\nt 7a quantity /ill unmeasurable by ! mo/ p]fect ( our in/rum5ts7 w\ld place ! /> too f> or too ne> by #bjj1jjj1jjj1jjj miles2 a space :i* light requires #aah days to travel4 ,,c ,,/>s ,,be ,,se5 ,,by ,,daylight8 ,ari/otle ma9ta9s t ,/>s may occasionally be se5 9 ! ,daylight1 f cav]ns & ci/]ns1 z ?r\gh tubes4 ,pl9y alludes to ! same circum/ance1 & m5tions t />s h be5 mo/ di/9ctly recognis$ dur+ sol> eclipses4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has he>d x /at$ by a celebrat$ optician1 t 8 att5tion 0 fir/ drawn to a/ronomy by ! regul> appe>ance1 at a c]ta9 h\r1 = sev]al successive days1 ( a consid]able /> ?r\gh ! %aft ( a *imney4 ,! *imney-sweep]s :o h be5 que/ion$ ^u ?is subject agree tol]ably well 9 /at+ t 8!y h nev] se5 />s by day1 b t :5 obs]v$ at night ?r\gh deep %afts1 ! sky appe>$ q ne>1 & ! />s l>g]40 ,saussure /ates t />s h be5 se5 ) ! nak$ eye 9 broad daylight1 on ! declivity ( ,mont ,blanc1 at an elevation ( #ab1geg feet1 z he 0 assur$ by sev]al ( ! alp9e guides4 ,! obs]v] mu/ be plac$ entirely 9 ! %ade1 & h a ?ick & massive %ade above 8 head1 else ! /rong] light ( ! air w disp]se ! fa9t image ( ! />s2 ^! conditions resembl+ ^? pres5t$ by ! ci/]ns ( ! anci5ts1 & ! *imneys above ref]r$ to4 ,humboldt1 h[ev]1 que/ions ! accuracy ( ^! evid5ces1 add+ t 9 ! ,cordill]as ( ,mexico1 ,quito1 & ,p]u1 at elevations ( #ae1jjj or #af1jjj feet above ! sea-level1 he nev] c\ld di/+ui% />s by daylight4 ,yet1 "u ! e!really pure sky ( ,cumana1 9 ! pla9s ne> ! sea-%ore1 ,humboldt has frequ5tly be5 able1 aft] obs]v+ an eclipse ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 to f9d ! planet aga9 ) ! nak$ eye1 & has mo/ di/9ctly se5 x :5 ! sun's disc 0 f #ah to #bj above ! horizon4 ,,lo/ ,,heat ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,by ! nature ( our atmosph]e1 we are protect$ f ! influ5ce ( ! full flood ( sol> heat4 ,! absorption ( caloric by ! air has be5 calculat$ at ab\t "o-fif? ( ! :ole 9 pass+ ?r\gh a column ( #fjjj feet1 e/imat$ ne> ! e>?'s surface4 ,& we are enabl$1 kn[+ ! increas+ r>ity ( ! upp] regions ( our gase\s envelope1 9 :i* ! absorption is con/antly dim9i%+1 to prove t ab\t "o-?ird ( ! sol> heat is lo/ by v]tical transmission ?r\gh ! :ole ext5t ( our atmosph]e4--,j4 ,d4 ,=bes1 ,f4,r4,s42 ,bak]ian ,lecture1 #ahdb4 ,,! ,,london ,,monum5t ,,us$ ,,z ,,an ,,obs]vatory4 ,soon aft] ! completion ( ! ,monum5t on ,fi% ,/reet ,hill1 by ,wr51 9 #afgg1 x 0 us$ by ,hooke & o!r memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society = a/ronomical purposes1 b ab&on$ on acc\nt ( ! vibrations be+ too great = ! nicety requir$ 9 _! obs]vations4 ,h5ce arose ! report t ! ,monum5t 0 unsafe1 :i* has be5 reviv$ 9 our "t2 8b10 says ,elmes1 8its sci5tific con/ruction may bid defiance to ! attacks ( all b e>?quakes = c5turies to come40 ,?is vibration 9 l(ty columns is n uncommon4 ,capta9 ,smy!1 9 8 ,cycle ( ,cele/ial ,objects1 tells u1 t :5 tak+ obs]vations on ! summit ( ,pompey's ,pill>1 ne> ,alex&ria1 ! m]cury 0 s5sibly affect$ by tremor1 al?\gh ! pill> is a solid4 ,geology & ,paleontology4 ,,id5tity ,,( ,,a/ronomy ,,& ,,geology4 ,:ile ! ,a/ronom] is /udy+ ! =m & condition & /ructure ( ! planets1 9 s f> z ! eye & ! telescope c aid him1 ! ,geologi/ is inve/igat+ ! =m & condition & /ructure ( ! planet to :i* he belongs2 & x is f ! analogy ( ! e>?'s /ructure1 z ?us asc]ta9$1 t ! a/ronom] is enabl$ to =m any rational conjecture respect+ ! nature & con/itution ( ! o!r planet>y bodies4 ,a/ronomy & ,geology1 !re=e1 con/itute ! same sci5ce--! sci5ce ( mat]ial or inorganic nature4 ,:5 ! a/ronom] fir/ surveys ! concavity ( ! cele/ial vault1 he f9ds x /udd$ ) lum9\s bodies diff]+ 9 magnitude & lu/re1 "s mov+ to ! ea/ & o!rs to ! we/2 :ile by f> ! great] numb] seem fix$ 9 space2 & x is ! bus9ess ( a/ronom]s to assign to ea* ( !m its prop] place & sph]e1 to det]m9e _! true di/ance f ! e>?1 & to arrange !m 9 sy/ems ?r\gh\t ! regions ( sid]eal space4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ! geologi/ surveys ! convexity ( 8 own globe1 he f9ds its solid cov]+ compos$ ( rocks & b$s ( all %apes & k9ds1 ly+ at e possible angle1 occupy+ e possible position1 & all ( !m1 g5]ally speak+1 at ! same di/ance f ! e>?'s c5tre4 ,e :]e we see :at 0 deep br\ght into visible relation ) :at 0 sup]ficial--:at is old ) :at is new--:at prec$$ life ) :at foll[$ x4 ,?us display$ on ! surface ( 8 globe1 x becomes ! bus9ess ( ! geologi/ to asc]ta9 h[ ^! rocks came into _! pres5t places1 to det]m9e _! diff]5t ages1 & to fix ! positions :i* !y orig9ally occupi$1 & consequ5tly _! diff]5t di/ances f ! c5tre or ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>?4 ,rais$ f _! orig9al b$1 ! geologi/ mu/ /udy ! int]nal =ces by :i* !y 7 upheav$1 & ! ag5cies by :i* !y 7 indurat$2 & :5 he f9ds t /rata ( e k9d1 f ! primitive granite to ! rec5t t]ti>y m>9e mud1 h be5 ?us br\ght )9 8 rea*1 & prep>$ = 8 analysis1 he reads _! respective ages 9 ! organic rema9s :i* !y entomb2 he /udies ! mann] 9 :i* !y h p]i%$1 & he c\nts ! cycles ( "t & ( life :i* !y disclose4--,abridg$ f ! ,nor?-,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #i4 ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,engl& is m int]e/+ ?an t ( o!r c\ntries1 because our isl& is 9 a great measure an epitome ( ! globe2 & ! obs]v] :o is famili> ) our /rata1 & ! fossil rema9s :i* !y include1 has n only prep>$ himself = simil> inquiries 9 o!r c\ntries1 b is already1 z x 71 by anticipation1 acqua9t$ ) :at he is to f9d !re4--,transactions ( ! ,geological ,society4 ,,probable ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,*annel4 ,! propos$ con/ruction ( a subm>9e tunnel across ! ,/raits ( ,dov] has l$ ,m4 ,b\1 ,=4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,soc41 to po9t out ! probability t ! ,engli% ,*annel has n be5 excavat$ by wat]-action only2 b owes its orig9 to "o ( ! l9es ( di/urbance :i* h fissur$ ?is portion ( ! e>?'s cru/3 & tak+ ?is view ( ! case1 ! fissure probably /ill exi/s1 be+ m]ely fill$ ) comp>atively loose mat]ial1 s z to prove a s]i\s ob/acle to any attempt made to drive ?r\gh x a subm>9e tunnel4--,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society4 ,,h[ ,,b\ld]s ,,are ,,transport$ ,,to ,,great ,,heights4 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison has %[n t 9 ,russia1 :5 ! ,dw9a is at its maximum height1 & p5etrates into ! *9ks ( its lime/one banks1 :5 froz5 & exp&$ x causes disruptions ( ! rock1 ! entanglem5t ( /ony fragm5ts 9 ! ice4 ,9 rem>kable spr+ floods1 ! /ream s exp&s t 9 bur/+ x ?r[s up its icy fragm5ts to #ae or #bj feet above ! /ream2 & ! wat]s subsid+1 ^! lat]al ice-heaps melt away1 & leave ^u ! bank ! rifl$ & angul> blocks z evid5ce ( ! highe/ ice-m>k4 ,9 ,lapl&1 ,m4 ,bhtl+k assures u t he has f\nd l>ge granitic b\ld]s weigh+ sev]al tons actually entangl$ & susp5d$1 l birds'-ne/s1 9 ! bran*es ( p9e-trees1 at heights ( #cj or #dj feet above ! summ] level ( ! /ream6#bh ,,:y ,,sea-,,%ells ,,are ,,f\nd ,,at ,,great ,,heights4 ,! action ( subt]ranean =ces 9 break+ ?r\gh & elevat+ /rata ( s$im5t>y rocks1--( :i* ! coa/ ( ,*ili1 9 consequ5ce ( a great e>?quake1 furni%es an example1--leads to ! assumption t ! pelagic %ells f\nd by ,,mm4 ,bonpl& & ,humboldt on ! ridge ( ! ,&es1 at an elevation ( m ?an #ae1jjj ,engli% feet1 may h be5 convey$ to s extraord9>y a position1 n by a ris+ ( ! ocean1 b by ! ag5cy ( volcanic =ces capable ( elevat+ into ridges ! s(t5$ cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,,s& ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,& ,,des]t4 ,t s& is an assemblage ( small /ones may be se5 ) ! eye un>m$ ) art2 yet h[ few are equally aw>e ( ! synonym\s nature ( ! s& ( ! sea & ( ! l&6 ,qu>tz1 9 ! =m ( s&1 cov]s almo/ entirely ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,x is spread ov] ! banks ( riv]s1 & =ms va/ pla9s1 ev5 at a v consid]able elevation above ! level ( ! sea1 z ! des]t ( ,sah>a 9 ,africa1 ( ,kobi 9 ,asia1 & _m o!rs4 ,?is qu>tz is produc$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 f ! dis9tegration ( ! primitive granite rocks4 ,! curr5ts ( wat] c>ry x along1 & :5 x is 9 v small1 light1 & r\nd$ gra9s1 ev5 ! w9d transports x f "o place to ano!r4 ,! hills are ?us made to move l waves1 & a deluge ( s& frequ5tly inundates ! neighb\r+ c\ntries3 8,s :]e o'er wide ,numidian wa/es ext5d1 ,sudd5 ! impetu\s hurricanes desc5d40--,addison's ,cato4 ,to illu/rate ! trite axiom1 t no?+ is lo/1 let u glance at ! mo/ important use ( s&3 8,qu>tz 9 ! =m ( s&10 obs]ves ,maltebrun1 8furni%es1 by fusion1 "o ( ! mo/ useful sub/ances we h1 namely glass1 :i*1 be+ less h>d ?an ! cry/als ( qu>tz1 c be made equally transp>5t1 & is equally s]viceable to our wants & to our pleasures4 ,!re x %9es 9 walls ( cry/al 9 ! palaces ( ! great1 reflect+ ! *>ms ( a hundr$ assembl$ beauties2 !re1 9 ! h& ( ! philosoph]1 x discov]s to u ! worlds t revolve above u 9 ! imm5sity ( space1 & ! no less a/oni%+ wond]s t we tread b5ea? our feet40 ,,pebbles4 ,! v>i\s heights & situations at :i* ,pebbles are f\nd h l$ to _m errone\s conclusions z to ! p]iod ( *anges ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,all ! banks ( riv]s & lakes1 & ! %ores ( ! sea1 are cov]$ ) pebbles1 r\nd$ by ! waves :i* h roll$ !m aga9/ ea* o!r1 & :i* frequ5tly seem to h br\ght !m f a di/ance4 ,!re are also simil> masses ( pebbles f\nd at v great elevations1 to :i* ! sea appe>s nev] to h be5 able to rea*4 ,we f9d !m 9 ! ,alps at ,valors9a1 m ?an #fjjj feet above ! level ( ! sea2 & on ! m\nta9 ( ,bon ,homme1 :i* is m ?an #ajjj feet high]4 ,!re are "s places little elevat$ above ! level ( ! sea1 :i*1 l ! fam\s pla9 ( ,crau1 9 ,prov5ce1 are entirely pav$ ) pebbles2 :ile 9 ,norway1 ne> ,qu$lia1 "s m\nta9s ( consid]able magnitude seem to be completely =m$ ( !m1 & 9 su* a mann] t ! l>ge/ pebbles occupy ! summit1 & _! ?ickness & size dim9i% z y approa* ! base4 ,we may include 9 ! numb] ( ^! confus$ & irregul> heaps mo/ ( ! depositions ( matt] br\ght by ! riv] or sea1 & left on ! banks1 & p]haps ev5 ^? imm5se b$s ( s& :i* cov] ! c5tre ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,x is ?is circum/ance :i* r5d]s s unc]ta9 ! di/9ction1 :i* x is nev]!less necess>y to e/abli%1 betwe5 alluvial masses creat$ be=e ! comm5cem5t ( hi/ory1 & ^? :i* we see /ill =m+ "u our own eyes4 ,a *>m+ monograph1 entitl$ 8,?\ghts on a ,pebble10 full ( playful s5tim5t & graceful fancy1 has be5 writt5 by ! amiable ,dr4 ,mantell1 ! geologi/4 ,,elevation ,,( ,,m\nta9-,,*a9s4 ,pr(essor ,an/$1 9 8 ,anci5t ,_w1 ?us *>act]ises ?is ph5om5on3 ,^! movem5ts1 describ$ 9 a few words1 7 d\btless go+ on = _m ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s ( revolutions ( our planet4 ,!y 7 accompani$ also by va/ b sl[ *anges ( o!r k9ds4 ,! expansive =ce employ$ 9 lift+ up1 by mighty movem5ts1 ! nor!rn portion ( ! cont95t ( ,asia1 f\nd p>tial v5t2 & f p>tial subaque\s fissures !re 7 p\r$ out ! tabul> masses ( basalt occurr+ 9 ,c5tral ,india2 :ile an ext5sive area ( depression 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 m>k$ by ! coral isl&s ( ! ,laccadives1 ! ,maldives1 ! great ,*agos bank1 & "s o!rs1 7 9 ! c\rse ( depression by a c\nt]act+ movem5t4 ,hi!rto ! processes ( d5udation & ( elevation h be5 s f> balanc$ z to pres]ve a pretty /eady proportion ( sea & dry l& dur+ geological ages2 b if ! int]nal temp]ature %\ld be s f> r$uc$ z to be no long] capable ( g5]at+ =ces ( expansion suffici5t = ?is elevatory action1 :ile ! d5ud+ =ces %\ld cont9ue to act ) unabat$ en]gy1 ! inevitable result w\ld be1 t e m\nta9-top w\ld be 9 "t br\ght l[4 ,no e>?ly b>ri] c\ld decl>e to ! ocean t !re its pr\d waves %\ld be /ay$4 ,no?+ w\ld /op its ravages till all dry l& %\ld be laid pro/rate1 to =m ! b$ ov] :i* x w\ld cont9ue to roll an un9t]rupt$ sea4 ,,! ,,*alk ,,=mation4 ,mr4 ,horn]1 ,f4,r4,s41 among o!r ?+s 9 8 rese>*es 9 ! ,delta1 consid]s x extremely probable t e p>ticle ( ,*alk 9 ! _w has at "s p]iod be5 circulat+ 9 ! sy/em ( a liv+ animal4 ,,we> ,,( ,,build+-,,/ones4 ,pr(essor ,h5ry1 9 an acc\nt ( te/+ ! m>bles us$ 9 build+ ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton1 /ates t e fla% ( lightn+ produces an appreciable am\nt ( nitric acid1 :i*1 diffus$ 9 ra9-wat]1 acts on ! c>bonate ( lime2 & f specim5s subject$ to actual freez+1 x 0 f\nd t 9 t5 ?\s& ye>s "o in* w\ld be worn f ! blocks by ! action ( fro/4 ,9 #ahci1 a report ( ! exam9ation ( ,s&/ones1 ,lime/ones1 & ,oolites ( ,brita9 0 made to ! ,gov]nm5t1 ) a view to ! selection ( ! be/ mat]ial = build+ ! new ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,= ?is purpose1 #ajc qu>ries 7 describ$1 #if build+s 9 ,engl& ref]r$ to1 _m *emical analyses ( ! /ones 7 giv51 & a great numb] ( exp]im5ts relat$1 %[+1 among o!r po9ts1 ! cohesive p[] ( ea* /one1 & ! am\nt ( dis9tegration app>5t1 :5 subject$ to ,br>d's process4 ,! magnesian lime/one1 or dolomite ( ,bolsov] ,moor1 0 recomm5d$1 & f9ally adopt$ = ! ,h\ses2 b ! selection does n appe> to h be5 s successful z might h be5 expect$ f ! skill & lab\r ( ! inve/igation4 ,x may be int]e/+ to add1 t ! publication ( ! above ,report 7= :i* see ,ye>-,book ( ,facts1 #ahdj1 pp4 #gh-hj7 occasion$ ,mr4 ,john ,mallcott to rem>k 9 ! ,times j\rnal1 8t all /one made use ( 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( its own qu>ries is m likely to endure t atmosph]e ?an if x be remov$ !refrom1 ?\gh only ?irty or =ty miles30 & ! lapse ( comp>atively few ye>s has prov$ ! s\ndness ( ?is obs]vation4#bi ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,glaci]s ,,illu/rat$4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 be+ desir\s ( inve/igat+ "s ( ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! l>ge masses ( m\nta9-ice1--^? froz5 riv]s call$ ,glaci]s1--devis$ ! plan ( s5d+ a de/ructive ag5t into ! mid/ ( a mass ( ice1 s z to break d[n its /ructure 9 ! int]ior1 9 ord] to see if ?is me?od w\ld reveal any ?+ ( its int]nal con/itution4 ,tak+ advantage ( ! bright wea!r ( #aheg1 he conc5trat$ a beam ( sunlight by a cond5s+ l5s1 s z to =m ! focus ( ! sun's rays 9 ! mid/ ( a mass ( ice4 ,a portion ( ! ice 0 melt$1 b ! surr\nd+ p>ts %one out z brilliant />s1 produc$ by ! reflection ( ! faces ( ! cry/all9e /ructure4 ,on exam9+ ^! brilliant portions ) a l5s1 ,pr(essor ,tyndall discov]$ t ! /ructure ( ! ice _h be5 brok5 d[n 9 symmetrical =ms ( great beauty1 pres5t+ m9ute />s1 surr\nd$ by six petals1 =m+ a beautiful fl[]1 ! plane be+ always p>allel to ! plane ( congelation ( ! ice4 ,he !n prep>$ a piece ( ice1 by mak+ bo? its surfaces smoo? & p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,he conc5trat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ice ! rays ( heat f ! electric light2 & !n1 plac+ ! piece ( ice 9 ! electric microscope1 ! disc reveal$ ^! beautiful ice-fl[]s4 ,a mass ( ice 0 cru%$ into fragm5ts2 ! small fragm5ts 7 !n plac$ 9 a cup ( wood2 a holl[ wood5 die1 some:at small] ?an ! cup1 0 !n press$ into ! cup ( ice-fragm5ts by ! pressure ( a hydraulic press1 & ! ice-fragm5ts 7 imm$iately unit$ into a compact cup ( ne>ly transp>5t ice4 ,?is pressure ( fragm5ts ( ice into a solid mass expla9s ! =mation ( ! glaci]s & _! orig94 ,!y are compos$ ( p>ticles ( ice or sn[2 z !y desc5d ! sides ( ! m\nta91 ! pressure ( ! sn[ becomes suffici5tly great to compress ! mass into solid ice1 until x becomes s great z to =m ! beautiful blue ice ( ! glaci]s4 ,?is compression1 h[ev]1 w n =m ! solid mass unless ! temp]ature ( ! ice be ne> t ( freez+ wat]4 ,to prove ?is1 ! lectur] cool$ a mass ( ice1 by wrapp+ x 9 a piece ( t9foil & expos+ x = "s "t to a ba? ( ! e!real solution ( solidifi$ c>bonic-acid gas1 ! colde/ freez+ mixture kn[n4 ,?is cool$ mass ( ice 0 cru%$ to fragm5ts1 & submitt$ to ! same pressure :i* ! o!r fragm5ts _h be5 expos$ to )\t coh]+ 9 ! slighte/ degree4--,lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 #aheh4 ,,antiquity ,,( ,,glaci]s4 ,! importance ( glaci] ag5cy 9 ! pa/ z well z ! pres5t condition ( ! e>?1 is und\bt$ly v great4 ,"o ( our mo/ accompli%$ & +5i\s geologi/s has1 inde$1 c>ri$ back ! exi/5ce ( ,glaci]s to an epo* ( dim antiquity1 ev5 9 ! reckon+ ( t sci5ce ^: *ronology is c\nt$ 9 millions ( ye>s4 ,pr(essor ,ramsay has %[n gr\nd = believ+ t 9 ! fragm5ts ( rock t g to make up ! conglom]ates ( ! ,p]mian /rata1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 !re is /ill pres]v$ a record ( ! action ( ice1 ei!r 9 glaci]s or float+ iceb]gs1 be=e ^? /rata 7 consolidat$4--,saturday ,review1 ,no4 #adb4 ,,fl[ ,,( ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace4 ,mi*el ,dev\asson ( ,*am\ni fell into a crevasse on ! ,glaci] ( ,talefre1 a fe$] ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 on ! #bi? ( ,july #ahcf1 & aft] a sev]e /ruggle extricat$ himself1 leav+ 8 knapsack bel[4 ,! id5tical knapsack reappe>$ 9 ,july #ahdf1 at a spot on ! surface ( ! glaci] f\r ?\s& ?ree hundr$ feet f ! place :]e x 0 lo/1 z asc]ta9$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes1 :o himself collect$ ! fragm5ts2 ?us indicat+ ! rate ( fl[ ( ! icy riv] 9 ! int]v5+ t5 ye>s4--,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,no4 #bjb4 ,,! ,,alluvial ,,l& ,,( ,,egypt3 ,,anci5t ,,pott]y4 ,mr4 ,l4 ,horn]1 9 8 rec5t rese>*es ne> ,cairo1 ) ! view ( ?r[+ light ^u ! geological hi/ory ( ! alluvial l& ( ,egypt1 obta9$ f ! l[e/ "p ( ! bor+ ( ! s$im5t at ! colossal /atue ( ,rameses1 at a dep? ( ?irty-n9e feet1 ?is curi\s relic ( ! anci5t _w2 ! bor+ in/rum5t br++ up a fragm5t ( pott]y ab\t an in* squ>e & a qu>t] ( an in* 9 ?ickness--! two surfaces be+ ( a brick-r$ col\r1 ! int]ior d>k gray4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,horn]'s d$uctions1 ?is fragm5t1 hav+ be5 f\nd at a dep? ( #ci feet 7if !re be no fallacy 9 8 reason+71 mu/ be held to be a record ( ! exi/5ce ( man #ac1cge ye>s be=e ,a4,d4 #aheh1 reckon+ by ! calculat$ rate ( increase ( ?ree in*es & a half ( alluvium 9 a c5tury--#aa1eag ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & #gfbe be=e ! beg9n+ assign$ by ,lepsius to ! reign ( ,m5os1 ! f\nd] ( ,memphis4 ,moreov] x proves 9 8 op9ion1 t man _h already rea*$ a /ate ( civilisation1 s f> at lea/ z to be able to fa%ion clay into vessels1 & to "k h[ to h>d5 x by ! action ( /rong heat4 ,?is calculation is support$ by ! ,*evali] ,buns51 :o is ( op9ion t ! fir/ epo*s ( ! hi/ory ( ! human race dem& at ! lea/ a p]iod ( #bj1jjj ye>s be=e our era z a fair />t+-po9t 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory4--,proce$+s ( ,royal ,soc41 #aheh4 ,^u ?is !ory1 a ,correspond5t1 8,an ,old ,indigo-,plant]10 writes to ! ,a!num1 ,no4 #aeji1 ! foll[+ sugge/ive note3 8,hav+ liv$ _m ye>s on ! banks ( ! ,ganges1 ,i h se5 ! /ream encroa* on a village1 und]m9+ ! bank :]e x /ood1 & deposit1 z a natural result1 bricks1 pott]y1 c4 9 ! bottom ( ! /ream4 ,on "o occasion1 ,i am c]ta9 t ! dep? ( ! /ream :]e ! bank 0 break+ 0 above #dj feet2 yet 9 ?ree ye>s ! curr5t ( ! riv] drift$ s mu*1 t a fre% deposit ( soil took place ov] ! dbris ( ! village1 & ! e>? 0 rais$ to a level ) ! old bank4 ,n[ _h our travell] !n obta9$ a bit ( pott]y f :]e x _h la9 = only ?ree ye>s1 c\ld he reasonably draw ! inf]5ce t x _h be5 made #ac1jjj ye>s be=e80 ,,successive ,,*anges ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,s]apis4 ,! ,temple ( ,s]apis at ,puzzuoli1 ne> ,naples1 is p]haps1 ( all ! /ructures rais$ by ! h&s ( man1 ! "o :i* af=ds mo/ in/ruction to a geologi/4 ,x has n only und]gone a wond]ful succession ( *anges 9 pa/ "t1 b is /ill und]go+ *anges ( condition4 ,?is edifice 0 exhum$ 9 #agej f ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,bay ( ,bai1 consi/+ p>tly ( /rata conta9+ m>9e %ells ) fragm5ts ( pott]y & sculpture1 & p>tly ( volcanic matt] ( sub-a]ial orig94 ,v>i\s !ories 7 propos$ 9 ! la/ c5tury to expla9 ! p]=ations & atta*$ animals obs]v$ on ! middle zone ( ! ?ree erect m>ble columns until rec5tly /&+2 ,goe!1 among ! re/1 sugge/+ t a lagoon _h once exi/$ 9 ! ve/ibule ( ! temple1 fill$ dur+ a tempor>y incursion ( ! sea ) salt wat]1 & t m>9e mollusca & annelids fl\ri%$ = ye>s 9 ?is lagoon at twelve feet or m above ! sea-level4 ,?is hypo!sis 0 advanc$ at a "t :5 almo/ any am\nt ( fluctuation 9 ! level ( ! sea 0 ?\ght m probable ?an ! slighte/ alt]ation 9 ! level ( ! solid l&4 ,9 #ahjg ! ar*itect ,niccol9i obs]v$ t ! pavem5t ( ! temple 0 dry1 except :5 a viol5t s\? w9d 0 bl[+2 :]eas1 on revisit+ ! temple fifte5 ye>s lat]1 he f\nd ! pavem5t cov]$ by salt wat] twice e day at high tide4 ,f measurem5ts made f #ahbb to #ahch1 & !nce to #ahde1 he inf]r$ t ! sea 0 ga9+ annually ^u ! floor ( ! temple at ! rate ( ab\t "o-?ird ( an in* dur+ ! fir/ p]iod1 & ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* dur+ ! second4 ,mr4 ,smi? ( ,jordan ,hill1 f 8 visits 9 #ahai & #ahde1 f\nd an av]age rise ( ab\t an in* annually1 :i* 0 9 accordance ) visits made by ,mr4 ,babbage 9 #ahbh1 & ,pr(essor ,james ,=bes 9 #ahbf & #ahdc4 ,9 #aheb ,signor ,scaec*i1 at ! reque/ ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 comp>$ ! dep? ( wat] on ! pavem5t ) its level tak5 by him 9 #ahci1 & f\nd t x _h ga9$ only #d in*es 9 ?irte5 ye>s1 & 0 n s deep z :5 ,,mm4 ,niccol9i & ,smi? measur$ x 9 #ahde2 f :i* he inf]r$ t aft] #ahde ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! l& _h ceas$1 & be=e #aheb _h be5 conv]t$ into an upw>d movem5t4 ,arago & o!rs ma9ta9$ t ! surface on :i* ! temple /&s has be5 depress$1 has rema9$ "u ! sea1 & has aga9 be5 elevat$4 ,russag]1 h[ev]1 cont5ds t !re is no?+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! temple1 or 9 ! temple itself1 to ju/ify ?is bold hypo!sis4 ,e ?+ leads to ! belief t ! temple has rema9$ un*ang$ 9 ! position 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally built2 b t ! sea rose1 surr\nd$ x to a height ( at lea/ twelve feet1 & aga9 retir$2 b ! elevat$ position ( ! sea cont9u$ suffici5tly long to admit ( ! animals bor+ ! pill>s4 ,?is view c ev5 be prov$ hi/orically2 = ,niccol9i1 9 a memoir publi%$ 9 #ahdj1 gives ! heights ( ! level ( ! sea 9 ! ,bay ( ,naples = a p]iod ( #aijj ye>s1 & has ) mu* acut5ess prov$ 8 ass]tions hi/orically4 ,! correctness ( ,russag]'s op9ion1 he /ates1 c be demon/rat$ & r$uc$ to figures by means ( ! dates collect$ by ,niccol9i4--,see ,jameson's ,j\rnal1 ,no4 #eh4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! floor is always cov]$ ) sea-wat]4 ,on ! :ole1 !re is little d\bt t ! gr\nd has sunk upw>ds ( two feet dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury4 ,?is gradual subsid5ce confirms 9 a rem>kable mann] ,mr4 ,babbage's conclusions--drawn f ! calc>e\s incru/ations =m$ by ! hot spr+s on ! walls ( ! build+ & f ! anci5t l9es ( ! wat]-level at ! base ( ! ?ree columns--t ! orig9al subsid5ce 0 n sudd51 b sl[ & by successive movem5ts4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 7:o1 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 has giv5 a detail$ acc\nt ( ! sev]al upfill+s ( ! temple7 consid]s t :5 ! mosaic pavem5t 0 re-con/ruct$1 ! floor ( ! build+ mu/ h /ood ab\t twelve feet above ! level ( #ahch 7or ab\t #aa feet above ! level ( ! sea71 & t x _h sunk ab\t n9ete5 feet bel[ t level be=e x 0 elevat$ by ! eruption ( ,monte ,nuovo4 ,we regret to add1 t ! columns ( ! temple are no long] 9 ! position 9 :i* !y s]v$ s _m ye>s z a species ( self-regi/]+ hydromet]3 ! mat]ials h be5 newly arrang$1 & ?us has be5 torn z x 7 f hi/ory a page :i* c nev] be replac$4 ,,! ,,grotto ,,del ,,cane4 ,?is 8,dog ,grotto0 has be5 s mu* cit$ = its /ratum ( c>bonic-acid gas cov]+ ! floor1 t all geological travell]s :o visit ,naples feel an int]e/ 9 see+ ! wond]4 ,?is cav]n 0 kn[n to ,pl9y4 ,x is cont9ually exhal+ f its sides & floor volumes ( /eam mix$ ) c>bonic-acid gas2 b ! latt]1 f its great] specific gravity1 accumulates at ! bottom1 & fl[s ov] ! /ep ( ! door4 ,! upp] "p ( ! cave1 !re=e1 is free f ! gas1 :ile ! floor is completely cov]$ by x4 ,addison1 on 8 visit1 made "s int]e/+ exp]im5ts4 ,he f\nd t a pi/ol c\ld n be fir$ at ! bottom2 & t on lay+ a tra9 ( gunp[d] & ignit+ x on ! outside ( ! cav]n1 ! c>bonic-acid gas 8c\ld n int]cept ! tra9 ( fire :5 x once began fla%+1 nor h9d] x f runn+ to ! v end40 ,he f\nd t a vip] 0 n9e m9utes 9 dy+ on ! fir/ trial1 & t5 m9utes on ! second2 ?is increas$ vitality be+1 9 8 op9ion1 attributable to ! /ock ( air :i* x _h inhal$ aft] ! fir/ trial4 ,dr4 ,daub5y f\nd t phosphorus w\ld cont9ue light$ at ab\t two feet above ! bottom2 t a sulphur-mat* w5t out 9 a few m9utes above x1 & a wax-tap] at a /ill high] level4 ,! keep] ( ! cav]n has a dog1 ^u :i* he %[s ! effects ( ! gas1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are q z well1 if n bett]1 se5 9 a tor*1 a light$ c&le1 or a pi/ol4 8,un=tunately10 says ,pr(essor ,silliman1 8l "s o!r grottoes1 ! en*antm5t ( ! #8,dog ,grotto' disappe>s on a ne> view40 ,x is a little hole dug artificially 9 ! side ( a hill fac+ ,lake ,agnano3 x is sc>cely high en\gh = a p]son to /& upright 91 & ! ap]ture is clos$ by a door4 ,into ?is n>r[ cell a poor little dog is v unwill+ly dragg$ & plac$ 9 a depression ( ! floor1 :]e he is soon n>cotis$ by ! c>bonic acid4 ,! e>? is w>m to ! h&1 & ! gas giv5 out is v con/ant4 ,,! ,,wat]s ,,( ,,! ,,globe ,,gradually ,,decreas+4 ,?is 0 ma9ta9$ by ,m4 ,bory ,sa9t ,v9c5t1 because ! va/ des]ts ( s&1 mix$ up ) ! salt & rema9s ( m>9e animals1 ( :i* ! surface ( ! globe is p>tly compos$1 7 =m]ly inl& seas1 :i* h ins5sibly become dry4 ,! ,caspian1 ! ,dead ,sea1 ! ,lake ,baikal1 c4 w become dry 9 _! turn also1 :5 _! b$s w be s&y des]ts4 ,! inl& seas1 :e!r !y h only "o outlet1 z ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! ,baltic1 c41 or :e!r !y h sev]al1 z ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 ! seas ( ,o',kotsk1 ( ,japan1 ,*9a1 c41 w at "s future "t cease to communicate ) ! great bas9s ( ! ocean2 !y w become inl& seas1 true ,caspians1 & 9 due "t w become likewise dry4 ,on all sides ! wat]s ( riv]s are se5 to c>ry =w>d 9 _! c\rse ! soil ( ! cont95t4 ,alluvial l&s1 deltas1 banks ( s&1 =m !mselves ne> ! coa/s1 & 9 ! directions ( ! curr5ts2 madreporic animals lay ! f\ndations ( new l&s2 & :ile ! /raits become clos$1 :ile ! dep?s ( ! sea fill up1 ! level ( ! sea1 :i* x w\ld seem natural %\ld become high]1 is s5sibly l[]4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 an actual dim9ution ( liquid matt]4 ,,! ,,salt ,,lake ,,( ,,utah4 ,lieut5ant ,gunnison1 :o has survey$ ! great bas9 ( ! ,salt ,lake1 /ates ! wat] to be ab\t "o-?ird salt1 :i* x yields on boil+4 ,its d5sity is consid]ably great] ?an t ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,"o c h>dly get ! :ole body bel[ ! surface3 9 a sitt+ position ! head & %\ld]s w rema9 above ! wat]1 su* is ! /r5g? ( ! br9e2 & on com+ to ! %ore ! body is cov]$ ) an incru/ation ( salt 9 f9e cry/als4 ,dur+ summ] ! lake ?r[s on %ore abundance ( salt1 :ile 9 w9t] x ?r[s up ,glaub] salt pl5tifully4 8,! reason ( ?is10 says ,lieut5ant ,gunnison1 8is left = ! sci5tific to judge1 & also :at becomes ( ! enorm\s am\nt ( fre% wat] p\r$ into x by ?ree or f\r l>ge riv]s1--,jordan1 ,be>1 & ,web]1--z !re is no visible effect40 ,,=ce ,,( ,,runn+ ,,wat]4 ,x has be5 prov$ by exp]im5t t ! rapidity at ! bottom ( a /ream is e :]e less ?an 9 any o!r "p ( x1 & is greate/ at ! surface4 ,also1 t 9 ! middle ( ! /ream ! p>ticles at ! top move swift] ?an ^? at ! sides4 ,?is sl[ness ( ! l[e/ & side curr5ts is produc$ by friction2 & :5 ! rapidity is suffici5tly great1 ! soil compos+ ! sides & bottom gives way4 ,if ! wat] fl[s at ! rate ( ?ree in*es p] second1 x w te> up f9e clay2 six in*es p] second1 f9e s&2 twelve in*es p] second1 f9e gravel2 & ?ree feet p] second1 /ones ! size ( an egg4--,sir ,*>les ,lyell4 ,,! ,,artesian ,,well ,,( ,,gr5elle ,,at ,,p>is4 ,m4 ,peligot has asc]ta9$ t ! ,wat] ( ! ,artesian ,well ( ,gr5elle conta9s n ! lea/ trace ( air4 ,subt]ranean wat]s ought !re=e to be a]at$ be=e be+ us$ z alim5t4 ,accord+ly1 at ,gr5elle1 has be5 con/ruct$ a t[]1 f ! top ( :i* ! wat] desc5ds 9 innum]able ?reads1 s z to pres5t z mu* surface z possible to ! air4 ,! bor+ ( ?is ,well by ! ,messrs4 ,mulot occupi$ sev5 ye>s1 "o mon?1 tw5ty-six days1 to ! dep? ( #agid ,engli% feet1 or #aid feet bel[ ! dep? at :i* ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont =etold t wat] w\ld be f\nd4 ,! s\nd1 or bor]1 weigh$ #bj1jjj lb41 & 0 treble ! height ( t ( ! dome ( ! ,hpital des ,invalides at ,p>is4 ,9 ,may #ahcg1 :5 ! bore _h rea*$ #abdf feet #h in*es1 ! great *isel & #bfb feet ( rods fell to ! bottom2 & al?\gh ^! weigh$ five tons1 ,m4 ,mulot tapp$ a screw on ! head ( ! rods1 & ?us1 connect+ ano!r l5g? to !m1 aft] fifte5 mon?s' lab\r1 drew up ! *isel4 ,on ano!r occasion1 ?is *isel hav+ be5 rais$ ) great =ce1 sank at "o /roke #he feet #c in*es into ! *alk6 ,! dep? ( ! ,gr5elle ,well is ne>ly f\r times ! height ( ,/rasburg ,ca!dral2 m ?an six times ! height ( ! ,hpital des ,invalides at ,p>is2 m ?an f\r times ! height ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome2 ne>ly f\r times & a half ! height ( ,/4 ,paul's1 & n9e times ! height ( ! ,monum5t1 ,london4 ,la/ly1 suppose all ! above edifices to be pil$ "o ^u ea* o!r1 f ! base-l9e ( ! ,well ( ,gr5elle1 & !y w\ld b rea* )9 #aa feet ( its surface4 ,,mm4 ,elie de ,beaumont & ,arago nev] = a mom5t d\bt$ ! f9al success ( ! "w2 _! confid5ce be+ bas$ on analogy1 & on a complete acqua9tance ) ! geological /ructure ( ! ,p>is bas91 :i* is id5tical ) t ( ! ,london bas9 b5ea? ! ,london clay4 ,9 ! du*y ( ,luxemb\rg is a well ! dep? ( :i* surpasses all o!rs ( ! k9d4 ,x is upw>ds ( #ajjj feet m ?an t ( ,gr5elle ne> ,p>is4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,gulf-,,/ream ,,regulates ,,! ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,london4 ,great ,brita9 is almo/ exactly "u ! same latitude z ,labrador1 a region ( ice & sn[4 ,app>5tly1 ! *ief cause ( ! rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 ! two climates arises f ! action ( ! great oceanic ,gulf-,/ream1 :]eby ?is c\ntry is kept con/antly encircl$ ) wat]s w>m$ by a ,we/-,indian sun4 ,7 x n = ?is unceas+ curr5t f tropical seas1 ,london1 in/ead ( its pres5t mod]ate av]age w9t] temp]ature ( #f above ! freez+-po9t1 might = _m mon?s annually be ice-b\nd by a settl$ cold ( #aj to #cj bel[ t po9t1 & h its pleasant summ] mon?s replac$ by a season s %ort z n to all[ corn to rip51 or only an alp9e vegetation to fl\ri%4 ,nor are we )\t evid5ce af=d$ by animal life ( a great] cold hav+ prevail$ 9 ?is c\ntry at a late geological p]iod4 ,"o case 9 p>ticul> occurs )9 eighty miles ( ,london1 at ! village ( ,*illes=d1 ne> ,woodbridge1 :]e1 9 a b$ ( clayey s& ( an age b little 7geologically speak+7 ant]ior to ! ,london gravel1 ,mr4 ,pre/wi* has f\nd a gr\p ( fossil %ells 9 great] "p id5tical ) species n[ liv+ 9 ! seas ( ,gre5l& & ( simil> latitudes1 & :i* mu/ evid5tly1 f _! p]fect condition & natural position1 h exi/$ 9 ! place :]e !y are n[ met )4--,lectures on ! ,geology ( ,clapham1 c4 by ,joseph ,pre/wi*1 ,a4,r4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,solv5t ,,action ,,( ,,common ,,salt ,,at ,,high ,,temp]atures4 ,=*hamm]1 aft] a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 has come to ! conclusion t ,common ,salt at high temp]atures1 su* z prevail$ at e>li] p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 act$ z a g5]al solv5t1 simil>ly to wat] at common temp]atures4 ,! am\nt ( common salt 9 ! e>? w\ld suffice to cov] its :ole surface ) a cru/ t5 feet 9 ?ickness4 ,,freez+ ,,cav]n ,,9 ,,russia4 ,?is fam\s ,cav]n1 at ,i!tz ,kaya-,za/*ita1 9 ! ,/eppes ( ! ,kirghis1 is employ$ by ! inhabitants z a cell>4 ,x has ! v rem>kable prop]ty ( be+ s int5sely cold dur+ ! hotte/ summ]s z to be !n fill$ ) ice1 :i* disappe>+ ) cold wea!r1 is entirely gone 9 w9t]1 :5 all ! c\ntry is clad 9 sn[4 ,! ro( is hung ) ev]-dripp+ solid icicles1 & ! floor may be call$ a /alagmite ( ice & froz5 e>?4 8,if10 says ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison1 8z we 7 assur$1 ! cold is greate/ :5 ! ext]nal air is hotte/ & drie/1 t ! fall ( ra9 & a moi/ atmosph]e produce "s dim9ution ( ! cold 9 ! cave1 & t ^u ! sett+-9 ( w9t] ! ice disappe>s entirely1--!n inde$ ! problem is v curi\s40 ,! peasants ass]t t 9 w9t] !y c\ld sleep 9 ! cave )\t _! %eepsk9s4 ,,int]ior ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,e>?3 ,,c5tral ,,heat4 ,by ! obs]v$ temp]ature ( m9es1 & t at ! bottom ( artesian wells1 x has be5 e/abli%$ t ! rate at :i* su* temp]ature increases z we desc5d v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t localities1 :]e ! dep?s are comp>atively small2 b :]e ! dep?s are great1 we f9d a mu* ne>] approximation to a common rate ( increase1 :i*1 z det]m9$ by ! be/ obs]vation 9 ! deepe/ m9es1 %afts1 & artesian wells 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 is v ne>ly #a ,f4 = an increase 9 dep? ( fifty feet4--,w4 ,hopk9s1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,humboldt /ates t1 accord+ to tol]ably co9cid5t exp]im5ts 9 artesian wells1 x has be5 %[n t ! heat increases on an av]age ab\t #a = e #ede feet4 ,if ?is increase c be r$uc$ to ari?metical relations1 x w foll[ t a /ratum ( granite w\ld be 9 a /ate ( fusion at a dep? ( ne>ly tw5ty-"o geographical miles1 or betwe5 f\r & five times ! elevation ( ! highe/ summit ( ! ,himalaya4 ,! foll[+ is ! op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,silliman3 ,t ! :ole int]ior portion ( ! e>?1 or at lea/ a great "p ( x1 is an ocean ( melt$ rock1 agitat$ by viol5t w9ds1 ?\gh ,i d>e n affirm x1 is /ill r5d]$ highly probable by ! ph5om5a ( volcanoes4 ,! facts connect$ ) _! eruption h be5 asc]ta9$ & plac$ beyond a d\bt4 ,h[1 !n1 are !y to be acc\nt$ =8 ,! !ory preval5t "s ye>s s9ce1 t !y are caus$ by ! combu/ion ( imm5se coal-b$s1 is pu]ile & n[ entirely ab&on$4 ,all ! coal 9 ! _w c\ld n af=d fuel en\gh = "o ( ! trem5d\s eruptions ( ,vesuvius4 ,?is obs]v$ increase ( temp]ature 9 desc5d+ b5ea? ! e>?'s surface sugge/$ ! notion ( a c5tral inc&esc5t nucleus /ill rema9+ 9 a /ate ( fluidity f its elevat$ temp]ature4 ,h5ce ! !ory t ! :ole mass ( ! e>? 0 =m]ly a molt5 fluid mass1 ! ext]ior portion ( :i*1 to "s unkn[n dep?1 has assum$ its pres5t solidity by ! radiation ( heat into surr\nd+ space1 & its consequ5t refrig]ation4 ,! ma!matical solution ( ?is problem ( ,c5tral ,heat1 assum+ su* heat to exi/1 tells u t ?\gh ! c5tral portion ( ! e>? may consi/ ( a mass ( molt5 matt]1 ! temp]ature ( its surface is n !reby increas$ by m ?an ! small fraction ( a degree4 ,poisson has calculat$ t x w\ld require a ?\s& millions ( c5turies to r$uce ?is fraction to a degree by half its pres5t am\nt1 suppos+ always ! ext]nal conditions to rema9 unalt]$4 ,9 su* cases1 ! sup]ficial temp]ature ( ! e>? may1 9 fact1 be consid]$ to h approximat$ s ne> to its ultimate limit t x c be subject to no fur!r s5sible *ange4 ,,disappe>ance ,,( ,,volcanic ,,isl&s4 ,_m ( ! ,volcanic ,isl&s ?r[n up above ! sea-level soon disappe>1 because ! lavas & conglom]ates ( :i* !y are =m$ spread ov] flatt] surfaces1 ?r\gh ! weight ( ! incumb5t fluid2 & ! con/ant levell+ process goes on bel[ ! sea by ! action ( tides & curr5ts4 ,su* isl&s z h effectually resi/$ ?is action are f\nd to possess a solid framework ( lava1 support+ or def5d+ ! loose fragm5t>y mat]ials4 ,among ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! ph5om5a 9 our times may be m5tion$ ! ,isle ( ,sabr9a1 :i* rose (f ! coa/ ( ,/4 ,mi*ael's 9 #ahaa1 atta9$ a circumf]5ce ( "o mile & a height ( #cjj feet1 & disappe>$ 9 less ?an eight mon?s2 9 ! foll[+ ye> !re 7 eighty fa?oms ( wat] 9 its place4 ,9 ,july #ahca appe>$ ,graham's ,isl& (f ! coa/ ( ,sicily1 :i* atta9$ a mile 9 circumf]5ce & #aej or #afj feet 9 height2 its =mation mu* resembl$ t ( ,sabr9a4 ,! l9e ( anci5t subt]ranean fire :i* we trace on ! ,m$it]ranean coa/s has _h a /range atte/ation 9 ,graham's ,isl&1 :i* is also describ$ z a volcano sudd5ly bur/+ =? 9 ! mid sea betwe5 ,sicily & ,africa2 burn+ = sev]al weeks1 & ?r[+ up an isle1 or crat]-cone ( scori & a%es1 :i* _h sc>cely be5 nam$ be=e x 0 aga9 lo/ by subsid5ce b5ea? ! sea1 leav+ only a %oal-bank to atte/ ?is /range subm>9e brea* 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 :i* ?us m+l$ fire & wat] 9 "o common action4 ,float+ isl&s are n v r>e3 9 #ahbg1 "o 0 se5 tw5ty leagues to ! ea/ ( ! ,azores2 x 0 ?ree leagues 9 wid?1 & cov]$ ) volcanic products1 sug>-canes1 /raw1 & pieces ( wood4 ,,p]petual ,,fire4 ,n f> f ! ,delikta%1 on ! side ( a m\nta9 9 ,lycia1 is ! ,p]petual ,fire describ$ "s =ty ye>s s9ce by ,capta9 ,beau=t4 ,x 0 f\nd by ,lieut5ant ,spratt & ,pr(essor ,=bes1 ?irty ye>s lat]1 z brilliant z ev]1 & some:at increas$2 = besides ! l>ge flame 9 ! corn] ( ! ru9s describ$ by ,beau=t1 !re 7 small jets issu+ f crevices 9 ! side ( ! crat]-l cavity five or six feet deep4 ,at ! bottom 0 a %all[ pool ( sulphure\s & turbid wat]1 reg>d$ by ! ,turks z a sov]eign rem$y = all sk9 compla9ts4 ,! soot deposit$ f ! flames 0 held to be efficaci\s = sore eyelids1 & valu$ z a dye = ! eyebr[s4 ,?is ph5om5on is describ$ by ,pl9y z ! flame ( ! ,lycian ,*im]a4 ,,artesian ,,fire-,,spr+s ,,9 ,,*9a4 ,accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ! mission>y ,imb]t1 ! ,fire-,spr+s1 8,ho-ts+0 ( ! ,*9ese1 :i* are sunk to obta9 a c>burett$-hydrog5 gas = salt-boil+1 f> exce$ our artesian spr+s 9 dep?4 ,^! spr+s are v commonly m ?an #bjjj feet deep2 & a spr+ ( cont9u$ fl[ 0 f\nd to be #caig feet deep4 ,?is natural gas has be5 us$ 9 ! ,*9ese prov9ce ,tse-ts*uan = sev]al ?\s& ye>s2 & 8portable gas0 79 bamboo-canes7 has = ages be5 us$ 9 ! city ( ,khiung-ts*eu4 ,m rec5tly1 9 ! village ( ,fr$onia1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 su* gas has be5 us$ bo? = cook+ & = illum9ation4 ,,volcanic ,,action ,,! ,,great ,,ag5t ,,( ,,geological ,,*ange4 ,mr4 ,james ,nasmy? obs]ves1 t 8! floods ( molt5 lava :i* volcanoes eject are no?+ less ?an rema9+ portions ( :at 0 once ! condition ( ! entire globe :5 9 ! igne\s /ate ( its e>ly physical hi/ory1--no "o kn[s h[ _m ye>s ago6 8,:5 we behold ! gl[ & feel ! heat ( molt5 lava1 h[ va/ly does x add to ! int]e/ ( ! sight :5 we consid] t ! heat we feel & ! light we see are ! residue ( ! once univ]sal condition ( our entire globe1 on ^: cool$ surface we n[ live & h our be+6 ,b s x is2 = if !re be "o great fact :i* geological rese>* has e/abli%$ beyond all d\bt1 x is t we reside on ! cool$ surface ( :at 0 once a molt5 globe1 & t all ! ph5om5a :i* geology has br\ght to light c be mo/ satisfactorily trac$ to ! successive *anges incid5tal to its gradual cool+ & contraction4 8,t ! influx ( ! sea into ! yet hot & molt5 int]ior ( ! globe may occasionally occur1 & enhance & v>y ! viol5ce ( ! ph5om5on ( volcanic action1 !re c be little d\bt2 b ! action ( wat] 9 su* cases is only second>y4 ,b = ! pre-exi/+ high temp]ature ( ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 ! influx ( wat] w\ld produce no su* dis*>ges ( molt5 lava z g5]ally *>act]ise volcanic eruptions4 ,molt5 lava is !re=e a true ve/ige ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,creation40 ,,! ,,sn[-,,capp$ ,,volcano4 ,x is b r>ely t ! ela/ic =ces at "w )9 ! int]ior ( our globe h succe$$ 9 break+ ?r\gh ! spiral domes :i*1 respl5d5t 9 ! brightness ( et]nal sn[1 cr[n ! summits ( ! ,cordill]as2 & ev5 :]e ^! subt]ranean =ces h op5$ a p]man5t communication ) ! atmosph]e1 ?r\gh circul> crat]s or long fissures1 !y r>ely s5d =? curr5ts ( lava1 b m]ely eject ignit$ scori1 /eam1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 & jets ( c>bonic acid4--,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 i4 ,,travels ,,( ,,volcanic ,,du/4 ,on ! #b;d ( ,septemb] #ahde1 a quantity ( ,volcanic ,du/ fell 9 ! ,orkney ,isl&s1 :i* 0 suppos$ to h orig9at$ 9 an eruption ( ,hecla1 9 ,icel&4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly asc]ta9$ t an eruption ( t volcano took place on ! morn+ ( ! above day 7,septemb] #b71 s z to leave no d\bt ( ! accuracy ( ! conclusion4 ,! du/ _h ?us travell$ ab\t #fjj miles6 ,,great ,,eruptions ,,( ,,vesuvius4 ,9 ! great eruption ( ,vesuvius1 9 ,augu/ #aggi1 :i* ,sir ,william ,hamilton witness$ f 8 villa at ,pausilippo 9 ! bay ( ,naples1 ! volcano s5t up :ite sulphure\s smoke resembl+ bales ( cotton1 exce$+ ! height & size ( ! m\nta9 itself at lea/ f\r times2 & 9 ! mid/ ( ?is va/ pile ( smoke1 /ones1 scori1 & a%es 7 ?r[n up n less ?an #bjjj feet4 ,next day a f\nta9 ( fire %ot up ) su* height & brilliancy t ! smalle/ objects c\ld be cle>ly di/+ui%$ at any place )9 six miles or m ( ,vesuvius4 ,b on ! foll[+ day a m /up5d\s column ( fire rose ?ree times ! height ( ,vesuvius 7#cgjj feet71 or m ?an two miles high4 ,among ! huge fragm5ts ( lava ?r[n out dur+ ?is eruption 0 a block #ajh feet 9 circumf]5ce & #ag feet high1 ano!r block #ff feet 9 circumf]5ce & #ai feet high1 & ano!r #af feet high & #ib feet 9 circumf]5ce1 besides ?\s&s ( small] fragm5ts4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton sugge/s t f a sc5e ( ! above k9d ! anci5t poets took _! ideas ( ! giants wag+ w> ) ,jupit]4 ,! eruption ( ,june #agid1 :i* de/roy$ ! great] "p ( ! t[n ( ,torre del ,greco1 01 h[ev]1 ! mo/ viol5t t has be5 record$ aft] ! two great eruptions ( #gi & #afca4 ,,e>?-,,waves4 ,! waves ( an e>?quake h be5 repres5t$ 9 _! progress1 & _! propagation1 ?r\gh rocks ( diff]5t d5sity & ela/icity2 & ! causes ( ! rapidity ( propagation1 & its dim9ution by ! refraction1 reflection1 & int]f]5ce ( ! oscillations h be5 ma!matically inve/igat$4 ,air1 wat]1 & e>? waves foll[ ! same laws :i* are recognis$ by ! !ory ( motion1 at all ev5ts 9 space2 b ! e>?-waves are accompani$ 9 _! de/ructive action by dis*>ges ( ela/ic vap\rs1 & ( gases1 & mixtures ( pyrox5e cry/als1 c>bon1 & infusorial animalcules ) silici\s %ields4 ,! m t]rific effects are1 h[ev]1 :5 ! e>?-waves are accompani$ by cleavage2 &1 z 9 ! e>?quake ( ,riobamba1 :5 fissures alt]nately op5$ & clos$ aga91 s t m5 sav$ !mselves by ext5d+ bo? arms1 9 ord] to prev5t _! s9k+4 ,z a rem>kable example ( ! clos+ ( a fissure1 ,humboldt m5tions t1 dur+ ! celebrat$ e>?quake 9 #ahea1 9 ! ,neapolitan prov9ce ( ,basilicata1 a h5 0 f\nd caught by bo? feet 9 ! /reet-pavem5t ( ,b>ile1 ne> ,melfi4 ,mr4 ,hopk9s has v correctly %[n !oretically t ! fissures produc$ by e>?quakes are v in/ructive z reg>ds ! =mation ( ve9s & ! ph5om5on ( dislocation1 ! m rec5t ve9 displac+ ! old] =mation4 ,,rumbl+s ,,( ,,e>?quakes4 ,:5 ! great e>?quake ( ,cosegu9a1 9 ,nic>agua1 took place1 ,janu>y #bc1 #ahce1 ! subt]ranean noise--! sonor\s waves 9 ! e>?--0 he>d at ! same "t on ! isl& ( ,jamaica & on ! plateau ( ,bogota1 #hgdj feet above ! sea1 at a great] di/ance ?an f ,algi]s to ,london4 ,9 ! eruptions ( ! volcano on ! isl& ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,april #cj1 #ahab1 at #b ,a4,m41 a noise l ! report ( cannons 0 he>d1 )\t any s5sible concussion ( ! e>?1 ov] a space ( #afj1jjj geographical squ>e miles4 ,!re h also be5 he>d subt]ranean ?und]+s = two ye>s )\t e>?quakes4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,measure ,,an ,,e>?quake-,,%ock4 ,a new in/rum5t 7! ,seismomet]7 inv5t$ = ?is purpose by ,m4 ,kreil1 ( ,vi5na1 consi/s ( a p5dulum oscillat+ 9 e direction1 b unable to turn r\nd on its po9t ( susp5sion2 & be>+ at its extremity a cyl9d]1 :i*1 by means ( me*anism )9 x1 turns on its v]tical axis once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,next to ! p5dulum /&s a rod be>+ a n>r[ ela/ic arm1 :i* slightly presses ! extremity ( a lead-p5cil aga9/ ! surface ( ! cyl9d]4 ,z long z ! p5dulum is quiet1 ! p5cil traces an un9t]rupt$ l9e on ! surface ( ! cyl9d]2 b z soon z x oscillates1 ?is l9e becomes int]rupt$ & irregul>1 & ^! irregul>ities indicate ! "t ( ! comm5cem5t ( an e>?quake1 toge!r ) its duration & int5sity4#cj ,ela/ic fluids are d\btless ! cause ( ! slight & p]fectly h>mless trembl+ ( ! e>?'s surface1 :i* has (t5 cont9u$ = sev]al days4 ,! focus ( ?is de/ructive ag5t1 ! seat ( ! mov+ =ce1 lies f> bel[ ! e>?'s surface2 b we "k z little ( ! ext5t ( ?is dep? z we "k ( ! *emical nature ( ^! vap\rs t are s highly compress$4 ,at ! edges ( two crat]s1--,vesuvius & ! t[]+ rock :i* projects beyond ! great abyss ( ,pi*9*a1 ne> ,quito1--,humboldt has felt p]iodic & v regul> %ocks ( e>?quakes1 on ea* occasion f tw5ty to ?irty seconds be=e ! burn+ scori or gases 7 erupt$4 ,! int5sity ( ! %ocks 0 increas$ 9 proportion to ! "t int]v5+ betwe5 !m1 & consequ5tly to ! l5g? ( "t 9 :i* ! vap\rs 7 accumulat+4 ,?is simple fact1 :i* has be5 atte/$ by ! evid5ce ( s _m travell]s1 furni%es u ) a g5]al solution ( ! ph5om5on1 9 %[+ t active volcanoes are to be consid]$ z safety-valves = ! imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,!re are in/ances 9 :i* ! e>? has be5 %ak5 = _m successive days 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 ! inhabitants take no m notice ( ! numb] ( e>?quakes ?an we 9 ,europe take ( %[]s ( ra92 yet 9 su* a di/rict ,bonpl& & ,humboldt 7 compell$ to dism\nt1 f ! re/iv5ess ( _! mules1 because ! e>? %ook 9 a =e/ = fifte5 to eighte5 m9utes )\t int]mission4 ,,e>?quakes ,,& ,,! ,,moon4 ,f a c>eful discussion ( sev]al ?\s& e>?quakes :i* h be5 record$ betwe5 #ahja & #ahej1 & a comp>ison ( ! p]iods at :i* !y occurr$ ) ! position ( ! moon 9 relation to ! e>?1 ,m4 ,p]ry1 ( ,dijon1 inf]s t e>?quakes may possibly be ! result ( attraction ex]t$ by t body on ! suppos$ fluid c5tre ( our globe1 some:at simil> to t :i* %e ex]cises on ! wat]s ( ! ocean2 & ! ,committee ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france h report$ fav\rably ^u ?is !ory4 ,,! ,,great ,,e>?quake ,,( ,,lisbon4 ,! eloqu5t ,humboldt rem>ks1 t ! activity ( an igne\s m\nta91 h[ev] t]rific & picturesque ! spectacle may be :i* x pres5ts to our contemplation1 is always limit$ to a v small space4 ,x is f> o!rwise ) e>?quakes1 :i*1 al?\gh sc>cely p]ceptible to ! eye1 nev]!less simultane\sly propagate _! waves to a di/ance ( _m ?\s& miles4 ,! great e>?quake :i* de/roy$ ! city ( ,lisbon1 ,novemb] #a/1 #agee1 0 felt 9 ! ,alps1 on ! coa/ ( ,sw$51 into ! ,antilles1 ,antigua1 ,b>badoes1 & ,m>t9ique2 9 ! great ,canadian lakes1 9 ,?ur+ia1 9 ! flat c\ntry ( nor!rn ,g]many1 & 9 ! small inl& lakes on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic4 ,remote spr+s 7 int]rupt$ 9 _! fl[1--a ph5om5on att5d+ e>?quakes :i* _h be5 notic$ among ! anci5ts by ,demetrius ! ,callatian4 ,! hot spr+s ( ,tplitz dri$ up & return$1 inundat+ e ?+ ar\nd1 & hav+ _! wat]s col\r$ ) iron o*re4 ,at ,cadiz1 ! sea rose to an elevation ( sixty-f\r feet2 :ile 9 ! ,antilles1 :]e ! tide usually rises only f tw5ty-six to tw5ty-eight in*es1 x sudd5ly rose ab\t tw5ty feet1 ! wat] be+ ( an inky blackness4 ,x has be5 comput$ t1 on ,novemb] #a/1 #agee1 a portion ( ! e>?'s surface f\r times great] ?an t ( ,europe 0 simultane\sly %ak54#ca ,z yet !re is no manife/ation ( =ce kn[n to u 7says ! vivid d5unciation ( ! philosoph]71 includ+ ev5 ! murd]\s inv5tion ( our own race1 by :i* a great] numb] ( p h be5 kill$ 9 ! %ort space ( a few m9utes3 #fj1jjj 7 de/roy$ 9 ,sicily 9 #afic1 f #cj1jjj to #dj1jjj 9 ! e>?quake ( ,riobamba 9 #agig1 & probably five times z _m 9 ,asia ,m9or & ,syria "u ,tib]ius & ,ju/9ian ! eld]1 ab\t ! ye>s #ai & #ebf4 ,,geological ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,diamond4 ,! discov]y ( ,diamonds 9 ,russia1 f> f ! tropical zone1 has excit$ mu* int]e/ among geologi/s4 ,9 ! detritus on ! banks ( ! ,adolfskoi1 no few] ?an =ty diamonds h be5 f\nd 9 ! gold alluvium1 only tw5ty feet above ! /ratum 9 :i* ! rema9s ( mammo?s & rh9oc]oses are f\nd4 ,h5ce ,humboldt has conclud$ t ! =mation ( gold-ve9s1 & consequ5tly ( diamonds1 is comp>atively ( rec5t date1 & sc>cely ant]ior to ! de/ruction ( ! mammo?s4 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison & ,m4 ,v]neuil h be5 l$ to ! same result by diff]5t argum5ts4#cb ,,:at ,,0 ,,adamant8 ,pr(essor ,t5nant replies1 t ! ,adamant describ$ by ,pl9y 0 a sapphire1 z prov$ by its =m1 & by ! fact t :5 /ruck on an anvil by a hamm] x w\ld make an ind5tation 9 ! metal4 ,a true diamond1 "u su* circum/ances1 w\ld fly into a ?\s& pieces4 ,,:at ,,is ,,coal8 ,! :ole evid5ce we possess z to ! nature ( ,coal proves x to h be5 orig9ally a mass ( vegetable matt]4 ,its microscopical *>act]s po9t to its hav+ be5 =m$ on ! spot 9 :i* we f9d x1 to its be+ compos$ ( vegetable tissues ( v>i\s k9ds1 sep>at$ & *ang$ by mac]ation1 pressure1 & *emical action1 & to ! introduction ( its e>?y matt]1 9 a l>ge numb] ( in/ances1 9 a /ate ( solution or f9e molecul> subdivision4 ,dr4 ,r$f]n1 f ^: communication to ! ,briti% ,association we quote1 kn[s no?+ to c\nt5ance ! supposition t our coal-b$s are ma9ly =m$ ( conif]\s wood1 because ! /ructures f\nd 9 "m-coal1 or ! *>coal lay]1 h n ! "* ( ! gl&ul> tissue ( su* wood1 z has be5 ass]t$4 ,geological rese>* has %[n t ! imm5se =e/s f :i* our coal is =m$ teem$ ) life4 ,a frog z l>ge z an ox exi/$ 9 ! swamps1 & ! exi/5ce ( insects proves t ! high] ord] ( organic creation fl\ri%$ at ?is epo*4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! available coal-b$s 9 ,lanca%ire am\nt 9 weight to ! enorm\s sum ( #h1djj1jjj1jjj tons4 ,! total annual consumption ( ?is coal1 x has be5 e/imat$1 am\nts to #c1djj1abj tons2 h5ce x is inf]r$ t ! coal-b$s ( ,lanca%ire1 at ! pres5t rate ( consumption1 w la/ #bdgj ye>s4 ,mak+ simil> calculations = ! coal-fields ( ,s\? ,wales1 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 & ,scotl&1 x w readily be p]ceiv$ h[ ridicul\s 7 ! =ebod+s :i* lectur+ geologi/s delight$ to indulge 9 a few ye>s ago4 ,,torbane-,,hill ,,coal4 ,! coal ( ,torbane ,hill1 ,scotl&1 is s highly inflammable1 t x has be5 disput$ at law :e!r x be true coal1 or only asphaltum1 or bitum54 ,dr4 ,r$f]n describes x z lam9at$1 splitt+ ) great ease horizontally1 l _m cannel coals1 & l !m x may be light$ at a c&le4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! b$ /igm>ia & o!r fossil plants occur 9 great] numb]s ?an 9 mo/ o!r coals2 _! di/9ct vascul> tissue may be easily recognis$ by a common pocket l5s1 & #fe ( ! mass consi/s ( c>bon4 ,dr4 ,r$f]n consid]s t all our coals may be arrang$ 9 a scale hav+ ! ,torbane-,hill coal at ! top & an?racite at ! bottom4 ,an?racite is almo/ pure c>bon2 ,torbane ,hill conta9s less fix$ c>bon ?an mo/ o!r cannels3 an?racite is v difficult to ignite1 & gives out sc>cely any gas2 ,torbane-,hill burns l a c&le1 & yields #cjjj cubic feet ( gas p] ton1 m ?an any o!r kn[n coal1 its gas be+ also ( greatly sup]ior illum9at+ p[] to any o!r4 ,! only diff]5ces :i* ! ,torbane-,hill coal pres5ts f o!rs are diff]5ces ( degree1 n ( k9d4 ,x diff]s f o!r coals 9 be+ ! be/ gas-coal1 & f o!r cannels 9 be+ ! be/ cannel4 ,,h[ ,,mala*ite ,,is ,,=m$4 ,! ri* copp]-ore ( ! ,ural1 :i* occurs 9 ve9s or masses1 amid metamorphic /rata associat$ ) igne\s rocks1 & ev5 9 ! holl[s betwe5 ! eruptive rocks1 is work$ 9 %afts4 ,at ! bottom ( "o ( ^!1 #bhj feet deep1 has be5 f\nd an enorm\s irregul>ly-%ap$ botryoidal mass ( ,mala*ite 7,greek mala*e1 m\nta9-gre571 s5d+ (f /r+s ( gre5 copp]-ore4 ,! upp] surface ( x is ab\t #ah feet long & #i wide2 & x 0 e/imat$ to conta9 #ae1jjj poods1 or half a million p\nds1 ( pure & compact mala*ite4 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison is ( op9ion t ?is wond]ful subt]rane\s incru/ation has be5 produc$ 9 ! /alagmitic =m1 dur+ a s]ies ( ages1 by copp] solutions emanat+ f ! surr\nd+ loose & spor\s mass1 & trickl+ ?r\gh x to ! l[e/ cavity ^u ! subjac5t solid rock4 ,mala*ite is br\ght *iefly f "o m9e 9 ,sib]ia2 its value z raw mat]ial is ne>ly "o-f\r? t ( ! same weight ( pure silv]1 or 9 a manufactur$ /ate ?ree gu9eas p] p\nd avoirdupois4#cc ,,lumps ,,( ,,gold ,,9 ,,sib]ia4 ,! gold m9es s\? ( ,miask are *iefly rem>kable = ! l>ge lumps or pepites ( gold :i* are f\nd ar\nd ! ,zavod ( ,z>evo-,alex&roisk4 ,previ\s to #ahda 7 discov]$ "h lumps ( native gold2 9 t ye> a lump ( tw5ty-f\r p\nds 0 met )2 & 9 #ahdc a lump weigh+ ab\t sev5ty-eight p\nds ,engli% 0 f\nd1 & is n[ deposit$ ) o!rs 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,imp]ial ,s*ool ( ,m9es at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton ,,^u ,,burnet',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,9 #affh1 ,dr4 ,?omas ,burnet pr9t$ 8 ,!oria ,telluris ,sacra1 8an eloqu5t physico-!ological romance10 says ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 8:i* 0 to a c]ta9 ext5t adopt$ ev5 by ,newton1 ,burnet's fri5d4 ,ab&on+1 z "s ( ! fa!rs _h done1 ! hexam]on1 or six days ( ,moses1 z a physical reality1 & hav+ no k ( geological ph5om5a1 he gives loose re9s to 8 imag9ation1 comb9+ passages ( ,scripture ) ^? ( anci5t au?ors1 & presumptu\sly describ+ ! future cata/rophes to :i* ! e>? is to be expos$40 ,previ\s to its publication1 ,burnet pres5t$ a copy ( 8 book to ,newton1 & reque/$ 8 op9ion ( ! !ory :i* x prop\nd$4 ,newton took 8exceptions to p>ticul> passages10 & a correspond5ce ensu$4 ,9 "o ( ,newton's lett]s he treats ( ! =mation ( ! e>?1 & ! o!r planets1 out ( a g5]al *aos ( ! figure assum$ by ! e>?1--( ! l5g? ( ! primitive days1--( ! =mation ( hills & seas1 & ( ! creation ( ! two rul+ lights z ! result ( ! cle>+ up ( ! atmosph]e4 ,he consid]s ! acc\nt ( ! creation 9 ,g5esis z adapt$ to ! judgm5t ( ! vulg>4 8,_h ,moses10 he says1 8describ$ ! processes ( creation z di/9ctly z !y 7 9 !mselves1 he w\ld h made ! n>rative t$i\s & confus$ among/ ! vulg>1 & become a philosoph] m ?an a prophet40 ,aft] ref]r+ to sev]al 8causes ( meteors1 su* z ! break+ out ( vap\rs f bel[1 be=e ! e>? 0 well h>d5$1 ! settl+ & %r9k+ ( ! :ole globe aft] ! upp] regions or surface began to be h>d10 ,newton closes 8 lett] ) an apology = be+ t$i\s1 :i*1 he says1 8he has ! m reason to d1 z he has n set d[n any ?+ he has well consid]$1 or w und]take to def5d40--,see ! ,lett] 9 ! ,app5dix to ,sir ,d4 ,brew/]'s ,life ( ,newton1 vol4 ii4 ,! primitive condition ( ! e>?1 & its prep>ation = man1 0 a subject ( g5]al speculation at ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,leibnitz1 l 8 great rival 7,newton71 attempt$ to expla9 ! =mation ( ! e>?1 & ( ! diff]5t sub/ances :i* compos$ x2 & he _h ! advantage ( possess+ "s k ( geological ph5om5a3 ! e>? he reg>d$ z hav+ be5 orig9ally a burn+ mass1 ^: temp]ature gradually dim9i%$ till ! vap\rs 7 cond5s$ into a univ]sal ocean1 :i* cov]$ ! highe/ m\nta9s1 & gradually fl[$ into vacuities & subt]ranean cavities produc$ by ! consolidation ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,he reg>d$ fossils z ! real rema9s ( plants & animals :i* _h be5 buri$ 9 ! /rata2 &1 9 speculat+ on ! =mation ( m9]al sub/ances1 he speaks ( cry/als z ! geometry ( inanimate nature4--,brew/]'s ,life ( ,newton1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajj1 note4 7,see also 8,! ,age ( ! ,globe10 9 ,?+s n g5]ally ,kn[n1 p4 #ac47 8,,! ,,fa!r ,,( ,,engli% ,,geology40 ,9 #agfi 0 born1 ! son ( a yeoman ( ,ox=d%ire1 ,william ,smi?4 ,:5 a boy he delight$ to w&] 9 ! fields1 collect+ 8p\nd-/ones0 7,e*9ites71 8pundibs0 7,t]ebratul71 & o!r /ony curiosities2 & receiv+ little education beyond :at he taught himself1 he le>n$ no?+ ( classics b ! "n4 ,gr[n to be a man1 he became a l&-surveyor & civil eng9e]1 & 0 mu* engag$ 9 con/ruct+ canals4 ,:ile ?us occupi$1 he obs]v$ t all ! rocky masses =m+ ! sub/rata ( ! c\ntry 7 g5tly incl9$ to ! ea/ & s\?-ea/1--t ! r$ s&/ones & m>ls above ! coal-measures pass$ bel[ ! b$s prov9cially t]m$ lias-clay & lime/one--t ^! aga9 pass$ und]nea? ! s&s1 yell[ lime/one1 & clays t =m ! table-l& ( ! ,coteswold ,hills2 :ile !y 9 turn plung$ b5ea? ! great esc>pm5t ( *alk t runs f ! coa/ ( ,dorset%ire nor?w>d to ! ,york%ire %ores ( ! ,g]man ,ocean4 ,he fur!r obs]v$ t ea* =mation ( clay1 s&1 or lime/one1 held to a v great ext5t its own peculi> suite ( fossils4 ,! 8snake-/ones0 7,ammonites7 ( ! lias 7 diff]5t 9 =m & ornam5t f ^? ( ! inf]ior oolite2 & ! %ells ( ! latt]1 aga91 diff]$ f ^? ( ! ,ox=d clay1 ,cornbra%1 & ,kimm]idge clay4 ,pond]+ mu* on ^! ?+s1 he came to ! !n unhe>d-( conclusion t ea* =mation _h be5 9 its turn a sea-bottom1 9 ! s$im5ts ( :i* liv$ & di$ m>9e animals n[ ext9ct1 _m specially di/9ctive ( _! own epo*s 9 "t4 ,"h inde$ 0 a discov]y1--made1 too1 by a man utt]ly unkn[n to ! sci5tific _w1 & hav+ no pret5sion to sci5tific lore4 8,/rata ,smi?'s0 f9d 0 unhe$$ = _m a long ye>2 b at l5g? ! fir/ geologi/s ( ! day le>n$ f ! l&-surveyor t sup]position ( /rata is insep>ably connect$ ) ! succession ( life 9 "t4 ,hooke's gr& vision 0 at l5g? realis$1 & x 0 inde$ possible 8to build up a t]re/rial *ronology f rott5 %ells0 imb$d$ 9 ! rocks4 ,mean:ile he _h con/ruct$ ! fir/ geological map ( ,engl&1 :i* has s]v$ z a basis = geological maps ( all o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,william ,smi? 0 n[ pres5t$ by ! ,geological ,society ) ! ,wolla/on ,m$al1 & hail$ z 8! ,fa!r ( ,engli% ,geology40 ,he di$ 9 #ahdj4 ,till ! mann] z well z ! fact ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( successive =ms ( life %all be solv$1 x is n easy to surmise h[ any discov]y c be made 9 geology equal 9 value to t :i* we owe to ! g5ius ( ,william ,smi?4--,saturday ,review1 ,no4 #adj4 ,,dr4 ,,buckl&'s ,,geological ,,lab\rs4 ,sir ,h5ry ,de la ,be*e1 9 8 ,anniv]s>y ,address to ! ,geological ,society 9 #ahdh1 on pres5t+ ! ,wolla/on ,m$al to ,dr4 ,buckl&1 felicit\sly obs]v$3 ,x may n be g5]ally kn[n t1 :ile yet a *ild1 at y\r native t[n1 ,axm9/] 9 ,devon%ire1 ammonites1 obta9$ by y\r fa!r f ! lime qu>ries 9 ! neighb\rhood1 7 pres5t$ to y\r att5tion4 ,z a s*ol> at ,w9*e/]1 ! *alk1 ) its fl9ts1 0 br\ght "u y\r obs]vation1 & !re x 0 t y\r collections 9 natural hi/ory fir/ began4 ,remov$ to ,ox=d1 z a s*ol> ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ! future tea*] ( geology 9 t ,univ]sity 0 =tunate 9 meet+ ) cong5ial ta/es 9 our colleague ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,brod]ip1 !n a /ud5t at ,oriel ,college4 ,x 0 dur+ y\r walks toge!r to ,%otov] ,hill1 :5 8 k ( con*ology 0 s valuable to y1 enabl+ y to di/+ui% ! %ells ( ! ,ox=d oolite1 t y laid ! f\ndation = ^? field-lectures1 =m+ "p ( y\r c\rse ( geology at ,ox=d1 :i* no "o is likely to =get :o has be5 s =tunate at any "t z to h att5d$ !m4 ,! fruits ( y\r walks ) ,mr4 ,brod]ip =m$ ! nucleus ( t great collection1 m especially rem>kable = ! organic rema9s x conta9s1 :i*1 aft] ! lab\rs ( =ty ye>s1 y h pres5t$ to ! ,geological ,museum at ,ox=d1 9 grave recollection ( ! aid :i* ! end[m5ts ( t ,univ]sity1 & ! leisure ( its vacations1 _h af=d$ y = ext5sive travell+ dur+ a resid5ce at ,ox=d ( ne>ly =ty-five ye>s4 ,,discov]ies ,,( ,m4 ,,agassiz4#cd ,?is great paleontologi/1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 i*?yological rese>*es1 0 l$ to p]ceive t ! arrangem5t by ,cuvi] accord+ to organs did n fulfil its purpose ) reg>d to fossil fi%es1 because 9 ! lapse ( ages ! *>act]i/ics ( _! /ructures 7 de/roy$4 ,he !re=e adopt$ ! only o!r rema9+ plan1 & /udi$ ! tissues1 :i*1 be+ less complex ?an ! organs1 are (t5] f\nd intact4 ,! result 0 ! v rem>kable discov]y1 t ! tegum5t>y membrane ( fi%es is s intimately connect$ ) _! organisation1 t if ! :ole ( ! fi% has p]i%$ except ?is membrane1 x is practicable1 by not+ its *>act]i/ics1 to recon/ruct ! animal 9 its mo/ ess5tial p>ts4 ,( ! value ( ?is pr9ciple ( h>mony1 "s idea may be =m$ f ! circum/ance1 t on x ,agassiz has bas$ ! :ole ( t celebrat$ classification ( :i* he is ! sole au?or1 & by :i* fossil i*?yology has = ! fir/ "t assum$ a precise & def9ite %ape4 ,h[ ess5tial its /udy is to ! geologi/ appe>s f ! rem>k ( ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 t 8fossil fi%es h e :]e prov$ ! mo/ exact *ronomet] ( ! age ( rocks40 ,,succession ,,( ,,life ,,9 ,,"t4 ,9 ! ,museum ( ,economic ,geology1 9 ,j]myn ,/reet1 may be se5 ores1 metals1 rocks1 & :ole suites ( fossils /ratigraphically arrang$ 9 su* a mann] t1 ) an obs]vant eye = =m1 all may easily und]/& ! m obvi\s sci5tific mean+s ( ! ,succession ( ,life 9 ,"t1 & its be>+ on geological economies4 ,x is p]haps sc>cely an exagg]ation to say1 t ! great] numb] ( s-call$ educat$ p]sons are /ill ignorant ( ! mean+ ( ?is great doctr9e4 ,!y w\ld be a%am$ n to "k t !re are _m suns & mat]ial worlds besides our own2 b ! sci5ce1 equally gr& & compreh5sible1 t aims at ! discov]y ( ! laws t regulat$ ! creation1 ext5sion1 decad5ce1 & utt] ext9ction ( _m successive species1 g5]a1 & :ole ord]s ( life1 is ignor$1 or1 if intrud$ on ! att5tion1 is look$ on z an unc]ta9 & dang]\s dream1--& ?is 9 a c\ntry :i* 0 almo/ ! nurs]y ( geology1 & :i* = half a c5tury has boa/$ ! fir/ ,geological ,society 9 ! _w4--,saturday ,review1 ,no4 #adj4 ,,primitive ,,div]sity ,,& ,,numb]s ,,( ,,animals ,,9 ,,geological ,,times4 ,pr(essor ,agassiz consid]s t ! v fact ( c]ta9 /ratifi$ rocks1 ev5 among ! olde/ =mations1 be+ almo/ entirely made up ( fragm5ts ( organis$ be+s1 %\ld long ago h satisfi$ ! mo/ sceptical t bo? animal & vegetable life 7 z active & pr(usely scatt]$ ^u ! :ole globe at all times1 & dur+ all geological p]iods1 z !y are n[4 ,no coral reef 9 ! ,pacific conta9s a l>g] am\nt ( organic dbris ?an "s ( ! lime/one deposits ( ! t]ti>y1 ( ! cretace\s1 or ( ! oolitic1 nay ev5 ( ! paleozoic p]iod2 & ! :ole vegetable c>pet cov]+ ! pres5t surface ( ! globe1 ev5 if we 7 to consid] only ! luxuriant vegetation ( ! tropics1 leav+ entirely out ( consid]ation ! entire expanse ( ! ocean1 z well z ^? tracts ( l& :]e1 "u less fav\rable circum/ances1 ! gr[? ( plants is m r$uc$1--w\ld n =m "o s+le seam ( workable coal to be comp>$ to ! _m ?ick b$s conta9$ 9 ! rocks ( ! c>bonif]\s p]iod alone4 ,,engl& ,,9 ,,! ,,eoc5e ,,p]iod4 ,eoc5e is ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's t]m = ! l[e/ gr\p ( ! ,t]ti>y sy/em 9 :i* ! dawn ( rec5t life appe>s2 & any "o :o wi%es to realise :at 0 ! aspect pres5t$ by ?is c\ntry dur+ ! ,eoc5e p]iod1 ne$ only g to ,%e]ness4 ,if1 leav+ t place beh9d him1 he walks d[n ! ,?ames1 keep+ close to ! edge ( ! wat]1 he w f9d :ole bu%els ( pyritis$ pieces ( twigs & fruits4 ,^! fruits & twigs belong to plants ne>ly alli$ to ! screw-p9e & cu/>d-apple1 & to v>i\s species ( palms & spice-trees :i* n[ fl\ri% 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago4 ,at ! "t !y 7 wa%$ d[n f "s neighb\r+ l&1 n only crocodilian reptiles1 b %>ks & innum]able turtles1 inhabit$ a sea or e/u>y :i* n[ =ms "p ( ! ,london di/rict2 & huge boa-con/rictors glid$ among/ ! trees :i* fr+$ ! adjo9+ %ores4 ,c\ntless z are ! ages :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! ,eoc5e p]iod & ! "t :5 ! little jawbones ( ,/onesfield 7 wa%$ d[n to ! place :]e !y 7 to await ! day :5 sci5ce %\ld br+ !m aga9 to light1 n "o mammalian g5us :i* n[ lives ^u our plane has be5 discov]$ among/ ,eoc5e /rata4 ,we h exi/+ families1 b no?+ m4--,pr(essor ,ow54 ,,food ,,( ,,! ,,iguanodon4 ,dr4 ,mantell1 f ! exam9ation ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! "r side ( ! l[] jaw ( an ,iguanodon discov]$ 9 a qu>ry 9 ,tilgate ,=e/1 ,sussex1 has detect$ an extraord9>y deviation f all kn[n types ( reptilian organisation1 & :i* c\ld n h be5 pr$icat$2 namely1 t ?is colossal reptile1 :i* equall$ 9 bulk ! gigantic ,ed5tata ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & l !m 0 de/9$ to obta9 support f comm9ut$ vegetable sub/ances1 0 also furni%$ ) a l>ge preh5sile tongue & fle%y lips1 to s]ve z in/rum5ts = seiz+ & cropp+ ! foliage & bran*es ( trees2 :ile ! arrangem5t ( ! tee? z 9 ! rum9ants1 & _! int]nal /ructure1 :i* resembles t ( ! mol>s ( ! slo? tribe 9 ! vascul>ity ( ! d5t9e1 indicate adaptations = ! same purpose4 ,among ! physiological ph5om5a reveal$ by paleontology1 !re is n a m rem>kable "o ?an ?is modification ( ! type ( organisation peculi> to ! class ( reptiles to meet ! conditions requir$ by ! economy ( a liz>d plac$ "u simil> physical relations2 & de/9$ to effect ! same g5]al purpose 9 ! s*eme ( nature z ! colossal ,ed5tata ( =m] ages & ! l>ge h]bivor\s mammalia ( our own times4 ,,! ,,pt]odactyl--,,! ,,fly+ ,,dragon4 ,! ,tilgate b$s ( ! ,weald5 s]ies1 j m5tion$1 h yield$ num]\s fragm5ts ( ! mo/ rem>kable reptilian fossils yet discov]$1 & ^: wond]ful =ms d5ote !m to h ?rong$ ! %all[ seas & bays & lagoons ( ! p]iod4 ,9 ! gr\nds ( ! ,cry/al ,palace at ,syd5ham ! read] w f9d re/orations ( ^! animals suffici5tly p]fect to illu/rate ?is reptilian epo*4 ,!y include ! iguanodon1 an h]bivor\s liz>d exce$+ 9 size ! l>ge/ elephant1 & accompani$ by ! equally gigantic & c>nivor\s megalosaurus 7great saurian71 & by ! two yet m curi\s reptiles1 ! pylosaurus 7=e/1 or weald1 saurian7 & ! pt]odactyl 7f pt]on1 #8w+1' & dactylus1 #8a f+]'71 an enorm\s bat-l creature1 n[ runn+ ^u ! gr\nd l a bird2 its elevat$ body & long neck n cov]$ ) fea!rs1 b ) sk91 nak$1 or respl5d5t ) glitt]+ scales2 its head l t ( a liz>d or crocodile1 & ( a size almo/ prepo/]\s comp>$ ) t ( ! body1 ) its long =e extremities /ret*$ out1 & connect$ by a membrane ) ! body & h9d legs4 ,sudd5ly ?is mail$ creature rose 9 ! air1 & realis$ or ev5 surpass$ 9 /rang5ess ! fly+ dragon ( fable3 its =e-arms & its elongat$ w+-f+] furni%$ ) claws2 h& & f+]s ext5d$1 & ! int]space fill$ up by a t\gh membrane2 & its head & neck /ret*$ out l t ( ! h]on 9 its flight4 ,:5 /ation>y1 its w+s 7 probably fold$ back l ^? ( a bird2 ?\gh p]haps1 by ! claws atta*$ to its f+]s1 x might susp5d itself f ! bran*es ( trees4 ,,mammalia ,,9 ,,second>y ,,rocks4 ,x 0 suppos$ till v lately t few if any ,mammalia 7 to be f\nd bel[ ! ,t]ti>y rocks1 i4 e4 ^? above ! *alk2 & ?is suppos$ fact 0 v com=table to ^? :o support ! doctr9e ( 8progressive developm5t10 & hold1 ) ! notori\s ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 t a fi% by m]e l5g? ( "t became a reptile1 a lemur an ape1 & f9ally an ape a man4 ,b "h1 z 9 a hundr$ o!r cases1 facts1 :5 duly inve/igat$1 are aga9/ _! !ory4 ,a mammal jaw _h be5 already discov]$ by ,mr4 ,brodie on ! %ore at ! back ( ,swanage ,po9t1 9 ,dorset%ire1 :5 ,mr4 ,beckles1 ,f4,g4,s41 trac$ ! ve9 f :i* ?is jaw _h be5 procur$1 & f\nd x to be a /ratum ab\t five in*es ?ick1 at ! base ( ! ,middle ,purbeck b$s2 & aft] remov+ _m ?\s& tons ( rock1 & lay+ b>e an area ( ne>ly #gjjj squ>e feet 7! l>ge/ cutt+ ev] made = purely sci5tific purposes71 he f\nd reptiles 7tortoises & liz>ds7 9 hundr$s2 b ! mo/ important discov]y 0 t ( ! jaws ( at lea/ f\rte5 diff]5t species ( mammalia4 ,"s ( ^! 7 h]bivor\s1 "s c>nivor\s1 connect$ ) our mod]n %rews1 moles1 h$gehogs1 c42 b all ( !m p]fectly develop$ & highly-organis$ quadrup$s4 ,t5 ye>s ago1 no rema9s ( quadrup$s 7 believ$ to exi/ 9 ! ,second>y /rata4 8,ev5 9 #ahed10 says ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 79 a supplem5t to ! fif? edition ( 8 ,manual ( ,elem5t>y ,geology71 8only six species ( mammals f rocks old] ?an ! ,t]ti>y 7 kn[n 9 ! :ole _w40 ,we n[ possess evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( f\rte5 species1 belong+ to eight or n9e g5]a1 f ! fre%-wat] /rata ( ! ,middle ,purbeck ,oolite4 ,x w\ld be ra% n[ to fix a limit 9 pa/ "t to ! exi/5ce ( quadrup$s4--,! ,rev4 ,c4 ,k+sley4 ,,fossil ,,human ,,bones4 ,9 ! paleontological collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is pres]v$ a consid]able portion ( a human skeleton imb$d$ 9 a slab ( rock1 br\ght f ,guadal\pe1 & (t5 ref]r$ to 9 opposition to ! /atem5t t hi!rto no fossil human hones h be5 f\nd4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! bones1 h[ev]1 has be5 expla9$ by ! circum/ance ( a battle & ! massacre ( a tribe ( ,galtibis by ! ,c>ibs1 :i* took place ne> ! spot 9 :i* ! bones 7 f\nd ab\t #acj ye>s ago2 = z ! bodies ( ! sla9 7 int]r$ on ! sea%ore1 _! skeletons may h be5 subsequ5tly cov]$ by s&-drift1 :i* has s9ce consolidat$ into lime/one4 ,x w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 t on ! read+ ( ! pap] ^u ?is discov]y to ! ,royal ,society1 9 #ahad1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ! presid5t1 consid]$ ! 8fossil0 to be ( v mod]n =mation1 & t probably1 f ! contiguity ( a volcano1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] may h be5 rais$ at "s "t1 & dissolv+ c>bonate ( lime readily1 may h deposit$ ab\t ! skeleton 9 a comp>atively %ort p]iod h>d & solid /one4 ,e p]son may be conv9c$ ( ! rapidity ( ! =mation & ( ! h>dness ( su* /one by inspect+ ! inside ( tea-kettles 9 :i* h>d wat] is boil$4 ,descriptions ( petrifactions ( human bodies appe> to ref] to ! conv]sion ( bodies into adipoc]e1 & n into /one4 ,all ! suppos$ cases ( petrifaction are probably ( ?is nature4 ,! *ange occurs only :5 ! c(f9 becomes fill$ ) wat]4 ,! body1 conv]t$ into adipoc]e1 floats on ! wat]4 ,! suppos$ cases ( *anges ( position 9 ! grave1 bur/+ op5 ! c(f9-lids1 turn+ ov]1 cross+ ( limbs1 c41 =m]ly attribut$ to ! com+ to life ( p]sons buri$ :o 7 n dead1 is n[ asc]ta9$ to be due to ! same cause4 ,! *emical *ange into adipoc]e1 & ! evolution ( gases1 produce ^! movem5ts ( dead bodies4--,mr4 ,trail ,gre54 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,anci5t ,,fi%es4 ,among ! important results ( ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison's e/abli%m5t ( ! ,silurian sy/em is ! foll[+3 ,t z ! ,l[] ,silurian gr\p1 (t5 ( va/ dim5sions1 has nev] af=d$ ! smalle/ ve/ige ( a ,fi%1 ?\gh x ab\nds 9 num]\s species ( ! m>9e classes1--corals1 cr9oidea1 mollusca1 & cru/acea2 & z 9 ,sc&9avia & ,russia1 :]e x is bas$ on rocks void ( fossils1 its l[e/ /ratum conta9s fucoids only1--,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison has1 aft] fifte5 ye>s ( labori\s rese>* /eadily direct$ to ?is po9t1 arriv$ at ! conclusion1 t a v long p]iod elaps$ aft] life 0 brea!d into ! wat]s be=e ! l[e/ ord] ( v]tebrata 0 creat$2 ! e>lie/ fi%es be+ ^? ( ! ,upp] ,silurian rocks1 :i* he 0 ! fir/ to discov]1 & :i* he describ$ 8z ! mo/ anci5t be+s ( _! class :i* h yet be5 br\ght to light40 ,?\gh ! ,l[] ,silurian rocks ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w h s9ce be5 ransack$ by multitudes ( pry+ geologi/s1 :o h exhum$ f !m myriads ( m>9e fossils1 n a s+le i*?yolite has be5 f\nd 9 any /ratum ( high] antiquity ?an ! ,upp] ,silurian gr\p ( ,mur*ison4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( all fossil fi%es yet discov]$ h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one cliffs at ,dorpat1 :]e ! rema9s are s gigantic 7"o bone measur+ two feet n9e in*es 9 l5g?7 t !y 7 at fir/ suppos$ to belong to saurians4 ,sir ,rod]ick's exam9ation ( ,russia has1 9 %ort1 prov$ t ! i*?yolites & mollusks :i*1 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 are sep>ately peculi> to small] deta*$ bas9s1 7 "h 79 ! ,briti% ,isles7 cohabitants ( _m p>ts ( ! same great sea4 ,,ext9ct ,,c>nivor\s ,,animals ,,( ,,brita94 ,pr(essor ,ow5 has ?us =cibly illu/rat$ ! ,c>nivor\s ,animals :i* prey$ ^u & re/ra9$ ! undue multiplication ( ! vegetable fe$]s4 ,fir/ we h ! be> family1 :i* is n[ repres5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry only by ! badg]4 ,we 7 once ble/1 h[ev]1 ) _m be>s4 ,"o species seems to h be5 id5tical ) ! exi/+ br[n be> ( ! ,european cont95t4 ,f> l>g] & m =midable 0 ! gigantic cave-be> 7,ursus spelu71 :i* surpass$ 9 size 8 grisly bro!r ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! skull ( ! cave-be> diff]s v mu* 9 %ape f t ( its small br[n relative j allud$ to2 ! =ehead1 9 p>ticul>1 is mu* high]1--to be acc\nt$ = by an arrangem5t ( air-cells simil> to ^? :i* we h already rem>k$ 9 ! elephant4 ,! cave-be> has left its rema9s 9 va/ abundance 9 ,g]many4 ,9 our own caves1 ! bones ( hynas are f\nd 9 great] quantities4 ,! m>ks :i* ! tee? ( ! hyna make ^u ! bones :i* x gnaws are q unmi/akable4 ,our ,engli% hynas _h ! mo/ undiscrim9at+ appetite1 prey+ ^u e creature1 _! own species among/ o!rs4 ,wolves1 n di/+ui%able f ^? :i* n[ exi/ 9 ,france & ,g]many1 seem to h kept company ) ! hynas2 & ! ,felis spela1 a sort ( lion1 b l>g] ?an any :i* n[ exi/s1 rul$ ov] all weak] brutes4 ,"h1 says ,pr(essor ,ow51 we h ! orig9al ,briti% ,lion4 ,a species ( ,ma*airodus has left its rema9s at ,k5t's ,hole1 ne> ,torquay4 ,9 ,engl& we _h also ! beav]1 :i* /ill l+]s on ! ,danube & ! ,rhone1 & a l>g] species1 :i* has be5 call$ ,trogon!rium 7gnaw+ bea/71 & a gigantic mole4 ,,! ,,great ,,cave ,,tig] ,,or ,,lion ,,( ,,brita94 ,rema9s ( ?is rem>kable animal ( ! drift or gravel p]iod ( ?is c\ntry h be5 f\nd at ,br5t=d & else:]e ne> ,london4 ,speak+ ( ?is animal1 ,pr(essor ,ow5 obs]ves1 t 8x is commonly suppos$ t ! ,lion1 ! ,tig]1 & ! ,jagu> are animals peculi>ly adapt$ to a tropical climate4 ,! g5us ,felis 7to :i* ^! animals belong7 is1 h[ev]1 repres5t$ by specim5s 9 high nor!rn latitudes1 & 9 all ! int]m$iate c\ntries to ! equator40 ,! *ief condition necess>y = ! pres5ce ( su* animals is an abundance ( ! vegetable-fe$+ animals4 ,x is ?us t ! ,indian tig] has be5 kn[n to foll[ ! h]ds ( antelope & de] 9 ! l(ty m\nta9s ( ! ,himalaya to ! v]ge ( p]petual sn[1 & f> into ,sib]ia4 8,x ne$ n1 !re=e10 cont9ues ,pr(essor ,ow51 8excite surprise t indications %\ld h be5 discov]$ 9 ! fossil relics ( ! anci5t mammalian population ( ,europe ( a l>ge fel9e animal1 ! contempor>y ( ! mammo?1 ( ! ti*orrh9e rh9oc]os1 ( ! great gigantic cave-be> & hyna1 & ! slay] ( ! ox51 de]1 & equ9e quadrup$s t s ab\nd$ dur+ ! same epo*40 ,! dim5sions ( ?is ext9ct animal equal ^? ( ! l>ge/ ,african lion or ,b5gal tig]2 & "s bones h be5 f\nd :i* seem to imply t x _h ev5 m p[]ful limbs & l>g] paws4 ,,! ,,mammo?s ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,isles4 ,dr4 ,buckl& has %[n t = long ages _m species ( c>nivor\s animals n[ ext9ct inhabit$ ! caves ( ! ,briti% isl&s4 ,9 l[ tracts ( ,york%ire1 :]e tranquil lacu/r9e 7lake-l7 deposits h occurr$1 bones 7ev5 ^? ( ! lion7 h be5 f\nd s p]fectly unbrok5 & unworn1 9 f9e gravel 7z at ,m>ket ,weighton71 t few p]sons w\ld be dispos$ to d5y t su* fel9e & o!r animals once roam$ ov] ! ,briti% isles1 z well z o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,:y1 !n1 is x improbable t l>ge elephants1 ) a peculi>ly ?ick integum5t1 a close coat+ ( wool1 & mu* long %aggy hair1 %\ld h be5 ! occupants ( wide tracts ( ,nor!rn ,europe & ,asia8 ,?is coat+1 ,dr4 ,flem+ has well rem>k$1 0 probably z imp5etrable to ra9 & cold z t ( ! mon/] ox ( ! pol> circle4 ,su* is ! op9ion ( ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 :o ?us acc\nts = ! disappe>ance ( ! mammo?s f ,brita93 ,:5 we turn f ! great ,sib]ian cont95t1 :i*1 ant]ior to its elevation1 0 ! *ief abode ( ! mammo?s1 & look to ! o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 :]e _! rema9s also occur1 h[ rem>kable is x t we f9d ! numb] ( ^! creatures to be ju/ly proportionate to ! magnitude ( ! anci5t masses ( l& :i* ! lab\rs ( geologi/s h def9$6 ,take ! ,briti% isles1 = example1 & let all _! l[1 rec5tly elevat$ di/ricts be subm]g$2 let1 9 %ort1 ,engl& be view$ z ! comp>atively small isl& %e 0 :5 ! anci5t e/u>y ( ! ,?ames1 includ+ ! pla9s ( ,hyde ,p>k1 ,*elsea1 ,h\nsl[1 & ,uxbridge1 7 "u ! wat]2 :5 ! ,sev]n ext5d$ f> into ! he>t ( ! k+dom1 & l>ge ea/]n tracts ( ! isl& 7 subm]g$1--& !re w !n rema9 b mod]ately-siz$ fe$+-gr\nds = ! great quadrup$s ^: bones are f\nd 9 ! gravel ( ! adjac5t riv]s & e/u>ies4 ,?is limit$ area ( subsi/5ce c\ld necess>ily only keep up a small /ock ( su* animals2 &1 j z we might expect1 ! rema9s ( ,briti% mammo?s occur 9 v small numb]s inde$1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! great *>nel-h\ses ( ,sib]ia1 into :i* _! bones _h be5 c>ri$ d[n ?r\gh c\ntless ages f ! l>ge/ mass ( surface :i* geological inquiries h yet %[n to h be5 dry l& dur+ t epo*4 ,! rema9s ( ! mammo?1 says ,pr(essor ,ow51 h be5 f\nd 9 all1 or almo/ all1 ! c\nties ( ,engl&4 ,(f ! coa/ ( ,norfolk !y are met ) 9 va/ abundance4 ,! fi%]m5 :o g to cat* turbot betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,?ames & ! ,dut* coa/ con/antly get _! nets entangl$ 9 ! tusks ( ! mammo?4 ,a collection ( tusks & o!r rema9s1 obta9$ 9 ?is way1 is to be se5 at ,ramsgate4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ?is gigantic ext9ct elephant mu/ h be5 v common2 & a l>ge portion ( ! ivory :i* supplies ! m>kets ( ,europe is d]iv$ f ! va/ mammo? gravey>ds ( ,sib]ia4 ,! mammo? rang$ at lea/ z f> nor? z #fj4 ,!re is no d\bt t1 at ! pres5t day1 _m specim5s ( ! musk-ox are annually becom+ imb$d$ 9 ! mud & ice ( ! ,nor?-,am]ican riv]s4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve1 t ! mammo? tee? :i* are met ) 9 caves g5]ally belong$ to "y mammo?s1 :o probably resort$ ?i!r = %elt] be=e increas+ age & /r5g? embold5$ !m to w&] f> afield4 ,,! ,,rh9oc]os ,,& ,,hippopotamus ,,( ,,engl&4 ,! mammo? 0 n ! only giant t inhabit$ ,engl& 9 ! ,plioc5e or ,upp] ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,we _h also "h ! ,rh9oc]os ti*orrh9us1 or 8/rongly wall$ ab\t ! nose10 rema9s ( :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 enorm\s quantities 9 ! brickfields ab\t ,london4 ,pallas describes an entire specim5 ( ?is creature1 :i* 0 f\nd ne> ,yakutsk1 ! colde/ t[n on ! globe4 ,ano!r rh9oc]os1 leptorrh9us 7f9e nose71 dwelt ) ! elephant ( ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,9 ,sib]ia has be5 discov]$ ! ,elaimo!rium1 =m+ a l9k betwe5 ! rh9oc]os & ! horse4 ,9 ! days ( ! mammo?1 we _h also 9 ,engl& a ,hippopotamus1 r l>g] ?an ! species :i* n[ inhabits ! ,nile4 ,( our ,briti% hippopotamus "s rema9s 7 dug up by ! workm5 9 prep>+ ! f\ndations ( ! ,new ,junior ,unit$ ,s]vice ,club-h\se1 9 ,reg5t-/reet4 ,,! ,,elephant ,,& ,,tortoise4 ,! idea ( an ,elephant /&+ on ! back ( a ,tortoise 0 (t5 laugh$ at z an absurdity1 until ,capta9 ,cautley & ,dr4 ,falcon] at l5g? discov]$ 9 ! hills ( ,asia ! rema9s ( a tortoise 9 a fossil /ate ( su* a size t an elephant c\ld easily h p]=m$ ! above feat4 ,,coexi/5ce ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,ma/odon4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,w9sl[ has communicat$ to ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory ! discov]y ( ! fragm5t ( a human cranium #ahj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! ,table ,m\nta91 ,cali=nia4 ,n[ ! ma/odon's bones be+ f\nd 9 ! same deposits1 po9ts v cle>ly to ! probability ( ! appe>ance ( ! human race on ! we/]n portions ( ,nor? ,am]ica at lea/ be=e ! ext9ction ( ^? huge creatures4 ,fragm5ts ( ma/odon & ,elephas primig5ius h be5 tak5 t5 & tw5ty feet bel[ ! surface 9 ! above locality2 :]e ?is discov]y ( human & ma/odon rema9s gives /r5g? to ! possible tru? ( an old ,indian tradition1--! contempor>y exi/5ce ( ! mammo? & aborig9als 9 ?is region ( ! globe4 ,,habits ,,( ,,! ,,mega!rium4 ,mu* unc]ta9ty has be5 felt ab\t ! habits ( ! ,mega!rium1 or ,great ,bea/4 ,x has be5 ask$ :e!r x burr[$ or climb$1 or :at x did2 & difficulties h pres5t$ !mselves on all sides ( ! "q4 ,"s h ?\ght t x liv$ 9 trees z mu* l>g] ?an ^? :i* n[ exi/ z ! ,mega!rium itself is l>g] ?an ! common slo?4#ce ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n[ kn[n to be a mi/ake4 ,x did n climb trees--x pull$ !m d[n2 & 9 ord] to d ?is ! h9d] p>ts ( its skeleton 7 made enorm\sly /rong1 & its preh5sile =e-legs =m$ s z to give x a trem5d\s p[] ov] any ?+ :i* x grasp$4 ,dr4 ,buckl& sugge/$ t animals :i* got _! liv+ 9 ?is way _h a v fair *ance ( hav+ _! heads brok54 ,:ile ,pr(essor ,ow5 0 /ill pond]+ ov] ?is difficulty1 ! skull ( a cognate animal1 ! ,mylodon1 came into 8 h&s4 ,great 0 8 delight :5 he f\nd t ! mylodon n only _h 8 head brok51 b brok5 9 two diff]5t places1 at two diff]5t times2 & moreov] s brok5 t ! injury c\ld only h be5 inflict$ by "s su* ag5t z a fall5 tree4 ,! creature _h recov]$ f ! fir/ bl[1 b _h evid5tly di$ ( ! second4 ,?is tribe _h1 z x turns out1 two skulls1 an out] & an inn] "o--giv5 !m1 z x w\ld appe>1 expressly ) a view to ! v dang]\s me?od 9 :i* !y 7 int5d$ to obta9 _! necess>y food4 ,! d5tition ( ! mega!rium is curi\s4 ,! elephant gets tee? z he wants !m4 ,nature provid$ = ! com=t ( ! mega!rium 9 ano!r way4 ,x did n get new tee?1 b ! old ones w5t on = ev] gr[+ z long z ! animal liv$2 s t z fa/ z "o gr9d+ surface became useless1 ano!r suppli$ its place4 ,,! ,,d9o!rium1 ,,or ,,t]rible ,,bea/4 ,! family ( h]bivor\s ,cetaceans are connect$ ) ! ,pa*yd]mata ( ! l& by "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ( all ! ext9ct creatures ) :i* geologi/s h made u acqua9t$4 ,?is is ! ,d9o!rium1 or ,t]rible ,bea/4 ,! rema9s ( ?is animal 7 f\nd 9 ,mioc5e s&s at ,eppel%eim1 ab\t =ty miles f ,d>m/adt4 ,x mu/ h be5 l>g] ?an ! l>ge/ ext9ct or liv+ elephant4 ,! mo/ rem>kable peculi>ity ( its /ructure is ! enorm\s tusks1 curv+ d[nw>ds & t]m9at+ its l[] jaw4 ,x appe>s to h liv$ 9 ! wat]1 :]e ! imm5se weight ( ^! =midable app5dages w\ld n be s inconv5i5t z on l&4 ,:at ^! tusks 7 us$ = is a my/]y2 b p]haps !y act$ z pickaxes 9 digg+ up trees & %rubs1 or z h>r[s 9 rak+ ! bottom ( ! wat]4 ,dr4 ,buckl& us$ to sugge/ t !y 7 p]haps employ$ z an*ors1 by means ( :i* ! mon/] might fa/5 itself to ! bank ( a /ream & enjoy a com=table nap4 ,! extreme l5g? ( ! ,d9o!rium 0 ab\t eighte5 feet4 ,pr(essor ,kemp1 9 8 re/oration ( ! animal1 has giv5 x a trunk l t ( ! elephant1 b n s long1 & ! g5]al =m ( ! tapir4--,pr(essor ,ow54 ,,! ,,glyptodon4 ,!re are few creatures :i* we %\ld less h expect$ to f9d repres5t$ 9 fossil hi/ory by a race ( gigantic bre?r5 ?an ! armadillo4 ,! creature is s small1 n only 9 size b 9 all its works & ways1 t we ) difficulty associate x ) ! idea ( magnitude4 ,yet ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i% has discov]$ evid5ces ( enorm\s animals ( ?is family hav+ once dwelt 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! huge loricat$ 7plat$ ov]7 creature ^: relics 7 fir/ s5t has receiv$ ! "n ( ,glyptodon1 f its sculptur$ tee?4 ,unlike ! small armadillos1 x 0 unable to roll itself up into a ball2 ?\gh an enorm\s c>nivore :i* liv$ 9 ^? days mu/ h made x sometimes wi% x _h ! p[] to d s4 ,:5 attack$1 x mu/ h cr\*$ d[n1 & endeav\r$ to make its huge %ell z good a def5ce z possible4--,pr(essor ,ow54 ,,inmates ,,( ,,an ,,au/ralian ,,cav]n4 ,f ! fossil-bone cav]ns 9 ,well+ton ,valley1 9 #ahcj1 7 s5t to ,pr(essor ,ow5 sev]al bones :i* belong$1 z x turn$ out1 to gigantic kang>oos1 imm5sely l>g] ?an any exi/+ species2 to a k9d ( wombat1 to =midable dasyures1 & sev]al o!r g5]a4 ,x also appe>$ t ! bones1 :i* 7 ^? ( h]bivores1 _h evid5tly belong$ to "y animals1 :ile ^? ( ! c>nivores 7 full-siz$2 a fact :i* po9ts to ! relations betwe5 ! two families hav+ be5 any ?+ b agreeable to ! h]bivores4 ,,! ,,p\*-,,lion ,,( ,,au/ralia4 ,! ,?ylacoleo 7,p\*-,lion7 0 a gigantic m>supial c>nivore1 ^: "* & aff9ities ,pr(essor ,ow5 has1 ) exquisite sci5tific tact1 made out f v small indications4 ,?is mon/]1 :i* _h kang>oos ) heads ?ree feet long to fe$ on1 mu/ h be5 "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y animals ( ! antique _w4 ,,! ,,coney ,,( ,,scripture4 ,paleontologi/s h po9t$ out ! curi\s fact t ! ,hyrax1 call$ #8coney' 9 our au?oris$ v]sion ( ! ,bible1 is really only a dim9utive & hornless rh9oc]os4 ,rema9s h be5 f\nd at ,eppel%eim :i* indicate an animal m l a gigantic ,hyrax ?an any ( ! exi/+ rh9oc]oses4 ,to ?is ! "n ( ,ac]o!rium 7,hornless ,bea/7 has be5 giv54 ,a ,,?ree-,,ho($ ,,horse4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 describes ! ,hipp>ion1 or ,?ree-ho($ ,horse1 z ! fir/ repres5tative ( a family s useful to mank9d4 ,?is animal1 9 addition to its true ho(1 appe>s to h _h two additional elem5t>y ho(s1 analog\s to ^? :i* we see 9 ! ox4 ,! object ( ^! no d\bt 0 to enable ! ,hipp>ion to extricate 8 foot ) great] ease ?an he o!rwise c\ld :5 x sank ?r\gh ! swampy gr\nd on :i* he liv$4 ,,two ,,mon/] ,,c>nivores ,,( ,,france4 ,a huge c>nivor\s creature has be5 f\nd 9 ,mioc5e /rata 9 ,france1 9 :i* c\ntry x prey$ ^u ! gazelle & antelope4 ,x mu/ h be5 z l>ge z a grisly be>1 b 9 g5]al appe>ance & tee? m l a gigantic dog4 ,h5ce ! "n ( ,amphicyon 7,d\btful ,dog7 has be5 assign$ to x4 ,?is animal mu/ h d]iv$ "p ( its support f vegetables4 ,n s ! coeval mon/] :i* has be5 call$ ,ma*airodus 7,sabre-too?74 ,x mu/ h be5 some:at ak9 to ! tig]1 & is by f> ! mo/ =midable animal :i* we h met ) 9 our asc5d+ progress ?r\gh ! ext9ct mammalia4--,pr(essor ,ow54 ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,%eep4 ,no unequivocal fossil rema9s ( ! %eep h yet be5 f\nd 9 ! bone-caves1 ! drift1 or ! m tranquil /ratifi$ new] ,plioc5e deposits1 s associat$ ) ! fossil bones ( ox51 wild-bo>s1 wolves1 foxes1 ott]s1 c41 z to indicate ! coevality ( ! %eep ) ^? species1 or 9 su* an alt]$ /ate z to indicate !m to h be5 ( equal antiquity4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 _h 8 att5tion p>ticul>ly direct$ to ?is po9t 9 collect+ evid5ce = a hi/ory ( ,briti% ,fossil ,mammalia4 ,no fossil core-horns ( ! %eep h yet be5 any :]e discov]$2 & s f> z ?is negative evid5ce goes1 we may inf] t ! %eep is n geologically m anci5t ?an man2 t x is n a native ( ,europe1 b has be5 introduc$ by ! tribes :o c>ri$ hi!r ! g]ms ( civilisation 9 _! migrations we/w>d f ,asia4 ,,! ,,trilobite4 ,among ! e>lie/ races we h ^? rem>kable =ms1 ! ,trilobites1 inhabit+ ! anci5t ocean4 ,^! cru/acea remotely resemble ! common wood-l\se1 & l t animal !y _h ! p[] ( roll+ !mselves into a ball :5 attack$ by an enemy4 ,! eye ( ! trilobite is a mo/ rem>kable organ2 & 9 t ( "o species1 ,phacops caudatus1 n less ?an #bej l5ses h be5 discov]$4 ,?is rem>kable optical in/rum5t indicates t ^! creatures liv$ "u simil> conditions to ^? :i* surr\nd ! cru/acea ( ! pres5t day4--,hunt's ,poetry ( ,sci5ce4 ,,pr(itable ,,sci5ce4 ,9 t /rip ( r$di% col\r :i* runs along ! cliffs ( ,suffolk1 & is call$ ! ,r$crag1 imm5se quantities ( cetacean rema9s h be5 f\nd4 ,f\r diff]5t k9ds ( :ales1 little inf]ior 9 size to ! :alebone :ale1 h left _! bones 9 ?is va/ *>nel-h\se4 ,9 #ahdj1 a s+ul>ly p]plex+ fossil 0 br\ght to ,pr(essor ,ow5 f ?is ,r$crag4 ,no "o c\ld say :at x 04 ,he det]m9$ x to be ! too? ( a cetacean1 a unique specim54 ,n[ ! rema9s ( cetaceans 9 ! ,suffolk crag h be5 discov]$ 9 su* enorm\s quantities1 t _m ?\s&s a-ye> are made by conv]t+ !m into manure4 ,,ext9ct ,,gigantic ,,birds ,,( ,,new ,,zeal&4 ,9 ! isl&s ( ,new ,zeal& h be5 f\nd ! bones ( l>ge ext9ct w+less ,birds1 belong+ to ! ,po/ ,t]ti>y or ,rec5t sy/em1 :i* h be5 deposit$ by ! action ( riv]s4 ,! bird is nam$ ,moa by ! natives1 & ,d9ornis by naturali/s3 "s ( ! bones h be5 f\nd 9 two caves 9 ! ,nor? ,isl&1 & h be5 sold by ! natives at an extraord9>y price4 ,! caves occur 9 lime/one rocks1 & ! bones are f\nd b5ea? e>? & a s(t deposit ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! birds is /at$ to h /ood ?irte5 or f\rte5 feet1 or twice ! height ( ! o/ri*2 & its egg l>ge en\gh to fill ! hat ( a man z a cup4 ,sev]al /atem5ts h appe>$ ( ^! birds be+ /ill 9 exi/5ce1 b !re is e reason to believe ! ,moa to be altoge!r ext9ct4 ,an ext5sive collection ( rema9s ( ^! great w+less birds has be5 collect$ 9 ,new ,zeal& by ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell1 & deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,among ^! bones ,pr(essor ,ow5 has discov]$ a species :i* he reg>ds z ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! fea!r$ class = its prodigi\s /r5g? & massive proportions1 & :i* he names ,d9ornis elephantopus1 or elephant-foot$1 ( :i* ! ,pr(essor has be5 able to con/ruct an entire l[] limb3 ! l5g? ( ! metat>sal bone is #i in*es1 ! bread? ( ! l[] end be+ #e-a_/c in*es4 ,! extraord9>y proportions ( ! metat>sus ( ?is w+less bird w1 h[ev]1 be /ill bett] und]/ood by comp>ison ) ! same bone 9 ! o/ri*1 9 :i* ! metat>sus is #ai in*es 9 l5g?1 ! bread? ( its l[] end be+ only #b in*es4 ,f ! mat]ials accumulat$ by ,mr4 ,mantell1 ! entire skeleton ( ! ,d9ornis elephantopus has be5 recon/ruct$2 & n[ =ms a wor?y companion ( ! ,mega!rium & ,ma/odon 9 ! gall]y ( fossil rema9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is species ( ,d9ornis appe>s to h be5 re/rict$ to ! ,middle ,isl& ( ,new ,zeal&4#cf ,ano!r specim5 ( ! rema9s ( ! ,d9ornis is pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 9 ,l9coln's-,inn ,fields2 & ! means by :i* ! college obta9$ ?is valuable acquisition is ?us graphically n>rat$ by ,mr4 ,samuel ,w>r51 ,f4,r4,s43 ,9 ! ye> #ahci1 ,pr(essor ,ow5 0 sitt+ alone 9 8 /udy1 :5 a %abbily-dress$ man made 8 appe>ance1 ann\nc+ t he _h got a great curiosity1 :i* he _h br\ght f ,new ,zeal&1 & wi%$ to dispose ( to him4 ,x _h ! appe>ance ( an old m>r[-bone1 ab\t six in*es 9 l5g?1 & r m ?an two in*es 9 ?ickness1 ) bo? extremities brok5 (f2 & ,pr(essor ,ow5 consid]$ t1 to :atev] animal x might h belong$1 ! fragm5t mu/ h la9 9 ! e>? = c5turies4 ,at fir/ he consid]$ ?is same m>r[-bone to h belong$ to an ox1 at all ev5ts to a quadrup$2 = ! wall or rim ( ! bone 0 six times z ?ick z ! bone ( any bird1 ev5 ( ! o/ri*4 ,he comp>$ x ) ! bones 9 ! skeleton ( an ox1 a horse1 a camel1 a tapir1 & e quadrup$ app>5tly possess+ a bone ( t size & configuration2 b x correspond$ ) none4 ,on ?is he v n>r[ly exam9$ ! surface ( ! bony rim1 & at l5g? became satisfi$ t ?is fragm5t mu/ h belong$ to a bird6--to "o at lea/ z l>ge z an o/ri*1 b ( a totally diff]5t species2 & consequ5tly "o nev] be=e he>d (1 z an o/ri* 0 by f> ! bigge/ bird kn[n4 ,f ! diff]5ce 9 ! /r5g? ( ! bone1 ! o/ri* be+ unable to fly1 s mu/ h be5 unable ?is unkn[n bird2 & s our anatomi/ came to ! conclusion t ?is old %apeless bone indicat$ ! =m] exi/5ce 9 ,new ,zeal& ( "s huge bird1 at lea/ z great z an o/ri*1 b ( a f> heavi] & m sluggi% k9d4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 0 confid5t ( ! validity ( 8 conclusions1 b w\ld communicate t confid5ce to no "o else2 & not)/&+ attempts to dissuade him f committ+ 8 views to ! public1 he pr9t$ 8 d$uctions 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,zoological ,society = #ahci1 :]e =tunately !y rema9 on record z conclusive evid5ce ( ! fact ( 8 hav+ !n made ?is guess1 s to speak1 9 ! d>k4 ,he caus$ ! bone1 h[ev]1 to be engrav$2 & hav+ s5t a hundr$ copies ( ! engrav+ to ,new ,zeal&1 9 ! hope ( _! be+ di/ribut$ & lead+ to int]e/+ results1 he pati5tly wait$ = ?ree ye>s1--viz4 till ! ye> #ahdb1--:5 he receiv$ intellig5ce f ,dr4 ,buckl&1 at ,ox=d1 t a great box1 j arriv$ f ,new ,zeal&1 consign$ to himself1 0 on its way1 unop5$1 to ,pr(essor ,ow51 :o f\nd x fill$ ) bones1 palpably ( a bird1 "o ( :i* bones 0 ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 & mu* m ?an d\ble ! size ( any bone 9 ! o/ri*6 ,& out ( ! cont5ts ( ?is box ! ,pr(essor 0 positively enabl$ to articulate almo/ ! entire skeleton ( a huge w+less bird betwe5 ,,t5 & ,,elev5 feet 9 height1 its bony /ructure 9 /rict con=mity ) ! fragm5t 9 "q2 & t skeleton may at any "t be se5 at ! ,museum ( ! ,college ( ,surgeons1 t[]+ ov]1 & ne>ly twice ! height (1 ! skeleton ( an o/ri*2 & at its feet ly+ ! old bone f :i* alone consummate anatomical sci5ce _h d$uc$ su* an a/\nd+ reality1--! exi/5ce ( an enorm\s ext9ct creature ( ! bird k9d1 9 an isl& :]e previ\sly no bird _h be5 kn[n to exi/ l>g] ?an a pheasant or a common f[l6--,lecture on ! ,moral & ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ! pres5t ,age4#cg 8,,! ,,mae/ri*t ,,saurian ,,fossil0 ,a ,,fraud4 ,9 #agie1 !re 0 /at$ to h be5 discov]$ 9 ! /one qu>ries adjo9+ ,mae/ri*t ! rema9s ( ! gigantic ,mossaurus 7,saurian ( ! ,meuse71 an aquatic reptile ab\t tw5ty-five feet long1 hold+ an int]m$iate place betwe5 ! ,monitors & ,iguanas4 ,x appe>s to h _h webb$ feet1 & a tail ( su* con/ruction z to h s]v$ = a p[]ful o>1 & enabl$ ! animal to /em ! waves ( ! ocean1 ( :i* ,cuvi] suppos$ x to h be5 an inhabitant4 ,x is ?us ref]r$ to by ,dr4 ,mantell1 9 8 ,m$als ( ,creation3 8,a specim51 ) ! jaws & bones ( ! palate1 n[ 9 ! ,museum at ,p>is1 has long be5 celebrat$2 & is /ill ! mo/ preci\s relic ( ?is ext9ct reptile hi!rto discov]$40 ,an admirable ca/ ( ?is specim5 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 a case ne> ! bones ( ! ,iguanodon4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 useless1 z ,cuvi] is prov$ to h be5 impos$ ^u 9 ! matt]4 ,m4 ,s*legel has report$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 t he has asc]ta9$ beyond all d\bt t ! fam\s fossil saurian ( ! qu>ries ( ,mae/ri*t1 describ$ z a wond]ful curiosity by ,cuvi]1 is no?+ m ?an an impud5t fraud4 ,"s bold impo/or1 x seems1 9 ord] to make money1 plac$ a quantity ( bones 9 ! qu>ries 9 su* a way z to give !m ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 rec5tly dug up1 & !n pass$ !m (f z specim5s ( ant$iluvian creation4 ,be+ successful 9 ?is1 he w5t ! l5g? ( arrang+ a numb] ( bones s z to repres5t an entire skeleton2 & _h ?us deceiv$ ! le>n$ ,cuvi]4 ,9 ext5uation ( ,cuvi]'s cr$ulity1 x is /at$ t ! bones 7 s skilfully col\r$ z to make !m look ( imm5se antiquity1 & he 0 n all[$ to t\* !m le/ !y %\ld crumble to pieces4 ,b :5 ,m4 ,s*legel subject$ !m to rude h&l+1 he f\nd t !y 7 comp>atively mod]n1 & t !y 7 plac$ "o by ! o!r )\t t pr(\nd k ( anatomy :i* 0 to h be5 expect$ f ! man bold en\gh to execute su* an audaci\s fraud4 8,,! ,,olde/ ,,piece ,,( ,,wood ,,^u ,,e>?40 ,! mo/ rem>kable vegetable relic :i* ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one has giv5 u is a small fragm5t ( a conif]\s tree ( ! ,arauc>ian family1 :i* =m$ "o ( ! *ief ornam5ts ( ! late ,hugh ,mill]'s museum1 & to :i* he us$ to po9t z ! olde/ piece ( wood ^u e>?4 ,he f\nd x 9 "o ( ! i*?yolite b$s ( ,crom>ty1 & ?us ref]s to x 9 8 ,te/imony ( ! ,rocks3 ,on :at p]i%$ l& ( ! e>ly paleozoic ages did ?is v5]ably antique tree ca/ root & fl\ri%1 :5 ! ext9ct g5]a ,pt]i*?ys & ,coccoeteus 7 enjoy+ life by millions 9 ! surr\nd+ seas1 long ere ! flora or fauna ( ! coal measures _h begun to be8 ,! same nodule :i* enclos$ ?is lignite conta9$ "p ( ano!r fossil1 ! well-m>k$ scales ( ,diplacan?us /riatus1 an i*?yolite re/rict$ to ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one exclusively4 ,if !re be any value 9 paleontological evid5ce1 ?is ,crom>ty lignite mu/ h be5 deposit$ 9 a sea inhabit$ by ! ,coccoeteus & ,diplacan?us4 ,x is demon/rable t1 :ile yet 9 a rec5t /ate1 a ,diplacan?us lay d[n & di$ beside x2 & ! evid5ce 9 ! case is unequivocally ?is1 t 9 ! olde/ portion ( ! olde/ t]re/rial flora yet kn[n !re occurs ! fragm5t ( a tree q z high 9 ! scale z ! /ately ,norfolk-,isl& p9e or ! noble c$> ( ,lebanon4 ,,no ,,fossil ,,rose4 ,pr(essor ,agassiz1 9 a lecture ^u ! trees ( ,am]ica1 /ates a rem>kable fact 9 reg>d to ! family ( ! rose1--:i* includes among its v>ieties n only _m ( ! mo/ beautiful fl[]s1 b also ! ri*e/ fruits1 z ! apple1 pe>1 pea*1 plum1 apricot1 *]ry1 /rawb]ry1 raspb]ry1 c41--namely1 t no fossil plants belong+ to ?is family h ev] be5 discov]$ by geologi/s6 ,?is ,m4 ,agassiz reg>ds z conclusive evid5ce t ! introduction ( ?is family ( plants ^u ! e>? 0 coeval )1 or subsequ5t to1 ! creation ( man1 to ^: com=t & happ9ess !y seem especially design$ by a wise ,provid5ce to contribute4 ,,*anges ,,on ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,surface4 ,9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at ,p>is is pres]v$ a manuscript "w by an ,arabian writ]1 ,mohamm$ ,k>ur9i1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury ( ! ,hegira1 or at ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ( our era4 ,h]e9 we f9d sev]al curi\s rem>ks on a]olites & e>?quakes1 & ! successive *anges ( position :i* ! l& & sea h und]gone4 ,( ! latt] class is ! foll[+ beautiful passage f ! n>rative ( ,khidz1 an allegorical p]sonage3 ,i pass$ "o day by a v anci5t & wond]fully popul\s city1 & ask$ "o ( its inhabitants h[ long x _h be5 f\nd$4 8,x is inde$ a mighty city10 repli$ he2 8we "k n h[ long x has exi/$1 & our ance/ors 7 on ?is subject z ignorant z ourselves40 ,five c5turies aft]w>ds1 z ,i pass$ by ! same place1 ,i c\ld n p]ceive ! slighte/ ve/ige ( ! city4 ,i dem&$ ( a peasant :o 0 ga!r+ h]bs ^u its =m] site h[ long x _h be5 de/roy$4 8,9 soo?1 a /range "q10 repli$ he2 8! gr\nd "h has nev] be5 diff]5t f :at y n[ behold x40 8,0 !re n ( old10 said ,i1 8a spl5did city "h80 8,nev]10 answ]$ he1 8s f> z we h se52 & nev] did our fa!rs speak to u ( any su*40 ,on my return !re five hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds1 ,i f\nd ! sea 9 ! same place2 & on its %ores 7 a p>ty ( fi%]m51 ( :om ,i inquir$ h[ long ! l& _h be5 cov]$ by ! wat]s4 8,is ?is a "q10 say !y1 8= a man l y8 ,?is spot has always be5 :at x is n[40 ,i aga9 return$ five hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds2 ! sea _h disappe>$3 ,i inquir$ ( a man :o /ood alone ^u ! spot h[ long ?is *ange _h tak5 place1 & he gave me ! same answ] z ,i _h receiv$ be=e4 ,la/ly1 on com+ back aga9 aft] an equal lapse ( "t1 ,i f\nd !re a fl\ri%+ city1 m popul\s & m ri* 9 beautiful build+s ?an ! city ,i _h se5 ! fir/ "t2 & :5 ,i w\ld fa9 h in=m$ myself conc]n+ its orig91 ! inhabitants answ]$ me1 8,its rise is lo/ 9 remote antiquity3 we are ignorant h[ long x has exi/$1 & our fa!rs 7 on ?is subject z ignorant z ourselves40 ,?is /rik+ passage 0 quot$ 9 ! ,exam9]1 9 #ahcd4 ,surely 9 ?is fragm5t ( antiquity we trace ! 8geological *anges0 ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,,geological ,,"t4 ,_m +5i\s calculations h be5 made to approximate ! dates ( c]ta9 geological ev5ts2 b ^!1 x mu/ be confess$1 are m amus+ ?an in/ructive4 ,= example1 s _m in*es ( silt are ye>ly laid d[n 9 ! delta ( ! ,mississippi--h[ _m c5turies w x h tak5 to accumulate a ?ickness ( #cj1 #fj1 or #ajj feet8 ,aga91 ! l$ges ( ,niag>a are wa/+ at ! rate ( s _m feet p] c5tury--h[ _m ye>s mu/ ! riv] h tak5 to cut its way back f ,que5/[n to ! pres5t ,falls8 ,aga91 lavas & melt$ basalts cool1 accord+ to ! size ( ! mass1 at ! rate ( s _m degrees 9 a giv5 "t--h[ _m millions ( ye>s mu/ h elaps$1 suppos+ an orig9al igne\s condition ( ! e>?1 be=e its cru/ _h atta9$ a /ate ( solidity8 or fur!r1 be=e its surface _h cool$ d[n to ! pres5t mean temp]ature8 ,= ^! & simil> computations1 ! /ud5t w at once p]ceive we want ! necess>y uni=mity ( factor2 & until we c br+ elem5ts ( calculation z exact z ^? ( a/ronomy to be> on geological *ronology1 x w be bett] to reg>d our 8eras0 & 8epo*s0 & 8sy/ems0 z s _m t]ms1 indef9ite 9 _! duration1 b suffici5t = ! magnitude ( ! op]ations embrac$ )9 _! limits4--,advanc$ ,textbook ( ,geology1 by ,david ,page1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,m4 ,rozet1 9 #ahda1 call$ att5tion to ! fact1 t ! causes :i* h produc$ irregul>ities 9 ! /ructure ( ! globe h n yet ceas$ to act1 z is prov$ by e>?quakes1 volcanic eruptions1 sl[ & cont9u\s movem5ts ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? 9 c]ta9 regions1 c4 ,we may1 !re=e1 yet see repeat$ ! great cata/rophes :i* ! surface ( ! e>? has und]gone ant]iorly to ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahee1 ,mr4 ,hopk9s excit$ mu* controv]sy by 8 />tl+ speculation--t #ijjj ye>s ago ! site on :i* ,london n[ /&s 0 9 ! torrid zone2 & t1 accord+ to p]petual *anges 9 progress1 ! :ole ( ,engl& w\ld 9 "t arrive )9 ! ,arctic circle4 ,,curi\s ,,cause ,,( ,,*ange ,,( ,,level4 ,pr(essor ,h5nessey1 9 #aheg1 f\nd ! entire mass ( rock & hill on :i* ! ,armagh ,obs]vatory is erect$ to be slightly1 b to an a/ronom] q p]ceptibly1 tilt$ or cant$1 at "o season to ! ea/1 at ano!r to ! we/4 ,?is he at fir/ attribut$ to ! v>y+ p[] ( ! sun's radiation to heat & exp& ! rock ?r\gh\t ! ye>2 b he subsequ5tly _h reason to attribute x r to ! infiltration ( wat] to ! p>ts :]e ! clay-slate & lime/one rocks met1 ! v>y+ quantity ( ! wat] ex]t+ a p[]ful hydro/atic en]gy by :i* ! position ( ! rock is slightly v>i$4 ,n[ ,armagh & its obs]vatory /& at ! junction ( ! m\nta9 lime/one ) ! clay-slate1 hav+1 z x 71 "o leg on ! =m] & ! o!r on ! latt]2 & bo? rocks probably rea* d[nw>ds #ajjj or #bjjj feet4 ,:5 ra9 falls1 ! "o w absorb m wat] ?an ! o!r2 bo? w ga9 an increase ( conductive p[]2 b ! "o :i* has absorb$ mo/ wat] w h ! greate/ increase1 & be+ ?us ! bett] conductor1 w draw a great] portion ( heat f ! hot nucleus bel[ to ! surface--w become1 9 fact1 tempor>ily hott]1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 exp& m ?an ! o!r4 ,9 a ^w1 bo? rocks w exp& at ! wet season2 b ! be/ conductor1 or mo/ absorb5t rock1 w exp& mo/1 & seem to tilt ! hill to "o side2 at ! dry season x w subside mo/1 & ! hill w seem to be tilt$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! fact is curi\s1 & n less s are ! results d$ucible f x4 ,fir/1 hills are high] at "o season ?an ano!r2 a fact we might h suppos$1 b nev] c\ld h asc]ta9$ by measurem5t4 ,secondly1 !y are highe/1 n1 z we %\ld h suppos$1 at ! hotte/ season1 b at ! wette/4 ,?irdly1 x is f ! diff]5t rates ( expansion ( diff]5t rocks t ?is has be5 discov]$4 ,f\r?ly1 x is by conv]se ) ! heav5s t x has be5 made kn[n to u4 ,a v>iation ( probably half a second1 or less1 9 ! "r asc5sion ( ?ree or f\r />s1 obs]v$ at diff]5t seasons1 no d\bt reveal$ ! fact to ! sagaci\s a/ronom] ( ,armagh1 & ev5 enabl$ him to div9e its cause4 ,pr(essor ,h5nessey obs]ves 9 connection ) ?is ph5om5on1 t a v small *ange ( ellipticity w\ld suffice to lay b>e or subm]ge ext5sive tracts ( ! globe4 ,if1 = example1 ! mean ellipticity ( ! ocean increas$ f #a_/cjj to #a_/bii1 ! level ( ! sea w\ld be rais$ at ! equator by ab\t #bbh feet1 :ile "u ! p>allel ( #eb x w\ld be depress$ by #aif feet4 ,%all[ seas & banks 9 ! latitudes ( ! ,briti% isles1 & betwe5 !m & ! pole1 w\ld ?us be conv]t$ into dry l&1 :ile l[-ly+ pla9s & isl&s ne> ! equator w\ld be subm]g$4 ,if simil> ph5om5a occurr$ dur+ e>ly p]iods ( geological hi/ory1 !y w\ld manife/ly influ5ce ! di/ribution ( l& & wat] dur+ ^! p]iods2 & ) su* a direction ( ! =ces z t ref]r$ to1 !y w\ld t5d to increase ! proportion ( l& 9 ! pol> & temp]ate regions ( ! e>?1 z comp>$ ) ! equatorial regions dur+ successive geological epo*s4 ,su* maps z ^? publi%$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell on ! di/ribution ( l& & wat] 9 ,europe dur+ ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 & ^? ( ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont1 conta9$ 9 ,beaudant's ,geology1 w\ld1 if suffici5tly ext5d$1 assi/ 9 v]ify+ or disprov+ ^! views4 ,,! ,,outl9es ,,( ,,cont95ts ,,n ,,fix$4 ,cont95ts 7says ,m4 ,agassiz7 are only a pat*work =m$ by ! em]g5ce & subsid5ce ( l&4 ,^! processes are /ill go+ on 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! globe4 ,:]e ! %ores ( ! cont95t are abrupt & high1 ! effect produc$ may be slight1 z 9 ,norway & ,sw$51 :]e a gradual elevation is go+ on )\t mu* alt]ation 9 _! outl9es4 ,b if ! cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7 to be depress$ #ajjj feet1 no?+ w\ld rema9 ( x except a few isl&s1 & any elevation w\ld add va/ tracts to its %ores4 ,! we/ ( ,asia1 compris+ ,pale/9e & ! c\ntry ab\t ,ar>at & ! ,caspian ,sea1 is bel[ ! level ( ! ocean1 & a r5t 9 ! m\nta9-*a9s by :i* x is surr\nd$ w\ld trans=m x into a va/ gulf4 ,meteorological ,ph5om5a4 ,,! ,,atmosph]e4 ,a philosoph] ( ! ,ea/1 ) a ri*ness ( imag]y truly ori5tal1 describes ! ,atmosph]e z 8a sph]ical %ell :i* surr\nds our planet to a dep? :i* is unkn[n to u1 by reason ( its gr[+ t5uity1 z x is releas$ f ! pressure ( its own sup]9cumb5t mass4 ,its upp] surface _c be ne>] to u ?an #ej1 & c sc>cely be m remote ?an #ejj1 miles4 ,x surr\nds u on all sides1 yet we see x n2 x presses on u ) a load ( fifte5 p\nds on e squ>e in* ( surface ( our bodies1 or f sev5ty to "o hundr$ tons on u 9 all1 yet we d n s mu* z feel its weight4 ,s(t] ?an ! s(te/ d[n1 m impalpable ?an ! f9e/ gossam]1 x leaves ! cobweb undi/urb$1 & sc>cely /irs ! lighte/ fl[] t fe$s on ! dew x supplies2 yet x be>s ! fleets ( nations on its w+s ar\nd ! _w1 & cru%es ! mo/ refractory sub/ances ) its weight4 ,:5 9 motion1 its =ce is suffici5t to level ! mo/ /ately =e/s & /able build+s ) ! e>?--to raise ! wat]s ( ! ocean into ridges l m\nta9s1 & da% ! /ronge/ %ips to pieces l toys4 ,x w>ms & cools by turns ! e>? & ! liv+ creatures t inhabit x4 ,x draws up vap\rs f ! sea & l&1 reta9s !m dissolv$ 9 itself or susp5d$ 9 ci/]ns ( cl\ds1 & ?r[s !m d[n aga9 z ra9 or dew :5 !y are requir$4 ,x b5ds ! rays ( ! sun f _! pa? to give u ! twilight ( ev5+ & ( dawn2 x disp]ses & refracts _! v>i\s t9ts to beautify ! approa* & ! retreat ( ! orb ( day4 ,b = ! atmosph]e sun%9e w\ld bur/ on u & fail u at once1 & at once remove u f midnight d>kness to ! blaze ( noon4 ,we %\ld h no twilight to s(t5 & beautify ! l&scape2 no cl\ds to %ade u f ! se>*+ heat2 b ! bald e>?1 z x revolv$ on its axis1 w\ld turn its tann$ & weak5$ front to ! full & unmitigat$ rays ( ! "l ( day4 ,x af=ds ! gas :i* vivifies & w>ms our frames1 & receives into itself t :i* has be5 pollut$ by use & is ?r[n (f z noxi\s4 ,x fe$s ! flames ( life exactly z x does t ( ! fire--x is 9 bo? cases consum$ & af=ds ! food ( consumption--9 bo? cases x becomes comb9$ ) *>coal1 :i* requires x = combu/ion & is remov$ by x :5 ?is is ov]40 ,,univ]sality ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e4 ,x is only ! girdl+1 encircl+ air t fl[s above & ar\nd all t makes ! :ole _w k94 ,! c>bonic acid ) :i* to-day our brea?+ fills ! air1 to-morr[ makes its way r\nd ! _w4 ,! date-trees t gr[ r\nd ! falls ( ! ,nile w dr9k x 9 by _! leaves2 ! c$>s ( ,lebanon w take ( x to add to _! /ature2 ! cocoa-nuts ( ,tahiti w gr[ rapidly ^u x2 & ! palms & bananas ( ,japan w *ange x into fl[]s4 ,! oxyg5 we are brea?+ 0 di/ill$ = u "s %ort "t ago by ! magnolias ( ! ,susquehanna2 ! great trees t skirt ! ,or9oco & ! ,amazon1 ! giant rhodod5drons ( ! ,himalayas1 contribut$ to x1 & ! roses & myrtles ( ,ca%m]e1 ! c9namon-tree ( ,ceylon1 & ! =e/1 old] ?an ! ,flood1 buri$ deep 9 ! he>t ( ,africa1 f> beh9d ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon4 ,! ra9 we see desc5d+ 0 ?aw$ = u out ( ! iceb]gs :i* h wat*$ ! pol> /> = ages2 & ! lotus-lilies h soak$ up f ! ,nile1 & exhal$ z vap\r1 sn[s t re/$ on ! summits ( ! ,alps4--,nor?-,briti% ,review4 ,,! ,,height ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e4 ,! diff]5ces exi/+ betwe5 t :i* app]ta9s to ! air ( heav5 7! realms ( univ]sal space7 & t :i* belongs to ! /rata ( our t]re/rial atmosph]e are v /rik+4 ,x is n possible1 z well-atte/$ facts prove1 p]fectly to expla9 ! op]ations at "w 9 ! mu*-conte/$ upp] b\nd>ies ( our atmosph]e4 ,! extraord9>y lightness ( :ole nights 9 ! ye> #ahca1 dur+ :i* small pr9t might be read at midnight 9 ! latitudes ( ,italy & ! nor? ( ,g]many1 is a fact directly at v>iance ) all we "k accord+ to ! rese>*es on ! crepuscul> !ory & ! height ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! ph5om5a ( light dep5d ^u conditions /ill less und]/ood2 & _! v>iability at twilight1 z well z 9 ! zodiacal light1 excite our a/oni%m5t4 ,yet ! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds ! e>? is n ?ick] 9 proportion to ! bulk ( our globe ?an ! l9e ( a circle two in*es 9 diamet] :5 comp>$ ) ! space :i* x encloses1 or ! d[n on ! sk9 ( a pea* 9 comp>ison ) ! fruit inside4 ,,col\rs ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e4 ,pure air is blue1 because1 accord+ to ,newton1 ! molecules ( ! air h ! ?ickness necess>y to reflect blue rays4 ,:5 ! sky is n p]fectly pure1 & ! atmosph]e is bl5d$ ) p]ceptible vap\rs1 ! diffus$ light is mix$ ) a l>ge proportion ( :ite4 ,z ! moon is yell[1 ! blue ( ! air assumes some:at ( a gre5i% t+e1 or1 9 o!r words1 becomes bl5d$ ) yell[4--,lett] f ,arago to ,humboldt2 ,cosmos1 vol4 iii4 ,,beauty ,,( ,,twilight4 ,?is ph5om5on is caus$ by ! refraction ( sol> light enabl+ x to diffuse itself gradually ov] our hemisph]e1 obscur$ by ! %ades ( night1 long be=e ! sun appe>s1 ev5 :5 t lum9>y is eighte5 degrees bel[ our horizon4 ,x is t[>ds ! poles t ?is reflect$ spl5d\r ( ! great lum9>y is longe/ visible1 (t5 *ang+ ! :ole ( ! night into a magic day1 ( :i* ! inhabitants ( s\!rn ,europe c =m no adequate conception4 ,,h[ ,,pascal ,,weigh$ ,,! ,,atmosph]e4 ,pascal's treatise on ! weight ( ! :ole mass ( air =ms ! basis ( ! mod]n sci5ce ( ,pneumatics4 ,9 ord] to prove t ! mass ( air presses by its weight on all ! bodies :i* x surr\nds1 & also t x is ela/ic & compressible1 he c>ri$ a balloon1 half-fill$ ) air1 to ! top ( ! ,puy de ,dome1 a m\nta9 ab\t #ejj toises above ,cl]mont1 9 ,auv]gne4 ,x gradually inflat$ itself z x asc5d$1 & :5 x rea*$ ! summit x 0 q full1 & swoll5 z if fre% air _h be5 bl[n into x2 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 x swell$ 9 proportion z ! weight ( ! column ( air :i* press$ ^u x 0 dim9i%$4 ,:5 aga9 br\ght d[n x became m & m flaccid1 & :5 x rea*$ ! bottom x resum$ its orig9al condition4 ,9 ! n9e *apt]s ( :i* ! treatise consi/s1 ,pascal %[s t all ! ph5om5a & effects hi!rto ascrib$ to ! horror ( a vacuum arise f ! weight ( ! mass ( air2 & aft] expla9+ ! v>iable pressure ( ! atmosph]e 9 diff]5t localities & 9 its diff]5t /ates1 & ! rise ( wat] 9 pumps1 he calculates t ! :ole mass ( air r\nd our globe weighs #h1ihc1hhi1ddj1jjj1jjj1jjj ,fr5* p\nds4--,nor?-,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #b4 ,x seems probable1 f _m indications1 t ! greate/ height at :i* visible cl\ds ev] exi/ does n exce$ t5 miles2 at :i* height ! d5sity ( ! air is ab\t an eigh? "p ( :at x is at ! level ( ! sea4--,sir ,john ,h]s*el4 ,,v>iations ,,( ,,climate4 ,hi/ory in=ms u t _m ( ! c\ntries ( ,europe :i* n[ possess v mild w9t]s1 at "o "t exp]i5c$ sev]e cold dur+ ?is season ( ! ye>4 ,! ,tib]1 at ,rome1 0 (t5 froz5 ov]1 & sn[ at "o "t lay = =ty days 9 t city4 ,! ,eux9e ,sea 0 froz5 ov] e w9t] dur+ ! "t ( ,ovid1 & ! riv]s ,rh9e & ,rhone us$ to be froz5 ov] s deep t ! ice su/a9$ load$ wagons4 ,! wat]s ( ! ,tib]1 ,rh9e1 & ,rhone1 n[ fl[ freely e w9t]2 ice is unkn[n 9 ,rome1 & ! waves ( ! ,eux9e da% _! w9try foam uncry/allis$ ^u ! rocks4 ,"s h ascrib$ ^! climate *anges to agriculture--! cutt+ d[n ( d5se =e/s1 ! expos+ ( ! unturn$ soil to ! summ]'s sun1 & ! dra9+ ( great m>%es4 ,we d n believe t su* great *anges c\ld be produc$ on ! climate ( any c\ntry by agriculture2 & we are c]ta9 t no su* !ory c acc\nt = ! contr>y *ange ( climate--f w>m to cold w9t]s--:i* hi/ory tells u has tak5 place 9 o!r c\ntries ?an ^? nam$4 ,gre5l& receiv$ its "n f ! em]ald h]bage :i* once clo!d its valleys & m\nta9s2 & its ea/ coa/1 :i* is n[ inaccessible on acc\nt ( p]petual ice heap$ ^u its %ores1 0 9 ! elev5? c5tury ! seat ( fl\ri%+ ,sc&9avian colonies1 all trace ( :i* is n[ lo/4 ,cold ,labrador 0 nam$ ,v9l& by ! ,nor?m51 :o visit$ x ,a4,d4 #ajjj1 & 7 *>m$ ) its !n mild climate4 ,! cause ( ^! *anges is an important inquiry4--,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,,av]age ,,climates4 ,:5 we consid] ! num]\s & rapid *anges :i* take place 9 our climate1 x is a rem>kable fact1 t ! mean temp]ature ( a place rema9s ne>ly ! same4 ,! w9t] may be unusually cold1 or ! summ] unusually hot1 :ile ! mean temp]ature has v>i$ ev5 less ?an a degree4 ,a v w>m summ] is !re=e likely to be accompani$ ) a cold w9t]2 & 9 g5]al1 if we h any long p]iod ( cold wea!r1 we may expect a simil> p]iod at a high] temp]ature4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 9 ! same locality ! relative di/ribution ov] summ] & w9t] und]goes comp>atively small v>iations2 !re=e e po9t ( ! globe has an av]age climate1 ?\gh x is occasionally di/urb$ by diff]5t atmosph]ic *anges4--,nor?-,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #di4 ,,! ,,f9e/ ,,climate ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,humboldt reg>ds ! climate ( ! ,caspian ,sea z ! mo/ salubri\s 9 ! _w3 "h he f\nd ! mo/ delici\s fruits t he saw dur+ 8 travels2 & su* 0 ! purity ( ! air1 t poli%$ /eel w\ld n t>ni% ev5 by night exposure4 ,,! ,,pure/ ,,atmosph]es4 ,! cl\dless purity & transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* la/ = eight mon?s at ,santiago1 9 ,*ili1 are s great1 t ,lieut5ant ,gilliss1 ) ! fir/ telescope ev] con/ruct$ 9 ,am]ica1 hav+ a diamet] ( sev5 in*es1 0 cle>ly able to recognise ! six? /> 9 ! trapezium ( ,orion4 ,if we are to rely ^u ! /atem5ts ( ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,/odd>t1 an ,am]ican mission>y1 ,oroomiah1 9 ,p]sia1 seems to be1 9 s f> z reg>ds ! transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e1 ! mo/ suitable place 9 ! _w = an a/ronomical obs]vatory4 ,writ+ to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el f t c\ntry1 he m5tions t he has be5 enabl$ to di/+ui% ) ! nak$ eye ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 ! cresc5t ( ,v5us1 ! r+s ( ,saturn1 & ! con/itu5t memb]s ( sev]al d\ble />s4 ,,sea-,,breezes ,,& ,,l&-,,breezes ,,illu/rat$4 ,:5 a fire is k9dl$ on ! he>?1 we may1 if we w obs]ve ! motes float+ 9 ! room1 see t ^? ne>e/ ! *imney are ! fir/ to feel ! draught & to obey x1--!y are drawn into ! blaze4 ,! circle ( infl[+ air is gradually enl>g$1 until x is sc>cely p]ceiv$ 9 ! remote p>ts ( ! room4 ,n[ ! l& is ! he>?1 ! rays ( ! sun ! fire1 & ! sea1 ) its cool & calm air1 ! room2 & ?us we h at our firesides ! sea-breeze 9 m9iature4 ,:5 ! sun goes d[n1 ! fire ceases2 !n ! dry l& comm5ces to give (f its surplus heat by radiation1 s t by n9e or t5 o'clock x & ! air above x are cool$ bel[ ! sea temp]ature4 ,! atmosph]e on ! l& ?us becomes heavi] ?an t on ! sea1 & consequ5tly !re is a w9d seaw>d1 :i* we call ! l&-breeze4--,maury4 ,,sup]ior ,,salubrity ,,( ,,! ,,we/4 ,all l>ge cities & t[ns h _! be/ di/ricts 9 ! ,we/2#ch :i* *oice ! ,fr5* savans1 ,pel\ze1 ,p\illet1 ,b\ss+ault1 & ,elie de ,beaumont1 attribute to ! law ( atmosph]ic pressure4 8,:510 say !y1 8! b>ometric column rises1 smoke & p]nici\s emanations rapidly evaporate 9 space40 ,on ! contr>y1 smoke & noxi\s vap\rs rema9 9 ap>tm5ts1 & on ! surface ( ! soil4 ,n[1 ( all w9ds1 t :i* causes ! greate/ asc5sion ( ! b>ometric column is ! ea/2 & t :i* l[]s x mo/ is ! we/4 ,:5 ! latt] bl[s1 x c>ries ) x to ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! t[n all ! delet]i\s gases f ! we/2 & ?us ! inhabitants ( ! ea/ h to support _! own smoke & miasma1 & ^? br\ght by we/]n w9ds4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! ea/ w9d bl[s1 x purifies ! air by caus+ to asc5d ! p]nici\s emanations :i* x _c drive to ! we/4 ,consequ5tly1 ! inhabitants ( ! we/ receive pure air1 f :atev] "p ( ! horizon x may arrive2 & z ! we/ w9ds are mo/ preval5t1 !y are ! fir/ to receive ! air pure1 & z x arrives f ! c\ntry4 ,,f]tilisation ,,( ,,cl\ds4 ,z ! navigator cruises 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean among ! isl&s ( ! trade-w9d region1 he sees gorge\s piles ( cumuli1 heap$ up 9 fleecy masses1 n only capp+ ! isl& hills1 b (t5 ov]hang+ ! l[e/ islet ( ! tropics1 & ev5 /&+ above coral pat*es & hidd5 reefs2 8a cl\d by day40 to s]ve z a beacon to ! lonely m>9] out !re at sea1 & to w>n him ( %oals & dang]s :i* no lead nor seaman's eye has ev] se5 or s\nd$4 ,^! cl\ds1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 may be se5 ga!r+ above ! l[ coral isl&1 prep>+ x = vegetation & fruitfulness 9 a v /rik+ mann]4 ,z !y are cond5s$ into %[]s1 "o fancies t !y are a sponge ( ! mo/ exquisite & delicately elaborat$ mat]ial1 & t he c see1 z !y 8drop d[n _! fatness10 ! invisible b b\ntiful h& al(t t is press+ & squeez+ x out4--,maury4 ,,b>ometric ,,measurem5t4 ,we mu/ n place too implicit a dep5d5ce on ,b>ometrical ,measurem5ts4 ,ermann 9 ,sib]ia1 & ,ross 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,seas1 h demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( localities on ! e>?'s surface :]e a p]man5t depression ( ! b>omet] prevails to ! a/oni%+ ext5t ( ne>ly an in*4 ,,gigantic ,,b>omet]4 ,9 ! ,great ,exhibition ,build+ ( #ahea 0 a colossal ,b>omet]1 ! tube & scale rea*+ f ! floor ( ! gall]y ne>ly to ! top ( ! build+1 & ! rise & fall ( ! indicat+ fluid be+ m>k$ by feet in/ead ( by t5?s ( in*es4 ,! column ( m]cury1 support$ by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 communicat$ ) a p]p5dicul> tube ( small] bore1 :i* conta9$ a col\r$ fluid mu* light] ?an m]cury4 ,:5 a dim9ution ( atmosph]ic pressure occurr$1 ! m]cury 9 ! l>ge tube desc5d$1 & by its fall =c$ up ! col\r$ fluid 9 ! small] tube2 ! fall ( ! "o be+ indicat$ 9 a magnifi$ ratio by ! rise 9 ! o!r4 ,,! ,,atmosph]e ,,comp>$ ,,to ,a ,,/eam-,,eng9e4 ,9 ?is comp>ison1 by ,lieut4 ,maury1 ! ,s\? ,seas !mselves1 9 all _! va/ int]tropical ext5t1 are ! boil] = ! eng9e1 & ! nor!rn hemisph]e is its cond5s]4 ,! me*anical p[] ex]t$ by ! air & ! sun 9 lift+ wat] f ! e>?1 9 transport+ x f "o place to ano!r1 & 9 lett+ x d[n aga91 is inconceivably great4 ,! utilit>ian :o comp>es ! wat]-p[] t ! ,falls ( ,niag>a w\ld af=d if appli$ to ma*9]y is a/oni%$ at ! numb] ( figures :i* are requir$ to express its equival5t 9 horse-p[]4 ,yet :at is ! horse-p[] ( ! ,niag>a1 fall+ a few /eps1 9 comp>ison ) ! horse-p[] t is requir$ to lift up z high z ! cl\ds & let d[n aga9 all ! wat] t is dis*>g$ into ! sea1 n only by ?is riv]1 b by all ! o!r riv]s 9 ! _w8 ,! calculation has be5 made by eng9e]s2 & accord+ to x1 ! =ce ( mak+ & lift+ vap\r f ea* area ( "o acre t is includ$ on ! surface ( ! e>?1 is equal to ! p[] ( ?irty horses2 & = ! :ole ( ! e>?1 x is #hjj times great] ?an all ! wat]-p[] 9 ,europe4 ,,h[ ,,does ,,! ,,ra9-,,mak+ ,,vap\r ,,get ,,f ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,into ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,hemisph]e8 ,?is comes ) su* regul>ity1 t our riv]s nev] g dry1 & our spr+s fail n1 because ( ! exact comp5sation ( ! gr& ma*9e ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is exquisitely & wond]fully c\nt]pois$4 ,late 9 ! autumn ( ! nor?1 ?r\gh\t its w9t]1 & 9 e>ly spr+1 ! sun is p\r+ 8 rays ) ! greate/ int5sity d[n ^u ! seas ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 & ?is p[]ful eng9e1 :i* we are contemplat+1 is pump+ up ! wat] !re ) ! greate/ activity2 at ! same "t1 ! mean temp]ature ( ! entire s\!rn hemisph]e is ab\t #aj high] ?an ! nor!rn4 ,! heat :i* ?is heavy evaporation absorbs becomes lat5t1 & ) ! moi/ure is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e until x rea*es our climates4 ,"h ! vap\r is =m$ into cl\ds1 cond5s$ & precipitat$2 ! heat :i* held _! wat] 9 ! /ate ( vap\r is set free1 & becomes s5sible heat2 & x is t :i* contributes s mu* to temp] our w9t] climate4 ,x cl\ds up 9 w9t]1 turns w>m1 & we say we are go+ to h fall+ wea!r3 t is because ! process ( cond5sation has already comm5c$1 ?\gh no ra9 or sn[ may h fall54 ,?us we feel ?is s\!rn heat1 t has be5 collect$ by ! rays ( ! sun by ! sea1 be5 bottl$ away by ! w9ds 9 ! cl\ds ( a s\!rn summ]1 & set free 9 ! process ( cond5sation 9 our nor!rn w9t]4 ,?us ! ,s\? ,seas %\ld supply ma9ly ! wat] = ! eng9e j describ$1 :ile ! nor!rn hemisph]e cond5ses x2 we %\ld1 !re=e1 h m ra9 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,! riv]s tell u t we h1 at lea/ on ! l&2 = ! great wat]-c\rses ( ! globe1 & half ! fre% wat] 9 ! _w1 are f\nd on ! nor? side ( ! equator4 ,?is fact is /rongly corroborative ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,to evaporate wat] en\gh annually f ! ocean to cov] ! e>?1 on ! av]age1 five feet deep ) ra92 to transport x f "o zone to ano!r2 & to precipitate x 9 ! "r places at suitable times & 9 ! proportions due1--is "o ( ! (fices ( ! gr& atmosph]ical ma*9e4 ,?is wat] is evaporat$ pr9cipally f ! torrid zone4 ,suppos+ x all to come !nce1 we %all h encircl+ ! e>? a belt ( ocean #cjjj miles 9 bread?1 f :i* ?is atmosph]e evaporates a lay] ( wat] annually sixte5 feet 9 dep?4 ,& to hoi/ up z high z ! cl\ds1 & l[] d[n aga91 all ! wat]1 9 a lake sixte5 feet deep & #cjjj miles broad & #bd1jjj long1 is ! ye>ly bus9ess ( ?is invisible ma*9]y4 ,:at a p[]ful eng9e is ! atmosph]e6 & h[ nicely adju/$ mu/ be all ! cogs & :eels & spr+s & comp5sations ( ?is exquisite piece ( ma*9]y1 t x nev] we>s out nor breaks d[n1 nor fails to d its "w at ! "r "t & 9 ! "r way6--,maury4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,ra94 ,to und]/& ! philosophy ( ?is beautiful & (t5 sublime ph5om5on1 a few facts d]iv$ f obs]vation & a long tra9 ( exp]im5ts mu/ be rememb]$4 #a4 ,7 ! atmosph]e e :]e at all times at a uni=m temp]ature1 we %\ld nev] h ra91 or hail1 or sn[4 ,! wat] absorb$ by x 9 evaporation f ! sea & ! e>?'s surface w\ld desc5d 9 an imp]ceptible vap\r1 or cease to be absorb$ by ! air :5 x 0 once fully saturat$4 #b4 ,! absorb+ p[] ( ! atmosph]e1 & consequ5tly its capability to reta9 humidity1 is proportionally great] 9 w>m ?an 9 cold air4 #c4 ,! air ne> ! surface ( ! e>? is w>m] ?an x is 9 ! region ( ! cl\ds4 ,! high] we asc5d f ! e>?1 ! cold] d we f9d ! atmosph]e4 ,h5ce ! p]petual sn[ on v high m\nta9s 9 ! hotte/ climate4 ,n[ :51 f cont9u$ evaporation1 ! air is highly saturat$ ) vap\r1 ?\gh x be invisible & ! sky cl\dless1 if its temp]ature is sudd5ly r$uc$ by cold curr5ts desc5d+ f above or ru%+ f a high] to a l[] latitude1 its capacity to reta9 moi/ure is dim9i%$1 cl\ds are =m$1 & ! result is ra94 ,air cond5ses z x cools1 &1 l a sponge fill$ ) wat] & compress$1 p\rs out ! wat] :i* its dim9i%$ capacity _c hold4 ,:at b ,omnisci5ce c\ld h devis$ su* an admirable arrangem5t = wat]+ ! e>?8 ,,inord9ate ,,ra9y ,,climate4 ,! climate ( ! ,khasia m\nta9s1 :i* lie nor?-ea/ f ,calcutta1 & are sep>at$ by ! valley ( ! ,burrampoot] ,riv] f ! ,himalaya range1 is rem>kable = ! inord9ate fall ( ra9--! greate/1 x is said1 :i* has ev] be5 record$4 ,mr4 ,yule1 an ,engli% g5tleman1 e/abli%$ t 9 ! s+le mon? ( ,augu/ #ahda !re fell #bfd in*es ( ra91 or #bb feet1 ( :i* #ab feet fell 9 ! space ( five consecutive days4 ,?is a/oni%+ fact is confirm$ by two o!r ,engli% travell]s1 :o measur$ #cj in*es ( ra9 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & dur+ sev5 mon?s above #ejj in*es4 ,?is great ra9-fall is attribut$ to ! abruptness ( ! m\nta9s :i* face ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 & ! int]v5+ flat swamps #bjj miles 9 ext5t4 ,! di/rict ( ! excessive ra9 is extremely limit$2 & b a few degrees f>!r we/1 ra9 is said to be almo/ unkn[n1 & ! w9t] falls ( sn[ to seldom exce$ two in*es4 ,,h[ ,,does ,,! ,,nor? ,,w9d ,,drive ,,away ,,ra98 ,we may lik5 x to a wet sponge1 & ! decrease ( temp]ature to ! h& t squeezes t sponge4 ,f9ally1 rea*+ ! cold latitudes1 all ! moi/ure t a dew-po9t ( z]o1 & ev5 f> bel[1 c extract1 is wrung f x2 & ?is air !n comm5ces 8to return accord+ to 8 circuits0 z dry atmosph]e4 ,& "h we c quote ,scripture aga93 8,! nor? w9d drive? away ra940 ,?is is a meteorological fact ( high au?ority & great importance 9 ! /udy ( ! circulation ( ! atmosph]e4--,maury4 ,,size ,,( ,,ra9-,,drops4 ,! ,drops ( ,ra9 v>y 9 _! size1 p]haps f ! #be? to ! ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 p>t+ f ! cl\ds1 !y precipitate _! desc5t till ! increas+ resi/ance oppos$ by ! air becomes equal to _! weight1 :5 !y cont9ue to fall ) uni=m velocity4 ,?is velocity is1 !re=e1 9 a c]ta9 ratio to ! diamet] ( ! drops2 h5ce ?und] & o!r %[]s 9 :i* ! drops are l>ge p\r d[n fa/] ?an a drizzl+ ra94 ,a drop ( ! #be? "p ( an in*1 9 fall+ ?r\gh ! air1 w\ld1 :5 x _h arriv$ at its uni=m velocity1 only acquire a cel]ity ( #aa feet p] second2 :ile "o ( ( an in* w\ld equal a velocity ( #cc feet4--,leslie4 ,,ra9less ,,di/ricts4 ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ! _w !re is no ra9 at all4 ,9 ! ,old ,_w !re are two di/ricts ( ?is k9d3 ! des]t ( ,sah>a 9 ,africa1 & 9 ,asia "p ( ,arabia1 ,syria1 & ,p]sia2 ! o!r di/rict lies betwe5 nor? latitude #cj & #ej1 & betwe5 #ge & #aah ( ea/ longitude1 includ+ ,?ibet1 ,gobi> ,%ama1 & ,mongolia4 ,9 ! ,new ,_w ! ra9less di/ricts are ( mu* less magnitude1 occupy+ two n>r[ /rips on ! %ores ( ,p]u & ,bolivia1 & on ! coa/ ( ,mexico & ,guatemala1 ) a small di/rict betwe5 ,tr9idad & ,panama on ! coa/ ( ,v5ezuela4 ,,all ,,! ,,ra9 ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,! ,pacific ,ocean & ! ,indian ,ocean may be consid]$ z "o %eet ( wat] cov]+ an area q equal 9 ext5t to "o half ( t embrac$ by ! :ole surface ( ! e>?2 & ! total annual fall ( ra9 on ! e>?'s surface is #ahf1bdj cubic imp]ial miles4 ,n less ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! vap\r :i* makes ?is ra9 comes f ?is wa/e ( wat]s2 b1 suppos+ t only half ( ?is quantity1 t is #ic1abj cubic miles ( ra91 falls ^u ?is sea1 & t t mu* at lea/ is tak5 up f x aga9 z vap\r1 ?is w\ld give #bee cubic miles z ! quantity ( wat] :i* is daily lift$ up & p\r$ back aga9 into ?is expanse4 ,x is tak5 up at "o place1 & ra9$ d[n at ano!r2 & 9 ?is process1 !re=e1 we h ag5cies = multitudes ( p>tial & conflict+ curr5ts1 all1 9 _! set /r5g?1 app>5tly z unc]ta9 z ! w9ds4 ,! bett] to appreciate ! op]ation ( su* ag5cies 9 produc+ curr5ts 9 ! sea1 imag9e a di/rict ( #bee squ>e miles to be set ap>t 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,pacific ,ocean z ! sc5e ( op]ations = "o day2 !n conceive a ma*9e capable ( pump+ up 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs all ! wat] to ! dep? ( "o mile 9 ?is di/rict4 ,! ma*9e mu/ n only pump up & be> (f ?is imm5se quantity ( wat]1 b x mu/ dis*>ge x aga9 into ! sea on ! same day1 b at "s o!r place4 ,all ! great riv]s ( ,am]ica1 ,europe1 & ,asia are lift$ up by ! atmosph]e1 & fl[ 9 invisible /reams back ?r\gh ! air to _! s\rces among ! hills2 & ?r\gh *annels s regul>1 c]ta91 & well def9$1 t ! quantity ?us convey$ "o ye> ) ! o!r is ne>ly ! same3 = t is ! quantity :i* we see runn+ d[n to ! ocean ?r\gh ^! riv]s2 & ! quantity dis*>g$ annually by ea* riv] is1 z f> z we c judge1 ne>ly a con/ant4--,maury4 ,,an ,,in* ,,( ,,ra9 ,,on ,,! ,,atlantic4 ,lieut5ant ,maury ?us computes ! effect ( a s+le ,in* ( ,ra9 fall+ ^u ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,! ,atlantic includes an area ( tw5ty-five millions ( squ>e miles4 ,suppose an in* ( ra9 to fall ^u only "o-fif? ( ?is va/ expanse4 ,x w\ld weigh1 says our au?or1 ?ree hundr$ & sixty ?\s& millions ( tons3 & ! salt :i*1 z wat]1 x held 9 solution 9 ! sea1 & :i*1 :5 t wat] 0 tak5 up z vap\r1 0 left beh9d to di/urb equilibrium1 weigh$ sixte5 millions m ( tons1 or ne>ly twice z mu* z all ! %ips 9 ! _w c\ld c>ry at a c>go ea*4 ,x might fall 9 an h\r1 or x might fall 9 a day2 b1 occupy :at "t x might 9 fall+1 ?is ra9 is calculat$ to ex]t s mu* =ce--:i* is inconceivably great--9 di/urb+ ! equilibrium ( ! ocean4 ,if all ! wat] dis*>g$ by ! ,mississippi riv] dur+ ! ye> 7 tak5 up 9 "o mighty measure1 & ca/ into ! ocean at "o ef=t1 x w\ld n make a great] di/urbance 9 ! equilibrium ( ! sea ?an w\ld ! fall ( ra9 suppos$4 ,& yet s g5tle are ! op]ations ( nature1 t movem5ts s va/ are unp]ceiv$4 ,,! ,,equatorial ,,cl\d-,,r+4 ,9 cross+ ! ,equatorial ,doldrums1 ! voyag] passes a r+ ( cl\ds t encircles ! e>?1 & is /ret*$ ar\nd our planet to regulate ! quantity ( precipitation 9 ! ra9-belt b5ea? x2 to pres]ve ! due quantum ( heat on ! face ( ! e>?2 to adju/ ! w9ds2 & s5d out = di/ribution to ! f\r corn]s vap\rs 9 prop] quantities1 to make up to ea* riv]-bas91 climate1 & season1 its quota ( sun%9e1 cl\d1 & moi/ure4 ,l ! balance-:eel ( a well-con/ruct$ *ronomet]1 ?is cl\d-r+ af=ds ! gr& atmosph]ical ma*9e ! mo/ exquisitely arrang$ self-comp5sation4 ,nature h]self has hung a !rmomet] "u ?is cl\d-belt t is m p]fect ?an any t man c con/ruct1 & its indications are n to be mi/ak54--,maury4 8,,! ,,equatorial ,,doldrums0 is ano!r ( ^! calm places4 ,besides be+ a region ( calms & baffl+ w9ds1 x is a region not$ = its ra9s & cl\ds1 :i* make x "o ( ! mo/ oppressive & disagreeable places at sea4 ,! emigrant %ips f ,europe = ,au/ralia h to cross x4 ,!y are (t5 baffl$ 9 x = two or ?ree weeks2 !n ! *ildr5 & ! pass5g]s :o are ( delicate heal? suff] mo/4 ,x is a frightful gravey>d on ! wayside to t gold5 l&4 ,,beauty ,,( ,,! ,,dew-,,drop4 ,! ,dew-drop is famili> to e "o f e>lie/ infancy4 ,re/+ 9 lum9\s beads on ! d[n ( leaves1 or p5d5t f ! f9e/ blades ( grass1 or ?read$ ^u ! float+ l9es ( ! gossam]1 its 8ori5t pe>l0 v>ies 9 size f ! diamet] ( a small pea to ! mo/ m9ute atom t c be imag9$ to exi/4 ,ea* ( ^!1 l ! ra9-drops1 has ! prop]ties ( reflect+ & refract+ light2 h5ce1 f s _m m9ute prisms1 ! unfold$ rays ( ! sun are s5t up to ! eye 9 col\rs ( brilliancy simil> to ^? ( ! ra9b[4 ,:5 ! sunbeams trav]se horizontally a v ?ickly-b$ew$ grass-plot1 ^! col\rs arrange !mselves s z to =m an iris1 or dew-b[2 & if we select any "o ( ^! drops = obs]vation1 & /eadily reg>d x :ile we gradually *ange our position1 we %all f9d ! prismatic col\rs foll[ ea* o!r 9 _! regul> ord]4--,wells4 ,,fall ,,( ,,dew ,,9 ,,"o ,,ye>4 ,! annual av]age quantity ( ,dew deposit$ 9 ?is c\ntry is e/imat$ at a dep? ( ab\t five in*es1 be+ ab\t "o-sev5? ( ! mean quantity ( moi/ure suppos$ to be receiv$ f ! atmosph]e all ov] ,great ,brita9 9 ! ye>2 or ab\t #bb1afa1ccg1cee tons1 tak+ ! ton at #beb imp]ial gallons4--,wells4 ,,graduat$ ,,supply ,,( ,,dew ,,to ,,vegetation4 ,ea* ( ! diff]5t grasses draws f ! atmosph]e dur+ ! night a supply ( dew to recruit its en]gies dep5d5t ^u its =m & peculi> radiat+ p[]4 ,e fl[] has a p[] ( radiation ( its own1 subject to *anges dur+ ! day & night1 & ! deposition ( moi/ure on x is regulat$ by ! peculi> law :i* ?is radiat+ p[] obeys2 & ?is p[] w be influ5c$ by ! aspect :i* ! fl[] pres5ts to ! sky1 unfold+ to ! contemplative m9d ! mo/ beautiful example ( creative wisdom4#ci ,,w>m? ,,( ,,sn[ ,,9 ,,arctic ,,latitudes4 ,! fir/ w>m ,sn[s ( ,augu/ & ,septemb] 7says ,dr4 ,kane71 fall+ on a ?ickly-blea*$ c>pet ( grasses1 hea?s1 & will[s1 en%r9e ! fl[]y gr[?s :i* ne/le r\nd !m 9 a non-conduct+ air *amb]2 & z ea* successive sn[ increases ! ?ickness ( ! cov]1 we h1 be=e ! int5se cold ( w9t] sets 91 a light cellul> b$ cov]$ by drift1 sev51 eight1 or t5 feet deep1 9 :i* ! plant reta9s its vitality4 ,dr4 ,kane has prov$ by exp]im5ts t ! conduct+ p[] ( ! sn[ is proportion$ to its compression by w9ds1 ra9s1 drifts1 & congelation4 ,! drifts t accumulate dur+ n9e mon?s ( ! ye> are disp]s$ 9 well-def9$ lay]s ( diff]5t d5sity4 ,we h fir/ ! w>m cellul> sn[s ( fall1 :i* surr\nd ! plant2 next ! f9ely-impact$ sn[-du/ ( w9t]2 & above ^! ! lat] humid deposits ( spr+4 ,9 ! e>li] summ]1 9 ! incl9$ slopes t face ! sun1 z ! upp] sn[ is melt$ & s9ks ^u ! m compact lay] bel[ x is to a great ext5t arre/$1 & runs (f l ra9 f a slope ( clay4 ,! plant reposes ?us 9 its cellul> b$1 safe f ! ru% ( wat]s1 & protect$ f ! nightly fro/s by ! icy ro( above x4 ,,impurity ,,( ,,sn[4 ,x is believ$ t 9 asc5d+ m\nta9s difficult brea?+ is soon] felt ^u sn[ ?an ^u rock2 & ,m4 ,b\ss+ault1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! asc5t ( ,*imborazo1 attributes ?is to ! s5sible defici5cy ( oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! pores ( ! sn[1 :i* is exhal$ :5 x melts4 ,! fact t ! air absorb$ by sn[ is impure1 0 asc]ta9$ by ,de ,saussure1 & has be5 confirm$ by ,b\ss+ault's exp]im5ts4--,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,no4 #bjb4 ,,sn[ ,,ph5om5on4 ,pr(essor ,dove ( ,b]l9 relates1 9 illu/ration ( ! =mation ( cl\ds ( ,sn[ ov] pla9s situat$ at a di/ance f ! cool+ summits ( m\nta9s1 t on "o occasion a l>ge company _h ga!r$ 9 a ballroom 9 ,sw$54 ,x 0 "o ( ^? icy />light nights :i* 9 t c\ntry are s aptly call$ 8iron nights40 ,! wea!r 0 cle> & cold1 & ! ballroom 0 cle> & w>m2 & ! heat 0 s great1 t sev]al ladies fa9t$4 ,an (fic] pres5t tri$ to op5 a w9d[2 b x 0 froz5 fa/ to ! sill4 ,z a la/ resort1 he broke a pane ( glass2 ! cold air ru%$ 91 & x sn[$ 9 ! room4 ,a m9ute be=e all 0 cle>2 b ! w>m air ( ! room _h su/a9$ an am\nt ( moi/ure 9 a transp>5t condition :i* x 0 n able to ma9ta9 :5 mix$ ) ! cold] air f )\t4 ,! vap\r 0 fir/ cond5s$1 & !n froz54 ,,abs5ce ,,( ,,sn[ ,,9 ,,sib]ia4 ,!re is 9 ,sib]ia1 ,m4 ,ermann in=ms u1 an entire di/rict 9 :i* dur+ ! w9t] ! sky is con/antly cle>1 & :]e a s+le p>ticle ( sn[ nev] falls4--,arago4 ,,accuracy ,,( ,,! ,,*9ese ,,z ,,obs]v]s4 ,! beautiful =ms ( sn[-cry/als h long s9ce attract$ ,*9ese obs]v]s2 = f a remote p]iod !re has be5 met ) 9 _! conv]sation & books an axiomatic expression1 to ! effect t 8sn[-flakes are hexagonal10 %[+ ! ,*9ese to be accurate obs]v]s ( nature4 ,,protection ,,aga9/ ,,hail ,,& ,,/orms4 ,arago relates1 t :51 9 #ahdg1 two small agricultural di/ricts ( ,b\rgoyne _h lo/ by ,hail crops to ! value ( a million & a half ( francs1 c]ta9 ( ! proprietors w5t to consult him on ! means ( protect+ !m f l disa/]s4 ,re/+ on ! hypo!sis ( ! electric orig9 ( hail1 ,arago sugge/$ ! dis*>ge ( ! electricity ( ! cl\ds by means ( balloons communicat+ by a metallic wire ) ! soil4 ,?is project 0 n c>ri$ out2 b ,arago p]si/$ 9 believ+ 9 ! effectiv5ess ( ! me?od propos$4 ,arago1 9 8 ,meteorological ,essays1 inquires :e!r ! fir+ ( cannon c dissipate /orms4 ,he cites sev]al cases 9 its fav\r1 & o!rs :i* seem to oppose x2 b he concludes by recomm5d+ x to 8 successors4 ,:il/ ,arago 0 prop\nd+ ^! que/ions1 a p]son n conv]sant ) sci5ce1 ! poet ,mry1 0 collect+ facts support+ ! view1 :i* he has publi%$ 9 8 ,p>is ,futur4 ,8 att5tion 0 attract$ to ! fir+ ( cannon to dissipate /orms 9 #ahbh1 :il/ an assi/ant 9 ! 8,ecole de ,tir0 at ,v9c5nes4 ,hav+ obs]v$ t !re 0 nev] any ra9 9 ! morn+ ( ! ex]cise ( fir+1 he wait$ to exam9e milit>y records1 & f\nd !re1 z he says1 facts :i* ju/ifi$ ! expressions ( 8,le soleil d',au/]litz10 8,le soleil de juillet10 ^u ! morn+ ( ! ,revolution ( ,july2 & he conclud$ by propos+ to con/ruct ar\nd ,p>is twelve t[]s ( great height1 :i* he calls 8t\rs imbrifuges10 ea* c>ry+ #ajj cannons1 :i* %\ld be dis*>g$ into ! air on ! approa* ( a /orm4 ,ab\t ?is "t an incid5t occurr$ :i* 9 n[ise confirm$ ! tru? ( ,m4 ,mry's !ory4 ,! #ad? ( ,augu/ 0 a f9e day4 ,on ! #ae?1 ! fte ( ! ,empire1 ! sun %one out1 ! cannon ?und]$ all day long1 fireworks & illum9ations 7 blaz+ f n9e o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,e ?+ conspir$ to v]ify ! hypo!sis ( ,m4 ,mry1 & *ase away /orms = a long "t4 ,b t[>ds elev5 9 ! ev5+ a torr5t ( ra9 bur/ ^u ,p>is1 9 spite ( ! pret5d$ influ5ce ( ! dis*>ge ( cannon1 & gave an occasion = ! mobile ,gallic m9d to turn its att5tion 9 o!r directions4 ,,t]rific ,,hail/orm4 ,jans5 describes1 f ! log-book ( ! ,rhij91 ,capta9 ,br&ligt1 9 ! ,s\?-,indian ,ocean 7#be s\? latitude7 a ,hurricane1 accompani$ by ,hail1 by :i* sev]al ( ! crew 7 made bl9d1 o!rs _h _! faces cut op51 & ^? :o 7 9 ! rigg+ _h _! clo!s torn (f !m4 ,! ma/] ( ! %ip comp>$ ! sea 8to a hilly l&scape 9 w9t] cov]$ ) sn[40 ,does x n appe> z if ! 8treasures ( ! hail0 7 op5$1 :i* 7 8res]v$ aga9/ ! "t ( tr\ble1 aga9/ ! day ( battle & w>08 ,,h[ ,,wat]sp\ts ,,are ,,=m$ ,,9 ,,! ,,java ,,sea4 ,among ! small gr\ps ( isl&s 9 ?is sea1 9 ! day & night ?und]/orms1 ! combat ( ! cl\ds appe>s to make !m m ?ir/y ?an ev]4 ,9 tunnel =m1 :5 !y c no long] qu5* _! ?ir/ f ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 !y desc5d ne> ! surface ( ! sea1 & appe> to lap ! wat] directly up ) _! black m\?s4 ,!y are n always accompani$ by /rong w9ds2 frequ5tly m ?an "o is se5 at a "t1 :]eupon ! cl\ds :5ce !y proce$ disp]se1 & ! ends ( ! ,wat]sp\ts b5d+ ov] f9ally causes !m to break 9 ! middle4 ,!y seldom la/ long] ?an five m9utes4 ,z !y are go+ away1 ! bulb\s tube1 :i* is z palpable z t ( a !rmomet]1 becomes broad] at ! base2 & little cl\ds1 l /eam f ! pipe ( a locomotive1 are cont9ually ?r[n (f f ! circumf]5ce ( ! sp\t1 & gradually ! wat] is releas$1 & ! cl\d :5ce ! sp\t came aga9 closes its m\?4 ,,cold ,,9 ,,hudson',s ,,bay4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,m4 ,ballantyne1 9 8 j\rnal ( six ye>s' resid5ce 9 ! t]ritories ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 tells u1 t = "p ( ,octob] !re is sometimes a little w>m1 or r ?awy1 wea!r2 b aft] t1 until ! foll[+ ,april1 ! !rmomet] seldom rises to ! freez+ po9t4 ,9 ! dep? ( w9t]1 ! !rmomet] falls f #cj to #dj1 #de1 & ev5 #di bel[ z]o ( ,fahr5heit4 ,?is int5se cold is n1 h[ev]1 s mu* felt z "o might suppose2 = dur+ its cont9uance ! air is p]fectly calm4 ,7 ! slighte/ brea? ( w9d to rise :5 ! !rmomet] /&s s l[1 no man c\ld %[ 8 face to x = a mom5t4 ,=ty degrees bel[ z]o1 & q calm1 is inf9itely pref]able to fifte5 bel[1 or !reab\t1 ) a /rong breeze ( w9d4 ,_s ( w9e is1 ( c\rse1 ! only ?+ t c be us$ 9 ! !rmomet]2 z m]cury1 7 x expos$ to su* cold1 w\ld rema9 froz5 ne>ly half ! w9t]4 ,_s nev] froze 9 any cold ev] exp]i5c$ at ,york ,factory1 unless :5 v mu* adult]at$ ) wat]2 & ev5 !n ! _s w\ld rema9 liquid 9 ! c5tre ( ! mass4 ,quicksilv] easily freezes 9 ?is climate1 & x has frequ5tly be5 run into a bullet-m\ld1 expos$ to ! cold air till froz51 & 9 ?is /ate ramm$ d[n a gun-b>rel1 & fir$ ?r\gh a ?ick plank4 ,! av]age cold may be set d[n at ab\t #ae or #af bel[ z]o1 or #dh ( fro/4 ,! h\ses at ! ,bay are built ( wood1 ) d\ble w9d[s & doors4 ,!y are heat$ by l>ge iron /oves1 f$ ) wood2 yet s int5se is ! cold1 t :5 a /ove has be5 9 places r$-hot1 a bas9 ( wat] 9 ! room has be5 froz5 solid4 ,,purity ,,( ,,w5ham-,,lake ,,ice4 ,pr(essor ,f>aday attributes ! purity ( ,w5ham-,lake ,ice to its be+ free f air-bubbles & f salts4 ,! pres5ce ( ! fir/ makes x extremely difficult to succe$ 9 mak+ a l5s ( ,engli% ice :i* w conc5trate ! sol> rays1 & readily fire gunp[d]2 :]eas no?+ is easi] ?an to p]=m ?is s+ul> feat ( ignit+ a combu/ible body by aid ( a froz5 mass if ,w5ham-,lake ice be employ$4 ,! abs5ce ( salts conduces greatly to ! p]man5ce ( ! ice2 = :]e wat] is s froz5 t ! salts expell$ are /ill conta9$ 9 air-cavities & cracks1 or =m ?9 films betwe5 ! lay]s ( ice1 ^! entangl$ salts cause ! ice to melt at a l[] temp]ature ?an #cb1 & ! liquefi$ portions give rise to /reams & curr5ts )9 ! body ( ! ice :i* rapidly c>ry heat to ! int]ior4 ,! mass !n goes on ?aw+ )9 z well z )\t1 & at temp]atures bel[ #cb2 :]eas pure1 compact1 ,w5ham-,lake ice c only ?aw at #cb1 & only on ! outside ( ! mass4--,sir ,*>les ,lyell's ,second ,visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,arctic ,,temp]atures4 ,dr4 ,kane1 9 8 ,second ,arctic ,exp$ition1 f\nd ! !rmomet]s beg9n+ to %[ unexampl$ temp]ature3 !y rang$ f #fj to #gj bel[ z]o1 & ^u ! taffrail ( ! brig #fe4 ,! r$uc$ mean ( ! be/ _s-/&>ds gave #fg or #ii bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( wat]4 ,at ^! temp]atures *loric e!r became solid1 & *lor(orm exhibit$ a granul> pellicle on its surface4 ,_s ( naph?a froze at #ed1 & ! oil ( turp5t9e 0 solid at #fc & #fe4 ,,dr4 ,,rae',s ,,arctic ,,explorations4 ,! gold m$al ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society 0 9 #aheb mo/ rightfully aw>d$ to ?is indefatigable ,arctic explor]4 ,8 survey ( ! inlet ( ,boo?ia1 9 #ahdh1 0 unique 9 its k9d4 ,9 ,repulse ,bay he ma9ta9$ 8 p>ty on de]1 pr9cipally %ot by himself2 & sp5t t5 mon?s ( an ,arctic w9t] 9 a hut ( /ones1 ) no o!r fuel ?an a k9d ( hay ( ! ,&rom$a tetragona4 ,?us he pres]v$ 8 m5 to execute survey+ j\rneys ( #ajjj miles 9 ! spr+4 ,lat] he travell$ #cjj miles on sn[-%oes4 ,9 a spr+ j\rney ov] ! ice1 ) a p\nd ( fat daily = fuel1 accompani$ by two m5 only1 & tru/+ solely = %elt] to sn[-h\ses1 :i* he taught 8 m5 to build1 he accompli%$ #ajfj miles 9 ?irty-n9e days1 or tw5ty-sev5 miles p] day1 includ+ /oppages1--a feat nev] equall$ 9 ,arctic travell+4 ,9 ! spr+ j\rney1 & t :i* foll[$ 9 ! summ] 9 boats1 #agjj miles 7 trav]s$ 9 eighty days4 ,dr4 ,rae's greate/ suff]+s1 he once rem>k$ to ,sir ,george ,back1 arose f 8 be+ oblig$ to sleep ^u 8 froz5 mocass9s 9 ord] to ?aw !m = ! morn+'s use4 ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,! ,,arctic ,,climate4 ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson1 9 8 hi/ory ( 8 ,exp$ition to ^! regions1 describes ! p[] ( ! sun 9 a cl\dless sky to h be5 s great1 t he 0 glad to take %elt] 9 ! wat] :ile ! crews 7 engag$ on ! portages2 & he has nev] felt ! direct rays ( ! sun s oppressive z on "s occasions 9 ! high latitudes4 ,sir ,john obs]ves3 ,! rapid evaporation ( bo? sn[ & ice 9 ! w9t] & spr+1 long be=e ! action ( ! sun has produc$ ! slighte/ ?aw or appe>ance ( moi/ure1 is evid5t by _m facts ( daily occurr5ce4 ,?us :5 a %irt1 aft] be+ wa%$1 is expos$ 9 ! op5 air to a temp]ature ( f #dj to #ej bel[ z]o1 x is in/antly rigidly froz51 & may be brok5 if viol5tly b5t4 ,if agitat$ :5 9 ?is condition by a /rong w9d1 x makes a ru/l+ noise l !atrical ?und]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! extreme dryness ( ! atmosph]e 9 w9t]1 mo/ articles ( ,engli% manufacture br\ght to ,rup]t's ,l& are %rivell$1 b5t1 & brok54 ,! h&les ( razors & knives1 combs1 ivory scales1 c41 kept 9 ! w>m room1 are *ang$ 9 ?is way4 ,! human body also becomes vividly electric f ! dryness ( ! sk94 ,"o cold night ,i rose f my b$1 & 0 go+ out to obs]ve ! !rmomet]1 ) no o!r clo?+ ?an my flannel night-dress1 :5 on my h& approa*+ ! iron lat* ( ! door1 a di/9ct sp>k 0 elicit$4 ,friction ( ! sk9 at almo/ all times 9 w9t] produc$ ! electric od\r4 ,ev5 at midw9t] we _h b ?ree h\rs & a half ( daylight4 ,on ,decemb] #bj? ,i requir$ a c&le to write at ! w9d[ at t5 9 ! morn+4 ,! sun 0 abs5t t5 days1 & its place 9 ! heav5s at noon 0 d5ot$ by rays ( light %oot+ into ! sky above ! woods4 ,! moon 9 ! long nights 0 a mo/ beautiful object1 t satellite be+ con/antly above ! horizon = ne>ly a =tnight toge!r4 ,v5us also %one ) a brilliancy :i* is nev] witness$ 9 a sky load$ ) vap\rs2 &1 unless 9 sn[y wea!r1 our nights 7 always enliv5$ by ! beams ( ! aurora4 ,,int5se ,,heat ,,& ,,cold ,,( ,,! ,,des]t4 ,among cry/all9e bodies1 rock-cry/al1 or silica1 is ! be/ conductor ( heat4 ,?is fact acc\nts = ! /ead9ess ( temp]ature 9 "o set di/rict1 & ! extremes ( ,heat & ,cold pres5t$ by day & night on su* s&y wa/es z ! ,sah>a4 ,! s&1 :i* is = ! mo/ "p silica1 dr9ks-9 ! noon-day heat1 & loses x by night j z spe$ily4 ,! influ5ce ( ! hot w9ds f ! ,sah>a has be5 obs]v$ 9 vessels trav]s+ ! ,atlantic at a di/ance ( upw>ds ( #aajj geographical miles f ! ,african %ores1 by ! coat+ ( impalpable du/ ^u ! sails4 ,,transport+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,w9ds4 ,! greate/ example ( _! p[] is ! s&-flood ( ,africa1 :i*1 mov+ gradually ea/w>d1 has ov]:elm$ all ! l& capable ( tillage we/ ( ! ,nile1 unless %elt]$ by high m\nta9s1 & ?reat5s ultimately to oblit]ate ! ri* pla9 ( ,egypt4 ,,exhil>ation ,,9 ,,asc5d+ ,,m\nta9s4 ,at all elevations ( f #fjjj to #aa1jjj feet1 & n unfrequ5tly = ev5 #bjjj feet m1 ! p$e/rian enjoys a pleasurable feel+1 imp>t$ by ! consci\sness ( exi/5ce1 simil> to t :i* is describ$ z s fasc9at+ by ^? :o h become famili> ) ! des]t-life ( ! ,ea/4 ,! body seems light]1 ! n]v\s p[] great]1 ! appetite is increas$2 & fatigue1 ?\gh felt = a "t1 is remov$ by ! %orte/ repose4 ,"s travell]s h describ$ ! s5sation by ! impression t !y d n actually press ! gr\nd1 b t ! blade ( a knife c\ld be ins]t$ betwe5 ! sole ( ! foot & ! m\nta9 top4--,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,no4 #bjb4 ,,to ,,tell ,,! ,,approa* ,,( ,,/orms4 ,! proximity ( ,/orms has be5 asc]ta9$ ) accuracy by v>i\s indications ( ! electrical /ate ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,scott1 ( ,s&hur/ ,college1 obs]v$ 9 ,%etl& t dr9k+-glasses1 plac$ 9 an inv]t$ position ^u a %elf 9 a cupbo>d on ! gr\nd-floor ( ,belmont ,h\se1 occasionally emitt$ s\nds z if !y 7 tapp$ ) a knife1 or rais$ a little & !n let fall on ! %elf4 ,^! s\nds prec$$ w9d2 & :5 !y occurr$1 boats & vessels 7 imm$iately secur$4 ,! /r5g? ( ! s\nd is said to be proportion$ to ! tempe/ t foll[s4 ,,revolv+ ,,/orms4 ,by ! conjo9t lab\rs ( ,mr4 ,r$field1 ,colonel ,reid1 & ,mr4 ,pidd+ton1 on ! orig9 & nature ( hurricanes1 typhoons1 or revolv+ /orms1 ! foll[+ important results h be5 obta9$4 ,_! exi/5ce 9 mod]ate latitudes on bo? sides ! equator2 _! abs5ce 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! equatorial regions2 & ! fact1 t :ile 9 ! nor!rn latitudes ^! /orms revolve 9 a direction contr>y to ! h&s ( a wat* ! face ( :i* is plac$ upw>ds1 9 ! s\!rn latitudes !y rotate 9 ! opposite direction1--are %[n to be s _m additions to ! long *a9 ( evid5ce by :i* ! rotation ( ! e>? z a physical fact is demon/rat$4 ,,impetus ,,( ,a ,,/orm4 ,capta9 ,sir ,s4 ,br[n e/imates1 f exp]im5ts made by him at ! extremity ( ! ,brighton-,*a9 ,pi] 9 a heavy s\?-we/ gale1 t ! waves imp+e on a cyl9drical surface "o foot high & "o foot 9 diamet] ) a =ce equal to eighty p\nds1 to :i* mu/ be add$ t ( ! w9d1 :i* 9 a viol5t /orm ex]ts a pressure ( =ty p\nds4 ,he comput$ ! collective impetus ( ! waves on ! l[] "p ( a ligh?\se propos$ to be built on ! ,wolf ,rock 7expos$ to ! mo/ viol5t /orms ( ! ,atlantic71 ( ! surf on ! upp] "p1 & ( ! w9d on ! :ole1 to be equal to #ajj tons4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,/orm-,,glass4 ,?is in/rum5t consi/s ( a glass tube1 seal$ at "o end1 & furni%$ ) a brass cap at ! o!r end1 ?r\gh :i* ! air is admitt$ by a v small ap]ture4 ,ne>ly fill ! tube ) ! foll[+ solution3 camphor1 #b drams2 nitrate ( pota%1 #ch gra9s2 muriate ( ammonia1 #ch gra9s2 wat]1 #i drams2 rectifi$ _s1 #i drams4 ,dissolve ) heat4 ,at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 plumose cry/als are =m$4 ,on ! approa* ( /ormy wea!r1 ^! cry/als appe> compress$ into a compact mass at ! bottom ( ! tube2 :ile dur+ f9e wea!r !y assume _! plumose "*1 & ext5d a consid]able way up ! glass4 ,^! results dep5d ^u ! condition ( ! air1 b !y are n consid]$ to af=d any reliable indication ( approa*+ wea!r4 ,,spl5d\r ,,( ,,! ,,aurora ,,borealis4 ,humboldt ?us beautifully describes ?is ph5om5on3 ,! int5sity ( ?is light is at times s great1 t ,l[5rn 7on ,june #bi1 #aghf7 recognis$ its coruscation 9 bright sun%9e4 ,motion r5d]s ! ph5om5on m visible4 ,r\nd ! po9t 9 ! vault ( heav5 :i* corresponds to ! direction ( ! incl9ation ( ! ne$le ! beams unite toge!r to =m ! s-call$ corona1 ! cr[n ( ! ,nor!rn ,light1 :i* encircles ! summit ( ! heav5ly canopy ) a mild] radiance & unflick]+ emanations ( light4 ,x is only 9 r>e in/ances t a p]fect cr[n or circle is =m$2 b on its completion1 ! ph5om5on has inv>iably rea*$ its maximum1 & ! radiations become less frequ5t1 %ort]1 & m col\rless4 ,! cr[n1 & ! lum9\s ar*es break up2 & ! :ole vault ( heav5 becomes cov]$ ) irregul>ly scatt]$1 broad1 fa9t1 almo/ a%y-gray1 lum9\s1 immovable pat*es1 :i* 9 _! turn disappe>1 leav+ no?+ b a trace ( a d>k smoke-l segm5t on ! horizon4 ,!re (t5 rema9s no?+ ( ! :ole spectacle b a :ite delicate cl\d ) fea!ry edges1 or divid$ at equal di/ances into small r\ndi% gr\ps l cirro-cumuli4--,cosmos1 vol4 i4 ,among _m !ories ( ?is ph5om5on is t ( ,lieut5ant ,hoop]1 ,r4,n41 :o has /at$ to ! ,briti% ,association t he believes 8! ,aurora ,borealis to be no m nor less ?an ! moi/ure 9 "s %ape 7:e!r dew or vap\r1 liquid or froz571 illum9at$ by ! heav5ly bodies1 ei!r directly1 or reflect+ _! rays f ! froz5 masses ar\nd ! ,pole1 or ev5 f ! imm$iately proximate sn[-clad e>?40 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,lightn+4 ,accord+ to ,arago's inve/igations1 ! evolution ( ,lightn+ is ( ?ree k9ds3 zigzag1 & %>ply def9$ at ! edges2 9 %eets ( light1 illum9at+ a :ole cl\d1 :i* seems to op5 & reveal ! light )9 x2 & 9 ! =m ( fire-balls4 ,! duration ( ! fir/ two k9ds sc>cely cont9ues ! ?\s&? "p ( a second2 b ! globul> lightn+ moves mu* m sl[ly1 rema9+ visible = sev]al seconds4 ,,:at ,,is ,,%eet-,,lightn+8 ,?is electric ph5om5on is unaccompani$ by ?und]1 or too di/ant to be he>d3 :5 x appe>s1 ! :ole sky1 b p>ticul>ly ! horizon1 is sudd5ly illum9at$ ) a flick]+ fla%4 ,philosoph]s diff] mu* z to its cause4 ,matteucci supposes x to be produc$ ei!r dur+ evaporation1 or evolv$ 7accord+ to ,p\illet's !ory7 9 ! process ( vegetation2 or g5]at$ by *emical action 9 ! great laboratory ( nature1 ! e>?1 & accumulat$ 9 ! l[] /rata ( ! air 9 consequ5ce ( ! gr\nd be+ an imp]fect conductor4 ,arago & ,kamtz1 h[ev]1 consid] %eet-lightn+ z reflections ( di/ant ?und]/orms4 ,saussure obs]v$ %eet-lightn+ 9 ! direction ( ,g5eva1 f ! ,hospice du ,grimsel1 on ! #aj? & #aa? ( ,july #aghc2 :ile at ! same "t a t]rific ?und]/orm rag$ at ,g5eva4 ,h[>d1 f ,tott5ham1 ne> ,london1 on ,july #ca1 #ahac1 saw %eet-lightn+ t[>ds ! s\?-ea/1 :ile ! sky 0 bespangl$ ) />s1 n a cl\d float+ 9 ! air2 at ! same "t a ?und]/orm rag$ at ,ha/+s1 & 9 ,france f ,calais to ,dunkirk4 ,arago supports 8 op9ion1 t ! ph5om5on is reflect$ lightn+1 by ! foll[+ illu/ration3 ,9 #ahjc1 :5 obs]vations 7 be+ made = det]m9+ ! longitude1 ,m4 de ,za*1 on ! ,brock51 us$ a few ounces ( gunp[d] z a signal1 ! fla% ( :i* 0 visible f ! ,kl5l5b]g1 sixty leagues (f1 al?\gh ^! m\nta9s are invisible f ea* o!r4 ,,production ,,( ,,lightn+ ,,by ,,ra94 ,a sudd5 gu/ ( ra9 is almo/ sure to succe$ a viol5t detonation imm$iately ov]head4 ,mr4 ,birt1 ! meteorologi/1 asks3 ,is ?is ra9 a cause or consequ5ce ( ! electric dis*>ge8 ,to ?is he replies3 ,9 ! sudd5 agglom]ation ( _m m9ute & feebly electrifi$ globules into "o ra9-drop1 ! quantity ( electricity is increas$ 9 a great] proportion ?an ! surface ov] :i* 7accord+ to ! laws ( electric di/ribution7 x is spread4 ,by t5sion1 !re=e1 x is increas$1 & may atta9 ! po9t :5 x is capable ( sep>at+ f ! drop to seek ! surface ( ! cl\d1 or ( ! newly-=m$ desc5d+ body ( ra91 :i*1 "u su* circum/ances1 may be reg>d$ z a conduct+ m$ium4 ,arriv$ at ?is surface1 ! t5sion1 = ! same reason1 becomes enorm\s1 & a fla% escapes4 ,?is !ory ,mr4 ,birt has confirm$ by obs]vation ( ra9 9 ?und]/orms4 ,,s]vice ,,( ,,lightn+-,,conductors4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] relates a rem>kable in/ance ( a tree 9 ,cl&eboye ,p>k1 9 a ?ick mass ( wood1 & n ! talle/ ( ! gr\p1 be+ /ruck by lightn+1 :i* pass$ d[n ! trunk into ! gr\nd1 r5d+ ! tree asund]4 ,?is %[s t an object may be /ruck by lightn+ 9 a locality :]e !re are num]\s conduct+ po9ts m elevat$ ?an itself2 & at ! same "t proves t lightn+ _c be div]t$ f its c\rse by l(ty isolat$ conductors1 b t ! protection ( build+s f ?is species ( meteor c only be effect$ by conductors /ret*+ out 9 all directions4 ,pr(essor ,silliman /ates1 t lightn+-rods _c be reli$ ^u unless !y rea* ! e>? :]e x is p]man5tly wet2 & t ! be/ security is af=d$ by c>ry+ ! rod1 or "s good metallic conductor duly connect$ ) x1 to ! wat] 9 ! well1 or to "s o!r wat] t nev] fails4 ,! pr(essor's h\se1 x seems1 0 /ruck2 b 8 lightn+-rods 7 n m ?an two or ?ree in*es 9 ! gr\nd1 & 7 !re=e virtually ( no avail 9 protect+ ! build+4 ,,anci5t ,,lightn+-,,conductor4 ,humboldt in=ms u1 t 8! mo/ important anci5t notice ( ! relations betwe5 lightn+ & conduct+ metals is t ( ,ctesias1 9 8 ,indica1 cap4 iv4 p4 #aij4 ,he possess$ two iron swords1 pres5ts f ! k+ ,artax]xes ,mnemon & f 8 "m ,p>asytis1 :i*1 :5 plant$ 9 ! e>?1 av]t$ cl\ds1 hail1 & /rokes ( lightn+4 ,he _h himself se5 ! op]ation1 = ! k+ _h twice made ! exp]im5t be=e 8 eyes40--,cosmos1 vol4 ii4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,j]usalem ,,protect$ ,,f ,,lightn+4 ,we d n le>n1 ei!r f ! ,bible or ,josephus1 t ! ,temple at ,j]usalem 0 ev] /ruck by ,lightn+ dur+ an int]val ( m ?an a ?\s& ye>s1 f ! "t ( ,solomon to ! ye> #gj2 al?\gh1 f its situation1 x 0 completely expos$ to ! viol5t ?und]/orms ( ,pale/9e4 ,by a =tuit\s circum/ance1 ! ,temple 0 cr[n$ ) lightn+-conductors simil> to ^? :i* we n[ employ1 & :i* we owe to ,frankl9's discov]y4 ,! ro(1 con/ruct$ 9 :at we call ! ,italian mann]1 & cov]$ ) bo>ds ( c$>1 hav+ a ?ick coat+ ( gold1 0 g>ni%$ f end to end ) long po9t$ & gilt iron or /eel lances1 :i*1 ,josephus says1 7 int5d$ to prev5t birds f roo/+ on ! ro( & soil+ x4 ,! walls 7 ov]laid ?r\gh\t ) wood1 ?ickly gilt4 ,la/ly1 !re 7 9 ! c\rts ( ! ,temple ci/]ns1 into :i* ! ra9 f ! ro( 0 conduct$ by metallic pipes4 ,we h "h bo? ! lightn+-rods & a means ( conduction s abundant1 t ,li*t5b]g is q "r 9 say+ t _m ( ! pres5t app>atuses are f> f (f]+ 9 _! con/ruction s satisfactory a comb9ation ( circum/ances4--,abridg$ f ,arago's ,meteorological ,essays4 ,,h[ ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,ca!dral ,,is ,,protect$ ,,f ,,lightn+4 ,9 ,m>* #agfi1 ! ,dean & ,*apt] ( ,/4 ,paul's address$ a lett] to ! ,royal ,society1 reque/+ _! op9ion z to ! be/ & mo/ effectual me?od ( fix+ electrical conductors on ! ca!dral4 ,a committee 0 =m$ = ! purpose1 & ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 0 "o ( ! memb]s2 _! report 0 made1 & ! conductors 7 fix$ z foll[s3 ,! sev5 iron scrolls support+ ! ball & cross are connect$ ) o!r rods 7us$ m]ely z conductors71 :i* unite !m ) sev]al l>ge b>s1 desc5d+ obliquely to ! /one-"w ( ! lant]n1 & connect$ by an iron r+ ) f\r o!r iron b>s to ! lead cov]+ ( ! great cupola1 a di/ance ( =ty-eight feet2 !nce ! communication is cont9u$ by ! ra9-wat] pipes to ! lead-cov]$ ro(1 & !nce by lead wat]-pipes :i* pass into ! e>?2 ?us complet+ ! entire communication f ! cross to ! gr\nd1 p>tly ?r\gh iron1 & p>tly ?r\gh lead4 ,on ! clock-t[] a b> ( iron connects ! p9e-apple at ! top ) ! iron /aircase1 & !nce ) ! lead on ! ro( ( ! *ur*4 ,! bell-t[] is simil>ly protect$4 ,by ^! means ! metal us$ 9 ! build+ is made available z conductors2 ! metal employ$ m]ely = t purpose be+ exce$+ly small 9 quantity4--,curiosities ( ,london4 ,,v>i\s ,,effects ,,( ,,lightn+4 ,dr4 ,hibb]t tells u t ^u ! we/]n coa/ ( ,scotl& & ,irel&1 ,lightn+ cop]ates ) ! viol5ce ( ! /orm 9 %att]+ solid rocks1 & heap+ !m 9 piles ( enorm\s fragm5ts1 bo? on dry l& & b5ea? ! wat]4 ,eul] in=ms u1 9 8 ,lett]s to a ,g]man ,pr9cess1 t he correspond$ ) a ,moravian prie/ nam$ ,divis*1 :o assur$ him t he _h av]t$ dur+ a :ole summ] e ?und]/orm :i* ?reat5$ 8 own habitation & ! neighb\rhood1 by means ( a ma*9e con/ruct$ ^u ! pr9ciples ( electricity2 t ! ma*9]y s5sibly attract$ ! cl\ds1 & con/ra9$ !m to desc5d quietly 9 a di/illation1 )\t any b a v di/ant ?und]clap4 ,eul] assures u t 8! fact is und\bt$1 & confirm$ by irresi/ible pro(40 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahaa1 9 ! village ( ,phillip/hal1 9 ,ea/]n ,prussia1 an attempt 0 made to split an imm5se /one into a multitude ( pieces by means ( lightn+4 ,a b> ( iron1 9 ! =m ( a conductor1 0 previ\sly fix$ to ! /one2 & ! exp]im5t 0 att5d$ ) complete success2 = dur+ ! v fir/ ?und]/orm ! lightn+ bur/ ! /one )\t displac+ x4 ,! celebrat$ ,duhamel du ,monceau says1 t lightn+1 unaccompani$ by ?und]1 w9d1 or ra91 has ! prop]ty ( break+ oat-/alks4 ,! f>m]s are acqua9t$ ) ?is effect1 & say t ! lightn+ breaks d[n ! oats4 ,?is is a well-receiv$ op9ion ) ! f>m]s 9 ,devon%ire4 ,lightn+ has 9 "s cases ! prop]ty ( r$uc+ solid bodies to a%es1 or to pulv]isation1--ev5 ! human body1--)\t !re be+ any signs ( heat4 ,! effects ( lightn+ on p>alysis are v rem>kable1 9 "s cases cur+1 9 o!rs caus+1 t disease4 ,! return+ /roke ( lightn+ is well kn[n to be due to ! re/oration ( ! natural electric /ate1 aft] x has be5 di/urb$ by induction4 ,a ,,?und]/orm ,,se5 ,,f ,a ,,balloon4 ,mr4 ,john ,we/1 ! ,am]ican a]onaut1 9 8 obs]vations made dur+ 8 num]\s asc5ts1 describes a /orm view$ f above ! cl\ds to h ! appe>ance ( ebullition4 ,! bulg+ upp] surface ( ! cl\d resembles a va/ sea ( boil+ & upheav+ sn[2 ! noise ( ! fall+ ra9 is l t ( a wat]fall ov] a precipice2 ! ?und] above ! cl\d is n l\d1 & ! fla%es ( lightn+ appe> l /reaks ( int5sely :ite fire on a surface ( :ite vap\r4 ,he ?us describes a side view ( a /orm :i* he witness$ ,june #c1 #aheb1 9 8 balloon excursion f ,portsm\?1 ,ohio3 ,al?\gh ! sun 0 %9+ on me1 ! ra9 & small hail 7 rattl+ on ! balloon4 ,a ra9b[1 or prismatically-col\r$ ar* or horse-%oe1 0 reflect$ aga9/ ! sun2 & z ! po9t ( obs]vation *ang$ lat]ally & p]p5dicul>ly1 ! p]spective ( ?is gold5 grotto *ang$ its hues & =ms4 ,above & beh9d ?is ar* 0 go+ on ! mo/ t]rific ?und]2 b no zigzag lightn+ 0 p]ceptible1 only bright fla%es1 l explosions ( 8,roman c&les0 9 fireworks4 ,occasionally !re 0 a zigzag explosion 9 ! cl\d imm$iately bel[1 ! ?und] s\nd+ l a feu-de-joie ( a rifle-corps4 ,!n an orange-col\r$ wave ( light seem$ to fall f ! upp] to ! l[] cl\d2 ?is 0 8/ill-lightn+40 ,mean:ile int5se electrical action 0 go+ on 9 ! balloon1 su* z expansion1 tremul\s t5sion1 lift+ pap]s t5 feet out ( ! c> bel[ ! balloon & !n dropp+ !m1 c4 ,! close view ( ?is ,ohio /orm 0 truly sublime2 its ru%+ noise almo/ appall+4 ,asc5d+ f ! e>? ) a balloon1 9 ! re> ( a /orm1 & m\nt$ up a ?\s& feet above x1 ! balloon w soon ov]ride ! /orm1 & may desc5d 9 advance ( x4 ,mr4 ,we/ has exp]i5c$ ?is sev]al times4 ,,rem>kable ,,a]onautic ,,voyage4 ,mr4 ,sadl]1 ! celebrat$ a]onaut1 asc5d$ on "o occasion 9 a balloon f ,dubl91 & 0 waft$ across ! ,iri% ,*annel2 :51 on 8 approa* to ! ,wel% coa/1 ! balloon desc5d$ ne>ly to ! surface ( ! sea4 ,by ?is "t ! sun 0 set1 & ! %ades ( ev5+ began to close 94 ,he ?rew out ne>ly all 8 balla/1 & sudd5ly sprang upw>d to a great height2 & by s do+ br\ght 8 horizon to dip bel[ ! sun1 produc+ ! :ole ph5om5on ( a we/]n sunrise4 ,subsequ5tly desc5d+ 9 ,wales1 he ( c\rse witness$ a second sunset on ! same ev5+4--,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy4 ,physical ,geography ( ! ,sea4#dj ,,climates ,,( ,,! ,,sea4 ,! fauna & flora ( ! ,sea are z mu* ! creatures ( ,climate1 & are z dep5d5t = _! well-be+ ^u temp]ature1 z are ! fauna & flora ( ! dry l&4 ,7 x n s1 we %\ld f9d ! fi% & ! alg1 ! m>9e insect & ! coral1 di/ribut$ equally & alike 9 all p>ts ( ! ocean2 ! pol> :ale w\ld delight 9 ! torrid zone2 & ! habitat ( ! pe>l oy/] w\ld be also "u ! iceb]g1 or 9 frigid wat]s cold] ?an ! melt+ ice4 ,,! ,,circulation ,,( ,,! ,,sea4 ,! coral isl&s1 reefs1 & b$s ) :i* ! ,pacific ,ocean is /udd$ & g>ni%$1 7 built up ( mat]ials :i* a c]ta9 k9d ( insect qu>ri$ f ! sea-wat]4 ,! curr5ts ( ! sea m9i/]$ to ?is little insect2 !y 7 its hod-c>ri]s4 ,:5 fre% supplies ( solid matt] 7 want$ = ! coral rock ^u :i* ! f\ndations ( ! ,polynesian ,isl&s 7 laid1 ^! hod-c>ri]s br\ght !m 9 unfail+ /reams ( sea-wat]1 load$ ) food & build+-mat]ials = ! corall9e3 ! ob$i5t curr5ts ?read ! wide/ & ! deepe/ sea4 ,n[ we "k t its adaptations are suit$ to all ! wants ( e "o ( its inhabitants1--to ! wants ( ! coral insect z well z ^? ( ! :ale4 ,h5ce we "k t ! sea has its sy/em ( circulation3 = x transports mat]ials = ! coral rock f "o "p ( ! _w to ano!r2 its curr5ts receive !m f riv]s1 & h& !m ov] to ! little mason = ! /ructure ( ! mo/ /up5d\s works ( solid masonry t man has ev] se5--! coral isl&s ( ! sea4 ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,sea4 ,betwe5 ! hotte/ h\r ( ! day & ! colde/ h\r ( ! night !re is frequ5tly a *ange ( f\r degrees 9 ! ,temp]ature ( ! ,sea4 ,tak+ "o-fif? ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean = ! sc5e ( op]ation1 & ! diff]5ce ( f\r degrees to ext5d only t5 feet bel[ ! surface1 ! total & absolute *ange made 9 su* a mass ( sea-wat]1 by alt]+ its temp]ature two degrees1 is equival5t to a *ange 9 its volume ( #cij1jjj1jjj cubic feet4 ,,transp>5cy ,,( ,,! ,,ocean4 ,capta9 ,glynn1 ,u4,s4,n41 has made "s int]e/+ obs]vations1 rang+ ov] #bjj ( latitude1 9 diff]5t oceans1 9 v high latitudes1 & ne> ! equator4 ,8 app>atus 0 simple3 a common :ite d9n]-plate1 slung s z to lie 9 ! wat] horizontally1 & sunk by an iron pot ) a l9e4 ,numb]+ ! fa?oms at :i* ! plate 0 visible bel[ ! surface1 ,capta9 ,glynn saw x on two occasions1 at ! maximum1 tw5ty-five fa?oms 7#aej feet7 deep2 ! wat] 0 extraord9>ily cle>1 & to lie 9 ! boat & look d[n 0 l look+ d[n f ! ma/-head2 & ! objects 7 cle>ly def9$ to a great dep?4 ,,! ,,bas9 ,,( ,,! ,,atlantic4 ,9 its entire l5g?1 ! bas9 ( ?is sea is a long tr\gh1 sep>at+ ! ,old ,_w f ! ,new1 & ext5d+ probably f pole to pole4 ,?is ocean-furr[ 0 scor$ into ! solid cru/ ( our planet by ! ,almighty h&1 t !re ! wat]s :i* 8he call$ seas0 might be ga!r$ toge!r s z to 8let ! dry l& appe>10 & fit ! e>? = ! habitation ( man4 ,f ! top ( ,*imborazo to ! bottom ( ! ,atlantic1 at ! deepe/ place yet recognis$ by ! plummet 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 ! di/ance 9 a v]tical l9e is n9e miles4 ,c\ld ! wat]s ( ! ,atlantic be drawn (f1 s z to expose to view ?is great sea-ga%1 :i* sep>ates cont95ts1 & ext5ds f ! ,arctic to ! ,ant>ctic1 x w\ld pres5t a sc5e ! mo/ gr&1 rugg$1 & impos+4 ,! v ribs ( ! solid e>?1 ) ! f\ndations ( ! sea1 w\ld be br\ght to light2 & we %\ld h pres5t$ to u at "o view1 9 ! empty cradle ( ! ocean1 8a ?\s& fe>ful wrecks10 ) t dreadful array ( dead m5's skulls1 great an*ors1 heaps ( pe>ls & ine/imable /ones1 :i*1 9 ! dream]'s eye1 lie scatt]$ on ! bottom ( ! sea1 mak+ x hide\s ) sights ( ugly dea?4 ,,gales ,,( ,,! ,,atlantic4 ,lieut5ant ,maury has1 9 a s]ies ( *>ts ( ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,atlantic1 exhibit$1 by means ( col\rs1 ! preval5ce ( ,gales ov] ! m /ormy p>ts ( ! oceans = ea* mon? 9 ! ye>4 ,"o col\r %[s ! region 9 :i* !re is a gale e six days2 ano!r col\r e six to t5 days2 ano!r e t5 to f\rte5 days3 & !re is a sep>ate *>t = ea* mon? & ea* ocean4 ,,solitude ,,at ,,sea4 ,betwe5 ,humboldt's ,curr5t ( ,p]u & ! great equatorial fl[1 !re is 8a desolate region10 r>ely visit$ by ! :ale1 ei!r sp]m or "r4 ,=m]ly ?is "p ( ! ocean 0 seldom :it5$ by ! sails ( a %ip1 or enliv5$ by ! pres5ce ( man4 ,nei!r ! indu/rial pursuits ( ! sea nor ! highways ( comm]ce call$ him into x4 ,n[ & !n a rov+ cruis] or an ent]pris+ :alesman pass$ t way2 b to all else x 0 an unfrequ5t$ "p ( ! ocean1 & s rema9$ until ! gold-fields ( ,au/ralia & ! guano isl&s ( ,p]u made x a ?or\ghf>e4 ,all vessels b\nd f ,au/ralia to ,s\? ,am]ica n[ pass ?r\gh x2 & 9 ! j\rnals ( "s ( !m x is describ$ z a region almo/ void ( ! signs ( life 9 bo? sea & air4 ,9 ! ,s\?-,pacific ,ocean especially1 :]e !re is su* a wide expanse ( wat]1 sea-birds (t5 exhibit a companion%ip ) a vessel1 & w foll[ & keep company ) x ?r\gh /orm & calm = weeks toge!r4 ,ev5 ! albatross & ,cape pigeon1 t delight 9 ! /ormy regions ( ,cape ,horn & ! inhospitable climates ( ! ,ant>ctic regions1 n unfrequ5tly accompany vessels into ! p]petual summ] ( ! tropics4 ,! sea-birds t jo9 ! %ip z %e cle>s ,au/ralia w1 x is said1 foll[ h] to ?is region1 & !n disappe>4 ,ev5 ! *irp ( ! /ormy petrel ceases to be he>d "h1 & ! sea itself is said to be s+ul>ly b>r5 ( 8mov+ creatures t h life40 ,,bottles ,,& ,,curr5ts ,,at ,,sea4 ,seaf>+ p (t5 ?r[ a bottle ov]bo>d1 ) a pap] /at+ ! "t & place at :i* x is done4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( o!r in=mation z to ,curr5ts1 t af=d$ by ^! mute little navigators is ( great value4 ,!y leave no track beh9d !m1 x is true1 & _! r\tes _c be asc]ta9$2 b kn[+ :]e !y are ca/1 & see+ :]e !y are f\nd1 "s idea may be =m$ z to _! c\rse4 ,/raight l9es may at lea/ be drawn1 %[+ ! %orte/ di/ance f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( _! voyage1 ) ! "t elaps$4 ,admiral ,bee*ey has prep>$ a *>t1 repres5t+1 9 ?is way1 ! tracks ( m ?an #ajj bottles4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ! wat]s f e qu>t] ( ! ,atlantic t5d t[>ds ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & its /ream4 ,bottles ca/ into ! sea midway betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new ,worlds1 ne> ! coa/s ( ,europe1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica at ! extreme nor? or f>!/ s\?1 h be5 f\nd ei!r 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 or ! ,briti% ,isles1 or )9 ! well-kn[n range ( ,gulf-,/ream wat]s4 8,,! ,,horse ,,latitudes0 are ! belts ( calms & light airs :i* bord] ! pol> edge ( ! nor?-ea/ trade-w9ds4 ,!y are s call$ f ! circum/ance t vessels =m]ly b\nd f ,new ,engl& to ! ,we/ ,indies1 ) a deck-load ( horses1 7 (t5 s delay$ 9 ?is calm belt ( ,canc]1 t1 f ! want ( wat] = _! animals1 !y 7 compell$ to ?r[ a portion ( !m ov]bo>d4 8,,:ite ,,wat]0 ,,& ,,lum9\s ,,animals ,,at ,,sea4 ,capta9 ,k+man1 ( ! ,am]ican clipp]-%ip ,%oot+ ,/>1 9 lat4 #h #df ,s41 long4 #aje #cj ,e41 describes a pat* ( :ite wat]1 ab\t tw5ty-?ree miles 9 l5g?1 mak+ ! :ole ocean appe> l a pla9 cov]$ ) sn[4 ,he fill$ a #fj-;gallon tub ) ! wat]1 & f\nd x to conta9 small lum9\s p>ticles seem+ to be alive ) worms & insects1 resembl+ a gr& display ( rockets & s]p5ts se5 at a great di/ance 9 a d>k night2 "s ( ! s]p5ts appe>+ to be six in*es 9 l5g?1 & v lum9\s4 ,on be+ tak5 up1 !y emitt$ light until br\ght )9 a few feet ( a lamp1 :5 no?+ 0 visible2 b by aid ( a sextant's magnifi] !y c\ld be pla9ly se5--a jelly-l sub/ance1 )\t col\r4 ,a specim5 two in*es long 0 visible to ! nak$ eye2 x 0 ab\t ! size ( a l>ge hair1 & tap]$ at ! ends4 ,by br++ "o end )9 ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* ( a light$ lamp1 ! flame 0 attract$ t[>ds x1 & burn$ ) a r$ light2 ! sub/ance crisp$ 9 burn+1 some?+ l hair1 or appe>$ ( a r$ heat be=e be+ consum$4 ,9 a glass ( ! wat] !re 7 sev]al small r\nd sub/ances 7say #a_/af? ( an in* 9 diamet]7 :i* _h ! p[] ( exp&+ & contract+2 :5 exp&$1 ! out] rim appe>$ l a circul> saw1 ! tee? turn$ inw>d4 ,! sc5e f ! clipp]'s deck 0 "o ( awful gr&eur3 ! sea hav+ turn$ to phosphorus1 & ! heav5s be+ hung 9 blackness1 & ! />s go+ out1 seem$ to indicate t all nature 0 prep>+ = t la/ gr& conflagration :i* we are taught to believe w annihilate ?is mat]ial _w4 ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,log4 ,long be=e ! introduction ( ! ,log1 h\r-glasses 7 us$ to tell ! di/ance 9 sail+4 ,columbus1 ,juan de la ,cosa1 ,seba/ian ,cabot1 & ,vasco de ,gama1 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! ,log & its mode ( application2 & !y e/imat$ ! %ip's spe$ m]ely by ! eye1 :ile !y f\nd ! di/ance !y _h made by ! runn+-d[n ( ! s& 9 ! ampotellas1 or h\r-glasses4 ,! ,log = ! measurem5t ( ! di/ance trav]s$ is /at$ by writ]s on navigation n to h be5 inv5t$ until ! end ( ! sixte5? or ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7see ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #g? edition1 #ahdb74 ,! precise date is n kn[n2 b x is c]ta9 t ,pigafetta1 ! companion ( ,magellan1 speaks1 9 #aeba1 ( ! ,log z a well-kn[n means ( f9d+ ! c\rse pass$ ov]4 ,nav>ete places ! use ( ! log-l9e 9 ,engli% %ips 9 #aegg4 ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,sea-,,deeps4 ,! ocean teems ) life1 we "k4 ,( ! f\r elem5ts ( ! old philosoph]s1--fire1 e>?1 air1 & wat]1--p]haps ! sea mo/ ( all ab\nds ) liv+ creatures4 ,! space occupi$ on ! surface ( our planet by ! diff]5t families ( animals & _! rema9s is inv]sely z ! size ( ! individual2 ! small] ! animal1 g5]ally speak+1 ! great] ! space occupi$ by 8 rema9s4 ,take ! elephant & 8 rema9s1 & a microscopic animal & 81 & comp>e !m2 ! contra/ z to space occupi$ is z /rik+ z t ( ! coral reef or isl& ) ! dim5sions ( ! :ale4 ,! gravey>d t w\ld hold ! corall9es1 is l>g] ?an ! gravey>d t w\ld hold ! elephants4 ,,dep?s ,,( ,,ocean ,,& ,,air ,,unkn[n4 ,at "s few places "u ! tropics1 no bottom has be5 f\nd ) s\nd+s ( #bf1jjj feet1 or m ?an f\r miles2 :il/ 9 ! air1 if1 accord+ to ,wolla/on1 we may assume t x has a limit f :i* waves ( s\nd may be rev]b]at$1 ! ph5om5on ( twilight w\ld incl9e u to assume a height at lea/ n9e times z great4 ,! a]ial ocean re/s p>tly on ! solid e>?1 ^: m\nta9-*a9s & elevat$ plateaus rise l gre5 wood$ %oals1 & p>tly on ! sea1 ^: surface =ms a mov+ base1 on :i* re/ ! l[]1 d5s]1 & m saturat$ /rata ( air4--,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 i4 ,! old ,alex&rian ma!maticians1 on ! te/imony ( ,plut>*1 believ$ ! dep? ( ! sea to dep5d on ! height ( ! m\nta9s4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,d>l+ has prop\nd$ to ! ,briti% ,association ! !ory1 t z ! sea cov]s ?ree times ! area ( ! l&1 s x is reasonable to suppose t ! dep? ( ! ocean1 & t = a l>ge portion1 is ?ree times z great z ! height ( ! highe/ m\nta94 ,rec5t s\nd+s %[ dep?s 9 ! sea mu* great] ?an any elevations on ! surface ( ! e>?2 = a l9e has be5 ve]$ to ! ext5t ( sev5 miles4--,dr4 ,scoresby4 ,,greate/ ,,asc]ta9$ ,,dep? ,,( ,,! ,,sea4 ,9 ! dynamical !ory ( ! tides1 ! ratio ( ! effects ( ! sun & moon dep5ds1 n only on ! masses1 di/ances1 & p]iodic times ( ! two lum9>ies1 b also on ! ,dep? ( ! ,sea2 & ?is1 accord+ly1 may be comput$ :5 ! o!r quantities are kn[n4 ,9 ?is mann] ,pr(essor ,haughton has d$uc$1 f ! sol> & lun> coeffici5ts ( ! diurnal tide1 a mean dep? ( #eab miles2 a result :i* accords 9 a rem>kable mann] ) t inf]r$ f ! ratio ( ! semi-diurnal co-effici5ts z obta9$ by ,laplace f ! ,bre/ obs]vations4 ,pr(essor ,h5nessey /ates1 t f :at is n[ kn[n reg>d+ ! dep? ( ! ocean1 ! cont95ts w\ld appe> z plateaus elevat$ above ! oceanic depressions to an am\nt :i*1 al?\gh small comp>$ to ! e>?'s radius1 w\ld be consid]able :5 comp>$ to its outswell+ at ! equator & its flatt5+ t[>ds ! poles2 & ! surface ?us pres5t$ w\ld be ! true surface ( ! e>?4 ,! greate/ dep?s at :i* ! bottom ( ! sea has be5 rea*$ ) ! plummet are 9 ! ,nor?-,atlantic ,ocean2 & ! places :]e x has be5 fa?om$ 7by ! ,unit$-,/ates deep-sea s\nd+ app>atus7 d n %[ x to be deep] ?an #be1jjj feet #d miles1 #abic y>ds1 #a foot4 ,! deepe/ place 9 ?is ocean is probably betwe5 ! p>allels ( #ce & #dj nor? latitude1 & imm$iately to ! s\?w>d ( ! ,gr& ,banks ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,x appe>s t1 ) "o exception1 ! bottom ( ! ,nor?-,atlantic ,ocean1 z f> z exam9$1 f ! dep? ( ab\t sixty fa?oms to t ( m ?an two miles 7#bjjj fa?oms71 is lit]ally no?+ b a mass ( microscopic %ells4 ,n "o ( ! animalcules f ^! %ells has be5 f\nd liv+ 9 ! surface-wat]s1 nor 9 %all[ wat] along ! %ore4 ,h5ce arises ! "q1 ,d !y live on ! bottom1 at ! imm5se dep?s :]e ! %ells are f\nd2 or are !y borne by subm>9e curr5ts f _! real habitat8 ,,relative ,,levels ,,( ,,! ,,r$ ,,sea ,,& ,,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,fr5* eng9e]s1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 came to ! conclusion t ! ,r$ ,sea 0 ab\t ?irty feet above ! ,m$it]ranean3 b ! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 ! ,engli% eng9e]1 at ,suez2 ( ,m4 ,negretti1 ! ,au/rian1 at ,t9eh1 ne> ! anci5t ,pelusium2 & ! levell+s ( ,messrs4 ,talabat1 ,b\rdal\e1 & _! assi/ants betwe5 ! two seas2--h prov$ t ! l[-wat] m>k ( ord9>y tides at ,suez & ,t9eh is v ne>ly on ! same levels1 ! diff]5ce be+ t at ,suez x is r m ?an "o in* l[]4--,leon>d ,horn]2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 #ahee4 ,,! ,,dep? ,,( ,,! ,,m$it]ranean4 ,s\nd+s made 9 ! ,m$it]ranean suffice to indicate dep?s equal to ! av]age height ( ! m\nta9s gird+ r\nd ?is great bas92 &1 if "o p>ticul> exp]im5t may be cr$it$1 rea*+ ev5 to #ae1jjj feet--an equival5t to ! elevation ( ! highe/ ,alps4 ,?is s\nd+ 0 made ab\t n9ety miles ea/ ( ,malta4 ,betwe5 ,cyprus & ,egypt1 #fjjj feet ( l9e _h be5 let d[n )\t rea*+ ! bottom4 ,o!r deep s\nd+s h be5 made 9 o!r places ) simil> results4 ,9 ! l9es ( sea betwe5 ,egypt & ! ,ar*ipelago1 x is /at$ t "o s\nd+ made by ! ,t>t>us betwe5 ,alex&ria & ,rhodes rea*$ bottom at ! dep? ( #iijj feet2 ano!r1 betwe5 ,alex&ria & ,c&ia1 gave a dep? ( #cjj feet beyond ?is4 ,^! s+le s\nd+s1 inde$1 :e!r ( ocean or sea1 are always op5 to ! c]ta9ty t great] z well z less] dep?s mu/ exi/1 to :i* no l9e has ev] be5 sunk2 a case com+ "u t g5]al law ( probabilities s l>gely applicable 9 e "p ( physics4 ,9 ! ,m$it]ranean especially1 :i* has s _m aspects ( a sunk5 bas91 !re may be abysses ( dep? "h & !re :i* no plummet is ev] de/9$ to rea*4--,ed9burgh ,review4 ,,col\r ,,( ,,! ,,r$ ,,sea4 ,m4 ,ehr5b]g1 :ile navigat+ ! ,r$ ,sea1 obs]v$ t ! r$ col\r ( its wat]s 0 ow+ to enorm\s quantities ( a new animal1 :i* has receiv$ ! "n ( oscillatoria rubesc5s1 & :i* seems to be ! same ) :at ,hall] has describ$ z a purple conf]va swimm+ 9 wat]2 yet ,dr4 ,bon>1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,! ,des]t ( ,s9ai1 records3 ,blue ,i h call$ ! sea2 yet n /rictly s1 save 9 ! f> di/ance4 ,x is nei!r a r$ nor a blue sea1 b emphatically gre51--yes1 gre51 ( ! mo/ brilliant k9d ,i ev] saw4 ,?is is produc$ by ! imm5se tracts ( %all[ wat]1 ) yell[ s& b5ea?1 :i* always gives ?is gre5 to ! sea1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( v]dure on ! %ore or sea-we$s b5ea?4 ,! blue ( ! sky & ! yell[ ( ! s&s meet+ & int]m+l+ 9 ! wat]1 =m ! gre5 ( ! sea2 ! wat] be+ ! m$ium 9 :i* ! mix+ or fus+ ( ! col\rs takes place4 ,,:at ,,is ,,sea-,,milk8 ,! ph5om5a ) ?is "n & t ( 8,squid0 are occasion$ by ! pres5ce ( phosphoresc5t animalcules4 ,!y are especially produc$ 9 ! int]tropical seas1 & !y appe> to be *iefly abundant 9 ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea & 9 ! ,arabian ,gulf4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! ph5om5on 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts m ?an a c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 z may be se5 f a curi\s passage f ! geography ( ,aga?>cides3 8,along ?is c\ntry 7! coa/ ( ,arabia7 ! sea has a :ite aspect l a riv]3 ! cause ( ?is ph5om5on is a subject ( a/oni%m5t to u40 ,m4 ,quatrefages has discov]$ t ! ,noctiluc :i* produce ?is ph5om5on d n always give out cle> & brilliant sp>ks1 b t "u c]ta9 circum/ances ?is light is replac$ by a /eady cle>ness1 :i* gives 9 ^! animalcules a :ite col\r4 ,! wat]s 9 :i* !y h be5 obs]v$ d n *ange _! place to any s5sible degree4 ,,! ,,bottom ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,a ,,burial-,,place4 ,among ! m9ute %ells :i* h be5 fi%$ up f ! great telegraphic plateau at ! bottom ( ! sea betwe5 ,newf\ndl& & ,irel&1 ! microscope has fail$ to detect a s+le p>ticle ( s& or gravel2 & ! inf]5ce is1 t !re1 if any :]e1 ! wat]s ( ! sea are at re/4 ,!re is n motion en\gh !re to abrade ^! v delicate organisms1 nor curr5t en\gh to sweep !m ab\t & mix !m up ) a gra9 ( ! f9e/ s&1 nor ! smalle/ p>ticle ( gravel f ! loose b$s ( dbris t "h & !re /rew ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,! animalcul probably d n live or die !re4 ,!y w\ld h _h no light !re2 &1 if !y liv$ !re1 _! frail textures w\ld be subject$ 9 _! gr[? to a pressure ^u !m ( a column ( wat] #ab1jjj feet high1 equal to ! weight ( #djj atmosph]es4 ,!y probably live & sport ne> ! surface1 :]e !y c feel ! g5ial influ5ce ( bo? light & heat1 & are buri$ 9 ! li*5 caves bel[ aft] dea?4 ,x is n[ sugge/$1 t h5ce=w>d we %\ld view ! surface ( ! sea z a nurs]y teem+ ) nasc5t organisms1 & its dep?s z ! cemet]y = families ( liv+ creatures t outnumb] ! s&s on ! sea-%ore = multitude4 ,:]e !re is a nurs]y1 h>d by !re w be f\nd also a gravey>d1--su* is ! condition ( ! animal _w4 ,b x nev] occurr$ to u be=e to consid] ! surface ( ! sea z "o wide nurs]y1 its e ripple z a cradle1 & its bottom "o va/ burial-place4--,lieut4 ,maury4 ,,:y ,,is ,,! ,,sea ,,salt8 ,x has be5 repli$1 ,9 ord] to pres]ve x 9 a /ate ( purity2 :i* is1 h[ev]1 unt5able1 ma9ly f ! fact t organic impurities 9 a va/ body ( mov+ wat]1 :e!r fre% or salt1 become rapidly lo/1 s z app>5tly to h call$ =? a special ag5cy to arre/ ! total organis$ matt] 9 its f9al oscillation betwe5 ! organic & inorganic worlds4 ,?us c\ntless ho/s ( microscopic creatures sw>m 9 mo/ wat]s1 _! pr9cipal function be+1 z ,pr(essor ,ow5 surmises1 to fe$ ^u & ?us re/ore to ! liv+ *a9 ! almo/ unorganis$ matt] ( v>i\s zones4 ,^! creatures prey+ ^u "o ano!r1 & be+ prey$ ^u by o!rs 9 _! turn1 ! circulation ( organic matt] is kept up4 ,if we d n adopt ?is view1 we mu/ at lea/ look ^u ! ,infusoria & ,=am9if]a z scav5g] ag5ts to prev5t an undue accumulation ( decay+ matt]2 & ?us ! salt condition ( ! sea is n a necessity4 ,nor is ! am\nt ( sal9e matt] 9 ! sea suffici5t to arre/ decomposition4 ,t ! sea is salt to r5d] x ( great] d5sity1 & by l[]+ its freez+ po9t to pres]ve x f congelation to )9 a %ort] di/ance ( ! poles1 ?\gh admissible1 sc>cely meets ! entire solution ( ! "q4 ,! freez+ po9t ( sea-wat]1 = in/ance1 is only #c ,f4 l[] ?an t ( fre% wat]2 h5ce1 ) ! pres5t di/ribution ( l& & sea--& /ill less1 probably1 ) t :i* obta9$ 9 =m] geological epo*s--no v important effects w\ld h result$ _h ! ocean be5 fre% in/ead ( salt4 ,n[ ,pr(essor ,*apman1 ( ,toronto1 sugge/s t ! salt condition ( ! sea is ma9ly int5d$ to regulate evaporation1 & to prev5t an undue excess ( t ph5om5on2 saturat$ solutions evaporat+ m sl[ly ?an weak ones1 & ^! latt] m sl[ly aga9 ?an pure wat]4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a self-adju/+ ph5om5on & admirable contrivance 9 ! balance ( =ces4 ,if f any tempor>y cause !re be an unusual am\nt ( sal9e matt] 9 ! sea1 evaporation goes on ! m & m sl[ly2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if ?is proportion be r$uc$ by ! addition ( fre% wat] 9 undue excess1 ! evaporat+ p[] is ! m & m increas$--?us aid+ "t1 9 ei!r in/ance1 to re/ore ! balance4 ,! p]fect sy/em ( oceanic circulation may be ascrib$1 9 a great degree at lea/1 if n :olly1 to ! effect produc$ by ! salts ( ! sea ^u ! mobility & circulation ( its wat]s4 ,n[ ?is is an (fice :i* ! sea p]=ms 9 ! economy ( ! univ]se by virtue ( its saltness1 & :i* x c\ld n p]=m 7 its wat]s altoge!r fre%4 ,& ?us philosoph]s h a clue plac$ 9 _! h&s :i* w probably guide to "o ( ! _m hidd5 reasons t are embrac$ 9 ! true answ] to ! "q1 8,:y is ! sea salt80 ,,h[ ,,to ,,asc]ta9 ,,! ,,saltness ,,( ,,! ,,sea4 ,dry a t[el 9 ! sun1 weigh x c>efully1 & note its weight4 ,!n dip x into sea-wat]1 wr+ x suffici5tly to prev5t its dripp+1 & weigh x aga92 ! increase ( ! weight be+ t ( ! wat] imbib$ by ! clo?4 ,x %\ld !n be ?or\ghly dri$1 & once m weigh$2 & ! excess ( ?is weight above ! orig9al weight ( ! clo? %[s ! quantity ( ! salt reta9$ by x2 !n1 by comp>+ ! weight ( ?is salt ) t ( ! sea-wat] imbib$ by ! clo?1 we %all f9d :at proportion ( salt 0 conta9$ 9 ! wat]4 ,,all ,,! ,,salt ,,9 ,,! ,,sea4 ,! am\nt ( common ,salt 9 all ! oceans is e/imat$ by ,s*afhutl at #c1jea1cdb cubic geographical miles4 ,?is w\ld be ab\t five times m ?an ! mass ( ! ,alps1 & only "o-?ird less ?an t ( ! ,himalaya4 ,! sulphate ( soda equals #fcc1fddcf cubic miles1 or is equal to ! mass ( ! ,alps2 ! *loride ( magnesium1 #dda1haahj cubic miles2 ! lime salts1 #aji1ccidd cubic miles4 ,! above supposes ! mean dep? to be b #cjj metres1 z e/imat$ by ,humboldt4 ,admitt+1 ) ,laplace1 t ! mean dep? is #ajjj metres1 :i* is m probable1 ! mass ( m>9e salt w be m ?an d\ble ! mass ( ! ,himalaya4--,silliman's ,j\rnal1 ,no4 #af4 ,tak+ ! av]age dep? ( ! ocean at two miles1 & its av]age saltness at #c p] c5t1 x appe>s t !re is salt en\gh 9 ! sea to cov] to ! ?ickness ( "o mile an area ( #g1jjj1jjj ( squ>e miles4 ,admit a transf] ( su* a quantity ( matt] f an av]age ( half a mile above to "o mile bel[ ! sea-level1 & a/ronom]s w %[ by calculation t x w\ld alt] ! l5g? ( ! day4 ,^! #g1jjj1jjj ( cubic miles ( cry/al salt h n made ! sea any full]4 ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,sea-,,wat]4 ,! solid con/itu5ts ( sea-wat] am\nt to ab\t #c p] c5t ( its weight1 or ne>ly half an ounce to ! p\nd4 ,its saltness is caus$ z foll[s3 ,riv]s :i* are con/antly fl[+ into ! ocean conta9 salts v>y+ f #aj to #ej1 & ev5 #ajj1 gra9s p] gallon4 ,!y are *iefly common salt1 sulphate & c>bonate ( lime1 magnesia1#da soda1 pota%1 & iron2 & ^! are f\nd to con/itute ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( sea-wat]4 ,! wat] :i* evaporates f ! sea is ne>ly pure1 conta9+ b v m9ute traces ( salts4 ,fall+ z ra9 ^u ! l&1 x wa%es ! soil1 p]colates ?r\gh ! rocky lay]s1 & becomes *>g$ ) sal9e sub/ances1 :i* are borne seaw>d by ! return+ curr5ts4 ,! ocean1 !re=e1 is ! great depository ( e ?+ t wat] c dissolve & c>ry d[n f ! surface ( ! cont95ts2 & z !re is no *annel = _! escape1 !y consequ5tly accumulate 7,y\mans' ,*emi/ry74 ,!y w\ld con/antly accumulate1 z ?is v %rewd au?or rem>ks1 7 x n = ! %ells & insects ( ! sea & o!r ag5ts4 ,,sc5]y ,,& ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,arctic ,,regions4 ,! late ,dr4 ,scoresby1 f p]sonal obs]vations made 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-"o voyages to ! ,arctic ,regions1 ?us describes ^! /rik+ *>act]i/ics3 ,! coa/ sc5es ( ,gre5l& are g5]ally ( an abrupt "*1 ! m\nta9s frequ5tly ris+ 9 triangul> pr(ile2 s mu* s1 t x is sometimes n possible to effect _! asc5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notable *>act]i/ics ( ! ,arctic l&s is ! deception to :i* travell]s are liable 9 reg>d to di/ances4 ,! occasion ( ?is is ! quantity ( light reflect$ f ! sn[1 contra/$ ) ! d>k col\r ( ! rocks4 ,sev]al p]sons ( consid]able exp]i5ce h be5 deceiv$ 9 ?is way1 imag9+1 = example1 t !y 7 close to ! %ore :5 9 fact !y 7 m ?an tw5ty miles (f4 ,! trees ( ^! l&s are n m ?an ?ree in*es above gr\nd4 ,_m ( ! iceb]gs are five miles 9 ext5t1 & "s are to be se5 runn+ along ! %ore measur+ z mu* z ?irte5 miles4 ,dr4 ,scoresby has se5 a cliff ( ice support$ on ^? float+ masses #djb feet 9 height4 ,!re is no place 9 ! _w :]e animal life is to be f\nd 9 great] pr(usion ?an 9 ,gre5l&1 ,spitzb]g51 ,baff9's ,bay1 & o!r portions ( ! ,arctic regions4 ,?is is to be acc\nt$ = by ! abundance & ri*ness ( ! food suppli$ by ! sea4 ,! numb] ( birds is especially rem>kable4 ,on "o occasion1 no less ?an a million ( little hawks came 9 sight ( ,dr4 ,scoresby's %ip )9 a s+le h\r4 ,! v>i\s ph5om5a ( ! ,gre5l& sea are v int]e/+4 ,! diff]5t col\rs ( ! sea-wat]--olive or bottle-gre51 r$di%-br[n1 & mu/>d--h1 by ! aid ( ! microscope1 be5 f\nd to be ow+ to animalcul ( ^! v>i\s col\rs3 9 a s+le drop ( mu/>d-col\r$ wat] h be5 c\nt$ #bf1dej animals4 ,ano!r rem>kable *>act]i/ic ( ! ,gre5l& sea-wat] is its w>m temp]ature--"o1 two1 & ?ree degrees above ! freez+-po9t ev5 9 ! cold season4 ,?is ,dr4 ,scoresby acc\nts = by suppos+ ! fl[ 9 t direction ( w>m curr5ts f ! s\?4 ,! pol> fields ( ice are to be f\nd f eight or n9e to ?irty or =ty feet 9 ?ickness4 ,by fa/5+ a hook twelve or tw5ty in*es 9 ^! masses ( ice1 a %ip c\ld ride out 9 safety ! heavie/ gales4 ,,iceb]g ,,( ,,! ,,pol> ,,seas4 ,! ice ( ?is b]g1 al?\gh opaque & vascul>1 is true glaci] ice1 hav+ ! fracture1 lu/re1 & o!r ext]nal *>act]s ( a ne>ly homog5e\s gr[?4 ,! iceb]g is true ice1 & is always dread$ by %ips4 ,inde$1 ?\gh modifi$ by climate1 & especially by ! alt]nation ( day & night1 ! pol> glaci] mu/ be reg>d$ z /rictly atmosph]ic 9 its increm5ts1 & n ess5tially diff]+ f ! glaci] ( ! ,alps4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( a b]g may be comp>$ to fro/$ silv]2 b :5 its fractures are v ext5sive1 ! expos$ faces h a v brilliant lu/re4 ,no?+ c be m exquisite ?an a fre%1 cleanly fractur$ b]g surface3 x rem9ds "o ( ! rec5t cleavage ( sulphate ( /rontian--a resemblance m /rik+ f ! slightly lazulitic t+e ( ea*4--,u4 ,s4 ,gr9nel ,exp$ition 9 ,se>* ( ,sir ,j4 ,frankl94 ,,imm5sity ,,( ,,pol> ,,ice4 ,! quantity ( solid matt] t is drift$ out ( ! ,pol> ,seas ?r\gh "o op5+--,davis's ,/raits--alone1 & dur+ a "p ( ! ye> only1 cov]s to ! dep? ( sev5 feet an area ( #cjj1jjj squ>e miles1 & weighs n less ?an #ah1jjj1jjj1jjj tons4 ,! quantity ( wat] requir$ to float & drive out ?is solid matt] is probably _m times great] ?an ?is4 ,a quantity ( wat] equal 9 weight to ^! two masses has to g 94 ,! bas9 to receive ^! infl[+ wat]s1 i4 e4 ! unexplor$ bas9 ab\t ! ,nor? ,pole1 includes an area ( #a1ejj1jjj squ>e miles2 & z ! outfl[+ ice & wat] are at ! surface1 ! return curr5t mu/ be subm>9e4 ,^! two curr5ts1 !re=e1 x may be p]ceiv$1 keep 9 motion betwe5 ! temp]ate & pol> regions ( ! e>? a volume ( wat]1 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! mighty ,mississippi 9 its greate/ floods s9ks d[n to a m]e rill4--,maury4 ,,op5 ,,sea ,,at ,,! ,,pole4 ,! foll[+ fact is /rik+3 ,9 #affb-c1 ,mr4 ,old5burg1 ,secret>y to ! ,royal ,society1 0 ord]$ to regi/] a pap] entitl$ 8,sev]al ,inquiries conc]n+ ,gre5l&1 answ]$ by ,mr4 ,gray1 :o _h visit$ ^? p>ts40 ,! n9ete5? qu]y 01 8,h[ ne> any "o ha? be5 kn[n to approa* ! ,pole4 ,answ]4 ,i once met ^u ! coa/ ( ,gre5l& a ,holl&]1 t swore he _h be5 b half a degree f ! ,pole1 %[+ me 8 j\rnal1 :i* 0 also atte/$ by 8 mate2 :]e !y _h se5 no ice or l&1 b all wat]40 ,boyle m5tions a simil> acc\nt1 :i* he receiv$ f an old ,gre5l& ma/]1 on ,april #e1 #agfe4 ,,riv]-,,wat] ,,on ,,! ,,ocean4 ,capta9 ,sab9e f\nd discol\r$ wat]1 suppos$ to be t ( ! ,amazon1 #cjj miles di/ant 9 ! ocean f ! emb\*ure ( t riv]4 ,x 0 ab\t #abf feet deep4 ,its specific gravity 0 #ajbjd1 & ! specific gravity ( ! sea-wat] #ajbfb4 ,?is appe>s to be ! greate/ di/ance f l& at :i* riv]-wat] has be5 detect$ on ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,x 0 e/imat$ to be mov+ at ! rate ( ?ree miles an h\r1 & _h be5 turn$ aside by an ocean-curr5t4 8,x is n a little curi\s to reflect10 says ,sir ,h5ry de la ,be*e1 8t ! agitation & resi/ance ( its p>ticles %\ld be suffici5t to keep f9ely comm9ut$ solid matt] me*anically susp5d$1 s t x w\ld n be dispos$ freely to "p ) x except at its junction ) ! sea-wat] ov] :i* x fl[s1 & :]e1 f friction1 x is suffici5tly ret>d$40 ,,! ,,?ames ,,& ,,its ,,salt-,,wat] ,,b$4 ,! ,?ames bel[ ,woolwi*1 9 place ( fl[+ ^u a solid bottom1 really fl[s ^u ! liquid bottom =m$ by ! wat] ( ! sea4 ,at ! fl[ ( ! tide1 ! fre% wat] is rais$1 z x 71 9 a s+le mass by ! salt wat] :i* fl[s 91 & :i* asc5ds ! b$ ( ! riv]1 :ile ! fre% wat] cont9ues to fl[ t[>ds ! sea4--,mr4 ,/ev5son1 9 ,jameson's ,j\rnal4 ,,fre% ,,spr+s ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,( ,,! ,,ocean4 ,on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ! isl& ( ,cuba1 at a few miles f l&1 ,spr+s ( ,fre% ,wat] gu% f ! b$ ( ! ,ocean1 probably "u ! influ5ce ( hydro/atic pressure1 & rise ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! salt wat]4 ,!y issue =? ) su* =ce t boats are cauti\s 9 approa*+ ?is locality1 :i* has an ill repute on acc\nt ( ! high cross sea ?us caus$4 ,trad+ vessels sometimes visit ^! spr+s to take 9 a supply ( fre% wat]1 :i* is ?us obta9$ 9 ! op5 sea4 ,! great] ! dep? f :i* ! wat] is tak51 ! fre%] x is f\nd to be4 8,,! ,,black ,,wat]s40 ,9 ! upp] portion ( ! bas9 ( ! ,or9oco & its tribut>ies1 ,nature has sev]al times repeat$ ! enigmatical ph5om5on ( ! s-call$ 8,black ,wat]s40 ,! ,atabapo1 ^: banks are adorn$ ) ,c>ol9ias & arboresc5t ,mela/omas1 is a riv] ( a c(fee-br[n col\r4 ,9 ! %ade ( ! palm-groves ?is col\r seems ab\t to pass into ink-black4 ,:5 plac$ 9 transp>5t vessels1 ! wat] appe>s ( a gold5 yell[4 ,! image ( ! ,s\!rn ,con/ellation is reflect$ ) wond]ful cle>ness 9 ^! black /reams4 ,:5 _! wat]s fl[ g5tly1 !y af=d to ! obs]v]1 :5 tak+ a/ronomical obs]vations ) reflect+ in/rum5ts1 a mo/ excell5t artificial horizon4 ,^! wat]s probably owe _! peculi> col\r to a solution ( c>burett$ hydrog51 to ! luxuriance ( ! tropical vegetation1 & to ! quantity ( plants & h]bs on ! gr\nd ov] :i* !y fl[4--,humboldt's ,aspects ( ,nature1 vol4 i4 ,,great ,,cat>act ,,9 ,,india4 ,:]e ! riv] ,%irhawti1 betwe5 ,bombay & ,cape ,comor91 falls into ! ,gulf ( ,arabia1 x is ab\t "o-f\r? ( a mile 9 wid?1 & 9 ! ra9y season "s ?irty feet 9 dep?4 ,?is imm5se body ( wat] ru%es d[n a rocky slope #cjj feet1 at an angle ( #de1 at ! bottom ( :i* x makes a p]p5dicul> plunge ( #hej feet into a black & dismal abyss1 ) a noise l ! l\de/ ?und]4 ,! :ole desc5t is !re=e #aaej feet1 or sev]al times t ( ,niag>a2 b ! volume ( wat] 9 ! latt] is some:at l>g] ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,,cause ,,( ,,waves4 ,! friction ( ! w9d comb9es ) ! tide 9 agitat+ ! surface ( ! ocean1 &1 accord+ to ! !ory ( undulations1 ea* produces its effect indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4 ,w9d1 h[ev]1 n only raises waves1 b causes a transf] ( sup]ficial wat] also4 ,attraction betwe5 ! p>ticles ( air & wat]1 z well z ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 br+s its l[] /ratum into adhesive contact ) ! surface ( ! sea4 ,if ! motion ( ! w9d be p>allel to ! surface1 !re w /ill be friction1 b ! wat] w be smoo? z a mirror2 b if x be incl9$1 9 h[ev] small a degree1 a ripple w appe>4 ,! friction raises a m9ute wave1 ^: elevation protects ! wat] beyond x f ! w9d1 :i* consequ5tly imp+es on ! surface at a small angle3 ?us ea* impulse1 comb9+ ) ! o!r1 produces an undulation :i* cont9ually advances4--,mrs4 ,som]ville's ,physical ,geography4 ,,rate ,,at ,,:i* ,,waves ,,travel4 ,pr(essor ,ba*e /ates1 z "o ( ! effects ( an e>?quake at ,simoda1 on ! isl& ( ,niphon1 9 ,japan1 t ! h>b\r 0 fir/ empti$ ( wat]1 & !n came 9 an enorm\s wave1 :i* aga9 rec$$ & left ! h>b\r dry4 ,?is occurr$ sev]al times4 ,! ,unit$-,/ates self-act+ tide-gauge at ,san ,francisco1 :i* records ! rise ( ! tide ^u cyl9d]s turn$ by clocks1 %[$ t at ,san ,francisco1 #dhjj miles f ! sc5e ( ! e>?quake1 ! fir/ wave arriv$ twelve h\rs & sixte5 m9utes aft] x _h rec$$ f ! h>b\r ( ,simoda4 ,x _h travell$ across ! broad bosom ( ! ,pacific ,ocean at ! rate ( six miles & a half a m9ute1 & arriv$ on ! %ores ( ,cali=nia3 ! fir/ wave be+ sev5-t5?s ( a foot 9 height1 & la/+ = ab\t half an h\r1 foll[$ by sev5 less] waves1 at int]vals ( half an h\r ea*4 ,! velocity ) :i* a wave travels dep5ds on ! dep? ( ! ocean4 ,! late/ calculations = ! ,pacific ,ocean give a dep? ( f #ad1jjj to #ah1jjj fa?oms4 ,x is rem>kable h[ ! e/imates ( ! ocean's dep? h gr[n less4 ,laplace assum$ x at t5 miles1 ,:ewell at #ce1 :ile ! above e/imate br+s x d[n to two miles4 ,mr4 ,f9dlay /ates1 t ! dynamic =ce ex]t$ by ,sea-,waves is greate/ at ! cre/ ( ! wave be=e x breaks2 & its p[] 9 rais+ itself is measur$ by v>i\s facts4 ,at ,wasburg1 9 ,norway1 9 #ahbj1 x rose #djj feet2 & on ! coa/ ( ,cornwall1 9 #ahdc1 #cjj feet4 ,! au?or %[s t waves h sometimes rais$ a column ( wat] equival5t to a pressure ( f ?ree to five tons ! squ>e foot4 ,he also proves t ! velocity ( ! waves dep5ds on _! l5g?1 & t waves ( f #cjj to #djj feet 9 l5g? f cre/ to cre/ travel f tw5ty to tw5ty-sev5 & a half miles an h\r4 ,waves travel great di/ances1 & are (t5 rais$ by di/ant hurricanes1 hav+ be5 felt simultane\sly at ,/4 ,hel5a & ,asc5sion1 ?\gh #fjj miles ap>t2 & x is probable t gr\nd-swells (t5 orig9ate at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 #cjjj miles di/ant4 ,dr4 ,scoresby f\nd ! travell+ rate ( ! ,atlantic waves to be #cbfg ,engli% /atute miles p] h\r4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahef1 a heavy gr\nd-swell1 br\ght on by five h\rs' gale1 sc\r$ away 9 f\rte5 h\rs #c1ijj1jjj tons ( pebbles f ! coa/ ne> ,dov]2 b 9 ?ree days1 )\t any %ift ( w9d1 upw>ds ( #c1jjj1jjj tons 7 ?r[n back aga94 ,^! figures are to a c]ta9 ext5t conjectural2 b ! quantities h be5 d]iv$ f c>eful measurem5t ( ! pr(ile ( ! bea*4 ,,ocean-,,highways3 ,,h[ ,,sea-,,r\tes ,,h ,,be5 ,,%ort5$4 ,:5 "o looks seaw>d f ! %ore1 & sees a %ip disappe> 9 ! horizon z %e ga9s an (f+ on a voyage to ,india1 or ! ,antipodes p]haps1 ! common idea is t %e is b\nd ov] a trackless wa/e2 & ! *ances ( ano!r %ip sail+ ) ! same de/9ation ! next day1 or ! next week1 com+ up & speak+ ) h] on ! 8pa?less ocean10 w\ld to mo/ m9ds seem sl5d] inde$4 ,yet ! tru? is1 ! w9ds & ! curr5ts are n[ becom+ s well und]/ood1 t ! navigator1 l ! backwoodsman 9 ! wild]ness1 is enabl$ lit]ally to 8blaze 8 way0 across ! ocean2 n1 inde$1 ^u trees1 z 9 ! wild]ness1 b ^u ! w+s ( ! w9d4 ,! results ( sci5tific inquiry h s taught him h[ to use ^! invisible c\ri]s1 t !y1 ) ! calm belts ( ! air1 s]ve z sign-bo>ds to indicate to him ! turn+s & =ks & cross+s by ! way4 ,let a %ip sail f ,new ,york to ,cali=nia1 & ! next week let a fa/] "o foll[2 !y w cross ea* o!r's pa? _m times1 & are almo/ sure to see ea* o!r by ! way1 z 9 ! voyage ( two f9e clipp]-%ips f ,new ,york to ,cali=nia4 ,on ! n9? day aft] ! ,ar*] _h sail$1 ! ,fly+ ,cl\d put to sea4 ,bo? %ips 7 runn+ aga9/ "t1 b )\t ref]5ce to ea* o!r4 ,! ,ar*]1 ) w9d & curr5t *>ts 9 h&1 w5t blaz+ h] way across ! calms ( ,canc]1 & along ! new r\te d[n ?r\gh ! nor?-ea/ trades to ! equator2 ! ,cl\d foll[$1 cross+ ! equator ^u ! trail ( ,?omas ( ! ,ar*]4 ,(f ,cape ,horn %e came up ) him1 spoke him1 & h&$ him ! late/ ,new ,york dates4 ,! ,fly+ ,cl\d f9ally rang$ ahead1 made h] adieus1 & disappe>$ among ! cl\ds t l[]$ ^u ! we/]n horizon1 be+ de/9$ to rea* h] port a week or m 9 advance ( h] ,cape ,horn consort4 ,?\gh sight+ no l& f ! "t ( _! sep>ation until !y ga9$ ! (f+ ( ,san ,francisco1--"s six or eight ?\s& miles (f1--! tracks ( ! two vessels 7 s ne>ly ! same1 t be+ project$ ^u ! *>t1 !y appe> almo/ z "o4 ,?is is ! great c\rse ( ! ocean3 x is #ae1jjj miles 9 l5g?4 ,"s ( ! mo/ glori\s trials ( spe$ & ( pr[ess t ! _w ev] witness$ among %ips t 8walk ! wat]s0 h tak5 place ov] x4 ,"h ! mod]n clipp]-%ip--! noble/ "w t has ev] come f ! h&s ( man--has be5 s5t1 guid$ by ! lights ( sci5ce1 to cont5d ) ! elem5ts1 to out/rip /eam1 & a/oni% ! _w4--,maury4 ,,error ,,^u ,,error4 ,! great inducem5t to ,mr4 ,babbage1 "s ye>s s9ce1 to attempt ! con/ruction ( a ma*9e by :i* a/ronomical tables c\ld be calculat$ & ev5 pr9t$ by me*anical means1 & ) entire accuracy1 0 ! errors 9 ! requisite tables4 ,n9ete5 su* errors1 9 po9t ( fact1 7 discov]$ 9 an edition ( ,taylor's ,log>i?ms pr9t$ 9 #agif2 "s ( :i* might h l$ to ! mo/ dang]\s results 9 calculat+ a %ip's place4 ,^! n9ete5 errors 7( :i* "o only 0 an error ( ! press7 7 po9t$ out 9 ! ,nautical ,almanac = #ahcb4 ,9 "o ( ^! errata1 ! seat ( ! error 0 /at$ to be 9 cos9e ( #ad #ah #c4 ,subsequ5t exam9ation %[$ t !re 0 an error ( "o second 9 ?is correction1 & accord+ly1 9 ! ,nautical ,almanac ( ! next ye> a new correction 0 necess>y4 ,b 9 mak+ ! new correction ( "o second1 a new error 0 committ$ ( t5 degrees1 mak+ x /ill necess>y1 9 "s future edition ( ! ,nautical ,almanac1 to ins]t an erratum 9 an erratum ( ! errata 9 ,taylor's ,log>i?ms4--,ed9burgh ,review1 vol4 #ei4 ,ph5om5a ( ,heat4 ,,! ,,l5g? ,,( ,,! ,,day ,,& ,,! ,,heat ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,z we may judge ( ! uni=mity ( temp]ature f ! unalt]$ "t ( vibration ( a p5dulum1 s we may also le>n f ! unalt]$ rotatory velocity ( ! e>? ! am\nt ( /ability 9 ! mean temp]ature ( our globe4 ,?is is ! result ( "o ( ! mo/ brilliant applications ( ! k we _h long possess$ ( ! movem5t ( ! heav5s to ! !rmic condition ( our planet4 ,! rotatory velocity ( ! e>? dep5ds on its volume2 & s9ce1 by ! gradual cool+ ( ! mass by radiation1 ! axis ( rotation w\ld become %ort]1 ! rotatory velocity w\ld necess>ily increase1 & ! l5g? ( ! day dim9i% ) a decrease ( ! temp]ature4 ,f ! comp>ison ( ! secul> inequalities 9 ! motions ( ! moon ) ! eclipses obs]v$ 9 =m] ages1 x foll[s t1 s9ce ! "t ( ,hipp>*us1--t is1 = full #bjjj ye>s1--! l5g? ( ! day has c]ta9ly n dim9i%$ by ! hundr$? "p ( a second4 ,! decrease ( ! mean heat ( ! globe dur+ a p]iod ( #bjjj ye>s has n !re=e1 tak+ ! extreme/ limits1 dim9i%$ z mu* z #a_/cjf? ( a degree ( ,fahr5heit4#db--;,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 i4 ,,nice ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,heat4 ,a delicate !rmomet]1 plac$ on ! gr\nd1 w be affect$ by ! passage ( a s+le cl\d across a cle> sky2 & if a succession ( cl\ds pass ov]1 ) int]vals ( cle> sky betwe5 !m1 su* an in/rum5t has be5 obs]v$ to fluctuate accord+ly1 ris+ ) ea* pass+ mass ( vap\r1 & fall+ aga9 :5 ! radiation becomes unre/ra9$4 ,,exp5diture ,,( ,,heat ,,by ,,! ,,sun4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el e/imates ! total ,exp5diture ( ,heat by ! ,sun 9 a giv5 "t1 by suppos+ a cyl9d] ( ice #de miles 9 diamet] to be cont9ually d>t$ into ! sun ) ! velocity ( light1 & t ! wat] produc$ by its fusion 7 cont9ually c>ri$ (f3 ! heat n[ giv5 (f con/antly by radiation w\ld !n be :olly exp5d$ 9 its liquefaction1 on ! "o h&1 s z to leave no radiant surplus2 :ile1 on ! o!r1 ! actual temp]ature at its surface w\ld und]go no dim9ution4 ,! great my/]y1 h[ev]1 is to conceive h[ s enorm\s a conflagration 7if su* x be7 c be kept up4 ,e discov]y 9 *emical sci5ce "h leaves u completely at a loss1 or r seems to remove fur!r ! prospect ( probable explanation4 ,if conjecture might be haz>d$1 we %\ld look r to ! kn[n possibility ( an indef9ite g5]ation ( heat by friction1 or to its excitem5t by ! electric dis*>ge1 ?an to any combu/ion ( pond]able fuel1 :e!r solid or gase\s1 = ! orig9 ( ! sol> radiation4--,outl9es4#dc ,,di/9ctions ,,( ,,heat4 ,among ! curi\s laws ( mod]n sci5ce are ^? :i* regulate ! transmission ( radiant heat ?r\gh transp>5t bodies4 ,! heat ( our fires is int]cept$ & deta9$ by scre5s ( glass1 &1 be+ s deta9$1 w>ms !m2 :ile sol> heat passes freely ?r\gh & produces no su* effect4 8,! m rec5t rese>*es ( ,del>o*e10 says ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 8h[ev]1 h %[n t ?is det5tion is complete only :5 ! temp]ature ( ! s\rce ( heat is l[2 b t z ! temp]ature gets high] a portion ( ! heat radiat$ acquires a p[] ( p5etrat+ glass1 & t ! quantity :i* does s be>s cont9ually a l>g] & l>g] proportion to ! :ole1 z ! heat ( ! radiant body is m int5se4 ,?is discov]y is v important1 z x e/abli%es a community ( nature betwe5 sol> & t]re/rial heat2 :ile at ! same "t x leads u to reg>d ! actual temp]ature ( ! sun z f> exce$+ t ( any e>?ly flame40 ,,lat5t ,,heat4 ,?is extraord9>y pr9ciple exi/s 9 all bodies1 & may be press$ out ( !m4 ,! blacksmi? hamm]s a nail until x becomes r$ hot1 & f x he lights ! mat* ) :i* he k9dles ! fire ( 8 =ge4 ,! iron has by ?is process become m d5se1 & p]cussion w n aga9 produce inc&esc5ce until ! b> has be5 expos$ 9 fire to a r$ heat1 :5 x absorbs heat1 ! p>ticles are re/or$ to _! =m] /ate1 & we c aga9 by hamm]+ develop bo? heat & light4--,r4 ,hunt1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,heat ,,& ,,evaporation4 ,9 a communication made to ! ,fr5* ,academy1 ,m4 ,daubre calculates t ! ,evaporation ( ! ,wat] on ! surface ( ! globe employs a quantity ( heat ab\t equal to "o-?ird ( :at is receiv$ f ! sun2 or1 9 o!r words1 equal to ! melt+ ( a b$ ( ice ne>ly ?irty-five feet 9 ?ickness if spread ov] ! globe4 ,,heat ,,& ,,me*anical ,,p[]4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ,heat & ,me*anical ,p[] are mutually conv]tible2 & t ! relation betwe5 !m is def9ite1 #ggb foot-p\nds ( motive p[] be+ equival5t to a unit ( heat1 t is1 to ! am\nt ( heat requisite to raise a p\nd ( wat] ?r\gh "o degree ( ,fahr5heit4 ,,heat ,,( ,,m9es4 ,"o cause ( ! great ,heat ( _m ( our deep ,m9es1 :i* appe>s to h be5 entirely lo/ sight (1 is ! *emical action go+ on ^u l>ge masses ( pyritic matt] 9 _! vic9ity4 ,! heat1 :i* is s oppressive 9 ! ,unit$ ,m9es 9 ,cornwall t ! m9]s "w ne>ly nak$1 & ba! 9 wat] at #hj to cool !mselves1 is )\t d\bt due to ! decomposition ( imm5se quantities ( ! sulphurets ( iron & copp] kn[n to be 9 ?is condition at a %ort di/ance f ^! m9]al works4--,r4 ,hunt1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,vibration ,,( ,,heat$ ,,metals4 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,trevelyan discov]$ accid5tally t a b> ( iron1 :5 heat$ & plac$ ) "o end on a solid block ( lead1 9 cool+ vibrates consid]ably1 & produces s\nds simil> to ^? ( an olian h>p4 ,! same effect is produc$ by b>s ( copp]1 z9c1 brass1 & bell-metal1 :5 heat$ & plac$ on blocks ( lead1 t91 or pewt]4 ,! b>s 7 f\r in*es long1 "o in* & a half wide1 & ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,! conditions ess5tial to ^! exp]im5ts are1 ,t two diff]5t metals mu/ be employ$--! "o s(t & possess$ ( mod]ate conduct+ p[]s1 viz4 lead or t91 ! o!r h>d2 & x matt]s n :e!r s(t metal be employ$ = ! b> or block1 provid$ ! s(t metal be cold & ! h>d metal heat$4 ,t ! surface ( ! block %all be unev51 = :5 r5d]$ q smoo? ! vibration does n take place2 b ! b> _c be too smoo?4 ,t no matt] be int]pos$1 else x w prev5t vibration1 ) ! exception ( a burni% ( gold leaf1 ! ?ickness ( :i* _c am\nt to ! two-hundr$-?\s&? "p ( an in*4--,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh4 ,,expansion ,,( ,,spirits4 ,spirits exp& & become light] by means ( heat 9 a great] proportion ?an wat]1 :]e=e !y are heavie/ 9 w9t]4 ,a cubic in* ( br&y has be5 f\nd by _m exp]im5ts to weigh t5 gra9s m 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 ! diff]5ce be+ betwe5 f\r drams ?irty-two gra9s & f\r drams =ty-two gra9s4 ,liquor-m]*ants take advantage ( ?is circum/ance1 & make _! pur*ases 9 w9t] r ?an 9 summ]1 because !y get 9 reality r a l>g] quantity 9 ! same bulk1 buy+ by measure4--,notes 9 ,v>i\s ,sci5ces4 ,,heat ,,pass+ ,,?r\gh ,,glass4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t is by ,mr4 ,fox ,talbot3 ,heat a pok] bright-r$ hot1 & hav+ op5$ a w9d[1 apply ! pok] quickly v ne> to ! outside ( a pane1 & ! h& to ! inside2 a /rong heat w be felt at ! in/ant1 :i* w cease z soon z ! pok] is )drawn1 & may be aga9 r5ew$ & made to cease z quickly z be=e4 ,n[ x is well kn[n1 t if a piece ( glass is s mu* w>m$ z to convey ! impression ( heat to ! h&1 x w reta9 "s "p ( t heat = a m9ute or m2 b 9 ?is exp]im5t ! heat w vani% 9 a mom5t3 x w n1 !re=e1 be ! heat$ pane ( glass t we %all feel1 b heat :i* has come ?r\gh ! glass 9 a free or radiant /ate4 ,,heat ,,f ,,gas-,,light+4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahce1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,:ite asc]ta9$ ! temp]ature 9 ! ,city to be #c high] ?an ?ree miles s\? ( ,london ,bridge2 & aft] ! gas _h be5 light$ 9 ! ,city f\r or five h\rs ! temp]ature increas$ full #c1 ?us mak+ #f diff]5ce 9 ! ?ree miles4 ,,heat ,,by ,,friction4 ,friction z a s\rce ( ,heat is well kn[n3 we rub our h&s to w>m !m1 & we grease ! axles ( c>riage-:eels to prev5t _! sett+ fire to ! wood4 ,c\nt ,rum=d has e/abli%$ ! extraord9>y fact1 t an unlimit$ supply ( heat may be d]iv$ f friction by ! same mat]ials3 he made great quantities ( wat] boil by caus+ a blunt bor] to rub aga9/ a mass ( metal imm]s$ 9 ! wat]4 ,savages light _! fires by rubb+ two pieces ( wood3 ! modus op]&i1 z practis$ by ! ,kaffirs ( ,s\? ,africa1 is ?us describ$ by ,capta9 ,drayton3 ,two dry /icks1 "o be+ ( h>d & ! o!r ( s(t wood1 7 ! mat]ials us$4 ,! s(t /ick 0 laid on ! gr\nd1 & held firmly d[n by "o ,kaffir1 :il/ ano!r employ$ himself 9 scoop+ out a little hole 9 ! c5tre ( x ) ! po9t ( 8 assagy3 into ?is little holl[ ! end ( ! h>d wood 0 plac$1 & held v]tically4 ,^! two m5 sat face to face1 "o tak+ ! v]tical /ick betwe5 ! palms ( 8 h&s1 & mak+ x twi/ ab\t v quickly1 :ile ! o!r ,kaffir held ! l[] /ick firmly 9 its place2 ! friction caus$ by ! end ( "o piece ( wood revolv+ ^u ! o!r soon made ! two pieces smoke4 ,:5 ! ,kaffir :o twi/$ became tir$1 ! respective duties 7 ex*ang$4 ,^! op]ations hav+ cont9u$ ab\t a c\ple ( m9utes1 sp>ks began to appe>1 & :5 !y became num]\s1 7 ga!r$ into "s dry grass1 :i* 0 !n swung r\nd at arm's l5g? until a blaze 0 e/abli%$2 & a ro>+ fire 0 gladd5+ ! he>ts ( ! ,kaffirs ) ! anticipation ( a glori\s fea/ 9 ab\t t5 m9utes f ! "t t ! op]ation 0 fir/ comm5c$4 ,,heat ,,by ,,friction ,,f ,,ice4 ,:5 ,sir ,humphry ,davy 0 /udy+ m$ic9e at ,p5zance1 "o ( 8 con/ant associates 0 ,mr4 ,tom ,h>vey1 a druggi/ 9 ! above t[n4 ,!y con/antly exp]im5t$ toge!r2 & "o sev]e w9t]'s day1 aft] a discussion on ! nature ( heat1 ! "y philosoph]s 7 induc$ to g to ,l>igan riv]1 :]e ,davy succe$$ 9 develop+ heat by rubb+ two pieces ( ice toge!r s z to melt ea* o!r2#dd an exp]im5t :i* he repeat$ ) mu* clat _m ye>s aft]1 9 ! z5i? ( 8 celebrity1 at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,! pieces ( ice = ?is exp]im5t are fa/5$ to ! ends ( two /icks1 & rubb$ toge!r 9 air bel[ ! temp]ature ( #cb3 ?is ,davy readily accompli%$ on ! day ( sev]e cold at ! ,l>igan riv]2 b :5 ! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 x 0 9 ! vacuum ( an air-pump1 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! app>atus & ( ! surr\nd+ air 0 bel[ #cb4 ,x 0 rem>k$1 t :5 ! surface ( ! rubb+ pieces 0 r\gh1 only half z mu* heat 0 evolv$ z :5 x 0 smoo?4 ,:5 ! pressure ( ! rubb+ piece 0 increas$ f\r times1 ! proportion ( heat evolv$ 0 increas$ sev5fold4 ,,w>m+ ,,) ,,ice4 ,9 common language1 any ?+ is und]/ood to be cool$ or w>m$ :5 ! temp]ature !re( is made high] or l[]1 :atev] may h be5 ! temp]ature :5 ! *ange 0 comm5c$4 ,?us x is said t melt$ iron is cool$ d[n to a sub-r$ heat1 or m]cury is cool$ f ! freez+ po9t to z]o1 or f> bel[4 ,by ! same rule1 solid m]cury1 say #ej bel[ z]o1 may1 9 any climate or temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 be imm$iately w>m$ & melt$ by be+ imb$d$ 9 a cake ( ice4--,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,,repulsion ,,by ,,heat4 ,if wat] is p\r$ ^u an iron sieve1 ! wires ( :i* are made r$-hot1 x w n run ?r\gh2 b on cool+1 x w pass ?r\gh rapidly4 ,m4 ,b\tigny1 pursu+ ?is curi\s inquiry1 has prov$ t ! moi/ure ^u ! sk9 is suffici5t to protect x f disorganisation if ! arm is plung$ into ba?s ( melt$ metal4 ,! resi/ance ( ! surfaces is s great t little elevation ( temp]ature is exp]i5c$4 ,pr(essor ,plck] has /at$1 t by wa%+ ! arm ) e!r previ\sly to plung+ x into melt$ metal1 ! s5sation produc$ :ile 9 ! molt5 mass is t ( freez+ coldness4--,r4 ,hunt1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,protection ,,f ,,int5se ,,heat4 ,! s+ul> p[] :i* ! body possesses ( resi/+ great heats1 & ( brea?+ air ( high temp]atures1 has at v>i\s times excit$ popul> wond]4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury "s curi\s exp]im5ts 7 made on ?is subject4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,dr4 ,sol&]1 & ,sir ,*>les ,blagd51 ent]$ a room 9 :i* ! air _h a temp]ature ( #aih ,fahr41 & rema9$ t5 m9utes4 ,subsequ5tly !y ent]$ ! room sep>ately1 :5 ,dr4 ,sol&] f\nd ! heat #baj1 & ,sir ,joseph #baa1 :il/ _! bodies pres]v$ _! natural degree ( heat4 ,:5ev] !y brea!d ^u a !rmomet]1 x sank sev]al degrees2 e inspiration gave coolness to _! no/rils1 & _! brea? cool$ _! f+]s :5 x rea*$ !m4 ,sir ,*>les ,blagd5 ent]$ an ap>tm5t :5 ! heat 0 #a or #b above #bfj1 & rema9$ eight m9utes1 mo/ly on ! coole/ spot1 :]e ! heat 0 above #bdj4 ,?\gh v hot1 ,sir ,*>les felt no pa93 dur+ sev5 m9utes 8 brea?+ 0 good2 b he !n felt an oppression 9 8 lungs1 & 8 pulse 0 #add1 d\ble its ord9>y quickness4 ,to prove ! heat ( ! room1 eggs & a beef/eak 7 plac$ ^u a t9 frame ne> ! !rmomet]1 :5 9 tw5ty m9utes ! eggs 7 roa/$ h>d1 & 9 =ty-sev5 m9utes ! /eak 0 dress$ dry2 & :5 ! air 0 put 9 motion by a pair ( bell[s ^u ano!r /eak1 "p ( x 0 well done 9 ?irte5 m9utes4 ,x is rem>kable1 t 9 ^! exp]im5ts ! same p]son :o exp]i5c$ no inconv5i5ce f air heat$ to #baa1 c\ld j be> rectifi$ spirits ( w9e at #acj1 cool+ oil at #abi1 cool+ wat] at #abc1 & cool+ quicksilv] at #aag4 ,sir ,francis ,*antrey1 ! sculptor1 h[ev]1 expos$ himself to a temp]ature /ill high] ?an any yet m5tion$1 z describ$ by ,sir ,david ,brew/]3 ,! furnace :i* he employs = dry+ 8 m\lds is ab\t f\rte5 feet long1 twelve feet high1 & twelve feet broad4 ,:5 x is rais$ to its highe/ temp]ature1 ) ! doors clos$1 ! !rmomet] /&s at #cej1 & ! iron floor is r$-hot4 ,! workm5 (t5 ent] x at a temp]ature ( #cdj1 walk+ ov] ! iron floor ) wood5 clogs1 :i* are ( c\rse *>r$ on ! surface4 ,on "o occasion1 ,mr4 ,*antrey1 accompani$ by five or six ( 8 fri5ds1 ent]$ ! furnace2 & aft] rema9+ two m9utes !y br\ght out a !rmomet] :i* /ood at #cbj4 ,"s ( ! p>ty exp]i5c$ %>p pa9s 9 ! tips ( _! e>s & 9 ! septum ( ! nose1 :ile o!rs felt a pa9 9 _! eyes4--,natural ,magic1 #ahcc4 ,9 "s cases ! clo?+ worn by ! exp]im5t]s conducts away ! heat4 ,?us1 9 #ahbh1 a ,spani>d ent]$ a heat$ ov51 at ! ,new ,tivoli1 ne> ,p>is2 he sang a song :ile a f[l 0 roa/$ by 8 side1 he !n ate ! f[l & drank a bottle ( w9e1 & on com+ out 8 pulse beat #agf1 & ! !rmomet] 0 at #aaj ,reaumur4 ,he !n /ret*$ himself ^u a plank 9 ! ov5 surr\nd$ by light$ c&les1 :5 ! m\? ( ! ov5 0 clos$2 he rema9$ !re five m9utes1 & on be+ tak5 out1 all ! c&les 7 ext+ui%$ & melt$1 & ! ,spani>d's pulse beat #bjj4 ,n[ mu* ( ! surprise ceases :5 x is add$ t he wore wide wooll5 pantaloons1 a loose mantle ( wool1 & a great quilt$ cap2 ! sev]al mat]ials ( ?is clo?+ be+ bad conductors ( heat4 ,9 #ahbi ,m4 ,*ab]t1 ! 8,fire-,k+10 exhibit$ simil> feats at ! ,argyll ,rooms 9 ,reg5t ,/reet4 ,he fir/ swall[$ =ty gra9s ( phosphorus1 !n two spoonfuls ( oil at #ccj1 & next held 8 head ov] ! fumes ( sulphuric acid4 ,he _h previ\sly provid$ himself ) an antidote = ! poison ( ! phosphorus4 ,dress$ 9 a loose wooll5 coat1 he !n ent]$ a heat$ ov51 & 9 five m9utes cook$ two /eaks2 he !n came out ( ! ov51 :5 ! !rmomet] /ood at #chj4 ,^u ano!r occasion1 at ,:ite ,conduit ,h\se1 "s ( 8 feats 7 detect$4 ,! sci5tific secret is z foll[s3 ,muscul> tissue is an extremely bad conductor2 & to ?is 9 a great measure ! con/ancy ( ! temp]ature ( ! human body 9 v>i\s zones is to be attribut$4 ,to ?is fact also ,sir ,*>les ,blagd5 & ,*antrey ow$ _! safety 9 expos+ _! bodies to a high temp]ature2 f ! almo/ imp]vi\s "* ( ! tissues ( ! body1 ! irritation produc$ 0 conf9$ to ! surface4 ,magnetism & ,electricity4 ,,magnetic ,,hypo!ses4 ,z an in/ance ( ! ob/acles :i* errone\s hypo!ses ?r[ 9 ! way ( sci5tific discov]y1 ,pr(essor ,f>aday adduces ! unsuccessful attempts t _h be5 made 9 ,engl& to educe ,magnetism f ,electricity until ,o]/$ %[$ ! simple way4 ,f>aday relates1 t :5 he came to ! ,royal ,in/itution z an assi/ant 9 ! laboratory1 he saw ,davy1 ,wolla/on1 & ,"y try+1 by e way t sugge/$ itself to !m1 to produce magnetic effects f an electric curr5t2 b hav+ _! m9ds div]t$ f ! true c\rse by _! exi/+ hypo!ses1 x did n occur to !m to try ! effect ( hold+ a wire ?r\gh :i* an electric curr5t 0 pass+ ov] a susp5d$ magnetic ne$le4 ,_h !y done s1 z ,o]/$ aft]w>ds did1 ! imm$iate deflection ( ! ne$le w\ld h prov$ ! magnetic prop]ty ( an electric curr5t4 ,f>aday has %[n t ! magnetism ( a /eel b> is caus$ by ! accumulat$ action ( all ! p>ticles ( :i* x is compos$3 ?is he proves by fir/ magnetis+ a small /eel b>1 & !n break+ x successively into small] & small] pieces1 ea* "o ( :i* possesses a sep>ate pole2 & ! same op]ation may be cont9u$ until ! p>ticles become s small z n to be di/+ui%able )\t a microscope4 ,we quote ! above f a late ,numb] ( ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 :]e9 also we f9d ! foll[+ noble tribute to ! g5ius & public & private wor? ( ,f>aday3 ,! public nev] c "k & appreciate ! national value ( su* a man z ,f>aday4 ,he does n "w to please ! public1 nor to w9 its gu9eas2 & ! said public1 if ask$ its op9ion z to ! practical value ( 8 rese>*es1 c see no possible practical issue !re4 ,! public does n "k t we ne$ prophets m ?an me*anics 9 sci5ce1--inspir$ m51 :o1 by pati5t self-d5ial & ! ex]cise ( ! high intellectual gifts ( ! ,creator1 br+ u intellig5ce ( ,8 do+s 9 ,nature4 ,to !m _! pursuits are good 9 !mselves4 ,_! *ief rew>d is ! delight ( be+ admitt$ into communion ) ,nature1 ! pleasure ( trac+ out & proclaim+ h] laws1 :olly =getful :e!r ^? laws w ev] augm5t our bank]'s acc\nt or improve our k ( cook]y4 ,su* m51 ?\gh n hon\r$ by ! title ( 8practical10 are !y :i* make practical m5 possible4 ,!y br+ u ! tam$ =ces ( ,nature1 & leave x to o!rs to contrive ! ma*9]y to :i* !y may be yok$4 ,if we are rightly in=m$1 x 0 ,f>adaic electricity :i* %ot ! glad tid+s ( ! fall ( ,seba/opol f ,balaklava to ,v>na4 ,_h ?is man conv]t$ 8 tal5t to comm]cial purposes1 z s _m d1 we %\ld n l to set a limit to 8 pr(essional income4 ,! quality ( 8 s]vices _c be express$ by p\nds2 b t brave body1 :i* = =ty ye>s has be5 ! in/rum5t ( t great s\l1 is a fit object = a nation's c>e1 z ! a*ievem5ts ( ! man are1 or w "o day be1 ! object ( a nation's pride & gratitude4 ,,! ,,*9ese ,,& ,,! ,,magnetic ,,ne$le4 ,m ?an a ?\s& ye>s be=e our era1 a p liv+ 9 ! extreme/ ea/]n portions ( ,asia _h magnetic c>riages1 on :i* ! movable arm ( ! figure ( a man cont9ually po9t$ to ! s\?1 z a guide by :i* to f9d ! way across ! b\ndless grass-pla9s ( ,t>t>y2 nay1 ev5 9 ! ?ird c5tury ( our era1 !re=e at lea/ #gjj ye>s be=e ! use ( ! m>9]'s compass 9 ,european seas1 ,*9ese vessels navigat$ ! ,indian ,ocean "u ! direction ( ,magnetic ,ne$les po9t+ to ! s\?4 ,n[ ! ,we/]n nations1 ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 knew t magnetism c\ld be communicat$ to iron1 & t t metal w\ld reta9 x = a l5g? ( "t4 ,! great discov]y ( ! t]re/rial directive =ce dep5d$1 !re=e1 alone on ?is--t no "o 9 ! ,we/ _h happ5$ to obs]ve an elongat$ fragm5t ( magnetic iron-/one1 or a magnetic iron rod1 float+ by ! aid ( a piece ( wood 9 wat]1 or susp5d$ 9 ! air by a ?read1 9 su* a position z to admit ( free motion4--,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 i4 ,,kir*]',s 8,,magnetism40 ,m ?an two c5turies s9ce1 ,a?anasius ,kir*] publi%$ 8 /range book on ,magnetism1 9 :i* he anticipat$ ! suppos$ virtue ( magnetic traction 9 ! curative art1 & advocat$ ! magnetism ( ! sun & moon1 ( ! div9+-rod1 & %[$ 8 firm belief 9 animal magnetism4 8,9 speak+ ( ! vegetable _w10 says ,mr4 ,hunt1 8& ! rem>kable processes by :i* ! leaf1 ! fl[]1 & ! fruit are produc$1 ?is sage br+s =w>d ! fact ( ! diamagnetic 7repell$ by ! magnet7 "* ( ! plant :i* 0 9 #aheb r$iscov]$2 & he ref]s ! motions ( ! sunfl[]1 ! clos+ ( ! convolvulus1 & ! directions ( ! spiral =m$ by ! tw9+ plants1 to ?is p>ticul> influ5ce40#de ,nor 7 ,kir*]'s anticipations r&om guesses1 b ! result ( d$uctions f exp]im5t & obs]vation2 & ! univ]sality ( magnetism is n[ almo/ recognis$ by philosoph]s4 ,,m9ute ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,"t4 ,by obs]v+ ! magnet 9 ! highly-conv5i5t & delicate mann] introduc$ by ,gauss & ,web]1 :i* consi/s 9 atta*+ a mirror to ! magnet & det]m9+ ! con/ant factor necess>y to conv]t ! diff]5ces ( oscillation into diff]5ces ( "t1 ,pr(essor ,helmholtz has be5 able1 ) comp>atively simple app>atus1 to make accurate det]m9ations up to ! #a_/ajjjj? "p ( a second4 ,,p[] ,,( ,a ,,magnet4 ,! ,p[] ( a ,magnet is e/imat$ by ! weight its poles are able to c>ry4 ,ea* pole s+ly is able to support a small] weight ?an :5 !y bo? act toge!r by means ( a keep]1 = :i* reason horse-%oe magnets are sup]ior to b> magnets ( simil> dim5sions & "*4 ,x has fur!r be5 asc]ta9$ t small magnets h a mu* great] relative =ce ?an l>ge ones4 ,:5 magnetism is excit$ 9 a piece ( /eel 9 ! ord9>y mode1 by friction ) a magnet1 x w\ld seem t its inductive p[] is able to ov]come ! co]cive p[] ( ! /eel only to a c]ta9 dep? bel[ ! surface2 h5ce we see :y small pieces ( /eel1 especially if n v h>d1 are able to c>ry great] relative weights ?an l>ge magnets4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton wore 9 a r+ a magnet weigh+ only #c gra9s1 :i* w\ld lift #gfj gra9s1 i4 e4 #bej times its own weight4 ,b>-magnets are seldom f\nd capable ( c>ry+ m ?an _! own weight2 b horse-%oe magnets ( simil> /eel w be> consid]ably m4 ,small ones ( f half an ounce to #a ounce 9 weight w c>ry f #cj to #dj times _! own weight2 :ile su* z weigh f #a to #b lbs4 w r>ely c>ry m ?an f #aj to #ae times _! weight4 ,! writ] f\nd a #a lb4 horse-%oe magnet t he impregnat$ by means ( ! fe$] able to be> #bf times its own weight2 & ,fis*]1 hav+ adopt$ ! l mode ( magnetis+ ! /eel1 :i* he also c>efully heat$1 has made magnets ( f #a to #c lbs4 weight t w\ld c>ry #cj times1 & o!rs ( f #d to #f lbs4 weight t w\ld c>ry #bj times1 _! own weight4--,pr(essor ,pes*el4 ,,h[ ,,artificial ,,magnets ,,are ,,made4 ,9 #agej1 ,mr4 ,canton1 ,f4,r4,s41 8"o ( ! mo/ successful exp]im5t]s 9 ! gold5 age ( electricity10#df communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society 8 8,me?od ( mak+ ,artificial ,magnets )\t ! use ( natural ones40 ,?is he effect$ by us+ a pok] & tongs to communicate magnetism to /eel b>s4 ,he d]iv$ 8 fir/ h9t f obs]v+ !m "o ev5+1 z he 0 sitt+ by ! fire1 to be ne>ly 9 ! same direction ) ! e>? z ! dipp+ ne$le4 ,he !nce conclud$ t !y mu/1 f _! position & ! frequ5t bl[s !y receive1 h acquir$ "s magnetic virtue1 :i* on trial he f\nd to be ! case2 & !re=e he employ$ !m to impregnate 8 b>s1 in/ead ( hav+ rec\rse to ! natural load/one4 ,^u ! read+ ( ! above pap]1 ,canton exhibit$ to ! ,royal ,society 8 exp]im5ts1 = :i* ! ,copley ,m$al 0 aw>d$ to him 9 #agea4 ,canton _h1 z e>ly z #agdg1 turn$ 8 att5tion1 ) complete success1 to ! production ( p[]ful artificial magnets1 pr9cipally 9 consequ5ce ( ! exp5se ( procur+ ^? made by ,dr4 ,g[an ,knight1 :o kept 8 process secret4 ,canton = sev]al ye>s ab/a9$ f communicat+ 8 me?od ev5 to 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds1 le/ x might be injuri\s to ,dr4 ,knight1 :o procur$ consid]able pecuni>y advantages by t\*+ ne$les = ! m>9]'s compass4 ,at l5g? ,dr4 ,knight's me?od ( mak+ artificial magnets 0 communicat$ to ! _w by ,mr4 ,wilson1 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! #fi? volume ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,he provid$ himself ) a l>ge quantity ( clean iron-fil+s1 :i* he put into a capaci\s tub ab\t half full ( cle> wat]2 he !n agitat$ ! tub to & fro = sev]al h\rs1 until ! fil+s 7 r$uc$ by attrition to an almo/ impalpable p[d]4 ,?is p[d] 0 !n dri$1 & =m$ into pa/e by admixture ) l9se$-oil4 ,! pa/e 0 !n m\ld$ into conv5i5t %apes1 :i* 7 expos$ to a mod]ate heat until !y _h atta9$ a suffici5t degree ( h>dness4 ,aft] all[+ !m to rema9 = "s "t 9 ?is /ate1 ,dr4 ,knight gave !m _! magnetic virtue 9 any direction he pleas$1 by plac+ !m betwe5 ! extreme ends ( 8 l>ge magaz9e ( artificial magnets = a second or m1 z he saw occasion4 ,by ?is me?od ! virtue !y acquir$ 0 su*1 t :5 any "o ( ^! pieces 0 held betwe5 two ( 8 be/ t5-gu9ea b>s1 ) its poles purposely inv]t$1 x imm$iately ( itself turn$ ab\t to recov] its natural direction1 :i* ! =ce ( ^? v p[]ful b>s 0 n suffici5t to c\nt]act4 ,dr4 ,knight's p[]ful batt]y ( magnets above m5tion$ is 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,society1 hav+ be5 pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,john ,fo!rgill 9 #aggf4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,sun',s ,,rays ,,9 ,,increas+ ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,magnets4 ,pr(essor ,b>locci f\nd t an arm$ natural load/one1 :i* w\ld c>ry #a ,roman p\nds1 _h its p[] ne>ly d\bl$ by tw5ty-f\r h\rs' exposure to ! /rong light ( ! sun4 ,m4 ,zant$es*i f\nd t an artificial horse-%oe load/one1 :i* c>ri$ #ac oz41 c>ri$ #c m by ?ree days' exposure1 & at la/ arriv$ to #ca oz4 by cont9u+ x 9 ! sun's light4 ,he f\nd t :ile ! /r5g? increas$ 9 oxidat$ magnets1 x dim9i%$ 9 ^? :i* 7 n oxidat$1 ! dim9ution becom+ ins5sible :5 ! load/one 0 highly poli%$4 ,he n[ conc5trat$ ! sol> rays ^u ! load/one by means ( a l5s2 & he f\nd t1 bo? 9 oxidat$ & poli%$ magnets1 !y acquire /r5g? :5 _! nor? pole is expos$ to ! sun's rays1 & lose /r5g? :5 ! s\? pole is expos$4--,sir ,david ,brew/]4 ,,col\r ,,( ,a ,,body ,,& ,,its ,,magnetic ,,prop]ties4 ,sol> rays blea* dead vegetable matt] ) rapidity1 :ile 9 liv+ p>ts ( plants _! action is frequ5tly to /r5g!n ! col\r4 ,_! p[] is p]haps be/ se5 on ! sides ( pea*es1 apples1 c41 :i*1 expos$ to a midsumm]'s sun1 become highly col\r$4 ,9 ! op5 w9t] ( #ahej1 ,mr4 ,adie1 ( ,liv]pool1 f\nd 9 a wallfl[] plant pro( ( a l effect3 9 ! d>k mon?s !re 0 a sl[ succession ( "o or two fl[]s1 ( uni=m pale yell[ hue2 9 ,m>* /reaks ( a d>k] col\r appe>$ on ! fl[]s1 & cont9u$ to sl[ly increase till 9 ,april !y 7 v>iegat$ br[n & yell[1 ( ri* /rong col\rs4 ,on ! supposition t ^! *anges are ref]able to magnetic prop]ties1 may h]eaft] be expla9$ ,mrs4 ,som]ville's exp]im5ts on /eel ne$les expos$ to ! sun's rays "u envelopes ( silk ( v>i\s col\rs2 ! magnetisation ( /eel ne$les has fail$ 9 ! col\r$ rays ( ! spectrum1 b ,mr4 ,adie consid]s t "u dy$ silk ! effect w h+e on ! *emical *ange wr\ght 9 ! silk & its dye by ! sol> rays4 ,,! ,,onion ,,& ,,magnetism4 ,a popul> notion has long be5 curr5t1 m especially on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 t if a magnetic rod be rubb$ ) an onion1 or br\ght 9 contact ) ! emanations ( ! plant1 ! directive =ce w be dim9i%$1 :ile a compass ?us treat$ w mislead ! /e]sman4 ,x is difficult to conceive :at c\ld h giv5 rise to s s+ul> a popul> error4#dg--;,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 v4 ,,decl9ation ,,( ,,! ,,ne$le--,,! ,,e>? ,a ,,magnet4 ,! ,incl9ation or ,dip ( ! ,ne$le 0 fir/ record$ by ,rob]t ,norman1 9 a sc>ce book publi%$ 9 #aegf entitl$ ,! ,new ,attractive2 conta9+ a %ort ,disc\rse ( ! ,magnet or ,load/one1 c4 ,columbus has n only ! m]it ( be+ ! fir/ to discov] a l9e )\t magnetic v>iation1 b also ( hav+ fir/ excit$ a ta/e = ! /udy ( t]re/rial magnetism 9 ,europe1 by means ( 8 obs]vations on ! progressive increase ( we/]n decl9ation 9 rec$+ f t l9e4 ,! fir/ *>t %[+ ! v>iation ( ! compass1#dh or ! decl9ation ( ! ne$le1 bas$ on ! idea ( employ+ curves drawn ?r\gh po9ts ( equal decl9ation1 is due to ,halley1 :o is ju/ly entitl$ ! fa!r & f\nd] ( t]re/rial magnetism4 ,& x is curi\s to f9d t 9 ,no4 #aie ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 9 #afhc1 ,halley _h previ\sly express$ 8 belief t he has put x pa/ d\bt t ! globe ( ! e>? is "o great magnet1 hav+ f\r magnetical poles or po9ts ( attraction1 ne> ea* pole ( ! equator two2 & t 9 ^? p>ts ( ! _w :i* lie ne> adjac5t to any "o ( ^? magnetical poles1 ! ne$le is *iefly gov]n$ !reby1 ! ne>e/ pole be+ always pr$om9ant ov] ! m remote4 8,to ,halley0 7says ,sir ,john ,h]s*el7 8we owe ! fir/ appreciation ( ! real complexity ( ! subject ( magnetism4 ,x is wond]ful inde$1 & a /rik+ pro( ( ! p5etration & sagacity ( ?is extraord9>y man1 t ) 8 means ( in=mation he %\ld h be5 able to draw su* conclusions1 & to take s l>ge & compreh5sive a view ( ! subject z he appe>s to h done40 ,&1 9 our "t1 8! e>? is a great magnet10 says ,f>aday3 8its p[]1 accord+ to ,gauss1 be+ equal to t :i* w\ld be conf]r$ if e cubic y>d ( x conta9$ six "o-p\nd magnets2 ! sum ( ! =ce is !re=e equal to #h1dfd1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj su* magnets40 ,,! ,,aurora ,,borealis4 ,halley1 ^u 8 return f 8 voyage to v]ify 8 !ory ( ! v>iation ( ! compass1 9 #agjj1 haz>d$ ! conjecture t ! ,aurora ,borealis is a magnetic ph5om5on4 ,& ,f>aday's brilliant discov]y ( ! evolution ( light by magnetism has rais$ ,halley's hypo!sis1 en\nc$ 9 #agad1 to ! rank ( an exp]im5tal c]ta9ty4 ,,effect ,,( ,,light ,,on ,,! ,,magnet4 ,9 #ahed1 ,sir ,john ,ross /at$ to ! ,briti% ,association1 9 pro( ( ! effect ( e description ( light on ! magnet1 t dur+ 8 la/ voyage 9 ! ,felix1 :5 froz5 9 ab\t "o hundr$ miles nor? ( ! magnetic pole1 he conc5trat$ ! rays ( ! full moon on ! magnetic ne$le1 :5 he f\nd x 0 five degrees attract$ by x4 ,,magneto-,,electricity4 ,9 #ahbj1 ! ,copley ,m$al 0 adjudicat$ to ,m4 ,o]/$ ( ,cop5hag51 8:510 says ,dr4 ,:ewell1 8! philosoph] ann\nc$ t ! conduct+-wire ( a voltaic circuit acts ^u a magnetic ne$le2 & ?us recall$ into activity t endeav\r to connect magnetism ) electricity :i*1 ?\gh app>5tly on _m acc\nts s hopeful1 _h hi!rto be5 att5d$ ) no success4 ,o]/$ f\nd t ! ne$le has a t5d5cy to place itself at "r angles to ! wire2 a k9d ( action altoge!r diff]5t f any :i* _h be5 suspect$40 ,,electro-,,magnets ,,( ,,! ,,horse-,,%oe ,,=m 7 discov]$ by ,/urgeon 9 #ahbe4 ,( two ,magnets made by a process devis$ by ,m4 ,elias1 & manufactur$ by ,m4 ,logemeur at ,ha]lem1 "o1 a s+le horse-%oe magnet weigh+ ab\t #a lb41 lifts #bh lbs42 ! o!r1 a triple horse-%oe magnet ( ab\t #aj lbs4 weight1 is capable ( lift+ ab\t #aej lbs4 ,simil> magnets are made by ! same p]son capable ( support+ #e cwt4 ,9 ! process ( mak+ !m1 a helix ( copp] & a galvanic batt]y are us$4 ,! small] magnet has twice ! p[] express$ by ,haeck]'s =mula = ! be/ artificial /eel magnet4 ,subsequ5tly ,h5ry & ,t5 ,eyk1 9 ,am]ica1 con/ruct$ "s electro-magnets on a l>ge scale4 ,"o horse-%oe magnet made by !m1 weigh+ #fj lbs41 w\ld support m ?an #bjjj lbs4 ,9 ,septemb] #aheh1 !re 7 con/ruct$ = ! ,atlantic-telegraph cable at ,val5tia two p]man5t magnets1 f :i* ! electric induction is obta9$3 ea* is compos$ ( #cj horse-%oe magnets1 #b feet long & f #d to #e in*es broad2 ! induction coils atta*$ to ^! ea* conta9 six miles ( wire1 & a %ock f !m1 if pass$ ?r\gh ! human body1 w\ld be suffici5t to de/roy life4 ,,rotation-,,magnetism4 ,! unexpect$ discov]y ( ,rotation-,magnetism by ,arago1 9 #ahbe1 has %[n practically t e k9d ( matt] is susceptible ( magnetism2 & ! rec5t inve/igations ( ,f>aday on diamagnetic sub/ances h1 "u special conditions ( m]idian or equatorial direction1 & ( solid1 fluid1 or gase\s inactive conditions ( ! bodies1 confirm$ ?is important result4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,p5dulums ,,on ,,ea* ,,o!r4 ,ab\t a c5tury s9ce x became kn[n1 t :5 two clocks are 9 action ^u ! same %elf1 !y w di/urb ea* o!r3 t ! p5dulum ( ! "o w /op t ( ! o!r2 & t ! p5dulum t 0 /opp$ w aft] a :ile resume its vibrations1 & 9 its turn /op t ( ! o!r clock4 ,:5 two clocks are plac$ ne> "o ano!r 9 cases v slightly fix$1 or :5 !y /& on ! bo>ds ( a floor1 !y w affect a little ea* o!r's p5dulum4 ,mr4 ,ellicote obs]v$ t two clocks re/+ aga9/ ! same rail1 :i* agre$ to a second = sev]al days1 v>i$ "o m9ute ?irty-six seconds 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs :5 sep>at$4 ,! sl[]1 hav+ a long] p5dulum1 set ! o!r 9 motion 9 #af-a_/c m9utes1 & /opp$ itself 9 #cf-b_/c m9utes4 ,,weight ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,asc]ta9$ ,,by ,,! ,,p5dulum4 ,by a s]ies ( comp>isons ) ,p5dulums plac$ at ! surface & ! int]ior ( ! ,e>?1 ! ,a/ronom]-,royal has asc]ta9$ ! v>iation ( gravity 9 desc5d+ to ! bottom ( a deep m9e1 z ! ,h>ton coal-pit1 ne> ,s\? ,%ields4 ,by calculations f ^! exp]im5ts1 he has f\nd ! mean d5sity ( ! e>? to be #feff1 ! specific gravity ( wat] be+ repres5t$ by unity4 ,9 o!r words1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ by ^! exp]im5ts t if ! e>?'s mass possess$ e :]e its av]age d5sity1 x w\ld weigh1 bulk = bulk1 #feff times z mu* z wat]4 ,x is curi\s to note ! diff]5t values ( ! e>?'s mean d5sity :i* h be5 obta9$ by diff]5t me?ods4 ,! ,s*ehalli5 exp]im5t indicat$ a mean d5sity equal to ab\t #d2 ! ,cav5di% app>atus1 repeat$ by ,baily & ,rei*1 ab\t #e2 & ,pr(essor ,airy's p5dulum exp]im5t furni%es a value am\nt+ to ab\t #f4 ,! imm$iate result ( ! computations ( ! ,a/ronom]-,royal is3 suppos+ a clock adju/$ to g true "t at ! top ( ! m9e1 x w\ld ga9 #b seconds p] day at ! bottom4 ,or x may be /at$ ?us3 t gravity is great] at ! bottom ( a m9e ?an at ! top by #a_/aiaij? "p4--,lett] to ,james ,ma!r1 ,esq41 ,s\? ,%ields4 ,see also ,pr(essor ,airy's ,lecture1 #ahed4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,t]re/rial ,,magnetism4 ,! e>lie/ view ( ,t]re/rial ,magnetism suppos$ ! exi/5ce ( a magnet at ! e>?'s c5tre4 ,z ?is does n accord ) ! obs]vations on decl9ation1 incl9ation1 & int5sity1 ,tobias ,mey] gave ?is fictiti\s magnet an ecc5tric position1 plac+ x "o-sev5? "p ( ! e>?'s radius f ! c5tre4 ,han/e5 imag9$ t !re 7 two su* magnets1 diff]5t 9 position & int5sity4 ,ampre set aside ^! unsatisfactory hypo!ses by ! view1 d]iv$ f 8 discov]y1 t ! e>? itself is an electro-magnet1 magnetis$ by an electric curr5t circulat+ ab\t x f ea/ to we/ p]p5dicul>ly to ! plane ( ! magnetic m]idian1 to :i* ! same curr5ts give direction z well z magnetise ! ores ( iron3 ! curr5ts be+ !rmo-electric curr5ts1 excit$ by ! action ( ! sun's heat successively on ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface z x revolves t[>ds ! ea/4 ,william ,gilb]t1#di :o wrote an able "w on magnetic & electric =ces 9 ! ye> #afjj1 reg>d$ t]re/rial magnetism & electricity z two emanations ( a s+le fundam5tal s\rce p]vad+ all matt]1 & he !re=e treat$ ( bo? at once4 ,accord+ to ,gilb]t's idea1 ! e>? itself is a magnet2 :il/ he consid]$ t ! inflections ( ! l9es ( equal decl9ation & incl9ation dep5d ^u ! di/ribution ( mass1 ! configuration ( cont95ts1 or ! =m & ext5t ( ! deep int]v5+ oceanic bas9s4 ,till )9 ! la/ eighty ye>s1 x appe>s to h be5 ! receiv$ op9ion t ! int5sity ( t]re/rial magnetism 0 ! same at all p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,9 ! in/ructions drawn up by ! ,fr5* ,academy = ! exp$ition "u ,la ,pr\se1 ! fir/ intimation is giv5 ( a contr>y op9ion4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! "t ( vibration ( a dipp+-ne$le %\ld be obs]v$ at /ations widely remote1 z a te/ ( ! equality or diff]5ce ( ! magnetic int5sity2 sugge/+ also t su* obs]vations %\ld p>ticul>ly be made at ^? p>ts ( ! e>? :]e ! dip 0 greate/ & :]e x 0 lea/4 ,! exp]im5ts1 :atev] _! results may h be51 :i*1 9 compliance ) ?is recomm5dation1 7 made 9 ! exp$ition ( ,la ,pr\se1 p]i%$ 9 its g5]al cata/rophe2 b ! in/ructions surviv$4 ,9 #ahaa1 ,han/e5 took up ! subject1 & 9 #ahai publi%$ 8 celebrat$ "w1 cle>ly demon/rat+ ! fluctuations :i* ?is elem5t has und]gone dur+ ! la/ two c5turies2 confirm+ 9 great detail ! position ( ,halley1 t 8! :ole magnetic sy/em is 9 motion1 t ! mov+ =ce is v great z ext5d+ its effects f pole to pole1 & t its motion is n p] saltum1 b a gradual & regul> motion40 ,,! ,,nor? ,,& ,,s\? ,,magnetic ,,poles4 ,! k ( ! geographical position ( bo? ,magnetic ,poles is due to ! sci5tific en]gy ( ! same navigator1 ,sir ,james ,ross4 ,8 obs]vations ( ! ,nor!rn ,magnetic ,pole 7 made dur+ ! second exp$ition ( 8 uncle1 ,sir ,john ,ross 7#ahbi-ahcc72 & ( ! ,s\!rn dur+ ! ,ant>ctic exp$ition "u 8 own comm& 7#ahci-ahdc74 ,! ,nor!rn ,magnetic ,pole1 9 #gj #e lat41 #if #dc ,w4 long41 is #e ( latitude f>!r f ! ord9>y pole ( ! e>? ?an ! ,s\!rn ,magnetic ,pole1 #ge #ce lat41 #aed #aj ,e4 long42 :il/ x is also situat$ f>!r we/ f ,gre5wi* ?an ! ,nor!rn ,magnetic ,pole4 ,! latt] belongs to ! great isl& ( ,boo?ia ,felix1 :i* is situat$ v ne> ! ,am]ican cont95t1 & is a portion ( ! di/rict :i* ,capta9 ,p>ry _h previ\sly nam$ ,nor? ,som]set4 ,x is n f> di/ant f ! we/]n coa/ ( ,boo?ia ,felix1 ne> ! promontory ( ,adelaide1 :i* ext5ds into ,k+ ,william's ,s\nd & ,victoria ,/rait4 ,! ,s\!rn ,magnetic ,pole has be5 directly rea*$ 9 ! same mann] z ! ,nor!rn ,pole4 ,on #ag? ,febru>y #ahda1 ! ,erebus p5etrat$ z f> z #gf #ab ,s4 lat41 & #afd ,e4 long4 ,z ! incl9ation 0 "h only #hh #dj1 x 0 assum$ t ! ,s\!rn ,magnetic ,pole 0 ab\t #afj nautical miles di/ant4 ,_m accurate obs]vations ( decl9ation1 det]m9+ ! int]section ( ! magnetic m]idian1 r5d] x v probable t ! ,s\? ,magnetic ,pole is situat$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! great ,ant>ctic region ( ,s\? ,victoria ,l&1 we/ ( ! ,pr9ce ,alb]t m\nta9s1 :i* approa* ! ,s\? ,pole & are connect$ ) ! active volcano ( ,erebus1 :i* is #ab1djj feet 9 height4--,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 v4 ,,magnetic ,,/orms4 ,! my/]i\s c\rse ( ! magnetic ne$le is equally affect$ by "t & space1 by ! sun's c\rse1 & by *anges ( place on ! e>?'s surface4 ,betwe5 ! tropics ! h\r ( ! day may be kn[n by ! direction ( ! ne$le z well z by ! oscillations ( ! b>omet]4 ,x is affect$ in/antly1 b transi5tly1 by ! nor!rn light4 ,:5 ! uni=m hor>y motion ( ! ne$le is di/urb$ by a magnetic /orm1 ! p]turbation manife/s itself simultane\sly1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 ov] hundr$s & ?\s&s ( miles ( sea & l&1 or propagates itself by degrees 9 %ort int]vals e :]e ov] ! e>?'s surface4 ,among num]\s examples ( p]turbations occurr+ simultane\sly & ext5d+ ov] wide portions ( ! e>?'s surface1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable is t ( ,septemb] #be?1 #ahda1 :i* 0 obs]v$ at ,toronto 9 ,canada1 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 at ,prague1 & p>tially 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l&4 ,sab9e adds1 8,! ,engli% ,sunday1 on :i* x is deem$ s9ful1 aft] midnight on ,saturday1 to regi/] an obs]vation1 & to foll[ out ! great ph5om5a ( creation 9 _! p]fect developm5t1 int]rupt$ ! obs]vation 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 :]e1 9 consequ5ce ( ! diff]5ce ( ! longitude1 ! magnetic /orm fell on ,sunday40 ,x is b ju/ice to add1 t to ! direct in/rum5tality ( ! ,briti% ,association we are indebt$ = ?is sy/em ( obs]vation1 :i* w\ld n h be5 possible )\t "s su* ma*9]y = conc]t$ action4 ,x be+ kn[n t ! magnetic ne$le is subject to oscillations1 ! nature1 ! p]iods1 & ! laws ( :i* 7 unasc]ta9$1 "u ! direction ( a committee ( ! ,association magnetic obs]vatories 7 e/abli%$ 9 v>i\s places = inve/igat+ ^! /range di/urbances4 ,z might h be5 anticipat$1 regul>ly recurr+ p]turbations 7 not$1 dep5d+ on ! h\r ( ! day & ! season ( ! ye>4 ,magnetic /orms 7 obs]v$ to sweep simultane\sly ov] ! :ole face ( ! e>?1 & ^! too h n[ be5 asc]ta9$ to foll[ c]ta9 p]iodic laws4 ,b ! mo/ />tl+ result ( ! comb9$ magnetic obs]vations is ! discov]y ( m>k$ p]turbations recurr+ at int]vals ( t5 ye>s2 a p]iod :i* seem$ to h no analogy to any ?+ 9 ! univ]se1 b :i* ,m4 ,s*wabe has f\nd to correspond ) ! v>iation ( ! spots on ! sun1 bo? atta9+ _! maximum & m9imum developm5ts at ! same "t4 ,"h1 = ! pres5t1 ! discov]y /ops2 b t :i* is n[ an unexpla9$ co9cid5ce may h]eaft] supply ! key to ! nature & s\rce ( ,t]re/rial ,magnetism3 or1 z ,dr4 ,lloyd obs]ves1 ?is sy/em ( magnetic obs]vation has gone beyond our globe1 & op5$ a new range = inquiry1 by %[+ u t ?is wondr\s ag5t has p[] 9 o!r p>ts ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,,famili> ,,galvanic ,,effects4 ,by means ( ! galvanic ag5cy a v>iety ( surpris+ effects h be5 produc$4 ,gunp[d]1 cotton1 & o!r inflammable sub/ances h be5 set on fire2 *>coal has be5 made to burn ) a brilliant :ite flame2 wat] has be5 decompos$ into its elem5t>y p>ts2 metals h be5 melt$ & set on fire2 fragm5ts ( diamond1 *>coal1 & plumbago h be5 disp]s$ z if evaporat$2 plat9a1 ! h>de/ & ! heavie/ ( ! metals1 has be5 melt$ z readily z wax 9 ! flame ( a c&le2 ! sapphire1 qu>tz1 magnesia1 lime1 & ! firme/ comp\nds 9 nature1 h be5 fus$4 ,its effects on ! animal sy/em are no less surpris+4 ,! ag5cy ( galvanism expla9s :y port] has a diff]5t & m pleasant ta/e :5 drunk out ( a pewt]-pot ?an out ( glass or e>!nw>e2 :y works ( metal :i* are sold]$ toge!r soon t>ni% 9 ! place :]e ! metals are jo9$2 & :y ! copp] %ea?+ ( %ips1 :5 fa/5$ ) iron nails1 is soon corrod$ ab\t ! place ( contact4 ,9 all ^! cases a galvanic circle is =m$ :i* produces ! effects4 ,,! ,,siamese ,,tw9s ,,galvanis$4 ,x w be recollect$ t ! ,siamese tw9s1 br\ght to ,engl& 9 ! ye> #ahbi1 7 unit$ by a jo9t$ c>tilag9\s b&4 ,a silv] tea spoon be+ plac$ on ! tongue ( "o ( ! tw9s & a disc ( z9c on ! tongue ( ! o!r1 ! mom5t ! two metals 7 br\ght into contact bo? ! boys exclaim$1 8,s\r1 s\r20 ?us prov+ t ! galvanic influ5ce pass$ f ! "o to ! o!r ?r\gh ! connect+ b&4 ,,m9ute ,,& ,,va/ ,,batt]ies4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on made a simple app>atus out ( a silv] ?imble1 ) its top cut (f4 ,x 0 !n p>tially flatt5$1 & a small plate ( z9c be+ introduc$ into x1 ! app>atus 0 imm]s$ 9 a weak solution ( sulphuric acid4 ,) ?is m9ute batt]y1 ,dr4 ,wolla/on 0 able to fuse a wire ( plat9um #a_/cjjj? ( an in* 9 diamet]--a degree ( t5uity to :i* no "o _h ev] succe$$ 9 draw+ x4 ,^u ! same pr9ciple 7t ( introduc+ a plate ( z9c betwe5 two plates ( o!r metals7 ,mr4 ,*ildr5 con/ruct$ 8 imm5se batt]y1 ! z9c plates ( :i* measur$ six feet by two feet eight in*es2 ea* plate ( z9c be+ plac$ betwe5 two ( copp]1 & ea* triad ( plates be+ enclos$ 9 a sep>ate cell4 ,) ?is p[]ful app>atus a wire ( plat9um1 #a_/aj? ( an in* 9 diamet] & upw>ds ( five feet long1 0 rais$ to a r$ heat1 visible ev5 9 ! broad gl>e ( daylight4 ,! great batt]y at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ) :i* ,sir ,humphry ,davy discov]$ ! composition ( ! fix$ alkalies1 0 ( imm5se p[]4 ,x consi/$ ( #bjj sep>ate p>ts1 ea* compos$ ( t5 d\ble plates1 & ea* plate conta9+ ?irty-two squ>e in*es2 ! numb] ( d\ble plates be+ #bjjj1 & ! :ole surface #abh1jjj squ>e in*es4 ,mr4 ,highton1 ,c4,e41 has made a batt]y :i* exposes a surface ( only #a_/ajj? "p ( an in*3 x consi/s ( b "o cell2 x is less ?an #a_/ajjjj? "p ( a cubic in*1 & yet x produces electricity m ?an en\gh to ov]come all ! resi/ance 9 ! inv5tor's bro!r's pat5t ,gold-leaf ,telegraph1 & works ! same p[]fully4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 a batt]y :i*1 al?\gh x w g ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le1 w yet "w a telegraph well4 ,mr4 ,highton _h previ\sly con/ruct$ a batt]y 9 size less ?an #a_/dj? ( a cubic in*3 ?is batt]y1 he f\nd1 w\ld = a mon? toge!r r+ a telegraph-bell t5 miles (f4 ,,electric ,,inc&esc5ce ,,( ,,*>coal ,,po9ts4 ,! mo/ spl5did ph5om5on ( ?is k9d is ! combu/ion ( *>coal po9ts4 ,po9t$ pieces ( ! residuum obta9$ f gas retorts w answ] be/1 or ,buns5's composition may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,put two su* *>coal po9ts 9 imm$iate contact ) ! wires ( y\r batt]y2 br+ ! po9ts toge!r1 & !y w beg9 to burn ) a dazzl+ :ite light4 ,! *>coal po9ts ( ! l>ge app>atus belong+ to ! ,royal ,in/itution became inc&esc5t at a di/ance ( #a_/cj? ( an in*2 :5 ! di/ance 0 gradually increas$ till !y 7 f\r in*es asund]1 !y cont9u$ to burn ) great int5sity1 & a p]man5t /ream ( light play$ betwe5 !m4 ,pr(essor ,buns5 obta9$ a simil> flame f a batt]y ( f\r pairs ( plates1 its c>bon surface conta9+ #bi feet4 ,! heat ( ?is flame is s int5se1 t /\t plat9um wire1 sapphire1 qu>tz1 talc1 & lime are r$uc$ by x to ! liquid =m4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t no combu/ion1 prop]ly s call$1 takes place 9 ! *>coal itself1 :i* su/a9s only an extremely m9ute loss 9 its weight & becomes r d5s] at ! po9ts4 ,! ph5om5on is att5d$ ) a /ill m vivid brightness if ! *>coal po9ts are plac$ 9 a vacuum1 or 9 any ( ^? gases :i* are n support]s ( combu/ion4 ,in/ead ( two *>coal po9ts1 "o only ne$ be us$ if ! foll[+ arrangem5t is adopt$3 lay ! piece ( *>coal on "s quicksilv] t is connect$ ) "o pole ( ! batt]y1 & complete ! circuit f ! o!r pole by means ( a /rip ( plat9um4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,pes*el us$ a piece ( well-burnt coke 9 ! mann] j describ$1 he obta9$ a light :i* 0 almo/ intol]able to ! eyes4 ,,voltaic ,,electricity4 ,on ,janu>y #ca1 #agic1 ,volta ann\nc$ to ! ,royal ,society 8 discov]y ( ! developm5t ( electricity 9 metallic bodies4 ,galvani _h giv5 ! "n ( ,animal ,electricity to ! p[] :i* caus$ spontane\s convulsions 9 ! limbs ( frogs :5 ! divid$ n]ves 7 connect$ by a metallic wire4 ,volta1 h[ev]1 saw ! true cause ( ! ph5om5a describ$ by ,galvani4 ,obs]v+ t ! effects 7 f> great] :5 ! connect+ m$ium consi/$ ( two diff]5t k9ds ( metal1 he inf]r$ t ! pr9ciple ( excitation exi/$ 9 ! metals1 & n 9 ! n]ves ( ! animal2 & he assum$ t ! excit+ fluid 0 ord9>y electricity1 produc$ by ! contact ( ! two metals2 ! convulsions ( ! frog consequ5tly arose f ! electricity ?us develop$ pass+ along its n]ves & muscles4 ,9 #ahjj ,volta inv5t$ :at is n[ call$ ! ,voltaic ,pile1 or comp\nd ,galvanic circle4 ,! t]m ,animal ,electricity 7says ,dr4 ,:ewell7 has be5 sup]s$$ by o!rs1 ( :i* ,galvanism is ! mo/ famili>2 b ,i ?9k t ,volta's (fice 9 ?is discov]y is ( a mu* high] & m philosophical k9d ?an t ( ,galvani2 & x w\ld on ?is acc\nt be m fitt+ to employ ! t]m ,voltaic ,electricity1 :i*1 inde$1 is v commonly us$1 especially by our mo/ rec5t & compreh5sive writ]s4 ,! ,voltaic pile 0 a m important /ep 9 ! hi/ory ( electricity ?an ! ,leyd5 j> _h be5--,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sci5ces1 vol4 iii4 ,no "o :o wi%es to judge imp>tially ( ! sci5tific hi/ory ( ^! times & ( its lead]s1 w consid] ,galvani & ,volta z equals1 or d5y ! va/ sup]iority ( ! latt] ov] all 8 oppon5ts or fell[-work]s1 m especially ov] ^? ( ! ,bologna s*ool4 ,we %all sc>cely aga9 f9d 9 "o man gifts s ri* & s calculat$ = rese>* z 7 comb9$ 9 ,volta4 ,he possess$ t 8incompreh5sible tal5t10 z ,dove has call$ x1 = sep>at+ ! ess5tial f ! immat]ial 9 complicat$ ph5om5a2 t boldness ( inv5tion :i* mu/ prec$e exp]im5t1 controll$ by ! mo/ /rict & cauti\s mode ( manipulation2 t unremitt+ att5tion :i* all[s no circum/ance to pass unnotic$2 la/ly1 ) s mu* acut5ess1 s mu* simplicity1 s mu* gr&eur ( conception1 comb9$ ) su* dep? ( ?\ght1 he _h a h& :i* 0 ! h& ( a workman4--,jameson's ,j\rnal1 ,no4 #ajf4 ,,! ,,voltaic ,,batt]y ,,& ,,! ,,gymnotus4 8,we boa/ ( our ,voltaic ,batt]ies10 says ,mr4 ,smee4 8,i %\ld h>dly be believ$ if ,i 7 to say t ,i did n feel pride 9 hav+ con/ruct$ my own1 especially :5 ,i consid] ! ext5sive op]ations :i* x has conduct$4 ,b :5 ,i comp>e my batt]y ) ! batt]y :i* nature has giv5 to ! electrical eel & ! torp$o1 h[ insignificant are human op]ations comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,ar*itect ( liv+ be+s6 ,! /up5d\s electric eel 9 ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itution1 :5 he seeks to kill 8 prey1 encloses him 9 a circle2 !n1 by volition1 causes ! voltaic =ce to be produc$1 & ! hapless creature is in/antly kill$4 ,x w\ld probably require t5 ?\s& ( my artificial batt]ies to effect ! same object1 z ! creature is kill$ in/ant] on receiv+ ! %ock4 ,z mu*1 h[ev]1 z my batt]y is inf]ior to t ( ! electric fi%1 s is man sup]ior to ! same animal4 ,man is end[$ ) a p[] ( m9d compet5t to appreciate ! =ce ( matt]1 & is ?us enabl$ to make ! batt]y4 ,! eel c b use ! specific app>atus :i* nature has be/[$ ^u x40 ,"s obs]vations ^u ! electric curr5t ar\nd ! gymnotus1 & notes ( exp]im5ts ) ?is & o!r electric fi%1 w be f\nd 9 ,?+s n g5]ally ,kn[n1 p4 #aii4 ,,voltaic ,,curr5ts ,,9 ,,m9es4 ,_m ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,fox1 f !ory ent]ta9+ a belief t a connection exi/$ betwe5 voltaic action 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>? & ! arrangem5t ( metallif]\s ve9s1 & also ! progressive increase ( temp]ature 9 ! /rata z we desc5d f ! surface1 endeav\r$ to v]ify ! same f exp]im5t 9 ! m9e ( ,huel ,jewel1 9 ,cornwall4 ,8 app>atus consi/$ ( small plates ( %eet-copp]1 :i* 7 fix$ 9 contact ) a plate 9 ! ve9s ) copp] nails1 or else w$g$ closely aga9/ !m ) wood5 props /ret*$ across ! gall]ies4 ,betwe5 two ( ^! plates1 at diff]5t /ations1 a communication 0 made by means ( a copp] wire #a_/bj? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 :i* includ$ a galvanomet] 9 its circuit4 ,9 "s in/ances #cjj fa?oms ( copp] wire 7 employ$4 ,x 0 !n f\nd t ! int5sity ( ! voltaic curr5t 0 g5]ally great] 9 proportion to ! great] abundance ( copp] ore 9 ! ve9s1 & 9 "s degree to ! dep? ( ! /ations4 ,h5ce ,mr4 ,fox's discov]y promis$ to be ( practical utility to ! m9] 9 discov]+ ! relative quantity ( ore 9 ! ve9s1 & ! directions 9 :i* x mo/ ab\nds4 ,! result ( ext5d$ exp]im5ts1 mo/ly made by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,hunt1 has n1 h[ev]1 confirm$ ,mr4 ,fox's views4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! voltaic curr5ts detect$ 9 ! lodes are due to ! *emical decomposition go+ on !re2 & ! m completely ?is process ( decomposition is e/abli%$1 ! m p[]ful are ! voltaic curr5ts4 ,mean:ile ^! h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! increase ( temp]ature ) dep?4 ,rec5t obs]vations1 made 9 ! deep m9es ( ,cornwall "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,fox1 d n appe> consi/5t ) ! law ( !rmic increase z =m]ly e/abli%$1 ! %all[ m9es giv+ a high] ratio ( increase ?an ! deep] ones4 ,,g]ms ,,( ,,electric ,,k4 ,two c5turies & a half ago1 ,gilb]t recognis$ t ! prop]ty ( attract+ light sub/ances :5 rubb$1 be _! nature :at x may1 is n peculi> to amb]1 :i* is a cond5s$ e>?y juice ca/ up by ! waves ( ! sea1 & 9 :i* fly+ insects1 ants1 & worms lie entomb$ z 9 et]nal sepul*res4 ,! =ce ( attraction 7,gilb]t cont9ues7 belongs to a :ole class ( v diff]5t sub/ances1 z glass1 sulphur1 seal+-wax1 & all res9\s sub/ances--rock cry/al & all preci\s /ones1 alum & rock-salt4 ,gilb]t measur$ ! /r5g? ( ! excit$ electricity by means ( a small ne$le--n made ( iron--:i* mov$ freely on a pivot1 & p]fectly simil> to ! app>atus us$ by ,hay & ,brew/] 9 te/+ ! electricity excit$ 9 m9]als by heat & friction4 8,friction10 says ,gilb]t fur!r1 8is productive ( a /rong] effect 9 dry ?an 9 humid air2 & rubb+ ) silk clo?s is mo/ advantage\s40 ,otto von ,gu]ike1 ! inv5tor ( ! air-pump1 0 ! fir/ :o obs]v$ any ?+ m ?an m]e ph5om5a ( attraction4 ,9 8 exp]im5ts ) a rubb$ piece ( sulphur he recognis$ ! ph5om5a ( repulsion1 :i* subsequ5tly l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! laws ( ! sph]e ( action & ( ! di/ribution ( electricity4 ,he he>d ! fir/ s\nd1 & saw ! fir/ light1 9 artificially-produc$ electricity4 ,9 an exp]im5t in/itut$ by ,newton 9 #afge1 ! fir/ traces ( an electric *>ge 9 a rubb$ plate ( glass 7 se54 ,,temp]ature ,,& ,,electricity4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall has %[n t all v>iations ( temp]ature1 9 metals at lea/1 excite electricity4 ,:5 ! wires ( a galvanomet] are br\ght 9 contact ) ! two ends ( a heat$ pok]1 ! prompt deflection ( ! galvanomet]-ne$le indicates t a curr5t ( electricity has be5 s5t ?r\gh ! in/rum5t4 ,ev5 ! two ends ( a spoon1 "o ( :i* has be5 dipp$ 9 hot wat]1 s]ve to develop an electric curr5t2 & 9 cutt+ a hot beef/eak ) a /eel knife & a silv] =k !re is an excitem5t ( electricity4 ,! m]e heat ( ! f+] is suffici5t to cause ! deflection ( ! galvanomet]2 & :5 ice is appli$ to ! "p t has be5 previ\sly w>m$1 ! galvanomet]-ne$le is deflect$ 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,a small in/rum5t inv5t$ by ,melloni is s extremely s5sitive ( ! action ( heat1 t electricity is excit$ :5 ! h& is held six in*es f x4 ,,va/ ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,electricity4 ,pr(essor ,f>aday has %[n t ! ,electricity :i* decomposes1 & t :i* is evolv$ 9 ! decomposition (1 a c]ta9 quantity ( matt]1 are alike4 ,:at an enorm\s quantity ( electricity1 !re=e1 is requir$ = ! decomposition ( a s+le gra9 ( wat]6 ,x mu/ be 9 quantity suffici5t to su/a9 a plat9um wire #a_/ajd? ( an in* 9 ?ickness r$-hot 9 contact ) ! air = ?ree m9utes & ?ree-qu>t]s4 ,x w\ld appe> t #hjj1jjj *>ges ( a ,leyd5 batt]y1 *>g$ by ?irty turns ( a v l>ge & p[]ful plate-ma*9e 9 full action1 are necess>y to supply electricity suffici5t to decompose a s+le gra9 ( wat]1 or to equal ! quantity ( electricity :i* is naturally associat$ ) ! elem5ts ( t gra9 ( wat]1 end[+ !m ) _! mutual *emical aff9ity4 ,n[ ! above quantity ( electricity1 if pass$ at once ?r\gh ! head ( a rat or a cat1 w\ld kill x z by a fla% ( lightn+4 ,! quantity is1 inde$1 equal to t :i* is develop$ f a *>g$ ?und]-cl\d4 ,,decomposition ,,( ,,wat] ,,by ,,electricity4 ,pr(essor ,&rews1 by an +5i\s arrangem5t1 is enabl$ to %[ t wat] is decompos$ by ! common ma*9e2 & by us+ an electrical kite1 he 0 able1 9 f9e wea!r1 to produce decomposition1 al?\gh s sl[ly t only #a_/gjjjjj? ( a gra9 ( wat] 0 decompos$ p] h\r4 ,f>aday has prov$ t ! decomposition ( "o s+le gra9 ( wat] produces m electricity ?an is conta9$ 9 ! mo/ p[]ful fla% ( lightn+4 ,,electricity ,,9 ,,brew+4 ,mr4 ,black1 a practical writ] ^u ,brew+1 has f\nd t by ! practice ( imb$d+ ! f]m5tation-vats 9 ! e>?1 & connect+ !m by means ( metallic pipes1 an electrical curr5t passes ?r\gh ! be] & causes x to turn s\r4 ,z a prev5tive1 he propos$ to place ! vats ^u wood5 blocks1 or on any o!r non-conductors1 s t !y may be insulat$4 ,x has likewise be5 asc]ta9$ t sev]al brew]s :o _h brew$ excell5t ale on ! s\? side ( ! /reet1 on remov+ to ! nor? h fail$ to produce good ale4 ,,electric ,,pap]4 ,pr(essor ,s*onbe9 has prep>$ pap]1 z transp>5t z glass & imp]meable to wat]1 :i* develops a v en]getic electric =ce4 ,by plac+ "s %eets on ea* o!r1 & simply rubb+ !m once or twice ) ! h&1 x becomes difficult to sep>ate !m4 ,if ?is exp]im5t is p]=m$ 9 ! d>k1 a great numb] ( di/9ct fla%es may be p]ceiv$ betwe5 ! sep>at$ surfaces4 ,! disc ( ! electrophorus1 plac$ on a %eet t has be5 rubb$1 produces sp>ks ( "s in*es 9 l5g?4 ,a ?9 & v dry %eet ( pap]1 plac$ aga9/ ! wall1 w adh]e /rongly to x = sev]al h\rs if ! h& be pass$ only once ov] x4 ,if ! same %eet be pass$ betwe5 ! ?umb & =e-f+] 9 ! d>k1 a lum9\s b& w be visible4 ,h5ce ) ?is pap] may be made p[]ful & *eap electrical ma*9es4 ,,duration ,,( ,,! ,,electric ,,sp>k4 ,by means ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's app>atus1 ! ,duration ( ! ,electric ,sp>k has be5 asc]ta9$ n to exce$ ! tw5ty-five-?\s&? "p ( a second4 ,a cannon-ball1 if illum9$ 9 its flight by a fla% ( lightn+1 w\ld1 9 consequ5ce ( ! mom5t>y duration ( ! light1 appe> to be /ation>y1 & ev5 ! w+s ( an insect1 t move t5 ?\s& times 9 a second1 w\ld seem at re/4 ,,velocity ,,( ,,electric ,,light4 ,on comp>+ ! velocities ( sol>1 /ell>1 & t]re/rial light1 :i* are all equally refract$ 9 ! prism1 ) ! velocity ( ! light ( frictional electricity1 we are dispos$1 9 accordance ) ,:eat/one's +5i\sly-conduct$ exp]im5ts1 to reg>d ! l[e/ ratio 9 :i* ! latt] excels ! =m] z #c3b4 ,accord+ to ! l[e/ results ( ,:eat/one's app>atus1 electric light trav]ses #bhh1jjj miles 9 a second4 ,if we reckon #ahi1ich miles = /ell> light1 accord+ to ,/ruve1 we obta9 ! diff]5ce ( #ie1ggf miles z ! great] velocity ( electricity 9 "o second4 ,f ! exp]im5t describ$ 9 ,:eat/one's pap] 7,philosophical ,transactions = #ahcd71 x w\ld appe> t ! human eye is capable ( p]ceiv+ ph5om5a ( light ^: duration is limit$ to ! million? "p ( a second4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,airy's exp]im5ts ) ! electric telegraph to det]m9e ! diff]5ce ( longitude betwe5 ,gre5wi* & ,brussels1 ! "t sp5t by ! electric curr5t 9 pass+ f "o obs]vatory to ! o!r 7#bgj miles7 0 f\nd to be #jaji or r m ?an ! n9? "p ( a second2 & ?is det]m9ation re/s on #bfaf obs]vations3 a spe$ :i* w\ld 8girdle ! globe0 9 t5 seconds4 ,,id5tity ,,( ,,electric ,,& ,,magnetic ,,attraction4 ,?is vague pres5tim5t ( ! anci5ts has be5 v]ifi$ 9 our own times4 8,:5 electrum 7amb]710 says ,pl9y1 8is animat$ by friction & heat1 x w attract b>k & dry leaves precisely z ! load/one attracts iron40 ,! same words may be f\nd 9 ! lit]ature ( an ,asiatic nation1 & occur 9 a eulogium on ! load/one by ! ,*9ese physici/ ,knopho1 9 ! f\r? c5tury3 8,! magnet attracts iron z amb] does ! smalle/ gra9 ( mu/>d-se$4 ,x is l a brea? ( w9d1 :i* my/]i\sly p5etrates ?r\gh bo?1 & communicates itself ) ! rapidity ( an arr[40 ,humboldt obs]v$ ) a/oni%m5t on ! woody banks ( ! ,or9oco1 9 ! sports ( ! natives1 t ! excitem5t ( electricity by friction 0 kn[n to ^! savage races4 ,*ildr5 may be se5 to rub ! dry1 flat1 & %9+ se$s or husks ( a trail+ plant until !y are able to attract ?reads ( cotton & pieces ( bamboo-cane4 ,:at a *asm divides ! electric pa/ime ( ^! nak$ copp]-col\r$ ,indians f ! discov]y ( a metallic conductor dis*>g+ its electric %ocks1 or a pile =m$ ( _m *emically-decompos+ sub/ances1 or a light-eng5d]+ magnetic app>atus6 ,9 su* a *asm lie buri$ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 t compose ! hi/ory ( ! intellectual developm5t ( mank9d4--,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 i4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,eng9e4 ,sev]al ye>s ago a speculative ,am]ican set ! indu/rial _w ( ,europe 9 excitem5t by ?is proposition4 ,! ,magneto-,electric ,ma*9es (t5 made use ( 9 ! case ( rheumatic disord]s are well kn[n4 ,by imp>t+ a swift rotation to ! magnet ( su* a ma*9e1 we obta9 p[]ful curr5ts ( electricity4 ,if ^! be conduct$ ?r\gh wat]1 ! latt] w be r$uc$ to its two compon5ts1 oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,by ! combu/ion ( hydrog5 wat] is aga9 g5]at$4 ,if ?is combu/ion takes place1 n 9 atmosph]ic air1 9 :i* oxyg5 only con/itutes a fif? "p1 b 9 pure oxyg51 & if a bit ( *alk be plac$ 9 ! flame1 ! *alk w be rais$ to a :ite heat1 & give u ! sun-l ,drummond light3 at ! same "t ! flame develops a consid]able quantity ( heat4 ,n[ ! ,am]ican inv5tor propos$ to utilise 9 ?is way ! gases obta9$ f electrolytic decomposition2 & ass]t$ t by ! combu/ion a suffici5t am\nt ( heat 0 g5]at$ to keep a small /eam-eng9e 9 action1 :i* aga9 drove 8 magneto-electric ma*9e1 decompos$ ! wat]1 & ?us cont9ually prep>$ its own fuel4 ,?is w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 ! mo/ spl5did ( all discov]ies1--a p]petual motion :i*1 besides ! =ce t kept x go+1 g5]at$ light l ! sun1 & w>m$ all ar\nd x4 ,! affair1 h[ev]1 fail$1 z 0 pr$ict$ by ^? acqua9t$ ) ! physical inve/igations :i* be> ^u ! subject4--,pr(essor ,helmholtz4 ,,magnetic ,,clock ,,& ,,wat*4 ,9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,society are two curiosities ( ! sev5te5? c5tury :i* are objects ( mu* int]e/ 9 association ) ! electric discov]ies ( our day4 ,^! are a ,clock1 describ$ by ! ,c\nt ,malagatti 7:o accompani$ ,cosmo ,,iii41 ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 to inspect ! ,museum 9 #affi7 z m wor?y ( obs]vation ?an all ! o!r objects 9 ! cab9et4 ,its 8movem5ts are d]iv$ f ! vic9ity ( a load/one1 & x is s adju/$ z to discov] ! di/ance ( c\ntries at sea by ! longitude40 ,! analogy betwe5 ?is clock & ! electric clock ( ! pres5t day is v rem>kable4 ,( k9dr$ int]e/ is 8,hook's ,magnetic ,wat*10 (t5 allud$ to 9 ! ,royal ,society's ,j\rnal-book ( #affi z 8go+ sl[] or fa/] accord+ to ! great] or less di/ance ( ! load/one1 & s mov+ regul>ly 9 any po/ure40 ,,:eat/one',s ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,clock4 ,9 ?is +5i\s inv5tion1 ! object ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one 0 to enable a simple clock to indicate exactly ! same "t 9 z _m diff]5t places1 di/ant f ea* o!r1 z may be requir$4 ,a /&>d clock 9 an obs]vatory1 = example1 w\ld ?us keep 9 ord] ano!r clock 9 ea* ap>tm5t1 & t too ) su* accuracy1 t all ( !m1 h[ev] num]\s1 w beat dead seconds audibly ) z great precision z ! /&>d a/ronomical "t-piece ) :i* !y are connect$4 ,b1 besides ?is1 ! subord9ate "t-pieces ?us regulat$ require none ( ! me*anism = ma9ta9+ or regulat+ ! p[]4 ,!y consi/ simply ( a face1 ) its second1 m9ute1 & h\r h&s1 & a tra9 ( :eels :i* communicate motion f ! action ( ! second-h& to t ( ! h\r-h&1 9 ! same mann] z an ord9>y clock-tra94 ,nor is ?is inv5tion conf9$ to obs]vatories & l>ge e/abli%m5ts4 ,! great horologe ( ,/4 ,paul's might1 by a suitable network ( wires1 or ev5 by ! exi/+ metallic pipes ( ! metropolis1 be made to comm& & regulate all ! o!r /eeple-clocks 9 ! city1 & ev5 e clock )9 ! prec9cts ( its metallic b\nds4 ,z railways & telegraphs ext5d f ,london ne>ly to ! remote/ cities & villages1 ! s5sation ( "t may be transmitt$ along ) ! elem5ts ( language2 & ! great c]ebellum ( ! metropolis may ?us con/ra9 by its sympa?ies1 & regulate by its p[]1 ! :ole n]v\s sy/em ( ! empire4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,common ,,clock ,,electric4 ,m4 ,kamm]] ( ,belgium effects ?is by an addition to any clock :]eby x is br\ght into contact ) ! two poles ( a galvanic batt]y1 ! wires f :i* communicate ) a drum mov$ by ! clockwork2 & e fifte5 seconds ! curr5t is *ang$1 ! positive & ! negative be+ transmitt$ alt]nately4 ,a wire is cont9u$ f ! drum to ! electric clock1 ! movem5t ( :i*1 ?r\gh ! plate-glass dial1 is se5 to be two pairs ( small /raight electro-magnets1 ea* pair hav+ _! ends opposite to ! o!r pair1 ) ab\t half an in* space betwe54 ,)9 ?is space !re hangs a v]tical /eel b>1 susp5d$ f a sp9dle at ! top4 ,! rod has two slight projections on ea* side p>allel to ! ends ( ! wire-coil$ magnets4 ,:5 ! electric curr5t comes on ! wire f ! positive end ( ! batt]y 7?r\gh ! drum ( ! regulator-clock7 ! positive magnets attract ! b> to x1 ! di/ance be+ p]haps ! sixte5? ( an in*4 ,:51 at ! end ( fifte5 seconds1 ! negative pole op]ates1 repulsion takes effect1 & ! b> moves to ! opposite side4 ,?is oscillat+ b> gives motion to a :eel :i* turns ! m9ute & h\r h&s4 ,m4 ,kamm]] /ates1 t if ! galvanic batt]y be atta*$ to any p>ticul> /&>d clock1 any numb] ( clocks1 :]ev] plac$1 9 a city or k+dom1 & communicat+ ) ?is by a wire1 w indicate precisely ! same "t4 ,su* is ! precision1 t ! s\nds ( ?ree clocks ?us beat+ simultane\sly h be5 mi/ak5 z proce$+ f "o clock4 ,,dr4 ,,frankl9',s ,,electrical ,,kite4 ,sev]al philosoph]s _h obs]v$ t lightn+ & electricity possess$ _m common prop]ties2 & ! light :i* accompani$ ! explosion1 ! crackl+ noise made by ! flame1 & o!r ph5om5a1 made !m suspect t lightn+ might be electricity 9 a highly p[]ful /ate4 ,b ?is connection 0 m]ely ! subject ( conjecture until1 9 ! ye> #agej1 ,dr4 ,frankl9 sugge/$ an exp]im5t to det]m9e ! "q4 ,:ile he 0 wait+ = ! build+ ( a spire at ,philadelphia1 to :i* he int5d$ to atta* 8 wire1 ! exp]im5t 0 successfully made at ,m>ly-la-,ville1 9 ,france1 9 ! ye> #ageb2 :5 lightn+ 0 actually drawn f ! cl\ds by means ( a po9t$ wire1 & x 0 prov$ to be really ! electric fluid4 ,almo/ e e>ly electrical discov]y ( importance 0 made by ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society1 & is to be f\nd record$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,9 ! =ty-fif? volume occurs ! fir/ m5tion ( ,dr4 ,frankl9's "n1 & 8 !ory ( positive & negative electricity4 ,9 #agef he 0 elect$ into ! ,society1 8)\t any fee or o!r paym5t40 ,8 previ\s communications to ! ,transactions1 p>ticul>ly ! acc\nt ( 8 electrical kite1 _h excit$ great int]e/4 7,weld's ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society47 ,x is ?us describ$ by him 9 a lett] dat$ ,philadelphia1 ,octob] #a1 #ageb3 8,z frequ5t m5tion is made 9 ! public pap]s f ,europe ( ! success ( ! ,m>ly-la-,ville exp]im5t = draw+ ! electric fire f cl\ds by means ( po9t$ rods ( iron erect$ on high build+s1 c41 x may be agreeable to ! curi\s to be in=m$ t ! same exp]im5t has succe$$ 9 ,philadelphia1 ?\gh made 9 a diff]5t & m easy mann]1 :i* any "o may try1 z foll[s3 ,make a small cross ( two light /rips ( c$>1 ! arms s long z to rea* to ! f\r corn]s ( a l>ge ?9 silk h&k]*ief :5 ext5d$4 ,tie ! com]s ( ! h&k]*ief to ! extremities ( ! cross2 s y h ! body ( a kite1 :i*1 be+ prop]ly accommodat$ ) a tail1 loop1 & /r+1 w rise 9 ! air l a kite made ( pap]2 b ?is1 be+ ( silk1 is fitt] to be> ! wet & w9d ( a ?und]-gu/ )\t te>+4 ,to ! top ( ! upright /ick ( ! cross is to be fix$ a v %>p-po9t$ wire1 ris+ a foot or m above ! wood4 ,to ! end ( ! tw9e1 next ! b&1 is to be ti$ a silk ribbon2 & :]e ! tw9e & silk jo9 a key may be fa/5$4 ,! kite is to be rais$ :5 a ?und]-gu/ appe>s to be com+ on1 & ! p]son :o holds ! /r+ mu/ /& )9 a door or w9d[1 or "u "s cov]1 s t ! silk ribbon may n be wet2 & c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! tw9e does n t\* ! frame ( ! door or w9d[4 ,z soon z any ( ! ?und]-cl\ds come ov] ! kite1 ! po9t$ wire w draw ! electric fire f !m2 & ! kite1 ) all ! tw9e1 w be electrifi$2 & ! loose filam5ts ( ! tw9e w /& out e way1 & be attract$ by an approa*+ f+]4 ,:5 ! ra9 has wet ! kite & tw9e1 s t x c conduct ! electric fire freely1 y w f9d x /ream out pl5tifully f ! key on ! approa* ( y\r knuckle4 ,at ?is key ! phial may be *>g$2 & f electric fire ?us obta9$ spirits may be k9dl$1 & all ! o!r electrical exp]im5ts be p]=m$ :i* are usually done by ! help ( a rubb$-glass globe or tube2 & ?us ! sam5ess ( ! electric matt] ) t ( lightn+ is completely demon/rat$40--,philosophical ,transactions4 ,( all ?is great man's 7,frankl9's7 sci5tific excell5cies1 ! mo/ rem>kable is ! smallness1 ! simplicity1 ! app>5t inadequacy ( ! means :i* he employ$ 9 8 exp]im5tal rese>*es4 ,8 discov]ies 7 all made ) h>dly any app>atus at all2 & if at any "t he _h be5 l$ to employ in/rum5ts ( a some:at less ord9>y description1 he nev] re/$ satisfi$ until he _h1 z x 71 aft]w>ds translat$ ! process by resolv+ ! problem ) su* simple ma*9]y t y might say he _h done x :olly unaid$ by app>atus4 ,! exp]im5ts by :i* ! id5tity ( lightn+ & electricity 0 demon/rat$ 7 made ) a %eet ( br[n pap]1 a bit ( tw9e or silk ?read1 & an iron key6--,"l ,br\gham4#ej ,,fatal ,,exp]im5t ,,) ,,lightn+4 ,^! exp]im5ts are n )\t dang]2 & a fla% ( lightn+ has be5 f\nd to be a v unmanageable in/rum5t4 ,9 #agec1 ,m4 ,ri*man1 at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 0 mak+ an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d by draw+ lightn+ into 8 room1 :51 incauti\sly br++ 8 head too ne> ! wire1 he 0 /ruck dead by ! fla%1 :i* issu$ f x l a globe ( blue fire1 accompani$ by a dreadful explosion4 ,,f>aday',s ,,electrical ,,illu/rations4 ,! foll[+ are select$ f ! v able s]ies ( lectures deliv]$ by ,pr(essor ,f>aday at ! ,royal ,in/itution3 ,! ,two ,electricities4--,aft] hav+ %[n by v>i\s exp]im5ts ! attractions & repulsions ( light sub/ances f excit$ glass & f an excit$ tube ( gutta-p]*a1 ,pr(essor ,f>aday proce$s to po9t out ! diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! electricity produc$ by ! friction ( ! two sub/ances4 ,! opposite *>act]s ( ! electricity evolv$ by ! friction ( glass & ( t excit$ by ! friction ( gutta-p]*a & %ellac are exhibit$ by sev]al exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ! attraction ( ! positive & negative electricities to ea* o!r & ! neutralisation ( electrical action on ! comb9ation ( ! two =ces are di/9ctly obs]vable4 ,?\gh adopt+ ! t]ms 8positive0 & 8negative0 9 di/+ui%+ ! electricity excit$ by glass f t excit$ by gutta-p]*a & res9\s bodies1 ,pr(essor ,f>aday is /rongly oppos$ to ! ,frankl9ian !ory f :i* ^! t]ms are d]iv$4 ,accord+ to ,frankl9's view ( ! nature ( electrical excitem5t1 x arises f ! di/urbance1 by friction or o!r means1 ( ! natural quantity ( "o electric fluid :i* is possess$ by all bodies2 an excit$ piece ( glass hav+ m ?an its natural %>e1 :i* has be5 tak5 f ! rubb]1 ! latt] be+ consequ5tly 9 a m9us or negative /ate4 ,?is !ory ,pr(essor ,f>aday consid]s to be oppos$ to ! di/9ct *>act]i/ic actions ( ! two =ces2 &1 9 8 op9ion1 x is impossible to deprive any body ( electricity1 & r$uce x to ! m9us /ate ( ,frankl9's hypo!sis4 ,tak+ a ,zamboni's pile1 he applies its two ends sep>ately to an electromet]1 to %[ t ea* end produces opposite k9ds ( electricity1 & t ! z]o1 or abs5ce ( electrical excitem5t1 only exi/s 9 ! c5tre ( ! pile4 ,to prove h[ completely ! two electricities neutralise ea* o!r1 an excit$ rod ( gutta-p]*a & ! piece ( flannel ) :i* x has be5 rubb$ are laid on ! top ( ! electromet] )\t any sign ( electricity :il/ !y are toge!r2 b :5 ei!r is remov$1 ! gold leaves div]ge ) positive & negative electricity alt]nately4 ,! ,pr(essor dwells /rongly on ! peculi>ity ( ! dual =ce ( electricity1 :i*1 9 respect ( its duality1 is unlike any o!r =ce 9 nature4 ,he !n contra/s its ph5om5a ( in/antane\s conduction ) ^? ( ! some:at analog\s =ce ( heat2 & he illu/rates by sev]al /rik+ exp]im5ts ! peculi> prop]ty :i* /atic electricity possesses ( be+ spread only ov] ! surfaces ( bodies4 ,a metal ice-pail is plac$ on an insulat$ /& & electrifi$1 & a metal ball susp5d$ by a /r+ is introduc$1 & t\*es ! bottom & sides )\t hav+ any electricity imp>t$ to x1 b on t\*+ ! outside x becomes /rongly electrical4 ,! exp]im5t is repeat$ ) a wood5 tub ) ! same result2 & ,pr(essor ,f>aday m5tions ! /ill m rem>kable mann] 9 :i* he has prov$ ! surface di/ribution ( electricity by hav+ a small *amb] con/ruct$ & cov]$ ) t9foil1 :i* c be insulat$2 & :il/ torr5ts ( electricity are be+ evolv$ f ! ext]nal surface1 he ent]s x ) a galvanomet]1 & _c p]ceive ! slighte/ manife/ation ( electricity )94 ,! ,two ,?reads4--,a curi\s exp]im5t is made ) two k9ds ( ?read us$ z ! conduct+ =ce4 ,f ! electric ma*9e on ! table a silk ?read is fir/ c>ri$ to ! indicator a y>d or two (f1 & is %[n to be a non-conductor :5 ! glass tube is rubb$ & appli$ to ! ma*9e 7al?\gh ! silk1 :5 wett$1 conduct$72 :ile a metallic ?read ( ! same ?ickness1 :5 treat$ 9 ! same way1 conducts ! =ce s mu* z to vehem5tly agitate ! gold leaves )9 ! indicator4 ,non-conduct+ ,bodies4--,! action t occurs 9 bodies :i* _c conduct is ! mo/ important "p ( electrical sci5ce4 ,! pr9ciple is illu/rat$ by ! attraction & repulsion ( an electrifi$ ball ( gilt pap] by a glass tube1 betwe5 :i* & ! ball a %eet ( %ellac is susp5d$4 ,! ne>] a ball ( ano!r description--an unelectrical insulat$ body--is br\ght to ! ,leyd5 j> :5 *>g$1 ! great] influ5ce x is se5 to possess ov] ! gold leaf )9 ! indicator1 by induction1 n by conduction4 ,! que/ions1 h[ electricities attract ea* o!r1 :at k9d ( electricity is drawn f ! ma*9e to ! h&1 h[ ! h& 0 electric1 are ?us illu/rat$4 ,to %[ ! div]s op]ations ( ?is wond]ful =ce1 a tub 7a bad conductor7 is plac$ by ! electric ma*9e4 ,:5 ! latt] is *>g$1 a ball1 hav+ be5 electrifi$ f x1 is held 9 ! tub1 & rattles aga9/ its sides & bottom4 ,on ! application ( ! ball to ! indicator1 ! gold leaf is %[n n to move1 :]eas x is agitat$ manife/ly :5 ! same process is gone ?r\gh ) ! exception t ! ball is made to t\* ! outside only ( ! tub4 ,simil> exp]im5ts ) a ball 9 an ice-pail & a vessel ( wire-gauze1 into ! latt] ( :i* is introduc$ a m\se1 :i* is %[n to receive no %ock1 & n to be fright5$ at all2 :ile f ! outside ( ! vessel electric sp>ks are rapidly produc$4 ,?is latt] demon/ration proves t1 z ! m\se1 s m5 & wom51 might be safe inside a build+ ) prop] conductors :ile lightn+ play$ ab\t ! ext]ior4 ,! wire-gauze be+ turn$ inside out1 ! pr9ciple is %[n to be irrev]sible 9 spite ( ! *ange--:at has be5 ! unelectrical inside ( ! vessel be+ n[1 :5 made ! outside portion1 capable ( receiv+ & transmitt+ ! p[]1 :ile ! orig9al outside is n[ unelectrical4 ,repulsion ( ,bodies4--,a rem>kable & playful exp]im5t1 by :i* ! repulsion ( bodies simil>ly electrifi$ is illu/rat$1 consi/s 9 plac+ a basket conta9+ a heap ( small pieces ( pap] on an insulat$ /&1 & connect+ x ) ! prime conductor ( ! electrical ma*9e2 :5 ! pieces ( pap] rise rapidly aft] ea* o!r into ! air1 & desc5d on ! lecture-table l a fall ( sn[4 ,! effect is greatly increas$ :5 a metal disc is sub/itut$ = ! basket4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,leyd5 ,,j>4 ,mus*5broek & ,l9nu _h made v>i\s exp]im5ts ( a /rong k9d ) wat] & wire4 ,! =m]1 z appe>s f a lett] ( 8 to ,raumur1 fill$ a small bottle ) wat]1 & hav+ cork$ x up1 pass$ a wire ?r\gh ! cork into ! bottle4 ,hav+ rubb$ ! vessel on ! outside & susp5d$ x to ! electric ma*9e1 he 0 surpris$ to f9d t on try+ to pull ! wire out he 0 subject$ to an awfully sev]e %ock 9 8 jo9ts & 8 :ole body1 su* z he decl>$ he w\ld n suff] aga9 = any exp]im5t4 ,h5ce ! ,leyd5 j>1 :i* owes its "n to ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd51 ) :i*1 we believe1 ,mus*5broek 0 connect$4--,f>aday4 ,,dang] ,,to ,,gunp[d] ,,magaz9es4 ,by ! illu/ration ( a gas globule1 :i* is ignit$ f a sp>k by induction1 ,mr4 ,f>aday has prov$ 9 a mo/ int]e/+ mann] t ! corrugat$-iron ro(s ( "s gunp[d]-magaz9es1--on ! subject ( :i* he _h (t5 be5 consult$ by ! build]s1 ) a view to ! great] safety ( ^! manufactories1--are absolutely dang]\s by ! laws ( induction2 z1 by ! return ( induction1 :ile a /orm 0 dis*>g+ itself a mile or two (f1 a second>y sp>k might ignite ! build+4 ,,artificial ,,cry/als ,,& ,,m9]als4--8,,! ,,crosse ,,mite40 ,among ! exp]im5t]s on ,electricity 9 our "t :o h l>gely contribut$ to ! 8,curiosities ( ,sci5ce10 ,&rew ,crosse is entitl$ to special notice4 ,9 8 s*ool-days he became greatly atta*$ to ! /udy ( electricity2 & on settl+ on 8 pat]nal e/ate1 ,fyne ,c\rt1 on ! ,quantock ,hills 9 ,som]set%ire1 he !re devot$ himself to *emi/ry1 m9]alogy1 & electricity1 pursu+ 8 exp]im5ts :olly indep5d5tly ( !ories1 & se>*+ only = facts4 ,9 ,holwell ,cav]n1 ne> 8 resid5ce1 he obs]v$ ! sides & ! ro( cov]$ ) ,arragonite cry/allisations1 :5 8 obs]vations l$ him to conclude t ! cry/allisations 7 ! effects1 at lea/ to "s ext5t1 ( electricity4 ,?is induc$ him to make ! attempt to =m artificial cry/als by ! same means1 :i* he began 9 #ahjg4 ,he took "s wat] f ! cave1 fill$ a tumbl]1 & expos$ x to ! action ( a voltaic batt]y excit$ by wat] alone1 lett+ ! plat9um-wires ( ! batt]y fall on opposite sides ( ! tumbl] f ! opposite poles ( ! batt]y4 ,aft] t5 days' con/ant action1 he produc$ cry/als ( c>bonate ( lime2 & on repeat+ ! exp]im5t 9 ! d>k1 he produc$ !m 9 six days4 ,?us ,mr4 ,crosse simulat$ 9 8 laboratory "o ( ! hi!rto mo/ my/]i\s processes ( nature4 ,he pursu$ ?is l9e ( rese>* = ne>ly ?irty ye>s at ,fyne ,c\rt1 :]e 8 electrical-room & laboratory 7 on an enorm\s scale3 ! app>atus _h co/ "s ?\s&s ( p\nds1 & ! h\se 0 ne>ly full ( furnaces4 ,he c>ri$ an insulat$ wire above ! tops ( ! trees ar\nd 8 h\se to ! l5g? ( a mile & a qu>t]1 aft]w>ds %ort5$ to #ahjj feet4 ,by ?is wire1 :i* 0 br\ght into connection ) ! app>atus 9 a *amb]1 he 0 enabl$ to see cont9ually ! *anges 9 ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 & c\ld use ! fluid s collect$ = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,9 #ahaf1 at a meet+ ( c\ntry g5tlem51 he prophesi$ t1 8by means ( electrical ag5cy1 we %all be able to communicate our ?\ghts simultane\sly ) ! utt]mo/ ends ( ! e>?40 ,/ill1 ?\gh he =esaw ! p[]s ( ! m$ium1 he did n make any exp]im5ts 9 t direction1 b conf9$ himself to ! endeav\r to produce cry/als ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,he ultimately obta9$ =ty-"o m9]al cry/als1 or m9]als uncry/allis$1 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y are produc$ by nature1 includ+ "o sub-sulphate ( copp]--an entirely new m9]al1 nei!r f\nd 9 nature nor =m$ by art previ\sly4 ,8 belief 0 t ev5 diamonds might be produc$ 9 ?is way4 ,mr4 ,crosse work$ alone 9 8 retreat until #ahcf1 :51 att5d+ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,bri/ol1 he 0 induc$ to expla9 8 exp]im5ts1 = :i* he 0 highly complim5t$ by ,dr4 ,buckl&1 ,dr4 ,dalton1 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 & o!rs4#ea ,%ortly aft] ,mr4 ,crosse's return to ,fyne ,c\rt1 :ile pursu+ 8 exp]im5ts = =m+ cry/als f a highly cau/ic solution out ( contact ) atmosph]ic air1 he 0 greatly surpris$ by ! appe>ance ( an insect4 ,black fl9t1 burnt to r$ness & r$uc$ to p[d]1 0 mix$ ) c>bonate ( pota%1 & expos$ to a /rong heat = fifte5 m9utes2 & ! mixture 0 p\r$ into a black-lead crucible 9 an air furnace4 ,x 0 r$uc$ to p[d] :ile w>m1 mix$ ) boil+ wat]1 kept boil+ = "s m9utes1 & !n hydro*loric acid 0 add$ to sup]saturation4 ,aft] be+ expos$ to voltaic action = tw5ty-six days1 a p]fect insect ( ! ,ac>i tribe made its appe>ance1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks ab\t a hundr$ m4 ,! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ 9 o!r *emical fluids ) ! l results2 & ,mr4 ,weeks ( ,s&wi* aft]w>ds produc$ ! ,ac>i inf]rocyan]ret ( potassium4 ,! ,ac>us ( ,mr4 ,crosse 0 f\nd to contribute a new species ( t g5us1 ne>ly approa*+ ! ,ac>i f\nd 9 *eese & fl\r1 or m ne>ly1 ,h]mann's ,ac>us dimidiatus4 ,?is discov]y occasion$ great excitem5t4 ,! possibility 0 d5i$1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,f>aday is said to h /at$ 9 ! same ye> t he _h se5 simil> appe>ances 9 8 own electrical exp]im5ts4 ,mr4 ,crosse 0 n[ accus$ ( impiety & aim+ at creation1 to :i* attacks he ?us repli$3 ,z to ! appe>ance ( ! ac>i "u long-cont9u$ electrical action1 ,i h nev] 9 ?\ght1 ^w1 or de$ giv5 any "o a "r to suppose t ,i consid]$ !m z a creation1 or ev5 z a =mation1 f inorganic matt]4 ,to create is to =m a some?+ out ( a no?+4 ,to annihilate is to r$uce t some?+ to a no?+4 ,bo? ( ^!1 ( c\rse1 c only be ! attributes ( ! ,almighty4 ,9 fact1 ,i c assure y mo/ sacr$ly t ,i h nev] dream$ ( any !ory suffici5t to acc\nt = _! appe>ance4 ,i confess t ,i 0 n a little surpris$1 & am s /ill1 & q z mu* z ,i 0 :5 ! ac>i made _! fir/ appe>ance4 ,aga91 ,i h nev] claim$ any m]it z atta*$ to ^! exp]im5ts4 ,x 0 a matt] ( *ance2 ,i 0 look+ = silici\s =mations1 & animal matt] appe>$ in/ead4 ,^! ,ac>i1 if remov$ f _! bir?place1 liv$ & propagat$2 b uni=mly di$ on ! fir/ recurr5ce ( fro/1 & 7 entirely de/roy$ if !y fell back into ! fluid :5ce !y arose4 ,"o ( ,mr4 ,crosse's visitors ?us describes ! va/ electrical room at ,fyne ,c\rt3 ,"h 0 an imm5se numb] ( j>s & gallipots1 conta9+ fluids on :i* electricity 0 op]at+ = ! production ( cry/als4 ,b y are />tl$ 9 ! mid/ ( y\r obs]vations by ! sm>t crackl+ s\nd t att5ds ! passage ( ! electrical sp>k2 y he> also ! rumbl+ ( di/ant ?und]4 ,! ra9 is already pla%+ 9 great drops aga9/ ! glass1 & ! s\nd ( ! pass+ sp>ks cont9ues to />tle y\r e>2 y see at ! w9d[ a huge brass conductor1 ) a dis*>g+ rod ne> x pass+ into ! floor1 & f ! "o knob to ! o!r sp>ks are leap+ ) increas+ rapidity & noise1 e "o ( :i* w\ld kill tw5ty m5 at "o bl[1 if !y 7 l9k$ toge!r h& 9 h& & ! sp>k s5t ?r\gh ! circle4 ,f ?is conductor wires pass (f )\t ! w9d[1 & ! electric fluid is conduct$ h>mlessly away4 ,mr4 ,crosse approa*$ ! in/rum5t z boldly z if ! fl[+ /ream ( fire 7 a h>mless sp>k4 ,arm$ ) 8 insulat$ rod1 he s5t x into 8 batt]ies3 hav+ *>g$ !m1 he %[$ h[ wire 0 melt$1 dissipat$ 9 a mom5t1 by its passage2 h[ metals--silv]1 gold1 & t9--7 inflam$ & burnt l pap]1 only ) mo/ brilliant hues4 ,he %[$ y a mimic aurora & a fall+-/>1 & s prov$ to y ! cause ( ^? beautiful ph5om5a4 ,mr4 ,crosse appe>s to h produc$ 9 all 8ab\t #bjj v>ieties ( m9]als1 exactly resembl+ 9 all respects simil> ones f\nd 9 nature40 ,he tri$ also a new plan ( extract+ gold f its ores by an electrical process1 :i* succe$$1 b 0 too exp5sive = common use4 ,he 0 9 ! habit ( say+ t he c\ld1 l ,ar*im$es1 move ! _w 8if he 7 able to con/ruct a batt]y at once *eap1 p[]ful1 & durable40 ,8 process ( extract+ metals f _! ores has be5 pat5t$4 ,among 8 o!r useful applications ( electricity are ! purify+ by its means ( bracki% or sea-wat]1 & ! improv+ bad w9e & br&y4 ,he agre$ ) ,mr4 ,quekett 9 ?9k+ t x is by electrical action t silica & o!r m9]al sub/ances are c>ri$ into & assimilat$ by plants4 ,negative electricity ,mr4 ,crosse f\nd fav\rable to no plants except fungi2 & positive electricity he asc]ta9$ to be injuri\s to fungi1 b fav\rable to e ?+ else4 ,mr4 ,crosse di$ 9 #ahee4 ,8 wid[ has publi%$ a v int]e/+ volume ( ,memorials ( ! +5i\s exp]im5t]1 f :i* we select ! foll[+3 ,on "o occasion ,mr4 ,crosse kept a pair ( soles "u ! electric action = ?ree mon?s2 & at ! end ( t "t !y 7 s5t to a fri5d1 ^: dome/ics knew no?+ ( ! exp]im5t4 ,be=e ! cook dress$ !m1 h] ma/] ask$ h] :e!r %e ?\ght !y 7 fre%1 z he _h "s d\bts4 ,%e repli$ t %e 0 sure !y 7 fre%2 inde$1 %e said %e c\ld swe> t !y 7 alive ye/]day6 ,:5 s]v$ at table !y appe>$ l ord9>y fi%2 b :5 ! family attempt$ to eat !m1 !y 7 f\nd to be p]fectly ta/eless--! electric action _h tak5 away all ! ess5tial oil1 leav+ ! fi% unfit = food4 ,h[ev]1 ! process is exce$+ly useful = keep+ fi%1 meat1 c4 fre% & good = t5 days or a =tnight4 ,i h nev] he>d a satisfactory explanation ( ! cause ( ! antiseptic p[] communicat$ to wat] by ! passage ( ! electric curr5t4 ,:e!r ozone has n some?+ to d ) x1 may be a "q4 ,! same effect is produc$ :i*ev] two dissimil> metals are us$4 ,! ,electric ,telegraph4 ,,anticipations ,,( ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph4 ,! great secret ( ubiquity1 or at lea/ ( in/antane\s transmission1 has ev] ex]cis$ ! +5uity ( mank9d 9 v>i\s romantic my?s2 & ! discov]y ( c]ta9 prop]ties ( ! load/one gave a new direction to ^! fancies4 ,! e>lie/ anticipation ( ! ,electric ,telegraph ( ?is purely fabul\s "* =ms ! subject ( "o ( ! ,prolusiones ,academic ( ! le>n$ ,italian ,jesuit ,/rada1 fir/ publi%$ at ,rome 9 ! ye> #afag4 ,( ?is poem a free translation appe>$ 9 #agej4 ,/rada's fancy 0 ?is3 8,!re is10 he supposes1 8a species ( load/one :i* possesses su* virtue1 t if two ne$les be t\*$ ) x1 & !n balanc$ on sep>ate pivots1 & ! "o be turn$ 9 a p>ticul> direction1 ! o!r w sympa!tically move p>allel to x4 ,he !n directs ea* ( ^! ne$les to be pois$ & m\nt$ p>allel on a dial hav+ ! lett]s ( ! alphabet arrang$ r\nd x4 ,accord+ly1 if "o p]son has "o ( ! dials1 & ano!r ! o!r1 by a little pre-arrangem5t z to details a correspond5ce c be ma9ta9$ betwe5 !m at any di/ance by simply po9t+ ! ne$les to ! lett]s ( ! requir$ words4 ,/rada1 9 8 poetical rev]ie1 dreamt t "s su* sympa?y might "o day be f\nd to hold up ! ,magnesian ,/one40 ,/rada's conceit seems to h made a pr(\nd impression on ! ma/]-m9ds ( ! day4 ,8 poem is quot$ 9 _m works ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies2 & ,bi%op ,wilk9s1 9 8 book on ,cryptology1 is /rangely afraid le/ 8 read]s %\ld mi/ake ,/rada's fancy = fact4 ,wilk9s writes3 8,?is inv5tion is altoge!r imag9>y1 hav+ no f\ndation 9 any real exp]im5t4 ,y may see x frequ5tly confut$ 9 ^? t treat conc]n+ magnetical virtues40 ,aga91 ,addison1 9 ! #bda/ ,no4 ( ! ,spectator1 #agab1 describes ,/rada's 8,*im]ical correspond5ce10 & adds t1 8if ev] ?is inv5tion %\ld be reviv$ or put 9 practice10 he 8w\ld propose t ^u ! lov]'s dial-plate !re %\ld be writt5 n only ! f\r-&-tw5ty lett]s1 b sev]al entire words :i* h always a place 9 passionate epi/les1 z flames1 d>ts1 die1 language1 abs5ce1 ,cupid1 he>t1 eyes1 be+1 dr[n1 & ! l4 ,?is w\ld v mu* abridge ! lov]'s pa9s 9 ?is way ( writ+ a lett]1 z x w\ld enable him to express ! mo/ useful & significant words ) a s+le t\* ( ! ne$le40 ,aft] ,/rada & 8 comm5tators comes ,h5ry ,van ,ett51 :o %[s h[ 8,claude1 be+ at ,p>is1 & ,john at ,rome1 might conv]se toge!r1 if ea* _h a ne$le t\*$ by a /one ( su* virtue t z "o mov$ itself at ,p>is ! o!r %\ld be mov$ at ,rome30 he adds1 8x is a f9e inv5tion1 b ,i d n ?9k !re is a magnet 9 ! _w :i* has su* virtue2 besides1 x is inexp$i5t1 = treasons w\ld be too frequ5t & too mu* protect$4 7,recrations ,ma?matiques3 see #e? edition1 ,p>is1 #affj1 p4 #aeh47 ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne ref]s to ?is 8conceit0 z 8excell5t1 &1 if ! effect w\ld foll[1 some:at div9e20 b he tri$ ! two ne$les t\*$ ) ! same load/one1 & plac$ 9 two circles ( lett]s1 8"o fri5d keep+ "o & ano!r ! o!r1 & agree+ ^u an h\r :5 !y w communicate10 & f\nd ! tradition a failure t1 8at :at di/ance ( place soev]1 :5 "o ne$le %all be remov$ unto any lett]1 ! o!r1 by a wond]ful sympa?y1 w move unto ! same40 7,see ,vulg> ,errors1 book ii4 *4 iii47 ,glanvill's ,vanity ( ,dogmatiz+1 a "w publi%$ 9 #affa1 h[ev]1 conta9s ! mo/ rem>kable allusion to ! prevail+ telegraphic fancy4 ,glanvill 0 an en?usia/1 & he cle>ly pr$icts ! discov]y & g5]al adoption ( ! electric telegraph4 8,to conf]10 he says1 8at ! di/ance ( ! ,indies by sympa!tic conveyance may be z usual to future times z to u 9 a lit]>y correspond5ce40 ,by ! ^w 8sympa!tic0 he evid5tly int5d$ to convey magnetic ag5cy2 = he subsequ5tly treats ( 8conf]5ce at a di/ance by impregnat$ ne$les10 & describes ! device sub/antially z x is giv5 by ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 add+1 t ?\gh x did n !n answ]1 8by "s o!r su* way ( magnetic effici5cy x may h]eaft] ) success be attempt$1 :5 magical hi/ory %all be enl>g$ by rip] inspection2 & 'tis n unlikely b t pres5t discov]ies might be improv$ to ! p]=mance40 ,?is may be said to close ! mo/ speculative or my?ical p]iod 9 ref]5ce to ! subject ( electro-telegraphy4 ,electricians n[ began to be s$ul\s 9 _! exp]im5ts ^u ! new =ce by friction1 !n ! only kn[n me?od ( g5]at+ electricity4 ,9 #agbi1 ,/eph5 ,gray1 a p5sion] ( ! ,*>t]-h\se1 contriv$ a me?od ( mak+ electrical signals ?r\gh a wire #gfe feet long2 yet ?is mo/ important exp]im5t did n excite mu* att5tion4 ,next ,dr4 ,watson1 ( ! ,royal ,society1 exp]im5t$ on ! possibility ( transmitt+ electricity ?r\gh a l>ge circuit f ! simple fact ( ,le ,monni]'s acc\nt ( 8 feel+ ! /roke ( ! electrifi$ fires ?r\gh two ( ! bas9s ( ! ,tuil]ies 7:i* occupy ne>ly an acre71 by means ( an iron *a9 ly+ ^u ! gr\nd & /ret*$ r\nd half _! circumf]5ce4 ,9 #agde1 ,dr4 ,watson1 assi/$ by sev]al memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society1 made a s]ies ( exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 h[ f> electricity c\ld be convey$ by means ( conductors4 8,!y caus$ ! %ock to pass across ! ,?ames at ,we/m9/] ,bridge1 ! circuit be+ complet$ by mak+ use ( ! riv] = "o "p ( ! *a9 ( communication4 ,"o end ( ! wire communicat$ ) ! coat+ ( a *>g$ phial1 ! o!r be+ held by ! obs]v]1 :o 9 8 o!r h& held an iron rod :i* he dipp$ into ! riv]4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! riv] /ood a g5tleman1 :o likewise dipp$ an iron rod 9 ! riv] ) "o h&1 & 9 ! o!r held a wire ! extremity ( :i* might be br\ght into contact ) ! wire ( ! phial4 ,^u mak+ ! dis*>ge1 ! %ock 0 felt simultane\sly by bo? ! obs]v]s40 7,prie/ley's ,hi/ory ( ,electricity47 ,subsequ5tly ! same p>ties made exp]im5ts ne> ,%oot]'s ,hill1 :5 ! wires =m$ a circuit ( f\r miles1 & convey$ ! %ock ) equal facility1--8a di/ance :i* )\t trial10 !y obs]v$1 80 too great to be cr$it$40#eb ,^! exp]im5ts 9 #agdg e/abli%$ two great pr9ciples3 #a1 t ! electric curr5t is transmissible along ne>ly two miles & a half ( iron wire2 #b1 t ! electric curr5t may be complet$ by bury+ ! poles 9 ! e>? at ! above di/ance4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #agdh1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 p]=m$ 8 celebrat$ exp]im5ts on ! banks ( ! ,s*uylkill1 ne> ,philadelphia2 :i* be+ int]rupt$ by ! hot wea!r1 !y 7 conclud$ by a picnic1 :5 spirits 7 fir$ by an electric sp>k s5t ?r\gh a wire 9 ! riv]1 & a turkey 0 kill$ by ! electric %ock1 & roa/$ by ! electric jack be=e a fire k9dl$ by ! electrifi$ bottle4 ,9 ! ye> #agec1 !re appe>$ 9 ! ,scots' ,magaz9e1 vol4 xv41 def9ite proposals = ! con/ruction ( an electric telegraph1 requir+ z _m conduct+ wires z !re are lett]s 9 ! alphabet2 x 0 also propos$ to conv]se by *imes1 by sub/itut+ bells = ! balls4 ,a simil> sy/em ( telegraph+ 0 next inv5t$ by ,joseph ,bozolus1 a ,jesuit1 at ,rome2 & next by ! great ,italian electrician ,tib]ius ,cavallo1 9 8 treatise on ,electricity4 ,9 #aghg1 ,ar?ur ,"y1 :5 travell+ 9 ,france1 saw a model work+ telegraph by ,m4 ,lomond3 8,y write two or ?ree words on a pap]10 says ,"y2 8he takes x ) him into a room1 & turns a ma*9e enclos$ 9 a cyl9drical case1 at ! top ( :i* is an electromet]--a small f9e pi?-ball2 a wire connects ) a simil> cyl9d] & electromet] 9 a di/ant ap>tm5t2 & 8 wife1 by rem>k+ ! correspond+ motions ( ! ball1 writes d[n ! words !y indicate3 f :i* x appe>s t he has =m$ an alphabet ( motions4 ,z ! l5g? ( ! wire makes no diff]5ce 9 ! effect1 a correspond5ce might be c>ri$ on at any di/ance4 ,:atev] ! use may be1 ! inv5tion is beautiful40 ,we n[ rea* a new epo* 9 ! sci5tific p]iod--! discov]y ( ! ,voltaic ,pile4 ,9 #agid1 accord+ to ,voigt's ,magaz9e1 ,reiz5 made use ( ! electric sp>k = ! telegraph2 & 9 #agih ,dr4 ,salva ( ,madrid con/ruct$ a simil> telegraph1 :i* ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace subsequ5tly exhibit$ to ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 ) great success4 ,9 #ahji1 ,soemm]+ exhibit$ a telegraphic app>atus work$ by galvanism be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,muni*1 9 :i* ! mode ( signall+ consi/$ 9 ! developm5t ( gas-bubbles f ! decomposition ( wat] plac$ 9 a s]ies ( glass tubes1 ea* ( :i* d5ot$ a lett] ( ! alphabet4 ,9 #ahac1 ,mr4 ,%>pe1 ( ,doe ,hill ne> ,alfreton1 devis$ a voltaic-electric telegraph1 :i* he exhibit$ to ! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty1 :o spoke approv+ly ( x1 b decl9$ to c>ry x into effect4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,soemm]+ exhibit$ a voltaic-electric telegraph ( 8 own con/ruction1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 op5 to ! objection ( !re be+ z _m wires z signs or lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,! next inv5tion is ( mu* great] importance4 ,^u ! sugge/ion ( ,cavallo1 already ref]r$ to1 ,francis ,ronalds con/ruct$ a p]fect electric telegraph1 employ+ frictional electricity not)/&+ ,volta's discov]ies _h be5 kn[n 9 ,engl& = sixte5 ye>s4 ,?is telegraph 0 exhibit$ at ,hamm]smi? 9 #ahaf3ec x consi/$ ( a s+le insulat$ wire1 ! indication be+ by pi?-balls 9 front ( a dial4 ,:5 ! wire 0 *>g$1 ! balls 7 div]g5t1 b collaps$ :5 ! wire 0 dis*>g$2 at ! same "t 7 employ$ two clocks1 ) lett]$ discs = ! signals4 8,if1 z ,paley ass]ts 7& ,col]idge d5ies71 #8he alone discov]s :o proves1' ,ronalds is entitl$ to ! appellation ( ! fir/ discov]] ( an effici5t electric telegraph40 7,saturday ,review1 ,no4 #adged7 ,nev]!less ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! day refus$ to avail itself ( ?is admirable contrivance4 ,9 #ahai1 ,o]/$ made 8 great discov]y ( ! deflection1 by a curr5t ( electricity1 ( a magnetic ne$le at "r angles to su* curr5t4 ,dr4 ,hamel ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg /ates t ,b>on ,s*ill+ 0 ! fir/ to apply ,o]/$'s discov]y to telegraphy2 ,ampre _h previ\sly sugge/$ x1 b 8 plan 0 v complicat$1 & ,dr4 ,hamel ma9ta9s t ,s*ill+ fir/ realis$ ! idea by actually produc+ an electro-magnetic telegraph simpl] 9 con/ruction ?an t :i* ,ampre _h imag9$4 ,9 #ahcf1 ,pr(essor ,muncke ( ,heidelb]g1 :o _h inspect$ ,s*ill+'s telegraphic app>atus1 expla9$ ! same to ,william ,fo!rgill ,cooke1 :o 9 ! foll[+ ye> return$ to ,engl&1 & subsequ5tly1 ) ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 lab\r$ simultane\sly = ! introduction ( ! electro-magnetic telegraph ^u ! ,engli% railways2 ! fir/ pat5t = :i* 0 tak5 out 9 ! jo9t names ( ^! two g5tlem54 ,9 #ahdd1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 ) "o ( 8 telegraphs1 =m$ a communication betwe5 ,k+'s ,college & ! l(ty %ot-t[] on ! opposite bank ( ! ,?ames3 ! wire 0 laid along ! p>apets ( ! t]race ( ,som]set ,h\se & ,wat]loo ,bridge1 & !nce to ! top ( ! t[]1 ab\t #aej feet high1 :]e a telegraph 0 plac$2 ! wire !n desc5d$1 & a plate ( z9c atta*$ to its extremity 0 plung$ into ! mud ( ! riv]1 :il/ a simil> plate atta*$ to ! extremity at ! nor? side 0 imm]s$ 9 ! wat]4 ,! circuit 0 ?us complet$ by ! entire bread? ( ! ,?ames1 & ! telegraph act$ z well z if ! circuit 7 entirely metallic4 ,%ortly aft] ?is exp]im5t1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one & ,mr4 ,cooke laid d[n ! fir/ work+ electric telegraph on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 f ,padd+ton to ,sl\gh4 ,,electric ,,girdle ,,= ,,! ,,e>?4 ,"o ( our mo/ pr(\nd electricians is report$ to h exclaim$3 8,give me b an unlimit$ l5g? ( wire1 ) a small batt]y1 & ,i w girdle ! univ]se ) a s5t5ce 9 =ty m9utes40 ,yet ?is is no va9 boa/2 = s rapid is ! transition ( ! electric curr5t along ! l9e ( ! telegraph wire1 t1 suppos+ x 7 possible to c>ry ! wires eight times r\nd ! e>?1 ! transit w\ld occupy b "o second ( "t6 ,,consumption ,,( ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph4 ,x is s+ul> to see h[ ?is telegraphic ag5cy is measur$ by ! *emical consumption ( z9c & acid4 ,mr4 ,jones 7:o has writt5 a "w ^u ! ,electric ,telegraphs ( ,am]ica7 e/imates t to "w #ab1jjj miles ( telegraph ab\t #cjjj z9c cups are us$ to hold ! acid3 ^! weigh ab\t #ijjj lbs41 & !y und]go decomposition by ! galvanic action 9 ab\t six mon?s1 s t #ah1jjj lbs4 ( z9c are consum$ 9 a ye>4 ,!re are also ab\t #cfjj porcela9 cups to conta9 nitric acid2 x requires #dej lbs4 ( acid to *>ge !m once1 & ! *>ge is r5ew$ e =tnight1 mak+ ab\t #ab1jjj lbs4 ( nitric acid 9 a ye>4 ,,"t ,,lo/ ,,9 ,,electric ,,messages4 ,al?\gh x may require an h\r1 or two or ?ree h\rs1 to transmit a telegraphic message to a di/ant city1 yet x is ! me*anical adju/m5t by ! s5d] & receiv] :i* really absorbs ?is "t2 ! actual transit is practically in/antane\s1 & s x w\ld be f "h to ! antipodes1 s f> z ! curr5t itself is conc]n$4 ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph ,,9 ,,a/ronomy ,,& ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,longitude4 ,! ,electric ,telegraph has become an in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( ! a/ronom] = det]m9+ ! diff]5ce ( longitude betwe5 two obs]vatories4 ,?us 9 #ahed ! diff]5ce ( longitude betwe5 ,london & ,p>is 0 det]m9$ )9 a limit ( error :i* am\nt$ b>ely to a qu>t] ( a second4 ,! sudd5 di/urbances ( ! magnetic ne$le1 :5 freely susp5d$1 :i* seem to take place simultane\sly ov] :ole cont95ts1 if n ov] ! :ole globe1 f "s unexpla9$ cause1 are po9t$ out z means by :i* ! diff]5ces ( longitude betwe5 ! magnetic obs]vatories may possibly be det]m9$ ) great] precision ?an by any yet kn[n me?od4 ,s long ago z #ahci ,pr(essor ,morse sugge/$ "s exp]im5ts = ! det]m9ation ( ,longitudes2 & 9 ,june #ahdd ! diff]5ce ( longitude betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore 0 det]m9$ by electric means "u 8 direction4 ,two p]sons 7 /ation$ at ^! two t[ns1 ) clocks c>efully adju/$ to ! respective spots2 & a telegraphic signal gave ! means ( comp>+ ! two clocks at a giv5 in/ant4 ,9 #ahdg ! relative longitudes ( ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 & ,wa%+ton 7 det]m9$ by means ( ! electric telegraph by ,messrs4 ,kei?1 ,walk]1 & ,loomis4 ,,non-,,int]f]5ce ,,( ,,galvanic ,,waves ,,on ,,! ,,same ,,wire4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts 9 ! economy ( ! telegraph is1 t ! l9e1 :5 connect$ ) a batt]y 9 action1 propagates ! hydro-galvanic waves 9 ei!r direction )\t int]f]5ce4 ,z sev]al successive syllables ( s\nd may set out 9 succession f ! same place1 & be on _! way at ! same "t1 to a li/5] at a di/ance1 s also1 :]e ! telegraph-l9e is long en\gh1 sev]al waves may be on _! way f ! signal /ation be=e ! fir/ "o rea*es ! receiv+ /ation2 two p]sons at a di/ance may pron\nce sev]al syllables at ! same "t1 & ea* he> ^? emitt$ by ! o!r4 ,s1 on a telegraph-l9e ( two or ?ree ?\s& miles 9 l5g? 9 ! air1 & ! same 9 ! gr\nd1 two op]ators may at ! same in/ant comm5ce a s]ies ( sev]al dots & l9es1 & ea* receive ! o!r's writ+s1 ?\gh ! waves h cross$ ea* o!r on ! way4 ,,effect ,,( ,,lightn+ ,,^u ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph4 ,9 ! /orm ( ,sunday ,april #b1 #ahdh1 ! lightn+ _h a v consid]able effect on ! wires ( ! electric telegraph1 p>ticul>ly on ! l9e ( railway ea/w>d f ,man*e/] to ,normanton4 ,n only 7 ! ne$les greatly deflect$1 & _! p[] ( answ]+ to ! h&les consid]ably weak5$1 b ^? at ! ,normanton /ation 7 f\nd to h _h _! poles rev]s$ by "s action ( ! electric fluid 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! damage1 h[ev]1 0 soon repair$1 & ! ne$les aga9 put 9 good work+ ord]4 ,,electro-,,telegraphic ,,message ,,to ,,! ,,/>s4 ,! electric fluid travels at ! mean rate ( #bj1jjj miles 9 a second "u ord9>y circum/ances2 !re=e1 if x 7 possible to e/abli% a telegraphic communication ) ! /> #fa ,cygni1 x w\ld require n9ety ye>s to s5d a message !re4 ,pr(essor ,h5d]son & ,mr4 ,macle> h fully confirm$ ! annual p>allax ( ,c5tauri to am\nt to a second ( arc1 :i* gives ab\t tw5ty billions ( miles z its di/ance f our sy/em2 a ray ( light w\ld arrive f ,c5tauri to u 9 little m ?an ?ree ye>s1 & a telegraphic despat* w\ld arrive !re 9 ?irty ye>s4 ,,! ,,atlantic ,,telegraph4 ,! telegraphic communication betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates is s gr& a conception1 t x w\ld be impossible to detail its sci5tific & me*anical relations )9 ! limits ( ! pres5t "w4 ,all t we %all attempt1 !re=e1 w be to glance at a few ( ! lead+ op]ations4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts made be=e ! ,atlantic ,telegraph 0 f9ally decid$ on1 #bjjj miles ( subt]ranean & subm>9e telegraphic wires1 ramify+ ?r\gh ,engl& & ,irel& & "u ! wat]s ( ! ,iri% ,sea1 7 specially connect$ = ! purpose2 & ?r\gh ?is di/ance ( #bjjj miles #bej di/9ct signals 7 record$ & pr9t$ 9 "o m9ute4 ,fir/1 z to ! ,cable4 ,9 ! ord9>y wires by ! side ( a railway ! electric curr5t travels on ) ! spe$ ( lightn+--un9t]rupt$ by ! spe$ ( lightn+2 b :5 a wire is encas$ 9 gutta-p]*a1 or any simil> cov]+1 = subm]sion 9 ! sea1 new =ces come into play4 ,! electric excitem5t ( ! wire acts by induction1 ?r\gh ! envelope1 ^u ! p>ticles ( wat] 9 contact ) t envelope1 & calls up an electric =ce ( an opposite k9d4 ,!re are two =ces1 9 fact1 pull+ aga9/ ea* o!r ?r\gh ! gutta-p]*a z a neutral m$ium1--t is1 ! electricity 9 ! wire1 & ! opposite electricity 9 ! film ( wat] imm$iately surr\nd+ ! cable2 & to t ext5t ! p[] ( ! curr5t 9 ! enclos$ wire is weak5$4 ,a subm>9e cable1 :5 9 ! wat]1 is virtually a l5g!n$-out ,leyd5 j>2 x transmits signals :ile be+ *>g$ & dis*>g$1 in/ead ( m]ely all[+ a /ream to fl[ ev5ly along x3 x is a bottle = hold+ electricity r ?an a pipe = c>ry+ x2 & ?is has to be fill$ = e "t ( us+4 ,! wire be+ c>ri$ und]gr\nd1 or ?r\gh ! wat]1 ! spe$ becomes q measurable1 say a ?\s& miles 9 a second1 in/ead ( two hundr$ ?\s&1 ow+ to ! ret>dation by induc$ or retrograde curr5ts4 ,! en]gy ( ! curr5ts & ! quality ( ! wire also affect ! spe$4 ,until lately x 0 suppos$ t ! wire acts only z a conductor ( electricity1 & t a long wire mu/ produce a weak] effect ?an a %ort "o1 on acc\nt ( ! consequ5t att5uation ( ! electrical influ5ce2 b x is n[ kn[n t1 ! cable be+ a res]voir z well z a conductor1 its electrical supply is increas$ 9 proportion to its l5g?4 ,! electro-magnetic curr5t is employ$1 s9ce x possesses a treble velocity ( transmission1 & realises consequ5tly a ?reefold work+ spe$ z comp>$ ) simple voltaic electricity4 ,mr4 ,wildman ,:iteh\se has det]m9$ by 8 +5i\s app>atus t ! spe$ ( ! voltaic curr5t might be rais$ "u special circum/ances to #ahjj miles p] second2 b t ( ! induc$ curr5t1 or ! electro-magnetic1 might be augm5t$ to #fjjj miles p] second4 ,next z to a ,quantity ,batt]y employ$ 9 ^! inve/igations4 ,to effect a *>ge1 & transmit a curr5t ?r\gh "s ?\s& miles ( ! ,atlantic ,cable1 ,mr4 ,:iteh\se _h a piece ( app>atus prep>$ consi/+ ( tw5ty-five pairs ( z9c & silv] plates ab\t ! #bj? "p ( a squ>e in* l>ge1 & ! pairs s arrang$ t !y w\ld hold a drop ( acidulat$ wat] or br9e betwe5 !m4 ,on *>g+ ?is ,lilliputian batt]y by dipp+ ! plates 9 salt & wat]1 messages 7 s5t f x ?r\gh a ?\s& miles ( cable ) ! utmo/ ease2 & n only s1--pair aft] pair 0 dropp$ out f ! s]ies1 ! messages be+ /ill s5t on ) equal facility1 until at la/ only a s+le pair1 *>g$ by "o s+le drop ( liquid1 0 us$4 ,/range to say1 ) ?is s+le pair & s+le drop di/9ct signals 7 effect$ ?r\gh ! ?\s& miles ( ! cable6 ,ea* signal 0 regi/]$ at ! end ( ! cable 9 less ?an ?ree seconds ( "t4 ,! entire l5g? ( wire1 iron & copp]1 spun into ! cable am\nts to #ccb1ejj miles1 a l5g? suffici5t to engirdle ! e>? ?irte5 times4 ,! cable weighs f #ai cwt4 to a ton p] mile1 & w be> a /ra9 ( #e tons4 ,! ,p]petual ,ma9t5ance ,batt]y1 = work+ ! cable at ! bottom ( ! sea1 consi/s ( l>ge plates ( plat9at$ silv] & amalgamat$ z9c1 m\nt$ 9 cells ( gutta-p]*a4 ,! z9c plates 9 ea* cell re/ ^u a longitud9al b> at ! bottom1 & ! silv] plates hang ^u a simil> b> at ! top ( ! cell2 s t !re is virtually b a s+le /ret* ( silv] & a s+le /ret* ( z9c 9 op]ation4 ,ea* ( ! t5 cells conta9s #bjjj squ>e in*es ( act+ surface2 & ! comb9ation is s p[]ful1 t :5 ! broad /rips ( copp]-plate :i* =m ! pol> ext5sions are br\ght into contact or sep>at$1 brilliant fla%es are produc$1 accompani$ by a l\d crackl+ s\nd4 ,! po9ts ( l>ge pli]s are made r$-hot 9 five seconds :5 plac$ betwe5 !m1 & ev5 screws burn ) vivid sc9tillation4 ,! co/ ( ma9ta9+ ?is magnific5t t5-cell$ ,titan batt]y at "w does n exce$ a %ill+ p] h\r4 ,! voltaic curr5t g5]at$ 9 ?is batt]y is n1 h[ev]1 ! electric /ream to be s5t across ! ,atlantic1 b is only ! prim>y p[] us$ to call up & /imulate ! en]gy ( a m spe$y travell] by a complicat$ app>atus ( 8,d\ble ,induction ,coils40 ,nor is ! transmission-curr5t g5]at$ 9 ! inn] wire ( ! d\ble induction coil1--& :i* becomes weak5$ :5 x has pass$ ?r\gh #ahjj or #aijj miles1--set to "w to pr9t or record ! signals transmitt$4 ,?is weak5$ curr5t m]ely op5s & closes ! outlet ( a fre% batt]y1 :i* is to d ! pr9t+ lab\r4 ,?is relay-in/rum5t 7z x is call$71 :i* consi/s ( a tempor>y & p]man5t magnet1 is s s5sitive an app>atus1 t x may be put 9 action by a fragm5t ( z9c & a sixp5ce press$ aga9/ ! tongue4 ,! attempts to lay ! cable 9 ,augu/ #aheg fail$ ?r\gh /ret*+ x s tightly t x snapp$ & w5t to ! bottom1 at a dep? ( #ab1jjj feet1 =ty times ! height ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,?is great "w 0 resum$ 9 ,augu/ #aheh2 & on ! #e? ! fir/ signals 7 receiv$ ?r\gh two ?\s& & fifty miles ( ! ,atlantic ,cable4 ,& x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t j #aaa ye>s previ\sly1 on ! #e? ( ,augu/ #agdg1 ,dr4 ,watson a/oni%$ ! sci5tific _w by practically prov+ t ! electric curr5t c\ld be transmitt$ ?r\gh a wire h>dly two miles & a half long4#ee ,miscellanea4 ,,h[ ,,m>9e ,,*ronomet]s ,,are ,,rat$ ,,at ,,! ,,royal ,,obs]vatory1 ,,gre5wi*4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! ,longitude at ,sea requires simply accurate in/rum5ts = ! measurem5t ( ! positions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & "o or o!r ( ! two foll[+1--ei!r p]fectly correct wat*es--or *ronomet]s1 z !y are n[ call$--or p]fectly accurate tables ( ! lun> motions4 ,s e>ly z #afif a report 0 spread among ! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society t ,sir ,isaac ,newton 0 occupi$ ) ! problem ( f9d+ ! longitude at sea2 b ! rum\r hav+ no f\ndation1 he reque/$ ,halley to acqua9t ! memb]s 8t he 0 n ab\t x40#ef 7,sir ,david ,brew/]'s ,life ( ,newton47 ,9 #agad ! legislature ( ,que5 ,anne pass$ an ,act (f]+ a rew>d ( #bj1jjjl4 = ! discov]y ( ! longitude1 ! problem be+ !n v inaccurately solv$ = want ( good wat*es or lun> tables4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agdi1 ! att5tion ( ! ,royal ,society 0 direct$ to ! improvem5ts effect$ 9 ! con/ruction ( wat*es by ,john ,h>rison1 :o receiv$ = 8 inv5tions ! ,copley ,m$al4 ,?us enc\rag$1 ,h>rison cont9u$ 8 lab\rs ) unwe>i$ dilig5ce1 & produc$ 9 #ageh a timekeep] :i* 0 s5t = trial on a voyage to ,jamaica4 ,aft] #afa days ! error ( ! in/rum5t 0 only #am #es1 & ! mak] receiv$ f ! nation #ejjjl4 ,! ,commission]s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude subsequ5tly requir$ ,h>rison to con/ruct "u _! inspection *ronomet]s ( a simil> nature1 :i* 7 subject$ to trial 9 a voyage to ,b>badoes1 & p]=m$ ) su* accuracy1 t1 aft] hav+ fully expla9$ ! pr9ciple ( _! con/ruction to ! commission]s1 !y aw>d$ him #aj1jjjl4 m2 at ! same "t ,eul] ( ,b]l9 & ! heirs ( ,may] ( ,gtt+5 receiv$ ea* #cjjjl4 = _! lun> tables4 ,! acc\nt ( ! trial ( ,h>rison's wat* is v int]e/+4 ,9 ,april #agff1 by desire ( ! ,commission]s ( ! ,bo>d1 ! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty deliv]$ ! wat* into ! cu/ody ( ! ,a/ronom]-,royal1 ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,nevil ,maskelyne4 ,x 0 !n plac$ at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory at ,gre5wi*1 9 a box hav+ two diff]5t locks1 fix$ to ! floor or wa9scot1 ) a plate ( glass 9 ! lid ( ! box1 s t x might be comp>$ z (t5 z conv5i5t ) ! regulator & ! v>iation set d[n4 ,! =m obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,h>rison 9 w9d+ up ! wat* 0 exactly foll[$2 & an (fic] ( ,gre5wi* ,hospital att5d$ e day1 at a /at$ h\r1 to see ! wat* w\nd up1 & its comp>ison ) ! regulator ent]$4 ,a key to "o ( ! locks 0 kept at ! ,hospital = ! use ( ! (fic]1 & ! o!r rema9$ at ! ,obs]vatory = ! use ( ! ,a/ronom]-,royal or 8 assi/ant4 ,! wat* 0 !n tri$ 9 v>i\s positions till ! beg9n+ ( ,july2 & f !nce to ! end ( ,febru>y foll[+ 9 a horizontal position ) its face upw>ds4 ,! v>iation ( ! wat* 0 !n not$ d[n1 & a regi/] 0 kept ( ! b>omet] & !rmomet]2 & ! "t ( comp>+ ! same ) ! regulator 0 regul>ly kept1 & atte/$ by ! ,a/ronom]-,royal or 8 assi/ant & su* ( ! (fic]s z witness$ ! w9d+-up & comp>ison ( ! wat*4 ,"u ^! conditions ,h>rison's wat* 0 receiv$ by ! ,a/ronom]-,royal at ! ,admiralty on ,may #e1 #agff1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,philip ,/eph5s1 ,esq41 ,secret>y ( ! ,admiralty2 ,capta9 ,baillie1 ( ! ,royal ,hospital1 ,gre5wi*2 & ,mr4 ,k5dal ! wat*mak]1 :o accompani$ ! ,a/ronom]-,royal to ,gre5wi*1 & saw ! wat* />t$ & lock$ up 9 ! box provid$ = x4 ,! wat* 0 !n comp>$ ) ! transit clock daily1 & w\nd up 9 ! pres5ce ( ! (fic] ( ,gre5wi* ,hospital4 ,f ,may #e to ,may #ag ! wat* 0 kept 9 a horizontal position ) its face upw>ds2 f ,may #ah to ,july #f x 0 tri$--fir/ incl9$ at an angle ( #bj to ! horizon1 ) ! face upw>ds1 & ! h\rs #ab1 #f1 #c1 & #i1 highe/ successively2 !n 9 a v]tical position1 ) ! same h\rs highe/ 9 ord]2 la/ly1 9 a horizontal position ) ! face d[nw>ds4 ,f ,july #af1 #agff1 to ,m>* #d1 #agfg1 x 0 always kept 9 a horizontal position ) its face upw>ds1 ly+ ^u ! same cu%ion1 & 9 ! same box 9 :i* ,mr4 ,h>rison _h kept x 9 ! voyage to ,b>badoes4 ,f ! obs]v$ transits ( ! sun ov] ! m]idian1 accord+ to ! "t ( ! regulator ( ! ,obs]vatory1 toge!r ) ! atte/$ comp>isons ( ,mr4 ,h>rison's wat* ) ! transit clock1 ! wat* 0 f\nd too fa/ on sev]al days z foll[s3 h4 m4 s4 #agff4 ,may #f too fa/ #j #j #afb ,may #ag 0 #j #c #eah ,july #f 0 #j #ad #adj ,aug4 #f 0 #j #bc #ehd ,sept4 #ag 0 #j #cb #aef ,oct4 #bi 0 #j #db #bji ,dec4 #aj 0 #j #ed #dfh #agfg4 ,jan4 #ba 0 #a #j #bhf ,m>* #d 0 #a #aa #bcj ,f ,may #f1 :i* 0 ! day aft] ! wat* arriv$ at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 to ,m>* #d1 #agfg1 !re 7 six p]iods ( six weeks ea* 9 :i* ! wat* 0 tri$ 9 a horizontal position2 :5 ! ga9+ 9 ^! sev]al p]iods 0 z foll[s3 ,dur+ ! fir/ #f weeks x ga9$ #acm #bjs1 answ]+ to #c #bj ( longitude4 ,9 ! #b;d p]iod ( #f weeks 7f ,aug4 #f to 0 #h #ag 0 #b #d ,sept4 #ag7 ,9 ! #c;d p]iod 7f 0 #aj #e 0 #b #ca ,sept4 #ag to ,oct4 #bi7 ,9 ! #d? p]iod 7f 0 #ab #bf 0 #c #f ,oct4 #bi to ,dec4 #bj7 ,9 ! #e? p]iod 7f 0 #e #db 0 #a #be ,dec4 #bj to ,jan4 #ba7 ,9 ! #f? p]iod 7f 0 #aj #ed 0 #b #dc ,jan4 #ba to ,m>4 #d7 ,x 0 !nce conclud$ t ,mr4 ,h>rison's wat* c\ld n be dep5d$ ^u to keep ! longitude )9 a ,we/-,india voyage ( six weeks1 nor to keep ! longitude )9 half a degree = m ?an a =tnight2 & t x mu/ be kept 9 a place :]e ! temp]ature 0 always "s degrees above freez+4#eg 7,h[ev]1 ,h>rison's wat*1 :i* 0 made by ,mr4 ,k5dal subsequ5tly1 succe$$ s completely1 t aft] x _h be5 r\nd ! _w ) ,capta9 ,cook1 9 ! ye>s #aggb-agge1 ! second #aj1jjjl4 0 giv5 to ,h>rison47 ,9 ! ,act ( #ab? ,que5 ,anne1 ! comp>ison ( *ronomet]s 0 n m5tion$ 9 ref]5ce to ! ,obs]vatory duties2 b aft] ?is "t !y became a s]i\s *>ge ^u ! ,obs]vatory1 :i*1 x mu/ be admitt$1 is by f> ! be/ place to try *ronomet]s3 ! excell5ce ( ! in/rum5ts1 & ! frequ5t obs]vations ( ! heav5ly bodies ov] ! m]idian1 w always r5d] ! rate ( go+ ( ! ,obs]vatory clock bett] kn[n ?an c be expect$ ( ! clock 9 mo/ o!r places4 ,aft] ,mr4 ,h>rison's wat* 0 tri$1 "s wat*es by ,e>n%aw1 ,mudge1 & o!rs1 7 rat$ & exam9$ by ! ,a/ronom]-,royal4 ,at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 !re are frequ5tly above #ajj *ronomet]s be+ rat$1 & !re h be5 z _m z #agj at "o "t4 ,!y are rat$ daily by two obs]v]s1 ! process be+ z foll[s4 ,at a c]ta9 "t e day two assi/ants 9 *>ge repair to ! *ronomet]-room1 :]e is a "t-piece set to true "t2 "o w9ds up ea* ) its own key1 & ! second foll[s aft] "s little "t & v]ifies ! fact t ea* is w\nd4 ,"o assi/ant !n looks at ea* wat* 9 succession1 c\nt+ ! beats ( ! clock :il/ he comp>es ! *ronomet] by ! eye2 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few seconds he calls out ! second %[n by ! *ronomet] :5 ! clock is at a :ole m9ute4 ,?is numb] is ent]$ 9 a book by ! o!r assi/ant1 & s on till all ! *ronomet]s are comp>$4 ,!n ! assi/ants *ange places1 ! second comp>+ & ! fir/ writ+ d[n4 ,f ^! daily comp>isons ! daily rates are d$uc$1 by :i* ! goodness ( ! wat* is det]m9$4 ,! errors are ( two classes--t ( g5]al bad workman%ip1 & t ( ov] or "u correction = temp]ature4 ,9 ! room is an app>atus 9 :i* ! wat* may be cont9ually kept at temp]atures exce$+ #ajj by artificial heat2 & outside ! w9d[ ( ! room is an iron cage1 9 :i* !y are subject$ to l[ temp]atures4 ,! v great c>e tak5 ) all *ronomet]s s5t to ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 z well z ! p]fect imp>tiality ( ! exam9ation :i* ea* receives1 af=d enc\ragem5t to _! manufacture1 & are ( ! utmo/ importance to ! safety & p]fection ( navigation4 ,we h be=e u n[ ! ,report ( ! ,a/ronom]-,royal on ! ,rates ( ,*ronomet]s 9 ! ye> #ahed1 9 :i* ! foll[+ are ! successive weekly sums ( ! daily rates ( ! fir/ !re m5tion$3 ,week end+ secs4 ,jan4 #ba1 loss 9 ! week #bb 0 #bh 0 #dj ,feb4 #d 0 #aa 0 #aa 0 #ej 0 #ah 0 #di 0 #be 0 #ee ,m>4 #d 0 #fj 0 #aa 0 #fj 0 #ah 0 #ae 0 #be 0 #de ,apr4 #a 0 #dj 0 #h 0 #ae 0 #ae1 ga9 9 ! week #jd ,apr4 #bb1 0 #bf 0 #bi1 loss 9 ! week #ad ,may #f 0 #ba 0 #ac 0 #cj 0 #bj 0 #ea 0 #bg 0 #cc ,june #c 0 #bh 0 #aj 0 #ah 0 #ag 0 #bj 0 #bd 0 #cj ,july #a 0 #be 0 #h 0 #ab ,till ,febru>y #d ! wat* 0 expos$ to ! ext]nal air outside a nor? w9d[2 f ,febru>y #e to ,m>* #d x 0 plac$ 9 ! *amb] ( a /ove heat$ by gas to a mod]ate temp]ature2 & f ,april #bi to ,may #bj x 0 plac$ 9 ! *amb] :5 heat$ to a high temp]ature4 ,! advance 9 mak+ *ronomet]s s9ce ,h>rison's celebrat$ wat* 0 tri$ at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 m ?an n9ety ye>s s9ce1 may be judg$ by comp>+ its rates ) ^? above4 ,,geometry ,,( ,,%ells4 ,!re is a me*anical uni=mity obs]vable 9 ! description ( %ells ( ! same species :i* at once sugge/s ! probability t ! g5]at+ figure ( ea* increases1 & t ! spiral *amb] ( ea* exp&s itself1 accord+ to "s simple geometrical law common to all4 ,to ! det]m9ation ( ?is law ! op]culum l5ds itself1 9 c]ta9 classes ( %ells1 ) rem>kable facility4 ,cont9ually enl>g$ by ! animal1 z ! con/ruction ( its %ell advances s z to fill up its m\?1 ! op]culum measures ! progressive wid5+ ( ! spiral *amb] by ! progressive /ages ( its gr[?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! animal1 z he advances 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 %ell1 increases cont9ually 8 op]culum1 s z to adju/ x to 8 m\?4 ,he increases x1 h[ev]1 n by additions made at ! same "t all r\nd its m>g91 b by additions made only on "o side ( x at once4 ,"o edge ( ! op]culum ?us rema9s unalt]$ z x is advanc$ into ea* new position1 & plac$ 9 a newly-=m$ section ( ! *amb] simil> to ! la/ b great] ?an x4 ,t ! same edge :i* fitt$ a portion ( ! fir/ less section %\ld be capable ( adju/m5t s z to fit a portion ( ! next simil> b great] section1 supposes a geometrical provision 9 ! curv$ =m ( ! *amb] ( great complication & difficulty4 ,b ,god ha? be/[$ ^u ?is humble ar*itect ! practical skill ( ! le>n$ geometrician2 & he makes ?is provision ) admirable precision 9 t curvature ( ! log>i?mic spiral :i* he gives to ! section ( ! %ell4 ,?is curvature obta9+1 he has only to turn 8 op]culum slightly r\nd 9 its own place1 z he advances x into ea* newly-=m$ portion ( 8 *amb]1 to adapt "o m>g9 ( x to a new & l>g] surface & a diff]5t curvature1 leav+ ! space to be fill$ up by increas+ ! op]culum :olly on ! out] m>g94 99 99 99 99 99 ,:y ! ,mollusks1 :o inhabit turb9at$ & discoid %ells1 %\ld1 9 ! progressive increase ( _! spiral dwell+s1 affect ! peculi> law ( ! log>i?mic spiral1 is easily to be und]/ood4 ,provid5ce has subject$ ! in/9ct :i* %apes out ea* to a rigid uni=mity ( op]ation4--,pr(essor ,mosely3 ,philos4 ,trans4 #ahch4 ,,hydraulic ,,!ory ,,( ,,%ells4 ,h[ beautifully is ! wisdom ( ,god develop$ 9 %ap+ out & m\ld+ %ells6 & especially 9 ! p>ticul> value ( ! con/ant angle :i* ! spiral ( ea* species ( %ell affects1--a value connect$ by a necess>y relation ) ! economy ( ! mat]ial ( ea*1 & ) its /ability & ! conditions ( its buoyancy4 ,?us ! %ell ( ! ,nautilus ,pompilius has1 hydro/atically1 an ,a-/atical surface4 ,if plac$ ) any portion ( its surface ^u ! wat]1 x w imm$iately turn ov] t[>ds its small] end1 & re/ only on its m\?4 ,^? conv]sant ) ! !ory ( float+ bodies w recognise 9 ?is an int]e/+ prop]ty4--,ibid4 ,,s]vices ,,( ,,sea-,,%ells ,,& ,,animalcules4 ,dr4 ,maury is dispos$ to reg>d ^! be+s z hav+ mu* to d 9 ma9ta9+ ! h>monies ( creation1 & ! pr9ciples ( ! mo/ admirable comp5sation 9 ! sy/em ( oceanic circulation4 8,we may ev5 reg>d !m z regulators1 to "s ext5t1 ( climates 9 p>ts ( ! e>? f> remov$ f _! pres5ce4 ,!re is some?+ sugge/ive bo? ( ! gr& & ! beautiful 9 ! idea t :ile ! insects ( ! sea are build+ up _! coral isl&s 9 ! p]petual summ] ( ! tropics1 !y are also engag$ 9 disp5s+ w>m? to di/ant p>ts ( ! e>?1 & 9 mitigat+ ! sev]e cold ( ! pol> w9t]40 ,,dep? ,,( ,,! ,,primeval ,,seas4 ,pr(essor ,=bes1 9 a communication to ! ,royal ,society1 /ates t n only ! col\r ( ! %ells ( exi/+ mollusks ceases to be /rongly m>k$ at consid]able dep?s1 b also t well-def9$ patt]ns are1 ) v few & slight exceptions1 pres5t$ only by te/acea inhabit+ ! littoral1 circumlittoral1 & m$ian zones4 ,9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 only "o 9 eighte5 ( ! %ells tak5 f bel[ #ajj fa?oms exhibit any m>k+s ( col\r1 & ev5 ! few t d s are que/ionable inhabitants ( ^? dep?s4 ,betwe5 #cj & #ce fa?oms1 ! proportion ( m>k$ to pla9 %ells is r less ?an "o 9 ?ree2 & betwe5 ! m>g9 & two fa?oms ! /rip$ or mottl$ species exce$ "o-half ( ! total numb]4 ,9 our own seas1 ,pr(essor ,=bes obs]ves t te/acea tak5 f bel[ #ajj fa?oms1 ev5 :5 !y are individuals ( species vividly /rip$ or b&$ 9 %all[] zones1 are q :ite or col\rless4 ,at betwe5 #fj & #hj fa?oms1 /rip+ & b&+ are r>ely pres5t$ by our %ells1 especially 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces2 f #ej fa?oms1 %all[ b&s1 col\rs1 & patt]ns1 are well m>k$4 ,! relation ( ^! arrangem5ts ( col\r to ! degree ( light p5etrat+ ! diff]5t zones ( dep? is a subject well wor?y ( m9ute inquiry4 ,,natural ,,wat]-,,purifi]s4 ,mr4 ,w>r+ton kept = a :ole ye> twelve gallons ( wat] 9 a /ate ( admirably balanc$ purity by ! foll[+ beautiful action3 ,9 ! tank1 or aqu>ium1 7 two gold fi%1 six wat]-snails1 & two or ?ree specim5s ( t elegant aquatic plant ,valisp]ia sporalis1 :i*1 be=e ! introduction ( ! wat]-snails1 by its decay$ leaves caus$ a gr[? ( slimy mucus1 & made ! wat] turbid & likely to de/roy bo? plants & fi%4 ,b "u ! improv$ arrangem5t ! slime1 z fa/ z x 0 eng5d]$1 0 consum$ by ! wat]-snails1 :i* reproduc$ x 9 ! %ape ( "y snails1 :i* furni%$ a succul5t food to ! fi%4 ,mean:ile ! ,valisp]ia plants absorb$ ! c>bonic acid exhal$ by ! respiration ( _! companions1 fix+ ! c>bon 9 _! gr[+ /ems & luxuriant blossoms1 & refre%+ ! oxyg5 7dur+ sun%9e 9 visible little /reams7 = ! respiration ( ! snails & ! fi%4 ,! spectacle ( p]fect equilibrium ?us simply ma9ta9$ betwe5 animal1 vegetable1 & inorganic activity1 0 /rik+ly beautiful2 & su* means might possibly h]eaft] be made available on a l>ge scale = keep+ tank$ wat] sweet & clean4--,qu>t]ly ,review1 #ahej4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,imitate ,,sea-,,wat]4 ,! dem& = ,sea-wat] to supply ! ,m>9e ,aqu>ium--n[ to be se5 9 s _m h\ses--induc$ ,mr4 ,gosse to attempt ! manufacture ( ,sea-wat]1 m especially z ! con/itu5ts are well kn[n4 ,he accord+ly took ,s*eveitz]'s analysis ( ,sea-wat] = 8 guide4 ,9 "o ?\s& gra9s ( sea-wat] tak5 (f ,brighton1 x gave3 wat]1 #ifdgdd2 *loride ( sodium1 #bgjei2 *loride ( magnesium1 #cfff2 *loride ( potassium1 #igee2 bromide ( magnesium1 #jbi2 sulphate ( magnesia1 #bbie2 sulphate ( lime1 #adjg2 c>bonate ( lime1 #jjcc3 total1 #iiiiih4 ,omitt+ ! bromide ( magnesium1 ! c>bonate ( lime1 & ! sulphate ( lime1 z be+ v small quantities1 ! compon5t p>ts 7 r$uc$ to common salt1 #c oz42 ,epsom salts1 oz42 *loride ( magnesium1 #bjj gra9s troy2 *loride ( potassium1 #dj gra9s troy2 & f\r qu>ts ( wat]4 ,next day ! mixture 0 filt]$ ?r\gh a sponge into a glass j>1 ! bottom cov]$ ) %ore-pebbles & fragm5ts ( /one & fronds ( gre5 sea-we$4 ,a coat+ ( gre5 spores 0 soon deposit$ on ! sides ( ! glass1 & bubbles ( oxyg5 7 copi\sly ?r[n (f e day "u ! excitem5t ( ! sun's light4 ,9 a week ,mr4 ,gosse put 9 species ( ,act9ia ,b[]bankia1 ,cellul>ia1 ,s]pula1 c4 ) "s r$ sea-we$s2 & ! :ole ?rove well4 ,,velocity ,,( ,,impressions ,,transmitt$ ,,to ,,! ,,bra94 ,pr(essor ,helmholtz ( ,knigsb]g has1 by ! electro-magnetic me?od1#eh asc]ta9$ t ! intellig5ce ( an impression made ^u ! ends ( ! n]ves 9 communication ) ! sk9 is transmitt$ to ! bra9 ) a velocity ( ab\t #aie feet p] second4 ,arriv$ at ! bra91 ab\t "o-t5? ( a second passes be=e ! w is able to give ! comm& to ! n]ves t c]ta9 muscles %all execute a c]ta9 motion1 v>y+ 9 p]sons & times4 ,f9ally1 ab\t #a_/ajj? ( a second passes aft] ! receipt ( ! comm& be=e ! muscle is 9 activity4 ,9 all1 !re=e1 f ! excitation ( ! s5sitive n]ves till ! mov+ ( ! muscle1 #a to #b_/aj?s ( a second are consum$4 ,intellig5ce f ! great toe arrives ab\t #a_/cj? ( a second lat] ?an f ! e> or ! face4 ,?us we see t ! diff]5ces ( "t 9 ! n]v\s impressions1 :i* we are accu/om$ to reg>d z simultane\s1 lie ne> our p]ception4 ,we are taught by a/ronomy t1 on acc\nt ( ! "t tak5 to propagate light1 we n[ see :at has occurr$ 9 ! fix$ />s ye>s ago2 & t1 ow+ to ! "t requir$ = ! transmission ( s\nd1 we he> aft] we see is a matt] ( daily exp]i5ce4 ,happily ! di/ances to be trav]s$ by our s5su\s p]ceptions be=e !y rea* ! bra9 are s %ort t we d n obs]ve _! influ5ce1 & are !re=e unprejudic$ 9 our practical int]e/4 ,) an ord9>y :ale ! case is p]haps m dubi\s2 = 9 all probability ! animal does n feel a w\nd ne> its tail until a second aft] x has be5 inflict$1 & requires ano!r second to s5d ! comm& to ! tail to def5d itself4 ,,photographs ,,on ,,! ,,ret9a4 ,! late ,rev4 ,dr4 ,scoresby expla9$ ) mu* m9ut5ess & skill ! v>y+ ph5om5a :i* pres5t$ !mselves to him aft] gaz+ int5tly = "s "t on /rongly-illum9at$ objects1--z ! sun1 ! moon1 a r$ or orange or yell[ waf] on a /rongly-contra/$ gr\nd1 or a d>k object se5 9 a bright field4 ,! doctor expla9$1 ^u remov+ ! eyes f ! object1 ! e>ly appe>ance ( ! picture or image :i* _h be5 ?us 8photograph$ on ! ,ret9a10 ) ! photo*romatic *anges :i* ! picture und]w5t :ile x /ill reta9$ its g5]al =m & mo/ /rongly-m>k$ features2 also1 h[ ^! pictures1 :5 !y _h almo/ fad$ away1 c\ld at pleasure1 & = a consid]able "t1 be r5ew$ by rapidly op5+ & %utt+ ! eyes4 ,,direct ,,exploration ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,dr4 ,s4 ,wood ( ,c9c9nati /ates1 t by means ( a small d\ble convex l5s ( %ort focus held ne> ! eye1--t organ look+ ?r\gh x at a c&le twelve or fifte5 feet di/ant1--!re w be p]ceiv$ a l>ge lum9\s disc1 cov]$ ) d>k & light spots & d>k /reaks1 :i*1 aft] a mom5t>y confusion1 w settle d[n into an un*ang+ picture1 :i* picture is compos$ ( ! organs or int]nal p>ts ( ! eye4 ,! eye is ?us enabl$ to view its own int]nal organisation1 to h a beautiful exhibition ( ! vessels ( ! cornea1 ( ! di/ribution ( ! la*rymas secretions 9 ! act ( w9k+1 & to see into ! nature & cause ( musc volitantes4 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,c&le-,,flame4 ,m4 ,volg] has subject$ ?is ,flame to a new analysis4 ,he f9ds t ! s-call$ flame-bud1 a globul> blue flam9ule1 is fir/ produc$ at ! summit ( ! wick3 ?is is ! result ( ! combu/ion ( c>bonic oxide1 hydrog51 & c>bon1 & is surr\nd$ by a r$di%-violet halo1 ! veil4 ,! increas$ heat n[ gives rise to ! actual flame1 :i* %oots =? f ! exp&+ bud1 & is !n surr\nd$ at its inf]ior portion only by ! latt]4 ,! int]ior consi/s ( a d>k gase\s cone1 conta9+ ! imm$iate products ( ! decomposition ( ! fatty acids1 & surr\nd$ by ano!r d>k holl[ cone1 ! inn] cap4 ,"h we already meet ) c>bon & hydrog51 :i* h result$ f ! process ( decomposition2 & we di/+ui% ?is cone f ! inn] "o by its yield+ soot4 ,! ext]nal cap con/itutes ! mo/ lum9\s portion ( ! flame1 9 :i* ! hydrog5 is consum$ & ! c>bon r5d]$ inc&esc5t4 ,! surr\nd+ portion is b slightly lum9\s1 deposits no soot1 & 9 x ! c>bon & hydrog5 are consum$4--,liebig's ,annual ,report4 ,,h[ ,,soon ,a ,,corpse ,,decays4 ,mr4 ,lewis1 ( ! ,g5]al ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 f 8 exam9ation ( ! cont5ts ( ne>ly #ajj c(f9s 9 ! vaults & catacombs ( ,london *ur*es1 concludes t ! complete decomposition ( a corpse1 & its resolution into its ultimate elem5ts1 takes place 9 a lead5 c(f9 ) extreme sl[ness4 ,9 a wood5 c(f9 ! rema9s1 ) ! exception ( ! bones1 vani% 9 f two to five ye>s4 ,?is p]iod dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! wood1 & ! free access ( air to ! c(f9s4 ,b 9 lead5 c(f9s1 #ej1 #fj1 #hj1 & ev5 #ajj ye>s are requir$ to accompli% ?is4 8,i h op5$10 says ,mr4 ,lewis1 8a c(f9 9 :i* ! corpse _h be5 plac$ = ne>ly a c5tury2 & ! ammoniacal gas =m$ d5se :ite fumes :5 br\ght 9 contact ) hydro*loric-acid gas1 & 0 s p[]ful t ! head c\ld n rema9 9 x = m ?an a few seconds at a "t40 ,to r5d] ! human body p]fectly in]t aft] dea?1 x %\ld be plac$ 9 a light wood5 c(f91 9 a p]vi\s soil1 f five to eight feet deep4 ,,musket-,,balls ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,ivory4 ,! ,ceylon sportsman1 9 %oot+ elephants1 aims at a spot j above ! proboscis4 ,if he fires a little too l[1 ! ball passes into ! tusk-socket1 caus+ great pa9 to ! animal1 b n endang]+ its life2 & x is imm$iately surr\nd$ by o/eo-d5t9e4 ,x has (t5 be5 a matt] ( wond] h[ su* bodies %\ld become completely imb$d$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! tusk1 sometimes )\t any visible ap]ture2 or h[ lead5 bullets become lodg$ 9 ! solid c5tre ( a v l>ge tusk )\t hav+ be5 flatt5$1 z !y are f\nd by ! ivory-turn]4 ,! explanation is z foll[s3 ,a musket-ball aim$ at ! head ( an elephant may p5etrate ! ?9 bony socket & ! ?9n] ivory p>ietes ( ! wide conical pulp-cavity occupy+ ! ins]t$ base ( ! tusk2 if ! projectile =ce be !re sp5t1 ! ball w gravitate to ! opposite & l[] side ( ! pulp-cavity4 ,! pulp becomes inflam$1 irregul> calcification ensues1 & o/eo-d5t9e is =m$ ar\nd ! ball4 ,! pulp !n resumes its heal?y /ate & functions1 & coats ! o/eo-d5t9e enclos+ ! ball1 toge!r ) ! root ( ! conical cavity into :i* ! mass projects1 ) lay]s ( normal ivory4 ,! hole =m$ by ! ball is soon replac$1 & fill$ up by o/eo-d5t9e1 & coat$ ) cem5t4 ,mean:ile1 by ! cont9u$ progress ( gr[?1 ! enclos$ ball is pu%$ =w>d to ! middle ( ! solid tusk2 or if ! elephant be "y1 ! ball may be c>ri$ =w>d by gr[? & we> ( ! tusk until its base has become ! apex1 & become f9ally expos$ & dis*>g$ by ! cont9ual abrasion to :i* ! apex ( ! tusk is subject$4--,pr(essor ,ow54 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,to ! article at pp4 #ei-fj %\ld be add$ ! result obta9$ by ,dr4 ,woods ( ,p>son/[n1 & communicat$ to ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e = ,july #ahed4 ,dr4 ,woods1 f photographic exp]im5t1 has no d\bt t ! light f ! c5tre ( flame acts m en]getically ?an t f ! edge on a surface capable ( receiv+ its impression2 & t light f a lum9\s solid body acts equally p[]fully f its c5tre or its edges3 :]e=e ,dr4 ,woods concludes t1 z ! sun affects a s5sitive plate simil>ly ) flame1 x is probable its light-produc+ portion is ( a simil> nature4 ,note to 8,,is ,,! ,,heat ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,decreas+80 at page #fe4--;,dr4 ,vaughan ( ,c9c9nati has /at$ to ! ,briti% ,association3 8,f a comp>ison ( ! relative int5sity ( sol>1 lun>1 & artificial light1 z det]m9$ by ,eul] & ,wolla/on1 x appe>s t ! rays ( ! sun h an illum9at+ p[] equal to t ( #ad1jjj c&les at a di/ance ( "o foot1 or ( #cejj1jjjjjj1jjjjjj1jjjjjj1jjjjjj c&les at a di/ance ( #ie1jjj1jjj miles4 ,x foll[s t ! am\nt ( light :i* fl[s f ! sol> orb c\ld be sc>cely produc$ by ! daily combu/ion ( #bjj globes ( tall[1 ea* equal to ! e>? 9 magnitude4 ,a sph]e ( combu/ible matt] mu* l>g] ?an ! sun itself %\ld be consum$ e t5 ye>s 9 ma9ta9+ its wond]ful brilliancy2 & its atmosph]e1 if pure oxyg51 w\ld be exp5d$ be=e a few days 9 support+ s great a conflagration4 ,an illum9ation on s va/ a scale c\ld be kept up only by ! inexhau/ible magaz9e ( e!r dissem9at$ ?r\gh space1 & ev] ready to manife/ its lucif]\s prop]ties on l>ge sph]es1 ^: attraction r5d]s x suffici5tly d5se = ! play ( *emical aff9ity4 ,accord+ly suns d]ive ! p[] ( %$d+ p]petual light1 n f _! *emical con/itution1 b f _! imm5se mass & _! sup]ior attractive p[]40 ,,planetoids4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 discov]$ ,date ( ,place ( by ea* ,"n4 ,discov]y4 ,discov]]4 ,discov]y4a/ronom]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,m]cury1 ,m>s1 ,kn[n ,v5us1 ,jupit]1 to ! 444 444 -- ,e>?1 ,saturn1 anci5ts4 ,uranus #agha1 ,m>* #ac ,w4 ,h]s*el ,ba? -- ,neptune#ei #ahdf1 ,sept4 #bc ,galle ,b]l9 -- #a ,c]es #ahja1 ,jan4 #a ,piazzi ,pal]mo #a #b ,pallas #ahjb1 ,m>* #bh ,olb]s ,brem5 #a #c ,juno #ahjd1 ,sept4 #a ,h>d+ ,lili5?al #a #d ,ve/a #ahjg1 ,m>* #bi ,olb]s ,brem5 #b #e ,a/ra #ahde1 ,dec4 #h ,encke ,dries5 #a #f ,hebe #ahdg1 ,july #a ,encke ,dries5 #b #g ,iris #ahdg1 ,augu/ #ac;,h9d ,london #a #h ,flora #ahdg1 ,oct4 #ah ,h9d ,london #b #i ,metis #ahdh1 ,april #be ,graham ,m>kree #a #aj ,hygeia #ahdi1 ,april #ab ,gasp]is ,naples #a #aa ,p>!nope #ahej1 ,may #aa ,gasp]is ,naples #b #ab ,victoria #ahej1 ,sept4 #ac ,h9d ,london #c #ac ,eg]ia #ahej1 ,nov4 #b ,gasp]is ,naples #c #ad ,ir5e #ahea1 ,may #ai ,h9d ,london #d #ae ,eunomia #ahea1 ,july #bi ,gasp]is ,naples #d #af ,psy*e #aheb1 ,m>* #ag ,gasp]is ,naples #e #ag ,!tis #aheb1 ,april #ag ,lu!r ,bilk #a #ah ,melpom5e #aheb1 ,june #bd ,h9d ,london #e #ai ,=tuna #aheb1 ,augu/ #bb;,h9d ,london #f #bj ,massilia #aheb1 ,sept4 #ai ,gasp]is ,naples #f #ba ,lutetia #aheb1 ,nov4 #ae ,golds*midt ,p>is #a #bb ,calliope #aheb1 ,nov4 #af ,h9d ,london #g #bc ,?alia #aheb1 ,dec4 #ae ,h9d ,london #h #bd ,!mis #ahec1 ,april #e ,gasp]is ,naples #g #be ,phocea #ahec1 ,april #f ,*acornac ,m>seilles #a #bf ,pros]p9e #ahec1 ,may #e ,lu!r ,bilk #b #bg ,eut]pe #ahec1 ,nov4 #h ,h9d ,london #i #bh ,bellona #ahed1 ,m>* #a ,lu!r ,bilk #c #bi ,amphitrite #ahed1 ,m>* #a ,m>? ,london #a #cj ,urania #ahed1 ,july #bb ,h9d ,london #aj #ca ,euphrosyne #ahed1 ,sept4 #a ,furguson ,wa%+ton #a #cb ,pomona #ahed1 ,oct4 #bf ,golds*midt ,p>is #b #cc ,polyhymnia #ahed1 ,oct4 #bh ,*acornac ,p>is #b #cd ,circe #ahee1 ,april #f ,*acornac ,p>is #c #ce ,leuco!a #ahee1 ,april #ai ,lu!r ,bilk #d #cf ,atalante #ahee1 ,oct4 #e ,golds*midt ,p>is #c #cg ,fides #ahee1 ,oct4 #e ,lu!r ,bilk #e #ch ,l$a #ahef1 ,jan4 #ab ,*acornac ,p>is #d #ci ,ltitia #ahef1 ,feb4 #h ,*acornac ,p>is #e #dj ,h>monia #ahef1 ,m>* #ca ,golds*midt ,p>is #d #da ,daphne #ahef1 ,may #bb ,golds*midt ,p>is #e #db ,isis #ahef1 ,may #bc ,pogson ,ox=d #a #dc ,ariadne #aheg1 ,april #ae ,pogson ,ox=d #b #dd ,nysa #aheg1 ,may #bg ,golds*midt ,p>is #f #de ,eug5ia #aheg1 ,june #bh ,golds*midt ,p>is #g #df ,ha/ia #aheg1 ,augu/ #af,pogson ,ox=d #c #dg ,aglaia #aheg1 ,sept4 #ae ,lu!r ,bilk #f #dh ,doris #aheg1 ,sept4 #ai ,golds*midt ,p>is #h #di ,pales #aheg1 ,sept4 #ai ,golds*midt ,p>is #i #ej ,virg9ia #aheg1 ,oct4 #d ,furguson ,wa%+ton #b #ea ,nemausa #aheh1 ,jan4 #bb ,laur5t ,nismes #a #eb ,europa #aheh1 ,feb4 #f ,golds*midt ,p>is #aj #ec ,calypso #aheh1 ,april #h ,lu!r ,bilk #g #ed ,alex&ra #aheh1 ,sept4 #aa ,golds*midt ,p>is #aa #ee 7,n nam$7 #aheh1 ,sept4 #aa ,se>le ,albany #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,! ,,comet ,,( ,,donati4 ,:ile ?is %eet 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 ! att5tion ( a/ronom]s1 & ( ! public g5]ally1 0 drawn to ! fact ( ! above ,comet pass+ 7on ,oct4 #ah7 )9 n9e millions ( miles ( ! planet ,v5us1 or less ?an #i_/ajj?s ( ! e>?'s di/ance f ! ,sun4 8,& 7says ,mr4 ,h9d1 ! a/ronom]71 x is obvi\s t if ! comet _h rea*$ its lea/ di/ance f ! sun a few days e>li] ?an x has done1 ! planet might h pass$ ?r\gh x2 & ,i am v f> f ?9k+ t close proximity to a comet ( ?is description w\ld be unatt5d$ ) dang]4 ,! inhabitants ( ,v5us w witness a comet>y spectacle f> sup]ior to t :i* has rec5tly attract$ s mu* att5tion "h1 inasmu* z ! tail w d\btless appe> twice z long f t planet z f ! e>?1 & ! nucleus proportionally m brilliant40 ,?is ,comet 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,dr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,donati1 a/ronom] at ! ,museum ( ,flor5ce1 on ! ev5+ ( ! #b;d ( ,june1 9 "r asc5sion #ada #ah1 & nor? decl9ation #bc #dg1 correspond+ to a position ne> ! /> ,leonis4 ,previ\s to ?is date we _h no k ( its exi/5ce1 & !re=e x 0 n a pr$ict$ comet2 nei!r is x ! "o la/ obs]v$ 9 #aeef4 ,at ! date ( discov]y x 0 di/ant f ! e>? #bbh1jjj1jjj ( miles1 & 0 an excessively fa9t object 9 ! l>ge/ telescopes4 ,! tail1 f ,octob] #b to #af1 :5 ! comet 0 mo/ conspicu\s1 appe>s to h ma9ta9$ an av]age l5g? ( at lea/ #dj1jjj1jjj miles1 subt5d+ an angle v>y+ f #cj to #dj4 ,! d>k l9e or space d[n ! c5tre1 frequ5tly rem>k$ 9 o!r great comets1 0 a /rik+ *>act]i/ic 9 t ( ,donati4 ,! nucleus1 ?\gh small1 0 int5sely brilliant 9 p[]ful in/rum5ts1 & = "s "t bore high magnifi]s to mu* great] advantage ?an is usual ) ^! objects4 ,9 sev]al respects ?is comet resembl$ ! fam\s ones ( #agdd1 #afhj1 & #ahaa1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds ! signs ( viol5t agitation go+ on 9 ! vic9ity ( ! nucleus1 su* z ! appe>ance ( lum9\s jets1 spiral (f%oots1 c41 :i* rapidly emanat$ f ! planet>y po9t & z quickly lo/ !mselves 9 ! g5]al nebulosity ( ! head4 ,on ! #e? ,oct4 ! mo/ casual obs]v] _h an opportunity ( satisfy+ himself z to ! accuracy ( ! ma!matical !ory ( ! motions ( comets 9 ! ne> approa* ( ! nucleus ( ,donati's to ,arcturus1 ! pr9cipal /> 9 ! con/ellation ,bootes4 ,! circum/ance ( ! appulse 0 v ne>ly z pr$ict$ by ,mr4 ,h9d4 ,! comet1 accord+ to ! inve/igations by ,m4 ,loewy1 ( ! ,obs]vatory ( ,vi5na1 arriv$ at its lea/ di/ance f ! sun a few m9utes aft] elev5 o'clock on ! morn+ ( ! #cj? ( ,septemb]2 its longitude1 z se5 f ! sun at ?is "t1 be+ #cf #ac1 & its di/ance f him #ee1jjj1jjj miles4 ,! long] diamet] ( its orbit is #ahd times t ( ! e>?'s1 or #ce1ajj1jjj1jjj miles2 yet ?is is consid]ably less ?an #a_/ajjj? ( ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ fix$ />4 ,z an illu/ration1 let any "o take a half-%eet ( note-pap]1 & m>k+ a circle ) a sixp5ce 9 "o corn] ( x1 describe !re9 our sol> sy/em1 draw+ ! orbits ( ! e>? & ! inf]ior planets z small z he c by ! aid ( a magnify+-glass4 ,if ! circumf]5ce ( ! sixp5ce /&s = ! orbit ( ,neptune1 !n an oval fill+ ! page w fairly repres5t ! orbit ( ,donati's comet2 & if ! pap] be laid ^u ! pavem5t "u ! we/ door ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 ,london1 ! l5g? ( t edifice w inadequately repres5t ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ fix$ />4 ,! "t ( revolution result+ f ,mr4 ,loewy's calculations is #bdie ye>s1 :i* is ab\t #ejj ye>s less ?an t ( ! comet ( #ahaa dur+ ! p]iod x 0 visible f ! e>?4 ,t ! comet %\ld take m ?an #bjjj ye>s to travel r\nd ! above page ( note-pap] is expla9$ by its great dim9ution ( spe$ z x rec$es f ! sun4 ,at its p]ihelion x travell$ at ! rate ( #abg1jjj miles an h\r1 or m ?an twice z fa/ z ! e>?1 ^: motion is ab\t #ajjj miles a m9ute4 ,at its aphelion1 h[ev]1 or its greate/ di/ance f ! sun1 ! comet is a v sl[ body1 sail+ at ! rate ( #dhj miles an h\r1 or only eight times ! spe$ ( a railway express4 ,at ?is pace1 7 x to travel onw>d 9 a /raight l9e1 ! lapse ( a million ( ye>s w\ld f9d x /ill travell+ half way betwe5 our sun & ! ne>e/ fix$ />4 ,z ?is comet la/ visit$ u betwe5 #bjjj & #bdie ye>s s9ce1 we "k t its appe>ance 0 at an int]e/+ p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,x might h t]rifi$ ! ,a!nians into accept+ ! bloody code ( ,draco4 ,x might h ann\nc$ ! de/ruction ( ,n9eveh1 or ( ,babylon1 or ! capture ( ,j]usalem by ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,x might h be5 se5 by ! exp$ition :i* sail$ r\nd ,africa 9 ! reign ( ,ph>aoh ,ne*o4 ,x might h giv5 int]e/ to ! f\ndation ( ! ,py?ian games4 ,)9 ! probable range ( its la/ visitation are compreh5d$ ! :ole ( ! great ev5ts ( ! hi/ory ( ,greece2 & among ! spectators ( ! comet may h be5 ! s-call$ sages ( ,greece & ev5 ! prophets ( ,holy ,writ3 ,?ales might h attempt$ to calculate its return1 & ,j]emiah might h tri$ to read its w>n+4--,abridg$ f a ,communication f ,mr4 ,h9d to ! ,times1 & f a ,lead] 9 t ,j\rnal4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,f a photograph1 ) figures1 to %[ ! relative size ( ! tube ap]ture4 #b ,weld's ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahh4 #c ,dr4 ,:ewell 7,bridgewat] ,treatise1 p4 #bff7 well obs]ves1 t ,boyle & ,pascal are to hydro/atics :at ,galileo is to me*anics1 & ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 & ,newton are to a/ronomy4 #d ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,turnor recollects t ,mr4 ,jones1 ! tutor1 m5tion$1 9 "o ( 8 lectures on optics1 t ! reflect+ telescope belong+ to ,newton 0 !n lodg$ 9 ! obs]vatory ov] ! gateway2 & ,mr4 ,turnor ?9ks t he once saw x1 ) a f9d] affix$ to x4 #e ,! /ory ( ! dog 8,diamond0 hav+ caus$ ! burn+ ( c]ta9 pap]s is laid 9 ,london1 & 9 ,newton's lat] ye>s4 ,9 ! notes to ,maude's ,w5leysdale1 a p]son !n liv+ 7#aghj7 relates1 t ,sir ,isaac be+ call$ out ( 8 /udy to a contigu\s room1 a little dog1 call$ ,diamond1 ! con/ant b incuri\s att5dant ( 8 ma/]'s rese>*es1 happ5$ to be left among ! pap]s1 & by a fatality n to be retriev$1 z x 0 9 ! latt] "p ( ,sir ,isaac's days1 ?rew d[n a light$ c&le1 :i* consum$ ! almo/ f9i%$ lab\r ( "s ye>s4 ,sir ,isaac return+ too late b to behold ! dreadful wreck1 rebuk$ ! au?or ( x ) an exclamation 7ad sid]a palmas71 8,o ,diamond6 ,diamond6 ?\ little kn[e/ ! mis*ief done60 )\t add+ a s+le /ripe4 ,m4 ,biot gives ?is fiction z a true /ory1 :i* happ5$ "s ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! ,pr9cipia2 & he *>act]ises ! accid5t z hav+ depriv$ ! sci5ces =ev] ( ! fruit ( s mu* ( ,newton's lab\rs4--,brew/]'s ,life1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aci1 note4 ,dr4 ,newton rem>ks1 t ,sir ,isaac nev] _h any communion ) dogs or cats2 & ,sir ,david ,brew/] adds1 t ! view :i* ,m4 ,biot has tak5 ( ! idle /ory ( ! dog ,diamond1 *>g$ ) fire-rais+ among ,newton's manuscripts1 & ( ! influ5ce ( ?is accid5t ^u ! m9d ( _! au?or1 is utt]ly incompreh5sible4 ,! fiction1 h[ev]1 0 turn$ to acc\nt 9 giv+ col\r to ,m4 ,biot's misrepres5tation4 #f ,bohn's edition4 #g ,:5 at ,pisa1 _m ye>s s9ce1 ,capta9 ,basil ,hall inve/igat$ ! orig9 & div]g5ce ( ! t[] f ! p]p5dicul>1 & e/abli%$ completely to 8 own satisfaction t x _h be5 built f top to bottom orig9ally j z x n[ /&s4 ,8 reasons = ?9k+ s 71 t ! l9e ( ! t[]1 on t side t[>ds :i* x leans1 has n ! same curvature z ! l9e on ! opposite1 or :at may be call$ ! upp] side4 ,if ! t[] _h be5 built upright1 & !n be5 made to incl9e ov]1 ! l9e ( ! wall on t side t[>ds :i* ! incl9ation 0 giv5 w\ld be m or less concave 9 t direction1 ow+ to ! nodd+ or 8swagg+ ov]0 ( ! top1 by ! simple action ( gravity act+ on a v tall mass ( masonry1 :i* is m or less ela/ic :5 plac$ 9 a slop+ position4 ,b ! contr>y is ! fact2 = ! l9e ( wall on ! side t[>ds :i* ! t[] leans is decid$ly m convex ?an ! opposite side4 ,capta9 ,hall _h !re=e no d\bt :atev] t ! ar*itect1 9 re>+ 8 successive c\rses ( /ones1 ga9$ or /ole a little at ea* lay]1 s z to r5d] 8 "w less & less ov]hang+ z he w5t up2 & ?us1 )\t betray+ :at he 0 ab\t1 really ga9$ /ability4--,see ,pat*work4 #h ,"l ,bacon propos$ t1 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r ! gravity ( ! e>? arises f ! gravity ( its p>ts1 a clock-p5dulum %\ld be swung 9 a m9e1 z 0 rec5tly done at ,h>ton colli]y by ! ,a/ronom]-,royal4 ,:51 9 #ahab1 ,ampre not$ ! ph5om5a ( ! p5dulum1 & %[$ t its movem5t 0 produc$ only :5 ! eye ( ! obs]v] 0 fix$ on ! in/rum5t1 & endeav\r$ to prove !reby t ! motion 0 due to a play ( ! muscles1 "s memb]s ( ! ,fr5* ,academy object$ to ! consid]ation ( a subject connect$ to su* an ext5t ) sup]/ition4 #i ,?is curi\s fact 0 fir/ record$ by ,pepys1 9 8 ,di>y1 "u ! date #ca/ ( ,july #affe4 #aj ,! result ( ^! exp]im5ts = asc]ta9+ ! v>iation ( ! gravity at great dep?s1 has prov$ beyond d\bt t ! attraction ( gravitation is increas$ at ! dep? ( #abej feet by #a_/aijjj "p4 #aa ,see ! acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,baily's rese>*es 7) two illu/rations7 9 ,?+s n g5]ally ,kn[n1 p4 vii41 & 8,weight ( ! ,e>?10 p4 #af4 #ab ,fizeau gives 8 result 9 leagues1 reckon+ tw5ty-five to ! equatorial degree4 ,he e/imates ! velocity ( light at #gj1jjj su* leagues1 or ab\t #baj1jjj miles 9 ! second4 #ac ,see ,?+s n g5]ally ,kn[n1 p4 #hh4 #ad ,"s "t be=e ! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( ! discov]y ( sun-pa9t+1 ! foll[+ extract f ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ,treatise on ,light1 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,metropolitana1 appe>$ 9 a popul> "w entitl$ ,p>l\r ,magic3 8,/ra9 a piece ( pap] or l95 ^u a wood5 frame1 & sponge x ov] ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 wat]2 place x beh9d a pa9t+ ^u glass1 or a /a9$ w9d[-pane1 & ! light1 trav]s+ ! pa9t+ or figures1 w produce a copy ( x ^u ! prep>$ pap] or l952 ^? p>ts 9 :i* ! rays 7 lea/ int]cept$ be+ ! %ad[s ( ! picture40 #ae ,9 8 book on ,col\rs1 ,mr4 ,doyle in=ms u t div]s1 if n all1 ess5tial oils1 z also spirits ( w9e1 :5 %ak51 8h a good /ore ( bubbles1 :i* appe> adorn$ ) v>i\s & lively col\rs40 ,he m5tions also t bubbles ( soap & turp5t9e exhibit ! same col\rs1 :i* 8v>y accord+ to ! incid5ce ( ! sight & ! position ( ! eye20 & he _h se5 a glass-bl[] bl[ bubbles ( glass :i* bur/1 & display$ 8! v>y+ col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 :i* 7 exce$+ly vivid40 #af ,! orig9al idea is ev5 attribut$ to ,cop]nicus4 ,m4 ,blundevile1 9 8 ,treatise on ,cosmography1 #aeid1 has ! foll[+ passage1 p]haps ! mo/ di/9ct recognition ( au?ority 9 our language3 8,h[ pro\e 7prove7 y t !re is b "o _w8 ,by ! au?oritie ( ,ari/otle1 :o saie? t if !re 7 any o!r _w out ( ?is1 !n ! e>? ( t _w w\ld mo\e 7move7 t[>ds ! c5tre ( ?is _w10 c4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 9 a conv]sation ) ,conduitt1 said he took 8all ! planets to be compos$ ( ! same matt] ) ! e>?1 viz4 e>?1 wat]1 & /one1 b v>i\sly concoct$40 #ag ,sir ,william ,h]s*el asc]ta9$ t our sol> sy/em is advanc+ t[>ds ! con/ellation ,h]cules1 or m accurately to a po9t 9 space ^: "r asc5sion is #bde #eb #cj1 & nor? pol> di/ance #dj #bb2 & t ! quantity ( ?is motion is su*1 t to an a/ronom] plac$ 9 ,sirius1 our sun w\ld appe> to describe an arc ( little m ?an a second e ye>4--,nor?-,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #c4 #ah ,see ,m4 ,arago's rese>*es ^u ?is int]e/+ subject1 9 ,?+s n g5]ally ,kn[n1 p4 #d4 #ai ,?is eloqu5t advocacy ( ! doctr9e ( 8,m ,worlds ?an ,"o0 7ref]r$ to at p4 #ea7 is f ! au?or's valuable ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy4 #bj ,pr(essor ,*allis1 ( ! ,cambridge ,obs]vatory1 direct+ ! ,nor?umb]l& telescope ( t in/itution to ! place assign$ by ,mr4 ,adams's calculations & its vic9ity on ! #d? & #ab? ( ,augu/ #ahdf1 saw ! planet on bo? ^? days1 & not$ its place 7among ^? ( o!r />s7 = re-obs]vation4 ,he1 h[ev]1 po/pon$ ! comp>ison ( ! places obs]v$1 & n possess+ ,dr4 ,bremik]'s *>t 7:i* w\ld at once h indicat$ ! pres5ce ( an unmapp$ />71 rema9$ 9 ignorance ( ! planet's exi/5ce z a visible object till ! ann\ncem5t ( su* by ,dr4 ,galle4 #ba ,= sev]al int]e/+ details ( ,comets1 see 8,de/ruction ( ! ,_w by a ,comet10 9 ,popul> ,errors ,expla9$ & ,illu/rat$1 new edit4 pp4 #afe-afh4 #bb ,! lett]s ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton to ,dr4 ,b5tley1 conta9+ sugge/ions = ! ,boyle ,lectures1 possess a peculi> int]e/ 9 ! pres5t day4 8,!y %[0 7says ,sir ,david ,brew/]7 8t ! nebul> hypo!sis1 ! dull & dang]\s h]esy ( ! age1 is incompatible ) ! e/abli%$ laws ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 & t an omnipot5t arm 0 requir$ to give ! planets _! positions & motions 9 space1 & a presid+ intellig5ce to assign to !m ! diff]5t functions !y _h to p]=m40--,life ( ,newton1 vol4 ii4 #bc ,! con/itution ( ! nebul 9 ! con/ellation ( ,orion has be5 resolv$ by ?is in/rum5t2 & by its aid ! />s ( :i* x is compos$ bur/ ^u ! sight ( man = ! fir/ "t4 #bd ,sev]al specim5s ( ,meteoric ,iron are to be se5 9 ! ,m9]alogical ,collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #be ,life ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 vol4 i4 p4 #fb4 #bf ,description ( ! ,mon/] ,telescope1 by ,?omas ,woods1 ,m4,d4 #d? edit4 #ahea4 #bg ,?is in/rum5t also discov]$ a multitude ( new objects 9 ! moon2 z a m\nta9\s tract ne> ,ptolemy1 e ridge ( :i* is dott$ ) extremely m9ute crat]s1 & two black p>allel /ripes 9 ! bottom ( ,ari/>*us4 ,dr4 ,rob9son1 9 8 address to ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahdc1 /at$ t 9 ?is telescope a build+ ! size ( ! ,c\rt-h\se at ,cork w\ld be easily visible on ! lun> surface4 #bh ,mr4 ,hopk9s supports 8 ,glacial ,!ory by reg>d+ ! ,waves ( ,translation1 inve/igat$ by ,mr4 ,scott ,russell1 z furni%+ a suffici5t mov+ p[] = ! transportation ( l>ge r\nd$ b\ld]s1 & ! =mation ( drift$ gravel4 ,:5 ^! waves ( translation are produc$ by ! sudd5 elevation ( ! surface ( ! sea1 ! :ole mass ( wat] f ! surface to ! bottom ( ! ocean moves onw>d1 & becomes a me*anical ag5t ( enorm\s p[]4 ,foll[+ up ?is view1 ,mr4 ,hopk9s has %[n t 8elevations ( cont95tal masses ( only #ej feet ea*1 & f b5ea? an ocean hav+ a dep? ( betwe5 #cjj & #djj feet1 w\ld cause ! mo/ p[]ful div]g5t waves1 :i* c\ld transport l>ge b\ld]s to great di/ances40 #bi ,x is sc>cely too mu* to say1 t f ! collection ( specim5s ( build+-/ones made ^u ?is occasion1 & fir/ deposit$ 9 a h\se 9 ,craig's ,c\rt1 ,*>+ ,cross1 orig9at$1 ^u ! sugge/ion ( ,sir ,h5ry ,delabe*e1 ! magnific5t ,museum ( ,practical ,geology 9 ,j]myn ,/reet2 "o ( ! mo/ em95tly practical in/itutions ( ?is sci5tific age4 #cj ,mr4 ,r4 ,mallet1 ,f4,r4,s41 & 8 son ,dr4 ,mallet1 h con/ruct$ a seismographic map ( ! _w1 ) seismic b&s 9 _! position & relative int5sity2 & small black discs to d5ote volcanoes1 fem>oles1 & soltat>as1 & %ades indicat+ ! areas ( subsid5ce4 #ca ,x has be5 comput$ t ! %ock ( ?is e>?quake p]vad$ an area ( #gjj1jjj miles1 or ! twelf? "p ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! globe4 ,?is dreadful %ock la/$ only five m9utes2 & ne>ly ! :ole ( ! population be+ )9 ! *ur*es 7on ! fea/ ( ,all ,sa9ts71 no less ?an #cj1jjj p]sons p]i%$ by ! fall ( ^! edifices4--,see ,daub5y on ,volcanoes2 ,translator's note1 ,humboldt's ,cosmos4 #cb ,mr4 ,murray m5tions1 on ! au?ority ( ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,rob9son1 ( ! ,obs]vatory at ,armagh1 t a r\gh diamond ) a r$ t9t1 & valu$ by ,mr4 ,rundell at tw5ty gu9eas1 0 f\nd 9 ,irel&1 _m ye>s s9ce1 9 ! b$ ( a brook fl[+ ?r\gh ! c\nty ( ,f]managh4 #cc ,! use ( mala*ite 9 ornam5tal "w is v ext5sive 9 ,russia4 ,?us1 to ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea 7 s5t a pair ( fold+-doors v5e]$ ) mala*ite1 #ac feet high1 valu$ at #fjjjl42 mala*ite cases & p$e/als f #aejjl4 to #cjjjl4 a-piece1 mala*ite tables #djjl41 & *airs #aejl4 ea*4 #cd ,longfell[ has writt5 "s pleas+ l9es on 8,! ,fiftie? ,bir?day ( ,m4 ,agassiz4 ,may #bh1 #aheg10 app5d$ to 8,! ,c\rt%ip ( ,miles ,/&i%10 #aheh4 #ce ,! slo? only des]ves its "n :5 x is oblig$ to attempt to proce$ along ! gr\nd2 :5 x has any ?+ :i* x c lay hold ( x is agile en\gh4 #cf ,dr4 ,a4 ,?omson has communicat$ to ,jameson's ,j\rnal1 ,no4 #aab1 a ,description ( ! ,caves 9 ! ,nor? ,isl&1 ) "s g5]al obs]vations on ?is g5us ( birds4 ,he concludes !m to h be5 indol5t1 dull1 & /upid2 to h liv$ *iefly on vegetable food 9 m\nta9 fa/nesses & seclud$ cav]ns4 ,9 ! picture-gall]y at ,drayton ,manor1 ! seat ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 hangs a portrait ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 & 9 8 h& is depict$ ! tibia ( a ,moa4 #cg ,accord+ to ! law ( correlation1 s mu* insi/$ on by ,cuvi]1 a sup]ior "* implies ! exi/5ce ( its inf]iors1 & t too 9 def9ite proportions & con/ant connections2 s t we ne$ only ! assurance ( "o "*1 to be able to recon/ruct ! :ole animal4 ,! triumph ( ?is sy/em is se5 9 ! recon/ruction ( ext9ct animals1 z 9 ! above case ( ! ,d9ornis1 accompli%$ by ,pr(essor ,ow54 #ch ,n only at ,london1 b at ,p>is1 ,vi5na1 ,b]l91 ,tur94 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & almo/ e o!r capital 9 ,europe2 at ,liege1 ,ca51 ,montpelli]1 ,t\l\se1 & sev]al o!r l>ge t[ns1--:]ev]1 9 fact1 !re are n great local ob/acles1--! t5d5cy ( ! weal?i] inhabitants to gr\p !mselves to ! we/ is z /rongly m>k$ z 9 ! ,briti% metropolis4 ,at ,pompeii1 & o!r anci5t t[ns1 ! same ?+ maybe notic$2 & :]e ! local configuration ( ! t[n necessitates an increase 9 a diff]5t direction1 ! mom5t ! ob/acle ceases h\ses spread t[>ds ! we/4 #ci ,by f> ! mo/ complete set ( exp]im5ts on ! ,radiation ( ,heat f ! ,e>?'s ,surface at ,night :i* h be5 publi%$ s9ce ,dr4 ,wells's ,memoir ,on ,dew1 are ^? ( ,mr4 ,glai%]1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,philos4 ,trans4 = #ahdg4 #dj ,! au?or is l>gely indebt$ = ! illu/rations 9 ?is new field ( rese>* to ,lieut5ant ,maury's valuable "w1 ,! ,physical ,geography ( ! ,sea4 ,six? edition4 ,h>p]1 ,new ,york2 ,l[1 ,son1 & ,co41 ,london4 #da ,x is ! *loride ( magnesia :i* gives t damp /icky feel+ to ! clo!s ( sailors t are wa%$ or wett$ ) salt wat]4 #db ,?is fraction re/s on ! assumption t ! dilatation ( ! sub/ances ( :i* ! e>? is compos$ is equal to t ( glass1 t is to say1 #a_/ahjjj = #a4 ,reg>d+ ?is hypo!sis1 see ,arago1 9 ! ,annuaire = #ahcd1 pp4 #agg-aij4 #dc ,electricity1 trav]s+ excessively r>efi$ air or vap\rs1 gives out light1 & d\btless also heat4 ,may n a cont9ual curr5t ( electric matt] be con/antly circulat+ 9 ! sun's imm$iate neighb\rhood1 or trav]s+ ! planet>y spaces1 & ex]t+ 9 ! upp] regions ( its atmosph]e ^? ph5om5a ( :i*1 on h[ev] dim9utive a scale1 we h yet an unequivocal manife/ation 9 our ,aurora ,borealis8 #dd ,c\ld we by me*anical pressure =ce wat] into a solid /ate1 an imm5se quantity ( heat w\ld be set free4 #de ,see ,mr4 ,hunt's popul> "w1 ,! ,poetry ( ,sci5ce2 or1 ,/udies ( ,physical ,ph5om5a ( ,nature4 ,?ird edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 ,bohn1 #ahed4 #df ,canton 0 ! fir/ :o 9 ,engl& v]ifi$ ,dr4 ,frankl9's idea ( ! simil>ity ( lightn+ & ! electric fluid1 ,july #ageb4 #dg ,?is is m5tion$ 9 ,procli ,diado*i ,p>aphrasis ,ptolem41 #afce4 7,delambre1 ,hi/4 de l',a/ronomie anci5ne47 #dh ,! fir/ ,v>iation-,compass 0 con/ruct$1 be=e #aebe1 by an +5i\s apo!c>y ( ,seville1 ,felisse ,guill54 ,s e>ne/ 7 ! endeav\rs to le>n m exactly ! direction ( ! curves ( magnetic decl9ation1 t 9 #aehe ,juan ,jayme sail$ ) ,francisco ,gali f ,manilla to ,acapulco1 = ! sole purpose ( try+ 9 ! ,pacific a decl9ation in/rum5t :i* he _h inv5t$4--,humboldt4 #di ,gilb]t 0 surgeon to ,que5 ,elizabe? & ,james ,i41 & di$ 9 #afjc4 ,:ewell ju/ly assigns him an important place among ! 8practical re=m]s ( ! physical sci5ces40 ,he adopt$ ! ,cop]nican doctr9e1 :i* ,"l ,bacon's inf]ior aptitude = physical rese>* l$ him to reject4 #ej ,?is illu/ration1 x w be se51 does n lit]ally correspond ) ! details :i* prec$e x4 #ea ,mr4 ,crosse gave to ! meet+ a g5]al invitation to ,fyne ,c\rt2 "o ( ! fir/ to accept :i* 0 ,sir ,ri*>d ,phillips1 :o1 on 8 return to ,brighton1 describ$ 9 a v attractive mann]1 at ! ,sussex ,in/itution1 ,mr4 ,crosse's exp]im5ts & app>atus2 a report ( :i* be+ communicat$ to ! ,brighton ,h]ald1 0 quot$ 9 ! ,lit]>y ,gazette1 & !nce copi$ g5]ally into ! newspap]s ( ! day4 #eb ,^! exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,royal ,society1 & co/ #ajl4 #es4 #f;d4 ,9 ! ,pap] detail+ ! exp]im5ts1 pr9t$ 9 ! #de? volume ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 occurs ! fir/ m5tion ( ,dr4 ,frankl9's "n1 & ( 8 !ory ( positive & negative electricity4--,weld's ,hi/4 ,royal ,soc4 vol4 i4 p4 #dfg4 #ec ,9 ?is ye> ,&rew ,crosse said3 8,i prophesy t by means ( ! electric ag5cy we %all be enabl$ to communicate our ?\ghts in/antane\sly ) ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>?40 #ed ,to :i* pap] ! writ] is indebt$ = _m ( ^! details4 #ee ,^! illu/rations h be5 9 ! ma9 select$ & abridg$ f pap]s 9 ! ,companion to ! ,almanac1 #aheh1 & ! ,p5ny ,cyclopdia1 #b;d supp4 #ef ,newton 01 h[ev]1 mu* pe/]$ ) inquir]s2 & a ,correspond5t ( ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 9 #aghd1 relates t he once _h a transi5t view ( a ,ms4 9 ,pope's h&writ+1 9 :i* he read a v]ifi$ anecdote relat+ to ! above p]iod4 ,sir ,isaac be+ (t5 int]rupt$ by ignorant pret5d]s to ! discov]y ( ! longitude1 ord]$ 8 port] to inquire ( e /rang] :o desir$ admission :e!r he came ab\t ! longitude1 & to exclude su* z answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,two l9es 9 ,pope's ,ms41 z ! ,correspond5t recollects1 ran ?us3 8#8,is x ab\t ! longitude y come8' ,! port] asks3 #8,sir ,isaac's n at home4'0 #eg ,9 try+ ! m]its ( ,h>rison's *ronomet]s1 ,dr4 ,maskelyne acquir$ t k ( ! wants ( nautical a/ronomy :i* aft]w>ds l$ to ! =mation ( ! ,nautical ,almanac4 #eh ,a slight electric %ock is giv5 to a man at a c]ta9 portion ( ! sk92 & he is direct$ ! mom5t he feels ! /roke to make a c]ta9 motion1 z quickly z he possibly c1 ) ! h&s or ) ! tee?1 by :i* ! 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(1 & ,heat ( ! ,e>?1 #ahf4 ,day's ,l5g? at ! ,poles1 #fe4 ,decl9ation ( ! ,ne$le1 #aig4 ,desc>tes' ,lab\rs 9 ,physics1 #i4 ,des]t1 ,int5se ,heat & ,cold ( !1 #afc4 ,dew-drop1 ,beauty ( !1 #aeg4 ,dew-fall 9 "o ye>1 #aeg4 ,dew graduat$ to supply ,vegetation1 #aeg4 ,diamond1 ,geological ,age (1 #abb4 ,diamond ,l5ses = ,microscopes1 #dj4 8,diamond10 ,newton's ,dog1 #h4 ,d9ornis elephantopus1 !1 #aci1 #adj4 ,d9o!rium1 or ,t]rible ,bea/1 !1 #acf4 ,diorama1 ,illusion ( !1 #cg4 ,e>? & ,man comp>$1 #bb4 ,e>?1 ,figure ( !1 #ba4 ,e>?1 ,mass & ,d5sity (1 #ba4 ,e>?'s ,annual ,motion1 #ab4 ,e>?'s ,magnitude1 to asc]ta91 #ba4 ,e>?'s ,surface1 ,mean ,temp]ature (1 #bc4 ,e>?'s ,temp]ature1 ,int]ior1 #aaf4 ,e>?'s ,temp]ature ,/ation>y1 #bc4 ,e>?1 !1 a ,magnet1 #aig4 ,e>?quake1 ! ,great ,lisbon1 #aba4 ,e>?quakes & ! ,moon1 #aba4 ,e>?quakes1 ,rumbl+s (1 #abj4 ,e>?quake-,%ock1 ,h[ to measure1 #abj4 ,e>?-,waves1 #aai4 ,eclipses1 ,cause (1 #gd4 ,egypt1 ,alluvial ,l& (1 #aaj4 ,electric ,girdle = ! ,e>?1 #bbd4 ,electric ,inc&esc5ce ( ,*>coal ,po9ts1 #bjd4 ,electric ,k1 ,g]ms (1 #bjg4 ,electric ,light1 ,velocity (1 #bji4 ,electric ,messages1 ,"t lo/ 91 #bbe4 ,electric ,pap]1 #bji4 ,electric ,sp>k1 ,duration (1 #bji4 ,electric ,telegraph1 ,anticipations ( !1 #bbj-bbd4 ,electric ,telegraph1 ,consumption (1 #bbd4 ,electric ,telegraph 9 ,a/ronomy & ,longitude1 #bbe4 ,electric ,telegraph & ,lightn+1 #bbf4 ,electric & ,magnetic ,attraction1 ,id5tity (1 #baj4 ,electrical ,kite1 ,frankl9's1 #bac4 ,electricity & ,temp]ature1 #bjh4 ,electricity 9 ,brew+1 #bji4 ,electricity1 ,va/ ,arrangem5t (1 #bjh4 ,electricity1 ,wat] decompos$ by1 #bjh4 ,electricities1 ! 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