,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold face 7bold74 ,illu/ration3 ,portrait ) inscription - ,y\rs fai?fully ,*>les ,wesley ,em]son ,p ,s ,y ,c ,h ,o ,v ,o ,x ,,or ,,! ,,em]son ,,sy/em ,,( ,,voice ,,culture4 ,,by ,,*>les ,,wesley ,,em]son4 ,f\nd] ( ! ,em]son ,college ( ,oratory1 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 ,illu/ration3 logo ,,em]son ,,publi%+ ,,company ,,millis1 ,,mass4 #aibc ,,copyright1 #ahig4 ,,by ,,*>les ,,wesley ,,em]son4 ,,cont5ts ,voice1 ! ,natural ,report] ( ! ,individual4 ,organs t ,produce1 ,re9=ce1 & ,give ,resonant ,=ms to ! ,voice4 ,relation ( ! ,prop] ,use ( ! ,voice to ,heal?4 ,relation ( ! ,prop] ,use ( ! ,voice to ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 ,relation ( ,pit* to ,resonance4 ,me?ods = ,cultivat+ ! ,voice4 ,ex]cises4 ,rhy?m4 ,quality ( ,voice4 ,vocal ,te*nique4 ,index4 8,:5 a man lives ) ,god1 8 voice %all be z sweet z ! murmur ( ! brook & ! ru/le ( ! corn40 ,,psy*o ,,vox4 ,,voice1 ,,! ,,natural ,,report] ,,( ,,! ,,individual4 ,x is true 9 nature1 9 bo? organic & inorganic matt]1 t s\nd reports ! quality ( sub/ance1 t is1 ! quality ( ! s\nd indicates ! quality ( ! object :i* produces x4 ,?is is v app>5t 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,! naturali/ kn[s by ! tone ( ! bird's voice :at k9d ( bird x is4 ,! hunt] kn[s by ! voice ( a wild animal he>d 9 ! di/ance :e!r x is c>niv]\s or h]biv]\s2 = 9 ! voice ( ! =m] he he>s some?+ :i* is savage1 some?+ :i* te>s1 :ile 9 ! latt] he he>s ! s(t] tones ( ! mild] animal4 ,9 ?is treatise ,i %all consid] ! human voice z ! natural report] ( ! individual1 8 "*1 & 8 physical & m5tal /ates4 ,i am n consid]+ ! individual 9 any n>r[ s5se1 b 9 ! s5se ( 8 entire be+--body & m9d4 ,mod]n rese>* %[s t ! m9d affects all p>ts ( ! body1--! bra9 mo/ imm$iately4 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 to imply t ! bra9 ?9ks1 or t any "p ( ! body ?9ks2 b t ! s\l uses ! body 9 ?is _w z a m$ium ?r\gh :i* to manife/ its ?\ghts1 emotions1 & purposes4 ,"o ( nature's laws is expression4 ,:at is inmo/ %all be out]mo/4 ,:at is spok5 9 secret 8%all be proclaim$ ^u ! h\setops40 ,?is law is nev] supplant$1 nev] circumscrib$1 x always 01 is1 & ev] w be con/ant 9 its action4 ,! m9d expresses its degree ( developm5t ?r\gh ! vocal me*anism4 ,z ! individual rises 9 developm5t1 m ?\ght is express$ 9 8 voice4 ,! voice ( a baby has little m9d 9 x2 x reports little m ?an physical s5sations4 ,if its physical s5sations are agreeable1 ! 8coo0 tells x m cle>ly ?an words c\ld4 ,z ! m9d cont9ues to develop1 "o p[] aft] ano!r manife/s itself 9 ! voice until we he> ?\ght1 affection1 & *oice speak+ 9 unmi/akable tones4 ,! voice is educat$ ?r\gh induc+ "r /ates ( m9d :ile us+ x4 ,mont ,blanc rises %\ld] to %\ld] ) o!r m\nta9s2 !n1 t[]+ above !m1 its br[ pi]ces ! cl\ds4 ,"o speak+ :ile inspir$ ) a s5se ( its sublimity ne$ n be told n to speak on a high pit*1 = he w feel no impulse s to d4 ,education means to draw out2 !re=e all true education is f )94 ,if !re ev] 0 an age ( ! _w 9 :i* ?is ne$$ to be said1 x is to-day4 ,mat]ialism has spread all ov] ! civiliz$ _w1 influ5c+ m5 9 religion & 9 education4 ,i admit t man is influ5c$ by environm5t1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t man is n conf9$ to mat]ial environm5t alone1 8 imm$iate environm5t is ,_s4 ,man le>ns n only f )\t1 b f )92 n ?r\gh s5se m]ely1 b ?r\gh s\l4 ,s++ is he>t speak+ to he>t2 inw>d life speak+ to inw>d life4 ,! p[] ( mov+ ! feel+s is ! p[] by :i* ! _w is gov]n$4 ,a p]son may possess reason1 b reason mu/ speak 9 ! =m ( feel+ be=e x becomes effective 9 influ5c+ o!rs4 ,elem5tally consid]$1 ! s++ & ! speak+ voices are "o4 ,good tea*+ = ! "o is good tea*+ = ! o!r4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 educat+ ! voice is to tea* ! pupil to ?9k 9 s\nds4 ,! voice is capable ( express+ e m5tal activity--intellectual z well z emotional4 ,! voice r>ely fails to reveal ! l[] ord] ( feel+s1 z physical pleasure or pa92 x c also reveal ! high] realm ( feel+s1--b5evol5ce1 love ( tru? = its own sake1 love ( good1 sympa?y ) all consci\s be+1 hope1 fai?1 & all spiritual p]ceptions4 ,! m9d mu/ be tra9$ to ! p]ception ( beautiful vocal s\nds2 x mu/ hold ^! s\nds z ideals :ile practis+ ) ! voice4 ,x is at ?is po9t t ! *ief difficulty 9 vocal culture arises1 viz41 t ( keep+ ! m9d con/antly & exclusively conc5trat$ ^u its ideals4 ,if a p]son holds ! "r ideal /eadily be=e 8 m9d :ile prop]ly practis+1 repetition w cause ?is ideal to take dom9at+ possession ( ! tones1 & ?us %ape !m to itself & become inc>nat$ 9 !m4 ,i once he>d a mo/ int]e/+ conv]sation betwe5 two g5tlem51 "o ( :om 0 a ,russian viol9i/4 ,a "y ,italian _h be5 ent]ta9+ a company by play+ ^u a viol94 ,! ,russian ask$ to see ! in/rum5t1 & said to a g5tleman sitt+ ne>1 8,?is is a v old viol9--probably a hundr$ ye>s old40 ,! o!r repli$1 8,i suppose x mu/ be v valuable1 !n1 = we are told t ! long] a viol9 is play$ ^u ! bett] x becomes40 8,ah1 my fri5d10 cont9u$ ! ,russian1 8t all dep5ds ^u :at k9d ( music has be5 play$ ^u x4 ,! tone ( ?is viol9 indicates to my m9d t x has det]iorat$ 9 value 9 consequ5ce ( its hav+ be5 compell$ to disc\rse music ( an inf]ior quality40 ,:at a revelation 9 nature6 ,! molecules t compose ! wood ( a viol9 c be m>%all$ into h>mony by ! music play$ ^u x6 ,if 9 ! m9d ( ! viol9i/ !re is melody & h>mony ( a high ord]1 x f9ds its way ?r\gh 8 f+]s into ! b[ t t\*es ! /r+s1 & all ! molecules ( ! res\nd+ wood waltz into h>moni\s =ms4 ,:at a spectacle = ! eye ( reason to see all ^! molecules beg9 to =m into l9e & /ep out to ! concord ( sweet s\nds born ( ! m9d ( ! musician6 ,if ?is pr9ciple is true ( ! viol91 is x n pre-em95tly true ( ! vocal organism :i* 0 design$ by its inf9ite ,creator = ! especial purpose ( respond+ to ! activities ( ! m9d t inhabits x8 ,z ! m9d ?9ks my/]y1 gr&eur1 or solemnity1 ! vocaliz$ brea? is %ap$ into correspond+ =ms ( expression4 ,9 ! ?roat is a beautiful in/rum5t1 made by ,him :o made ! s\l to require su* an organ = its expression4 ,x is a fatal mi/ake to consid] ! voice z some?+ sep>ate f ! man4 ,! true voice is ! s\l inc>nat$ 9 tone4 ,! mission ( ! voice is to communicate to o!rs :at is 9 ! s\l ( ea*4 ,! eyes ( no two p]sons receive ! same rays ( light4 ,all m5 "k m ?an "o man1 because ea* p]son has 8 own individual po9t f :i* to view life & ! _w4 ,if we li/5 n to ! report ( o!rs1 our lives w conta9 b little tru?4 ,a p]son ) a gr& intellect lies z op5 to ! ?\ghts ( o!rs z ! placid lake to ! />s :i* x nightly reflects4 ,n>r[ m9ds w ent]ta9 only ^? ?\ghts :i* come to !m ?r\gh "s *annel 9 favor ( :i* !y ma9ta9 a prejudice4 ,! receptive m9d w 8prove all ?+s0 by ent]ta9+ all ?+s1 & !n 8hold fa/ t :i* is good40 ,?is p[] to communicate ?\ght ?r\gh s\nd is beautiful & my/]i\s4 ,a p]son li/5+ to an or*e/ral composition (t5 f9ds t ! ?\ghts awak5$ 9 him correspond to ^? :i* inspir$ ! compos]4 ,i "k t ,bee?ov5 believ$ 9 ,god's gov]nm5t on e>?1 because once :ile li/5+ to "o ( 8 compositions1 :i* no words accompani$1 visions arose be=e my m9d4 ,i saw ! e>ly condition ( ?is _w2 ,i he>d a s\nd z if a ?\s& wild animals 7 te>+ ea* o!r into fragm5ts ) sn>ls1 & yells1 & fi]ce cries4 ,! blood 0 fl[+1 & _! eyes 7 %oot+ fire4 ,i next saw m5 te>+ ea* o!r z ! bea/s _h done be=e4 ,i saw ! glitt] ( arms & ! coats ( mail2 ,i saw ! onset & he>d ! %ock ( ! *>ge4 ,i saw m5 fall1 & !n !re w5t up a groan ( agony :i* f9ally m]g$ into a cry t[>d heav5 = help4 ,x 0 a univ]sal pray] ( suff]+ humanity4 ,!n !re came a voice to :i* all heav5 seem$ to contribute1 a voice t 0 helpful1 a voice ( =giv5ess1 a voice t seem$ to soo! ! cry ( agony1 & fully answ] ! pray]4 ,old ?+s _h pass$ away1 & behold1 all ?+s _h become new4 ,!re 0 a new heav5 & a new e>? :]e9 dwelt righte\sness4 ,human be+s ,i saw1 n z 8trees walk+10 b z gods cr[n$ ) love1 glory1 & immortality4 ,x 0 !n ,i 0 made to realize :at ! apo/le meant :5 he said he 0 caught up into heav5 & saw ?+s unlawful to utt]1--n aga9/ ! laws ( man1 b above ! laws ( language4 ,! composition ( ,bee?ov5 made me ?9k :at words c\ld n tell4 ,9 ! poem1 8,aux ,itali5s10 ,ow5 ,m]$i? describes ! p[] ex]t$ ^u ! m9ds ( o!rs ?r\gh a composition ( ,v]di :5 r5d]$ by ,m>io4 ,( all ! op]as t ,v]di wrote1 ,! be/1 to my ta/e1 is ! ,trovatore2 ,& ,m>io c\ld soo! ) a t5or note ,! s\ls 9 purgatory4 ,! moon on ! t[] slept s(t z sn[1 ,& :o 0 n ?rill$ 9 ! /range/ way1 ,z we he>d him s+1 :ile ! gas burn$ l[1 8,non ti scord> di me60 ,! ,emp]or !re1 9 8 box ( /ate1 ,look$ grave1 z if he _h j !n se5 ,! r$ flag wave f ! city gate1 ,:]e 8 eagles 9 bronze _h be54 ,!re 0 some?+ 9 ! voice ( ! s+] :i* caus$ ! ,emp]or's m9d to see ! r$ flag /&+ :]e 88 eagles 9 bronze _h be540 ,! ,empress1 too1 _h a te> 9 h] eye4 ,y'd h said t h] fancy _h gone back aga9 ,= "o mom5t "u ! old blue sky ,to ! old1 glad life 9 ,spa94 ,! tones ( ,m>io caus$ ! ,empress to see h] e>ly home2 & ! *ief "* 9 ! poem to see 8 fir/ love1 & to ev5 smell ! fl[] he _h se5 h] we>4 ,mean:ile1 ,i 0 ?9k+ ( my fir/ love1 ,z ,i _h n be5 ?9k+ ( aught = ye>s1 ,till ov] my eyes !re began to move ,some?+ t felt l te>s4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,= ,i ?\ght ( h] grave bel[ ! hill1 ,:i* ! s5t9el cypress tree /&s ov]1 ,& ,i ?\ght1--8,7 %e only liv+ /ill1 ,h[ ,i c\ld =give h] & love h]60 ,& ,i swe>1 z ,i ?\ght ( h] ?us1 9 t h\r1 ,& ( h[1 aft] all1 old ?+s 7 be/1 ,t ,i smelt ! smell ( t jasm9-fl[] ,:i* %e us$ to we> 9 h] brea/4 ,an orator1 by 8 tones z well z by 8 words1 causes def9ite m5tal activities to take possession ( 8 audi5ce1 ?us influ5c+ !m ) ! action ( _! own m9ds4 ,! language ( tone is ! language ( ! sph]es1 x is ! language ( ! invisible _w1 x is ! language ( ! angels4 ,! s\l kn[s :at tones to employ = ! purpose ( communicat+ its own activities to o!r s\ls4 ,! impulse ( ! s\l con/ructs ! =m ( ! tone :i* communicates its ?\ght to ! audi5ce4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z true voice :i* s\l has n =m$4 ,! prop] /udy ( ! voice is a /udy ( ! manife/ations ( ! s\l4 ,life is ri* & valuable if we live f ! int]ior4 ,life is disappo9t+1 life is ! bla/+ ( all highe/ hopes1 life is ! %att]] & annihilator ( all ideals1 if we live n f ! s\l4 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god40 8,all ?+s 7 made by ,him2 & )\t ,him 0 n any?+ made t 0 made40 ,?9k :at an e/imate ! ,bible puts ^u ! 8,^w60 ,! ,^w1 :i* is ! fruition ( ! s\l 9 manife/ation1 is us$ z a symbol ( ! relation ( ,jesus ,*ri/ to ! ,fa!r4 ,! ,^w is repres5t$ z be+ ! ,tru?1 ! ,life1 ! ,creative ,en]gy1 & ! ,be+ ( ,god ,himself4 ,man's ^w1 :5 he lives truly1 is b an expression1 a mov+ out ^u ! _w1 & ^u ! he>ts ( o!rs1 ( ! love1 ! tru?1 ! wor%ip ( 8 s\l4 ,true words1 !n1 are n s\nds sep>ate f ! _s2 !y are ! inc>nat$ s\l4 ,i w\ld nev] tea* voice1 ,i w\ld nev] tea* oratory1 if words 7 n1 9 _! true nature1 ,div9e ?+s1 if !y 7 n =ms ( ! _s & ( ! s\l6 ,,organs ,,t ,,produce1 ,,re9=ce1 ,,& ,,give ,,resonant ,,=ms ,,to ,,! ,,voice4 ,,voice ,,def9$4 ,! human voice is t s\nd1 caus$ by ! vibration ( ! vocal cords 9 ! l>ynx & re9=c$ by ! resonant *amb]s1 :i* reports ! physical & m5tal /ates ( man4 ,,cause ,,( ,,voice4 ,voice is caus$ by ! contraction ( ! muscles ( expiration1 :i* br+s suffici5t pressure ^u ! lungs to drive ! air f !m out betwe5 ! vocal cords1 ?us caus+ _! edges to vibrate1 !reby ?r[+ ! column ( brea? into su* rapid vibration z to produce s\nd4 ,,organs ,,t ,,produce ,,voice4 ,l>ynx1 7,includ+ ,vocal ,cords71 ,lungs1 ,muscles ( ,respiration4 ,,l>ynx4 ,! l>ynx is ! pr9cipal organ ( voice4 ,x is situat$ 9 ! front ( ! neck1 & =ms ! prom95ce sometimes call$ 8,adam's apple02 x also =ms a "p ( ! ant]ior b\nd>y ( ! ph>ynx4 ,at ! upp] "p x has ! =m ( a triangul> box1 ) "o angle directly 9 front4 ,x is compos$ ( n9e c>tilages mov$ by muscles1 & l9$ ) muc\s membrane4 ,six ( its c>tilages are 9 pairs2 ?ree are s+le4 ,! ?ree s+le c>tilages are ! ?yroid1 cricoid1 & epiglottis2 ! ?ree pairs are ! aryt5oid1 cunei=m1 & cornicula l>yngis4 ,! l>ynx is sometimes call$ a music-box2 f x proce$s ! s\nd call$ voice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,l>ynx ,,& ,,two ,,r+s ,,( ,,! ,,tra*ea4 ,,vocal ,,cords4 ,across ! l>ynx are /ret*$ ! true vocal cords4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ape ,,( ,,! ,,glottis ,,:5 ,,at ,,re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,glottis ,,dilat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,glottis1 ,,clos$1 ,,& ,,muscles ,,clos+ ,,x4 ,ea* cord consi/s ( a b& ( yell[ tissue1 cov]$ by muc\s membrane4 ,by means ( ! action ( ! muscles ( ! l>ynx t connect ) ! c>tilages :i* ent] into its /ructure1 ! vocal cords are s adju/$ t :5 ! muscles ( expiration =ce ! air1 :i* is compress$ 9 ! lungs1 out betwe5 ^! cords1 _! edges are set 9 vibration4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ ( ! s\nd :i* we call voice1 b be=e x is he>d 9 spee* or song x is re9=c$ by ! *amb]s ( resonance4#a ----- #a ,= ! function ( ! false1 or sup]ior vocal cords1 see pp4 #fh-ga1 ,physical ,culture4 ,,pit*4 ,! v>i\s degrees ( pit* 9 ! compass ( ! voice dep5d ^u ! rate ( vibration ( ! vocal cords4 ,?is rate ( vibration1 ! pressure ( brea? be+ ! same1 is caus$ by ! diff]5t degrees ( t5sion ( ! vocal cords4 ,if ! vocal cords are drawn ?9 & %ort1 ! pit* w be high2 z ! t5sion dim9i%es1 ! pit* w be l[]4 ,! great] ! numb] ( vibrations to ! second1 ! high] w be ! pit*4 ,a s\nd consi/+ ( sixte5 vibrations to ! second produces ! l[e/ pit* t has be5 recogniz$ by ! human e> z s\nd2 :ile m ?an #ch1jjj vibrations p] second h n be5 he>d4 ,! l[e/ rate ( vibration on record ( any voice is ab\t =ty-f\r vibrations p] second1 :ile ! highe/ rate 9 any voice on record is a little ov] n9ete5 hundr$4 ,,l\dness4 ,diff]5t degrees ( l\dness ( voice are caus$ by diff]5t degrees ( amplitude ( ! waves ( vibration4 ,,! ,,lungs4 ,! two lungs are ! ess5tial organs ( respiration2 ! "r lung has ?ree lobes1 ! left1 two4 ,! base ( ea* lung re/s ^u ! convex surface ( ! diaphragm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,he>t ,,& ,,lungs1 ,,& ,,l>ge ,,blood-,,vessels4 ,! root ( ea* lung is =m$ by ! bron*us & blood-vessels1 :i* ent] ! lung a little above ! middle ( its inn] surface1 & connect x to ! he>t & tra*ea4 ,) ! exception ( ! root1 ! surface ( ea* lung is free & moves 9 ! cavity ( ! ?orax4 ,! bron*us is "o ( two tubes :i* arise f ! bifurcation ( ! tra*ea4 ,x conducts ! air f ! tra*ea to ei!r lung4 ,! bron*ial tubes are sub-divisions1 or ramifications1 ( ! bron*us & t]m9ate 9 ! air-cells4 ,,muscles ,,( ,,respiration4 ,inasmu* z voice is vocaliz$ brea?1 x is important to give att5tion to respiration4 ,! pr9cipal muscles us$ 9 ! ord9>y movem5ts ( inspiration are3-- ,i4 ,diaphragm4 ,,ii4 ,levatores co/>um4 ,,iii4 ,ext]nal int]co/als4 ,! pr9cipal muscles us$ 9 expiration are3-- ,i4 ,int]nal int]co/als ) ! infraco/als4 ,,ii4 ,triangul>is /]ni4 ,transv]salis4 ,,iii4 ,abdom9al muscles ,rectus4 ,int]nal oblique4 ,ext]nal oblique4 ,!re are _m accessory muscles :i* aid 9 viol5t respiratory movem5ts1 bo? inspiratory & expiratory4 ,all ! muscles :i* elevate ! scapula may act ?r\gh x ^u ! ribs2 ! ?ree scal5e muscles act directly ^u ! fir/ rib4 ,! pr9cipal muscles ( inspiration may be assi/$ by ! ,i4 ,s]ratus po/icus sup]ior4 ,,ii4 ,s]ratus magnus4 ,,iii4 ,pectoralis major4 ,,iv4 ,pectoralis m9or4 ,! pr9cipal muscles ( expiration may be aid$ by ! foll[+ muscles3-- ,i4 ,s]ratus po/icus inf]ior1 ,,ii4 ,longissimus dorsi1 ,,iii4 ,sacro lumbalis1 & all ! muscles :i* t5d to depress ! ribs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,diaphragm4 ,,diaphragm4 ,! diaphragm sep>ates ! cavity ( ! ?orax f ! cavity ( ! abdom51 & con/itutes ! floor = ! he>t & lungs to re/ ^u1 & also a close-fitt+ cov] = ! cont5ts ( ! abdom54 ,!re=e x is evid5t t ! mov+ ( ! diaphragm moves ! organs :i* are imm$iately above & ^? bel[ x4 ,9 reposeful brea?+ ! enl>gem5t ( ! cavity ( ! *e/ is *iefly accompli%$ by ! contraction ( ! diaphragm4 ,z x contracts x presses ^u ! abdom9al visc]a4 ,! abdom9al muscles antagonize ! diaphragm by press+ back ! abdom9al visc]a1 ?us caus+ its asc5t z soon z ! diaphragm has become relax$4 ,z ! diaphragm contracts1 ! air ru%es ?r\gh ! no/rils or m\? to fill ! lungs4 ,by lift+ ! ribs ! ?orax c be suffici5tly enl>g$ to meet ord9>y dem&s = brea?2 !re=e ! lungs w\ld n imm$iately suff] if ! diaphragm 0 n contract$4 ,! pr9cipal suff]]s 9 su* a case w\ld be ! /oma*1 liv]1 & inte/9es1 = )\t ?is ex]cise :i* ! contraction ( ! diaphragm gives !m !y w\ld n z vigor\sly p]=m _! functions4 ,x is taught 9 _m works on physiology t m5 inhale by means ( ! contraction ( ! diaphragm *iefly1 :ile 9 adult wom5 ! diaphragm is ex]cis$ little1 if any1 dur+ respiration4 ,?is /atem5t 0 fir/ giv5 9 e>ly physiologies )\t due w>rant f close obs]vation4 ,?is idea1 hav+ once f\nd its way into a /&>d "w1 has cont9u$ 9 successive works until n[4 ,?is !ory is ( su* vital int]e/ to all t ! au?ority = x %\ld be c>efully exam9$4 ,x is a fact t m wom5 ?an m5 brea! :olly by means ( elevat+ & l[]+ ! ribs2 x is also a well-obs]v$ fact t ! heal?ie/ wom5 & ! heal?ie/ m5 brea! alike1 ) no movem5t ( ! upp] "p ( ! *e/ dur+ reposeful respiration4 ,x is only :5 an unusual am\nt ( air is requir$ t ! heal?ie/ m5 & wom5 ev] move ! upp] "p ( ! *e/ dur+ respiration2 !n ! diaphragm is ex]cis$ vigor\sly1 & ! movem5ts ( ! ribs take place only = ! purpose ( enl>g+ ! cavity ( ! ?orax beyond :at x is possible = ! diaphragm alone to accompli%4 ,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s ,i h cur$ hundr$s ( p1 bo? m5 & wom51 ( dyspepsia & its att5dant weaknesses by tea*+ !m h[ to ex]cise ! diaphragm 9 respiration1 & 9 ! production ( tone4 ,to say no?+ ( ! incorrect way 9 :i* wom5 brea!1 ,i f9d t a majority ( m5 brea! improp]ly4 ,! %ape ( ! diaphragm1 :5 x is relax$1 resembles an op5 umbrella4 ,:5 ! diaphragm is flatt5$ by contraction x no long] reta9s its dome-l %ape1 & ?us gives great] dep? to ! ?orax4 ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,diaphragm ,,dur+ ,,expiration ,,( ,,! ,,brea? ,,& ,,dur+ ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,tone4 ,dur+ expiration ( brea? ! diaphragm is fully relax$1 :ile dur+ ! production ( tone x %\ld be some:at contract$4 ,9 ! prop] adju/m5t ( ! diaphragm & abdom9al muscles dur+ voice production1 ! diaphragm by its contraction resi/s1 to "s ext5t1 ! pressure caus$ by ! contraction ( ! abdom9al muscles1 & ?us only gradually yields to ! =ce br\ght aga9/ x by ! contraction ( ^! muscles1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* a firm & /eady support is giv5 to ! voice4 ,,brea?+ ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,nose4 ,! "q is (t5 ask$1 8,%\ld "o brea! ?r\gh ! nose or ?r\gh ! m\?80 ,nature has s con/ruct$ ! organs ( respiration & det]m9$ _! action t a p]son 9 heal? brea!s ?r\gh ! nose1 :ile a p]son 9 ill heal? (t5 brea!s ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,by 8brea?+ ?r\gh ! nose10 ( c\rse1 is meant reposeful brea?+4 ,9 extraord9>y brea?+ "s p]sons are oblig$ to brea! ?r\gh ! m\?1 b ?is is always an indication ( exhau/ion or weakness4 ,e p]son %\ld1 if possible1 ma9ta9 ! habit ( brea?+ ?r\gh ! nose4 ,illu/ration3 ,m$ian ,section ( ,m\?1 ,nose1 ,ph>ynx1 & ,l>ynx3--a1 septum ( nose2 bel[ x1 section ( h>d palate2 b1 tongue2 c1 section ( velum p5dulum palati2 d1 d1 lips2 u1 uvula2 r1 ant]ior ar* or pill> ( fauces2 i1 po/]ior ar*2 t1 tonsil2 p1 ph>ynx2 h1 hyoid bone2 k1 ?yroid c>tilage2 n1 crycoid c>tilage2 s1 epiglottis2 v1 glottis2 #a1 po/]ior op5+ ( n>es2 #c1 i/hmus faucium2 #d1 sup]ior op5+ ( l>ynx2 #e1 passage into sophagus2 #f1 m\? ( "r ,eu/a*ian tube4 ,,organs ,,:i* ,,re9=ce ,,voice4 ,! organs t re9=ce voice are its resonant *amb]s1 viz43-- ,n>es1 ,m\?1 ,ph>ynx1 ,tra*ea4 ,resonance means res\nd+ or s\nd+ aga91 & is caus$ by means ( ! air convey+ ! vibrations ( "o sub/ance to ano!r sub/ance4 ,?is is famili>ly illu/rat$ 9 ! e*o4 ,!re are two classes ( resonant *amb]s2 "o class is comp>atively fix$1 & consi/s ( ! n>es & tra*ea2 ! o!r class may1 = conv5i5ce1 be t]m$ ! transi5t =ms ( resonance4 #b;,a transi5t resonant *amb] is "o t is =m$ on ! in/ant = a p>ticul> purpose1 & may be brok5 z quickly4 ,elem5ts ( spee* are =m$ by produc+ a succession ( def9itely =m$ b transi5t molds ( resonance4 ,! ph>ynx is = ! purpose ( re9=c+ ! tone1 giv+ x projection & "s assi/ance 9 prop] direction4 ,all ! o!r transi5t resonant molds are = ! purpose ( produc+ elem5ts ( spee*4 ----- #b ,see ,tyndall on s\nd1 page #bbg4 ,,n>es 7,nasal cavities74 ,! n>es are ! cavities 9 ! head ext5d+ ?r\gh ! nose to ! ph>ynx4 ,! walls ( ! n>es are smoo?1 &1 ) _! turb9at$ bones1 sugge/ ! inside ( a sea-%ell4 ,,ph>ynx4 ,! ph>ynx is a membran\s sac4 ,x has sev5 op5+s1 ! two po/]ior n>es1 ! two ,eu/a*ian tubes1 ! l>ynx1 ! sophagus1 & ! i/hmus faucium1 :i* is ! op5+ into ! m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l>ynx1 ,,tra*ea1 ,,& ,,bron*i4 ,,tra*ea4 ,! tra*ea1 or w9dpipe1 is a cyl9drical tube ext5d+ f ! l[] "p ( ! l>ynx to :]e x divides into ! bron*i4 ,! int]ior surface is firm & beautiful4 ,,organs ,,:i* ,,give ,,resonant ,,=ms ,,to ,,voice4 ,lips1 ,upp] gum1 ,h>d palate1 ,s(t palate1 ,tongue1 ,n>es4 ,al?\gh ! quality ( ! voice produc$ by ! vocal cords ( ! human be+ _c be di/+ui%$ f t produc$ by ! vocal cords ( ! l[] animals ! organs :i* res\nd x give x a di/9ct quality4 ,no "o ( ^! ag5ts alone molds ! tone1 b _! prop] relation to ea* o!r con/itutes resonant molds z def9ite z ^? into :i* melt$ ore is ca/ to give x =m & /amp4 ,?is prop] relation%ip _c be secur$ by ex]cis+ ! organs 9 any /rictly me*anical way1 b only by =m+ def9ite ideal tones 9 ! m9d & ex]cis+ ! voice :ile ^! ideal tones are firmly fix$ z /eady objects ( ?\ght4 ,if ^! m5tal objects drop f ! m9d at any "t dur+ ! vocal practice1 no me*anical +5uity c possibly take _! places 9 rightly affect+ ! voice4 ,lat] 9 ?is "w1 ,i %all m fully elaborate ?is po9t4 ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,prop] ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,voice ,,to ,,heal?4 ,_m ye>s ( obs]vation & /udy h conv9c$ me t ! voice ex]ts a p[]ful effect ^u ! :ole physical sy/em4 ,x ei!r builds up ! body1 su/a9s its p[] & adds to its heal?1 or x devitalizes ! body & br+s a dang]\s /ra9 ^u ! entire sy/em4 ,! voice _c be a report] ( ! p]son1 m5tal & physical1 )\t hold+ ! mo/ delicate relations to m9d & body4 ,! ex]cise ( ! voice subtly & vitally affects ! organs t promote heal? & give life4 ,i c\ld give _m illu/rations %[+ t ! wrong use ( ! voice has injur$ heal?1 & t its "r use has promot$ heal?2 b if ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ?is *apt] are fully und]/ood1 ,i ne$ n relate incid5ts to prove t ! voice is a life-giv] or a dea?-deal]1 dep5d+ entirely ^u h[ x is us$4 ,! ,greeks 7 taught ! "r use ( ! voice z a "p ( _! physical1 intellectual1 & moral culture4 ,9 mod]n times we h neglect$ voice culture to a v great ext5t1 & h suff]$ mu* ill heal? 9 consequ5ce4 ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,prop] ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,voice ,,to ,,! ,,vital ,,organs4 ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,voice ,,^u ,,! ,,lungs4 ,great wisdom is exhibit$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! human lungs4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! air cells1 ! greate/ possible am\nt ( surface is pres5t$ 9 ord] t ! air may freely ent] ! blood4 ,! lungs are l>gely made up ( blood vessels1 bron*ial tubes1 & air cells4 ,:5 a p]son brea!s1 ! oxyg51 ent]+ ! lungs ?r\gh ! tra*ea & ! bron*ial tubes1 p5etrates ! ?9 walls ( ^! cells & passes at once into ! blood4 ,:5 ! blood ent]s ! lungs x is d>k 9 color1 b :5 x leaves ! lungs x is ( a light v]milion hue4 ,! oxyg5 :i* has be5 tak5 into ! lungs has wr\ght ?is *ange4 ,s wond]ful is ?is elem5t ( nature t "s h call$ x life4 ,if !re is an elixir ( life 9 ! mat]ial _w surely x is oxyg51 = x has to d m9utely & intimately ) e p[] ( ! human body4 ,! m a p]son brea!s ?is oxyg5 z x is mix$ 9 ! common air1 ! m life & p[] he possesses4 ,x is ess5tial to p]fect heal? t e av5ue to ! lungs %\ld be kept op5 & free1 & t ! air cells %\ld be kept cle>1 = if ! walls ( ! cells ?ick51 oxyg5 _c p5etrate !m4 ,if ^! cells are n prop]ly fill$ dur+ respiration1 ! walls ?ick51 & sub/ances collect 9 ! cells4 ,if any tr\ble occurs 9 ! air cells1 except = traumatic reasons1 x w fir/ be f\nd 9 ! apexes ( ! lungs4 ,9 ! production ( tone1 :e!r on a l[1 high1 or m$ium pit*1 ! vocal cords are drawn s closely toge!r t ! air _c imm$iately escape f ! lungs2 !re=e1 unable to get out readily1 x is press$ up into ! apexes ( ! lungs by ! expiratory muscles1 fill+ ! air cells to ! utmo/1 ?us keep+ !m cle> & _! walls ?9 & heal?y4 ,9 correct s++ or speak+1 ! apexes ( ! lungs are fill$ ) air4 ,tub]cule seeks devitaliz$ tissue = its developm5t4 ,!re=e tub]culosis usually beg9s 9 ! apexes ( ! lungs because !y are n kept cle> & heal?y ?r\gh prop] respiration & vocal ex]cise4 ,voice 0 giv5 to man to make him /rong & expressive1 to give him life & p[]4 ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,voice ,,^u ,,! ,,/oma*4 ,! /oma* is ! pr9cipal organ ( dige/ion4 ,out ( ! nutrim5t tak5 into x all ! tissues ( ! body are r5ew$4 ,x lies "u ! diaphragm1 & is held 9 place by ! abdom9al muscles4 ,! /oma* is mov$ dur+ respiration1 desc5d+ ) e inspiration1 & ris+ ) e expiration4 ,9 addition to ?is ex]cise dur+ ! production ( tone1 ! /oma* is held firmly betwe5 ! diaphragm & abdom9al muscles4 ,at ! close ( ! tone ! muscles :i* ?us hold ! /oma* relax4 ,illu/ration3 ,a view ( ! ,organs ( ,dige/ion1 op5$ 9 ne>ly _! :ole l5g?2 a portion ( ! sophagus has be5 remov$ on acc\nt ( want ( space 9 ! figure2 ! arr[s indicate ! c\rse ( sub/ances along ! canal3 #a1 ! upp] lip1 turn$ (f ! m\?2 #b1 its frnum2 #c1 ! l[] lip1 turn$ d[n2 #d1 its frnum2 #e1 #e1 inside ( ! *eeks1 cov]$ by ! l9+ membrane ( ! m\?2 #f1 po9ts to ! op5+ ( ! duct ( ,/5o2 #g1 ro( ( ! m\?2 #h1 lat]al half-ar*es2 #i1 po9ts to ! tonsil2 #aj1 velum p5dulum palati2 #aa1 surface ( ! tongue2 #ab1 papill ne> its po9t2 #ac1 a portion ( ! tra*ea2 #ad1 ! sophagus2 #ae1 its int]nal surface2 #af1 inside ( ! /oma*2 #ag1 its great] extremity or great cul-de-sac2 #ah1 its less] extremity or small] cul-de-sac2 #ai1 its less] curvature2 #bj1 its great] curvature2 #ba1 ! c>diac orifice2 #bb1 ! pyloric orifice2 #bc1 upp] portion ( duod5um2 #bd1 #be1 ! rema9d] ( ! duod5um2 #bf1 its valvul conniv5tes2 #bg1 ! gall-bladd]2 #bh1 ! cy/ic duct2 #bi1 division ( hepatic ducts 9 ! liv]2 #cj1 hepatic duct2 #ca1 ductus communis *ol$o*us2 #cb1 its op5+ into ! duod5um2 #cc1 ductus ,wirsungii1 or pancreatic duct2 #cd1 its op5+ into ! duod5um2 #ce1 upp] "p ( jejunum2 #cf1 ! ileum2 #cg1 "s ( ! valvul conniv5tes2 #ch1 l[] extremity ( ! ileum2 #ci1 ileo-colic valve2 #dj1 #da1 ccum1 or caput coli2 #db1 app5dicula v]mi=mis2 #dc1 #dd1 asc5d+ colon2 #de1 transv]se colon2 #df1 #dg1 desc5d+ colon2 #dh1 sigmoid flexure ( ! colon2 #di1 upp] portion ( ! rectum2 #ej1 its l[] extremity2 #ea1 portion ( ! levator-ani muscle2 #eb1 ! anus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,liv]4 ,! inf]ior or concave surface ( ! liv]1 %[+ its subdivisions into lobes3 #a1 c5t] ( ! "r lobe2 #b1 c5t] ( ! left lobe2 #c1 its ant]ior1 inf]ior1 or ?9 m>g92 #d1 its po/]ior1 ?ick1 or diaphragmatic portion2 #e1 ! "r extremity2 #f1 ! left extremity2 #g1 ! not* 9 ! ant]ior m>g92 #h1 ! umbilical or longitud9al fissure2 #i1 ! r\nd ligam5t or rema9s ( ! umbilical ve92 #aj1 ! portion ( ! susp5sory ligam5t 9 connection ) ! r\nd ligam5t2 #aa1 pons hepatis1 or b& ( liv] across ! umbilical fissure2 #ab1 po/]ior end ( longitud9al fissure2 #ac1 #ad1 atta*m5t ( ! oblit]at$ ductus v5osus to ! asc5d+ v5a cava2 #ae1 transv]se fissure2 #af1 section ( ! hepatic duct2 #ag1 hepatic art]y2 #ah1 its bran*es2 #ai1 v5a port>um2 #bj1 its s9us1 or division into "r & left bran*es2 #ba1 fibr\s rema9s ( ! ductus v5osus2 #bb1 gall-bladd]2 #bc1 its neck2 #bd1 lobulus qu>tus2 #be1 lobulus ,spigelii2 #bf1 lobulus caudatus2 #bg1 inf]ior v5a cava2 #bh1 curvature ( liv] to fit ! asc5d+ colon2 #bi1 depression to fit ! "r kidney2 #cj1 upp] portion ( its "r concave surface ov] ! r5al capsule2 #ca1 portion ( liv] uncov]$ by ! p]itoneum2 #cb1 inf]ior edge ( ! coron>y ligam5t 9 ! liv]2 #cc1 depression made by ! v]tebral column4 ,,effect ,,( ,,voice ,,^u ,,! ,,liv]4 ,! liv] is a gl&ul> organ1 int5d$ = ! secretion ( bile f ! blood4 ,x is situat$ "u ! diaphragm & p>tially ov] ! /oma*2 !re=e ! ex]cises :i* produce pressure & relief ^u ! /oma*1 ex]t ! same effect ^u ! liv]4 ,t ! liv] may prop]ly p]=m its function x is necess>y = x to be ?us ex]cis$4 ,"o _c speak or s+ well )\t mov+ ! diaphragm1 & :5 ?is is mov$ x moves ne>ly all ! organs conta9$ 9 ! trunk ( ! body1 & especially promotes ! heal?y activity ( ! lungs1 /oma*1 liv]1 & inte/9es4 ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,improp] ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,voice ,,^u ,,! ,,muc\s ,,membrane4 ,muc\s membrane l9es all ^? passages by :i* ! int]nal p>ts communicate ) ! ext]ior1 & is cont9u\s ) ! sk9 at ! v>i\s orifices ( ! surface ( ! body4 ,! muc\s membrane1 beg9n+ ) ! lips1 l9es ! m\?1 ?roat1 sophagus1 /oma*1 & 9 %ort1 ! entire alim5t>y canal4 ,x also l9es ! n>es1 l>ynx1 bron*ial tubes1 & air cells4 ,x is "o because unbrok54 ,its function is to secrete muc\s = ! purpose ( prev5t+ dryness4 ,sympa!tic relations exi/ ?r\gh\t ! :ole human sy/em1 & especially betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same organ2 if "o "p ( ! muc\s membrane is injur$1 ano!r "p is z liable to suff] z t imm$iately injur$4 ,if conge/ion takes place 9 any "p ( ?is muc\s membrane1 x may cause conge/ion 9 "s remote "p ( ! membrane1 )\t affect+ ! int]v5+ p>ts4 ,!re is a c]ta9 common misuse ( ! voice :i* creates 9 ! ph>ynx an irritation call$ 8cl]gyman's sore ?roat40 ,by ! law ( sympa?y1 ?is conge/ion is likely to be communicat$ f ! ph>ynx to ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma*4 ,x may also attack ! muc\s membrane ( ! bron*ial tubes & ?r\gh !m affect ! lungs4 ,al?\gh ?is disease caus$ by ! misuse ( ! voice is call$ 8cl]gyman's sore ?roat10 x is n conf9$ to cl]gym52 x prevails to a consid]able ext5t among s*ool tea*]s1 lawy]s1 & auctione]s4 ,x is dang]\s = "o to ent] ^u any =m ( public speak+ )\t hav+ a suffici5t k ( ! voice to use 8 own correctly4 ,?is is true n m]ely because x gives p[] to speak m effectively1 b because x enables "o to pres]ve 8 own heal?1 & !reby prolong 8 usefulness4 8,cl]gyman's sore ?roat0 is caus$ by mak+ too close a *amb] ( resonance 9 ! ph>ynx :ile speak+4 ,?is is a confirm$ habit ) a v l>ge numb] ( p]sons2 9 fact1 x might almo/ be said to be a prevail+ difficulty1 b x does n always cause a sore ?roat until ! voice is m con/antly us$ ?an x ord9>ily is 9 private life4 ,a cl]gyman or o!rs may = ye>s h practis$ ?is habit )\t feel+ ! effect ^u ! ?roat2 b z soon z !y come to speak /eadily = a half h\r or m1 & t1 too1 = ! purpose ( be+ he>d 9 a l>ge room1 beg9 to realize a husk9ess :i* soon develops into an irritation ( ! ?roat4 ,?is f9ally develops into a conge/ion1 & soon] or lat] into a c\gh1 :i* results 9 ! break+ d[n ( ! p[]s ( ! individual1 & if x does n receive imm$iate & prop] att5tion consumption may be ! result4 ,no m$ic9e1 h[ev] good1 c give m ?an a tempor>y relief4 ,s long z ! cause 7:i* is ! misuse ( ! voice71 rema9s1 ! difficulty mu/ return4 ,sometimes 8cl]gyman's sore ?roat0 is n introduc$ by husk9ess2 ! fir/ symptom obs]v$ is t ( dryness or irritation4 ,?is is especially true if ! voice is *>act]iz$ by a metallic elem5t4 ,all ^! evils c be cur$ by prop] vocal education1 provid+ ! pati5t does n wait too long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,convolutions ,,& ,,fissures ,,( ,,! ,,out] ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,c]ebral ,,hemisph]e4 ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,prop] ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,voice ,,to ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4 ,! vocal organs may be said to be tools1 & ! n]ves ! workm5 appo9t$ to use !m4 ,n]ves are :iti% & ela/ic bundles ( fib]s1 ) _! accompany+ tissues4 ,!y transmit n]v\s impulses betwe5 n]ve c5t]s & v>i\s p>ts ( ! animal body4 8,n]ves are compos$ ( "o or m 7sometimes ne>ly a hundr$7 n]ve fib]s1 ea* fib] =m+ a means ( communication betwe5 two p>ts m or less di/ant f ea* o!r40--,dutton4 ,! bra9 is conta9$ 9 ! cranium1 & may be said to be ! controll] ( ! entire n]v\s sy/em4 ,f x proce$ twelve pairs ( cranial n]ves4 ,i4 ,olfactory1 n]ve ( smell1--di/ribut$ 9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! nose4 ,,ii4 ,optic1 n]ve ( sight1--di/ributes its bran*es to ! eye ball4 ,,iii4 ,motor oculi1--motor ( ! eye4 ,,iv4 ,pa!ticus1--assi/s 9 mov+ ! eye4 ,v4 ,trigem9us1--n]ve ( s5sation1 motion1 & ta/e4 ,,vi4 ,abduc5s1--assi/s ! movem5ts ( ! eye4 ,,vii4 ,facial 7or n]ve ( expression71--moves ! face1 e>1 palate1 & tongue4 ,by means ( ?is n]ve ! tongue is directly connect$ ) ! bra91 & receives its impulse ( action !refrom4 ,,viii4 ,auditory1--n]ve ( he>+4 ,,ix4 ,glosso-ph>yngeal1 n]ve ( s5sation & ta/e1--x is di/ribut$ to ! back ( ! tongue1 middle e>1 tonsils1 & ph>ynx4 ,x4 ,pneumoga/ric1--! auriculo-l>yngo-ph>yngo-sophago-tra*eo-p ulmono-c>dio-ga/ro-hepatic n]ve4 ,x is a n]ve ( s5sation & motion1 probably receiv+ its motor influ5ce f its sp9al accessory4 ,,xi4 ,sp9al accessory furni%es motor p[] to ! pneumoga/ric4 ,,xii4 ,hypo-glossal1--motor ( ! tongue4 ,x communicates ) ! pneumoga/ric & sympa!tic n]ves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,six ,,cranial ,,n]ves1 ,,) ,,_! ,,*ief ,,bran*es ,,( ,,di/ribution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,la/ ,,six ,,cranial ,,n]ves1 ,,) ,,_! ,,*ief ,,bran*es ,,( ,,di/ribution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my pr9cipal object 9 writ+ ( ! relation ( ! voice to ! n]v\s sy/em is to %[ anatomical & physiological reasons = d5om9at+ ! voice ! report] ( ! /ates ( m9d4 ,we h be=e u ! names ( ! n]ves :i* connect ! organs ( spee* ) ! organ ( ?\ght4 ,?r\gh "s ( ! cranial n]ves ! m9d imm$iately dis*>ges its impulses ^u c]ta9 organs1 bo? consci\sly & subconsci\sly4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! motor occuli1 pa!ticus1 & abduc5s1 :i* move ! eye sometimes consci\sly & sometimes subconsci\sly4 ,?is %[s t ^! n]ves may1 & (t5 d1 act ^u ! eye1 )\t any consci\s plan or purpose on ! "p ( ! individual4 ,! m9d (t5 manife/s1 ?r\gh ! cranial n]ves1 /ates ( m9d ( :i* ! p]son is unconsci\s4 ,:ile consci\sness is ! p[] by :i* "o kn[s 8 own /ates ( m9d1 !re is no pro( t consci\sness takes note ( all "o's /ates ( m9d4 ,! pro( t x does n is f\nd 9 ! fact t p1 ?r\gh involunt>y acts1 (t5 manife/ m5tal activities ( :i* !y are unconsci\s4 ,spontane\s expression is true/4 ,! facial n]ve causes ! muscles ( ! face to portray ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( ! s\l m tru?fully ?an any arti/ c\ld del9eate !m ) p5cil & bru%4 ,be=e we c prop]ly tea* vocal culture & oratorical expression we mu/ und]/& ! pr9ciple ( spontane\s manife/ation by means ( cranial n]ves z di/9ct f purposeful =ms ( expression4 ,! facial n]ve n only acts z a motor ( expression ?r\gh ! face1 caus+ x to reveal ?\ght & emotion1 b acts 9 ! same mann] ^u ! tongue1 caus+ x to =m & modulate tones 9 song & spee*4 ,aga9 note ! nature ( ! hypo-glossal cranial n]ve1 :i* is n only a motor ( ! tongue1 caus+ x to act spontane\sly1 b is di/ribut$ also to ! muscles ( ! neck :i* are conc]n$ 9 ! movem5ts ( ! l>ynx4 ,! purpose ( ?is di/ribution is probably to associate ! action ( ! tongue ) t ( ! l>ynx :i* is necess>y = articulate spee*4 ,all ! motions ( ! tongue are p]=m$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ^! n]ves4 ,illu/ration3 ,! draw+ exhibits ! c]ebral connection ( all ! c]ebral n]ves except ! fir/4 ,x is f a sket* tak5 f two dissections ( ?is "p4 ,d4 ,po/]ior optic tub]cle4 ,! g5]ative bodies ( ! ?alamus are j above x4 ,e4 ,c]ebellum4 ,h4 ,sp9al cord4 ,i4 ,tub] c9]eum4 ,k4 ,optic ?alamus divid$ p]p5dicul>ly4 ,w4 ,corpus re/i=me4 ,x4 ,pons ,v>olii4 b b4 ,optic n]ves3 ?is n]ve is trac$ on ! left side back b5ea? ! optic ?alamus & r\nd ! crus c]ebri4 ,x divides into f\r roots2 ! fir/ 7g g7 plunges into ! sub/ance ( ! ?alamus1 ! next runs ov] ! ext]nal g5iculate body & surface ( ! ?alamus1 ! ?ird goes to ! ant]ior optic tub]cle1 ! f\r? runs to ,d1 ! te/is or po/]ior optic tub]cle4 ,c4 ,?ird pair common oculo-muscul>1 aris+ by two roots l ! sp9al roots ( ! sp9al n]ves1 ! upp] f ! gray neur9e ( ! locus nig]1 ! l[] f ! cont9uation ( ! pyramidal columns 9 ! crus c]ebri & ,pons ,v>olii1 p t4 d1 ,f\r? pair1 app>5tly aris+ f ! int]-c]ebral commissure 7,i c71 b really plung+ d[n to ! oliv>y tract 7o t7 z x asc5ds to ! optic tub]cles4 e m4 ,motor or non-ganglionic root ( ! fif? pair1 aris+ f ! po/]ior edge ( ! oliv>y tract4 e4 ,s5sory root ( ! fif? pair runn+ d[n betwe5 ! oliv>y tract & re/i=m body to ! s5sory tract4 f4 ,six? pair1 or abduc5s1 aris+ f ! pyramidal tract4 g4 ,sev5? pair1 facial n]ve1 or portio dura1 aris+ by an ant]ior portion f ! oliv>y tract & by a po/]ior portion f ! c]ebellic fib]s ( ! ant]ior columns z !y asc5d on ! corpus re/i=me1 ,w4 h4 ,eigh? pair1 portio mollis1 or auditory n]ve1 ) its two roots embrac+ ! re/i=m body4 i4 ,n9? pair1 or glosso-ph>yngeal2 & j4 ,t5? pair1 or p> vagum1 plung+ into ! re/i=m ganglion4 ,j ,j4 ,fib]s ( ! optic n]ve plung+ into ! ?alamus2 imm$iately bel[ ^! lett]s is ! corpus g5iculatum ext]num4 k4 ,elev5? pair1 or l+ual n]ve2 ! oliv>y body has be5 ne>ly slic$ (f & turn$ out ( its natural position2 "s ( ! filam5ts ( ! l+ual n]ve are trac$ into ! deep] portion ( ! ganglion1 :i* is left 9 its situation2 o!rs :i* are ! highe/ are evid5tly connect$ ) ! pyramidal tract4 ,illu/ration3 ,! c\rse & di/ribution ( ! ,hypoglossal or ,n9? pair ( n]ves2 ! deep-seat$ n]ves ( ! neck are also se53 #a1 ! hypoglossal n]ve2 #b1 bran*es communicat+ ) ! gu/atory n]ve2 #c1 a bran* to ! orig9 ( ! hyoid muscles2 #d1 ! desc5d5s noni n]ve2 #e1 ! loop =m$ ) ! bran* f ! c]vical n]ves2 #f1 muscul> bran*es to ! depressor muscles ( ! l>ynx2 #g1 a filam5t f ! second c]vical n]ve1 & #h1 a filam5t f ! ?ird c]vical1 unit+ to =m ! communicat+ bran* ) ! loop f ! desc5d5s noni2 #i1 ! auricul> n]ve2 #aj1 ! inf]ior d5tal n]ve2 #aa1 its mylohyoidean bran*2 #ab1 ! gu/atory n]ve2 #ac1 ! *orda tympani pass+ to ! gu/atory n]ve2 #ad1 ! *orda tympani leav+ ! gu/atory n]ve to jo9 ! submaxill>y ganglion2 #ae1 ! submaxill>y ganglion2 #af1 filam5ts ( communication ) ! l+ual n]ve2 #ag1 ! glosso-ph>yngeal n]ve2 #ah1 ! pneumoga/ric or p> vagum n]ve2 #ai1 ! ?ree upp] c]vical n]ves2 #bj1 ! f\r inf]ior c]vical n]ves2 #ba1 ! fir/ dorsal n]ve2 #bb1 #bc1 ! bra*ial plexus2 #bd1 #be1 ! phr5ic n]ve2 #bf1 ! c>otid art]y2 #bg1 ! int]nal jugul> ve94 ,! /udy ( ! functions ( ! cranial n]ves conv9ces me t ! /ate ( m9d :i* conceives a tone acts ^u ! organs ( spee* ?r\gh ! cranial n]ves 9 a way to give vocal expression4 ,9 p]fect expression ! conception & ! expression are absolutely syn*ron\s4 ,,relation ,,( ,,pit* ,,to ,,resonance4 ,9 ! production ( a good tone !re is an exact relation betwe5 pit* & resonance4 ,?is relation is provid$ = 9 nature & a disob$i5ce to x br+s an unpleasant quality into ! voice4 ,?is is true 9 bo? spee* & song1 = ! speak+ & s++ voices re/ ^u ! same fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,spee* is "o application or use ( ! voice1 song is ano!r4 ,! voice ( true spee* is z melodic z ! voice ( song4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m p]sons :o use _! voices bett] :5 !y s+ ?an :5 !y speak1 :ile o!rs use _! voices bett] 9 speak+ ?an 9 s++4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 tone & noise4 ,voice is produc$ by a succession ( vibrat+ waves ( air4 ,9 a musical tone ! waves are regul> 9 _! succession2 9 noise !y are irregul>4 ,resonance1 or e*o1 is produc$ by ! univ]sal law ( reflex action :i* manife/s itself 9 light1 s\nd1 etc4 ,h[ int]e/+ & delightful is ! e*o6 ,x makes ! m\nta9s1 l ! morn+ />s1 s+ toge!r = joy4 ,li/5 to a ?und] /orm among ! m\nta9s4 ,!re is a sudd5 explosion1 !n a sil5ce1 z ! vibrat+ waves ( mighty amplitude pass ov] ! valley to wake ! voice ( ! m\nta9 beyond1 :i*1 /&+ l a s5t9el on gu>d1 speaks 9 ?und] tones to ! next1 & t repeats ! sublime e*o until all ! m\nta9s jo9 9 ! *orus1 answ]+ back to ! heav5s4 ,?is law ( sympa?y1 undulat+ f m\nta9 to m\nta91 s inspir$ ! ,greeks t !y said ! gods spoke to ea* o!r f m\nta9 peak to m\nta9 peak4 ,e pit* 9 ! human voice has its correspond+ *amb] ( resonance1 =m$ by ! n>es1 by ! tra*ea1 by ! ph>ynx1 or by ! m\?1 & sometimes by m ?an "o ( ^!4 ,! transi5t resonant *amb]s are =m$ by ! adju/m5t ( ! lips1 & by ! relation ( ! tongue to ! upp] gum1 ! h>d palate1 ! s(t palate1 & ! ph>ynx4 ,) ! exception ( ! ph>ynx1 ^! & ! nasal =ms con/itute ! resonant *amb]s :i* produce ! diff]5t elem5ts ( spee* 9 our language4 ,! tone1 ?\gh smoo? :5 x leaves ! vocal cords1 may be made h>% by ! transi5t resonant *amb]s4 ,! n>es res\nd diff]5t int]vals ( ! scale 9 diff]5t portions ( _! l5g?1 nev] res\nd+ two int]vals 9 ! same portion4 ,! cultivation ( ! voice is produc$1 fir/1 ?r\gh p]fect+ ! =ms ( ! transi5t *amb]s ( resonance2 second1 ?r\gh e/abli%+ p]fect fre$om & regul>ity 9 ! action ( ! vocal cords2 ?ird1 ?r\gh develop+ ! rhy?mic impulses ( ! tone4 ,no p]son ev] speaks cont9u\sly 9 a p]fect monotone2 ! pit* is con/antly *ang+ ) ! v>y+ ?\ghts2 z ! pit* *anges1 ! resonant *amb]s *ange ! quality4 ,nature1 unh9d]$1 nev] reports ! same quality on two diff]5t degrees ( pit*4 ,x is n t ! individual1 :ile speak+1 int5ds to *ange ! quality2 b nature has s arrang$ ! vocal organs & s det]m9$ ! laws ( ac\/ics1 t unless ! voice be int]f]$ ) by wrong m5tal det]m9ation1 %e h]self *anges ! quality z ! voice rises or falls4 ,x is a law ( ac\/ics t a l[ pit* is res\nd$ 9 a comp>atively l>ge resonant *amb]2 a high pit* 9 a comp>atively small "o4 ,a simple & in/ructive exp]im5t 9 illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple is ?is3 ,take a l>ge bottle1 /rike a ,c tun+ =k1 hold x ov] ! empty bottle1 & no s\nd w be he>d4 ,! bottle does n respond1 because ! cavity is too l>ge = ! pit* ( ! =k4 ,if wat] is p\r$ into ! bottle1 ! air column inside !reby be+ %ort5$ until ! prop] siz$ *amb] is =m$1 by !n hold+ ! high-pit*$ tun+ =k ov] x1 ! s\nd ( ! =k w be res\nd$ by ! resonant *amb] & ! tone w bur/ =? q l\dly4 ,use any numb] ( tun+ =ks1 ea* on a diff]5t key1 & a resonant *amb] c ?us be made :i* w res\nd ea* =k4 ,i once tri$ an exp]im5t ) two tun+ =ks :i* 7 fa/5$ to s\nd+ boxes & :i* _h be5 tun$ to exactly ! same pit*4 ,i /ruck "o =k & /opp+ its vibration1 ! s\nd ( ! o!r1 vibrat+ responsively1 0 di/9ctly he>d4 ,! same result 0 a*iev$ :5 "o ( ! tun+ =ks 0 plac$ 9 a remote "p ( ! room4 ,i also plac$ ! =k ^u ! piano1 /ruck x1 & ! /r+ ( ! same pit*1 9 connection ) its ov]tones1 respond$4 ,9 ord] t any resonant cavity may res\nd1 ! pit* t belongs to t cavity mu/ be /ruck4 ,e room 9 a h\se1 9 consequ5ce ( its size1 its =m1 & ! mat]ial ( :i* x is con/ruct$1 res\nds to a c]ta9 pit*4 ,sometimes 9 ! c\rse ( conv]sation ! globe ( a *&eli] 9 ! room res\nds4 ,?is is because ! pit* :i* is agreeable to its size1 =m1 & sub/ance is /ruck4 ,,ov]tones4 ,ov]tones are tones above 9 pit*1 b h>monic ) ! fundam5tal tone4 ,!y are caus$ by ! vibration ( ! aliquot p>ts ( a /r+ z di/9ct f t ( its :ole l5g?4 ,^! p>ts be+ %ort] vibrate ) great] rapidity1 !reby giv+ a high] pit* ?an ! fundam5tal note1 ?\gh 9 p]fect h>mony ) x4 ,an ov]tone c be discov]$ by hold+ ne> "o ( ! vibrat+ aliquot p>ts a *amb] ( ! "r size1 =m1 & sub/ance to re9=ce ! tone ( "o ( ^! p>ts4 ,?is resonance w\ld be l\d en\gh to be di/+ui%$ f ! fundam5tal tone4 ,! vocal cords act 9 l mann] ) ! /r+ describ$1 & produce fundam5tal tones & ov]tones4 ,9 ! vocal me*anism :i* produces ! human voice1 ! resonant *amb]s are s grad$ 9 size z to correspond exactly ) ! fundam5tal note & all its ov]tones2 !re=e1 an ov]tone z di/9ct f ! fundam5tal tone is nev] he>d1 b reveals its pres5ce only by enri*+ ! voice4 ,,me?ods ,,= ,,cultivat+ ,,! ,,voice4 ,,fre$om ,,& ,,"r ,,direction4 ,fre$om ( tone is secur$ by ! delicate adju/m5t & ela/icity 9 ! action ( ^? p>ts :i* =m ! transi5t resonant molds4 ,! h9drances to fre$om ( voice are produc$ by hold+ ! vocal organs too rigid & close :ile =m+ ^! molds4 ,i h spok5 ( ! delet]i\s effect ^u ! heal? caus$ by ! misadju/m5t ( ! tongue 9 its relation to ! ph>ynx1 :i* results 9 8cl]gyman's sore ?roat40 ,ano!r mal=mation ( a resonant *amb] is produc$ by hold+ a portion ( ! tongue too ne> ! po/]ior portion ( ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,a ?ird is produc$ by hold+ ! tongue too ne> ! h>d palate2 a f\r? by hold+ ! tongue too ne> ! front tee?4 ,all ^! false adju/m5ts are report$ 9 ?roaty1 rasp+1 & squeez$ tones ( ! voice4 ,! fir/ object 9 ! cultivation ( ! voice %\ld be to e/abli% habitual op5ness & fre$om ?r\gh\t ! vocal ap]ture & ?is1 too1 by ! %orte/ possible me?od4 ,?is me?od %\ld consi/1 n 9 giv+ def9ite att5tion to fir/ "o portion ( ! vocal tube & !n to ano!r1 b 9 secur+ a unifi$ action ( all ! p>ts4 ,by vocal practice1 :ile hold+ ! "r m5tal concept1 a cle> & op5 passage f ! vocal cords to ! ant]ior portion ( ! n>es c easily be secur$4 ,,dom9ant ,,c5t] ,,( ,,! ,,voice4 ,! tone mu/ be idealiz$ ) ref]5ce to place & =m4 ,! /ud5t %\ld imag9e ! tone outside t resonant *amb] ( ! n>es mo/ di/ant f ! vocal cords4 ,?is w br+ ! consci\sness outside t "p ( ! nose :i* is betwe5 ! eyes4 ,! ant]ior portion ( ! n>es is1 s f> z place & consequ5t resonance are conc]n$1 ! dom9ant c5t] ( ! voice4 ,my reason = call+ ?is ! dom9ant c5t] ( ! voice is t :5 ! tone is p]fectly direct$ t[>d ?is *amb]1 all ! resonant passages op5 freely ?r\gh ! entire n>es1 m\?1 & ph>ynx to ! vocal cords2 & also ! tongue has a t5d5cy to relax its rigidity4 ,,m5tal ,,concept4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 t ! m9d %\ld n ?9k ( ?is locality z be+ 9 ! n>es1 b outside1 & ?9k ( x1 too1 z an ev] exp&+ & lum9\s globe :i* moves 9 a =w>d & d[nw>d curve4 ,beauty ( voice is l>gely due to ! fact t ! vocal ap]ture is 9 ! =m ( a curve4 ,unpleasant qualities 9 ! voice are caus$ by ! vocal column be+ made to move 9 angles in/ead ( curves4 ,t ! voice may be %ap$ to ! vocal ap]ture1 x is necess>y to hold 9 ! m9d a curve z an object ( ?\ght4 ,voice is 9 ! m9d be=e x is express$ 9 s\nd4 ,! m5tal =m prec$es1 causes & accompanies ! physical =m4 ,?is curve %\ld become a fix$ m5tal object dur+ all vocal practice1 :e!r 9 speak+ or 9 s++4 ,hold+ ?is object mu/ become a habit s firmly e/abli%$ t ! m9d w ultimately act above consci\sness 9 =m+ x4 ,! vocal organs always react ^u ideals held 9 ! m9d4 ,?us1 if a flat object is held 9 ! m9d :ile us+ ! voice1 ! tone t5ds to flatness2 if a r\nd "o1 x t5ds to r\ndness2 if a n>r[ =m1 x t5ds to n>r[ness2 if a contract+ figure1 x t5ds to contraction2 if a free1 ela/ic1 expansive "o1 x t5ds to fre$om1 ela/icity1 & expansiv5ess4 ,! figure ( an exp&+ globe gives ! voice ! qualities la/ describ$4 ,?is figure1 mov+ 9 ! =m ( a curve1 unites to ! above qualities t ( beauty1 = ! curve always awak5s 9 ! imag9ation ! s5se ( ! beautiful4 ,tone is vocaliz$ brea?4 ,x is obs]vable t ! high] ord] ( animals usually beg9 _! tones 9 ! =m ( ! n>es resonance4 ,:5 ! c[ l[s = h] "y ! tone is res\nd$ 9 ! n>es be=e ! m\? op5s4 ,! same ?+ is to be notic$ 9 ! "m horse call+ to h] "y4 ,%e beg9s ! tone ) ! n>es resonance1 & z ! impulse increases %e op5s h] m\? to let =? ! :9nie s full ( feel+4 ,no animal excels ! h\se cat 9 ! correct use ( ! voice4 ,%e beg9s h] tone z a n>es resonance1 & :5 h] m\? op5s1 ! tone :i* is mov+ 9 ! "r direction indicates t h] vital en]gies are fully ar\s$4 ,%e acts ^u ! same pr9ciple t a man does 9 aim+ a gun4 ,he aims be=e he fires4 ,nature aims ! tone be=e %e gives ! explosion4 ,! mightie/ ( all voices is t ( ! lion4 ,he di/9ctly guides 8 tone ) ! n>es resonance4 ,if he did n s direct x1 ! bla/ ( tone :i* %akes ! v e>? w\ld r5d 8 ?roat4 ,_m p injure _! ?roats by lett+ on a p[] ( voice :i* is n prop]ly guid$4 ,! only reason a p]son's ?roat ev] suff]s f cont9u$ use ( ! voice is because ! tone is n prop]ly direct$4 ,"s public speak]s aft] us+ _! voices = an h\r1 or ev5 half an h\r1 feel an irritation 9 _! ?roats1 b if _! tones 7 prop]ly direct$1 !y c\ld use _! voices )\t injury z long z _! g5]al /r5g? w\ld p]mit4 ,! mom5t ! curr5t ( tone is turn$ f its prop] direction1 ! voice is be+ injur$4 ,all ! muscles ( respiration "w 9 a h>moni\s mann] ) ea* o!r :5 ! tone is prop]ly direct$2 !y "w improp]ly toge!r 9 a way to produce friction :5 ! tone is n c5t]$4 ,,tone ,,quality4 ,"o prevail+ difficulty ) voices :i* are n p]fectly educat$ is t ! wrong quality is giv5 = ! pit*4 ,ea* int]val ( ! scale requires a diff]5t resonant quality1 & ?is necessitates a diff]5ce 9 ! sizes ( ! res\nd+ *amb]s4 ,?is diff]5ce is provid$ = 9 ! grad$ sizes ( ! diff]5t portions ( ! n>es1 & 9 ! ph>ynx & tra*ea4 ,h[ev]1 not)/&+ ! fre$om ( ! resonant *amb]s "h m5tion$1 ?is prop] quality ( ! voice w\ld be int]f]$ ) 9 ! speak+ & s++ words1 or ev5 elem5ts ( words1 ! free/ ( :i* are v[els1 unless ! transi5t *amb]s ( resonance 7 p]fectly =m$4 ,if words seem to int]rupt & injure a s++ tone1 x is because ! transi5t resonant *amb]s 9 :i* !y are =m$ are n prop]ly con/ruct$4 ,! only way to p]fect ! =ms ( ! transi5t resonant *amb]s is by hold+ ! elem5ts ( spee* 9 ! m9d z di/9ct objects ( ?\ght :ile speak+ or s++ !m4 ,su* is ! natural s]vice ( ! vocal organs to ! m5tal concepts1 t ^! m5tal objects w1 ?r\gh ! cranial n]ves :i* control ! organs ( spee*1 ext]nalize !mselves by produc+ exact molds ( resonance4 ,x takes "t & practice to develop ! p[] ( hold+ ! elem5ts z di/9ct objects ( ?\ght2 x takes /ill m "t & practice to develop ! p[] ( hold+ ^! s\nds z m5tal objects :ile ! m9d mat]ializes !m 9 ! voice4 ,?is p[]1 l all p[]s1 gr[s 9 ! ratio ( repetition guid$ by cont9u$ m5tal conc5tration4 ,"o %\ld nev] attempt to locate ! tone 9 any p>ticul> resonant *amb] by say+1 8,n[ ,i w practise = head resonance1 or n[ ,i w practise = *e/ resonance40 ,i h kn[n su* attempts to result 9 mu* injury to ! voice4 ,if ! direction ( ! tone is kept /eadily t[>d ! globe ( light 9 front ( ! n>es1 :ile at ! same "t imag9+ ?is globe to move 9 a =w>d & d[nw>d curve1 & if1 9 addition1 ! transi5t molds ( resonance are p]fectly =m$1 ea* int]val ( ! scale w be res\nd$ 9 its prop] resonant *amb]4 ,! high notes w be res\nd$ 9 ! front "p ( ! n>es1 !n z ! voice desc5ds 9 pit* x w be res\nd$ f>!r back 9 ! n>es1 until ! note is s l[ t ! po/]ior "p only c res\nd x2 f9ally1 z ! pit* cont9ues to gr[ l[]1 ! n>es _c res\nd x at all4 ,at ?is po9t ! ph>ynx takes x up until ! pit* becomes s l[ t ! tra*ea1 be+ l>g] ?an ! ph>ynx1 produces ! resonance :i* is he>d 9 ! *e/ only4 ,aft] ! prop] direction has be5 e/abli%$1 viz41 t[>d ! globe ( light 9 front ( ! ant]ior portion ( ! n>es1 x %\ld nev] be *ang$1 = ?is direction keeps ! n>es1 ph>ynx1 & tra*ea op5 & free1 s t ea* pit* ( ! voice w be res\nd$ 9 t portion ( ! resonant *amb]s :i* by its size is suit$ to its pit*4 ,:at ,i h ?us f> said ( ! resonant *amb]s 9 ! n>es1 ph>ynx1 & tra*ea applies to ! fundam5tal tone2 b :ile ! fundam5tal tone is res\nd+ 9 ! tra*ea1 ph>ynx1 or n>es po/]i1 small] portions ( ! n>es & transi5t resonant *amb]s may be res\nd+ ! ov]tones1 s t _m resonant *amb]s may be res\nd+ at ! same "t1 !reby giv+ ! ri*e/ possible quality to ! tones ( voice4 ,,ex]cises ,,= ,,secur+ ,,fre$om ,,& ,,prop] ,,direction ,,( ,,tone ,,& ,,= ,,e/abli%+ ,,"r ,,habits ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,voice4 ,,n>es ,,resonance4 ,,ex]cise ,i4--,:ile ! lips are clos$1 give a n>es tone repres5t$ by ! lett] m2 !n op5+ ! m\?1 )\t *ang+ 9 any degree ! "* ( ! tone & n all[+ any brea? or voice to pass ?r\gh ! m\?1 prolong ! tone1 hold+ be=e ! m9d ! ideal concept = direction ( tone previ\sly describ$4 ,! lips %\ld be aga9 clos$ j be=e ! tone ceases4 ,repeat ?is on diff]5t int]vals ( ! scale1 rang+ f a comp>atively high pit* to a comp>atively l[ "o4 ,! reason ! s\nd repres5t$ by m %\ld be us$ 9 secur+ ?is fre$om & direction ( tone is because ?is lett] be/ repres5ts ! tone :i* prop] resonance ( ! n>es produces4 ,9 vocal practice1 "o %\ld beg9 on a comp>atively high pit* & desc5d to a l[] "o1 because ! front ( ! n>es res\nds ! high notes ( ! scale1 & !re=e assi/s 9 fix+ consci\sness ( ! direction ( tone4 ,!n1 too1 :ile us+ ! voice1 ! m9d %\ld nev] hold z an object ( ?\ght ! idea ( go+ up to a tone1 = ! reflex action ( su* an idea ^u ! vocal organs is to produce a squeez$ & /ra9$ effect4 ,! m9d %\ld develop ! consci\sness ( be+ high] ?an ! note x w\ld give1 s z to feel z if desc5d+ ^u a note1 r ?an try+ to rea* to its height4 ,if ?is fir/ ex]cise1 :i* gives direction to ! vocaliz$ column ( air1 is practis$ on successive int]vals ( ! scale1 x w fix ?is direction z a habit4 ,h5ce1 x is v important t !re %\ld be mu* repetition 9 desc5d+ & asc5d+ ! scale2 o!rwise1 ! voice might be op5 & resonant on "s notes1 :ile on o!rs x w\ld be con/rict$ & =c$1 & consequ5tly br+ ^? false breaks into ! voice :i* h be5 call$ regi/]s4 ,regi/]s are n natural to ! voice1 b creat$ by its wrong use4 ,,ex]cises ,,= ,,=m+ ,,transi5t ,,resonant ,,*amb]s ,,= ,,beautiful ,,^w ,,elem5ts4 ,,ex]cise ,,ii4--,s+ ! s\nd repres5t$ by m-nom on ! diff]5t int]vals ( ! scale1 comm5c+ on a comp>atively high pit*1 desc5d+ & asc5d+ a numb] ( times4 ,beg9 ! tone ) ! pure n>es resonance z describ$ 9 ! previ\s ex]cise4 ,all[ ! s\nd :i* is repres5t$ by m-n to bl5d ) ! resonance :i* con/itutes ! v[el o1 clos+ ! lips be=e ! tone ceases4 ,9 ?is ex]cise we bl5d ! v[el o ) ! resonance 9 ! front ( ! n>es1 ?us direct+ ! m9d1 :i* guides ! vocal action1 z f> z possible f ! ?roat1 :]e x w\ld cause con/riction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ex]cise ,,iii4--,to ga9 great] facility = unit+ ! free resonant elem5ts ( spee* 9 a =w>d & d[nw>d curve1 o!r words may be practis$1 viz41 ,mo/-m5-want-poise-&-m-royal-m>g94 ,ea* ^w %\ld fir/ be sung sep>ately on ea* note ( ! scale1 repeat+ ! ^w sev]al times on ea* int]val4 ,) ea* repetition ! m9d %\ld be conc5trat$ ^u ! ideal =m ( ! ^w1 ?us mak+ ! resonant mold m & m p]fect4 ,a few words ( explanation 9 reg>d to ! vocal elem5ts us$ w make ! ex]cise m cle>ly und]/ood4 ,m-,o-,s-,t4 ,! resonance 9 =m+ ! s be+ ne> ! tee?1 & t =m+ t be+ a puff ( brea? at ! po9t ( ! tongue1 aid 9 fix+ ! att5tion ( ! m9d ^u ! imag9$ curve4 ,m-,e-,n4 ,! add$ resonant elem5t 9 ?is ^w is e1 :i*1 by be+ jo9$ to m on ! "o side & n on ! o!r1 w assi/ 9 direct+ ! m9d to ! curve :ile giv+ ! v[el e4 ,w-,a-,n-,t4 ,"h we h ! aid ( ! lett]s n & t toge!r ) ! position ( ! lips = w 9 assi/+ to jo9 ! v[el a1 z he>d 9 awe1 to ! exp&+ globe mov+ 9 ! =w>d & d[nw>d curve4 ,p-,o-,i-,s-,e4 ,9 ?is ^w we are aga9 aid$ 9 locat+ ! resonance by ! necessity ( =m+ ! s\nds ( p & z at ! v front ( ! m\?4 ,a-,n-,d4 ,"h ! /ud5t has 8 *ief assi/ance 9 ! resonant elem5t1 repres5t$ by ! lett] n1 & some:at by ! lett] d1 = br++ ! att5tion ( ! m9d to ! globe 9 its relation to ! curve :ile =m+ ! resonant elem5t repres5t$ by ! lett] a4 ,m-,o-,r-,e4 ,"h aga9 ! /ud5t has ! assi/ance ( ! frontal n>es elem5t1 repres5t$ by ! lett] m ) ! v[el o1 :i* by ?is "t he has jo9$ ) x4 ,! new resonant elem5t 9 ?is ^w is r4 ,9 =m+ ?is elem5t !re seems to be a prevail+ t5d5cy to con/rict ! ?roat1 b n[1 by jo9+ x ) elem5ts :i* h be5 associat$ 9 ! m9d ) ! exp&+ globe1 ?is /ricture is remov$4 ,r-,o-,y-,a-,l4 ,! next ^w to be jo9$ to ?is *a9 is r-o-y-a-l4 ,"h we are dep5d+ ^u previ\s practice 9 giv+ x ! lum9\s curve t5d5cy4 ,m-,a-,r-,g-,i-,n4 ,! new elem5ts 9 ?is ^w are ! s\nd ( a z he>d 9 f> 771 & ! vocal elem5t repres5t$ by g4 ,! lett] g repres5ts an elem5t1 9 =m+ :i* _m p con/rict ! ?roat1 giv+ :at is call$ a 8?roaty0 tone4 ,our object 9 us+ a1 z he>d 9 f>1 9 ?is connection1 is to introduce ! l>ge/ & free/ transi5t *amb] ( resonance :i* ! organs ( ! m\? are capable ( =m+4 ,! ,italian has be5 mu* us$ 9 vocal practice1 & x is a good elem5t1 provid+ x is n introduc$ too e>ly 9 a /ud5t's c\rse ( /udy1 & if 9 its introduction x is always jo9$ to ! frontal n>es mold z 9 ma4 ,aft] practis+ ^u ! elem5ts ( spee* describ$ above1 ! /ud5t may practise !m 9 ! s5t5ce =m4 ,mo/ m5 want poise & m royal m>g94 ,repeat ?is ex]cise ^u v>i\s int]vals ( ! scale1 beg9n+ ^u a comp>atively high pit*1 & desc5d+ to a comp>atively l[ "o4 ,by ! practice ( ^! ex]cises ! /ud5t develops ! ability to make ea* ^w & elem5t ( spee* p]fect )\t break+ ! /eady1 su/a9$ curr5t ( ! tone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ex]cise ,,iv4 ,s+ ma-za-ska-a1 comm5c+ ^u a comp>atively high pit*1 desc5d+ & asc5d+ ! scale4 ,aft] hav+ made ! true =ms ( ! above-m5tion$ elem5ts ( spee* habitual1 ! /ud5t may conc5trate 8 practice ^u ! resonant =m ( a1 z he>d 9 f>4 ,?us1 ?is vocal elem5t1 be+ jo9$ ) ! consonants m & z1 is aid$ 9 mak+ its mo/ p]fect resonant mold1 :ile s1 be+ =w>d to give ! "r direction1 & k1 be+ /rongly project$ by ! ph>ynx resonant *amb]1 ! is s5t =w>d1 l a ball f a gun1 !reby develop+ projection ( tone until at la/ ! /ud5t may v5ture to practise ^u alone4 ,:ile express+ ^! sep>ate elem5ts1 ea* mu/ be held 9 ! m9d z a lum9\s globe mov+ 9 ! =w>d & d[nw>d curve4 ,repeat ?is ex]cise on diff]5t int]vals ( ! scale4 ,x may also be giv5 9 ! =m ( arpeggios4 ,9 practis+ ^! ex]cises1 ! /ud5t mu/ be c>eful nev] to /ra9 ! voice ei!r = ! purpose ( rea*+ a high or a l[ note4 ,he %\ld attempt to rea* no pit* until x is p]fectly easy = him to d s4 ,he %\ld practise mo/ ^u ^? notes :i* are easily )9 ! compass ( 8 voice1 n cont9u+ to repeat an elem5t on ! same int]val ( ! scale1 b *ang+ at lea/ "o note ) ea* successive repetition1 t ! voice may develop an ev5ness & ! habit ( rea*+ ! resonant *amb] :i* gives ! "r quality = ! pit*4 ,,rhy?m4 ,x is obvi\s t ! vocal ex]cises above describ$ develop musical expressiv5ess bo? 9 song & spee*4 ,rhy?m is an act ( ! feel+s m ?an x is ( ! intellect4 ,! /ud5t %\ld all[ ! feel+ ( rhy?m to take full possession ( him :ile he executes ! musical v>iations4 ,rhy?m causes ! =ce ( ! voice to ex]t itself melodically4 ,7 x n = rhy?m1 ! tone w\ld move =w>d 9 a sort ( sam5ess 9 =ce4 ,"o c no m endure to li/5 to a voice t is n rhy?mical 9 =ce ?an he c to "o t is monoton\s 9 pit*4 ,! feel+s are b5umb$ by monotony1 :ile !y rejoice 9 h>moni\s v>iety4 ,orig9ally ! ^w rhy?m meant motion4 ,lat] x 0 us$ to express ! relation ( measure to motion4 ,to-day ! ^w met] & ! ^w rhy?m are sometimes us$ synonym\sly4 ,rhy?m is ! "n ( ! s5se ( relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 duration & motion4 ,)\t rhy?m !re c be no real melody4 ,9 poetry ! rhy?m celebrates ! exact relation%ip ! ?\ghts su/a9 to ea* o!r4 ,! rhy?m creates a deep] int]e/1 & consequ5tly a deep] feel+1 ?an w\ld be creat$ if ?is relation%ip 7 n celebrat$ by ! regul> recurr5ce ( c]ta9 pleas+ s\nds4 ,9 prose composition ! relation%ip betwe5 ! ?\ghts may be z p]fect1 b ?is relation%ip1 al?\gh express$ melodically1 is n z rhy?mically emphasiz$4 ,?\ght 9 voice =m always manife/s itself rhy?mically4 ,9 sculpture1 pa9t+ & ar*itecture1 t :i* corresponds to rhy?m 9 music & poetry is call$ symmetry4 ,symmetry involves proportion1 & gives a feel+ ( life to ^! =ms ( art4 ,,quality ,,( ,,voice4 ,!re are c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( voice :i* are d5om9at$ 8qualities40 ,among ^! are3 ,color1 ,=m & ,equilibrium4 ,by color ( voice ,i mean t quality :i* affects u :5 we he> x1 j z color affects u :5 we see x2 s t color z appli$ to voice is really ! "n ( ! feel+ x produces1 :i* is ! same z t produc$ by color receiv$ ?r\gh ! s5se ( sight4 ,we judge ( =m ( voice z we judge ( color ( voice1 t is1 by its effect ^u ! feel+s4 ,!re are c]ta9 tones :i* affect u z c]ta9 =ms d4 ,:5 we see objects 9 equilibrium1 we speak ( !m z be+ well pois$1 or c5t]$2 !y give u ! feel+ ( c]ta9ty2 "r tones affect u 9 ! same way4 ,o!r tones :i* lack c5t] give u ! same k9d ( m5tal pa9 :i* ?+s d :5 we p]ceive !y are n 9 equilibrium4 ,color appeals to ! feel+s2 =m appeals to ! intellect2 equilibrium appeals to ! w1 s t color1 =m & equilibrium appeal to ! m9d z a unit4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,=ms ,,( ,,emphasis4 ,=ce 7,en]gy71 ,pit*1 ,volume1 ,"t4 ,ea* =m possesses a di/9ct mean+ & expresses def9ite /ates ( m9d4 ,=ce indicates ! degree ( en]gy a p>ticul> ?\ght ar\ses 9 an individual4 ,pit* includes slide or inflection1 & indicates ! feel+ ar\s$ by ! ?\ght4 ,volume indicates ! condition ( ! w--:e!r x is p]fectly free or /ruggl+ aga9/ difficulties4 ,"t indicates ! value ! intellect places ^u ! ?\ght4 ,all =ms ( emphasis may be r$uc$ to ^! f\r2 & ^! f\r may be comb9$ 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( ways4 ,,projection ,,( ,,tone4 ,! /ate ( m9d :i* w project ! tone is t ( reciprocity1 t is1 conc5trat+ ! m9d ^u p]sons 9 a di/ant portion ( ! audi5ce1 z if receiv+ f !m & giv+ to !m1 ?us e/abli%+ a sympa?y betwe5 ! speak] & ! he>]4 ,?is w project ! tone )\t noise4 ,! m5tal ef=t ( a speak] %\ld be to draw 8 audi5ce ne>] t !y may he>1 r ?an to place 8 m9d exclusively on s5d+ 8 voice to a great di/ance4 ,?is ef=t to draw ! he>]s ne>] w give ! voice c>ry+ quality )\t int]f]+ ) its naturalness & sympa?y4 ,,vocal ,,te*nique ,,z ,,illu/rat$ ,,9 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,volumes ,,( ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,expression4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution is "o ( ! late/1 & if well und]/ood1 & look$ at f a suffici5tly high po9t ( view1 appe>s ! gr&e/ ( all ! revelations :i* sci5ce has giv54 ,! !ory appli$ to organic be+ is sub/antially ?is3 !re is1 pot5tially1 9 e organism a high] manife/ation4 ,its evolution is secur$ by ! relation ( its organic t5d5cy to its environm5t4 ,9 tak+ a limit$ or sup]ficial view ( ! doctr9e ( evolution1 "s h be5 l$ to look at matt] z ! only environm5t4 ,x is ?is :i* has made ! age mat]iali/ic4 ,we are h>dly aw>e ( ! ext5t to :i* ?is t5d5cy to mat]ialism biases & influ5ces u 9 reg>d to religi\s & secul> education4 ,^? :o h ! mo/ fai? 9 ,god & ,8 provid5ce are sc>cely consci\s ( h[ mu* !y are affect$ by ! prevail+ ?\ght t mat]ial environm5t alone %apes & influ5ces ! developm5t ( individuals & ! de/9y ( ! human race4 ,if we recognize t ! _s ( ,god is our mo/ imm$iate environm5t1 ! /udy ( evolution is safe4 ,?is view is sugge/$ ev5 by ! /udy ( physical sci5ce4 ,! sci5ti/1 9 8 analysis ( matt]1 asc]ta9s t x is divisible into molecules1 & t no?+ is an absolute solid4 ,ea* molecule has a sph]e ( its own1 9 :i* x acts sep>ately1 &1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 indep5d5tly ( o!r molecules1 & vibrates z freely z oscillates ! p5dulum ( a clock4 ,y say1 8,! p5dulum ( a clock has room to oscillate40 ,?is is equally true ( ea* molecule2 x has room to vibrate )\t int]f]+ ) o!r molecules or prev5t+ !m f vibrat+4 ,all ! molecules t compose a c]ta9 sub/ance are ru%+ t[>d ea* o!r2 b a sacr$ sph]e encloses ea*1 !reby e/abli%+ its et]nal sep>at5ess4 ,?is revelation ( sci5ce ( ! et]nal sep>at5ess ( molecules po9ts to ! sil5t sea ( ,?\ght :i* encloses e molecul> isl&4 ,:at is ?is sil5t sea ( ?\ght b ! pres5ce ( ,deity8 ,if ,he encloses e molecule1 does ,he n surr\nd ! human s\l8 ,is x unsci5tific to say1 9 ! language ( scripture1 8,9 ,him we live1 & move1 & h our be+08 ,:i!r %all ,i g to escape ,8 pres5ce8 8,if ,i asc5d into heav51 ,?\ art !re2 if ,i make my b$ 9 hell1 behold1 ,?\ art !re4 ,if ,i take ! w+s ( ! morn+ & dwell 9 ! upp]mo/ p>ts ( ! sea1 ev5 !re ,?y h& %all lead me & ,?y "r h& %all hold me40 ,if we take a suffici5tly broad view1 sci5ce itself w lead u up ! %9+ way to :]e we %all recognize ,8 pres5ce on ! ?rone ( ! univ]se4 ,if we foll[ ?is doctr9e ( evolution1 /ep by /ep1 x w lead u to p]ceive t ,god is 9 e fact ( nature4 ,wat* an acorn z x develops into ! /urdy oak4 ,no sci5ti/ w say t a mat]ial environm5t is its only condition ( gr[?4 ,he w say1 8,!re is life 9 ! acorn itself40 ,:at is ?is life8 ,"h ! great sci5ti/ b[s 8 head4 ,! p[] ( life 9 ! acorn sugge/s to him ! pres5ce ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,7 x n = ,god's purpose manife/$ 9 giv+ ! acorn life1 ! g]m c\ld n develop "u ! influ5ce ( ! moi/ure1 ! sunlight1 & ! e>?4 ,its dom9at+ environm5t1 !n1 is ! pres5ce ( ,him :o relates x to its mat]ial surr\nd+s4 ,)\t ! ,inf9ite ,m9d 9 ! univ]se !re c\ld be no evolution4 ,no man c be broadly & fully educat$ unless !re is jo9$ 9 8 m9d bo? ! light ( sci5ce & ! light ( revelation4 ,prophecy outruns sci5ce1 & is ! h]ald ( tru?4 ,sci5ce1 no sur]1 & va/ly sl[]1 foll[s ) its confirmations4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution1 /udi$ 9 ! light ( div9e revelation1 becomes ( great value to u4 ,we _c und]/& ! doctr9e ( ! ,evolution ( ,expression until we fir/ see evolution writt5 on ! broad expanse ( nature4 ,! f\r volumes ( ! ,evolution ( ,expression taught 9 ?is college repres5t ! f\r pr9cipal /eps 9 ! unfold+ ( ! p[]s ( ! orator4 ,x has be5 said t poets are born1 n made4 ,?is /atem5t conta9s only a modicum ( tru?4 ,we say su* a "o 0 born a poet because v e>ly 9 life he seem$ to %[ poetic feel+ & to express 8 ?\ghts 9 poetic =ms4 ,all great poets1 musicians1 & orators h be5 educat$2 "s may n h /udi$ "u ma/]s1 b all h appli$ !mselves to ! means ( education :i* 0 )9 _! rea*4 ,! /udy ( eloqu5ce has be51 to a great ext5t1 a seal$ book4 ,x 0 obs]v$ t :5 ! orator spoke on a l(ty subject1 8 voice became gr&1 & 0 call$ 8orotund02 :5 he spoke on common subjects1 8 voice became simple2 ?is 0 call$ 8pure tone02 :5 he spoke on subjects ( my/]y & sublimity1 ! voice became 8aspirate orotund40 ,all ^! ?+s 7 not$2 & tea*]s ( oratory said to _! pupils1 8,z ! orators us$ ! orotund1 aspirate1 pure tone1 etc41 we w tea* y ^! =ms ( voice40 ,:5 ,web/] spoke ( ! value ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & us$ an orotund voice1 z only a ,web/] c\ld1 0 he ?9k+ ( 8 voice8 ,no2 he 0 ?9k+ ( conv9c+ 8 he>]s ( ! great value ( ! ,union4 ,%all ,i affect p z did ,web/] by us+ ^! tones :5 read+ a passage f 8 spee*8 ,no4 ,! human s\l says1 8,i w respond to any?+ g5u9e2 b ,i c nev] be impress$1 ?\gh ,i may be amus$1 by ^? :o try to imitate ! g5u9e40 ,web/]'s ?\ghts1 l va/ waves ( ! ocean1 surg$ ?r\gh 8 voice & =m$ !mselves into tones cle>1 direct1 incisive1 & sublime4 ,i recognize b "o p[] 9 education1 & t is m9d4 ,:5 ,god creat$ my body1 ,he orda9$ t my s\l %\ld rule x4 ,:5 ,he made ! m\?1 l>ynx1 muscles ( respiration1 etc41 ,he orda9$ t ! s\l %\ld rule !m4 ,my s\l1 ma/]2 !y1 s]vants4 ,! s]vant kn[s 8 rightful ma/]'s comm&s1 b ! /rang] he w n obey4 ,! inf9ite ,god rules all worlds1 & all p>ts ( all worlds4 ,z ,god is ! ma/] ( ! illimitable univ]se1 s ,he has plac$ )9 man's body1 :i* is man's little univ]se1 a natural ma/]--! s\l4 ,all its ag5ts mu/ be comm&$ & employ$ by ! ma/] )94 ,= _m ye>s !re has be5 an attempt to r$uce vocal culture to ! consci\s manipulation ( ! vocal organs4 ,?is 0 once my me?od ( tea*+2 b ,i h *ang$ entirely & mo/ radically4 ,i believe & h taught = _m ye>s t c]ta9 m5tal /ates produce def9ite effects ^u ! vocal organs4 ,our object 9 ?is college is to induce su* /ates ( m9d z %all produce ! desir$ effects 9 vocal expression4 ,! m5tal /ates op]ate directly ?r\gh ! cranial n]ves ^u ! vocal organs1 & in/antane\sly *ange _! activity4 ,9 my e>ly tea*+ ,i made an attempt to cultivate ! voice by deal+ directly ) ! vocal organs !mselves1 b lat] ,i discov]$ t c]ta9 /ates ( m9d caus$ all ! vocal organs to act 9 "r relations to ea* o!r = ! production ( diff]5t tones4 ,i also f\nd t c]ta9 /ates ( m9d affect & control all ! muscles :i* aid 9 voice production4 ,to asc]ta9 :at /ates ( m9d produce c]ta9 effects1 & h[ to induce ^! /ates ( m9d1 0 my field ( /udy = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,at la/ ,i 0 rew>d$ by discov]+ :at /ates ( m9d w\ld induce ! desir$ =ms ( expression1 & also :at me?ods to use to cause ! "r activities ( m9d :i* w\ld1 )\t fail1 br+ ! prop] tones ( voice 9 expression4 ,x devolves ^u ! tea*] to "k h[ to induce ! /ates ( m9d :i* w produce ! requir$ action ( ! vocal organs1 & ?r\gh ?is ! desir$ tone4 ,e day 9 our "w "h 9 ! ,evolution ( ,expression1 we are obey+ ! true p$agogy ( vocal te*nique4 ,! me?ods by :i* we induce c]ta9 /ates ( m9d 9 a pupil are def9ite & te*nical4 ,if ,i 7 writ+ = a tea*]s' manual1 ,i w\ld tell ! tea*] h[ to induce 9 ! pupil ! prop] /ates ( m9d2 b my pres5t purpose is simply to %[ t c]ta9 /ates ( m9d w produce def9ite effects 9 ! voice4 ,"o :o wat*es ! effects ( ?is me?od ( tea*+1 :i* dep5ds = results ^u induc+ ! requir$ /ates ( m9d1 w m>vel at ! results4 ,n only c m be accompli%$ 9 ?ree mon?s ?an c\ld be accompli%$ by ! old me?ods 9 ?ree ye>s1 b results c be atta9$ by ?is t c\ld nev] be rea*$ by any me*anical me?od4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to consid] ! ,evolution ( ,expression1 ! /udy ( :i* involves ! te*nique employ$ 9 ?is college = ! cultivation ( ! voice z well z oratorical expression4 ,,animation ,,( ,,voice4 ,! "n ( ! fir/ *apt] 9 ! fir/ volume is ,animation ( ,voice4 ,?is is ! "n ( an effect1 n a cause4 ,a c]ta9 /ate ( m9d w produce ,animation ( ,voice1 !re=e ,i "w to induce 9 ! pupils ! "r /ate ( m9d1 :i* is z sure to manife/ itself 9 ,animation ( ,voice z a suffici5t am\nt ( excell5t gunp[d] set on fire 9 a good cannon is to dis*>ge its cont5ts4 ,! fir/ physiological condition ( ! vocal organs 9 ,animation ( ,voice is fre$om4 ,! second condition is n]ve en]gy4 ,if an elocutioni/ %\ld be engag$ 9 "s public or private s*ool to tea* oratory & voice culture1 he w\ld probably be reque/$ fir/ to tea* ! boys to op5 _! m\?s4 ,e previ\s ef=t to d ?is hav+ fail$1 an elocutioni/ is engag$ = "o h\r a week to pry op5 ! m\?s ( ! boys4 ,! elocutioni/ might beg9 by say+1 8,john1 y d n op5 y\r m\? wide en\gh40 ,john tries1 b fails4 ,! tea*] might g ?r\gh ! class 9 ?is way1 b ) no bett] success4 ,at la/ comes recess1 & ! tea*]1 li/5+ to ! boys 9 ! y>d1 he>s ,john1 :o _h ! lockjaw 9 ! s*oolroom1 tell+ ! boys ab\t "s incid5t--8 m\? fully op54 ,! elocution tea*] 0 outside ( ! boy2 & ! key t w\ld unlock 8 jaw 0 inside ( him4 ,h[ /iff1 h>d1 gr9d+1 & ?roaty 0 8 voice 9 ! s*oolroom1 b n[ h[ op5 & free6 ,! n]ves :i* control ! organs ( spee*1 & ! muscles t gov]n :at is call$ facial expression h _! roots directly 9 ! bra94 ,sup]ficially1 !y are atta*$ to its "u surface1 b !y also run up into ! c]ebrum4 ,! man )9 t\*es ! keys 9 ! bra91 & ! vibrations ext5d to ! organs ( spee* & ! muscles ( facial expression4 ,i /rike a key ( a piano1 & at a remote di/ance f ! key ! /r+ vibrates1 fill+ ! room ) tone4 ,s ?is man )9 t\*es a n]ve c5t] 9 ! bra91 :i* corresponds to a key ^u ! piano1 & ?is causes ! vocal organs to respond 9 a way to give true expression to ! ?\ght4 ,nature gave ,john an object lesson by %[+ him a horse runn+ away1 & z he tells 8 /ory %e smiles & says1 8,i am mak+ an orator ( ,john40 ,john op5s 8 m\?2 !re is fre$om 9 ! vocal organs1 pl5ty ( n]ve en]gy--& ! result is ,animation ( ,voice4 ,x 0 ,john's desire to h ! o!r boys see ) _! m9ds ! ?+s he 0 tell+ !m ( t caus$ 8 m\? to op54 ,!re 0 no su* inducem5t 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,a boy wants to "k t he is ( "s use 9 ! _w4 ,he w op5 8 m\? :5 he has a prop] impulse = s do+4 ,to imp>t is natural to a boy2 if he has any?+ good1 & x is n too mat]ial1 he likes to %>e x4 ,! fir/ ?+ to cultivate1 9 ord] to op5 ! vocal organs & free !m f all h9drances1 is ! disposition to imp>t to o!rs :at ! m9d has se54 ,to be int]e/$ 9 ! subject is n suffici5t2 x is ! desire to imp>t :i* w op5 ! vocal organs1 free !m & give !m n]ve en]gy4 ,,smoo?ness ,,( ,,voice4 ,! second *apt] 9 ?is volume is ,smoo?ness ( ,voice4 ,:5 ! m9d ( ! speak] is /eadily conc5trat$ ^u ! ?\ght = ! exclusive purpose ( caus+ o!r m9ds to act ^u x1 ! tones "u ! repetition ( drill gradually t5d to ev5ness4 ,to get ?is result1 ,i once work$ ) pupils to make !m hold ! diaphragm & abdom9al muscles 9 "r relation to ea* o!r1 & 9 "o way or ano!r1 to manipulate all ! organs :i* are actually employ$ 9 su/a9+ ! tones2 b ,i f\nd t z soon z a ?\ght 0 held /eadily 9 ! m9d ( ! pupil1 toge!r ) a dom9at+ purpose to communicate t ?\ght to o!rs 9 a way to affect _! m9ds 9 a def9ite mann] ! voice began to %[ ev5ness ( support4 ,,volume ,,( ,,voice4 ,! ?ird *apt] is ,volume ( ,voice4 ,volume is f ! ,lat9 ^w volum51 :i* signifies a roll4 ,orig9ally1 x signifi$ ! =m ( a writt5 p>*m5t4 ,x n[ conta9s sev]al significances1 among o!rs1 t ( a c]ta9 =m & quality ( voice4 ,by ,volume1 :5 appli$ to voice1 ,i mean t =m & quality :i* affect ! e> z a l>ge column ( free tone4 ,?is column ( tone is s p]fectly guid$ t ! sides ( ! vocal tube nev] int]f]e ) its progress4 ,if ! voice t\*es any side ( ! tube1 ,volume w n be report$ 9 ! tone2 = 9 ,volume all limitation is tak5 away1 & ! voice1 l ,br[n+'s ,squadron1 escapes ?r\gh a n>r[ *annel z if 8its in* ( way 7 ! wide seas pr(\nd40 ,! vessel mu/ keep its in* ( way2 an in* to ! "r or an in* to ! left1 & x is da%$ aga9/ ! rocks4 ,a t5? ( an in* to ! "r or left1 or upw>d or d[nw>d1 & ! vocal column is da%$ aga9/ ! vocal tube1 & ,volume is de/roy$4 ,no?+ b ! "r ?\ght c prop]ly direct ?is vibrat+ column ( air4 ,! desire to reveal ! value & dep? ( ! ?\ght br+s to ! voice ?is quality call$ ,volume4 ,volume indicates ! relation ! w su/a9s to ! ?\ght1 t is1 :e!r ! w is free 9 action4 ,notice ! soliloquy ( ,launcelot ,gobbo 9 ! 8,m]*ant ( ,v5ice40 ,! boy's consci5ce tells him to s]ve ! ,jew1 :ile 8 incl9ation prompts him to run away4 ,8 voice is squeez$ because 8 w is n free4 ,no man has half a w :ile !re is cont5tion 9 8 m9d4 ,:5 a man s]ves ! good ) all 8 m9d1 he>t & /r5g?1 8 voice w h no h9drances 9 x4 8,z = me & my h\se1 we w s]ve ! ,"l40 ,! voice ( ! man :o lives 9 ob$i5ce to ?is div9e s]vice is free & reports ,volume4 ,! impulse spr++ f ! well-=m$ ?\ght kn[s h[ to hold ! l>ynx1 ! sides ( ! ?roat1 ! s(t palate1 & ! tongue 9 a way to guide ! voice free & unh9d]$ along ! prescrib$ av5ue ?r\gh :i* x ought to pass4 ,,=m+ ,,! ,,elem5ts4 ,! f\r? *apt] is ,=m+ ! ,elem5ts ( spee*4 ,! pupil 9 8 /udy at fir/ consid]s ! v>i\s aspects ( ! :ole subject :i* has be5 pres5t$4 ,at ?is po9t ! aim is to imp>t ea* sep>ate ?\ght ( ! v>i\s aspects ( ! subject4 ,9 ?is *apt] ( ,=m+ ! ,elem5ts1 ! pupil's m9d be+ dom9at$ by ! desire to place ea* ?\ght sep>ately & di/9ctly 9 ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s1 ! vocal organs act ) great exactness & precision1 & 9 m & m p]fect relation ) ea* o!r4 ,by repeat$ drill 9 seek+ to fix ! att5tion ( ! he>]s ^u ea* ?\ght1 great di/9ctness ( utt]ance is ga9$1 & ! elem5ts ( spee* become m beautifully & accurately =m$4 ,9 ,animation we put su* ?\ghts be=e ! /ud5t z %all make ! tones op5 & free & full ( n]ve en]gy2 9 ,smoo?ness we give su* objects ( ?\ght z %all make him su/a9 ! tones2 9 ,volume we give ?\ghts t w guide ! /ream ( tone ?r\gh ! vocal tube )\t int]f]5ce2 & 9 ,=m+ ! ,elem5ts we help ! /ud5t by putt+ su* objects ( ?\ght be=e him 9 connection ) ! text z %all enable him to conc5trate ! m9d ^u ea* sep>ate idea4 ,,slide4 ,! fir/ volume ( ,evolution ( ,expression deals ) ea* composition z a :ole 9 its v>i\s aspects4 ,! second volume deals ) ! ,p>ts ( ! composition consid]$ z :oles4 ,:5 ! m9d 9 its developm5t 9 expression is able to deal def9itely ) ea* sep>ate "p ( ! disc\rse by itself1 x is reveal$ by slides 9 ! voice1 ea* new & di/9ct ?\ght causes ! voice to give a new & di/9ctive slide4 ,i am us+ ! ^w 8,slide0 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* ! ^w 8inflection0 is (t5 us$4 ,slide is ! cont9uation ( ! voice f "o pit* to ano!r4 ,an asc5d+ slide is "o 9 :i* ! voice is cont9u$ f a l[] to a high] pit*4 ,a d[nw>d or fall+ slide is "o 9 :i* ! voice is cont9u$ f a c]ta9 pit* to a l[] "o4 ,! ris+ circumflex is "o 9 :i* ! voice />ts on a c]ta9 pit*1 cont9ues to a l[]1 & !n rises to a high]4 ,9 ! fall+ circumflex ! voice />ts on a c]ta9 pit*1 rises to a high] "o1 & !n falls to a l[] )\t ceas+4 ,! physiological condition ( ! vocal organs :i* produces ,slide is det]m9$ entirely by ! t5sion ( ! vocal cords4 ,) ! same degree ( t5sion & p[] ( /roke1 a long /r+ vibrates m sl[ly ?an a %ort "o4 ,if ! vocal cords are s\nd & heal?y we are p]fectly unconsci\s ( _! exi/5ce4 ,we _c tea* ! vocal cords h[ mu* to contract or l5g!n :5 giv+ a c]ta9 pit*4 ,we are compell$ to leave x to ! m9d n only to he> ! pit*1 b to impel ! prop] contraction ( ! vocal cords 9 its production4 ,if ! m9d c control unconsci\sly ! contraction ( ! muscles ( ! l>ynx1 x c z easily control ! tongue1 ! size ( ! ?roat1 ! pectoral muscles1 &1 9 %ort1 all ! muscles t influ5ce ! voice4 ,,vital ,,slide4 ,:5 ! m9d has sep>at$ "o ?\ght di/9ctly f ! o!r ma9 ?\ghts ( ! subject1 & has become int5sely attract$ to x ) a special desire to communicate x z di/9ct f ! o!rs to ! m9ds ( ! he>]s1 all ! muscles w act 9 a way to produce ,vital ,slide4 ,?is pr9ciple ( ,vital ,slide may be illu/rat$ by 8,! ,=g+ ( ! ,an*or40 ,:5 ! m9d becomes ar\s$ ) ?is selection !re is 9 ! quality ( ! voice some?+ ( ! _s ( ! fife1 ! drum1 & ! milit>y movem5t4 ,sw+ 9 y\r /rokes 9 ord]2 let h& & foot keep "t2 ,y\r bl[s make music sweet] f> ?an any /eeple's *ime2 ,b :ile ye sw+ y\r sl$ges1 s+1 & let ! burd5 be1 ,! an*or is ! royal k+1 & royal craftsm5 we4 ,x is ! en]gy ( ! m9d :i* causes ! en]gy ( ! muscles4 ,! en]gy ( ! contraction ( ! muscles causes ! report ( t en]gy 9 ! voice4 ,"u ,vital ,slide we consid] ! relation ( ! muscles ( respiration to ! vocal cords4 ,!re are two sets ( respiratory muscles1 ! muscles ( inspiration & ! muscles ( expiration4 ,if ! ?\ght requires = expression an increase ( vitality 9 ! voice1 ! muscles ( expiration contract m /rongly1 ?us giv+ great] d5sity to ! air 9 ! lungs4 ,! air1 be+ an ela/ic sub/ance1 9 seek+ egress or relief presses /rongly aga9/ ! vocal cords1 :i* are =c$ ap>t ) su* en]gy z to give an expression ( great] vitality to ! tone produc$4 ,x is n necess>y to ex]t ! w consci\sly on ! diff]5t muscles :i* act ^u ! vocal organs4 ,x is n necess>y to call ! roll & say1 8,triangul>is /]ni1 ,diaphragm1 ,abdom9al muscles1 ,int]co/als1 contract6 ,abdom9al muscles1 y mu/ contract only j en\gh to ov]come ! contraction ( ! diaphragm4 ,n[1 all toge!r--"o1 two1 ?ree1 contract60 ,"o %\ld n ?9k any?+ ab\t ^! muscles4 ,he %\ld be no m consci\s ( _! action ?an he is ( ! beat+ ( 8 he>t4 ,,slide ,,9 ,,volume4 ,9 giv+ ,volume ( voice1 ! vocal ap]ture is made z op5 z x c be & /ill h ! elem5ts ( spee* def9itely =m$2 & ! vibrat+ column ( air is guid$ ?r\gh ! ap]ture )\t be+ bias$ by x4 ,! *ief ag5ts :i* guide ! voice ?r\gh ?is ap]ture are ! sides ( ! ?roat & ! tongue 9 its prop] relation to ! ph>ynx1 h>d palate1 & s(t palate4 ,:5 we comb9e ,slide ) ,volume !re mu/ be an exact relation betwe5 ! contraction ( ! vocal cords & ! prop] position & action ( ^! vocal organs4 ,fre$om ( w express$ 9 volume is t quality ( voice :i* sugge/s no h9drance1 no limitation4 ,! 8voice ( ?und]0 is n kn[n by its degree ( noise1 = x may be s di/ant z to be only p]ceptible to ! s5ses1 yet x is /ill recogniz$ z ?und] f its illimitable quality1 9 o!r words1 its volume4 ,l\dness is n a necess>y quality ( volume1 b illimitation is4 ,li/5 to ! voice ( a "y m>tyr1 :o has be5 condemn$ by ! ,roman emp]or to be flung into ! amphi!at]1 !re to be dev\r$ by f]oci\s bea/s4 ,h] fa!r1 :o does n see ! tru? z %e sees x1 pleads ) h] to abjure h] fai? & wor%ip ! old gods4 ,%e turns to him & says1 8,fa!r1 ,i w\ld1 b ,*ri/ 9 me w n40 ,light %9es 9 ! eyes ( ! old man z he looks at h] & says1 8,i believe ,god is 9 !e40 ,h] w 0 absorb$ 9 ! div9e w1 & t div9ity spoke ?r\gh h]4 ,ev5 ,he :o made ! _w spoke 9 h] voice4 ,! ro> ( ! lion1 ?\gh t]rible1 c\ld n dr[n h] tones1 ?\gh l[1 dev\t1 & t5d]4 ,"s :o he>d ! voice f heav5 say+1 8,?is is my belov$ ,son 9 :om ,i am well pleas$10 said x ?und]$4 ,?is does n indicate t ! voice 0 l\d1 b t x _h ! quality ( illimitation1 & s impress$ ! imag9ation z nature's voice4 ,x is ! ,*ri/1 speak+ ?r\gh man's voice t has turn$ ?is _w 8upside d[n02 t has lift$ up ! cross ( ,*ri/1 be=e :om all ! k+s ( e>? tremble1 & become l *aff on ! summ] ?re%+ floor4 ,,=m+ ,,pictures4 ,! f\r? *apt] 9 ,volume ,,ii4 is ,=m+ ,pictures4 ,! picturesque voice is t voice :i* causes ! imag9ation ( ! he>]s to create pictures ( ! ?+s describ$ by ! language ( ! speak]4 ,x is ! unnotic$ voice1 ! voice :i* attracts no att5tion to itself4 ,! picturesque voice is n an end1 b a means1 & !re=e may prop]ly be call$ ! arti/ic voice1 because x s appeals to ! imag9ation ( ! he>] z to cause images to arise 9 8 m9d4 ,?is voice may be call$ ! sugge/ive voice because x sugge/s :at tone _c lit]ally actualize1 b t :i* c be p]ceiv$ only by ! imag9ation4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ?is voice are ela/icity & %ad+4 ,9 ?is quality ( ! voice :i* ,i h t]m$ ela/icity1 ! vocal organs d n seem to report !mselves1 b only ! ?\ght & s5tim5t4 ,by %ad+1 ,i mean ! degree ( d5sity 9 ! tone :]e ! ?\ght & n ! ^w seems to be /ress$4 ,! vocal organs are held "u firm b mo/ delicate control4 ,"h ! voice may sugge/ great noise b make none1 & 9 all ways cause ! m9d ( ! he>] to li/5 to s\nds x does n really make4 ,! picturesque voice spr+s f ! desire to make o!r m9ds ?9k :at x _c lit]alize4 ,! /ate ( m9d :i* produces ?is voice is t ( ask+ ! he>] to imag9e real ?+s t _c be pres5t$ to ! s5ses4 ,= an illu/ration ( ?is1 read ! poem1 8,midsumm]10 by ,tr[bridge4 ,!re is a voice ( fact & a voice ( p[]4 ,! voice ( fact gives in=mation2 ! voice ( p[] appeals to ! imag9ation4 ,! arti/ic voice is ! voice ( ! imag9ation4 ,"o ( ! (fices ( ! imag9ation is t ( image mak+4 ,9 *ildr5 ?is p[] is v noticeable4 ,:5 "s *ildr5 ?9k ( a ?+1 an image ( x rises 9 _! m9ds2 !y suppose ?is image to be a fact ( exp]i5ce1 &1 ) no ?\ght ( falsehood1 describe x z su*4 ,because ( ?is !y are frequ5tly :ipp$ = ly+2 & ?is p[] ( m5tal image mak+1 :i*1 if prop]ly develop$1 w\ld be ( ine/imable value to ! *ild1 in/ead ( be+ guid$1 is cruelly int]f]$ ) & arre/$4 ,?is p[] ( m5tal image mak+ is always highly develop$ 9 great arti/s4 ,great musical compos]s fir/ he> ! music 9 _! m9ds1 & !n make x intelligible to o!rs ?r\gh ! not$ page4 ,! great pa9t] c>ries objects 9 8 m9d long be=e he puts !m on canvas1 & is able z well to create new objects sugge/$ by ?+s he has se54 ,an ar*itect sees 9 8 m9d ! magnific5t temple1 :5 z yet n a /one ( :i* x is to be built has left ! qu>ry4 ,john ,b4 ,g\gh decl>$ t sometimes he 0 unable to di/+ui% p]sons :om he saw 9 ! audi5ce f ^? :i* 8 imag9ation creat$4 ,wordswor? did n write 8,! ,daffodils0 :ile look+ at ! fl[]s z s5se objects4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds1 :5 he saw !m z !y liv$ 9 8 imag9ation1 t he wrote ( !m 9 a way t has made !m real to ! imag9ations ( o!rs4 8,= (t :5 on my c\* ,i lie1 ,9 vacant or 9 p5sive mood1 ,!y fla% ^u t inw>d eye1 ,:i* is ! bliss ( solitude2 ,& !n my he>t ) pleasure fills1 ,& dances ) ! daffodils40 ,i h dwelt ^u ! physiology ( ! voice1 %[+ its relation to psy*ology4 ,9 ! ?ird & f\r? volumes ( ! ,evolution ( ,expression we deal ) ! direct relation ( psy*ology to ,oratory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index4 ,a ,animation ( voice #ajb-ajd ,b ,brea?+ ?r\gh ! nose #cj ,c ,c5t]1 dom9ant1 ( ! voice #gc1 #gd ,c]ebrum1 cut ( #eb ,c]ebral connection ( c]ebral n]ves1 cut ( #fb ,*amb]s1 fix$ resonant #cc ,*amb]s1 transi5t resonant #cc ,cl]gyman's sore ?roat #di-ej ,d ,diaphragm1 cut ( #bf ,diaphragm1 description ( #bg ,diaphragm dur+ ! expiration ( brea? & ! production #cj ( tone1 diff]5ce 9 ! action ( ! ,e ,emphasis1 f\r =ms ( #ib ,ex]cises = =m+ transi5t resonant *amb]s = #hc-he beautiful ^w elem5ts ,ex]cises = secur+ fre$om & prop] direction ( tone #ha-hb & = e/abli%+ "r habits 9 ! use ( ! voice ,expiration1 muscles ( #bc1 #bd ,f ,=m+ ! elem5ts #ajg1 #ajh ,=m+ pictures #aad-aag ,g ,glottis1 cuts ( #ag ,h ,heal?1 relation ( ! prop] use ( ! voice to #ci ,i ,inspiration1 muscles ( #bc1 #bd ,l ,l>ynx1 cut ( #af ,l>ynx1 description ( #ad ,liv]1 cut ( #de ,liv]1 effect ( ! voice ^u ! #dg ,l\dness #bj ,lungs1 cut ( #ba ,lungs1 description ( #bj ,lungs1 effect ( ! voice ^u ! #dj-db ,m ,ma-za-ska-a #hg-hh ,m5tal concept #gd-gf ,m-nom #hc ,mo/-m5-want-poise-&-m-royal-m>g9 #hc-hf ,muc\s membrane1 effect ( voice ^u ! #dg ,n ,n>es1 description ( #cd ,n>es1 cut ( #cb ,n>es resonance #ha1 #hb ,n]ves1 description ( cranial #ec-ed ,n]ves1 cut ( cranial #ef1 #eg ,n]ve1 cut ( ,hypoglossal #fc ,n]v\s sy/em1 relation ( ! prop] use ( ! voice to ! #ec ,o ,organs1 "n ( organs t produce voice #ad ,organs1 description ( organs t produce voice #ad-cc ,organs1 "n ( organs t re9=ce voice #cc ,organs1 description ( organs t re9=ce voice #cc-cg ,organs1 "n ( organs t give resonant =ms to voice #cg ,organs1 description ( organs t give resonant =ms to voice #cg-ci ,ov]tones #gj1 #ga ,p ,ph>ynx1 description ( #cd ,ph>ynx1 cut ( #cb ,pit* #ai1 #bj ,r ,respiration1 muscles ( #bc ,resonance1 relation ( pit* to #ff-gj ,rhy?m #hi1 #ij ,s ,slide #aji1 #aaj ,slide 9 volume #aab-aad ,smoo?ness ( voice #aje ,/oma*1 effect ( ! voice ^u ! #db ,/oma*1 cut ( #dd ,t ,tra*ea1 description ( #cg ,tra*ea1 cut ( #cf ,te*nique1 vocal1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! fir/ & second volumes #id-aag ( ! ,evolution ( ,expression ,tone1 projection ( #ib-ic ,tone quality #gg-hj ,v ,vital organs1 relation ( ! prop] use ( ! voice to #dj ,vital slide #aaj-aab ,vocal cords1 description ( #ad ,vocal cords1 cuts ( #ag ,voice1 ! natural report] ( ! individual #a-ab ,voice def9$ #ac ,voice1 cause ( #ac ,voice1 me?ods = cultivat+ ! #gb-hh ,voice1 "r direction & fre$om ( ! #gb1 #gc ,voice1 quality ( #ia ,volume ( voice #aje-ajg 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,*>les ,,wesley ,,em]son 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philosophy ,,( ,,ge/ure or1 ,,expressive ,,physical ,,culture ,! psy*ological & physiological basis & tea*+ pr9ciples ( ! ,em]son ,sy/em ( ,expressive ,physical ,culture & ,responsive ,drill-,value ( ,art ,models1 ,ae/hetic ,laws ( ,expression expla9$ ) illu/rations drawn f classic art4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,psy*o ,,vox or1 ,,! ,,em]son ,,sy/em ,,( ,,voice ,,culture ,consid]+ ! voice z ! natural report] ( ! individual4 ,! relation ( ! prop] use ( ! voice to ! n]v\s sy/em & to heal?4 ,ex]cises = secur+ fre$om & prop] direction ( tone & = e/abli%+ "r habits 9 ! use ( ! voice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,physical ,,culture ,h[ to atta9 heal?1 /r5g?1 grace & beauty1 bodily education )\t ! use ( app>atus4 ,?irty-eight illu/rations prep>$ especially = ?is "w4 ,a h& book = /ud5t & tea*]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,evolution ,,( ,,expression ,f\r ,volumes ,selections *os5 f classical lit]ature4 ,explanatory notes = ! /udy ( ea* *apt]4 ,compil$ ) special ref]5ce to ! ne$s ( tea*]s & /ud5ts ( bo? lit]ature & expression4 ,! only publi%$ "w on ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! ,em]son ,sy/em ( ,oratory or ,expression4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,p]fective ,,laws ,,( ,,art ,f\r ,volumes ,a compilation ( selections illu/rat+ ! sixte5 p]fective laws ( art appli$ to oratory4 ,?is "w is adapt$ to ! use ( all advanc$ /ud5ts 9 expressive read+4 ,x consi/s ( sixte5 *apt]s1 ) a key to ! /udy ( ea* *apt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,six ,,lectures ,"o ,volume ,lectures embrac+ advanc$ pr9ciples ( ,education4 ,! ,p[] ( ! ,ideal1 ,! ,law ( ,p[] 9 ,oratory1 ,h[ to read ! ,bible1 ,! relation ( ,art to ,man1 etc4 ,a book ( vital int]e/ to /ud5ts ( ,oratory1 to tea*]s ( all bran*es ( education & to pr(essional m54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,em]son ,,publi%+ ,,company ,,publi%]s ,,millis1 ,,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,typographical errors h be5 correct$ z not$ bel[3 ,page #cd1 ,! ph>nyx is = ! ,! ph>ynx is = ! ,page #eb1 ,,( ,,! ,,c]ebrai ,,hemisph]e ,,( ,,! ,,c]ebral ,,hemisph]e