---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,transcriber's ,notes ,punctuation has been standardized4 ,characters in small caps have been replaced by all caps4 ,non-printable characteristics have been given the following transliteration3 ,italic text3 -- text bold text3 -- text4 ,this book was written in a period when many words had not become standardized in their spelling4 ,words may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text such as the following3 anomoly impliments posessed atitudes innure posession boundarys instanteneously robery catastrophy ,isher ,scotts compulsary ,,marleybone ,seinor consiantly ,oxfork suspiciens descision pavileon technally enchanced ,pennenden terrefic ,epson percieve ther equiblirum phenominal tremendious exigincies ploug unconciously ,hartfordshire posess ,transcriber ,notes are used when making corrections to the text for obvious printing errors or to provide additional information for the modern reader4 ,these notes are not identified in the text1 but have been accumulated in a single section at the end of the book4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 8,,cricket0 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,wicket ,,keeper ,,in ,,position4 ,a 8,,bawl0 ,,for ,,american ,,cricket ,,dedicated ,,to ,,american ,,youth ,,by ,,jones ,,wister4 ,,illustrated4 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa43 #ahic4 ,introductory4 ,it has been our good fortune to find the fountain of youth lurking in the out-door pleasures of ,skating1 ,swimming1 ,rowing1 ,horseback ,riding1 ,tennis1 ,base ,ball and ,cricket4 ,the 8grown-up0 folk are now engaged in utilizing the discovery made by youth thousands of years ago1 that health and happiness depend upon their innocent amusements4 ,college ,faculties have realized that the morals of youth as well as success in after life1 depend upon the good health engendered by competitive pastimes4 ,the strength of a nation lies in the correct training of the young4 8,england's great victories on land and sea were won by the men1 who when boys wielded a cricket bat1 pulled an oar1 or kicked the foot ball40 ,america too has had her conflicts1 and may have others4 ,these lines are offered to the youth of this fair land1 in the hope that their innocent play may prepare them mentally1 physically and morally for whatever battles life may have in store for them4 ,we believe there are many who would gladly learn to play cricket1 if the opportunity presented itself4 ,only the favored few live near established grounds1 while the many are unable to find even a book upon the game4 ,the enjoyment of cricket1 followed by the good health which it brings1 is within the easy grasp of all1 nor does it depend upon the standard of the play1 but turns rather upon its equality4 ,the memories of the past1 though dear to many1 will not be used to bore those who look rather to the future4 ,but a few words about the origin of the game we love1 may prove interesting4 ,early in the century ,englishmen were found playing their national game upon the beautiful meadows of ,germantown4 ,young ,america1 as quick then as now1 to imitate a good thing1 organized a ,germantown ,cricket ,club1 and played upon a field of the ,belfield farm from #ahdj to #ahdf4 ,those were the glorious days of underhand bowling1 forward hits and single wicket4 ,a stone roller borrowed from a neighboring garden smoothed the pasture1 and almost the only recollection we retain of this primitive crease1 is of two spots bare of grass1 indicative of constant use4 ,this club was the pioneer of cricket by ,americans1 and the forerunner of the present ,germantown ,cricket ,club1 which used the impliments left by the old club1 to play its first games1 and became the direct heir of both its name and property4 ,but the ,philadelphia ,club1 which organized a year before the ,germantown1 grew out of an organization known as the ,union ,cricket ,club1 which upheld the honor of ,philadelphia ,englishmen against ,new ,york ,englishmen during the 8,forties40 ,during this decade some ,university men organized a cricket club known as the ,juniors1 and played upon the ,union ground4 ,matches were played and prize bats were offered by ,dr4 ,mitchell1 the father of ,dr4 ,s4 ,weir ,mitchell1 one of which is now in the possession of ,wm4 ,rotch ,wister1 generally spoken of as the father of ,american ,cricket1 who won it by the handsome score of #dd1 in the year #ahde4 ,all of these clubs disbanded and cricket slumbered till #ahec1 when the ,philadelphia ,club organized4 ,camden had been the scene of the ,union and ,junior ,club's matches1 and it was again selected as the best site for the new ground4 ,the names of ,englishmen were numerous upon the rolls of this club1 and their professional ,tom ,seinor was the typical fast round arm bowler of the period4 ,he trained the elevens to meet the ,st4 ,george and ,new ,york ,clubs1 and was regarded with awe and wonder by the young ,american cricketer4 ,the boy or even the man1 who could block the cannon balls of the mighty ,yorkshireman was the hero of the hour4 ,the idea of hitting his terrefic balls scarcely entered the heads of the boys4 ,only ,englishmen were supposed to be able to score against such speedy bowling4 ,the ,germantown boys who had organized their club in #ahed1 played only one or two local teams during its first season1 chief of which was against the ,delphian ,circumferaneous1 whose enthusiasm for cricket was often evinced before breakfast4 ,a year later when practice had improved their play1 they challenged the ,philadelphian's1 who they had heretofore considered too powerful1 but they paid the highest compliment to ,tom ,seinor1 by barring him2 for even in those early days they had a keen eye to the advantages of victory4 ,but they were not afraid1 old ,bradshaw with his high buttoned vest and stiff high hat1 nor of dear old ,mrs4 ,bradshaw1 with her kind words and her 8coop of tay40 ,from a cricketing standpoint1 the ,english of that day regarded the ,american almost with contempt2 sixteen1 eighteen and often twenty-two1 if the latter number could be mustered1 were matched against eleven ,englishmen4 ,records of many such matches may be found during the ,forties and ,fifties4 ,the last we believe was played when ,george ,parr's eleven played a twenty-two1 composed of the best ,english and ,american cricketers from ,new ,york1 ,newark1 and ,philadelphia1 in the ,fall of #ahei4 ,lockyer the great wicket keeper1 ,jackson1 the fast bowler1 ,hayward and ,carpenter the magnificent batsmen1 with ,julius ,ceasar1 ,lillywhite ,caffyn1 and the rest won a well fought victory4 ,before ,carpenter had made half a dozen runs1 he elevated a mis-called 8wide0 into the hands of 8mid off0 who caught it1 the umpire declined to rectify his palpable error1 so the batter was 8not out0 on a 8catch40 ,hayward was in with ,carpenter when this culpable descision was made1 and before a separation occurred1 more than one hundred runs had been scored4 ,many who saw this match declared that but for the error1 the ,professionals might have not won the game4 ,all ,england elevens composed entirely of professionals1 still play twenty-twos in the country districts of ,england1 and often win1 even against such enormous odds4 ,american patriotism no longer permits such differences in opposing teams1 but prefers to equalize the merits of players1 in order to secure well contested matches4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bowler ,,in ,,the ,,act ,,of ,,delivering4 ,meet the ball with as full a bat as the case admits1 but meet it4 ,the batsman should not wait for the ball to strike bat4 ,this applies to blocking as well as to tapping4 ,patience1 fortitude and good temper1 should characterize the ball player whether upon 8diamond0 or 8crease40 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,comparing ,,base ,,ball ,,with ,,cricket4 ,the popular demand for perfect ball playing1 has developed such marked differences in ,england and ,america1 that a short comparison between base ball and cricket may be of interest to some readers1 and may tend to greater toleration4 ,here the professional has been brought into undue prominence1 because of his recognized skill1 while the people ignore the efforts of the amateurs1 and cannot be induced to part with their 8quarter0 to see a 8comedy of base ball errors10 or witness the efforts of the undisciplined cricketer1 to amuse himself at their expense4 ,in ,england the superiority of the professional cricketer is quite as marked as that of the professional base ball player1 but his skill is employed in his regular business1 which consists in teaching the amateurs1 who abound in countless numbers4 ,they are called 8gentlemen0 cricketers1 as distinguished from their preceptors1 the professionals1 and play their ,national game as well1 or perhaps better4 ,the exhibition of base ball professionals in every city of ,america1 has given the youth of this generation1 opportunities to learn the game and their magnificent ball playing upon the diamond1 is a worthy example for ,american cricketers1 and the popularity of the 8,national ,game0 is largely due to the skill of these professional experts4 ,the organizations are sustained by capitalists1 whose investments depend upon the character of the games1 and the system has given it an impetus which has placed it in the front rank of ,american sport1 and brought the play up to the highest standard4 ,cricket on the contrary is played in ,america almost exclusively by amateurs1 who deserve the highest praise for the manner in which they have upheld ,american ,cricket1 especially when it is remembered that their ,english adversaries1 inherit their 8national0 game from their fathers1 grand-fathers1 and great-grand-fathers1 and that each generation of cricketers takes up and improves upon the play of its predecessor4 ,many clubs employ 8professionals0 as teachers1 who not withstanding their superior cricket are always excluded from 8trophy0 matches4 ,this comparison we believe will interest enquirers after facts1 while those whose vision is obscured by a total eclipse of either game1 will 8skip0 to something more interesting4 ,the 8base0 in the ,national game corresponds with the 8run0 in cricket1 and is ninety feet long2 the distance between wickets is sixty-six feet1 but between creases which is the length of a run1 the distance is fifty-eight feet1 or thirty-two feet shorter than a base4 ,the average runner of a 8base0 must consume enough additional time to cover the added distance4 ,supposing that two and one-half seconds is required by the runner of the base1 only one and one-half seconds is consumed by the cricketer in making his run4 ,this difference in 8time0 means a preponderating advantage to the fielder upon the diamond1 and a corresponding one to the batsman in cricket4 ,the public1 chiefly for this reason1 has pronounced upon the sloth of cricketers1 and the rapidity of those who play base ball4 ,the unthinking spectator concludes that cricketers are sleepy1 while fielders upon the diamond are consiantly performing feats of wonder4 ,the cricketer makes his run of only fifty-eight feet with ease and almost certainty if he uses fair discretion1 while the striker of a base ball must attempt his 8run0 though bitter experience tells him that it is an impossibility4 ,it will at once be seen that the runner of the compulsary long 8base0 is almost handicapped out of the race by the cricketer who makes a discretionary short 8run40 ,the baseball fielder has been given tremendious 8time10 advantages over the cricket fielder by the long base as well as by the 8forced0 run4 ,these advantages are increased by the construction of the diamond1 which 8fouls off0 three-quarters of the field1 thereby permitting eight fielders to be placed almost elbow to elbow in front of the doomed batter4 8,side out0 has become such a forgone conclusion that changes in the rules must follow1 if interest in the game is expected from the public4 ,many features of the game of single wicket cricket correspond with base ball4 ,the efforts of the batter are1 limited to hits forward of the wicket1 while the run is one hundred and twenty-four feet1 but this style of cricket has become obsolete1 owing to the same objections which exist in base ball1 and has given place to double wicket cricket4 ,there the impartial observer will find no undue advantage given either to batter1 fielder or bowler4 ,but if a game is played between cricketers of like standard1 every department is in strict equiblirum1 while opportunities are offered to skillful performers unknown in base ball4 ,some misguided lovers of ,american cricket have tried to popularize the game through base ball modifications1 but their failure was a forgone conclusion1 owing to essential differences in the theories of the two games4 ,if they will reflect a moment1 we think they will see that base ball has reached a stage only somewhat beyond single wicket cricket1 which gave place to the double wicket game1 about the year #ahjj1 but it is so many years behind modern cricket1 that the year #aijj is likely to arrive before such changes are made1 as will place the different departments of the game in balance4 ,yet the anomoly of the inferior game producing the best exponents exists in ,america1 and is the production of that antagonism between amateurism and professionalism1 which seems to be never ending4 ,the difference though social and educational is enormously enchanced by business reasons1 which have done base ball little if any good4 ,cricketers have kept their game above reproach1 and though often taunted because they have imported an ,english game1 it will be admitted even by the admirers of ,america's 8national game0 that ,english cricket has overcome the corruption of the 8gambler0 and 8blackleg10 of past generations and become the keystone of ,english sport1 and this result has been brought about by skilful play unaided by tricks upon players or partiality of umpires4 ,it is our intention to give some hints to those1 who seek pleasure and health from cricket pure and simple1 for we are most firm in the belief that good fielding1 good bowling1 and above all good wicket keeping1 now almost a lost art in ,america will popularize cricket4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #a--,the 8cross bat0 illustrated by a cross boy4 8,cricket requires constant practice2 and to be a good cricketer1 is to be wary1 yet bold2 strong1 yet gentle2 self posessed and cautious2 firm and manly4 ,there is no game in the world that so teaches a boy to rely upon his resources1 and to be ever ready to take advantage of opportunities1 as cricket when properly played40--,wisden ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,dark ,,days ,,of ,,cricket4 ,if ,american parents will take the time to read what the ,reverend ,james ,pycroft says in ,chapter ,,vi of his ,cricket ,field1 which we have taken the liberty of quoting in full1 it may give them food for thought4 ,it was the good fortune of the writer to read this delightful book early in life1 and he has quoted from it whenever he found it possible1 and begs to acknowledge numerous obligations1 for it has had much bearing upon his own conclusions4 8,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,a ,,dark ,,chapter ,,in ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,cricket4 ,the lovers of cricket may congratulate themselves at the present day that matches are made at cricket1 as at chess1 rather for love and the honor of victory than for money4 ,it is now many years since ,lord's was frequented by men with book and pencil1 betting as openly and professionally as in the ring at ,epsom1 and ready to deal in the odds with any and every person of speculative propensities4 ,far less satisfactory was the state of things with which ,lord ,f4 ,beauclerk and ,mr4 ,ward had to contend1 to say nothing of the earlier days of the ,earl of ,winchelsea and ,sir ,horace ,mann4 ,as to the latter period1 #8,old ,nyren' bewails its evil doings4 ,he speaks of one who had #8the trouble of proving himself a rogue1' and also of #8the legs at ,marylebone1' who tried1 for once in vain1 to corrupt some primitive specimens of ,hambledon innocence4 ,he says1 also1 the grand matches of his day were always made for #ejjl4 a side4 ,add to this the fact that the bets were in proportion1 that ,jim and ,joe ,bland1 of turf notoriety1 ,dick ,whitlom1 of ,covent ,garden1 ,simpson1 a gaming house keeper1 and ,toll1 of ,isher1 as regularly attended at a match as ,crockford and ,gully at ,epson and ,ascot2 and the idea that all the ,surrey and ,hampshire rustics should either want or resist strong temptations to sell is not to be entertained for a moment4 ,the constant habit of betting will take the honesty out of any man4 ,a half-crown sweepstakes1 or betting such odds as lady's long kids to gentleman's short ditto1 is all very fair sport2 but if a man after years of high betting can still preserve the fine edge and tone of honest feeling1 he is indeed a wonder4 ,to bet on a certainty must be very bad moral practice4 #8,if gentlemen wanted to bet1' said ,beldham1 #8just under the pavileon sat men ready with money down to give and take the current odds1 and by far the best men to bet with1 because if they lost it was all in the way of business3 they paid their money and did not grumble4' ,still they had all sorts of tricks to make their betting safe4 #8,one artifice1' said ,mr4 ,ward1 #8was to keep a player out of the way by a false report that his wife was dead4' ,then these men would come down to the ,green ,man and ,still1 and drink with us1 and always said that those who backed us1 or #8the nobs1' as they called them1 sold the matches3 and so1 sir1 as you are going the round beating up the quarters of the old players1 you will find some to persuade you this is true4 ,but don't believe it4 ,that any gentleman1 in my day1 ever put himself into the power of these blacklegs by selling matches1 ,i can't credit4 ,still1 one day ,i thought ,i would try how far these tales were true4 ,so1 going down into ,kent with #8one of high degree1' he said to me1 #8,will if this match is won1 ,i lose a hundred pounds4' #8,well1' said ,i1 #8my ,lord1 you and ,i could order that4' ,he smiled as if nothing were meant1 and talked of something else2 and1 as luck would have it1 he and ,i were in together1 and brought up the score between us1 though every run seemed to me like #8a guinea out of his ,lordship's pocket4' ,in those days foot races were very common4 ,lord ,frederick and ,mr4 ,budd were first-rate runners1 and bets were freely laid4 ,so1 one day1 old ,fennex laid a trap for the gentlemen3 he brought up to act the part of some silly conceited youngster1 with his pockets full of money1 a first-rate runner out of ,hartfordshire4 ,this soft young gentleman ran a match or two with some known third-rate men1 and seemed to win by a neck1 and no space to spare4 ,then he calls out1 #8,i'll run any man on the ground for #bel41 money down4' ,a match was quickly made1 and money laid on pretty thick on ,fennex's account4 ,some said1 #8,too bad to win of such a green young fellow2' others said1 #8,he's old enough--serve him right4' ,so the laugh was finely against those who were taken in2 #8the green one' ran away like a hare6 ,illustration3 ,no4 #b--,,prepared ,,to ,,drive 8,,off40 ,it is the unexpected which occurs in life as well as in cricket1 therefore do not anticipate the movements of your antagonist but let your actions be governed by developments4 #8,you see1 sir1' said one fine old man1 with brilliant eye and quickness of movement1 that showed his right hand had not yet forgot its cunning1 #8matches were bought1 and matches were sold1 and gentlemen who meant honestly lost large sums of money1 till the rogues beat themselves at last4 ,they overdid it2 they spoilt their own trade2 and1 as ,i told one of them1 a knave and a fool makes a bad partnership3 so you and yourself will never prosper4 ,well1 surely there was robery enough2 and not a few of the great players earned money to their own disgrace2 but1 if you'll believe me1 there was not half the selling there was said to be4 ,yes ,i can guess1 sir1 much as you have been talking to all the old players over this good stuff 7pointing to the brandy and water ,i had provided71 no doubt you have heard that ,b---- sold as bad as the rest4 ,i'll tell the truth2 one match up the country ,i did sell1--a match made by ,mr4 ,osbaldestone at ,nottingham4 ,i had been sold out of a match just before1 and lost #ajl41 and happening to hear it ,i joined two others of our eleven to sell1 and get back my money4 ,i won #ajl4 exactly1 and of this roguery no one ever suspected me2 but many was the time ,i have been blamed for selling when as innocent as a babe4 ,in those days when so much money was on the matches1 every man who lost his money would blame some one4 ,then if ,a missed a catch1 or ,b made no runs1--and where's the player whose hand is always in8--the man was called a rogue directly4 ,so when a man was doomed to lose his character1 and bear all the smart1 there was the more temptation to do like others1 and after #8the kicks' to come in for #8the half-pence4' ,but ,i am an old man now1 and heartily sorry ,i have been ever since1 because1 but for that ,nottingham match1 ,i could have said1 with a clear conscience1 to a gentleman like you1 that all that was said was false1 and ,i never sold a match in my life2 but now ,i can't4 ,but if ,i had fifty sons1 ,i would never put one of them1 for all the games in the world1 in the way of the roguery that ,i have witnessed4 ,the temptation really was very great1--too great by far for any poor man to be exposed to1--no richer than ten shillings a week1 let alone harvest time4 ,i never told you the way ,i first was brought to ,london4 ,i was a lad of eighteen at this ,hampshire village1 and ,lord ,winchelsea had seen us play among ourselves1 and watched the match with the ,hambledon ,club on ,broad-halfpenny1 when ,i scored forty-three against ,david ,harris1 and ever so many of the runs against ,david's bowling1 and no one ever could manage ,david before4 ,so1 next year1 in the month of ,march1 ,i was down in the meadows1 when a gentleman came across the field with ,farmer ,hilton1 and thought ,i1 all in a minute1 now this is something about cricket4 ,well1 at last it was settled1 ,i was to play ,hampshire against ,england1 at ,london1 in ,white ,conduit-,fields ground1 in the month of ,june4 ,for three months ,i did nothing but think about that match4 ,tom ,walker was to travel up from this country1 and ,i agreed to go with him1 and found myself at last1 with a merry company of cricketers1 all old men1 whose names ,i had ever heard as foremost in the game--met together1 drinking1 card-playing1 betting1 and singing at the ,green ,man 7that was the great cricketer's house71 in ,oxfork ,street1--no man without his wine1 ,i assure you1 and such suppers as three guineas a game to lose1 and five to win 7that was then the pay for players7 could never pay for long4 ,to go to ,london by a wagon1 earn five guineas three or four times told1 and come back with half the money in your pocket to the ploug again1 was all very well talking4 ,you know what young folks are1 sir1 when they get together3 mischief brews stronger in large quantities3 so many spent all their earnings1 and were soon glad to make more money some other way4 ,hundreds of pounds were bet upon the great matches1 and other wagers laid on the scores of the finest players1 and that too by men who had a book for every race1 and every match in the sporting world3 men who lived by gambling2 and as to honesty1 gambling and honesty don't often go together4 ,what was easier1 then1 than for such sharp gentlemen to mix with the players1 take advantage of their difficulties1 and say1 your backers1 my ,lord this1 and the ,duke of that1 sell matches and overrule all your good play1 so why shouldn't you have a share of the plunder8 ,that was their constant argument4 ,serve them as they serve you4 ,you have heard of ,jim ,bland1 the turfsman1 and his brother ,joe--two nice boys4 ,when ,jemmy ,dawson was hanged for poisoning the horse1 the ,blands never felt safe till the rope was round ,dawson's neck1 and1 to keep him quiet1 persuaded him to the last hour that they dared not hang him3 and a certain nobleman had a reprieve in his pocket4 ,well1 one day in ,april1 ,joe ,bland found me out in this parish1 and tried his game on with me4 #8,you may make a fortune1' he said1 #8if you will listen to me3 so much for the match with ,surrey1 and so much more for the ,kent match--' #8,stop1' said ,i3 #8,mr4 ,bland1 you talk too fast2 ,i am rather too old for this trick2 you never buy the same man but once3 if their lordships ever sold at all1 you would peach upon them if ever after they dared to win4 ,you'll try me once1 and then you'll have me in a line like him of the mill last year4' ,no1 sir1 a man was a slave when once he sold to these folk3 fool and knave aye go together4 ,still they found fools enough for their purpose2 but rogues can never trust each other4 ,one day a sad quarrel arose between two of them2 that opened the gentlemen's eyes too wide to close again to these practices4 ,two very big rogues at ,lord's fell a quarrelling1 and blows were given2 a crowd drew round1 and the gentlemen ordered them both into the pavilion4 ,when the one began1 #8,you had #bjl4 to lose the ,kent match1 bowling leg long hops and missing catches4' #8,and you were paid to lose at ,swaffham--,why did that game with ,surrey turn about--three runs to get1 and you didn't make them8' ,angry words came out fast1 and1 when they are circumstantial and square with previous suspiciens they are proofs as strong as holy writ4 #8,in one single-wicket match1' he continued1 and those were always great matches for the sporting men1 because usually you had first-rate men on each side1 and their merits known2 dishonesty was as plain as this3 just as a player was coming in 7,john ,b4 will confess this1 if you talk of the match7 he said to me1 #8,you'll let me score five or six1 for appearances1 won't you1 for ,i am not going to make many if ,i can8' #8,yes1' ,i said1 #8you rogue1 you shall if ,i can not help it4' ,but when a game was all but won1 and the odds heavy1 and all one way1 it was cruel to see how the fortune of the day then would change about4 ,in that ,kent match1--you can turn to it in your book 7,bentley's scores71 played #bhth ,july1 #ahjg1 on ,pennenden ,heath1--,i and ,lord ,frederick had scored sixty-one1 and thirty remained to win1 and six of the best men in ,england went out for eleven runs4 ,well1 sir1 ,i lost some money by that match1 and as seven of us were walking homewards to meet a coach1 a gentleman who had backed the match drove by and said1 #8,jump up1 my boys1 we have all lost together4 ,i need not mind if ,i hire a pair of horses extra1 next town1 for ,i have lost money enough to pay for twenty pair or more4' ,well1 thought ,i1 as ,i rode along1 you have rogues enough in your carriage now1 if the truth were told1 ,i'll answer for it2 and one of them let out the secret some ten years after4 ,but1 sir1 ,i can't help laughing when ,i tell you1 once there was a single-wicket match played at ,lord's1 and a man on each side was paid to lose4 ,one was bowler1 and the other batsman1 when the game came to a near point4 ,i knew their politics1 the rascals1 and saw in a minute how things stood2 and how ,i did laugh1 to be sure2 for seven balls together1 one would not bowl straight1 and the other would not hit2 but at last a straight ball must come1 and down went the wicket4' ,from other information received1 ,i could tell this veteran that1 even in his much-repented ,nottingham match1 his was not the only side that had men resolved to lose4 ,the match was sold for ,nottingham too1 and that with less success1 for ,nottingham won3 an event the less difficult to accomplish1 as ,lord ,frederick ,beauclerk broke a finger in an attempt to stop a designed and wilful overthrow6 and played the second innings with one hand4 ,it is true1 ,clarke1 who played in the match1 thought all was fair2 still1 he admits1 he heard one ,nottingham man accused on the field1 by his own side1 of foul play4 ,this confirms the evidence of the ,rev4 ,c4 ,w41 no slight authority in ,nottingham matches1 who said he was cautioned before the match that all would not be fair4 #8,this practice of selling matches1' said ,beldham1 #8produced strange things sometimes4 ,once1 ,i remember1 ,england was playing ,surrey1 and1 in my judgment1 ,surrey had the best side2 still ,i found the ,legs were betting seven to four against ,surrey6 ,this time they were done2 for they betted on the belief that some ,surrey men had sold the match1 but ,surrey played to win4 #8,crockford used to be seen about ,lord's1 and ,mr4 ,gully also occasionally1 but only for society of sporting men2 they did not understand the game1 and ,i never saw them bet4 ,mr4 ,gully was often talking to me about the game for one season2 but ,i never could put any sense into him6 ,he knew plenty about fighting1 and afterwards of horse-racing2 but a man cannot learn the odds of cricket unless he is something of a player4'0 ,illustration3 ,no4 #c--,,the ,,forward ,,block4 ,if a suggestion is made as to your style or method1 7however well meant7 do not adopt it in a match1 until you have tried it in practice and found it a satisfactory improvement4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,fielding4 ,american ,cricket owes a debt of gratitude to base ball4 ,the undaunted pluck that stops and holds the fierce grounder2 the strong arm which returns it to the baseman2 the steady judgement that guides the out-fielder to the fly2 all deserve the highest praise4 ,cricket welcomes the base ball fielder to the cricket ground1 gives him the post of severest duty1 depends upon his keen eyesight1 splendid throwing1 quick action and steady nerve4 ,she soon calls him her own2 for these qualities are just what she is always wanting4 ,let base ball players then not hesitate1 for all their training is in the line of perfect fielding on the cricket ground4 ,the most important fielder is thought by many cricketers to be the bowler1 nor do we wish to disparage the judgement of anyone prejudiced in favor of that opinion4 ,but our belief1 reached after deliberate thought1 is that the wicket keeper who performs his arduous duties successfully1 does greater service for his side than even the best bowler4 ,like the catcher in base ball1 his position is one of danger1 leg guards and gloves must be added to his outfit to prevent accidents4 ,even with these1 only a man with a cool head1 a correct eye1 and a safe pair of hands1 should attempt wicket keeping4 ,he is almost an 8unknown0 in ,american cricket1 but if we do not err1 ,vint of the ,irish team1 gave some free lessons in the art which will prove most advantageous4 ,in ,lockyer's era the backstop was a factor which modern cricket has abandoned4 ,he was the support of the wicket keeper1 whose hands he saved from many hard blows1 unnecessarily dealt him by cannon ball bowlers4 ,he it was who performed the drudgery of a match4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #d--,,the ,,half ,,forward ,,block4 8,among the advantages of cricket are the means it affords for physical improvement1 the opportunities for bringing rich and poor into friendly communication1 the inculcation of gentlemanly feeling1 and the principles of mutual charity1 good will1 and moral harmony40--,wisden4 ,the advent of the fast bowler has been the chief means of changing the wicket keeper into a back fielder1 he has at the same time given the opportunity to the aggressive batsman4 ,the chief object of the fast bowler has been to frighten the timid batsman1 and drive him to the tent4 ,if he has been the ,simon ,pure article1 he has fulfilled his mission1 and even the crack batter has failed to score heavily4 ,but has he not oftener through bumpy ground and wrong pitch1 for the faster the bowling1 the less control the bowler has over the ball1 given the other side the victory8 ,let not this be considered a plea for the back stop1 for he belongs to an almost forgotten age1 but it is rather to put a brake upon the 8demon0 bowler4 ,it is asking too much of a wicket keeper to stop every wild attempt of the machine bowler1 or be abused by his side4 ,speedy bowling1 under wise control and supported by prompt and efficient fielding1 has distinct advantages1 but with slow fielding it is a menace to its own eleven1 and has been the means of increasing the score of the adversary1 who need not display even good batting to accomplish the result4 ,the most serious question which confronts the ,american captain of to-day1 is a 8stumper40 ,but we believe so thoroughly in the progressive spirit of ,american cricket1 that when attention is called to the importance of 8stumping10 and to the fact that the aggressive batter glories in a wicket keeper whose position is twenty feet behind the wicket1 and whose arms are of normal length1 that the wicket keeper will soon become a real1 rather than an imaginary personage upon the cricket field2 and that he will again be seen close behind his wicket1 forcing the batsman to display his prowess within his crease1 or suffer the penalty4 ,let us predict that when this desirable result is accomplished1 bowlers will be found to rely upon pitch and curve1 rather than upon speed1 and that skill will depend more upon brain than muscle4 ,his position must always be such1 that the wicket is between himself and the approaching ball1 for he cannot run the risk of trying to 8down0 a wicket which he cannot see1 neither can he spare the time to turn around1 for the run is short and the runner may be a 8sprinter40 ,the object of the bowler should be either to bowl the wicket2 to have a batter give a chance for a catch2 or1 to force the batter to leave his ground for a stump4 ,unless he can vary his intention to thwart the batsman by the delivery of unexpected and difficult balls1 he cannot expect to rank among the best1 nor will he be called a head bowler4 ,the only ball which the bowler can depend upon for uniform good results1 strikes the turf outside the reach of the batter4 ,good batsmen safely block or hit any ball falling within six feet of the crease1 some reach a ball which drops eight feet or more from the crease4 ,but every batsman has a limit when the wicket keeper is in place4 ,that spot1 a little nearer the bowler than this limit is known as the 8pitch0 or 8length40 ,the bowler must direct his efforts to gauge the batter's reach1 and deliver balls which will prevent scoring4 ,when a bowler discerns the 8length0 ball a batsman cannot play1 and his skill enables him to deliver it at will1 he may be relied upon4 ,it is the eager hope of every beginner to become a superior bowler4 ,we have endeavored to indicate just what a good ball is and wherein it differs from one which the batter fancies4 ,but this is not enough2 the mind of the young bowler must solve the problem1 and must have a well defined conception of the ball which is expected to baffle the batter4 ,having reached a satisfactory conclusion upon this all important subject1 the physical effort to execute his theories must now be regularly practiced until he has mastered the art4 #ast4--,almost every good bowler holds the ball in the fingers at right angles to the seams1 for two reasons1 first a better grip can be taken2 second1 if any twist or spin is desired1 the roughness of the seams increases the action of the fingers4 #bnd4--,begin delivering what are technally known as slow balls4 ,do not attempt fast bowling until your mechanical command of the ball has in a large degree1 been able to materialize from your conception of what a good ball should be4 ,this mechanical command of the ball comes from practice only4 ,when it is observed that every batsman has his own peculiar style1 some right handed1 some left1 some long1 some short reach1 some forward1 some back1 the beginner will at once percieve that success depends upon this1 absolute command of the ball4 ,when the possible fast bowler has learned to bowl 8slows0 with precision1 he may put up an occasional fast ball4 ,if he has properly conceived the art of slows1 the chances are all in favor of his also becoming a good fast bowler4 ,no eleven is perfect with only slow bowlers4 ,batters must be worried by fast as well as slow balls4 ,but let every bowler whose ambition is to attain speed1 recollect that accurate slows are the fore-runners of speedy balls4 #c;d4--,the slow bowler having mastered the pitch or length must practice twists or spins by which he endeavors to deceive the batsman4 ,these must be performed with such ease that mind and body simultaneously act1 the ball rotating upon its own axis1 with such force that when it leaves the ground it no longer continues in its apparent direction1 but rising abruptly according to the bowler's desire passes the astonished batsman into the wicket4 #dth4--,an easy elegant style of bowling is attained with less fatigue than a slouchy one4 ,some men will start ten yards behind the bowler's crease1 rush at it as though preparing for a somersault1 come to a halt to deliver a disappointing ball4 ,the fault here lies in the misconception of the bowler4 ,he has not studied cause and effect1 nor has he studied his own powers4 ,these must not be squandered upon an over or two1 but must be husbanded for a long day's work4 #eth4--,place the ball as near the batsman as possible without its becoming a full ball1 should such a ball strike slightly to leg1 all the chances are in favor of its working between legs and bat into the wicket4 #fth4--,the objects of attack are the wickets of the enemy4 ,straight balls only can take wickets4 ,the bowler of such balls is likely to be in demand4 ,he is sure to force a defensive opposition1 of which a good captain can take advantage4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #e--,,the ,,half ,,back ,,block4 ,if you play for your side and not for yourself1 at the end of the match your average will be better1 than if you have constantly had upon your mind the disturbing element of selfishness4 #gth4--,bowling for hits has become a usual method1 when persistent blockers guard the stumps1 a dozen runs is a small addition to the latter's score in exchange for a wicket4 #hth4--8,study the furthest point to which your man can play forward safely1 and pitch just outside that point with every variety of pace and spin40 #ith4--,all other points being equal the bowler who rotates the ball most rapidly upon its own axis will capture the greatest number of wickets4 #ajth4--,learn to bowl from either side of the wicket1 or to change the delivery or speed without the appearance of so doing4 #aath4--,if a bowler is left-handed he should study bowling with extra care4 ,he may1 if he gives his mind to it1 become great in that department4 ,the reason being found in the simple fact that it is unusual and disconcerting to the batsman2 nine men of every ten being right-handed4 #abth4--,a high delivery has its advantages as well as its objections4 ,it must not be overlooked that what is gained by elevation is lost by the difference of angle4 ,the angle which the course of the ball describes is greater when the arm is at right angles with the body than when elevated4 ,the delivery from an elevated hand is made with a view to catches more than to bowled wickets4 ,a delivery which combines elevation and angle has been adopted by the best bowlers4 ,the ball strikes the ground with greater force1 causing a more sudden and unexpected rise1 while the spin and angle add to its disturbing effect upon the mind of the batsman4 #acth4--,the bowler more than any other fielder needs patience1 perseverance and pluck4 ,he must be strong1 steady and sure4 ,he must smile and look happy when catches are missed4 ,he must look contented and satisfied when the umpire gives decisions against his interest4 ,all will recognize the successful bowler even without the aid of these few rules4 ,point is next in importance1 he is always expected to have safe hands1 for when a fast ball is cut to point1 a run is sure to result if he is not alert2 in ancient cricket he stood much nearer the batsmen than at this period4 ,his place is now so far from the striker that his position upon the field seems to have given way to silly point1 a position so dangerous that a fielder possessing great courage generally volunteers for it4 ,few captains would order a man to the position of silly point1 yet there are still fewer who do not delight in the man who fills it advantageously1 for 8chances0 abound near the wicket4 ,the slips1 short leg and mid wickets follow in importance1 while the outfielders and covers should not be deficient as stoppers1 while as throwers they frequently have grand opportunities for the display of great activity4 ,the ,australian and ,english teams who came to this country were most effective fielders1 and our native cricketers learned much from their prowess4 ,they seemed ubiquitous4 ,the ball did not seem ever to bore its way through them1 their anticipation of its direction seemed instinctive4 ,but if a hard hit one passed through the phalanx and did get by the fielder and was rapidly wending its way to the boundarys1 the foreigner chased it with a speed and determination which gradually overtook it before it reached the ropes1 thus reducing the score to a minimum4 ,let the cricket fielder constantly bear in mind that the time allotted to him to pick up and return the ball to the wicket is less than that required for a fast runner to traverse #ah yards at speed4 ,if he is just as fast as the runner his exertions are lost to his side1 for the batsman has reached his crease4 ,the fielder must therefore be mentally and physically active while the ball is in play4 ,it is not enough for him to take the ball and return it to the wicket keeper4 ,thousands of wickets have been held by a failure on the part of the fielder to return to the right wicket4 ,which one that is can only be determined by instant thought followed by immediate action4 ,if the fielder waits for notification to receive and return the ball he will in ninety-nine cases out of every hundred belong to the bump on the log variety4 ,fielding should be practiced whenever cricketers meet on the turf4 ,many captains advocate meeting for fielding only4 ,in view of the numerous occasions for practice which constantly present themselves it seems to the writer unnecessary4 ,but these must be used4 ,the hardness of the cricket ball causes fear to the unpracticed4 ,it hurts tender hands to be rudely struck by the hard ball4 ,companions can practice fielding indoors or almost anywhere1 if a ball is provided4 ,cricketers will find a ball a delightful companion4 ,passing it around gives the practice which fielders must have to become expert4 ,a dozen occasions innure the hands to the sensation of stopping a fast ball4 ,it will no longer feel hard1 but the fielder will take it at lightning speed4 ,perfect fielding is absolutely unknown on the ,american cricket fields4 ,errors are so numerous even among the best players1 that bowlers lose courage and nerve4 ,each fielder should recollect that he is the support of the bowler4 ,the strength of every bowler depends upon his field4 ,a catch missed means a game lost which might have been won4 ,most fielders feel little of the great responsibility resting upon them1 and even many good ones fail to appreciate it4 ,when our ,american gentlemen were winning the match against ,surrey on the 8,oval10 the sympathy of the ,london crowd was with the ,americans1 who they thought fielded better than the ,english gentlemen4 ,one of the crowd said to the writer our cricketers 8worship the bat40 ,they play forever in the nets1 and forget the importance of fine fielding1 this did not seem a just criticism1 for although he has seen every foreign eleven that has ever played in ,america1 he has never seen any ,american fielding compare in excellence with that of the ,english and ,australians4 ,almost every ,american fielder fails to realize that there are two wickets4 ,he picks up well1 returns well1 runs well1 and the mechanical part is often better than that of his ,english brother1 but when head work is needed the ,english fielder returns to the right wicket1 and the batter little expecting it is run out4 ,the ,american batter is expecting the same loose methods to prevail among ,english fielders1 but disappointment awaits him1 for much to his astonishment the ,english fielder recollects the other wicket4 ,nothing has impressed itself upon the writer's mind in commenting upon the play of foreign elevens1 like the constant watchfulness of the fielder4 ,if ,english cricketers worship the bat at home1 they show no evidence of it upon ,american cricket grounds4 ,they set an example to ,american cricketers which the sooner they follow1 the sooner will they equal their alert foreign competitors4 ,the last fielder to be spoken of but the most important1 is the captain of the ,,xi4 ,upon his judgement in placing his men depends the result4 ,he is responsible for the work of the field4 ,he is looked to as the one to place his men in good or bad localities4 ,if bad judgment is used he is most severely criticised by the on-lookers4 ,if he shows good judgement he gets little credit1 as the fielder is supposed to be doing it all and receives the applause4 ,but the captain must be watchful1 helpful1 courageous and sanguine4 ,he must not loose nerve and energy because his side is hunting leather4 ,he must work harder because he has an up hill game4 ,in short1 he must lead all the time1 and if he expects his side to follow1 he must set the example4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,batting4 ,an expert batsman experiences unspeakable pleasure during his innings4 ,cricketers glory in him1 his friends delight in him1 and the sweetest smile of his best girl emphasizes his triumph4 ,nearly every young ,american learns base ball before cricket4 ,when he first stands before a wicket1 he is almost paralysed by the fear of losing it4 ,nothing corresponding to it appears upon the diamond4 ,when his wicket has been successfully attacked a few times he is disheartened1 and is likely to abandon cricket and return to his first love4 ,this is a critical period in the history of the beginner4 ,but a hint from a cricketer able and willing to explain that the straight ball can be successfully met by the straight bat may open the gate of cricket to him4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #f--,,the ,,late ,,block4 ,courage1 energy and decision1 mark the successful cricketer4 ,a good excuse is more easily made than a good play4 8,a straight bat0 is the technical term for an upright bat1 as distinguished from a 8cross bat40 ,it should also be explained to all aspirants that the regulation wicket was not constructed for beginners but for expert batsmen4 ,but let us not digress from the blunt 8straight bat question10 which staggers the 8man out10 as did the straight ball his wicket4 ,why can a batsman who wields a 8straight bat0 make a long stand1 and why does the bowler delight in the man who plays a 8cross bat80 ,the answer is simple4 ,a 8cross bat0 must of necessity be an imperfect defense for a perpendicular wicket4 ,the minds of many boys seem to be constructed upon the 8cross bat0 plan1 but when they play the upright game of cricket with an upright bat1 an upright boy is the likely father of an upright man4 ,every beginner aspires for the results of batting which are recorded by the scorer1 conveniently ignoring the hard work of those who by many patient efforts have reached comparative perfection4 ,but the repeated loss of his wicket will force him to reason out why a straight bat thwarts the bowler's efforts1 and why when playing a 8cross bat0 he has been unconciously reducing his defense in a ratio of four to one4 ,to help this reasoning process let us demonstrate by stating that the batsman's wicket without the bails presents to the bowler a surface of #baf square inches4 ,the batsman who wields a straight bat covers about #abj square inches of the wicket1 hands and gloves increasing it to about #acj inches4 ,the 8cross bat0 presents a defense of only #cd square inches1 or one-fourth that of a 8straight bat10 the hands and gloves ceasing to the part of the defense for a 8cross bat40 ,when the legs and pads of the batter are added to the defense1 the bowler would seem to have an almost impossible task to 8out0 the wielder of the 8straight bat40 ,yet the 8man out0 seldom understands it1 for he has not profited by the tremendous mathematical advantage of a 8straight bat0 over a 8cross bat40 ,when this difference is appreciated and acted upon1 the lesson of 8blocking0 has been learned and the batsman may expect scores3 for he is ready to hit intelligently4 ,each ball is a lesson to the eye of the batsman who has learned to play a 8straight bat40 ,the forward block as shown in illustration1 must obtain for well pitched balls rising to the bails4 ,the bat must be forwarded to the ball with left shoulder well over it1 the bat carried at an angle of about #gj1 the eye of the batsman being intently fixed upon it in order to insure against personal accidents4 ,such action1 if prompt1 forces the ball forwards towards the bowler4 ,if the ball is met by the bat it strikes the ground at the angle of least resistance1 bounds quickly into the field1 and a run may result4 ,having given at length the necessity for the 8block0 as well as the scientific reasons for the play1 we will refer the reader to illustrations ,nos4 #c1 #d1 #e and #f1 which show the 8forward block10 the 8half forward block10 the 8half back block0 and the 8late block40 ,if the young cricketer will study the attitudes taken by ,mr4 ,george ,bromhead when making the four characteristic blocks1 he will see that each ball must be blocked in a manner appropriate to itself4 ,thus far only the defensive use of the bat has been considered4 ,but it is a weapon as well as a shield4 ,the tendency of beginners is to ignore the shield and use the weapon4 ,one of the objects of these pages is to emphasize the shield1 thereby perfecting the wield of the weapon1 and multiplying the opportunities for its use4 ,let us close this portion of the chapter on batting with the remark that the defense of the wicket is an absolute necessity4 ,it must be cultivated by beginners and practiced by experts4 ,after it is thoroughly learned1 like swimming1 it is never forgotten4 ,the batter must also resemble the swimmer in another important point1 for the swimmer must continue swimming while in the water1 and the batter must continue 8blocking0 during the rest of his career4 ,the hit is the evidence of successful batting4 ,an opportunity taken4 ,the result hoped for by the batter4 ,as in blocking1 well defined principles govern the successful hit1 which depends3 #ast--,upon its true conception by the batsman4 #bnd4--,upon its being properly timed4 #c;d4--,upon the amount of energy transmitted by the batsman to the ball4 ,last but most important1 the correct handling of the bat while in contact with the ball4 ,hits divide themselves into the natural1 which comprise all hits to the 8leg10 or 8on0 side of the wicket1 and the acquired which include all hits to the 8off0 side4 ,there are three distinct 8leg0 hits resulting from striking short pitched1 well pitched1 and full pitched1 balls together with numerous sub-varieties following strikes of leg balls which vary from standard lengths4 #ast4--,the stroke from a 8short0 or 8half volley0 leg ball should be to square leg or a little forward of that point1 with the bat held at such an angle that the ball will strike the ground twenty or thirty feet from the crease4 ,it is with regret that we observe that this beautiful hit is often elevated into the hands of the nimble fielder4 #bnd4--,the hit resulting from the well pitched leg ball1 which the perfect batsman strikes as it rises1 to that part of the field just back of short leg4 ,the appearance of the batsman while making this satisfying hit is illustrated in figure #g4 #c;d4--,the full pitched leg ball can be properly dealt with in at least three ways by the perfect batsman4 ,first1 he can drive it to long field if not far to leg4 ,second1 he can wait its arrival to a point between the umpire and himself1 strike it on the fly to the rear of that long robed individual1 bounding to the ropes4 ,third1 while playing the waiting game an instant longer he may turn his person two-thirds around on his left foot1 and strike the ball from the rear to sharp leg4 ,all natural hits require determination and energy on the part of the batter if good results are expected4 ,modern cricket does not prepare itself for natural hits4 ,on the contrary the beginner as well as the expert will have few balls delivered to him opportune for these hits4 ,the modern bowler is instructed to force the 8off0 or unnatural upon the batsman4 ,but during long matches even the best bowlers send up flukes1 notwithstanding the elaborate instructions in ,chapter #c4 ,batsmen must therefore understand what is expected of them1 and we do not hesitate to say1 that the batter who can deal with good bowling can usually make the 8loose0 show upon the score4 ,many balls are delivered upon the leg side1 from which only the best batsmen can score4 ,illustration ,no4 #h1 shows ,mr4 ,bromhead preparing to drive a nearly straight ball to the mid-wicket on4 ,the on drives will always excite the admiration of cricketers4 ,the shoulders1 arms and wrists though most prominent promoters of these beautiful hits are assisted by every muscle of the body4 ,they exemplify human energy and force4 ,the upright bat plays the prominent place in this hit1 and we must insist that the learner ignores the 8cross bat0 if he hopes for success4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #g--,,the ,,leg ,,hit4 ,the element of danger is almost eliminated by constant watchfulness4 ,the mind of a brilliant fielder1 extends to the ends of his fingers and toes4 ,the perfect batsman plays every ball with a purpose4 ,illustration ,no4 #i1 shows how to play a well pitched ball wending its way towards the leg stump4 ,this ball he robs of all its dangerous tendency by forwarding his bat toward the bowler1 carried at an angle of #he1 and almost perpendicular4 ,this position presents almost a full blade to the ball1 thereby defending his wicket1 but also forces it to glance to the short legs4 ,no4 #aj1 illustrates a safe and easy method of scoring from a ball not far enough off the wicket to risk a leg hit4 ,guarding the wicket does not enter into the batter's calculations4 ,but he forces the bat1 carried at an angle of about #gj degrees against the advancing ball1 which rapidly finds its way towards sharp leg4 ,we cannot leave this portion of our chapter until we emphasize the part the shoulders should play in making the natural hits4 ,it is in our judgement to be regretted that the exigincies of the game have largely remanded the shoulder hitter to the back ground2 but it must be acknowledged that he is no longer the power in the game he was prior to the period of special 8off0 bowling4 ,but the best 8trundlers0 give chances to the shoulder hitter1 and when accepted the spectator feels gratified that the science of cricket has been momentarily relaxed4 ,if the muscular power of the batsman be not fully exerted upon the natural hits1 we think all good cricketers will agree with us1 that safety demands that the ball should be 8let alone40 ,the modern captain instructs his bowlers to give preference to 8off0 rather than 8on0 balls1 and places his field in accordance4 ,if the bowlers do their full duty1 the batter must score from unnatural hits only1 if at all4 #ast4--,he may receive a short pitch 8off0 ball1 which he can drive to mid off1 or 8cover10 or he may 8pull it0 to 8leg0 by advancing his right leg towards point1 thereby assuming the natural attitude1 and acting as if it were a leg ball4 #bnd4--,the over pitched 8off0 ball the batsman drives to long field1 or over the bowler's head4 ,these 8off0 balls require little beyond a correct eye and ready hand4 ,but the modern batsman who expects great success must learn to 8cut10 for the large proportion of balls delivered are best suited for cutting4 ,there are three distinct varieties of cuts4 ,first1 the forward cut4 ,second1 the square off cut4 ,third1 the late cut4 ,each play resulting from the relative position of the ball to the batsman while he is making the hit4 ,all the cuts are made from rising balls distinctly to the off4 ,when an off ball falls outside of the line of safety for a forward play1 the batsman instantly prepares himself for the forward cut4 ,this he does by elevating the bat as in ,no4 #aa1 at the same moment turning his face towards point1 with his right foot somewhat advanced in the same direction1 using his left as a pivot4 ,this movement towards the advancing ball enables him to reach the spot it is soon likely to occupy4 ,then while carrying his bat at an angle of about #gj1 he suddenly brings it down with a chopping motion until it comes in contact with the ball1 which moves rapidly towards the boundary in a line between point and mid-wicket4 ,this hit is illustrated by ,no4 #ab4 ,it is effective1 as it has a tendency to spread the field forward4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #h--,,prepared ,,to ,,drive 8,,on40 ,the ,cricket ,field says with truth3 8,you won't win by a hitting game if there is no hit in you10 and adds in somewhat different language1 8the game to carry you through is the game you play best40 ,no4 #ac1 illustrates the position of the batter while making the square cut4 ,this hit is made from a ball rising to the off but falling somewhat farther from the line of the wicket than that from which the forward cut is made4 ,were the batter to stand firm in his position it would be an impossibility for him to strike this ball1 for it must be remembered that it is advancing obliquely towards point1 and that it will have moved a considerable distance in that direction by the time it arrives opposite the batsman4 ,but it is his business to move towards the ball1 so that he can at least try to hit it4 ,mahomet must go to the mountain1 for it is quite evident that the mountain is rapidly moving away from ,mahomet4 ,having elevated his bat as in ,no4 #aa1 the batsman takes a long stride with his right foot along the line of the popping crease1 then suddenly and forcibly bringing down his bat carried at an angle of #gj1 he 8cuts0 the ball towards point4 ,the late or back cut is beautiful as well as the safest and most graceful hit in the repertoire of the batsman4 ,but he must posess experience of no mean order to guide the bat to strike the ball1 which is moving by him at a double acute angle and usually at a rapid rate2 for instead of facing the ball and meeting it with his bat as in the forward and square off cut1 he turns his person two-thirds around towards the wicket keeper using his left foot for a pivot4 ,then he takes a long stride with his right towards short slip1 which moves him in the direction of the motion of the ball4 ,while these movements are in progress the batter has elevated his weapon with which he strikes the ball a blow1 oblique with its course after it has passed the line of the wicket in the direction of the slips4 ,if the bat is held at an angle of about #ej when it strikes1 the ball will rebound from the turf and elude the nimble fielder4 ,the force of the late cut is tremendous1 as it combines the power of the shoulder hit with the speed of the ball4 ,the cut is such an effective play that the snick has largely encroached upon it4 ,we do not desire to condemn the tip or snick1 for it is a frequent counter1 but only desire to warn beginners1 not to flatter themselves into the belief that snicks are cuts4 ,the off bowler has come to stay1 and if batters want scores they must cut4 ,batters are justly proud of their ability to cut1 though but comparatively few make a clean hard hit of it4 ,the tap is more usual1 while for certain bowling safe and effective4 ,the tap is from the wrist1 while the cut is a combination of arm1 wrist and shoulder4 ,for clean hard cuts the ,scotts of ,belmont1 ,lord ,hawke and ,george ,patterson may be cited as exponents4 ,the power behind their cuts is phenominal4 ,the cutting of any of these is a study for experts4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #i--,playing a ,well-,pitched ,straight ,ball on ,leg ,stump4 ,john ,wisden says on page #be of his ,cricket and ,how to ,play ,it3 8,a thoroughly good1 active1 lively and fearless wicket keeper does more to win matches than almost any man on the field40 ,we wish he had made his remarks more emphatic by omitting the word 8almost40 ,we think1 if ,wisden had spent the last few years in ,america1 and had seen the disastrous effects of reducing that all important position to the rank of an out-fielder1 he would have used language quite as emphatic as that found in these pages4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,management ,,of ,a ,,match4 ,it should be constantly borne in mind that when arrangements for a match are being made1 that the pleasure to be afforded by the game should be the first desideratum4 ,a fixture having been arranged1 let us suppose that the appointing power has named the elevens4 ,the players should immediately meet and elect their captain4 ,if the play of the opposing teams is even1 the eleven with the best captain will win two out of three matches4 ,he should be chosen from among the superior five4 ,if in addition to his being captain he should be wicket keeper as well1 chances are in favor of that eleven1 as from that position he can silently direct the movement of any fielder without being observed by the batsman4 ,the captains should be granted absolute obedience from fielders1 for upon discipline depends the result4 ,the captain should be a natural leader1 of more than average physical endurance4 ,he should be of sanguine disposition1 always encouraging his men to renewed efforts even though disaster is imminent4 ,he should command respect and obedience rather than exact it4 ,he should be firm but not overbearing1 earnest but not anxious1 serene and not pompous in his bearing4 ,upon his judgement in posting his little army depends the score of his rivals4 ,he ought to be a careful student of the capabilities in his own ranks as well as in those of his adversary4 ,upon the day of the proposed match the captain of the 8home0 eleven should reach the ground at least one hour before 8play0 is to be called4 ,this timely arrival gives him leisure to assure himself that the wicket has been selected and rolled1 places of absentees filled by substitutes1 that lunch has been prepared1 and that all the petty commissions including lemons and saw dust have been executed4 ,the visitors having been welcomed1 their captain interviewed1 and the toss won1 a consultation with his eleven should precede the decision of 8ins0 or 8outs0 according to condition of ground1 weather1 and players4 ,a soft turf presents great advantages to the 8outs10 whereas weather not foggy enough to prevent play may give tremendous advantages to the batsman4 ,while deciding this important point the captain is entitled to the most intelligent assistance from his fellow players4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aj--,,scoring ,,from ,a ,,well-,,pitched ,,leg ,,ball4 ,the good ball takes the wicket4 ,there is 8a length which ,mr4 ,felix says brings over a man most indescribable emotions40 ,before calling 8play0 the umpires must be selected4 ,these individuals are usually overlooked in unimportant games1 but to their credit 8let it be recorded0 that almost without exception they become the impartial judge1 whose absolute authority is acknowledged by all4 ,to their further repute when judging their own batters1 7for in local matches the umpires are usually chosen from among the 8ins071 let it be said all abide by their decisions1 right or wrong4 ,a flagrantly incorrect decision is usually reversed by the united wish of the players2 for all pleasure would be destroyed if such accidental result should obtain4 ,for trophy matches the umpires should be specially chosen because of their thorough knowledge of cricket1 as well as for their patient unbiased judgement4 ,prompt decision following close observation1 assures implicit obedience on the part of players and satisfaction to all4 ,their first duty after consulting the two captains and before the first ball has been bowled is to fix the hours of drawing stumps1 and all details of time limits4 ,the captain of the 8ins0 having numbered and placed his batters1 while the captain of the 8outs0 has marshalled his field2 the umpires assume control4 ,after 8play0 is called their power is absolute1 and their decisions final4 ,the work of the captain now begins4 ,the 8outs0 if well disciplined depend largely upon the instinctive aptness of their leader4 ,his assumption of the double role of captain and wicket keeper is notice to his men that however severe they may deem their duties1 his require greater muscular strength1 greater activity1 greater continuance of effort and energy1 greater brain power and keener eyesight than theirs4 ,every danger to which the fielders may be exposed is shared by the captain4 ,when the ball is struck to any fielder an unobstructed view of it enables him to perform his duties without fear1 for the watchful eye robs it of danger4 ,not so the wicket keeper1 for the opaque batsman increased in size by pads1 gloves1 and bat1 moves in uncertain areas between him and the bowler4 ,every passed ball has been momentarily obscured--practically lost for perhaps the one-twentieth of a second1 to the man who is expected to receive it4 ,we think it will be cheerfully acknowledged by all1 that the man who ignoring personal danger1 finds a succession of passed balls through a long match1 anyone of which were it to strike his face would finish his day's career1 is a leader to be proud of4 ,the ambition of the individual who can combine wicket keeper with captain to the satisfaction of his eleven need not be limited to one hemisphere4 ,the points to be carefully watched by captains are3 #ast4--,bowler's lengths and speeds1 with a view to pointing out batsmen's weak points4 #b;d4--,change of bowlers1 to thwart batsmen who show indications of making a stand4 #c;d4--,watchful care of bowlers' physical endurance1 with a view of changing for rest4 #dth4--,easing fielders whose duties require long journeys between overs4 #eth4--,anticipating and preventing overthrows1 by keeping the attention of the fielders upon the ball4 #fth4--,preventing accidents from collisions1 by promptly naming the fielder who shall try to catch an elevated ball likely to drop between men at even distances from its approach4 #gth4--,willingness to answer questions without annoyance4 #hth4--,he should caution his men against excessive practice just before 8play0 is called1 also against overloading the stomach before batting1 a habit which has a tendency to obscure the sight1 as well as to dull the mental and physical energy4 #ith4--,he should know that every man is properly equipped1 especially as to cap1 spikes and shoes4 #ajth4--,last1 but not least1 he should watch the telegraph1 keeping rather better posted in every detail of the game than any one on the ground4 ,his duties though arduous and continuous1 will be a delight to himself and a joy to his men4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aa--,,ready ,,for ,,the ,,forward ,,cut4 ,bat for the score instead of the gallery4 ,cricket is a game of skill against skill4 ,a good cricketer is apt to be a good catch4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,general ,,remarks4 ,some cricketers never seem to get beyond the 8beginning0 period1 and it is in vain to expect anyone to delight in a thing which he cannot do fairly well4 ,if these lines can convey a hint or two they will have accomplished a most satisfactory purpose4 ,let us for a moment watch a batsman plant himself before the wicket as though with the determination to stay there the remainder of the day4 ,his mental purpose becomes his weakness1 for no preconceived idea of what one's opponent will do is at all likely to occur4 ,the cricketer is always a creature of circumstances over which he usually has little or no control1 but of which he must be ever ready to take immediate advantage4 ,we used the words 8plant himself0 advisedly1 for no other suits4 ,having planted1 a vigorous growth should follow1 but the disappointed spectator sees only a machine cricketer trying to force hands and wrists to do the duty1 which they should but assist the arms and shoulders in doing4 ,the beauty of the game is sacrificed to the ounce of precaution1 which may have been too much emphasized by an over careful captain4 ,while the game is in progress cricketers should be active mentally as well as physically1 and they have only themselves to thank for the erroneous impression which has become prevalent that cricket is a sleepy game4 ,it is waste of time to play a pure defensive game1 and if the inveterate blocker could waste only his own time none would have any right to complain1 but that of at least twenty-five others is being sacrificed at the same moment1 until from that and many other delays a game capable of giving delight has become so little understood1 even by ,american cricketers themselves that only foreigners can draw a crowd4 ,the blindness of ,americans to their own short comings was illustrated by their attitude during the recent visit of the ,irish ,team4 ,the universal confidence in themselves1 was only equalled by the pity expressed for their visitors who were expected to fall an easy prey to the representatives of ,uncle ,sam4 ,americans have set up a standard of their own1 and many have persuaded themselves to believe in methods which occasionally succeed1 but when the ,englishman is at his best the ,american has invariably been defeated1 excuses taking the place of good play1 which are so generally accepted that ,american cricket has temporarily retrograded4 ,this retrogression has been caused chiefly by ignoring the importance of the wicket keeper4 ,the star known as the aggressive batter1 or perhaps he had better be called a comet1 has turned the heads of ,american cricketers4 ,we are all sovereigns1 though many of us cannot show that amount of cash1 and why should we not all be star batsmen8 ,the object is easily accomplished if the wicket keeper can be got rid of4 ,the attempt has not only been made1 but has been actually imposed upon the ,american public as cricket2 for though wearing the armor of that great office1 he is located ten to fifteen feet behind the batsman1 thereby becoming a fielder2 with the tremendious consequence that first-class wicket keeping is rarely seen in ,america4 ,but we have many aggressive batters1 who settle down into first-rate bats when in the presence of a standard wicket keeper4 ,we say most of them1 advisedly1 for a star will shine1 wicket keeper1 or no wicket keeper4 ,the true aggressive batsman is a combination of cause and effect which no amount of ambition can even hope to imitate4 ,brain1 guiding muscle1 with discipline resulting from long and patient training4 ,he can take almost any liberty with the bowler1 he can play inside or outside his crease1 for the dangerous ball never reaches the wicket keeper4 ,but it must be remembered that he is a star4 ,he is the perfect batsman referred to on several occasions1 who hits every ball which does not threaten his wicket1 and many that do4 ,his powerful physique1 eagle eye1 and energetic mind have given him a place beyond his companions4 ,that instinctive knowledge of the presence of a man immediately behind him who will down his wicket with a smile of satisfaction1 must be forever present in the mind of the batter4 ,american cricketers may ignore him1 but when ,america meets her ,english competitor and hopes for the like convenient ignorance1 she is sure to have her pride injured4 ,a match is never lost 'till it is won1 and the unexpected may at any time happen1 which is a great charm in the game4 ,the disappointment which follows the fall of wicket after wicket1 simply because the reliable bat has had the misfortune to be bowled1 is not easily described1 but we have experienced the keenest anguish when the catastrophy has happened to our side2 while excessive buoyancy seems to have taken posession of and intoxicated our opponents4 ,the ,american audience is so completely bent upon victory that good cricket is momentarily lost sight of4 ,if cricketers will remember that superior play ought to be the object1 and will forget the result1 these exhibitions of inferior cricket will be fewer4 ,the courage and nerve which are sure to follow careful training and good discipline1 can and will prepare each batter to depend upon himself1 rather than follow a bad example4 ,fielding is too much neglected for the more pleasant occupation of batting4 ,the net is a useful invention1 a tremendous time saver1 thoroughly in accord with other economic devices of the age1 but it has not improved fielding4 ,fielders should practice their art when the game is not in progress if they expect success while the eyes of spectators are concentrated upon a hard hit ball4 ,the silence which follows faulty fielding is quite as emphatic as the cry of 8muff0 or 8butter-fingers40 ,the fielder is always on exhibition in the proportion of eleven to one batter1 so that his opportunities for the display of either good or bad play are many4 ,if cricketers will bring to their game the excellent qualities displayed upon the diamond1 theirs will soon be recognized as the popular game4 ,greater interest is felt in fine fielding than in brilliant batting by the spectator1 though from a cricketers standpoint a finished batsman will always be the favorite4 ,there seems no excuse for poor fielding unless to permit the second-rate bat to score double figures4 ,it is with much regret that we feel the necessity of dwelling upon this subject at length1 but these hints would be otherwise incomplete4 ,before closing we desire to thank ,mr4 ,s4 ,v4 ,merrick1 ,secretary of the ,germantown ,cricket ,club1 for his kind assistance while these photographs were being taken at ,manheim4 ,the atitudes of ,mr4 ,george ,bromhead1 their professional cricketer1 which illustrates this essay1 were made instanteneously1 and wherever possible while bat and ball were in motion4 ,it may therefore be assumed that for the purpose of either 8beginner0 or 8expert0 these positions are as close to life as it is possible to secure them4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ab--,,making ,,the ,,forward ,,cut4 8,play as #8tall' as you can40--,wisden4 ,good bowling surprises the batter by twists1 by balls of different lengths1 and balls of varied speed4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,definitions4 ,bowler's ,crease4--,a lime line1 one inch to one and one-half inches wide1 six feet eight inches long1 the centre stump being taken as the centre of the measurement1 parallel with the popping crease4 ,call4--,it is the duty of the colleague batsman to watch the opportunity for scoring for two reasons4 ,first his attention is not otherwise occupied4 ,second1 a slight loss of time occurs if the batsman after striking a ball turns his head to look whether an opportunity for a run has arrived4 ,captains too often do not give rigid instructions upon this most important duty 7supposing that cricketers know their business71 and also from a desire not to offend a batter4 ,the unnecessary 8run out0 being the result4 ,the two men in together should have an understanding1 and when the 8call0 is given there should be such perfect confidence in the 8caller0 that the run is attempted without misgiving or hesitation4 ,crease4--,the portion of the field set apart and prepared by rolling1 upon which to erect the wickets4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ac--,,the ,,square ,,cut4 ,a good fielder makes an effort to stop every ball which comes his way not always expecting or even hoping to reach it but to keep up his own spirits as well as that of his companions4 ,guard or ,block4--,the position of defense selected by the batter to place the point of his bat4 ,most batters request the umpire to stand upon the spot from which the bowler will deliver4 ,if the batter holds his bat erect the blade will conceal two stumps from the view of the umpire4 ,this spot is carefully dented in the turf by the bat4 ,taking guard is optional with batters4 ,innings4--,in single wicket1 the whole number of both sides having gone to the bat and been decided out by the umpire4 ,in double wicket1 eleven men having gone in and ten having been given out on each side4 ,on4--,if a line is extended from boundary to boundary1 passing through the middle of the centre stump of each wicket1 all that portion of the field to the left of the line for a right-hand batter1 is the 8leg10 or 8on0 side of the wicket4 ,off4--,while all that portion of the field to the right of the line while a right-handed batter is performing1 is the 8off0 side of the wicket4 ,the reverse obtains for left-handers4 ,these terms are ,,relative to the batter4 ,they may change with the batsman every 8over10 or with every ball4 ,popping ,crease4--,a line marked four feet in front of the wicket and parallel to it1 extending from boundary to boundary4 ,only about six feet of this line is whitened with lime to guide the umpire and to define the runs4 ,shooter4--,a ball which from any cause does not rise from the ground4 ,tice4--,a ball bowled to tempt a batter to strike4 ,wicket4--,the wicket seems to have developed from a hole in the ground into which the fielders placed the ball to 8put out0 the batsman4 ,a single stick eighteen inches high displaced the hole4 ,two upright sticks each a foot high placed two feet apart with a bail two feet long succeeded the single stick in the year #agjj4 ,the years #agha1 #ahad1 and #ahag are all memorable for changes in the wicket1 which since the latter year has remained the same4 ,single wicket cricket only was played until #agaj1 when the ,scotch developed double wicket under the name of 8cat and dog40 ,the game has been and is a progressive one1 each generation revealing improvements4 ,the diagram shows the various sizes and shapes of the wicket3 ,illustration ,wicket4--,three stumps twenty-seven inches high1 so erected that they shall be eight inches from outside to outside1 with bails laid in grooves upon the top4 ,the stumps composing the wicket must be of such thickness that the ball cannot pass between them4 ,wicket4--,a batter given 8out0 by the umpire for any cause4 ,wicket4--,the 8crease0 as a whole with special reference to the surfacing4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ad--,,the ,,late ,,or ,,back ,,cut4 ,science has demonstrated that the atmosphere is not dense enough to account for the air curve of the ball2 but the batter who is thereby 8out0 derives no consolation from the scientists' conclusion4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,laws ,,of ,,cricket4--,,as ,,revised ,,by ,,the ,,marleybone ,,cricket ,,club1 ,,may1 #ahij4 #a4 ,a match is played between two sides of eleven players each1 unless otherwise agreed to2 each side has two innings1 taken alternately1 except in the case provided for in ,law #ec4 ,the choice of innings shall be decided by tossing4 #b4 ,the score shall be reckoned by runs4 ,a run is scored--#ast1 so often as the batsmen after a hit1 or at any time while the ball is in play1 shall have crossed1 and made good their ground from end to end4 #b;d1 for penalties under ,laws #af1 #cd1 #da1 and allowances under #dd4 ,any run or runs so scored shall be duly recorded by scorers appointed for the purpose4 ,the side which scores the greatest number of runs wins the match4 ,no match is won unless played out or given up1 except in the case provided for in ,law #de4 #c4 ,before the commencement of the match two umpires shall be appointed1 one for each end4 #d4 ,the ball shall weigh not less than #e oz41 nor more than #e oz4 ,it shall measure not less than #i in4 nor more than #i in4 in circumference4 ,at the beginning of each innings either side may demand a new ball4 #e4 ,the bat shall not exceed #d in4 in the widest part2 it shall not be more than #ch in4 in length4 #f4 ,the wickets shall be pitched opposite and parallel to each other1 at a distance of #bb yards4 ,each wicket shall be #h in4 in width and consist of three stumps1 with two bails upon the top4 ,the stumps shall be of equal and sufficient size to prevent the ball from passing through1 and #bg in4 out of the ground4 ,the bails shall be each #d in4 in length and when in position1 on the top of the stumps1 shall not project more than in4 above them4 ,the wickets shall not be changed during a match1 unless the ground between them become unfit for play1 and then only by consent of both sides4 #g4 ,the bowling crease shall be in a line with the stumps #f ft4 #h in4 in length2 the stumps in the center1 with a return crease at each end1 at right angles behind the wicket4 #h4 ,the popping crease shall be marked #d ft4 from the wicket1 parallel to it1 and be deemed unlimited in length4 #i4 ,the ground shall not be rolled1 watered1 covered1 mown or beaten during a match1 except before the commencement of each innings and of each day's play1 when1 unless the inside object1 the ground shall be swept and rolled for not more than ten minutes4 ,this shall not prevent the batsman from beating the ground with his bat1 nor the batsmen nor bowler from using sawdust in order to obtain a proper foothold4 #aj4 ,the ball must be bowled2 if thrown or jerked1 the umpire shall call 8,no ball40 #aa4 ,the bowler shall deliver the ball with one foot on the ground behind the bowling crease1 and within the return crease1 otherwise the umpire shall call 8,no ball40 #ab4 ,if the bowler shall bowl the ball so high over or so wide of the wicket that in the opinion of the umpire it is not within reach of the striker1 the umpire shall call 8,wide ball40 #ac4 ,the ball shall be bowled in overs of five balls from each wicket alternately4 ,when five balls have been bowled and the ball is finally settled in the bowler's or wicket-keeper's hands1 the umpire shall call 8,over40 ,neither a 8no ball0 nor a 8wide ball0 shall be reckoned as one of the 8over40 #ad4 ,the bowler shall be allowed to change ends as often as he pleases1 provided only that he does not bowl two overs consecutively in one innings4 #ae4 ,the bowler may require the batsman at the wicket from which he is bowling to stand on that side of it which he may direct4 #af4 ,the striker may hit a 8no-ball10 and whatever runs result shall be added to his score2 but he shall not be out from a 8no ball10 unless he be run out1 or break ,laws #bf1 #bg1 #bi1 #cj4 ,all runs made from a 8no-ball10 otherwise than from the bat1 shall be scored 8no-balls10 and if no run be made one run shall be added to that score4 ,from a 8wide ball0 as many runs as are run shall be added to the score as 8wide balls10 and if no run be otherwise obtained one run shall be so added4 #ag4 ,if the ball1 not having been called 8wide0 or 8no-ball10 pass the striker1 without touching his bat or person1 and any runs be obtained1 the umpire shall call 8,bye20 but if the ball touch any part of the striker's person 7hand excepted7 and any run be obtained1 the umpire shall call 8,leg-bye10 such runs to be scored 8byes0 and 8leg-byes0 respectively4 #ah4 ,at the beginning of the match1 and of each innings1 the umpire at the bowler's wicket shall call 8,play20 from that time no trial ball shall be allowed to any bowler on the ground between the wickets1 and when one of the batsman is out the use of the bat shall not be allowed to any person until the next batsman shall come in4 #ai4 ,a batsman shall be held to be 8out of his ground0 unless his bat in hand or some part of his person be grounded within the line of the popping crease4 #bj4 ,the wicket shall be held to be 8down0 when either of the bails is struck off1 or1 if both bails be off1 when a stump is struck out of the ground4 ,the striker is out3 #ba4 ,if the wicket be bowled down1 even if the ball first touch the striker's bat or person3--8,bowled40 #bb4 ,or1 if the ball1 from a stroke of the bat or hand1 but not the wrist1 be held before it touch the ground1 although it be hugged to the body of the catcher3--8,caught40 #bc4 ,or1 if in playing at the ball1 provided it be not touched by the bat or hand1 the striker be out of his ground1 and the wicket be put down by the wicket-keeper with the ball or with the hand or arm1 with ball in hand3--8,stumped40 #bd4 ,or1 if with any part of his person he stop the ball1 which in the opinion of the umpire at the bowler's wicket shall have been pitched in a straight line from it to the strikers wicket and would have hit it3--8,leg before wicket40 #be4 ,or1 if in playing at the ball he hit down his wicket with his bat or any part of his person or dress3--8,hit wicket40 #bf4 ,or1 if under pretense of running1 or otherwise1 either of the batsmen willfully prevent a ball from being caught3--8,obstructing the field40 #bg4 ,or1 if the ball be struck1 or be stopped by any part of his person1 and he willfully strike it again1 except it be done for the purpose of guarding his wicket1 which he may do with his bat1 or any part of his person1 except his hands3--8,hit the ball twice40 ,either batsman is out3 #bh4 ,if in running1 or at any other time1 while the ball is in play he be out of his ground1 and his wicket be struck down by the ball after touching any fieldsman1 or by the hand or arm1 with ball in hand1 or any fieldsman3--8,run out40 #bi4 ,or1 if he touch with his hands or take up the ball while in play1 unless at the request of the opposite side3--8,handled the ball40 #cj4 ,or if he willfully obstruct any fieldsman3--8,obstructing the field40 #ca4 ,if the batsmen have crossed each other1 he that runs for the wicket which is put down is out2 if they have not crossed1 he that has left the wicket which is put down is out4 #cb4 ,the striker being caught no run shall be scored4 ,a batsman being run out1 that run which was being attempted shall not be scored4 #cc4 ,a batsman being out from any cause1 the ball shall be 8dead40 #cd4 ,if a ball in play cannot be found or recovered1 any fieldsman may call 8,lost ,ball10 when the ball shall be 8dead30 six runs shall be added to the score1 but if more than six runs have been run before 8lost ball0 has been called1 as many runs as have been run shall be scored4 #ce4 ,after the ball shall have been finally settled in the wicket-keeper's or bowler's hand it shall be 8dead20 but when the bowler is about to deliver the ball1 if the batsman at his wicket be out of his ground before actual delivery1 the said bowler may run him out2 but if the bowler throw at that wicket and any run result it shall be scored 8no ball40 #cf4 ,a batsman shall not retire from his wicket and return to it to complete his innings after another has been in without the consent of the opposite side4 #cg4 ,a substitute shall be allowed to field or run between wickets for any player who may during the match be incapacitated from illness or injury1 but for no other reason1 except with the consent of the opposite side4 #ch4 ,in all cases where a substitute shall be allowed1 the consent of the opposite side shall be obtained as to the person to act as substitute and the place in the field which he shall take4 #ci4 ,in case any substitute shall be allowed to run between wickets1 the striker may be run out if either he or his substitute be out of his ground4 ,if the striker be out of his ground while the ball is in play1 that wicket which he has left may be put down and the striker given out1 although the other batsman may have made good the ground at that end1 and the striker and his substitute at the other end4 #dj4 ,a batsman is liable to be out for any infringement of the laws by his substitute4 #da4 ,the fieldsman may stop the ball with any part of his person1 but if he willfully stop it otherwise the ball shall be 8dead10 and five runs added to the score4 ,whatever runs may have been made five only shall be added4 #db4 ,the wicket-keeper shall stand behind the wicket4 ,if he shall take the ball for the purpose of stumping before it has passed the wicket1 or if he shall incommode the striker by any noise1 or motion1 or if any part of his person be over or before the wicket1 the striker shall not be out1 excepting under ,laws #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi and #cj4 #dc4 ,the umpires are the sole judges of fair or unfair play1 of the fitness of the ground1 the weather1 and the light for play2 all disputes shall be determined by them1 and if they disagree the actual state of things shall continue4 #dd4 ,they shall pitch ther wickets1 arrange boundaries where necessary1 and the allowances to be made for them1 and change ends after each side has had one innings4 #de4 ,they shall allow two minutes for each striker to come in and ten minutes between each innings4 ,when they shall call 8,play10 the side refusing to play shall lose the match4 #df4 ,they shall not order a batsman out unless appealed to by the other side4 #dg4 ,the umpire at the bowler's wicket shall be appealed to before the other umpire in all cases except in those of stumping1 hit the wicket1 run out at the striker's wicket1 or arising under ,law #db1 but in any case in which an umpire is unable to give a decision he shall appeal to the other umpire1 whose decision shall be final4 #dh ,a4 ,if the umpire at the bowler's end be not satisfied of the absolute fairness of the delivery of any ball1 he shall call 8,no ball40 #dh ,b4 ,the umpire shall take especial care to call 8,no ball0 instantly upon delivery1 8,wide ball0 as soon as it shall have passed the striker4 #di4 ,if either batsman run a short run1 the umpire shall call 8,one short10 and the run shall not be scored4 #ej4 ,after the umpire has called 8,over0 the ball is 8dead0 but an appeal may be made as to whether either batsman is out1 such appeal1 however1 shall not be made after the delivery of the next ball1 nor after any cessation of play4 #ea4 ,no umpire shall be allowed to bet4 #eb4 ,no umpire shall be changed during a match unless with the consent of both sides1 except in case of violation of ,law #ea1 then either side may dismiss him4 #ec4 ,the side which goes in second shall follow their innings if they have scored eighty runs less than the opposite side4 #ed4 ,on the last day of a match1 and in a one-day match at any time1 the in-side shall be empowered to declare their innings at an end4 ,,one-,,day ,,matches4 #a4 ,the side which goes in second shall follow their innings if they have scored sixty runs less than the opposite side4 #b4 ,the match1 unless played out1 shall be decided by the first innings4 #c4 ,prior to the commencement of a match it may be agreed that the over consist of #e or #f balls4 ,transcriber's ,notes ,the following corrections have been made in the text3 ,introduction1 paragraph #a - #8cicket' replaced with #8cricket' 7when boys wielded a cricket bat17 ,chapter #a1 paragraph #b - #8excldued' replaced with #8excluded' 7are always excluded from7 ,chapter #b1 paragraph #f - #8ealled' replaced with #8called' 7the man was called a rogue directly7 ,chapter #b1 paragraph #f - duplicate #8came' removed 7,angry words came out fast7 ,chapter #c1 paragraph #d - omitted #8of' added 7spirit of ,american cricket7 ,chapter #c1 paragraph #bj - removed duplicate #8the' 7part of the fielder7 ,chapter #d1 paragraph #c - add omitted #8of' 7father of an upright man7 ,chapter #d1 paragraph #af - #8bateman' replaced with #8batsman' 7or unnatural upon the batsman7 ,chapter #d1 paragraph #bg - #8powder' replaced with #8power' 7,the power behind their cuts7 ,chapter #e1 paragraph #d - #8increaased' replaced with #8increased' 7batsman increased in size by pads7 ,chapter #f1 paragraph #f - #8professsional' replaced with #8professional' 7their professional cricketer7